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Tous las autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iliustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, seion ie cas: la symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", Ie symbole V signifie "FIN ". Les csrtes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmfo A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film* d partir de I'angie supArieur gauche, da gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant la nombre d'images n6cesseire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 r fr TBB , BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY; ^ JDiCtionarg OF U:iIVEIlSAL BIOGRAPHY. ■) \^ fo- i8^ '■«.NTED BV BAtXANTVNB AND COMPAr^V EDINBURGH AND LONDON Illdoil: I.OIIS'I laiis ,v (. 'WL^; i '.'L',yjJ,l 1 ni' I H,\i, a^^p'ii" '^ !-Jl-*.,Tilili. , Lj li AJiKI-d • V 4 i iUEASUEV; 4 WiluUiUui 'KAi' '= vrsm Am> PAJuir RE^RitiEN with ' ' CiiitOKOLO<; 'ii. iiuiiJiLs: iians. 1^73. .y?A.vers/r^^'>, % .^ 1 ■1 -^ REC JOII . *A '■h TUii: BIOGEAPHICAL TREASURY; a ©ictionartj or UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY. -*»^ BT SAMUEL MAUNDER, AUTHOR OF "THE TREASUftV OF KNOWLEDGE." "tHE SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY TREASURY," ETC. ETC. ETC. RECONSTRUCTED, THOROUGHLY REVISED, AND PARTLY REWRITTEN WITH ABOVE 1000 ADDITIONAL MEMOIRS AND NOTICES, BY WILLIAM L. U. GATES. JOINT AUTHOR OF WOODWARD AND CATES's " ENCYCLOPEDIA OP CHRCNOLOOV." J^EH^ EDITION, WITH SUPPLEMENT, BRINQINO THE WORK DOWN TO THB PRESENT TIME. LONDON : LONGMANS, GREEN, & 1873. T( ar hi de Tl of / "^. \ r^XIHiSi « cr .MM NOTE TO THE FOURTEENTH EDITION. Jndlt/ullXU^;;^^^^^^^^^^^ i. added a copious hundred additional momoira ^f ° ,f ^ ^T'' ^'"P''"^"^^ *^°"* A^e deftthe have taken place Tince Tennw!, ''' ""*"°"* P«'-«°°'' ^hose The Supplement brfngrtrwork down t j^o^ "' *'' *'"'*^"'^*^ «^"^o^ of going to press. ^"^^ ** ''^'^«« «« Possible to the time W. L. R. c. London, Ma? 1873. Pi-EFACE TO THE THIRTEENTH EDITIO^T. Twenty-eight years have now elapsed since the first publication of the Bio&KAPHiCAi, Teeasuet." That it met a general want, and established itself and has held its ground as a popular favourite, is suf- ficiently shown by the f i„t that during that period it has passed through twelve editions, the last appearing in 1862. It has been subjected to several successive revisions, and fresh notices of eminent persons have been added from time to time ; the more recent of which formed in the 12th edition two Supplements extending to 100 pages. Another edition being required, the opportunity has been taken to sub- ject the whole work to a more searching revision than any previous one This WM especially desirable on account of the advance of historical knowledge and criticism. Many new facts have been discovered, many long-standing mistakes have been corrected, and many familiar facts have been set in a new and truer light. More particr larly a revolution of thought has taken place with respect to the earliest periods of the his- tory of both ancient and modern nations. For the first time a clear distinction has been critically established between history and legend and the value of oral tradition as contrasted with the evidence of con- temporary written documents ; and this necessitates a new treatment of many names in a biographical dictionary. So numerous and impori;ant are the alterations made in this thirteenth edition of the " BiO0EApriCAi. Treasuet," that it is virtually a new work. In justice both to the publishers and to myself, it is incumbent on me to state particularly what these changes are. And first, many comparatively miimportant names, such as were on careful consideration judged unlikely to be asked for, except perhaps bv half-a-dozen persons in half-a-dozen years, have been omitted. The space thus gained is more usefully occupied, partly by re-written and fuller notices of names more generally interesting, and partly by entirely new memoirs. Among those re-written-about 900 in number- will be found the names of many English and foreign sovereigns, and some of the highest names of all ages in literature, philosophy, theology, politics, science, and art: ex. gr.~Homer, Herodotus, Socrates, Plato, Pericles, and Sophocles; Dante, Petrarch, Shakespeare, and Milton; Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo, and Raphael; Mohammed, St Danstan, St Bornard, Wicklifl-e, Savonarola, Calvin, and Bernard i among the new noticesieTharZftt^^^ Washington. Ac. Ac. And of historical importance wS are not c W " ^^ ^T^ "^* * ^«^ "^^^^ tension ; and memoirs, a^ iSl L ^Ze Swed ofT ^'^^^^ ? '^'«^«'' P'«- men whose deaths have bTenleSJ^rnt i? edition. Of these may be rartieulartt/^^^^ the Preparation of the last President Lincoln. L^ra^^^Zcl'^:^^^^^^^^^^ Lansdo«rne.LordLvndhur<.t rr.r.^nL . '"f^ Wiseman, the Marquis of Earl of Aberdeen, slr G c Le2 p ^"5'n °.'? ^'^'*«' ^'^ ^^^^n, the ]y. Dr Whewell.iFltL Ma^ew F^h?^^^^^^^ Isaa<,Taylor.F.V.IlobertsofS„Iv .^r,'*^^^^^^ ^' Robinson, Scheffer. Mulready, Dyce S^^^vf I^^^^^ Delaroche, Ar; roy. Sir J. Richardson DrxtdW^^ AdmimlPitz! Hooker, Sir W. R. Hamilton 8,>b o^ f.^' ^- ^'"yth' Sir W. J. W. M. Thackeray. W.t LandotM;s gSI 7^?"; •''"'^«°"' von Ense, Uhland, and Robert S^h.^L-fL ^^c'er, Vamhagen the two Supplem;its ofJhe preS,^^^^ ^""^ ''T''' ««ntained in their proper places in the course onSe ^ork" "' '' ''''''' *"^^^^^ ^" ThedatesthroughouthavebeenciefuTlvLfi^rl « ^ inserted; cross-references, it is Wd «~ 5 '/"'^'"^"^***^"»0"al great pains have been tak^t^sS'aTrS^." f 'l^ ^^'"P^^*^' »"d of which were previously given in an En^«iT^ '"l ^^'"^^ "^"«« ^"'any and the works of artistsf Meutron?, "S • ''""^' '" **« *^"^ «' books, of great painters whiZare irtioN' « "^"i 'I T"^ «^^«« ^^ th^^e ^orks National Portrait GaH^rrof VaJue^^lTl?""^ °^ ^'^^'^ in the of recent biographical memoirs """^"^^^^^^nts. and. occasionally, As a general rule, mythical names are excluded T?„f •* • . ble to lay down any rule rigidly aonlirJ.u f ,, ^"* '* '" "«* P^^si- names therefore still appear bu/«5^?^n *° ^" *''''««• ^ few such historical ', and. a. Spo^S^^^^ ^ ^J'thieal or un- fuller information in Sc^^Lf'^^^''TT'^^^^ names, to Grote's «• History of GreJ^e " a^d st r o'f'' ^""^ ^'"^^ bihty of Early Roman History " "^ ^' ^- ^^^^^'^ "Credi- tic^^o'Sn^isrd-rsj,^^^^^ just proportion in the relative leSh of thlnlr"'' ^^^PP^^ximate to a jects in a catholic and liberal St av^H "^^/f'',^"*^ *° ^^^''^ a" S"b- tical partisanship. With Si vTw I h^t"!'" ^'""^^' ^^ ^^'^^^^i^' and epithets which beloneto« w expunged many expressions The smallbuIkoftMs volume iW f T.?** "'"^^ ^'^^'^^^'^t- quantity of matter it contain Tl;,^"^^*"^^^^^^^ that the quantity of letter prLi?^ ^' " '"'^'^^^ *° ««°^« to hear each page of the one-volume ed tion of ^ w "L"^- ""^'^^ "'i"^'^ that on ary ; and it contains 297 m^e p^pTt/an [h!^' '""f l^^^^^^ieal Diction- of the " BioGEAPHicAx Theas^' exop^f^r.'^l .^^« P^««ent edition The type, though small, is sharn 1„! ^' *^^ '^* '" ^^'^ hy 167 pages, prising, too. into how small a^S^pS^' T** ^""^^^^^ ^"h ease. It isX if disquisition, controvSsva?^"'^^^^^^^^ ___^^^^^^and. abovo- uli. nne writing are resolutely ex.' I I Je7JLTtV/irttireL"3^^^^^ --P^e^ -St of my "lade a new selection o7 Ss TavS^ ^"^?'"* ^°P« "' *»"»* i^avteg from the best sources, and SS'eS Tw^ "? ^^" *^« "^'^^^^ number of accurate ^es-so faf 2 ^c^v f ^?^* ^"^ "^ «^ffl«i«»' GBAPHiCALTBEASUBT'MnifV,;! **. '^^'^"^y « attainable-the "Bio- andtrustworthytSieve/rarnurf'';'^^^^ formation. ^ ' '^^ * P^P*^*^ Iiaud-book of biographical in- thorough accuracy in a^^S'^ ^^.^^^^^^ ^he ,«fflculty of ensuring haps, only by those who have^d^rtaki ^i"*"* be appreciated, per- stances the inquirer who reso^,^r?" ^"^'^^ ^^^^' In many in- flnds that he L onirl uS^^^^^^^^ dictory statements ; Ld heTthS n.f ? f °' ^«°"sistent or contra- to speak according to the best of H« n ^^^^"^""y compelled at last a^mpromisebetUtnflSfgStSn^es'^^^^^ manyVoSrhrnrberaTdSS^^^^ *° the present time, press. A Chronological Ind^of the Lt^ !f" ^^^^'^ *^'0"8h the added to this edition. whichTt is Wd 1"^^"**"* '^'^''' °^^«^es is new frontispiece was WsignediyMr^^^fi^^^^^^^^^^ London, June, 18C6. WILLIAM L. R. CATFS. NEW DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY. heU^r of' T»^7^^ ^^«' "" «°'^'i«°t book- l«ll: °^ I-eyden, who, early in the l«fh |5f «t"ry, compiled and pubUshed several eJ^ I tensive coUectlons of vovases anrt t rnlfu |""«|"« Which was his "XfrLdu Monde" tea"doVT«V\'''''' «"* «"bseqSentfy teti tn'olSKlfS ?l ^is support of Maurice of Nassau and hZ te'i'y to the noble BarneveWUn Whose prosecution he took a leading Dart hn if^ lered himself very unpopular* When MaS-" l^ce became supreme Aafssen was employ "i P vinous missions, and was twice s?nt?n Icrit h,^ n?'i"P''"'*.''';'.°^^"5'<^on8iderable ^BASSA, or ABBA8SA, sister of the ca- Krw'°r.?' Raschld. who gave hirin K.^.,^" his vizier Qiafar. on condition ^ J *^'/ marriage should never be con """^f.ted ; but having broken the contract I one should «te'r'''^y'"8 orders that I y^„j5 ?'° "5°"* her rel ef. The roman «?f^^', ^icoLO, more freauentlv i,,,* n?er "in^'fr?""^ ^^"' Abafe?a renJWne* ia'paris ?5n l"''' "f Modena. T5T2* ^meru and^w^' * ^^-ench author of imghir^f^auJ^t^' '" <5eieva. After tung JUS ■tudlea he went to Holland, | B Jill 'j""* thence to England, where ha formed an intimacy with Sir Isaa^Newl^n tlr^^a°'\^^ ^''^ """ch admired and e?- teemed. He was also highly panegyrised bv Voltaire and Kousbeau. In short thn..^h he published little, he had acquired mSS Inf f/d'^l" * character for profound 1™^? «?i1'ofi? his correct judgment was urxivew- ?fi»^°HH°^'^'^*'K^'* by them. Born at U2m 1679 ; died at Geneva, 17C7. ' «„^?-^^°^^i^^^«^^8,an eminent Protest- berif7o°^;,!r.''°r^°"?'*»^«*^MarsKchoS: p»re"am^"istrrfrpren^h°ct?5 £?Sf HTw?<;irm^Tw?r'l chiefly theological and In the Frencl i»n ' S"aTh' *^^ '"°«t "teemed of Which we" Art de se connaitre soi-m«me," and" iralJI He died ,n the 32nd year of the Hegifa-A d Rid^?/^'*^""^^' ^be Great, King of Persia succeeded to the throne In 1586 wf mSA' war on the Usbeks, and conquered Khoifsan He put an end to the war with the Tntl^' TiVces'"irs? *h/'«^^r'^ia and oK"p?o'-' conquests enlarged his dominions. '^AbbS " GreaT'br hi? '"'**"'» J?««««<» "» tiOe ureal, out these were mixed wuii nt>.». and vicious qualities. WWle he was\?aTe a patron of commerce and the arts a^d In I efficient ruler, he was also cruel? suspkious jealous of those who served him wel? i' h.,^?.?°I'.?-^o«°»i archbishop of Cante*. ^*oneJthe^--/,''e^4*Ji^^^^^^ ters of that period. He w5s bo^ta iSSl abb] ^ Mtixi BnibtxM ^Bfograjpi^p. Tabb at Guildford In Surrey, where his father was a weaver and clothworker. After receiving his education at the Rrammar school In that town, he was sent to Baliol college, Oxford • and became successively master of Uiilversitv college, dean of Winchester, vice-chancellor or Oxford, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. ^f "in i;*'"?**-''! ■*"? '«*"y' *n J«10. primate of all England. Archbishop Abbot was throughout his life the bitter political and ecclesiastical rival and enemy of Laud Al- though ho at first distinguished himself bv a. rigorous maintenance of the do"rine» of ^Tr'^weardlffloSi/Jr'' 'm ^'^?. ^l »"'' »' divine right and passive obedience, he be- Donulfritt in Wo^tiL i."" "^'t*^'"^* great came, after the accession of Charles I whcm i^lm,llL^ Western Europe by his cour- ho crowned at Westminster, a 8tead7,JS ^?!?"^^",L»„l""e"» Pptection of the Hun- BBll of Mahmoud II.. was born in Ig'S He sue ceeded his father in 1839, while MehematAU was carrying on war against him. A few months after his accession he pubUshld an edict, establishing certain civil reforms. By e« mA7^°:'°*'J.°' ^^^ •">'«' European pow- ers, Mehemet All was reduced to submission ana a permanent arrangement of the quarrel ffthi^ fi ^l ^^1"- ^'''^ opposition was made to the Sultan's projects of reform, especially to his concession of privileges to his Chris- tian subjects, and his position was ho crowned at Westminster, a steady and resolute opponent of the despotic mesisures wh.nif /*"*:: ^^ ^*22 an event occurred, which for a time caused his suspension from the archiepiscopal office, being at the seat Of Lord Zouch in Hampshire, while on a hunting party ho accidentally shot one of his lordship's keepers. He was the author ?L J*i^'i?'^°'°»*''"' ^O'"''* ' and was one of I «7 T ""^^ divines, who, in 1604, by the order 2,!Ki '"®' h' ™*d^ ^^^ translation of the f^oo °°7 *" "*®- He died at Croydon in 1 1633, and was buried In his native town" I rh08*ital ^°^^^^^ *°*l liberally endowed niA?^v"'^-,^<'^'l»T, bishop of Salisbury, and elder brother of the above. He was an eminent divine, and famous for his skill in conducting polemical discussions and vindi- d?^°^fii7^ '^l^^TIf y °f ^'"^s- Born. 1560 ; died, 1617. Dr Fuller, speaking of the two brothers, says. " George was the more plaus ible preacher, Robert the greatest scholar; George tbe abler statesman, Robert the deeper divine ; gravity did frown In George, and smile m Robert." * ' Lo'^??"^^' ^"^*^^8- CTENTERDEN, w^^^'r.'^'*.""/^' * German writer, was ?ho"„^* •^''5' in S"'ibia, in 1738. After filling the chair of philosophy at Frankfort on the wf.*"; ^''.'J °l matbematics at Rintlin in Westphalia, he was fortunate enough to at- tract the notice of the prince of Schaumburg- Lippe, by whom he was held in high estima- tion and effectually patronised. His treatises on Merit," and on the " Duty of Dying for Z\ ?h" V';^" "^^ ^"" "' talent and promise : but the latter he was not destined to fulfil. A «^'.*?x"*. ^^^ ^a'iy "»e of 28, in 1766. ThnnPv. ^^•' J?® ^^^^^^ of Mahomet. J„^^*^ originally only a camel-driver, it bS'^u^friht^ ^^ T'^J'^^'^ '■» ^'^^ «;«tlmat'ion nLrl K ?® • '"deed, so extravagant is the K.I A^^'^'^t^ "P°'» him, that, among other absurdities whic 1 are related, it is said that on his wedding u hundred girls died of grief and disappointment, for having lost the honour of being his bride. ABDOLLATIPH, a Persian historian born at Kagdad in il61. He is^id to have' been a man of great learning and a volu- knoZ' 7nT* ' *'"*.*'"' ""'y ""« «f "is works Known ip Europe is an abridged history of Hft^IL^S""^^ " Al-kital Alsager"' oif'the ; Vh-^°5^.' ^'''i^h was published from a MS. to jitof "*' "° Library, by Professor White, ikBBtlL lIEDJin. ■nlfan /./ T.,.u-_ — garlan refugees, m 1849. The great event of his reign was the Crimean war, in which France and England allied themselves with Turkey against the encroachments of Russia and which was terminated by the fall of 1861 '° * ^ ^""^ *^'''''''' ^^ "*®- ^^^> A BECKETT, GILBERT AiiBOT, a disOn- guished humourist and saUrical writer, was born In London in 1811, and educated at Westminster. While engaged In prosecut- ing his legal studies, he wrote numerous pieces for the stage which were more or less successful, established various journals of a humorous and satirical character, and con- tributed to some of the most distinguished it«ary and political journals of the day. In 1841, he was admitted to the bar: but he stiU continued his literary pursuits, and besides being one of the chief contributors to Punch produced in succession his comic "Black- *'°,"?/^""^ Comic Histories of "England" and "Rome," all of which achieved great success. In 1849, he was appointed oHe of the police magistrates of the metropolis, an office for which the knowledge of life knd law which he possessed, rendered him emi- °^?il?,^"^*i' Died at Boulogne In 1856. ^^f¥''^P' Cl-ARKB, was the historian of Lord Amherst's embassy to China, which he accompanied as chief medical officer and naturalist. He was a deep and philosophic thinker, a close observer of the mysteries of ?>^'y®,'o^P** * '""'* °f a benevolent tolnd. nofn^E^^/?^^^^' * distinguished German painter of the present century, bom near hUfL?.'i/^®*^'""*''®' ^'^^- Many o' h» historical pictures are to be seen at Vienna where he died, 1818. Vienna, ABEL, N1EL9 HENRiK, mathematician, born m Norway, 1802. He studied at the University of Christiania, and In 1825 visited the principal countries of Europe. He con- tributed to "Crelle's Journal" of Mathe- matical Science from its establishment. He was an original thinker, and his discoveries on the theory of elliptic functions were eageriy adopted by Legendre. His promising JSJf^^^" *="J "''P" ''y consumption, in 1828. The works of Abel were published In French, by the government of Swcdon, about 10 years after his death. ABELA, John Fraucis, commande? of the order of St John of Jerusalem : author of a valuable and interesting work entlUed Malta lUustrata," which was printed in that Island, In 1647. Died. 1655. ***"*"* ^ ABfii^iii),04 ABAILARD I ABE] Ibrated for hi» learning and his misfortunes Ithc latter arising partly from his love of the ■equally celebrated Heloise, was born at the lyillage of Palais, near Nantes, in Urittany, ^079. Haying made extraordinary progress bt the imiyersity of Paris, and surpassed all his masters, he opened a school of theology, bhUosophy,andrhetoric, which was thronged' ■ritli pupils, among whom were some of the nost distinguished characters of the day Vhile he was In the zenith of his popularity ,e became so violently enamoured with the ieautiful and accomplished niece of Fulbert t canon of Paris, as to forget his duty, his pctures, and his fame. Under the pretext f teaching her philosophy, he obtained the ncle's permission to visit her, and at length ) reside in the house. Though Abelard was t that time in his 40th year, and Heloise niy m her 18th, a mutual passion, fatal to lie happiness of both, was encouraged. Ful- ert suspecting this, separated the lovert ; at the imprudent intercourse had gone to ir for concealment ; nnd Abelard, who ha fctired 10 his sister's house in Brittany, wt lllowed there by Heloise, who gave birti » a son. He then resolved to marry her se- rtiy ; but although the uncle's consent was Itained, Heloise chose rather to be con- Wered Abelard's mistiess than his wife, and [last very reluctantly complied. Still she Duld not own her marriage, and this so eatly incensed her uncle, that he treated r wltl- ^eat severity ; and Abelard in coa- nuence determined on releasing her He fccordmgly carried he*- away, and placed her \ the convent of Argenteuil, where she put I the religious habit, but did not take the HI. Irritated at Abelard, the canon hired ! ruffians, who broke into his chamber. >d subjected him to an ignominious mu- pation. Filled with shame and sorrow, belard uow became a monk In the abbey of S Benls, and Heloise took the veil. Just rtl-f^J^^ retribution, for the atrocious rtme, overtook the canon, his valet, and one r lus assistant ruffians. After time had lmp^i.1! """.^e^ted his grief, Abelard re- Imed his lectures, but the violence of his Jemies Increased; he was charged with fan""? .*'*'' ^''.""' condemned by the ^^nf.l/S?'''*°"4> '2 "21, no defence being iZT.^ ^^"^1 ^f ^♦'d '""» St Denis and led^'t^ ?ei7„ 5 *•»« ^_-«««« Of. iroyes. ^ Mtto aniberaal Igjosrapftp. plowed him; the great 8t Bernard became "•/"•^"ser and succeeded in getting hto t i^ ^L ^^^ ^ope. Abelard dM not loM fvive his sentence; but, aft' r life of ex* ^ordinary vicissitudes, died ir ... prior^of Marcel, near Chalons-sur-Saon., in 1142 iited it inh^'l""^ "?* *° Heloi.; she de-* Ithat tim» J^f - "aclete, of which she was Itiiat time the abbess. The remains of the »We-minded Heloise, who swvTved hL _» wK/h^ir '*•* ^° '»'» tomb. In im JJ^^\ot both were taken to the museum logician, orator, and poet. Uii lnfln<.n«. jras. probably second only to Ihat "' s* nn'H"^..'"'"'*"^- ^"«» «• ">e first Who ap- plied philosophical criticism to theology Wo SuTorv' Tl' *^° '"»"* importa„rfn^'tho history of the development of modern thought. It is worth while to add thM through the klndlyofflcesofPetertheVener- Pffi/tJ!?K°! "' •^''l*"^' « reconciliation WM f ilx 5«t*«en Abelard and St Kernard. ■^.^^^i'^/ Louis, bishop of Rhodes and author of ''Medulla," and other theoioK?cal works. Bora, 1604 ; died, 1691 *"*°'°«'<=«* ihl «^^^^v^* JACOB, a Spanish Jew; au- J?„„.°*r*.^^o''^.'^ Commentary on some por- * T»SL*i?S ^*=''*Pt""^o- I>ied,1685. ^ «i 'a^??°^""^' JOHN, M.I>., an emi- nent Scotch physician and author was born at Aberdeen, Nov. li, 1781. Having tak™ ri'„?il*fl^° at Edinburgh in 1803, he perma" r ently fixed his residence in the Scotch me- tropolis, where he soon gained the first rank as a practising and consulting physician But the writings of Dr Abercrombie coT trlbuted no ess to the maintenance of hU fame, than his skill as a physician. His purely professional works procured for him a high place among the modern cultivators of science ; but the most permanent inon" ment to his memory are his " Inquiries con- r"i."'.!'»,i''^ Intellectual Powers, &c,'>Sb hshed 1830, and the "Philosophy of'^the Moral Feelings," published 1833. In thes" works he has brought all the medical facts accumulated in the course of his extensiVe expenenco and research, to hear on the various moral and metaphysical systems in Togue, and constructed out of the^ whofe 2 lil7fliYT\'"'^:'"' ^'^ ^hich he beHeved that the facts of science and the revelations of religion are blended In harmony. To h 2 wide range of acquirements he added a piety as genuine as it was unassuming, and he win long be remembered for his large but unob- trusive benevolence. Died, Not. 14 1M4 ABEB OROMBIE, JOHN, a horticulturist • author of a "Univeisal Dictionary of Gar' demng and Botany." and a "Gardener's Calendar/' published under the name of Mawe. Died, 1806, aged 80. °^ „ A?^?SHO*^«Y. Sir RALPH, a dlatin- fr rwv "'■"'''• «''""«'• *>o'a in 'the county of Clackmannan, Scotland, in 1734. He was vh"'k*°" 2* ^"^'^y- «"d "^t the Un versU^of Edinburgh studying afterwards at l" psic and he entered the army in 1766. After I la«dVnr*r *•* G«"««°y. he servedin Iret l7M.fvL*?'°''^.^° y^'""^' *nd ftom 1783 to }IL1^A-^ ^"i retirement. He then took part dVfho H't'*'°.H» ''^'^P'^'Sn in Holland, un- iif h ^i?:"^® °' York, and distinguished him- Aft?/t^r^''y skilful conduct of the retre?^. nM»^ ,*^iy^," ^^•■^'co as commander-in- tatLl^t%^^'^ ^"^*««' ^^ ^a« appointed to the chief coii,x;;and In Ireland, in 1798 ?orLfH"hi".! « /""PO-^iWe to carry out the re-' «f^„ .11*'^^" •'e essential to the efficiency ^J^.t °"°iy' *« resigned this post in a few months. He rendered important service on in 1799. But his most splendid achievement rr aa tiic saccessiu.' Cuiiuuct of the exneditinn InttTOv'J,,''?!.- The landing ;afSSd '° the bay of Abonkir, under a terrible Art -y ABE] l« J ere? Si'A "* "" P^'nt^.^'lfr RXh^hZ' f fct^ *'®'^*'^' * ^o""'' of which he d cd In fakhfifn^!,' *•"" '=">'""« « '«"» career of duS S„H»^''^ done, and showing to the last that wh.Ph IT '"■■ »"« comforf of hV. min, for RalnhA^K. "" i!"^"^ distlnKuUhed sj Ralph Abercromby had been a Knlirht of thA baronir »„'!"*• «" ^"««^ w«. ?reatK hf.^^ ' "".'* " 'nonumcnt was erected to public affairs from that time till 18MwL„ Derby fn U^i'^Tx^'"'.^'''' ?' ^"^ ^"rt »' nuafc.iftt^e'aVo'rrcS^^^^^ ?i.LV'^"* event ofhisadmlnlstraUon was cSntr!;i.r?" l^"""' *'»'° '^"'ch we "drifted" reason o'Vm t" """cipations, perhlps by reason of his horror of war his niH titlJ7 Itl T^'i.*'"' C'^"' ^^^ Wa too rigw adhe?' iH?i5 A 1 u ,t° I''* resignation ia Januarv I Hn Vn",*'i'''i'^^i^''«»«f»«h iu retirement' He was made a Knight of the Garter and 1857 ^u2T^ *y * ^"'t 0' the Queen "n 1857. He was a man of hich culture cpnpr ally reserved and consequently i^sundPr me for".h:!''°"«^ ^'^»'y' "•'«"»1 ^no"g,1 to" Swir. I i* ''''"ANN LuDWio, an eminent ATJ^^Lxrl^S^"-'^ "t Berne, 1780. 8u^geon^E'lJ'l76?"'Tf>-«'»" «»»"''"» to St Bartholomew's Hosoital Ho ^„. passionately devoted to the s^tudy of^hy^o infr'^^'n"",,'^-''^''' successful as a lectuTer^^ own^HiVn"/"";!"*^ «" iuterostlik^ws s ^.^^-crbri^^^^^^^^^^ ^? -^ c^ffi^?i^ft?-aS^^^^^^ patients there was at times an eccmricUv _™_ „„„,„„„ oesjaes me work above i jt i^ eto an ibergal 18(ograjpi^g. [abn .amfa?^JiI^e'mp'oi'^«°'uf^^^^^^ Whom he i. uiU to have" rluen a iSer and received an answer to It. Both lett"2«d Se"m"e7e«?i"er ^^"^ ""' '""^ ^'^cmcTtt th^S^.^onSob'e^r/caKKmT ca, Where the future lord wa'bora'iSTji- e"n"tere" af fflU° V'''' '«' ^"caUoni fflt'^o'h^e!;^'^"^'' *° the'g^r'nud'may be ««? n^d"^° become eminent from his very flm appearance in the courts. A fine Lure of'feffi 'r,"!" T"* unpretendinrs^yle , ' e'ocution, and an almost unrivalled tnet meZT'f^^J"'"^' """"ed him to have Im- mense business. In 1818, after having twl?« uZiTl!t^'\ '""''.'/''' efectiVn^Ve^'b" tamed a seat In parliament throueh the patronage of Earl PitzwilUam. For verv many years Mr Scarlett was consMercd J Whig, and voted as well ns spoke In fuvou? of the various measuresproposedbvUominT cHm?it?""i°''» '■'" the am'l^^omfon o?tK ml^it?d*'°*l®- "" theformation of a mixed ministry under Canning, in 1827, he bMame kniAT/"^?""?*' ""d received the honour of Spee^^ablni? I''*' °" '^^ formaUon of lusia, 1770. Having entered the royal jruards ^t the ago of fifteen, he served in the war against the French republic ; and on Na^n r."", "J»»i"" »' 8P«'n. the part he tSn the relief of Gerona in 1809, led to his nro" M".Si-vi^"°'"™«""^ «f CataIon?a?whe?e succS ^^|2|"£* rr«7'. ^"'* reapedluch vi«^ 1 -.though defeated in the plains of CO umn under Ooneral SthwamlSom .hiS 01 ine war he commanded with briliinnf success at the capture of Pancorvo. inTm k!e^?^'!'„''*' a mutiny of the troops in the i„li ' ^°^' '"*t he fell into disgrace on 1823 "nn^h^V'"^**''^'""^' ""^ ^t Was not t^ 1823, on the invasion of Spain by thePrennh under the Duke d'Angoul^me that h» -» covered his position fnd h^s'fame lu^'r "1« 'eftoraUon of Ferdinand, he retirtft Sf^i^Ky^ftVar^^ entW iT:!' ' ,**i® '^'ty. When the king of Prancn Brte^'S*"*^* *•*•» l*'etender kifg of GreSt WUni^ »L^'2P°"** *" address to King wuiiam, and the measure havlnir been fni '"ali° J^!.-"^-?.*' T.ho was thereby en- tal^ ?h« .f-.""'*"^ ^°° parliament, and tane the sense of the people, which w*. almost universally In favouf of tlTe ProtT." I abb] |antiucceMlon. He was one of thA «»> „.„ llUearllejt directors. Died, 1722. '" ""^ "^ |pn«..„^^^.?^' ^^*^''' " Jewish llabbl. of Io?rt Tf ' """i*"" o' Commentaries- on the l?Kf Teitaraont, and various other workn ter'ff^"'.'^"? controversial. Bwn Tt Lis-' "»""j,y37; died at Venice, 1408. * !auXr ?v°V "H *'»^ occasion of his ElhL Ayesha becoming the bride of f fisn?**' "" »"cceedlng*hl. son InJaw Cittes SotnA"'" ""« ^' """Ph. Which MKuines Doth successor and vlcnr Aff«, te5"l"/hl.'„t^""" *" Arawrke^^con! tet!!°ou{r^^^^^^^^^^ JiS?n"K-- PHmaToW^ S, fer work ,,//'i®'^"iP<'''<''''^''«>ar: the for- d^w.^^^"^' ISMAEt, prince of Hamah ^yrla. He was distinguished as amiu ce, 639. ^ *• ^'«'*' '»y the pesti- ^«J?Be?' Who ''ta'v'5 ""^i"^" the service .1 bftwefi^ihat r-?-''A^'"'"'-8e of the Maimed hlmsdfsuitiSl^*^ii^^.\Si*.'r' born Kz',^ i» wT'i^S' •'" "«"'"' '*^y". LGO V A/li.I»- temp'o^a'^y^^it^hSy^Sr ^u^ t'SS'h^T •aid to have wrlttPn dn7«„'„„j- *"<">Sh he is fragments at prSexls?^"^"''' "'''^ * '°^ of St M«frV./'.y*' '''' * '«"™ed Benedictine Of tt, ^'' J" S^"'.!!'.?.? 151 '" MSencS 0( sulnkemm, to Y"wS-.S'.f"1!"«""» 1 AOHMET III., ion Of Mohammed IV., was placed on the throne in 1703 by the Janissa- ries who had deposed his brother, Mustapha II. It was in tlic reign of this sultan that Charles XII. of Sweden was defeated by the Cisar at Pultawu, and took refii^o at Itender. Achmet was engai^ed in wiirs with the Kus- sians, the Fergiaiis, the Venetians, and the Austrians. He wag afterwards deposed, and his nephew, Mohammed V., raised to the throne. Died in prison, 1736. ACKERMANN, IIUDOLPH, an ingenious and enterprising tradesman, was born at Stoiberg, Saxony, in 1764, and came to Eng- land previous to the French Kevolutlon. After following for a time the occupation of a carriage draughtsman, he settled in the Strand as a printscUer, wliere he established a flourishing and extensive concern, furnish- ing employment to numerous artists, and judiciously catering for the public taste in elegant and ornamental works of art. His " Forget me Not " was the first of that class of "Annuals" which appeared in this coun- try; and to him also are we indebted for the introduction and much of the success of the lithographic art; while the good taste and spirit ho evinced in producing the "Histories" of Westminster, Oxford, Ac, and other lutndsomely embellished works, entitle him to the respect of all who know how to appreciate them. Died, 1834. ACKMAN, William. [AIKMAN.] ACOSTA, CiiuisTOPHKii, a Portuguese surgeon and naturalist of the 16th century ; author of " A Treatise on the Drugs and Medicinal Plants of the East Indies," and other works. ACOSTA, JOSE DK, a Spanish Jesuit and historian, was born at Medina del Campo about 1639. He held the chair of theology at Ocana, passed in 1571, as a missionary, to South America, and was made provincial of his order at Peru. Kctuming to Europe after 17 years' service, he became rector of the University of Salamanca. His chief work, which 1g esteemed and has been trans- lated into Latin, French, English, German, and other languages, is the " Historia na- tural y moral de las Indias." Died, 1600. ACTON, JOSEPH, son of a physician, born at Besan^on, in 1737. He entered into the French navy, and afterwards into that of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. His rescuing 4000 Spaniards from the Barbary corsairs, made him known at the court of Naples ; and through the patronai^'e of the queen, he became minister of the marine, and after- wards of the finances. He was dismissed from the ministry in 1803, and retired into Sicily, where he di,ed in 1808. ACUNA, CHRISTOPHER, bom at Hurgos, Spain, 1597, became a Jesuit in 1612, and subsequently a missionary in America. On his return to Spain, he published a " Descrip- tion of the Great River of the Amazons." ADAIR, Sir Robert, G.C.B., a distin- guished diplomatist, was bom in 1763. He was educated at Westminster and Gottingen with a view to the diplomatic service; and atthe breaking out of the French Revolution, he made a lengthened sojourn in Berlin, Vienna, and Petersburg, to observe the re- sults of that great event on the continental powers. In 1802, he sat as M.P. for Appleby, and voted with the W^'T party: and when Mr Fox was placed virtually, though not nominally, at the head of affairs in 1806, he appointed Mr Adair minister to the Court of Vienna. Wliile in this position, he was fre- qnently the butt of Mr Canning's wit; but when the latter became minister for foreign affairs in 1808, he soiectcd Mr Adair as tlie fittest person to unravel the tangled web of our diplomntic relations with the Ottoman court ; and at the termination of his success- ful mission in 1809, he was nominated O.C.H. and appointed ambassador at Constantinople, which ofBcj he held till 1811. For twenty years the exclusion of Sir Robert Adair's party from power left him unemployed ; but in 1831 he was sent by Earl Grey on special missions to Brussels and Berlin , which occupied him till 18J5, when he returned to England, and for his diplomatic services was rewarded with an annual pension of £2000. Besides being the author of numerous pamph- lets on international questions, he published late In life "An Historical Memoir of a Mission to the Court of Vienna in 1806," and "A Memoir of the Negotiations for thaPcacc of the Dardanelles in 1808-9." Died, 1865. ADALBERON, a celebrated archbishop of Rheinis, and chancellor of France; who dis tlnguishcd himself under Lothaire, Louis V., and Hugh Capet. Died, 988. ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague, in the loth century. He was one of the first found- ers of the Christian religion in Hungary ; and also preached the gospel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where he was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. Boleslaus, prince of Poland, is said to have ransomed his body with an equal weight of gold. ADALBERT, an ambitious, eloquent, and designing prelate, created archbishop of Bre- men and Hamburg, 1043. During the minor- ity of Henry IV. of Germany, he acted as regent, but his despotic conduct rendered hill! obnoxious to the people. Died, 107a. ADAM, ALEXANDER, LL.D., well known to the literary and scholastic world by his " Latin Lexicon," " Roman Antiquities," Ac; raised himself to great eminence by almost unprecedented efforts, and became rector of the High School of Edinburgh, an office which he held till his death. Boni, 1741 ; died, 1809. ADAM, Lambert Sigisbert, an eminent French sculptor, many of whose works were executed for the decoratioi of Versailles and St Cloud. Born, 1700 ; died, 1769. ADAM, Nicolas Sebastien, brother of the above, and eminent In the same profes- sion. He executed the admired statue of " Prometheus Chained." Born, 1705; died, 1778. ADAM of Bremen, canon of the cathedral of Bremen about the' close of the 11th cen- iury ; author of an ecclesiastical history, and numerous other works ; and indefatigable as a Christian missionary. ADAM, MKLCHiOR, a German dlv'ne and biographical author of the 17th century, to whose voluminous writings subsequent bio- graphers have been greatly indebted. Died, 1622. ADAM, Robert, F.R.S. and F.S.A.; a f! Iada] % iSfin aintbernBl Idiograpl^y. spel In Prussin.ftnd S. and F.S.A. ; a celebrated architect, tnuth employed upon llhe public builditifff and noblemen's nian- ■ionii of London. One of liis works, executed in conjunction with his brother, is the range bf buildings called the " Artelphi," the nume ■eing the Greek word for "iirothers." He kt one time represented the county of Kin- ross in Parliament. Bom at Kirkaldy, Fife- Ihire, 1728; died, 1792. His brother James, Iho coadjutor in most of his labours, died, 1794. [ ADAMNANU8, Bt, Abbot of lona, was bom ibout 629, became a monk, and was chosen |bbot about 679. He wrote a Life of 9t olumba, and a work on the Holy Land, om accounts given him by Arculfus, a lallic bishop. This book was esteemed an luthority till the time of the Crusades. \damnanus died about 704. I ADAMS, l)r FRANCIS, was born in 1797, If humble parents ; but his friends supported 11m at King's College, Aberdeen, where he look the degree of M.A., and ndopted medi- Jlne as his profession. In the midst of a fcborious practice he found time for n zealous kudy of Greek medical writers, and, being Tixlous to bring them before his profession r translations, he fixed on Paulus jl';Rineta, fphysiclan of the sixth or seventh century, n giving the best idea of ancient medicine. Bis work was published by the Pydenham )ciety, together with a very learned com- mentary by Dr Adan^s. For the same So- lety he translated Hippocrates and Are tsus, lie original text being also given with the ktter. Died February 26, 1861, aged 64. 'ADAMS, John, second president of the rnited States of America, and a political rriter of considerable reputation. Jiefore he Revolution, Mr Adams attained great niinence as a lawyer, and published an ■sny "On Common and Feudal Law." On he breach with the mother country, he es- wused the colonial cause, and employed his en with great activity. He was one of the Hncipal promoters of the memorable reso- ktion passed July 4, 1776, declaring the unerican States free, sovereign, and inde- >ndent. Mr Adams subsequently proceeded nth Dr Franklin to the court of France, in Tder to negotiate a treaty of peace and alli- ice with that country. He was afterwards hminated plenipotentiary to Holland, and ttiterially contributed to hasten a rupture ►tween the United Provinces and Great Titain. Lastly, he was employed in nego- liting a general peace at Paris; and was ■t first ambassador received by this eoun- . from America after it was effected. Bis distinguished man also took a great are, in conjunction with "Washington, Hn- Blton, and other federal leaders, in forming *•} present constitution of the United States, 1/87, when General Washington was BCted president, and Mr Adams vicc-pre- ■ent. On the retirement of Washington, » Adams was elected his successor; and, (the conclusion of his presidency, retired tm public life, with the character of an je, active, independent, and upright states- ■n, even among those whose party views V/ I'JSS'"'^* *° •>*« opinions. Born, 1736; cu, lo26. |ADAM8, JOHK QuiNCT, the Sixth 'presid- [ADA ent of the United States, son of John Adams the second preHld«!nt,',was born at Boston In 176J. His father having been appointed commissioner to T-ance in 1778, rmbrated the opportunity of securing for his son all the advantages of an European education. « hen only fourteen years oi ago he went to Petersburg as private Recretary to the Ame- rican minister, and on his return to his native country ho entered Harvard Uni- versity, where he graduated with honour In 1787, and subsequeutly commenced the prac- tice of the law at Boston. In 1794 he was appointed by Washington minister of the United States at the Hague; and in 1796 he went in the same capacity to Berlin, which office, however, ho resigned on the defeat of his father, and Mr Jefferson's accession to the presidency, In 1801. Hero too ho wrote his famous "Letters ftorn Silesia," which were favourably noticed In the Kdlnburgh Kevlew. After representing Massachusetts in the United States Senate for six years, he went as ambassador to St Petersburg in 1809, and to the influence which his charac- ter and abilities procured for him at that court is mainly to he attributed the inter- vention of Kussla which terminated in the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain. After the peace he was appointed ambassador to the court of St James's; and he subsequently acted as secre- tary of state during the administration of Mr Monroe. In 1825 he was himself elected presldentofthe United States. His adminis- tration was a perfect illustration of the prin- ciples of the constitution, and of a republic purely and faithfully governed. On the ex- piry of his terra of office, he retired into private life ; but he was soon elected by his district as representative in Congress, and though he never afterwards held office, he long continued to benefit his country bf his speeches and his pen. Manly, straightfor- ward, and Independent, he never swerved from what he believed to be the path of duty,— no easy matter In the United States, where party feeling runs so high; and he has left behind him a reputation for purity and disintere8ted..ess of motives, second only to that of Washington. Died, 18-18. ADAMS, John, "the patriarch of P't- eairn'8 Island," is famous for the share he took In the mutiny of the Bounty, in 1789, and in the subsequent establishment of the colony of the mutineers at Pitcalrn's Island. His real name was Alexander Smith. Died, ADAMS, Samuel, an active member of the first American congress, and one of the most powerful advocates of the political separation of that country from England. Born, 1722; died, 1803. ADAMS, William, an Er.gllsh divineof the 18th century;, author of an answer to Hume on the Miracles. Died, 1789. ADAMSON, PATRICK, archbishop of 8t Andrew s, in Scotland, and ambassador from James VI. to Queen Elizabeth ; but chiefly remembered for his disputes with the pres- bytery, by which he was involved in ruin. Born, 1543 ; died, 1591. ADANSON, MICHEL, a celebrated French botanist, was born In Provence in 1727. Hi» ADA] H V w •'■ ii'i ■l«n «^. , "",' ""J'" '«««mur and U. do j,,,. In s,.n„l^^ ?' ""'."'«• "" "PPnt Ave yen". Utino./i'^''T«""^'''"»- "''""tlsflcd with ex litlng clnwlflcatlons In botany ho proponed a ^IZh"!^' *" "I^^'^ "" *" "onie extent nntlcl P"f^ 'ho system of Jus.lou. He projected wh rhT"'" 7"'''*,."" ^"'"™> History! fo- Which ho made collections, and to whirh Vio dovoted himself f„r the reU of hhiUfo bm ' I In the shock of tho Itevolutlon he init m. fortune and hi. pl«ces.7aw hi. g^ardeTdi! •troyed nndhad his health ruliifd by want and calamltv. The Directory irave him « pension, whfch Napoleon doubled He »"• a member of the Instlti.^o ."d of the aTS' demy of Sciences, i- ..aich he contr^hut?H numerous memoirs. Ho ^-'voyaieau DleWofl""" "^""^"•nlUe. de.WaTes'Ji wa^s^b^n^^' ^c^^oTy^KJrtf Velt' faX',' a'n^d '«PPer'i^''h" ,*" s.V^Lft^d"a^ SS r^.1P'"^"» Character TIf^^? mUy made dean of Llchfl^ld Ho died "n ADDISON, Joseph, the celebrated cssnv oury ana lachtleld, was sent to the Charter w^^h'M'r''T ^^ contracted his flm Intimacy 7hea^eon\ZT''^' Sir Richard. Steele At leffc Ox?nr!. ^„«.^''«'' entered at Queen's col- ilS I J , '^''' ^^here he soon became dlstln guJnhed for his skill in Latin poetrv At 22 h.; "^^"^ifd some English ve?ses to The^eLi-an" poet Dryden: and shortly afterwards mih GeorJlc 'ufmZ .1 r" °i S'ste'h vTLorjfic. in 1696 he addressed a comnlimonf ary poem, on one of the campaigns of icTn* William, to the Lord Keeper Somirs who procured him a pension from the Cro'wn of £300 per annum, to enable him to travel frfen^'ou^^f "T"' I" ■ '"2,he found &' Mm-rwificrSL"-L-£^ wh.rT '^"""^'^ "The Campaign"" for ?pei'ls''\ZrtT^r* '=°'"'"-^^°°«' 0^^ uppeuis. Alter this he ncconioanled *hn mX!uer7\Z'r '" ''''^''^- «^ «eiretary! niiiie tnere, bteele commenced thn "Tat ThI w""^A\'='^ ^"^'^'^''" HberaUy con rlbuTed' This was followed by the " Spectator "whiM.' Addis'on" wh^f ^'^ '^ the'SrTb'utio'^'s'o^f irShe^SrsT^-..^^^^^^^^^^ .^^i^i^^^Sfcrh^rt^hrunrrfi ^ ileto atnibfrgal latogrnp^p. have been far from happy. The fo»owln» year ho became •ncrotary of ."Ite whir? » )ini. in Ills retirement ho wrote "A n,^ hl^i ^P *", "["" •'•"?"''»' '"ictlonary upon J?o.e^ hulf'"," ""'"»» l>cllacrusj;;."'i'e .in?I^. a'., n^**"" f'^"" over by hi. phv ilclnns. Addison lent for his .ten son tL young earl of Warwick, whom ho wa, '.nx lous to reclaim from IrreguUr ^.7,^; I erroneous opinions, and grasping hi. hand a Christian can die! " but whnthn. «i,i. » fectlng interview had any effect Lonth'; rhfc' poetical works of Addison, oii whioh perhaps his fame at first chiefly rested are t"hTuiht"r?''; '^,*'«y «" wlthoVtTe'deep is in^h„S"'' f'^T'"*? P"8lon Which charm us in the poems of our own age, andarelluio Suh„!f "" 'hr'««'"»' exercises Sf an nccom? pllshed moralist. But his prose work" hiive a lusting worth, and charm us by theircrice fu ness, delicate fancy, pure moral tvn-H' did the men and women of the Keneratlnn ^°' ^hlch they were written A^s "ho firs and best examples of a new style they hold a^hlgh place in the history of lillasXi irv?^f'^^^' MADAME, aunt to Loul« fvIL^fhe^"'"-. '"''*" Princess,in order to Isu oukterv^" ""^ ^""'^ "' "•« revolution" fi.'iSl ."t?.^'"''*' accompanied by her sis- ?Si A'^fV^*"*"',''^'*'" the 19th of February 1791. After seek ng protection In ««!«„' Naples, and other.ph,c?s, they found fc porary asylum in Corfu, from whence tZv were conveyed to Trieste byThe Busglan general Outschacoff. and there flv^fw iinoCn'tht'""''''^ """'^^'^ '>«'• -•««' only ^AP^^^^^^> Eugene Louise, princess kfiL" fT'^"'* "*''«"• to Louis PhlliSpe ''ex- klngofthe French, was born 1777 w^f,„»» j Th'olif ''''''' careby Madlme deSs' the princess passed her childhood inpeSce-' ful retirement, tUl the outbreak 0/ tifl French Revolution compelled her with her then Joined her brother LoilspKpe^a? Portsmouth, and participated in a?l th« subsequent vicissitudes of his career. Afte? the restoration, she contributed In no small &r.° *° '"^Jl '•o""d her brothe? all the ^a^*n» n»en to' whose wishes for Improve! ment the government of Louis XVIIl'^made InXenS Zi "erTroS toXeVt^o' accept, the crown, then offlred-sCce «- claimed-hy the people. She subiemienHv 8hareu and aided the king's hU fortune bv her Judicious counsels and^efleftivecourage^ ?w V 'I ?°* perhaps going too far to X' that had she lived to witness the 23?dJf happy. The following rotary of itate, which a, on a ponslon of £1000 mont ho wrote "A Do- in HcllKlon," and nig'o Klish nictlonary, upon "an Ucllii Crusiii. He nnnncr auliablo to hla i ren over by hli phy- t for his »tcp «on, the k, whom he wni anx- irregular habits and nd yrasping his hand, y, 8ee In what peace ' but whether this af- l any effect upon the wn, as his own death ter. Addison died at 17, 1719, leaving an Bd, unmarried, In 1797 r Addison, on which rst chiefly rested, are are without the deep passion which charm 3wnnge, nndarellttlo exercises of nnnccom- hls prose works have nrmusby thelrgrace- , pure morality, and oiy as much as they Jn of the generation mtten. As the first now style they hold 3ry of English lltera- ade] Louise, princess l..bruary. 1848, Louis I'hlllppe might not have persevered In • course which ultimate! v I A^H.'iil •'" """ ",'• ''"?""' * '"^''"- Madame I Adelaide was privately married to Ocn. Atlia- I ; nSTi; "M''''""""- "'"'•• "•'c- 31«t, 1847. lrr». B.?""' "■''1'?"^' ,T«* born August 13, ■1792. She was the eldest child of "jeortre J)uke of Haxo CuburgMelciiigen.aad Louisa! ^auKhter of Christian Albert, prince of liohcnlohe Laiigcnburg, Jlcr father died Jh.u she was only eleven years of bkc. paving herself and a younger brother and W«er under the guardianship of their mother KL"!^^ V?" "' the .Princess Adelaide T«u»l '^if'.fJf «'■•'"» retirement. On the i«„-?v "*" J '•'""ss Charlotte, which took '"^f,N»';«P'bcr «, 1817, and left the Krltlsh ap ro without an heir to the crown In the f, f'^fiT'""?' n«'««"«tlon'' were et on tiM ?^ *.'J*. *""'"» •'^ the J)uko of Clarence >itl. the Princes. Adelalde.and the marriage bok place on the mh July, 1818. row cTents L n';,u"J''"''."rT'"'''*"' "'« domestic life of fears after" th ""="""1 **' ^'"'"'«« '»' wnny pars after their marriage. In March 181H *""f»»tcr was born, but lived on'y 'a ?ow' V^lll ""'^ ? '"cond daughter, the I'rincess >orglana Adelaide, who was born on the in f hi""""'*!;'. '^20, expired on March i'e 18^0 hv'f^'"",*^ yf"; «" the 26tl. of fcit' ^^1- J'y the death of George IV the Bnt T H ^h'""?."'? '^"'''^ from the retire! i„v» . ^ "**''' ^"^ t° the throne. Twelve jars had passed since there had been a »cen consort to preside over the hosnitall Is and ceremonials of the court. In reform Jg thep«r*o,,,.e/ as well as the ./.ora/Vof the Td^inv^ f ' "^"^ '." """"y Instances as painful Id invidious as it was necessary, and which nne«° A? '''"'''' 7"'» »» gentleness and nness. After a reign of seven years, Queen ■elalde passed once again Into retlremont I the death of William IV., whom sh^had Jded with unwearied care'durln" the te >us Illness which closed his life. The 'hPHT"*^""' .*° ^J""" Marlborough n nno „ *""'" "I'^Kied as a residence, with ™?/*""'' thenceforward lived lA prl- i.n'ncM '"/ .*'''*" the honours which might Tw i^^ra f '*"" *" '»"■■ "°'^ •'"d posit on LoulZ ^'"' *®^*'"' >■'='*" were spent In I'd nn^fh Jff "J^'?'''^ *'""» that of Eng" L ' ?°" the Islands of Malta and Madeira I resiSe^/i'^r^'^'J."""''''*^ ^"h her Mn ^s* iresidence. Lutsheneverfullyrecovered ImJ^'""''* ,^^^ «'ose of 1849, her debilUv umed an alarming form, and after lineer [a few weeks, she died December 2 ffn f ^y Ji^^'etted by the people, to whom she iZtTA ^^"'^^^ "y her nimbarlcsiac I |ublic and private benevolence, as wol as |ber constant practice of all the Christian t!,V «n"ed with the iost detestable crueUj-' Ho afterwards went over to the CatholiP side, and died universally hated In 1587 i? must however, bo admftted. that many of hrL^J'fi;''"'"' ""^^^ ^'^'eh historians ifave ev?denco' "'""'"■''' ^^" °° ^"? «»ot.S the^gj of*iflH"!\? ^'9''^'^ girl, who, at wl!ol7u.^'e \''haWr^\^'^\""/ow'n"''£?o;';' mfnt'sht^"'*' ^" ^"3. After'Z" '•&"«.' ^ht h«H ^'^"^."'■•''ted.and being asked how ,.»!A".? ^"^^ to use arms? she replied "T it from T/***"^" "5^ country^anddeliyeJ It from Us oppressors." Sho was inntonf i« condemned and executed instantly aSSH^- tHADRlAN] i' Ifi adr] II i^do !Itn(t)(r«al iaiogra))^Q. [MhW ancient aqueduct! of tho oltjr. Ho died in TVS At>l(IAH II. iurceMrd to tho pontlflrittu In RH7. DurlnR the (Ivo jrrnri In which ha filled it, hi* iiiuliitiiMiii ami intrJKuiiiK dii- poiltlou did much ti)W«rdi tlui (uhjcction of the Kuropcnn lovcrclKn* to tho ler >f Uomc. Kii urniKiincc received a sharp checit nrom Charlci the llnid, 1(lnt{ of Franco, who ro- fucod to lend Archhithop Hincmar to Rome, at tho popo had re(iuired. Tho moit im- portant ovent of hlH pontificate, perhapi, wiu tho Ncpiiration of I'hotluH, patrinrch of Conataiitiiiiiple, (Vom the (Catholic church, tho iK'RinniiiK of tlio ncpnrntion of tho Urccit and Human churcltcs. Adrian diod in 873. ADRIAN III. was elected in 8H4, and died the followInK yciir, whilu on 'a lournov to Worms, whither he watt pruccedlng to hold a diet. ADRIAN IV., tho only KnRlUhman who has attained tho I'linnl diirnlty, was born towards tho close of tho 11th century, nt LanRlpy, near Kt Alban's. His name was Nicholas lircakspear; and. In his childhood, ho was dep-Bdci.t for his dally suhftistence on tho charity of tho monastery, to which his father was a servitor. Unable through Rovcrty to attend tho schools, ho was ro- ised admission into the monnstcry for de- ficiency in learning ; and went to France, where ho l)ecanio a clerk in the monastery of 8t Rufiis, near Avignon, of which he was afterwards chos'ni abbot. KiiKcnius III. made him a cardinal In lliG ; and, two years afterwards, sent nim IcKato to Denmark and Norway, where ho made many converts. In Dec, 1134, he was chosen popo, and assumed tho name of Adrian, on which Henry 11. of England sent the abbot of Bt Alban's with threo bishops to congratulate him. The pope treated the abbot with great courtesy, and granted the abbey extraordinary privi- leges ; ho also issued in favour of Henry the celebrated bull wlikh sanctioned the con- quest of Ireland. In 1153 he excommuni- cated the Romans, and laid an interdict on the city until they banished the famous re- former, Arnold of Rrescin [nee Arnold], and put an end to the republic which ho had established. He also excommunicated the king of Sicily for ravaging the territories of the church ; and, about tho same time, the Emperor Frederic J^llrbaros^l^ having entered Italy with a powerful army, and meeting Adrian near Sutrium, concluded a peace with him. At this Interview Frederic, after two days' hesitation and debate, held the pope's stirrup while he mounted on horse- back, and received from him the kiss of peace; after which the former was con- ducted to St Peter's church, and his holiness consecrated him king of the Romans. Adrian ctircd to Orvieto, was recalled to Rome, and "tjiiln 'vithdrew to Anagni, where he d'i'i'; in 1159. ADRIAN V. was a Genoese, and was raised to the pontificate In 1276, but sur- Tived his elevation little more than a month. ADRIAN VI., who succeeded Leo X., in January, 1622, was a native of Utrecht, of mean parentage, and born in 1459. He re- ceived his education at Louraio, and buc- XO CFssivrlir biKu of the Clergy." which are inserted In [MhW m of Ht I'eter, pro- of thfl cAthuitrM, and unlvfrkity, where he Kcrdiniind, hinir of Muhoprlc (if TortoM , nmUu cnrdlnal. Ilr Pitt (luriiiN; thn mlnor- lo procui'i'd lilm hU hnlr. Died, lS'i3. Ki.U), an Italian of lltjr. waa born iit Cor- r hli talcnta he roae nt» undpr Innocent iKlnnd 111 the roteu of do him III* nirriii ,,t Urit till! liUliopri" of rdii tliut of Hath and out the I ittrr blihop- hlintrl' i< Home, rb pal.ut .. lilrh ho land and hU tiircFt- aa mndo nirdlnnl by in prtiphpcy hnd none mid be Httcrei'drd by [) wn* DO rttr thp ulave How tills nbnurd prc- itm -In orKiininhiK n )t which was the do tiff, and hU own pIo- alr. lli'foro the plot ince of I.eo dctoctod it 12,5rii at Delft in \my>, and died iu l«Sb. He ■ks famous for his skill In painting fhilt eces and dead game. His nephew, Wit.- ■■ VAN JKlst, also distinguished himself n painter, and studied in France and ily, where he received flattering marks of ■oar. Iludlcdln lfl79. iMIl.IANI, 8t Jkrome, a Venetian bicmnn, who, being taken prisoner In his nth, made a vow that, on his release, he luld devote his life to the care of orphans j pursuance of this pledge, he laid the ■ndntion of a hospital and religious order f object of which was to instruct younir ►sons, and particularly orphans, in re- ^?i' T? ■'*''* '""• '"'"''■ P'""* works ho prlflccd his whole income. Died, 1887. Ho 1 canonized by Honedict XIV. ikl'^iM"^ PAULUH, sumamed MACE- PNICUS, a distinguished Roman noble general, son of jf^mllius Paulus, the ksul, who fell at the battle of Cannre, was hi about B. c. 230. He served as pra?tor Further Spain, and was chosen consul in , and again in 168. Bent to conduct the Ir in Macedonia, he defeated Perseus at Una, assisted as proconsul in establishing 1 Homan government in the new province I on his return had a very splendid tri- Iph. His public glory had a bitter set-oiT private sorrow, for he lost at tho same ■e two of his young sons. He held the tee of censor in 164, and died four years IK, , ^M a. man of singularly noble I blameless character. iS^^.l^^u'''^''^ ''''"■''' >"» historian of great bbrity, born at Verona. Thirty years of lllfe were employed In writing the history rrance, from Pharamond down to Charles II. Died, 1329. kn^^^^Av^'c^'^®^^' «»» !"•'«»» a'>bot or aop of the 8th century, who compiled a Sous account of Irish saints in five books lalsc wrote the history of the Old Testa- lit in verse. Died probably between 819-. [MtO BPINU8, JOHN, a Franciscan fi'iar. who ame a zealous and able follower of Luther rpI?er''THi™V'"'"'V »^^ «'>"«h of ^i-eter, at Hambarg. Bom, 1499; died, SSCHINES, a celebrated Athenian orator, born B. I). 3S9. He had tried hia (brtnne la various ways befbre ha gained distinction as an iifalor. He was twice sent on cnibAsslet to Philip of Miiiedonla.and his conduct on the second occasion exposed him to accusa- tions of treacherv j first, by Tlinarchus, over whom he triumphed, and neiit, by his great rival Demosthnneii HI* prosecution of Cte- siphon In S30 gave occasion to the famous oration " On the Crown " by Demosthenai. yTfschlne* then left Athens and settled at Rhodes, where ho fbunded a school. Died, A'.HCHYhVH, tho great Athenian tragic poet, was born at Kleusis, n. c. 835. Ho distinguished himself at the great battles of Marathon, Hnlamis, and Platica, and his flist fame was that of a heroic and patriotic sol- dier. Ho made poetry, however, his choice, and devoted himself to It as his serious busi- ness In life, ilo gained his first prize in 4(M. He is said to have written seventy tragedies besides »atyrlc dramas, but we possess only seven of them. These are "The Persians," acted in 472; the "Seven against Thebes;" the Ruppllants," one part of a trilogy of which the other parts are lost; the "Pro- metheus Hound," the only part preserved of another trilogy, and one of his subllmest works: and the complete trilogy of the Orestela, comprising the "Agamemnon," the "Choephori," and the "Eumenldes." ji'.schylus was the inventor of the trilogy I. e. tho first who made the three pluys re- presented parts of a grind whole, each at the same time being complete in itself. About 471 ho went to HIclly, and spent some lime at the court or HIeron. After his return to Athens he had a poetic contest with Bopho- ®uJuf f"" ^"^ '"•' ?"■'"«• "oon after the exhibition of his last work, the Orcsteia. he ?fi''"I!:"''''* *" '"''"y- ^here he died, u. c. 486. The political principles of JKschylus were conservative, and placed him in oppo- 8 tion to the restiesa. Innovating, and ambi- tious democracy. Aristides was his ideal statesman. His last grand trilogy was ex- niuitod for the purpose of saving the Areo- pagus, then threatened by Pericles and the popular party. Ifk all his tragedies ho re- cognizes, with a noble fnlth, a divino power guiding the course of events to the best issue through all darkness and distress. j^JSOP, the renowned Greek fabulist, lived In the 6th century B. c. He was a Phrygian bv birth, was sold into slavery, but obtained nis freedom and went to the court of Croesus King of Lydia, where his wit and practical wisdom made him a favourite. He after- wards travelled in Greece, reciting his apo- logues, and teaching rulers and subjects his home-truths. Sent by Croesus to Delphi, he ill some way offended the citizens, and they killed him by throwing him down a preci- pice. He did not write his fables, but they were easily remembered, became universally popular, and were passed on from mouth to mouth, and from generation to generation, uovf much of the original ^:sopean fables is preserved in our present collections it is impossible to tell. jEsop was a contempo- rary of the Seven Sages, and his statue waa set up with theirs at Athens 200 years after hla death. [BABRIUS.] 11 iESO] JES0PU8, CLODIU8, a Roman actor, con- temporary and rival of|Ko8ciu8, and like him the friend of Cicero, to whom he gave lessons on oratorical action. His excellence was In tragedy; and he entered so tho- roughly in:o his part, as occasionally to lose all recollection of his own identity. Plu- tarch asserts, that once, when performing the character of Atreus, he was so trans- ported with fury, as to strike a servant with his sceptrn, which killed him on the spot, .aisopus was greatly addicted to luxury ; yet, notwithstanding, so well was he rewarded, that he left a fortur e equal to £160,000. AETIUS, a famous Koraan general, w'lc lived under the third Valentinian, and nouly defended the declining fortunes of the . mpire, thrice vanquishing the Surbundians a •'' Franks, and driving the ferocious Attila I ond the Khine ; but having excited the jealousy of the dastardly emperor, he "/as stabbed by him, in 45i AFEU, DOMiTius, an ancient orator, bom at Nismes. During the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, he made him- self formidable as an informer, and con- temptible as a flatterer. Under Caligula he was made consul. Died, A. v. 69. AFFKY, Louis Avgustine Philip, Count, a Swiss statesman, appointed chief magistrate of Switzerland after Buonaparte had proclaimed himself protector of the Hel- vetic confederacy, was born at Freyburg, in 1743. From the commencement of the French revolution, when he commanded the army on the Upper Rhine, till his death, he bore a prominent part in the aflfairs of his country; but, finding the power of the French Irresistible, he endeavoured to pro- mote the views of Buonaparte, by assisting in the formation of the government ; while he displayed the skill of an experienced statesman in endeavouring to benefit the interests of his countrymen, and to shield them from the perils of war. Died, 1810. AFKANIUS, a Latin dramatist, who lived about 100 years B. c, and wrote several comedies In imitation of Menander. AFRICANUS, JULICS, an eminent Chris- tian historian of the 3rd century; principally known by a chronological work in five books, which contains a series of events from the beginning of the world to the year of Christ. 221. ' AGARD, Arthur, an English antiquary of great learning and research, one of the original founders of the Antiquarian Society, was born in Derbyshire, 1540, and died, 1615. AGASIAS, a sculptor of Ephesus, cele- brated for his admirable statue called the Gladiator, which was found with the Apollo Belvedere at Nettuno, the ancient Antium. AGATHARCHUS,aOreekpainter,bornat Samos. "Vitruvius speaks of him as the first who painted scenes for the theatres. He flourished probably about B. c. 480. AGj^THOCLES, the tyrant of Syracuse, was the son of a potter, and was born at Therm® about B. c. 361. He was remark- able for strength and beauty, and early ob- tained military distinction and command. By marrying the widow of his patron Damas he acquired wealth and inilueuce, but being suspected of ambitious designs, was twice ^ jicto Bnibtxzd' ISfogrnpi^s. [agi banished from Syracuse. He collected forces, oefeated the armies of Syracuse and Car- thage, and got himself made first p.-otector. and then sovereign of Syracuse, B. c. 317. i.c is said to have put to death 4000 Syra- cusans, and to have banished COOO more. He conquered great part of Sicily, was defeated by the Carthaginians at HImera, and then carried en war with them in Africa. He afrerwnrds suppressed a revolt In Sicily, and made an expedition to Italy. Died, by poi- son, according to some authorities, B. c. 289 AGELADAS, an admired Graek sculptor who lived r.bout B. c. 600. Myron, Phidias and Polycletus were his pupils. AOELNOTH, an Anglo-Saxon prelate, promoted to the see of Canterbury in 1020. He distinguished himself by great religioua zeaJ, and still more by the firm manner in which he refused, on the death of Canute, to crown Harold, who had seized the throne In the absence of his brother, Hardlcanute. Die.", 1038. AGECANDER, a Rhodian sculptor, sup- posed to have lived in the Ist century. He is celebi-^ted for having, in conjunction with Polydorus and Athenodorus, executed that admirable monument of Grecian art, the Laocoon, which was discovered in the 16th century near the baths of Titus. AGESILAUS IL, king of Sparta, succeeded his brother Agis II. He acquired great re- nown by his exploits against the Persians and by the successful maintenance of the war against the Thebans and Athenians, whom he defeated at Coronea. The supremacy which he well-nigh recovered for Sparta was finally lost at the battle of Leuctra. Agesl- laus afterwards went to assist Tachos.in his attempt to take the throne of Egypt, but was bribed to espouse the part of Ncctanabis, his antagonist. On his return, he died in A «?i 360 B. c, after a reign of 38 years. AGGAS, Rai.fh, a surveyor and engraver of the I6th century, who first drew a plan of London, which, although referred to the time of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., ap- pears not to have been made on wood until about 1560. It was re-published in 1618, and re-engraved by Vertue in 1748. He also drew plans of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dun- wich, m Suffolk. Died, 15<^. AGILULF, king of the Lombards, crowned at Milan m 691. Soon after his accession, he quitted the Arian communion for the Catholic, in which he was followed by num- bers of his subjects, many of whom had hitherto been Pagans. In the third year of his reign, he had to sustain a war against some of his own rebellious dukes, whom in the end he forced to submit; and having secured and augmented his dominions, and employed himself in rebuilding and endow- ing churches, he died in 619. | AGIS III., king of Sparta, succeeded his father, Archidamus IIL, B. c. 338. He was a prince of great magnanimity; and, though he detested the Macedonian domination, lie would not expose his coujitty to i-uin by re- sisting it, until Alexander was deeply en- gaged in his Persian expedition ; when he raised an army of 20.000 men which "'a' defeated by Antipater, governor of" Malie- don, and Agis himself slain. Being carried la AGl] i severely wounded from the field, the sol.Ucrs who bore him were on the point of S surrounded by the enemy; on which, com? manding them to act him down, and preserve heir own lives for the service of their coun- try, he fought alone on his knees, and killed If hym,''i''i*''K f 8^'l^nts, tin he was struck ■through the body with a dart, B.C. 330 ■ AGIS IV., king of Sparta, was the son and Juceessor of Eudamldas. His first attemjt fcvns to renew the original law for the equal ■ivision of land, which was opposed by a »arty at the head of which was his col- *ague, Leonidas. The latter was deposed. I? u •'^'"' sovereignty devolved to his son |leorabrotus, who entered into the views of ifn tnHuT""*'/' however, to a partition of Jic lands, Agesilaus, uncle to Agis, who was fc«P'y i"? .debt, proposed the abolition of all lebts, which would render the former mea- kfluSi^/nf * n^o^'^'' accomplished, the Dstpone the other change, untU Agis was K Aoi?" "" e'gpeditionSent to thiaid Sf t,,,'^^^"*"'; ^"'*°8 »>» absence a con- fc f.nn?/°''"^^.l° '«»*«" the deposed k ^n'„n^°"'^''*;„'^hich succeeding Agis and i colleague, Cleombrotus, took sanctuarv ki T?'^;. "^he latter was immediately ygei forth and banished, but Ag s re^ Jned a considerable time in safety, until I friends were bribed to betray hfm and „,^«« thrown Into prison ffe buffered Ir rmvif^^'V* n'-^gnanimity, B.C. 24f AGLIONUY John, a learned divine born [Cumberland. He was made chanin'sn ♦« keen Elizabeth, assisted i^ the »«&*» knsJation of the New Testament, and d!ed , ^trNES Of Mi^ranie, queen of France, was lughter of Berchtold, duke of M^ranie, rnd |s married, in 1196, to Philip Augustus bg of France, who had three years pre vi.' bly married and repudiated the princess ielburga of Denmark. The marFiage of rnc3 being declared void by .he popefand I interdict being laid on France, in 1200 l^Trn<.°^ I'' ^'""P separated himself ^^ted»oiTsy":i2T '''" '''^ ^'•°'^«- I So n?n?'''"f ^ •'^'""**' horn at Milan" I; So profound were her mathematical unmeuts, that when, in 1750, her father lo was a professor in the universUy of logna, was unable to continue lis lectures mSn frntn'tV" ''«'">*''' she oSed mission from the pope to fill his chair tp« T^n^^ °' '=»' "he had sipported 9l' t tie of'" dP-'iV^^hed in iTas undeJ , xlo. . "opositiones Philosonhicre " » was also acquainted with the Xatln lek, Hel -ew, French, German, and Span- llanguagcs Agnesi retired to thcmonas In „h"'"^ ^""'' "^ ^^""n. where she dfed Kno/o'I^/^^' '° *he year 1799 ^^ i arcSf «f ^'"' ? Florentine sculptor, architect of great reputation. He was ► distinguished for his carvings In wood iren^andoT^'^ ** Rome.Michael aS: fTMtoV?t^°il"«qff'"«^ ^ iScto gantl)er»al ■Bioarncftn. [agb pOaACBITUS, a Greek statuary in the 5th century B.C. He was a pupil of Phidln. AOKicoLA, CNEius Juuu?,an eminent Roman commander, born a.d 37, In "he reign of Caligula. His first mllitai^ serrico was under Suetonius Paulinus in^rS^ q"»sto"ri':,'Vl'"'""J''l^°'"«' he was maSo q^^rcstor In Asia, and became tribune of the people, and prator under Nero. By Vesna! sian, whose cause he espoused, he yiaamaL apa rician and governor of Aqu!trnia^?h| ven? 77°i"°"'"' followed; and,in the Ce the hist^.wL'""''^**^ '"' daughter toTacituI his lift vr'*"^*"* has so admirably written vernor nf ^tu ^^'^ he was appointed go- Iff^i of Britain; extended his conquests into Scotland ; and built a chain of forts y^^t Ivt ^^^'^^ F *•>« ^'ith of Pmh,"to p e North w'i''H",*°!;^°' *he inhabltanis of the Sn HilU^^'^I'?^"'^ Galgacus on the Gram! pinn Hills, and then made peace with thP Caledonians. On the accession of Domitian Agncola had a triumph decreed him but was recalled, and, retiring into privatl' life died, A.D. 93 ; aged 5i. P"vaie are, .,,:^^iF^?^^L®^0^®'tlie most celebrated msni^i^'hSl ^•^^*!,'?^' horn at Glauchcn, » ?V1' '" ^*^^> ""d died, 1555. ' AGllICOLA, Georg Anjjreas, a German physician, author of a curious work on the multiplication of .rees and plants of whi^h !ued, 1738 "'" ""^ »»tisbon, 1672, and ^r'^^i^K^PH' -^OHANN. a polemical writer o' fejebnty, born at Elsleben, Saxonv 1492 and died at Berlin, 1566. From & the nfZtV-^ ?''*°J'""' he hecame thTantngonK MpK,,'' ^"J^*"''"' "»'"■'»« whom, as wel" as Melancthon, he maintained a spirited con orn«"/'''^/°l"*'°8 the doctrine of faith h, opposition to the works of the law whenip leafc^/S^ofn«hri^^"^P^ru"i^»^4^^»-t by Erasmus with great respect, was^born In Friesland, 1442,stadied at Louvain and Paris turP«''„7;i'°V° "«'y«»d attcnSed the Tec-' c,it^\-- '^^:::^^^£; d1e^=?nT4^.-„«--h^^^^^ painter, and musician. His most iinnow«?, V te,■^f^?J^?''^'•^'^5^^^<'' a celebrated archi- t"e^ pSte *^f^ G^ir Tiir °Ar^' Kr-s S*n'.^ ''^-^---^o^lTrn'^iliU^Z'tt Ep&leT In f.,««T'°'"*»'y °" St plSr, i^pistles. In 1618 he settled at Metz, which 13 r I illlVlliriWIII m- if Mljl, F ! ■If I i M aqr] % :0tta Bnibtttml IStograp^Q. [aik place, however, he was obliged to quit, at the instigation of the monks, and went to Cologne, and thence to Geneva. He next travelled to Antwerp, in 1528, and was taken into the service of Margaret of Austria, go- verness of the Low Countries. In 1530 he published his treatise of the " Vanitv of the Sciences," and soon afterwards his ' Occult Philosophy." In 1535 he was at Lyons, where he was imprisoned for defaming the king's mother, but soon obtained his dis- charge, and dic(' the same year at Grenoble. All his works were collected and printed at Leyden, 1550, in 3 vols. AGRIPPA I., Herod, grandson of Herod the Great. He gave great offence to Tibe- rius, who threw him into prison ; but, on Caligula's succession, was not only released, but received from that emperor a golden chain equal in weight to the iron one he had worn in his confinement, as also the kingdom of Judea. He commenced a per- secution of the Christians, in which the apo- stle St James perished ; and after a reign of seven years died at Ca;sarea, as related in the Acts of the Apostles, a.d. 43. AGRIPPA II., HEROD, son and successor of the preceding, was the seventh and last of the Jewish monarchs of the family of Herod the Great. It was before this prince that St Paul pleaded his cause with so much elo- quence that Agrippa acknowledged he had almost persuaded him to be a Christian. He died at Rome about the year 94. AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANITJS, a distin- guished Roman commander, and the asso- ciate and friend of the Emperor Augustus, was born B.C. 63. He took a leading part in the civil wars, which followed the death of Julius Ca;sar ; became consul in 37 ; obtained a naval victory over Sextus Pompelus in the following year, and chiefly contributed to the victory of Augustus (then Octavius) at Actium, in 31- He was once aidile, consul again in 28 and 27, and three times tribune. He spent large sums on public works, and in his third consulship built the Pantheon. He seemed to be marked out as the successor of Augustus, whose daughter Julia he married on the death of Marcellus. Julia was his third wife. Yipsania, his daughter, by his first wife, was married to Tiberius ; and Agrippina, one of his daughters, by Julia, became the wife of Oermanicus. Agrippa was twice made governor of Syria, and dis- tinguished himself by his wise and just ad- ministration. Died, B.C. 12. AGRIPPINA, the elder, daughter of Mar- cus Vipsanius Agrippa, was married in the first instance to Tiberius, who divorced her, and she became the wife of Oermanicus Cts sar, whom she accompanied in his military expeditions. On the death of the latter at Antioch, A.D. 17, she returned to Rome with his remains, and took advantage of the public grief for the death of her husband to accuse Piso, who was suspected of having hastened It. The latter was shortly afterwards found dead in his bed ; and Tiberius, jealous of the ftffep.tion of the people for Agrippina^ ban- ished her to a small island, where she died of hunger, in 33. AGRIPPINA, the younger, daughter of Oermanicus and the elder Agrippina, and 1* mother of Nero, was at once cruel and licen- tious. After losing two husbands, she mar- ried her uncle, the Emperor Claudius, whom she poisoned in 64, to make way for the ele- vation of her son Nero. She ruled in his name, but after a few years he caused her to be assassinated, and exhibited to the senate a list of all the crimes of which she had been guilty. AGUE88BAU, MARQV18 D'. LD'Agues- scau.l AGUILAR, GRACE, a pleasing moral writer of the Jewish persuasion, was bom at Hackney, 1816. Her first work was the " Magic Wreath ; " but this Tvas far exceeded in merit by her " Home Influence " and her "Vale of Cedars," &c., published posthum- otisly. The promising career of this author- ess was cut short at Frankfort, July, 1847. AHMED PASHA. [Jezzar.] AHRENDT, or ARENTS, MARTIN FRE- DERICK, antiquary and palaeographer, was a native of Holstein. He spent forty years in travelling on foot through Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France, Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe, in search of Scandinavian antiquities and Runic monuments, and car- ried on an extensive correspondence with his learned contemporaries relative to the objects of his investigation. He died at a small village near Vienna, in 1824, AIDAN, St, bishop of Lindisfarne, and the "Apostle of Northumbria," was at first a monk of lona. "When Oswald succeeded to the kingdom of Northumbria, and desired to recover his people from the apostasy into which they had fallen, he sent to the Cul- dees (monks of lona), among whom he had been brought up, for religious teachers. Aidan answered to his call, and devoted himself with zeal, patience, and wisdom to the great task. In 635 he settled on the island of Lindisfarne, and there founded a monastery, which flourished about 200 years, and was at last destroyed by the Danes. The see of Lindisfarne was ultimately trans- ferred to Durham. Aidan died, 81 August, 651. AIKLN, JOHN, M.D., born Jan. 15, 1747, at Kibworth, Leicestershire, was the only son of Dr T. Aikin, a dissenting minister and schoolmaster. In 1764 he became a student in the university of Edinburgh. On his return he went to Yarmouth, Norfolk, where, with little interruption, he continued till 1792, when he removed to London, and devoted himself chiefly to literature, in which he was eminently successful. In 1796 he became the editor of the Monthly Maga- zine, which he superintended from its com- mencement till 1806. In 1799, he published, in conjunction with Dr Enfield, the first volume of a General Biographltal Dictionary, in 4to, which, however, was not completed till 1815. Dr Aikin was also the author of the well-known and favourite " Evenings at Home," and of a "Natural History of the Y'ear," which has served as a model for sub- sequent works of the same class. Died, 1822, affsd ?5i "AIKMAN, WILLIAM, a Scotch painter, bom at Cairney, in 1682. He was the ft-iend of Allan Ramsay, the poet Thomaoq, Pope, Ac. Died, 1781. r' WIS D'. LD'Agues- Iaillt, Pierre D' (Petrus de AllUco), Icelebrated French cardinal, born at Com- Kgae in 1350. He early entered the college TNavarre, Parig, and distinguished himself J his attainments in theology and philo- |phy. In 1380 he was appointed Grand ster of his college, and contributed greatly its increased renown. Nine years later I became chancellor of the university of iris, and confessor to the King Charles VI. "i 1396 he was made bishop of Cambray, and 1411 cardinal. Ho took a distinguished irt at the council of Fisa.and was president Ithe Council of Constance, when John Huss fts condemned. He was learned, eloquent. Id earnest ; he advocated a reform of the lurch, but stoutly opposed the doctrines of fcss. He acquired the title of the "Ham- Ir of HereUcs." Among his numerous irks are Libellus de emendatione Eccle- 1," and Meditationes circa Septem Psal- « Penitentiales." The French translation Ithe latter was one of the earliest books Vited. Died, 1420 or 1425. IIMOIN, of Aquitaine, author of a le- Mary history of France, is supposed to re lived m the 9th century. The history fcrought down to 1165 by another hand • Us m the third volume of the Collection puchesne. INSWORTH, HENRY, an eminent bib- I commentator and divine among the Jlish nonconformists, flourished at the Vtln^A °^ ^'i.e,!"** century. His writings iitJl.i'^^^J^ learning and acuteness, and ■ited the attention of Hall, bishop of Exe- I, Who entered the lists against him. He Ti^TfiVo went to Amsterdam, where he llNSWoilTH, BOBERT, a distinguished Bcographer. His most important work is I well-known Latin Dictionary. He was |ative of Woodyale, in Lancashire, and ^%^ *" ^^^°- He died in London in • His Dictionary was first published in .and has passed through many editions. t has long been superseded. IITON, WILLIAM, an excellent botanist, TiJ^^n"""'"]'*^""®- He was a pupil of pip Miller of the Chelsea Physic-Garden, I became a great favourite with Georjre b )!, ?9?PTHi^*'" head-gardener at «f til L.f" *n" s.'t^ation he formed nf« in f^ ®" collections of rare exotic nts in the world, a catalogue of which hp f^ished n 1789, under the title of "Hortuf wensis, ' an elaborate work in 3 vols l?,ro?i"?'Q*''f * *'""''8 his friends the great lurahst Sir Joseph Hanks, and the nainters tepM^fV"*^ ^"^''-y- Wed! 1793 '" fc l^n '^;^^i'-' 5" ^if"'!"" of Friesland, to, 1600. and died, 1669. He was author li-l^fi«'?n^ t^ '^^ ^""«^ Provinces, from Cv „'''*''." ,',* ^oJs- ; an extremely valuable ►k, especially for the number and import- fchlt con'ui'ns.'""'""'''^'^' '"«'"°^"' *«• ptBER sultan of the Moguls, was bom 1442 and succeeded his father Huraayun |l8 fourteenth vear. Tho ... "" -L"_ I for a lime vested in Behram "Khan^''ft Wnguished commander ; but InTsBO Akbe? r«m»i.*°^*™'?"'* *»to his own hands • emjte, was then m » weak, dietmted ^ Mtto mniamdH Igfogyapftp. [ALA and disorganised state, and the younir sove- reign at once applied himself with manfy energy to the task of its restora ion His aim was to become the head of the whole Indian nation Hevolts of officers in vwiouS provinces had to be suppressed, and then had tTh-^r P^vinces which had beenlos" had to be reconquered. Thus he was In- volved in a long course of wars, the result of Which was the extension of his empire from the narrow limits of the Punjab and the country round Delhi, till it comprehended fifteen provinces. But Akber is yet more famed for the wisdom and Imparti^i^ of his internal policy than for his conque-ts He showed a singular spirit of toleration in ro'^'°r«°d would fain have established a new religion, which should he common to all his subjects. He made great refoms in the revenue system and in the army, and provided carefully for the local government of provinces, for the administration of jus- tice, and the regulation of the police. He promoted commerce, and science, and litera- ture, took part In religious and philosophical discussions, and had for his chief pereonal mend the great scholar Feizi, and bis brother, the statesman Abul Fazl. His last years were saddened by the misconduct of SrSMoT^- ""''''' """ '^ "'S- Of «> AKENSIDE, Mafk, poet and physician ^"« »>9'-^ in .1721 at Newcastle upKyne: ^h.-^k'* t^ his studies at the universities of Edinburgh and Leyden, in the latter of which he took his degree as a doctor of me- dicine m 1744. In the same year appeared his principal poem, " On the Pleasures of the Imagination," which immediately attained immenso popularity, and long retained It This was followed by the "Epiltle to Curio," a satire ; and, in 1745. he published ten odes fLIVr!?^^ '!^^""*- He*^ continued, from time to time, to send forth his poetical com- U.V w°"n' "J?'* of which appeared in Dods- ley's Collection. Dr Akenside also wrote a number of medical works. He died in 1770 aged 49. The "Pleasures of Imagination '•' is scarcely readable now. It is more a, -he- torical exercise and a tiresome display of fine writing than a poem. ""f'^y o« nne uJ^i'^^'^'^'^^V^' o'" ALLEN, William, Ro^^i^''!'''"''"."/ «°°'* *''""»y. ^«» horn at Oxforh^'y?"'""^' ^^ ^*31. Educated at Oxford by a tutor warmly attached to popery, he entered upon the world under ««..„/„' prcpossessmu in fwrour of the Catholic faith'i St Mrrv-«VM7^°""«fi^^*""»« principal of vprJftJ^ n^°l'.f**' ""^ P'O'^'o* of the uni- went f; -r^^J^' •ece»8ion of Elizabeth, he went to LouYBin, and was apjiointed head of IS «,«(^**«-r»rf.»^'«r. . H II . ala] % iEcto SSnibersBl IStogrftpl^Q. [alb the English College. He now strenuously exerted himself, both by his writings and example, to advance the papal cause ; and by his suggestions Philip II. was induced i,r> undertake the invaiion of England; to facilitate which, Alan published a defence of thb pope's bull against Elizabeth, with an exhortation to her subjects to rise in favour of the Sp.iniards. Eor these services he was mode carlinal and archbishop of Mechlin. It is said, that towards the close of his life he repented of the measures he had recom- mended against his country; and, on his death-bed, wished to address the English students at Uome, but was prevented by the ascendant Jesuit. He died in 1694, not without suspicion that he was poisoned. ALAND, Sir John Fobt£SCC£ (Lord Fortescue), a baron of the Exchequer, and a puisne Judge of the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, in the reigns of George I. and II., was descended from the famous Sir John Fortescue, lord chief Justice and lord high chancellor of England in the reign of Henry VI. Ke was born in IBTOj and re- ceived his education at Oxford ; was an able lawyer, an impartial judge, and well versed in Anglo-Saxon literature. Died, 1746. ALAKCON Y MENDOZA, JUAN RUIZ DE, one of the greatest Spanish dramatist?, was born in Mexico. He was of a noble family of the town of Alarcon in Spain, and it is presumed that he came to Europe about the latter end of the 16th ccntujy. Almost nothing is known of the events of his life. In 1628 he held the lucrative office of Prolo- cutor of the fioyal Council for tlie Indies, and the same year published a volume of plays. He published a second volume in 1634. Alarcon was a humpback, enormously conceited, and very unpopular among his countrymen. Though he wrote at least twenty dramas, his name v; as forgotten and his works neglected for nearly two hundred years; but his fame has now revived, his works have been newly edited, some of them are translated into French, and he is now admitted to rank next to Cervantes and Lope de Vega ; and even in one respect to rival them —the delineation of character. The moral tone of his dramas is, for his age, very high, and in his dramatis persona we have speci- mens of the best Spaniards, both men and women, of his time. One of his best plays is "La Verdad Sospechosa," or Suspected Truth, of which Corneiiie made a very clever translation and adaptation in " Le Menteur." This was re-translated into Spanish, and became very popular, no one suspecting its origin. Among Alarcon's other plays are "Change for the better," "How to gain friends," and " The Weaver of Segovia." Died, 1639. ALARIC I., king of the Visigoths, and conqueror of Rome, was descended ftom a noble Gothic family, and for some years served in the Roman armies; but on the death of Theodosius he put himself at the head of his countrymen, who threw off the Roman yoke, and led them into Greece- In the following jvai, 305, Stllieho 'n is sent against him, and he was driven out of Greece. In the year 400, being then the acluiowledged sovereign of the ViaigothB, he invaded Italy. In 402, 16 ho made a second irruption, but was defeated by Stilichoat Pollentla,in 403,and compelled to make peace. After this, he was employed in the service of the Emperor Honorius, but in 408 he again entered the Roman territory, and laid siege to the capital. His terms were complied with, and he retired into Tuscany ; but, being Joined by his brother, Ataulphus, he returned and besieged Rome a second time in 409, only retiring on his own terms. He renewed the siege a third time in the follow- ing year, when theicity was taken, and given up to pillage for six days. After ravaging Southern Italy he was preparing to pass into Africa, when he fell suddenly ill and died at Cosenza, in the autumn of 410. His follow- ers deposited the remains of their beloved leader in a grave dug in the bed of the river Uucento, its course being turned awhile for the purpose. ALARIC II., king of the Visigoths, suc- ceeded his father Euric in 485, and reigned over all the country between the Rhone and the Garonne. He adapted to his states the Tbeodosian collection of laws, and published an abridgment of it as the law of the Visi- goths, since known by the title of the code of Alaric. He was slain in battle by Clovis, king of the Franks, 507. ALASCO, JOHN, uncle to Sigismund, king of Poland, "yas born in 1499. He was in great esteem with most of the learned men of his day, and enjoyed the friendship of many of them, particularly Erasmus and Zuinglius, through which he became a con- vert to the Protestant faith ; to which he was so zealously devoted as to obtain the title of the Reformer of Poland. He died at Frank- fort, in 1560. ALBA, Duke of. [ALVA.] ALBAN, St, said to be the first Christian martyr in Britain, lived at Verulam, and having given shelter to a priest was arrested, and refusing to save himself by denying the faith, was beheaded. The abbey of StAl- ban's was built on the scene of his martyr- dom. Died, 304. ALBANI, Alessandro, an eminent vir- tuoso, bom at Urbino, 1692, raised to the rank of cardinal by Innocent XIII., and died, 1779, aged 87, very highly esteemed. In 1762, his collection of drawings and engrav- ings, consisting of 300 volumes, was pur- chased by George III. for 14,000 crowns. ALBANI, GIOVANNI FRANCISCO, nophcw of the above, was born atRome, 1720, and in 1747 was made a cardinal. He opposed the suppression of the Jesuits, as a measure fraught with danger to the church ; but, in all other respects, was a most enlightened prelate. He imitated his uncle in his en- couragement of letters and learntd men; but when the French entered Rome they plundered his palace, confiscated his estates, and.reduced him, then in his 77th year, to poverty : his valuable collection was sent off to Paris, and even the plants of his garden were rooted up and sold, ./.midst this de- vastation the cardinal took refuge in a con- vent, whence he removed to Naples ; and j returned to liomc, in 1600, where he lived iiii ; his death in 1803. ALBANI, or ALBANY, Countess of, was the Princess Louisa Maria Caroline, who ilb] Jiarrled Charles Btuart, "The Pretender ■• l?ecame extinct at the death 1M7 «°„*H hVJ?"'?^! **'*' ^"^^""'^ o' York, 1 1807, and died at Florence, in 1824. ^nfil^^^' ^'»f NCI8CO, a very celebrated Jnter born at Bologna, 1578, and died t:. ."^^"i '*'"''*'^ ^""^ G"Wo under the Kn?,;< ""V^ atto'ned great excellence in UBATEQNI, a dlstingolshed Arabian fonomer, was bom in Mesopotam^ and f rfshed In the ninth and tenth centuries Ustronomica! observations, continued ?«; Sfh^ ':^^«' V"^}^"" important Improv^ fts he made iu the method and Instrul t^V; observation, obtained for him the I of the Ptolemy of the Arabs. He Uved |fly at Baghdad, and died in 929 E ?c^' .^^^"0. cardinal and first TiJ^ 1^- *fe entered the church and awards became secretary to the duke of Id6me, then commanding the ^ench \7 m Italy. He accompanied VendTme ftance and to Spain, was named agent^f [duke of Parma at Madrid. ln«iti»t*/ k f with the king, Philip V.!^d*ot ^If made cardinal Ind first mlnist^?. He kediately formed, and began to execute fcies for the extension of the powc? of ^.. invading Sardinia and SicilV and ring on intrigues in France, England ^Turkey : but the alliance of France and R»Sl¥.'^!J?* '»/'" *e'««ted his projecu Ued to his dismissal and exile. He wen t |ome, was subsequently lei^at^ tn fhl agna, wherehe indulged wf plssion for '^UIZZ' il'fath^rVs^uyrS^hV besent^Ti.fvI'^®'^**'* ^^ e'^er brothe? fey of L?-^^ ^'■"''"' entered the Uni- fy of Bonn, as a student In law w^L feS'a't.^l" September, ^sasThaving p-ed a high reputation for hii attain I in science and art, together with «?» n and love of the who?e peop'e of Bonn blameless life and his unbounded cha" ace aSS M J^esidcshls studies in juri*: ;pro?e1>utnini^.:---e-o^^^ ed to musio and'pktoting.^i'n'loth of ,^e,'»«5K'eat proficiency His "8a t Minstrel Boy.-. paint^I'd^^, hSi ^ S^tia mibetsal ISiograpi^j). [alb Set«?e» invrsuerst;,!:?tirv^'sf riS^a??*S{?«°e^^^^^ Ml wh^J^l'l-!?""'. '"»"'y esteemed by 8c We ' fahn^' Pjo'ewins to detest " princellnw " Aiw7 *?**fo^e*l his friendship to Prince Albert. In 1838 he vigit^d Pnoi.^j .7? his father for the coronation o?*theln'li*„'' ?ha*nT/i"'V"y^?*'~""^^o«donX?; M^f'K'co'burSX^%e^n''r marriage was notified to ".'rliamTnt in l^" Queen's Speech of JanuaiJv i fi \am!l} ^S '?* le^rfnU'rV?'Trre'?^ r a"°' "^^^^^ for the religions se^cu^ules of ^hfKfh people- Thus, in his twentyflrstyear Pr1n?a M,';,^T*"v.» "^^^ naturalized*b" Act of Parliament, became the second person in thi English realm, and entered on a no8?tfn« ^/ unusual dllBculty. Precluded fynm„ii" **' interference in the cond .cFof ?rernm?n? he was yet the nearest adviser of the rJ^»„' surrounded by dangers and tP«,n?«..^''' Which It reqJred ?hTramt jSen °?o avoid and surmount. From the fl^tu X. be said that he sawthe path wldch"Vou^h? to follow, with a sagacity wonderful for fne ?L?k""*k' ?*"* ^^' ^Jio'e conduct showed Six? »'? "» « i-ife t» .« °™ to JKJ the office of Commandcr-In-Chlef anS i!lt!. V I I alb] ^ i^eto 2anti)(rBal ISiogtopi^Q. [ALB —when ratified by an election— the office of Chancellor, which ho had at first declined, he was probably more pleased when in 1899 ho was selected aa Fresldeut of the British Association. His interest in agriculture was shown not merely by his masterly speeches at the Royal Agricultural Society's meeting in York (1848) and elsewhere, but by tho care with which he superintended his model farm at "Windsor. The cond'tion of the labouring classes was the subject of his first important speech in public, in the same yoar (1848) ; and this subject lay unquestionably at the bottom of that wise design which was car- ried out in the Great Exhibition of 1891. The work of 1851 did not fail in its purpose ; and the same good energy promoted a secoud Great Exhibition for the year 1862, ot the opening of which his well-known form was missed, and his voice was not heard. On the 29th of June, 18S7, he was styled by Koyal warrant " Prince Consort," to give him pre- cedence In foreign courts, having received the baton of a Field Marshal, together with the title of " Royal Highness," in 1840. Thus lad passed away more than twenty years in a career of uninterrupted usefulness. But Just when he had begun to acquire that uni- versal popularity which he had long deserv- ed, he was struck down by a sudden and un- foreseen illness. Early in December, 1861, symptoms of indisposition showed themselves in a feverish cold, from which, however, no apprehensions were entertained until the third or fourth day preceding his death ; nor was any really serious anxiety felt by his medical attendants till the day before that on which he died. On Saturday, December 14, after an apparent improvement, the an- nouncement of which was eagerly welcomed by the public, he died without suffering, to the profound grief of his family, and the deep and general sorrow of the whole nation. Seldom has a life of greater usefulness been cut short with greater suddenness, and at a time when his sound Judgment and his ex- perienced wisdom seemed more than ever needed. And never perhaps in the annals of princes has there been seen a career of more genuine and unselfish devotion to the true interests of his family, and of the nation to which that family belonged. When the English people mourned at the death of the Princess Charlotte, they mourned simply for a promise which had never been realised ; at the death of Prince Albert they mourned for the loss of one who fulfilled all the duties of his station with a rare conscientiousness, and whom theyjustly revere as one of the most generous and self-devoted of men. He died in the 43rd year of hte age, and was buried at Windsor, December 23, 1861. ALBERT, marquis of Brandenburg-Culm- bach,surnamedthe German Alcibiades, bom in 1522, was a principal actor in the troubles of Germany during the reign of Charles V., against whom he made a league and declared war In 1982. After capturing many towns and fortresses, and devastating various parts of Germany, he was defeated in August, 1993, by Maiirice, elector of Saxony, and put under the ban of the empire. He fled to France, but was allowed to return, and died at Pforzheim, 1698. 18 ALBERT, Charlsb d', duke of Luynek, born In 1978. Henry IV. of France, who was his godfather, placed him as a page about his son, afterwards Louis XIII., over whom, by his artfUl manner, he gaint* d such an ascendency, that he obtained *hp highest honours in the state, and was made con- stable of France : but his ambition and ty- ranny rendered him odious to the people. Died, 1621. ALBERT, LOTTIS JOSEPH 1)', son of LoUls Charles, duke de Lnynes, bom In 1673) and died 1798. He distinguished himself in se- veral battles, for which he was appointed field-marshal by the Emperor Charles VII., who sent him ambassador to France, and created him'prince of OrUnberglicn. ALBERT I., duke of Austria and emperor, was the son of Rudolph of Hapsburg, and was bom in 1248. He p.rrogantly claimed the empire on the death of his father in 1292, but the electors chose Adolphus of Nassau. The latter being deposed in 1208, and soon after defeated and slain by Albert, Alb(>rt was elected and crowned the same year. He first Joined with France against the pope, and then with the pope against France. He made war on the Netherlands, on Hungary and Bohemia; and by his despotic measures in Switzerland provoked the revolution which led tu the formation of the Swiss Con- federation. An act of private injustice to his nephew, Don John, occasioned a con- spiracy against him, and he was murdered in Switzerland, 1st May, 1308. ALBERT II., emperor (and V. duke of Austria), was the son of Duke Albert IV., and was bom at Vienna in 1397. At seven years of age he succeeded to the dukedom, but did not assume the government till 1411. He took part in the war against the Hussites with the Emperor Sigismund, whose daugh- ter he married in 1421. He succeeded to the throne of Bohemia at the close of 1437, again carried on war with the Hussites, was chosen king of Hungary, and finally em- peror. His first measures promised well for the empire ; but having set out to repel a Turkish invasion of Hungary he fell ill and died there in October, 1439. He had not been crowned emperor. ALBERT, archduke of Austria, and go vernor of the Netherlands, was sixth son of the Emperor Maximilian II., and was born In 1999. At a very early age he was made cardinal archbishop of Toledo. In 1583 he was appointed viceroy of Portugal, and in 1996 governor of the Low Countries, where he married the daughter of Philip II., sad carried on the war against tho revolted Dutch. He was defeated at Nicuport, took Ostend after a siege of three years, and at last was glad to conclude a {race with his brave foes. His goveramer.*; was thencefor- ward just and mild. Did, 1621. ALBERT, king ct Sweden, was elected to the throne on the deposition of Magnus II. in 1363. The latter, supported by Denmark and Norway, endeavoured to recover his crown . but was defeated by All ert, and taken prisoner. The nobles, ho wevev, became dis- satisfied with his rule, and applied for aid to Margaret, queen of Denmark ,tnd Norway, by whom he was defeated in a bloody hattle, «_^eto anibersol ISfogrtipfjo. ken prisoner, and confined tor seven yeart. \ was at lenifth liberated on condition of rrenderinf? Stockholm to Margaret ; and Inassed the remainder of his days at Muck- Iburff, where he died in 1412. ILLBERTI, LEO BATTI8TA, an emluent ■hitect, painter, sculptor, and scholar, Tn at Genoa in the beginning of the 15th Itury. He was employed in many archl- lural works at Home, Florence, Mantua, 1 other cities of Italy, among which is Bclally admired the church of San Fran- Jo at Rimini. Besides the Important itise on architecture, entitled, "De re Tlcatoria," which was publiihed after his I [alo kh, he wrote works on painting and sculp- fc. The invention of the camera obscura [been attributed to him. Died, 1489. ELBERTI DI VILLANOVA. FRANCIS, Imlncnt Italian lexicographer of the 18th lury. Born,]', 37; died, 1803. Xbertinelli, Mariotto, a distin- ihed Florentine painter, born about 1478. [studied under Coslmo Roselli, became of his exploits. He was deputed to carrv thn col ar of the order of 8t Andrew to iTImS }ll °S England, who made him a knight of the Garter. At the death of Henry ll he was chosen member of the reirencv ana fell at the battle of Dreux. 1.162. ^' albhechtsberger.johann GEORo, a German musician, and one of the most learned of modem contrapuntists, was born at Kloster Neuburg In 1738 ; became court organist and a member of the academy at iSdX^ TnV^' *""'""»' °' Beethoven, I ALBRET, JkANNE B'. [D'ALBRRT 1 ' ALBUQUERQUE, ALFONSO l>',"pdrtu M^r wi"'°5 °f .*"! ^"••'^»' ^" born in 1432. He made his first expedition to the Indteg In 1603, and established a fort at Cochin. Three years later he took part In another expedition under Da Cunha and unsuccessfully attacked Ormua. In 1508 he succeeded Almeida as governor of the In- dies, and soon afterwards took Goa, which -d, and after a dissipated life died about ^i^'and ju"t gUrrnmenf "d!d" m'uc'h' ^•• establish the power of the Portuguese there He returned to Goa and defeated the former governor, who In his absence had endea- voured to recover possession. After a fruit- less attempton Aden, he succeeded In taking r»!!"n^'^'4''""* fighting. The tidings of hi! recall to Europe reached him when in 111- ?AM*'*V".!"^ T^Ji^^^ *.* ^°a o^^'^^y after, In 1615. The Indians long remembered his Just and humane rule, and used to go to his BERTUS MAGNUS, one of the great- r the scholastic philosophers andtheolo- I of the middle ages, was bom at Lauin- Sn Swabia, In li:)3 or 1205. He studied iTla, entered the Dominican oi-der, and Ine teacher of philosophy at Cologne. icqulred great renown, and was called Bch in the university of Paris, in 126O fas named archbishop of Ratlsbon, but •on resigned thatdisnltv He took nnr? i„™K ? '»"'"«'»e ru e, and used to go to his e council of LyoTin 7274"and d^ X.t^'lJ?' ""''^ ««'^'"''t ^he l^ustlce le council of Lyons in 1274, and died at pne in 1280. He was, perhaps, the most led man of his age, and was accused as 1 of magical artr The famous Thomas Dlnas was a scholar of Albertus. His Is fill 21 vols, folio. LBINU8, Bernard Siegfried, one of Iblest anatomists of modern times, was \at Frankfort In 1696. He was a punil le celebrated Boerhaave, and became isor of anatomy, and subsequently pro- of therapeutics. In thf university of K Which sItuSions he m^d for Sf°a' Spp^ ry, during which time he published £^"t\?'.*'/''**'°"''^ works. Died, 1770. BOIN, king of the Lombards in the 6th fry. He succeeded his father, Audoln !:f\^°'}?^^^,^^ ^"^ "'ew Cunlmund! L o®*."^'"'*''^' ""''°" daughter, Rosa |}!? ««"^'"^*'''*' married. He invadec lln 568, and reached Rome Without en- lenng resistance. He took Pavia after Ifp^molif ^iS?"' ^"* "^^^ ^^ the seat »„ J^ I"*' . "'? ^"'°*"' as a soldier was Bed by his Justice and moderation as a afi";,, ^4"*."* * '«»"^al at Verona he ed the just resentment of his wife, bv fnii «M ^^^ *^ * <="P wrought fi'om lull of her own father, and forcing her |k from it, she had him assasslnlted' arshal de St Andr6, a French general! t'^l'iHt^ flf^^ reputation about the of his successors. nt^^-f^h * ^^^^^ 'y'c poet, was born iBh^H'^'i''"*^" ^^^ ^"'^ °' Lesbos, and flour iBhed about B. c. 600. He took an active part in the civil strife of his townsmen, and as an aristocrat was banished. It was for the purpose of preventing the return of A cseus and other noble exiles that the "age f c 689 Th^naL" Tlf «" "' **"y'«»e 1" «. o. 088. The odes of Alceeus were eront\v pra sed but only a few fragmrnts fre e". tant. Alcaeus is said to have been a lover ♦I,^F'^^E^ES' a Greek statuary, who was the disciple and rival of Phidias. ALCIBIADES, the celebrated Athenian general and statesman, the son of Cllnias ^o! ''°™ ?•.'?■ *«"• He was handsome, rlc'' accompanied that phUosopheroS 'several ?in fi'^ ^^P^Oitions. At the siege of Poti daea Socrates saved the Mfe of his pupil and Hfi^n^f ''^^"^ °' ^^"""^ Alcibiades saved the Hfe of his master, in the Peloponnesian wim'o^I ^as appointed to command wl?h ^ ^ias, in an expedition against Syracuse frrtpn'o"™ '^*"i?» °"*' a charge was prl' aWerr.!ii'".°f/-FS*~^ O- n&^^^ 6f the r6th -c;nt„~au= -s? £""rK^^^^^^^ 19 it I in AI.O] H i^eto 5tniber»al 33(osrapf)p. [alk this he was ordered home ; but, fearful of the congequenceg, he withdrew to Sparta, and stirred up the Lacedaemonians to de- clare war against Athens. He afterwords went over to the king of Pcrsio, by whose Interest he obtained his pardon and recall. He then commanded with success against the Lacedtemonlans ; and having compelled them to sue for peace, was received at Athens in triumph. The defeat of the Athenian fleet, by Lysander, which took place In his absence, was unjustly attributed to Alcibiades, and he was deprived of his command. On this he retired into Thrace, and afterwards to a small town In Phrygia, where the house in which he resided was set Are to In the night, and when he at- tempted to escape, he was slain by arrows, K C 404« ALCMAN, a Greek lyric poet, was a native of Sardis, and lived in the 7th cen- tury, B. c. He became a citizen of Sparta, wrote songs and choruses, especially love- songs of a too licentious character, and died of the same foul disease as Sulla, the fruit of his corrupt life. Some fragments of his poems are preserved. ALCOCK, JOHN, successively bishop of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely, founder of Jesus college, Cambridge, and of the gram- mar school at Kingston-upon-Hnll, was a prelate distinguished for his love of learning and of learned men. His temporal honours kept pace with his ecclesiastical dignities ; Edward IV. conferring on him the pre- sidency of Wales, and the chancellorship of England. Died, ISOO. ALCUIN, or TLACCVS ALBINUS ALCCI- Nus, a very celebrated scholar of the 8th century, and the friend of the Emperor Charlemagne, was born, probably at York, about 735. Early distinguished for his piety and learning, he was sent on a mission to Rome, and being introduced to Charlemagne while in Italy, settled on his invitation in France. He earnestly supported the plans oi his great master for the restoration of learning, and founded schools at several of the principal cities. In 796 he was made abbot of Tours, quitted the court, and de- voted himself to theology alone. His works, including a large number of highly interest- ing letters, were published by Froben, in 1777, in 2 vols, folio. Died, 804. ALDEGRJEF, a Westphalian, bom in 1502, was both a painter and an engraver. His principal work is a large picture of the Nativity. . ^ ALDINI, a., nephew of Galvani ; bom at Bologna in 1755 ; axithor of " Essai Th^orique sur la Galvanisme ; " and "Account of late Improvements in Galvanism," published in London. r^^-^ ALDOBRANDINI, CLEMENT. [CLE- MENT VIII.] ,..,., „v ALDRED, archbishop of York in the 11th century, was bishop of Worcester in the reign of Edward the Confessor, and was employed in important negociatlons. In Ifi.'il he wns spTit on an embassy to the Em- peror Henry III. ; four years later he made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem with great pomp ; was made Archbishop of York soon after his return ; crowned Harold II. ; made his submission to William the Oonqucror at Berkhamstcad ; and the same year, 1008, crowned him at Westminster. Died, 1069. ALDRICH, HKNHY.born at Westminster, 1647, and educated by Dr Ilusby. From Westminster School he went to Christ Church, Oxford, and was elected student and afterwards canon and dean. He do- signed, It Is said, the elegant chapel to Trinity College, and the beautiful church of All Saints. He had also great skill In music, and composed many services for the Church. Dean Aldrlch wrote a System of Logic which was used in the university, and died ALDRICH, ROBERT, bishop of Carlisle, was a native of Buckinghamshire, and was educated at Eton, of which college he sub- sequently became master and provost. In ' 537, he was made bishop of Carlisle ; a station for which his learning and piety, which are extolled by Leland, well fitted him. Died, 1565. ALDR0VANDU3, ULYSSES, an Italian naturalist, was born at Bologna In 1522, He became professor of Natural History at the university in lo60, and devoted his life and his fortune to the preparation of an Im- mense work on his chosen study. He tra- velled, made large collections, and employed able artists to draw and engrave Illustra- tions to his work, of which four volumes, folio, were published in his lifetime. He was generously aided in his labours by the senate of Bologna, who also provided for the publication of the posthumous volumes. This great work is invaluable as a treasury of facts. Died, 1607. ALDUS MANUTIUS.orALDO MANUZIO, a celebrated Italian printer and author of the 15th and 16th centuries, was bom at Bassano, In 1447 ; became tutor to Alberto Pio, prince of Carpi ; and in 1488 established a printing-' office at Venice. He printed numerous v«-|j luable editions of Grc :k and Latin c compileu Greek and Latin dictionary grammars ; and claimed to be the Inve of the Italic character, hence called Alittnt for the exclusive use of which, for a term o. years, he obtained a patent. The real honour of this Invention more probably belongs to the great painter Francla, sometimes callcii Francisco da Bologna, who certainly cut the types for Aldus, and was unjustly prohibited from cutting them for othei printers. Died, 1515.— PAOLO MANUZTO, son of the pre- ceding, distinguished as a classical scholar, no less than as a printer, was born at Venice in 1512, and died in 1574.— ALDO MANUZIO, the younger, was a son of Paolo, andequalljl celebrated with his father and grandfather. He was born in 1547, and died in 1697 ; and with him expired the glory of the Aldine press. ALEANDER, JEROME, cardinal, horn in 1480, distinguished himself in the 16th cen- tury as a violent opposer of Luther and tne reformation. He died 1542. His great nephew, of the same name, inherited m ability of his ancestor, and wos eminent u a scholar and an antiquary. ALEMBERT. [D'ALEMBERT.] ALER, PAUL, a learned French Jesuit, died 1727. His " Gradus ad Pamassnm ' [alk IE] liatn the Conqueror at the Kamo year, 1008, minster. Died, 1069. ,born at ■\rVc8tmin8ter, )y Dr Husbjr. From he went to Christ was elected student n and dean. He do- le elegant chapel to he beautiful church of so great skill in music, ervlccs for the Church. > a System of Logic e university, and died iT, bishop of Carlisle, inRhamshlre, and was which college ho sub- ister and provost. In bishop of Carlisle ; a g learning and piety, by Leland, well fitted Ulysses, an Italian I at Bologna in 1522, of Natural History nt 0, and devoted his life e preparation of an im- chosen study. He tra- llections.and employed and engrave illustra- f which four volumes, 1 in his lifetime. He 1 in his labours by the ho also provided for the posthumous volumes, uvaluable as a treasury rS.orALDOM^VNUZIO, rlnter and author of the ss, was bom at Bassano, r to Alberto Pio, prince I established a printing- printed numerous v«- •c Dk and Latin c Latin dictionary med to be the inve er, hence called AUitM of which, for a term o. patent. The real honour ore probably belongs to ancia, sometimes callcil a, who certainly cut the was unjustly prohibitedi )r othei printers. Died, JUZTO, son of the pre d as a classical scholar,! Iter, was born at Venice: 574.— ALDO MANUZIOl ion of Paolo, and equally! r.Uher and grandfather.! 7, and died in 1697 ; and ;he glory of the Aldiiie| ROME, cardinal, horn in limsclf in the 16th cen- poser of Luther and the died 1542. His great ne name, inherited the tor, and was eminent M tiquary. )aLEMME11T.3 learned French Jesuit, Oradus ad Pamassnm" % iSetD Sanibersal 1Siograpl[)6. [ale long In established use in all the public lOoU of Europe. LE8I0, MKiTEO Perez d', a painter ,_ engraver at Home, whose figure of St ^ristopher, in fresco, in the great church Seville, is much admired. Died, 1600. .LE8SI, OALEAZZO, architect, born at 'ugia in 1600, whose works are spread ir Germany and the south of Europe ; his fume principally rests on themonns- ; and church of the Escurial. Died, 1572. LEXANDEK THE GREAT, king of icdonia, was the son of Philip, by Olym- j, daughter of Neoptolemus,kingof Epl- ■and was born b. c. 356 ; the same year in Ich the temple of Diana at Ephesus was ^royed. Alexander received hi? education ler Lyslmachus and Aristotle, and gave Bral proofs of manly skill and courage lie very young ; one of which, the break- •in of his flcry steed, Bucephalus, is mcn- led by all his historians as on incident Ich convinced his father of his uncon- rable spirit. Alexander was much at- led to his mother, and sided with her in [disputes which led to her divorce from 1p. While the latter was making pre- lons for his grand expedition into ^ he was assassinoted by Pausanias; Alexander succeeded to the throne in loth year. His youth at first excited an piation in several of the states of Greece 'irow off the yoke of the Macedonian .lation ; but the hero soon quelled the n, and was acknowledged general of !ce. He then marched into Thrace, and Ic several conquests. During his absence *cs revolted ; and when Alexander re- led, he took that city by storm, made a dful carnage of the inhabitants, and •oyed all the buildings except the house Indar the poet. This severe example its etTect on the other states ; and even "■ns distinguished itself by a servile lission to the conqueror. Alexander ', turned his arms against Darius, king of JMa; and, a' 22, crossed the Hellespont, ^e heaC of 36,000 men. AVith tln.s force '?ated the Persians at the Granicus, .ude himself master of numerous towns, irdium, where he assembled his army, said to have cut the famous knot on ih the fate of Asia depended. Shortly this, he again defeated the king of I near Issus, and took immense trea- ond many prisoners; among whom the mother, wife, and children of lus. This victory was followed hv the luest of Pheenicia. Alexander next be- Tyre, which resisted him successfully iven months, and, in revenge, he com- !d horrible cruelties on the inhabitants. ;then went, it is said, to Jerusalem, ■Jd into Egypt, subdued it, and founded !lty of Alexandria. Darius now collect- lother army, Alexander rapidly march- meet him, and the great contest took at Gaugamela. Darius was defeated ed, Alexander pursuing him as far as '" distant 60 miles from the ««!',one, with whom ho reigned as ^^J''}\^^-> but his elevation was sue ceeded by a rebellion, and he was deposed 7T^rvf.^7^ \'- ^l'!^'^^' su^an^ed MUR- n Jed h'imselV ^ta th^'li '''"^K^ eyebrows, a? Pr^hi""*" L!° *J».«A'»^°"« «C the East! gitration of public Yustice a pa ron of Tfter the^l^nrH*" '^' /'^'°"« «' ^l^e Eas I ^ture and the arts; and though as a ufthL t '""'^^r of Alexius IV. and his J 23 i •■ Ar.p] % i^(tD 2Sn(b(rsaI 19(ograp^o. [alo I iilllfll captui, and he wm put to an Ignominioua death. ALFIKRI, viTTORio, the Italian drama- tUt, wni born at A»tl, In rieUmont, In 1749. He Wat pliiccd in tho rolleffo uf Nobles at Turin, but appeari to linve mailu lltllo pro- ftroM in learning there. Leaving the col- ego at 16 he led for «omo yrnr« a rcttloia and dUslpatcd life, trarelllni^ In Italy, France, KnKland, nolIniul,and then through tho countrlt'i of Northern Kuropo. A now epoch opened In hit llfo in 177», when he publiihcd hit flrtt drama," Cleopatra," which wnt tuccettful. Thenceforth ho wat a la- borious ttudcnt and dramatic author, com- peted fourteen traRedlct in tcvcn ycart, ttudled Lntin, and oven at the ogo of 48 made himself miiHtcr of Qrcok. At I'lorenco ho met the countett of Albiiny, wife of Trlnee Chariot Kdwurd, on whose death ho married her. Ailleri was at Paris when tho rsvolu- tlon broke out, but after tho 10th August, 1782, returned to Florence. Ho worked hnrd to tho last, ond died In 1803. Hit reniaint were interred in the church of Banta Crocc, and a monument by Cnnova was crcctct' to him. Among hit tragedlot are "Saul." Philip II.," "Antigone," "Virginia!" Agamemnon," " Mary Stuart," &c. Ho wrote also tcveral poems and prose treatises. ALFOllD, MiciiAKL, an Kngilsh Jesuit, born in London, 1982. Ho died atStOmer's, I6S2, leaving behind him two celebrated works," Britannia Illustratn" and"Annalei Ecclesiastici ct Civiles Kritnnnorum." ALFllED THK OllKAT. This monarch wat tho youngest son of Ethelwolf, king of tho West Sttxous, and was born at Wantage, Berks, in 849. He wat sent to Homo when nvo years old, and three years later went again with his father and stayed a year. On tho death of hit brother Ethelred, Alfred lucceeded to tho throno of England, 871, In hit 22nd year, at a time when hit kingdom wat a prey to domestic distensions, and to tho invasions of tho Danes, whom ho en- gaged at ■Wilton and in tovcral other battlct during tho first year of his reign, but was forced to conclude a treaty on dltadvantage- out terms. Tho Danes, however, continued to overrun the country, and conquered Mcr- cia and Northumbria. Alfred defeated them at sea, in 87fi, again made peico with them in the following year, and in 877 recovered Exeter from them. Soon afterwards he re- tired to the island of Athelney, and there received information that one of hit chieft had obtained a great victory over the Danet, and taken their magical standard. Alfred is said to have diggulscd himself as a harper, entered the Danish camp, and gained a know- ledge of the ttrtte of tho enemy. Quitting hit retreat he besieged the Danet at Ethan- dune (Edington) and completely defeated them. Yet tho terms of peace included the retsion to them of a large part of the king- dom, and prepared tho way fur the enter- prise of Canute. The king Outhrun and hit follow ert professed themselves Christians, and were baptized. Alfred now put his kingdom into a state of defence, increased hit navy, and brought London into a flour- ithing state ; but, after a rest of tome years, an immense number of Northmen, under the leadership of Hasting, landed In Kent, and fortlfled themtelvpt at Applcdoro and Mil. ton; they wore, howsvor, defeated by Alfred, at Farnhani, Bemtlcat, and Buttlngton Thut ho lecurcd the peace of hit dominion). •nd struck terror Into hit enemies, after 60 bottlct by tea and land, in all of which he wat personally engaKcd. But the warlike exploits of Alfred formed, perhapt, the loud of the services he rendered his country. Ho wat to exact In his government, thot rob bery was unheard of. Hit great council consisting of blihopt, earls, aldermen, ond thanes, wat called together twice a year in I.ondon, Oxford, (ir Oloucctter, for the bet- ter government of the realm. Tho ttato of learning in hit time was to low, that, from the Thames to tho Humber, tcarcely a man could bo found who understood tho tervico of tho church, or could translate n sentoncfl of Latin into English. To remedy thit evil, ho invited men of learning from nil quarters, and placed them at the head of tchools In various imrts of his kingdom. The laws published by Alfred were chiefly selections from those previously existing, those of Ethclbert, Ina, and Offa. Alfred himself wrote several works, and translated others from the Latin, particularly the General History of Orosius and Boiithius't " Consola- tlont of Philosophy." Ho divided the twenty-four hours Into three equal parts, one devoted to tho service of Ood, anothe:' to puldic affairs, ond the third to rest ami refreshment ; his revenue, also, was divided into two equal moieties, one dedicated to sacred, the other to civil uses. To Alfred, England it Indebted for the foundation of her fleet. To crown his great public charac- ter, AlfVcd is described as one of the most nmiabio men in private life; of a temper serene and cheerful, affable, kind, and not averse to society or to innocent recreation; he was also pcrsonn.ly well-favoured, pos- sessing a handsome and vigorous form, and a dignitlcd and engaging atpect. Died, Oc- tober, 901, and wat buried at 'Winchester. "We conclude our notice of this great man iu tho words of Sir James Mackintosh. "Al- though It be nn Infirmity of every nation to ascribe their institutions to the contrivance of a man rather than to tho slow action of time and circumstances, yet the selection of Alfred by the English people, as the founder of all that was dear to them, it surely the strongest proof of the deep impression left on the minds of all of his transcendant wis- dom and virtue." ALOAIIDI, Ai,KsgANDRO, a Bolognese tculptor of the 17lU century. He studied painting at first under the Caracci, but aban- doned it for sculpture. The first work by which he distinguished himself wat his mo- nument to San Filippo Neri. The most famous of his works are hit Attila and St Leo, the Inrgett alto-relievo existing, his monument of Leo XL, and his group of the beheading of St Paul. The former two are in St Peter's at Home, the latter at Bologna. Died, 1651. ALGAROTTI, FnANCiaco.an eminontlta- lian writer, born at Venice, 1712. Ho was in- troduced at nn early age to Frederick, crown prince of Prussia, afterward* Frederick the g, landod In Kent, and •t Applcdoro and Mil- )vcr, defeated byAirrod, Icet, and KuttlnRtou. pence of hli domlnloni. iu hli enemies, after fie tnd, in all of which he Ked. But tho warlike nird, porhapt, the Icuat idcrcd hla country. Ho Ruvcrnmont, that rob- r. Ilia Rreut council, I, cnrU, aldermen, and Kctliur twice a year In ilouep»ter, for the bct- 10 realm. Tho itato of wn« 10 low, that, from uniber, scarcely a man understood tho service Id translate n Kcntence . To rcmcdv this evil, •nlng from nil qu.irtcrs, the hciul of schools in kinKdom. The laws ivcro chiefly selections ily cxistinif, those of UfTa. Alfred himself and translated others tlcularlr the General i Uuethius's " Consola- ." Ho divided the ito three equal parts, ;rvlce of Ood, another tho third to rest nnd nuc, nlso, was divided ties, one dedicated to ;ivil uses. To Alfred, for the foundation of Is great public chnrac- )iX ns one of the most ito life; of a temper iflTublc, kind, and not innocent recreation; y well-favoured, pos- nd vigorous form, and ng aspect. Died, Oc- urled at 'Winchester, c of this great man in ;8 Mackintosh. "Al- Ity of every nation to ns to the contrivonce to tho slow action of 8, yet tho selection of people, as the founder thcui, it) surely the deep impression left his transcendant wis- Iaui] lilroat, who delighted In his society, and ■ninlntalncd friendly relations with him till hli (icnh. AlKiirottl wrote " Newtonlanlsm ror Ladles," " Letters on llussia," " I^tti>r« pn I'ttinting,' and many other works on a iriftt variety of suhjecta; but they ara now Wottcn. bled, )7fli. AI.HAZEN, an Arabian mathematician »lio was tho first that showed tho Import- 'noe of refraction m astronomy. Ho died i Cairo, in 1038. lAI.I, cousin, son-in law, nnd vlr,lcr of ohammed, and ono of the main pillars of f now faith. Ho obtained tho name of i lion of and, alwayi Victorioui ; but was posed In his succession to tho caliphate Omar and Othman, and retired into ni)la, and mado a collection of the say- Is of the prophet. There ho laid the Ith of Othman, he was declared caliph. I ; but was murdered four years afterwards Ihe mosque. \U, vizier, nabob of Oudc, was tho adopt- ion of the former nabob of Oudo, Yusuf ah C, u' ^^"^ •'•'clnrcil him successor. Tho Wish govcrMment however, deposed him ivoi.rof tlio brother of Yusuf, but settled Urn a pension of £28,000. While engaged » the agents of tho Dast India Company, J had been sent to meet him at atenarcs Iho purpose of making arrangements for luturp residence. l,o ''gavo a^signa * on Jch bis nnucd followers rushed in nn" Ichorously murdered tho Companv's of K For a time ho mado his escape bu fcTl.?"/?"'"!'"" '""t hl,li&u"d T? HPn^""^ ^" '"■':°"' '«''- «»•"« only M LI JlfcO, a man of extraordinary Icarn- and attainments, born In I'oiand. of ■stian parents, but was kidnapped in his r5r V '.""■''? °' Tartars, who sold him he lurks, in vrhosc language nnd religion Was educated. His skill In languages lured hlin the post of chief interpreter to [grand signior; while his leisure hours ^employed in translating the lllblo and fr. ru h"? "^ *'"' ^'""'■'•'' °' l'°»f'«"<' into Turkish language. The work by which I principally known to Kuropoans is an H «i?^- ^"^^^^. DOMINOO.: t. t ''> " Greek, son of a Nntolian >''•"?"' 1728. Ho'fell when a cWW i„to Id, and sold him to Ibrahim, lieutenant le Janissaries, who reared and adopted - All soon rose to the rank of sangiak neniber of the council; and when lUs ton was assassinated by Ibrahim the Cir- mn, he ijvenged his death, and slew the ^d hfnTi"' ^"' "'^'^ ''""'•• This action .out In time ho was recalled by the »c, and, being placed at the head of the irnment, Egypt began to recover its for- Nplendour. In a battle fought against ^ops of a rebellious Mameluke All was lown after defending himself with c]^" K&s?^;':^"'^'^ "*'-'•«-«"» ll PACHA (or, more correctly, Ali, % ift<"« « Tcpellnir^n I*; ."'• '"'her, an Albanian chief, died of grief In consequence of b< lug, tripped of his mlrl^Kr*/ '"" '"'« mother, who was re- markablo for energy of character, spirited up her son to assume tho conduct ofa pre- uatory troop of his countrymen. With this fi?„", .^' committed so many depredations, thni.l " "'H.»c«nt f"'e« took up arms in i Jhc'"- own defence, and carried off his mother 1\«.JJ,' .^* '■""'*''• 'ho naturally im- placable temper of All, nnd he vowed the oxlcrmination of tho whole race. He raised a body of 2000 men. nssumedgreat authority and wreaked his vengeance upon tho Hull' S„rh'„n^'""'\".*''^""''' '"'"' tho most horrible warfarl^hn k"""""!* "'7 ^'''''* »' 'Constant ^,.„nt «» ? brought under his sway a wide ?i^.n„H M/rV,*,"'"''' '•'hich tho I'orto sanc- tioned his holding, with the title of pacha. Ho received agents from foreign powers, and ult mately lutrigueicceedcd his father, Henry of Burgundy, as count of Portugal in 1112, his mother Ihercsa for some years sharing the sovereignty. He carried on war with the he was proclaimed king by the army, a title which was confirmed by the states, who at the same time settled the law of succession. >yar being renewed with the Moors, Al- phonso took Lisbon from them, with the aid of a body of crusaders, about 1148, and made it the capital of his kingdom. He was un- successful in his attempts on Leon and Es- tremadura. In 1184 he took part with Sancho, his son, In the relief cf Santarem. then besieged by the Moors, from whom he had taken it about 40 years before. Died iloo. ' ALPHONSO III., the Great, king of he tarnished hu;ppur„tTAr, k-'"'-",!:'; Oviedo, succeeded his father Ordogno at the 37 Buda, king of Leon, and took Siraancas; ! a victory over Bore!, count of Barce- j and burnt his capital; took Sepulveda IZamora; completed the conquest of Ule by a great victory over Count Garcia, ■that of Leon by the storming of the VI after a long siege; invaded Portugal Btook Coimbra, Braga, and other cities ; ^d Galicia, viok Composfella, and pll- the famous church of Sant-Iago, and ired on the point of becoming master of pain, when the kings of Leon and Na- and the count of Castillo combined Ist him, and totally defeated him at the I battle of Calatanazor, a. d. 998. The rin which he experienced at this his ised " "•-"• "■•■"c.iijuv TTas dis- [ished as the patron of letters, arts, and tes. HANSUR IL, JACOB, caliph of the jades, and the greatest prince of that tty, succeeded his father Jo.^eph on the ^,°^,¥J^^^ Africa and Mohammedan I In 1184. He led back the army from jal into Africa, and was for several occupied in suppressing revolts among Meets. In 1194 he led his army back an, and gained in the following year fmorable victory of Alarcos over Al- III., king of CastiUe. He took several land erected some fine monuments at n and other places. On his return to % Jteto mnibcrisal 33io8rapf)B, [alt a great many yictorles over them. He ac- quired part of Portugal and of Old CastiUe, suppressed the frequent revolts of his own subjects, especially one beaded by Oarcia his eldest son, and in 910 abdicated the crown. He afterwards made war on the Moors, whom he defeated, and died at Za- ™ALPHONSO IV., surnamed the Brave, king of Portugal, was the son of King f eniS' the Liberal, whom he succeeded, 1325. He was an able sovereign and a brave soldier. He distinguished himself in the wars pgainst the Moors, especially at the great battle of Salado, fought in 1340. His memory is stained by his unjust treatment of his na- tural brother, and his cruel murder of Inez de Castro, whom his son Pedro had married against his father's will. Alphonso reigned 32 years, and died, 1357. , , „ ALPHONSO v., surnamed the Magnani- mous, king of Arragon, bom, 1384 j succeed- ed his father, Ferdinand the Just, 141b, as kingof Aragon and Sicily, and subsequently, on the death of Joanna, queen cf Naples,, obtained the crown of Naples. His t.?im was however resisted for several years by Ren6 of Anjou. Alphonso died at Naples, 1458, leaving his Neapolitan dominions to his natural son Ferdinand, and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily to his brother Juan, king of Kavarre. This monarch was accounted the most accomplished prince ot his time : he gave shelter to the Greek lite- rati expelled from Constantinople, and was in otiier respects a great patron of learning. ALPHONSO X., surnamed the "Wise and the Astronomer, king of CastiUe and Leon, was born in 1221, and succeeded Jiis father, Ferdinand III., in 1252. He gained many victories over the Moors, was a competitor in 1257 with Richard, earl of Cornwall, for the imperial dignity, and, though unsuccess- ful, assumed the title of emperor, which he was compelled to renounce in 1274, in favour of Rudolph of Hapsburg ; entertained Ed- ward, Prince of Wales, and gave him in marriage his half-sister Eleanor in 1254 ; distinguished himself by his love of science, and had the famous Alphonsine Tables pre- pared; published the collection of Laws called "Las Siete Partidas;" ordered the use of the vulgar tongue in public acts ; and had a translation of the Bible published. These services he rendered to his country, notwithstanding that so large a part of his reign was troubled by wars with the Moors, revolts of his subjects, and civil ^"ars re- specting the succession. Died, 1284. ALPINI, PROSPERO, a Venetian physi- cian, bom, 1552, and died, 1617. He was the greatest botanist of his day, the first who explained the generation of plants by the sexual system, and is the author of many valuable works on his favourite pursuit. ALSTON, CHAULE8, an eminent Scotch physician and botanist; author of "Tiroci- nium Botanicum Edinburgense," &c. ; and public lecturer at Edinburgh. Born, 1683; died, 1760. ^. ^, . . . ALSTROEMER, JONAS, a distinguished a^n^.o. horn of poor parents in West Goth- iand, in 1685. "After struggling with poverty for a long time, he visited London, and pay- aa ing particular attention to the commercial and manufacturing sources of British pros- perity, he returned to Sweden In 1723, re- solving to carry the plans he had formed into execution. Having obtained a license to establish manufactures in the town In which he was born, it soon became the seat of industry and activity, which afforded an example to the whole kingdom. He estab- lished a sugar house at Gottenburg, and traded to the Indies and the Levant ; im- proved rural economy; cultivated plants proper for dyeing ; and improved the wool trade by importing sheep from Spain and England, and the goat from Angora. For these important benefits Alstroemer received a patent of nobility, was made Knight of the Polar Star, and honoured with the title of Chancellor of Commerce ; the Academy of Sciences chose him a member, and the na- tional states decreed him a statue, to be erected to his memory on the exchange of Stockholm. Tied. 1761. ALTDOBFEB, or ALTOBF, ALBERT, Bavarian painter and engraver. He was a native of Altdorf, but settled m early life at Ratisbon (Regensburg). One of the most re.Tiarkable of his paintings is the Battle of Arbela,now in the Picture Gallery at Mu- nich. As an engraver on wood Altdorfer almost rivals Albert Durcr. He executed also many engravings on metal. Born, 1488 ; died, 1538. ALTEN, General CHARLES, count, a brave and experienced officer, was born at vVUken burg, at Hanover, in 1764, and m 1781 re- ceived his commission as ensign in the foot- guards of the electorate. After taking part in the operations of 1793, against the revo- lutionary troops of France, he was made colonel of the king's German legion in 1803, and from that time till the end of the w-ar he was almost constantly on service. He was at the taking of Copenhagen, and after- wards served under Sir John Moore as a brigadier-general in the fatiguing and ardu- ous duties of the duastrous campaign which ended in the battle of Corunna. At "Wal- cheren also, and at the siege of Flushing, he distinguished himself; and on his return to England, in 1810, he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and placed m com- mand of the south-west district. From tins station, however, he was speedily removed, his brigade being destined for the operations of the Peninsula, where he served under Marshal Beresford at the first siege of Bada- loz, and at Albuera. In 1812, Wellington placed him at the head of the light division, which he commanded in the general actions of Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, and Toulouse. Like that pf many of his brave compeers, his active duty closed with the battle of Waterloo; and his services at the head of the third division, during the memorable 16th, 17th, and 18tn of June, will ever be classed among the most devoted and glorious on military record. He was now created a count ; and when re- covered from the dangerous wounds he had received, he took the command of the Hano- verian troops forming part of the army of occupation in Fiuuce. m iaal, Cuaat jviten was nominated one of the ministers of state, to the commercial es of British pros- wcden In 1723, re- ins he had formed obtained a license es in the town in on became the seat , which afforded an ngdoDv. He estab- t Gottenburg, and d the Levant; im- , cultivated plants improved the wool ep from Spain and from Angora. For ALlstroeraer received as made Knight of lured with the title •ce ; the Academy of miber, and the na- im a statue, to be on the exchange of .LTOBF, Albert, ngraver. He was a ttled in early life at , One of the most ings is the Battle of lure Gallery at JIu- on wood Altdorfer iirer. He executed on metal. Born, KLES, count, a brave was born at Wilken 764, and in 1781 re- s ensign in the foot- I. After taking part 3, against the rcvo- ance, he was made rman legion in 1803, the end of the war tly on service. He penhagen, and after- ir John Moore as a ) fatiguing and ardu- reus campaign which Corunna. At "Wal- siege of Flushing, he and on his return to ^as promoted to the , and placed in cora- t district. From this as speedily removed, led for the operations 3re he served under le first siege of Bada- In 1812, Wellington of the light division, n the general actions I, Pyrenees, Nivelle, ilouse. Like that pf peers, his active duty Df Waterloo ; and his if the third division, 16th, 17th, and 18th assed among the most on military record, i count ; and when re- j erous wounds he had | ommand of the Hano- \ part of the army of ' In 1831, Cu-aat Alte- ; the ministers of state, j, -il ALU] "a iScto Caniberaal 33fograp]^p. [alv and placed at the head of the wai depart- ment in Hanover. This appointment he held till his death, which took place in April, 1810. ALXJRED, an ancient English historian, ,who flourished in the beginning of the 12th entury. His annals comprise the history of he Britons, Saxons, and Normans, down to is own time, 1129. ALVA, or ALBA, FERDINAND ALVAREZ DE OLEDO, duke of, the greatest general of his c and the cruel governor of the Netherlands der Philip II. of Spain, was born in 1508. e was present at the battle of Pavia, at the ge of Tunis, and at the attack on Algiers. !c defeated and made prisoner the elector ■ Saxony at the battle of MUhlberg, in 1547, d assisted at the siege of Metz. In 1555 he s sent, with the title of vicar-general of e dominions of Austria in Italy, to oppose ic French there, and to invade the states of Church. But he was compelled to make ce and beg the Pope's pardon. The duke Alva took part in the conference of Bay- e between the queen of Spain and C luirles of France, and Catherine de Medicis, re- icting the destruction of the Huguenots ■* Trance. He is, however, chiefly notorious Miy the merciless rigour with which he exer- 4l|td his dictatorial power in the Nether- Ittds, where he was sent, in 1567, to carry out the plans of Philip II. Alarm drove many ■^^usands out of the country, the prince of nge became head of the patriots, and 1 war broke out. Counts Egmont and 'n were beheaded, a " Council of the Tu- ts " was established, cities were fortified, prisons crammed with victims. Alva's rmous pride was shown tn the erection of atue of himself in the citadel of Antwerp, h nobles and people at his feet, and a g, insulting inscription to his praise, fortune changed, and by his own wish he recalled in 1573. Under his rule 18,000 ions had been sent to the scaffold, and a It was provoked which only ended, after ly 40 years of war, in the independence e United Provinces. After a temporary ace and exile, Alva was called to com- d in Portugal, and rapidly conquered it. said that in 60 years of warfare he was T beaten nor surprised. Died at Lisbon, LVARADO, Pedro, one of the Spanish Iquerors of Mexico. He was born at lajoz ; accompanied Grijalva to Central I •erica in 1518, and in the following yeai k part in the expedition of Cortez. He } present at all the battles of the cam- in.andgreatly contributed to its success. icnjoyed the confidence of Cortez, and charged with the command of the city lexico and the care of Montezuma during labsence of his chief. A severe conflict prred on that occasion between the Span- T« and the citizens, but it is uncertain jch side was at fault. Alvarado was rest- j and enterprising, subdued Guatemala [other provinces, was made g vernor of Itemala, and afterwards of Ho i ■ uras, led Ixpedition across the Andes Uuito, and lAlmagro.theeeneral of Pi i-rn nfRi/>- Bba, where instead of fighting, they made Its, and Alvarado returned. He explored | California, and was killed soon after his re- turn in an expedition against the Indians of Xalisco, in 1541. ALVARADO, Alphonso D', a Spanish adventurer, who accompanied Pizarro in his expedition to Peru; and who was equally distinguished for his bravery and his cruelty. Died, 1553. ALVAREZ DE LUNA, a Spanish states- man, the favourite and first ministcrof John IL, king of Castille. He was born about 1388, held the office of chamberlain more than 40 years, was named constable in 1423, and ex- ercised a complete ascendancy over the mind of the king. Jealousy of his power led to the formation of plots against him, and on two occasions he was exiled, but was soon recalled. The king at last, instigated by his young queen, consented to the arrest and trial of his minister, who was convicted and beheaded at Valladolid in 1453. ALVAREZ, Francisco, a Portuguese di- vine, born at Coimbra towards the end of the 15th century, and dled,probably 1540, leaving behind him in Portuguese an account of his embassy to David, king of Abyssinia, and a description of Ethiopian manners and cus- toms, which had the merit of being the first, but not that of being an accurate account of Abyssinia, by a European. ALVAREZ, Mangel, a Spanish sculptor, born in 1727. He studied at Salamanca, his native place, and afterwards at Madrid, exe- cuted many works in those cities, at Toledo, Saragossa, &c., became director of the Aca- demy and sculptor to the king, and died in 1797. ALVAREZ, Don Jose, one of the most eminent sculptors of the 19th century, was born near Cordova, in Spain, 1768. Patronised by Charles IV., ho proceeded to Paris in 1799, with a view of prosecuting bis studies ; and he soon gained himself a name in the French metropolis. Napoleon presented him with a gold medal ; but his subsequent conduct towards Spain inspired the artist with such aversion for him, that he would never model his bust ; and he afterwards was imprisoned for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to Joseph Buonaparte, when pro- claimed king of Spain. Many of his best works are at Madrid. Died, 1827. ALVENSLEBEN, PHILIPP KARL, Count of, son of a counsellor of war at Hanover, was a distinguished diplomatist, in the service of Frederic the Great and his successor. After being employed for many years as diplomatic agent between the court of Prussia and the electoral court of Bavaria, he was sent am- bassador to France, to Holland, and, in 1789, to England. The following year he was re- called to Berlin, and was placed at the head of the department for foreign aff'airs. The count wrote an account of the war from the Peace of Munster to that of Hubertsbourg. Born, 1745; died, 1802. ALVIANO, Bartolomeo, an eminent Venetian general, whose exertions against the emperor Maximilian, in 1508, caused the republic to decree him triumphal honours. In the siege of Padua by the emperor, and ••- • ••.Svii.n Mt ija itioue a::u itiarignano, Alvlano displayed the most heroic qualities. His death was occasioned by excessive fa- 29 IM iiiii aly] '^ i^ebo SSnifitrsal 19tostap]^@. [amb tigue while laying Blege to Brescia. Born, 145S ; aled, 1619. ALYPIUS, bishop of Tagasta, Africa, and the friend of St Augustine, with whom he was baptized at Milan, in 388. He opposed the Donatists and Pelagians with great zeal ; and died after 430. AMADEUS V , count of Savoy, succeeded to the sovereignty of that stato, 1285, to the exclusion of his nephew Philip, the lawful heir. He carried on wars with several of the neighbouring states successfully, but when Philip reclaimed the sovereignty he was compelled to treat with him. Through the mediation of Edward I., of England, a division of the duchy was made between the two claimants. Amadcus afterwards took part in most of the wars and negotiations of France. He acquired the «urname of Great from his wisdom and success, and, after a reign of 38 yearn, died at Avignon, 1323. AMADEUS VIII., the Peaceful, count and first duke of Savoy, was born in 1383, suc- ceeded his father. Amadous VII., in 1391, extended his dominions, and received the title of Buke from the emperor Sigismund in 1417. He lost his duchess in 1428, and six years later he retired to the priory of llipaille, which he had founded, resigned the sove- reignty, and led an easy, and some say a vo- luptuous, life, in company with several of hiT friends. On the deposition of Pope Eu- genius IV., Amadous was chosen to succeed him, and took the name of Felix V. The schism thus caused lasted ten years, and ended with the second retirement of Ama- deus in 1440. Died at Geneva, 1451. AMADEUS IX., the Blessed, duke of Sa- voy, was born in 1435, and succeeded his father Louis in 1463. He was feeble in health and in mind, and the regency was intrusted to his duchess Yolando, daughter of Charles VII. of France. A civil war took place, and the duchess was imprisoned, but she was restored to the government. Amadous was famed for his benevolence and care for the poor. Died, 1472. AMALASONTHA, regent and queen of Italy, was the daughter of Theodoric the Groat, and the niece of Clovis. She wag dis- tinguished for her beauty, energy of charac- ter, and accomplishments. On the death of Theodoric she became regent and guardian of her son Athalaric, whose education she carefully conducted. Impatient of restraint, he broke away from her, and indulging in sensual pleasures, died at sixteen. She then shared the crown with her cousin Theodatus, and was murdered by him In 535. AMAKA-SINGHA, a Hindoo author of a dictionary or vocabulary, in verse, of the Sanscrit language. An entire manuscript copy is in the royal library at Paris. An edition of this work was published, with notes, by Colebrookc, in 1808. The age in which the author lived is quite unknown. AMATI, Andrea and Niccolo, brothers, were celebrated violin-makers, and lived at Cremona, about 1550. They were employed by Charles IX. of France. Several others of the same family distinguished themselves in the samn way. AMATU8, a Portuguese Jew, born, 1611, at Castel Bianco. He studied medicine with 30 success at the university of Salamanca, and afterwards gavelectures at Ferrara,Ancona, and other places. For many years he con- cealed his religion, but at length falling un- der the suspicion of the Inquisition, he es- caped to Thessaionica, and there avowed himself a Jew. He attended Pope Julius III. on several occasions. He published two me- dical treatises, whicli were long held in great estimation. AMAURY I., king of Jerusalem, succeeded his brother, Baldwin III., in 1162. Ho was chiefly engaged in wars with the Saracens, from whom he endeavoured to take Egypt. In 1168, in violation of a treaty with the caliph, he invaded Egypt, took Belbeis, and threatened Cairo ; but the destruction of the fleet, sent to his aid by the emperor of the East, compelled him to return. He soon after renewed the invasion, and unsuccessfully besieged Damietta. Saladin in his turn in- vaded the kingdom of Jerusalem, and took Gaza. Died, 1173. AMBERGER, CHRI8TOPH, a painter of Nurnberg in the !6th century, was a disci- ple of Hans Holbein. His principal work is the history of Joseph, in twelve pictures. Amberger was called to Augsburg in 1530 by Charles V., who highly esteemed him, and there it is supposed that he died, between 1C60— 1670. AMBOISE, George d', a French cardinal and minister of state, born of a noble family, 1460. He became successively bishop of Montauban, archbishop of Narbonne, and of Rouen. Louis XII. made him prime minis- ter, and he soon acquired great popularity by taking off the taxes which had been usually levied on the people at the accession of every new monarch. The king, by liis advice, undertook the conquestof the Milan- ese, In which he succeeded. Soon after this, he was appointed the piipe's legate in France, with the dlgrnity of cardinal, and in that ca- pacity effected a great reform among the religious orders. He died in 1510. AMBOISE, AMERY D", a famous French admiral, and brother of the above, who gained a splendid victory over the sultan of Egypt, in 1510. AMBROGIO, Teseo, one of the most cele- brated among the early Italian orientalists, was born at Pavia, in 1469, and died, 1540. Leo X. appointed him professor of Syriac and Chaldee at Bolognu. AMBROSE, St, bishop of Milan, wns born about 340, in Gallia Narbonensis, of which province his father was praetorian prefect. While yet a youth he pleade'lj: causes with so much eloquence, that Pro- | bus, prefect of Italy, chose him one of hisil council, and afterwards nominated himlj governor of Liguria , which office he held flvo 1 1 years. In 374, Auxentius, bishop of Milan,. ' died ; and so fierce was the contest in the election of a successor to the vacant sec, that the governor was called upon to quell the tumult. Tliis he attempted by persua- sion in the great church ; and at the con- clusion of his address, a voice in the crowd exclaimed, "Ambrose Is bishop." This cir- cumstance was considered as % divine direo* tion, and Ambrose was declared to be the object not only of the popular choice but of ambJ I duine selection. His first efforts were directed to the extermination of Arianism whicli was then making great progress He lalso successfully resisted the Pagans who I were attempting to restore their ancient Iworship. When Maximinus invad-d Itair ■and actually entered Milan, Ambrose re- K",l «t his post, to assuage the calamities produced by the invadin g army. When , in tonsequence of a tumult at Thessalonica. Fheodosius sent an order for a general mas- ftcre, Ambrose went to the emperor, re- bonstrated with him on his barbarity, and fcrevaUed on him to promise that the com- iand should be revoked. The mandate ws, however, carried into execution, and JOO persons were slaughtered hi told blood. portly afterwards, when Theodosius was nhil2 «"»*«/, the great church of Milan, sfh.iL^^* ?'"" ** ^^^ porch, and sternly >bade him to appear in the holy place. le emperor pleaded the example of David • lltarh^rf„^,'***^'* ^''^'^ ^"^ fats crime, T. „L .?i ^°.,''''! repentance," was the re- ;il. J^r*^^*'"^."^"* excluded from the rices of the church for eight months, and n7o I "^ fPf'ed, not only to perform jnce.bi to sign an edict, which ordain- i >.=1?° l^te'Tal of thirty days should Jt^on «S^?,X T^^''''^ °^ ^«*tfa or of con- pjltion shwild be executed. The works of gAmm-ose are numerous, and fill 2 vols ;«S^^"^ a' Milan, in 397. pons, ae came ft-om Armorica to assiaf |xpcJIing the Saxons,who had been in- Id over by Vortigern ;' and on the death fifn '^nZVi^r-'^l^^^enty was yes?ed lEILHON, HUBERT PASCAL, a learned ^chnmn. bom, 1730; author of "His- hf r^"* ^"P're," of a celebrated work jhe Commerce of the Egyptians, and of Searches into the MechanJcalArts of lAncients." Died, 1811. 'IsA^E^wWATr °' "^'^'■^''^'■ iELOT DE LA H0US8AYE, NicOLAS inch historian of the 17th ceitury ite Ip vlT^^ "?'' •** Venice, as secretary B^e French embassy, and wrote a his- FPrinS'^'yr'^*- ^?^ ^}r translated [/i 1 . y Machiavel and other lERBACH, JOHANN, a Celebrated print- h, wTi *^P® ^°'tead of Gothic and E^u? ^/' * "a" of learning, piety i^^b "1? *P^"-»'. JOHN CON- fr^?' 5"i^^ of Schaffhausen, was bom. vtfiJo^'' /'*"';,' '24, at Marmund, in the ?.*Mfi'*"*'« He was chiefly distinguished and dumh'f.* ^" *l"*='>'"" P'''s«"« born deaf fe"fow o^ thp B^^tfVr"-'" son, JOHN, was a wVoii™. 1"'"^^' I^AUL, was a native of who •"?.' ^^^ '""led in 1674 at Leipsic t«r^n?°* ^''^^ '^''"•'es °n Physiologyfna-' Imm^^'"'';""'^ ''"^'"'y i he died, 1691 „„fJ*JMAN, JOST, a famous engriver and pa nter at Zurich, in the 16th centn-v wZ anrio^per.'^'l^i^S,',"!'""'"'^'' '"^'^ °^ ''°'^ ..^u^^^^^^P' BAUTOLOMEO, a Florentine architect and sculptor of the leth cinturv 8an7av "^W""^^'- !'»?«='«> Bandineurami A n^J} Tl'^lhecame an imitator of Micha 1 Uait Pln^/r,^"' "'^«"« P°"t« della Trfr ua at Florence, completed the Pitti Palae. VP^ir^'"i^^ .'"'^"'^i ^orks at Rome Venice, and Padua. Born 1511 • Viin^ ikqo tff ;L°V?oV't'he*=foS h^?^^^^^^ in'srh^l^J*^ ^''""^ ^° the death of "valer served lon^'?n 7^^''^ ""'^ ^« «'« extant' thP Po J?^ *" t'^® """y' »"d took part in J« T,^^"'"" T^ ""der Julian ; then retired IsMtn^'^"*^ ^'^^ '^hout 390 His history Ss s^yWfiX""^' ''"' trustworthrS^? ♦i,»i jy^^^o'^nce," which he wrote at atlS^n'^'t^v^o?^';:'' ^""^ P°«t, bom Bi, jjuLca, in Italy, of whose u-pniiio ■!?,„._...- uiaao ir. quent mention. Hew'a'slenrio «,.'tl'^°^J'°N'^' Ql7".l.ArME, French nat,,«„ philoscpher, bom at Paris,'l663" and S 17^9:'S»"'»°^''--"»tricb;,"ok''s?U\ 4Sfrn^^^^^ piM. ^n^rh"e^:l-Toi£S■ and here /^ I'^lytechnic School ^'kC and here in connection with Oersted P-,!' «wcSoS=is^^s| emin^n?M^tSn "^^n^ZlTll^P puKc^r^^rifsn^^r-'^^-^^^^^ SHrll^^a^hi^S t^a'ran^r/ «^^ "PPorts avec ffi?tSi lures 6trang6re8 au moyen dge," "Histoid I i!*".™l™.4.e la Prance Pvantle rt"S \^^Lli\::^'''.h ''«i™«ion de la'Tangu;; !J!!li!!i_^l!Z^^9^^ BfiBcinl clinrnctcr, by Podo i appointed Latin iccretaVy ' Ho subsequently became '' I isbury, having prcvioZ; , iluable church pfefcrnWi papal nuncio In England.', urnamed 8ACCA8, orTHpl lophcr of the 3rd centunrM ndria probably of Christian i imo the founder of a new ihy, which sought to effect i r the Platonic and Aris!' Hie great crlUc Longinus ere disciples of Ammoniu,. ultlAUME, French natural ' at Paris, 1663, and died ! cted a new theriiiometcr' thcr philosophical Instru' to have been the Inventor ^Kto, mineralogist, bomi! Milanese, 1740, and died f "1®,*'/,''*® keepers of tlie! at Milan, and published,!,' T from Milan to the Three Lugano, and Maggiore" a great number of me- Jr which he was rewarded 1 of the order of the Iron vs, a singular character lor Amory, appointed by tary for the forfeited es- lo led a very recluse life lard Street, Westminster Liff"'?5°''' ""d neve; 'Snt. He was a zealous uthorofJohnBuncIc' or eccentric books. Died, fiMAniE, whoso name is cted with the great dis- magnetism, was born at I no was nominated nro- echnic School of Paris :lon with Oersted, Fara- iguished men of science in constant correspond', way for those briiliant e already issued in thell ind promise an illimit- e boundaries of science MU] ome,"hl8 last work. It is a book of real liolarship of discriminating criticism, and » of great liveliness and directness. Am- re was the friend of H^ranger and Do fcqueviUe. Died in March, 1864. fci^^A'^™ "-.oneof the most illustrious Oie Ottoman emperors, succeeded his /a- j.' Mahomet I. in 1421, at the nge of 18 IfuUy by his uncle Mustapha, who was fcn and hung ; and by his brother Musta L who also was taken and strangled. In fhs took Thessalonica from tl.e Vene *, in 1435 subdued the despot of Servia iged Beigrade, which was succcssfu lly bded by John Huniades : defeated the feanans at Varna in 1444, and skvthei? Ladislaus: abdicated in favour of Ms rJ.lTV^ year, and retired to Mag ^, hut had soon to resume the govern- r InuXT,""^^^^ disorder! which ■• in 1447 he made war on ScanderbeL' L V- i , ^^^•' ottoman emperor sue llhis father Selim 11. in 1574^ His flrsi 18 the murder of his five brothers, the of whom was eight years old H,^ a on war with Persia for eleven yea" pquired several provinces. In 1581 tho Varies revolted, and a great fire broke war"on"?hlT"- ^^ '''^ A™"! hfetl^Br' excesses made hiSre^- fURATH IV., Ottoman emperor, sue- H his uncle Mustapha in 1623 The iJT-fl*''.^" L" * ""^"^y troubled state ihe besieged Bagdad unsuccessfully _ seven years afterwards, with the [result: in 1630 took ErivanVand at Sin 1638, succeeded in taking Bagdad ten ordered the massacre of 30,00(J pri-" J. He had many good qualities as a LrMni ro'"''""' ""* '»» debauche?fes nt him to a premature end. Died, m Mefxi mnibmal moQ v;,^h^ wheT »/ 8' Doniii^o, invited hcrtoTi^ aUen'dan^*s''^er?rh'oV1n!l''sZ\''" "/"^^^^ botn^n'^itySf. -^3^-- Of '^f^ ^-t as elevated to tho ti,,.^„„ „_.!"■ °^^- He rOT, JACQUES, bishop of Auxerre.and almoner of France, born at Melur "f e parents, 1514, and died, 1593 He ^ university of Paris at the age of "3 las recommended to the duchess of fty whose means he became professor tek and Latin at Bourges. He was ards appointed preceptor to the sons jry II and while thus engaged he fct*''^.^*?* of Plutarch.^ Charlef *'Jr tf; "bbey of Cornelius de Com Sonet."'' °''''*'^ thehigholfl'c^s XHAR8IS, a Scythian philosonher led about 600 years B.C. He travelled ^d T.l'L^^ ""^^ ""'='» esteemed by Uid was the 011 stranger the Atlip- rer admitted to the honour of citizen- Pn his return to Scythia he attempted Iducc someof the institutions and UnlariSrl*,'''*^ ^" *^°^«"of unga rite to Cybele, he was killed by f sf n"^' .^"®®'^ °' Xiragua, in the f St Domingo, at the beginning of thP ther^'tSdr'°,':"»«^'^"'^«"fSan^ »hery and cruelty. Ovando, the go- his 72nd year, b c 428 a,^^ happened in brated as the first of thP a^r,?^^'.'*" 1" "ele- who taught fhe e.xisten^e of I'^^^^^P'^ers oA^eU^feS^fj ^«-k coniic ^ first Who introduced lo'vpndvl**''^ '''"'" the «tage. He was a native of B^n^' °" ^^^ was starved to death nl a r»,2; ^'^o^es, and the government "^ '^*^"'' ^"^ labelling thtS^i1So?of\S^efnV''""°r''" Of critus. He was the friPnH Ti*. ""'^ ^emo- ANAXIMANnEn ?L ?'^''"^' ^•^- 323. of Thales. Of Mi?eS: bom's c^?o '^ 't^'Ip'^ a considerable knowrdK1.So"no^y' a'nd' 33 ana] % i^eto Stniftersal ISiograpl^^ [and KeoRraphy, and was the first who noticed the oWlQulty of the ecliptic ; he also taught that the mooa receives her light from the sun , and that the earth is globular; and to him is as- cribed the invention of the sphere and geo- eranhlcal charts. ANAXIMENES, the pupil and successor of Anaximander. He maintained that air Is the first principle of all things ; and Pliny attributes to him the invention of the sun- "^ ANAXIMENES, of I-ampsaeus, a Greek historian and philosopher, son oj ^rlstocles He was one of the Precep'ors of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied in most of his campaigns, and afterwards wrote the history of his reign, and that of his father ^ ANCHIETA, JOS., a Portuguese Jesuit, surnamed the Apostle of the New World born at Teneriffe, 1538, and died, 1597. At the age of 20 he went to Brazil, where he founded the first coUege for the conversion ofthe savage natives. t.,„„„i, ANCILLON, DAVID, a learned rrench divine, born at Metz, 1617, and died, 1692. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he retired from Metz, of which he had been ?or some time the pastor to Frankfort and thence to Hanad, where he attained to great celebrity by his theological writings and dis- coveries ; and he afterwards accepted a situ- ation in the French church at Berlin. His eldest son,CharlesAncinon,obtamfed through his influence the office of historiographer to the king of Prussia, and was afterwards made inspector of the French courts of justice. He was a man of much general reading, wrote several treatises, &c., md died, "IS. ANCILLON, JOHANN PKTER FRIEDRICH, a Prussian statesman and miscellaneous writer, was horn at Berlin, in 1766. He early obtained reputation as a preacher and writer, was made councillor of state, minis- ter of education, and finally minister of fo- reign affairs. Among his works are Me- langes de littfirature et de Philosophic," " Essaisphilosophlques,- and '/ Tableau des revolutions du syst^rae politique de 1 Eu- rope," the last being his best work. Anclllon wis a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and of the French Institute. " ANCKARSTROEM, or ANKARSTBOM, JOHN JAMES, a Swedish military officer, who assassinated King Gustavus III. at a masked ball ; for which crime he was scourg- ed on three successive days, bad his right hand cut off, and was then decapitated. Born. 1758; executed, 1792. ANCRE, MARSHAL D'. LCONCINO CON- CINI ] ANGUS MARTIUS, fourth (mythical) king of Rome, elected on the death of Tullus Hostilius. During his reign Rome was en- larged by taking in the Aventine Hill, and occupying the hill Janiculum, beyond the Tiber. He also built the bridge called Sub- licius, erected a public prison in the forum, extended the territories of Rome to the sea, and built tiie town and port of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. Ancus died after a prosperous reign of 24 years. , „ ., , ANDERSON, ADAM.a native of Scotland, M was for many years a managing clerk In the South-Sea House, a trustee for the settle- ments In Georgia, and a member of the court of the Scotch Corporatiiiii of London. He wrote a work on the Historical and Chrono- logical Deduction of Trade and Commerce ; and died, 1765, aged 75. , a ^., t ANDERSON, Sir EDMUND, lord chief lustlce of the Common Picas under Queen Elizabeth, to which office he was promoted in 1582. He sat on the trials of Mary, queen of Scots, and of Davidson, the secretary, for issuing the warrant under which fhe was executed. Anderson's Reports, folio 1644, is st'U a book of authority. He was a native of Lincolnshire, and died, 1605. ANDERSON, GEORGE, a young man of extraordinary talents, l^om at Weston Buckinghamshire, in 1760, and died, 1796. His parents were peasants, and he worked as a day-labourer In the fields; his genius, however, overcame every difficulty, and he attained so great a knowledge of the mathe- matics, as procured him a clerk s place at the Board of Control, and afterwards the situ- ation of Accountant-General. Mr Ander- son published a " General View of the Affairs of the East India Company, since the conclusion of the War in 1784;" and translated from the Greek of Archimedes, the treatise entitled " Arenarius." ANDERSON, JAMES, an advocate at the Scottish bar, eminent for his learning and antiquarian research, horn at Edinburgli, 1662, and died, 1728, through an apoplectic stroke. His first work, " An Essay, proving the Independence of the Crown of Scotland," published 1705, procured him the thanks of the Scottish parliament, under whose aus- pices he subsequently produced a series of the Charters and Seals of the Scottish Mon- archg from the earliest Antiquity down to the Union with England, a book which gained him the greatest reputation, and is entitled " Selectus Dlplomatum et Numisma- tum Seotl£e Thesaurus." „ , , . . , ANDERSON, JAMES, a Scottish miscel- laneous writer, born at Hermiston, near Edinburgh, 1739, and died 1808. He pub- lished a series of " Essays on Planting," which procured him much reputation as an agriculturist ; and, in 1780, the university o Aberdeen conferred on him the degree of LL D. In 1783, he removed to Edinburgh, and projected the establishment of the North British Fisheries; for which purpose he was employed by government to survey the coast of Scotland, and received great commenda- tion for his services. Dr Anderson was the author of a number of publications chiefly on agricultural affairs ; he also wrote for the: Encyclopedia Britannica, and the Monthly, ANDERSON, JOHN, F.R. S., professor of, natural philosophy in the university of Glasgow, and founder of the useful instifa- tlon in that city bearing his name, was born in 1726, at Roseneath, In Dumbartonshire. His crea* cV'>''''-Cteristic wasanardentdesm for th(! instruction of his fellow-men, and he w!>« ir.dofatigable in studying and exempli; fying the application of science to mechanics; practice, for which purpose, in additiontt his academical labours, he taught his «««• INU] Va-cla»i, as he called It (formed of ai tisans i their wcck-Uay Uress), twice every week Mr iiK the session to the end of his life' li(ler»on wrote a work entitled " Institutes : 1 hyslcs,'- which passed through several tV?"";.. "0 *«» l'"' 11- 8- L- and E. He I, loVf' 1 V'""'"« ^y '»'« ^^"1 that the t . K,',''.* fopcity should be devoted to I establishment of an educational Instl- tnn-i"Tt^ '^''^'T' '2 ^'^ denominated An- Bemlcal classes; which may Justly be En."'' \^' ?■"■?"' °^ the Mechanics- Wtutions which afterwards spranit un fuffhout the country. "P^nR up ^UEttSON, JOHN, son of a merchant tenM*',"^ ^hich city he hiSf be- > principal magistrate in 172S. He was Soyed in various negotiations w^th fent European courts j and durinir hi» Fwftrnlr? ^' cultivated an acquain ? l»il n?" ''•""" he found distinguished fcelr literary attainments, and kept un Irespondence with them'after his re^ \i»''rt\i ^V^' ,"£?,* 79- Hh» principal Is' Strai t, >.„"h " ,"'*.'°''y «' G'eenlaSS -DERSON, Lawrence, one of tho i Sweien' V' '^fo^atfon of r U° IVasr b,^; H?'."^"" chancellor to Gus- |y he'Dn«L^\\^"* engaged in a con- I" Lives of the liritish Poets " in li published lnl795; "Works and Tifo Jias Smollett ;'■ 'and the "life of llJohnson." He was the friend and 1 of genius wherever it appeared to impbcii dedicated his "Pleasures of »' as it was chiefly owing to him that I83a """' '"■""^•'* "'^^"'^ the world! h^l^T^^'w"" .Athenian orator, was \^iilfL, "^ P'^yc^ " prominent part *olitical contests of the Greek states Id to the oligarchical party at Athenl' fenw t^™S? ""«d= the flrtt time aning the Eleusinian mysteries and ng part, it was said, with Alclbiides [mutilation of the Hermie He i^ ^ to have died in exile soon after ^ iaetp ganiberanl ISfogrnpfjL). [and in'thP A ' ''.'""Jo'- in the British ril I, American war ; who. beins fd nin'^T'';''' *" negotiate between ICIinton ■'V.'^''r'<' «"r" ^^^ ^^ '^"'-•^ ANDREOZZI, GAETANO, a celebrated ■?J"»ieal composer, born at Naples 1763 • died at Paris, 1826 ""pits, i/bJ, M.^,^.^^^^?' ^^^^^r, a self-taught ma- ^^^^'^'"'''^''''''■'^'"^ va. ?• i' t" ''^''"■s was computer of the Erl^^s^AttlJ'^^'^' ''"'» "'« caleularor^'o^f , ANDREWS, LANCELOT, bishop of AVin- oTf^e^lffi"e.!"Sfd^V-^ bishop of Chichester and loTd a^mZr He ^MotV^T'^,^'"' to answer the work in which Cardinal Rellarmin (Matthew TW„V? o'f"lfngs''^.'^'^2:rr •« " "^■fence?f t ^e RiS tura TorH .. ^he answer was entitled "Tor- P^v «n/ i' Andrews was made bishop of tr/T,i^»f i''yy,;^?""<^">or in 1609, and was inS^^^****^ to Winchester in 1G18 He^c- rif.Pt *° "^hat is now called the Hiah dene.^'nSH''^' ^"* ^^"^ "°t Wanting in pru ex?onnS ,* moderation. His learning was scholir^ ^Z.^Tl °^ "'° e'oatest Europlan natiw ^^Jl"'"''*"''^ ^as irresistibly fasci- of mF '/°^ ^'^ 1"°™! character was Worthv are?"Manuaf nf"^^'- . An>ong his works authdnzed tr^nsfation^o^f H^J^^^^ ^e^ 8r^?^oSy^?J^PAND, a medallic en- graver, born at Bordeaux, 1761, and died at and] ^ iScto 2an(b«»nl ISIograpl^p. I'arli, 1822 ; conBldcrod as tho restorer of the nrt of engraving medals, which had declined after tho reign of Louis XIV. ANDHIEUX, F. O. J. S., a cleyer and voluminous French author, dramatist, poet, and politician, born in ITfia. Ho wns mem- ber of tho Council of Five Hundred In 1798; was afterwards librarian to Joseph Buona- parte, Professor of Holies hcttros at tho Po- ly tcchnic School, and Professor of Literature at the College of France, tilling the last chair nearly 20 yeors. He was also named per- petual Secretary of tho French Academy. Opposed to arbitrary power, he advocated warmly the liberty of tho press and the sys- tem of " Kcoles Primaires." Ho was ono of tho projectors and chief contributors of the " Decade Philosopliiqte," and was an active member of the Institui?. Among his dra- matic pieces are " Anaxlmander," "Lcs Ktourdls," " I^ Vleux Fat," and "Le Jeuno Homme & I'Epreuve," &c. &c. ANDRISCU8, a man of mean extraction, who, pretending to be the son of Perseus, tho last king of Macedonia, took the name of Philip, and was called Pseudo-Philippus. Having obtained a signal victory over Ju- vcntius, the Roman prwtor, he assumed the kingly power ; but in the end was conquered, and served to grace the triumph of MctcUus, before whom he walked in chains. ANDllONICUS CYRRHESTES, a Greek architect, who built tho famous octagonal tower, known as the temple of the winds, ot Athens, which has been used as a mosque by tho Turks. He is also said to be the invent- or of the weathercock. ANDR0NICU8, Livius, the oldest dra- matic author In the Latin language, who flourished about 240 years B. c. Nearly all his works are lost. ANDRONICUS, of Rhodes, a follower of Aristotle, to whom we are indebted for restoring and publishing tho works of that philosopher, about B. C. 60. ANDRONICUS I., COMNENUS, emperor of the East, was the son of Isaac, and grandson of Alexis Comnenus. He was of an active martial mind, and eloquent; but was profli- gate, passionate, and cruel. On the death of his coubin, the emperor Manuel, in 1183, he was chosen partner in the government with Alexis II., who, being a mere youth, soon fell a sacrifice to his coadjutor's thirst of power, and Andronicus became sole emperor. The revolt excited by Isaac Comnenus, and supported by tho king of Sicily, led to nu- merous proscriptions on the part of the em- peror; but tho people, exasperated at his various cruelties, proclaimed Isaac Angclus emperor, and Andronicus, now 75 yrtirs of age, after being subjected for several days to the most horrible outrages and tortures, was at last hung by the feet, and then run through with a sword, 1185. ANDRONICUS II., PALJEOT.OQUS, Bur- named the Elder, succeeded Michael VIII., in 1283, having been joint emperor with him since 1273. His long reign was troubled by ecclesiastical discussions, the first act of his reign being the revocation of the act of union of the Greek and Latin churches ef- fected by Michael. By the inroads of the Turks, and the revolt of his grandson, who [ANoi having been crowned emperor, took Con stantinople In 1328, the aged Andronleui deprived of all but tho imperial adornmcntj' and confined to one room in the palace, wai glad to find refuge In a cloister, where he died about four years afterwards, 1332. ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, JACQUK8 an eminent French architect of tho icth century, who designed tho Pont Ncuf, and commenced the building of It In 1578. Hcl was also employed. In 1S96, to continue the! gallery of the Louvre; but was obliged to' quit France during tho persecution of the Protestants, and no further account of him is on record. i ANEURIN, a British poet and chieftain of tho sixth century, supposed by some au. thors to be the same with Glldos, tho histo rlan. Ho took part in the buttle of Cattraeth which he made the subject of a poem ; this' and a few poetical fragments, form the whole of his known works. The poem en titled "Odes of the Months," formerly at- tributed to Aneurin, is now considered spu rious. Aneurin was one of the noblest poeu ofthoKymry. ANOELico, Fha Giovanni da Fiesoi.k IL Beato, a very celebrated Italian painter was born at Mugello, In 1387. Ho entered' tho order of Predicants at Fiesolo In 1107, and is supposed by some writers to hm early practised the art of illuminating books He painted at Cortona, Fiesolo, Florence, Rome, &c. Among his finest works are the frescoes in the convent of St Mark, Florence and those In the chapel of Nicholas V. in the Vatican. He was a man of earnest pict; and profound humility, worked always at by the aid of divine inspiration, which he sought before commencing, and would nevcf, It is said, alter a picture. His subjects are all religious, his execution most delicate and elaborate, frequently resembling illumina- tions, and his own character is impressed on all his works. He spent the last eight yean of his life at Rome, where he died In 1J.5J, Tho National Gallery possesses two examples of this master. ANGELUS, Christopher, a Greek, who, being driven from bis own country by the Turks, found an asylum in England in 1608; and, under the patronage of the bishop ol Norwich, he was placed in Trinity Collcse, Cambridge, whence he removed to Bali^l College, Oxford, where he was of great ser vice to the Junior students, and where k died, 1638. He published several works li Greek, English, and Latin. ANGERSTEIN, JOHN JULIUS, a distin- guished patron of the fine arts, boru at St Petersburg, 1735 ; died at Blackhoath, Jan 22, 1822. Ho came over to England under the patronage of Andrew Thompson, Esq, with whom he lived in partnership upwards of 50 years. Mr Angerstein exhibited much public spirit on several occasions, and wai the first who proposed a reward of £20(>) from the fund at Lloyd's to the inventor ot the life-boats. His celebrated collection of paintings, esteemed inferior to noneofttit same extent In Europe, was purchased b; ttlA T^nrwUoK r»/\<«mwH.»«.HM* #..«. /*i\n t\nn ..-J •* s.-^..«.. jij.r T ..it tcfftf-'tv tut xw/.".",', :;;:■: formed the nucleus of the National Gallery. ANGIOLELLO, GIOVANNI MARIO, a Ye- w 1\\ - ^«J wned cnipcror, took Con- 128, the aRcd Andronlcm ' t the Impcriiil ndornmcnti'i lie room in the pnlucc, waii ?o In a cloister, where hjl earn afterwards, 1332. I )V CEHCEAU, JACaUFsi »ch architect of the Kiih'i iRncd the Pont Ncuf, and! ulldiiiff of It in 1578. Hcl J, in 1596, to continue the" uvro; but was obliged to' ag the persecution of tlio I 10 further account of him, Hrltlsh poet and chieftain iry, supposed by some nur me with Gildas, the histo t in the buttle of Cattraeth, subject of a poem; tliij| cal fraKmcuts, form the wn works. The poem en he Months," formerly at in, Is now considered spu as one of the noblest poeui A Giovanni da Fiesole, celebrated Italian painter, ello, in 1387. He entered icants at Fiesolo In llo?, by some writers to haTi 1 art of illuminating book) >rtona, Piesole, Florence, g his finest works are the vent of St Mark, Florence, lapel of Nicholas V. In the I a man of earnest pict; nillty, worked always ai ue inspiiation, which ht nencing, and would never, licture. His subjects are :ecutlon most delicate anJ tly resembling lUumina- character is impressed on spent the last eight yean: e, where he died in \Ui. ' ry possesses two example! ISTOPHER, a Greek, who, bis own country by the ylum In England in 1608; tronago of the bishop o( ilaced in Trinity College, e he removed to Baliol icre he was of great scr students, and where he blished several workj hi d Latin. JOHN Julius, a distin- the fine arts, born at St lied at Blackheath,Jan over to England undct indrew Thompson, Esq., i in partnership upwardi igerstein exhibited much veral occasions, and wsi losed a reward of £20W oyd's to the inventor ot j celebrated collection of I inferior to none of tht rope, was purchased b; Man historian of the lath century. In his I ith ho was taken captive by the Turks I made slave to Mustapha. He was ro- led by Mohammed 11., and attended him -n expedition to I'orsia, 1473 Angiolcllo •to the history of Mohammed II., in the *l8h and Italian languages; also the ory of Ussun Cassan. Ho died probably f'^rw,'^^^' "^^NRY William Paoet, Li .; ^ .P> «c. &c., marquis of, the eldest Af the first carl of t'xbrldgo, was bom ie8,nnd wos educated at Westminster, |hrl8tchurch, Oxford, which University litted in 1790. Three years afterwards Bsta, on his father's estates in Stufford- , i"nnn L °J ^'"'""tfC", numbering /low, which were embodied In the lino .8 th regiment of foot, or Staffordshire »t crs. Of this regiment Lord Paget Luu^. '"5?'' l-'eutcnant-Colonel, and, t ih? I" ?'"",'»"* in «794, one of the iright spots of that unfortunate cam- iwus the gallantry he displayed, parti- » in the retreat, in which he held the Nry command of Lord Cnthearfg bri- U^ J u \Vi^ ^''«*'* ^'"s transferred I branch of the service upon which his Kf./A^*l ^'"^l* '"**'■«'' <">•» which his praised to a degree of efficiency not i,H fT- ^" ^"^ ^^ obtained the •nd of the seventh Light Dragoons, and • " companied the Duke of York in f f I' ?" i" ".°"'"«'' ^^here his dashing • at the head of the cavalry rendered J admiration of the service. For some Jfterwards,hedevoted himself entiX I discharge of his regimental duties' Is promoted to Major-General in 180°' ILioutcnant-General in 1808. In 'that ■I proceeded to the Peninsula in com- pf two brigades of cavalry, and nl- I 1,? H^^^K *','■? ^u', "'«"•'''>« did not II he loft behind him the louvenirs of i?.;„i"/"i*"',""'' lienevonte. In 1809 f^ifr^n ^"K"'"''' wJ'ere he remained Peninsular campaign ; but attendinff iut.cs in the House of Commons, af lther'?nT8'J2^°"'""'°" *"« ^^'^'^ «dod to Belgium In coSd'^f \'he To narrate Lord Uxbridge's deeds ere simply to revive some of the most t reminiscences of that short but and eventful campaign. It is unl 'admitted that, next'^to the grea 'f the host, the victory of Watlrfoo 5 indebted to the Earl of Uxbridse I any other of the warriors of thi? Me day. Towards the close of the eounter of the I8th of June, he re > severe wound in the leg,' which ervionf If^ to aniPUtate the^fmb ervices he was created Marouis of .and received many other m^rks of • from his country. In 1827 he was ^,„M»8»er-General of the Ordnance !8 proceeded to Ireland as Vicwov' -./???'^.'iy he gained the warm a?-' hthfi? i "^ f mancipation led to his Hthin twelve months after hg ap? ^ iScto ganftxraal IBiograpl^p. [ang pointmcnt; and in 1830 ho was again noi^ t"in 'i^h!? '"I '"•"" """^•-•' '^^'"h >fo retarod UD In I'JA"* ^■°"' ."'"y* «=»hinet broke vF^iH M^*2 •?" ^'"' "Jvnnced to the rank of I'ield-Marshal, and the same year once more wh7nr«^'"\""*-«''""«l »' the Ordnnico which ofllcc he held till 1852. Seldom were bravery.gentlencss.andgenerosltycembined In sucn noble proportions as in the ftCquls of Anglesey. In his character, says a con- temporary, there was not a fold ; ft was all nCn!" K ">'• »'• P""''*'" wi'-e tl oroSghl, bera j he generally was in advance of pub^ lie opinion ; and nil measures of refom In Church and State, had in him a strcm^ius and a steady champion. Had his e oquencc been equal to his mental powers, he would have achieved as great a name in ParHnment as in the camp; for he had a sound, 8h™ewd understanding a Judgment rarely it fauU and accompanied with a moral courage not h^"rf,'","i' •"•""""' physical bravery In the field of battle. The Marquis was twice r„"rTl"f 't" ""^J^" " "«"Khter of the fourth Earl of Jersey, but this marriage was dis" Ituf i'J 'T' ",'}'' \'' I-adyshlp^mnrrfed 1 10 Duke of Argyll. In 1810 Lord Anglesev marr ed Lady Charlotte Cadogan, whose marriage with the late Lord Cowley had been previously dissolved. Died April "9, ANQOULEME, CHARLES DE VAL0I8 duke of, natur. 1 son of Charles ix!: born '"«; and died, 1650. Catherine de Medki bequeathed to him her estates, but the will was set nsido in favour of Margaret do Va- if *• ^^"I}^"' however, retained the tit?o duk^? a" "^"^f «"''•' "»d in 1619 was made duke of Angoul^me. He gained great rcnut o^'°tL'".,V"'';*?jy commander, taking part on the side of Henry IV. at the battles of Arques and Ivry; but was twfce hTrged to hLST'^kS"."^ 'he second time condemned to death, which sentence was chanjfod infn perpetual imprisonment. H^was ifowcver once more pardoned, and distinguished iJm' and ?n ;^ '"•'«'^^"' Soissons a'Ld Kocl e«e' and m the campa-gns in Germanv I nn^iVn doc, and Flanders. His meS"^Writtcn bv' himself, were published soon after his df.afi7 ANGUIEIl, FKANfOisand MlCHFr! S L J""'' nat ves of Eu,^ Normandy FraMcoir tht eldest, was keeper of the royal caE of antiquities. and%xecuted se^erargJea nnl''*'A*/"<'"^"'y *he mausoleum of the nrLu ^^^ Academy, and among his works o^^a^^TG^eVa^lfd^tK^^siL^ri^ ANGUiLLAliA, GrovANNi Andrea «n "»l'an poet, was born about 1517. At flm employed in n prin ting -office he ^nino] some reputation by his tfanslattons of l"v?d-s Metamorphoses and other works, and went duc^ Z\ fn"* ^^ oonsoquence of his miscoS- ouct, died in misery, 1565. ANGUISClOLA, Sofonisba b„ t*„h _.un„ ,n jSoa. buc excelled in nortraita- H w^l**^'*'^*"* ''^^ invitation Of Phlfp II.; was twice married; became hiin,i ol.? _^^dat^Genoa^out 1620. AToLjSin'^of 87 ANIl] H JlitD. throw, doubt on tho »io''l?} y_'i^Jiif^l 1 vlilt to thU artist at Genoa; jil» Journey Italy not eommcnclnK till Wi'i- ANHALT-DKHHAU, l,K(.i'OM». pr Inco . , VruHslan field inar*hal, was born In 1«'«- "" entered tho army at an early age, »« »l •"''vcd |« the war „f the Spanish HucccMlon. He commanded tho I'rus.lan force, sent into I ly^where ho Kreatly dUtlnguished hlm- wlf and was wounded at the battle of Cm- «a o Ho next served in tho Netherlands, "d m^ins took part m the war with Cliarles XII., whom ho defeated at tho Jsit o UuKen. The re-orga.l.atlon of t»>e army oc.unled his attention durinpt a long re- side nco at Merlin. In 1745 he won a great victory over tho Saxons and Austrian, at ke seldorf, and assisted at tl«-.'o •• .~"C' " - hours, the only hostilities in which she was engaged being a war to '••'*^";'\^"«^;*;h III on the throne of I'oland, and a war wuii the Ottoman Porte in 1736, which was term- Inotod by the peace of Belgrade, in 1789. ANNi;, of Austria, queen of Pran.to, eldest daughter of Philip 11. of Hpain; «>orn, 1804, marilcd to Loui. XIII. of F'""':*'- >«''• ^' whose death, 1843, she was declared ho c re- gent during the minority of lier son, I-ouU XIV. ; Hho chose for her chief minister Car- dinal Ma/arin. Attempts to treat despotic- ally the magistrates, who opposed tho mea- sures of tho court, gave rise to the famou. wars of the Froude. in which thft queen ultimately triumphed over the nobles niiU the people. Her son I-ouis assumed the reins of government, 1661. Anne then re- tired, passing the remainder of her 11. pious exercises, and died in 1««»- , ANN I'm of Clevcs, daughter of John, third duke of Cloves, became in 1540, at the age of 25, the wife of Henry VUI. of hngland,wlm fell in love with Holbein's Portrait of her but was disenchanted at first sight, ami In « few months divorced her. She was of a dul apathetic nature, contented herself «itli a nenslon, and died in England, 16j( . ^ ANNK, queen of Great llritain, second daughter of James IX., by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born in 1664; married to Prime George of Denmark , 1683 ; succeeded to tie crown on the death of V/il lam 1"-. 1702; anddle.I,1714,aged60.HeTreignlsmarkedbj the great wai of the Spanish Succession ani the achievcmentsof Marlborough, theaccom- plishmont of the legislative union of Scu • CI with England, and the dashing exploij of Lord Peterborough in Spain. Anne wa» of a kind and yielding disposition, and ^vai long entirely controlled, first, by the imper: ous duchess of Marlborough, to whom sh.; became warmly attached in chlldhood.and afterwards by her attendant, Mrs Masham, Prince George died In 1708, and their .ii; children died young. The contention of par ties during the reignof Anne was cxtrcmelri violent, in consequence of the hopes cnter.| U°ned by the Jacobites that she would b. i duced by natural feelings to favour th( succession of her brother, the Pretender Her reign was also distinguished forth. number of eminent writers who then flo^ "shed, several of whom rose to high sta ow ANNliSLEY, AiiXHUK, earl of AnRto and lord privy seal in the reign of Cbarln II born at Dublin, 1614 ; and died, m At the commencement of the civil wars hi ioined the royal party, and sat in the pu^k, iZfent at Oxford, 1643; but having ma^W Doace with the republicans, he was (enil Commissioner to Ulster, 1648. He, howove^ took an active part in the restoration otl^ king, for which he was created earl of U glcsea, made treasurer of the navy, a.4 shortly afterwards, lord privy seal. ANaUETlL.LouiS PIERHE, a celebrat^ 'hiftorian, born at Paris "M: d'edJW Havini distinguished himself as an aw feS of theology and general literal he was appointed prior of the abbey j J UocT in Anjou, director of the colWJ benlis, and prior of Chateau Kenard Drt the height of the revolution he vvas^thron into prison, wheto fie hcgan ms ii->— anq] IHIstoire t'jilvcriWle,- which wa« .r»«r ward, published in mImo Vo lamer At Z formatlou of the French InVt u o AnnuetU becuuio one of the meml.ori.. Auiona hi. work. ttro."I/E.prlt d« la L Kne"' ''Lu , iiYACiNiHi.,, brother of the precoUlntf wii. born at Paris, 1731 ; and Jled, 1803 in'^orde? to gratify hi. ta.te fororlen", 1 Ueraturn 1?» olned the expedition tttth 'rou fo, X in iiiomei t of his leisure iu the studv of n.o SaMsnlt. On the taking of I'oMd^cLrrv » the Kngilsh, ho returned to K iont Ti.Ued oTJmrul ^'Jrf' ?" ^onveyed'tho'S ous MHS he had obtained to Paris IIg wa. I' ,'^" "PRo'^fl oriental Interpreter n X pZlauny'n ""^ ^-''-^vesta, ^hlih S- "iv^E^LT-si^rYfp'^N'i^L-if.r^^'^^ m the reygnio^wmi'''''''','''',"' Canterbury I.; born at lostn i 1 V" l^ufus and Henry orlKinally a monk Vnd "„'?,"'' '''^^- "'^ ^"' of the abbey of WcV"-"'''^''''''''' *"'''"■'"' England several time's ?url ",? hu^; J'*'""'? was eallcd.ln 1093, to nuen7w n.^i',^"^''' ''« dom. on the accession of Heurv I h»^*" brvS^rthTiii^rrF^'"^ ^errcd to the pope, who deeld.d ^InV' """" '"" Ansclm. This was res UtBrt ? '^"^°'"" "^^ the pope made a concession "hv" n «* '"-'"Kth English bishops anSabbots'to^dT'"* *''"' lie king for their temporaHt?es Thi^'^l '° risitcdAnselm, then living nViL '^, 'i.'"* fer/ ■S^f&f -'"^••■^^ Id died at Moor Park nlrff '^''^"lV'°' ^«»7, ,te entered earlv into' f^» °'"*^'''''"^' ^^62. ade post-captai^^Ti;./ ''■^''^' ''"^.^" ' the South Carolina station ifi"*' "'^^'■^'^ Id, and built a t"w?. V**i°"'- *>,? purchased ^£ltix) mnlDttml 13(o0rapl{iB. [anh captured after a smart .ction lav ng X his prize In China, ho sailed for Ei »i.f,w. «nd arrived at .Spitl'.ead.Vune ifmi'^ilt' fleet m" '"^ "■;""«'» »"« """« of a Vrench fleet, then cruising In the Channel in my "'«- tupiuin of the former to say to thn ad miral, on giving up hi. sword "HirM. huve conqSered^thJ^ Invln^bL' and Olorv follows you." For these and other service? vYcrilSXr^f^n^^g^in^"'^ fn'^^Ti-f -'^' appointed ttrst lord"Sfre A^Uu'r^a yXhTel! Sntil ' ls'S'eu'tr'=?n' vV h*^" \"*''"'"' ■More than suteen i™h„ ^.^ J^!^^» Unli^ the court of Ansnn •?, .v^" ^^\. residence in a theatre. wrotS'' ]^^'^, *?" established «nce,and'bTcame'^lnA'„Hnn/"'* '^^ P^'-^"'"" the margrave -The n^ir^ri'l- P«"onage with confined t^Lr chamh^p?^"^^?* Kcnerally shortly after died Lady ^c'raven'"'"''""'' a visitor at Ansnaeh anX Craven remained marcravn in iTstP ' "'J'^ accompanied the 8ixTee'kVaVe^he'Z\T„V%°''r *^°"*'» his widow married thoili °^ ^"^^ ^"^^e". came to England "-fnargrave, and both of his prlncipamV totu^V'-^'^^'l disposed and having Durph-ia; 1^® '^i"*^ "^ Prussia, HammersmithJttecame th^"'*""''"''* «°»«e able dissipation fi?»n?^ the scene of fashion- to receiTt'CiaXTn"' atTerd'' "'?^^'* room, and no on.Ar i Ji "* ^" drawing- her adm"sslSn to Z BrlntS"^ '"''^^ °«'tain 39 r ini,'i"' y' '1 I ANS] ^ 0ttxi Bnii)ttM ISiograpi^Q. [iNT on which she erected a handsome villa, and there continued to reside until her death, which took place in 1828. ANSTEY, Christopher, poet, was born in 1724; studied at Eton and Cambridge; and on succeeding to his father's property, resided principally at Hath. He wrote the spitirical poem, ''^The New Bath Guide," which obtained a rapid popularity. It is a clever and amusing sketch of an odd phase of English social life, largely mixed with ridicule of the " Methodists," as all earnestly religious people were then called, and of physicians. It abounds in passages grossly indecent and unfit to be republished. Strange to say, the author of this trivial and impure book has a monument in "Westminster Ab- bey. Died, 1805. ANSTIS, John, antiquary, and the author of various works on heraldry, was born at at Neots, Cornwall, in 1669, and educated at Oxford. He was member for St Germains, and in 1718 appointed garter king at arms. Died, 1744. ANTAU, an Arabian chief and distin- guished poet, who lived in the 6th century. His works, which form a portion of the fa- mous Moallakat, avo devoted to the descrip- tion of his warlike deeds, and his love for tlic fairAbla. The celebrated Arabian romance, entitled " Antar," by Asmai, affords a perfect idea of the mouners, opinions, and supersti- tions of the early Arabians ; and of this there is an English version, entitled "Antar, a Bedoueen Komauce, translated from the Arabic by Terrick Hamilton," in 4 vols. 12mo. ANTHEMIU8, eminent as an architect, sculptor, and mathematician. He was a native of Tralles in Lydia, and was employ- ed by the emperor Justinian. He is re- membered chiefly as the architect of the famous church of Saint Sophia, at Constan- tinople. It was completed according to his design by Isidorus of Miletus. Anthemius died in S34. ANTHONY, St, THE GREAT, the founder of monastic institutions, was born A. d. 251, at Coma, near Heraclea, a town of Upper Egypt. In 305, having sold all his property and given the proceeds to the poor, he with- drew into the desert, whither a number of disciples were attracted by his reputation for sanctity ; and thus was formed the first community of monks. He afterwards went to Alexandria, to seek the honour of mar- tyrdom amid the persecutions then raging against the Christians; but as his life was spared he again returned to the desert, and died at the great age of 105. ANTHONY, ST, of Padua, a learned TTran- ciscan monk, was born at Lisbon, 1195 : en- tered the order when thirty years of age, and went to preach to the Moors of Africa ; he was afterwards sent by St Francis, whom he met in Sicily, to teach theology at Bologna, Montpellier, Padua, &c. He offended the general of his order by his severity, and his fearless denunciation of all abuses, and to save him from" threatened confinement Gre- gory IX. called him to Rome. He died at Padua, 1231 ; and was canonized the foUow- iny year. His works, consisting chiefly of his sermons and a Moral Concordance 40 of the Bible, have been frequently repub- lished. ANTIGONUS, surnamed the One-eyed, was one of the greatest generals of Alex- ander the Great, on whose death, B. C. 323, he became governor of Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia. After the death of Antipatcr he made war on Eumencs, and having de- feated and put him to death, he carried on war with the other generals who shared the empire, and obtained the sovereignty of Asia in B. c. 311. Five years later he took the title of king ; invaded Egypt, and failed, excited the jealousy of his rivals, who com- bined against him, and was defeated and slain at the battle of Ipsus, in 301. ANTIGONUS, GonaTAS, king of Mace- donia, was the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and obtained the crown in B. c. 277, six years after his father's death. He was twice deprived of his kingdom, first by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and afterwards by Alex- ander, son of Pyrrhus. His ambitious attempts in the Peloponnesus broiight him into conflict with the Achoean XeHgue. Died, B. C. 239. ANTINES, MAUR FRANCOIS, D', a very learned French Benedictine of the congre- gation of St Maur. He was bom in 1688, and after distinguishing himself by the puo- lication of several important works, pro- jected the great work on chronology, L'Art de T6rifler les Dates," the first part of which appeared in 1750. Died, 1746. [See CLEMENCET.l ANTI0CHU8 III., the Great, king of Syria, was the son of Seleucus Callinicus, and was born about B. c. 238. He succeeded his brother in 223, and after suppressing several revolts, made war on the king of Egypt, but was defeated at Baphia in Pales- tine, in 217. After a long war in the East, in which he made extensive conquests, he again made war on Egypt, and gained the provinces he coveted, Coele-SyWa.and Pales- tine. He was afterwards involved in war with the Romans, gave shelter to Hannibal, unsuccessfully invaded Greece, and was compelled at last to give up to the Romans all his provinces east of the Taurus, and pay an enormous sum of money. He was killed by the citizens of Elymais while pillaging their temple of Jupiter, b. c. 187. ANTIOCHUS IV., Epiphanes, king of Syria, was the son of the preceding, and after being many years in captivity at Rome, succeeded his brother Seleucus Phi- lopator in B. c. 175. The chief events of his reign were the war with Egypt for the pos- session of Palestine and Coele-syria, which occupied him several years ; and his cruel persecution of the Jews, which provoked the insurrection in which the Maccabees distinguished themselves. His cruelty and vices gained him the title of " Epimanes," or " the Madman." Died, B. C. 165. ANTIPATER, the Macedonian, vas the friend and minister of Philip, and his son Alexander the Great. When the latter set out to the conquest of Asia lie appointed Antipater regent of Macedonia and Greece. Dissension between the regent and the quLun-mother Olympias led' to the ap- pointment of Craterus in his place ; but he ■ 1. . . . ;:::j equently repub- was soon reinstated. Greeks followed, ar i defeated at Crannon Ann^o* ~ — ' """ war on Perdiccas whn^!^"'^' "^*t ™ade in EKypt Died, kl'c are ' '°°" ''"''' «'»1'^ he was the S tK.^'f*'''' P"Pils. aiid oratory. HavinVlssistp i i^°"'" '""'^s of the tyranny of th^ Z,^\^'^ 1^ establishing to de'ath"on^ ?hi ^s^o/aUon'^n^'i'.''" ^^"* P"^ |government, b c /li ^ °' **'^ popular rou1,S^7f«th?gii^" f/h^^'^ P'^ilosopher, native of Athens and n?*""'', .."« ^"^ « lophist Gorg as for a tlm/'h' f»»owing the >f Socrates to whom *^™^ hecame a disciple Mitisthenl %^^n^sL'^/.^i\'l'"y »dher?d ^d limited his teachin?*^"'**'^? inquiries, fe held that goodness* «pf?S"''^"n«'-aIs. >edful, and that mero h.^^' ^^^ ""^^ thing xurles_ were -to be 'desS'""!/"'*' «"^ »ny dialogues wifh J^i » ' ."^ ^''"te legance of style Died f^^L ^^°«'' and ANTONELLO ivl ^ *' Athens, led about- 149? wt ^^ss;na, born, 1414 • Je first artisf wi.« ^® }^ *»*d :to have been >hn van Eyck at Nnnil ^ ^'^^ ^"iks of Jrs to leaii -the new !;.^,1,^«»t toFlan- 'veral years there Hpf^*'*'"^' *'"* spent Actium and the triumnh „J a*,"'*' "iefeatat having failed in K?„*'?.*hat science; but fromtLcourtofttsCnsr'''^ '"'^^^^^ at Balkh, in 1200 '"" ®'"'J'*'' and died Ja^ef ^nd o^e^'Kf ^a?!^"?' " ««™«n the Heformation- horn ^? ii"^'^ Preachers of and died there" 1536 "^ Nuremberg, i486, painS^^Jl^Sfr^fthcgreatestoftheGreek also the dates o?hP-.? " ""known, as are flourishldB c alAs "V"*^ ''^"t^- He of Alexander the GrPnf^,?'''''/*'^ ''^end would letno one else naint^^' ^* ^^ ««", was especially distini^f/il 5*8 Portrait. He sentations of female ^^rin'i'*''^/2'* ^^' «pre- masterpiece was the " Vnnf °^-*'?''"*J'- His sea," Which was taken tl "■£"' r^^ngfrom the His pictures of ASandor^n^i^"?"**"*- were very celebrated HnJt^? Antigonus lus art, bit It is lost °*° * ^^'^^ on tolvS^hTwiria^if^P^*!"" Philosopher, Ml,andreSedhrswar,^"""^C»s e made qua,stor au^ur ''"Ji"'""- He [tributed to the victor^v of v^ *?•""•« ' be consul with cisar\ b ^«"/"a ; be-' Id hin the kingly title Affn^Vt*' "°^ <>'- faesar, Antony was onr»»n!iK*''^™"'der N"«us), Who dXate7 hfm a^t m'?'"' •n after the two rivals camoVJ. * ^utina. ^. Lepidus. torn^m^^TJ}''. t.eras. and, leaders fell. ' PassfnTlnt^n^n '"PP"' and |ee into Asia, AnJonv mot^.l®^'^/' ""d featra, queen of St wL*^® '^'"""s him to Home. ^"''' '^^ carried by j that the taifso/comets*"^r''° "^'scovered m a direction from^hl sun inn ''' P'^J^^ed observations upon five ,v'hfM '""''"'^^ his the years 1531, 1532 i«0?,o^'' appearedln I , APICIU8, a noted Lif. /» ''^?' '^'"^ ^539. Augustus aid T?berigs""'i'J ? ^'"^ ''^^Rns of him that he spent £'>s^nniJ !* recorded of ;^;ding the luxuHesoffi^hf *''■""» '» P^- ' his finances reduced to ia^""^'-'""**"^'"* i himself for fear r.f Vi *250,000 he poisoned two other epicures of^h"'"^- ^^^ore were' jvho lived in^the t?me Of Sunl'""^ T^^ ' one I whose cxtravagnMlanft *?d the other, f.'i?^'!^?. ^e'o less enomtf'""T""f pro- ' le writer of a v'alSab?|?ff^P?'''.^ author, |e is unknown. Burton ST?' '^'^ose fllent commentary on if W*^*"* an ex- iltain. ^ " "' as far as relates to pnt Roman con8ufwhAh.H''K''''^ '"»'l ^io- [Cilicla. and sSbsequentW h^^^"* ^"^^"'or Y was one of the ereafiir ^'^J^o censor. f Romans; and! fccorto^'t'"^^ *""»"» p owing to him that Bnn!^^ *" Cicero, it [eloquence tooJeece w^" -^ " '■*^"' fccivil war hetren&uriSSa! Soiia^p^ecd^nVatd^^^^ t'"'y. He studied at Awi; *? }^^ *«» cen- prpfessor of rhetoric nti?""^.''"' and was a Tiberius. An nn ^„ * J^"""® 'n the rcijrn of sent by theXekTALens*!,;'*,"'^ •^^^^ss? and having married tr',''"'''^^""y educated >^ho became emnotl*^^ 'J?i'»hter of Avitus! , ■ I Ronie, where he'rose tn h!^l' 'o"o»ved him to i the h ghest olfices of -ta??"'"''^"'* "o-no of " Majorian, and Antheiniuf *''w""'*^' ^^''"s. gyncs in verse on each of th^o"^'"*® »""« _ _ cttcg or these sovereigns !i Ml ^ t Hii ■- APO] ?l i^cto Stniberaal^iograpl^ [aba In 472, although a layman, he was appointed bishop of Clermont in Auvergne, and re- nounced all his civil dignities and estates to devote himself to his spiritual duties. His extant works consist of poems and letters, which arc valued for the historical facts re- corded in them, and have been frequently reprinted. Died between 480 and 490. AP0LLINAKIU8, CLAtJDius, bishop of Hierapolis, Phrygia, about 177, who wrote an apology for the Christian religion, ad- dressed to Marcus Aurelius. APOLLINABIUS, a presbyter of Alexan- dria in the 4th century, who wrote a history of the Hebrews in Greek heroic verse. He died about 382. He had a son who became bishop of Laodicea, and wrote a treatise against paganism, which he sent to Julian. APOLLOHORUS, a famous painter at Athens, B. C. 408. Pliny mentions two pic- tures by him, one of a priest of Apollo at the altar, and the other of the shipwreck of Ajax. , ,..^ i APOLLODOBUS, a celebrated architect, was born at Damascus, and lived under Tra- jan and Adrian. He was employed by the former in building the great stone bridge over the Danube, and other structures ; but, falling into disgrace with Adrian, he lost his life through that emperor's caprice. AP0LL0NIU8, of Perga,a mathematician of Alexandria, about 240 years B. C. He composed several curious geometrical works, of which his book on conic sections alone APOIiT.ONIUS, RHODItJS, Greek poet, born in Egypt, but long resident at Rhodes, where he presided over a school of rhetoric. Ho afterwards became keeper of the cele- brated library of Alexandria, B. C. 149, in which situation he remained until his death. The only one of his works now extant is the poem entitled " Argonautica," which Is a narrative founded on the legends relating to the Argonautic expedition. APOLLONIUS,of Tyana, a Pythagorean philosopher, was born about the commence- ment of the Christian era. He applied him- self to the study of philosophy, and adopted the system of Pythagoras : travelled in the East beyond the limits of the empire : pro- fessed himself to be endowed with miracu- lous powers, and was by some set up as a rival to the ftunderof theChrlstian religion. His iscet'c Ufe, his reputed miracles and prophecies, and his wise disc^tfses, attract- ed great numbers, and statues and temples were built to him. Died probably at Ephe- sus about A. u. 97. The life of this sage was written by Phllostratus. APPIANUS, an ancient historian, born at Alexandria, whence he went to Rome, In the reign of Trajan, and became an eminent pleader. He wrote the history of Rome in APPIANI, ANDiiEA, a celebrated Milanese painter, born about 1750. He early showed enthusiasm for art, and attsined great ex- cellence as a fresco-painter. When the French conquered Lombardy, Appiani was much courted and flattered by them, and was sent to Paris to assist at the coronation of Napoleon. He became correspondent of ' the Institute, first painter to Napoleon, and 42 member of most of the academies of Europe. His chief work is the series of frescoes painted by order of Napoleon in the royal palace of Milan. Died, 1818. APUIilUS, LTJcms, a Platonic philoso- pher who lived in the 2nd century, bom at Madaura, Africa. After being educated at Carthage and Athens, he undertook exten- sive travels, and then settled In Africa and married a rich widow. The most celebrated of his works is the romance, entitled ' Me- tamorphoses; or. The Golden Ass," which has been translated into almost all the mo- dern European languages. It appears to be a satire on the crimes, frauds, and follies of priests and magicians, and on the prevalent immorality of the age. Some, however, have found or fancied a moral in the tale ; and have believed it was designed>to uphold pa- ganism against Christianity. The beautiful story of Psyche forms one of the most fas- cinating portions of this singular work. AQUINAS, ST THOMAS, one of the great- est of the scholastic philosophers, surnamed the " Angelic Doctor," and the Angel of the Schools," was born in 1227, either at Aquino, or the Chateau of Rocca8ecca,near Monte-Cassino. After studying at the Uni- versity of Naples, he entered the Dominican order in 1243, notwithstanding the most bitter opposition of his parents. He then studied under Albert the Great at Cologne, and went with hlra to Paris. In 1253 he pleaded successfully the cause of the monks before Pope Alexander IV., and was soon after made doctor In theology at Pans. He refused all dignities, and gave himself to preacliing and teaching with all modesty. In 1272 he was called to teach at Naples, and two years later was invited to assist at the council of Lyons, but he fell sick on the way, and died in a monastery, 1274, He was ca- nonized by John XXII. in 1323, and declared a doctor of the church by Plus V. In 1567. St Thomas Aquinas was a man of philoso- phical genius, of great learning, of fervent piety, and just and moderate in controversy. Thd great aim of his teaching was to show the accord between reason and the doctrines of Christianity. His chief work is the Sum- ma Theologioe," one of the grandest monu- ments of human thought in the middle ages. One of the leading doctrines of Aquinas, and of his followers, the Thomlsts, Is that of grace and predestination, and this was contro- verted by Duns Scotus, and his followers, the Scotists. The completest edition of the works of Aquinas is that of Rome, 1570, in 17 vols, folio. , „ , ARABELLA STUART, commonly called the Lady Arabella, was the only child o. Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, the brotlier of Henry lord Darnley, father to James \I., of Scotland, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Cavendish. This innocent victim of jealousy and state policy, while an infant, lost her father, and thus became heiress to a large estate. Several matches were projected for her at home and abroad ; and her couam, king James, was Inclined to marry her to Lord Esine Stuart, whom he had jreated duke of Lennox, and whom, before '••\^'f. riage, he considered as his heir; J»ut till union was prevented by Queen Ellzabetii, aba] who held the Lady Arabella under restraint and regarded her with a jealous eye On the death of that queen, an abortive consph-acy iTonWH*^ ^?' £«*""» "P Arabella 8 uart in opposition to her cousin James. In 1610 sliu was privately married to Mr William Soyinour grandson of the earl of Hertford^ by which union she fell under the royal dis- bcth andT.'''r '^ in confinement a^t iam- Dttn, and her husband sent to the Townr K'Jscape" M^l '""'^ separat'elymTde uieir escape ; Mr Seymour got safe to thp Continent, but the Lady Arabella was over- choly conflnoment, which finally deprived 2V"l°6lira7edT' -<» «h« cliedLptK^ ont«^t^°' ^KANgOIS JEAN DOMINIQUE one of the greatest scientific geniuses of thP Prancr^n' nV fr^'"' *? *1»" «o«tK oT Pan^' 'Tr-'"' '"^ *•>« PolytSfschoS^ nm.W! ^^V^S passed the required ex- s"tuiies';;? C «nr"''•^^ ^"^^-^^ "?'« i^^s tion He left 'thp'pMPJ'^'^ '^'^ *° '^'■''"nc- the >ncr/dian "\Vi ff *" '»««s"?'-e an arc of cult undSin^ war TrT"^ ^^'his diffl- Fnmceand Spain Tnd }^Ia^^ ""* between Itechnique; and now commenced that pmi"' lent scientific career whirl, ho X, '^"" ^min- iundiminished vigour to wlthiSaTi^*''' hlnlLtr\- ^^^ '=«»»°t herl'^eSumerrte ?i[| 7)nlliant achievements by which Araffol.h |y Rotation • and t a i,7^' " Magnetism trpetuaiserretarv o?'?ho ^A P™°°»nced as Ices. Tho'''AZ:'S}^%}^^$'J^y.^fS'^i- PjuS„^^4feiiT-:-nd\eTS^^^^^^^ ^ iagftj anibmal IStosrapl^p. [aba I So?ff '^rl-S''*" occupying a conspicuous I anfcrsift^r "7i.iT:'^^^xr''''''j his.republican princSs^rrefui^^^^^^ ifter'tio *•*" constitution Of theVmpire' After the revolution of 1830, which ninrpH d^»y/n ^'J'i.^PP^ »" »•>« throne Kcuped a t^es !^'',«!«^ place in ttie Chamber of ?)epu- nes. In 1848, on the downfall of the mnn vi&l "oTv* """"n* member Of \he Pro-" War and M^-^T"*' *"*» "« Minister of th« =^h Marine he succeeded in obtainins the adhesion of the whole of that Imnortant ou'thrp'i" *^T ••*'P^''"« ■' J'»t after tKc^a outbreak of June, 1848, which ended in thp temporary dictatorship of General Cavai^ nac. he finished his political career To iu honour it must be stated that he wasTeadv thP^'oT^'^'^'' l^ardly earned pSon at ^^?h°t*'.'*r"*'"'L™*'»«' than take the new oath to Louis Napoleon Buonaparte aft^ the coupd'ttat of December. 1851 -and VnVhl credit of the Government! Vemus? add that t consented to forego the exaction "m the History of Philosophy," says a contem porary writer, " the name of M Arago wTli wh'^prhl'"'*"^ '*l""' "<>' f'""" the a^Icfveries which he made, but from the aid which hp gave to science in all its departments bv hu pron.pt and unfailing penet?atio™! A mem- ber of neariy all the scientific Societies^f Europe, he was the point uniting them In / common bond. In every part of tlie ci^lized world hi8 name was reirardpd wUh V„ ,«,nf . and all scientific coSnitTes felt th'at thf^^"l^°'i * ^''^"d ^^hen they heard of DildfrnV' "' '''' Astronomer of Se°' de^rf ^Ad^?fauVrof*'V' TJ' ^ «"" Chaldee languages !n thp'?;', ^^'''''' ""^ he was apprfhelded at llnn C"""!r"'« y'^*'' inal intercoVsp w?th • ^ l^^^'nfif » crim- murder, and its Lmn,,?^ ''^^ mysterious together with S- 4Sm ' •'" ^^*''' cited a high d-eerPPof^^fof aerenoe. ex: lancholy tale has sprviS*''"''*'.*'"* the me- enchanting fictions of i It Vf*'' ^^^ *he exquisite pathos of a poet "^'"^ """^ *•»« 48 '! 1 ; yi|iiiipii;iji aka] 11 i^cto Sanibcrsal l^iograpi^B. [arc ARATUS, Greek poet and astronomer, bom in Ciliria, about 300 B.C. Ho is known 118 the author of two elegant poems on as- tronomical subjects, entitled " Phajnomena " and " Diosemcia," which became very popu- lar, and were the subjects of many com- mentaries and translations. The former was translated by Cicero Into Latin ; and St Paul is supposed to quote a passage from it in his preaching at Athens. ARATUS, of Sicyon, general of the Achccnn League, was bom B.C. 271. He was brought up at Argos, and first distinguished himself by tho surprise of his native city iu 251, and its deliverance from the tyranny of Nicocles. The union of Sicyon with the Achoean League followed. The return of numerous exiles occasioned some serious diflaculties, in the settlement of which Aratus acted a wise and useful part. In 245 he first became General of the League, and soon after he made him- self master of Corinth and expelled the Mace- donians. Several other cities then joined tho League. War with the .flitolians and with the Spartans, under Cleomenes, occu- pied him next, and Aratus sought the aid of Antigonus.king of Macedonia, who defeated Cleomenes at Sellasia, in 222. Disputes arose between Aratus and Philip, the successor of Antigonu8,andAratus was poisoned by order of Philip, B.C. 213. He was buried at Sicyon , and a religious festival was annually cele- brated in his honour. ARAUJO B'AZEVEDO, ANTONIO, Count of Barca, a Portuguese statesman, was bom in 1752. After receiving a good education at Oporto and Coimbra, he was introduced at court, and was sent ambassador to the Hague, in 1789. On his way ho visited Lon- don and Paris, and became acquainted with many eminent men in both capitals. In 1797 he negotiated a treaty of peace between France and Portugal, which, however, was cancelled by the Directory, and Araujo was for a short time imprisoned in the Temple. He afterwards visited Germany, and became minister of Portugal at St Petersburg. In 1803 he was recalled, and became seci*etary of state, and soon after minister of foreign affairs and of war. His incapacity for such offices soon appeared ; for although he adopt- ed many wise measures for the internal im- provement of his country, he appeared totally blind to the projects of Napoleon with re- spect to the Peninsula. Great indignation y^'ds excited against him, and he accom- panied the royal family to Brazil, where he retained the favour of the prince, and ren- dered important services to commerce and manufactures. Died, 1817. ARBOGAST, LOUIS PR. ANT., a French geometrician, professor of mathematics at Strasburg, associate of the Institute, deputy to the National Convention, and member of many learned societies. Died, 1803. ARBOGASTES, a Gaul by birth, and a soldier of fortune, who raised himself by his merit to the title of count, under the empe- ror Oratian, after whose death he entered Into the service of Vnlcntinian tho Younger and Theodosius : by the latter of whom he was sent into Oaui to oppose Ticior, son of Maximus, whom he defeated and killed. Arbogastes then ingratiated himself with a tl. army, who raised him to the post of general, without consulting the court ; but, after tho departure of Theodosius i^jr Con- stantinople, ho filled every post with his creatures, and reduced Valentinian to de- pendence upon his will. The young emperor was shortly afterwards found dead; and Arbogastes, not choosing to assume the pur- ple himself, set up the rhetorician Eugenius, whom he had raised to the rank of master of the offices. Theodosius immediately pre- pared for war against the usurper, whom he totally defeated. Arbogastes escaped to the mountains, where he wandered for some time, and at length put an end to his life, about 395. • ARBORIO DE GATTINARA. [GATTI- NARA.] ARBUTHNOT, ALEXANDER, Scottish jur- ist, was born in 1538, and died in 1683. He became Principal of King's College, Abcr- deen,editcd Buchanan's History of Scotland, and was a strenuous champion of the Re- formation. ARBUTHNOT, JOHN, physician and mis- cellaneous writer, was born in Scotland, in 1676. After obtaining his degree at Aber- deen he settled in London, and in 1709 was named physician to Queen Anne, an office which he held till her death. He was noted as a wit, and was the associate of Pope and Swift. He contributed to the " Memoirs of Martinus Scriblcrus," wrote a witty political pamphlet, entitled "The History of John Bull," several medical works, and a useful account of Ancient Measures, "Weights, and Coins, and died in 1736. ARC, JOAN OF. [JOAN OF ARC] ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, the founder of the second or middle academy, was horn at Pitane, in iEolia. He became head of the academy at Athens, about B.C. 241. He maintained that truth is unattain- able by man, and rejected as false and de- lusive the testimony of the senses. ARCHELAUS, king of Macedonia, na- tural son of Perdiceas II., whom he suc- ceeded, after murdering his brother Alcetas, He liberally encouraged literature and the arts, and entertained and patronized Euri- pides and Zeuxis. He died about B.C. 398. ARCHELAUS, a Greek philosopher, was the disciple and successor of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus, but removed afterwards to Athens, where he is said by some to have had Socrates for a pupil. ARCHENHOLZ, JOHANN AVILHELM VON, a very voluminous German author; bom, 1743; died, 1812. His two most important works are "Annals of British History," 20 vols., and a " History of the Seven Years' War." ARCHILOCHUS,'a celebrated lyric poet of Greece, was born in the island of Paros, and thotigh the son of a slave, was descended from a noble family. He chiefly distin- guished himself by the vehemence of his satire, and is said to have been the inventor of Iambic verse. He settled with a colony in Thasos. where he disgraced himself by running a ay in a battle with the Thracians, and justified it. He fio-.srish.od about B.C. 710—670. Fragments only of his poems re- main. [arc im to the post of ngr the court ; but, icodosius -jr Con- ery post with his r'alcntinian to de- rhe youuK emperor found dead ; and to assume the pur- torician Eugenlus, :he rank of master B immediately pre- usurper, whom he stes escaped to the 'andered for some an end to his life, • INARA. [GATTI- NBER, Scottish jur- . died in 1683. He ig's College, Abcr- listory of Scotland, impion of the Re- physician and mis- )rn in Scotland, in is degree at Aber- in, and in 1709 was en Anne, an olflue ith. He was noted ociate of Pope and ;o the " Memoirs of Bte a witty political 3 History of John rorks, and a useful iures, "Weights, and N OF ARC] k philosopher, the r middle academy, Eolia. He became Athens, about B.C. t truth is unattain- ed as false and de- be senses, of Macedonia, na- il., whom he sue- his brother Alcetas. literature and the d patronized Euri- ied about B.C. 398. !k philosopher, was )r of Anaxagoras at red afterwards to d by some to have NNAVILHELMVON, nan author; bom, ifo most important Iritish History," 20 f the Seven Years' ilebrated lyric poet the island of Paros, lave, was descended He chiefly distin- Vehemence of his e been the inventor tiled with a colony sgraced himself by with the Thracians, V.!r;sh.'>d nhout B.C. ily of his poems re- ARC] ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated ma- thematician among the ancients, was a na- tive of Syracuse, and related to king Hieron He was equally skilled in the sciences of as- tronomy, geometi y, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics; his aptness in solving problems had become proverbial in Cicero's days, and his singular ingenuity in the Invention and .construction of warlike engines, is much [dwelt upon by Llvy. The combination of nuiieyg for raising Immense weights, the indless screw, a sphere to represent the mo- lons of the heavenly bodies, &c., were in- rented by him ; but his genius for invention h«'i!f/*" 'noje signally displayed than In inL i^^^^^^r **' Syacuse, when it was be- Icgcd by Marcellus; although the wonder- II and well-known story that among other Btonishmg novelties, he produced a burning lass, composed of reflecting mirrors, bv rhich he flred the enemy's fleet, is mos^ ke y a fiction of later times : no mention of f« *2,*'.'/.i"""''"'*^^ occurring earlier than le twelfth century. At length, however Is th'e,r?n ^"^^.^S^ 8torm,%nd Archlm- . ±ol^' P" neglected burial-place ^ iaeto ganfftgraal 3P *i® ™<"'t ancient monuments of »r-. at Tiiblngen, In 1808. Died, 1824. lat ARETINO, OuiDo, or Guido d'Arezzo" was born about 99«. He wn» hin«^t ?' the lines and spaces, and of the syllable! ut re, ml, sol, &c.. and left several works on his ARETINO, Leonardo, or LEONAniin lTke7 Jl^f Ve''*°'^»"' born^'a^t^eS Ps,'';^a;'rrL?t\7tVeTo'urirorcr stance, and afterwards became chancellnr f^ the republic of Florence. He wasa nroHfl^ Writer but many of his workT were S compilations and are forgotten Hn ^n^l translations ftom many Gr!ek aSihow wrote a Hfstolv* nr 11^'' ^'^'^^^ ''"I PetrarchTand o,.^^^^^??' an;italian satirical writer of great celebrity, was bom at Arezzoin Tn. asYu's Vs'h^' r •* ^"«' though'occaslo Ja?lV nrnfl?»nf„ ^e Was Severe, was a thoroughly anH tfh=!f """^ '?'^*'» «""•' an unprincipled and obscene writer, and one of the moRt reckless libellers that ever lived He nh tamed a high reputation, was patronised b^ sovereigns, and enjoyed the friendshin nf artists and poets, Michael Angelo, TlHan and -Tasso. He even wrote several religious' treatises, ond a Paraphrase of seven Psalm « His bitter satire on the^andalous »ves of thlca"rd!iS« '"II"'* ^°'»^»' ""-l mistresles of ine cardinals, Ac, was everywhere rpnrf w.ti, .rnn??'^^' ^^^^' the inventor of the Ar gand lamp, was born at Geneva nt^Jtll ^mp was however made in Snd in mf He was involved in several i^ito?i'"°^- '"iRr%vQ^^^°'=«a°'"- »ied^n'l754 ^" if fi;;i: M arq] % i^cfcD ®n(i)er8al ISiogrnpl)^. [ari profession of arms, and was wounded at the sieges of Kehl and Philipsburg, but after- wards turned his attention to literary pur- suits; went to Holland, and while there wrote his voluminous " Lettres JuiTes," " Lettres Chinoises," and " Lettres Cabalis- tlques." He was invited by Frederic II. the Great, king of Prussia, to his court, and made one of his chamberlains, and director of the Academy. Died, 1771. ARGYROPYLtrS, JOHN, one of the learn- ed men who. In the 15th century, under the patronage of the Medici, contributed to the revival of Greek learning. In addition to his exertions as a teacher and lecturer, he published translations from Aristotle, and a commentary on the Ethics of that philo- sopher. ARIALDU8, St, deacon of Milan, who. In 1066, took a leading part in the agitations which arose there respecting the licentious lives of the clergy and the obligation of celibacy. He was excommunicated with his associate Landulfus by a provincial synod, but the pope annulled the sentence and en- couraged them to persevere, '^•mbassier and letters were sent by Stephen X., Nicholas II., and Alexander H. to Milan, and serious tumults occurred on several occasions. At length Arialdus procured a hull of excom- munication against the archbishop of Milan, who roused the popular indignation by an- nouncing it in the cathedral, and laid an interdict on the diocese. Arialdus fled, hut was arrested and murdered on a lonely island of the Lago Maggiore, in June, 1066. ARIAS MONTANUS. [MONTANUS.] ARIOX, an early Greek poet and musician, who flourished in the 7th century B. C. He was a native of Leshos, lived long at the court of Periander at Corinth, and invented, it is said, the dithyrambic verse. It Is of Arion that the graceful story Is told of an escape from murder hy sailors, by charming .the dolphins with his music and riding over the waves on the back of one which bore him safe home. ARIOSTI, Att:lio, an Italian musical composer, was born at Bologna about 1660. In 1698 he went to Berlin, where he met Handel, whose friend and rival he hecame. He visited England in 1716, and again four years later, when he was employed with Handel and Bononclni, at the Italian Opera. He left England in 1728, and nothing further Is known of him. ARIOSTO, LUDOVICO, one of the greatest poets of Italy, was born in 1474, at Reggio, near Modena, of which town his father was governor. He was set to study law, but abandoned it in disgust and gave himself up to literature. After a short residence at Rome, where he composed some comedies, he settled at Fcrrara, and entered tho ser- vice of Cardinal Ippollto of Este, who em- ployed him in political negotiations. It was amidst the constant pressure of oflicial duties that he wrote his great epic, the " Orlando Furloso," which occupied his leisure for eleven years, and was published in 1516. The poet was charged, in 1522, with the sup- pression of brigandage in some mountain districts, and succeeded well. His next task was the direction of a theatre at Ferrara. Died, 1533. The "Orlando," which cele- brates the scmi-mythlcal achievements of the Paladins of Charlemagne, in the wars between the Christians and the Moors, be- came immediately popular, and has since been translated into all European languages, and passed through Innumerable editions. There are several English versions, of which Mr Rose's is most esteemed for fidel- ity and elegance. Ariosto wrote also some vigorous satires, several comedies, and other poems. ARISTARCHU8, Greek critic and gram- marian, was a native of Samothrace, and flourished about a century and a half B. C. Having settled at Alexandria, he was made tutor to the son of Ptolemy Philometor. He succeeded his master, Aristophanes of By- zantium, as head of the grammatical school of Alexandria. The chief labour of his life was his revision of the text of the Iliad and the Odyssey. He divided these poems into separate books, and wrote commentaries on them. His critical judgments were very severe, and his principles of criticism were stoutly opposed by many eminent men. He died at Cyprus in his 72nd year; and, as some assert, by voluntary starvation. ARISTARCHU8, the Samian, a Greek astronomer, who flourished about 280 B. c. He Is said to be the first who knew of the earth's motion on its own axis ; and a work of his, of which an edition in Greek and Latin was published by Dr "VVallis, In 1688 treats of the magnitudes and distances of the sun and moon. ARISTEAS, a Jew, In the employment of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He Is said to have assisted in the Septuagint translation of the Bible ; and a history of it is attributed to him, but on no satisfactory grounds. ARISTIDES, an Athenian patriot, whose unbending integrity procured him the name of " The Just." He was a great admirer of the laws of Lycurgus, and opposed to the democratic party headed by Themistocles. At the battle of Marathon he was next in command to Miltiades,and bore himself -..rith great Intrepidity. This caused him to bo made archon In the following year ; but his rigid integrity In this office led to so strong an opposition by the popular party, that he was ostracised. He was recalled from banish- ment to oppose the Persians under Xerxes, and, both at Salamis and Plata;a, exerted himself to the utmost to serve and save his country. A still higher proof was given of his love of justice by his efforts, though ineffectual, to save his rival, Themistocles, from banishment; and by the fact, that though he had borne all the highest ofiices of the state, he was very poor at his death, wlich took place in 467 B.C. . . , . . ,aRISTIDES,^:lhjs, anativeof Adrlanl, In Mysia ; an orator of great ability during the reigns of Antoninus, Aurellus, and Cora- modus. An edition of his works was pub- lished in two 4to volumes, Oxford, 1722. ARISTIDES, a Christian philosopher, of Athens, In the 2nd century. Jerome praises his " Apology for the Christ, an Faith," which was picsi-'iitcu 1.0 mc iamt-T "","7 — the year 125; but none of his writings are known to be extant. 46 bis WritiLags are AKl] ARISTIDES, a painter of Thebes in the 4th century d. c, famous for his power of representing tl\e passions. ARISTIPPUS, founder of the Cyrenalc school of philosophers, was born at Cyrene .about four centuries B. c. Ho became a pupil of Socrates, but his mode of life was Uuxurlous and effeminate, and opposing both Bhe theory and example of his master, he made pleasure the chief good. At Corinth le was the companion of the courtesan Lais : na, at Syracuse, ho was favoured by the rrant, Dionysius, to whom, in common with any other philosophers, he paid his court. taoes not, however, appear that he became Th^r^^r^°, •*'* Pensions. He established school of philosophy at Cyrene, which con- ciged in or superseded by the school of ipicurus. .ARlSTOaiTON, an Athenian, the friend rHarmodius, with whom he conspired, B.C. ihnf °ThJ''^ ^^^"^^^ Hippias and Hip- ^hus. This conspiracy, prompted by the *• Insuu'T"*' '?' " P^"""*^! °»^nco ;„i^ J?"' ^^^ *"^^y P"tly successful, iparchus being slain, and Harmodius Jg immediately killed by the soldiers s ogiton' was afterwards captured, tor ed and put to death by Hippias. After ' expulsion of the latteJ the people by a ,°f, «°'>f"8lon and perversion of fceUng rsXrairieV^rsSi^^^ffi relr^oeSr -""-MvlLS :^^.'r?iJfnS*^«^.--_-^-'egendary ^ iScto anCberisfll ISfograpl^i). [ari are'''"Th«'^A't'='^- ^ho titles of his works are The Acharnians ;" "The Knights" (against Clcon, and the most angry and bitter of his works); "The Clouds" (against So- crates) ; "Tho Wasps;" "The Birds ;""Tho AKISTOTLE, the great founder of the «t R?«^f,^ ?"*'«' of philosophers, was born at Stagira, In Macedonia, b. c. 381. At the age of 17, he became a pupil of Plato who called him the " mind "of his school ' The )>/ M® °'j»>8 a'Jillties having reached Philip of Macedonia, that prince made him tutor to nis son, Alexander the Great ; and he so Ph hp rebuilt the town of Stagira, which he had razed, and restored the expelled Inhabit- ants to their .town and privileges. When Alexander set out on his expedition to Asia. Aristotle returned to Athens, and obtained leave to occupy the Lyceum as a school of philosophy, over which he presided for 13 years, and which was called, probably from his habit of walking as he lectured, the penpatettc. Suspected of political sympathy with Macedonia, he was accused of impietv and retired to Chalcis, remarking, ir allu- sion to the death of Socrates, that he uid not w sh to see the Athenians a second time guilty of crime against philosophy. He re- mained at Chalcis till his death. In the 63rd year of his age, b.c. 322. Small and slender in person, and latterly of feeble health. Aris- it^, accomplished in his day the task of a nJ 1^) *?'^ ^^"i"*. embraced all the sciences —xe«eman legendary extlnt w^lt'.""** '"tented new ones. His •0, a descendant of the royal family of m»fZi, . H'"?'?'^*' treatises on physics, issenia, who roused his countrS in fThoP,Vy^'''*''°^*°^(°'^'>ich he justly cL ijunctionwith the Arcadians andTrg'ves and thp'' iT''*?'"l'.^''^*°'''*=^P°"^i".eth eg' Jommence the second Messenianwa?,Tc:rastnaLd1Ir^^^ fV'^*'"'^ of animals. The .inordpr tn H}ioVn««>+u , *^ ' .^' i??' "*™C!L ^^ '\\' *^^ contemporary of So- ks, Demosthenes, and Euripides. He is Itohave .vritten 64 plays, but of these ^eleven have come down to us. With atmpst boldness and licence he directed tei in^'""? ,°°*-?"'y "^"i^st the Chief Ktl 'vf'"' ^^"^ "f thetime-espe- |r the warlike propensities of the peonle loudness for lawsuits, and the teachincr' le sophists-but against the iSg meS Ef^'^'^y' especially Cleon the popSIr ft" l^te, and the philosopher Socrates, whom teVV,V^;^?'«."-eof the"op"hS S™«-"r"i -"jriiorc, present a vivid if fewor^r °^Athc°ia^ lifeind mm. rorpiu-ityand elegance of style Tjjv^ ;" "o'-o. 1:118 word was anothpr hPrl«^'"'^J° ^"^^""'^ ^'^ authority was thi «^V ^^^l'^ ^^^ 'c^'^"! «* literature, and lost "f "/?»''t>o». the magic of his i. "me was lost. And now, after that natural reaction and a period of neglect, he is again Imdied and praised as one of the greatfst InteUects *''*'t,'1^' appeared in the world. '°*^"®*=ts .ARISTOXENUS, philosopher and mu «'C'/n. P"P" of Aristotle. His works ^re said to have been very numerniia w!.^ have corne down trus^xSt hu ka™o"jc Elements, Which is considered to be the o?d est musical treatise existing. °'^" ARIUS, the celebrated theolosian wn« a presbyter of Alexandria inthe 4?h centurv Having maintained that the Son and the Father were essentially distinct and thot Will o??h':^* ^H^"^? °"^ Of noth 'nrby ?he will of the Father, Alexander, the bishoD in 47 ark] ■^ ;^m ©nlfjergnl IBiograpl^i?. [abn and convoked a synod In his favour. Hut in 325 tlie great council of Nice was held, «t which the Emperor Constantlne was present, and the great Athanasius took a proinlnei>t part. Arlus and his doctrine was again condemned, and it was made a capital crime to possess his works. Ho was, after three years' recalled from banishment by Constan- tine, presented several confessions of faith, apparently in accordance with the Nicene creed, but Athanasius, now bishop of Alex- andria, persisted In refusing him readmlssion to the church. In 336, however, he was just about to be received again Into the pale of the church, when he died suddenly. His friends said that ho was poisoned ; his ene- mies, that it was the judgment of God. ine controversies growing out of the teaching of Arius, though touching a matter lying wholly beyond the limits of human reason, acitnted the church for a century. Anus wrote a hook entitled " Thalia," and a col- lection of songs, by whifih he hoped to spread his views among the common people, but only a few fragments of his writings now '^ABKWBIOHT, SIB RICHARD, the in- ventor of machinery by which our cotton manufactures have been Jicreasod to an al- most incredible extent, was born at Preston, Lancashire, In 1732 ; and his first employment was that of a barber. Notwitlistandmg the obstacles thrown in his way at first by pover- tv. and want of mechanical skill to reduce his inventions to practice, and afterwards by the unprincipled invasion of ,hi& rights by rival manufacturers, he realized a very large fortune ; and his machines, but little im- proved upon, have been the means of al- most innumerable fortunes made by others. M- Arkwright was not knighted, as many suppoie, on account of his inventions, but on the occasion of presenting an address as high Bheriflf of the county of V,<^''^''V^°J!?'"?tpmni ine George III. on the failure of Che attempt mfde on his life by Margaret Nicholson. ^ ARLAUD, JACauES ANTOINE, miniature painter, a native of Geneva. After distin- guishing himself at Paris, where he taught the duke of Orleans, he came to London, made a fortune by his art, gained the friend- ship of Sir Isaac Newton, and returned in 1729 to Geneva, where he died. H.s last work was the " Leda," which he copied from a sculpture of Michael Angelo.and afterwards destroyed by cutting it .to pieces, a copy of it was sold in the artist's lifetime for 600 Kuineas. Bom, 1668 ; died, 1743. ABMFELDT, G USTAVU9 MAURICE, Count, a Swedish statesman of s'^me note. Hclieid several important offices in llussia. Died, ^^ARMINITJS, or HERMANN, who by his intrepidity and success acquired the title of " the Deliverer of Germany," was the son of Sigimer. a chief of the Cheruscl. Having bein sent to Rome as a hostage, he was there educated, served in the Roman army, and for his valour was raised to citizenship, and ad- mitted to the class otequites. But his attach- ., . t.. ti — /.rj^n^'vinfliinfldhimtore- Tolt, and he became one of the most powerful leaders of the discontented German tribes. 49 He drew Varus, the Roman commander on the Rhine, into t. at ambuscade in which he and nearly all his troops were slain, and for some time baffled Germanicus; but he was twice aefeatcd, and his wife was captured by the Romans. After having for years with stood the vast power of Rome, Arminlus was assassinated by one of his own country- men. In the 37th year of his age, a.d. 19. ARMINIU8, or IIARMENSEN. JACOB, theologian, from whom the sect of the Ar- minians took its name, was born in Holland in 1660. He was sent at the age of 18 to Loyden, and studied at the university six years, after which h.i went to Geneva, where Bezathen taught theology. After visiting Basel and Rome he became pastor at Am- sterdam in 1388. A change soon began to take place in his theological opinions, sus- picions of his un.ioundncss arose, and at length, after being v.nKed Professor of -The- ology at Leyden, ho propounded the doctrines distinctive of his sect, and was nvolvcd in harassing controversies, especially with his fellow-professor Gomar. He was supported by several eminent men, hut hig health failed, and he died in 1609. The system of Arminius was a protest against tho rigid Calvinlstio doctrine of grace and predes- "aRMSTRONO, JOHN, poet and physician, was bom at Castlcton, in Roxburghshire, In 1709. In 1760 he was appointed physician to the army in Germany ; In 1771 he made the tour of Italr, with Tusell the painter; and died in 1779. His chief work is the poem on " The Art of Preserving Health," which was once very popular. His medical works and short poems had but limited success even in his ovm time. He lived on terms of Intimacy with the wits and poets of the day, and con- Sbuted to Thomson's Castle of Indolence the stanzas desci-iptive of the diseases result- ing from indolence. , ARMSTRONG, JOHN, physician and me- dical writer, celebrated for his researclics concerning the causes and phenomena of febrile diseases, was born at Blshopswear- mouth, Durham, in 1784. He took his degree of M.D. at Edinburgh, in 1807, and was chosen physician to the Sutherland Dispensary in 1811 ; but finding that his professional works had made him a name in the metropolis, he resigned his situation in 1818. and com^ menccd practice in London. In 1821 he enKaged with Mr E. Grainger in the formn- Uon of a medical school in Webb Street, Borough; where he delivered lectures on the Practice of physic. In 1820 he Joined Dr Ctt and M? E. Benn3tt.in establishing a new school of medicine in Dean Street, Soho, but shortly after relinquished his connection with it. He died in 1829, of phthisis pulmo- nalis Few men were ever more anxiously Sevoted to the duties of their profession than Dr Armstrong, and few have been so suc- cessful in thiir elucidation of medica sci- ence. His works are numerous, and higlily ^ ARNALDO. [ARNOLD of Brescia.! iRNAUDlMarshal ST. [ST ARNAUW ffltuD', HBNRi.pastor of the VauOois, r5ec\^F=ri^«?oti^^na^^^^^^^^ [arn commander on idc In which he e slain, and fur us; but he was e was copturod for years with lomc, Armlnlus is own country- age, A.D. 19. N8EN, JACOB, sect of the Ar- ttorn In Holland he age of 15 to university six (Geneva, where After visiting ("pastor at Am- 3 soon began to I opinions, sus- I arose, and at rofcssor of The- led the doctrines was involved in ccially with his -was supported but bis health . The system of gainst the rigid ice and predes- 3t and pl'vsiclan, oxburghshire, in ited physician to 771 he made the he painter ; and •li is the poem on ilth," which was !dical works and i success even in erms of intimacy the day, and con- tie of Indolence ic diseases result- hysician and me- )r his researches d phenomena of at Bishopswcar- :e took his degree 7, and was chosen id Dispensary in rofessional worlts he metropolis, he 1818, and com- ion. In 1821 he iger in the forma- in Webb Street, cd lectures on tlie 820 he Joined Dr in establishing a 5ean Street, Soho, led his connection )f phthisis pulmo- sr more anxiously !ir profession than ave been so suc- in of medical sci- lerous, and higlily 3 of Brescia.! [ST ARNAUB.] or of the Vaudois, the co-oprrntlon of a?«: V *'*'*'"""°'"nK [the army o? he duVe t/""'^ '"'"'^^ w"h liuccessfil termlnaHn^ Tr^' conducted to a LtruirBio '\""'"'»V°"' "''er "eaily a year's hall loss to the Viudol. ^a** In^ediWy pj'»!>ed himself in thuX. . •^™«"d distln- Ns by his carncs?nrnrv^»'l'''"'l*"'«''P'''8« no fee and (^^eatpracU.f »«''''" ."^ "^'■°*'' "our- fards did good servi .» ?"«f?<'''^- He after- I the war of thn i """"^ Marlborough tudolsTere'aXexifeTh?- ^''*'" ^'^ fc^o-SE£^«S:f IKseir as an opponent n? 5. -t'''"'?^"'''^^*! ■importer of Jansonius H P''"'- Vh she held tm he/dea^h"' 2? "««« [or of '' M^moires pour Sir' A i-h •^'T«'' hrt.Royal," and^ther worii.'^^^a' [ab n On^o'oThlsZ^if" """^ """«™ ^^^ , theoIoS: bor1,^^''t'hi*'?*^^' * O*""*" ' ent of the ffihe. of thn ^.*"£'"'^";«"'»- nenburg. H« n;»H» Zi *ne duchy of Lu- Work"'?bn"Tru'?"chr?stT/n L"^?"^" "^^ " against prevailing lax ?t,"'*Z' ? P'"**"* was translated Into I «ti J i? "orals, wh»ch oV'SZiTaSi^d^lShe^r^'T^"^^^ music for it obtained him « l.®^*"»^' ^""""'s The most celE^n „i >.? ^^^^ reputation. the opera o'f«K^4°/es'- '°^l''ll""'' " was the .le^at^d"'^^^^^^^^^^^ | Pott^TiloveUsT wa^^"^^ !«^' G<'™a» died at Gdtt^nien n^^**""" "^ Berlin, stu- Knabe ^yLiSrl^?.'^l^'SV?.''''' "»« S'^'^paS! Voerani" '^•^"r'''«»»<>'' jer, was born iS 1769 Hn^'''^"""««"3 |e Isle of Rugen was p^,?^*^*^]'* * "^"^0 I and Jena, and was o^?"i^i"^ 0«if8. ■b l«is coun tryn"en to sh„v' *^J **"* *» J of Napoleon ?iisn^te°* the ty- |cnt pamphlets appeSrcSI^'Vanlf """^ f n, and contributed ««»„ ^ ^?P"^ *""- |tion of Germany '^SiwShi^K*° ^''^ Issor of Modern if. -AV^A® became loon ProhlbiteTfro%cfu?ta^°°°.' »»"* testored to hl» post in isio^' ""^ ^'»* I meeting of the Ni?ii^t^- ."« «»8isted f^ort, in 1848 AmX h,^«^"»*'>y «' fe are the "Geist dJr y»u ?. numerous Knabe TundtrS .911^/^"^'"""^^' ' Grafln Dolores ""'tiIo^" Wintergarlcn," 'DieGleicSen'?' Die^ 18^r"?rT^^^"''*"'" i tina Brentano still i'l'' ."J* ^''o, Bet- ' celebrated Gcmanii*^-*"^ VON, a Frankfort on ™e Main "^*^r,'„?'"^''°™ »* the sister of the poet crp'mVn..^^- .^^^ ^^ from her earliest years d?sni„ii'^°*"."°''''»'» fervour of poetic fS^.n^J'^^^ * singular imagination. The s niriHn*^ >'=^».''"*'"'«'ty of friend, in consea.fnnni ^,*' ",' ''^r earliest feeted'her'?erTpah funv " '^^''"oss. af- ' works of Goethe with infi^if^'*.®, •'**""' ^he | fell in love with the r,n«tti.'® '**'."«ht' and Of age. She told her ,oveto*hfs''„fi?i^ ^"^ hegan a correspondence with V?^^''""*^ Part of this appeared tnhc» '"™. ^° ^807. the title of ''Goethe's &"^"*iy '"'<»«"• einemKlnde-'anrt^af* ■•'"efwechsdl mit "sh by BetUna-'^ShTmarrie'd" th*" '"'° ^"^- novelist Ludwig yonSrl^^ *?® P"''* «nd widow in 1831.* Her corre«''v.-V''"'' ^«^* '^ her early fripnH tii-„^. ''""espondence with appeared^ in m6 ^ H^ ntl*"* Gunderode, "I>ies BuchgeCtdem Kh"n?"..''°'''« "'e Paniphilius und die^^h"^*?' "nd " lUus died in January, 1859 ^*'™8ia." Bettlua | Si^cSffi;d?enfu'?^"„ ''^^^S'^^'"" at 1 Christian religion a„H^-„v?\e'nbraced the ofit,under tKt°eo?«Sf,^?.'^ ^ ^^^«"«« the Heathen," wWch h,Xi''''"i"*«8''"nst reprinted. ^ °^* ^^en frequenUy ARNOLD D'AMATTUT aw ^ . I was appointed hi I2m <:' "^''-"t of Clteanx. Pope Innocent lil With P«?f ^^^, '^^ates of and n-iAii' " "••with Peter of Co «t»i—. ' den^et^n'd'c^^^J'JVeS^^^^^^ Ipliilll M\ ■ 'lis arn] % ileto ajniberaal laiograpfjB. [ahn hl» pride, bigotry, and Iniplacublo cruelty: trnvellnd at flrgt In the utinoBt pomp, till iKlmonlHhrd by (Bt) Duniinlc: and after the uiurdi'r of Peter of Ciiutelnau had the high- est confldenco of the pope. "When the cru- siido was befnin, Arnold was captain-general of the army, and liis cry was '' Slay all, God will know his own." Ho was the main In- strument of carrying out the pope's policy •>f (Icccivini? the count of Toulouse by feigned reconciliation, and so leading him on more sui'i'Iv to ruin. In 1211 ho was rewarded with the arclibisUoprlc of Narbonnc, and four years later took a leading part in the Fourth liateran Council, which deposed Coi'.ut Itaymond and awarded his dominions to Simon do Montfort. AUXOI.I) of Jtresda, an Italian monU of the twelfth century, who attracted tho con- liitt nee of the people and tho bitter hatred of tlio pricHthood by his earnest preaching aK.'uiist tlie temporal power and possessions and the corruptions of the church. After an exile from Italy, during which he preached in Franco and Switzerland, he took the lead In a revolt of the Koman people, and for ten yeiirs held his ground as nwister of the city. At last, terrified by tho interdict laid on Home by Adrian IV., tho people banished their chosen chief, and shortly after, 1155, they saw him burnt and his ashes thrown inti) tho Tiber. Arnold had been a diBciplc of tlie famous Abelard, looked, however, at the practical rather than tho intellectual side of things, and was fiercely opposed, as Abelard had been, by St licrnard, to whose power he fell a victim. He was one of the most distinguished early martyrs of political and religious freedom. ARNOLD, Benkdict, an American gen- eral, who during the early part of his career devoted his best energies to promote the cause he had espoused, and who afterwards disjjraced himself by treacherously betraying it, was bred a surgeon ; but oji the com- mencement of hostilities between Great Britain and the colonics, ho entered into the service of the latter, and was chosen captain of a company of volunteers at Newhaven. He soon rose to tho rank of colonel, and commanded an expedition to Canada. He af.erwards distinguished himself by his bravery, when commanding a flotilla on LaliO Champlain, and on other occasions, and was promoted to the rank of general. He subsequently entered into negotiations with General Clinton, to whom he proposed to surrender a post of great consequence, ■witli which Wasliington had entrusted him. But tho capture of the officer [see Andkej sent by General Clinton, caused the plot to bo discovered, and Arnold hastily escaped to the royalist quarters. He was employed under General Clinton against his former comrades, and had the rank of brigadier- general, when he retired to England, where he died, in 1801. AllN'OLD, CiiElSTOPiiER, a German pea- sant, whose energy and natural genius en- abled him to become one of the most ac- complished astronomers of his age. Born, 1646; died, 1697 AKNOLD, John, watchmaker, was born at Jiodmln, in 17^^. lie made great Im- fiO provemcnts in the construction of chrono- meters, and wag assisted in hia labours by grants from the Board of Longitude. Thp dctKchcd escapement and thecompcnsation- halnnco are among the improvemcnti he introduced. Died, 1700. AUNOLD, Samuki., musical composer, was l)orn In 1740. Ho studied under Dr Nares, became doctor in music, Cxford, or- ganist to the king, and in 1703 troranlBt of Westminster Abbey. Ho wrote sevei.'Kl ora- torios, operas, songs, &c., edited the works of Handel, and published a collection of sa- cred music. Among his works are " Ino Prodigal Hon," an oratorio, and "The Muid of the Mill," an opero. Died, 1802. ARNOLD, TiiOMAH, head-master of Kughy School, and Professor of Modern History in tlie university of Oxford, was born In 179J. lie was a native of C'owcs, in tho Isle of Wight, and was educated at Winchester and Oxford. He was early distinguished by that earnestness of conviction and intellectual courage which characterized him thiougli life. He became fellow of Oriel in 1816, was ordained priest in 1828, and the same year settled at Rugby. Tor some years previous- ly he had lived at Laleham, in Middlesex, where his time was devoted to the training of pupils for the universities and to literar; labours. By his force of moral chariictci and his singular faculty of governing, hf effected an immense reform in Rugby School. Tlie political and religious movements of his day engaged his warmest interest, llo sought zealously to promote the social im- provement of tho working classes, opposed the Tractarian movement, and took a lead- ing part in the discussions to which tlie foundation of London University gave rise, In 1841 he was named Regius Professor sc Modern History, Oxford, but only live(' to deliver one course of lectures. He hft a " History of Rome," a noble work, bv.t mi- finished, an edition of Thucydides wiih ii and dissertations, several volumes of nions, and a collection of Miscellaneom Works. Died, 1842. ARNOLPO DI CAMBIO, a celebrated Italian sculptor and architect, formerly call- ed AiiNOi.io DI LAPO.and erroneously sup- posed to be the son of the architect lapo, was born in 12.32. He became a pupil of Nicola Plsano, and worked under him at Sienna in 1267. Ten years later he wai .architect to Charles of Anjou, at Naplci. But hi-i greatest works art at Florence, where, about 1295, he commenced buildinji the church of Santa Croce and the Duonio,! or cathedral, called Santa Maria del I'iorc.j During the progress of these churches he undertook also the erection of the Palazio Vecchio. The church of Or San Miclielc wai built by Arnolfo for a loggia or open graia market, and was converted into a church lij Andrea Orcagna. The tomb of Cardinal de Braye, at Orvieto, is one of Arnolfo's most beautiful sculptural works. Died, 1310,witli- out seeing any of his great buildings com- pleted. ARNULPH.or ERNULPHUS, t)ishopo( Rochester in the reign of Henry I. ; to wlioni some have assigned the authorship of tlie mauu&i;iipt,eu tilled "XeAtus lCuut!U6ii,"ru ttTSt' a?fr^hf:^*7V **-'•• "f »>'• cathedral: |ut I u nttrlbuted by others to Hl«h^« |l";lln. ana nl,o to Humphroy a prccento? p^ho ^cathedral, lu tho' tweVh^contHry' is ■ r fn^i »S ^f '""• *"» ordrred to put Jisur to death, for rebellinn n^„i„it .1. flicd"n oX«o"";;.'r""'' nmSe'conlu : **.rt ti 1 . ^ ^''0 younger I'llnv ml ■0MmM SnJ X^nt stvin I^H^'r- '"'Pa'tial- former. He i. ■hfi^'S ^f'^*^ » ^^luei to >.^l othor works Thnr« ^"«'ne," and lal fragments of Arrin^? "il ^"'ne his- |.er and hydrogt'p''h°r'%r'r'''^^°- 1^8 are very nnnferou^^nd held T, T^ ^^^ valuable inttil-^^';,^^^ I his elder brother Dnrina «^ . ."" {s being guilty Vtri^S?deroT°i" ITAXERXES II.. MxpwnM 1 . K Buceeedod his fatS Darfus n"*B c [His reign is marked by the rovoUn; >s tenninated by the Peale of Ant ,"','' r^ars ,vl,h Eva^oral of c'yprul" m^;!" kmilv T.I '^l!!°l»''»'»g branches of his predetesso? Zrnh "T"- "« ■ of thel'^8uf^entu7v"am.;„'* "r""* •^«''»" the Heau Ideal / h^A""*" "/ " *''*^^«"ge on theology\t" the*bnlversTty of "u„? ,"1!'''^ Kave himself im to iif„ i- / "' Upsal, but History Ho waVthP^on'*'*"^. """ Natural tondPfl xJiii' T '" ^''" following year at Albert' Sebaln old ?„V"?,".'°°'' '» a^'^t of Amsterdam f^ naturalist and collector flshos/but h^Wi" ?''*'?r^ «» description of September, 173^ Artidr-*""^ '^'"^"''^ "« "lehthyologia •• wasPrti/ol P^T^* ^°'^^' the published in 1738 "''^ "^ Xinnaeus. and CawSSVt^ all^L"?'^r"«^"'' ^» extraordinary grief with whiT k" ^'"•' the his loss nnrf tho which she mourned Which she built tn .'^"K^'fleent monument mpnt, caned the"jJru3'",fr'y- '^""'"onS- with fine Greek seulntnrl ™\.^"' adoi-ned were discovered in 1857!"'.''"* °' ^hich "ritish Museum ThomA "'^ """^ ""^ '" the J^led, 350 B. c. ' ^' ^- Newton. I br^woT-'lTSt' ^wSo V'^^' ^''^ ^'''-hrated I^a„ders,wa!:r^"„S„ S^ ^^1-- of I^landersTwa^b^nXSr n , ot a revolt against rm.^f t "', °" occasion plied himself to hfsdiffl,,^??'-"'"'-. "e np- energy and sagaci y but "iL*"*'^ ^"h great he thought itTest^to erect p'^nn?™'/«»" kingdom, and offered thl J"'''"^ ^"to a PnnceofWales %„tj,o "°^^» to the ' K'- tumult af ^*hL%"i')f .'^fr^'-e'i ^ I preceding wa^?h/»"^"^ '^^N, 'son of the! abt] % ilUb) ZSnibersal iaiograp!)t?. [ahh IjOu!» II , In !a«2. Ho di-fL-ntfU l-<)ul«, near j Krugca, took that city, nnd ussuimil the Htutf of li •ovcrolnn. Hut LouU huvlnn obtained tho asHlHlancc of I'runce, a French army en- trrea Flanders, led by thu bravo Conttablo do CllMon, and In tho dccUlvo battlo of Koo«obcck tho Fleming* wore defeated and their leader ilaia, 1382. AllTIGAH, FKUNANDO JOHK, born at Monto Video, In 1700; ttr»t entered the Span- iih nervlco ; quitted It, and was foremost among those who fought for Independence. He BubHequuntly, however, became an object of suspicion to the government of liuenos Ayres ; and, being declared a traitor, took up arms, and possessed himself for some years of tho territory called tlie Unnda Oriental ; but having sustained a defeat ho was com- pelled to seek refuge in Paraguay, where ho died in 1H26. AllUNDKL, THOMAS, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born In 1383. H« was son of the earl of Arundel, waa made bishop of Fly at the age of twenty-two, lord chancellor about ten years later, archbishop of York In 1386, and In J 896 archbishop of Canterbury. In the following year he was impeached of high treason on various grounds, and was banished. Ho promoted tho elevation of Henry IV., and on his accession was restored to his sec. He distinguished himself by his persecution Of tho followers of AVlckliffe, prohibited the translation and reading of tho Hiblc, and had a chief hand in procuring the statute " I)e heretlco comburendo." He employed his wealth munificently in tlio service of the Church. Died, 1414. ARUNDKL. Bee HOWARD, THOMAS. ASCHAM, ROGER, who had tho honour of directing the studies of Queen Elizabeth, was born in 1515 near North AUerton, in Yorkshire. At an early age he was adopted by Sir Anthony "W'lngfleld, who educated him with his own sons, and in 153() sent him to St John's College. Cambridge, to complete his studies. Though brought up in the doc trines of the Church of Rome, he became a Protestant ; was nominated Professor of Greek and public orator at Cambridge, and after fulfilling various other oftices both in the University and the Church, became at- tached to the court of Queen Elizabeth as Latin secretary, and tutor to her Mijjesty in the learned languages. Ho was a man of rare accomplishments. Of his writings, the most valuable is his treatise, entitled " The Schoolmaster." It is a discourse upon edu- cation, abounding in good sense and learn- ing, full of interest, and written in a pithy and vigorous style. A new edition of this work, carefully edited and annotated by Mr Mayor of St John's College, Cambridge, was published in 1863. Ascham wrote also a treatise on Archery, entitled " Toxophilus," for which Henry VIII. gave him a pension. Died, 1608. ASCHAM, Anthony, a member of the Long Parliament, who was sent by Crom- well, in 1630, as envoy to Spain, where he and his interpreter were assassinated by some royalist exiles. He was author of a " Discourse on the Revolutions and Confu- sions of Governments." 53 of many bearing the same name. Ho was born at I'rusa, In lllthynia, and aeiticd at Rome, probably in tho early part of the first century ii. C. Ho had a great reputation and waa very aucceasful, preferring to cure by regulation of tho diet and modo of life, rather than by tho administration of druga. A8ELLI, CASi-AUK, an Italian anatomlKt of tho 17th century. He was Professor of Anatomy at Pavla, and llrat diacovered the system of veaaola called lactcala. Died at Milan, UilO. AfiGlLL, John, mlaccUancoua writer, woi brought up to tho law, woa called to tho bar, and went to Ireland, where ho obtained n lucrative practice, and woa choaen member of the Irish parliament, In 1703. Ho was almost immediately expelled, on account nf a pamphlet, in which ho maintained that man may pass into eternal life without dy- ing. The book was burnt by the hangman. Aagill afterwards became member of the English parliament, but waa on tho aainc ground expelled, and liia book waa again ordered to be burnt. He apcnt the last 30 yeara of his life In priaon for debt, published numeroua political ond other pieces, and died in 1738. , , I ASH, JOHN, LL.D., a diaaentlng divine ut ; Porshoro, in Worceatershlre, remembered as the author of a Dictionary of the English I Language, on a more extensive plan than I any previous one, ond which ia atlU of coii sldcrablo value for the large number of pro vlnuliil and obsolete words contained in it I)r Ash was author of several other useful ' works. Rom, 17'24; died, 1779. ASHBURNHAM, JOHN, the attendant of i Charles I., woa born about 1603, was early i Introduced at court and made groom of the bedchamber. He woa a member of the Long Parliament, assisted at the treaty of Ux- bridge and in other negotiations, distin guishing himself by his craft and insolence, accompanied the king from Oxford to the ; Scots army, and assisted his escape from Hampton Court to the Isleof Wight. During the Commonwealth he was several tinici banished and imprisoned, and at the Restor- ation entered the service of Charles II. Hid, 1671. ASHBURTON, ALEXANDER BAHIXO, Lord, the second son of Sir Francis Daring, ; Bart., and for many years the head of the great mercantile house. Baring Brothers nnd Co., was born in 1774. After due initiation into business in London, he proceeded to the United States to conduct the Transatlanta business of the house. His political life commenced in 1812, when he entered parlia- ment, as member for Taunton, which he continued to represent till 1820 j after whlcn he sat for Callington in successive parlia- ment till 1831, and in 1832 he was returaeil ' for North Essex. Lord Ashburton com- menced life as a "Whig. In the House of Commons he spoke frequently on all K'l-l jects connected with commerce. On the formation of the Peel ministry in 1831, he became president of the Board of Trade; and in 1835 he was raised to the peerage. In 1842 he was appointed by Sir Robert P«l| as a special commissioner to settle the ouj .....fnc «>lth tho TTnitod fitntps AbOUt thil a«hJ Mtb) Iburton contlnuH f/j;\"; "''^L ^ord A.h"^ |f'('i' trn(l,i In corn wn. «l "".' '"'"'•Nuro of '«'" tho fine nrti, of wh t h'""'" '" «"'"- >;ral patron; and 1 1, o,ll ../IL"'"; " '"»'" |BH,tho,lauffhterTu^Mu"^''l" •""'•••led, |„ r''<' him, io left «..».„' '"'■'■' *^''o "ur- Ey Of ''th^'ru,' c" nhl*;!;''"*;;'' 5""«"»h In time In nlchemy h ?; ."" '"'»'>''•'''< IJiisfamoandfortlmnh! ^"'"'""•itPly for five p,.rsult and ","n,?:,,",^!'"''''''<'« ^e Koyal Society He was hn r f^^^°'^ ' f the eminent men o7h1s Hr/o'""'* "^ lover of rare and piivi„ . ^' •""• " .H he formed a Wo CO »!Jn ''"'""' "^ hdal,1722; died, m/"""*'""''- Born r/>"«-i'nt"'^or'%'h?''™^^'' pas one of the so-eallcd " h.*'!^*"^'''''''' woman of so remarknhi^ „ "'.™' """ )<> Hchly cultivated mlnSth J'"?'-''«or Attracted but reta nod fl'n^ * *''® "°t htatosman till hV death ' tT ?^ *^'-- fs prohibited marriage of tlTl tu""^ °' pugh without tho , ?*.■ '"arried to i;.attracted less rhPr""s„" -°^?» ^'' charm of her convi..,.,.M -— — ;r-1 tl.o wise Zl7o,,l"'i' '""" •"""'tln.c. J'«;rl"te ?-- Ar[;^aV,a',J7/J,Ia'°,,^'-T-NX .... , f'cnon, In 1731 1. "^hr^P'ot. born «» "oclety 4Vo.o',p,^cLroK T "« ^""a'a' on of children^ The rase nV7*/''" «'''"'•« "hbO doT.;.^7P».^.^. ;'•■'• thne,an.F^^^^ l^e" th^ta,k^„/\^3/|^;::;«^i:!!r^j^^-:;-i;};^ f«t to open n school "or th.i "k" '^'"' "'« Italy. After l.ibourln„ f^- "" '"'"'''" '" ohtftlncd froai Cp ,I "f„ ^"l' •"'J"' yars h" tho school. Uode^ot'i 1?- ^'"'owment f„r as hi. thne to J.i, ch'"^,.'"' 'r'""" "" "el f'fnon.in 1829. "'*''" """<, and died at born at ilJusself ^n^ii'A'^' '},""'''' Pn'ntcr, himself Kreatly I , ian/,L "^ "'itlnKulshed meniber,,fthoS„"i nS'l.P"'''"'' '^'-■^'"''0 a "''I* in 1818 and ,. .., u ^"^ -^rtg nf jjr„g Of Amsterda'm"8ov' n'jlears'ln';' "'" ^«"^'^v 'vag made « knight of tho i^T' /" '83« bb Wed, 1841. *• ' "'° °r?' "''Pbew of oiu- ""Ik or St i)«wiV ». f "'""> "Murr J *_ ^ . . ' ^^"'^o.C'S^a-^ontlc^aco^^ chant at Newc''fl«M;"*^ i'aiighter of a m,.,. AST] ^ ^m Stniftersal ia(ograpf)B. [atk ' iil! She obtained great popularity among the high church party as one of the most strenu- ous Impugners of the principles of Locke. Born, 1668; died, 1731. ASTLE, Thomas, an English antiquary, was born in 1734. He settled in London, obtained employment in government offices, and became Keeper of the Public Records in the Towei. His principal work is the '* Origin and Progress of ■Writing," which appeared in 1784. He was F.R.S. and F.S.A., and a Trustee of the British Museum. Died, 1803. ASTON, Sir ARTHUR, a brave commander of the royalist troops in the reign of Charles I., who greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Edge hill, &c. He was governor of Drogheda in 1649, >vhen it was taken by Cromwell, and is said to have had his brains beaten out with his own wooden leg. ASTRUC, JEAN, an eminent French phy- sician of the 18th century. He was professor at Montpcllier for thirteen years, and in 1728 went to Paris, visited Poland, and finally settled at Paris as physician to the king and professor at the Royal College. He acquired great reputation by his work " De morbia Venereis," which was immediately translat- ed into English. He wrote also " Memoirs on the Natural History of Luuguedoc," and "Memoir^ of the Faculty of Medi- cine of Montpellier," &c. Born, 1684 ; died, 1766. ATAHUALPA, or ATABALIPA, twelfth and last Inca of Peru, was made sovereign of Quito by his father, on whose death, in 1523, he contended with his brother Huascar for the throne of Peru. He defeated Huascar and imprisoned him. He is also said to have put to death more than 200 of the royal family. When Pizarro landed in Peru both the brothers sought his friendship. Ata- hualpa agreed to meet the Spaniards on a friendly visit near Caxamarca, and Pizarro with the foulest perfidy attacked the de- fenceless multitude, made a horrible mas- sacre, and captured the Inca and imprisoned him. He was soon after tried before Pizarro and Almagro on a false accusation and sen- tenced to be burnt. As he consented to re- ceive baptism his sentence was softened to strangling. Died, 1533. ATHANASIUS, ST, bishop of Alexandria, and one of the most celebrated doctors of the church, was born at Alexandria about 296. He was educated by his predecessor Alexan- der, spent some time wi.^ St Anthony in the desert, took a leading part at the council of Nice, defending the orthodox dogma (the Homoovsion), and combating Arius with great zeal and acuteness, and was chosen bishop in the folic wing year, 326. For nearly half a century ht sustained, with unshaken fidelity through all changes of outward for- tune, the part he had chosen of champion of the catholic doctrine. Condemned by coun- cils, thrice exiled, alternately supported and persecuted by the emperors, a wanderer at Rome, at Milan, in Gaul, and in the Egyptian desert, he remained true to himself, exer- cised an almost v.n:':.ra!!elod influence, spent the last ten years of his life at Alexandria, and there died, 373. His works fill three vols, folio. There is no groiind for attribut- Si ing the Athanaslan Creed to this eminent bishop. ATHELSTAN, king of England, was the eldest son of Edward the Elder, on whose death in 925 he succeeded to the throne. In the foUowing year, on the death of Sihtric, king of Northumbria, he seized his kingdom, and the other kings in the island made peace with him. The great event of his reign was the battle of Brunanburg, at which he won a complete victory over Anlaf, son of Sihtric, and the Anglo-Danes with their allies the Northmen, the Scots, and the Welsh. This battle was fought in 937. Athelstan acquired great influence abroad, and his alliance was sought by several European sovereigns. He ruled wisely, added to the laws left by his grandfather Alfred, and favoured trade, edu- cation, and religion. Died, unmarried, 940, ATHENjEUS.alearned grammarian, born at Naucratis, in Egypt, in the third century. The only work of his now extant is entitled "The Deipnosophists,' and is a kind of commonplace-book, containing a huge col- lection of facts, anecdotes, and extracts on nil sorts of subjects, and from a great variety of sources. Nothing is known of the life of Athenseus, except that he lived at Alexandria and then at Rome. ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian philoso pher of the second century. He became a convert to Christianity, and Clement of Alexandria was among his pupils. He wrote an "Apology for the Christians," and a treatise " On the Resurrection of the Dead. ATHENAIS. SeeEUDOCIA. ATHIAS, JOSEPH, a Jewish printer of Amsterdam in the 17th century ; editor if the Bible in Hebrew, English, Spanish, ar.J German. j ATHLONE, GODART DE REEDE K\ GtNKELL, earl of, an able and brave Dutcli| officer, who accompanied the Prince ol: Orange in his expedition to England, re born at Utrecht in 1640. Some time after William's accession, he was sent to supprcs- the revolt of some Scotch regiments at Ips- wich. He subsequently took a leading part in William's campaigns in Ireland; was at the battle of the Boyne, and after takinjt Athlone, gaining the battle of Aughrim.aiiii forcing Limerick to capitulate, was rewarded with the title of Earl of Athlone. He after- wards served under William and under, Marlborough in the great campaigns on the continent. Died, 1703. ATHOL, John Murray, duke of, ly chiefly remarkable for the events wliichi arose out of his hereditary connection with the Isle of Man. In 1781 he petitioned pan liamont, complaining of his father's transferi of the sovereignty of that island to the Engi lish crown in 1765, for the sum of £"O,()«0 and an annuity of £2000, and praying fori! bill to amend it. The question was lost ini consequence of a counter-petition from tie island; but the duke was named captain- general and governor-in-chief of the Isle oi Man, from Feb. 4, 1793 ; and subsequently! grant of one -fourth of the customs was male to bim, in hereditary succession, wi"i,^ increase of the annuity. He died ia loS, aged 75. ATKYNS, Sir ROBERT, a distin >ed to this emment atk] ERT, a distinguiilMi lawyer and patriot, who aided in the defence °i c." w ^iJli^I" Russell, and conducted that Of Sir W. Williams, speaker of the House of toramons, when prosecuted for sieninfr the orders to print Dangerfleld's narrative of the Popish Plot. He also distinguished himself by his opposition to the arbitrary measures 1„. ™u*. V-^ *"■* "* ^^^ Revolution was made chief baron of the Exchequer. He |8ubsequently was made spealier of the House L^^'dfecT 1709 ""''^ ^^ ^^^^ "" ^^^'' ^°™' iu^t^jA^^^^^^^'"'^' «°» °f the above, hithor of "The ancient and present State of ai'pIV't^ T^,°r"' ^^*^' died, 1711. 1^ i.t^^l^-'""^ ''^^ergamus, succeeded Is cousin Eumenes I. in b. c. 'ii hp reatly extended the limits of his kingdom Bisted the iKtolians against Philip of Ma- ionm, and afterwards joined the Komans their war with the same sovereign. He Jtinguished himself also by his patrona^P ATTERUUliY, FRANCIS, an English pre- Instant advocacy of high chwoh ^w. *• ^'^ tposed him to tife attafkVof^HoaK'^'nl en of others of less repute. In 1700 ho be- in a controversy on the powers and riglus convocations, in which he acquitted him V° T"?,*° t**^ satisfaction of the parTv 'th wh'ch he sided, that he received the ,i»„ A *'°"'',°''""^"- On the accession of een.Anne, he was made her chaplain in Imary, and shortly afterwards he received _i deanery of Carlisle. His rise hence thwas rapid: he was successively made Jacher at the Rolls Chapel, a canon of etcr, dean of Christ Church? bishoS of Khcster, and dean of Westminstr which t preferment he owed to the recommend kn of Lord Oxford. Hitherto hTc^urse ..''^en invariably prosperous; but the X on^rf? ^."^ """ed the whole com- xion of his circumstances. His hi h wn P"r^P|'' ^«'e sufflciemiy wSll Z^i ^"^ V^ ««8erted that he wasTm fr?} ^'^Sl^^ ^ '^'"'^t' that if a su^cicnt ird could be obtained, he would proclaim Pretender and that too in fulUanonN • Be this true or false, it is certain that took several occasions to render himfplf pxious to George I., and was sufflc ertiy Te in correspondence with the friends of [Pretender to involve himself In a" nm ^ms and Penalties... He diedln^x^^J TTICUS, Herodes, son of Julius A tHono lueTce atT^<=P'V^^"°" « "^ "laU'Sf Sf. 'JJ.-^'?^""' th'-it he was Invited hy 7il l" ^ '-" '"superiiUeud the educat'nn verus. He subsequently became ^ £utB mnibtxml IBfogrgjp^g. [atw ~, •■--■"" "» wrKHHlSC at tUo consul, prefect of the free cities of Asia &c He employed his great wealth in public works ; but at the close of his life he retired Sied^ri 'si.'*" "*"''" ^"''^' '^here he ^..'^w^^^'J^^S P0MP0NIU8, anlllustri- rnm?™S''"' ?^*''« equestrian order, especially remembered as the friend of Cicero, was born at Rome, B. c. 109. He was a man of ffreat 7atfn„^"°^ "^'^ °' ""'^^ intellectualclm- thi ^^o? 7"^^ °° terms of friendship with the most eminent men of his time. An Eni" npfZ", t1P/j."'"'°P.'»'^' •»« Jnaintained a sfrfct ?^S X?"^^ throughout the civil wars of Sulla and Marius, Caesar and Pompey, Antony and Augustus, and generously gave his aid to the victims of proscription. He spent labout 20 years at Athens, returning to Rome, bc 63 About nine years later hemarricd and had TrA7^^^^^' J'opPon'". who became the wiui^i, ^7i?f?"*"' ^S^^PP>i. None of the writings of Atticus are now extant, but the i correspondence of Cicero with him, which was carried on for many years, forms a Tl si!""""^^ '"'""^ °^ ">° time Died?' ™;^P^H' '^'"1^ °' the Huns, and one of the KwhiMr'"'' ^^""-^T "^ the barbaran it? 1^?**''' overran the Roman empire in irmt »l'°,f<- "'' ''''•"e and the enormous army at his command inspired such terror that he was named the " Scourge of God •> After invading the Eastern empire and ex - n L"e^led hr,'V''*""f ^'""^^ ^'°'" Theodostus II., he led his forces Into Germany and Gaul and was defeated in a great battle near am es Of ?h;^'i?'""''' '" ^'^' "^ the combfncd G^hf ,? i^''^"?'''"* ""•'er Aetius,and the there wJ'V^^K^^''^ Theodorle who Lit mo^^',,- ® ^S**"* ^t^ter passed the Alns aiiH made himself master of northern Itniv /?„ d e7 n^"?""^ Of the principal cmesi^itna" died in his own country in ig.-i wn „.„ acknowledged sovereign ^f all the trfbcs be' ATTIReV"°tp i'l'i^"'-'*^'-^ °f China.''' ''^ ATWOOD, Geohof T? tj c ».f rrirsr CSS' st-j?' ! viomV.^ * \r , or a time, he proceeded to a^Zc^iL^o^fefi^^^^^^^^^^^ 7m Tf""""^ •"»''«'«* of^St Paul 3 athe ato-h^d 'tl'^sTuatfo'n'^o?''''''^' ^'^'^^'^^ n}inr.r.y i".v"V — ""'^ °' organist at tho "-'***-l" t rji Lilt- t-TiT-ilinn T>:.-r.^T. .^ "_. ■"'- 55 aub] m i^h) ©niutraal 13{osrap]^e [aud He died March 21, 1838, and was buried in 8t Paul's. AUBIGNE, THEODOEE AgRIPPA D'. [P'ATJBIGNEO AUBREY, JOHN, an eminent English to- pographer and antiquary of the 17th century. He was a native of Easton Piers in "Wilt- shire, was educated at Oxford, and became a fellow of the Royal Society, He left a vast number of MSS., but only published one work, entitled " Miscellanies," a collection of popv.iar superjititions. Some years after his dcith his " Perambulation of the County of Surrey " appeared, edited by Dr B. Raw- linson. Many of his MSS. are in the Ash- molean Museum at Oxford. Died, about "00. , . . , AUBRIET, Clavde, a French painter of natural history subjects. Died, 1740. AUBRIOT, HUGHES, an eminent French- man, born at Dijon, who was raised to the office of director of the finances under Charles V. He was provost of the merchants of Paris in 1367, when he projected and exe- cuted many important public works for the improvement and defence of the city. In 1369 he built the famous Bastille as a fortress against the English. Subsequently he was charged with heresy and imprisoned in the Bastille, but being rescued at the time of the insurrection of tht " Maillotins," he retired to Dijon and died there, 1382. AUBRY, F., one of the French Committee of Public Safety in 1794, who aimed at coun- ter-revolution. He deprived Buonaparte, after the siege of Toulon, of military employ- ments, and reduced him to great distress ; the latter revenged himself afterwards, by preventing his return into France, after his deportation to Cayenne. AUBRY DE GOUGES, MARIE-OLYMPIE, a French republican, celebrated for her beauty and talents, born in 1755. She found- ed the popular female societies, called Tri- coteuses, and was a perfect enthusiast in her political opinions. At length she was put to death by the revolutionary tribunal, in con- sequence of having denounced them in a pamphlet called "Les Trois Urues." She died with heroic spirit. She is the author of the " M^moiros of Madame de Valmont ; " and of several dramatic pieces. AUBUSSON, PIERRE D'. [D'AUBUS- SON.l AUCHMUTY, Sir SAMTJEl, a distinguish- ed English general. He served with great zeal and ability in North and South America, and when commanding in India, reduced to the dominion of Great Britain the rich set- tlements of Java and Batavia. On his re- turn to Europe, he was appointed to the command in Ireland, where he died in 1822. AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, Lord, an able diplomatist, was the third son of Sir Robert Eden, Bart., of West Auckland, Dur- ham. He was appointed undersecretary of state in 1772 ; went to Ireland in 1780 with Lord Carlisle, as chief secretary ; in 1788 was ambassador to Spain ; and in the year fol- lowing was ambassador to Holland. He wrote " The Principles of Penal Law," "The T|io»/^;.7 of Kew Holland," and other works. Born, 1744; died, 18 14. AUDEBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE, a cele- « brated French painter, engraver, and na- turalist, born in 1759. Ke studied at Paris, travelled in England and Holland, and after- wards devoted himself wholly to the de- lineation of objects of natural history. His "HIstoire naturelle des singes," and " His- toire naturelle g6n6rnle des colibris, &c." are among the most magnificent works on Natural History ever published. The plates were coloured after a method invented by the author, and in a few copies the text was printed in gold. After his death another work entitled "Oiscaux dords," was pub- lished from materials which he had col- lected. Died, 1800. AUDIFREDI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, a learned Italian bibliographer, bom, 1714. He relinquished the pursuit of astronomy on being appointed keeper of the Casanata Library, at Rome, and published several valuable catalogues. Died, 1794. AUDLEY, SIR THOMAS, LORP AUDLEY, Lord Chancellor of England, was probably a native of Essex. He became Speaker of the House of Commons about 1529, and after holding several other offices, succeeded Sir Thomas More as lord-keeper in 1532, and was soon after named Lord Chancellor. He was a selfish and unscrupulous man, whose highest ambition seems to have been, to do the will of his master, Henry VIII., aud get what he could by it. And in this he suc- ceeded- After the dissolution of the monas- teries he received many a rich gift, especially the abbey of Walden, on the site of which his grandson built the mansion of Audley- End. He was raised to the peerage, made a Knight of the Garter, and died in 1644, Lord Audley augmented the endowments of Magdalen College, Cambridge. AUDOIN, JEAN VICTOR, a French en- tomologist, was bom at Paris in 1797. He early obtained the friendship of Cuvier and other rien of science, and in 1826 he was named Professor of Entomology at the Mu- seum of the Jardin des Plantes. His writings consist chiefly of papers contributed to learn- ed societies. Died, 1841. AUDRAN, the name of a family of French artists, of whom the following are the most eminent— CHARLES Auuran, the elder, en- graver, was born at Paris, in 1594 ; and died in 1673.— CLAUDE, a nephew of the pre- ceding, was born at Lyons, in 1639, and studied under his uncle. He was assistant to Le Brun in painting the celebrated scries of the Battles of Alexander at Versailles, and became professor of painting in the royal acaaemy of Paris, where he died in 1684.— GiRARi), brother of the last-mentiou- ed, and the most celebrated of the family, was born at Lyons, in 1640; studied under Le Brun at Paris, and afterwards at Rome. He was admitted to the Academy of Paint- ing, and named one of its councillors in 1681, He engraved his master's Battles of Alexan- der, and a multitude of other works, with great skill, preserving in his engraving the peculiar style of each painter. Girard Au- dran was one of the greatest of historical engravers, and one of the most amiable and kindly of men. He died in 1703.— Claude, nephew of Girard, was born at Lyons, in 1685. He was celebrated for ornamental d«- aud] fi*?7^ii*'*?2l''**i'^"«''''Pa''»tep; and died n llliyi^f^^^'. '"■°'''«' »f Claude, was bom in^an^STl^a^ '^"'^^' *^« - "'^ hothni^ ?*"$y "J^t^'e. After spending hlf ?aken to Fm^?."'''*^"*' l*»*"» ASdubonVal I laKen to irance, where he received his edii IT^^^Z^ "^'^'"/^ considerable proflcietc; ,c^^eVaterDayl'd "A'th:!"'''*^"^? «' "^^ received 0„ tho^^?'^'*'''"^ ^^^ he well rier, and Hmnboi^f ^"^"'"'v' Herschel, Cu Jred'inTffllnca 'a'^^f°TJ*« 'V^* ^^oo^at- tn the "Co8mos^?Hf3'°*.''5^'"'y-«ception. aadeof hi8t"ents 'Thr'^^f-'^ ""^"«°'i is ,Teat work was nom J^^*' Publication of his (t the enS oni yeZs"'^?.';^''^'*"'!, «?™Pleted lir Walter Scott. Wh J-P^^^^ Brewster, rere warm supporters of ?m^* '*°'* ^"8<»i Qdertaking, which oLn a'® magniflcent ,^ctatio„s.%he leadlnrscieSl: "'•' '""'- kf Europe honoured the am w It " societies ilm as a member. In 1839% n^nT""'"* arned to America and estabnihi."^1'* '^^ }n the banks of the Hn/«n« ti^^'' himself rement. The'rVh^^fboS^AtrDrBlc'h'- lan m preparing " Th*. n,,J^A foch- .merica,'^ work PUb^sted'^r ^fo''' H°/ 'as assisted in some of his labours hv m! vo sons. Most of his birds however L»" linted by himself in the forest whlf; ^T lumage was fresh, and he sefml nevi?^fn ive been satisfied with the Sancv of h-« [AUENBRUGGER, op AVENBRTmpwt, la.'tnM!?'^,' ''"t became or "nary phy*^ j-ian to the hospitals of Vienna wi « [lebratcd as the inventor of the method nf tZ^llhi^^'f P""» ^'«««s?s''of°1h°e est. He published his method in 17G1 h,,t [«rly half a century elapsed before if \vl i'?l"^'i';"'^''Pt«"J- Died, 1809 ^ " '™* AUOER, Athanase, a learned nh.hi d professor of rhetoric at th« ^„i. °^^' kn, was born at PariM^S 34 'nc'lf.h' hed several political works but rh?»i^" SS &if.^^ hisVran'sK^tfoS amyearfy"n'iifl'hT^Ut"'~^!?iff ered I . and rose to the ranU nVK*"- i'.""" 'eral in 1794. At tt%X olcSS ^ iacto anfftewal ISfograpj^p. [AUG tw i^miJ!in'«*° "^^' ^^^ Pe"onal bravery L» ^ ■ ' " "'"^> he was named I'm of Orienta T.it.,,.^*, "«'"eu 1 ro- of Jena, nrjiere, in laoa, he was nnm Seffii''S'?fci^„"^r3r^^^^^^^^^^ Home, Whence h« was called ?n *? m ^"^ ** there, by the influence of i* A °' """^ h^aptiifd ^n ir^""'-^stia'^i^^rVa^ me^i'tafxaUte a'lfdL'T" """^ * ""t^'e! jutor to Vaferius', Wshooof h'^^''"''!^ ^°» some relics of the saTnf „ , .1 ^^*^*''- I" 1842 discovered in imh ' ""^ged to have been po. Aulustin tnAiT^'"^ reconveyed to h1d° Church cCrovers*'les"o''fh5«'^' P»" *"«'« opposing the Cnichmans tif«'^'P"«'''^"y and tho Pelagians Htinfl*^^ Donatists, western church wko « '"nuence over the he completed i?hl? Immense and lasting sius b^gan? and bv ^^ '*''*' ""^"^ ^"'""^- gical clIarAess determ nod"" H '*r*» ""d '«- catholic doctrine H?8"^^rki"'„J°''°' "^ "^e merous, but the beot L!^? * "™ ^^^y nu- , fessipnsV' and the " cUv of"n V? <^°»- ' ?^ritings of this father Avere tli .°"*V The both of John Wickliffe nnrt If ® *.?^*^"'* study . AUGUSTIN, or AU™^^^ I-uther.' Apoatle of the En^i«h ^' ^^' styled tb- Gregory I. witli f ff w m'onks fT' ""^ ^'^^^ gospel In England H??" 1 ^» Pleach the so rapid was his succe" that fh^" ^^'' «""» him archbishoD of Pal /„ J. * ^^^ P°Pe made the first scene Sfh,-«^,'i'il^!_^-"«-y'K«nt bein^ success of his misTlnn "t"^"' J^"^ted by thi bring the Welsh Wsho"' 'I! «n'' th"; short time lecturer a^thi t^'^'^'' ^''^ for a 1837 he was sent with Sir ?!!f "^^P'"- ^ royal commissioner to Mi^f^?'"?!^?'*'*' «« of .iustice, sagac"tv and h„ ' ""?* ^^ ''i^ 'ove great serv'ice^'to the island l/ll'l "."'i"'''^ ways frail, grew wor«onf» i.?^* health, al- Malta, and he ^^2!,°. ♦ L"^'"' ''i'* return from JurisDrudPnno ^„.„^.l , fhe Province of I good education HTfl^'.""<* receive, „ and Sensibility," wts Duhn«>.":?T^'' " Sense became at once popular a m^** ^.^^ll, and J works are "Pride amf^.„^?ng her other I sion," &c. ThPv n^o prejudice," "PersuT Jdeli^eaHons^o/VmlnarMfrr'^/"'^^^^^^^ I charming for their healthfu st,n? ^"^'and, 1 to nature, and freedom from ^^''^'^'truth I by Which he is kno wnis tho"^^' P« ^ork Itomb of Richard JeBeau.hf^^''^ »"•««« Warwick, in St Mary -fSefaPw "''■'• ?^ H, was assisted hy otZLrtUt^^J^^^lV^^- Jurisprudence do J:^^ ?"»>« Province o liishedifma i'STCr* «"* P"b- additional voiumes of his H'"?' '^^'"^ *^^o touching memoir by his wffP i?'''\?."'» «* in 1861. ' * ^"0, was published .r,.™°o?'pc^Scar°a''l^'^H. ^^ANCESCO P- litan cap?Ln. was bo - ''"k^"''''"'* ^^^Po' early married the celebr«?JT.',- "^^^ "^ lonna; entered the armyT 151^2 "SpV" 9°^ Alviano near Vicenza in tho lor his arrogance'ia^ " "* MUan, hated ValtotneThewofTheZt.?'' "''"^^^^ ^el Naples, in 1502 LS nht!?^^'i'»' ^as horn at of the imperi;'! army at'htf *"« command f?rthe brilliant vISSr he di,n?=f'^l ^^^^^' siege of Pavia wl fJn "isplayed at the all his expedition^ nnn""'^*'^ ^''arles V. i„ Phys^ci^n"^o^fh'e°^12Kj«AK an Arabian vjlle; author of a medi^n?!.^ '^' •"""'» «* Se- titled " Al Theiser T'^'^''^ compendium, en- PhtIsSfnd°XTci^n°!??H' «'? ^-'^'«n tury. He diligently sfuHpH .!'?,'' ^^th cen- risprudence,andmedicin^n''ji»i?.'"P'^y'J"- teachers of his time and wflf?J*^^^''^atest translated the works of a Wc? !?® <*"•«* who wrote commentawp! "l^J^!*""^- He also „" "•°^» i„ ni Mary's chiirnh w . ,"' teachers of his t,,«„ .'"""errnegreatp«f U.hipLe said t b^^ottf^riofto^"'"''- ^^tu^^^T&' «;},«>em and^n "h« raW?^P*r^«/^r^^^^^^^^^^ n,ostSbrat''ed^•| T^''^' ''^^ Uist,'SbS';Cf /7T#"'f,«^-^'>Sfh ASflVa^-^-f uinS/'1. e'^ .e^^a*^ msmmBMms Peven years' struggle On "th^*'/"''".^^ after l-ondon Universitvln ir9^ I ® foundation of F'l the chai?oTJu,isSn7''' '^^"^''^ *" Hs«lf for it wen to RMw?r ?' ^""^ *» ^t Be enjoyed at Bon ntho^y m Germany. Nndis.SchTegel and nM "*'''' ^'f ^io hr Nsteredtl.eGlmanf.ni^.o'" °'""*'''»* '"^n Eoat mponan "vorkroW.!;^ '^^r'l "'- , Avr^lNNlthVce '^ highest honour ." sician and pwiosonherl'''^^ Arabian phy hara in SSoT He PnnT^r.f-''"''" ""^ar Bok- , to the studv ofmn^?P"®lh'niself earnestlv medicine, a'Ld tTer^oT'^'l'^^' science™ogic t.:^$^^'^^^TZ^^^^'^ »--dL", %,rT "^'''-' -' -d S a°f AVi] forcing by his precepts and example the aoctrines of the gospel; on which account he acquired the appellation of the Apostle of Andalusia. Died, 1369. AVILA Y ZUNIGA, Luis D', a distin- guished diplomatist, warrior, and historian, under Charles V. He was envoy from the emperor to Popes Paul IV. and Plus IV., and attended Charles In his war with the Pro- testant Princes. He wrote " Commentaries " on this war, which gave him high rank as a historian, and have been translated into va- rious languapes. Bom, about 1500. AVISOX, Charles, a composer and mu- sician ; author of " Essays on Musical Ex- pression," &c. Died, 1770 AYALA, PEDRO LOPEZ D', a learned, brave, and eloquent Spanish statesman, was born in Murcia, in 1332. He was captured by the English at the battle of Nakura (or Najera) when Henry of Trastamere was de- feated by Pedro the Cruel, assisted by the Black Prince. He was afterwards released on payment of a heavy ransom, and Henry having triumphed was made his councillor. Aya! 1 "/as again taken prisoner at the battle of Aijabarota. He became under John I. chancellor of Castille. After serving under four Castillan monarchs, both in the council and the field, and distinguishing himself also as a man of ( ; .dition, he died in 1107. Be- sides translaU'jns of Livy and Bocthius, he wrote a valuable " Chronicle of the kings of Castille," first published in 1495, and several other works. AYESHA, daughter of Abubekcr, and se- cond wife of Mohammed, to whom she was married soon after the death of his first wife Khadijah, and his flight to Medina. Ayesha! only nine years old at her marriage, was ex- ceedingly beautiful, and the favourite of her husband. On his death she resorted to arms to oppose the succession of All ; but thougl. conquered by him she was dismissed in safe- ty, and died in retirement at Mecca, in 677. The Mussulmans venerate her memory, and designate her the prophetess. AYLIFFE, JOHN, a learned English jurist of the 18th century. He appears to have been a member of the university of Oxford. His most important work is the "Pandect of the Roman Civil Law," one of the best English works on that subject. AYLOFFE, Sir JOSEPH, an able antiquary of the 18th century. He was educated at Oxford, became keeper of the state papers, and compiled a work entitled " Calendar of the Ancient Charters, &c." He was F. II S and F.S.A. Bom, 1708; died, 1781. AYMAR, Jacques, a peasant of Dauphiny who in the 17th century excited a great sensation in France by his pretensions to di- ^ i^tp atniberaal ISfograp^p. [azu M^= ,°/'",„^^.'*'i'/*^^"'°«-'od he professed himself able to discover mines, springs, lost treasures, and criminals escaping from Jus- tice. At last the Prince of Cond6, by various simple tests, compelled Aymar to acknow- ledge himself an impostor. AYRTON, Edmunb, a composer Of cathe- dral music, and one of the directors of the died"l808"'*'*°° °' Handel. Born, 1734; AYSCOUGH, 8AMUEI,, an industrious literary character of the last century. He contributed largely to the British Critic and other periodicals; and compiled a variety of laborious indexes, of which his index to Shakspeare is the principal. He obtained the appointment of assistant-librarian at the British Museum, and afterwards took orders and became curate of St Giles's, and lecturer A^iS^^'^rli'''*- . ^•"■"' ^^•**! *l»ed, 1804. AY8CUE, Sir GEORGE, a distinguished admiral in the time of Cromwell, and one of the coadjutors of Blake in his famous action with the Dutch admiral. Van Tromp. At the restoration he was made rear-admiral of I the Blue ; and being captured in Albemarle's action off Dunkirk, remained many years a prisoner. ' AYTON, Sir ROBERT, u native of Fifo- shire, in Scotland, a poet of considerable merit, was born in 1670. He wrote in Greek less"' ^""^ ^'^^^^' «« well as English. Died,' »r^^^^^' ^°-^ ''P^^ Nicolas d'. a Spanish grandee bom m Arragon, 1731 ; ambassador, nrst to Rome, where he remained 20 years and was associated with the most eminent artists and scholars of the time, and next to France.; a good writer in Spanish, Italian, ana iirench ; a ripe antiquarian, and a great patron of the fine arts. He wrote the Life 2LJ?i''i''?i?if,''?*®"??' ^^^ translated into Spanish Middleton'a " Life of Cicero." " Se- neca," and " Horace." He died suddenly, by his fireside, in ISO-L ^' ' ' «A^J^^^,\ ^^'l;^'^ "'• ^ Spanish naturalist and traveller of the I8th century ; author of a valnable "Natural History of Paraguay." and other works. Born, 1746 ; died in Arra- AZUNI, DoMENico Alberto, an Italian jurist, was born in 1749. He was a native of Barainia, was made a senator, and after the annexation of Nice to France went to Paris ??nt IT"^ employed by the government. In 1807 he was named president of the Court of Appeal at Genoa, an oflJce which he held till i the fall of Napoleon. He was chiefly known ' as author of the "Droit Maritime de I'Eu- ?'2!?f ' '^^'^'^ ^^ ^^^ published in Italian in 1795, and ten years later in French. Died at Caglian, 1827. 60 was a deHcrnaa^?8,"^T"^P re in Hindustan; born in 1483. The ffro„?„^"'''"^' '*"'• ^os was spent in war w! I^.P?" °' '"8 "fe Candahar two yews SLI''*"' ^''"."^ ^» J««<. vadedHindu8tanISdiii'v« «'''■"' """es In- the Sultan X,T4S'!n.T^ '^'^'''''^ etantially master of wiV, i ' ^^ became sub- Ihimself no less ab?e "^'*"«tan. He showed i«oldier, madT many im„?„r *«'' ^^^^ «« » land PoliticaLln Ws emn?rn '''".^".^''' social JBaber was al o a good wr trr""**/ ^^' ^"^O" lluable autobiowaDhv ' ""* '*=" « ^a- rood family^ndVortine inVerS?""" "^ yjras detected in a consDin„?v L^^'"'"^' ^h« ^ue^en Eii.aheth.rorXS*;a?r^^^^^^^^ bUfaS'i^i«J«W W3 ^^ ^^^^ Cf the 17th centuries Hpw^ '"'f beginning |>lous man, and a con-inf ^"^ « 'earned and (Physician, and 'lecturer nn'^'*'' 5? eminent fchemwtry at Guy-. h!5„„?? , medicine and m. He commenced n^Pin'' .'^«« born in |797 and distingSSSeVrV^?,'^"- ^» In the promotion of scienr? o ^^.^^^ zeal Science of geology. He S f'P.f,'''""^ the rounding the of o ogicll 8„pi" .''^^*'^ P"'"' 1" fclccted president in fsofw^' ""^ was WS..S. After a lonriifD nf .,c„^®, ^"« a'so profession, of which he was a hu^T*" '^ ^'' frnament, he died in Apririsss „^"^'^<''' Vc was the author of "A New iv^.^"* '«• PsISe^/rtiJcT^ev'Sfu't^' "^ J^°^«»t pucted a journal called "Thi^^'?u"- "^ con- People," in wh ch he .tvi«^i ^jf,"'""'' °f tbe Whus, and the object of «^™-'' ^"'"^ Overthrow society as afnL*^ ^^^"^ was to H to establish Kia ?S y'^Ti'"*^''' *wed a consp racy airain^r vli '^^ "^ *""8^a- [f the Directory, LdivasroSH/°''*'"'»'"ent billotined, 1797 condemned to be KboWe Sl^enSe^t^lr^ P™" |mn era. He is knnwl,T®°*°^"»eChris- >Wes Which he^CedXr vi'^""" °f phich were no douM fiw. v • ^^"e, and Elections that pLsed ,?n/'*'i2 "^ "» the Esop. A manu^sw Dt con.^*^^ "«•»« of ^ese fables was discovered in"\?.«^23 °f Piivent of Mount Athnf ^" ^^^2 in a fe PreviousTyln^w'n'' sTo 'W^"*^ ^blished a valuable edition «.^*r ^\ ^^wis J BACCALAK Y BANNA Vrl^lT ^"^ ^^*^- ln>8 of St Philip, an ^t' pVi'^^^I' ">"- ttesman under^bharles ir °«"!?"-?^?' «««! r ^Pam; author of "m!; • "°^ Philip y. Fj . Died, 1726 ^^^'"^"^ "^ J'hilip V..-' KSSuufS'yS'rfi ly'Voet, Who '^ — — ™ years B.C. He was the at the carnival bonflre tL"! ^'' sl^ctches again workort ^iu«^""y visited Rome, and tuju'^ese'^^p^^tf 'htsSn'°^r.^«V' * ^ 161ord1ed?i?63*''' '=°"«- ^°"» «t lisbon! ^rf^^s^'Sarc^^fp^^"-^^^. -° Of the Eisenach in Saxony in 1685 H^/ "-^^ «* been noted for musical epn/,,. r ' '^""''^ had a century, and in hin, ,•? *"2 for more than developt^^nt Ea4," Vifatherf^^ 'V' '''«""«" his living for 8oiriJti,^l^'^''*'**'''e earned I'Uneburg,becam^Po« ?^ "* ? chorister at and i„ 1717dire?Joro?nn*"^*"''"'t^^'eimar, master to Prince LPonniS^r^i''' • ^«« ehapel- and Anally d?ppt„^°'J°''* ofAnhalt-Coethen St Thomas, I efpsfc "tK'^ f *»»« ««'"«»' "f Bach are thorougWy''o\^?;;^? "^ Sebast/.n sejentiflc, and most ^difflcu riv fJ'^""'?'">- There is a grandeurnn.i^J^ . execution, to be appre1,iated?or e4rrP?/«/^*'>^°^ "»« except by the highly cultlv^t^'* P''''''»P«' fassionsmusik" is onp i? K^- '"^^- "^"^e productions. Bach vas ainfoc *"* sublimcst an organist. He wis f w1i^°^ unrivalled as a large family.** dI^^* V750 '"^'"''''^ ^"^ ^^ft tor,tS5Sai^A£a French sculp- Pfoductionsareinthppnfhi^" ?^P™1 "''Ws Painter?^o"^& I'^TJJT^'' ^'ench royal porcelain n,n«, J J^ director of the the discoverp • «?^ °"*^**'^°'"y "^ Sdvres and for theTrIseTva&?rarbli° comprsitiSn established a school for J?*/*^!® statues. He the art Af"i;!:?f°"'Or gratuitously tPac>.«"» ^i ... ' HI Hi Ml if li li Pi I 1 1 i ! BAO] % iStto ^anffiewal 33(osrap]^i?. M. Bnclocchl In 1797, and the next year settled at I'aris, where nhe became the centre of a distinguished circle of literary men, artists, &c. In 1805 Napoleon gave her and her husband the principality of riombino, and soon after that of Lucca. Three years afterwards she was charged with the govern- ment of Tuscany, as grand-duchess. After the fall of Napoleon she led a changeful life, and died at Uologna, In 1820. BACKER, JACOH, a Dutch historical painter of great ability. Born at Antwerp, in 15:tO; died, 15G0. BACKEU, JACOB, a portrait and historical painter. Born at Harlingen, 1G09 ; died at Amsterdam, 1651. BACKHUY8EN, IlXJDOLPH.or LUDOLPII, an eminent painter, whoso sea-pieces are worthy of the highest praise. He studied nature attentively in all her forms, and gave to every subject such transparency and lus- tre, as placed him above all the artists of his time, except the younger Vandervelde. In- deed, it is said to have been his frequent custom, whenever ho could procure resolute mariners, to go to sea in a storm, in order to store his mind with images of the angry ele- ments, and to work incessantly on his return, while they were vividly impressed on his memory. Born at Erabden, 1631 ; died, 1709. BACLEU D'ALBE, Baron Aubert Louis, !in eminent French military geographer and engineer ; author of a " Chart of the Theatre of War in the first Campaigns of Buonaparte in Italy," &c. Born at St Pol, 1761 ; died at Paris, 1824. BACON, Robert, an English friar; di- vinity lecturer at Oxford ; author of " The Life of St Edmund, Archbishop of Canter- bury," &c. Died, 1248. BACON, Roger, a celebrated English philosopher, was born near Ilchester, about 1214. After studying at Oxford he went to the university of Paris, where he graduated in divinity. On his return to England he entered the Franciscan order, applied himself to the study of languages, and taught in the university. He enjoyed the friendship of Robert Grostete, bishop of Lincoln, and soon acquired very great reputation for his scien- tific acquirements. He was bent on the discovery of truth, and was fearless in his inquiries and his teachings. Suspicion soon became persecution; the charge of magic was brought against him, and the superiors of his order prohibited his lectures a • • the publication of his opinions. About 12i)', Ba- con sent his " Opus Majus " with the " Opus Minus" and "Opus Tertium" to Pope Cle- ment IV., who liad desired to see his writ- ings. The Pope died soon after. In 1278 Bacon was cited, it is said, to Paris by the general of his order, and being condemned was imprisoned. He did not regain his freedoni till after the death of Pope Nicholas IV. in 1292, when he is said to have returned to Oxford and died the same year. But there is no contemporary evidence of this impri- sonment, nor is it known how long he lived after 1292. Roger Bacon suggested the re- formation of the calendar, imagined, though he does not appear to have constructed, a telescope; knew the composition of gun- powder, and givea an account of spectacles. [bag His principal work is the " Opus Majus," of which he wrote an abridgement, entitled "Opus Minus." The "Opus Te.iium" was intended as a preamble to those two works. The three were completed within fifteen months. The "Opus Majus," for its wide views of the reform oi plulosophy, and the mass of solid knowledge it contains, may be considered, gays Dr Whewell, " the Encyclo- pasdia and the Novum Organum of the 13th century." The " Opus Minus," " Opus Ter- tium," and "Compendium FhilosophJro " of Ro,;er Bacon were first printed in 1859,edited by Proitosor Brewer under the direction of the Master of the Rolls, Among his other printed works are " De Mirabili Potestate Artis et Naturae," "Pcrspectiva," "Specula Mathematica," "Speculum Alchcmicum," &c. BACON, Sir Nicolas, lord keeper of the great seal, was born in Kent in 1510. He studied at Cambridge and Paris, and was called to the bar. Henry VIII. gave him several lucrative offices, and after living in retirement during the reign of Queen Mary, he Avas appointed lord keeper for life by Queen Elizabeth in 1558. He was in disgrace at court for a short time, but regained the queen's favour, and was visited by her at Gorhambury. Bacon was the intimate friend of Cecil, Lord Burleigh, and took a leading part in the settlement of the difficult eccle- siastical afi"airs of the time. Died, 1579. BACON, Francis, Baron V£RULAM,the great English philosopher, was born at Lon- don in 1661. He was the youngest son of Sir Nicolas Bacon, was educated at Cam- bridge, travelled in France, and was called to the bar at the age of 21. Though success- ful in his profession, his advancement was hindered by the enmity of the Cecil fauily. The earl of Essex was his warm friend and gave him a beautiful estate ; but estrange- ment took place soon after. Bacon condemn- ing his friend's course and appearing against him on his trial. Bacon enterea parliament in 1593, was knightcfl in 1603, and two years later was named So' ■ ?i cor- General. He had a formidable rival in Sir Edward Coke, but he continued to advance in reputation, and in 1613 became attorney-general and privy- councillor. The office of lord-keeper was given him in 1617, and soon afterwards he was made lord chancellor. Baron Verulam, and Viscount St Albans. But from this time dates the beginning of his miserable fall. Complaints were made of his venality as a judge, which on inquiry by a parliamentary committee were verified ; he made full con- fession, was deprived, fined, and imprisoned during the king's pleasure. He was par- doned, but continued to live in retirement, devoting himself to his favourite studies. The great aim of this extraordinary man was to reform the method of philosophy ; he recalls men from blindly following authority to the observation and examination of na- ture. His great works are the "Novum Organum" and the "De Augmentis Scienti- arum." The former was projected in his youth, was prepared by a series of sketches, revised and rewritten again and again, aud finally published in 1620. The latter ap- peared in 1603, and the English edition 62 BAO] fcinK, and H,ath. in 7 vaUall l^' ^P"^^" >tional volumes urn nnn,- ^l"" . ^°'"<' "''- Dfc Hill, nil »• ' contain his letters and tr Cudini '''"'''"'' ^^-"'l^^. clitca i:; pf the earl of Kss x \, . i ""' ""* » »'''''nd fortion of his t ,fc al,ro.?P'"^*'^*K''^'"t<'r [Anally ae.juaintcdKn o«t o/'^h'''?'' •'.""■ literati, aid was nisn li!!^ ,"'*"^°»cign PienUshipofHenrylvfe"''"'^ ^^^^ t'"^ ftf cl;S ,"^1 ,!';^^^^^ brother of /tor, «nd"Knvento" o?^."' ^"^''^^ sculp- f <»f copying the c"ly moZf '"'•'^•-^'* '"•=^J»"<1 W>efworksareabu8tof nl' "* V°»«- "i« >" of Christchurch Oxford /"".y,^-' '" "»^ ionuments in Gi.n, h„i?'^''' ^^i"^ Chatham's fblx^y. and those Of DrJo!;i„^'^'''"'»«'" toward in st PauVs •'°^°soi and John §99. -^"u's- Born, 1740; died, IBACOi^^.orflACONTHOWPr. t fce resolute doctor,anEn^Tr.h"^**"N'Called fsi He wastheVKnd VS'V^r''"?' jilc Caiacci, and assisted lanfnn^ °^ ^""^- Ming tlie etchings from the Rihi"'",^,-^"^- h born' in 1 ee.'^^L/ we? ' i'"-?,^''."^'-' Vabic, he determined on ^trrvoiiin^""** i."" Jast; and having 8Ubmitt!.rtt^".^ ^" the |i.ssulman lite, lie w^c"^!*? "* .'Tdl-known ,ne bel ever. It is now ^.T •'*vour, as a h'oxed as'a poliUc^l^g^eTby'tt' '^'^''' Jl'eaeo.at the insti-itinn nf » ^ Prince Id on his return toll ;«»?• ^"o^aparte; koused the French cause thl"''' '^".""t^'y he ittlc of Vittor?a?hc took leff,'^*!; ■ ^t^''' '^e Kl7rh'lSSJ^X^^„n«]^^h^^^^^^^^ Irics in the Arctic re^!^^» ' ^is disco- id- He visited West G??p;,r"f ?'°"» i« Ken in I614. in lfii« >:„ '^ ^^^ *" Spitz- >lt8 of Ihat vastlnle of th^''"*'">«d the fgui-shcd by the aDoefi^t?.''^"' !*"<'« ^is- fl He was killed at tinl^o" "C ^"^n's 11622. '^t the siege of Ormiiz MUGESEN, EMANUEt fJ^NsI "n. • v to"ripi^f^sS^^^^ er^^S?;^^:.^'"^^*'^''.''" ««»«n Palnt- works h. fresco mnfi'v"?""?."'.*''*'* *«^ hi. soldie? o?S'une"ln^?'hl,' mh"''^' «" I'"^""" made himself master o? i "^^ century, who P.iy^iSKSa"^Z"'"^;'\^^ lessor of auntomvat ?fnm ' ""'* ^'^"<"* P"""' valuable treatise ''nir'l' \«3a"thorofa other medical wo'rkslf/^i'iv-^''''*''*'''' «"d and careful observer am? il' "^"^ '*° "^"te thinker, bold enou/h to h?^ '«<>ependent Hippocrates himself Hn ho^'''' ^"^^ ^''^ of thcKoyalSoSnf?-? V^<^«n>e a fellow- died, 1706. '*°'"®ty of London. Born, 1667; and1.?te^war"ds"tlle*;!;; "J «"* the favourite, Ochus, king of Versi? Kr*" °^ ^rtaxerxes tinguishedhimse"fin thnl^" especially dis- HAHRAM, or VAPAVr-c the Great at" the sic£r'iVnV\T'"'"' '"''""ops i niade governor of MtMH xJ?'"'"' «nd was invaded Persia in tvii • "^hen the Turks or Hormouz Ti'l" luL^'T °^ H°™i8das, VctoryovertheiiNvi ' f,?i •''"'i * decisive his success and poDuHwt^^"''''. '^"^'ces. But i'mong thc^courtie^f the fv-''^ *'''' •'^^'""^y before his 'troops, and in &* "'«"'t«'i him posed and imprisoned «ml revolted, de- the chief power. ChosSesfh""' """ ^^''^cd mouz, escaped to thn n, ' *he son of Hor- aid Bahram was deJea^eS"''"?"^ "^ *heL raised to the throm. ^^^ ""«! Chosrocs Turks, and Js said to hn ^^}/^^ «ed to the BAIER, !rOHANK Xob^'g"^ P'''^''" siclan, and director of «w> ?' ®«^'nian phy- at Altdorf ; author of sevcra?°iri''*' ^^'^^^ cine, natural history of foLn'^'^i ""^ '»^<«i- 1677; died. 1735. ^ °^ ^°**''»' *C. Born, BAILEY, Natttaw ^ grapher. was asXolm^..^"^"*'^ Mexico- 1 Besides several school ^l "* Stepney, author of "Dictionaw?!''^"''*' he was the his principal work w?,^J^'""«cum ; " but English Dictionary of'«h?..^*l'"«h'»*^"l edition appeared in 'i72i Li J**^ ^""''^^ riTahtu work. Died i7io~ "'^='''« s HU- 1 r.S;„,,.. °.<."c uasis of 1 BAlLlTt'^.^**''*' 1742.'- —-^^ «U- of Dr'S'ew'Se' SdTh"^*'- ^'^^ ^'^^'^^ !!!!^!!!!i!!!^^^|«^ohn'LT«^^ BAl] % i^to ®n(i)cr»al 13(ograpf)L'. [bm Hantor, was born nt the Manso of HothweU in 1762. Kvcn In her earliest years her In- Tcntlvo faculties were stron(fly displayed ; and as she grew up, 'ho mnnlfostcd a stronR predilection f ' r lUfiury pursulu. In 1783 she came to 1. .nUor to re-lile with her bro- ther, and pr'.'pirwd hiiu-i' by hard study of the best writers for tte career in which she was destined to reach such eminence. Her first drauiutlc efforts, entitled " Tliiys on the Passions," each passion bcin^f ilio subject of a tragedy and a comedy, wore published in 1798. A second serii s was published in 1802, and a third in 1812. Hut during the interval, she gave to the world a volume of miscellaneous dramas, one of ^vhi' !i, .n " Family Legend," was brouglu out In 1809, at the Theatre Koyal, Edinburgh, under the auspices of Sir Walter (then Mr) Scott, and played with great success. " I)e Montfort," one of her "Plays on the Passions," was brouRht out by John Kemblc, in London, and had a run of eleven nights, but has not kept permanent possession of the stage. In 1830 she published three more volumes of plays, which, like her previous productions, arc full of the true spirit of poetry, but arc essentially undramatic. Burlng the greater part of her life she lived at Hampstead with her sister Agnes— also a poetess, and though she seldom mingled in society, she was visit- ed by men of genius from all parts of the world ; and the readers of Lockhart's Life of Sir Walter Scott will remember that many of the great novelist's letters are addressed to Miss Uaillic. Her works have ' en pub- lished in one large volume, with a memoir of her life. Died, 1851. BAILLIE, ROBEKT,a Scotch divine, born at Glasgow in 1599. He was one of the de- putation sent to London to exhibit charges against Archbishop Laud ; and also one of the commissioners sent from the General Assembly of Scotland to Charles II., at the Hague. His letters, and a journal of his transactions in England, were published in 1775. Died, 1662. BAILLIE, MATTHEW, M.D., a celebrated anatomist and physician. He succeeded Dr Hunter as lecturer on anatomy, in conjunc- tion with Mr Cruickshank, at St George's Hospital ; he was also one of the physicians in ordinary to their Majesties George III. and IV., and was held in high esteem among his professional brethren. He was the author of several highly esteemed works, aj well as of many important papers in the Philoso- phical Transactions, &c. ; and ho presented to the College of Physicians a valuable mu- seurii of anatomical specimens. Died, 1823. BAILLY, JEAN Sylvain, a French as- tronomer, mayor of Paris at the commence- ment of the revolution, was born at Paris In 1736. He early applied himself to science, distinguished himself by his astronomical calculations and observations, and was ad- mitted to the Academy of Sciences, the French Academy, and the Academy of In- scriptions. His peaceful and honoured ca- reer was rudely changed by the revolution. In 1789 he was chosen deputy for Paris to tnc States General, was first president of the Assembly, administered the oath at the famous Session of the Tennis-Court, in June, 6i and M'as made soon after mayor of '"arls. Ho lost his popularity from the day (17th July) that he ordered a turbulent assemblage in the Champ-de-Mars to disperse, and fired on them. In November he retired from hii office and from Paris, devoting himself again to his studies. On the triumph of the Ja- cobins, in 1793, he was arrested at Melun and taken to Paris. Ho was examined as a witness on the trial of Marie Antoinette, and soon after, under circumstances of aggra- vated cruelty, was executed, loth November, 1703. Bailly was author of a History of Astronomy, which had for u time a great re- putation ; and several other scientific works, ire wrote also " M6moircs d'un tcmoin dc la devolution." DAILY, Francis, famous in the annals of astronomical science, was the son of a banker at Newbury, and for many years well known on the Stock Exchange, in which busy arena he realized an ample fortune. The Astrono- mical Society was organized by him, and throughout life ho was the most conslderalilc contributor to its memoirs. Systematic order and steady perseverance were the secrets of his success. Died, Aug. 30, 1844, aged 70. BAINBRIDGE, CHIIISTOPHEK. LBAM- BlUDGK.] BAINBKIDGE, Dr JOHN, an eminent physician and astronomer, born in 1682. He gained considerable reputation by his work entitled a " Description of the late Comet in 1628," ;and was appointed professor of as- tronomy at Oxford. Died, 1643. BAINES, EuWARTi, who has secured for himself an honourable place among the friends of civil and religious liberty in the 19th century, was born at Wulton-le-Dule, in Lancashire, 1774. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a printer at Preston ; but before his term of apprenticeship expired he removed to Leeds, where he found em- ployment on the Leeds Mercury, of which lie subseciuently became the proprietor. The zeal and ability with which for many years he conducted this paper marked him out as a fit representative of Leeds ; and in 1833, on Mr Macaulay's resignation of his seat for the borough, he was elected, and held that position till the close of Lord Melbourne's administration In 1840, when his impaired health Induced him to retire. Both in pSi- lianient and the press, Mr Balnes never ceased to advocate the cause of freedom, good government, charity, and religion. Though decided in his opinions, he was most catholic in his disposition ; and he was most ready to co-operate with men of all parties and sects for the objects of which he approved. Besides fulfilling the duties of a journalist, he found time to devote himself to literature; and his " History of the Keign of George III." and " The County Palatine of Lancaster " arc monuments of his patience and research. Died, 1848. BAIRD, Sir DAVID, a distinguished Eng- lish general, was of Scottish descent, and entered the army as an ensign in the 2nd foot in 1742. He served in the East Indies for many years ; and among other brilliant achicvcmcnlG in which he was engagecS.'Ww the taking of Seringapatam, and the siege or Pondicherry. In 1801 he was sent, with a BAJ] Hutchln.on a f" w S Worn fh„^'' ""'""•'" ;)f Alexandria. InTol he murned' wTfh"^7 troops across the desert tn Tn,ii„ ,^^ '''" |"K |..r,nlH8lon to return ,. pi" j ""'•""tain in IW, after having. h?J."'*''"'^''"''"'v.'a [took the Cape o?ioodilono ?'''''''/ "" ^^Ich fend ho wtt, BubaecSoSv Jn.i''' /'"'•'''»• ho t lath of Sir inhn ii7 wounded. On 10 command devolved u^on'n' "' ^""•n"'* ho lost his arm there "^r "t?""' "»''<» Mhisoccaslon Te was madVlK'" K«"«ntry Ibjequently wa. Jovemor of K?""!* «« l'i8!». MUfip „""'''"• Amurath I ^his movemenu. fTm'Z'iTf ''"' f^'"""'""' i»men«e empire, ucul?ed for *J.F°*'' ' "^^is Mmo of " Iidrim -"or " if^h^ . '"* *"« *"••- fpecially ambitious «f f^i^*""' «"'* ^as noplc. A league of chLnn '"'^ Constan- »rmed "gainst him and fhJ? F*^'^*'" ""»* '«s fouifht at Niinnnii.^ decisive battie [henBaJazetwon a^?i* ""l *''" «anubei knd king of'^Hungal-y Uf r''- «'»'"- lo Christian armyfSnrrt •'"'"manded amber of the French noMpi """^ * '"eat tpturcd, the richest only biin^"^? "ain or ui«om themselves. An atta k*„r".^^«'' *» vented the conqueror's ft,«>,°' ""^ «<>"' Europe, and soon af?er ^^1 P-'T'"" fiving conquered great part of A.1?7''*"^' sarms against Bajnzet Th„^'*'*"''"«ttieTf Th"esrgiTr';^asZ^.r.^'^-«*'l« I Kn/- a^d;"o^^S%^"«^ '-m":''f "lau'S ains Of Angorafin GalltTa Tn^juwMjL^ "•''^'Sndrand seas T^i/"'''"'''*''" "f the Aiazet was defeated and made nrL""^" ""nd "nd IsabolL M« «i '"^"^f °' ^"di- (Id after being treated fo?^ a tiii'^^^fJ ''•"•"'atlon re8nectin<,?h/''° obtained In- l)'no.l553; died m'u ' *°- ^°"' «* t>- mlnous "HistorrTpiiri'i"': l[<' volu- ge/and so carried InThT??:;;, !,", ,r ^™n icror. Broken down In mind Lh 'k'?" Uazct died in the Tatar camn inf'-'i'^''' U03. *''*'"P to Pisidia, jBAJAZET IL, sultan of the Turk.. tt< Jgn was turbulen t ; ho was much „^' "^* ainst the Venetians and nt^^, r^t"?"^^^ i ^'^^uissvcrr t^ttt -oS^Tb. Sfo-fV-r. - al?^°A-d«S«h^aS^5-°L-^-^^^ e;t,i:!:^r^L^@|ffia^|hutiswi^st: .ie^W-— to?t"a?S«i «/i™i; ^^»an sculp- scholar of AndrefpUn?* ^^^- «« ^w a -iisr-He-wasTS^-JS-lS^^^^^^^^ rro''f^£^rL'"d^^^lv«^c^^^^^^ 'nd FS.A.. and in m'i nS^l"*.?? St Peter Mar7v^°U'/i^,i!l''ti»»''">"ent to -nes I., and afterwards bei';'.?'^'',*^'' ^^ Tnatur"aiis'?."Tw'«»„nt and ingenl I as a" as a bookseller, and maXd i^o ,"^u^* executed mny imnnr/' Y'* °' ^ilan, wd jehters Of Daniel De f7p w^^**' *^« "t^- The best ofX.i*"*.v'^"'"'^« '•» that tS. and F.S.A., and in 1744 nS^^^S*'"« ^t Peter MartvrU-i-'! ^^^ monument to b'ey medal of the Bo^ 8leiptv"r "^ l'^.' «««sinated fnl^'sf B^IS '" ,**' Verona, a,- 1 fcroscopical experiment «„°2i^J-[i'°'' "!' I the monumTnf tl^\.?1i"l"?''io a'so erected 1 1 :=; ana wrote -'The Mirr^r^' " ^^^'- i "-^S- Died ahnn 7 i97^ '"'""-''■' ^'lo "ied In II bal] H iSefD Stnibcrscil ^iograpl^t?* [HAL 1476. Hn was the ft-lend of Albprt DUrrr, Whom ill tome polnti ho ulmoRt ctiuullRd. "Tho Crucifixion," ut I'rolburn, In ino of hU grpateit worki. Hu wii* IIvIiik in \!iH. HAliDWIN, archbl«hop of Cantorbury in the 12th cpntiiry, wb« a nntivo of Kxnter, and became abbot of thn CiHtcrclan hou«i« at Ford in ])cvon«liire. lie linld the tee of Worcester four yenri, and in 1IH4 vrai ap- pointed archbiihup of Cantorbury. Ho crowned Kichard I., a id occompanlud him on the crumide, but died at Acre, in Novem- ber, iim. ]|K icl't numcrouH writinKii, some of which were publiihed In a colicctiou of writers of his order in KKIJ. UALIJWIN I., first I^tin emperor of tho East, was born about il70. Ho was son of Uuldwin, Count of Hniimult, and Margaret, Countess of FInnders, and succeeded the iattcr in 1104, tliu former in tho foilowinK year. In laoo he Joined tho crunado, went to Venire, tool* part in the sIprc of Zara, led the van in tho attack on Constantinople for the rchtorutlon of tho youn^ Alexius, led the assault on the second siege, and was chosen and crowned emperor In May, 1204. But he was defeat( ' and captured by Joan- nlcet, king of the BulRarians, in 1208. Nothing is certainly known of his fate. BALDWIN II .nuccccdcd his brother Ro- bert as emperor of tho East in 1228. He was only 11 years old, and tho government was in the hands of John of Urienne till his death In 1237, when Baldwin succeeded alone. He spent years in visiting Italy and France in hope of getting aid in his endea- vour to save and strcngtlu'n tho falling em- pire. On the taking of Constantinople in 1281, by Michael Palaeologus, Baldwin escaped to Italy, where ho died, 1273. He was tho last of the Latin emperors of the East. BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, was the younger brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, and having distinguished himself in the first crusade, was made Count of Edessa. Bald- win succeeded his brother as king of Jeru- salem in 1100, reigned 18 years, nnd was constantly engaged In war, and obtained many victories over the Turks, Persians, and Saracens. Ho made himself master of the principal towns on the coast of Syria. Died, 1118. BALDWIN II., king of Jerusalem, suc- ceeded the above in 1118 ; Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., having renounced his claim to the throne. Baldwin II. was taken pri- soner by the Saracens in 1124, and gave them the city of Tyre as his ransom. Died, 1131. BALDWIN III., son of Fulkof Anjou, to Whom Baldwin II. had resigned the king- dom of Jerusalem, succeeded to the throne, on his father's death, in 1142. He took part In the disastrous second crusade led by Louis VII. and the emperor Conrad. Died, BALDWIN IV., the son of Amaury, suc- ceeded his father on the throne of Jerusalem In 1174. He subsequently resigned in favour Of his nephew. Died, 1185. BALE, John, a Carmelite of Norwich, ];|[|jo embraced the Protestant faith, and bc- €^.5ir a zcahjus Trritcr against i'oj^ery, in the rfeign of Edward VI., he was made bishop I of Ossory , In Ireland, and nndangrrt'd hU llfo by his xialuus oflfbits to reform his dlocrtv. During the reign of Mary, he found safety In Mwit/Ffland , and on his return to EnglHml, at the nceialon of Elizabeth, he obtuincd • prebend of (Miiterbury. Of hit numeroui works, tho moK t important is a Latin account of eminent British writers. Born. 1401: died. 1983. ' HALECHOU, Nlcor.AB, French engraver, whose works are held In high estimation. The principal arc thn portrait of Augustus III. of Pobnid, after Uigaud, nnd three sub- jects after Joseph Vernet. Born at Arlen. 171ft; died, 178«. BALEN, Hkniirik van, Dutch painter, was a native of Antwerp, and a pupil of Adam van Oort. Ho studied in Italy, and had Vandyck and Rnyders among his pupiU, | Among tho best of his works are the '' Judg i ment of Paris ' nnd "Rt John in the l)e sert."— John VAN BAi,EN,hisson,wasa(lii^ tinfituisbed historical and landscape painter. Born, 1.60; died, lR,t2. BALE8TRA, ANTONIO, Veronese painter. He was a pupil of CarloMarnlti,and attain ed great eminence in his art. He wij known also as an engraver. Bom, 1866: dUd, 1740. BALFOUR, Sir ANDREW, an eminent botanist and physician, and one to whom medical science in Scotland owes a lasting debt of gratitude for the Itotanio garden and museum at Edinburgh, which he took part in establishing. He was born in 1630, at Denmilne, Fife, and died in 1694. BALFOUU, Biu James, Lord President of the Court of Session in Scotland in tlie 10th century, was brought up to the church, advocated the reformation, and was exiled with Knox in 1847. On his return he be- came a Catholic nnd a persecutor of the re- formers ; shifted from side to side through the civil war, always contriving to bo with the strongesi ; held the offices of judge of tho commissaries court, privy councillor, and lord of session ; was Implicated in the murder of Darnley ; became lord president of the court of session ; assisted in the pacification of Perth ; and continued hU treacherous, intriguing, and infamous prac- tices to the end of his life. Died, 1583 BALGUY, JOHN, an eminent divine of the Church of England, was born nt Sheffield in 1686, and in 1727 became a prebendary of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in the Unn- gorian controversv ; and among his worki may be noticed "An Essay on Redemp- tion," a" Letter to a Deist on the Bcautj- and Excellence of Moral Virtue," &c. Died, 1748. BALQUY, Thomas, son of the above, prebendary and archdeacon of Winchester; author of " Divine Benevolence, nssertcd and vindicated," a sermon on church govern- ment, &c. Born, 1716; died, 1795. BALIOL, Sir John de, a native of Dur- ham, who, on the marriage of the daughter of Henry III. to Alexander III. of ScoHand, In 1251, was made one of the guardians of the royal pair. He fbunded Ballol College, Oxford ; and having sided with Henry III. against his revolted barons, the latter seiiw upon his lands. Died, 1269. bal] IIAUOL John dk, .on of the preceding ■ hni'" ♦"»"."'««>''»' of HcotuVd on the' «''rtth of queen MarK«ret in Vian wi. i i W|» disputed by Mreral'comfeUtoS on: o? whomwusth*. famous Hobert Jiniw «ut . • rancp, wfioro ho died in n?2' '"' """"* ; ia T..?.^!""''- Died, 1303 e■ entitled "El PtMVslVmn.J ."'■';"' '"^Paln. Wherein hl» object v«h'"^^^ f la NacU,-' Catholic Churi.rto.u%'"fr'ir:«J5°'»''" y ■■..,. ..B uiuuureu ni» relenso lAI-lor,. PnuTiT.,, . .."• ,. Catholic Churoli tn i.„, r "•"«'"oniiin ■^'Pdlng, Influence ; to reconcile ^"."IT*"" ?'»f"''y ""I In. the frlendsof nnn;,^^"'"'^.''"'' """" -' ^ frlT.nd,'of „i;'niX"wh.''M'* ""'/"«'» t'll^ Um compared in the rS,'"' ""'i^"'''""'^- ation of KuroVt ■• whirh'T "1"" **"' *^''^"''- into rrench oerm^n ^ -* "''" *'"n^'''ted be »nf.Tly p?onounceS'»n"h *^"»"*''' "»'' ""'" elaborate works nfmr.f° ""u""" "^ "'« '"ost und:'/i5^„^4;^jG,«>^^,"V ,-cret«ry of state tions witrtho S"L'S!;r* ""f"'"- was one of tho t,«io„_ government. Mb of St Af.drew^'a'L^'exliM'f.l'^ii '" '"« ^ast e Whence ho was recalled J^'^^^^ce, In lfi47, afterwards engaged in ohtlL'"^- ."« w«8 shment of the reformed riu!!*, *''° '""t'*!'- thc Book of Dlseinlin^„ J"''''' ^^ revising church and i?af "?,■.""" "ther affairs of r- " ""uic oi mo works nf si. iir .; itt wore printed w.^ n 7.»?< "''Salter £cl> woTe^tL" ^ofThSrea't^nJ^aKn^/ tefalKur^S-I.A-^l'". Of the ohurch "and „ ^""l^j-i^d"" "*'!?•• «^«i" of 1580. '""'<^- -"'ed probably before I WAT OlT » »» _ U„7i "•^' •'oiiN, brother nf tv, ,.: i->'»/uuijf oeiore and n.i8cell'aneou9 ^^ri^er "n"'' h'storiaa waa librarian to MVeCoibertf!? ^^^'- "^ 30 years, and was o„^i. '.'"'■ "ore than Canon Law atThI ^''?,•'^'ted Professor "f feh reputation both at home "d nh *'? ''^'^f works are "r'^" ""'l exiled 'h,! BALZAC. JBANLo^«"°f,-;' He '**«« l"l8 crm,;^u;,ca;"°ThiswoVrst'o"l,"'^"° f Ho is also remembered by h -2 *''" F"'' kries as "a fellow nfinfl^^» I *°"**"n- Tse anccdo'erweTe as toeihan.'J!V?"'-'" [mode of telling them «."''""« '"e as k 1821 i aped «f "*"" """valled. JALLIX, Ci,At;i)E, a skilful French "!!??.i?_^i8 16th year BCteil nnttni. !,_ »-.-■ " ' .~r* "'•■"St lie SOOQ bal] a great number of works, most of which are now neglected. The most esteemed are his Familiar Letters," "Le Prince," "Le So- crate Chretien," and "Aristippe." Bom. 1394 ; died, 1G55. BALZAC, HONORi? DE, one of the most distinguished as well as prolific novel writ- ers of modern times, was born at Tours, 1799. Having completed his studies at Vend6me. he published, between 1821 and 1829, twenty or thirty volumes under various pseudo- nymes, with very equivocal success; but after this trying apprenticeship, he put forth an his powers under his own name, with what result those who have read " La Peau do Chagrin," "Les Chouans," "La Physio- kigie de Manage," "Le P«re Gorlot," "La Fen.me de Trente Ans," &c., can best testify. Alter that period his productions succeeded one another with wonderful rapidity; and his literary strength grew with his years, , for his M^decin de Campagne," and his I _ Parens Pauvres," his last work, bear the impress of genius in every page. In addition 10 nis romances, Balzac wrote some plays, and for some time edited and contributed to tne Mevue Parisienne ; but t is only his ro- mances that exhibit unquestionable evidence 11V- ^""^"^ genius. His design was to make all his productions form one grand work under the title of the " Com«dIe Humaine," the whole being a minute dissection of the different classes of society ; and for this task 10 was eminently qualifle,d, possessing, as le did, the secret of probing the human heart to its profoundest depths, and of laying bare with a masterly hand all its mysteries and all its passions. After the revolution of 1848, Balzac T^as engaged in visiting the battle-flelds of Germany and Russia, and In collecting materials for a series of volumes to be entitled " Scenes de la Vie Mllitaire." Next to his celebrity as an author, the most remarkable feature in his career was the deep passion which he formed for a Russian princess, who finally compensated him for long years of untiring devotion by the gift of her hand in 1848. Died, Aug. 19, 18507 BAMBAIA.IL. [BUSTI, AGOSTINO ] BAMBRIDGE, Ch RtSTOPHER, made arch- bishop of York in 1508; was sent ambassador from Henry Vlll. to Pope Julius II., who made him a cardinal. Died of poison ad- ministered by his servant, 1614. BANCROFT, Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, was a native of Lancashire. He was born In 1544, educated at Cambridge, and after holding various preferments in the church, was named bishop of London In 1697 He had early sliown himself a determined -memy of the Puritans, and this he remained tnroughout his life. He took part, with much arrogance and passion, in the cele- brated conference at Hampton Court, and in the following year was raised to tho primacy of England. He was charged with the su- pervision of the new translation of the Bible Died In 1610. BANCROFT, JOHN, nephew of the above, bishop of Oxford, and builder of the palace of Cuddesden for the bishops of that see. Died, 1640. B ANDELLO, Mattico, a Dominican monk of Milan. He wrote tales In the manner of ^ ia ted to the Academy ^f |n, at fourteen. Heafterwat Indcrtook several literar7^' f i'40,inhis20th vear teBAROSSA'^IJiEDE; PAHBAROSSA, HoRUSH fcvereisn of Algiers, wasTi'i fne. He was born about 14 |hammcdan,distInguisheVh W H ' "■''^•'" ^"vlce, a L'he second battle fhtSat fin 1518 ^l^^^P^ceding, and ^Doria b?.!k *'■" *" "'e G( |Tuni,.i^'5^^,f turning too I'm V. anrt >,^'* ^^ was be fook Fondi anrt^i?® ''°''«* towns P Yemen aBaln^*'"**'-^"''^"- R^ died in isil ^^ "»"*°s Mge; anth"°4-'^°?'i'" 'emale K;;-__:;:2Z!° "' "y'ans, an fortune to earn a competence bv hi. « Z — Hon, and the prudence to kPonf^l^P^'eg- NOT. 8, 1836, aged 76. resDect^S l*"^ ?« ^'^^ by all'who'knew him '^nI?!*"? ^^'>^^^ much for Bannister/pkysTcinv „^'^ ?,»"« mentally: his face, figure and ^*', ^^" «» I excellent; his spirits erih»r^J°^'=® ^"e !opcnmanlycountenancewMfi^^J^^*.'i* »» werp, was thepuplLof Bosdt^'r/'T ""^ A"*" , Sir Peter Lcly ahd Knellpr f„ * ' ^® assisted (draperies of their port?aite n.fw^^i''^ ^^^ I BARATIER, JEAN PhThp^e'*' ^''l^- for his precocity, was born »♦ '/t'^^^'^ted [n !721. He spoke Latin Prp.VK*'''*^'''""'^ Wn at. four years of age coulS' f"^ ^^'- Sreek into Latin at sii \^2 . ti'anslate ^rew.and at nine " mpllcd a D?n?-'*^='' ^^~ he most difficult woTds In th?t i '2°"J' »' nade a French translation of thi ^"1«^« ' ^Pnjamin of Tudela at e even • n!^,-^.*''''' »' felfto theology and ecclesiasnv^P'i*'.'* '»''»- f;as presented to the kintnf i?' '"story; dmitted to the Academy ^fSpf/""'* «»'' n, at fourteen. He afterwnrn. 'f "^^s, Ber- n ortookseveral mera'7"orV^^ ttl?40, in his 20th vear '"'^"s, and died MEBAK0SSA.7lJiEDBRrCKL.Em- rSn^f°I?Aers,^^ra^' -»a'r and k He was born'a^out iJrV'l^'Mity- tohammodan, distinffViiQhL V • ' I'ecamo a je Turkish na^ai'sSce an^'Al^^'"*'^" reajr. His success attv«^f»»^°*^ *'"^'» «s a h-8 to his service and l„ '"''"^ ^''^'^°- ^nse riches. After nump,«® acquired im- kew failures he wa^ ,w?"i''?P'oi's and ht Selim, sheik of A?;^'*;.*'' ^"^ .1516, to N'ards; butheusurpe'lfe v^^'i'^st ^^e /. and put seiim t /df a?h w^^^' '"'*'»o>-- es sand extended hisdomi;.-„"^ "'*''« con- P'ogprincipalities tin /««*"* "T'^rneigh- k™. and an expcdfti'on l"„o^ Spaniards took -under the ma^s de Gom„?.' "^ ^^"^^^^ Oran, Who twice defSSni^K°''^™<»- l^^ second battle tht^eat SiS [bar I feftver^rof 'A, "•---''' feed rovoltheccdod i]Jf '' "i'^^^^tl P" forte, and accentr^ fl'**..*?^«'"ejffnty F He captured f)f„ X *'*° ""e of vlce- Jiiardsnear/Ll!?® ^°/' buHt by the |j«d by Chrhtfarslave?.!^'/'""'^ «°'- r"*i n. namPfi v,r ^*/ *° 'o'"* a port T-and oppose i,^'".°'^'"''"al of all hi." jDorta.'"'Barbaro«a'f."'" ^'^"''"se ad! feFondianV&efNn°^°* "^^'a?.' Nof^heRewohtf^."^' '"^as the I ^•^standmostn^ ." ^'■'i". and one ."i^rrVro^eKr: a„T ^'^^'^^^^^^^.\ BomeclevernoticMM^"^ appended to thfm valour, probltv nnn j- ." 'feneral, whoup in? a lon';°an/'82^emful°or*'"*'"<'»«^"'! French Physician', whom Ln'.i «li»"n«nlshed our own SydenhamT author of «o"'P»«1 to Sic. Duodecim.'. r."" VoL,S"ftr abo^SfaJ.';'o/fa1fit"B^^^^- '>' the' sequently at Lausanne and iT'V """^ s""- the performance of hi, dnr.^'""^"*''"- To added most laborious elpw^ "^ Professor, he He translated the most v"^"*"' an author Grotius, Puffpna/T,/ ^ valuable works of into. FrinchS°wro?e' ?h^'."^'-« «"""'*«/ fc?er"^^^S;,«i>e'5^ra«.fdtle^^.? - or his eaSXo^;,r ^Ho^^.^^^^^^ | ''111?^^''''°'°^^''''' F«ANCEsco. [See I prWs?n^the^'6?h u'tS^„V^°li^ of French I JBAN Joseph WMtho i«.'*^l"*<^*''>'"ries Paris : died,1752 -jose^ i^^t" '"'"led at •jI-raru was nephew nf ♦?'. . ' — Joseph and bought the busTness^f't^*^°'''°'i»er8, Joseph in 1750 wT^iiif , ^^^ widow of the publication " an eK'^'^^''»''^lfby classics, which aiv tToL !."']."' series of the BARBOUR JoHvs^? after him. ^"^ ' Chaplain to Kd Ke anr''*?:"'^^ivine, i Aberdeen in 1356 Hi8^'„?"^i."<='»I of Immediate revelation. Barclay was re- ceived as a friend both by Charles II. and James II. He was named governor of East Jersey, but sent a substitute. Died, 1690. BARCLAY, WILI-IAM, a native of Scot- land, who emigrated to France, and became professor of law at Angers, where he was considered one of the most eminent civilians of his time. He was the author of various treatises on the rights of popes and kings, Died, 1606. UAIICLAY, JOHN, son of the preceding and an eminent writer, was born in France in 1582 ; but came to England at the age of nineteen. He was educated by the Jesuits, and remained a Roman Catholic through life. In 1 "1.5 he went to Rome, and there spent the •.est (,f his days. His principal work is the Argenls," a Latin romance of great livcli- . ;8S and elegance. It attained widespread lopularity, and was translated into the prin- cipal languages of Europe. Several English translations have appeared. Among his othov writings are a satire entitled " Euphormio," a narrative of Gunpowder Plot, and an edi- tion of his father's book " De Potcstate PapoD." Diedat Rome, 1621. BARCLAY, JOHN, an eccentric divine of the Church of Scotland, was born at Turriff, in the cc unty of Aberdeen, in 1645. Ke completed his education at King's College, Aberdeen, and was appointed minister of the parish of Crudcn, in Aberdeenshire, in 1675, Uc w.\s the authorof a rare and curious work in verse, now very scarce, called "A De- scription of the Roman Catholic Church." Died at Cruden, in 1710. BARCLAY, JOHN, leader of the sect of Bereans, was a native of Perthshire, was born in 1734, became a popular preacher, but being suspected of unsoundness in doctrine, had to leave the Church of Scotland, and take an independent course. He preached for a time in London, and wrote several books. Died, 1798. BARCLAY DE TOLLY, a Russian general, who, in the German and Polish campaigns of 18)6 and 1807, bore a distinguished share, and was made a field-marshal. He succeeded Kutusof as commander-in-chief, headed the Russians at the battle of Leipsic, and led them into France in 1815. He was at one time minister of war, and ultimately was honoured with the title of prince. Died, 1818. BARCOCHAB, or BARCHOCHEBAS, a Jewish impostor, who, \:nder the pretence of being the Messiah, obtained many fol- lowers, overrunning Judiea, and -putting many Romans to the sword : but he was at length defeated and slain by Julius Severus in 134. BARERE, Bkrtiiand, one of the most notorious actors in the first French revolu- tion, was born in 1755 at Tarbes InOascony, where his father possessed the small estate of Vieuzac. He was educated for the bar at Toulouse, practised as an advocate with con- siderable success, and besides occupying him- self with literary pursuits of a trivial cha- racter, wrotf a dissertation which procured him a seat in the Toulouse Academy of Sciences. In 1785 ho married a young lady of Bond fortune. Three Tears later he paid 70 his first visit to Paris ; and the states-general having just then been summoned, he woni back to his own province, and was there elected one of the representatives of tlie third estate. Among the crowd of legislators which at this conjuncture poured from all the provinces of France into Paris, Bar^re made no contemptible figure. His opinions, though popular, were not extreme ; and his learning, his manners, his conversation, and his powers of eloquence were all calculated to gain him favour and esteem. But as the monarchical party became weaker and wealt- er, he pradually estranged himself more and more from it, and drew closer and closer to the Republicans. On the termination of the labours of the national assembly, he be- came a member of the high court of appeal; and when, in 1792, the legislative assembly invited the nation to elect an extraordinary convention, Bar^re was chosen one of in members by his own department. He voted for the death of the king, " sans appei ct sans sursis," in words that have been o(t repeated, "L'arbre de la libert* ne eroii qu' arros^ par le sang des tyrans." After the fall of the monarchy, he acted with the Girondists, to whom he made himself useful by the ease and fluency with which he could draw up reports. But ready to side with the strongest on all occasions, he soon made common cause with the Mountain, whose bloodthirsty designt he remorselessly carried out ; and he bore a large share in the infamous schemes subsequently planned dur- ing the " Reign of Terror," earning for the levity with which he discharged his dis- gusting ofilce the nicknames of the AVitling of Terror and the Anacreon of the Guil- lotine. He fawned on Robespierre up to the 8th of Thermidor, and on the 9th he moved that Robespierre should be belieadeii without a trial. On the fall of the convei- tion he was sent a prisoner to the Isle of Olcron J but he made ihis escape to Kor deaux, where he remained four years in obscurity : and on the establishment o( Napoleon's government he enlinted initi service, and for some years oflBciated in double capacity of a hireling writer and i spy. On the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, he again became u royalist. During the M- dred days he was chosen by his natiw district a member of the chamber of repre- sentatives ; but on the final return of thi Bourbons, in 1815,he was compelird to retire into Belgium , where he resided till 1830. The revolution which then called Louis Philippe to the throne enabled him to return to France; but he was reduced to extreme in- digence, and a small pension from tlie Wb! and the government alone saved him im the necessity of begging his bread, m 1841. [Those who wish to see an instanced the literary tomahawk skilfully applied ^fflj find it in an article devoted to Barire's lifel and charaetsr in the Edinburgh Eeifie'i vol. Ixxix.l , , BAllRETTI, JOSEPH, lexicographer ail miscellanoous writer, wasa native of Tarii- He resided many years in this eountry,«« wrote the i nglish language with caseW purity. Dr. Johnson procured him tlioBit|»' tion of Italian teacher in Mr Thralc'sfamiir' J He became secretary to th( I and retained that office til! I worlts are very numerous, I I able ia his Italian and En; J His other publications were I liari," an account of his tra I of Europe ; an " Account of I Customs of Italy," &c. B( 1 1789. , HAllHAM, RlcnARD J I known by his literary nami Igoldsby), was a native of Jwhiih city he received his i land completed It at Bras lOxford. Although he adop ■profession, and performed tl %acrcd calling with strict pr Ii,v nature a humourist, and ■o restrain the flow of wit t Which his mind was surchar hiinor canon of St Paul's, aii louse attached to the canon fydney Smith, with whom hi •f the most cordial friendshir ►any respects he much te •ther church preferment was ItAuffustine and St Faith In author he contributed muc fcany years, to several populi le Edinburgh Review, Black ■ne, and the Literary Gazet lumber, but his most popular s lore given to Bentley's Misc |e title of 'The Ingoldsby L •llected and published in S v ^pular novel, ' My Cousin > W> published in 3 vols. Of Jices It is not too much to ■ ginnlityofdesignanddictio lustration and musical verse ^passed in the English langti N 56, June 17, 1843. PAKKER, Edmund Henry Noal scholar, and one of , jstnous of modern writers ^ British Critic, and Monthly &""-'"■«- chiefly on reco fchiloogyand antiquities, wc teT''"*'^^'>'«hhe'am ill! ,1? "°''<' serious laboi Iph ens', "Thesaurus Lingu^ K'L":P«''fo™ance. Besides |n,l/fi8; died, I839. ■ARKKR, Gkokoe, F. R S Istr"l''''"''''»<'n«eman: It ,?H ' ^^.°^^ memory is ont I'and Rratitude, for the succe bee "M *'"' "*«' manufac Fling acts for making wha- UamfiaiiS^H'1"'' «bfurdi\ I Ho was t^^K^'^'^""' and le viXm .*''^''' confidentii r^ast projects which have be I bah] He became secretary to theRovni a^qh«~, i — ■ . l — ^** and retained that office till his death Su i, BA.KK1,H, Matthew Hpvpv 7Z " works are very numerous, but the mo,*' ^^^ ^"°^ *» the public under hu nfc^ i^^"^»' able i< his Italian and EnXh iJTh^I'^'"" "'^he Old Sailor) was thfJ.^l*''""'/'''''*"'^ His other publications were ''LBttor-.f?'^- S''^*' """^^Is and sklfcVp^ • ""*•""• •'^ several liari," an account of hirtravels in X "I^I'^k "^""S" Yarns/' "Jem l'tur"^..'^J^u*^'' •"•« crEuropo,a„ <■ AceountorlS'e^^'l.r.r-!? ^^^:;:^^^^Ap^J^ ^^^J^^^ I munications fii^'ros'. T^l, ""'!!.^'''«''« <-.om- I nan, an account of his travels in the south I of Europe ; an "Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy." &c. Born, 171S d?ed BAllHAM, RlCnARD HARRI8 Chof^o- known by his literary name of Thomas In goldsby, was a native of CanterbT.?y i„" (Wluehcity he received his early educaMnn and completed It at Brazenose ColWe' [Oxford. Although he adopted the clerical profession and performed the duties of hfi lacred calling with strict proprietrhe was 5y nature a humourist, and atto J'r"^ ^?! munications n prose and ""'""''''■'^''^ '"""- periodicals. He went to «o» /'u' *" "''"•'»"* but never nrrilcd at hi^h^ "' ^^^ »««' o^ '6. the command of a h^i?^" Promotion than and flndinK hhnspff „n! V"'''* schooner; of the wa?Ve tried his lIl^KL"^';'' "' '"^ «"d His delineation of nautirni.„ "' '"".'"'O'-shlp. to bereplote with h,f„^ ' sc'-nesis allowed fhich his mmd _was surcharged. iJZ.^ i^ifj. /^.h'le .viewing the «^f.n„" „ ,^i'^."*l- mj imiuic a Humourist, and att°miif«rf «„» fc!,7.'"t!'e flow of Wit and f^c? wUh Ifhich his mmd was surcharged. He was „ W canon of St Paul's, and occupLd "he louse attached to the canonry of the Rev iy ney Smith, with whom he was on tmns If the most cordial friendship, and whomTn Et'"' f'P^"' ^^ 'n"«h resembled His I ber church preferment was the rectory of lnf;r"!°° ""'^.^^ F'^'th, Londo" "As In author he contributed much and rt.,^;., la nyyears, to several popular per odS fce Edinburgh Review, Blackwood's Ma^l' Ine and the Literary Gazette amonLfh; fcmber, but his most popular series of K-a [lieS :nd SliSir^ ^r to'" ''^'^ fees it is not too much to sav tC ?'"' te:.'5?,^;f •■' '»"«-^« •• K! r;™""..''^ "»°dern writers. He was a tunc:. jledflsSr " considerable for- and came to England^n t«b =./ ^"'"mbus," he proceeded thTthprif,.^^^'''"". ^' ^V""*. was compelled to en^*^,'"' ^t"? P.^^ations he the fatTlufof trave w" ^'.« i"'"-ney,and caused his death. Bnr^"vfm^bfi^LH"'' ^''^' "-, 01 moaern writers. He W'^ ! ,^,th'?' ''•^^"^•'««n"SpWm ^^ ma'^^fcf «'The Si ''m",''^'^"'" "^ ^^"^^h^ Woolwich, for 40 velrs wi-'i"? Academy, wichinl77fi w» "^'^"-^iis born at Nor- and ^^tSmiS rci'^eUe"''r„°/;^^'^ ''T' &c. He retirld^f^oJ^",^"°"<^-^"'-''"="<"'«." , 1847. Died, 1862 Professorship in thf^e'^Jn^^If ''Kts' Ji^'"? ''^^•??'''" J" Undent flm-n\red S\!"^ P''"^^P''« Gt^acon or Salisbury ; he was' weirskilled In ) i 9 works are "New Mnthnm't ""f-^^/^o"? fi^":^r^^---^pointi rals nf hii Tn!!, • " ^^ amused the in- li'r''"'-'«''""«™'no/tlL'']["fj ferSe^e^t^ '' -"titled'tS leexcellPnt im,?!; J. ^^^ success of many l» n" ve"own i "h"? ' '"'J''^'* -^^ honour htion of the' " '^°'" ^y* *''«• *'» the H' "He wasmn'!.,?''"?"*^^*^*"''^*' «n<» ^ning acts f^r ^^„l ''y instrumental in fd 'tha g,>ant7c ih^ '!,'?'•*' '*'"« then Vn, D-M^-'santic absurdity, the Bir d Its confederate line "HoT;^ tTe^h"^""^'-', ^""l BirminK-' .iioulton „nd the^r r/i'""'^ "^ "^^att |e vast pr2ct9 ,v,L^ u*'^^""«l "•J^'ser re of honour anrtw'' ^^^ *'*'«» so pro- 1" tWs o,m rv .' Ko h^ ^o themselves 169. ""'«ry. He died Dec. 6, 1845, 71 J] Ui bak] % 0tt3i Winiiitvunl ISfograpl^p. [bab natural philosophy, and was the first English writer on the properties of the loadstone. Died, 1625. BARNAUD, Sir JOHN, lord mayor of London, and one of its representatives in parliament for 40 years. He was an able speaker, and a remarkably conscientious and religious man ; and so greatly was he re- spected by his fellow-citizens, that they erected a statue to his memory in the Royal Exchange. Born at Reading, 1685; died, 1764. BARNAVE, ANTOINE PIEP.EE JOSEPH, an eloquent and popular member of the French national assembly. He was born at Grenoble in 1761, was trained for the bar, and was deputy to the States 'General in 1789. He distinguished himself as the op- ponent of the privileged classes, and some- times rivalled Mirabeau in eloquence. He was elected president of the Constituent As- sembly in 1780, and when the royal family, after their flight from Paris, were arrested at Varennes, Barnave was one of the three sent to accompany them back to Paris. His manly delicacy on this occasion won him the liking and the confidence of the queen, ard led to a correspondence between them. Bar- nave from that time was a defender of the monarchy, and lost his popularity. Though he retired to private life, he was arrested by the Robespierre party in 17D2, and guillo- tined in 1794. BARNES, TOSHUA, a learned divine, edu- cated at Christ's Hospital, London, and Emanuel College, Cambridge ; author of the " Life of Edward III.," and a potm " On the History of Esther," and editor of the works of Euripides, Anacreon, and Homer. Born, 1654 ; died, 1712. BARNES, THOMAS, editor of " The Times," which owed much of its celebrity and influ- ence to the political Itadert that came from his pen, as well as to his rare skill and dis- crimination in its general management. Notwithstanding the share he took in the strife of politics, he retained the friendship of all who had once intimately known him, how much soever they might diflfer on ques- tions of public interest. Mr Barnes was edu- cated at Christ's Hospital and Pembroke College, Cambridge, wheie he took his B. A. and M. A. degrech. Bled, 1841, aged 65. BARNEVELDT, JOHAN VAN OLDEN, grand pensionary of Holland, was born in 1549. He was of an ancient and illustrious family, studied law at the Hague, and at several foreign universities, and commenced practice as an advocate at the Hague in 1570. He served as a volunteer at the siege of Haarlem, but did not continue in the army. He was chosen pensionary of Rotterdam in 1576. The Spanish arms being everywhere victorious in the United Provinces, an em- bassy was sent, with Barneveldtat its head, to offer the sovereignty of the Netherlands to Queen Elizabeth. She declined it, buv agreed to send auxiliary forces, and gave the command to the Earl of Leicester. Barne- veldt was again ambassador to England in 1890, and to France in 1598. He presided at the congress at the Hague in 1607, obtained from the Spaniards the incognition of the Independence of Holland, and after a severe i contest with the Stadtholder Maurice and his party, concluded a truce with Span. Died, 1826. IBARROS, JoAS i)E, one of •guese historians, was bon ¥ Yil' '"a<'e page to the kin, |8ettlen.ont on the coast oi jcnt-general for the colonic E.',^".?"*'^'^'' "Asia Port irraes the discoveries and coi rtuguese in the Jndies. It- lently republished, and is hig l,^,tS°^' ^^^*^' theologi Imatician, was born at Lor I was educated at Cambridge |o^v of Trinity Ccllege!^^ I" ^P^nt "» foreign travel, ftted Professor of Greek ate Imet'lt "T """ «>-esham iJessor and Master of Triuitj ■or great courage, energy, ir li rr'''A'^''"'«'a«eriu L'M„'f »««d '•elinquishmenV jes lor conscience' sake Hio [Of an edition of Eucnd,"Le ■j; wctiones Gnomr»r!-.m » Wc»,- and a :..;', ». Addresses, &c. us , ',r F'Si^ ''-'^-^^-Bt VRROW. Sir JOHN, Ban r afsse,retarytotheld ptiaveller.and avoluminoui aHV" ^'l^^o^hire, June ^w'yage he displayed ad IJil bar] . — ' — '•vjj»ajp|iy, TTJAn power by Napoleon as First Consul in Tsr„ I Tl " ■ >■ " veinbcr, 1799. He then reUred fr^L ? l\?' •'Unation for mathPinoHno^ " life, lived at Brussels till isfs/Xn^^on a ?,"''i; ^'i''^'^^ 'omJ'ZTaf sST"' .^""^ charge of conspiracy, he was exiled to liomnU'""^ °^ "" l^i loundrt lnTivil^*^°,'''?» InJ«!«Aojett.ed at Paris, and d1^d*^^«^TM fn-^he,^^^^^^^ through t^e interest o'/sir^'"*'' "PP°1'-*^1^ secretary to the p»,h„ " George Staunton, I-ord MJcartn^',iT?7T In ^h!""' ""^" his talents and acGiiiro^"„„* ^^^^ capacity predated; and S S*^'^^''*' ''"'y «P- in 1797, appointed to th.^lnr"""^y,^»''. ...^, ...vj. „^ ^.uasem nu 1H?3, when on 1 charge of conspiracy, he was exiled to «nm„ In 1815 ho settled at Paris, and died igaQ BARKET, GEORGE, landscape ,',Jfn?;r was born in Dublin, but passed mo«fn?i??^' life in England, and was Sf tRund^:! oMhe Koyal Academy. Born, I'a'o ■ "SeS! BARRETT, WILLIAM, an English tnr,« grapher,^auth.rof a "HistorfofSisV^^^^^^ j BAilRlNGTON, DAINE3, an eminent iur l5t,na.uralist, and antiquary, wasthe fowth son of the first Viscount TJ«r,1„„*„i"'*'*'} in 1797, appointed to thP^^„'"'"""^y W"«. Cape of Good IIoDG Vp .nP^T,"'^"* "^ the services as primed "^^l""*"* ^"^ Harrow's tmued to fill this nffln» ^' ^»06-7. he con- sent, in 1845 Hp^«/°'^"/? ^^s «tire- Britannica, he pu^lishod tht ?J>cyclopaedia Macartney Lord AnL,? t '^ VZ-^ ''^ ^-oi'd Peter the'^GreatT Traye"i; kVu-^^ '^' ""^ to Cochin China, the Knv. AT"' J°y"^'« his own Autobiography &c Th« '"''""^y- aim of his writings wi«+^^' "" general tion, to pron ote ?hP «r.r '^2"''^^ informa- to stimulate research and in^ ''''"''^«' «" Lectiones Goomr^r'oo. ■• " T*ptt l'^" Pemat'cae,- nnd a . ■' Jf^tiones is. Addresses, &c. us Tm"rittln'*"^^*• ' "'" ' '-efwliy written N WcS:r6n "'^ "-"^ ested'mid ai'3 toow, Sir John, Ban pb h f P years soretarv to 7^^ Hl ■''■' ^°' I traveller and «^-li ^^^ Admiralty, a h bfosraphies ^ "™'"''"1 ^'iter of Nton in ToJ 'u. ■' ^^3 born near f^riyagejie displayed a decided in- BAT?TJ V T^ . "'Stress, 1886. ' mist^fsf Jf K V^™'- COT^XTKSS BV. orhis-Ser! I i"nd^;i„e ^S^n^r"- ^^^^^^^ sakf to CounTDV"Bar;;"|i:i'^ '*''•'■'>'•'"■« centre of ODDosino- mfKr" ,■" hecame the her fav„ur°^L° co"^t?d Kn '"t>^",'^Y «"" Choiseul was dismissed from' „<^''' 2"''® <'<' he dared renroirh m,p i • '"^°'*'C'' because She used th'^ public trpi"? ^"'" ^1" '^"oice. After the death of TLir?*"*^ "" ''^'' o^*"' convent. an^dTefuVS^^i'l -« ?pi:l;Y^? %l .^ i ^^ '1 ate..Ra:a.1.ll I ;5^ bar] ^ i^ebo ISntberSRl 39iogrnp})6« [bar' lived a decent life. She was condemned on ridiculous charges by the revolutionary tri- bunal and executed, in 1793. HARRY, Martin, an English physiolo- gist, was born in 18Uii. He griLduated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but did not practise cs a physician. He par- ticularly distinguished himself by his inves- tigations into animal development, and the fruits of his researches appeared in the "Philosophical Transactions." Ke was a fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and recoived the royal medal of the former for his important discoveries. Died, 1855. HARRY, Bir Chaklt;s, R.A., was born in May, 179.', nutl at an early age was articled to an architectural Arm at Lambeth. He afterwards travelled in Italy, Greece, find other countries, studying carefully the archi- tecture of each, and returned to England wivh an evident bias In favour of Italian, in which style he built St Tcter's Church at Brighton, she iivst Avork M'hicb niaOe him generally known. In his subsequent works he employed sometimes Grecian and Italian forms, but gradually acquired u preferencn for Gothic, which led him to express his strong dissat isfaction with his early work at Brighton. Among the numerous buildings of which he was the architect, the new Palat" of Westminster is that by which his nair." • 11 be most widely known. When the olci Houses of Parliament were burned down in 1834, Mr Barry's design was select- ed, and the result i!» that magnificent pile which forms the chief adornment of the banks of the Thames. Thi.s building has excited much controversy and mucli host- ile criticism. But whatever differeiecs of opinion may exist as to its want of origin- ality, or monotony of design, the great beauty of the work is unquestionable ; and in any judgment formed of it careful account should be taken of the many diiScultics with which the architect had to contend. "When it is remembered that the desijrn was made almost at the commencement of the reviv.'il of our national Gothic architecture, the im- pression will be one of admiration for the architectural genius which conceived such a work, and the conviction will remain that by jt Sir Charles Barry has done incalculable service to the progress of English art and the maintenance of its true principles. BARRY, Spkangkr, a celebr.ted actor; and, for a time, the rival of Garrick, wlio, however, in the higher walks of the drama, greatly excelled him. Born, 1719 ; died, 1777. BART, JEAN, a distinguished French sea- man, born at Dunkirk, in 1651. He served in the Dutch navy under De B.uyter, and at 20 years of age entered the Trench service. His daring, his intelligence, and his numer- ous successes obtained him great reputation. He was presented to Louis XIV. in 1691. His most brilliant achievement wag the de- feat of the Dutch Admiral Vries, and capture of a large fleet of vessels laden with corn, in 1694, for which letters of nobi'.ity were granted to him. Died at Dunkirk, in 1702. BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACauES, French historian and antiquary, was born in Pro- vence, 1716, He was educated by the Je- suits, became keeper of the klnf;'s cabinet of medals, which he enriched by collections made in Italy ; obtained at Rome the friend- ship of many learned and distinguished men, among others the duke of Choiseul, who, when first minister, gave him several hicrn' t.lve offices ; and was admitted to the Frencli Academy, and the Academy of Inscriptions. At the Revolution he lost his offices and v/ns imprisoned, but was released through Dan- ton's influence. He wrote several learned archirologlcal works, but won his greatest reputation by his " Voyage du Jeune Ana- charsis en Grfice," which was long used as an authority on the history, manners, and customs of the Greeks. Died at Paris i 1796. BARTHEZ, PAtJL JOSEPH, an eminent French physician, was born at Montpolijer, in 1734, where he founded a medical schcol| which acquired great reputation tliroushout Europe. For many years he practised iu Paris, and was consulted upon the most im- portant cases : ho also wrote in the Journal dcs Savans, the Encyclop^die, &o. ; and was,, a member of almost every learned society. During the Revolution he suflored greatly in ! his fortune; but Napoleon, who knew hii great merits, restored him, in his old age, to wealth and honours. Died, 1803. BARTHOLDY, JACOB SOLOMON, a Prus- sian diplomatist, born a Jew, but after tui- veiling in Greece ho abjured Judaism, and became a Protestant. In 1607 he servd against the French as an officer in the liiml- wehr of Vienna, and wrote a tract calleJ "The War of the Tyrol,"' which produced a great sensation. Died, 1826. BARTHOLINE, THOMAS, a Danish nn tomist, was born at Copenhagen, in ICIO. Jle studied at the principal universities in Iu rope, pnd was appointed Professor of Am tomy at Copenhagen, in 1648. HemadciiU" discoveries, among them that of the hii phatic vessels; his claim to which, ho'\Tc\u, is disputed. His works are very numeroui Among them are his " Anatomia," "His- toriarum anatomicarum et medicarum cen turiaj VI.," &c. Died, 1680. BARTOLI, Daniei.e, a learned Italian Jesuit, was born at Ferrara in 1608. He dis- tinguished himself as a preacher in the chid cities of Italy, and was author of numeroiii works, the most important of which is the " Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu." Araonj the others are " Vita di S. Ignazio," " LTomo j di Lettere difeso ed emendato," and ■worki 'j on natural philosophy and grammar. Died,,' rector of the Roman College, 1685. [il BARTOLI, PiETRO Santo, an Italianj painter and engraver, was born in ItiSa. He was a native of Perugia, studied under Xico-,^ las Poussin,and engraved a great numteolv^ ancient works of art, chiefly those reraain-ir' ing in Rome. His works are mostly etch- ings. Died, 1700. , BARTOLOMEO, FkA. [BACCIO DELU' PORTA.] }: BARTOLOZZI, FRANCISCO, an engravefj; ' of flrst-rate merit, was born at Florence in|| 1725 or 1730 ; came to England in 1764; iral admitted a member of the Royal AcadcmiF | in 1769; went to Lisbon, at the in^'itationot: the prince-regent of Portugal, in 1802; aiiJ;| there died in 1813. Amo I productions of his gra-^ J lifter Annibale Caracci I after Michael Angelu, th I after Carlo Doici, the " I after Copley, &c. I BARTON, BERNARD, I was brrn near London, I came a clerk in Alexand I bridge, where he served |his death. His first vo published in 1811, and tl numerous others, most homely subjects, but all by the purest feeling am (Taney. Hut it was not oi poet that Bernard Ba held in remembrance. I pour and vast stores of him a welcome guest wh( liid the native sincerity Vhich was apparent in e ^as enhanced by a benigi ■harity, in entire accordi Tepts of "lis faith. Died, I HART ON, ELIZABETH lun) of Kent," was a poo Brl, who first attracted i he year 1525. She lived lent. Reduced bv long i fcat nervous debility, si t trances, in which she u Icmed beyond the reach < Vge, and which Old Arc I whom the puzzled pari jr guidance, pronounced r»ectoryofWitehinghan7i„ UbsequentlybccXa^a','^ |» ■>^rw"c1fY.^^™' nAsJ his own mcmoirg and an nccnnnt \t ,., cmbassios. Born, 1S79 ; 3"ed" joTe ' "'■ IjASTIAT, M. Fh^dk'ric, ,^^0 has cal„o . Kiiropean reputation by lag wr?Hn„ ""'' political economy, wa. born n7 1 iT T 1803. Witliout being a discoverer „f *^ truths, ho possessed the rare Tculty°of"o?' pounding with clearness and vigour nfo" grounds and the effects of comDlpI „„. ''®, laws already developed by th" Dror»«„'""4 philosophy. The work b/which ho .. k' "/ known in England Is MTe " Sop^ 1^" lconom.q,.cs," which was transffi inf ' English hy Mr Porter of thn ii^ i°*° Traac. M.^iastlat waS a membe^ of^h°/ national assembly. Ho bore ti,o i,? J''*' character as an able, upright and ^1^?''** servant of his constituents and his eoun?v' and did his utmost to spread amon» 5^^' I countrymen that new and tnoreThi*? philosophy of trade of which he saw ffc"' kccts in this country. His chief wr.u'l^ Khc "Harmonics Economlques -■ a n«.M ^' 'i.As''t\S''"t "^"'^ -^^^^X^'""- tte studied at Cambridge trnvniiVi ^' UuT^hainLf Jo"hTrbrk's'S«'/ *^'' ».cy, "Elenchus PapLi?," aud "A if''*'- Hi bo imprisoned for life Wn ^ orauded, K 'parliament. He waVnv'iC™'^ . ', -- ^Uhe time of his dShTnoI kf o w„ ''*«' |;va..a^s^---3£. - -0 P'authrr''of'^<1:iv"es"r?/°™'i* ''J- ku«-^Icn,"&c. Born !«■>/ Reamed and |mXEY] '^ I'ULTENEY, Earl of. fe, Addison, and the °^,?°l'nebroke, I'ersof his time Bn.n w?i?'^'',.e'uinent lATHUHST HENHY 'E„H*^'^'•'''^^"'''• lve,andmadelo^clrh^,'«n.n'' *2" °^ the I ; author of the « Th^nrf°^ ^^ England 1 Hn™ 1-ii !• ■ ■'"eory of Evidenop •> Iathub si^ ; '■'cd, 1 79i. ' -^^^aence, Ji'oma?£cU?r„'^'*'\'lP°fNorwich, r^'ollege.oxfor, tf ^'n<=hester, and ^ctory of "vke hinih^ "'"■' P'-esented to lisubsequcntiTbi.^m^'V' '» Norfolk, in I in 1805 was consS f ^^h'^k'.' ?' ^"'J'"™ i f I" the House cf?n^.. ""'^'"P "^ N*"-' [a strenuoursunnnvf "'^''1' "' ^'athurst r«= in hiMiocesp .n''°^ ^^^ ^^''thO'ic [He died, aJh ^18 7 ilTJ'i'lf/ P'^- it son, Dr hpvbv i;^ — ^"6 bishop's r of Norwich a„-i^^^"^»^'' «'ch- f e, Norfolk, and of Wnif '?' "' North i t---^^l^^^^^_Hollesley, Suffolk, WHS the author of " iir«_ "< ' — — — i reverend father : a'w^r?"'" "„»' "l, right spleen and exprcssimi. „f"^^''"°'^''"f ^Hb th.it one so faithful »^ ^f disappointment. Whigs, should have never bepn ''T'"'- '^^ a r Cher diocese ! Died L„f °,«P/.'''«"«<» ^ UATHUHST B.Arm.'3^ P*' ^^'^*- of the founderso7?hei:S"'} P^^-n'. and onol 1C20; died, 1704. "*^ -""ya' Society. Born, ncnriffin^p°K S^^««. »« oml- storer of the Koman gchoo? n®'' %'J^" "■■ admired works is the "p^n^ "^/"^^ ">«"'' MaRus." at Homo Born n^ t. "' *^""'n died at Home. 1787 ™ "' '^""a, 1708; ^han, and his luc'ceS fn"*,,"' ^««»his part of his vast empire nJ^? northern long reign and nump?n,.t" ^^'^ ^'"d. after a one of the noblesf o«J -Louis, a sclor. of garlan famines wn.h'* '°.°'' ""^ient H -n. years he^was'Ku'er'of t°hi'f ^ ^'T »»- "^ I sitipn in the upper hou" of ?»^o «''''' ^PP"" parliament • and hn^T^.'^ ""* Hungarian for his devot"lon'fo'th°e ^cause ^„f i?«"'«"eS which he lonirp.J »« "^® "' Hungary. ancient adm?nfstratve?nVnrH''^''''* ^" ^^« moncd in March 1848 bv tif„ °''^"'°- ^"-n- rcrdinand, to toimtho^V^^ emperor-king responsible caK of »,t ^"''"Pen^ent and adhered, while in nfflL*''"^''^' ^^ Strictly of the country jrene^L^A,*" t''^ constitution emperor-king-s court at Inn-"" "^'"^ *° "''' tiate between the snv«i^ "'P'""''^'' to nego- ar a labouring to heal tho '^^ ^''^ ^'^^ people, threatened ?o^ P°un^e ?h/"PV.'"* "'«' dally ^ar. Animated b/thesamnr *°*2 <='^'M Pesth for Vienna in ^Ltl i ^"'^«' ^'^ left year ; but whe^C8a%Tt^'n"^''*^ «"'"« were likely to be frniHo v **" *"» efforts office, and Ltired to h&'J'^ resigned his On the invusonof w, ''^^^^'^^isenberg. the ban of Cro" tia Z^^'^ by Jeliachich ranks of the Natfonni o ''""Z entered the from his horse comSd )ZV. '^"' ^ '«» thought of aiding the can e^f TT^''"' "P all the field. In Deoemberhn tL ""ngary ip. and took part in the proceed ^^"s'^ff?/^^"'' ' lament, labouring as hpfnrn F °^^^° Par- lumnyandintriirnp t^JL I-^' '''-'spite of ca- king and the cSV anTto • *^ '''*^^«° "^" S^^e^^iSsS -^ "--^y gality ; and aT^haufe could S^"'*"!*^- a deputation.of which he formfl*^* was, that be sent to Prinoe W?nriifn\?™^^ ""«'' s''ould to attempt a comprom?sph!r^*'°°'=« '"ore and the people But t^o^ between the king its object. This waVn.n?"^''^^*"' ^""^d in act. On thp fiVi /^1^T ^^atthyani's last public in the draw1n?room of H^'.'J^'""? ''""ted Pesth, tran8fefredrccessive!vtrn'^"'r' ** Lay bach, and Pesth t^h off ^*°°^d^nburg, imprisonment was trfpH a""*''" "'"« months' clared guilty of^lth-Vrp^'^ eourt-martial, de- to die on th^ gatt OctT'isfcf ««°tenced the sentence^ with teanouiiH^^' "l ''''"^ Posure. Havingt^n"K"ofhKif^??-| il in 77 I 111 iiiii! BAU] % i^to ffinibcrsal Ifiiograpi)!?. [bat endeavoured, In tlu> course of tho ilglit, to open the voin» of hla neck by moans of a blunt papnr knife, and thus to psciipe the lait liullgiiitv of what the Austrian* caUcd the " law." ilut his attempt was discovered, and though he lost much blood, the surgeons succeeded in saving his life. The sentence, as pronounced by the court-martial, could not be eircuted, -nd It wan commuted to a soldier's death. ' lie died us he lived, calm, majestic, aid conBiious of innocence. His possession:! were lonflscatcd ; and his wife (a member of the noble family of Zlchy) and children left tho country of their fathers for a foreign hind, there to weep, and if possible to forgive. The news of the execution of IJatthyanl caused astonishment 'and horror throughout the civilized world. Batthyani had never aimed nt the < ompleto separation of Hungary from Austria , he was decidedly opposed to the cstabllshuient of a Hun- garian republic; and he had, through irood and evil report, supported the union bet een the two countries, on the basis of the on- Btitutlon of March, 1848. But his devotion to the cause of constitutional government had procured him much Ill-will at tho court of Vienna, then bent on the restoration of the despotic system, overthrown In 1848; and it is not improbable that, buoyed up by the sm cess that had followed the Rus- sian invasion in 1819, they took occa- sion to strike, in the person of Batthyani, at all who might bo inclined to tread In his footsteps ; for despotic governments hoKl in especial abhorrence tho moderate re- former. BAUEll, rEUBiNAND, a German artist, highly distinguished as a botanical painter. He came to England, and made drawings of the exotic plants in the royal gardens of Kew ; and was engaged as draughtsman to accompany Robert Brown, in Captain I'lin- ders' expedition to the coast of New Holland, between 1802 and 1806, for the purpose of making drawings there from the living plants, which drawings were afterwards pub- lislied. Bled, at Vienna, 1826. BAUHIN, JEAN, a French physician and celebrated botanist ; author of " Historia Plantarum," &c. Born at Basle, 1541 ; died, 1613. BAtTHIN, GASPARD, brother of the above ; an excellent botanist, author of " Instituti ones Anatomicoe," " Phytopinax," "Pinax," aid numerous other works. Born, 1560 ; died, 1624. BAUME, 'Antoine, a Prench chemist, born at Senlis, 1 728. He was chosen professor of chemistry at the College of Pharmacy, Paris, and made his laboratories great manu- factories. He invented and improved many processes in the useful arts, and was admit- ted to the Academy of Sciences. He lost at the Revolution the fortune on which he had retired, and bravely began work afresh. He was received at the Institute in 1796, and died, 180i. He left several useful frorlis on chemical subjects. BAUMGAllTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB, professor of philosophy at Frankfort-on-the- Oder ; author of "^Metaphysica," " Ethica Philosophica," &c. He is chiefly remem- bered as the first writer who used the term " .A:sthctlca " to designate the science of the beautiful. Born, 17U; died, 1762. BAUR, PKti VND CHRIBTJAN, a dlj. tingulshed German theologian and biblioa! critic, hf.'i'l of the so called Tubingen School of Rationalist divines, was born in 1792 While holding a professorship at a seminar; inBlaiibeiirenhe publl»lH^d,ln 1824, his work entitled " Hymbdl k und Mvthologi' h lH20heac( ptoduc II to tho chulrof theology at TUblngen, anl li.incpforward he illstin- gulshed hUnH'-lf by his labours and learned productions in the field of biblical erithism, and 1 ;(' history of doctrini s. A discipl* ol Hegel. I '• applied the principles of his pliilo. sophs to the study of theology and the criti- cism t the earliest Christian literature; with results startling enough, and which areitill the subjects of grave controversy. Hisprin-j cipal works on the history of Dogmas arih- "Tho Christian Gnosis," "Tho ChrlstiM Doctrine of the Atonement," and "Tlie Christian Doctrine of tho Trinity and Ib caination." Of his works of New Testament criticism the most important are— "Tiie Christ-party in tho Corinthian 'hurch,"u essay in the TUbingen Journu. for 1831; " The so-called Pastoral Letters of the Apo- stle Paul;" "Paul, the Apostle of Jejoi Christ ;" " Critical Researches respectingih Canonical Gospels," In which he espcciallj attempts to disprove the hlsti rlcal characin of the Fourth Gospel; and a work on tl)e Origin and Character of the Gospel of Mark, Died, 1861. BAXTP.R, RiCHAEi), the eminent None* formist preacher and writer, was born li; Shropshire in 1615. He was ordained iij 1638, and after short engagements at Dudlff and Bridgnorth, became parish minister ol Kidderminster in 1640. He was very la!' ous and very popular as a preacher, but Lia an uncertain and fiuctuating position Ix. tween the conflicting parties in the civil irai. At one time he was chaplain to a regiment of the parliamentary army, and was prewBl at several sieges. Jfe returned to Kiddtt' minster, took part in the Savoy conferenct, and drew up a reformed liturgy, and had i« quit his living on the passing of the Act ol Uniformity. For tun years he was chid! occupied in writing, but in 1672 hi »« again to London and preached, though wu*. many interruptions. He was several tiaiei the victim c* the persecuting enactmentsd the time, ana was tried before Judge Jef feries on a ciarge of sedition. Jefferit! played his usua. coarse part, and fined nil imprisoned the v nerable preacher, theni! years old. Baxte. was a prolific Trriter,ii large portion of hi ' works being poiemicili and now little read. His most popular boobj are the " Saints' Evei'astingRcst," "J)yi«l| Thoughts," and " Call > o the Unconverted" His theological views .vre set forth in tin " Methodus Theologise," and "CatholicTbf ology ;" and he has left an account o.'tit principal 'passages of his life In the "M quioj BaxteriantB." Died, 1691. BAXTER, Andrew, an eminent nfti physician, and aut*^» of an " Enquiry iia the nature of the Human Soul," &c. a«| at Aberdeen, 1687 ; diea, 1750. BAYARD, PlEftEE DUT£RRAIl,8i«giie«^: iSforzn.and given up by hlii jOui ()f Hnyaid's most c ■was lils defence, single-har ■over the Garigllano agains IBpaniards. In 'h(> war ft >i(?hteou« r^ng ctmbn psain, and by au.uiiig rap lided the victory of Akh levorely wounded at the a *nd being carefully nursed Iwo dauffhters, he in returi worn harm to life or bono anguished himself at the Ipiirc," ond finding defeat ir fisoncr an English knight, tered himself prisonertoliii M Kenry VIII. received hi It honour, and liberated bo |o accession of Francis 1. 1 p roneived, and at the gre Jfniino Bayard surpassed 1 •cvictory.nnd had the hone U sovereign on the field, •fence of MezlAres against T next achievement. Th fi, he served under Admir fly, against the Imperial Jistablede«ourbon,anda( I ^^''S'a received his morti Used to be carried off the VvtT """ '■"' the firs ■k on the enemy. Setatth I still urges on his comrai PS or his sword, and confei hquire. The Constable c n„f'|'". sight, and tho a most hu latest breath tnf,?r"h'':"'''""''">°t prn for, but yourself, fl glorious than titles c I Hlshfe was written b eur or secretary, «nd' fch many editions, ' ^ B'<^°""«D SIEOPRI vfZ' , ''ecame Profesi Foman Antiquities VfR? 78 bay] I d*, (Miucd, (ho " Ch»vali*r tani pour ,i ,„«, J tprocht," was horn at the Chiteau of Jlavnrd uear Orem.hio 1476. Ho was the defend.' ant of a lino of dlstinKuUhed soldier!, and wai early devoted to arms. At firit n«»» I • . the duke of Sttvoy, ho paM.-d in o'^"?« , vice of Oharloi VIII. of France and fm lu^od him in hi. invaBlon of Naple.ln l/w taki..g a brilliant imrt In the bat le of vlt' noYu. ir.. followed LouU XIT , hU co„ I quest of the Milanese, wns .a, tured Tv' Rforzn and Riven up by him wlthou ranl,m^ i Ion, of H«y«id'8 most celebrated nctlonJ Iwa, Msdefrnce. 8lnglo-handed, „f the brldia ' iBpaniards In '.^ war following the un hsain and by „ ..,.,i,g rapid movement de k^Jed the victory of AKnadello. He \vn8 kvc ely wounded at the attack of MresS ind beiDK carefully nursed by a lady and he; Iwo dauKhtor.,, he In return protecfedthein |om Imrm to life or honour Bayard d is Jnguished himself at the "Battle of the" lpur«,' and finding defeat lnevlta"'%e to^^ , terc 1 himself prisoner to him. The . ,„nernr id H,.„ry VIII received him wfth the hLh- It honour, and liberated both knight. On Icnccession of Francis I. the war in Tt.l]v in'noSrd"' "' '''' 'r''' '>^«le of mI^ jn.ino Bayard surpassed himself deel.io^ [e Victory, and had the honour of knigh fn^ I* sovoreiRn on the field, The successf m I ne'x?^^!'^'*'''* "^"^""t Charles V w^ P next achievement. Two years later f ,1a. served under Admiral Bonnivet in ►red the rebuke " n!. „Lv "° *° '"^^e [rn for, but yiurse If fl^w? J'"" *''°"'d I I kin, and yoi;?"coun{ry'^l"l^ .?«'"«' I |«yard, more perhaos t ifo^ .„ ° ^® *^"-''*' l> we mav see tho 'J? ■? ^" »"y other fctial ftiias *""»or(,f Uianometria," Nan Ant.STes at R?'?,'"'*^ ^^^^^ >8 author of ft v«,» E ^.' 1 eteraburg, L?'itled"Musa;u'7s*^:jl'<>«'' and able Ped, 1738. "**"™ Sinicum." Born, ^ Mtio ^nlbettal ma nrn^hj. [bba I celL^nTou^'s' '^rlU^'l'^'r''*''^"*'''''''!^ 1617. Ho waJ cduraTed at th/.' V"'** '" ' of Puyla.irens and TouinnL ^ wnlver.ltles time professed thn r»,i, n*' 2"'* 'or a short years later rr moved to Mnf»„. i'*'"'' ""'' *'» flll<'d the same ehrlr ,,"?""""' ^herohe in l«93:'LTc"o?cd' ilmS' o1h°/ "" P»" , tion of hig (Treat iJ,?v 11 ..t''® P't'Para- I Critique et^^^ok ."e ^,l';i J'J[''"''"'»1'« peared in 2 vols, fol ,, i, ibb, «' \^ ""' "P- trovci sies were c x. ,..i V- . J'. ^ '"••* «0"- '■nKnjfed him tU lis deat'^*'''S'^?''' ^'•'''h Indefatigable student anS' 1«""- ? '"'* "" worked K hour« n V5„t^ "/""' '« have w^oteap,worful^,^e„H7/''^''" y'""- Ho cution Of i7e Prote'tfl, . n'^'l?'?'' ">« P"""" riodlcal work enfmi . '.""v '""""'■«* <* Pe r«pub|,qrde;i.Ltt're •'.'f U ''im'!',? "« '» much enlarged lm« n-,..iV .u ^'^""""•'y." editions. I)ied:i7.m ^ ^ through many righU-idge.'wt 'S't: IZ'l'^T'' "P- imTZ"'''" "^ '^"Kt' t"„Vi';;'i ?9 ^'Ti' K B;:^cr :;d°"r;^i^!:^ S-^ t^" a^'renHrg:r3F<^"Sn^^r iiovolcnt hem hf n,,r, r' '.,*•* f *""" "e- ners of the gentlemnn 1 ^ '''fn'Aed man- fesslonal erSduion ? ;;' n " ''i^J'?^ "' P'"- "rstrank an „ ,g h^. i 'I,- f,'''^'^ ''"» 1" the '.i's long been a standard b.mk hrn""^"^ '' foss.on. „„, .^, value^fn';^;:;' JoVtr^ciral |-emlK^»SriSon„U swum a »iem)i.>F «f ti>\r J^'. °"' •'o was crealed a tare „, "'..S! S'r ""«£". .M abbot of Arbroath In J?'*?^- «». became three years laJer was sent nn^^''' ^V^ »«'»» sies to France made a eo. .5? *?'"'"' •=™ha8- in the followfn^year bSr' '■" ^*^«' «"* the death of jE v K P"'!!**''- On termination secured tnh. ^^ cjnft and de- power in church and gtltp^^"'^'^ *'»«' <^''lef high chnncellor and ^fln^i^^'"^ named lord posed an alliance witKatt^- ."« '^P" cially distincuislu.d HmcoVf^ *°'*' ^""^ ««Pe- hi. ,fir.s„r.*.K&jraSr»£«j ,1 H Hi'" ■ I: 11 .0,^, -* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / // /. fc fA V] ■» a ma IBEAUMONT, JOHN THOMAS Babbeb fcll known as the founder, and many yeaw ^naging direc or.of the County Fire Office i., was born in London, In 1774, his nn' fcnal name being Barber. In his youth he inifested a strong desire to obtain emi Ince as a painter. He aftei wards becamp I author.and published a "Tour in wllef " bides several tracts upon the best mode Af fc!/1^PT'""°"''"' " most eflfectually VZlf"^ threatened French inyasion^ Uhe atlength put in practice what he had strenuously recommended to otL.t^^ — ..amcui lue \L»uKe or Cumberland' ^rp-shooters," of which corps he wmZ nted, in 1801, captain commandant?; i tlfl^''"'hed'ihe Pro^dent iSstltl h, which gave rise to the various simiifl,^ kbishmcnts, now better known L'W inS' ?84rtr 'K""'^^^- He "r nf M '^' "• '^aT'Ji? bequeathed thp ^alinstitutioiiuBeautonSUr'e'fc Ieausobre, Isaac, a French tt..n7« P, was born at Niort inlGS9 wJt^^l 'fotestantfamily,waeducat^"da?S«S^nf jbecame pastor at Chitillon sur.?^ ft/ • On the revocation of the Prtf»?ii tes his church was closed but ^f5 P^ P ea rVi^t^ r «' S''o» the Zt )^ and chaplain 'th'^^^^^J^e became ly esteemed for his learning' ^?^.'^<^ iProjected a voluminon. «"^/°** P'^'ty. Nation, Which he WM„?"'*°f^ °' the celebrated work l1hlf«°T?!P'«'e. «'" M« Manich'^eSi;. * He S '/ .*'''- ^-urleNrearaX'...'''a ff S^^'cSS^V"' '^^^ "^ of Louis XIV Bni^ ',^i^J P^et, in the Kan eminent French il'af'.:?'' »' «» sldent or the council nr«^ — - 1 Panied the Dauphin o„ hf"^®" «« «ccom- and In 1689 was annof^f^i' **"* campaign dukeof Burgundy Th^^f^, governor to the Berri were also pliced u„d". 7°'^"J°» «nd was by his influenPP tho^ i?'''^ ^^ charge, it to be mtor to the duke '«"""" >vn8 Chosen remained the Arm friend "/?l!°<'y' "nd he proscribed prelate to tke »L*\»°«>leand was named minister of stflfoo*^-.,^" ^''91 ho foresight, sound Judgmont '«nH ^^^^^ ^^^e theinterestsofthepeoDlP ro^i*** regard for services on severarcrUicai^^f ^? ^"'""We the accession of the dV.ifi "/?s'ons. On throne of Spain as Pwun v "^S""* »" the was made a grandee of rV^.^'* Beauviiiicr his highest position ^hen^h^--, «« reached Kundy became DannhT,? * . ^"''e of Bur- with his father in the ^U?r'* "^"^ ""oclated the constant adyfsor a^d fwlT")- «« was Phin, and shared wifhi-"^ *>' the Dau- Jtate. And when i^ iriji? ^' *he toils of the blow wasierribie tol„^ ^^Phin died to Penelon. I™faiii„/^"",VJ"*''''"8ltwa8 on, and died In I7i4 "* *'"*'th he lingered ^BEAUVOIS. CPALISSOT De BEAU- j bora at Falerio In 13^'' litterateur, was service of the duke otMiu^^ *''*^'"'"' the Professor of Belles rp?L="??.' ^*" named celved the Doettp n^^"™2 "* ^"''^la. and re- Slgismunl fn '432 *'h«'^,?"*''« Emperor serrice of AlfonVn w *^^° entered the senthimon vMlou.'p^h* °/ ^rragon, who ployed also bTFerdinmfn*^"- «« ^«« ^m- of Alfonso. Heleft a H f; °" ^""^ successor other works. Died ^S °'^«f A'fo'>so,and namrwSSES» ^^'^ «"» painters of thP s^f. ' ^'•^ <""« of the best was formed on t?it of P« '"*«.'• His sty" modified subsequently bv^h«"*/^°' '»"t was artists. He exp^»t^lF ^ '"* *tudy of other sen.^us p?acUcKil'l''\*^^""^.«n in- 1 life was devoted to Ses^SSv'Ar'r^: ^hoTe was professor of nhii^L V^"^ "' Physics. He &%M?s «SE ?F'-- thof of the celebrated « Kh''""'^" "» *"- and Punishments." Which flril'^ *"* ^'■*'»" 1764 and advocated great n.?„rt appeared in ejfislation. it passed th.^,?*^."*''"^™inal in Italy In the flret twn l^'^^S^ six editions read all oy"r Europe ftT"' "S** ^" '^O" a storm of perSion n^'f^^*"*' however, was protected by thilustr?«:! ''''^^'"'' '^ho I-ombardy, and m-ido p1, *"* governor of Philosophy. Bec^^^faw..''""' °/ ^^oiitical clpal writers in ti.o »!!. ^"f ""^ of the prin- ' published at SlinJijifn,'!'!*,"^'* "" Caw"' anSS^pSpTof^^A^'.T'''' P»'°t«r at Madrid, IWo "^*^'chael Angelo. Died, J ■I i dec] ^ £kixi Bnibttstil ISiograpl^p. JIECHSTEIN, JOHANN MATTHIAS, a Ger- man nsturnlist, was born in 1757. He Btu- dled theoloffy at Jena, but abandoned the church for hU favourite study. He entered the service of the DuVe of 8axe Meiuingen In 1800, as director of a " Forest Academy." Bechstein's " Natural History of Cage Hirds" has been translated into EoRlish. Among his other works nro " True Delineations of Natural History," "Handbook of Forest Science," " Forest Insectology," &c. Died, 1822. BECK, Anthony. [BEK.] BECKET, St Thomas a, archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a London mer- chant, his mother being a convert from Mo- hammedanism. He was bom in 1119, ai^d was sent by Theobald, archbishop of Canter- bury, .to study at Oxford and Bologna. He entered the church, and was much forwarded by Theobald. In 1158 the king made Becket chancellor. In the following year he accom- panied the king to France, with a larfte and splendid retinue. He was elected archbishop of Canterbury, by command of Henry II., in 1162 ; and soon after he resigned the office of chancellor, thereby giving great offence to the king. Becket row laid aside all pomp and luxury, and led a life of monastic aus- terity. In the controversy which immedi- ately arose respecting the limits of civil and ecclesiastical authority, Becket asserted against the king the Independence of the church, and refused to sign the " Constitu- tions of Clarendon." By a council .or par- liament at Northampton Becket was coii>- demned, and suspended from his office. He escaped in disguise to France, and had the protection of the king. In response to his excomniunication of the clergy who signed the " Constitutions," and some of the king's I officers, the king banished all the relations of Becket, and forbade all communication with him. War with France followed. In 1170 a meeting took place between the king nnd the archbishop, at Frctville, where they were professedly reconciled, and Becket re- turned to Canterbury. He at once published the pope's sentence of suspension against the archbishop of York, and other prelates, who had crowned Prince Henry. The king's angry expression en hearing this induced four of his barons to go immediately to Can- terbury, and after unsuccessfully remon- strating with Becket, they followed him into the cathedral and murdered him on the steps of the .altar, 31 December, 1170. The king denied all share in the murder, and was ab- solved; butln 1174 he did penance at Becket's tomb. Becket was canonized by Alexander III. in 1173. His remains were translated in 1220 to a splendid shrine, which attracted crowds of pilgrims, and was loaded with rich offerings. The immense treasure was seized by Henry VIII., and the shrine destroyed in i538. BECKFORD, WILLIAM, one of the most remarkable men of modern times, was the son of Alderman Beekford, of London, who bequeathed him property, said to amount to upwards of £100,000 per annum. He had a strong passion for building, and In erecting the much-t«lked-of Fonthlll Abbey, spent i» a very few years the enormous siun of £273,000! An excellent scholar. an,i Z" sessed of a fine taste In almost everv Wn^ u^aII' ^?. <=»»'^*'i'^djn the fantastic but 2 "Abbey " one of the finest and most «/. ' sive librnrie. In England, and his pS and curiosities were almost unequalled m of his West Indian property, reffi' necessary for him to sell the abbev.and »i.i a few exceptions, an its rich and rarp'oi tents in 1822. When thesale was an„ou„- P,"''Jl°„i^"""*"y ^*« "o generally exciM that 7200 catalogues were sold at oneeu „„' each ! But his claim to remembrance «, chiefly upon his wild and singular taK • Vathek " which is so splendlS /"d ri!' tion, so true to eastern costume, thnt TnJi Byron said, " Even Rasselas muJt boV L fore jt; the Happy Valley will not Zr. comparison with the Hall of Eblis " t,,V dition to " Vathek," Beekford wrotea Sntw.' cal work, entitled "Memoirs of Ex J Z" dinary Painters;'- "Italy, with SketcS Portugal and Spain ;" and " Recollect J an excursion to the Monasteries of AIcoh« and Batalha." Died, May, 1844, aeed 81 '^ BECKMANN, JOHANN Anton! « naii« of Hanover, and a professor at Gottint. where he lectured for many yean on S Jects connected with rural and Doli««i economy, &c. He was the author of sewS works, of which his " History of DiscS ?7"'irdkS."°8n." '"*""' "''* ^"°^"- 5 BEDDOES, "THOMAS LoVKlt, drsmata poet, was born at Clifton in 1803. His fa li» was a physician, and the early patron ofsj Humphrey Davy, and his mother wu . younger sister of Maria Ed^eworth. Full left an orphan, he was educated at the Char. terhouse and at Oxford, where his impetnou.' sarcastic, and rebellious disposition invoW him in frequent conflicts with the authori- ties. He left the university, after takiii his degrees, wearied and dissatisfied, in 18M He then went to study medicine at ma- gen, became an enthusiastic student of kI- ence, graduated M. D. at Wurzburg, lirej afterwards at Strosburg and Zurich, and»ii several times banished by Prussian, Hato- ve.f,-n, and Bavarian governmontsasadfr mocrat, and died at Basel early in 18i9, Hii prinoipal poem, the only completed mM his mature years, is that entitled "BeatH Jest-Book, or The Fool's Tragedy." He Jnl made himself known by the " Bride's Tn- gedy," published in his second college je», and which won him the warm friendsUpot Barry Cornwall " and George Darley. Af- ter his death a volume of his "Poemi," chiefly early ones and mere fragments, witk' some striking letters, was published, witlii memoir by his friend M' Kelsall. Biiim was a passionate admirer of the great dn- matists of the IGth century, and he shomd himself a genius of the same order. "Ifc few poems he has left," says a friendly critit, are magnificent in diction, terse and clou in expression, various and beautiful in mo- , dulation, displaying imaginative thoughuo( j: the highest reach, and sweeping the chorij of passion -vith a strong and fearleHluiit| Plenty of defects may be noted, butneTOi want of Bincerity, never a borrowed tiiek, 82 fer ft gaudy irrelevance, never a euperflu J common-place." " "' Iedk, or J;EDA, surnamed " the Venern ■i" an English monk and ecclesiastical h la an, was born in the bishopric of Durhnm Dt673. He was for twelve yeanTft.t^' -tin the monastery of Wearmouth, while" ■edict Biscop was abbot. He also recelvprf Iruetion from John of Beverley. He wa. lined priest about 703, and had alreadv fcned a wide reputation for learning and tr- His whole life was spent quletlv in Idouastery, devoted to study and writin» Jnost important work is the " Eccleslns* ' P'f'f.'y of England," published about land highly esteemed as one of the most Iwort hy sources of early English hisTo^. JBS w.itten in Latin, and was translatPrt paxon by Alfred the' Great. The eariiest led edition appeared >n 1474. Bede wrote ^ works, among others a "Chronic™" [the Creation to a. D. 725. And he coL- W a feaxon translation of St John's Qm be day he died. His end was pelcefu B"*' " v." •"'* "'? "'""^ "^^n- He died ^6,73j. His remains, at first deposited rrciTdrir''"-«^"<'««-ov'ei J)ELL, William, bishop of Kilmore K™ "I Essex in 1570. ke studied «/ f-idge and entered the church^ He ■nties of parish priest first at Bury St fn.l'/"'' "^''*/' Horningsheath, he hosen provos,. of Trinity college, Dub! nfJl, nnd t'^o years later was made »of Kilmore and Ardagh. He diH ^n^l > both at the college fnd in his see^ h^ |orms he introduced. At 70 year's of Jb was seized with his family^by the |?,')"^,™P"soned. Died soon after in iBishop Bedell caused the Old Testi |fai?d°rn'o?£?;'i^rd\?' tnmi^ '^•"''^ on his father's coron- K.r aSe^ f£^ W EnotinH i^ *'"''^ of Gloucester but hr« '.^"/""^ ^^^ minority of >''in%ec or'o'rtri^^/"''' Bed at ti,» < ''''''■y successes. The fed by JKf "^ Orleans, which > hal previousIv''"«i/'i' ^''^'^ "^ JthedukpnfS ^ abandoned the ORe of the fine artiTn^j . ■ — — — _ cial industry A m'emberTfr "''""'''> «' «o. societies, versed in acK«n!!7*™' '««™ed ture,ho was no less att„nh»^."'' "''"'"*- to the Improvement of wifi *k «'f'<'"«ture, many years and We suminf^ ^* *'^^°'«d' expended upwards of £Tooof.r°"K^^;. «« Covent Oaraen Market In .?u" ""ebuiiding reader it one of the nrni^'"*^'' * "y'e as to of the metropolis In "1m"l'L«'' 'hat Par? ft Whig; but his Whole cou«»^''.®'''"^« ^ft" ''■ere such as to procure X .'l""*<'''"™eter men of all nartie* ««^ * i" ^''e esteem of Phaticali; the tuie 0? " a°^^"!? '?' "^'"em- gentleman." Born 17f5«* ??°J* ?'•* English Informer, -/oted for '^•,9^'"^"'?" infamous JScKVofe^ ^^E-Dtf/H'^ '^?eV quis of, car^„t/^^H^N,f »E la Cueva. Mar- dlplom;Ka1'b'oS?nr«;?^'^^«' «pSh ambassador tn ♦!.« "'^' He was sent rhilip lTinm7'??n'li,S{. Ven"e by With Don Pedro of To?PHn "* "^ *°<"' Part and the duke of OssSna t'if.T'i^^'o'Milan PJes.in a consolraov ?;^^" ^'^"°y of Na- public Of Ven"c8 by flrin«r°7ho'''''^ *»>« «- Jaglng the mint an/thl» ^ *'"' arsenal, pn- and massacr"g''t^i*5^;f«8'i»-yorst Mark,,, Tlieplot failed and «t "1? *''<' senators Spaniards Sa?restfd a„^H^""''""«° «nd ed as accomplices TJprfJ?"^ ''"''« or drown- retire. He wllo^.^.J^^^^ ''as aiiowed to ' ' afterwards governor of'"*^'"*^'' '^^z! was rXd^ir£--i i^^ year, and after'a great vari-^'''^' ^^' ^^"*'* all parts of the glfbe berrif^ ?.' services in 1815. In 1818 and 1819 he tLV'^^*''"«n* '•> Xreat arctic exneditinno ^°°J^ P"""* !« the Pi-ankllnand8i?EdwaPrtP .^''" ■^°"" ^vas engaged inthelnrte^^lP'll'' 1«21 he Northern Africa under Ca^tninrof,*^""" "^ Admiral} Smyth ; and In 1825 h../*""'^*''''* the rank of commander 17 "''^^"^"""'ned to theBIossom to fake niJ5 . ^"'' «PPointcd expedition, and tl e refui^ '"Al"."*"'" P*""' wl'lch lasted three TPnr!. *" *'''* ''oyagc, under the title of l«?c„ri''»r^'«,P»Wished to the Pacific anS BSg'lt?!.? \"y««« operaie with the Polar pinL^."'*? *<* eo- 1828,'' and contriLtediafS'nHr ^" ^^^5- of geographical enterDriri^S°S'*^l?™»'"es8 ''nee. Prom 1837 to 1847 ra"''/''''V'='" ««!- was engaged In thf f Captain Beechey and Irish &^U.Vn/;7o' *^« ^^''«ol appointed to constitute nnH^"^"* afterwards Marine Department of th«»*"Pf'"'"**''''l tJ«e a service In which hpi«» ^°''\'^ ^^ Trade- day of his de^?h! fn r854 ?,?P'°y^1 till t'hc to the rank of rear-a^mir ,i ^"f^promoted I l.ig year was elected P^nfin' ""^l the follow- Geo|,aphical1oc e'fy"^"^ S" 8°5V''" Koyal BEECHEY, Sir Williaw I a * nent English portrait nnfn^' ^^•' "»» eml- fordshlveln 1753 He Wn ^''' *'°"* *" O*" the Royal Academy at J^po^ a student at 1^07 was eIec&^.'^i;;-^-4i«.and^,n bee] ^ Jteb) anibersal 33iograpl^6. [bel painted a few historical compoBitions of some merit. His chief excellence, however, lay In portrait-painting, to which, indeed, he chiefly confined himself, and in which he surpassed most of his contemporary artists. Died, aged 86 yett^.^ in 1839. BEETHOVE^, LUDAVia VON, one of the greatest musical composers, was born at Bonn in 1770. His genius very early showed itself, and his musical education was begun by his father at the age of five, and continued by the court organist, who introduced him to the worlis of Sebastian Bach and Handel. He soon attempted composition, and showed wonderful facility in improvisation. About 1774 he was sent to Vienna to study under Haydn, but as Haydn left Vienna soon after, ho studied under Aibrechtsberger. About 1700 he finally quitted his natiyo town and settled at Vienna, where Mozart quicltly re- cognized his marvellous power. When about 40 years of age, he was attacked with deaf- ness, which became total, and lasted through life. He became more and more the victim of morbid irritability, causeless suspicions, and hopeless melancholy, ending in con- firmed hypochondria, and at last dropsy and delirittm. He continued to compose, how- ever, long after he ceased to hear himself play, and received homage and all kinds of honours from all parts of Europe. His works are very numerous and in every variety of style : orchestral, chamber-music, pianoforte, and vocal music. Among the most celebrat- ed are the opera of "Fidelio," at first named "Leonora," the oratorio of the -'Mount of Olives," the cantata "Adelaide," " Sinfonia Heroica," " Sinfonia Pastorale," " Concerto in C Minor," "Sonata Pathetique," and " Sonata with Funeral March." Vaat power, intense passion, and infinite tenderness, are manifest in all hib compositions, which abound no less in sweetest melodies than in grand and complicated harmonies. Beetho- ven was never married. He died In March, 1827. BEOA, COENEHtTS, Dutch painter, c^ lefly of cattle and landscapes. He was one :the most eminent pupils of Adrian van Ostade. Born, 1620; died, 1664. BEGEYN, Abbaham, Dutch landscape painter ; some fine pictures by him are at the Hague. Born, 1650. BEHAIM, or BEHEM, MARTIN, a cele- brated geographer, was born at Numberg about 1430. He uade several trading voy- ages, studied mathematics and navigation, and in 1480 went to Portugal. He accom- I»nied Diego Can on an expedition of dis- covery along the coast of Africa, and ren- dered valuable services. In 1492 he revisited his native city, and there constructed his famous terrestrial globe. He then returned to Portugal, and soon after to the isle of Fayal, where he died, 1506. Attempts have been made to prove that Behem was the dis- coverer of America, but without success. B£HN, Aphea, a miscellaneous writer in the reign of Charles II., whose works were remarkable for their disregard of decency and morals: they consist chiefly of poems, novels, and plays. She was employed by the government in a secret mission i,u Hol- land in 1666, and discovered the intention of M the Dutch admirals to bum the shippioK lil the Thames. Died, 1889. ""1 BEHNE8, WILLIAM, a distinguished 1 sculptor, was of German origin, but wail born in England about 1700. The bank! r^ptcy of his father and the death of hlil mother Involved him in difHcult and frylni I circumstauccB, against which he for a tlnel bravely struggled. Working at his faiherJ trade by day, he studied in the evening ail the Royal Academy, in 1816 and several lub-S sequent years. He attained great tkili aJ a portrait sculptor, and executed a larnl number of busts of eminent men, statues of I Gresham at the Royal Exchange, Sir Wul liam Follett in St Paul's, Dr liabingtoi I &u. ; and also several admired ideal ttatuetl "Lady Godiva," "The Startled Nymph"! and " Europa." Pecuniary embarrassmontil dissipated habits, comparative neglect nl the part of the public, and death in oA Middlesex Hospital, whither poverty dronl him at last,— such are the sad element! tfl Behnes's story. Died, January, 1864. f BEHRING, VITUS, a captain in thcEii|.| sian navy, and a celebrated navigator of tlitl northern seas, who, being cast on a desoiikl islaod, perished there, in 1741. This la noil called Behring's Island, and the straita l«.| tween Asia and America have also recein his name. BEK, or BECK, Anthony de, bishop « Durham, a bold and spirited prelate, ihi united the skill and courage of a soldier n the austerity of a divine. Ho led the i of the English army under Bdward I. in t expedition against the Scots in 129S; coi manded one division of the cavalry at il battle of Falkirk, two years later; M Barnard Castle and other fortresses, he^ the manor-house of Eltham ; received k^ the Pope the title of Patriarch of Jcraaaieijl was excommunicated by the Archbishopti| York, and died in 1311. Beck wasatlktl time of his death the richest subject in Ei<| rope, and he was the first bishop of Duilu buried in the cathedral. BELIDOR, BEBNAED FOREST DE, eminent French engineer and mathen cian; author of " Dictionnaire portatifil I'lng^nieur," &c. Born, 1695 ; died, lIEi, I BEjjISARIUS, the great general of Jutfl nian, was i nati^'^ of Illyria. He t»| manded an expedi m against the kii;i Persia about 530 ; suppressed an insarncliiE at Constantinople ; conquered Geliffler,Ui|^ of the Vandals, and put an end to their i minion in Africa ; wap recalled and honom with a triumph. In 53.'i he was sent to W to carry on war with the Goths, ami t Rome in 637. He was there unsuccessfi besieged by Vitiges, whom he soon atterii sieged and captured at Ravenna. Hei recalled through jealousy before he 1 completed the conquest of Italy. InSHlj comm>'>nded in Persia, and returned to la) with inadequate forces in 544. HerecoTOi Rome from Totiias in 647, and was m the next year. He was afterwardi i against the Huns. He was charged in II with conspiracy against Justinian, but w acquitted. That he was deprived of li^ and reduced to beggary, appears to be a ft' of late inveation. Died, 665. -TS. == ELL, ANDREW, D.D. Iliih divine, the projecto: Uonal Schools; author ( It in Education at the Ki I," "Instructions for con ■he Madras System," &i [acquired considerable ] J Indies, and had some Ii its in this country ; and fly all that he possessed M advancement of educa . Fart of his bequests Jbondation and endowmen Ige at 8t Andrew's. Bo I's, Scotland, 1763; died, III, Sir Charles, an e I End professor of surgei Ity of Edinburgh, where h I In 180G he came to Loi ■distinguished as a populi Imy and surgery, at the ac w the celebrated Hunters it, where, as subsequent ^d a profc8:or p.t the Ro »ns, the benches were c live auditors. He was t [professional works of hi; my and surgical operatloi J esteemed for his di8cov< En with the nervous sy Igained for him an Eun ^ accession of William IV bnour of knighthood. Af pal career Sir Charles w; h , imt talents, so in prli nired for the simplicity of ] kd, 1842. yl, Henky, the first who i steam to the purposes of tope, was bom in Llnlithji ■After serving an sppreii Icle, who was a miilwrigl Idon, and was in the em I , the celebrated engineer ; n the year 1812 that he Calculated to establish th' If steam navigation. Mr ■an engineer, had launcli he same principle five ye bad performed long voyage ' river, hut Bell must b( the praise of having I country, what all othei 1 doing, He died, at Hel t, J^ES, an eminent Ke( fwas bom at Jedburgh, in iDght up as a weaver, and »turer of cotton goods at [that business, and, being B student, became a teach to young men preparing fo . He was the author of " Bar and Scientific Geograp ■^•^j^/g^t'^rof England an( LJoHN,ofAntermony was [about 1690. Hewa^sTp »alargepartofhi8lifeintr t ^e-'t. to St Peteraiurg Ln irT"" ^'"^^''y to P< llnti,«f.S"°.'"P*"'edan IJJLL, ANDREW, D.D. and L.L.D a„ fllsh dlvlno, the projector and founder of jonal Schools; author of "An ExDpri It in Education at the Male Asylum Ma i," "Instructions for conducting SchooU [lie Madras Syotem," &c. &c. Br ^T mc i.iuuiao o^oiL-ui, &c. &c.~Dr ieil acquired considerable property In the I Indies, and had some lucrative prefer t) in this country ; and he bequeathed Hy ail that he possessed to Institutions Die advancement of education and Ilf -a L Part of his bequests was applied to bnndation and endowment of the Madras ige at St Andrew's. Bom, at St An! r's, Scotland, 17S3 ; died, 1832. ILL, Sir Chariks, an eminent anato- I end professor of surgery in the unl- Ity of Edinburgh, where he was bom in In 1806 he came to London, and was distinguished as a popular lecturer on liniy and surgery, at the academy found- t the celebrated Hunters in Windmill t, where, as subsequently, when an- ted a profcs:or Rt the Koyal College of ons, the benches were crowded with Jve auditors. He was the author of professional works of high repute on my and surgical operations; but he la / esteemed for his discoveries in con to with the nervous system, which [gamed for him an European name e accession of William IV. he received bnour of knighthood. As in his pro- lal career Sir Charles was respected If eat talents, so in private life was T\m '""P''*'^'y °' ^* manners. /L, Henky, the first who successfully 1 steam to the purposes of navigation .tope, was bom in Linlithgowshire, In Ufter serving an sppreuticeship to ^le, who was a millwright, he went Idon, and was m the employ of Mr ,the celebrated engineer; bdt it was \ he year 1812 that he produced a calculated to establish the practica- h^ steam navigation. Mr Fulton, an 'in engineer, had launched a boat je same prmciple five years before lad performed long voyages upon the river, but Bell must be at least the praise of having done in country, what all othir nun 'had doing. He died, at Helensburgh^ I^^Jms, an eminent geowanhipni Ms bom at Jedburgh, in 17G9 h» Inght up as a weaver, and became I Iturer of cotton goods at Glasgow te^Tr''«"<'' being an indl-' iB student, became a teacher of the toyoung men preparing for the uni- . He was the author of "A Svst^m lur and Scientific Geography 'Mn^ pGa.etteerofEnglanlan^dklel" taiMf*K7>r„l''°-"J'" (^^^&Kryt?s^/-'>?«'y SjtJ?ne%^rn7tS"f » ^^^^^^^ many years of peaceful anS«,' ^^^">' ""« he died in 1780 His ''TrJl„?Pf°"" "^e, abounda in interestl^? ^^'l^^V^^^. ^Sh'S^r'^ i? S"* «?»«» "orgeon, a school there in which h„ f"" established and anatomy, and was at n«i%".*''* ""'^ery by his brother Charles f Sir rh?^ ""'"^^d After an unsuccessful «nM! Charles Bell), some reforms in fhernn„c°''°,"S *" Introduce Wounds," and .'Prin^i","" ""* C"re of Died at Rome, 1820 °'^*'"' "' Surgery." en^r^av^VS' ^^k^ arf hY^t ^'-«°"-« Bw^. 1610; died,lM4 " ''^fWy esteemed. patrS'^sSs'^anTXr^'' '°«*' ^^'^^ and deserved^ eXSJ^a^f '&, ir^.^lSi, lea^rS^'^e^uWorn'^iHr' S"''^'"''. a Italy and professoa fh„ \"^ ^^ returned to created rarXai ht p.^° "^^^ ''^ »ome: was ?orhWt^ri»-^^^^^^^^^^ a« Ultramon'tiSr*&°';,°P'?^S?f known BpTt^^^«^ Dled.l621.^""" *" •"«'" Pr?n^c^h''o^TdanfcTtulrf T^ '^'^ the and Trench poems Born ' lAoi**"!, "' ^«n ' of Bordeaux, waVtorn' iM^'^'bv h^"'"''*P abilities he attracted thon^« -"yhlssreat I., Who made him his lrt!i?°"*' V Lancia him on imnortant o^fi**'!.*^'" "^^ employed was twice sent -nff**"."' "■»*«• Du Bellay and took part a? »oZ°^°U° "^^'^ Vll^ respectinrHenry^Tvo^ce''" S-1?°"""°»» pointed bishop of Paris ?ni MO ^^^^as ap- cardinal In ic^s ' l"thi fin„^4^'^ *'«"»«<' was left at Paris with thf h? '"^'.?«^ ^^" he general during n,« ok ® ""^ ""^ lieutenant- andfor the ser^viSs he r^n^ of Francis I., successively bishoD of Ti.^"''^'"®** ^^ n>ade of BordeanT oITi ?• i I-lmoges, archbishon FouQuS Countof^l"-''^' f «"" A^O^WE born in 1684 h«A,"h"'"'.*°' ^ance, was the war of the ^Ln?."^!'"'"'^^ '''"self In lieutenant%e„e"^ in ^^T't^^""' *«"»« IS BEL] ^ Mtixi aniixraal laiograpfjg. LorraJne to Franco, and was made goTernor of Metz. Created marshal of Prance about 1740, he commanded in Germany aKuinst tlie Iniperlnllsts, took Prague, wag gent ag am- baagador extraordinary to the Diet at I'ranlt- rort, and procured tlie election of Charleg yil. Abandoned by the allies, Prugsla and Saxony, ho was besieged in I'raguo by the Austriani, but effected a very gkilful retreat with his ariiiy from Prague to Kgra. Soon after he was taken prisoner by the English and brought to England, where he was con- fined gome months. He was afterwardg cre^ed duke and peer, admitted to the French Academy, and made minister of war In 1757. Died, 1761. BELLENDEN, WIIXIAM, a Scottish writer of the 17th century, distinguished for the purity of his Latin compositions, In 1602 he was a professor at the University of Paris. His work " De Statu " consists of treatises on monarchical government, and on the consulate and senate of Home; founded on the writings of Cicero. BELLIAUD, AUGUSTIN DANIEL, Count de, a distinguished French general and diplomatist, was born in 1773, in La Vendue. He entered the military service early, and was soon made an officer of Dumouricr's staff: he afterwards served with Buonaparte in Italy and Egypt; and, returning from the latter country, he participated In the vic- tories of Ulm and Austerlitz, and fought In all the great battles in the war with Prus- sia. He next went to Spain; but in 1812 Joined the army destined for tho invasion of Uussia, and particularly distinguished him- self in the battle of Moskwa. At Leipsic, a cannon-ball carried away his arm. After Napoleon's abdication, he was made a peer of France, and major-general of the army under the Duke de Berri. When the Em- peror returned from Elba, he despatched Helllard to King Joachim at Naples, but the vessel Mas Intercepted by a British ship, and driven back to France. On the return of the Bourbons, he wag for a short time imprisoned, but soon taken Intc favour again. When Louig Philippe ascended the throne, he sent Belliard to Berlin, to treat respecting the acknowledgment of the new dynasty ; and during his embassy to Brus- sels, he contributed more than any other diplomatist to the formation of the new Bel- gian government. He died in 1832. BELLIEVRE, POMPONNE BE, French statesman, chancellor to Henry IV. He was employed in various embassies during the reigng of Charles IX., Henry III., and Henry IV., took a leading part at the con- gress of Vervins, and held the office of chan- cellor of France from 1699 to 1603. Born. 1623 ; died. 1607. ' BELLINI, JACOPO, an early Italian painter, was a native of Venice, and excelled in portrait-painting. He was the father of Gentile ond Giovanni Bellini. Died, BELLINI, Gentile, an Italian painter, son of the preceding, was born at Venice in J421. He assisted his brother Giovanni In the decoration of the council-chamber of the ducal palace, and was sent to paint the portrait of the Sultan Mahomet II. One of his finest pictures Ig the preachina of t.l Mark at Alexandria. Died, 1808. '" BELLINI, OiovANMi, the greatest itaii.. painter of his time, brother of the precf« .7 wus born at Venice in H26. He wui!?' ployed with Oentilo to paint in thecounrn hall of the palace, but the works execnw there have perished. Ho adopted the meth2 of oil-painting, executed an inimeniDn'in ber of works, had Titian and Oiortrlon/f„ hig pupils, and died In 1616. The NatL. Gallery contains three pictureg bv T master. ' ""• BELLINI, LoHENJio, an Itnlinn dIitii clan ; author of several anatomical mZ dical works In T.atln. Born, 1643; died 1?mI B>:llinI. VI -^ENZO, a celebrateVf sieal composer, wai born at Catania inSicn, I in 1806. He was educated at Naple, 2 Zingarelll,and before he bad completed Su mh year he had produced " Bianco eP» nando " at the theatre San Carlo. Thiswul succeeded by various other operas, of »M,if " II PiratI," '■ La Sonnambula," " ^ and " I Puritani," are the best, and™;, gained for him an undying celebrity hi! moral character stood high, and hia 'ffla, ncrs and compositions were in harmonlou accordance ; agreeable, tender, and elemuit Died near Paris, September 23, 183J BELLMAN, CHARLEB MICHAEL, a 8wrf ish poet, patronixed by Gustavus Ad^. phus; and the most original, while strlctl, national, poet, of Sweden. His princS poem Is the " Bachl Tempel." Moitofffii subjects are taken from scenes of low lift Born. 1741; died, 1795. ™'' BELLOT, JOSEPH RENig, a distlnguirtfi French naval officer, was born at PariiS 1826. He was trained In the naval schoolit Brest, took a prominent port In theeipcJI.^ tion to Madagascar in 1843, and wainiadea meinber of the Legion of Honour. Afta serving in South America he joined then. peditlon under Captain Kennely sentti search after Sir John Franklin ; and in lljt he accompanied that under Captain In* field. He was drowned while crossing tin ice m Augugt of the game y jar. His intelll' gence, accomplishments, and devotion K duty, had won him great esteem and it miration both In Fiance and England, k obelisk was set up to his memory In front* Greenwich Hospital. BELON, PIERRE, French physician ani traveller; author of some able wortio natural history, and of a " Description i Palestine, Greece, and Arabia." Am ated in France, 1664. BELSH AM, Thomas, an eminent UniW rian divine, at one time heaO of the tli» logical academy at Daventry, and for til last 20 years of his life minister of Eao Street Chapel, London. He wrote muf polemical treatises and published a at, translation of the Epistles uf St Paul, E work on Christian Evidences obtainednudi popularity. Died, In his 80th year, 1825. ' BELSH AM, WILLIAM, brotherof thepifr ceding, an eminent writer; author of "& says. Political and Literary," " History )( Great Britain, from the Eevolution to IH Treaty of Amiens," in 12 vols. 8to, t rnjrth and activity at Astlcy'g Am kltheatre; for which his colosaal staturo kd extraordinary muscuUr powers cml Imtly quallflcd him. At length he left lis country, and entered on his travel* Irough Dgypt, In 1813. In 1816 he sent le busu of Jupiter, Memnon, Ac, to the ^itiih Museum ; published a narrative of • operations in 1820; and In the following ^*'ul'"^'.'"',.""'°''*'.°'» splendid tomb p.eh he had discovered near Thebes. But tile making preparations for paaslnir from iniu to Houssa and Timbuctoo, he wa« kneked with dysentery, and died at Qato ^}l.mk Z aTreatTatrl^??^ "'^"-"t "fienccg, an enactor of S i"^ "'" ""• •"»«> who strove to ma^ntain^DurilrVr'' ""^e and of manners bv.«.Hl. Parity of doctrine 'n his own person i^?„*'^?'i''y«*'''np»e 1«7«; died, 1758 ^*°"'' *' l^ologna, in | mou^h^^w^^lJ/a^.^abb t o, Wear- 1 jvno born of anoblo faml ly o?xIi?h"'"l"!;y' He was the founder nfM,„°'^"""»britt. - 1 ^J^wmouth and Sar?ow f«r "'""k"*."'"" «' lEM, JOSEPH, a Polish general wa« h„™ T'"*''' ^e procured fo^i^n »* u ""*""« «' 179,5.' His first service was In iirFre„c^''"i? ^'"'^^^'^ over these ho^/Jt""""-. ^'^ edition aealnst Ri.««i„ ."i"...,,'®"*'" I Produced In them tho iL "*"*' "'"1 ^n- chnntlng. Bede w«« « , '^'^"" method of i/ai. uis nrst service was in tl bedition against Russia in 1812. Ho wn« lerwards professor In the school of artll y at Warsaw, took part In the Insurrec f 1830. and In 184H inino,i .•,„,,':'- /,oon "V, P"" '" *ne insurrec- u of 1830, and In 1848 Joined the Hun- rian army. He obtained several successes m^^"*u"^^' •'O" ANN ALBKErHT » « imsf the Austrians and Kusslans in thi fiS? *''«°'°'*^'>" ""^ PhUoffi^^was h„ °T omne year, hiit nftor ♦!.„ .,.,.." *°^ f i«87. He studied at Ptn.t„„,i' "*. """^ ^n Ken, and became pat 4 ann'^h'^ ."",** ^""i" at Denkendorf $?««.„•'* ."J^*^ <"^a 'chool self to the cTitIcaufuK'»"j: «PP'ied hlm- nient, of which ho nnhifl*^'' ^'*^*'^ Testa- 1 1723. Among his ot^hov*''^? »" <''1'"«" in ratus CrUIcuf Nov?t« ^^"^^ ""'' " Appa- wrote memoirs of A^np wii' '"*• ^^^\ Queen of Scots and v/}5 Boleyn, Mary, Bohemia. D?ed 1827 ^"^*''«»''' Queen of j lieSv1i?e'rl?fheXdY'°"''°' t'^" ^a^-l the centra regions ^fA.V*^' ^"^ ^^''ted lowing year, but after the defeat at fceswar, retired into Turkey, and was be a pasha. Died, 1850. ^" PEMBO PiETKO,a noble Venetian poet I miscellaneous writer; secretary to ifeo [and promoted to be bishop of Berlmo I cardina by Paul III. ; author of a h^ * of \enicc, an Important and esteemed fe'^f ^/°"^' " '"■ave EngUsh adml IbornatSlu-ewgbury.m lesof Hisski. I ja our in an action with a Barbarl pee of the nation, and he was soon pr, lifid with a fleet. In 1702 dTirlno. „? f °" 3,in the W^srindVs rhe^L^iTl's K l?e!.?'tL^^/n';'ry^e£L;\T^^^^ «w brought the d^lSuems't^^^ In .17«; e/tZT^^" ^.°r« ^1 MonV^hre^e.^ ^7»„T?" ""= delinquents toa cou?t SounVr,'r^''° '''°' : »>"' the effects iSff^''^^«^''"°'^'>« suffered! ISS in' !'h': ^r:'''" °' *"<' ««* Hanover; in Tnir^en'tZTV..''" ^"'•«^« Catherinell and HU^J^ ^. }^^ service of great ganantry In ?h« »!"*'"'^'* I'imselfby Ho wfs comSfander-ln.ThL?*a%'"V.^°'^"'' derous battle of EyliS. In iti, *^! ,""'•- Kussian army into Saxon v V, ' ^^ '«d a battle of LeiDslc and h.^^^i^THPa't 1» the Died in 1826 ' blockaded Hamburg. BBNSERADE, ISAAO i.p „„ i French versifier, born In ni^'9 " i°Keniou8 ized by nicheliPi. M„: ,' ""^ Patron- Louis XIV Hu 'J^"^^,?'*?' ""d the king, songs, as well ai hS wiri';, *°'"'^*''' «»*' versatlonal nnw«« - i ""? general con- favourlt^famr'^^^^tned^r " «'«"» emtnence, "le po.^"de''i;[nou''/..nVdf JSq^afy'.a'uXV^heXtV^^^"^^ Antiquities of' the ChSrch'^S, E?yf"%,?/ BENTHAM. Jkebmv, an eminent J uri.t , ben] H JleiD Stnfbnsal 19{ogrnpl^|). [bbx and polittcnl phllonophcr, waa born nt T,on- (lon In 1748. Ho wna educatoil at W«it- niinster Hcliool and Oxford Unlveriitjr, whers ho Rraduatcd M.A. at tho nxc of 20, and was called to tho bar. He vlsltod France Rovcral timcH, and between 1781—17 ) tra- velled to Conatantinopio, and over great part of Kuropc. ViiltinK TarU In 1802 he was received at tho Institute, and rcmnrk- able honour was shown him there on occa- sion of his visit In 1H29. lientham lived very much in retirement, and the events of his studious life arc his numerous works In philosophy ho Is tho Rrcat teacher of " Utillttiriunism ; " as a Jurist ho set himself In earnest to discover and disclose the de- fects and faults of the then existing system and language of Jurisprudence; and to establish something truer and better in their place. Homo of his writings were flmt pub- lished in French, under tho caro of his friend Uumont, then librarian to the mar- quis of Lansdownc. 8onio of the most im- portant are tho "Fragment on Govern- ment," his first work ; " Introduction to tho rrinciplas of Murals and LeglHliitlon," " Treatise on Civil and Penal Legislation," "Theory of Howards ond Punishments," " Panopticon," which treats of prison dis- cipline, " Rationale of Judicial Evidence," and " Plan of u Judicial Establishment." Died at London, 1832. UENTINCK, WILLIAM, first carl of Port- land, a distinguished statesman, and the favourite of William III., was born lu Hol- land, 1648. At an early age he became page to the prince of Orange, served him with the utmost devotion throughout his life, and attended him affectionately on hiS death-bed. He negotiated with Charlei II. the marriage of the Princess Mary to the prlnco of Orange ; was twice sent with offers of aid to the duke of Monmouth; took the leading part in the preparations for the descent of his master on England in 1G88, and accompanicf*. him thither; and was made privy-councillor and member of the house of peers as earl of Portland. Bentinck was soldier as well as statesman, and contributed by his good generalship to tho victory of the Boyne- He also served in tho wars preceding the peace of Ryswick, and negotiated that peace. Much popular ill-will was excited against him by the king's grant to him of large part of a Welsh county, and the grant had to be revoked. He was made K.G., and sent at the begin- ning of 1698 ambassador to France. He then took a promitient part in the secret treaties for the partition of the Spanish monarchy, and was in consequence impeach- ed of high treason by the House of Com- mons, but was acquitted. William III. died in the arras of his faithful minister, who then retired to his native country. He returned to England, however, and died there in 1709. BENTINCK, WILLIAM HENRY CAVEN- DISH, third duke of Portland, was born in 1738. During the American war he acted with the Opposition, and was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1782, but con- tinued in that of&ce only three months, owing to the breaking up of the administra- 8g tlon by the death of tho marquli of Ilock- Ingham. In 1792 ho was appointed chnnccl- lor of the unlvcrilty of Oxford, and loon after Joined Mr Pitt's party. He held the office of homo secretary from 1794 to 180| and succeeded Lord Orenvillo as first lord of tho Treasury in 1807, but shortly after re- signed office, and died in 1808. BENTINCK, Lord OKOUOE, ft Itatcimtc of great ability and still greater promiic I was the srcond son of tho fourch duko of I Portland, and was born on the 27th of Feb. 1802. He was for some time at Eton, anil completed his education at Chrlstchurch Oxford. After leaving the University, he obtained n commission in tho Guards, !tn(i In this corps ho rose to tho rank of captain, re- tiring from the army with the rank of midor. In 1828 he was elected for King's Lynn; and continued to represent that constituency for 20 years. He had previously acted as pri- vate secretary to his uncle by marriage George Canning, when prime minister. Lord George took great Interest in field iportiJ and for a long time was one of tho principal patrons of the turf In the kingdom. Onflntl entering parliament he was one of tho mo-' derate Whig school; but after tho pasiing of the Reform Bill, he Joined the Conierra-I tive party, voting with them on important I questions, but seldom addressing the Houfe. i In 1846, when Sir Robert Peel gave In hliil adhesion to free trade, and the Protectionist party waa deprived of its head, the cameit- ness, perseverance, and unflinching courage, which Ix)rd George suddenly displayed, ob- tained for him the leadership of hia part;, which under his guidance once more itartcd into life. From that period he abandoned hia sporting pursuits, and sold off his atiid, devoting himself entirely' to politics, illi dislike of Sir Robert Peel was decided and undisguised; but his hostility was princi- pally shown in his opposition to the free-i trade policy. On other questions Lord Oeorf^ pursued an independent course. Ho igp-l ported the Jewish Relief Bill, his vote on which was followed by his withdrawal from the nominal leadership of the Protectlonlit party; and he was favour .ble to the pay- ment of the Roman Catholic clergy by the landowners in Ireland. Few public eTenti occasioned more general surprise than thej short period of time in which Lord Qemgtl Bentinck built up his parliamentary charac-j ter. The industry, Btraight-forwardneas.and intelligence which he displayed during the brief period of hiu leadership, warrant the belief that, had his life been spared, he would have gained a distinguished place among the kighest of England's statesmen. Died suddenly of disease of the heart, Sept 21, 1848. BENTIVOGLIO, GXJiDO, a celebrated car- dinal, and legate at the court of France- He was an able politician and historian. Amoii other works he wrote " A History of the Civil Wars of Flanders," " Memoirs," to- Guido Bentivoglio was one of the seven car- dinals who, as Inquisitors-General, signed the condemnation of Galileo. He had Ixo a dijciple of the great philosopher. Bonii 1579; died, 1641. BENTIVOGLIO, EECOLE, poet and dlplo- Inintiit, was burn at i Idh'd in 1473. Ho wi Iprincoa of Entc, who In Irldiii rmbi «sie!i. J «KNTi,i;v. HrciiAi llologlat, wfl* Ijurn in Y litudlcd at Cnmhrliltro, land was appointed flral Irnrly dlstlnKiiltliod hln 6('.i ruins, and In 1893 W( |lhc king. Soon after I With Boyle, the main , Jlcntlcy's fanioua " Disse Ilea of I'halarls." in Blaster of Trinity Colic loon afternrelKlcacon of Is a icholnr, and ofTectlr pIscolleKo.hcneverthele JclHshncas and oncnsive llnisclf In niLscMblo quj Vlth thecollosc seniors pK tho IlcRlus Professor Jras deffrnded and deprl this sentence, after year ■nnulled. His writings i Jit we can only nnme his Jomer, and Terence, his •iseoursc of Froothinkin Jdlnary edition of "Para [HKNYOWSKY, MAUI |)unt, a nntlvo of liur Irving in the impcrlnl n Wish nobility, and fougl *r the Independence of ken prisoner and exiled torn that remote regie pped; and after various Bt out by the French to Terelgnty of ffhich jgiar gempted to assume. Ho Jeatest lyric poet that Fran Js born at Paris in 1780. K"',''''o was a tailor ^i^ Intorgueil, and nn aunt % he was indebted for h B education. M'hA. he v J he went to resident Per, l^i!!,'T''"'""'erohel< indolent and unsettled lif I settling in none, till he nticcdtoaprlnteHnthe period ..re him8e"fS '•^ In 1795 his father tool Iff he wanted his assista Ikng operations in wh ? ^"•i but in 1798 the bi, te^Ce^Sw^i 6 h-. assisted in editing L [hknJ niiitlit, wai born at Holoifna. In i/infl Idhd in 1473. JIo wa. putronl«ed ht' ^H'' [prlncciofKntcwholmruitcd hJm with v. rioiii embi Mien. "• "un va- loloKi.t. Wfl. born In York.hlroTn "eSJ ^t^' .tmllod «t Cnmbrl.1^0, entered the churrh' and WM appointed first Jtoylo lecturrr « ' k«rly dl,tln«ul.hPd l>Im»cl/by hi, c^'l. ,"« lf.-.rMln?.ami In 161)3 was i.«raWbrnri„ ' .''' the kinff. Soon after broke out hi. n„ " '? nth Hoyle.thc n,nln .cult of wh,?h w'."' entlcy's famous " Diwertatlon. on Vho p^," lei of I'ha ar 8." In 17oo ho «,„ P'»' M»,tor of Trinity Coneye.V'nnb^'.rr.'} loon after nrelideacon of Jilr. AVork im^'i. ' .. a .jholar, and effeetInK ^mpVovement,"[;^ llncolleKo.hc nevertheless, by hU nVrn " , " msMm and oirenslve mensure, ,nT,'r,' imisclf in miserable quarrels nndiml^ly*"' ith the college seniors ; ni d Xi i^' "n .K the BcRius ProfessorJhip of "Df/in",^'"'"' *as degraded and deprived by the «nn,;» This sentence, after years of im»nf i '"""tc. jnulled. HiJ >vriti,?,^"::;°; 'r'i*^"^'"",.;" ut we can only name his editlong of ir/,^^ ' omer, and Terence, his "llemark, on th"' liseoursc of Freethinkinir ," nnd hi. „ }^° rdinary edition of "P„raV£os?i?U'd' SIi5^n^bll?t^,\rd''S;S'7»'-'''^K I the inde?endenee''of '^oa"'!,.??""'" ien prisoner and exiled To Kan.tsehnr' rom that remoto roi,i«„ ^;""'t«chatka. caped; andS'vnr oftnt,'\"' '"' It out by the French tn nfo^ *' "*' ^"^ rereignty' of ^W^h"', la„d'Se"Kw'/'l" empted to assume. He was ,?n nT"'''' f» born at PariVin frTo ^'^'''f "duced, »'er,who was a tallorXin^",^!/'"""'". >ntorguell, and an aunt h/*^ ^-^ ^"o f. ho was indebted for hl^^„ *1° '""'"•« ■ education. WhA. ho «• . »^ """■""« he went to res de at Pornnt *? J^'""" "' ^h hi, aunt, and here he led ?n1^" ^''"*^y pndolentand unse?Hed life t °v,''""*' •'•"« pPitions, includine tl mV'n/^'"fi^ *<'^«''al jettling In none"?il/S^' "."."'■''"y' "iced to a printer Intho^ ""^ '"*■■ "P- period 'T-'Te hlmse?f n. l^T' ""'^ <■'•«« '• In 17M his father took b '"."^r."""- - he wanted his as, u^i^i"? '° ^«rls. ».','.?.'i"/!:«"". Which. [BEnj "»atln« the MuWi ami h n ".''*•"» <>'« cul' ' know him with h,,! . " •'""Kl'Mng nil who Which ho th .„ eompo,"';- ".^""."y «n.„tory° como boforo the wor^ „''^' '" "*'» ''o flrit njonr of the poem, hn.! "".""''''''•. 'houKh circulated In Unu Jr ?., '"■'V"'«' '"'<» be'n produced by thl-Mru n. '.''.!''' '/'•'•^•"••t'ou memo. Proneo hailed h? !;""°» ^n» '"H Who WM „ot only able vi ^ "«"'"" r a poet w'ne. but Who kXvo ,", .'^ •'"'f "' 'ovo and heort-stlrrln^ cxi rciil n ."''I?' ""«» most hllKlUed Riory nnd V ■".?° ''"»' »cnso of then .n.ouIde7ed „ ,ho br'!,'"'', P/'''« «'°l«"h people, jri, lecoml lorle. n/" "' '''•' whole n 1«2I, cost him hU p 1, ee^„?i°?r'P"''"''''«^«J prUonmcnt In St iS^ throe months- thUd , cries, publish .„ i"?'^„i and for hia aomncd to nine nionVl .- im ?*' '''' wns con- J^orce,nnd a m.Tof ')n,n'i'"'*°"'"«ntln L« "no was paiu y^, ' ^'" " frnncs. Hut the from behind hii l7,CL':^'!!Jyi''> w"'le he he wanted hi. »' 7°^ ^^'^ to Paris t'ngo;em!on;'„"''^K?»««i« certain' f'^i but in 1798 fi,„ K , "^ was en- Janger badea^ eS to L Jn!!.'' /'»"^"' «"" "^ ^'""PJ^'t "d ^y the publication of mL"'/" phantants," •onw. Npnaklnir of thnio '^""'■"* '"''•ies if Pootio ik/ll. GMtho inv.° /,""»'c^Plece» of "ovc at ichoo nd*" ?• '^'"""Kcr was University, iiu» , . ."ever studied at a le«,.o full of nitS eJlh?!: T' ""vertho wit and subtlest ironVti?"""' "' «'«e<". nJ'y llnisl.od, and thi"ir'i« ^ '"''' ■" ""istic- terly that hilZdVrldnT^T I" "" """*- hut by the Whole of cvinl ?". ^ ^^ ^'""ce •onjTs have ghod Joy Into ,,n ^''"'■°/^- His -■thoy are fumfllaV "V '"' "T »' •'^nrti; classes, and at thn .„. .■*° the woikinir high above th« level ,T''• "o much the people for his nnmn .. , reverence of for tho advent of h?i ««„?'" ''"^e the way to the imperial throne '\)f,r, "."."i '"ccessor Autoblograi)hv"'-.V. » ^!|<'<'- 1H«7, In his tion,-lie;anXVglv'Lr«''^'"''»«P'»«'llea account of hl/,t?uK " m " Intcrenlng private adventure. X 'i^"!"," '"^''"'®' >»is mind, tho origin of hu i*'*V''''""ent of hi. oftheIr8uecess,theiV ' I'if.'''' "'« '"*«»'er secutlons they browht hil!''*PV''«» "'e per- Of his retirem'entttp'SSio"y4»'>« ""^'" uer] H iHrtD Stnibersnl IBtogrnpf)!?. [OER IIKHCHRM. [KHUOIIKMI IIKIIOKTOLI), I,KOPOM>, Count, • dlitln- ICUlihoil philanthroplit, wat born In 17911. Ka eppiil la yean u'liU life In travelling throiiKli Kurope, and four In trnvj-lllr.K throiinh Atlu and Afrlctt, for the expreu purpoiio ot auuBKlnff human mUnrr In Ita dlrvHt foruii, and loavinK no mpthod unattomptPd that humanltjr or patriotism could lugveit. Ho at length fell a victim to a contaRloui fvvcr, at hli palace of Iluchlowlts!, In Murrivia, which he hnd flttcd up us nn huspttdl fur tho recfptton of the sick and wounded Austrian lOldlerH. l>l0(l,iSU». HKHENdKU, or JlKUKNOAUIU«, of Tours,adiRtinKulshpd thculoKlan of the Ilth century. Hu wos horn at Tours, lonK held an ecclesiastical offlcc there, and was after- wards archdeacon of Anueri. He was tho- roufchly Tersed in the philosophy of the a^e, and did not hesitate to apply reason to tho interpretation of the Hlhlo. He denied the dogma of trunsubstantlatlnn , and no less than sercn counc'ls were held respecting him, at three of which he wus condemned, and ut four he was prevailed on to make retracta- tion more or less fully. Though falling tlius In courage In the presence of his persecutors, he continued to teach what ho believed. Died near Tours, 10S8. MERENOEll, JACOPO, a celebrated anato- mist and physician of the 16th century, born at C»rpl, in Italy, and died at Ferrara, ISAO. Ho made several iinportatit anatomical dis- coveries, and Is said to be the first who used mercury in Hvphllltic diseases. BEIIENICK, daughter of Herod Agrlppa, king of Jud ?a, nnd wife of her father's bro- ther, Herod, who was made king of Chalcls by the Emperor Clnudiu«. liecomlng a widow, A. n. 4!), fihe gave her hand to Vtole- mon, king of Cllicla, but she soon deserted him, and became the mistress of Titus, after- wards Roman emperor, who would probably have made her his wife but for the mur- murs of his subjects. HERESFORH, General Viscount, O. C. H., Ac, a distinguished British officer, was tho eldest of two natural sons of the first mar- quis of Water'ord, and was born in 1770. After receiving the rudimtnts of his military educational 8trashurg,he was appointed an ensign In the Cth Foot in 1789. His first ser- vices gave early promise of his future fame. From the time when, as captain of the 6Uth, he took poHsession of Toulon, in 1793, to the battle of Toulouse, In 18U,in which he added fresh laurels to his wreath, his military life was an almost unbroken series of successes. In 1799, when Ueutenant-colonel of the 68th, he sailed for the East Indies, and from thence by the Red Sea to Egypt, across the desert, in command of a brigade of Sir Pavid Valrd's army. He remained in Egypt till its evacu- ation, as commandant of Alexandria. After some energetic services against the Irish rebels. Colonel Bcresford, in 1809, proceeded to the Cape, and shared in the conquest of that colony. From thence he was sent in command of a small force, to seize Uucnos Ayres. In 1807, as brigadier-general, he, in coi^unctlon with Admiral Hood, seized upon Madeira, which was thenceforward held by the British in trust for tho royal house of 90 liragajiza. In 1808 he Joined the llrltlsh army In rortugnl with the rank of mi^or- general. He fought at Corunna, and wu most ut'tive and •fliclent In atiiUtlng the em- barkation of our troops. In IHOU hu ngain proceeded to Portugal, to take the rhlsf cunimiind of the Portuguese troops with th* rank of marshal. From that time Mnrihii Heresford's achievements are part of ths history of the period, the greatest of them being his victory over Hoult at Albucra, onv ! of tho most liluody and numt glorious of tli«' names Inscribed on the list of I'enlniulari succfsses. The thanks of I'arllament were' votcfl on the 7th of June to" Kir William | lleresford and to tho array under hin com- mand, who fought at Albuera on tho loth uf May, IBil ; " and In 1814 he was raised to the ' peerage, with a gront of 420<«) per annum to himself and ihe two next Inheritors n( hit j title. In Hpair. he became duke of Eivnii and < marqueso of Campo-Major, and In rortUKnjI Conde di Francesco. At homo tho prince I regent conferred upon him a cross wlihi seven clasps, and Intrusted him with the! governorship of Jersey. He sat for the county of Wiiterford In 1811, and for the borough is 1812, but as he was absent with our armlet in the Peninsula, he never either spoke or voted In the House. In 1822 ho was ruined to the rank of viscount, and received tho nppoint mentof lieutenant-general of theOnlnnnre, and lu 1828 became niaster-genernl of the ordnanco under tho duke of Wellington ai premier. Died, 1894. HERE8F0U1), Umii J()II>f OKOROK, nrchblsVop of Armagh, primate of nil Ire-' hind, WAS born In 1773. He was educated at h Eton and Oxford, became bishop of Corlilnl; 1809, archbishop of Dublin in 1820, nnd urrh-i bishop of Armagh in 1822. In 18Jl,he«ai{ chosen chancellor of the university of Dublin, of which he hnd been vice-chancellor 2.' years. He did not distinguish him.icirin literature or science, but in munlflcencchc hud few equals. The chief monument of hli liberality Is tho cathedral of Armagh, which he restored at the cost of nearly thirty thousand pounds. He did much uisu fu; the Observatory, the Public I-lbrnry, nnd the Royal Bchool. Died at Auburn, Down, in 1862. BEROHEM, NICHOLAS, an excellent and indefatigable Dutch landscape painter. Born, 1024; di.>d,1683. BEUOMAN, TORUKHN OLOP, on eminent Swedish chemist, wos born In 1735. llel studied at Upsnl University, opplied hlmself| to tho study of various branches of phjsloal' science, became osslstant professor of ma- thematics and physics, and in 1767 p'ofcssor of chemistry. His discoveries and service) to science were very numerous. He prorcJ the cicld properties of carbonic ncid, dl»- covered oxali»acld, and was one of theflnt to make chemical analysis of mineral bodlct. He made experiments in electricity, and published an " Essay on Elective Attrac- tions." It was Bergman who recognlzeii first the talent of Scheelc, then a boy, and did much to forward him. His workifonn six vols. 6vo. Died, 1784. BERINOTON, JOSEPH, historian, vfM I native of Shropshire, was educated at the beb] ciillfi* of Ht Om»r, In Prnn<'«, and afior .llicharnlPK tue dutlr» of a Honiiih prli.,t in that couiurjf for ») yoiiri, returned to Knir Und, where hr died In 1827. He mad* hiin Keif known by hii " Mterary HIttory of tho Middle AnPi," a uiieful work, but •upcrieded bjr lUllam'i on tha nama aubjeot. llerinirton wilt al«o author of the " Mraa of Abelard nnd Mclolie," and'tt " Hixtorjr of the Belim of Henry II." ^ HKKKKI.EY, OKOUOK, bl«hop of Cloyne im lIluBtrloiu phlloHophor, waaborn In Ire' land In 1«M. He waa cducuted at Trinltr College, I)ublln ; vltl»cU Ixindon In 1713 and •pent leyeral yean In trarelllnr on the ' ontlnpnt. Ife becanio cbaplalii to the duko of (iriifton, nnd soon after dean of Derry In inn he went, accompanied by two or three friends, to Uliodn Ixliuid, In the hope of .'oundltiK there a inU«lonary Inatttutlon for tho tienedt of the lied Indiana. Hit liihcnie fttllInK, he returned, and In 1734 wua made bishop of (Noyne. In philosophy llcrkcley linn Idcaliat, and hia doctrines urn the natural reaction against tho prcyaillnir niaterlullsm of his asfc. HIa moat Importnn" work! are the " Principles of Human Know- ledge," the " DialoKues of Hylaa and Phllo- nouv' "Minute Phllcsephor," "AnnlvBt" and " Theory of Vision." HIa two worka on the properties of Tar-walcr, " SIrU " and Further ThouRh's," attracted much atten- tion. Died at 0: ord, 1733. IlKRKIiNHOUr, JOUN, an English phy- sician and ralscullaneoua writer : author of JtioKraphlft Lltcrnria," "Outlines of the Naturul History of Great llrltnin and Ire- iand," 4c. Horn, 1731 ; died, 1791. HKUKHEY, JOHN LK I'RANCQ VAN. Dutch physician, naturalist, and poet ; named pro essor at tho university of Loyden In hV,''!."?/'?.''" «he "Natural Autory'of Holland," •■ Pocus," &c. Horn. 1729 ; died, / HERKLEV, Sir WILLIAM, governor of fe""?-.rV'?'" "'"Ih^ i>e«crlpt[on and paw, of VirRiiila," &c. Died, 1677 iron-Hand a bravo and turbulent Oer- Bian nobie, lived In the 15th und 16th cen tunes. He was almost constantly at war" as ptj under the ban of the empire by' .Hxnni ian, and was killed during the siege liLHNADOTTH-CHAULES JOHN XIV '""h, was tho son of a lawyer at Pan 1 Hoarnc, and was born In 1764 He re Sdics ani''''*,^*' suddenly abandoned hi. arineVFornfn"**"* "? » P^'^ato '■» tho at "^umS n.A'""?/!*"" "^'' """"tment; 'ant but .?,; r *• attained wag that of scr- K a;av fh^'"?."*' 'evolution, by aweep- f„*7 y *'"' nrliitrary barrier whirh tin aU fn he P,''^";^ Plebeian meru'^onitUe j;under\lSidJnSS!S| ft jltto an^ "'" '■'"^'"'« *" O^Z'S: P?r ?e;i:i.Viife^c's=.----jo^'^Ii^^^ 91 y ■ ' l-i' ii'ii mk w bsb] "a i^to ani&eraal 13iograp]^». [beb h. a. His prediction of euccess was falsified. 8t Bernard wai> the vehement adversary of Arnold of Brescia, and procured his banish- ment from Rome, and from Zurich. He succeesfully attacked the Uoctrines of several so-called heretics He steadily refused the offers of several aichbishoprics and other dignities, preferring to remain abbot only. His charccter and lis Writings have earned him the title of Last of the Fathers. The power and tenderness and simplicity that cb<^rauterize his sermons und other w>rk8 have secured tho admiration of Protestants and Catholics alike. Dante introduces him in the last cantos of tho "Paradise" with profound reverence and admiring love ; and Luther studied his writings with t,he same feelings, et Bernard diu^ at Clairvaux it 1153, and was canonized in 1174. BKRNARD, ED7. AilD, an English philo- lojjist and critic ; educated at Oxford, where he became ;avilian professor of astronomy, and assisted in thi republicati'ia of the works o: the ancient mathematicians. He was author of a ieanied and valuable " Trea- tise OP Ancient "Weights and Measures," &c. Born, 1638: died. 1697. BEIINAKD, of MENTHON, an ecclesiastic of the 10th century ; founder of the well- known T..ona8teric8 of the Great and Little St Bernard, in the passage of the Alps. Died, 1008. BERNAilD, PIERKE JOSEPH, a French amatory poet, styled by Voltaire, U gentil Bernard, an v^oithet by which he is still dis- tinguished. Born at Grenoble, 1710 ; died, 1775. BERNARD, of THUEINGIA, an enthusiast of the 10th century, who predicted that the end of the world was „1 hand, and caused much ter) or to his ignorant and supersti- tious believers. BERNHARD, duke of Baxc- "Weimar, one of the greatest generals of his age, was bom in 1600. He entered the army, and early dis- tinguish'-;:d himself After being engnged in several affairs of m'nor imporJauce, he Joined the army of Gustavus Adolphns in 1631, in the war against the house of Austria. He took part in the siege of %V"rzburg, assisted .at the passage of Oppenheim, took Manheim, and drove the enemy from the Palatinate. He commenced the conquest of Bavaria, completed the vif.tory of Liitzen after the fall of Gustavus, ana drjve the Austrians from Saxony. He afterwards had a command subordinate to Marshal Horn, and was harassed by jntrigues. Ho took Batisbon, which was soon lost, and with Horn was defeated at Noidlingen, in Sep- tciiber, 1634. Soon after he accepted a subsidy from the king of France and con- certed operations with Richelieu. In 1638, he won the battle of Rheinfeld and too-i Alt Breisach. Died, 1639. BERNARD, SIMON, general of engineers of France, was bom at D61e in 1779. The kindness of the parish priest supplied him with sufficient learning to allow his enter- ing the Poly?echnic School at fifteen years of age. La Place, Huuy, and other great men were then at the head of the Polyteth- aic yciiooi, and so well did Bernard avail himseli^ of their lessons, that he not only became one of the most distirguished engi- neer officers and aides-de-camp of Napoleon, but, subsequently to the emper6r's fall, ex- ecuted' works in 'the United States, which are undoubtedly unequalled elsewhere ; the most distant places being united by canals, actual navigable rivers, and upwards of four thousand five hundred miles of frontier rendered secure against invasion by forts and works. After July, 1830, be returned to France, and was for some time minister of war. DieC, 1839. BERNARDBZ, DIKGO, called by his countrymen the Portuguese Theocritus, was cot more eminent as a pastoral poet than as a brave warrior. After numerous deeds of heroism, ha was taken prisoner by the ■^foon at the battle of Alcazarquiver. Died, m. BERNARDiNi.DE ST PIERRE. [ST PIERRE.] . _ BERNARDINE, ST, of Siena; bom at Massa-Carrara, in Italy, 1380. He retired in 1404, joined the order of Observantines, of which he became vicar-gcneral, refused offers of several bishoprics, and established above 300 monasteries. Died, 1444 ; and was canonized six years after his 'death by Nicholas "V. The works ot St Bernardine fill five folio volumes. BERNERS, Lord. [BOUROHIER.] BERNI, FRANCESCO, an eminent Italian poet of the 16th century. He remodelled Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato. and was tho author of " Hime Burlesche, ' and various Latin poems. The gracefulness and purity of his diction have been seldom equalled ; his humour, though broad, is not low; and though his themes or allucions are often licentious, his works display many traits of moral feeling, which would do no discredit to a better age. Died, 1936. M BEBNIEB,FaANgoiS,a celebrated French traveller, who, after taking his degree as doctor of medicine at the university of Montpellier, went to Palestine and Egypt, thence to I.idia, and resided at the court of Aurungzebe for tv^elve years as his physi- cian. He accompanied the great Mogul em- peror on bis expedition to Cashmere, and afterwards returned to his own country. lu 1685, Bernier visited England. His " Travels," which first appeared in 1670, became immediately popular, and have been frequently republished and translated into various languages. Died, 1688. BERNINI, Giovanni Lorenzo, called II ca~aliere Bernini, was born in Naples, 1598, and obtained among his contemporaries the reputation of being the modern Michael Angelo, on account of his succesp as painter, statuary, and architect. At the age of 18 he produced the Apollo and Daphne, in marble, a masterpiece of grace and execu- tion. He was a prot*g6 of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini, who, as soon as he became pope (Urban "VIII.), appointed him his architeci. Bernini executed many works in St Peter's, built the Palace Barberini, and the Cam- panile of St Peter's, executed a statue of Charles I. of England from portraits painted by "Vanayck, visited Paris in 1665, Lis jour ney being a triumphal procession, at 70 elected the uionument to Aicxander YII-,j andtenyeitra later eculptured the figure of bebJ Christ In bas-relief for Queen ChriiUno' continuing In the Indefatigable pursuit Tr his art, as sculptor and architect till n,i period c' his death, in 1680. ' ' '"^ BERNIS, PRANgoiS JOACHIM DE Pirn BES, Cardinal, de, a French poet, patronizpd b7 Madame de Pompadour, who obtained for him a pension; he subsequently m^a important offices In the state, war sent « ambassador to Rome, and at lengtli arrlvpH at the dignity of cardinal. The r- anch r« volution deprived him of his forune an i reduced him to poverty in his old aire f "nm which he was reliev? 5 by a nenfiinn' f^^Z. the Spanish court. Born, J 71sTdied mf BpNOUILLI, JAaES, a distingulshek mathematician, one of a family of erenf mathematicians, was bom at Basel In ICfii He indulged his pisslon for geometry against the will of his father, who wished him to eater the church. He seized quickly ?" '.I'-' fl^tj^B^estjons of Leibnitz respect- ing the Differential Calculus, and zealously pnrued the study of it. in 1687 he was chosen professor of mathematics at Basel ?h« prn^rA*"'*^ ^^t/ojeign associates of the French Academy of Sciences. A Dai- - id altercation was carried on between h'ra and hiE brother Jolin respecting some sclen tiflc problems : John displaying much Hi temper, unfairness, and jealousy of his brother's evident superiority. Died 17os BEKNOUILLI, 5oHN, brother 'of the above, and like him an eminent mathcma! tician. He succeeded his brother asprofess- ,or of mathematics at Basel in 1705, haylnir FnZT'^'''"* ^"^ "««"« office at Gron? Sf?, ^"^ *««». years. He was fellow of Zl .^"S"' F^^'e^y of London, member of he Academies of Paris and Berlin, and was Jn science the worthy rlyal of Newton Tnd peibnitz. Bom, 1667; died. 17^8 "'•"° "«•» ^BERNOUILli, DANIEL,' son of the last amed; professor of natural philosophy at ^ fii?'^'.!'''^ ''''' '^^''er and uncle; hi Jhly »iiied in the mathematics. He publllh^rt "iveral mathematical woris, amoSrwhth to b3 notd the "Trniti aZ iP T , .amiqu,... the flrsttreaS' on that^j'bffi" le was member of the AcaJeml" s of "«Ho" BERNSTORPF, JoiIANN TfAnTWIG Bsr7?3^e'i^^'^eietry:;« Of st'ate Dte^fh^'/i''" ^f^^^^^Mi- the belligerents -and If w® P°i!^^" "^a^nst to his skilful p'o"5 thrt"T?'''^^y.°«'l»« prevented from belnff HrJl^'^.*''""'""'' ^as with either l^eden^or «T," /°*° collision warbrokeout between th?.^'**"' '^'•^n the Bom, 1735 ; diedT797 ''°'^"'' ^" ^'88. teur! w?o S^twan"} "?'^"» "«*™- tres at the Universitl^/^"''" °' ^'^"^s Let- for some years se we tal^J"?!!*' ""'* ^'»' He Pub!l8hed edltirns of PH„-*'lo '•"P^Wlc. and other clasairai« ii,""^ *^e younger died, \m. *^'"* ""*«"• Bom, l&z- ab!v?^^aSnVe?''aH"^P\«^ °' *"« can under P?p? lU X ^^^ S^*^J*" Mrr^S"f-C««-^^^^^ which are presemd hv Co J''''*"^"*' «' blus. i"^e8ervea by Josephus and Euse- wSfffiflf l[^o^^S' ^? l««a"t French " L'Ami des Eufans "InH "„'» J*"®, *"'''<»• of works for chUdren ' vl^^}}"^^ interesting o' the German rT,r!=^i^™"i*^'> ^'•e works giving them howe^rfre?h ff."* >^«1«»^ the charm of hi* ft^i^ ""esh attractions by his love for chldren''%om 74', ''T^'\^ »' Arto'ie afferwUr&i^es X *n? ^""* '^' assassinated by one i^n^ii^v"^ Franco; him just as he had left th 7^ ' ^^t attacked was on the polnrof stP^^"P''',*■''0"«e, and riage, Feb. 1^1620? HeWed"ln° o"" •="- with the Boirbons all ThI L *" common were doomed to suffer • bSt hri"^" ^^^^ better fate. If it werp n'mw "o deserved a lenceofhischaraTter nf/^nn^^ •f"*^^"" posthumously. commnni^nnn".^?"'''' ''o™ Bordeaiiv nt fV„ ^ °°'y called the Due de whom the pone had mnL""''"''^ "^ »'»^oy. traXrofW--^^^^^^^^^ NeSSfn''dW^'fam''m^\ P'^»^« •' constable of PVanw w^.'^''''**'"',«°'^ ^'CC" In 1753, and served with ''?'"^ ""^ Versailles, American war of i^dPm.;['i""y*"^ *"» '"e l-r^---t o"/tK?e^rrryo,..^,LV^« in-£a"V%"n7.e?an7wafart'heW*'?^^^^^^^^ parte's staff in itaTy^*^^^ ^.1".^ o'Bttonx He was. In fact, the hai^ w '^"'' "eaa oruuona- 1 taly. Egypt and Germany. I he companion of Napoleon 99 ber] H iSeb) Slnibergal 33(o0rapI;B. [ber in all his expeditions, dining witli him and travelling in the same carriage ; and his pkil' in drawing up despatches, joined to his un- wearied applicntion and methodical habits, proved of incalcuiahlc value to the emperor in the vast pressure of his affairs. On the restoration of Louis XVIII., however, in 1814, he recognized his authority, and was created a peer ; but when his former master returned from Elba, he retired to his family at Bamberg, where, as soon as the music of the Russian troops, on their march to the French borders, was heard at the gates of the city, he put an end to his life in a lit of frenzy or reinQrse,by throwing himself from a window of his palace, June 1, 1815. BERTHOLLET, CLAUDE LOUIS, Count, one of the most eminent chemists of his age, was born at TuUoire, Savoy, in 1748, and studied medicine at Turin. He afterwards settled in Paris, where he became intimate with Lavoisier, was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences, and made professor of the normal school. He accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt ; and, during the em- peror's reign, was made a senator and an officer of the Legion of Honour ; but he was one of the first to desert his patron when his fortunes were on the decline ; for which he received the title of count from Louis XVIII. His principal work is "Essai de Statique Chimique ; " but he wrote many other valu- able essays, and had also a large share in the reformation of chemical nomenclature. Died, 1822. BERTHOUD, Ferdinaitd, a sltilftal Swiss clock and chronometer maker ; author of " Trait6 des Horologes Marines," &c. Bom at Neufchatel, 1727 ; died, 1807. His nephew, LOUIS, inherited his talents, and was not less celebrated than his uncle. The accuracy of their chronometers is proverbial. BERTIN, Antoine, a French military officer and an elegant poet ; author of " Elegies " and other poems, which were greatly esteemed. Born in the Isle of Bour- bon, 1752 ; died at St Domingo, 1790. BERTRAND ])U GUESCLIN, [DUGUE8- CLIN.] BERTRAND, HENRI, Count, a distin- guished French general, and the companion In exile of Napoleon Buonaparte, would have earned a bright name on the page of history merely by his military achievements during the wars of the empire, were not those achievements cast, comparatively, into the shade by the steadfast fidelity with which he clungto Napoleon. Aiding that great soldier to gain some of his most splendid victories ; covering him when In retreat and peril, as ofier the murderous affair of Hanau ; fol- lowing him to hia free exile to Elb' , return- ing with him to share all the perils of "blood-stained "Waterloo;" he, the brave and steadfast Bertrand, feared not the im- prisonment of St Helena, but voluntarily abode there until he had seen tho first obse- quiesof hissincercly worshipped human idol. Honour to fidelity ! Born, 1770 ; died, 1844. BERTRANDI, GIOVANNI AMMnOOIO Maria, an eminent surgeon and anatomist of Turin ; author of a treatise on surgical o**e?a*ion£. and fsthei* i^rofossioMiil ^"o*'.«s. Born" i723'; died, 1765. BERULLE.PIERREDE, Cardinaljfounder of the French congregation of the Oratory. He was employed in many affairs of state in France ; and accompanied Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., to Engl md as her confessor. Died, 1629. BERVIC, JEAN GUILLAUME BALVAT, a French engraver, was born at Paris, in 1766, He was received at the Academy of Painting in 1784, was afterwards a member of the In- stitute and of the Legion of Honour, and died, 1822. BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES, Duke of was a natural son of James II. and Arabella Churchill, sister of the duke of Marlborough and was born in 1670. His first military service was under Charles, duke of Lorraine in Hungary, and he was present at the siege of Buda, and the battle of Mohacz. He was created duke of Berwick In 1687. He accom- panied James II. to France at the revolu- tion, served under him in Ireland, and ^ras at the battle of the Boyne. He became lieutenant-general in the French army, and was naturalized in France. He afterwards commanded in Spain, and by the victory of Almanza, secured Valencia to Philip V. He especially distinguished himself by the de- fence of Provence and Dauphinyinl709. He was killed at the siege of Phiiipsburg in 1734, He left memoirs of his own life. BERZELIU8, Baron, one of the greatest chemists of modern times, was born in 1779, in Ostgothland, a province of Sweden, where his father kept a village school. After graduating at Upsala in 1804, he repaired to Stockholm, where he became an assistant to Sparrmann, who had accompanied Captain Cook in one of his voyages round the world; and at his death, in 1806, he succeeded him in the chair of chemistry, which he con tinned to fill for forty-two years. It would be impossible within our limits to give even a summary of his labours during this period; suffice it to say, that in a century which hai produced a greater number of distinguished chemists than perhaps of any other class of men of science, Berzelius stood out as a star of the first magnitude. His patient labours, and ingenious investigations, have done more to lay the foundations of organic che- mistry, than those of any other chemist. To him pre-eminently belongs the honour of applying the great principles which had been established by Dalton, Davy, Gay-Lnssac, and himself, in Inorganl'> chemistry, taJhe study of the laws which regulate the combin- ations forming the structures of the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; and of thus open- ing the way for the discoveries of Mulder, Liebig, Dumas, and others. To him chemis- try is indebted for the discovery of seversl new elementary bodies, more especially sclc- nium, morium, and cerium; and to bis skill as a manipulator may be traced many of the analytical processes at present in use Under these circumstances it is not surpris- ing that all the scientific societies of the world contended for the honour of enrolling his name among their members ; and the various minor honours which he receitci! from his own sovereign from time to time,! v:rrr flr.slJy .-■r«-.vn.''a by h',~ hsir.g nads! a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Yutl BES] lnlt:9,and his elevation to the rank nfT bsron In 1833. Died, 1848. ^ "' " UES.SABION, JOHN, Cardinal, one of thn most emlntnt restorers of learninir in ♦hf 1,5th century, and founder of th« ««ki library of 8t Mark, at Venice. h| wn. » nntive of Treblzond, and a monk of the ord»r of St Basil. He was drawn from his monw' tery in the Peloponnesus, where he h**! passed twenty years, to accompany the on, oeror Jolm Palaeoloffiia to thn <>.«.<. "r 2L£!2^^.:i;fL5^^ Eylau. He served in Rt.,ij^ I r' Paign of Wncram and in*^ . "' '" "'« ««"»- I Kussia. He wa^'knfed hi" ''''P'"Jltion to making a reconnaissance of ?hf .fH°.* ,^''"« «en, the day before thoL/.,*''®,**'''^ of LUt- BETHAM, SIR WlLLi^ir"^' ^^^' "". tiquary, was a naUve of ^',.?f" ,?"»"»" "">- , born in 1779, weSt to !)ublK L,''^.''" he became Denutv «»«.««, „»^°"''' where member and fol-e Jn sec?l[arv ^?'h'"''^""'* ' Academy. He wafalsn p q [^ r^f "'« I'ls'' I j/aoacu inii.17 jrvuiB, lu uccompany the nm ^\Zv. "cpuiy jieener of Po/.n>.i„ i peror Jolm Palaeologus to the greit "ounSj f^"\^'" ""** '"'•"gn secVetary o?th«^ "•",'* of Fcrrara, at which the union of the Greek tV^"""^^ ^^'^ was also FsT Lo„ J^n ^'"if and latin churches was formally ao/nm .^?.* ""'^or of "The Gael nn^^fv ^''' plished._ For the zenlous servic'e ThTh .^''ri^.^'^'Mea.'- " Origin' an^S^Tr?.'^!^''; I Jplished. For the zenlous service whi7h iHcssarion rendered on this occasion he wa« Inmde a cardinal by Pope Eugenius, and had ■afterwards the title of patriarch of Con ■itantinople given him by Plus li. He sn^nf Ithc last thirty years of his life at Rome dP Ivoting himself to the promotion of lit'era ■Jure, and discharging several important em' Ibassies. Uisciple of Gcmistus Plctho h« liccame early an admirer of Plato, and hn wrote a work in defence of the PlatonJo philosophy in answer to George of Trobl load. He also translated parts of the works ted 1472 '"^ Xcnophon. Born, 1395; I BKSSEL, FEIEDRICH WltHELM, one of fcc most eminent German astronomers wal Wn at Minden in 1784. His taste fo^ ma lematics and extraordinary expertncss in Jstronomical calculations were shown whilA |e was still clerk in a merchant's office at Iremen. In 1806 he was chosen assistant to he astronomer Schroeter at Lilienthal ; and bur years later he was called to the chair r astronomy and mathematics at Koni« brg.and was named at the same time direct- J of the new observatory. By his un leaned and fruitful labours he obtained the Ighest reputation, and was chosen member I the principal scientific bodies of BuroDe fcoHK others, of thp Hnv»i j *^"iui)i. , morable achievements wn/hu^,i'"°**5hen suflfering from ^n,^^ „1:^F"'..^'^.»0. jcai Societies of London.' One of hl« mn«# I ^Tu""**""""^' "»« ^asi time In AT%,.tr iVr^" •n,de ectlng and avoidingsources of error Icalct, lation. His great w!rk isthe "Pm^ fe'^Al^^onomi*." on which he speUt actor. *""° ^'^ ^'^»« admired as an Nnta Astronomlle,"' on whiHriTe spen"; I ?o". '"^».""* «"^ " omiuS'write^%r'' chof his time for ten years it i« fn,.,FI I ^^l^'^' dramatic, and DoetiPii . I,' fP'*" mnnfflnied, 1821. ■ ""® °' marshal. I HEVERIDOE, -WiiTrAw w=i, , ,' Asaph, was a natlvo nf t "' '>^^^op of St was born In 1638 Vr,. w„f'^!f^"^"''*''«. ""d bridge, and iftpr" "iZ".! ^JH^^K'^'^ »t Can,- 1 was maUe^Tolfda?/ o^TI-iSraVct? the^Constitutlon'of^;;»^^e. ^J,^; quered the Ca^aryfslands o„h'"',7''° ''°"- held them as a fief of f,,„ ^: "*' afterwards Died, 1425 '^ "'" *='°^° Of Castile. I king of Hiuigar? but hin " '^'"' ^^^'^^^ make terms withTv,^ "^^ *°on after to that tUl™' H^^^^t TllT ""^ 'enounce Dukeo?] ' '''''"'"^*' "«■ fSULLY.I reputation thaVthrkCscnt Jf^ «» '»»»» « to gather suggestiona fnr t^l . "* *•> France 9i BBV] '% £im anibersnl ISiograpl^e* [bia (lencon of CoU-hostor, canon of t'anloibury, and in 5681) clmplnln to tlw- king. In 1(04 ho was riilscd to tho 8co of St AB»im. ni» principal works nro a trcatUo Do llnBUti- rum orlcntttllHm pra'stnntla- et u»u, cum gramniatlca Syrlnca," published at tho ago of aOi " Synodicon," a collection of ancient ennoutof tho church ; " InHtltutionum Chro- noloRlcarum llbrl 11.;" " I'rivato Ttioughts on lleliRion," frequently republished; &c. Died, 1708. ^ ^. UKVEKI.FA', JOHN OP, tutor to tho vencr- nblo Hcdc, and subsequently archbishop of York. Ho held that soo thirty-four years, and was tho founder of a college for secular priests at Hoverloy. Ho was ono of tho most learned men of his time, and several of his devotional treatises are still extant. BEWICK, THOMAS, tho distinguished wood engraver, was born at Chcrry-burn in Northumberland, in 1763. Ho s said to have worked when a boy in his father s coal-pit, ond ho received what small school- learning he could at Ovingham. His fond- ness for drawing led to his being appren- ticed to Ralph Beilby, an cn«raver at New- castle, in 1707. Ho served for seven years, working at the most prosaic tasks for his master, paying nlnepenco n week for his lodging, aad recciv'ng a brown loaf weekly ft-om Chcrry-burn. During this period ho made his first attempts at wopd-cngravlng on tho diagrams for Hutton's Treatise on Mensuration." which appeared in 1770. Soon after the expiration of his apprenticeship ho began to devote himself entirely to wood- engraving, and in 1775 ho obtained the pro- mium of the Society of Arts for his cut of the Huntsman and Old Hound, ono of a set of illustrations to Gay's " Fables." After a tour on foot in tho Lake district in 1776, Bevf ick spent a year in London, but ho pined for green fields and tho songs of larks, and went back to Newcastle., where he became Bellby's partner. Ho continued to practise his favourite art, and rapidly improved both as designer and engraver. He has the merit of introducing a truer method of represent- ing the foliage of trees, and of drawing ani- mals more naturally and characteristically. Many of is cuts display genuine humour and tender feeling. The principal works illustrated by this lover of nature and genu- ine artist are-Gay's " Fables," 1779 ; Se- lect rabies," 1784; "General History of «».adrupeds," the first edition of wjiich ap- reared in 17''0, a second in 1/91, and a third in 1792 ; " History of Uritish Birds," in two vols. 1797 and 1804 ; and " Fables of Aiaop and others " A print of a bull is mentioned as one of Bcwlck'3 most capital works. The partnership with Beilby ended In 1,97. Bewick was much engaged in teach ng en- graving duringthc latter part of his life. He died ai Gateshead in 182S, and was burled at Ovlngham.-JOHN BEWICK, younger bro- ther of the above, was apprenticed to Beilby at the time of tho formation of the partner- ship with Thomas, and assisted his brother i.. many of his works. Born, 1760; died, BEXLeY, Lord. Nicholas "Var.?lt|art, whose career, though not distinguished by W striking abllltv, was highly successful, wao tho son of Mr Henry Vanslttart, Govtirnor of Bengal, who perished at sea when Nicholu wos only four years old. Tho latter in dog time wont to school at Oheom, in Surrey, to Christchurch, Oxford, where he took the degree of A.M., and ultimately wns called to tho bar on tho 2Bth of April, 1701. Hli success was not brilliant. Ho attended sej. slons, went circuit, and duly presented him. self in tho courts at Westminster, with In- different success. In 1790 he wos returned to rarlloment for Hastings, which he re- presented till 1802. By the Influence o( Lord Addlngton he then became member for Harwich, a mere Treasury borough, and in 1812- ho exchanged it for Old Saruin, so renowned in Parliamentary history, which he represented till 1823. He was inadu a Lord of tho Treasury In 1804, and, after tlic death of Mr I'erccval, was elevated to tlic post of Chancellor of tho Exchequer, whlcli he retained till 1822. He was then created Baron Boxley, and appointed Chancellor of tho Duchy of Lancaster, which post he held till 1828. From that time till his dcuth he mingled littlo in public life. William Cob- bctt, who addressed many of his pungent letters to " Statesman Vanslttart," at he called him, was very fond of describing the morvellous rise and progress of tho man who began life as a" Commissioner of Scotch Herrings " ond ended in " a peerage and half a million of money," Died, 1350. BEZA, or BEZE, Thkodouk dk, tho eml- nent French Protestant theologian and re- former, was born at Vezelal in 1610. After studying at Orleans and Bourgcs, \\p. went in 1639 to Paris, where he spent n)nc ycarj, and then went to Geneva and married « woman to whom he had long been sccretlj engaged. Boon after ho was appointed pro- fessor of Greek at Lausanne, a post which ho held for ten years. In 1858 ho wns sent to ask the intercession of several Ocrniui princes in behalf of the persecuted Hugue- nots iu France. The next year he scttledal Geneva, and was thenceforth the associate of Calvin till his death, and his successor a» professor of theology and head of the I'ro- testant party. Beza undertook a mission to the king of Navarre, and succeeded in win ning him to the side of the reformers. He took a leading part at the celebrated eolloquj of Polssy, and was allowed to preach la Paris. He attended the prince of Cond* during the civil war, and was nt the battle of Drcux. Beza took part in several other synods and conferences between the oppM- ing religious parties. His wife died in m, and he married again in a short time. Hii energy and activity of mind, like his boddr health, continued unabated till he wu nearly 80 years of age, and he only ceasw preaching in 1600. Among his worlis nre » treatise '^De Hajreticis a clvili maglstwta punlendis," an apology for the death of Sn- vetus; a Latin translation of the New W tament, first published in 1557; "Histoire des figlises r6form6e« en France;" andi treatise "Do Jure Magistratuum." Hu "Poemata Juvenilia" were severely cen- a%%roA fnr their Immiritv. Dlcd, 1605. ""bianchini, FKANCISCO, an it»im trcliiBolodlst nnd imtroiiorncr, born «t Vcrnnn in im. He settled nt Homo nt tho niro of D'>. whprn Ills iicniliri-mnnfri mnnn ..,_j "r. • P, Where his acqulremcntii soon mndo him Ihc friend of tho most eminent men itn kinio laborious explorations and drnwln» ft innny nncicnt monuments and rcmnln« • hade nstronoinical cb»ervutlons, nnd under look to draw a meridian lino through If iiv fchlch however after years of toll ho luiA tn fcnvo iiieomplcto. Itc was patronized hv Pope Alexander VIII. and his tn-o 8uccg« In, was admitted to the Freneh Aeademv" r Scicneos, visited Paris nnd Oxford and led at Home in 17211. He edited the "LIvm .' the Koman Pontiffs" by Anastasius ond f rote the flrst part, of a " Universal Hlstorv landed on the Monuments of Antloultv' l» ttccount cf the Palace of tho Cu'sars, &c' lltlAS, one of the seven saffos of Oreeen Idanatlveof Priene, in Ionia; celebrated Ir his praeiieal knowledge and strict rcffard Ijiistice. Ho flourished about 550 B.C and Kd at a very advaneed o^o. ' BjICH.Vr, MAniE i'HAKQOIS XAVIEn »n binent Prcneh physiologist, nas borii In I . lie went to Paris In 1793, and studied IdorDosault, who soon made him his fi-lend K associate. He was an Indefatigable Ident and observer, made very numerous fcmmonts and discoveries In anatomy! frked hard both as teacher In his school pierticine and as author, nnd died In 1802 J great work is the"Anatomlo K<(n.'?'l""r«' df la Pope," "Traitd do 1. ,«,','* de leioctlon du royau'me do France "&^.''''','lf''.''? ™''' «' du Mclllora"^of l' ^'Z^^W' ^'"' »'0>n at early entered on tK,„,?m«H''"'""^' »"'« secretary of legation i .' h"^.'*."*' ,*''"'"'''"' a* subgequenilVin hIw! ^'M'^ltzcrland, ond made ln?enda U of iK'U?""''r/''v""'' ^''^ Jena. AmbassmlnVi^ i" ,"'''"' "'o battle f and afterXe ?etre„t from m'' ' '"'"' ''"''o' dered the most imn„ » '"/'"''^"'^' ''e rer, l">eneh army irl .^^k*""' services to il. : poet, born nf a^... .*■"'" "'odorn Duteh eduektStLe^J^Sll'J;' ^ "o w2 vocute, but was drive f/o.'l'f*''' "' "" "d- the civil war niwi II. i L" '''* country by years. Pan of the tmn1 '""■""" ^"^ twenty Ho returned"n 18nr ^. ,'"-' *'"""*" KnRlnnd ranking amoni tho r.f.^r ''''''''''>'''' ">ough has Httle oWgiLlitv or ^ J"? '' ?' "ollnnd, of his works are trnn.LVr"^'"""""' ^I«nv Among tlicse „re two „i7h °»- l«"t»tions. phocIos,andthe"Fr„Vr.*''Ar'fy'' "if «°- own works the nrtiMl.i "'^fan. Of his Fatherland/' "fffPf,"? the "Love of work, tho ''Dcstrietnn^f ?{.,"?'• '»''» '"« Died, 1831. lliWerdvk'M "^*''°,^^,"t ^orld." necomplished ;fom,; Tm " *"^^"^<=t"«' and I.A8. the son of a Sih 'n''/''**^"^ ^^^0" chelle, was educated at th/'''"""' "* "»- Fprch*. ..„d proved h^nisHf on*!!" ,*'°l."'»° " violent .ftd santfuinnri 1°"° °^ t^e most French revolut^*^ "h^ character, of the Partln themurao'rsand ,^'''' ' -^ "cipal followed the destruction ^'"^*^" *''"<='» voted immedi«;; S ?- ?' ^he imstille: I I : its bil] m JletD ©nibersal ISiograp^p. [bib small pension allowed him by rethion. Died at St Domingo, in 1819. BILLINGSLEY, Sir HKNRY, war a native of Canterbury, who, as a London tmdesman, acquired great wealth, and became lord mayor in lfl97. He was educated at Oxford, and was assisted in mathematics by an ex- friar of the Augustine order, to whom he I'ad generously given shelter and support, nv.d ho was the first who published Euclid's Klements in English. Sir H. BilUngsley was one of the first members of the Society of Antiquaries. Died, 1610. BILLINGTON, ELIZABETH, the most ce- lebrated English female singer of her time. She was of German extraction, though born in England. Her popularity wns equally groat in England and on the continent, and remained undiminished to the close of her public career ir 1809. Died, 1817. BILSON, THOMAS, bi°hop of Winchester, in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James I. ; author of several theological treatises, and one of the translators of the Bible. He was made bishop of Worcester in 1598, and transferred the next year to the see of Win- cliester. Bilson took a prominent part in the celebrated conference at Hampton Court in January, 1604. Born, 1536 ; died, 1616. BINGHAM, JOSEPH, a learned divine of the church of England, was born at Wake- field in 1668. He was educated at Oxford, became fellow of University College, and graduated M.A. in 1091. Tour years later he became rector of Ileadbourne-Worthy near Winchester, and in 1712 rector of Ha- vant near Portsmouth. His great work is entitled *' Origines Ecclesiastlcae, or the An- tiquities of the Christian Church." It ap- peared in 10 vols. 8vo, between 1708—1722. He wrote several minor works, and died in 1723. BINGHAM, Sir GEORGE RIDOUT, major- general in the British army, was born in 1777. He entered the service in 1793, as an ensign in the 69th foot; and progressively advanced in different regiments, till he be- came lieutenant-colonel of the 53rd, being present at the most Important transactions in the Peninsula, for which services he was rewarded by knighthood, He afterwards had the charge of Buonaparte from England to St Helena, where he remained several years, and was promoted to the rank of major-general and colonel-commandant of the second rifle brigade. Died, January, 1833. BINGLEY, William, miscellaneous writ- er, was born in Yorkshire and educated at Cambridge. He was chiefly known as the author of "Animal Biography," "Memoirs of British Quadi'upeds," &c. Died, at Lon- don, 1823. BION, a Greek pastoral poet: his poems, published with those of his friend and dis- ciple, Moschus, are remarkable for simplicity and sweetness. He lived about 280 B.C. BIOT, Jean ibAPilsxE, a very eminent French mathematician, born at Paris in 1774. After a brilliant course of study he was called to the chair of mathematics at the Central School at Bertuvais, whence ho remoted in 1800 to the College of France, to hold the proffeasorship of natural philosophy. 98 He was chosen by the Board of Longitudes to make observations along the English arc of the meridian, and for that purpose Tisitcu Great Britain in 1817. It was during tlit Tisit that Humboldt, Arago. and Biot metat Greenwich Observatory. Blot had previouj. ly assisted In measuring the arc of the merl- dlan extended through Spain. He was a member of the French Academy of Sclencei of the Institute, of the Legion of Honour j foreign member of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and of many other scientific societies. He is especially cele- brated as the discoverer of the circular po-j larlzation of light. Besides numerous at.' molrs contributed to the Academy and to scientific journals, Biot Wrote, " Traits (\t- mentaire d'Astronomie Physique," " Ttaiw de Physique exp^rimentale et math^matl. que," '' Recueil d'Observatlons g«odeslque«» ic.,&c. Died, 1862. ' BIRAGUE, CLEMENT, an engraver ot gems, said to have been the first discoverer of the art of engraving on diamonds, Ht was born at Milan, and flourished about tbt middle of the 16th century. BiRAGtJE, RENE i)E, a Milanese of noblt family, who sought shelter in France from the veligeance of Lodovlco Sforza, and be' came a cardinal and chancellor of France, He is infamously memorable as one of tbe authors of the massacre of St Bartholomew Born. 1509; died, 1583. BIRCH, THOMAS,originally a Quaker.bai subsequently a divitoe of the Church of Eoj. land. He was an industrious historian aed biogr.'\pher; tookpatt in the English trani. iation of Bayle'a great Critical and Historical Dictionary, and wrote, among many oib(t works, a " History of the Royal Society," t( which he was admitted in 1734, and ol Which he subsequently became secretary; " Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabetb," &C. Born, 1705; died, 1766. BIRD, EUWARD(R.A.), an English painter, chiefly of familiar and domestic 8ubjects,«u a native of Wolverhampton, and settled earli at Bristol. He Was made, in 1813, historlttu painter to the Friucess Charlotte. Amooi his works are " Good News," " the Black- smith's Shop," "thelTieldof Chevy Cha«," and the " Surrender of Calais." In later liil he attempted subjects of a higher class,bil not successfully. Born, 1772 ; died, 1819, BIRD, John, an eminent mathematial instrument maker ; author of " The Metbgl{ of constructing Mural Quadrants," &c. 1766. BIRDE, William, an eminentmusiciaiibl the reign of £;ii/abeth. He composed mod sacred music ; and to him the fine composlUol " Non nobis Domine " is attributed. BWe was made organist to Queen £lizabetliii 1575. Born, 1543 ; died, 1623. BIREN, JOHN ERNEST 1)E, dukeofO* land, who, though the son of a peasant,* his handsome person and address, obtaiM such influence over Anne, daughter of P«« 1. and duchess of Courland, that when «[ ascended the throne of Russia, She coramllWi the reigns of government to Biren.madebi duke of Courland, and at her death, in Iw left him ifegeiit of the empire. liis admr ' tratiou was marked b/ extreme ijtmv jielty. H' is said to he 500 persona, and to hav( _nnny tocx'io. He wags led to Siberiii, was recai: I had his duchy restored jp, in 1763, but six yeai Inquished it in favour o: fi, 1687: died, 1772. llRKiiECK, GEORGE, M I London Mechanics' Ins J of a merchant and ban Ikshiro, where he was b ■boyhood he displayed a si ■those mechanical pursu Irwards became so de^ Jids having determined Irncc the medical profi lied for this object at led to London to ^ecom( llie, and subsequently wei pmplete his education. Bty-one he was appoint) Iral history in the Andci [of Glasgow; and havin kssfully established a mi las induced, in 1822,tofoi lianies' Institution iu C Ihich society he generou Irectirg a museum, led lis institution Dr Birkbe pent; and from it nearly pnies' institutob through lave been established. J ■eyed a considerable share T the promoter of mechan 1 friend of the industrio lonld possibly be more gen t^esteemed. He also nun pcle of friends the most e nd literary men of the da; iKENHEAD, Sir John ^ of the 17th century ; ; oned during the Comm ■g in favour of the exiled died, 1G79. ON, ARMAND J)E Gontai hi of France, was born al I as page to the queen of : plyadmitted to the servic Bce. He took a prominei fars of Huguenot and C latthebattlesofDreux, 8 Titour. He negotiated t; Plains, and narrowly esc we of St Bartholomew. I ■e and Languedoc from t Irved in the Netherlands 1 Parma, and was one of ke Henry IV. as king. I himself at the battle of teofparis, and the battle ( ■edatthesiegeofEpcrna |N,CHAnLESDEGONTAt)' lof France, was son of the ■ born about 1582. He c Id derved at Arqucs, Ivr Tl-aris; was made admira fcnd marshal in 1594. He -Hf^finoi-.rrotestan ,^"''.'^,= Spanish court an Isfiaast Henry IV. The ki 1,^* ^jntinued *o intrlg, I at last was arrested and •^ ^em gftnf&^rg algtoarflnfiM. lelty. H- fs said to have put to doathlBnsHiio „„j _ ■": ■ -— — persoas, and to have sentenced twice 'i^ ieo2 ^"' *'^*'" ^'^^^ «»»d beheaded lytoc.x'In. He wag subsequently ban- 1 btpAim *«„. , ' ■a to Siberia, was re-alled by Peter III., de affir.; w^^.^"° ^'''^^ Oontaut, Duke imd his duchy restored tohlm by Cathn-'wa'/born Lou? ^^pn* '"^ ''"''« '"e Lauzun -, in 1763, but six years afterwards he grated "e„„rtl.'f''i °"^°' »•'« "lo" eel?.' fnquished It In favour of his eldest son j mark nh^„t °Ll^^ ^T"<^»' evolution, re- k 1687 : died, 1772. mpnt f„ iik "I"'^ ^°^ '''« amours, his attach [iRKilECK, GEORGE, M.l>., president of Hlseryei «.,h^ ""i^ •"• «""«"y "P olti i London Mechanics' Institute, was the a«ac"ed hlm.Pif . T^^*"^ in America,-and of a merchant and banker at Settle, J« Orleans „„m'/!I/° the party of the duke of fkshiro, where he was born in 1776. In with Tai,p"i'iLf"™^'" '7»2 he was joined iboyhood he displayed a strong inclination kn hi J?et/rn ".^i" « """'"n «» this country j ^hose mechanical pursuits to which he p?andcM anrt «Ih k^"!" ^"''•''•'nbeau. f„' Irwards became so devoted ; but his thrend of mVr,n'„'''t.'' ''^ '*''' ^""'''"ne a" let o? '^ri!!'"? '""''^'^ ^^ ^'"te for the ba" h m into^^oi'issfo „^^1een"u^^k;;fl';^4 ■sanies' Institution la Chancery Lane ; enthusiasm o^Uo « ^."' received with great hich society he generously lent £300oilane"n Cd thouA''tho''''l"^ rectirg a museum, lecture-room, &c. perished inth^^^^V'® ^•"''^ of the mMSic &8 institution Dr Birkbeck was elecfed s'^t/oyKat the^atrt^ *"« ««e- ^cnt; and from it nearly all the various perfomance H?i tn^f. T^ ^t^ ""er its 'mics' institutes throughout Great Bri- him the offlp;«r„„ '^P"***""" obtained for lave been established. As a physician, music of CovPn°/rS"/°'S.l'>"*' ''''■«'"o«- of the •^.''f'ep^tation: duHnV'th'eX?r^?o"^^^^^^ Irace the medical profession, he first lied for this object at Leeds, then re- led to London to 'lecome a pupil of Dr llie, and subsequently went to Edinburgh jpraplete his education. At the age of hty-one he was appointed professor of iral history in the Andersonlan Institu- I of Glasgow ; and having while there Ifssfully established a mechanics' class las induced, in 1822, to found the London gu.c uctu taiauusnea. AS a physician, ■eyed a considerable share of reputation • the promoter of mechanic arts, and the' J friend of the industrious artisan, no tonld possibly be more generally or more t esteemed. He also numbered amonir ►cle of friends the most eminent scien- ^d literary men of the day. Died, Dec. feh^^^-Il' ^'''. ^^^^' ^ political » of the 1/th century ; several times joned during the Commonwealth for teed, ?G79!'' °^ ^^^ '■''"^'^ '''"^- ^°''°' jON, ARMAND DEGONTAUT, Barou de W of France, was born about 1524. He I as page to the queen of Navarre, and durinVih7Seenvearst'harhehl"'ifV' produced neaWysixt^KsofgreaterorieM importance; many of which, such as "The anrhW ; .?"J„n"«"l"^." "Th"MlTle? stage 'in IS-Jfl lILW^ Possession of the "nh«;.«iM VV? ' ^"" "'^ success of Weber's Obcron"atCovent Garden, he wrote" Alad? din for the rival house, but this comnosl ^Zu,Tfi'^:t^ ^''h such coldness by the ?ho i^"*?* ^^ thenceforward withdrew from the theatre; but, during the next th[«^ years, he gave to the world numerous soncs glees, and other vocal pieces, many of which enjoy even greater popularity than his lareer ,, . .-- „..„vu,re ana co;?tr"?butd'^'''"°"' r*""™"^'"^ klyadrnlttod to the service of the CS eZclK^^^ ice. Hetookaprominentpartinthf tions" fLi.L Mflodies of Various Na- iars of Huguenot and CatGc, and .Ss " and thp T.'^^TJ.' PK¥''°'^'^ "!'••»»> latthcbattlesofDreux, StDenis nnS i«hllV„ « ^^ Scottish Melodies," pub |tour. He negotiated^heTe ce o^urns ^H^'lo^r.'.^^^^^ *'"' ^''^^nd »' *"■""■■ and nnrrnwi^ „= !. /T ., fjurns. He long held the Office of director of fc Mh r ""'°i°'"^^- «e recovered ie and Languedoc from the Protest- te^ «"« Netherlands against the i Parma, and was one of the first to ^^ Henry IV. asking. He dig in- ♦K» A '""s '""" ^"e omce of director of the Concerts of Ancient Music, and for « short period was professor of music in the M„A ^ -;■,-■-' "'""'c uuuieoi ivry, n In r ,An?r'^' of Epcrnay in 1592. ■N, Charles DE Gontaot, Duke de ■of France, was son of the precedini' Id emd^r'i'*''' He entered Z' ■a .ierved at Arqucs, Ivry, and the Mr'' T """'« admiral of France H marshal in 1594. He cared nel? »ffi th i"""". Protestant, and in- iJl^'i [str^jV Tf ^""^ ^"^ •'"^^ l,^*/°'»«nued *o intrigue against htlMtwas arrested anisent to the „., „v,i.. iiit^iiiui una uoaiJv.ns well nn hv ?npv?*rj 1'fi"="'"es. which, however were alleviated, if not removed, by the kindnCTs am^uSjl'ri'ttr'l^As^^oS^'re^rff,?^'^' but settled carlv m life at IHrmlngham' f?r"c;^ri!;s^,tl^:"±^e^''.^i!:-"--ft^' to Leamington." H?ha/arJma^^^^^ Uy in writing rhymes ; and bei ' ' to make his muse subs 1?5SMl* 89 BIBLIOTHECA DIV] ^ i^eto ZKnibtraal 13iograpl)B. [bla loyalty, or aid the progresi of art, liU worko pretent a motley oppearance, and arc ortcn droll and epigrammatic. HU ' G"'?"- '• Poeilc Surveys," " Patriotic Clarions, and " Critical Essays," were indebted for their notoriety to the Jingle of rhymo. Died, 1832. IIIVAR.BOURIGO DIA8 DK. [CID.1 BLACK. JOSEPH, a celebrated chemist, was born u France, In 1728. He was edu- cated at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, attending at the former the chemical ectures of Dr CuUcn. He gradu- SteTn medicine, and in 1786, was named professor of anatomy, and lecturer on chem- istry at Glasgow. Here he acquired the friendship of Adam Smith. It was during his residence at Glasgow that he made and established his discovery of Ijte"* heat. In 1766 he became professor of chemistry at Edinburgh, a post which ho fliled with great fbilUy and success till his death. Bac^; wrote but little. The most important of his uaDers is "Experiments upon Magnesia, E'QiSckli...e. and other. Alkalino Sub- stances." Died, unmarried, »n 1799. BLACKLOCK, THOMAS, a Scotch divine, poet, and miscellaneous writer ; author of f- The Graham," an heroic poem ; Repf/ks on Civil Liberty," Ac. Born, 1721 ; died, 1791. BLACKMORE, Sir BICHAHD, physician and poet, and the author of many works Ijoth in prose and verse, the principal of wh.ch is Lis poem entitled " Creation." He made the legends of Prince Arthur the subject of hla first poem, and it became sufflciently popu ar to pass quickly through three editions. Liv- ing in the time of Dryden, Pope, and other wits and satirists, to whom he was opposed in politics, he met with unmerciful ridicule ; yet ho was by no means desti'ute of tt«lent, and he sustained the reputation of a pious and conscientious man. The willing neglect of posterity, however, goe» far to Justify the ridicule of his contemporaries. Died, 1729. BLACKSTONE, Sir WILLIAM, author of the wcli-knjwn " Commentaries c, '.the Laws of England," was born in London, 172J ; edu- cated at the Charterhouse, and at Oxford, where he instituted a course of lectures on the English constitution and laws, and in 1768 was named first Yinerian professor ; and after gaining great distinction as a lecturer on law, was made Solicitor-General, and was subsequently raised to the bench. He sat as Judge in the Court of Commoa Pleas from 1770 till his death. Died, 1780. BLACKAVELL, ALEXANDER and ELIZA- BETH, husband and wife : the latter, in order to procure subsistence for her husband while in prison for debt, published a " Herbal" in two volumes, folio, with 600 plates, drawn, engraved, and coloured by herself, all in the space of four years. The vyork succeeded, and her husband was liberated; but he seemed doomed to be the sport of fortune ; lor after having been Invited to Stockholm, and pensioned by the king of Sweden, in con- sequence of his being the author of a work oi. agriculture which attracted the notice of that monarch, he was charged with being concerned in a plot with Count Tessin for overturning the monarchy, tried, and be- he&titid, iii 1747. _ ... . , BLACKWOOD, Sir HENRY, British ad- miral. was the sixth son of Sir John liinck. wood, hart., and was born in 1770. Havinj entered the naval service at the age of n years he was present at the action off the Dogger hank ; and on the commcnccmcni of hostilities with the French, in 1793, he became first lieutenant of the Invinclbit man-of-war, in which capacity he nctod oj the " glorious 1st of June," 1794, with di^ tinguished bravery, and was in consequcnfe promoted to the rank of conimandcr. Jn 1798, when captain of the Brilliant, of 2j guns, he gallantly maintained a most un- equal combat, off the Island of Tencriffe, with two large French frigates, each of which was nearly double his own force, and beat them off. After this he was engaged in various services, as captain of the Pcnelop«, of 36 guns, under Lords Keith and Nelson, Sir Sydney Smith, and other eminent aien; and it was owing chiefly to his skill and bravery that the Guillaume Tell, of SOguni, which escaped from Lord Nelson at Abouljr, was captured. The next scene of his naril glory was the ever-memorable battle of Trafalgar, where he performed the moit essential service, as captain of the Euryalui, and witnessed the death of his friend and heroic commander, whose last words to hln were, " God bless you. Black wood-I ihiU never see you more." In 1808 he was ap pointed to the command of the Ajax.ofM guns, and Joined Lord ColllnRwood'g fleet on the anniversary of the battle of Trafalgar, This, however, was a melancholy event, n the sequel proved ; for, during the nightol the 14th of February, 1807, the Ajax vai found to be on fire, and in a short time wmi down with half her crew ; Sir Henry, like many others, being saved with the greatett difficulty. After this he commanded the Warspitc, and was present at the blockadei of Brest and Rochfort, and engaged in ti- rious enterprises. In 1814, his Royal Higli- ness the duke of Clarence made him captaii of the fleet, and he was appointed to bring over the crowned heads ftoin France to tbli country : on which occasion he was createJ a baronet, and promoted to tlie rank of rear- admiral. In 1819, Sir Henry was appoint commander-in-chief of the naval forcej li the East Indies, from which station b«i speedily returned ; and in 1827 the lordhijl admiral raised him to the command at Chit- ham. He died in December, 1832; leafiDj behind him the character of a brave, skilhl officer, and an amiable man. BLAINVILLE, HENRI MaRIEDUCEOTH DE, a very distinguished French anatomK and zoologist, was born at Arques In im After leading a desultory life till 1805, m career was then decided by his intereitH Cuvier 8 lectures, and he applied himself « the study of medicine. He assisted Cm both in his experiments and lecturc«,i chosen professor of zoology and physioli in 1812, and in 1832 succeeded his master professor of comparative anatomy at t Jardin des Plantes. He visited EDglajd 1816, was a member of the Academy of » ences of Paris, of the Royal and Geolofl Societiei of London, and of many othetio gj,(;4;« bodies* He contribnted largeij" scientiflcjournals, and wrote a large nnmi I separate works: among fcsiSographIc," " Manuel ( /rinclpei d'Anatomie Con IphysloloRlc," Ac. Died, ILAIB, HufiH, an cininer Uior of a " Dissertation c jian," "Lectures on Rhc Itrcs," and " Sermons," i fich trere long greatly est< bburgh, 1718 ; died, 1800. lum, JOHN, L.L.D., nut Iwn Chronological Tables Hon the Canon of the 01 J a prebendary of Westmi IRoyal Society and of the larles, and teacher of niatl e of York. His chronolo; 17J4. Died, 1782. ^IR, ROBEUT, a Scotc J of the well-known and i le Crave." He was paris Blstaneford during the Ini life. Bom, 1700; died, 174 LAK£, ROBKRT, the gren il, was born at llrldgewatc ■educated at Oxford, and li Tt till 1640, when he becoi krllament. He raised anc lop in the civil war, took barliament, and was made town. His naval service 1 ItliB pursuit of Prince Ru list fleet, which he ultimate 1 recovering Guernsey an Bade councillor of state. Jreraents were, liowever, I the Dutch, which broke Tnstod till 1054. He sever I Van Tromp, was once baralyzed the commerce o Bispersed their herring i I Sea. He afterwards comr guished success in the Me( p he captured n Spanish j landofTeneriflTe. The tht It were voted to liim on H former occasions. He w Mr uprightness, honesty, ai I free from selfishness and i land served his country •« J Died, on his royage to 1, 1657. He had a public llnster Alibey, but his bo( ■at the Bestoratlon. pE,WiLLi.\M, poet, paint I was born at London in 175; |oiiaryevenincliildhood,l Id to an engraver, and was m drawings from old mor Ulster Abbey f„id other f wards studied at the H03 I U9 he published his "So I. .^f!""". printed, and i TEif With the assistance of m the associate of Priest fj nolstonecraft, and rcethinkera of the day. i Ihan they did in practica! n™V"'l',eauty,butmo I and perplexing. About |"fe'" Sussex, wher pyofHayley. After a few 100 [iAIK, HUfiH, an eminent Scotch divine • lor of tt " Dissertation on tlie Poems of ilan," "Lectures on RhctoWc and IJellea Itrci," and " Sermons," in five volumes Ich were lonfr grcatlr esteemed. Jlorn at Inburgh, 1718 idled, 1800. ILAIH, JOHN, L.L.D., author of the well- iwn Chronological Tables and of "Lec- won the Canon of the Old Testament • '' I a prebendary of Westminster, fellow of Royal Society and of the Society of An- larlei, and teacher of mathematics to the fc of York. His chronology first appear- 1?54. Died, 1782. ^ AIR, ROBERT, a Scotch divine; au- . of the well-known and admired poem le Grave," He was parish minister of (Istoneford during the Inst 15 years of ifc. Bom, 1700; died, 1740. i-AKE, ROBKRT, the great English ad- i\, was born at Urtdgewater In 1S98. Ho [educated at Oxford, and lived In retire- It till 1640, when he become a member irllanicnt. He raised and commanded op in the civil war, took Taunton for larliament, and was made governor of own. His naval service began in 1649 fthe pursuit of Prince Rupert and the list fleet, which he ultimately destroyed recovering Guernsey and Jersey, he lade councillor of state. His greatest veraents were, however, in the war the Dutch, which broke out In 1652 nstod till 1C54. He several times de- ; Van Tromp, jvas once defeated by laralyzed the commerce of the Dutch lispersed their herring fleet in the' 1 Sea. He afterwards commanded with [uished success in the Mediterranean ' She captured a Spanish plate-fleet at i jjnd of Teneriffe. The thanks of par- It were voted to him on this as on II former occasions. He was a man of fr uprightness, honesty, and couraKe I free from selfishness and worldly am-' I and served his country with a pure I im' °l^\^ \°^'^^^ *° England in tw A.^u" '""^ * P"^"" funeral at Ilnster Abbey, but his body was re- |at the Bestoratlon. pE.WiLLUM, poet, painter, anden- lwasboruatLondoninl757. Dreamy loiiary even in childhood, he was ap- fd to an engraver, and was employed Ctnr'ru ^' *^'*'"i °''^ nionuments in inster Abbey f.,id other churches Awards studied at the Hoyal Acnde-" 1^69 he published his " Songs of In- ilf wl 1'?^"'''"?"^ '*"'» '""strated »if with the assistance of his wife. me the associate of Priestley, God- |ry A\ollstonecraft, and other cele- C»„t . "^'5^- Ho went on puh- K,,*'™."?' P°«'n». not Without fand np,"„1 •"'•""'y' b»' mostly wud; ^a^nd perplexing. About iRoo h" I |y of Ha?w' «"/»". >*-here he had ' fyofHayley. After a few years he "tud/Da,,?! ^tZ ZotTl'^^'T, J° .£rrnt*eV^v^sror){; ''^'^^' arwX^H£r--'--^ in 1863. *^' '^'^ "*'"»"«"». was published | Frenc1i'Te?otm' b^rn^JTOp" *^^'«'>'-»»^«J pished from hi.' Jouth hr"hf' "^«»«'l«ln- Inventions. AffermakiLif..^J' nicchanical voyage In l7Si i,«^ ? '^r *"t aerostatic Dovef to Calais T7««*"r*"* the Channel from was rewarded by the' k^n/^'"^^ ""P'"" he 12,000 franca nnH^» ,^ "' Franco with first made use Sf«-".°" *" ^^"" ^^- "" 1785 ; went th^ou^ri"''','"*® *" ^"""Jo". in the Continent. exWblZL""^*'"""^''''''' °n skill ; ylsited Ame?ica wl?h thl' "oronoutic I and, returning In mno? *''®, '?"'« object ; with 16 persons In I lar^^'t"?,''** ** »ouen ' works which shfirnr,^^^*,!**.*"™"' Are- in gall: and thouirh liia noUHnnV/.J ^P in 1846."*' "'' ''''''''" ^y"°"' W" puWlslied BLANCHE, of CASTILLE. queen of Lonl. ] 101 11 If 'If bla] 9 Jteb) aniffersal ISioQropfiQ. VIII. of France, was duiiwhtcr oi' Alfonso IX., klriR of Ca»tille, nnU wan born about 1 Iftfl. Hho wai marilcU to Louis In 1 'ino, wa» crownea with hlin in im, anil on his aeoth three yearn later became rc«cnt during the minority of hor »on Louii IX., ii IsplayliiR great energy and addresi ns a ruler, wne opposed the departure of Louis for the cru- saae, but accompanied him to Cluni, and carried on the government in his steau. His long absence and the rumour of his intention to settle in the Holy I^nd caused her great sorrow, and she died in BLANK, Sir GILBERT, bnrt., M.D , was born in Ayrshire In "49 and, after render- ing important services while attending Lord Rodne? on the West India station, became successively physician to the fleet, to the Prince of Wales, and to 8t Thomas's Hos- pital, and president of the Navy Medical Board He was a fellow of the Royal So- ciety, member of the French Institute, and was. In 1»12, created a baronet. His princi- pal work Is his " Elements of Medical Logic, he died In June, 1834. BLANTYRE, Lord, was born In Edin- burgh in 1775, and entered the army In his 19th year. He served In the I'eninsular war. at the conclusion of which he received public thanks for his services, and after- words became lord-lieutenant of Renfrew- shire He wos residing with his family at Brussels during the struggle of the Belgians for a separate government; when looking out from a window, to see the Dutch troops who were advancing into the park, he was struck In the neck by a musket-ball, and the effusion of blood was so great that ho d:ed a few moments after, Sept. 1830. .^ ,, . BLAYNEY, Br BENJAMIN, an English divine and biblical critic ; royal professor of Hebrew, at Oxford, and author of a Dis- ■ertation on the Seventy Weeks of Daniel,' &c. Died, 1801* „ BLESSINGTON, MARQAKET POWER, Countess of, celebrated for her beauty, ac- complishments, and literary productions, was born in the county of Walerford in 1789. At the early age of 15 she contracted an ill- fated marriage with Captain Farmer, and soon after his death the earl of Blessington sought and obtained her hand In 1818. After her marriage she passed several years abroad, and formed an acquaintance with Lord By- ron, which ripened into intimacy, and en- abled ner to publish one of her most inter- esting works, her " Conversations with Lord Byron." Soon after her husband's death in 1829, she fixed her residence in London. Her house became the centre-point of every variety of talent; and there were few liter- ary celebrities, native or foreign, who did not share in the " feast of reason and the flow of soul," for which Gore House will be long remembered. Lady Blessington's con- tributions to literature were at once nu- merous and diversified. Besides the Con- versations " above mentioned, she published many novels, besides several works full of personal anecdote, epigram, sentiment, and description, such as "The Idler in Italy," " The Idler in France." &c. For many years abe edited the far-famed annuals, " The UooK of Bi'iutty," and the "Keepsake." Died ^ I'nris, Aug. ia49. BI.IOH, Wu.LiAM, commander of the ihlpp " Bounty," was born in Kent in 1783. He' nctompanled Captain Cook in his third viij age, and In 1787 was appointed to ihocom.j mand of the " Bounty " and sent to conrfj bread-fruit and other plants from tlin BouU Seas to the West Indies. Having taken thi corgo on board at Tahiti, he tailed HKilnii April, 1789. In a few days the mutiny broke out, caused probably by BUgh's liiiMhiiMi and tyranny, and ho with 18 companlom were cast adrift In an open boat. Afterw extraordinary voyage they reached EiiKland.] Bllgh was afterwards made governorof N(, South Wales, but In less than two yoarshiij rigorous and arbitrary conduct nindc it ne-i ccssary to deprive him. Died at London 1817. ! BLIZARD, Sir WILLIAM, a surgeon ajji anatomist of oonsldcrablo emlnonce, wa born !>• ,./*. During a long life of prof*, sional activity and experience he maini talned a high reputation ; and was for niaii" years professor of anatomy to the Kojtl College of Surgeons, and a fellow of ilej Royal and Antiquarian Societies. Hewai also the author of several works, viz., "8m. gestions for the Improvements of Hospiuii," "'Reflections on Police," &c. Died, at lb great oge of 92, in Sept., 1835. BLOCH, MARCUS EHEZ ', an Ingeolosi naturalist and physician, and a Jew by blrU, was born at Anspach, of mean parenup; but entering Into the service of a phyjidu, he studied medicine, anatomy, and naiinl history with great success, and bccaniepa. ticularly eminent in the last-named sciw His "Ichthyology," produced at lierlinli. 1785, at the expense of the wealthiestpriiiM of Qcrn-any, is a magnificent national woit Born, 1723; died, 1799. BLOCK, JOANNA, a Dutch-woman rtw singular talents in cutting landscapes, loi ers, portraits, &c., out of paper, entitle te to rank as an artist of no mean skill, to tm were her works to nature. Born, W; died, 1715. BLOEMART, ABRAHAM, a Dutch m rical and landscape painter, whose lirilUnl colouring and inventive powers hardly (» pensate for his mannerism. Born, IM, died. 1C47. BLOEMART, CORNELIUS, son of tkp ceding, who became eminent as an engrarn and may be regarded as the founder of" new school, remarkable for the purity- softness of the burin. Born, 1603; ' 1680. BLOMEFIELD, FRANCIS, topograp historian, was a jiative of Norfolk. He born in 1705, educated at Cambridge, enti the church, and became in 1729 rector Fresfleld, his native place. His great r is the " Topographical History of the Coi of Norfolk," in five vols, folio; the last being by another hand. The author also printer and publisher of his own and the first part appeared In 1739, 1 1761. BLOMFIELD, CHARLES JAMES, Bi of London, was born, in 1786, at Buji isamunas, wnLTt; aia lamct nS' ~ — 10& iftprattendInK the grammor-ichool of hli ktttivc town for eight years, ho romovod to j!umhrlcl«o, nrid carnod great dl«tlnctlon In ■he Held i>f claMloal lUcriituro. After bolnJ ■ilirilttod 10 priest's order, ho was presented lio rectory of Uunrrlniffnn in lain .„ . ... tho duko XS"AZ'TP\ pn the uK.t .« H..." . "ru, r. no was presented I ."°'^" »"'' "Jf™"'* 'from th,, V'"-'" "' "'" tliorcctory of Quarrlngton IniVlS, am 'tj Z'ZT'*""' ""^"^ /"" "xpSnod Tm" ^"" mc year ho oubllshed hi. i.rtiiio„ "# h' ° P*"'"''" W"i iiot onlvL,,i.'.*^'.?l'''' ! 'hU des- nc" annum. l)le'|, i"- , " " '"^^"•'"n "' Jtsoo im^ -...« ^— ,. ..*, ^^-, ,„....« fii» cuiiiuu or iiio Prometheus "of .l.:sthylus, which ut onco larked him as n scholar of tho flrst runk ^liii was followed by various edltlous of the lassie authors, and led to his bolnif apnolntod uucccaslon rector of Chcsterford, rector of ; Hotolph's, HIshopsgate, the richest Iivln» thedlocesoof London, bighopof Chesterln 4. and b shoD of T.nnHnn In moo -.. ' m, and bishop of London In 1828. From int period till his retirement, In 1856 ho as tho most conspicuous racmber of the pgl 8h prelacy. In nil the questions affect- K the status of the clergy and tho doctrines fthc church he took a most ocflvo nart • I nii,.'..""" V."""" It, perhaps, he will bo best remembered fb^ Sii '»''• ^'"' '' e zeal with which he devoted hlmse f t« S',""' .P"P'"«'-«t ovide church accommodation forthe th„u I --"".*'' '^"'' ''«" Ids of neglected persons who swarmed In tho large parishes of his diocese. Under ^ auspices more than two hundred addl- ina churches were built, to most of which koolsand savings banks aro attached. In « the bishop's health had become so Inflrm It he could no longer attend to his duties i in compliance with his "- • • ■ '' Act of I'urliamcnt was 1 to resign his see, and to'have'an'uliow le of £S000 a-year. together with tho use ?uiham Palace for life. Died. 18J7 LOMFIELD, EDWARD VaIentINE a inguished classical scholar, was tho bro* r of Dr Biomfleld, bishop of London and born In 1788. He received his edScat^m, aius College, Cambridge, whlre.bcslft fr prizes, he gained, in 1809, a medal for IrhI'V' '! """i'.' ^P Deslderlim Po.w- 1812 a fellowship in lUmanuel College wa. erred on him. la the following year ho ted Germany, and acquired an Intimate •vledge of the German language OnhU rn to England he published lu the steum Criticum. or Cambridge Classlea? arches," remarks on German litenitui'c ranslated Matthiie's Greek Gra. mir egan a translation of Schnelder^s Greek German Le.xicon. Died, laifi. ''"'^^'■'' (.OND, jACaUES CHRISTOPHE le n P '"""it"re painter, and author of n ^se entitled "ll Colorlto." on a method Igravmg in colours. Born, l(i7o7dicd annum. DIed.'iflVd *" "" "' *3"" M'l Suffolk, nud w i")Sf" ":L"' """'"Kton princ pal work I. « ., •""'^''""''"■'•- His the seuno. the autffhid ^Inf "^'^ "•'P'''t« thot humblo .tiitlon ,in,V ^.'"V'""''' ^vhilo in able gonlii. ; I Is s.lCl i',:?'''y'Kp°"'''dor. mostly short dostVn V, '" P"'"'<^'»H«>ns. I 'Ife, still ehorm bV the r .?n ' '.'"'* '"'nillur »rcat popularity I .wiM'^>*"'i'""*« very I •cholar. Into " r„"'"if,"^,7'|''y "" English ward and PMtron"odbvr^i?T '»"»'" '""«•- 'Jukoof Orufton. hoinodo-f'n ^",''' ""'' «''o •haro of tho (IUvh'icU le.h'^l'i' ",'"1 "» >'"•«•> JlL()UNr,g|, "ffulrs, una 'wttiro warded t"Z° ""PO'tant •ioiicrshlp of trad.. 1?, , ' y' "* « commis- •on of tho obo vo i member If ?•' '""'l' ^'''"t monts, una unmjin»«,i ?, °',''''^''''"' Pf'i'llu- counts'at tho"?,? S i ■ZI?'"'"'';'?'' ''^ "«- £peSnJ;'r \«i,>;r'-^-t ',rothor Of Hl« most coleh Sd "1 ""'''"'.'l'" '""«^''- first books of 1- ostm >u '*"' ^'"° ♦«'<' ^ifo of ApoMotilus ,,f 'J.'vl""'l'''"' "« »''«-' pearcd lu l«8o Un 'y""".' which up- troatlso oil tl «' ibeltv o7tTi."" *',?""«'«' &c. Madde„ed^l'^Vi'l!?.'^"';J''•I.«.P^.e8la„'s"" ONDEL, the minstrel and favourite nf JirdCoeurdeLion; whom he Is said t" Idiscovered in his German dungeon bv ►g beneath its walls the first part of a PNDUS, FLAVIUS, or FhAVia BlONI.n Ihan archaeologist was born at Fori h,' Rofth^e^?pi-^^^^^^^^^^^ fc'i^Ttaf^r^^ ftHome?H63''''*'""*'™^»»«'rltres" K?'THfd^.f' Colonel, a bold nn„ Maddene by' tho n/n."/ }'"; ''P'""'!'" " wife's sUtor to mnrrv h m "'.'"' "''"'•s'^d 109,1. '"'*"y """, ho shot himself, I ly u'der tr^aK ,"r7"^ f ^''l collectli^ «iou, 1708. "^ Aniphlon Anglicus." whoso Impetuous nrenldlfr ''"I' *f''"«'«-''>. of appellation „. flinrmii.i v> « entered tho SwcdU JrvLn "V''"'''''' «o youth, and In Uio Hr,f ^,.1'^''"" '»""•' " prisoner by tho rruVianNlh*" T"' '""d" wardsjolned.and rn.,. /l'..^''"'" ho after- tain ; _^ut.bo.>K/;:- ,!rnJ!l".V,V" V°l ^-*'''- fK;!7.'i."L "tny'' "fflctTH over V.. tL^"" it»-I,i„T_-- ' /^"i^ue*. a bold nnd I .^«t!-- - - » "'•'^"""'nted wi»j, ,v. _ »' ULU] H Jtebi anibersal 13iograpl^t?. [boo der'ck who ditmiued him with the pithy i(Mn;irk, that " ho might (jo to tho doTil if he pk-nscU," and ho aftorwniJ* llvcrt miiny yciu« In retirement, llelng rrcnllcd by his •iicioMor, Klnn Frederick Wllllnm, he woi moilo mnjor K«'>''"'»1 '^^^''^ "'" '"'"l*^ °' ^V' iitiidt, In 17!»li niul communded tho cavalry at the buttle of Jenn, which decided for a time tho futu of tho rrim-lftn monarchy. When rrusKia cnterrd into the coalition QRiilnst Nopoleoli, In 1813, cur hero, then 70 year* old, wiih miulo tfcnoral of tho contro of tho nllled nnnv; dlstlnsul»hed hlmielf nt Mltzon and I,flpslc, purnued the flying French across the llhlne, and, after a year of obstlnotoconllkt In France, headed tho right whiB of the ollied army under the walli of Paris, at tho tlnio of Napoloon'i obdlcatlon In 1814. In Kngland, which ho vUlted w th the allied ioverdnns, ho w«i received with enthusiasm. llelnR reinvested with the command of tho Prussian army during the Hundred Days, ho was defeated by Napoleon atLlgny, on June 10, 1815; on which occa- sion ho was unhorsed, and charged over by both tho French and Prussian cavalry. Morshiil Grouchy was commissioned by Na- poleon to push Hlucher'8 retreat, and check hli Junction with tho Hrltlsh army, which "Wellington required. Hut having deceived Grouchy, by leaving a body of his troops to mask the operation, ho retrograded unmo- lested, by a skilful and dangerous flank movement ; and his advanced division, under Ilulow, arrived at "Waterloo at five o'clock, just as the whole reserved ilile of the French ornvy was advancing in dense column to make their last desperate effort to break through the Uritish squares. This fresh flank attack on tho advancing column con- tributed greatly to decide the victory, and Blucher arrived in time to participate in the pursuit. Uluchcr's conduct afterwards was generally pronounced by the liberals at Paris, especially as regarded the bridge of .Tena and the spoliation of the Mu.seum, vin- dictive and illiberal ; but it could not bo ex- pected that he should have had any regard for the glories of the French capital. He was a rough and fearless soldier; bravo, honest, and free ; beloved by his comrades, and a sworn foe to tho enemiea of his coun- try. Horn at Rostock, 1742; died, at his estate in Silesia, 1619, aged 77. Bt.UM, ROBERT, German politician, mem- ber of the parliament of Frankfort, was born at Cologne in 1807. His thirst for knowledge showed itself fron\ his earliest years, and notwithstanding the pressure of aifflcultles and hardships, >ie made consiikrable attain- ments, and in 1832 became conductor of several journals at Leipsie. He distinguished himself as an earnest opponent of the super- stition displayed in connection with the Holy Coat of Treves, in 1841. Rut it was not till 1848 that he became known as a poiiti'ian. In March of that year he was elected member of the parll." nent of Frank- fort, in which he was leader of the party of the Left. On the breaking c ;<, of the insur- rection at Vienna in Octobev jo l, .tened thither to support tho mov-^r u : ^v his elo quence. He was, however i •• fte i- rested by the AusU'iau goTC ; r/iir, t, ricu by 104 court martial, rind shot. His death cauMd i\ profound son&atlon not only in Ucrmany, but throughout Europe. IlI.UMAUEll, Ai.ovB, a Ocrman satirical poet ; author of a " Travesty of tho .(lineid," &c. Rorn, 17S3; died, 1708. ULUMENIIACH, JOIIANN FniF.1)niCIl,i distlngulthrd German physiologist and com parative anatomUt, was born at Gotha In 1792. Ho became professor of medicine, librarian and keeper of the museum, at tlie university of Glittlngen, In 1778. He made two visits to England, and was admitted to tho French Academy of Scicncci. Hit principal works aro " Instltutlones Phyilo- logicie," which was translated into EnKllih by Dr lUliotson ; " Handbuih der vcrglel- chenden Anatomic; " an essay on the Va- rietles of tho Human Race ; and woiki on Embryology and the Hones of tho Human llody. He also published a dcgcrlption of the large collection ho had formed of skullj of different races. Died, 1840. llOAliDIL, or AHOUADOULA, tho lait Moorish king of Granada ; he was expelled for the lost time from Granada by Ferdi- nand of Castile and Aragon, in 1491 ; and afterwards lived in Africa, where he wai killed in battle in the service of tho king of Fez. ROADEN, JAMES, dramatic author and critic. His plays are numerous, but we believe tliere is not ono of them that now keeps possession of tho stage. Far more important are his dramatic memoirs. lo them he has left, probably, the best record that the world can now hope to have of John Kemble, Mrs Siddons, Mrs Jordan, and Mrs Inchbald. His " Inquiry Into the Au- thenticity of tho various Pictures and Print) of Shakespeare," and a tract on " the Son- nets of Bhakspcare," are also valuable works. Rorn, 1702 ; died, 1839. ROADICEA, or BOUDICEA, a British heroine, the widow of Prasutagus, and queen of tho Iccni. Having been ignomi- nlously treated by tho Romans, she headed an insurrection against them, attacked their settlements, and reduced London to ashes ; but being at length utterly defeated by Suetonius PauUnus, she is said by Tacitus to have put an end to her life DypoisoD, A.D. CI. UOCCACIO, Giovanni, tho celebrated Italian novelist, was the son of a Florentine merchant, but was born at Paris, in 1313. His passion for literature led him to aban- don first commerce and next the study of law. He spent some years at Naiilcs, and while there. In 1341, fell In love with a beautiful girl, a natural daughter of- tlio king of Naples, for whom he M-rote several of his works, and whom he named " I'iam metta." He was afterwards patronized by Queen Joanna, and for her as much as for his " Fiammetta" is said to 1. ive written Ids chief work, the " Decamerone." On his father's death he returned to Florence, where he was greatly honoured, and sent on several public embassies. Amongst others, he was sent to Padua to communicate to Petrarch the tldlngsof his recall to Florence. He golned the friendship of the illustrious puci, uziu eiijuycu it lurulisu iiir. f" ; like I'elriirch, contrlbu rivitai of the study of upcnt much tlnin and n ni:iniiiicrlpts,.ind was thi iLilv from Orncro copio tln'Oilymey. A solemn m- iijunk,abouti:i()l, deeply I {sml led to n rrmarkahio iianner of life. Ho n i'lorcntlni's to occupy tl ntHhllslied In 1373, for th Ulvlnii Commi'dla." In le had lo mourn tho !oss 'lend Petrarch ; and afti iroken health, ho died a jmber, 1373. Tho " Dectti |U fame reats, l» a collec sici, full of liveliness and Icentious and indecent, ibiishcd about 1332, an iriei wai condemned by le Council of Trent, an ide to improve and pur (ssfully. Jloccaclo wrot iltatcd by Chaucer, ui lenis and romances, b<^8 Ijttin. [HOCCAOE, JlAniA An> enchpoctcis; author of" IS much praised by her it she was little more thi ', nndher-Torks are imi ions. Horn, 1710; died, IOCCATiINI,TnAJANO,n hor of the "Political tire on the Spanish gove Itinifs gave much olfenc irt, but there Is no grou it it caused him to be at Venice, lolS. lOCCHERINI.LuiQi.ac Bical composer, pension) the king of Prussia, on king of Spain. Horn, 1 ICCOLU, Joiiy. [LEYr ICHART, SAMUEL, a Fr ilogian, was born at ] lied nt Sedan and Leyd lor at Caen. He obtnlne byhls public conference in in 1G29. Ho visited It in 1652, on the invit itina, and died at Cae 1 several learned worki •"He Paradise Terrestri ," and '■ Hierozoicon." IDE, CHRiSTOPii Auoi mn linguist and criti< ^'cw Testament In Et ''I '' IS in Persian. 8 ' ■ Horn, 1723 JJr (;''- WAX.NELERT.a as born at Hambu fly age he became assii il,72wa8callcdtoHcrll le of his best works 1st ■cnntuiss des gestirnt appeared in 1768, a Jh more than twenty incd also a Celestial Atl inals, &c., and was a i ml scientific societies o Jed law of the cknct. p called " Hode's" law " JBOC] like I'clriirch, contributed ffr<<«ti7 to tho rerlTol of tho study of clattlcal literature ipent miidi tliiin and tnonny In collcctlnir nianuwrlpti.and wni tho flrit to brlnir Into I Italy from Orocco ropici of tho iupS and the OdyiH'jr. A solemn mcsinRo from a lylnir njonk, about i:i()l, deeply IniprcMcd llorcacio Unilli'Jton nmorkablo reformation In hlii hiianiiiT of life. Ho waa chosen by the I'lorcnllni's to occupy the chair which was jutnhlUlied In 1373, for the exposition of the ' Uivliiit Commcdlit," In tho fotlowlnfr year n liflil lo mourn tho loss of his master and xlend I'ctriirph ; and after some months of (roken health, ho died at CertalUo, In De- «mher, 1373. Tho " Decamcrono," on which lis fiime rcits, Is a collection of a hundred alM, full of liveliness and humour, but oftt » locnllom and Indecent. The book was ubiishcil about 1332, and after two con Mriei was condemned by two iji'I'PS n.i'l by le Council of Trent, and attempts were jade to ImproTO and purify i(, but i isuc- (Mfully. Jloccacio wrote " La Tcselde " iltatcd by Chaucer, uiid several other lenis and romances, lUCc* many works \Utin. 3 i^tto ©nifaersnl 13tocrnjpl^D. ^ ■ i.aiin. [HOCCAOE, MAHIA ANNE Du PeiiBU, n rench poetess ; author of" Paradls," &c. She IS much praised by her contemporaries, tube was little more than a clever vcrsi- f.andhcr-Torksare Imitations or trans- Ions. Horn, 1710; died, 1802 IOCCALINI,TnAJANO, an Italian satirist : Ihor of the "Political Touchstone," n lire on the Spanish Rovernment, &c. His Itinifs gave much oll'cnco to the Spanish irt, but there is no ground for tho story It it caused lilm to be murdered. Ho tl at Venice, lolS. IOCCHERINI,LuiQi,acelebratcd Italian Ileal composer, pensioned for his merit the klnjt of Prussia, and patronized by kinK of Spain. Horn, 1740 ; died, 1803. WCCOLU, Joiiy. [LEYDEN, JOHN of.] lOCHART, SAMUEL, a French Protestant 00j?ian, was born at Ilouen in 1559, icd at Sedan and Lcyden, and became lor at Caen. He obtained much reputa- ' byhls public conference with the Jesuit win 1629. He visited Stockholm with It m 1652, on the invitation of Queen *tlna, and died at Caen in 16C1. He tc several learned works, among which ".. " M ','',1"°^"'"<'"'"*'" " Gcogruphla . and'']lierozoicon." l^n^'Hrf.™"'. AvousT, a learned m linguist and critic; who edited NOW Testament in Ethiopic. all the 1 ■ ts in Persian. St Matthew In ,\ l!orn,1723 Ji, u, 1796. i*" .' 'ihl' ' '^^'"^^ Eleut, a German astro- rlv'.li'""^'" Hamburg In 1747. At i--5t'* ^'',<''^nle assistant to Dusch, 1 1- ,2 wascallcd to Pcrlln by Frederick Kent"' ^'^^ ''<"■"« '« the " Anleltung Kcnntmss des gestirnten Himmels •' nppcarca in 1768, and has passed Jh more than twenty editions Ho «nai:'r ^Jr'''' ^"««' Astronoml- toal eient'ifi?^ V. " """"bcr of the fed ■' law if",^°"","" "^ ^"'oPe- The ICQ law of tho clnnctnrv .Jiof^j";— ■• ^ caiM ■' node's law,"" was first' sug- Dlc.r.'lHjfl.'''""'''""' '^""»' •" Wittenberg. ally a musfclari'^'a-iirnovc aVre'gffi?- ^ h^"" Y""""" " bookselUr. anS flnaUy ro.o to bo privy councillor to the r,nndBrav«^? HPS80 l)arm»tadt. Ho», nslated Into Opr "'SoAri'"'"^?/'™"'-""' Shandy ■• and Hontlmental Journey," Fieldlnff'/ " iw Jones,.. Goldsmith'. "Vicar of "fulefleld" Montalgne'g " Essays," &c., with con.irt«: «oir/rr'j"'ii""''"'- "'0^1 1703 '■ iioIJLEY, Hir Tiio.MArt, a native of Pi« StiratSrH^o";:'^ "^ dZv1^a''n"d" '^£empKSn Jln^rierbrKn^l'r .n^f.V'',""'' '^" ambassador at tho Hn^uo r.ercdft,l"h '■?"= ""' "0 i. chiefly remem brarvof o^'Vnl".'* '■""i"' "'O University L- fn nf . Oxford, and bequeathed his fortune is iallcnri """ ""^"'ontatlon ; whence I? knf^ht.wi . '•' ,^"»»'''an I'Ibrary. Ho was knighted by j„„,c, I. l.orn,^544; dfed! hiSrwAsir^rzKnnTi^'a" 7r? B distinguished for the paJt ho took in con ios.'nL"".^"" "I2 ''-'end HreUlnger. ine": posing the nrtlUclal and lifeless state of T "r wi ic"ho"{il:? '"" ''r- Thotmr:: n„»»Liy ."."*' thus gave r se to. in which Oottsched, then held as the patriarch of lertK'*'?'"'"'"' "hstlnately opjosed him led the way to n tliorough reformation nnlt the rise of a real lIving,*;,atlonaTu eratuie Zurich •„"'}?? "'"''. P.'"'""*"' "f history at f„l in 1725, and held tho chair for Bo ^ Minnc",' published two collcctlons of the toS^ n?„"n"*''''"' ♦'•"""'nted Homer and Mil BopoNi, Giovanni Battista tiiA cMp In mo"At"tV P''"'^',' ^'"' bom^'aVsa'lSo" nn^ ;^; ^^ * '^ "8^*' "' 18 ho went to Rome o?^»,?°*T.'''"'"°y""'»' '» the printing offlce orio^?„,^rP"'f""''''- "« mastered fev"ra! wenof theTv"*^'"',""'' acquitted h?S wen or the tasks entrusted to him. Sorrow ofVhe'offlc?' 'J." "■'">'> »»Kff'«^ the h °ad him frn^ V,^''° Committed suicide, drove him from Home. In 1768 he sett ed at h^.^Jfr-r'' eainedwido reputation by the ln^7«^'j*''^'' !^"^ Issued from his press d«i,i nf i° "^^^ ^^^'t'^d to Pvome, but the tn ■nf^^/T""' *° '•"tain him, allowed him to Bct up his press in the palace. From that duca printing-office were sent forth the magnificent editions of Horace V re ^Y;i'"s..Ta880, and last of all, Homei o ,' :;" ch his fame chiefly rests. He p?e™ented' SorthSelS^"^"^""^"™"-'' HOECE, Hector, or ROF-TTTTttci <■ 0/.«. tlsh historlnn. bom a[ DuSTboif Mt He was educated at Aberdeen and tlie university oi' Paris, held the chair of nhllo sophy at the latter, and was aftenvai^s principaU)f King's College Iberd.e^'^^'f?* »''"?4li'^""^^P"'"l'^"* "f iirasmus. He wroto la "History of Scotland " In lltin, which 100 ' . ' f foe! ^ ^m mnibtxanlj^io^m^^' [boh appeared in 1626, and obtained him a pension frnm the kinjt : and "Lives "f tha Bisnops of "berdeen" • Tho History is pmised aiore for It "uylo than for its .natter, the autlior sharing in the credulity of his age. Died, "XeHM, or-BOEHMEN, Jacob, thr cele^ studied the Scriuturt. ^"'^.?"1,TA natural much that was eccentric ""^ «''„*J*?l^"c; "Threefold Life of Man, Be signacura Rpriim " " Mysterium Magnum, _-' - -in E.,g?rnd his views M-ere adoPted by ^ohn Pordaire and to some extent i)y Henrj ^re. HU .?ork8 hUe been frequently republished. ""BOEttHAJVYE, HERMANN the grea^ physician, was born near Leyden m 16b8 HeSvas educated at the "n/jf the. L the den, and was destined by his father for the ^^^ tr\h"e* "^ll^V'r^i^ lirelincourt. He began lecturing in 170,. "n'd'was eight years l^ter «PP°^^tf Xirs'of or of medicine and l'°';"V- ,„^ ^.-^'""e^c iirictical medicine and chemistry wtrc S o^ards assigned to l»in. "^^^..^« ^^ them with the greatest distinction. ±ie became rector of the university, and was idmitted to the French Academy of''* "ices, and in 1730 to the lloyal Society of I-ondon Ho onioved a reputation almost uiiparai "lled^'lds systenf was f «er«>f^ «f^°P ^1 niwi nitipnts went or wrote to him irom lui pSts' o EurS!' His character was with- Sut a stain, and the efeeni of his fellow townsmen was str kingly shown on I'U re onvprv from a serious illness in I7^d, oy .i geSmumination. His fame rests pr.n- finallv on his " Inatitutiones Medicoc, pTbthed in 1708, translated into a 1 Eu^ ropean languages and into ™'^' "";! pnmmentcd on by Hallcr ; and his Apn"r ismi de cognoscendis et curandis morb.s," KtransTated as widely and commented on by Van Swieten. Among hs other works ft?e " Index Plantarum quae i^ ho'^,^",?^^^^. mico Lugduno-Batavo reperiuntur, and several fine orations and discourses. Died, qSI SEVEkiNUS, a Koman philosopher wh™irtues,8ervices,honour8,andtragical S a" co^bir . to render his name memor- n P wab born A.D. 470 ; studied at Kome and Athens; was profoundly learned; and flned^t' highest Uces under the gove^^^^^ mpnt of Theodorlc the Goth. He was inrti. Ss"consul?and was long the o-cle of his Ssed up enemies in those who oyed ex- tortion and oppression, and he at last fell 1 victim to their machinations. Ho wa» falsely accused of a treasonable correspond- onco with the court of Constartinoplc, and after a lopg and rigoous =o..flnement at Patrla. was executed In 324. His Lons a- tions of Vhilosop'.iy," ^""te>i in prison, abounds in the loftiest sentiments clot cdiu the most fasclnatin? language. This tioatlse was one of the most widely read booI(s in the middle ages, and has been translated into many languages. Alfred the -..rcat translated it into Saxon. BOETTCHEK, JOHANN rRIEPniClI, m alchemist, who, in making vain alchemical attempts, was fortunate enough to discover .ibout 1702, the mode of making the famed and valued Dresden porcelain- Died at ^BOOD-ANOVICH, HIPPOLYTUS iHEO. noROVlCil, a Russian poet ; editor of tliu St Petersburg Courier, and autl n- of Dus- heuka." a romantic poem ; Historical Picture of Russia," &c. He fllled vario«, official situations under the goveriimcnt of Catharine, and was also emp oyed as a diplomatist. Born. 1743; died, 1803. ROGUE ^)AVID, a dissenting minister of considerable acquirements; pastor of a congregation at Oosport, Hants, where he also directed the education of young men destined for the Christian ministry, in con- nection with the Independents, lie is con- sidcred as the father of the London Mis- sionary Society, and he also contributed greatly to the formation of the Bntisli end rorclirn Bible Society. He wrote an Essay on till Divine Authority of the New Testa- Iment," a "History of the Dissenters," Ac. Born, 1749; died, 1825. , . ». . BOHEISIOND. first prince of Antiocl), was son of Robert G^iecard, and distiugulshcd himself in the first crusade in 1096. He bo- sieeed and took Antioch, and was made prince. Besieged by the Saracens, ho com- Dletely defeated them: but soon after «a! caotured. and remained their prisoner two veiirs. He subsequently visited Europt, married a daughter of the king of France, and got the emperor to acknowledge Ins title. Died in Italy, HU- ^ „ , , BOHLEN, PETER VON, a Gorman Onent' allst, was born in 1790. He was born of poor parents, and grew up without fluca- tion, but after passing throu^th a series o strange vicissitudes, ho became astudcntat the Johanncum at Hamburg, and afcr- wards at Halle, Bonn, and Berlin. He i then appointed to teach the oriental an- guages at the university of Kiinigsbf rg.wiiere he was named professor in 1828. He visite En^andtwicef and after his second to di^'-not returA to his POst on accoun failinsr health. He was author of Basalie Hid^^ mit bcsondererRilcUsichtauf Aegj^ ten," of a commentary on tl^c A'»2l'? ptctMotenal.bi,&c. He also wrote jvc- al articles on oriental s"bjecta or the " Penny Cyclopa;dia." Died, at Halle.» BOHUN, EDMUND, a political write of note In the reigns of James II- andMiHio 'nr /authoro? a " Defen_ce of King Cbarje. ll.'s Ueciaratiou," a " i-icogr;>i>!nC5, -•- tionary." " Life o. Bishop Jewell," &c. « was living at the accession of Queen Anne, BOl] but the exact date of his death is uiicer tain. iiOUUDO, MATTEO MAnu. count of Scandiano and governor of Hegaio ; authnr of " Orlando Innamorato," one of tlie most celebrated poems in Italian literature tlie first of a iieiv class, the romantic epic 'anh.hi, .^^ NICOLAS, sieur Despr^aux, the 1 brated French poet and critic, was born 1 1W6 He was brought up to the law, but itfed It for literature. He vigorouslv acked the bad taste of the age, and his th^*^ '•":?',""' ''''''''■ ^ pension was .1 T?'. *"■* ''^ ^^"^ associated with Ra- e a historiographer to Louis XIV. He nt tlie last f. v years of his life in retire It, displaying great fortitude under ill a th and the infirmities of ago, and died i;n. His poems consist of " Satires " Pistles " the "Art of Poetry," &c. Pope PC™ '"'""•'' '' "''"•-•"•^ "' «»'"« of Si^'T^.^^''?"" ^^' METEL I.E, ^«f ' J*",'' cfJebratcd for his wit, and « by Kichelicu. His poems, plaT NE Conn^ H^^^i^'. ^ftAN^oiS AN- itoi an iLt' " '','««"K"i8hed French tU^u'klrtlti';:.':^^'-.""-^ ? '"^» Sf'ove of liberty. He was deputy •e States-General in 1789, member of the ^Mtta gtniberaal 13{oQiaofin. Convention in Mav nn^ n,. . • ■ ,' **' "'*' In the presideni's^'clafr after it h'd V^'^" twice vacated, and ca mly kept it „. h? Biayed by the sight of muskets levi-ldfr" him, and of the bicedinir h,.n, nV i,i "' dered colleague F6mna^ Bofssv d t,?^*^'" irUs'^un]^' .^vas, for a Ume on fA'depr^cS nition nf'll' "* "consequence of lis recog Pihn «-^ "*". 9'nperor on his return from aig'V^cr'j;j:«?.?.r 11?'''°"'' «"^j<'''™ died, 1826? ^''»'««»'«'bes," &o. Born, l^ae" bom^fnTr^A^'- ^':.V' a French lexicographer tionaries t'i.^ l""" ''{r'"'^ valuabli^d"' 7orit?^n^^^^^'^ "7 ^''e police to subst tute '°yoVz^^>.rK;^^?sVo'i^n?.;ij43 t^nSsTd f'^?. "-' -So?b"ut moVe'd'is- SS£?---cSt^-?^ In'S's^at^'had'hi^tT f""« «^P°'«"'> : . •^■'r "^ ''''•' I 'lad his dukedom ralsod t<> n ^'"f'Joj" by. tlie emperor O ho lU and SSry^To^sa'^ ^'« «.-jcets,aTd^'dYe;in^ He*!'rv\^nf ^^^^B.^i-I'^N.ANNE.quocn of y7ar'at1.!:J 'v'"'- .^^ter aVl'l'c^^^^'o^'.o^n'l years at the French court, she became maid of honour to Katherine queen of^ Henry the kinrlrnV"',"''"''^ "'^' "Imiratio, of l&JK^t^vr^i-S'^^ f«g°es"^or^coS;:rL"i;ti^ ^••ought against her, on whichsl c was trfed and beheaded. May 19, 1536. Anne Hoiev kinr^t^T"'?"'*'^ ^'^e reformation, and t, king's deterniination to marry ' s-r was t le occasion of the final separation of Enula> d from i..e Catholic church. She was thn mother of Queen Klizubeth *"'' BOLINOHUOKE. IlKNiiy Rt -Tn"., ■.-,- count, a distinguished statesman and noli- ttcal writer, was born at llattersea in ir??' and completed his studies at OxJord Ho' e ntereu pa rliament in 1700. became secJc- 107 bcl] % i^eto sani&ersal K^lograpfjB. [bol tary at war in 1704 ; resigned his office in 1708 ; again formed part of the ministry in 1710, and concluded the peace of Utrecht. In 1712 he was created Viscount Bollng- broke ; but, dissatisfied that he had not been raised to an earldom, he quarrelled with his colleagues, effected the dismissal of Har- ley, and got himself appointed prime minis- ter. The death of Queen Anne, however, took place a few days afterwards. The Whigs having gained the ascendancy on the accession of George I., preparations were made for the impeachment of Bolingbroke, who had fled to France, and being invited to Lorraine by James Edward, the Pretender, he became his secretary of state. For this he was impeached and iMAinted ; and It was not till 1723 that he was allowed to return to England. His estates were restored to him in 1725, but his seat in the House of Lords was still denied him : this raised his indignation ; and he exerted all his talents against the ministry, till at length the over- throw of Sir llobert Walpole was effected. In 1735 he again withdrew to France, where he remained till the death of his father ; after which event he settled at Battersea, and died, in 1751, after a long and painful disease, in his 80th year. He was the mti mate friend of Pope, Swift, and other emi- nent authors of the time, and his own writings rank among the most eloquent and polished in style in the English language. A collected edition of them was published by David Mallet three years after the death of the author. As a man Bolingbroke was selfish, proud, and profligate ; as a politician, merely ambitious and unprincipled ; and as a writer, showy, superficial, and untrust- worthy. The shallow and impotent attacks on Christianity made by such a man have little interest or importance in the presence of tlie earnest controversies on matters per- taining to religion, in the midst of which we are living. A new Life of Bolingbroke has been recently published by Mr Mac- knight. , , , ^ -, T.l. BOLIVAR, SIMON, the celebrated Liber- ator of South America, was born of noble parents at Caraccas, in 1783. Having ac- quired the elements of a liberal education at home, he was sent to Madrid to complete his studies ; and afterwards Visited Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with se- veral distinguished men. He made the tour of Southern Europe, again visited the Span- ish capital, and married the daughter of the Marquis de U^tarlz del Cro ; bur. soon after his return to his native land his youthful bride fell a victim to the yellow fever ; and, as a relief to his sorrow, he once more visit- ed Europe. On returning to South America, in 1810, he pledged himself to the cause of Independence, and commenced his military career at Venezuela, as a colonel in the serv- ice of the newly founded republic. In 1811 he served under Miranda, and had the com- mand of Puerto CabcUo ; but the Spanish prisoners haviup: risen and seized the fort, he was obliged to quit the town. At Icngtli Miranda was compplled to submit to Monte* verde,Thc lloyalist general ; and Bolivar, entering the service of the patriots of New Grenada, soon had mother opportunity of 108 assisting his old friends the Venezuelans. For a while he was successful, but reverses followed; and when, in 1815, the Spanish forces under Morillo arrived, he threw him- self into Carthagena, and subsequently re- treated to St Domingo. The spirit of re- sistance was, however, not extinguished : and after many desperate conflicts the in- dependence of Columbia was sealed, and Bolivar was chosen president of the republic, In 1821. Every act of his government show- ed how zealously alive he was to the im- provement of the national institutions and the moral elevation of the people. In 1823 he went to the assistance of the Peruvians, succeeded in establishing their independ- ence, and was proclaimed Liberator of Peru, and invested with supreme authority. In 1825 he visited Upper Peru, which detached itself froiii the government of Buenos Ayres, and was formed into a new republic, named Boh'm'rt, in honour of the Liberator; but domestic factions sprung up, the purity of his motives was called in question, and he was charged with aiming at a perpetual dictatorship; he accordingly declared his determination to resign his pover, ar.d to retire to his patrimonial estate. The vice- president, Santnnder, urged him to resume his station as constitutional president ; and though he was beset by rival factions, he continued to exercise the chief authority in Columbia till May, 1830. The people ere long became sensible of their injustice, and were soliciting him to resume the government, when his death took place, in December, 1830- In person he was thin, and somewhat below the middle size, but capable of great endurance ; his complexion sallow, and his eyes dark and penetrating. His intellect was of the highest order, and his general character of that ardent, lofty east, whidi is so well calculated to take the lead among a people escaping from the yoke of tyranny. BOLLANDUS, JOHN, Jesuit, was bom in Belgium in 1596. He is celebrated as the first in the long series of compilers of the voluminous " Acta Sanctorum." The wcrl; was projected by Father Kosweida, on whose death, in 1629, it was undertaken by BoUan- dus. He was afterwards assisted by Hens- chen and Papebroch. The first five volumes appeared in the life- time of Bollandus.aml include the lives of the saints of the months of January and February. The work was continued v/ith some interruptions till 179i, and consists of 52 vols, folio. The con- tinuators are named the Bollandists. A new edition of this immense work is now (1865) in course of publication in France. BOLOGNA, JOHN OF, one of the most celebrated sculptors of his age, was born at Douai, probably in 1530, or a little later. He went voung to Rome, became acquainted with Michael Angelo, and was employed by the Cardinal dc Medicis. He afterwards lived chiefly at Florence. Among his mas- tcvpieces are reckoned the "Neptune "of the fountain at Bologna, "Mercury," and the " Rape of the Sabines." He was the in- timate friend of Vasaii, and one of thcr.rs: members of the Academy of Florence. Dicii there, 1608. A group of " Samson killing a bol] Philistine," executed by this master is still cxUut at Hovingliain Hall, York. B0L0GNE8E, IL. [GKIMALDI, PRAV ^iSeto ©nibmal ISiograpi^L). [box as a miniature portrait painter on iv„Z 7 muthr'^n ^""»"?"l"»to^seinpiwcesU miitioii. Bone carried his art tn tiw. .,♦ 1 1 perfection, increasing the size of his nS?'* beyond anything which h J htfli'llPi^'f^ BOLSWERT, SCHELDT, an engraver of hnv^nH "' /u"^''*'"^ the size of his Dates the 17th century, a native of Frlesland but &'^V"'''^"« ^•'"'h >»=** before been a?! who passed most of his life in Antwern ■ !^ P*^**; ^°^ executing in enamel sevp?n^ distinguislied tor the excellence of ireL'^^Pi';?,"^ P'ftpes by the first masters; one gravinss after Rubens and Vandyck. Si «?/^l '/"""^ " Bacchus and Ariadne » BOMBELLI, RAPHAEL, a celebrated al- soi/?i"f^'^o°oV P^^^e ^8 inches by 16 and gchraistof the 16th century, and the fl?s Cinilfn. '^T «"'"^''«'- Among his most who invented a uniform method of working Kb? wh^mi^''*''''"' ^"""^ ^^e duke of Bedford equations. ""i«.iug lor whom he expcuferi a series of Dortrnf t« nf BOMBELLI. SEBASTIANO. an eminent Vi°TTf^^^i' '*'""'' '''"™ ^^e reigS of Henrv ' Bolognese historical and portrait pXter jTfr ^V*° *''® P''?*^«M"»e- He closed a Ion, Born, 163S ; died, about 1716. * "''®'^' '^%°Ll'"^%l'i'^}'ig industry and integrity if BOMBEKG, DANIEL, a celebrated printer Bnv^«' ^??*- 'fhfilfifhr-Pntnrv woan „=»!„„ «, .J:_i"'er BONER, Uleich, tho most ancipnf «o, man fabulist, was a Dominican friar I'r BONET, or BONNET, TafioPHlLE, a nuMDuaa, .jAn^nij, a. ceiewated printer of the 16th century, was a native of Ant wern but settled early at Venice. He there pub- lished a Hebrew Bible in four volumes folio a Hebrew Concordance, and the Babylonian Talmud, all groatly esteemed for their ac- ' nhiiv^" BONASONI, GIULIO. a Bolouvres of Michael Angelo, Raflfaelle, &c., in a style of great beauty. » ■•I'j'ie oi BONAVENTURA, 8t, op GIOVANNI Fl DENZA, sumamed "Doctor Sekaphic vs," was born in Tuscany in 1221. He en tered the Franciscan order, studied at Paris and after somp Hisnnfoo mi*u ti . j_ . ' wo^A^^^f ^1' '^"' the Apostle of Germanv 7^ ''?'«Jn England about 680. Ke CS I lerea ine mnciscan order, studied at Paris »o?v ti h^L""'i^'"u**'^ sanction of Pope Grc and after some disputes with the universUv fhIL i' ^1^^?.* ^^out 716 to Germany and In which Aquinas also took part, was made'to thp taT^^/j^'^^^ ^°' the rest of Wg iffe doctorin theolosv.andli>rti.rnr i« «i,i5L„ *55 P the task of Christianizinir thn n^„i„ ?:.Jf IL »fc-.i. A • ""F"'™ wi'n me university, lin which Aqumas also took part, was made Idoctorm theology.andlecturer inphilosophy land theology. In 1256 he was chosen general lof his order, and both by word and example ■re-established discipline in it. He was cre- ated cardinal by Gregory X., who had been ^ised to the papal see by his influence. He .wrote commentaries on Lombard, master of Ihe Sentences, and many devotional works PlSSatisfled with Unponlnt i„„ „„^ ",,:,-- °'''* thi.X u "^sATous ieodaux," rnue he was secretary to Turgot Ton fcmned to be burnt, it became the basis of the" tetro^ 17 f '^^'f^°' I''' cpnstitueni as Vvlln,!^ Baving been in the service pgalit^.henarrowly escaped the guilloUne Ciur' """^ '''' """"^ '"^^ «hocS°then fcKe''vi7"^^ "^' '^ ««'«hrated Wh L-fu J® \«ndean royalists, who had Iterfercnce that 5000 prisoners wlfom^th |natlWo.Ti^5,'"".'?«LP«.i«ting, was tubes; not without great success w» matt'^'^'^T'' ''*^^°°1«' and monalieri"' a/hf {.r ir e^:iitix"»ijf-^' ... K-v^,vuv<:a, auu many aevotional works nivm^^E^ yill., Pope, Benedetto . Tecl'e rt",'?''"'""°'»*"dph?^rph^'; catlS^^ Ta^/l Td \* ^^«"'' ^" S le became at last a mystic. His writing Uhl^ii ?• J??'' *"** became pope on thP ^ere highly esteemed by Luther. Sha'I'^^ hile attending the Council of Lyons 1274 'hSf ^"^ ^.^^'^ troubled one, owlg ?o af'pro'Sed^'a^cS^^e'a^artX^^^ e?;^efn Pii^r- th^'^r -'^'^''^te'fuc'cerfull J warTr nf vl^ *¥ ^""" °^ ^^nce and Ed- Zl^}' ! ^"8'and ; but soon after, by a bull of excessive pretensions, provoked t h e f « m id03. It was Boniface VIII. who In i-kin' established the Jubilee. ' ^*^' BONIVARP. PRAwnnta . _ . fn fhl" ^«°eva, and acted a prominent part in the support of the republic of Oon»J. against the tyranny of gprUe-bi'sho;'! , ..,kk. 108 and the agRression of the duke of Savoy. He VIM the friend of Berthelier and other noble supporters of freedom, and negotiated the treaty of fellow-citizenship between Fri- burf? and Geneva. H<> was twice imprisoned bv the duke of Savoy, the second time in the castle of Chillon. His misfortunes are cele- brated in Byron's well-known poem. Bonl- vard was a scholar as well as a politician, and formed a valuable library. This he r ive to Geneva, and it was the basis of the public library of the city. Died. nrobaV-Ir in 1570. BONNEK, KDMUND, bishop of Loudon, was born in V/orcester, about 1495. He studied at Oxford, and became chaplain io Cardinal Wolsey, whom he attended till nis fall. He then entered the service of Henry VIII., aided Cromwell in the work of reform- ation, took an active part in the matter of f.he king's divorce, and was sent on embassies to the pope, the emperor Charles V., and the king of France. In 1538 he was named bishop of Hereford, but before consecration was translated to London. In the reign of Edward VI. Bonner became the opponent of Cranmer and the reformation, and was im- prisoned and deprived. Restored by Queen Mary, he distinguished himSelf by his zeal in persecuting and burning " heretics," and earned the odium and abhorrence of the peo- ple. He refused to take the oath of suprem- acy on the accession of Queen Elizabeth, and was again deprived and imprisoned. Died, in the Marshalsea, 1569. BONNET, CHAHLES.aGenevese naturalist and philosopher, was born in 1720. He was trained for the law, but was attracted by the works of Reaumur to the study of natural history. He became a member of the coun- cil of state in 1752. Hissight failing, he was unable to continue his microscopic studies, and applied himself to more general subjects of philosophy and religion. His chief works are "Traits d'inscctologic," " De I'usage des feuilles dans lesPlanles,"" Contemplation de la nature," " Paling^nesie philosophique," and "Rcchcrchos philosophiques sur ies preuves du Christlanisme." Died at Geneva, 1793. BONNINGTON, RICHARD PARKES, a British artist of great merit and of singular precocity. At three years old ho could sketch most of the objects he saw, ar fl at 15 was ad- mi tted to draw in the Louvre at Paris. After visiting Italy he brought back many able specimens of his works, and finished a suc- cessful, though brief, career at the age of 27, in 1828. BONNYCASTLE, JOHN, professor of ma- thematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; author of "The Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic," " The Elements of Algebra," " A Treatise upon Astronomy," *:c. Died, 1821. BONOMI, Joseph, an Italian architect, who settled in London about 1767. He en- joyed the friendship of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and was an associate of the Royal Academy. He built the duke of Argyle's palace atRose- neath, in Scotland, the Roman Catholic chapel near Manchester Square, &C. Died, 1803. BONONCINI. [BtJONONCINI.l BONPLAND, AiMfi, an eminent Prencli botanist and the personal fWend of Alexan- der von Humboldt, was born at La Rochelle in 1773. He studied medicine at Paris, hut gave up the profession and accompanied Humboldt to America. During the five years they spent together there Bonpland made a very large and valuable collection of plants, several thousands of which were new to Europe. On his return to France he wag appointed by the empress Josephine director of her gardens of Malmaison, a post which he held till her death, in 1814. He went again to America and became professor of natural history at Buenos Ayres. In 1821, as he was proceeding on a scientific expedi- ion on the Parana, he and his party were ieized by order of Francia, then dictator of Paraguay, and he was kept prisoner nearly ttn yeare. He afterwards lived in the south of Brazil. Bonpland was author of " Plantes Equinoxiales recueillies au Mexique," &c. " Description des Plantes Rares de Navarre et de Malmaison," and " Monographie des Melastom^es."' He was also joint author with Humboldt of several voluminous works on the botany, natural history, and monu- ments of the New World. Died at Monte Video, 1888. BONTEMPI, GIOVANNI ANDREA ANGE- LiNi, an Italian musician of the 17th cen- tury ; was director of music to the elector of Saxony for 40 years ; author of " Nova qua- tuor Vocibus componendi Methodus," &c, Born, at Perugia, 1630 ; still living in 1697, BOOLE, GEORGE, a distinguished tnath^ matician, was born at Lincoln in 1815. He early applied himself to the study of science, and after assisting in a school at Doncaster, established himself as schoolmaster in his native town. He took an active part in founding the Library and Museum of the Mechanics' Institute, and gav6 lectures tnd instruction in classics and mathematics to the members. During the same period hi! contributions to the "Cambridge and Dub- lin Blathematical Journal" aitracted great attention, and his great abilities were shown more conspicuously in his " Mathematical Analysis of Logic." About 1853 he was ap pointed professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, an 1 soon after received the honorary degree of L.L.D. from the uniyeri' ity of Dublin. In 1855 he married a ladyof great scientific attainments, who became his efficient collaborateur. Dr Boole was anian of wide culture, an earnestloverof truth,de lighting in poetry and metaphysics no less than in his chosen science. His modesty especially distinguished him. His most im portant works arc— -"An Investigation of the Laws of Thought," and " DitTercntlal Equations." The latter is 6, class-book at Cambridge. Dr Boole was a fellow of the Royal Society. Died near Cork, in Decem- ber, 1864. BOONE, DANIEL, one of the first adten- turers who penetrated into the wilds of Ken- tucky , was born in Virginia, and from hiseir- liest infancy was addicted to hunting in the woods. In 1769 he first set out, in companj with a few friends; and after numerous perils s'nd advpr.turrs, he founded Boon?!- borough, the earliest settlement in Kentuciri now a flourishing town, though at tliattljn Uo BOOj I received o grant from the Spanish authorltlps lof 20110 acres of Jand for himself/and soo Incres for each of his children, friends a«d Ifollowers. He then settled with tl^en on the lilissouri river, at Cliarette, some d atnnpf Keyond the Inhabited parts of the co^-ftry" |vhere he followed his usual course of Ufo liuntins: and trapping for bears— until RnnT 0822, when he died, aged 84. "niu Sept. I liOOTH, li.iRTON, an eminent actor ««« born in 16S1. He .vas educated at W^sf fciiiister school and the university of Tn t Indge, but ran away from tlie latter to ioh," I company of players. After winning „ lame at Dublin he was engaged by &" Ion at Drury lane Theatrl, where he w«: [ery successful. Died, 1733,' havW lo!t his fcason several years before ^" liOOTH, Sir FELIX, bart., an eminent kndon merchant, who, for his mun?floe?J fcnation of £20,000 for i^romoting the arcUe kpeditiou under Sir John Ross, was raf^Vn fa baronetcy, and had his name affl/ed to le^ country called Uoothia Pelix Died" Booth, Henuy, earl of Warrlncf «« =„ I George liooth. Karon Dplflmn5„ !*°"' «»" eneraie ei SuS/Tc. '"^"K"'Pi'ques, ftc'Te"" paffielf was^li nttTve' o"f Tr^vf^^^'t^^a" and died at Venice 157 «f^* °' "^e court, I f the picture of " The pkhe^i' chef-d-ceuvre tl>e King of St Mark to ti,„ tT"" Presenting excelled In portraits Vl ^^f^^'" fordone I "arphSnrd^S'e^™-''0, an Ita- , at Naples, in 1608 ^o fa^'^l'f ^"°' '^^ns born ."r^* ^'5"' «"1 lerduiand. Suspected of tn!f ^'"''"'^ ^"ke insurrection against tjie^n^.^^ S"" ^" "'« S'na, to Which city he had^rp'*'"*'^. "« Mes- ' to Home and lived thorP,^n /^^^ned, he fled I of Queen Christhia of Iwot"* """ Patronage ^uu.i«, iiK^iiiY, eari of "Warrlnfff nn =« I *'"ered head of the sohnni „«•''"', ¥^ '* con- George liooth, naron Delamere f Vp„'i*°" maticians," or those wh„ 7"tro-mathe- ralist during the civil war Havlnrhpn ?"?''' '^mathematics to thp ^"^^^voured to ions those who voted for the elclusinnf^^'"^ ^°^^'''- His prlnp^LF'"^"?'»ena of Cflt^^t' •f J^^^conmSd th"/!'-"^^'^"-'.^*' «°»" after hKtf.rprk. Which r" "'i™,.«'ie tluke became kinjr ah,i Is tned for high treason, but acauit?P.i V^ f eof the efforts of the infamoufJeSs" appoared soon after his'dp„?h ,'^?^^' '"'h'ch '1e I'eautifufsister of Na^ol'e';?.^^^ ^^'»'"'«''' Mxchenuer.- His-VffoVtTro lTmirth?pre: W've, however, caused him to fall L„ grace; but lie was allowed to retire fnm io with a pension, and the title of pi, i^ Imngtou. Dicd,lG94 ^ ""« ot earl of lOUUA, Jean CitARLES, a French «,„ batician, born at Dax in m, u" >ed in the army as engineer anT;.f. ® Ids in the navy,'and wfs captured bv,.^^^ ilish in 1782, but soon set free H^i^ inventor of the " circle of refleilon - TnH fe "principle of repetition "bvwhi,'^ |rs of graduation and observn^Ml •" |)"omyare reduced to a minimum w" I M^chaln an^Smbre a!^"""!"" fa'cs,"' Died ,79^* ^^^^^noJa^triques finnnedSe'V'CnSer'r//?" the was born at husband was f uiu uuLussion 01 wiiiinm TTT i.„ ' . "" uorn at Aiarpir. li ,».;„ """"Parte, de a privy councillor an? c^.a^'efor'^o^L''.:^^^^^^ ^^« GeS' I eclercW l'" .«"' Exchequer. His efforts to llmiVfi.i "^ «''e Went to St Dnii.}n.,„ k ''' ^*th whom kve, lowever, caused h^mTo'faf l^ff; 35^ ^ l''e became JT&^lr?A_^'ed In 1802; she became iTtRn^^r^'' ^'^^ 1 wife of the lnn%Sllo^"''°.»''«'^'«'e Poleon was much attached to r^'"'*^ ^^'-i- her love for him was em.lnJ'''!'' ""'^ ""'t manifest on many sUikiKi'^ ?'"*'«'■«• ^as she frequently disDutGdi^^^^l'?"^' though fdsed to follow f^S y^^^ liim, and re- WhenNa?o"e7nresig'n'l'dh?^°' '"'^ p'"^- and retired to Piii, ^ .. "* crown lu ibu in Rome, and mo'J^iTr^ {f, |'^'' .P»'' <=«' exile She lived afterward? IV'^^ P''''<^« «f lier husband, at Romp n^n'^^'Y"*'''! from the centre of a most hnm ''°"«'' ''''^ When she heard of h^r L.!"'.""' «^*'«-le. St Helena, she repeaVediv rPm,^' f i""^«« "' sion to go to himrat length H*"''' P"""*" granted, and she was luft .^'^^'■'"l"^" ^as when the news of hli d m'"'"* *". ''^Part. Died, 182,5. " "' th reached her vK°'n^A- was given to him as n hi* '^ .^'^'y- Cesare hut he escaped and flt*"^^ ^^ '''« father, French. In 14<)8 hp r!..?^ "5* "gainst the cardinal to become a Ser « ". IP"^ "' year was sent to rranA - - ' 'l"'*v"'^ ^^^e voice for Louis XTii;; "^ "' '^'^ *>"" of dl- bob] 11 Jleto ®nlbergal 33iflgrapf)B. [bob carried on a series of petty wars, made him- self master of the Romngna, attempted un- successfully Bologna and riorence, seized TJrbino and Camerino, and was flattering himself with the prospect of success, when the death of Alexander and his own illness put an end to his hopes. Revolt in the Ro- magna was followed by the arrest of Cesare by Julius II. On his liberation he was ar- rested again and sent prisoner to Spain. He afterwards served in the army if the king of Navarre, whose sister he had married, and was killed at a siege in 1507. Cesare Borgia was one of the most crafty, cruel, and corrupt men of that corrupt age. No crime was too foul for him to perpetrate or he suspected of. He was charged with the murder of his elder brother, Giovanni, duke of Gandia, and of Alfonso, the husband of Luerczia ; with plotting with his father the murder of Cardinal Corneto by poison, and with incest with his sister. In his wars he had garrisons massacred, and carried oflf bands of women to gratify his passion. BORGIA, LUCRUZIA, daughter of Pope Alexander VI., and sister to Cesare Borgia, was betrothed early to an Aragonese noble- man, but was given in 1493 to Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro. Alexander annulled the marriage, and married licr to a son of the king of Naples, in 1498. Her husband was assassinated two years afterwards, probably by order of her brother Cesare ; and In 1501 she was married to Alfonso of EPte,son of the duke of Ferrara. She led a decorous life at the court, attracted men of letters thither, and was highly praised by a band of poets. Bembo was her special friend and corre- spondent. Died, 1523. BORGIA, St FRANCESCO DK, third general of the order of Jesuits, was son of Juan de Borgia, duke of Gandia, and was born in 1610. He was page to the Infanta Catherine, sister of Charles V., and was afterwards sent to the court of Charles, who greatly esteemed him, made him marquis of Iiombay, and grand equerry to the empress. Kis naturally serious mind was deeply impressed by the death of the empress, in 1539, and his early desire for the monastic life revived. On the death of his wife, in 1546, he entered the Society of Jesus, having corresponded with Loyola for some time previously. He was ordained priest, and preached in the prin- cipal cities of Spain and Portugal, visited Charles V. in the monastcy of St Jtist, and was named one of his executors. In 1565 he succeeded Lainez as general of his order, and by his prudent and zealous administra- tion promoted Its growth and prosperity. He died at Rome in 1572 ; was beatified by Urban VIII., and canonized by Clement IX., in 1671. He left numerous ascetic works. BORGIA, Cardiuil 5tephano, was a na- tive of Velletri. He had an en thuslastic love for art. It was usual with him to change a valuable piece of plate for some rare article to adorn his museum ; and on one occasion, to purchase an Egyptian mummy, he part- ed with the plate from his table, and the buckles from his shoes. Pius VI. created him cardinal in 1789; and the Rucceedini? pope named him president of the council when the French garrison evacuated Rome. Ho was author of a work in support of the papal temporalities. Sled, at Lyosi 1804. ' BORGOGNONE, Ambrogio, Italian painter, was a native of Fossano in Pled. mont, and was also called Ambrogio da Fossano. Very little is known of his life except that he painted at Pavia and Milan' He flourished between 1490-1622. There li one fine work of his in the National Gallery BORGOGNONE, painter, whose originai name was JACOPO CORTESI, or JACQUES COURTOIS, was born in 1621. He waj a native of Burgundy, studied painting under his father, and then in Italy, where he stayed with Guido for a time, became a monk, and died at Rome, in 1676. His works are chiefly l)&ttl6- pieces* BOKIS-GlioENOW, Czar of Russia, suc- cessor of Theodore Ivanovich in 1598. Hay. ing risen to the head of affairs about twelve years before the death of Theodore, he spared no pains and shrank from no crime to secure his own elevation to the throne. He Iiad professed himself the friend, and had become the favourite of the people, and during the first five years of his reign contributed much to the advance of his empire in civilization, But his philanthropy was the mask of his selfishness, and his government became in- tolerably cruel. In the midst of tlie con- sternation excited by his tyrannies, Bussia was invaded by a Polish army, headed by a young monk, who pretended to be Deme- flus, the deceased brother of Theodore, and Boris, dreading to fall into the hands of a rival, died suddenly, of poison, it is said, in 1605. BORLASE, William, an English anti- quary and naturalist, was a native of Corn- wall. He was born in 1696, studied at Ox- ford, entered the church, and became rector of Ludgvan and vicar of St Just, his natiye parish. He sent various memoirs to the Royal Society, and was admitted ftUoir in 1750. Ho wrote " Observations on tlie An- tiquities, Historical and Monumental, of the County of Cornwall," and the "Katural History of Cornwall." The former w«j published in 1754, the latter in 17a8, Died, 1772. BOROWLASKI, Count, the celebrated Polish dwarf, who, although less than thru feet in height, was of perfect symmetry, and attained the great aso of 98. He had been prevailed upon by some of the clergy ol Durham, who had casually seen him when on his "travels," 40 years before his death, to take up his abode near that city. He spoke several languages, was generally weD informed and witty, and his company wai accordingly much courted by the gentry ol Durham and its vicinity. Died, Sept, 183J. BORRI (BURRUS), GIUSEPPE FEA.V- Cisco, an adventurer of the 17th centurj, born at Milan, 1627, who attracted much notice by his fanatical heresies in religion, and by his pretensions as an alchemist physician. After a long course of impudeii imposture, he was imprisoned, at first In the prison of the Inquisition at Rome, and after- wards in the castle of St Angelo, where hf died, 1695. BOBROMEO, San CARLO, cardinal,, arcli- :uaan poetry. Helii Ul bob] bishop of Milan, was I orn of a noble family In the Milanese in 1538. He was nephew to Pope Pius IV., and was mnJe cardinal by Aim in 1561. After the close of the Council If Trent he was charged, with several pre- Ittes, to draw iip the epitome of catholic loctrine entitled "Catechismus Tridcntl ■nil." On sottlinc in his dionnRn ho nnnis^. ^ :Btfx) ^nibm^m^i^ at the court of Charles v IZ^i I friend of Garcllaso do la Veia Hr. *5* are published with thnln^'r ^" works Died, 1544. *"'"° <»' Garcllaso. BoscAWEjf, Edward Hri»i... .. . was born In 1711 if,. ?„',i .5 "^ ""Jmiral, u fimiicu (.iiiuLiiiBiuus iriuentl- I himqnif <„ ♦!,„ ■'**' *"")' distlnirulshpH lus." On settling in his diocese he applied K nf Pa«V ""^'y' ""^ Specially nt,hn imself to reform the gross abuses, super tTe^iVench flSrr^ """ «» ""^ batHe w th iltions.and scandalous practices which had He wns «P„f t,?T ?,^"P^ Flnisterre, In 1V47 itablished themselves. A monk of the order the ramlTpU In ^ «* commander-in-chief fUmiliati" attempted to assassinate him, llainen^ fo'^ hiJ ^'^f^^"** *''« shanks of par- id the pope suppressed that order. The of wa? in 17«?.''^'''"'"^ °' *^'o Trench shins eneflcence and intrepidity of the archbishop to North Amnrl.?'?™??i'<'"* ^^e expedUion rere especially shown on occasion of the burg "and th «"-♦*" ^^«8'«nTr £ euitlOiis It contained ticSfwTb'S; ^t^B^agu^f if ',Vnr "»■' "^ entered the order of jffis«nI°J °^""' the Roman College He Rfto'/J"^ i°?»''* "* professor at Pavia and in m^'"'^" ^^"""^^ rl8, Where ho held 'a post Snd Jr 7^T^ *° ^''- le was canonizeO by Paul V. In 1610. I BOREOMEO, Federico, cardinal, arch ■shop of Milan, was cousin of the preced- ig, and was born in 1564. He was created lidinal at the age of 23, and was appointed Ichbishop of Milan, in 159G. He was dis- ftiRuished for his learning, and founded the liebr.ited Amfcrosian Library, besides va- wus schools and charities. He was no less JBtinguished for the energy and fidelity Ith which he laboured in his ecclesiastical Ihere, and especially for his noble services ■ring the famine, and the subsequent Iguc at Milan. He left several works, and |d in 1631. pOHROMINI, Franct?:sco, an Italian fchitect; the pupil of Madcrno, whom he fcisted as architect of St Peter's at Rome. b best work is the college of the Propa- nda. Died, by his own hand, 1667. iOBY DE SAINT-VINCiENT, JEAN BaP- ■TE Geoegk Marie, French naturalist, IB born in 1780. At the age of 19 he went J the Mauritius, and made a survey of leral neighbouring islands. On his return Trarce he served for a time in the army, I was on tlic staJf successively of Marshals Jroust, Ncy, and Soult. He subsequent'y Iducted scientific expeditions to Greece ■ some of the adjacent islands, during Hch he devoted himself to botanical re- fches; and in 1839 to Algiers. Among •worlcs are " Voyage dans les quatre prln- iles lies des mers d'Afrique," " Exp^di- J scientiflque de Mor^e," &c. Died, 1846 ■OS, Lambert, professor of Greek at •lelcer; author of the well-known and liable work on the Greek ellipses, an ex- *nt edition of the Scptuagint, with pro- •mena and various readings, &c. Born. wj died, 1717. ' psc, Louis Auguste Guillaume, fcclj naturalist, corn at Paris in 1759. ^eld a government situation for some I ' Tn 1'^?? I'^^'f"*^ °^ ^^^ minister Ho- ld hn/w^.^ '°" •"' P"^«« «°d his Vmo u ^'l'^" courage to accompany tame Roland to the scaffold. She in- r^ n,? I" ''"J" '^^ °^'^^ memoirs He la member of various scientific bodies! l^;„?' "I'o «0:operaied in the pre- p on of several dictionaries, and in the fennms''"' '*' coauliles.-'' Died BClentiflc Vo'rks ; X"^| "of^^rT'S """^ phiae naturalls theoria ""Onprl «„.f.^"°^?- "D.ffI}?'"" «t ««tronomlamTaSd ""poem De soils ac lunae defectibus " wi«!«. * ^^7 poetry in it. He Steo years la discussing with Lelbnlla tho poaslhlo union of tho Lutheran with the Uoman church, but without result. In his old age he opposed " UuUtlsni," and prose- cuted Madame Ouyon; and when lYnClon, hiii old filond, dcfendod her, ho grew angry, exiled r^n«i..r _^. .J .i~ «-«^n i;hsaDe a' the battle of Agi 114 H ^tta «n(ber8 alMPtoQr»yfi» . .. — Tbou Oulcclardlnl, ilno al 17BU." JJotto'a I Hl/J n..7^ ^^ — "^ ^- *• ' ,tory of Italy mndehlM, a gmt roputa- ,Ueu |„ M»i "^^^ ^° England, whore he ,a„d hfl, .nkrn . U, co «. a standard loV pm i.o _ .. "* k. DIt'diit I'arld, 1837. rntered tho arnv' '„"',« I "'"."!"• He lOTTAllI, (aovANNi, dlitlnKuUhrd I entered thn'-",."."^' ."'"• "'"''• "> UUi. He Urn |.hil«'0Kiit and orohoDoloKUt, was Turenno nmi t '"^ .'" ""'-• ••'rved undJ? iiat Florence in 1C8I), and was tHlucnted wSTd In^ '•» l'»nniuawii| wna uiaao oy yrand duke of TuHeauy director nf his lliiiK-offlce. and lii 1730 settled at Home, ir holding vurimis oflkes under Clement . ho became librarian of tho Vatican. was author of a learned work on the iliiiK) and sculptures discovered In tho comlit of Koiiio ; also of " Musicum Itolinum," an account of Illustrious men, our vols, fulio i and published a now Ion of Vusari's Lives of the Painters. ITTICELLI. rnUPEPI, Sanbro.] ITZARIS, MAUcos, a bravo Soulloto distinguUlicd himself in tho Qreck ution. Driven with his countrymen Epirui by All, pasha of Jannlna, ho ;qucntly Joined the Turks against All ■ soon took part with Iilm against the ti. He especially distinguished himself defonce of Missolonghl, and fell In n ^t with a body of Albanians sent to it in August, 1H23. tUCHAllDON, EDME, French sculptor in 1698. Ho obtained tho grand prize' t Ac»ieniy, studied .at Uome, and was ttcd to the Academy "« ■■- ■ of Pope Clement lac and Kohan ,j'CHKIl, Jo.VA „.. J.VIIK11SII Qi. land philologist, was born In Cumbcr- bt 1737. When about twenty years of |e went to America, and there became ^r and a parish minister. After the ration of Independence he was com I, for his loyalty to the Knglish crown It the country. Do subsequently be' inaishal three v,.,rsL[ hf, "l"?' ^'T'"^''' «"tir iigalnst AVllliu,„ ,[' .,r «' ''^^•'"•«'d that the duties of thAnro^Li'n'' ''"7'<'''o with entered tho mi lltary sm ko ' ;}"'„'"f«T..ro from Franco in 17i)2, to Prussia n,"'*''''','''* consist of poems. 'd"8e,u?sis" ".?,''"'■^'! tales, Ac., and have been sovo'rni ,^'"f '^''' published. His cliarw.?..J^ i! ",'"'*""■«'- summedup; "AlibuM^^M"!" ^''"'^ t»'u» Philosopher a. oil''.n\i"f.."''/"^'*. "'."itury several works no oger pSl„""""'^ «' DOUGAINVILLP TrVirVu a' ^''"'l' 1"'*3. [vicar „7Ep,S;„;andure7o'spe,;7,^fe" mnSv'aS^'"' r'"Sshe;lToK "^ tenty years of his life. He proicctod h^ r„t?, "** ""val service. When scrv n^ ' ide large collections for a d etiom ?v muo?, iV'"' ""''^ Montcalm, ho d snluvod "o a member of thVlnrtltufn w '"'•'•""'1 r,7, ■"■"-."""^^•"■"a «ur a uicuona Wish provii) Jul and antiquated terirj Id not live to complete it. A »:.iali 1 of the work only has been pduted fis also author of a " \i - .sp i and Consequences of tb' ftion." Died, 1801. ICICAUT.JKAN LEMAINOR,^, ^one of the bravest and noble- soldiers, was born nt Tours in lo ftcu his first campaign at twelve yea» i and soon distmsuishcd himself by I h?^W' "'^''''y' ""1 hardihood 1.1. n^B^l "?'"*' "'0 Flemings at Itle of Rosbach ; then In Prussia in {tKrh""'"''r?'''"=*^»S^^ Mne Enghsh ; and in IS-OG he com- ^••o"t„/'!!-""J"f^>yers,'Z US BOU] ~% Jicto ©nifacraal I3(o8rnp!)i). [doc ob«erviitlonii," &c. llougucr wns nl«o tho Inventor of tho double object-RlaM i"l- rromctcr. DlPd. 175S. Jesuit and critic ; nullior «f ;' ^'7 Kntrctlcu. ^rrd^^.irs:;^^;:-"^^^-- ^oZ^rlot tb'o rrench.rcvolutlon. J>e^».>t n nS p In p^; n tile «7st Assembly of No{!^;icSa'nd"uft^.rmuklngcxcel,n„^ abortive, preparations to assist «''•- "" ""^J^ iiiitn T.oul8 XVI. in pursulnR "'8 J^'V'^",^ from Varenncs after his fllsht from I'ar.s ho SZcYFrance and served under,ti>e alU s^ «Ah^^i;e^urrol'^tir-rn^.l^cre^rvediy •^'f'oUIIXON. [GODTOEY OF BOUIL- ^'BOrLAINVILLIERS, HENRI TK, Count de St Hniio; author of a " History of Ma- , „, r. ' .! Historv of the Arabians," a « Hislorv'of tifJ rccmse of France." &c. "°«Si?L V^- «K 'la MKUKTHE. A. J. C . born in ncl ; one of tho most distinguished o?Jtors of tlcrreach revolution, und autl.or of several works on political science. He warpresidcnt of tho civil tribunal at Nancy, riToSrnnd had great share 1« co"f,f™ the expatriation of the cm'Kf"";* " V,v ' when a member of the council of the Five Hundred He was subsequently faithful to Juonaparte through all '"« ^^m'^^^ "^^^^f," tune- and on that account was Pjoscriueo, and ban"shed to Frankfort, by the Bourbons, nn their second restoration in isio. BOULTER, HUGH, archbishop of Annagh, omiuent for his benevolent exertions to al- fevlate the distress of the Irish during the sclrclty of 1740, and for the part he took in e8?ablLhing schools for the instruction of the Irish chiUlren. Died, 1712. BOUITON, MATxiiKW, an eminent en- gineer, ^hose spirit and talent improved in- Srable mechanical processes, and Yhosc name, with that of his partner. Watt, is in- separably connected with that of the won- derful power of which they made such skilful me the steam engine, was born at Birming- ham in 1728 AmSng the many great undcr- ?aldngs in^^ic^» ««"=*»" and AVatt were Engaged, one of the most useful and import- ant vvas the improvement of the coinaf e, the coinrstruek a^t the " Soho " manufactory be ingrarely surpassed in beauty or accuracy. Ssome^nteresting discoveries made ^^^^ Soho In 18G3, it appears probable that Boulton succeeded in taking photographs upon meta plates, ind perhaps also on paper. But his discovery excited alarm among interested Sartks, and the secret of it was ost. Boul- ton wao a fellow of the R^yalSociet". After a long life uninterruptedly^devoted to the advaucement oi inc ust;iu» ?■/''••"'*"■- --7„ motion of the commercial interests of his country, ho died in 1809. BOUllllON, niAni.KS i)K, tho celcbratM CouBtable do llourbou, was born In m, lly his marrlago with Huz(iiinn dc llourbou ho acciulred Iminenso wealth, and ho dij. played It In tho maintenance of almoii royal state Ho accompanied I.ouis XII. In his invasion of Italy, and diligently itudiwi mllitury ailiiirs. At the ago of 2« ho «ai named constable of France by Frnncli I,, whom he accompanied In tho canipnlgn of Italy, contributing to tho victory of Marlg. nano. lie was soon after appointed Rovcrnor of tho Milanese. An act of flagrant iiijusilce, sanctioned oy Francis, led to a broach bfr twccn him and the constable ; a claim bojnj setup by tho queen-mother to tho Mtalci] of Bourbon, and decided In her favour. He then entered the service of the emperor Charles V., who gavo him tho chief com. nuind in Italy. At tho great battle of ParU ho completely defeated the French nrniyaiKi took Francis I. prisoner. Finding that ht was distrusted by tho emperor, and belnj left with means of paying tho troops In Italy, ho resolved on Independent action, and In 1527 led his army to the slcgc of Home. Home was taken and suffered the horrors of n sack, but tho constable had fallen early in the assault. BOUUBON, L0t»I8 HENllI JoSF.PH.Me do, and I'rlnec do Cond«!, is supposed to have put an end to his existence. Aug. Jl, 1830. He fought nobly in tho royalist araj In the first years of tho revolutionary wir, and after the campaign in 1800 accompanied his father to England, and was residing with him atWanstead House in 18i)4, whcnhli son, the Duke d'Enghien, was murdered, The duke's death is attributed to the excite- ment of his mind res;jeetlng tho revolution of July, 1830. His property ho left byriJ to the Duke d'Aumale, third son of lonii rhllippe, with tho exception of a la. ihfr quest to Sophia Dawes, baroness dc Fen- chores, an Englishwoman, with whom he lived. „ V , L, BOUBBOTTE, FIEJIKE. a French Jacobin remarkable for hU ferocity and militmy courage j born about 1765, Being a incmbtt of the convention In 1794, and aiming attlii dictatorship, on the 1st Bralrial he andhu colleagues were crushed by Lcgendrciand after poniarding himself before the rcToli- tlonary tribunal, but inefl'cctually, he m guillotined. , , „ EOUllCHIER, JOHN, I.oid Bemers, I military commander of great repute In IK reigns of Henry VII and VIII.,by tliclaiia of whom he was made governor of Calau He assisted in the suppression of the i» rcction under Lord Audley in Cornwall, be- came chancellor of the exchequer, and ac- companied the Princess Mary to rranw Lord Berners was author of the M English translation of "Froissart." M ^"{OURCHIEB, THOMAS, caM^i archbishop of Canterbury. He stuiUed tf Oxford, and. after holding the sees oH ccster and Ely, was made archbishopofW terbury in 1451. He was also for/*" ;fm«'ord chancellor. He crowned thre.^<' our kings, viz. Edward I"Vm /"':»=[; ;-^i and He^ VH. Archbishop Bourchlertool| leading psrt in tho Introduc lothlscou-try. Died, NH BOUHDALOU';, Louifl, u I one of tho most eloquor lance. His strnions even i trived M they urn of tho eli Iccful action, and tho nu ■rsuBlclcnt evidence of his g 1 praises that have been I ji. Horn, 1632; died, 1701. lOUHDO.V, 8KUASTIK.V,ul 1 cngwrer ; his die/ (l'(eiiuri klonofSt I'otrr," which h( Jcliureh of Notre Dame. kim. JOUHOROLS, Sir FliANns ll,ind, but of Hwiss family ; j fof Poland, and sub.sequen [of England. His laudscn Wswereonee hl;?hly osteon bnc collection tu Biihvich ( |doo for building a gallery, [pictures in prcsorvatiou. Iinl792. Horn, 17.5(); died, bUnOOINO.jKANFllANCO iiu 1749; ambassiulor to S] lof the French republic, anc wpolcon, who sulisequcntly ■holm, and In 1807 to Saxon 11. He has left several appn Ig which are his " Tableau d ■me," "M^molrcs dc Fie 11811. IJRIONOX. Antoinette X a Flemish fanatic. Ho Jto consist in direct impulse ■union with the Deity, she ii los, and wrote numerous Ible chiefly for their absur pcesslvely avaricious and • 11616; died, 168(1. lfRM0NT,Loui3AUGuaTR\' |NE,Marshal do, a di.stinguish |waj born in 1773. In the ear veTolutlnn, while second llei ly, he emigrated from Fram lurbon princes on tho from lirds served the royal can; I. Bretagne, and Jlaine wi liind talent. During the cor pn he was arrested on a c Kerned in the plot of the i< f" »fter suffering impri Hia the Temple, and at r IJ, ho made his escape to Ihmver he returned to Fra fined to various high comn fna service, and served Wi 1 on Mpolcon's return from m a division of the corns ■wasappointed to the eommn &«""/?'">'"'"'«'" r™ of Waterloo ho abando Nepa red to Louis xvn p at Ghent, This extrao "^.iJlT"/ "'.« restored Bni In'cewi?hts''".f,''''^'aterloo JJr'n^''',."'e title of commai ■ern frontier, and shortly -Cft l^gallantNey.To^ho; 116 ,,,- ., N.,„ „.,™. „„„,«,';; ff\';M«i.« ..u,. ,!;&»■; r s:s; I Ol'UOnOIS, Sir VkANns, ft native nf r"?''"''' '" "'« cmum. ..rnl.i.hM. ''"?'•"' '■'• iLind, but of Swiss family ; paiiuc" to thn "u!" ''•'"""■J«». "'hp ec n lly In ! "'" '." J"""'''-- rof Poland, nn.1 "ul^oquo^.'ii/to Go " o K,!!.". •"''"''•l»"mly S?n "tt. l 'l""" ' ' ''"' "« of Enirlflnil. iru i.„wi.n„..L .„r°'»o M'-ance, wla-nUio n ti,V^^^^^^^^^ S", "•center ■curJty till 111. ,1, .1 '"°" ^" "vo In ol). Nov. 0, ml '• """"' ^'»^«'' took place UOUllNK Vtftri/x,,, u , ill 1749; ambassador to .Spain on t.,„' °'l'"»f'"«r <'U>mnclunlLuJul ^''\' " »«'«""» of the French republic and Xnv.iU r .^."^^'"^'-^NirrSM'^Ai ^mJ''^!'' '''7- kholm, and in 1807 to Saxony iro.ii,? ^"Polcon I., wai I on 1 i?, ^'"»f "•npl.or of II. Hihasleft several SrovcclworL.nl',^'' '°"'''^«'''"'" V irNnn.'lV^"''-. "" Jg which are his " Tableau dorEsZyno fwn"'!?. ■■••'"'"' '>' Jlrlnii „?."?"" "'.""' I n.;; "...oires do Tie VI.:^T I^lKft.^r/;^ ^^ij^ ■ " » u«t»t««> • ™ 'i»»^»ii.ijf lu ui^orifn [of England. Ills landscapes and »on Vs were once highly esteemed. Ho Icf-t line collection to Wiihvlcli ColloKo wlfh km for bulldin« a pnllory. and kocplnL [pictures 111 preservation. Ho bccamo |in 1792. Itorn, 17.5(i ; died, 1811 Duiuixw.Ti, antoin: % a Flemish fanatic. ---- J'K LA Holdings rell- -, » Y"i""»",.'<"»"ic. Jioidinir rell- 'u'nioTlJL^K,.':"^!'!.''!*/':"'" »nd I br..Ts' ouWU"};^"""*"'' «"'"•''"'*'« i?""?: \\ many This post lio held fl'vV i* '"■'^""' '"'"otary _..w..„ov ... ..uixi iiiipuises rrou |nnfi;;o'reri',rcrtrbSs"r i;!;^' r' •- Ible chiefly for their absurdi/i-'oi '"'"*"'' <"> "''Count of ilu f, ' ""''wis dls- lurbon princes on the frnntioro , P***^"' '" 1831. UIh " nL '"^ ""yluin at U served the roJiU cause i',; "i".*^ ""?!1 " "PPonrod 1 h voN h "h".? ■m"' ^"P"" I .1. 1. 1 _ It . _. ' I .... .,..w., .ui iiii-,,- uosuraity. siio pMONT.Louis A UGUSTR Victor t.v jNE,MM8halde,ndi.stinguished French Iwa, born in 1773. In the early periods L7V„ """"» '"e consulate of h be was arrested on a eharffo of >ent most Importan?. ^ ' «lo«uonco •■ l, the C h^mrde^?' '*\"i'''?«"""nd most Important ' UOWDICH, Tli ' .« Ch« tE'V""';,. "1.0 ,„ him fi , ■ ,2. :, ff'S",,','™ '"<'*« •^■iJlT"/ "'.« restored Unnrhn^™ -■■•••;ithttn^.lY»»''rlooho-en" »w.«.^i^-q III and other worljs. thoughseTf!e"dSn .^r.'ri?/."-!"^.'!-^^^ 'to With the title of romn?^' 'i° «'»- »nd Science il ||-i|? bow] H i^rb) SInibersRi 19iograp^o. Ill* " Prai-ttcnl Navlgntor," a work of «Tr«t inprlt 1 but bin Btlmlrublc trumUtion of the " NK'rnnlfiuo (Mleile " of l.« I'lmc, with an rlaborato imnnicntury, !• the production that it ino»t likely to pcrpituato hit name. Died. 1M8. HOWDM'.R, TIIOMAB, an KnglUh phy- Rlclaii i iiutb )r of " I.ctteri from lli>llnnil." nml rdltor of tho "I'nmlly Bhnk«prai-e, ' *o. llDrn. 17.M ; died, IH-'S. noWDOlN, JAMKfi.nn American ttatci- niim niul ninii of Icitoi*, burn at lloiton, 1727. lie wiiit one of tho moit dotermlnod opponi'nt* of tho rlnht of colonial taxation, InnUU'd on by England, and wan one of the flr«t deputic* to (^mRrrs*. Ho brcamo Kovernor of Mansaohiwctts, and prp«ldent of tho rblladi'luhliin Academy of Hclonccii i iind died In 171)0. llli " DUioufiO on tho New Coniitltiitlon of tho United 8t»tc«"l» deservedly ndiiiircd. llOWli'.S, wn.MAM ^.ln\.r., poet, wai liorn ut Kinu'd Sutton, In Novthnmplonihlro, a piirlnh of which hU father was vlenr. In 1702. Ho was oduentod at Winchester and lit Trinity College, Oxford, where ho took hid degree In 1702. On leaving tho university he WHS appointed to a curacy In "WlltBhlrc ; fniiu which ho was preferred to a living In OIoucest'Tshlre, and In 1803 to a canonry In Sallnbury cntliedrnl. Ilia next step was to tho rectory of Itrcmhill In Wiltshire, to which he was presented by Archbishop Moo e. Here he remained till hii death, unremitting In his professional dutlci, ical- ous in tho education of tho poor, and an exemplary Instance of the union of Christian graces with tho polish of taste and tho amenities of literature. His sonnets were published lu 1789, and Biay bo reckoned among tho first fruits of a new era in poetry. In these sonnets *vere observed n grace of expression, a lau.Mcal versification, and especially an nir of melancholy tenderness, so congenial to the poetical temperament, which still preserve for their author a highly respectable position among our poets. Tho chief of his subsequent poems were " Hope, an allegorical Bketch," " 8t Michael's Mount," " Coombe KUen/' and " Grave of Howard." His " Spirit of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his productions, was published in 1804. Mr Howies published also an edition of Fope, which involved him in controversy with liord Hyron, as well as a great variety of tracts, literary, antiquarian, and theo- logical. He was very playful in his habits and conversation, and many anecdotes are told of his Parson-Adams-Iike forgctfulucsi. Died, 1850. }tOWLE9, CAROLINE. [80UTHEY, CAHOLlNR.l 710WYER, "WILLIAM, one of the most learned English printers, was born at Lon- don in 1699. He was the son of an eminent printer, and after studyirj at Cambridge, became partner in his lather's business about 1721. He soon attained a very high reputation, both for accuracy as correctorof tho press, and for classical and antiquarian scholarship ; and an immense number of learned nnd sumptuous works issued Ttom bis press. To many of them he added notes, prefaces, and commentaries, which we»e 118 " after Misv wards put>liihrd in ■ Mparain form ' •vellaneuus Tracts." He ol)tt|n«H .I'l sliiH < nous lucratlTo appointments i amoniik^i those of printer of^tho votes of the Hourjl Commons, printer to tho Society of Aih I quarles, and to the lloyal Soelcvy, Jt lil nunibd-ed among his friends inanjof^l wilt dliilngulshed literary men of the il«l and was as much csti emed for hit lnipM||l'i Biniplltitv, and kind henrtcdnrii, at hj J.' - Ms learning and ikin J? Hkl honoured tor his " Critical Conjectures and t)bicrvntioi|,'!l| tho New Testament " were hlghh oj. mended, and paiaed throughsoveraleditiZ Died, 1777. * HOYCE, WILLIAM, an eminent composer, born at London lu 1710. aj*. ago of 26 lie became composer to tlicChiwJ lloyal, and about twenty years later, orm ist. Ho received tho decree of jijm « from tho university of Cnmbrldgc. hIi works consist chlefty of Anthcmn, »||U entitle him to a high rank ns compoKrJ church music. Ho olsu publlihcd u niini | flcont collection of "tJathcdral Mmic ^i tho English Masters," in 3 Tola. m\ Died, 1770. Ho was buried In St Pnhi cathedral. I IIOYD. ZACHARY, nn ominpnl Srnlii*! divine or tho 17th century. After iIuiIi|h| at the college of Glasgow ho went in im to Saumur, where ho becaino recent of m university. Persecution drove him hiwiJ 1021, and he was soon after choien inltJ ter of tho Barony parish, Glasgow, nn ol which he held till his death. lie maltiL Latin speech before Charles I. at Holjmll I'alaco In 1C.13, and preached before i'n»| well after tho battle of Dunbar In 16», | principal work is entitled "The Uuttcll of the Souio in Death." Hei, wrote " Zlon's Flowers," two Tolumtu curious poems on Scripture sulijoets, liwi ns "Zachary iloyd's lilblc." lie Ha Immenso number of volumci In inuij script. This remarkable man vm wealthr, and left a splendid IrgncftoOlf gow College ; not dependent, as is commit said, on tho publication of any of hii wori Died, 1053. BOYDELL, Jonw, an English npm and liberal patron of art, was born In 111 He cstabiishod himself in London asipit seller, and by his enterprising ipMii^ the liberal engagements which heofi^nti artists, contributed powerfully to the tell ation of a school of English cngraren. I famous " Shakespeare Gallery" wum lection of palntlngM executed at hit eifoil by tho best artists of the day in illustr of tho works of Shakespeare. TheplcU were also engraved, and the " Galley w«^ reproduced by photography in 1864. Bii^ dell's name is also associated with thesu tuous edition of Shakespeare in 9 toIiII and with several valuable collection! oil gravlngs. Died, 1804. BOYEn, Abel, a French lexlcopT-, He quitted his native country after tki vocation of the Edict of Nantes, anintf In England, where he remained tlDI death. He wos author of a French udl gUsh Dictionary and Gramumr, wnici- ad a very extensive circulation; mf ...»! ijtfrtry nnA pnlltltal publtCBtton* of Ifflt. Ilorn.ldfll; .llcil, 1739. I)()VI,FI, IliriiAnn, curl of Cork, an fml- lfntiliit''«ni(tn In Ihf ri'lgn of James I, and biindfrof * ftinilly (trrntly dl«tlniruUhi>(| In Iv irti, •cU-nri'ii, nml 1ltcr«turn. H« wat Iduciitoii *t CnmhrlilKO, fllli'd Rnvoral Kovcrn- |(nt "(Hi'M In Iri'Innd, and wna madn In 12!) onn , and of the work of Orotlus on the tth of the Christian Religion into Arable : 1 founded by his will tho endowment for "Hoyle Lectures." He enjoyed tho ndihip of Chai'lcs II., James II., ond llinm III., but free from ambition refused I honour of a peerage. His collected |ks were published In 5 vols, folio In . Died at London, December, 1691. OYLE, Charlks, Lord Boyle, second I of Roger, carl of Orrery, Is chiefly re- libered In connection with the xreat con- lersy between Hentlcy and tho Oxford Km respecting an edition of the " Epls- lof Phalaris," published by Hoylc, or jn liamc, whiUMv student nt Christchurjh. lough his name was used It does lot |ar that ho took any part in the cou- lersy. He entered parliament in 170C, lafterwards made privy councillor, and Boyod on a mission to the states of Hol- I. He was author of some slight literary Irs and poems. Born, 1676 ; died, 1731. pYLE, John, earl of Cork and Orrery, [son of the last named ; author of a llation, with notes, of the " Epistles of •^ the Younger," " Ilemarks on the Life Vrltings of Swift," papers in the Oon- ^ Btta anibftual 19(o9rapr)p. [bba HUYI.R, UiriiARii, third earl of Rurlln* ton. and fourth o.rl of Cork, another Si , 1782. 11, «e. corn, ItOt !...-«.>. «■"■«, anoiner ner of the same dlstlMKuUhed fanillr Ha was on onthu.la.il,. admirer of arehltectu" In him HIthop llerkelor found his ear l7.» and most efflcUnt natron% .nd Pope did him the hononr to a.f.lress to him bii fourth matlst and archa-ologlst ; ho became seere- h«7„VM'"'i.'''"'*''"'' "' Inscriptions, meni- ber of the French Academy, and keeper of the kinff-i cabinet of medals; and was author of the MedaHlc History of LouU LXi'.*" "«>•". 'flSO; died, 17M. IJUACCINI, Nircoi.O. [TllIBOLO 1 DA m'^C?!J{n*;5"*''^'1?^^4'' "«■ "^^f^CIO t ere, who played a prominent port in the boVn TV'^ '^"'^ '" ""^ "'" •'•'"•ury w«J h« n". P7"K'» 'n '36»- "B belonged to wn.'^nl LI' ?"•.""'"•'•' ""•» '*'"' hIa family iTimJif '•^** '" '^"''' ^''" •"•tlngulshlnj himself as n commander In tho service of VZ^ th.^A^^^"' " *>•• ^'"' *'»" «•>« pope and the Florentines. Forbidden to enter I eruBia when It submitted to Ladlilaui. he Hided tho Florentines and tho pope. In M16 he successfully attacked PeruRla, and waa declared lord. His government was wlSe and temperate, he Introduced a reform of irr^«!!Ii'"*;,'''T"l'* ""'•'" holldlngs, and im- proved the irrigation of the country. In 1417 ho took Home, but did not hold It long ; tho war which followed was ended by a pence In UlO. Ho was aoon after created by tho queen of Naples, prince of Capua and constable of tho kingdom. Ho under- took the slego of Aquiln, and was wounded In a bnttio with the papal army sent to raise the s ego. Ho refused all food and remedies, and died, June, 1424. HUACCIOUNI. [POGGIC] «}}}nr^Vlu' H".*"*^ '*"• "" EnjHI»h law wr ter of tho 13ih century: author of tho well-known and esteemed treatise "Do Leglbus et Consuetudlnibus Anglln." BllADDOCK, EliWARD, Major-general. He was commander-in-chief of the British rorces In America, during the war with France In the 18th century ; and was slain when on tho point of Investing Fort Du- quesne, in 1785. BRADLEY, JAMES, a distinguished as- tronomer, bom about 1693, nt Sherboum. in Gloucestershire. He studied at the univer- sity of Oxford, and entered the church. He wuf early known ns an astronomical ob- server, and was admitted fellow of the Royal Hoclety in 1718. Three years later he was natned Savlllnn professor of astronomy at Oxford. In 1742 he was appointed astron- omer royal. He died In 1762, having enjovcd during the last ten y^nrs of his laborious life a pension of £250. The fame of Bradley as one of the most eminent of astronomers rests upon his discoveries of the phenomena called abtrrntion of light, and nutation, and upon the immense mass of accurate observ- ations made by him at the Obaervatnrv at Uieenwich. The first of these discoveries is assigned to the year 1728, the latter to the 119 year 1747. The Observations of Bradley form the basis of the great •work of the German astronomer Beasel, entitled rundametUa BRADSHAW, JOHN, president of the high court of justice for the trial of <^harles I., was born in Cheshire in 1686. He was called to the bar, and was employed by the parliament in several important prosecu- tions. He was made chief justice of Chester, and in 1648 attained the rank of serjeant-at- law. Ho was a thorough republican ; con- dMCted himself with great firmness as pre- sident on the great trial ; received a large pensions and several lucrative appointments for his services ; took part in some of the plots against the protector; was subse- quently president of the council of state, and a commissioner of the great seal, and died in 1659. His body was inter.ed in Westminster Abbey, and was one of those brutally exhumed and hung in chains at the restoration. Bradshaw was a cousin of Milton, who has tvritten his eulogy in an eloquent passage of the " Second Defence of the People of England." BKAUWARDIN, THOMAS, archblshop of Canterbury ; author of a treatise " De Causa Dei," directed against I'clagianism ; some mathematical tracts, &c. Died, 1349. BBADY, NICHOLAS, an English divine j translator, in conjunction with Tate, of the Psalms. He studied at Oxford and Dublin, took an active part on the side of the prince of Orange, and became afterwards chaplain to the king. He had influence enough to save, on three occasions, his native town from the destruction ordered by James II. Born at Bandon, Ireland, 1659 ; died, 1726. BRAHAM, JOHN, one of the most cele- brated singers of the age, was born in Lon- don in 1774. His parents, who were Jews, died when he was still a child, but he was confided to the care of Leoni, an Italian singer of celebrity, and made his d^but as a public singer before he had attained his eleventh year, when, from the quality and compass of his voice, he was enabled to sing several bravura songs that had been written for Madame Mara. In 1794 he appeared at Bath at some concerts that took place under the direction of M. Rauzzini, who, appre- ciating his talent, gave lym musical in- struction for three years. In 1796 he was engaged for Drury Lane '^heatre, and his d{but (which was in an opera called " Mah- moud ") was so successful that in the year following he was engaged for the Italian Opera House. Hoping, however, to achieve a reputation more permanent than could be obtained by any other course, he resolved to visit Italy and there to complete his mu- sical education. On his return to England he appeared at Covent Garden in 1801. This is the point from which may be dated that triumphant career during which he created a constant furore. Mr Braham was also renowned as a composer. Not only did he write several of the most popular songs, but he composed a tolerably long list of entire operas, as they were called in their time, though, according to present notions, they were merely dramas interspersed with AAMAat.«««1 m^w%rma rVViA .\»,lw VrtOOfiAn ^JfIiIpIi Mr Braham tried without succcess was that of manager of the St James's Theatre, whicli he built as an opera house, and which was first opened in 1836. ±n private life Mr lira- ham was generally respected, and among hi, acquaintance his fame » s a man of extensive information and as a hiimorous retailer of anecdote was scarcely inferior to his reputa- tion as a vocalist among the general public Died, 1856. BRAHE, TYCHO, the great astronomer was a native of Denmark. He was bom in 1546, of a noble family of Swedish origin. The passion for astronomy showed itscU in him very early, and after studying at the universities of Copenhagen and Leipzig, he visited the principal observatories of Ger- many% returning home in 1571. His obserr- atlons on the new star in Cassiopeia, in 1572 attracted great attention, and after travel- ling again for a short time, he settled in the small island of Hven, which the king gave him, and there had a splendid observatorj built, which he named Vranienhorg. Here he laboured for about 20 years,but when the king died the jealousy of the nobles bad him deprived of his appointments and Ih observatory. He soon after left Denmark, and on the invitation of the emperor, settled in Bohemia. Kr'pler joined him there, and they worked together till Tycho's death. Tycho is especially celebrated as an observer in astronomy. He made very great im- provements in the instruments of obscrv- .ition, and devised additional safeguards against error. He opposed the Copernican system as then understood, discovered the variation of the moon's longitude, showed that comets could not be mere atmospherit bodies, and in shortprepared by his accurate and numerous observations the grand dii- covery of Kepler's laws. Among his worki, not numerous, are, " Astronomise instaurati mec!ianica," " Progymnasiuata," "Episto. larum astronomicarum libri," and"Histo. riiB Coelestis libri XX." Died in October, 1601. BRAIDWOOD, JAMES, director of th( London Fire Brigade, was born inEdinhnrgb in 1799, and educated in the highschoolol tliai. city under the well-known Dr Adam, He was appointed, in 1823, inspector of the Edinburgh Fire Brigade ; and he at once ex- hibited, in this office, those high qualitiesof courage, judgment, and energy which will cause his name to be honourably and grat^ fully remembered. Soon after his appoint- ment occurred in Edinburgh the ^reat fin of 1824, at which time only the insurance offices possessed fire-engines in thatcit;. The difficulties thus caused in the extinctioi of fires led him to organize the present te brigade of Edinburgh. On occasion of afiK in a shop in Hunter's Square, where two: kegs of gunpowder were stored iuthecelUi, Braidwood forced an entrance, with loie wet blankets, into the vaults, and returned with the kegs under his arms. As director of the Fire Brigade of London, his serTica won for him the esteem and gratitude of all; and a life of eminent usefulness and Tigom was cut short on the 22nd of June, 1861,bij an accident which occurred during the ntost. firn that ha" been known in lOD' 120 Ibba] Idon during the present century, and which Iroged on the waterside portion of Tooley Street nearest to London Bridge. He had hosted his men where they could have the test command of the Are, when a terrible fcxploslon took place ; and before he could biake bis escape, he was burled under the fuins of a ware" mse wall which fell out- prards into the i uad. His body was found |he day following, crushed, but showing no Iffects of fire. At no funeral, perhaps, since ■bat of the Duke of Wellington, has so great I sense of public loss been shown as at that if Mr Braid wood. [BEAINERD, DAVID, a celebrated Amerl- bin missionary, who signalized himself by Us successful endeavours to convert the tadians on the Susquebannah, SelawarA ie. Died, aged 30, 1747. ' IBEAITHWAITE, JOHN, an Ingenious hechanic, constructor of a diving machine lith which he explored the Royal George' ink off Spithead ; the Hartweli, East In- iaman,offoneof the Cape de Verd Islands • bd the Abergavenny, East Indiaman, off |e Isle of Portland. From the first he only kceeded in raising some guns and an fcchor; hut from the second and third he lought up property to a very large amount. led, 1818. pRAMAH, Joseph, an English engineer itinguished for the number, value, and' henuity of his mechanical inventions. pong these were his invaluable hydraulic less, his safety lock, various improvements pesteam-engine, in the process of making ber, in the construction of main-piues leel-carriages, the beer-machiner &c' fen, 1749 ; died, 1814. ' ^HAMANTE D'URBINO, FRANCESCO ZZ.iEi, a celeorated Italian architect, was fn m 1444. He first studied painting, but ^doned it for architecture. He was em - lyed at Rome by Pope Alexander VI.. tut lecially by Julius II., for whom he plan- J, and partly executed, the buildings con- hmg the Belvedere and the Vatican, and hequcntly designed the great church of ■Peter. This however he merely com- fcced.and the completion was intrusted piichael Angelo, who entirely changed plan. Bramante first introduced Ra- m at the court of Rome. Died, 1514 JRAMHALL, John, archbishop of 'af- Ih, was born in Yorkshire at the close of tieth century, was educated at Cam- fee, and after obtaining the degree of I, went to Ireland, and was soon appoint- Aishop of Londonderry. He wm the P-Of .S'^ffo/d. then lord deputy; and hed himse f for the advancement of the kh in wealth and power. At the com- h-nentof the civil war he was impea°S r a«T aZ'','.^''"'^* "^'""^'^ -^ '«"' years r, aud after the restoration returned I was raised to the Irish primacv Hig Ifif,'".'""'"?'^ "' the antagonist of 11663 " °" ^^*® ^^ free-will. WNCALEONE DANDOLO, a noble of iinm°rv''°^^'"' "^«"a?or" of Biver^rt fhn ^■.^''/"'"'"Se and energy K.Ti'5"'I/':°'"-the distractions ~'i'' — -•■''"°taui tonnicts or the rival ^ i^to Zanf&mal ISfograpl^p. cutt'alS'd"7esl7ene"i^r Ci?^?^- ?orz^^f''to4^'"'-^^ composition of the dlnmn„H J^ °' *'"' fe?sf^^d!^.?='onor%e " ohT'"!? of the Town of Nlwcastle " Bo^rt^73?d"L%?"'- ^""<^"^"-?fc- ce^t^^y^'^^i.S IIZ^^ f^T^'' °' *''« 17th DElTf Vfl°^^', "J" I'lERRE DE BOuk- He w^, „^/ * celebrated French chronicler IX..''Henr?nra''„d";r'."°,* '^P"" Ch«rfe» i"n iiir""^-«''' -ewlftWei BRASrnAQ o S'^'' history. Died, 1614. u X„ii ,' ^°^^' I^-8-A.,born March 17. 1820 gicai institute, and contributed manv vahi n^inS-T" °" ^^^ "ntiquitics of England cenarie^Yn t.;/.''''^- "^' * '««' mer- Lcnaries in the service oi Kini? .Tnhr. v^ was bailiff of Glamorgan in 1208 nnH't«^if a prominent part in thi barons'^ar wWeh 121 bbe] ^ ^m gftnibtrgal l3iosrgpf)B* [bbi kiuK. and after holding out several months, Sndered. was stripped of l^i* estates and banished. He died by poison soon after in ^'SbT JOHN VAN, a Dutch painter; a Teryc1?st'imira?or of .ll^e style of Breughel Hnrt Wouvermans. Died, l7oO. ''"b^UOW,Gabkiel GOTTFRIED, aoer^ man historical writer, born at Berlin, m TJ71 Ha held the chair of rnetoric at Fut^n and that of history at Helmstadt, Geschichte," which passed through sevewi Ptiitions and was translated into tngusn, ' 'SisdTe Tabellen,'- freque^^^^^^^^^^ ed, translated into English, ad extendea , niid severa' other works. Died, isi*- BREENBEKG, BAKTHOLOMEW, a cele- %^^^rrK,s"c^"SvSb^n^ l!,^LfCSr w^s a^^tedSe^ of the saupet?e works and POwder mUls m Italy. He wrote several si^'en^Vfi^ ;!°'^^^' and wa8 intimate with Cuvier, Chaptal, &c. ^BKEITKOPF, JOHANN GOTTLIEB EM- mSl, a printer and type foundar of ?^D8ic he discovered an improved coni- JosTuon oftype metal and ^J^^e a trea ^e %TEMlT'^VnAMr JOHN tonS, l^cTk'n'o^'nV^r ^^ Sn'guished services^in fevrg\vrry'rnrbrorth^^^^^^ SSiate gLdes with much Pei^onaUi^ SS'tarn!^ \^hr ^clip\^a4' <|^i«. r^Yns^tv^s despatched^ S^ned Z the closing scenes of the Burmese iSir In 1836'he wis created a knght com- mander of the order of the Guelph (K.C.H.) ; manner oi II Alligator, of 26 guns, he and in 1837, in int -^"'f " , ^„_, pssineton. founded the settlement of Port Essington Mo nftprwards returned to India, ana us cnpture of Canton in 1841, would he to compile a history of the war. . H'«/^'^^'^^ ^vere rewarded with the dignity of K.C.li., and the voice of «^e country was echoed in a vote of thanks to him from both Houses oi ^.Irliament. His last employment wa^ as commodore B«Perintendent of ^oolwicn offered a thousand pounds weight of gold to spare the city. Wliile the gold was bein, welehed. he threw his sword and helmet Into the opposite scale, exclaiming, " r* victis I "—"Woe to the vanquished ! Enraged at this insolence, Camillus, according to the legend, put an end to the negotiation, gaye battle to the Gauls, and totaUy defeated aid destroyed the Whole host. This occuneil about 382 B. v. , *v n , . BKENNUS, a leader or the Gauls, »ho after ravaging Thessaly and Greece, at- tempted to plunder the temple of DelpU, Being repulsed, he slew himself, 278 b.c. BRENTON, Captain EDWARD Peiham, B N an officer whose services at sea durliij the war with France were scarcely greater than those which he performed on shore and during peace. Gifted with great ingcnulty.lie made several mechanical improvement! con- nected with his profession, of which narjl men spoke in the highest terms. He waithn liberal supporter of several of the most to- ful charities in the metropolis. Of one of these, "the Children's Friend Society," he was, in fact, the founder; and it is not too much to say, that to it hundreds of poot children owe iheir reiu^val tiom the homn of vice and want, to a life c* vi^tuott!eJe^ tion, and happiness. Captain Trenton was also very favourably known as an i\uthor,b; his "Naval History of Great Britain, from 1783 to 1822," and a " Biography of Earl 8t Vincent." Died, 1839. BRETSCHNEIDEK., HENRY GODFHIT VON, a German litterateur, born at Gera.ln 1739 He led a very wandering ana restles life served in the Prussian army, held TJti ous'polltlcal offices in Germany and Franc was librarian to the university of Buda.anJ died near PUsen In 1810. He wrote several satirical pieces on the prominent folliei o( the age. and contributed numerous papen of a similar character to periodicals, i BllEUGHEL, PETER, commonly knom . as "Old Breughel," an eminent paintn; I chiefly of common-life subjects, such am tic merry-makings. Born near Breda, 1!W| ^'bREUGHEL, JOHN, son of the foregoli|, called, from his dress, "Velvet Brenghel, was aA excellcntlandscape Pamter. Ruta painted the figures in sonie of his pieca Born at Brussels, 1560 ; died, 1625. BREUOHEL. PETER, a brother "f to abovcTand also a painter. His fondneatoi; painting horrible subjects procured him te Sohriouet of " Hellish." Died, 161 . A^l; other^brother, ABRAHAM, excelled in Wi ^"bRI°DAINE, JAMES, an eminent rrendl ecSiastlc. Whose inWaUgable^^^^^^^ itinerant proper -.ties, induced him top dertake 256 missionary journeys, sothatta powers were displayed in almost ever tij; HJothrouKhout France. He was the mW S'"8p[ruSal°8ongs,"whlchweree.tre.d,| D^^anoWeman who devoted muM ^^n to, and expended largest * i-p-rj^^r/b^^r's-^^wa ,'hed on Rome, improvement ana exveu-o^.., v. ^^^^ lj:f?l'',;„^V„"„rand -pmaged. After block- 5.aUon.^8econded by ^the skiu „..!.... — —-,,_, ^..- „„„„ luouths he was i ijui", i-"-,- _^ ad'ing the Capitol for some 12a BRIDGEWATEK, FRANCIS Henry EflERTON, eighth Earl of, is remembered for hli bequest of £8000 to provide for the pub- lication of a work on natural the»lo|;y. EiRlit distinct works were written lo carry out his wishes, and these are the well-known "BridgewaterTreatisss." The earl was born in 1758; was educated at Oxford; entered the church ; and died at Paris in 1829. BBIDPOllT, ALEXANDER HoOD, Admiral Lord, a gallant naval officer, and the young- est brother of Admiral Hood. He bore a part in Lord Howe's celebrated victory, June 1, 1791; in the following year he defeated a French squadron, capturing three sail of the line; and nobly distinguished himself on many other occasions dui'ing the war. Died, 1814. BRIENNE, JOHN of, king of Jerusalem, was son of Erard 11., count of Brlenne, and was chosen, by Philip Augustus, king of France, to marry Mary, daughter of Conrad and Isabella, and heiress of the kingdom of Jerusalem. The marriage was celebrated, and John of Brlenne was crowned at Acre, in 1210. He was at once engaged in war with the Saracens, and in 1219 he joined the fifth crusade, invaded Egypt, and took Da- mietta; which, however, was soon lost. His daughter, Yolande, was married to th^ Em- peror Frederick II., who then took the title jofking of Jerusalem. John of Brienne after- wards Joined with the pope in his war against the emperor. In 1329 he was made emperor of the East during the minority of Baldwin II. Incredible accounts are pre- lerved of his double victory over the Greeks md the Bulgarians, who besieged Constan- iinople. Died, in the dress of a Franciscan. 1237. BBIGGS, HENRY, an eminent English jathematieian and first Savilian professor if geometry, at Oxford ; author of " Arith- aetica Logarithmica," "Tables for the Im- irovement of Navigation," "Animadver- lones Geometricae," &c. Born, 1636 : died. 1130. ' 3RIGGS, William, an eminent physician id oculist ; author of " Ophthalmographia,' ' 1 anatomical description of the eye and a lew theory of vision. Died, 1704. BRILL, MATTHEW, an eminent landscape (inter, employed by Pope Gregory XIII. in icorating the Vatican. Died, 1584. BRILL, Paul, brother of the last-named. Id also eminent as a landscape painter. »Ff Clement VIII. employed him to paint landscape sixty-eight feet wide for the lala Clementina; it was a representation the martyrdom of 8t Clement. Died, 1626. BRILLAT-SAVARIN, Anthelme, a ImLW,? "■^""71 •"''"'^y ffo'" his work Sti%l!''''''°''''''^'''" Bora ,B11INDLEY, JAMES, au eminent English bi :''"i"?M.*."^ engineer, to whose great norti?n ""'' ^^ ""^ "«"»« of the most E 5' ?.''"'""?^'«*'"<^canal8. So highly, deed, did he estimate Iheir importance to [commerc.al nation, that, being jocularly fmu ''^, "."^'"" examination before a , unl'L''^*'*" """««• f°' wl>«t purpose I supposed rivers to hnyo ho- -'-d h- ^»|^toiiave quite seriously replied/* To % jSetp g^nitxragl ISiograjpl^e. [bbi fe«d navigable canaU." His first great work was the canal from Worsley to Manchester which he executed for the dukfof Bridge-' T^n^v He afterwards completed the Grand BorSfi?irmete2.'"^^'*^''^'""^°''»-«- ^i^^NKI^EY, Dr JOHN, bishop of Cloyne «n1e was elected to the professorship of astronomy in Dublin University, an honour to which his previous writings and discoveries in science fUUy en- «^» t^??;t P'^**' September, 1835. ^ T.«.r^S^^^^^^^^S' MARGUERITE D'AV- BRAI, Marchioness of, horribly notorious for haying poisoned her father, brother, and two mp„f*'fn,^'^« ^'^'^ ^<^™^^ a criminal attach- o,.«^. '5 Gascon officer, named Gaudin St tn fh» ^^^n^' '^?"y e''"^^'* •»*!» to be sent to the Bastile. There he learned from a fcl low-prisoner the art of compounding subtile poisons, of which he and his mistress made H?. ^o.r^"^''. themselves on her family. His mask slipping from his faco while he was distilling poison, he died su" PurDosooV «,»^. *' ™'"""' and SIcilv I victory of lutzolberg, and in t ho 'foVo",,f, '° ?'Vlons^ '^o subsooion?! v'"""!^""' '" ve & year lie was created ])rinco of the emni"*M^'"^"«'P«> residence co"i" '"" ° ^''*'''* ^' commander-in-chief of tho army of fw' ^"K'nnd J nnd in law I J"*, """s'onally to many, and marshal of Frnnco «« ?'''' r°"»'^v,wheVL rnli''*' ^^'^''^^ his native afterwards exiled, but .nnA""^°:.."« was | councillor of WnHn?'''*"^ ""» ""0 of prlvv 1 distinction. Tho fl, "•""'' "therniarksof ^ork. entitled '°Tra^efs"aL°'T,"'" P''«''p»l preeco," appeared in ilofln^ «"?'«'"'« i" ' tancously Jn*^the rrench n'n^H o""'"' *''»»»- Ruagcs; the second J«..t ^"^, "«™an lan- ('Opcnhnifen in pn^.*^"" '" '830. Hied «♦ few nor tminiportant, wo shall "not" ^'tn'r '- •.; but he is chiefly celebrated for the nmed action between hie HiWn ♦!,-: c\.:'"' ,.<. v^,.«ii.™ u.y iHiiK 01 commander in 1700 iml post-captain in 1801. The various sor rices lie subsequently performed in imfr.Z, 1 1 "■'"«» and thp ««.h«;,V" V"" '" '"e school o.' ■an, 01 3S guns, and the American 'frhmte' |!licsupeakc,mounting49,in June, 1813 ti,p lews of a victory so nobly gained n^niJi? bell fearful od.Is-at a time wCn „S*„ '?** I """»' ir on enamnlir""''-'- "o ^ Vnwasgaininggroundthatourteoswero i:"''/''^ the an^o^'S^l, "^'l ^^ : latc 1 for the large vessels (misnamoH r„"?° «'=l«n"flc Journev« in ^ °" «''-• -- I) of the Americans-was hano^i?" f «""'"nd, Italy, and 8w« ' "^"^"^^^ne. 8wlt° J. with every demonsfmtlo„"'AlN ^"h^s studies' offofsTh''"am?''?'l*'''' <^"viVr | new classlflcation of ,!'„♦» ** Introduced a ^ns author of a '°Traiti"?M ^™n«nlart Mi„.™,og.ie,.. ..^,3irn'u^ t'^ifoX^it ' iHun j uui „f js cnicny celebrated for tho I JS^ * '"-' obtained thn nn.f J^",'. ewplov- ar famed action between hie ship, the Shan «o^ Porcelain works of '^a °^ <"J-ector of ian,of38guns,and the AmcricnnriffatP l^r"^,'^'* "» Ws deafh h7"' '^'»'ch ho' :i.esape«kc,mou„ting 4P. in j„„. ,«.%fe. I -rying „,., man/5^VVv?Sf f„ "tH^ ^ rr/?»"fleJourn'e"iri'n"^,°».?Lr._H^ inwas^ |0t a match lor tne large vessels ( rlgates) of the Americans— was teland with every demonstration "of"na" km\ pride, and besides the comDllmont«r J kratulations tb.c attended the ga"an? bor of It, he was, for his " distin/uisCi (al>. courage, and intrepidity," raised fo.w' rmty a baronet of Great VlriS^?" i>i'e^ »• 2, 1811, athis seat, J!roke Hall fSni'^M ' ROME, ALEXANuiii, an Sney and I ^""V^ """^ irical poet, whoso writings consist of f°"''"*^"ted elyeongsand satirical composltionf-i? "'"i'.''"'"* «nd f edngunst the Puritans. In addition fo" ^^^^^ »>« W" siting satirical songs, he tranVintni^ '° — mtius and Horace^ 'a.l ^ZeTL'eZ Cuvler; ; " M^^^ofi'-^.l^j'iucs.'. (joi„tIy%h fosslles nomm«8 Trilobito/ ..*=°iP'"»"»'»nl8«8 contributed numerous r,,^ *"• He also Journals and ' . the Ar„,fJ'P'"'^*'> scientific ' Which he was admined ,n';«°,'«^''*«"«»"to foreign member of^he Ho " /^"'j ^"e was a sisters, who^e''n«t."^r2'*'/4«'««t<>'tl.ree , and Acton Bell •' hnv„ K^*^"""er, EiUg ' household words in IL""'*'2?'« familiar as' was born at Thorn Ln'"''. ^"■S""'* "»outh! Which village her fothil' /j? Yorkshire, of I IJronte.wasVtor lu ilV''^^^^^- ^*"- ck ' about four years of a"gehe; f^h''^° ""'^ '^"s to Haworth, in thA .?L '"ther removed With the excep"tlo„VfTfew ."^"^y- ?"*« "e'e. I she spent the remaindcf't Intervals | l^I^^^oUo-^m^^l^^'^^ I «an?};.%e7dinran'Jt'"*''f'^^'« sSdent* i ■the trustees of the Ilriti h m?"'"'''*^'' <'^ery scrap of infon^"?,^°"'ning,picklnruD 1. 18<2. His son, John nROMT^.!^'**"™- Ing. 8culKnoetrt"°"i°""'-ning paint? (IZ^'Z- ^i die" in 1839.''"-'''' ^«« ^^ .f'^' '° 18wf Xl Th'lf'''' «» '' " W n?n^c?' ,.?,^T^« OLAF a distln K^^'S*''"" 'Nineteen yews oM l'^" "«le I M iMnish phi obgist and .nM^ " teacher to a Miss w_Zf. v°'"» she went na 1 Sf„/^«V'''"«^>the"u„fvUtefh^^^ nM«en in 1796, and took thL /J ^ °f- became literallr iii?? V* * PnpU i butshn ' [.■"Philosophy in'X" *?f ?!?'«o Of could not settK^^™'?.^°n>e-sick« lapse of three monthJ,},^*' t""^' "f^er the Haworth in l«4i „„/??."' she returned to teOAiE, Richard, an EnifHsh drn^.^t * teKstrkMii' 5?. -.«™ in 1796, and took IJition to Greece an Mnn^ " scientific pent Greek art'wBrn'^^^'"' monuments {turn to Denmark hU'""^."''"!- On Vary meanHf the' r/"i»!!^ ^"h W«y means by'Ve^rr^' ^ — _ - ■ — tfj "T'ln I Haworth in l«4i o„V "*"' snc returne BRO] ^ jtctx) ^anibnaal 13(o8rapl)B« [bro Anne, prepared for the P'-essa volume of poems, which was published n 1846, under the pieudonyrM of Currer, Ellis, ««* Acton nen:but met with little success ; though It was remarkable as being the first efforts^ nndoubted Kenius to find some congenial form ofexTressffAtthisperlodthethrees^^^^^^^^^^^ were harassed by great domestic anxieties, TaddiUon to th'e "l-^ccess of their poems ; but all of them were engaged in anotner literwv venture, which boded no greater success than the former. Each of them had Slufprose tale hoping that the^^^^^^^^^ n-ight be published together :— wutnenng Helahts." by Anne, " Agnes Grey," by Emily Tin! -and the "Professor," by Charlotte. uCtwo former found a publisher though under disheartening conditions, while the "Professor" found no sufficient apprecia- tion among the London P«Wl«her8 to Induce them to take it up. But, meanwhile, Char- lotte, undiscouraged, was engaged upon another story, to which she gave the title of "Jane Eyre; an Autobiography ;" and when this appeared, in 1847, it was wel- comed with greater popularity than is ac- corded to most novels*^ [' This was doubtless due in part to the freshness, raciness, and vK of mind It evinced, but still more, neihaDS. to the moral paradox whi?h per- ?lded it.and to the hardihood of itr-, assaults upon the prejudices of so-called proper peo- X" In 1848 she lost her sister Anne ; and in 1849 her sister Emily, too, was laid in the grave. But, notwithstandng these severe Estic losses, she was still busy with her uen. and in the autumn of 1849 the fame ^hlchhad accrued to her from " Jane Eyre " was sustained, if not increased, by the pub- Hcation of " Shirley." Meanwhile, the real name and circumstances of the author of S powerful novels became known in literary circles; and when, in 1853, Yii- ettl" which turned upon her residence m Brussels appeared, there was no longer an Effort at concealment. In 1854 Miss Bronte "^married to the Rev. MrNichoUs, who belong been her father's curate, and a long career of happiness and usefulness seemed before her ; but her constitution, naturally feeble, soon showed symptoms of decay, and she died March 3, 1855. The " Life of Char- otte Bronte" has been ^""tcn byMrs Gaskell, the weU-known author of Mary ^BB0k*IN*'''AN0EL0, Italian painter, was born near Florence in 1602. He was a pupil of Jacopo da Pontormo, pamted both in oil and in fresco, was the friend ofVasari, and an ardent admirer of Michael Angelo His most famous picture is the " Descent of Christ into Hell." He excelled in portrait- painting. Died at Plorence, 1573. In the National Gallery are four works of Bronzlno, one of them a remarkable aUegorical picture of " Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time," which was painted for Francis I. of France. BROOKE, FRANCES, a clever novelist and dramatic writer ; authoress of Lady Juliet MandevUle" and other novels, Ac. Died, i7aQ ri of the most ^..stin- , ■>frislon. Hislast . in 1827; and in 72. 'AM, an Eng11s)i addition to hi8 owo BBOOKE, HEKRT, dramatist ana ■ ustei- laneous writer; author of several tragedies, " Letters addressed to the People o Ireland, I the celebrated novel of " The Fool of Quali- tv " &c. Born in Ireland, 1708 ; died, 1783. BROOKES, JOSHUA, an eminent anatom- ist and surgeon, was born in 1761 ; and after studying under the most celebrated men of his day, commenced his career as a professor of anatomy, pathology, and surgery, when about 26 years of age. His museum was en- riched with the choicest anatomical speci- mens and osteological preparations; and the lectures on anatomy and its kindred sciences, which, during a longlife,he was in the habit of delivering to his pupils (of whom he eouid reckon 7000), laid the foundation of their scientific fame to so-' gulshed membem ' appearance as a If < " January, 1833, he d BROOME, Dr N divine and poet. In --^ -- — - -"• poems, and a translation of Anacreon's Odes, he contributed eight books to Pope's trans- lation of the Odyssey ; but having complained of his scanty remuneration, his brother bard rewarded him with a niche in the Duneiad. He was vicar of Eye, Suffolk, and died at Bath, in 1745. r-^4T,TXTT,TTT-i BROSCHI, CARLO. [FARINELLI.] BB0S3ES, CHARLES DE, an eminent French lawyer, was born at Dijon in 1!09, He was the schoolfellow and friend of Buf- fon.who has left a flattering record ofhii great attainments. He was a member of the Academy of Dijon, and rcse to be presi- dent of the parliament of Burgundy. He left among other works " Lettres surlaBS couverte de la Ville d*Herculaneum,"andj " Traits de la Formation m^canique dei Langues." Died, 1777. , ., . . BROTHERS, RICHARD, a fanatic, who.u 1793, commenced his career as the apostle of a new religion, and announced himself « " nephew of the Almighty and prince of the Hebrews, appointed to lead theratotheianl of Canaan." 1 1 e predicted various absnrd- ities, and it is a melancholy fact that hii disciples were not confined to the poor an ignorant. The great orientalist, Halhed,aii4 other men of unquestionable ability, bccsw adherents of this maniac, ^^hose career si length attracted the notice f governmest, and he was committed to li ' ;im for life ii a confirmed lunatic. He pui.iished seveiii works, redolent alike of blasphemy andab- '^HO-riER, GABRIEL, a learned Freneh Jesuit, and librarian to the college of l«i le Grand; known for his excellent edit mi of Tacitus, and other classics, Ac. Bon, 1723; died, 1789. . . „ . BROUGHTON, THOMAS, prebendary Of Salisbury, and a literary character o* siderable merit; author of Chrisnam distinct from the »e»Bi°" °' ^*^'" J Dictionary of all Bcligions.&c. He wM«» one of the principal contributors to theBI* graphia Britannica. Died, 17(4. BROUNCKER, WILLIAM, lord, Mt» matician,fir8tpre9identoftheR0'a8M.g and author of some papers m thePhiloso)* cal Transactions, &c. Died, 16M. a celebrated French physician, the «iiu«« gome very learned medical workJ, wi» BRO] pie," in 1816. iro7^:iVf2 rdledrms ""'"'■ I "'«" ""J""' CpVes.Tor of \^i'' T" '«">* ^eminent French naturalist: author of ^*°^N, John, D D an „™. . ke Academy of Sciences. Born.1761 ■diJ.i \'}'^' "* Rothbury Northn,„i: .^""'O'"". )07. "'"' *'"* > "'ed. Gated at 8t John's "ni^°""vriter, chiefly known in th?s ^'"'P'a'n »» the king. Tho IS^^5'«i became luntryby his powerful novels?" WlefaiS.' r'^f"?^ ^""-ks are '« Poetry WohandoneofthestalJ'oXeVso/S k'^dress^d to his Snj^ L&M^^l^h hi » at Busaeo. wan ««» „» i.„_, '"' f*-**- / Born, 1752 ; died, 1787 Monboddo. 8el^?d'^d! Sc^'ch^TylV^"".!'' ^'•"''gh I works!''^Wn?n2^"X'd%1''" '^®^ u XVUS8 uii me American expedition" nn j I ^BOWN, John kn !,„ „ , , present at the battle of XSbnrf ^^y«'''''»n. and The w^ !■ In 1841 he was promoted to th^ Jo„i caused by its redut dnnnl . "'^er those s:sss4lfetg#sS3 Medlcine^.T^' oZ'r\'ar„.^'«'««°»'' of Systems of Physic " Bnr^ f,",', «"' the Old BROWN, JOHN an nm"''"': died, 1788. Kraver; his best worLJ^'"™' ^n»"sh en- Salyato'r Kosa Cd jeS! '"'^'''^^''Ss hom lo.se si;otunder"i4"^ ^Iro'n^of th' I f '^^P^^^^^ene'^tSh ™'."«"t '""d- HSKe^S«teS^^ educated at CambrW^e ^"^'f??' ""?. ^a» i 10 nana one of the staff-offlcers of Ma. g. at Basaco, was one of forlorn hone i (the stormmg of Bad^oz, and took D«r? K^^'T' ^'="''"'' •!"''«» the retreat of . appointed deDutv' 'artiiTtoXr'"* ^'"'"^ lucceeded Sir John MaSona d*'°"*> It-general in 1850 was TTif ,"' "'^■ T«eneral in 1851 ; and wls^antd^'^"*f H the lightCision'in" "54 °V° f'nrn^tVfcru^^^^^^^ |-tirwtfeV*r^^^eTr^^ lorse shotunder''hl^' dl'"^:' «»d had »f ^i'e MedjidieTthe dUtTof g' r^l?* "^nsran VceeH LrS°S' ^f*.<'- wnd cross of thp t^„- ^ - G.C.B., edueatPfJ •.♦ V? \ . ™ Bur eiirh Jie, Order of Savoy ' w<. ™ ' |lin 1855, held tho^„ ^** made \ was i»ff„.i?"!?' ."65. Sir George in various -, res a^i^tf^T"* P''^«chin» I Church, its kiscfpliKn^ HL^^^'^WisheS In 1580 he was arrested t?Vl /=l''eraonies. soon set free. His " Trp„tiiI°'A'*='^' »"»' was Without tarry^g for anlf-'T"^'"™''^'*"* In r I BBO] ^ ^m ©nibewal laiograpl^ land, nnd wns appointed rector of Achurch in NorthnmptonBliIro. He did not preacli, led an idle life it Is said, and after Buffering imprisonment above thirty times, was finally Imprisoned at Nortlinmpton for assaulting n constable, and there died, 1630. His prin- ciples were substantially the same as those held by the Independents. BROWN, KOBEUT,the most distinguished botanist of the age, was born at Montrose in 1773. He was educated at Aberdeen and at Edinburgh, where he completed his naedical studies in 1795, and the same year Joined a fencible regiment in the double capacity of surgeon and ensign. In 1801, on the recom- mendation of Sir Joseph Baiiks. he was at- Sched as naturalist to H.'M. 8. ''investigat- or," destined for a survey of the coast or, Australia; and after nearly four years spe^t in traversing these regions, he returned to England with nearly 4000 species of plants, a large portion of which were entirely new ?o science. Having become librarian to the Linntean Society, he devoted some years to the study and the classification of the trea- sures he had collected ; and the first fruits of his researches appeared in 1810 in a volume entitled "Prodromus Florse Novre HoUan- dite" (a supplement to which appeared in 1830). This and his "Plantae Javanica3 Va- rlores" are the only two great works which he gave to the world; but from time to tlnie he wrote papers on an infinite variety of botanical subjects, and contributed largely to narratives of scientific or explanatory Expeditions, iuch „as _f_ajt;s^:j-7,l« ^ to Abyssinia," Clapperton's .Expedition Central Africa," Btrutfs "Expedition Central Australia," and many other similar undertaldngs. He was admitted to the noyal Society In 1811, was at a later period a member of the council, and received the Copley medal In 1839. He was a foreign associate of the Academy of Sciences, Pans, and a member of several other scientific bodies. At the time of his death ho was president of the Linneean Society. Died, 1858 BROWN, THOMAS, the Scottish philo- sopher, was born in 1778. He finished his education at the university of Edinburgh, where ho was a pupil of Dugald Stewart. He was one of the members of the Acade- my of Physics," formed in 1797, and one of the early contributors to the Edinburgh Review. He obtained his degree of doctor in medicine in 18C3, and soon after entered into partnership with Dr Gregory. In 1810 he became assistant professor of moral philoso- phy, and held that post till his death. His first work, " Observations on the Zoonomla of Dr Darwin," appeared in 1798. He wrote an " Examination of the Theory of Hume on Cause and Effect," and several poetical works. But his most important work is his " Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind." It did not app'^ar till after his death, became very popular, and has been frequently reprinted. Its florid style gave a novel attractiveness to its difficult theme. Died at London, 1820. BROWNE, Georob, Count de, an Irish officer in the Ruuian service, who so nobly distinguished himself on many great occa- [beo slons, that he was rewarded with the goren- mcnt of Livonia; from which, when he hjd held it 30 years, he wished to retire, but t'«. tharine II. would not accept his resignation replying, "Death alone shall part ui"' Born, 1U98; died, 1792. ' I BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS, an Engii,i,l lawyer and poet. His best Engligli ,f5f^, are a poem addressed to Hlghinor«, tlu painter, "On Design and Beauty;" andi shorter one, called^' The Pipe of Tobacco" in which he very skilfully Imitated the tone of thought and expression of Cibber, Philip, Thomson, Young, Swift, and Pope. bS, work, however, on which his reputatioa chiefly depends, is a Latia poem, on tiie Immortality of the Soul. Bom, 1706; diej 1760. BROWNE, PATRICK. M.D., an emlneti naturalist ; author of " The Civil and Nt tural History of Jamaica," catalogue! of tl» birds and fish of Ireland, and of the plut, of the Sugar Islands. Born in Ireland, 1730 died, 1790. BROWNE, SIMON, bom In Somenetibin in 1680, was a dissenting minister of coi- siderable ability, but chiefly remarkable for an unhappy hallucination. He Imagliel that ' God had annihilated Id him tbi thinking substance, and utterly direitd him of consciousness." This delualon per- petually haunted him, and yet he fUrniilied the completest refutation to it by composiii several argumentative tracts, and by tm very laborious compilations. Died, 1'32, BROWNE, Sir THOMAS, the eminent m- tiquory and physician, was bom at Londoi in 1605. He studied at Oxford, where iv was incorporated M.D., having preriooilj taken the same degree at the nnlTertitftf Ley den. He settled at Norwich in 1636, ul resided there nearly half a eenturr. Hi was knighted by Charles II. in 1671. Hii principal works are the " Beligio Medici," 'Inquiries Into Vulgar Errors" (both o( which have passed through many edition and been translated into the principal la- guages of Europe), and "Hydriotaplilt* Urn-burial." Many miscellaneoui tractin included in the complete edition of HI works. His writings are very origimlli matter and style, full of curioiu, etpediDr antiquarian, learning not without geog spent at her father's c k I he county of Hereford! le Malvern Hills. An a c> recocious, writing much al ^d becoming a contribute Ihen under twenty- A sn Ttled an " Essay on Mind, ar 'ta published in 1826. In WTe that "ethical poetry: J poetry, a? the highest < bral truth." Her health w » the bursting of a blooc hgs In 1838, while she wa r studies, which embraced a phlloaophers, with the ^tera of the Christian Chu: Ban recommended change kate, and she was taker ken she had been there nea Write brother was drown Jig of a boat in her sigh _-e. This terrible calamit) li and it was not until the 1 It she could be removed by ker family and home In L I continued, in the wordr ( 1 Mitford, to read "almos ith reading In almost eve IgiTlng herself, heart and by of which she seemed bo Jitess." Her health gradual ■the subsequently m>.rried lU Wccompanied him to Pisa, y pved to Florence. A collect JPpems was published in 1844 f Drama of Exile," "Lady phip," &c.,— in the prefac •peaks of her work as a po ^ to give the completest ej pn being. These words acco Jie defects of her poetry. it herself to use the languaite i noughts of ordinary men. Joth touching and full of Ishe withdraws herself to C( m being and analyze her c l«he is generally obscure and mtelligiblc. As a natural coi ^i perauaded herself that e. ,. '^ a special message I F, and that, to discover li • survey the workings of her "7'' ,"ence resulted an u fc™J.*"^"*8:e, which exhi feln th»J"n^ conceits, and Jtion that all poets were suci ichtheydwelton their own ions. Among her larger wor wet exhibiting great beauty 01 rce of language whenever sh l™ the level of ordinary hi tor w J*'"^ touching and b( pi England only at rare li 128 lelt In Africa. elt In Africa. Egypt, and Awyrla " rt^lTi — 7" — - Z. I BKU rai murdered while on his way to eznlnrf """ng her Ion* reild«n«- i T! — — lie rcKlon. south of the Ca.plai, by « P°- *'J™^•hotooka%»he^«r.?. *? ^'O'^nce and Ian banditti, in 18H. ^ ' "^ * *^' " Politics, of which lh!„"' '^terest m Italian ' imcWNINO, ELIZABETH Barrktt o « V'"'^'''^'''' Written l^iVJ^, °f " "~- " ' f the most illustrious of English Sj^" l^nT "P^Mio" lu hSr '" P aa born in the year 1809, Her earlv vm.,-' ^""K'Ms," publishpd i„ ib». ^ f re spent at her father's country re«fd«n«' "^"^ *»" arfmirm hv ti. "."• the county of Herefordshiri ^i "fy^PC®- eulogium of th„ J^.?? *'>e '"tei written In isTl 1, m.'**, ""'«» I i-eMlon. lu her '"Po*"" '""P"*- raa oorn in me year 1809, Her early ^'paV.' I ^""tfess," published Jniam ^°^^^» before J fre spent at her father's country rp,rHl^*"r^«n her acfmircrs hir Jl ".*'' ■'•e startled i the county of HerefordshirSn sigh? o/ h" W"" «' the tth «mnr*'""'»'^ «"he? [e Malrern Hills. As a child she Vaf vprJ ""''edlotlons on the AipS*^*""!' *"<• ^T her . '*'--Tnuchattfin"„o!!'^,!"y I no estimate of Mrs Bt^nl"'" ^^^*- But which left out or slffM*"* ^°«'«> he fair tlons of her life S *,'"' Peculiar condl. ' Painnu IJlness, she 5«*"» '^'*" '»"» and , drawn to a «««? .w" necessarily wUh- ' around her, fnd throwS^'*"".'" the Wirld I amJnatJon of her own "'''';'? «" the ex- warded, the effeVt. «« ^ "ensatlons. So 4- are perfectly in elSj^br'"*'* •"" P°et7y weaken the WpreSthof"^'' <""» they man of rare powers both <^fV^ ^? ''''• » ^o- r^^i"'.'*"*- SheTad a deen^Sg^*""" »"<» ^ Lh all tha? wasVo"? ?„T .°ll«te ■e Malrern Hills. As a child she waS very lecoclous, writing much at ten years of a»e Id becoming a contributor to perlodic!l.' fccn under twenty. A small yJlume en ^ed an " Essay on Mind, and other Polms » U published in 1828. In It she sopV? ♦'« [OTe that "ethical poetry 1, the highest of J poetry, as the highest of oU objects 1. fcral truth." Her health was much shaken [the bursting of a blood-vessel on th« kg. In 1838, while she was yet pur"uln» fcitud es, which embraced the Greek poeti V philosophers, with the earlv «.;-i::." per family and home In London, where [continued, in the wordr of her frlpnrt I ^i."*J"^^^^IGO. \vfi";7r« "'"''.*''' "61- b Mitford, to read "almost every & Ml"° •»«»*• "aVurai phtlosoS?J''«^'''°« i Ith reading in almost every laMuajT sLf'?; T"*"«e on the ArHf Zki„ ' """""»■ iMcompaniedhimtoPlsa wh«n«r^l*^'K°hn Ballol for th« «t^ compeOtor with' FedtoVence. A^SctldXoS r'^BK^^^^^^ Ipems was published In 1844. contaJni«i •"^^CE, Hobkrt kfnt «V d ■ pDrama of Exile," "lady cSn?-! fo^i"**"" of the above an ^L^^'l"'""'' *»« ■tship," &c.,-in the pTefwe to wWch l^l*: "« """mittel fo?'a flir?" ^I^ *»^«t peaks of her work as a rZtZ 1?*„"? sh'.^'"^*^ the patrlote afl^r M° ^'^'^ardl,. Stirling. In 1209 a regencl U^^ ^^'^''''J' at Bruce and his rival Comv„l„Y"* appointed, ot It. For several yeaS^^r?,!*"?** '•>« hciftl appearance of loyaut t^^S® ^''** ''P the 1306 he murdered cffirna^/r"'' •J^*' !« crowned king at 8co/e ' h1'°°° "^^^r was by an English army a "Ifle^foT,"' .'*?'««»'"> queen and family beinff^n J" "'." ^*le«' his prisoned. The w^r »„/ captured and Im- lowing yeal? b^t Edward^/^'^l" »'>« '» - 1 the decision of the 8tTn?*,* ^®«th delayed Invaded England fnJ^l"^*'®- *ruce twice resses In 8c5Snd,* e^ent^fiJfr.f ^'^'^ but resign'ed it In orde" to S?l t^ ^^«'^"' for travelling. After tr«vo^.^ *"'* Passion portion of MlB. Minor hpt?/"* "*« «'««ter ney to ascertain the Bo,.rL^l ?^t on a jour- account of this imfrj^^*"/ ">« Nile."' A^ ' » ^rence. A collected edition of BnT?A,'i,*'i^'«'"">< was published In 1844. contaJni«i BKUCE, Hobkrt aa of Exile," "lady cSn?-! fo^i"**"" of the aboV;' a'n^"' ""'l"*'''*' ^as -™.," &c.,-in the pTefwe to wiSch l^l*: "« """mitted fo?'a flir?" ^I^ *»^«t i tevf t\" ^•''^'" "^ ^etew. «*^S S?.'..J°'?e tnunti iinil •n«'or« of hl» •h«llow crltU'» wlih a laclturii priilf, not detuiniiR to «iul«fy rtlHlwIief.or 10 aimirm ridli-ulc. oiu tnittinn the (liiy wimlil fii- loim iiiil»o w[«m. Iho iruiU or whul lu« ImJ wriitrn woiiUI l>0 connrimd bv oilu'f»'°^<""* ,"" him. He ««• born nt Klnimird llou»c, HUr- UnKih.re. In 1731); nnd died il"'r« 'n con«e^ qiienco of an Injury iustiiined by falUuB down «»iilr». In Kii». . u ^«-» tm. MKUCE, MiniAK.i.. a Scotch poet, f.u niriMiinbeinuof the poore»t cIhm, bi« early iTw ,. on " of con.lderal.le privation. Thl. and hlx ardent attachment to poetry, pro- bably uKK."V«tea a constitutional proainP"- . Ition to couHun.ption, nnd he died In the *Ut year of hi. awe, In ITHT. Ill* poem. Br« few in number, but •ingularly plaintive and '"'mlubKKU. JOUANN JACOI. a Oornmn Tutberan clerKy»">n; author of the will- known ••Hl.torU Crltlca lM,llo»ophl«.- an Immense and very learned c.nipllatlon, of w U^ Knfleld'a History of Philosophy I. an rbt^ed translation. Horn, iwm; died 177a HULEYH. PAVII) AtoimrtN. a Ireneh dramatic w;itcri In c.rly Hfe a Protostant. but afterward, a xealou. adherent of the Catholic faith. Horn. 1640; died. ''-^S- HUUKYS. FHANtjois P*^'-. ■» K"V? K French admiral, commandInK the fleet which conveyed the army of !«uonttpftrtc to Egypt, nnd killed at the battle ot inc >!"«. »798' HUlONATEI.Ll.LUIol.an Italian phy- sician and cheinlst.long teacher of chcml.stry at the university of I'avla. His 'er«t"""" restH on his " rhurmaeopeia" and ''Human UtholoRy " He was chief editor of the "Hiblloteca Fisica d'Europa," and other •dentiflc periodicals. Horn, 17bl ; died, 1818 HRUOUI^RT^S, JFAN OUrLLATTME, « French naturalist nnd physician; «uthor of many cssavs on subjects of nnlura history, the best of which Is the "Natural History of "Wonns " in the Encyclopidio MAthodique. HUUHtI. llElNHlcn, Count of, minister of Augustus 111., king of Tolund ; one of the most artful nnd expensive courtiers that ever governed a weak nnd credulous prince. He kept 200 domestics, paying them better than the king his own, nnd furnishing a more sumptuous table; but, as was natural, he plunged the country into debt and dis- grace. The war with Frederick the Orent was occasioned by the measures of this worthless dandy, who had in his wardrobe 365 suits of clothes I And the whole army of Saxony was captured at Pirnn by the Prussian king, and Dresden Itself occu- pied. Horn, 1700; died, 1703. — Various members of this family have nttaineu dis- tinction. FRIEORICH, a son of the preced- ing, besides being remarkable for his skill in the fine arts, wrote several good plays. Died. 1793. HANS MORITZ, his nephew, gained some reputation as an astronomer and political economist, and died while Saxon ambassador in London, 1909. BKULLIOT, FRANi!, bom in 1780 at Diis- 1» •olilorf, became keeper of the printi to tii, king of Havurlu in IHOM, and niuile liimi«|| known by a laborious compilation rniiili^ " lijctioiinaire ttin Moiltigriiiiiiiid, Murqun Flgur*e», I/>ltros lnlttule«,4c.,«veo|PK|i„|, lea Peintres, Deislnateurs, (lrav«un n 1. -. . - Hculpieurt ont d«ilgn« leuis nous." d\^ at Munich, lH3fl. ' HUUMOY. PIKRRK. a learned Frfnch It. "Th*;Wre des Or«i i the " Hlstolre dled,174t suit ; author of the continuation of UallliHne," Ac. Horn.KHJS. HUUN,CUAHl,J;s i.K. ll.KliUUN.] HHUNCK, HlillAUl) KRANgois Pm. I.II'I'K., a profound cla»ilcnl iiholiir ind tri. tie. was born at Htrasburg. but educnted ta the JcKUlts at Paris. For sumo time h««u employed In stale nifali'S.but nt lenuthai. voted himself wholly to study, and ftoivtH an edition of the "CIrock AnthotoDjr," t(. sides valuable editions of ArUiuphiini S(),>hocle.^, Virgil, Hn:. When the rejoluiici brok:< out, ho took part In li.nndwuis. prlHoned at Hesnnqon by Uol)e»plfrre,irh« death, however, released hlin. Horn, ng, died, IHOa. HllUNB, OUILLAUMK MARIK Km, French marshal, born In 1763. Law ul literature occupied his attention till Oi outbreak of the French revolution, whtikt embraced the military profession, «ii(tHnij as adjutant under Dumuuriez, In threu. pnign of 1792. He afterwards served uili Huonaparte, In Italy, gaining rapid prw tlon; and In 17'.)0 he was comnianiler-h. chief of the French and Hutch furmki North Holland, which succesifully oppiaj the English under the duke of York, h' 1803 he was sent as ambassador to Cgiiii» tlnoplo, and during his absence waimiilii mnrfhal. On his return he was appoltidj governor of the Hanseatlc cities, in wild station ho gave olTeiice to NupoleoB,iil their cordiality ceased. He submitted loili Hourbons In 1814; but on hU old mumj return from Elba he Joined him, andtal the command of a division of theam;li| the south of France , and, on the mpmli second abdication, ho was put to deiUi kfr' royalist party at Avignon, August 3, 1*11 itUUNEAU, MATHUUIN, an nilvenlini| who In 1818 assumed the title of CharlN France, was the son of a dog-maker, if numerous efforts to pass for some pena Importance, he was incarcerated; andft(_ his confinement addressed a letter, iljiil Dauphin Hourbon, to the governcrof^ Isle of Ouernser, requesting him to M his llrttannio Majesty of the capililtj Louis XVII. This letter being inter-' by the local authorities, Rruneaiiwai ferrcd to the prison nt Rouen : here ke gaged a person named Hranzon ai kit cretary, who found means so far toiui on the Duchess d'Aiigoul^me, ai to oil her interest ; and at length a party III favour procured him abundant sipr This encouraged the enterprise, lulil principal, his sccretnry, and msnj I were brought before the bar of) where llrunenu was declared an to. and a •vagabond, end condemned to years' imprisonment. Finding, M»i that the fraud was BtlU mtimalaH « .0] «il kwerful pdrty. liiun at I'aen In bit was ron riiuii ai vfxii .n llt'il,and w sit Id end hit days In the o list Mlvhatl. bKCNKI., Sir IHAUIIARD, I the Thames Tunnel, w Vqutville in Norniundy. 1] Eendcd for the church ; but ha 1 strung a predilection fur Jenc'M, and to great n genlu Itlc), that he ciHored the "ida several voyages to the '^ 1 returned iiomo In 17ii2. bnch revolution ha cinlgra Uted Htatei, where necessity, npelled him to adopt the pre HI engineer. There ho was kr (reaC works ; hut, deteri lllng Knglaiid, ho olfcrud his s« lith goremmenti and, aftori fn tohli plana for making shl Ihlnery, he was employed i w in Portimouth dockyard. Iriminatiun, he selected Hon I to assist In the oxccutic and thus was laid the bne of the most extensive leit«bll.Hiiment8 in the kina k machinery was finished In lontlnued ever since in full Nying our fleet with block ■rlor description to tlioso pre land at a large annual sari Ic. On the viHit of the Entpc r tothlscountry, after the poo mtcd to him a plan for i bl under the Neva; where the n of Ice, and the suddenness w wkiupon the termination c jr the erection of a bridge i Idifflculty. Thli was the orla ■or 8 tunnel under the Thaim ten twice before attempted wit VThat great work crowned a 1 wholly devoted to the Invon 'jictlon of works of great publj 1 mcivcd the honour of kni : lord Melbourne's adniinl Is vice-president of the lloyal •ondlng member of the Inst >, Tice-presldont of the Ins ill hngmeers, and chevalier I of Honour. Hied, 1849. F^tL, ISAMBAiiD Kingdom, r,!!?, "•"".fSinecrg of the d f ISOi), while his father th C;ir°'<'''h« Thame/''' ifaKi'd in erect ng the uroat |ln Portsmouth dockyard "^p, • age ho showed not merely h ^andsclentiflcabilitywithun ja;id devotion to his profesji ffar Which i, exhibited In i Various as these are. thevh, ^^1 ffc,,,"''!'"* taken an ;^«at Western. OatW Lu#A«flll nill*(V hit WMft WM>MA..„.I " II Lwerful purly. ho wai romovod to (ha Ji»on at Cum In U'il.and waa afterwardi s,t 10 ind hit da7« In the caitle of Moiu lint Mli'hial. UKl'NKL, 8fr IHAUIIAKD, the ftiirlnfler the Tlmmpi Tunnel, woa born at hcqugvllle in Nornmndy, l7He. jio wai icniledfortherhiirch; but he loon cvlneud [itrunK » prudllectlon for the phydcal lencM, and lo groat ii Konlua for iimtha- ^tU'i, that he ciHored the royal now ide icrcral voyaKei to the Wuat Indloa 1 returned homo In 1792, Durlnir tho' bnch revolution ha emigrated to tho jitcd »t«ti'i, where npcoMlty, fortunately kipdifd him to adopt tho profonalon of a' HI engineer. There ho wa» engauod In hr (ircat worki; but, di-tonnlnod upon ItlnBKnKlmid.hoofferodhlHwrvlci'itolho hl>h Ko»ernmenti and, after much oddo- bn tohli plani for making ihlp-blocka by Ihlnerr, he wa» employed to cxeouto ^n In Portimouth dockyard. With trie jrlminatlon, he iolcctcd Honry Mauda I to Bttlit in tho execution of tho , «nd thui was laid tho foundation fcne of tho nio»t oxtenilve onirlnoer leit«bll,Hamenta In tho kingdom Tho h machinery wai flnlihcd In 1806 ; and bontlnuedevcr ilnco In full oporatlon Wying our fleet with blocki of very irlor deicrlptlon to those provlouily n l»nd at a lurge annual saving to the Ic OnthovlHitof the KmprrSr AIox! r tothlscountry, after the poace.Hrunol i^ tod to him ft plan f„V maC B bl under the Nova; where the ueoumu k of Ico, and tho luddenneig with whirh takiupon the termination of wlnte, J^ the erection of a bridge a work of Idifltculty. ThU wa. tho origin of hu ibr a tunnel under the Thame" whi .h fen twice beforeattcmptod wUhouTS I That great work crowned a lon^ life Kholly devoted to the Invention and mctlon of work, of great publU utiiuy i received the honour of knight ooh J Lord Melbourne's adminl.tra Inn l« vice-president of the lloySl Socte' fcondlng member of the Innltuto of > T ce.presldent of the Inititutlon ►11 tngmeers, and chevalier of tho I of Honour. Pied, 1849. ""' rC"''".^f "»'"'"« °°the"Cwa. f 18KI', While hit father thi, »^» [mku •'«••> mad. the •" hjec"t„ v^*"' **''"•' »'«» «h« Great W,..t.n, ,n^XL"":'"'K.»'«»vover. 'or the nuiHMi»in:n",„ 'm?/ J"! "•"""•rkabl,, ,ft>' tho .p,;d ani". ."urlty oT'iu''? " '*"" »» "loHouth licvon and rnrH..' '?.'"'"'""""■ not loia conanlo 1 .1?. ...7 < "'*'• ""wnyH are "' tho ntu.».phe/"^l[» :,"•"' t"" f"llure h.Ulof that It w H.1,1 1. . '^ ""*'•"■ 'hook hi* W<'»tern railroad iiiiu^...l„ i ..'.''"•' <"ent •ttm.n.hip OnT • ^vTi'/^'r' ''« '•J"' <>f tho »r"ve double h nownJ an '. '" '^'''"•'' ''« """ol then In n«i.. tonnugo of any the (Jr"ar«raa^^ »'"''• "'• •'"'" »»""t<^ t»'« .1.0 of ho ?Jat W^ir""" "'"" «'""'"" cnchulvoly onVhnw Y*'"!""". «"'l ahoHod that .liipa Of' my b.r.^i;\'. "' J'"""'"n. ll„y l»« built only of |L„ "^..'''V"" *vlth aafotV the Introducilo,, a d „„. ' '"" "'"" '• "«I"K •orewr, ui a II hod .r*"""'" "''"PUon of tho the pa'ddl "Xe " att" .""'I' '» P""--« «' Prln(-lp|,,wlih«ii.ce,, V"".. ?'* ""* "''* out the Idea Which Voundir'*'''"'* ''"^"'•'' reallMtlon In the fir««? V" ""'K»lfli'tnt W«/^ I-'loronco In "77 Aft i "?'' .'*!" *"""" «« •"lucatlon ho loimt f7„ ''V'/'"'^ " «""<» native cltv u. .>V.i 1 '^ . ® Duomo of hi. title to fi^.'o 1 , bL"liM'?'''V.'' '»"' P'-"'<='P«> and tho church of Hf Til'*" "'*' ^''"' P-l^^e execution of tho gatw of »h„ *."* ^°'" *"« Ho wa. Jong a niombe? of fi,''"''""^''^- or?erof ^'on?; &«","' **"' Carth„a,au eitabll,h"d in 'the de.en Tr "J^.*"''''' '''' Horn at Cologne inao. 5. ^' Chartreuie. 1101. ^"'"B"*! lOaoj died In Calabria, Ph«?Sn'i°if"Kl.b'«'; "» It"""" PhHo.0. thinker, of hi. Me ia. h""^ '?"^* , °''8'n«» "«0. He b"can.e a i,nn.^ ? '* ^"'"' "»'°"t hl« rellglou. dSIIbu"J!f S'.'."!"-*^. »'"nk, but — ' -.ctxaurog or ihe nuu] H i^eb) Stnit)(r«B; ISlogYapf)?. moniMtlo ordcn canipelled him to quit bii munadory and Italy. He embraced the (loctrlnos o( Calvin at Oeneva, but doubt and freo dUcuMlon not being In favour there, hu went after two vram' Hnj to I'aria. He Kavo lecture! on plilluiophy ihere, and by hl« avowed oppoiltluu to the toholattlc KVHtem made hlnmclf many bitter encnilet. lie xpent next two yearit in Kngland, and iH'oiinie the frlind of HIr I'hillp Hidnoy. lu 1.1H.) he went iiKaln to I'arU and renewed IiIn public lecturei. After viiltlng and teach- ing In vai'loui towni In Uermany, he re- turned in l3»2tol'nduu,and went afterwards to Viniee, where ho wai, In 1SU8, arretted by the luquiRltiuu and sent to Home. He lay In priiiuu two yean, and on the 17th I'ebruary, ItiOO, he wa» burnt hh a heretic. Ilruno WU8 a man of powerful uiulerttantl- InK, viKoruus und fertile iuiaglntition, and rljh and diveriiflcd learning. Uii theorr of the world was pantheittlc. He was well versed in astronomy, and adopted the views of Copernicus, liut he was also a believer In astrology. His works in Latin and Italian are numerous, and abound In bold and uobie thought and rich eloquence, bpiroza was Indebted to Ilruno for some of his theories. Among the works of Ilruno are the follow- ing : '' Delia Causa, Trlncipio ed Vno/' ' »ell' Inflnlto Universe e Mondi," "La Cenn delle cenerl," " Spaccio dellu bcitia trlonfante," &c. 1)UUN8WICK, F£lll)lNANU,Duke of, one of the most distinRulsbcd generals In the seven years' war in Germany. He entered the service of Frederick the Oreat,who gave him liberal praises and large estates, and appointed him commander of the English and Hanoverian forces In the Seven Years' War. He obtained victories over the French at Crevelt and Mindcn, but he did not re- sume his service after the peace. Horn, 1721 ; died, 17U2. BUUNSWICKWOLFKNBUTTEL.MAXI- Mit.iAN JULIUS LEOPOLD, n prlnco whoso name is revered for his disinterested bene- volence and humanity, of which the last action of his life Is a striking example : — During a terrible inundation of the Oder, which spread destruction in the neighbour- hood of Frankfort, where the prince com- manded a regiment lu the garrison, his zeal to save the lives of a family surrounded by the waters. Induced him to put off in a boat to their assistance, when ho was iiwept away by the torrent, and perished in the humane attempt. Born, 1752 ; died, 1785. BRUNSWICK LUNENBUKGH, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of, Prussian general. He studied the art of war under his uncle, and highly distin- guished himself in the service of Frederick of Prussia. At the commencement of the French revolution he took the command of the Prussian and Austrian forces intended for the liberation of Louis XVI. ; but the Tiolent manifesto he published served only to exasperate the republican army under Dumouriez, and he was compelled to retreat. The ill-Buccess of this expedition caused him to resign the command, and occupy himself with the domestic affairs of his new proviixce. In 1806 be was again appointed leader of the Prussian army, and wiTL, tally wounded at the battle of Auenti2!l that year. ^' HHIINHWICK, FIIKDKRICK Wiiliu Duke of, youngest son of Ch«rlM Wuita Fc-rdinand of Brunswick, and broihit'! the persecuted Queen Caroline of hi land, was born in 1771. Ho cniorBiS rrusalan army, and took an active unt the war against revolutionary Franc* L 180l» he raised a body of voluntecnihiLS hemla ; but finding no chance of maliiiii I effectual stand against the power of irunl he embarked his troops fur Kngiinii «kj| they were taken Into the Brltiih ienta and employed in the Peniniuln. fgnwa th..l great changes were liUoly to takeiii« on the Continent, he hastened to hii puj!!! dominions in 1813, raised a inrge budw troops, and was among the forpmuittoM the French army in 1815, wli«n, two jIS before the decisive battle of Waterloo i fell at LIgny, gallantly flghting attlieii of his " brave Brunswickers." BIIUNTON, MARY, the daughter otQkl nel Balfour, was born in one of ttieuriuil isles; meiried a minister of tlie 8com| church ; and is known as the autliormd the novels, " Discipline," " Scif Coiiw-| and other works. Born, 1778 ; died, isis. BUUTU8, LUCIUS JUNIU8, oue otik most celebrated characters of early Huaul history, but whose story is halfmythltJ was the son of Marcus Junius, a weiiihl patrician of Home. The father nnj broUi of Lu! lus Junius were assassinated bjoii of their relative, Tarquinius the I'rouilu Lucius Junius owed the preservation of k life to an assumed idlotism. It waa Sad Tarquinius who, by his criminal outn|i| on Lucretia, the wife of Collntinui, afforul him an opportunity to arcuse the pco^l against tlie king and his sons. Thruiji|| off his pretended stupidity, he Joined iri| Collatlnus; assembled the senate, and catinil a decree to be made for banislUnK the liii|l and establishing a republic. Tlili chii|i| took place, and Brutus and Collatinui wml appointed chief mugistratrs wllli the tiiii| of consuls. The change in the (omi government gave offence to many of titl patricians; and the two sons of lirutuiull three nephews of Collatlnus conspired, witkl others, to murder the consuls and restoteil monarchy. The plot was disclosed li; i| slave; and the conspirators were bronj before the consuls for Judgment. Bnli disregarding the entreaties of the multili and bts own feelings as a parent, (enteiMll his eons to death. Collatlnus eud;aroiiitl| in vain to save bis nephews, and retired finl the consulship. The cause of the Tarqiuiil was espoused, according to the legend, m some of the neighbouring cities, and Knitil fell in combat with Aruns, one of the hmI of the deposed king. The conflict uM in the victory of the Romans, the WTtfl Brutus was .interred with great 6olemiiiii,r and a statue was erected to his memory. I BRUTUS, MARcua JUNIUS, an lUuitii«| Roman, one of the murderers oi Jiiiil Caesar. His mother was the sister of Citil He at first 'sided with Fompey. but, IxiiH treated with great lenity after the batiler lU, b« sltached himself to jmheWM ureatly caressed ar ith< Item riptihlican spirit >r«l It impoinil'l" for all Cm fluiiiin'.o reconcile him to Ci ti, and h« nt length consp jluisnilotheri, and slew him < larch, B.C. 44. Antony succee kf the popular indignation ai «fren, who (led from Home, i iiy,of which Hrutus and Cii fomnmnd ; liut being totally d titles of Philippi, where thej the army of Antony and Oc |g« (Kiped with only a fevi Ithc night ill a cave, and, luie Irretriivably ruined, n, one of his confldonts. to li long time his friend I Veientlng the sword as K .ar kce, the noble Iloinan fell on ii I, B.C. 12, In the 4;)rd year of h ^lyEHE, JKAN I)E LA, an |ch writer, of whose life few pi jiown. He passed the grcatc Ifein peaceful literary retlren Idmltted to tho French Acttdor (years before his death. His n worit Is the " Coractires i ^te," a lively and clever satire iiaractcrs and the manners of III work Voitairo said, "Its ri In) style struck the public at o ftllutions to living persons Id through itt pages, compi fi." LaBruy6ro also publishei of the work of Theophra! philosopher, entitled " Chai t wrote '' Binlogues on Quiet I he opposed F#n61on, but wh: nblished till several years a k'l death. Horn, 11144 ; died, 1 UYN, C0RNELI8Z, a Dutch «veller, born at the Hague ■studying his art at Rome he t ph Alia Minor, Egypt, and thi , making numerous sketches Ij scenes and objects. After lof study at Venice he travellc p Russia, Persia, India, and ■ative of his first travels app liat of his second four year Writs are illustrated with eng kis own sketches, abound in lation, and are on the whole istworlhy. The time of his < own. Ian, Michael, a connolsi IRS, Whose Judgment was Kd, though he lost large sums lurchases. He was the auth lie liiographlcal and Critic [ of Painters and Engravers." lied, 1821. [AN or BRUNT, Sir Frai Tlihed soldier, statesman, an Ted with great credit ogai: [in the earl of Surrey's exp( ■nequently became chief Justi( ■ He is chiefly remembered, he .•''•.."'•Works being printe g^hlsfrteiids Wyatt and i r, Jacob, a dlstlngnlshei ^l prtjili, be »tt«cli(><> hlmieir to Cninr, by tmheWM nrpatly cari'Med nnd truitcd. I tin itfrn rcpuhiican iplrlt of Ilriitiu Bfr«l It lnipi)»"ll'l'' Tor all CoRiar'i kind- ftohlm'.o reconcile him to (.'(pnar'i ain- hg, and h« «t length ooniplrcd with Cmiinilothfri, nnd alcw him on the Idm Lrrh, B.C. 44. Antony luccecdcd in ex- L the popular Indignation agalntt thn Wri, who ttrd from Home, and raised nn;,of which Ilrutut and Oii88iut took Ifomnmnd ; l)ut N'lng totnlly defonted at lnttlMof Phlllppl, whi-rc they encount- the army of Antony and Octavianuc, |u« (leaped with only a few fk-lcndu, Xdtlic night in a cave, and, a« he law Kauie Irrptrii Yiibly ruined, rnqueatcd V, one of hl» confldant*. t*' kill him. lilongtIinR hia friend I a; but at Veientlng the iword aa \. .urncd away Icp, the noblo Komnn fell on It and cx- 1, B.C. 42, In the 4;tid year of hia age, liyEKK, JKAN I)K I,A, an eminent jell writer, of whoac life few particulars inown. He pawed the greater part of we in peaceful literary retirement, and Admitted to tho French Academy about I fcari before hia death. Ilia nioit cclo- k work Is tho " Caractirca de Tii< he opposed F#n61on, but which Trero Inblished till several years after the k's death. Itorn, 1044 ; died, 1698. UYN, CORNELiBZ, a Dutch painter breller, born at tho Hague in 16S2. |itud;lng hit art at Rome he travelled V Asia Minor, Egypt, and tho Archi- 6, making numerous sketches of note- b icenea and objects. After a short lof itudy at Venice he travelled again, hi! Kusiia, Persia, India, and Ceylon. hrrative of his Urat travele appeared in ntiat of his second four years later. works are illustrated with engravings ais own sketches, abound in curious lation, and are on the whole faithful wtworlhy. The time of his death is town. [AN, Michael, a connoisseur of fits, whose Judgment was highly •cd, though he lost large sums by his •urchases. He was the author of a fe Wographicnl and Critical Dlc- TofPainteriand Engrovers." Born. Jled, 1821. |AN or BRUNT, Sir FRANCIS, a inlflied soldier, ata teaman, and poet. rred with great credit against the [in the earl of Surrey's expedition, wqnently became chief Justiciary of iL. '.•'■''^''y remembered, however, K li L''"''''* ''^'"K printed with iftgto gtntbergn! Iflfograpfjy. [bdo Wyatt and Surrey. . JACOB, a distinguished anti- quarian and philoioglat ; author of an able though atngulnr, ''Analysis of Ancient Mythology," piibllshod in 8 vols. 4to : a treatise on thn Truth of Chriatianity,a work In denial of tho existence of Troy, and various other publications of great erudi- IIUYDOKS, HIr HAMUKI, Kokrton, bart.. *man of versatile talents and eccentric Character, was born in 176J, at "Wootton Court, in Kent, and was educated at Queen's tollege, Cambridge. In 170O, after the death of the last duke of Chandos, ho In- duced his older brother, tho Hev. B. T Itrydgea, to prefer a claim to tho barony of Lhandoa, tho consideration of which waa Jong procrnstlnotcd ; but at length, in 1803, the House of Lords decided against its vn- Li "/■ **" "'" '•'''*"» o^ '•'» brother, in 1807, f KfT*"" "^hercd to hU favourite notion, jj** J "'"Sf * coronet ; and he regularly added to tho signature of his name— "Mr J«»«m ^„r» n. c. of S."_mrnning Maron Chandos of Sudely. Ho was (i81'2) returned M. 1 .for Maidstone, which borough ho con- tliiued to represent about six years. In 1814 ho was created a baronet; nnd in 1818 upon the loss of his seat in tho House of p"'nn>on». ho visited the Continent. In 18'20 ho returned to Englond. but hia affairs becoming embarrassed, he removed to Ge- neva, where he remained in great seclusion until his death. His literary labours V7cro multifarious. His abilities as a genealogist, topographer, and bibliographer, are attested oy, his Censura Lltcrarla Kcstituta," 10 yola. ; ' Theatrum Poctarum ; " " Stemmata Illustria;" "British Bibliography," Ac. Besides these, he published the novels of ^^r?;,^® ClIlTord," " Arthur Fitz-Albinl," and The Hall of Hellingsey : " " Imaginary Biography," 8 vols. ; " Kecollectlons of Fo- 'clgn Travels," 2 vols. ; " The Autoblogra- Pyy> Times, Opinions, and Contemporaries of Sir Egerton Brydgea," 2 vols.; and nu- merous other works; idependent of nu- merous contributions to periodicals. Died, September, 1837. BRYDONE, I'ATRICK, a Scotch gentle- man ; author of " Travels Into Sicily and Malta," &c. Born, 1741 ; died, 1819. BUCER, MARTIN, one of the most emi- nent of the reformers, was bom near Stras- burg in 1491. He entered the Dominican order, but became a convert to the reformed faith in 1521. He settled at Strasburg, which owed to his labours as pastor and professor of theology for twenty years the estiibiiahment of the reformation there. Ho took part in the conferences of Marburg, hoping to reconcile Luther and Zwinglius ; but refused at the diet of Augsburg to sub- scribe the famous " Interim " of Charles V. In 1648 he was called by Cranmer, with Fa- gius, to England, and for two years was professorof divinity at Cambridge. He was most highly esteemed for his piety, learning, discretion, and especially his knowledge of the Scriptures. His writings are very nu- merous. He died at Cambridge in 1651, and was honoured with a sumptuous burial- In the reign of Queen Mary Cardinal Pole had his body, with that of Fagius, exhumed, and publicly burnt with their books. But 133 ^ i^eto fflnlbersal ISiograpljfi. "^l^^^io^^^^^^^^ or the BUCK, H »»,^,J2 «ffR WM born In Bran- first geologi^w of the age^wMDo^^^^^ denburg. in }"*' n Mumboldt at the Frel- wlth Alexander von HumboiQt ^^^ berg School of MlncB, tnen jj^^ rectlon of Werner. He •?«.«« ^^^^^^ m almost incessant ^aveiso ^„e,„i,y the various countriM ot J^^J ^^^Ving Crom obserting Reologlcal f^^^^^^^ „»^„it. them either satisfactory conc^ afterwards ful hinu and «y8e»^^°?he way to scientific might lead others on the way gcientiilo results. His "eP^f | Sred in number, memoirs are "e"}^ * taSt are the "Phy- Among the most *"»P*'''''^;„ary Islands," sical Description of i|^® treatises, in which ^ith two »«PP ««;««*"// of volcfnic action he dcTclops his theory "^ * ^jngnts and and of the "Pheava o^^"" peared in mountain-chains. Th * worK ^pp^^^ ^^^ 1825. His TraTelS inro B ^gjjj^j. Lapland" contain some oinis ^^^ ^^^^ able discoveries ; a«fj;|t^^Von his Travels his " Geognostic Observai on, gjientiflc through Germany an"*^^'.? Abhandlungen " memoirs appea^ed in the ^o ^^^ of the Academy of Sciences o and other "Taschenbuch f"y,^^\"/J^e on T geologist, Journals, ^on Bnch is ine o ^^ <* j^^jned iald Professor ^dward Forbes, w an equal fame in the Phy'^y^' V^^euts of tlve, and the "f Xthese he WM an origin- Ws science, m all these ^^^^^^.i^nt and ator and a discoverer. x>v ^ ^f an distinguished family, ana P" ^^arried, adequate fft«°«'^,\Cly Honours and and lived for "cience oniy^ ^^^ titles were given him, for wmcn ^^ ^.^ care too «'V''^>,\°t°„\ as he didj but to those ^^holovM science as ne ^ ^^ ^ whom ^"'/""^eBerUn Academy, foreign member of t'J^^^^'" Academy of Sciences, associateof thePrencn Ai,a J gociety of and foreign member of the Koy ^^^^^ London, and member of a great , ^^^^ scientific bodies. ^ "^.^^l^j^d at Berlin, 4th in the Prussian court, viea. av March, 1853. „ aTUAKT Erskine, BUCHAN, »'K^* H^^lipfatieably "devoted Earl of, a nobleman ndefatiga^^^^^ to literary and scientific purs , ^^^^ may be considered the founder o ^^ ^^ quarian Society of «c<,ttand^i^^j^^ ^^ ^^ =1 ws\^ ;^roraiTrs ^-e-etiiclerney^rBorB, me; Scottish historian and ^et. was » ^^^ ^5°«- .«i:a"rn%'refyears was a professor arthe""cone"geof St «a'^%Jg\^,u^;„rin tutor to the young Jf '^„-<^S with hi. 1537, on his 'Ct"'",t\Cr?o a natural son SflL^rH^iSratS^ th"e mo^luiu 1S4 Mveral LaUn Mitlres, he waa l«npri«oned h heresy by Cardinal Beaton ; and though k, eMaocd, persecution met him everywl,«, -T'ho wita driven from place to plM ?S4ugh «eat part of his life. He u'Sg it^^ldeaux. at Paris, at Colmbrs, udii we^wM appointed prlncipalofStUonW^ rolleae. Four years later he became Ut« tn thivoung king James VI., and had m» wl offices of state conferred on him. a «rim.inftl work is the " Kerum Scotlcana Sl3a" wmpleted just before hUdntk nl^rote an elegant I*tln verMon of tk. , Psalms!" De Jure Begnl aijud Scotoi.'ud fhe satire. " Somnium." "Franciscaiu,. Ac Died at Edinburgh, 1582. BUCHANAN, CLATJDIU8 D.D » Scott iiiTine chaplain at Bengal, and profew, aLd lice-provost of the college at !,« William Of hi. numerous works the iii«| WresUng are " ChrlsUan Beaeaicheii, Asfa" and a "Memoir on the Expediaq of an Ecclesiastical Establishment InlBdit- ""bu'cHO^'p^' JOSEPH, anaturallrtul botenVst of Metz, one of the moat tad.«j rt.,r comnilers that ever Uved, his woj foming more than 800 volumes. Bom.Wi ^^^UCKINOHAM, GKOKGE milli^| Duke of, the unworthy favourite of JaoMll ona Pharle. I . wa. a native ot Uumi sMre and wa. born in 1592. After c* DletiAg his education in France he ™»j woduced at the court of James I., who to* a liking to him immediately. He « Lighted pensioned fade K G ™ J pari and marquis, and was rapioiynuMi ?he highest offices In the state hecM.i dlsnenser of all favour, and honoun,n^ conducted himself with so iriuch prWe4 insolence M to excite popular ha MmJ disBUSt In 1623 he accompanied Pm Chfries on his romantic journey to Spsj ^115«taken for the purpose of couitiji* ??S It wa. Bucklngham'8 Mm which led to the war with Spain, andk alieuterant of the name of Feltoa,A» 'VUCKINGHAM, GEOKOB VUIJ Duke of, .on of the Preceding. Xij,! 1627 ; studied at Cambridge . sy^^^j^J^ n the civil wars J T^f* prese U^^«J?I of Worcester ; ,^ad'iiB estates mu«i .^ parliament, "^H'^'^'iJ? marri d the W I nw i.fn. and was one of his n.«iP* iate caurtiers. His r';""h»mteri«* j)wen were far above medl< Irai an object of deserved c lied, unregretted, at Klrbj Forkehlre.in 1688. 'BUCKINGHAM, JAMES Sll Jnd miicellaneous writer, wi Itlmouth, in 1784. In hi. t< >came a tailor, and after n Jentures was appointed to the iresael when barely twenty-i brmed several voyages to the hd America in the double capi iln and supercargo. After \ Ire efforts to trade to India Icence of the East India Con tt succeeded ; but he soon abc jBtile pursuits for literature bhed the Calcutta Journal, wl jffl K large income and great jit the independence of his < |e views he Inculcated prove 1 the Company, and after suff( lal of persecution, he was ord pcutta, and his journal wassu; ■return to England, his cause bn up by parliament, the pi |bUc; but his claims for ci ire repudiated by the Compa nngs left unredressed. Fin< m to India impossible, he est: Oriental Herald," in 1824; ; per, and in a series of lecture &Tered in almost every lar Inland and Scotland, paved i rabolition of the East India irter, and a revision of the It ntions under the Company's : I to 1837 he represented Shei |ien£. In 1837 he visited Am< Iras received with great enth [return to England he tool kin the discussion of all publi [his latter years were 8olace( from the East India Cor kingham published his travel ktries of the East ; and his Ii [was his " Autobiography." TrCKINOHAMSHIKE, JOB ID, Duke of, son of the e e, was born in 1649 ; served Tarenne, and took a p: Ration of 1688. He also di elf as a poet. Buckinghan lames's Park, since conver u palace, was originally bui 1, 1720. |CKINK, Arnold, an art [century, and the first whi ion copper. He illustrated Wemy, which was printed a Tiheim, one of the earliest fCKLAND, William, n.D. led geologist, was born at A> ^ received his early educatic I", and entered Corpus Cbrii ^, in 1801. From an early e 1 a great predilection fc «,and on his be'ng appolii ["hip of mineralogy and i *1 university. hi« profound : I subject, joined t'o liu pow Jsn, awakened an Interest f( (Of science, in contradisti puo] % iSeto anibcraal ilSiograpi^e. *)wer» were far above mediocrity, yet he ku an object of deserved contempt, and led, unregretted, at Klrby Mooreside, lorkshire, in 1688. ^BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SiLK, traveller ind miicellancous writer, was born near iaimouth, in 1784. In hit tenth year he leciiine a tailor, and after numerous ad- Motures was appointed to the command of I vessel when barely twenty-one, and per- Irmed several voyages to the West Indies lid America in the double capacity of cap- Ma and supercargo. After various abor- ire efforts to trade to India without the Tcence of the East India Company, he at lit succeeded ; but he soon abandoned mer- Mtile pursuits for literature, and estab- khed ilie Calcutta Journal, which brought W A large income and great popularity. M, the independence of his opinions and |e views he Inculcated proved obnoxious ithe Company, and after suffering a great W of persecution, he was ordered to quit Ucutta, and his journal was suppressed. On ■return to England, his cause was warmly tea up by parliament, the press, and the |blic; but his claims for compensation Ire repudiated by the Company, and his S)ngs left unredressed. Finding his re- jn to India impossible, he established the briental Herald," in 1824; and in this Ber, and in a series of lectures which he pered in almost every large town in Wand and Scotland, paved the way for rabolition of the East India Company's vter, and a revision of the laws and In- intions under the Company's rule. From I to 1837 he represented Sheffield in par- bent. In 1837 he visited America, where Iras received with great enthusiasm. On [return to England he took an active kin the discussion of all public questions, Ihis latter years were solaced by a pen- \ from the East India Company. Mr Itingbam published his travels in various ■tries of the East ; and his last publica- Iwas his "Autobiography." Died, 1855. [bud pCKINGHAMSHIKE, JOHN SHEF- ID, Duke of, son of the earl of Mul- ■«. was born in 1649 ; served under Mar- Tarenne, and took a part in the Pntion of 1688. He also distinguished jelf as a poet. Buckingham House, in ■ames's Park, since converted into a ~ palace, was originally built for him. , 1720. ICKINK, Arnold, an artist of the [century, and the first who engraved Ion copper. He illustrated an edition JJlemy, which was printed at Rome, by Tiheim, one of the earliest printers in ICKUND, William, n.D., a distin- ied geologist, was born at Axminster in 1 received his early education at Win- TT, and entered Corpus Cbristi College, "0, in 1801. From an early age he had » great predilection for natural .and on his be'ng appointed to the Wiup of mineralogy and geology in I university, hi* profound knoivl.'-Hirs ! subject, joined t'o hU powers of ex^ jen, awakened an Interest for the pur- \w science, in contradisUnetion to those of literature, to which Oxford had hitherto been a stranger. His first work was the Vindiciie G»ologtcse, or the Con- nection of Geology with Ileligion explain- ed," published in 1820; and the year follow- ing he made t.ie discovery of the remains of animals in the caves at Kirkdnle, which formed the basis of his work entitled " Re- liquiae Diluvianae, or Observations on Or- ganic Remains attesting the Action of an universal Deluge." From this period his pen was unceasingly occupied with geolo- gical subjects; and his disquisitions not only displayed great powers of observation and unwearied industry, but many of the general conclusions at which he arrived became part of the recognized laws of geological science. His "Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theo- logy," which formed one of the Hrid^'ewatcr treatises, has become a standard work. He was chosen F.H.8. in 1818, and about ten years later became a member of thecouncil ; was twice president of the Geological So- ciety, and from 1847 a trustee of the Hritlsh Museum. In 1825 he was appointed to the living of Stoke St Charity, in Hampshire, and also became a canon of Christ Church • and twenty years later he was nominated dean of Westminster by the late Sir Robert Peel. But his zeal for science suffered no abatement ; he continued to take an in- terest in all questions involving social ame- lioration ; but in 1850 his intellect gave way, and from that period till his death in 1856, he remained in a state of mental weakness. BUCKLE, Henry Thomas, political and historical philosopher, was born in 1822. He was the son of a, wealthy merchant at Lee, and in consequence of his delicate health was educated at home. He gained at an early age the friendly esteem of Hal- lam and Bunsen, and devoted his short life exclusively to study and writing. In 1858 appeared the first volume of his (projected) History of Civilization in Europe," which created an extraordinary sensation by its daring speculations and vast learning. A second volume appeared in 1861, which only completed the Introduction to the History. In the autumn of 1861, in the hope of im- proving his health, he visited the East, but was seized with typhus fever, and died at Damascus, May 29, 1862. BUDD-fliUS.JoHANN Franz, a Lutheran divine, was born in Pomerania, 166y, became professor of theology at Jena, and wrote Historia Juris Naturae," " Historia Eccle- siasticaVeteris Testament!,*' Ac. Died, 1729. BUDDHA, Gautama, also named 8AKYA MUNI, the founder of Buddhism, II v d pro- bably in the 6th century, b. c. His father was king of Behar, and his mother's name was Maya. Early distinguished both for his personal beauty and superior intellect, he is said to have been deeply affected by the observation of the sins and miseries of the world, and to have retired into solitude for some years^ He then appeared as a religious *eaf hrr.ariu weitt iiirouKh various provinces of India propagating his doctrines, a kind of reformed Hrahmanism. He is said to have lived till his 80th year, and the date usually 181 BtJD] H Jtcto Slni&eraal ISiograp^g* [Btl ^ given for hU death Is 643 B. c. But hlB ap- pearance is by some placed as early as the 14th, and by others as late as the 4th cen- tury. B. c. It is certain that his rellRlon was triumphant in Hindostan in the middle of the 3td century, B.C. .,„„„t»»7tts BU1)£, GtilLLAUME, in I.atin BUD^UH, an eminent classical scholar, was born at Paris in 1467. After attending the univcr- siUes of Paris and Orleans he applied him- self to serious study, embracing a wide range of subjects, but specially the Greek lanluage and literature. He obtained the Appointment of secretory to I^»i» XII.,and that of librarian to Francis I. The city of Paris gave him the office of provost of the merchants, and he was sent on several mis- dons to the papal court. Budteus grudged every hour tSat was taken from Ws chose'i studies, and was fretted because on Ws 'wed- dinKdayhehad only six hours for study! Amln« his works, which fill four folio vZmIs, are^'comiientaries (in L^^^^^^^ tht Greek tongue, a learned treatise, De Asse," frequently republished, ^nnot»- ttons on the Pandects," &c. Died at Paris, ^"uDGELl, EUSTACE, a distinguished writer, honoured with the ^endsh p of Addison, and other eminent meii of his t me was borA at Exeter, in 1685. He studied at oxford and at the Temple, ^-ondon, and through his family connection with Addi- son, became a contributor to the "Spec- tator." He obtained a valuable government appointment in Ireland, but soon after iMt his property in the South Sea scheme. His chamcter did not stand the test of poverty, and in despair he threw himself into the Thames, 1736. Budgell was also author of memoirs of the "Boyles," and numerous papers in the Guardian, and other period- ICftIS BXJFFON, GKOKGES L0TTI9 liECLERC, Count de, the great French naturalist, was ^m in Bur^ndy in 1707. He studied mathematiti and natural P^Hosophy, and constructed a large mirror with which he made expeiimentson the power of burning glasses. On his appointment as intendant of the Jardin du Roi, he projected the great work on which his fame rests, and devoted himself for the rest of his life to its prepar- ation. He was assisted by Daubenton in the purely anatomical portions. The His- toire Naturelle" appeared in successive volumes between 1749 and 1798, and an ex- tensive supplement was added after B'airon s death. Its reputation was imnionsc, It was translated into the principal languages of Europe, and has been very frequently re- printed. Buffon was admitted to the Aca- demy of Sciences in 1733. Died, at Pans, in 1788: In the Belgn of Terror his remains were exhumed, and his monument destroy- ed. His son, too, perished by the guillot- '"bugeaud de la PICONNERIE, THOMAS ROBERT, duke of Isly, and marshal of France, was born at Limoges IH iVCS. -Dj ii:tr jitf- «...*- —w -rs — _- scended from an old Irish family. At an early age he showed a decided predilection for the army; but his family thwarted his 136 views, and ho only succeeded byrnnnlm away fron\ home, and becoming a prlntt soldier. He was promoted to the rank ot corporal on the field of Austcrlltz ; and rose through ail the grades of his profession, till he reached the rank of general in 1832. Hli attachment to the cause of Louis PhiUppj led, in 1833, to his appointment as commwid. ant of Blaye, a fortress in which theduchen de Berri was imprisoned ; and his conduct ij that capacity having been called In qncition by Dulong, a member of the opposition, i duel ensued, in which the latter fell. hIi subsequent exploits in Algeria, whither ke was first sent in 1837, and where he coi- quered Abd-el-Kader, gained for him the baton of field-marshal, and the title ofduke from the scene of his victory over the Moon in 1844. He had been named governor ot Algeria in 1840. Died of cholera at Pwii, 1849. . . . BULL, JOHN, doctor of music, Oxford, was chamber musician to James I. Hit compositions were very numerous, and tie national anthem " God save the King" hu been attributed to him, but without ajy proof. The time of his death is uncertnii, but he was alive in 1622. BULL, GEORGE, bishop of St Davld'i,i learned prelate, and a very industrious uj able theological writer ; author of " Har- monla Apostolica," " Defensio Fidei Kict nte," Ac. Born, 1634 ; died, 1709. BULLANT, JEAN, a French architect, Kin Courished about 1540-1698. On his retm from Italy he built with Goujon, the Oil. teau d'Ecouen for the Montmorency faiiii;y; a palace for Catherine de Mcdieis; heldth office of Superintendent of the Royal Ballil- ings under several successive soyereipi and was employed at the Tuileries and th Louvre.' He wrote "Regie g*n«ralc d' ar- chitecture des cinq manifires," first pulilijh ed In 1564, and " Recueil d'horlogeogrephle," BULLER, the Right HonoiiraNj Charles, a politician of rare promise, lu the only son of Charles BuUer, E8q.,of(l( East India Civil Service, and born at Calcota in 1806. He received his education atHu- row, Edinburgh, and Cambridge, andfci an early age gave promise of more than » dinary abilities. In his 24th yearheenten* parliament, on the eve of the passing ol the Reform Bill, for the borough ot Wat Looe, which belonged to his family. B« family interest was to him as nothing co» pared with that of the public. Hetotcdf* the bill ; and the borough of West Looe wii consigned to schedule A ; but he ws j* sequently returned for Liskeardjaseatwliio he retained till his death. In all queitioM that came before parliament he took u active part; and on many occasiociu opinions were far In advai^ce of the m party, with whom he subsequently m office. In 1839 he accompanied Lord DnrM to Canada as his private secretary; andtt this capacity drew up the masterly rep« upon the affairs of that colony, whichiiM- sldered as one of the most efifectlreitB nnnpra of the age. In 1841 he was appoM secretary to the Board of Co""i'V'?un: however, which he relinquished in mr» the formation of the Peel ministry. H» pbat time forward his attei lirected to the state of tt End to emigration ; and in lad gained the ear of the H rhich had perceived in tht ) desire to achieve somet ^erc triumph of a party : lis manner had become n )ie ornament of his polit ^e attachment univcrsall] ltd ripened into confidence jid courage of the statest he formation of the Whig Apointed Judge advocate ; ie same year he was nono Bunsel, sworn of the privy 149, and in Xovember exc ice of Judge advocate for tl Tchlef commissioner of ti iBce which he held till his kharging faithfully his o iind leisure for literary pni Ue articles in the Oiobe an( ■Tiew emanated from his V( bompanlon and friend in Jn's society was more enji nil shades of politics. His ' It neve' offended. With pt of patriotism, nnd little rty, he lived in singleness ol fcUc good; and though, fro ■, he has left no conspicuov I public labours, few men I Ithe grave more universal: bected for public virtue a fence. Died, November 28 lULLET, PiEiiRE, an cr pitect of the 17th century, irch of St Thomas Aquin: p splendid ediSces iii Pa; K good ar'ihitecturai work lULLIALDUS, I8MAEL, a ler and mathematician J ai HIS -a Dissertation on the fce World," "Astronomia ] fch he propounds a systen I the Ptolemaic and Coperi lopposes the theories (" la' l"^Tabul» Philolaica)," &c 1.1742; died, 1793. miNGER, HENRT, a 8v ■Reformed Church, and t i of Zuinglius, whom he JI8 pastor of Zurich. Hisw pumerous, but being in gr< Tlfj 'Jiey are now little kn Mied, 157J, TIMER, WiLWAM, a cele Pnter.wasbornatNewcas p. inhisyouthhecujoye Wjhomas Bewick, the eni J m London, and gained 1 1 1788, head of the prlntin HectedbyNIcolfSrthe ■Bagniflcent edition of r] Jff^'n.jSlS, and died in [» 1791-1805. Rom his 1 llrected to the state of the British colonlei Work? n^H.^?.u*,°°" <" MUton'a Poetical md to emlirration ; and In the mean time he the •' HlS?i»«ii.'} ' .*5* Parnell'g Poem* wdgalnedtheearoftheHouse of Common.; ' Musium fe'^*'**''^ Decameron," and ttte '•l''e^lP5^fi:^'*i'L*!?fJ"""S«tate.man' BUlSw^^S'^'^^.'^-^'L.^ irhlch Baa perccivca in ine young statesman i desire to achieve something beyond the here triumph of a party : the playfulness of Ui manner had become not the mask but jhe ornament of his political talents, and he attachment universally felt for the man jidrippned Into confidence In the Judgment tad courage of the statesman. In 1846, on Jie formation of the Whig Cabinet, he was ■pointed Judge advocate ; In November of Ee lame year he was nominated a queen's bnntel, sworn of the privy council in July |49, and in November exchanged tho easy Bee ofjudge advocate for the oncrousdutles f chief commissioner of tho poor laws, an Pee which he held till his death. Besides ^charging faithfully his oiScial duties, he nnd leisure for literary pursuits, and many Ue articles in the Globe and the Edinburgh fcyiew emanated from his versatile pen. As {companion and friend in private life no In's society was more enjoyed by persons hll shades of politics. His wit always told n never offended. AVith nothing of the* bt of patriotism, nnd little of the creed of lty,helivedin singleness of devotion to the ttlicgood; and though, from his untimely M, he has left no conspicuous monument of I public labours, few men have descended khe grave more universally beloved and Bected for public virtue and private ex- Jence. Died, November 28, 1848. lULLET, Pierre, an eminent French ^iteet of the 17th century. He built the fch of St Thomas Aquinas, and many fcr splendid cdiSces in Paris, and wrote Je good architectural works. ■ULLIALDUS, ISMAEL, a French astro- ■cr and mathematician j author of " Phl- fcs-a Dissertation on the True System •eWorld," "Astronomia PhUolaIca," In |li he propounds a system compounded I the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems loOToses the theories ('• laws") of Ken' VUM^ PhiIolaica>,'5 &c. Born, 1603 j fcl^?'.?^^^?^' 2 ^«»ch botanist ; t'- "H? Sw"^'''';' %!n»««taire Bota- w, Herbler de la France," &c. He I'l'ld^frT' ''" «^" P'''*^'' t'^^^Au"^'^*^' a S'^Jss pastor of d 7":,iLr'""'"''i «•"» the intimate Lvlt °^i'^'','^'*°"' he succeeded in fc"*" of Zurich. His writings were Wmerous, but being in great part con- ffd, S. "' ''°°''"'- ^'"•"' fc?'J^'v'^""' ^ celebrated Eng- Wnt r, was born at Newcastlo-on-Tyne tf Tho™ 'Jp"^^ ?" •'"Joyed tho friend- B in Tn .' ^''^''=''' ^''e engraver. He k,'" ?'?''?''""» Rained so great re- r™ L'''i'"W'"'t he was named BetedbvN/''?/''""°»««t*hU8h- IS"*!"' "'"' '*'<"' ^n 183o7"The Rm.-lgT''^"^ ^1.^ ^"l"- folio!] " ""-'»"«• From his press Issued J^l^liYn' th'eTnn^reTn/^^' ^''"''- moned home to take ««?*«« Z,,'*^..^/* '""»- his country affalnBttho^ "u^® defence of taining great dHrHL^ "'''''?"'' """ oh- ments uK CounWaimoder h""** ^ his talents were due several «/ ?io * *? iftii „i the times. Here he remained till aSe"?u?orTn«.<;^hI?h' atTrmed'^^S^Si eT^&NIeth^l't '•B^rl^r^nd^^P- &SefMl^lslH3 ispne/eSr^WhrpSfi- mln^ln 'l8T?.r- ^'^ ^'^huCs ^e'tlre-" £^lf'^Ws :rt?ttorgi?^7e?rX/ zerland, and then to England In hi. nfflT*; many ties. He enjoyed tho frion^ov;i" Z under Wm'afn.n'i.ht"' "1", '°"'' ^as e"ducated Of the Eng, sh Ch JrcT %H\\^ '""'r^'^' as^hola^r and^w^r^J^JVlKu^Sue^^-Sl bun] m JUto ggnllxtisal ISiogygP^B* [buo 1 fci.' Miltical character and •enricet. Hit i^ti^« ^ numerous aud elaborate, but writings _afe_ "»"'". „„^,, ho.tile criticism, Jl^Wye'^et^rtrruchhostne criticism, S.U vtewfhave Wled to "ecu'e «.^yj« «/ J, these. «'5^'Lr workrhe was constantly engaged and other ^t*"^**' ", "Jl „uip« v resided from Bedford, in 1628. „,^if '.""Ijon as could be ^J ''r.L^viUa"Kr&oo","and brought him had at the '1"*K®, *'' rii^i force of his ima- ^P '•J'^'* n^the influence of the religious gination an*/Jl^^*°" early appeared in fits Sf S^aUoVLd relflloTs IrZ He had a "pU'ensity to profane .-ar-g. buUived a soon after he ''ecame the subject o P*!f /^irTISd'i strange propen^ty^o speak and fears, ana a »"»"»'; ^ fripndlv counsels fpnce of "open communion." He ^as u Ked in 1672. His name was then widely Tnown, and his influence great ;^oJ^^^^ •was called " Bishop of the Baptists. n. J^ok cold on a benevolent excursion, fever fonow^etan'khediedatl^^^^^^^^ lAflfl and was buried in Bunhill iieias. xnc "Pilgr^m^ Progress " was partly written in Bedford gaol. It circulated at first airong ?he DOor was soon widely known and IretdUv devoured. The tenth edition ap- gretfluy oevouieu g.^^j^ Tdth-"' irnitotion «f Jesus Christ" ha. Seen translated into so many languages. And it has long been no less the delight of fh^eVdSed a^d refined than It was at first of the ooor and ignorant. Bunyan s Holy war/- Can allegory, is only surpassed by the ''Pilgrim." His other works are very LumerouMhe most known being the " Grace Abound'ng." and " Jerusalem Sinner saved ' BUONACCORSI. [VAGA, PERINO DEL.] BUONAPAKTE, NAPOLEON, emperor of the French, king of Italy, &c., was born at Alftccio in the island of Corsica, /i.uf,-uat !.r, mTliU father. Charles Buonaparte, was in advocate of considerable reputation and his mother, whose maiden name was Maria LetlUa Ramoline, was well descended, re- markable for beauty, strong-minded, ani accomplished. Napoleon v ^ their second child ; Joseph, afterwards ig of Spain, being his senior. He was tuucated at the military school of Brienne, and entered the army as a second lieutenant of artillery, in 1785 At the age of 20, the French revoln. tion opened a field to the exertions of Napo- leon ; and during his correspondence iHth the Corsican general, Paoli, who had vainlji endeavoured to enlist him on his side, the germs of future ambition began to be dcTe- loped. In 1793, during the Heign of Terror, he was actively employed at the ilege o{ Toulon, on which occasion the conTentios gave him the command of the artillery; u< by his courage and exertions the city wu recovered from the English and royalliu. Subsequently to this he displayed greit talents in the army employed against Pied- mont ; and, in October, 1795, we flndhimit Paris, commanding the conventional troopi which defeated those of the sectioni, ui ouelled the revolt. In March, 1796, llenu^ ried Josephine, widow of Viscount de Betu- harnois, who suffered under Kobespierreihe was now anoointedto the command of the Tmy of Italy, and on the loth of May fol- lowing he gained the battle of Lodi. The subjugation of the various Italian sutes.ind his repeated successes over the Austrian!, ended in a peace, when he was within 30 miles of Vienna. Thus disengaged, a new theatre for the display of his geniui p* sented itself. With a large fleet, and m troops on board the transports, he let mB ' for the intended conquest of Egypt, inMij, 1798. On his way thither he took MalU; and on the 22nd of September we find his celebrating the battle of the Py«niiii « Grand Cairo, but his progress was checW by the heroism of Sir Sidney Smith andhu handful of British troops at St John d Acre; and the various reverses which the M army continued to meet with, coupled will the fact that his presence seemed neccMir at home. Induced Buonaparte to enibBkl secretly for France, accompanied by a [ei| officers wholly devoted to hira,andtolei«, his brave but shattered army to the «« Sf General Kleber. He landed at F^j^" October, 1799 ; hastened to Pans ; 0Terte.| the directorial government j afd wMrwN to the supreme power by the t tleof Frt Consul. He now ,led a powerful araytH the Alps; fought the celebrated Wflerf Marengo, in June, 1800; and once moK^ came master of the whole of Italy, km with Austria followed these 8ucce«»e»iM4 Toon after, a brief and hollow peacyij Eneland. On the 20th of May, m,« waf wised to th-. imperial dignity; ni» Semnter was ciow|ed, with hU e»pr« Josephine, by Pope Pius Mil. "«"^^ as our .?ace is, w\mu«t "Otice an i.«W too striking to Je "verlooked^-As »; as the pontiff had Messed tie crown^wi emperor, without malting for the remal.« of the ceremony, eagerly 8e'«« ,"'.7 °..tt sTo, tt. first uDon his own head, «n»| wards placed it on the iieau ^» -^^"j He now seriously meditated the mvwyi England, assembling a numerou' mm^t and collecting 200,000 troo encamptdin the neighbourhi oiteniibly for that purpose ; RusKia appearing in arms a the battle of Trafalgar havi hilated the French navy, he design, and marched his tree of the Danube. On the lit! 1809, the French army enter memorable battle of Auster on the 2nd of December, and 1 treaty of Presburg followe 1806 may be regarded as th Imakinf?. New dynasties wc I him, and princes promoted I according to his imperial wi I of Naples he bestowed on his 1 I that of Holland on Louis, ai Ion Jerome; while the Confec I Rhine was called into cxisten ibility to his extended domi: Isgain declared war; but the di |of Jena annihilated her hopes Ud RuhIb were glad to mal ihe lYench emperor in 1807. ] jtnmed his eye on Spain ; |tau8ing the abdication of Che he forced resignation of Fen ^e tent 80,000 men into that cc I the Btrong places, and obtaii bf the capital ; but this was ti If his life, and one of the main Ted to his downfall. In 1809, wh irere occupied in the Penim gain ventured to try her si ' ance. Napolson thereupon h t the head of his troops once : be Anstrian capital, gained pctory of Wagram, and soon pace; one of the secret conditi as, that he should have his m ephine dissolved, and unit) be daughter of the emperor, ]ls former marriage was acc( illed ; Josephine, with the tit 'ess, retired to Malraaison, a' » lies from Paris ; and ho espous Ichess Maria Louisa in April, ^it of this union was a son, boi 11, who was named Napole larles Joseph, and styled kini psatisfled with the conduct fpoleon now put himself at 1 invading army, prodigious f, and admirably appointed, 1 J with his numerous allies, t( (my's frontiers, gained seve; p at length reached Mosc( [hoped to establish his wlnte 1 which he found in flames. I unsToidable ; and now was Ithe eye a succession of th( Ting scenes recorded in moderi Tare and devoted army encoui ! horrors of famine in a dim portablycold that their freez Iwed the roads, while an e: Pani of Cossacks hung upon ( [main army, hewing down w ^.P?,enfeebled_and wretched -•-r^icncd 10 rails, unrtiain Soises, and called upon these [>rmy of 350,000 men; which V wy agreed to, and he marche 18S BUO] and collecting ^00,000 troopt, whloh were encampt'din the neighbourhood of Bonlmae Mtentiblj for that purpose ; but Anatria and Huwia appearing in arms against hlin, and the battle of Trafalgar having aearlv anni- hilated the French navy, he abandoned the design, and marched his troops to the banks of the Danube. On the Uth of Norember 1805, the French army entered Vienna; the' I memorable battle of Austerlita took place on the 2nd of December, and the humillathiK treaty of Presburg followed. The year 1806 may be regarded as the era of king- makinp Vevr dynasties were created by him, and princes promoted or transferred according to his imperial will : the crown of Naples he bestowed on his brother Joseph that of Holland on Louis, and Westphalia' on Jerome; while the Confederation of the Rhine was called into existence to give sta- jbility to his extended dominion. Prussia again declared war; but the disastrous battle of Jena annihilated her hopes, and both she ^nd Runia were glad to make peace with !he I'rench emperor in 1807. Napoleon now named his eye on Spain ; treacherously Itausing the abdication of Charles IV., and l|he forced resignation of Ferdinand, while ^le sent 80,000 men into that country, seized ill the strong places, and obtained possession »f the capital; but this was tii«! great error )(his life, and one of the main causes which H to his downfall. In 1809, while his armies rere occupied in the Peninsula, Austria ?aln ventured to try her strength with ranee. Napolson thereupon left Paris, and , the head of his troops once inore entered it Austrian capital, gained the decisive Ictory of 'Wagram, and soon concluded a Mce; one of the secret conditions of which m, that he should have his marriage with Mephine dissolved, and unite himself to le daughter of the emperor, Francis II. is former marriage was accordingly an- illed ; Josephine, with the title of ex-em- ess, retired to Malraaison, ascat about 30 iles from Paris ; and he espoused the Arch- ichess Maria Louisa in April, 1810. The ■lit of this union was a son, bom March 23, _1, who was named Napoleon lYancis [arles Joseph, and styled king of Rome Bsatisfled with the conduct of Russia poleon now put himself at the head of I invading army, prodigious in num- f, and admirably appointed, and march- . with his numerous allies, towards the toy's frontiers, gained several battles I at length reached Moscow, where' iTl^v^i*""*'* ^*» ^'nter quarters. ■ Which he found m flames. A retreat unavoidable ; and now was presented line eye a succession of the most an aing scenes recorded in modern history— rave and devoted army encountering all .^^m'"",/'""^"'' '" a c'i'nate so in- ,w»H ,'/'=''''' that their freezing bodies Iin??.;°''^'';r''"<' »'» exasperated ml *^°"*^''* '"'°8 "P^n the rear of main army hewing down without rc- >e the^enfeebled and wretched fujritivps loises'ln'ril'M ^?"'*' ''""«"y tlfsclosed amy 0. 350,000 men ; which was nnani- «ly agreed to, and he marched to meet m ia. and the new campaign, isi/ wol wh«?m?* "'**'* \"*»"'' "«««» ; till the owr? whelming number of his enpmin. »h„ « at length compelled him to abdicatP nnn tWl,?fu?°^r'«°»y of the Isll'of 'Efba** ^f 2 m ^0 ^?vr»*"^"y«™'' "»'» « pension fnnn-4 ^'^^ "^'®*- ^^^ this place he found means to escape, secretly embarking 2L"*^..1'«5* «' ^^^ 2Sth of Februar?^ 1816 In laoo men ; he landed at Frejus on the Ist of K^'x'????"?,"*''''^'* ^*'"'' Hnd expel ed n^^i\, ^^^^' '*'°'» the kingdom. But the ^°"'«^«ated armies were now ik motion^ larie a™*,** •"« "'"T'»«<^ againstthem with a' it? """y "nd »n immense supply of storp. 0? W^S"°?' '""^ «ver-memS?e battfe' •uwli ^'^°? P"* "•» end to his career He .^"Jd'ew from the army, and procUded for A^fp ?*' "^l^^ *"« Intention of emSwkln J by th^Brinih^"* f'"^"' *" ''«»°» "Ptured nl Jvf , «ri.*''l' cruisers, he resigned himself Maitlin^''' °"«Iy.iato the hands of Capun ?hon^"B'v°?h«'^^?^°3? ^""^ *"« Belle?o° JliiP^" h„ I ^^^ •'°"** determination of the allies he was sent to the.isle of st Helena friends' »«„<=f»lPa»led by 'several of h?, old' nth nf n^"? domestics, he arrived on the I)urinih^."»?.r'J^"^' " " «"« prisoner Juuring his exile he was subject to much an a disli^ LY.'^k ' °^ •^'''"=^' *» ^^^ atomach: a disease which was evidently hereditary dip/nV" ^''T/"*' »* """"t the same age' died of a similar malady, m 1840. ta ac- Icordance with the request of the French government, the remains of the exile were brought over to France, and with S Th'^Tto?Ji?'i *" .'''' ^'''' des InvaE nrnh!w7**l' Napoleon Buonaparte presents fh«w«ir^*^lv"*"* memorable; example in J^soCp^^n,*"^ •""'"' ?' «^"* intellect anS resolute wUl unrestrained by conscience- and shows both the possible success wWch may reward for a time the most unscruDu- uUlmftpt ?."•' ""i ""»' »'^PP"y' Its eertSSi Ultimate failure and overthrow. r^HH^^^^^"^^' NAPOLEON FaANCOTS son^^^f JOSEPH, duke of Heichstadt, only »lWr'•^^";P^•:°'■ ^apoleon by his swond Wife, Maria Louisa of Austria. After his father's downfall, he was wholly under the care of his grandfather, the emperor of Aus- «i..;h ® ^"." from infancy of a weakly con- "/e^n I8ir„^**i:'*'"** ?"■*=""« terminated his iillV H' " ^^^ ^"'^ "ff® «f 21. It would P^fitfJ^ ??™^* ^^^^ ^y M. de Montbel, entitled J'Le Due de Reichstadt," that the young Napoleon possessed many amiable ni,«im«. -«j F^o'coocu many amiable «h« "„f Lf"l^'^!J?r«l*'y ''«.'<'yed by those .1.1". j" '■■'"> -^ •■•■•'" lie nad aii the euihu- 8 asm and passion of youth in extreme force ?ini!?}fj*"*7il:'* * **'«'•""• * ««"tion; and a iS^Sl^i/ '".Jfthommg the characters of the persons with whom he was necessarily 139 J bug] 'a 0xiD mnibtrggi ?8(o8ygp^)g« [buo ' ^ t.1 1. o ,a t^,D vwal I the law and the Instltutlona of the country ^'-.ei '^^Ll'nZ\^^'^^t'^A ^^- ^ 1808 he wa. appointed king or 8p.,„ QUiaities of age ; and that he took the deep- «t interest In everything connected with his father's former greatness, or relating to •"K'napaiIte. Jkhome, the youngest son of Carlo Buonaparte, the Corslcan advo caie. was born at Ajaccio, December 16, 1784, one ylar before the second Jon, Napoleon, was Appointed sub-lieutenant of ai*Ulery m the army of the French Republic. In 1801 he wis appointed by his brother, then First Consul, to command the corvette ^vEper Tier " in the expedition to »' V??/""?' Pnttinit into New Yorli he visited tnlladcl- KwCre he married Elizabeth Patt^^^^^^^^^ the daughter; of a ""erchant of Bait more. Thin marriase gave great offence to nis ero ?her who, after his proclamation as emperor InTsoT, made it a part of his policy to pro- mote alienees between his own family and ttie sovereigns of Europe. After some resist- anerJerome yielded to his brother's wishes Snd abandonfng his &'«* "»«i"'^f ' ^^^^, hnd been declared null and void by a aecree Kcouncii of State.he married Frede^^^^ Caroline, daughter of the ^ng of Wur^m burg, and was proclaimed king of w estpna Ha During the Hundred Days, in 1815, he was present at the ceremony of the Champ ^^e Mai and was wounded at Hougoumont. From Waterloo he returned with Napoleon to Paris, which he left on the 27th of June. For the next thirty years he resided at Vi- enna. Trieste, and Florence, and, in 1847, was nemitted to return to Paris by the go- vern 'eTt of Loui« I'»'">PP«- ^"" ^^VZtx lution of 1848 he was made governor-general of the invalides, by his nephew, then presi- dent of the Kepublic. and raised to the rank of a marshal of France. After the coup d'etat, in 1851, he was made president of the Senate. He died June 24, 1860, aged 76, and was at his own wish buried in tlie chape of Jhc Invalides beside the body of his brother. BUONAPABTE, JOSEPH, an elder bro- ther of Napoleon, was born in Cors ca, in i768. Educated for the law at the college of Autun in France, he became a member of t.e new administration of Corsica under Paoll ; bufsoon afterwards emigrated to Marseilles where he married the daughter of a bankei named Clari. In 1796 he was appointed commissary of the army in "^J ^hen com- manded by his brother Napoleon; and in m? having been elected deputy to the Council of Five Hundred by his native de- nartment, he repaired to Paris, whence he was short y afterwards sent by the executive directory as ambassador to the pope. During the revolution which broke out at Rome under Duphot, he displayed considerable energy; and on his return to Pans he was made councillor of state, and was subse- quently employed by Napoleon to negotiate ?het"elties^/Lunevi^Ue with the G^^^^^^^ emneror. and of Amiens i with Englantt. WhenNapoleon attained the imper al crown, Josenh was recognized as an imperial prince, aSd inrhis capadty.he,headed tlic exped^^^ tion against Kapies m invo, ""';-i' ""■■■■■;^ In his being proclaimed king of Naples and Sicily. Here he reigned till 1808, effecting beneficial changes to t he administration oi 140" In 1808 he was appointed king of Spain, Murat having succeeded him as king of Na^ pies. But In Spain he encountered much greater difficulties than at Naples; and during the five years of his reign he waj thrice obliged by the successes of the allied armies to quit his capital; the last time, la 1813, after the battle of Vlttoria, to retnrn no more. He now retired to France, in January of the following year, when Na- poleon set out for the army, he was appoint- ed lieutenant-general of the empire andliead of the council of regency to assist the em- press-regent ; but in this capacity he dlj- played little firmness, and consented to the capitulation of Paris, which resulted in the abdication of Napoleon and his banishment to Elba. He then retired to Switzerland; but he rejoined Napoleon on his return to Par's In March, 1816, and after the defeat at Waterloo he embarked for the United Statei, where he purchased a large property, anil continued for many years to reside there under the name of the Count de Survillien. Died at Florence, 1844. BUONAPARTE, LUCIEN, prince of Ca- nlno, the next brother after Napoleon in birth, and after him, too, the ablest of the family. He was born at Ajaccio in 1(75; and having quitted Corsica, with his family, in 1793, he became a commissary of theannj In' 1796, and soon afterwards was elected deputy ftrom the department of Liamone to the Cottncil of Five Hundred. It was here that he first distinguished himself by the energy of his manner, the fluency of his lan- guage, the soundness of his argumenU, and his apparent devotion to the existing go- vernment. During Napoleon's absence io Eevpt, he maintained a constant corn- soondence with him; and, on his retani, Luclen was the chief Instrument of the re- volution which followed. When the sea- fence of outlawry was about to fie pro- nounced against his brother, he opposed it with 'all the force of his eloquence; and when he perceived that remonstrances were of no avail, he threw down the ensigns ol his dignity as president, mounted a horse, harangued the troo??,and induced them to clear the hall of its members. By hw sub- sequent energy, coolness, and decision, he led the way to Napoleon's election as firs consul, and was himself made minster of the Interior, in the room of Laplace. Bat, great as were the services which Lucienh.^ fertomed for his brother, the latter he« jealous of his abilities, and feared his popu- larity. A coolness between them soon took Se^nd,withthatcunnl^^^^^^^^^^^^^ K;,^^hirka[;;^N^ie-to^c«e^ to remove Luclen from the immediate see of action, by sending him ambassador « Madrid In the spring of 1C02 herewra^ to Paris, was outwardly reconciled with ft first consul, and entered a second t me- the trlbuneshlp. He had married, at an d age, the daughter of a wealthy wn^ff 'j aid, his wife having been now some («« Soa^ he united himself to one Madme joubcrthou, the widow of Vtocs jiro-in^, woman distinguished '« »^" 8£»i This gave great offence to Napoleon, m. was a severe blow to the sysi contemplated of forming ro; his relatives. He therefore ui in hla power to induce Ijucli a dissolution of the marriai honour be it recorded, he con all the proposals that were sacrifice bis wife. For severe up his residence in Home, v I welcome visitor, having niei I tudo of the pope by the zeal I had given the Concordat; 1 1807, he found that the enm I ther rendered his stay in that I safe, he retired to an estate ■purchased ut Canino, and w Incss had raised into a princi] Inot long, however, before he Icmissaries of Napoleon were h his retreat, and he fled seer Vecchia, from which place h< iugust, 1810, with the intent! ng to the United States. A dm on the coast of Cagliari ; bf Sardinia refused him permj ^e was accordingly forced to i nd being captured by two En le was conveyed first to Mai Irards (Bee. 18} to England. I was permitted to purchas jitate near Ludlow, in Shropsh ent three calm and peacefu leting, during that period, i ihich he had long medita Charlemagne, or the Churcl he peace of 1814 having ope I the Continent, he '^Jturne lend and protector, Pius YI Ittle of Waterloo he urged tt pike a desperate stand for the i cause was hopeless ; and Li red to Italy, devoted the i I days to literature and the f I at Viterbo, June 29, 1840. BUONAPAllTE, LOUIS, a j kr of Napoleon and ex-king u bom at Ajaccio, in Corsici 11778. He entered the army y accompanied his brother Vpt, and on Napoleon's 8U( ttons to the conLulship and I to be a councillor of state a aivision, and received the t Me of France and colonel-gen Mrs. After having been einted governor of Piedmo hor ad interim of the capital Tit, he took the command ( he North in Holland ; and iTian republic having been c ngdom by Napoleon, Louis i King at the request of tl and. In this capacity h( lelf with equal skill and hui I was the aJfection with whlc Sets had inspired him, that lout hesitation the crown of i loffered him by the empero ■I, having long resisted thi nands to enforce the contin« Which would, as he believed. 1 Ecata; to his people's int< linfaTQurofhis8on;butth« •tejected by Napoleon, who BUO] was a severe blow to tho system he had long contemplated of forming royal alliances for his relatives. He therefore used every means in his power to Induce Iiuclen to consent to a dissolution of the marriage ; but, to his honour be it recorded, he constantly spurned all the proposals that were made to him to sacrifice his wife. For several years he took up his residence In Home, where ho was a welcome visitor, having merited the grati- tude of the pope by the zealous support he '^ iSetp ganidmal momyhv. [bub 1 1807, he found that the enmity of his bro- I ther rendered hig stay in that city no longer I safe, he retired to an estate which he had Ipurcbased ut Canino, and which his Holi- Incss had raised into a principality. It was Inot long, however, before he found that the leinissaries of Napoleon were hovering round Tiis retreat, and he fled secretly to Civlta Vecchia, from which place he embarked in August, 1810, with the intention of proceed- 'ng to the United States. A storm threw Jim on the coast of Cagliari ; but the king hf Sardinia refused him permission to land : be was accordingly forced to put out to sea ; Ld being captured by two English frigates, be was conveyed first to Malta and after- Irards (Dec. 18) to England. After a time je was permitted to purchase a beautiful ■tate near Ludlow, in Shropshire, where he ipent three calm and peaceful years, com- Beting, during that period, a poem upon ihich he had long meditated, entitled ■Charlemagne, or the Church Delivered." Tie peace of 1814 having opened his way > the Continent, he '^Jturned to his old ■end and protector, Pius VII. After the Ittlc of Waterloo he urged the emperor to Tike a desperate stand for the throne; but B cause was hopeless; and Lucien, having tired to Italy, devoted the remainder of I days to literature and the fine arts. He Id at Viterbo, June 29, 1840. BUONAPARTE, LOUIS, a younger bro- •r of Napoleon and ex-king of Holland, V horn at Ajaccio, in Corsica, September a778. He entered the army at an early b, accompanied his brother to Italy and wpt, and on Napoleon's successive ele- nons to the conLulship and the empire I to be a councillor of state and a general Bivision, and received the titles of con- Me of France and colonel-general of cara- ters. After having been successively jointed governor of Piedmont, and go- hor ad mterim of the capital, in place of «t, he took the command of the e.rmy lie North In Holland ; and in 1806 the ivian republic having been changed into mgdom by Napoleon, Louis was nooiin- king at the request of the States of ana. in this capacity he conducted lelf with equal skill and humanity, and r^*' the affection with which his Dutch rf, ' ''" Vf.sP'rei him, that he refused K»!. I'i®."°" ^^^ crown of Spain which loffered him by the emperor. In 1810, Z',.aJ^^ l""» resisted the emperor's m^„t *° *?I"'^'=« *•!« continental block- »hichwould,ashebelieved.havfinrnvo,i iiTt^ *"^ !ii" people's interests, abdi- ttr°f Ws son ; but the abdication 'Wjected by Napoleon, who thereupon united Holland to' the French empire • and the ex-king leaving Holland .ecieUy «. paired to Oratz in Styrla, where he rMld?d several years under the title of Count de Saint Leu. After the fall of Napoleon hi finally retired to the Papal States with siml members of his family, where he devoted himself chiefly to literary pursuits do^ ^ the period of his death. His onlysuiXng son Louis Napoleon Buonaparte, the off? rad given the Concordat; and w^en in K de Beauh'^^WwhiV'? ^Tr' ^«- 1807, he found that the enmity of his bro- of tho «t.^^i. t'"-^/^'***''* •«.«)' daughter Se.5^„f T.P'T 'o'^P^^^'^' w« ele'ited^reri- dent of the French republic in 1848, ^d Is now emperor of the French. Died. 1846 BUONAPARTE, MARIA Letitia the mother of Napoleon. Prom the widow of I poor Corslcan officer she saw herself ele .^««d to the dignity of being thrSe? o? monarchs; and she lived tS witness their removal from the thrones they had resoect- ively usurped. Died, Feb. 3, 1836 '^'P*"' [Ihe most authentic genealogical docu- ments ascribe a Florenfine origin to the Buonaparte family, and trace them back to frn J^^i'n"'^*'' ^»^«° one of them was exiled from Florence as a Ohibelllne; and in 1332 J« find that Giovanni Buonaparte was »«- desth of that city. In 1404, bis desce"dMt and namesake, who was plenipotentiary to Gabriel Visconti, duke of Milan, mailed fN^.^i^*'^ **' Bope Nicholas V. ' HirVon (Nicolo Buonaparte) was ambassador from the same pontlflf to several courts, and vice- ^?,f1*.**?.*''« ^°^y ««« "*■ -^scoli. In IW Gabriel Buonaparte established himself at Ajaccio, and for several generations his de- scendants were successively heads of the elders of that city. But Napoleon Buona- parte ridiculed the pride of ancestry. an<« was ready on all occasions to declare, that the exalted station he had attained was due to his own merlu alone.] «nnM^^P'- tMICHAELANGELO.] iJUONO, a Venetian architect of the 12th ^V^l^^' ^^° erected the well-known tower of St Mark at Venice, a campanile or bell- t^wer at Arezzo, and several other grand edifices. He is deservedly reckoned among the earliest improvers of modern architec- ture. BUONONCINI, GIOVANNI BAPTI8TA. a celebrated ItaUan composer, and one of Handel's most powerful rivals in England. Besides operes, he composed various can- tatas and sonatas, and the grand funeral anthem for the duke of Marlborough. He is supposed to have died at Venice about the middle of the 18th century. ,?,F.^-^?'^^' * famous sculptor ot the Isle of Chios m the 6th century, B.C. He is said to have hanged himself in vexation at a sa- tire written upon him by HIpponax, a poet, whom he had caricatured In a statue. BURBAGE, Richard, a celebrated Eng- lish tragedian, was the son of an actor. James Burbage, by whom the BlackfMars theatre was built. Richard was the friend and associate of Shakespeare, and was especially in repute for his performance of ^sr, itiubttru Hi., and otaer traffio characters m the plays of his friend. i)iid' at London, 1619. ' .BURCABD, or BBOCARDUS, bishop of in •M bub] m :S^io anibetnal 1Siograpl[>tt. [Bn ■WonM. In the llth centUTT. A«iited by t>»e mbbot Albert, he compiled the famous ooUeStlon or Canon.. In a« t-""^*' •"VoU^ "Magnum Decretorum mu Canonum \oiu- men." Died, 10'i«. , „,- -,««i«i,.«t BURCKHARDT, JOHN I-'WM.aoelebrat. •dtraTeller,waibomatlAU»nneat«utl7M. He wa. educated ** 2^»P»'° "* ®""S and lu 1806 came m Enjj and. He wo" •"" Sndortook for the Afr»«««», Awoclat °n a Journey of exploration to the >ntev»' °J &a,^nd prepared >lJ«'"»'/y • ,*" «*ci- ao>ir*o of etudy of Arabic and phyilcal •«- Z^ He Vet out early In 1809, •{•nt .ome Sin Syria, thence Tislted BgyA »nd Nu- bl"; spent BoVeral ««"?»',. at Mecca. In the •ri.ii« of a Dllarlm : v s ted Medina, where Se had^a fon^Ulnei; and •/«" • -hort^^f in FBVDt and a flslt to Slnal, died at uairo, S.t1« he was preparing '»' »»«• AWc*f^«_ plorailon. October 1817. After »»'• death a^ nearad his interesting narratives of TraTels Fn*.S^hla in Byrla and the Holy Land, and SSu Burckhardf. account of Mecca andMedlna was the fullest wc posaeoed till the publication of Burton's Narrative. ' BUKCKHAKDT, JoHANN KARL, a learn- ed German astronot.:sr. was a ««»''«»' Lelpslo, and early devoted himself to the study of astronomy. At the "«•."'»* ^« went to France, and J'ca'f • ••*/S,,V' Lalande, whose works he had w^ ^"'•*- He was .oon after »«»«""««*, J'J^^S'' and soent the rest of his life at Paris. He was Tado a member of the Institute, and honomy member of th- Board of Longi- tudes Among his works are • Tables de la Lune." and a O"™"" *''^»^»"°JL °',„^ Place's "MAoanique C«e»te." Bom, 1773, died, 1829. . ii,„^-,»i. _ BURDER, GKOROK, an eminent d.uefttLg mlnufer; author of " Ev^8«"?*i. ^J"^^ defended," &c., and one of tha editors of the Evannellcal Magazine. Died, 183i. BURDETT, Sir FRANCIS, bert., an aris- tocrat by birth and fortune, but for a long series of years one of the most popular mem- bers of the British parliament, was born in 1770, and received his education at West- minster school and O^fo^d Umv-ersity. on returning from a continental tour, during which he had ample opportunities of wit- nessing the progress of the French reTOlu- tlon he was imbued with some portion of Ita spirit, which was in no small degree fostered by his friend and Instructor, the celebrated John Home Tooke, th« ^ell-known author of the Diversions of Parley. In 1793 he married the yonngest daughter of Thomas Couta,Esq.,tho wealthy banker, with whom he reciBived a large fortune; and four years afterwards, on the death of hU jn*ndfatn«, succeeded to the baronetcy. In 1798, 8W Francis was returned to parliament, by tho interest of the duke of Newcastle, a« member for iioioughbridge, his colleague being Mr Scott, afterwards Lord Eldon ; and he soon distinguished himself by his resolute hostU- Ity to the measures of government, which he denounced as inimical to the liberties of *!.. ».nni« Tn 1802 he offered himself as a oaiidlldate fot Middlesex In opposition to Hr Mainwarlng, and was returned; but, on a B«w eleetiott In 1W4, ha waa defeated by 143 Mr Mainwarlng, Jun., by a majority of (!«, 2828 to 2823. At the ne«t general slecttoa (1806) ha again became a candidate for tht county, but waa deftoaUd by Mr Mt.wh b; more than 2000 TOtes. At this time g|( Francis was a oMn of great influence In (bi city of 'Westminster; and a vacancy U in representation occurring through the destk of Mr Fox, 81» Francis waa returned by i vast majority, at the head of the poll, kii colleague being Lord Cochrane. His oppo. sltion to mlnUfera waa now unceMlB|,u( so indiscreet, that an opportunity sooapn. sentcd Itself of making his eonduct the ni. Jeot of legal proceedings. In 1810, hsTtif addressed a letter to his constltutati, l| which he declared that the House of Cob. moHB had exercised their power lUegtUybj committing John Gale Jones to prtion.tkt publication of this letter was deemtd i breach of privilege, and the speaker «u directed to Issue his warrant for the sppn. henslon and commitment of Sir Fnntli Burdett to the Tower. He refused to va. render, and barricaded bit house; whan. upon, afur a lapse of two days, the lernut. awirins. accompanied by police offlcen ul a mlllurr force, succeeded In breaking li, and conveyed him to the Tower. On tlw return of the military the Infuriated not attacked them, and In their defence tlie; shot one man and wounded several othen, The pi'orogatlon of parliament put sneul to hie imprisonment ; and recollecting iki excitement which prevailed at the time o( his committal, he wisely proceeded prl«niy by water to his home, rather than JeopirdiH the lives of his " friends and supporters "bj indulging them, as they wished, irtih t nubile procession through the streeU o( tbt metropolis. He afterwards brought u m- tlon against tha speaker, &c., but wu,o( course, unsuccessful. Though we mentioi some of the most Important evenU of kli life, we cannot follow him through kit parllamenUry career— his opposition to tbt suspension of the habeas corpus act, tali it- Iterated speeches in favour of parliamnnutj reform, hi*. advocacy ofaCatholic em»ucipi. tlon, &c. J but pass on to the year 1819, wb« ho was prosecuted by tho attorney-geMnI for addressing a letter to his conitltgeDli, strongly condemning the proceeding! oltbi magistrates and yeomanry at the memoiiw meeting of the people at Manchester, "m letter was pronounced a libel, and he wii sentenced to three months' ImpriionmeBjta the King's Bench, and to pay a fine of ilMt Sir Francis Burdett had ever been a ieu« advocate for parliamentary reform, yrt M never desired to see the prerogatltei of tti monarch, or the privileges of the HoumoI Peers, In the slightest degree invaded., m tha turbuieneo of his eariier yea" «•«« to spring from f\ restless v«n"y' '/"•"'i departure, at a Tery advanced period oiua,| from the party of which he had for nwrij two-score years been the avowed chsmptti, savoured lesa of true and high eon«"*™ feeling, than It did of petulanco. H«4Wr. January 28. 1M4, aged 74.--LAM Bmi^| who iiiiu ror luSny ycs«- saucrrw 8* f-j her health, died the same month. BURDON, WltlilAM, an able l«|i»| I writer; suthor of " Material |of which Colton largely avi JhlilJicon; "Thoughts on Po land Literature," "Life am Uuoniii>arii'," &c. »l)ied, 16li liUUOEU, OOTTKIIIKD A grated German poet; well louucry by his ballad poemi luntiman's Chaao " and " Le rhich have been translated Dd become highly populai lied, 17D1. ilUltOESS, THOMAR, blsho fu born In 17fttf, at Odiham, phere bis father carried on «er. He was educated a btained a scholarship at < bllege, Oxford, in 177S; and, jid diligence, in a short perio Hdcrund tutor of the colleg |it time diatinguiahed himae very conaldorable preten jlblkalion of several able .< und a potron in I)r 8hute Bu Ulnted bim, in 1787, to th filaford and Woodford, in 8a si, and afterwards preferred Bdal itall at Durham. His i hnt took place under the a [Mr Addington (who had he€ ■dent at Winchester and Oxf Verred on him, in 1803, the [David'a. From the moment I to the epiacopnl bench, he ■t devoted and exemplary [concemaof his diocese; he ned a society for the fou vincial college: for tho in linen of the Welah Chur Ibliibment at Lampeter stan ■ument o' his activity and Ithe death of Dr Fisher, in lalated to the biahopric of 8a ■ughout the twelve years of lea in th:it diocese, he zeali Id to promote the interests o »d to his charge. Among li kaareedltiona of "Bur ton's [•'Dawes'a Miaccllanea Crli siiona on the Abolition of I layontheStudyofAntiquil JBiplea of Christian KnowU Tona on the Controversial WeiUey,""Eracndationesi •chlum et alios Lexlcograph i^; "The Bible, and Noth 1 the Religion of the Chui r with many others, lea , and political. Bishop ] ly instrumental in foundini fy of Literature, of whlc pcame.the first president ['n account of his loss of inflrmltiee, he resigned •OM of Lord Dover. Diet feOKMAlR, Hans, an ear JJMd engraver, waa born a IH74. He worked some Ui F with his friend Albert ?w«; painted in fresco and I .• • [bubJ I wriur i author of " Materials for Thinking/ ■or which Colton largely availed liimtair in Jlililjicon; "Tlioughti on PolUlca, Moraiity Itiid Llceraturo," "Life and Cttaractar of Buuniii>arU'," &c. ♦Died, 1818. HUKOEK, OOTTKIUEO AUOWBT, « wle- ^nted German poet; well knawn ia thii louuiry by hli ballad poeina of tlie " M'lld tluntiman't Chase " and " Leonora," both of nhich have been translated Into English, uid become highly popular. Born, I74iii Lrd, 17»i. I HUltOESS, THOMAR, bIshop of Saliibury, pu born in 17fttf, at Odiham, in Hampshire, jilicre bis father carried on buitnesa ai a irocer. He was educated at Winchester; btaioed a scholarship at Corpua Chrlsti lolleRP, Oiford, In 1775; and, by his talents id diligence, in a short period became logic ^dcr and tutor of the college. He had by kit time diatingulshed himself as a scholar ■ very conildorable pretensions, by the Itblicalion of several able works ; and he lund a patron in I)r 8hute Biirrington, who Ulated bim, In 17H7, to the prebend of [llsford and Woodfurd, in Salisbury cathe- jil, and afterwards preferred him to a pre- Bdal itali at Durham. His next advance- Jnt toolc place under the administration f Hi Addington (who had been his fcllow> ■dentat Winchester and Oxford), and who ^crred on him, in 18U3, the racant see of David's. From the moment of his eleva- I to the episcopnl bench, he displayed the ist devoted and exemplary attention to Iconcernt of his diocese ; he planned and Ve "vi« j- r, ., - . i.lated to the bishopric of Salisbury ; Tn" u'Sme " ^ified at plni"?,'-. *°* l«l-^«'l«i-L''«y««»»f.»''«.«P'«eopal BUHTE.E'^tSDf?{;?'grm.tate.m.n «"»?'.«"«» political writer, was borT"t Dublin about 1730. He completed hi. ed" «?"«»•«» Trinity College, having previous"* pVi*"*!? ",*''« Academy of the^ Society of self in ?it« "** '°°" ,'^»'"' »o """P'oy him- self in literary work. Ho projected the w^1""/J^ Register," and for .ime yearJ wrote the whole of It. He become privat" made prime minister in 1765, and the «ame year entered parliament. There ho took 2 eading part iP debate, and especially di.- tinguished himself by hi. speeches on the great American question, on Catholic eman- cipation, and economical reform. In 1782 he was appointed paymaster of the force, and privy councillor. The affair, of India the evenu"of°?h« 'i.^^"i:'" "l"*"*"' «"•<» *»»« event, of the French revolution were thn fnHL";hl^V, ^V'^'* ««»««ed hT. Tttentl^on during the following years. Hi. .peeche. on mL?ttl "J"* conclusion of the*^ Impeach- ment, the first occupying four, and the last nine day., were among the ^rande.t effortt ?«m?.h"*°''^- ."*• »'ew8 on the French revolution occaalnnoH thn «.i.#..i ..... it in that diocese, he zealously contrl- I to promote the Interests of those com- id to his charge. Among his numerous II are editions of "Burton's Pen talogia" Dawes's Miscellanea Critica," "Con- ilionion the Abolition of Slavery," an lyon the Study of Antiquities," ''First cipiei of Christian Knowledge," "Ke- ini OB the Controversial Writing, of flfitley," " Emcndationes in Suidam et ".mum et alios lexicogrnphos Orotcos," ■i'L l''l*,"''®' *"* Nothing but the 1, the Religion of the Church of Eng- ' with many others, theological, _. and political. Mishop Burgess wa. instrumental in founding the Royal ■ of Literature, of which, In 1821. icame .the first president j but In Inflrml tie. he resigned the office "M Of Lord Dover. Died, Feb. 19, tOKMAm, Hans, an early German r and engraver, was born at Augsburg • l«in^i!i ^'V"^ ^^^^ D'i'-er at wood several series of which cele- lon tun in ' L§»». I U* -A fitta aft( aeraaU13iosygpf)gv_ [buj TntoZue circulation immedlately^^^^ tor to a Noble Lord ; «nu »»'» "P« j .. The the Hou»e of Comnion.^; A 1 1^^^^^^^^^^ '^B^UKKITT. WILWAM, an Engll.H divine ; .uSoJV*' practical ExpoBlt^notue New Testament." Born^l660.ded n^^^^^ BURIiEIOH, WILLIAM. i.*v treasurer wcretary of "tate and «'* f^8^,„Vtoo in of England, was ^^'^,*"t Cambridge, and 1620. He was educated "^^ C^mon / ^^^^^ afterwards "t^'^^** /IJl '„ viil., his course ducedatthecourtof Henry VIA , ^^^^^^ was changed. On t*^^f,^^f '^ve him a re- VI., the VroUiciot Bomenet^^j^ ^^ ■ponslble office, and took mm w the expedition to bcotund Hej^^s^^^^ after made secretary of staie.auu to promote the fte^f«f »' *Xn of Mary, no "public office during the^^^^^^^^ and by «'^*<>«^,^^^^tu made him secretary persecution. ^»"*„„,," .,,„_ on her acces- Sf state and P'l^y,„*°y''i'"t minister till his slon. and 1»« J^he hecameCdhigh t*ea- death. In, l'*",?®,„,"i, been raised to the Burer, having P»«3^°Yi the irave religious, peerage, through all the 8™^^ \|;8, ^i' ?°""'MistrS he d splayed eonsum- long administrauon uo F modera- adopted. Died, 1698. iev,jated Dutch BURMAN, J^,^TB». * ^^J^, o, history, critic and scholar; P'«J«^«f ^^^ersity of rhetoric, ""i^J'lfa variety of disserta- Leyden. He wrote a vaneiy m ^ j tions and epistles, philological^no^ ^^^^ and Published editions oiw ^^^^ ''^'^1'trmIn prETEE?nephew of the above, pSo^^?kfs^?{^d t iV^^^^^^ Sam; editor "f ^.^m j died, 1778. Aristophanes, &c. Born, 1714, „. Uii iuperior talents and zca soon attt«cirt the attention of the authorities, and he wu appointed Persian interpreter to . fore, of «»0 men, assembled for the inrulo. nf Hflnde under the command of Colond M Nanle^ of the 6th foot. In Sept. 1819, h, wis appointed assistant to the pollUd affent at Cutoh, and was engaged in sunrer- Z the north-west frontier (Enrl, in IMo. pr"sent of horses having arrived m Bomb,, from the king of England, to be lent to^he Maharajah Bui^oet Bingh, Llem MuTnea was selected to proceed with then fo Lahw" the capltia of the l>um„^ H« was also intrusted with present, to the L,cIrs"of Sclnde ; but though thi, wutt, ostensible object of hU mission, the chief motive was to obtain full and cpmpleu w^formatlon in reference to everything per- tSK to Choreography of the Indu.^ Thb -?tftan,ainarT iourney was prrformed amid dela^" oTstLitlons," and difflcultle., U with admirable tact and perseverance: ud Sie work recording these travel., which wu T.,,Mi«hed some little time after hi. letm ?o England in ?833, possesses the highe.ti.. terest: Soon after his return to Indiili 1836 iieut. Barnes, in acknowleagmentiK hiB diplomatic and other service., wij vnlahted and advanced to the brevet rul onfeut -colonel ; and on the final re.tor.tlM of the Shah Soojah. in Sept. 1839, he w« anpointedpolltlcla resident atCabool,»iU appoinic" v ^ J ^ ^^ f.^Wo fill the post Which hi. meriUhid *'"wri for at thVvery outset of theiniut- feo^'on in Caboo?, itTwas the melancM, fate of this enterprising and deserving oBml thftn only in hU 3Tth year-to be amsin- "TIh tn^/ther with his brother, L- SleB°d«/and several other.. M ^^t'tbweT THOMAfl, an EngU.h dlTim ^^u^on^r bom in Yorkihire, IK He bS ei at Cki^hridgc l.ccame feUowoJ rhrlarB College, and subsequently mamtol i fhe Chirterhouse.an office which hehddf« ' ^0 vean He is distinguished for the boM "'sa^Jed Theory of the Earth," s me|ri^ fanciful and ingenious Bpccjda. on, ^M phlc«,"Ld some heterodox opto^^ Sf^ffoVthreStSttl'^Ul.DSl "iuiRNET GILBERT, bishop of i 1»9. HI. brother .nrf «?i^.-i °i''^J*''"»*'" and hi. •lendereit iSo^i'^**!;*''' '"'»»*"' on the F«„T'' ■?** *'• Pwparcd to quit his native iiVhT. z;s"»,. \Hi^i Th« «; "° '"•? "' Dumfries in July 1790 The poomi and lungs of Burn. Ton im mediate and cnthu-ia.tic admlrationVom all c aim of loclety. Hli themei "we Tuch and trT ''""'PJfhcnd. and hli ipeechUmple a Id true: iind there ii no fear of hi. ft.S,f f '"'»n»«hing. In hi. poetry , a. °n hi. Ufe^ at?^r "' "^,''*""h^^eTer ty'°o"?enst^ England br^^V^iV"'"*^ ^" ««J«l"a"e"in joingiana by a poetic competition at the Si^M Wrte' *"«" *''« ''^"^^ ^" -- ^y .,.?J!.H??f'.»0=»!'tT, an Engllih-dlvlna: IL.. . ' ^1 *^*»^,'»'><»i>.'rriy of Mciancholv • " rtSdIed".'t' 0.?o'r?'",f 'f*" *? I^'^sters/ire, rector of 8e^««'* I'niveriity.and became recror or Hegrave. ii© wa* a good mathe- 149 W' In il I dub] % iflcb) mnibetjinl ISiogrspf)?. mnticinn «nd vlmsical •choUr, an omnltor- oud icailPr, i»nmen«e com- pilation of quotatlona on all manner of topics from an Inttnlte yartety of aources, familiar and out of the common track. It is described by ArclibUhop Herrlnn as the pleasitntpst, the m<«t U'lirnert, and tbc most full of sterling scnso ' The archhishop adds, thnt the wlt» of the rcUns of Anno and the first Oeorge were deeply Indebted to "urton j and we may venture to say, that the 'wits" of the Buccecdinpf relRUS hare been no less so, It was a great fuvourlte of Dr Johnson, who would turn out of bed earlier than usual to read It. Born, 1878 ; died, IMO. BURY, HI( HARD I)!!. [AUNOERVIU-E,] UUHHRauiUS: the Latin name of AUGIER OHiai.AiN UK BvsiiKrQ, a cele- brated diplomatist, who was born in Flanders in 1822. He studied at the principal uni- versities of Europe ; visited England in 1864; and in the following year was sent nmbassndor fyom Ferdinand, king of the Romans, to the Sultan. He made the long Journey on horseback, and succeeded In the object of his mission. Sent to Constanti- nople a second time, he stayed there seven years, and negotiated a satUfactory treaty. He afterwards became tutor to the sons of Maximilian II., escorted the archduchess Elizabeth to Paris, remained there after her departure as ambassador of Rudolph II., and in ISS? set out for his native country. At- tacked by a bond of " Leaguers " near Rouen, he fell sick of a fever, and died In a few days. He left an admlraHe account of the Ottoman empire in his well-known work entitled, " Legatlonis Turclcee Epistolw Quatuor," which has been always highly esteemed, and Jias been translated Into all the Europeaan languages. BTJ8BY, Dr RicHABn, the venerable master of Westminster School— celebrated for his abilities as a classical teocher and as an unflinching discipUnarlnn— was bom at Lutton, In Northamptonshire, 'n 1606. He held the situation of head-master from 1640 to the time of his decease, in 1698- a period of 88 years. Dr Busby was a prebendary of "Westminster, and is buried in the Abbey. BU8C1IETT0 DA DULICHIO- a Greek architect of the llth century. Ho erected the cathedral church of Pisa, the first spe- cimen of the Lombard ecclesiastical style of building. BU8CHING, ANTON FRIEDRICH, tt Ger- man geographer and litterateur, born in 1724. He was appointed professor of philosophy at GSttingen In 1784 ; was several years a pas- tor at St Petersburg ; and In 1708 director of a gymnasium at Berlin. His chief work was the " Neue Erdbeschreibung," of which how- ever he only completed the volumes relating to Europe. It was translated Into Kugllsh, French, and other languages. BUschlng wrote also many elementary works for schools, a "Character of Frederick II.," &c. He is frequently cited by Carlyle, in his "History of Frederick the Great," with <;reat respects as a shrewd observer and veracious reporter. Died at Berlin, 1798. BUS8Y, ROOEft DB. [BABUTIN.] _ [m HUHTI.AdOBTlWO, usually called iTiuJI BAIA, a dlstlnRuiahed Italian sculptor «|.| nourished at Milan In the flrtt hslf oftk sixteenth century. Little Is knuwn ofkii life, and few of his worka are extsnt, Uk mastcrplora was never completed, u4 1 now only known from a prelimlnirydriw. Ing recently discovered, and numftottnu. tuettes, reliefs, and trophies which were n form parts of It. This masterpiece wu n, monument to Gaston de Folx,rommeof(t about 1818, and, after years of labour, itn^ doned in consequence of a turn in thi u^ of war. The fragments of it wpre wn b Vasari about fifty yearn later, and eiclMii him the profoundest admiration sndrfmt They were carried off, and arenowicatifnjj in the galleries of Italy. Five portlomhid been acquired for the South Keniio|tt| Museum. Bambaia was especlalljr noMM the elaborate minute finish of hliiculptm though he wrought In the bardeit Diibli Died probably about 1840. BUTE, JOHN STUART, Earl of, M_ statesman, descended from an anclentsiMii family, was born early in the lathcoituj, In 1738 he was appointed one of the lordii the bedchamber to Frederic, prince of Wiln the father of George III. Soon afin iki{ young king's accession, over whom pniBCSied unbounded influence, he wu: secretary of atate, and, quickly ifter, 1762, first lord of the treasury. UbiIb ministry, a peace, which disappolntrt hopes of the people, was concluded ftil France and Spain ; and what added irttilf| to his unpopularity, WHS the markcdfiw Itism he showed for his countrymun,8Ili the most lucrative ofllces in the stau ill Scotchmen. It was against the govci of Lord Bute that Wilkes directed hliTli attacks In the famous " North liriton "in paper. He resigned his office ia April, and retired Into private life, whicl adorned by his benevolent disposition his love of science. Botany washlsfiii»| Ite study, and he expended vaitiumiii pursuit. Died, 1792. BUTLER, ALBAN, the celebrated lii(l>| graphcr, was born in NorthamptonihlK, 1710, and was early sent to the collep Doual. Ho was for some time chaplili the duke of Norfolk, but at lennth li« president of the college of St Omet. chief of his works is the " Urei ol Fathers, Martyrs, and other prlai Saints." Died, 1773. BUTLER, OHABLES, an English bii and a. most indefatigable and nccompll scholar. He was born at London, and cated at Doual. His numeroua worki,' the exception of his " Notes to'.Cokeiiii Littleton " and his " Reminiscences, 'iw a religious or political character ;aMj|| deed. It is as the able advocate of hii religious community, that he is prtedi to be regarded. Neither the fire oryi the Interruption of business, the vane^i his employments, nor the bustle of tbewa could ever moderate his ardour for m He was the author of an " Historic^ count of the Laws against theBoinaii lies," a book which (rrettU,y Hi Of OathoUo Bm*nclpatlon 'Bvokl" fstholic Church," " Morn Bl ksMPd through «everal cdItU lloKruphIci, chiefly of emlnei 'Jiollcdirinr»,Ar. Born, 1780 HUTI.KH, JA.MK8. [OUMO BUT -KM, JOMKPII, bUhop fu born at Wantage in Ififli! ku a Presbyterian, and sen I lliDontinti: Academy at Olouce bon conformt'd to the Chiircii ludled at Oxford, and. in peacher at the lloUi. In 172 tinted rector of Stanhope, ar terwarda settled there, ren blla proacherahip. Through 1 J Itishop ficckcr, his fellow- lend, he became chaplain to WorTalbot,.tnd clerk of the do iroline. In 1738 be was raise lllristnl, anon after made dean i y In 1740 wna tronaluted to Dn kith aoon failed him, and he o\ i two years. Butler's great i Inalogy of Religion, Natural e ^to the Constitution and Coi >." It was published In 172 kabic argument had been foresl » volume of "Sermons," pm, jrs earlier. Died at Bath, US'- lUTLEK, 8A»n;Et, author c f," was a native of Worceste: Iborn about 1812. He hud oni Jcation In hla youth, but after ited hla mind by study and ren 1 tlic olBcc of secretary to sei t persona In succession, and Intea with tlio wits and wrlt( I liJH witty i)(iem was intended rule on the I'rpsbyterinn and 1 rA /hi"'''""'''!"* '" ^'"•''e 1 iii^ m3, the second soon after ■1 in 167«. A "ubsequent edit lln 1726-7, was rendered adc Ictlre by 18 illustrations coi fogarth. Though sparkling w Jwtm IS hard to read, and is ■m read through. It is also de 7 indecent and filthy passages te!<'o"'''«'ypoorltl8»uid; ITLEK, Dr SA.MUKL, biahop < l« learned and moat exemplary ¥U.v '^">™ at Kenilw( iJh. c [^' ?"•* received his ed r T^ ml- 1" ''''''"' ''« ^« a k'n .1 '"-? ^^ removed thenc^ l^^*^ "3- Cambridge. Where hi, M and briliant, nearly, if no > parallel, hia prizes and disti iMMing in number those obtai This contemporaries. In 1798 I .ni K* '""stershlp of Shrei g, and about the same time, 1 *itaof;tschylu8fortheunh His learning and his Indefat \ .Ji. "^''^"< he was a verv I author. Hia '• Sketch „V7„ = i.fO(j>aphy.and hia "An UUasea" long held their gr butJ jC«tho)ii! Church," " Horn BiblJcn," which ktued through fCTfral cdltlott. numeroui lloKraphlci, chiefly of eminpnt Ronmn Ca Uiolkdirinr»,ir. Horn, 1780 ; dibd ifm JHUTLEH, JAMK8. [OllMONI), r!arloi 1 BUT KM Jnsypn, bl.hop of' u""ham *u born at Wantage in 1692. Hi. fathnr bu a Pretbytcrl»n. and aent him to thp ilwontinff Academy at Olouccater. Hut h* bon conformt'd to the Church of Enitland [udied at 0,ford. and. In 1718, b*ca?n«' Kacher at the llolU. In 1724 he wm «? binted rector of Stanhope, and two vea™ Herward* aettled there, renounrin/ hit Bill priacherahlp. Through the Influence i "i'^KP k"""""' '''• '^'■■'""'-•tudent and ■end, he became chaplain to Lord Chan florT.lbot,and clerk of thecloaerto Quee„" Irollne In 1738 be waa raised to the aee lltrutnl, anon after made dean of St Paul". Id In 1740 WHi tronalut.'d to Durham. Hi. Wth loon failed him, and he only hold l.l. fe two years. Ilutlera great work la t h« Inalogy of Hellglon, Natural and Ueveal- l to the Constitution and Course of Na fc." It was published In 1736. Its ad' k«b!c argument had been foreshadowed in iToluine of 'Sermons," publlahed ten IrsMrlicr. Died at Bath, 1732. lUUEK, Sauvel, author of "Hudl H,' was a native of Worcestershire, and J born about 1612. He had only a scan t v icaiion In hi, youth, but afterward^cui^ H hi. mind by study and reading. He « the olBcc of secretary to several eml 1^ persons In succession, and was ac In ea with tl,.. wit. and 'writers of the 1 ii. witty |,„cm was intended to throw ttr^^V'"""'^'"''''" ""d I' depend rJl^i i' appeared In three parts, the riimthe second soon afterTnnd't | din ?-9«r ""'*ei"*nt edition, p„b I., '/26-^'Wa8 rendered additioi.niv Ictlve by 18 illustrations contr butod Narth Though sparkling with w,t f ''»,'?«'■'' to read, and Is probably road through. It is also defaced hv ^indecent and iJlthy passages Butler ill. "• ?"■ ^AMUKL, bishop of Lleh- 1. learned and most exemplaVy English tl "? ^a« born at Keniiwortif In t^t?' f"^ '^"'^e'^ his educa ion i.r II '' „ "® removed thence to Sf !pte'h^r''''''»*''^''ere his course ppid and brilliant, nearly if nnt „,,t\ Kparallci, his pr'izes and distinct' H'nir in number those obt. ined bv t,'.^'r.l,l"!P'"-«"e-. in 1798 he wa^ ^L^f^^.,^!!!^if^m^ff^, "o'^o" "'"'■'"' »»'•"*""«• . Oenn2;!'';ffigT.?^"''^*«^. •" •-•««»' | on the-Maine. In 17M w^*^" "* Jrankfort- the university of OftfMn"" "'J' •"'"<"»ted at ,, «nt librarian to the kl'^r. '''''''."•' "•'«- nfterwards profmor of^nM.^*"""'"' '" '^M. berof theAcadcmvof hP J'"'''*^''"'' ">*«"■' flnallv Chief Sr/„^!''':r''' .^ "'"»' •"«» healtii failed aftr? h« I,?.. ''•, ""S*- "•• I daughter In 1850 n.,i k !!.** "' ■ fl»Totirlte n>«nn edi ed .-vc "? m "T" .'" '"9. Hn tt! ' "'«"; the''6chui;^ammatU ••"oh'' P:"""- prammatlk," and "Au.rh,,, ?'^'«<'hi»che Ische Sprachlehre •• w- 'I^.'^"<'he Orlech- ' tlon of h|,r„av« on hu? ^"'"'••'Pd a collec- «UTTN,^ATrnrsSr^-ri-y'holog;. I man naturalist «nrf n.iili ."'''•*''■ Oe«"- 'n pursuit of h ,*avoSrl P .?'^f' '*''°« ««> that, In order to buvh^ J"''l''» *•• '"ch, »>lmselftowhItwa.h»w?°'"' "•' •""''irkted ' tain life. neve?m^u„*'"J;'^ necessary tosu.. •neal a day. H^tV, ? """"^ 'han one frugal i •tudied at Oxford "„ J""""."' ^^'"'frnbUttel Jfyder, Where ht'gained"f hi ''r".l"»*« -' Linnaeus. He wn. ««^!r the ft-lendahip of atudy Of comTarltTv^r r"r;'f !»-?. th. •tudy orcompar; VVe g'r'irmZ;'^^ J^'h, he wrote little hi. ,k ''""'' «'•'>' Turks In 1769 tlM rU " ^.^ '^J'' "»"«'"« the 17»4, obtained the commnn/^rT*"' he. in the admlnigfrntVon oT Pohfnd' ^^'^T' «'«' eommandedthelertwin»of,h„ ^" '*®^ he battle o: Auster ItT dhtu '5" "'"'"y »* the the centre and rlght'w^.^i'L"^?"'^^'* "hile after the battle of I'Sk h„ *^''"*'" ' hot, superseded by ne„„in«pn' K^" "nJustly f:W^!r •"»"«" olllSer-nVhII'f "anT man, whose'powers of calen^tf"'":''' «f"*«d bably never been equalled iVT "^f P™' he was asked this oue^rAn « t ""''' *hat whose three side. nrn^I^"."^" a body yards. «.6/2!732y„Z SsiaXl'^' "j'<''^«9 many cubical elK!,th«'nf «„ . '^u* y"""**'- how and that, amid a ZZ^'^h are there?" laboursofn hundred moni"™"'"'"' <" the answer in litt e more th«*n « ^V' **"' """^^t it was only in L n?,i!„ "" ^"^ hours ! Bui intellectuflVsupeSrAv"*^!^''"!'''' ""'> ""T hi. mind was rSj bVw Z^" rP""'' averace M* i.oh - "eiow than above the Plish fjouraey t'o S^j; 27'"'' '° "«^^°'« his wish to see the k/n" Ti'a'"'*T''''^y an object of curlo«i»„ ♦ *" -"^ ""» himself guishid men of the L° Tr'th' 'il" *"«"»- amused himself will, !" ^t the theatre he and steps of the a^tojLfT*'"* *»"» ^°'««« don excited no ai^hHnnr'*..''."^""- ^^• he went back to vegotati"an^**"" '""'•'""' at Elmton. his naffJL'"J,^,?"f «=°""t and dio «ed to the Xste Ship o? S^rt^,^"' intellectual 8uper[orTt."'^.„"'".V'''' "«'» »"V *ita of ;t:schyiu8 for the unWerJtv iiuiii, sboBt of t:^!^: . . '" vegetate a at Elmton, his nativp vnio BUX] ^ i^to Stnibniial ISfograpl^?. at Earl's Colne, Essex, in 1786 ; and received his academical education at Trinity College, Dublin. Having, in 1811, Joined the firm of Truman, Hanbury, and Co., the eminent London brewers, his connection with the locality of Spitalflelds made him personally acquainted with the sufferings of his poor neighbours ; and the powerful appeals he made in their ifavour in 1816 led to an ex- tensive and well-organized system for their relief. His success in this charitable under- taking induced him (in conjunction with his sister-in-law, Mrs Fry, and his brother-in- law, Mr Hoare) to examine into the state of our prisons, and to publish the result of his labours. This not only led to the formation of the Prison Discipline Society , but was the basis upon which many of the modern im- provements in our gaols are founded. In 1818 he was returned M.P. for Weymouth, which borough he continued to represent till 1837, when he was defeated by Mr Vil- liers. During the time he held a seat in the House, his energies were plmost unceasingly directed to ameliorate the condition of the oppressed. He became the recognized suc- cessor of Mr Wilberforce, and he had the supreme satisfaction of seeing his efforts for the abolition of slavery crowned with com- plete success. To other subjects of para- mount interest, viz. the reform of our crim- inal code — the civilization of Africa, by commercial, agricultural, and missionary en- terprise—the support of benevolent insti- tutions, particularly such as had for their objecte the education and Improvement of the poor— to these, and such as these. Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton applied himself with a persevering assiduity that did honour to his name. In 1840 he was created a baronet. Died, Feb. 19, 1845. , ^ . . ^ , BUXTOBF, JOHANN, the celebrated Ori- entalist, and head of a family distinguished for two centuries In Oriental literature, was a natUe of Westphalia, and became, about 1691, professor of Hebrew at Basel. Besides fulfilling the duties of his chair, he carried on correspondence with- many learned He- braists, and lodged In his own house several Jewish scholars, for the purpose of gaining more perfect acquaintance with Hebrew. His principal works are, " Manuale Hebral- cumet Chaldalcum," " Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldalcum," and"BlbllaHebralca rab- blnlca." Bom, 1504; died, 162"^. BUXTORF, JOHANN, son of the preceding, and his successor In the professorship at Basel ; author of a " Lexicon Chaldalcum et Syrlacnm," &c., besides other classical and theological works. It is recorded of him, that, at the age of four years, he was able to read Hebrew and Latin.— Two others of the same name, his son and nephew, were also noted for their skill in the Hebrew tongue. BYNG, JOHN, fourth son of Viscount Tor- rlngton, was, like his father, an admir-jl. After having frequently and highly dlst n- gulshed himself, he was tried by court- martial for alleged cowardice. He was des- patched to the ralief of Minorca, at that time blockaded by a French fleet; and his hesitation to engage an enemy of superior strength excited the clamour of the nation against him. When the news arrived In Mil., maj I- ~*' ^"^ ^ 1<8 England, the dastard ministry, wiihlnt t, avert the public odium from their uniaec«» ful measures, took advantageof the admin;^ unpopularity ; and though the court by whitil the ill-foted commander was tried, ncoj. mended him to mercy, they suffered the i* just sentence to be carried into execution He was shot at Portsmouth, March U,i7{;. meeting his death with the firmnen of a hn and the resignation of a Christian. BYNKER8HOEK, CORNKUSZ VAX, u eminent Dutch Jurist, was bom ia 1673, »« educated at the university of Franeker,ii| settled at the Hague, where he pwUiedM an advocate, became a member, and In im president of the Supreme Court. He w an indefatigable student, and wrote nun learned works; among which are "01)Mrti.| tiones Juris Komanl," " QusBstiones ;i Publici," " Qusestiones' Juris PriTatI," utl two collections of miscellaneous wrltiul entitled "Opuscula" and" Opera Mkoaf Died, 1743. BYRNE, WILLIAM, an eminent HDglii engraver. His works are very nmneKml and remarkable for the excellence of tWrl aerial perspective. Died, 1805. BYROM, JOHN, an ingenious proBewtilRl and poet, and the inventor of a systeagll stenography. He was also a contribDtomi the Spectator, under the signature of "jdil Shadow." Bom, 1691 ; died, 1763. BYRON, the Hon. JOHN, an emlientit'l yal commac 'er and circumnavigator, wli«| sufferings, when wrecked in the TiVager,»| graphically described In his "NanttlTfc'f He rose to the rank of admiral, and cc»i mandcd In the West Indies during the A»j rican war. Bom, 1723 ; died, 1786. BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BTROSiM,! grandson of the preceding, bom Zm. "IM 1788, was the sixth in descent f^om hii»| cestor. Sir John Byron, who receWed tltl estate of Newstead as a grant from Kii|| Henry VIII. The notoriously liceDlios] conduct of his father, Capt. Byron, wlioliii| deserted his wife and squandered hei l»| tune, made him an exile from England; all he died in 1791, leaving his widow aidul almost destitute. Mrs Byron bavin; pmi'l ous to this event retired to her native dlfl of Aberdeen, In order to live withte lli| limits of her scanty Income, she placed 1 son early In the grammar school of tk city ; but when. In 1798, by the death ofll great uncle, without issue, he became p»| sessed of the family title and c8tatei,M was placed under the guardianship of W| Carlisle, who sent him to Harrow. F"^ love of liberty and Independence weref minent traits in his disposition, and tl grew Into a fixed aversion to control 1 1808 he -went to Cambridge, and thenll came chiefly remarkable for hlse habits, and his defiance of discipline. ' quitting Cambridge he tookuphisresidr atl^ewstead Abbey, and soon after pabl his " Hours of Idleness." Althonghmi by some features of juvenility, thla ra gave undoubted Indlcatlonsof poetic go hut It met with most severe censure (Mm Edinburgh Review. The ridlculettniailj the critic on the poet was iioi iuHCvusr- th^re; he amply revensed himself iitliw Iyb] a iSeto ant&mat ISfoftra^f^ jt«d MUre of " English Sards and Scoteh I ni. ». ... _^__ BTlewert." Alwut that period he exne- nL™^^®',""* *" vulgarity. Amon» ti,« pen, and his sword to their cause hi? p'„?i* age, to the Inexpressible sorrow nf *».„ Greelcs, by whom he was vener"te^ fnr >,u sometimes "^ixi^'^a rlc&fnroflil?'" ^".» ...»...,„.„„ ,„„..„^,, ,0,,,,^ s^« is but spie^^i:,*- guilt" ""^rX" Jthe pure regions of taste, breathing no- meats and 1,1' .* ,''"'L«" K'^a* accomplish- iMaiments and chivalric feelingsl at Sled 1 T 'S*^£.V^'= attainments, was 1 timesd^cendrng to yoluptuoSsies"! j L;,\X)ran?dfedta" U?"'^^^ ■yi^xi. V' uio'uiv, U.U1.ICU lu auuiner. m mine of life was now marked by extrava- kace and dissipation, impairing both his ^Ith and fortune; and it was probably to Itrlcate himself from the Circean snares by %ich he was surrounded, that he resolved I an excursion to the Continent. He was iompanied by his friend and feilow-col- llan, John Cam Hobhouse, Esq. ; and after ■tay of two years he returned, and gave to ■ world the first two cantos of " Childe jold's Pilgrimage." This was qulcklv iceeded by" Thp Giaour," "The ]Bride of Wo8," "Lara," "The Corsair," &c. ; and I noble bard became the poetical idol of I day. In January, 1815, he married Anna BieUa, only daughter of Sir Kalph Mil Ike Noel ; but the union was not pro- tiYe of happiness, and they separated 1 after the birth of a daughter. This pure gave rise to many rumours re- mmg litUe to lord Byron's credit, and igain went to the Continent, with a de bmation not to return to his native Jtry. He ofton changed his residence: ■during his various travels In the south prope, his admirers in England were •Iged with the productions of his pow- p and versatile muse: sometimes soaring c. .- [KAAB.] K^u^'- ,^JERRE Jean Geoeoh a P" physician of considerable emtoen'ce fcea[sclf°''S'''^*'^«^ himself to." K!» if .'"'^' ^°^ was sent to Paris at lfll!f f""^" ?^*«" a course of earnest RHUS. pRi WOO'" /< . — oeoastian was bom. In 1477 w- L. V - rnl Tovn«a wwS; "'.. it;'- «>=.niadeseve. tamed' fi-om KenrvVii^t:: ^"■"" '"''* »''- ( M , tlon. of the n««*>«-,i„^°\"c felt due, Cabot land »«''^co'^»i"*"*Xo" the invitation of went, m li>\^' .^^^^a fDW vcaw camo back Ferdinand. »>«t'j"f^J^,J«„^,f„"g another voy- to England. After conaucuB ^ ^^ „„4 age of dltcovory ho rcturnoa I i ^^^^^ 1^626 conducted an exptdiuon ^^ ^^^^^ La I'lata. About "*^ "", „ fjom IVJlward J^ain. and received a pen Ion r.o ^^ VI. ; and ho was c»"*V"^'^v j„atlon. C.^bot relating to ^raae and naviR ^^^^^^j^^,„^ then took an \mPf"""* %\ know neither the trade with ll«*f'*- J^c place of burial the year of the denUv nor the P ^^ ^„ „,„g of this B^'Jt "»'**lSJ^hlUaluablcmap8 known of «»\»». JlTwas llvlns in 1557. and manuscript*. »ic^^. . rortuguesc maritime discoverer who com«^^^^^j_^^ sent by Enunanui'l, 7"« " ^^ t,,o coast of J Indies, m 1600. ""^^'ear H'" ^^'^^ f?"" Brar.il In April of th«t >ea ^^^j,^g hr^'on,ru''l«ea"ties returned to place of residence. t^Mo^.cAL^o,^^^^ j^^^^^^ cellcnt fresco P'''"^"^*^ of his works ex- flne altar-pieces, and many ot^ ^^^ ^^ Ut still in the cities of >ori „ p oguion his finest P''0''",^^'°"Vovara Coccla had 1 from t'^%?,n* who woresUlllrdln palnt- Ihrce dnuithtcrs, wno " ^ ,^,^5 ing. and assisted h^'^;o,^7Venetian naTl- CAPAMOhTO, l-,^,;" ■ _"oypa by the klnft gator. pauonUed and enploK^ ^ ^.^^ of Vortugal. "^ "'%> his voyages and islands. A-" „f '„", K Ucd «"«' "'* '**'"'^ discoveries was P"o\»"J^'' ^„e narrative of which took P>»^«i'Ot , -iso:, and was the Cndamosio nPP<''f,'iJern voyages. earliest account of " "^"vno^Vn „s JACK CADE. JOHN.. \f "" J;""cr. who headed CADE.wasanlr.s ad>onturer.^^^ ^ .^^ ^^ the Insurrection in 'y-' „f Mortimer. Henry VI. »« M\"^ ''rarae bo^J "' ^'^^ ^°'' and encamped w\t>' »."»Y,^t „f ^„„e, 1450. lowers on "'"^"^'h^'shlos complained of, Memorials of tl.e ^'»^f;^7tvore sent to the 'and the '"•-•'V*",'":!.! Sir Humphrey Stafford kin«. He ^^f ;V^;^„, ^t Sevenoaks, and on and the 'oy" ,"°^^4a London. He kept the 1st of ■'"'> f"'P"der for a day or two; HKSyS^S^?^^ ^ZierX:^^^l MUed soon after in ^T/iVeT PE OASSTCOURT, CHARLES CAl)OOAN.^M';f-\V,;eUsh general and gan. a ^^l-'tinguished LngU>^n g ^^^ Siplomatist. was bo.n In the ' ^ ^^ the 17th ceniv^ry.and entm^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^„ an early, age. As briKauier k ,j, ^f finiruished himself, In ' '"f:.r_" , ho ,.nter- Ho"chstedt. In ^'f^k^'iart oTeVmeycar In ea parliament ; too), pan t. e^^ ^^^^^ the forcing of »^^'^'^^„,c „f iiamilies, and, raT70V."w« tp1o\n«d"4lni.ter plenlpoten- Netherlands. In 170» no servca ■■ nn. Venant general at the siege of Mon•^«t^^ aloned his employment when Mutlborough WM disgraced Various offices were cm- ft??cd oS him. After the accession of Om,,, T Vn was raised to the peerage, and UTtnl time, rent ambassador to Holland. InlJa ho succeeded Marlborough as commMdo. in-chlof and master-general of the ordniBct Died, 17^8. and was Durled In^VestmlMtw ^ PADOVDAL, OKOKOF.9, a famoui Olioui ».T„f horn In 1769. After the 111 tuccMiot ?, 1 eWorU for tho restoration of the Hov } m« te came to terms with General Bm^ ii^iHmi dispersed his troops, and proceed^ l« 1 o«don While there, he was accuwdb, hn French Kovernment of planning thcte- the F'rc"^"^^"* Georges having avowed i SnaT hosUmy to t'he First Consul, H. Sfterwards, on recelv ng the forrfo« m, 5.1™ Monsieur (Charles X.), and a Iim- from Monsiuir ^ , , „ embarked wlib richegftUnaVeere" expedition, and l,nW L v«inUe It has been said that tlieobttt *** ^ ♦r;«a«slnate lluonaparte, as welluit Txdto a cou'iter revolution ; and Pitt w. accused of sanctioning the enterprise b,i fpttcrtoTordHutchinson.That thesechap ^nr« fabricated by the emissaries odiuMi- ''^r...h..re is every reason to believe. Ci! parte there " ej"' "^ » j,<,,i by the Pariilu •"'r'*>!l* n'rr3r arrestf and, .(tetil police, and put unoe ^^^ ^^^^^^ 1 *v"'«\lli Tune 1804. He died with jml the 6th %-lu"C,l8tM. ^^ voWgmta roUivolvTrinthe^amcproccM^^^^^^^^^^ demned to «leath hut escaped through* ^TS?ON\remtS^nt.ngM^l "e fl-rished in the^Ttn^entu^^^^^^^^^^^^ „t the "'°"»«^^^y "'relation he .lo'od «* ignorant in what m ^ ,^^„„ ^^^4 ".«***''Tnrt ^fscoverlercf Harvey and H the grand d'«^er"'» peripatetlcf^ noeus; his j*^^!"„" . be circulation o( h„«,i:r 100 Al the early »P«W to hrln,. about a divorce. cnu.ed;^^, proRcnbfcii. ^•■-•^" ' . ■ .iucpd to e"""!"': Llla was at \«"f »\l^Sh ""'vllli'l'L from P'-o»cculion. thougn^ ^^1 ing those who intercedea w»u ^ W loJBS] 91 iftcto etntbcrgal fiiograpj^p. jould ue In C«ur the g«nn of many Mariuu: HtTlng diitlnguiihed himieir as nn orator dn the impeachment of Comuiiua Dolabcllii, iiejpeeilly grew ii puhilc favourite, and be- Wme !ucccMlveIy military tribune, quicttor, bid tedilf. Thw profusion with which he krished hl« llbnrnlity while In these offices, Evolved him very deeply In debt ; but hav- if obtained the iroverninent of Spain, ho JDntrlTcd to anmsa money sufficient for their ■•Chirac, though they are said to have cx- kcded a million and a half sterling: a fact Ihlrh, M he held the government only a Var, Mj's but little fur his scrupulousness I to tlic means ho used for self-aggrundise- jent. Having united with Pompey and iufM In the memorable coalition, called Iho first trlumvirnte," he beciimc consul, Id then obtained the governmont of Oaul, Ith the command of four legions. And Iwitwat that his genius had amp'e scope. li military career was rapid and brilliant. Mians, Helvetians, and Ncrvlans suc- jnticd to him; the Oerman tribes were bulscd, and Oaul was wholly subjected to ■ Komanpower. These transactions and I Invasions of Hritain, nro graphically re- led In his Commentaries. His successes I the effect of exciting the Jealousy of upe)r, who had inlluenco enough in the |ate to cause Cicsar to be recalled n-om I government of Oaul. Ho reftisod to J this order, nnd marched with his army J Italy, Pompey retiring Into Greece. jrinK seized the public treasury, and com- ■loncd Mark Antony to watch over his bests in Home, he proceeded to Spain, Ire a large army remained In Pompey's Ircst, which he defeated, and on his im to Home wns declared dictator. Ho \ followed Pompey into Greece, and de- id him in the memorable battle of Phar- I, from which Pompey escaped only to ■iiassinated in Egypt. Having crushed J attempt at resistance on the part of ions and friends of Pompey, and haying llionoured with four several triumphs, Ts declared perpetual dictator, a title h some of his friends wished to alter to lof king. And as the great body of the jm people, dazzled by his military gc- land gratified by the liberality of his m>, were insensible of, or indifferent Is insatiable thirst for duminatlon, it is ■ than probable that he would have be- lan absolute king, but that Brutus and I republicans penetrated his designs, ■tcrnly resolved to make his life the Tie to the freedom of his country. Not- Panding dark hints had been giren to 1 his danger, he attended a meeting of ifc.. A*""" **''•"*< ""y measures for petyof his person, and foli beneath the ■n of the conspirators on the ides of I, In the year 43 B.C., and In the 86th of e. One of the best English accounts of «or Cffisaris to be found in MerivaU's pry M the Romans under the Empire." t"j"' A"ViedeC«8ar,"by the iwiV«« ^*'""'' ^"''' Napoleon, has p]1865) appeared. It is In reality nn il -rsapuiKonie absolutism. I w'k.'^n^i''''*' *" eminent English I. Who filled various importont offices [OAO In the reigns of Uueen Ellrabeth andKinas Janaes I. and Charles I. His last office waa that of muster of the rolls, which he held above 20 years. Born, 1687; died, 1038. OAil-A, MKLCHioiiUK, an able sculptor many of whoso works adorned the churches ofUome. Died, 16V7. OAFPAKKI.M, OAKTANO MAJORANO, a oelebratoU Italian singer. He studied unjer 1 orpora, who made him practise the elements or singing from a single sheet of music paper ror five years. Ho was so well ro worded for his talent, that ho purchased the dukedom of Santo Donito. Died, 17»3. CAOLIAUt, or CAIJAHI, PAOLO, bettor known us PAUL VEKONESK, a celebrated Italian painter, was born at Verona in 182ti or 1832. After acquiring some reputation in n 8 nutivo district ho went to Venice, where "•* "y'o was much influenced by the study I ^ '"*"'• works, whom he In some respects rivalled. He visited Homo, and was Invjed to Madrid, but declined to go. "The Mar- riage nt Cann," now in tho Louvre, is one of his most nittgniHcent works. The National Gallery possesses four of his pictures ; among them the "Adoration of the Magi," and The Family of Darius at tho feet of Alex- ander," both very celebrated, and of larac «l«e. Dlod, 1588. " CAOLIOSTIIO, Alkssanduo, Count of. the assumed title of tho great Impostor, whose real naw ' was Joseph lialsamo. He was born at Palermo, and having lost his father at an early ago, he was placed under the protection of tho friars of Mercy, whose order he entered as a novice. Hero he ac- quired the elements of chemistry and physic • biit ho speedily made his escape, and com- mitted so many frauds in Palermo, that ho was obliged to abscond. After visiting va- rious parts, he at length reached Naples where ho married a woman of abandoned character, with whom he travelled to Spain, Portugal, and England, pretending to super- natural powers, and wringing considerable sums from those who became his dupes. In England this exemplary couple established an order of what they called Egyptian Ma- sonry, and us their dupes were of the higher order, they easily obtained from them the loan of valuable Jewels, on pretext of some intended ceremonials. With these they went off to Paris, and lived there in the ut- most extravagance. The count, however, was thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of being concerned In the fraud of the celebrat- ed diamond necklace of Marie Antoinette: and when he obtained his liberty, he was compelled to quit France. He then went to England again, and soon after to Italy, where his wife divulged some of his crimes to the Inquisition, and he was confined in tho dun- geons of the Castle of St Angelo, and died there In 1795. CAGNOLA, Luicu, Marquis of, Italiatt architect, was bom of an illustrious family, at Milan, in 1762. He was educated at Roma and the university of Pavia, and renounced the profession of the law for which he was genius for architecture. He was a member of the state council, and was much engaged in political affairs. His most celebrated 101 CAl] ^ i^t» atniberjsal ISiogtapl^s. works as architect arc the ArcodellaFace, commenced In 1807, and the PorU Ticinente at Milan, the campanile at Urgnano, com- pleted in 1829, the church of Ghisalba, and a mausoleum for the Metternlch family. Cagnola wa« president of the Institution of Sciences and Arts at Milan, and a knight of the Iron Crown. Died, 1833. CAILLE, NICOLAS LOUIS DE LA, an eminent French mathematician and astro- nomer, was bom at Kumlgny, and became assistant to Cassini at the Observatory of Paris, and afterwards professor of mathe- matics at the College Maiarln. In 1760 he visited the Cape of Good Hope for the pur- pose of studying the stars of the southern hemisphere, and he determined the position of 9000 previously unknown. The table of eclipses for 1800 years, inserted in the Art dc Verifier les Dates," wns calculated by La Caille. His principal works are, " Astrono- mise Fundamenta," t"Cours de Mathema- tiques pures," "Coelum Australe stelli- ferum," &c. Bom, 1713; died, 1762. CAIU8, or GAIU8, an eminent Roman lawyer ; author of a valuable body of legal institutes, which formed the basis of the more celebrated Institutes of Justinian. The work of Caius was long lost, but a mu- tilated manuscript copy was discovered in 1816 by Niebuhr, and by the patient labour of several German scholars the diflScult task of deciphering it was accomplished, and the work was published in 1820. Caius is sup- posed to have lived in the latter half of the second century. CALAME.ALEXAiniTiE, an eminent Swiss landscape-painter, was bom at Neufchatel, but settled early at Geneva, where he was a pupil of Franqois Diday. Though of weak constitution, he was an indefatigable worker, and applied himself to the study of the mag- nificent scenery amidst which he lived, and the various and striking aspects of which he has so successfully represented in his paint- ings. Montblanc, the Jung(i-au,Monte Ilosa, Morning and Evening, Solitude, Fsestum, and a series of four pictures representing the four seasons of the year, are among his most admired works. Died in the prime of life at Mentone, 1864. CAIiAMY,EUMUND,apresbyterian divine. He was educated at Cambridge, and obtained a living; but he resigned it and joined the Nonconformists, rather than comply with the order for reading the Book of Sports. He entered warmly into the religious dis- putes of the time, and was one of the writers of the treatise against episcopacy, entitled, ftrom the initials of its authors, ''Smectym- nuus." This was replied to oy Bishop Hall In his " Defence of the Remonstrance," and the latter brought.Milton into the field with "Animadversions upon the Remonstrant's Defence.'' A " Modest Confutation " by an anoaymous writer gave occasion to Mil- ton's vigorous "Apology for Smectymnuus." Though Calamy preached before the House of Commons, and was one of the assem- bly of divines at Westminster, he opposed both the execution of Charles I. and the sub- sssusnt rule of Crc!2f the church of England. He itumed to Scotland, and by id personal exertions greatly itcblishment of presbyterianis ihed a "History of the Chu ind," for which he collected lass of materials, still kept In th ibrary, Edinburgh. Died, 165 CALEPINO, AMBiioaiO, an Ii arian and philologist; authc iluable polyglot dictionary, jrned and useful works. Died |CALE1TI, GIUSEPPE, surnam 'l.NiiSE, an admirable Italian p; Incipal picture is " St Mar tors of the Church," in the Beaedeito at Ferrara. In i •rks he so closely imitated 1 inoisseurs can scarcely distini Bd, 1660. ' JALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL, lerican statesman, was born rolina.in 1782. After pursuing Yale College and Litchfield, 1 'ted to the bar of his native Sti ited to the legislature the next 1811 'vas sent to Congress, whe ined great eminence as a spt 'he was made secretary of i "dent Monroe ; in 1825 he w president of the United Stat lator, in 1843 secretary of sta again a senator. In all th( SI".*""'' "^"""8: this tin cm e part, "generally on the a « suite rights; '-and the chara mi att-ained for him a high n asathinkerandanoratofD '^iiHSA, one of the itreatest Mf whose life we kno,?aimos or'lfl'nt ^'^^"'" he lived .nntM, >■*•?• H'» principal ^^'*{' adrama, first made k ly the translation publishe "Jones in 1789. itVonce toS'fon.andwastransh naeipal European languajfes tot manuscript of the orSi nl83?n?'T?V'^'^<'«>^eredby linl ioal] and action, clothes his thought and aenti- iBcnt in the richest and most exuberant Ian guage, glorifies the chlvalrlc sense of honour and, above all, is animated and inspired bv religion But it is the religion of his ace of his country, of the Romish church He' was, as Sismondi pithily says, "the' true poet of the Inquisition." Among the most oiimiroi\ fit his rlrnmna own (I r ■most celebrated ot ms "Autos" or sacred ■pieces is the " Devotion of the Cross." tjIph IbctivceD 1080-1690. ** CALDEUWOOD, DAVID, a Scotch presbv- ■terian divine, born, 1575. His opposition to fepiscopacy caused him to be banished and Ae went to reside In Holland, where he nub lished his celebrated " Altare Damasccnum " 1 detailed critical examination of the system If the church of England. He subsequentiT letumed to Scotland, and by his wrMnirs told personal exertions greatly aided In the hlablishment of presbyterianism. He Dub- Uhed a "History of the Church of Scot- Ind," for which he collected an immense lass of materials, still kept in the Advocates ibrary, Edinburgh. Died, 1651. "'''"="*^8' ICALEPlNO, AMBiioaio, an Italian gram- larian and philologist; author of a verV fcluable polyglot dictionary, and other Isrned and useful works. Died, 1610 ICALEITI, GIUSEPPE, surnamed II' Cup IDNESE, an admirable Italian painter His focipal picture is "St Mark with the Sctors of the Church," in the church of Ji Benedetto at Ferrara. In someof his fcrks he so closely imitated Titian, that H !»""'"' '"""'^ distinguish them. CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL, an eminent i\i^!'ru H^^J pursuing his studies KdtothiT ''"A^'"=''^^"' he was ad- K,H ♦.Ik" ?".of his native State in 1807 I ed to the legislature the next year and' I 7"' T *". C°"Sre83, wher J he'soon iined great eminence as a speaker iS l.he was made secretary of war undir Ment Monroe; in 1825 he w^s elected I Pator, in 1843 secretary of state and ,-« itSlh*."'""*"- I"^ «» thelolftica" fc n ? ""'' ""''"» this time he took L.1?* ''/ generally on the side of ex- b^ «,»?ht« ; -' and the character of his f hca attamed for him a high reDut^tin^ [asa,,nkerandanoratofDiS,85o t nf Al ' ?.?® "^ 'he greatest poets of rZ}^T ^''^ we know almost nothing InnbiS" ?■ •'*'* principal poem is KiSh/vr'?"'' '«^'^^«l editions and ^""!" "ave since annna'-"'! * r "" r ^"™ ■" '»a5- Among the other murrasi •• ThL „"'"°*' ^nnd the " Vlkra- c=& dJs^c^rip^ir ,1 n^JKr^a^°d"'ffi HumS " to a hii?' ^^y' Alexander von the'lSoelfof aU na&VJ*" '"^ the ranks of months he wTselzeS wffh ^/"'' "'^'Sht mies, flunir into th<. f^f^'^'^'ends.and eno- thetthcmS?;. ; ""tlZt'tT"^"" " reeled the evil. n/'iJT"' '"'"'"e ear- English composer. He was borS TT''*' sington, and was intendld for X medlrM four of which gained the four medals 'Tvf,.' cal composer. Originally a choristl? in hTsha'^rt"^/'" ^hbey.he ^as induced to try Ks Sess thSi* ?*'""«?; and such was ma success mat he immedintoJir ft%n«.^ J ^1.° Yerr^afte"r'vL^*'f'^*'***°«"««'*°»'p^lnt;^^^^ and from 17flQ«h" "Putation IncVeased ana irom 1799, when he first submitted « ^ .(ftcto gtnibergal 18io9rgp^)l>» [CAL UAL.J ^ j,,^ - ^ tTeTopal A^aderyrtm 1810. when he wa. elected a Koyal Academldan, he had ad- vanced almct to the aumrait of hit profes- lion in hl8 own particular branch of art, viz. JandBcape painting. For niany year, his nlcturea of 8ea-coa«t views and English In- Fandlcenery were in considerable request; rrwere t7ey ever deficient in number h.s ^hn'^^aSe^'^iti ?h%^"ido^';f^= Q?ahaT they made a continental tour, and n'as"ViVnt. con after his return that ^ Died, about 140. CALLINTJ8, a Greek supposed to have lived in the 8tP. century B. C. Some of his poetry Is in the collection of Stobffius ; and he is said to have been the inventor of elegiac verse. CALLI8THENE8, a Greek phlloicpliM and poet, a relative and pupil of ArijtoUe, by whom he was recommended to Alexwdej the Great. He accompanied that prince h the expedition against Persia, and wai it first much esteemed by him. It seenw, how- ft was evident soon after his return that h» n;"'",^'-^"^ toe philosopher had no'sH,.li study of It«lLl"l'=»"eriLrp*rhaLeinhTs porUon of arrogance, a quality not likel, ever, lum/ mc jiu*»vowj.--w- ..»— «u diu«u portion of arrogance, a quality not likely to serve him with a despotic and irritable prince. He crowned the offences of bis free speaking by boldly reprobating Alexander'! assumption of divine honours. Fortlii(he was put to death. B.C. 328. CALLOT, .TAcauES, an eminent Frmrt engraver, born at Nanci in 1693. He twiee ran away from home that he might »tndj art in Italy, and at last was allowed ti study at Bome. He lived some time it Florence, patronized by the grand dnki Cosmo II., after whose death he returned to Nanci, and there died, In 1633. His icenej from the sieges of Breda and Rochelle, en- graved by direction of Louis XIII., ue among the most admired of hia works. CALMET, AUOU8TIN, a learned Frendi Benedictine, was born in Lorraine in 1671 He early entered the order of 8t Benedict, and applied himself diligently to the study of theology, and the Hebrew and Greek la- ffuages. He was head of several abbeyn succession, in all distinguishing himself by his profound acquaintance with the Scrip. tures.and his laborious life. The last thirty years of his life were spent in the abbejol a^nones. His writings are numerous. He is best known in England by his gteil " Dictionnaire historique, critique, et chro- nologique de la Bible," first published ii rtUUroughtare'ntT^hange^nhis «vle of composition. No longer did we see S scenes'^ ol England-mills market carts, or ferry-boats ; but "Morning and " Fvonins " Italian compositions ; Hunsei nfar Canneglla," "Italian Girls at their S?s"commu'nloA,- and others of that class ThouKh for a time, however, he had aban- doneThe had not tfo'ft'^fssV'toe PuWk hw PflTller vears; and in 1837 tno P""'''- were both si^prised and delighted with his S Picture of "Baffaelle and the Forna- rtnl •■ with figures the size of life. In that year he received the honou- of knighthood, nied Nov. 25, 1844 ; aged 6S. ^, , CALLCOTT, MARIA, Lady, daughter of Bear-admiral George »"«*"• '^"i'^'X^S Married at a very early age to Capiam Graham, B. N.. she accompanied ^ m to fndla! returned to England, and pj^^ her travels In the three presidencies before she was twenty-four years of age ! Some yeavriater she accompanied her husband to South America, where he died, and Bhf fas in Chili during the terrible earthquakes of 1822 3 Besides the " Travels " above named, she published a "History of Spain," a " Scripture Herbal," and w^fra^.,?"'?"' works. Her second husband was Sir Au- r.,.t,.a rniicott B. A., the eminent artist. gustus uaiicoii, f"^->J' nologique ae la aioiK, uia. ,- --- engineer ; author of " A Memoir on the Dis- cof ery of the Longitude," a "Supplement to BcMufs Trigonometry," and a "Table of LSgarlthms, from 1 to 108,000." Died. 1798. CALLICBATIDAS, a Spartan naval com- mander, who in B. c. 406, during the Pelo- ponnesian war, succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymne, but refused to sell the citizens into slavery ; defeated Conon, and blockaded him at Mity- lene ; but was soon after defeated and kUled in a battle near the Arglnusffi. CALLIMACHUS, a Greek sculptor and architect. He Is said to have invented the Corinthian order of architecture and to have taken the hint of its capital from a Dlant of the acanthus which surrounded a basket covered with a tllo on a tomb. He flourished probably in the 4th century B. 0. CALLIMACHUS, a Greek poet and gram- marian. He was keeper of the famous Alex- andrian Library for about 20 years, and founded a school there. In which several men afterwards distinguished were trained. Th^ -oniainH nf his writings, consisting or elegies, hymns, and epigrams, h ^ry been pubUshed by several eminent editora, and ■ • 1(4 supplement, ine ursi .i^.i^.i^.. v.»u.,.>™ appeared ten years later, and formed tie basis of all the les.-er Biblical dictionins for about a century. Among his otherwotb are a voluminous commentary on the wb* Bible; " Hlstolre eocUsiastique etcmle* la Lorraine," " Histolre Universelle sac* et profane," &c. Calmefs vast leamiog wa not coupled with much discretion, and bi works are In great part superieded bjiM advance of philology and sacred cnUciia ^ CALOMABDE. FRANCISCO TADEO, BpU' ish statesman, bom in I-ower Aragon, im He studied law and settled at Madnd,»»M he married the daughter of the physicinl^ Godoy, prince of the peace, and oMainMi government situation. After many cha«p of fortune, when the constitution was aW- ished, and Ferdinand V". restored to * throne, in 1823, Calomarde hecame m nl«» of grace and justice. The ten years doriJ| which his ministry lasted ^a' f ^«« 5 measures of tyranny and crueU.,tii f; and disgrace of which he fully «' " ;^4 the king. His ruling pawlon apr;i.j_^«" been mere sciasii jB:!.- '-"J"- -^.^ ■ ^| power, and thereby at last b .cU. Bpwi ling Don Carlos to succeed t I hastened, while Ferdinand la; I bed, to court his favour. B Irailini?, through the encrget Ithe Princess Louisa of Na ■arrested on hia flight to Franc llhe soldiers he escaped, and sp Ibis lite in France. Died at To [ CALONNE, CHARJDES ALE Ln eminent French statesman, led Neclcer as comptroller- ge Snancea in 1783 ; but after fou kessant endeavours at flnanci Eould do nothing but advise a he notables, which accord! February, 1787. The alarm] atement which he then ma jismissal, and he was obliged England. He wrote " Observs ^nances,'' " Tableau de I'Euro Ire," &c. Born, 1734 ; died, 18 [aLPURNIUS, or CALI hius, a Sicilian Latin poet of iry. Seven of his eclogues an |the"Poct!e Latin! Minores [Leyden inl731, and are cleve iho eclogues of Virgil. ICALVART, Denis, an emi pinter, who had the honour ol irliest instructions to Guide, lomonicbiao. His c?te/-d'aeuvrt Ire of St Michael, in the churcl JBologna. Died, 1619. CALVERT, GtORGE, first Low I English statesman, founder i [Maryland. He was for some / of state to James I., but wa kgn this office on becominf Iholic. He did not lose the fa , however ; but obtained u Mabletractof country in Nor) I died before the charter was lit was granted to his son O Ioal] ling Don Carloi to succeed hit brother, h« Ihutened, while Ferdinand lay on hii death- I bed, to court his favour. But his scheme [railing, through the energetic conduct of the Frincess Louisa of Naples, he was irrested on his flight to France. By bribing Ihe soldiers he escaped, and spent the rest of his life in France. Died at Toulouse, 1842. CALONNE, CHAKLK8 ALEXANDRK DB, Ln eminent French statesman, who succeed- N Necker as comptroller-general of the ■nances in 1783 ; but after four years of In- feeswnt endeavours at financial reform, he fcould do nothing but advise an assembly of notables, which accordingly met In lebruary, 1787. The alarming financial batement which he then made led to his lismissal, and he was obliged to retire to ingland. He wrote " Observations sur les ^nances,'' " Tableau de 1 "Europe en Novem- Ve, " &c. Born, 1734 ; died, 180:^. [aLPURNIUS, or CALPHURNIU8 JlTUS, a Sicilian Latin poet of the 3rd cen- iry. Seven of his eclogues are to be found \the"PoctiB Latinl Minores,", published |Lejrdeninl731,and are clever imitations J !!ic eclogues of Virgil. JCALVART, DENIS, an eminent Dutch |iDter, who had the honour of giving the Irlieit instructions to Guide, Albano, and pmonicbino. His chef-d'ceuvre Ig the pic- be of St Michael, in the church of St Peter |Bolof;na. Died, 1619. ICALVERT, GtoRGE, first Lovd BalUmore i English statesman, founder of the State |Maryland. He was for some time secre- j of state to James I., but was obliged to Mgn this office on becoming a Koman Iholic. He did not lose the favour of the Ig, however ; but obtained a grant of a inable tractof country in North America I died before the charter was completed I it was granted to his son Cecil. Died' JalveRT, Cecil, second Lord Baltimore lof the preceding, was invested, by royal per, on the death of his father, with full ter over the colony of Maryland. The Kement took place two years later, in I, and though Lord Baltimore did not ■self join the colonists, he carried out his ■er 8 plans and wishes; established free- I or worship and represenutive govern- It; and died in 1676. ^lyi, LAZZARO,an able Italian painter, J tudied under Perino del Vaga He lof 80 jealous a disposition, that he poi- K» T?,'.."^''''°v'"'^""^'* h'«i! """iron Pg Luca Cambiaso's portion of the Iration of a church preferred to his own, if t fl ,« P'°f«"io". and did not re- t n/'^"' ^« ^» "a'd to have tr,ri„ ';^^^i'^'"'*^AN, the great re- r.h.l .*■* '" ''^"''"ne first acquainted n« 1'''^'°^ »■*« reformation He Uand nir' "* *•»« universities of fc,"Lte^;,?,?,''JJ432 returned r^i^«>dering8 he found a pro- H iSgto gtnibmal ISiograpl^g. [ca m j JS^^rM" Margaret, queen of Navarre. In the following year he went to Basel and work tK ".?'«**"*, "d published hiV great "lo^^^^ei^i'^rrrsVa'; ^?t'j-|?- wentm 1538 to Geneva' Where STh-h Just been established, and there on t2« pressing entreaties of Farel and hi's Mend, nv ""T^^/**- ^^ '^38 Calvin and K were expelled from Geneva, in consenunnnT I^ some changes Introduced by them^rdca? vin went first to Berne anS then 't^StS-" I latPr „?H® ""' ''"''e^" "called ihree ye^ his kvstem "nfP'.T''^ """ »"* establiS "18 system of church govornment wo sought to regulat* manners, as well as faiJh and rigorously censured and punished an' who resisted his authority He aDnli«H "'1'?^ f also to reform the civ 1 go vernS established an academy; fostered IiteS«' and science, and made Oenevf''te metro polls of the reformed faith.- His m^sonn character was spotless, but austere wi labours as pastor, lecturer on theoio^v councillor, author, and correspondent wfl' immense and ince&»ant. The terrible ri^nnr of h,s ecclesiastical rule was most strlking"v shown m his treatment of Servetus whnfir his theological opinions was burntl? Qe neva in 1553. Calvin was not present at ?hG famous conference of Poissy, but instructed Beza and other reformers who took part !n HiW» * "^"^ t^^^' t**** conference that the dilTerences between the views of Tmw and Calvin became manifest, and th^fS term Cahinist began to be used The Leat distinguishing features of Calvinism are the Uoctr.nes of absolute predestination, of the l^TTnll'^T'^ ''"'J '» '""^ euchar St! and the independence of the church. John ?°°^ «^«8 the friend of Calvin, and ln?ro- duced his system in Scotland. Besides the arles"on"*th; ^F^h'/'" """"^"•'^ <^»^™Vnt! traces Thorn ?.'?^' «*''''V°"''' «nd various his ett Jrs tL" "*'t* T- "^'"^ collection of ms letters. The "Institutes," written in I^tin were translated into French and fir**,?" .Etiropean languages, and have left such wide and deep impress on societv as few books beside have done. Calvin diej at Geneva,. May 27, 1564. Among recent works illustrating 'the life of this greSt theologian are Dyer's "life of Calvin •' Bungener's " Life, Labours, and Writing Af £>^'°' *" r^ ^'*'""'' of "is "LettfrgM paz a-5fi'uSr.«orf Sf Ca!vK?3"v'oTs. ^"vo^"-' « ^" ^'^^ «' no^o'^.^srfnH^^^r"^"' * O^™"" ch™- nologist and writer on music, born 1536 Wittenw ^'f'''°' "' mat'hematics at Wittenberg, and was author of " Opus Chro- nologicum," a work much praised by ScaT music"^ rr ^^^-i ™en; a treaUse'on music ; a work against the Gregorian calendar. &c. He also composed several i;.?ed"l6l5' °''" P*"^" °' 'hurch music' l>ei^^^3^^^' i^'^"^ JACQUES REGIS »E, duke of Parma. */•_ mi.oH »„ .ii-*!-.-. . peUe"/ fnT-l'^ «voiutlo„,"was"born aVMont" peiier in 1(53, brought un to the legal nro- fession, and by his talents soo n attSdX 165 cam] 181 JletD antbetaal ISiograp^g. [OAH notlc« of the Convention, and was appointed to varlou* Judicial office*. In the aUcusslon relative to tho fate f Louis XVI.. although he was one who d*-. ared him guilty, yet he disputed the right of the Convent on to Judge him, and voted for his provisory arrfst, or, In case of hostile invasion Is death. For a time ho had tho managemeiit of fo^eljn affairs; and when «uonuparto was first consul, Cumb«c*.6s ^"J* ^^osen second consul. After Napoleon bocamo ora- pcror, he was an especial '''^ouri to, ond wa, created archchancellor, grand ofe cer of the Legion of Honour, and ultlmatdy duke of Parma, and president of the Chamber oi Vel» in fine, he always showed a sincere attachment to Napoleon, »»d devo ed h Is best energies to his cause ; and though he was banished on tho second restoration of Louis XVllI., yet he was afterwards al ow- ed to return to Paris, where 1^« ^i«* *?het" CAMIUASO, LUCA, also called LUCHi.1- TO DA GENOVA. Italian painter, born at MoncK^la. near Genoa, 1527. He painted K at Genoa , and In 1583, on the invitation of Philip ll..he went with his sou Orazlo to Spain and executed several works In the Kscuv airespccially a huge fresco of Para- dise In the church of San I-orenzo for which he wos paid 12,000 ducats ; and (In oil) John ?he Saptist pleaching in the Wl derness. His best works are at Genoa, and among them are the "Martyrdom of St George," and ihe " Rape of the Sabines." Cambiaso died at the Escurlal, 1585. _„ -, CAMHIO, AKNOLFO 1)1. [ARN0LFO.J CaWbKIDGE, H.ll.H., AUOLPHU8 FEE- DEUICK, the seventh »«* yP^'i'^V il« George III., was born Feb. 24th, 1774. Ho received his corliest education at Kew, and having completed his studies at Gottlngen, he served as a volunteer under the duke of York, during the campaign of 179J, in Flanders, where he received two wounds; and he bore nn active share in the arduous campaign In 1794 and 1795. In 1803 he was promoted to tho rank of general, and ap- pointed colonel-in-chlef of the King's Ger- man Legion; in 1813 he received the field- Sa?8hal's baton ; and at the close of the war in 1815 he was nominated viceroy of Han- over ; an office which he held till 1837, when the death of his brother William IV. opened the succession to the throne of Hanover to the duke of Cumberland. His administra- tion of the affairs of that country was cha- racterized by great discretion; and in iHJi, his mild yet firm conduct went far to ex- tinguish the strong party animosities which had nearly kindled the flames of civil war. Since the close of 1837 the duke chiefly re- sided in this country, where he endeared himself to all classes of the community by his affability and bonhommie.JLe was a zeal- ous supporter of all charitable instltut ons, and few anniversary meetings or festivals were thought to be complete if the directors had not secured him for the chairman. In politics, the duke was a liberal conserva- tive; but he made a point of never voting, Zt— '-u %.^^lr,y^^ anoaif ngalnst the minis- ter of" the crown. "Besides being patron of the Art Union, he was exceedingly fond of the fine arU, especially of music, and at one period of hli Uferdlstlngulshed himself tin amateur performer on tho piano and the violin. On tho 7th of May, 1818, the duki of Cambridge married tho Princess yrilhd- mlna Louisa, daughter of Frederick, tud- grave of Hosso Cassel, who, with a ion ud two daughters, the Issue of their manlage, survived him. Died, July 8, 1850. CAMMRONNE, PIKRUE JACftUES, Baron de a distinguished French general, was borj at Nantes, 1770. Entering the srmy in m, he served with distinction In the campaigu of the republic and tho empire. He accom- panied Napoleon to Elba in 1814, returned with him In 1815, commanded a division o( th8 Old Guard at the baiflo of Waterloo, refused to surrender, though iils men were nearly destroyed, and fell Into the handiot nearly aesirujcu,""- ■■^ - -•— jOt tho English, after being severely wounded. In 1816 ho was brought before a council of war ■ bat though unanimously acqultted.he was placed in retirement, and did not re enter his country's service till 1830. The celebrated words, " La Garde meurt,etMie rend pas," are attributed to him. Died.lWI. CAMBY8E8, king of Persia, succeeded hli father, the great Cyrus, In 520 B.C. Ho »u of n violent and vindictive disposition, wklch he manifested equally by nls Invaalonj ot EKypt and Ethiopia, and by his cruel trcit- mcnt of his own subjects. Died, B.C. 521. CAMDEN, CHAilLKS PRATT, Earl, a dli tlngulshed British lawyer and stateimM, wa! tho third son of Sir John Pratt, chle iustico of the court of King's Bench, ud was born in 1713. On the advancement jl Henley to tho House of Lords In 1757, Mr Pratt was appointed attorney-general ; ud in 1762 made chief justice of the Common,, Pleas. In 1766 he was created a p€er,iuid| the year following advanced to the dignity of lord chancellor. In 1782 he was sppoint. cd president of the council, which office lie resigned the following year ; J)"' he «• afterwards re-appolnted, and held it tiU hli '^''cAMDEn! JOHN JEFFREYS PRAn,^^^ nuls, K.G., &c., was born in 1759, beins the only son of Charles, first Earl Camde., sometime lord high chancellor of Engtad, He was educated at Trinity College, Can- bridge ; and in 1780 was returned to paiUi' ment as one of the members for Bath ; shorllr after which he received the appointment^ one of the tellers of the exchequer. Inn« he succeeded his father in the peerage, wd the year following he was made lord-H tenant of Ire'tmd. Besides various othei mportant s .S?ions, he held the lucr. « office of teller of the exchequer for riit^ years; and during almost half that tcrahe had resigned the large incom's arising theK- from,amountingln the whole toupwarg quarter of a million of money. This P«m oZ act alone throws a lustre over he nm and character of th6 noble marquis, wua win be remembered long after the sp lente Attached to his rank and honours shH ha faded from the memory. For his cmmB services to the state, he was created ma«l«B Camden and earl of Brecknock in m 1 '''ciffiN. WILLIAM, the father of ^ 1 lish antiquaries. He was bom at mm cam] recelTed hi* early education nt Chriit's Kcipltil, and lubaeqTicntljr studied at Ox- ford, where ho took his H.A. dojfreo. After miiiiX the lituaMons of second nnd chief master oi' Westminster School, his prond- ency In t .;lquarlan lore procured him the Jionoiirablo and lucrative offlpo of Claren- clcux kini;:-at-arm ^^ .e,'s\^r"1.?; salt? Va!:^?'„tlr ments, was bom at Paris, 1752. Attached to the court in the capacity if comnanlon Vn thf French prlncesses.^ho was Scularli''d,. tlnguis Ijcd by Mario Antoinette Xso good •ho established a school nt St Gern.alniiSn was subsequently oppolnted by NnpoW head of the school for the daughters of offl $?" whom he had enrolled in the Legion of Honour: but after tho restoration of th« fnd m?h'' "''S''""''''«hmentTas dVo,^^^^^^ Slarshal tJJ^ ?" ^'""P""'" 'e>atlonship to' Ainrsnai Ney involved her in vnrlnn. «« Srlvat'e n?o'*onfe'?"f""''' "*='' I" "ketcEf the CAM! Kt fA'^""" """tress and friend. dro4 him V'°'?**''' 'y^'em. PersecXn dro him from place to place, and in 1699 ish «SveJ^' 2«*"°r,?*Ty "K"'"«t the sK ed iZZT^^ "/ ?^*P'es, he was imprison- less Sd till Ve^B *Vr^""1!''"*' •««>™ w it T»«^L V '"■^*- ■'^'^ter a short residence at Home, he went to Paris, was protected bv Cardinal Richelieu, and died there in 1639^ Campanella was tho contemporary of Lord Bacon, and aimed like him it a reform of philosophy; asserting the necessity of ™esh Knac^S";;i';^hn^^^^^^^^^^ CAMPBPlV\"J''P""'*'^ Dis'curTus;. S' ' -^TT . ^^' Akchibalu, marquis of Ar- &.^''®"'°"*P""«''n of the Covenanters and the opponent of Montrose. He wn«' U^ i"J*''' ^"i T^" - 'o'd of seVsio^n 1634, and succeeded to his father's title fi.iir icot'cV "r^'hi "ll"'* *° I-ondon'wlth'other «i«.!fi* "*"""' .*.he same year, 1638, he had plainly counselled the abolition of episco- pacy in Scotland. Charles I. gave him the title of marquis in 1641. Argyle was «n c?vTw?J' and*''' ">i"tary mefsurer?n ?h"e civu war, and gave up his command. He aTfor'thli'' Jhe ^'otectorate of CrSmweu! and for this, at the restoration of Charles II., he was committed to the Tower. After remaining a prisoner about five months he was sent to Scotland, tried for hiSi trea-' son, andj)ehcaded in iBfil. ^ "®* .^^^^}^^^^^> ARCHiBAlD, earl of Arirvle »aUantll»J'T',"".'' » "»" zealous'^Ind' gaUant adherent of the roy al cause ; so much ill II m '■ 11 cam] ____^ "Z indeed, that he wat excepted from the fo?d\'^? o7a«nd-.ucce.^^^^^^^ the Pa»'nK "^ ^I'.fJ",'* twup^'d to Holland. % jitto gin itigtaal 19io8yapi)B. olctureof the b«ttle It celebrates. 8oon»fUr' W return from the Continent, Campbell marritHl and .cttled In London, employing himself not only In ocea»loual compomlonof poetry b«t aUo In the hard literary drudg. ery of mere compilation. To auch workih. could not Judicloualy put his name, but fro» T„,.n .„ .onn hi. iiihoura In this way wneii ,f a body of ^o"'«\«f8^ hi.T:b7ur n 'Vhr;- w^y ;^^^^^^^ ?r"op."heVaVcaptu-rca. conveyed to Edl.i- 8(>3 » ISoO^hl. lab^^^ ^^ ^ . burX and beheaded In 1«89. , 1 'I,: *^ j.,, ; ,ve of Independence. He „„, gna Bxveii""" »- -"-i ■■■ r.r-Vh nnd beheaded in H)»a- . , .„ , 1 \h,, f,, hit ; )ve of Independence. He now ''"camp" EIX. JOHN, duke Of AWIO an , ^^'-^^,. ^,,trude of Wvomlng," " .^JL{,.h wii« the grandson of the P'^ P""'. , ...- ,._i.i„ •• "i^rA Ullln'«T^Ai of Greenwich, was inegr ^^ ^ j,^^ of 0'««"^»r;.rVl.tinKuUhe,l ««"«"•• " ceding, and ,^f 'Xma.r He suc.ee.lod UfTcr rrchUmld in th"e";.uUcdon> of Ar- L^f%'rti,e^rXn-r^ brigadier-general at the ^^^ \\« ^jj^^.t at and com'uanded wltu hru.m ^^ ^^^^ Oudenarde and «» P'^^X.^ forces in Spain, aent to command t' fjf "f"'"ffl°e of ambassa- fl.UngatthesameUme heolBceo^ that of dor TO these .erv^e. ne ^^^^^^^^^^^ j ?;7ra^nf ^S^i -.o^ S ll^e^S^ arbrt'w^l^hlUa'ned o^^^^^^^ ''!*"• f^h/" pSophy of Hhctoric." once thor of t»\e „;/^'^* .? u'^iggcrtatlon on Mlra- tary History of Vlncel-ugene a ^^ of Marlborough -^ a PoUtical^^B ^y .^^ ^'i'^i^'^eat run and was translated Into ^*'* oJ^^ he had a large share also in the °r"pa?atioll ofMo " BiJIraphia Britannloa." ° PAMPBELL.THOMAS. LL.D., the eminent . «of fhe son of a Scotch merchant, who P°tp' him an excellent education at Glasgow ^^ i;r,i hp creatlv distinguished himself. A "--■-- ^ appointed lord cnanceuiit.| ^^•Ithnn thirteen, he won a bursary in hs judge. «e ;»'», ^„ .„ ,h„t field h.n! "ol eVeTom'Setitor nearly dou^^^^ .~ii T onvinii olasKOW at an early age, ne :«! edYo" Sburgn .. a private tulor ^and thP Lttle of Hohenllnden he was so near, tStt^e rovad see the returning conquerors wiping their blood-stained sabres upon^t^he.r ^ ^^. ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^, „,^ „,., „^, ^.^^^^ 158 , .■;- B. The MaUlc oTthe^lValtlc." " Lord UUln's Daugh- ter" and "O'Connor's Child;' and be w„ emtnged by Mr Murray to write tl.e well known "Critical Essays and Speclmem.' , Bubsequently he edited the New Momhl,! and the Metropolitan Magazines: and pub- llshed ■' Theodorlc," a po'-m, besideiediiinit some reprints and compilations. Early ij his career he wn- r-'i-'v ' from aliolute 1 want by the ' i dncst oi Chiu les Jamn Foi, who put him on the pension list fori.Wpfr annum. His health had for some ymi been but feeble, and In 1843 he retired to Hou- locne, whort he died : but his lema ni «ett conveyed to England and Interred in \\c«. minster Abbey Wed, June 15, 1844, igel 67 CAMPBELL, JOHN, Lord, lord chief J«v tlce and lord chancellor of Enjdand, wu born near Cupar, In 1779. He stud.od nt the university of 8t Andrews, and In ISOOcarae to London to study law at Lincoln's Inn. He also obtained employment as reporter, «nd theatrical critic for the Slomuig Chmi- ; 7e He was called to the bar in 1806, ui , with little scrupulousness from dellcMj pushed his way Into a good practice, boio. ihc oxford circuit and in London. In 1830 he entered parliament, was njade lolicitor ceneral In 1832, and attorney-ger.ml i« vnnrs later. At the same time he was re- ?u?ned to parliament for Edinburgh He introduced several measures of law-refom nnd was eneaKCd In the imporUnt cans of Kex « Lo?d cirdlgan, Hansard «. StocW* ani Norton v. Lord Melbourne. In IM ke was raised to the peerage and to the cha- TelSlp of Ireland, but only remalne i. offlo "a few months. He held the chance lo- s"p of the duchy of Lancaster from M 1S50 when he was made lord chief jurtw nf the Queen's Bench. Three jcau ito wards he was appointed lord chancefel !^*'rl, "„_u„n «>.. nrtmltt:d to be a Mini an enecuve »u»u>.a>t, »..- ---••■» Vudic. He was ambitious of Ulerarj 4*| t"nction, but his works in that fled h.'l received a less favourable vcrdjct. H "Lives of the Chancellors" and "Li"»,fl thV Chief Justices " gained the poH«f9l Tt Which their author ain'cd bu ly ,Jl Hp8 which diew down on himBevereiw| cilm^ superficial knowledge. inaccnr.wl nClai^sms, bad taste, unmanly eyirl thefe are the characteristics which mi been chaVod on Lord CampbeUa.atel gSher Died suddenly at Kenalngw»>| •'"cAMPF.bGIO. LORENZO. ^^nfA jnnglnnd, snd while here w J hlihnp of Salisbury. After be Itlme In Germany as Irjfa'", an( loppoilnfT Luthernnlsm, he a JKngland tfl dicidc on • ' o (freat ■dlroroo between Hem , VIii. ,( lof Aragon, on which occasion Hcnrjr without being of any n ■the queen. Ho appears to hay bfconalderablb learning and na Ind he reckoned Erasmus and o (eholars iiriong his frleiMls. Dl I CAMPER, PeteK, a Dutch p katurallit, horn at Leyden li hiidied St the university, trave |c principal countries of Eun i«ndon in 1746, attained grcai bd became professor of phllosopi tirj medicine at the universities > tniterdam, and Oronlngen. ireral important discoveries ii M a foreign aMOclate of the I riny of Sciences, and a mom toyal Society of London. H« trt In affairs of state as mem JDncU of state, and of the astei Itei of Friesland. A collected iworki appeared In 1803. Die* fAMPHUYSEN, DTRK, a Di ipe painter of the 17th centu; lihcd for the excellence ot hia J? painter, whose excellene >»»Wtohave been the 1 Ioam] Jmiflnnd, «nd while .._„ „„,„„„„„,, Ihlihnnof Salltbury. After being for norne ^ ifteto g«n(&ir gn8foftr,,pT.,y •if « w«« nomlnntPd lilihnp 01 Miiinoury. Aner Deing for dome time In Germany as Irga'o, and employed Jn orpoilnp; Luthprnnlsm, he a^ftin cam* to Ir„.i»ni4 U) (licidc on ■ (treat affulr of the IdlTorco between Hem, VIli. .»nd Catherlno |of Artgon, on which occaalon he offended Henry without being of any real lervlce to ■he queen. He appears to haye been a man IfcoDiiderablblcamlnfrand natural abditr End he reckoned Kraamus and other eminent leholtrs ninong hi« frieiidi. Died, IS.'lo \ CAMPER, PETER, n Dutch phyalciaii and bmrallit, born at Leyden In 1722 Ho ^udied at the unlverelty, travelled through be principal countries of Europe, vlsltlnir London In 1748, attained great reputation kd became profeisor of philosophy , anatom r ' bd medicine at the universities of Fi anoker ' bniterdam, and Oronlngen. He made' ireral important discoveries In anatomy ki a foreign associate of the French Aca- tay of Scionecs, nnd a member of the byil Society of London. He alio took te in affairs of state as member of the knell of state, and of the assembly of the itei of Priesland. A collected edition of iworks appeared In 1803. Died 1799 iAMPHUYSEN, DTRK, a Dutch land Ipe painter of the 17th century; dlstln Bhed for the excellence of hli moonlight |AMPI,BJRifAHDiNO,an Italian painter In at Cremona, 1322. He was a punll of jlioCampl, studied the works of Jianhaei I wrote a treatise on the principles of hi> I Died, 15M.-Oiui,io CAMPl, anothrr Kan painter, aleo a native of Cremona I bom about ISOO. Taught at first by ^ I'^'^.f'^r'^^'^'i'y °'""o Romano, f came a distinguished master.— Several ^painters of this name are distinguished le annals of Italian art. ""B-^nea IMPIAN, EDMUND, an English Jesuit has educated at Christ's Hospital 'nnd loatcd at Oxford; but on a visit to ire- Iwaa induced to turn Papist, and enter I J«u t at Douay. He wrote " Chrono I Universalis," and a drama callort |urandAn,brosia.- BeIng"c*ho.eu 'bj \n XIII. to come to England as a *narj, he was discovered, tried fo? fe"-''"'! executed In 1881. ^ Ne, a celebrated Spanish sfatesman' te""^ "T' *" P«»"<=«1 economy' ltd him, m 176J, the appointment of |dTocate to the council of'^Casti"e He fcrterwards made minister of siate te-V-n'at^RomrSo^^ '''■Vmrzi ';?;s"" ".""'""» w^n;::. »ntlq,,a7lan suhlect; i"h„ '■^?l'''"''-<''y of knowledge of botanv h ' ^i ^- '"=' '^hose ««mo rank with t inl "' P'"'*^ •""» '" the nova, mg Havlni^flSnTK'. *''''■» «' G«- Purl. y.L ""'''nf nnlshed his Studlna at «nd''ii';rr;r„rt;s''"."."i''''"" culler .clontiflc rescirrhe. «^" '"'lo'" ^"l"" »PPo(n,.d to the ch;i/^r ,*1 ^^ »'« ^"^ P«fler. Ob igJd to**' ."^."I '^*"ny «» Mont- taken ' «ce urn «,'v' ^!""""« '«•• having Hundred °T,h«/ ^^»P'>'eon during thf ••Ity, whe, i Vhal^ JTr" ^''[^ff^in hi. nat vo oontlnue.l/for many year, -r*^ '"'^'■« ''« twundarici of his frvou^hi 1". ***^"«* *'"' lecture, «ndVbiVotyon. hi.?,^^,*'^ »"• I. c!;'l,ct*'iio' Va 'u?i :l:'^i' j-" ««i0Pf What 184 1. "'" °"™'«' ""nngement. Died,] CA^'noe T' °"*""'' "" ^«=»«« »t;. [DU - omo^'Vn'i^.SrSed'' .^» *''*'"• bornm I-ondSn Affu^*V?o 'w""/ :"" who wna an Irilhtn.!. ' ''"' "*» father, •Iderable lUerarv «hiiiH " *."""» "^ con- broken- hearted Lthiv" ^"' "e «"ed, infant son was' one %VZl ""^.'^at hi.' married an aotor • ho bi.» i ii" ?'" widow became the wlf" of « iii ' "'!<'<*• «"<* "be then contributed to thcj-'Mio..-^-;;,?^ ^*on> be work conduc od bv thl^n?.*™' 'LP"''''oTard3, e. the tendernes. and grace whicMvm » forth the distinguishing charncterltaioiq stvle The colossal monument to jma^ XIII (Rezzonlco) in St PeterV. chnni «* ,.„"ori.Ven at this period, and occapW JlrtlBt "eight years. WHU tac «==?- friiiti to (ienimiiy in 179S, to Franco In laoa kni IHOU, nod iiKiiin ai pnpnl ambaaiailor In ■HUfor th« rBstoratlon to ItHljr of tho an- Eii lit worki of art which hnd been carried Eir by the Fn nch, on which last occasion ho El.v) vliltctl Kngland to hoc t no KiKin Miirhlea IIa life li marked by no external vlclultudos' to wan ndmittod to the French Inntltuto le wan ndmictod to the French Inntltuto ut refuted the Invitation* of Napoleon to' kiilc At Purls. Tho title of ninrquU of ichla was conforrod on hlin, but ho did not uumo It. Caiiova acquired on linmenie irtunc by hin works, and made tho most bniruui use of it. Ho died at Venice in 122, A Penitent MnKdalenc, Ilobe, tho bcet.Endymion, stntuei of Napoleon and |i motlipr Lctlzia, and the great monument ■Maria Ohristina, archduchess of Austria at lenna, uro amoug his most highly admired C.tNSTElN, CARL HlLDEDHAND VON kron, a aormnn nobleman, distinKulshec/ >an Improvement in printinK, analoKous fctcrcotypinif. He caused Jllblesaml Tcsta- ^tito bo printed from entire pages, tho itamcnts being sold as low as fourpence Ji. How the baron's pagi;^ were formed I not clearly appear. Died, 1719. ANTACUZENK. ITInce, a Greek pa- |t, dciccndcd from the famous Eastern ■oror, John, and one of the first to Join ■latitl In 1821, when dcclnrlnif for the Btyof Orccce, afterwards ro-establlshed InTACUZENE, JOANNES, emperor or f oit. He wasan able and vigilant statcs- ■.onclhavingrcndercdiniportant services ■grand domestic " to Andronlcus III., he lined In 1341, on the death of Andronlcus iltle of emperor, acting as tho colleague le youngPalirologus.oras regent during linonty Five years later he had him Browned and made war on tho younir ■ror. He became master of Constanti- I, peace was made, and he endeavoured f ^^ J"""''* which Ave years of civil Jad Inflicted on the state ; but the jeal- ■of Pa ajologns, tho rebellion of his own Ind other disasters, induced him to re" l?A h""" I"'' 'i^^^^ t" » 'nonastery on It A hos, where he employed himself in m labours. He died In HU be n^ [than lOO years old. ' ""*^ iJtnn V,**'*'"?^' ""-nnmcd II Pe- p, an Italian pamter, born, 1612. Ills fe master was Ouido.to whom he bo- I formidable rival. He II vcd at Rome br'* M'intua In succession, and dTed r/' r^fr by poison. Cantarlni lifhi* '"l""!''"' ""<> especially ex- re Zw"- "" ^«» »>«« a^od 1 lint he was enormously vain and >, and quarrelled with everybody te£o?"To''«"'/ ^ Moldavian ^fCanterbury.-was born in 1780 • ^J^n,was"ciiledN"o'^Ka/S M I Colchester) retirin«r fmni .h„ ■"" ''<"■ the House of Commons in ihi7"'w''L"'"P «' Button was cho oT?o °uJceod^hS*'"V"*'" commanding presence hn-fi?.^ "." J" » visited Denmark n,„,f; l" '"n""!'''^ **»"«• Homo in lo"? fA„'«J 2"" " P"ff'image to houses and maWithod'r/T'' '""»"'"• 1035. iBiawishcd Just laws. Died, surrendered, when two nr*i,o i ^ "* '''"K^h anU Lisle, were shon^ .^l''^''"^''"' ^"cas martial, and Lord Cano^ w-"*'"*'" ''' '"'''^ "^A;#"^"'^^''«tToSi.'j.^^^^^ ^'>'^' *''"- above ^^ltrwTLa'''''^"".««no' the his father proceed him th"eV„1f ""'T'^ *>' Rye house Xth^'t"^ Participation in the ToVr?wL??L\^„t\^vci"o%' r ^•- , edHtr'^o%oS^?iL'„.«:_?i:''"'.atic critic ; i " iToiusioUS." Ac -"hnV nlTila^"";""' ' ^"""«*<1 I edition of 8U*eVa?^:ana'--for^^^^ icx ^ Mtin ®nli)tr»al iSiogrnpfiB. [car NINU8, Koman emvci"'- •" "»• wra u ifiB and, in conjunction with hw brother Geta; succeeded hU father. Scyerus, In ill, His first wish was to get rid of his brother, and he succeeded in getting him murtereii in the following year, as well a8nmn]rle.d. liiK men supposed to he friends of Geta. Oie of these was the great jurist Papinlanw, Paracalla indulged In extravagance, esiot. tion and cruelty without restraint, and went in succession into the various province, ol the empire, laying on all burdens of injunlee nnd cruelty, tn 21S he was at Aleianirii, and there avenged himself on the people f» their free speech of his character end deei by a massacre lasting several day.. tHa six years' reign he was murdered by one of his iruavds, In '217. CAllACCI, LUDOVICO, a celebrated a>-| loKuese painter. He studied under Projpert rontaua, Posslgnano, and Tintoretto, M. I f.__:"" „„ with his brothers the famo* . — — 171 CAKACAHiA, MAUCU8 At'RKl.lva Anto to have occupied him move than M years. noman emperor. He was bom ii to "^^."'^^"ir d 1781. „„ Vb« and in conjunction with his brother, Born, 1713, died, i<8i.^^^ ALEXANDBR ISS'lind, in coij^.^ father. Scverus. In on' Vrntal Bar';;n VAVl>KR,aDutch.tateBm born ir.' 1778. minister o^;\«„/„"„^«^|%eV l>ouis Buoxaparte. on the «m^ ^um with Holland, la 1816, he J" ^ pointed secretary of state at «r ^^ ^^^ the new !''««' ""jl^'^iuhough some of his Dutch East I"fj'=«|„ to Sre. he effected measures exposed him ^^ ''«" Vc^„dltlon of ft Kreat improvement in the co^^^^^^ Suva. lUiron ^^^f^l^l^^^^^Mion of Queen «e sretHf Sdu'rLg the revolution m l^'hv;V*^y PJ,f ,^°'!Jf 'at first the mistress, and ttfturwards the ^"e oi r ^^^ by the Florentines. ^' ^ ^^ys of b^nd a. ilherse f died witmn a ^.^^^ ^^^^ each o'V,jr, f»""=^ „L rumour charged the they weie P°'»°"^^'^^other of her husband, dark deed «P?? ,^^™d Dic"l' ^^^'^- ■ the Cardinal Ferdnand. u c , ^^^^.^ CAPI8T11AN. JOHN, » »'» '^j^^y by the cuished hnnsc f in t»c i»v' . ^ ^urks and heretics. W«^J\'^"^^ ",0 is said to have the Hussites, of >^houx no ^^^^ made many convciis. "^jui defence of carried on Wlin "'» u.un.v.o n.u mm school founded by him at «o ogna till U» when they were called to Kome, and lei hlm^ole head. The prlnclp e of thU«hJ was eclecticism. The works of ludotl«| nvp chiefly to be found in the churches till nalaces of Boloirna, though other It.ll«| towns possess a -w of them. The NatioJ Gallery has one, ' Susannah and the Elden.| Born, 1655; died, 1619. l PARACCI, ANNIBALE, COUSln of tl|] above, and still more eminent as a paiaietl lie was bora In 1560, and was tauRhthiiiiil solely by his cousin Ludovico He ass^ttil in conducting the school of painting at! J" _ ".ill ho wn« called to Rome, where was canonizeu. Count of, a Greek CAPO p'lSTWA, JO«N'J^°„?''iia88ia, was diplomatist in the serv^cc^^^^j^^ son of a born at Corfu mlTBU^ provisional governor pliysician, who oecanu. » j^ussian oc- It the Ionian Wand, dur'ng,^ terminated by cupation. "nd,i^ '^" '^tercd Into the service the treaty ofJ^»'«^\j*=S>panied him, and of Russia. His ,^°'\ "^'^jipfomatlc service, gradually .^)se '^ ^^ ^^^^^^'C w"" ^^^'''^^^ After a i-'ss'on to \ >«!"""^ i,i Moldavia, in connection with the army ^^^^^^^ j^ and accompanied the cmpci^^or ^,^ jjy the campaign of 1812 Ht^ j^ ^^e ambassador to Switzcilana^^^^^^^v^j^^ ^^.^^^^y congress o™J°^iio he was joint secretary ofl-aris. .^^""^^forcgn department with of state in ^^e foreign i- j^^^^.j^g Ncsselrode, and theiicetorin ^^^^ part in tlic f 'P^.^^.^^n^rpresUicnt of the Porte. In 1828 "^ u^t" ^ g^ ,,„ ^yas Grock government, in wjuclom^^^^^^^ .^^ very unpopular, ana ue "a= the antumn of 1831. B^TirsTK, Cardin- CAPB.UIA OiovANNl BA^^^ as nuncio to al, born m 1733. "\p" ^^rds In the same cologne >n ^'♦''> 7,fe anl^^^"''''- ^" ^'-^ capacity to l^"<=';™„, " iiine vears later he he was made cardinal. Nine years ne«otlatedtheConcordatwnh>ap^^^^^ celebrated a* ^»f ^ "^,'^p in France. He ment of i-ehgio"* ^"" yPj^' 3 ,„ prus- inana till nC was tanvu iv» ^^...^, ..«,..„■ wfs engaged in painting the palace ot*l Cardliial Farnese, a work ^v Inch occapWl htm eight years, and for which bf i8saldl.| have deceived but five hundred gold crowi. It is probable, however, that this swn a Kift in addition to the pay agreed »p«l There are seven paintings by his masieial tile National Gallery. Died, 1609. | CABACCI, AOOSTINO , brother of he named and born at Bologna, 1558. He,L htsdUtlnguished relatives, was an mmi nttlnteraUin conjunction withthemw^j Fn the celebrated school. He also a^ Annibale in designing and «ecutng J n- scoes in the Farnese palace. Hie Ojl munion 0^ St Jerome " Is his greater UjA ?iut ho war still more distinguished u« oniraver His prints after Correggio.W V Ese and 'llntoretto, are great ji nUnT TWO of his cartoons a.eintM vessel, and his body f'^J^^Z taW ly denied it. .yu 1 CAEACTACU8, wh08ere«^Ji|^ BAKADOC, was king of the i Vibe inhabiting South "Wales krei. He gallantly resisted t [considerable time, but was lated by Osorlus. A. D. 50. iisoner and carried before laudius, his dlgnilied behav)( fcch procured him his llbe fterwaids became of him is n ICARADOO, a British hlsto Vhor of " Jirut y Ty wysogio J of the Princes of Wales." pies of U remain; and one en continued as far as 1280. I is Included in the " Monume fitannica," vol. 1. Died aboi CAUAGLIO, OlANOIACOMO, ' Italian engraver, was bo uut 1500, and studied under IBome. He distinguished 1 kravcr of medals and gemi fcopper-plate, and was called ISigismund, king of Poland. I after the worlis of Michael , Titian, and other great in , 1570. ^USIUS, a native of Oe [command of aKomun fleet nks and Saxons in 286, and v , suspected of treachery, cr( ain, and assumed the title [defeated Maximian, and -n id associate in the empire. nd in Britain till 294, wl 1 by Allectus. HAVAGGIO, MICHELANO Ian painter, was born in 15 fi through great difficulties ; for art, and attained disti Urist and a close copyist of jacter and habits he was and was continually g ^le through his ciuiirrclsom He was head of the school jiralists. Among his best w< iposition of Christ," at Kome, p,'' and " Christ and the tv iimaus." The last is in tl Died in want and uilse HAVAGGIO, POLIJJOEO 1 i«a m jEeto anibtrgal 38iograpl)p. lAKADOC, was king: of the ancient Britiah ibe inhabiting Soutli Wales, called the 8i- irei. He gallantly resisted the Komang for cimsldiTable time, but was at length de- lated by Os orlus, A. D. flO. When taken risoncr and carried before the Emperor laudius, his (lignilied behaviour and noble iccch procured him hl« liberty; but what ,tcrward9 became of him is not recorded. CARADOC, a British historian; reputed ithorof "Brut y Tywysogion, or Chronl- j of the Princes of Wales." Several MS. ipies of it remain; and one of them has 111 continued as far as 1280. This Chronl- „ is included in the " Monumenta Historlca ritannica," vol. 1. Died about 1156. jAltAOLIO, OIANOIACOMO, a celebrated ■!)• Italian engraver, was born at Verona jut 1500, and studied under Marcautonio Home. He distinguished himself as an Braver of medals and gems, as well as copper-plate, and was called to the court igiglsmund, king of Poland. His prints after the works of Michael Angelo, Ra- iel,Titian, and other great masters. Died ■•arma, 1S70. AltAUSIUS, a native of Oaul, who had command uf aKomun fleet against the iks and Saxons in 286, and who the same ■, suspected of treachery, crossed over to Ain, and assumed the title of emperor. defeated Maximian, and was acknow- [ed associate in the empire. He held his id in Britain till 294, when he was lered by Aliectus. KAVAGGIO, Michelangelo da, an Ian painter, was born In 1569. He fol- !il through great difficulties his natural for art, and attained distinction as a irist and a close copyist of nature. In icter and habits he was coarse and ml, and was continually getting Into Me through his qui-.rrclsome propcnsi- He was head of the school of so-culled iralists. Among his best works are the (osition of Christ," at Home, the " Card- irs; and " Christ and the two Disciples mmaus." The last is in the National fry. Died in want and misery, 1609. AYAGGIO, POLI'JOEO DA. [CAL- fCAR A.] RD.^N, JEROME, Italian physician and piatician, was 'jorn and educated nt I He held successively the chairs of gEatics or medicine at Pavia, Milan. mom, and in 1571 settled at Home pcelved a pension from the pope. He fred extraordinary reputation as a phy- |,and was called to Scotland to attend ■ftchbishop of St Andrews. He made |mportai.t discoveries in algebra; stu- ■ptrology, and pretended to a gift of R.Bnd wrote an immense number of k Among them are an account of him- l nni" r°Pr,'f • ' " ^" >l«»na," his Cmtt', V "' ^"""^ Vadetate ; - lerum Subtihtate," &c. An Interesting iMo IPv » V"*"'""" '"''*" ^•"' published IMorieyafewycarsago. Died about Im DA CIGOLI, LODOvico, an eml- TZ ST' *"<» ^ '--'former who i i«i» ^^" "^ ^''^h'^el Angelo. istjlewastoagreat extent fonned Pe'eVarKU^.'' C?lpp,e,"painte'u'ti' I ftrovpS hi f^^T' ^«8, ""fortunately de- C^rVlec^sn-o S I'^iZiTol Perspective. Died. 1613. "eause on CAKDO>f, Antoine, an eminent Boifft.n CAllDON, ANTOiNE, son of the preced Ing, was also an engraver of verv con.ifinr able talent, many of whosrwork^s «?e we" known and esteemed. Born at Hr^f.Ilii ^^\"«2; died In London. 18?5^ ** ^'""''"'' KE^^^M^K^^?'?' CAHDUCHO, BARTOLO- "nce In l^m'^'w '"'*"*"'"' '""» born at Flo- wifh ih "l ^^ ^''^ «^ P"P" o' Zucchero with whom he went In 1685 to Soain ami iTanTten ifr ''i? ^o^rial unS? PhniJ ir oil miUlf'A'^^ P"*".^«"l '•» '^"co and {•r.,^ Vv ■^" Chef-d'oeuvre is the "Descent Madrid ' n7p ?•;' *2 'H^ «»""=>» 0' St PWS r,.i?;.,"'^<*''» Spain, 1610. "' CAIipucciO, or*^CAilDUCHO. VlNCEN- zio, painter, brother of the preceding wag Dorn at Florencp in i nca ^ „»''"'^«''"''b> was in 1636''' H«* '^^ '^''l'^"" «' Pardo. afd died la Pintura •- """ ''"*^"" °' "Dialogos sobre CAIIDWELL, Edward, D.D.. a learned S BlLTh ""'^'""cal hlstorTai. was^rj at Blackburn In Lancashire in 1787 Hp studied at Oxford university, became a fel low of Brusenose College in 1809 and Avp years later one of the university ekamlners t"?v1n'f^r'"''.^ ^'''"'""> professor "of his tory in 1826, and succeeded Dr Whatelv a« princjpal of St Alban's Hall In 1831 nig good business habits acquired for him gixi? nfluence n the government of the Zivert offlces" He"w„^.' ^'''^ *.^^«"» responsible omces. He was also pr vate secretarv to three succeralve chancellors. Amon7hla numerous and important works are. 7n edi- JX^nT'^^'" ^">"^« "-"h notes "'lecture; on the Coinage of the Greeks and Uomans ' a students edition of the Greek Testament- JewlWar'-'ri"' ^H" "«i«'orro? the jewisii War," by Josephus; and a series of learned works on the history of the church f. S"Kt«"''. forn""? parts of a great project- ed work based on Wilkins' " Concilia Mannas ""'i«"n.l«" The works published incfudl the ' History of Conferences and other Pro! cccdlngs connected with the Hevision of the t^^" n ^•""'""" ^-^y«' f'om 1558 to 1690 " the Documentary Annals of the Ileform^d "%Z'h ?•' Jjngland, from 1646 to 17l™f" P.^S" ',*' '""^. **"' "Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum," &c. Dr Cardwell was the personal friend of Sir Robert Peel Tnd Mr Glads one and a member ofthe Society of rill Pw *V "'"'• "* "^ f"'-'!' *" May 18M. CAllEW, THO.MA.S, an Knglish poet Hla masque, "Coclum BPltannicum," was per? formed before the court at Whitehallin 1633 CAllEW, IHCHARD, an English writer o^ro/„» topography ; author of "A Surw of Cornwall," Ac. Died, 1620.]i """^V 168 turn oak] 'in i^cto aniDcraal ISlograp^l?* [car riA-n-p-vir Sir GEOBOE, brother of the abo^ He wa.. much employed by Queen ESet" wL knighted hU HO wro^^^^^^^^^ England." and Paul ParuU'8 " History of ^r"i'lEY''HENBT!"an EnglUh muBician Ssed ^y Ad.ii8on for its words and by the dSLTtlc pieces highly popular ir cheir day. Died, by his own hand, 174." CAREY. GEOEGE BAVI O' *^^ v»^o Mn irSierited mt- oi iUi father's *''°^fu,^«lent- and. thoarfh Intended for ?hrbu8inm of k printer, he .pecdily aban- ^«^Pd u for the stage. His songs, ehicfly ffiotic ones, were inferior to his father's y.TreaThe'inR^e'iehes of tho English wfttering-places, «&c. Died, 1807. CAREY, WILLIAM, a celebrated Baptist mikSonary. was born at Paulerspury , North- SpSlreT in 1761. His father kept a 3l school in the village, and apprenticed Ms son to a shoenxakcr at Hackletoa, where Sil earnest inquiries upon religious sub.iocts attracted tho notiee, and soon obtained him the friendship, of the Rov. Thomas Scott, of Rfvenstone. Ho loincd a congregation of Baptists, and in his 20th year began to nreach which he continued for two years, K lie was publicly baptized in the river Nen In 1787 he was intrusted with the char'acofacongrcgation at Leicester, where, ^Mfvcring in his benevolent object of con- Sng the ueathen (respecting which he had before published his opinions), he in- duced other ministers to join him; and, in 1792, they formed themselves nto a,J^apt«t Missionary Society at Kettering. William Carey was nominatod to go upon their first mYssfon, and India was selected as the most desirable field for the commencement of the work. He arrived in Bengal m 1794, but had the ill fortune to lose all his money and effects by the sinking of a boat in the river Hooghly After patiently enduring severe Slls and privaiioSs ior three years (during which period he acquired the Bengalee), Mr Carey preached publicly; ^ut as the East India Company were opposed to h»8. object of forming an establishment inland, in 1799 was, in 1801, appointed by tho gOTernot professor of Sanscrit and other Orlpniil languages at the college of Fort ■WUllam, Calcutta. Ho had many difficulties to coi. t«^«li tvnm thn nrnhi(lipi)* Af «v. UalCUlin. n.v iiuv. ...uuj ■».™v,-.v.>,, lu I tend with, both from the prejudice of ihi ^.1 „«J *Un noHtlonl views of Infliinr of formmg an esiauusumcu^ *«.».•-, ... -.-- he proceeded to the Danish setaement of Serampore. This little missionary sett e- ment. consisting of seven pveachers only, with their wives and families, rapidly in- creased ; a school was opened, and type being sent from England, a translation of the Scriptures was printed in the Bengalee lan- guage. Mr Carey, having made himself a complete master of the native languages, tend Wlin, OOlii hahu luc i^xjuuicua gi ID) natives, and tho political views of influcntw men at home. But ho persevered, and, ig 1805,-a diploma of D.D. was transmitted to him from one of the American univcrsitloj, He never relaxed in the work he had begin, but translated tho Scriptures into seTeralof the Indian languages, and lived to wltnes the success of his ardent exertions for iMi dissemination among tho native trlbei Died, 1834. ^ . . CAREZ, JOSEPH, a French printer, »!» made some important improveraenu in tht art of stereotyping. Died, 1801. CARLETON, Sir DUBLKY, lord D«. Chester, an English statesman durinfUi reigns of James I. and Charles I. He wii a man of great ability ; but, like Land ul other statesmen of that time, ho had ab|. goted fondness for arbitrary govemmait| As an author he is chiefly known brth work entitled, " Letters to and from 8ii Dudley Carleton during his embassy toHol- lond, from January, 1616, to Duamber, 1620." These letters, which were edited by loij Hardwicke, contain much valuable infom* tion, though they also display much pre]* dice. Died, 1632. _ ^ CARLETON, Sir Gtrv,Lord Dorcheits, a military officer of great courage ul skill Having passed through the subalun ranks, he, in 1762, became a colonel, uii distinguished himself very greatly at W siege of tho Havannah. In 1772 he m raised to the rank of major-general, ul Intrusted with tho important offino of p- vernor of auebec ; in which situation In defended Canada against Generals Amdl and Montgomery, whose army he roiiKi; tbo last named: general being slain, M this General Carleton was knighted, u|i promoted to the rank of lieutcnantRenertl, He next succeeded General Clinton a) wa , mander-in-chief in America; and, attlii| conclusion of the war there, was rauedtt the peerage, and made governor of aue^ Nev Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. M\ IHO8 * OAIILI, GIAN RlNALDO.an Italian arcltl ologist, numismatist, and economist, »« born at Capo d'Istria in 1720. Heheldfc several years a professorship of astronoi? and navigation at Padua, and after™*| became president of the council of M- merce at^^Milan. In 1771 he was pM the head of the council of finance, J rendered important services to his coniffl in commerce, navigation, and Jinan e u^ induced tho Emperor Joseph to aboliii « Inquisition at Milan. His pr ncipalf^ are " Delle Monete e della Institu!! nej^ Zecche d' Italia." in 7 volB.4to, and w^ chiti Italiche," 5 vols. 4to. He wrote m\ other works, and died 'n„V„;,.„ v^m CARLISLE, GEOEGE WILLIAM Um ICK HOWARD, Earl of, lord-lieuteiutj ' Ireland, was born at I-ondon « '» « >vas educated at Eton and Oxfcrd,»«'g turned to parliament for the fanulT8e«« Morpeth, was afterwards member fctW m iire, and supported Earl Grey 1 ht ending with tho Reform j torpeth (the courtesy title by 1 il was ilrst ?inown) represented Iding from 1833 to 1841, and ngn 1 he eucceedud to tlie peerage er. Ho was chief secretary fo I 1839 to 1841 ; afterwards f( „8 chancellor of the duchy of J Jin 18iS lord lieutenant of Irel Ed that offlco for three years, kllcd to it on tho fall of Lord fclstry. His fascinating manner Brest in all philanthropic projc( I very popular. Ill health c (to retire In August, 1864, and [istle Howard in the following D< PLISIiE, Sir ANTHONY, a Ihcd anatomist and physiologi I at Stlilington, Durham, in 1 jnenced his professional studies 1 ■r the care of an uncle, at whos las transferred to Mr Green, tbii ■hospital in the city of Durhai Tee proceeded to London, and be tent pupil of Mr H. Watson, a sur plinstcr Hospital, and one of th ■aminers of Surgeons' Hall, a Trst rank in his profession. In 17i ttman dying, Mr Carlisle succeed Je hospital, and speedily distinfi llf,asmuch by his invariable hui 1 suffering poor as by his surgici lanhcwasuprightin hisprincipl ■ntcd in the avowal of his op ■s senior surgeon to the Westn Ital, one of the council and co Incrsof the Hoyal College of Sur l,&c, Sir Anthony contributed I to the Transtctions of various U |es, and also published several ■t works on professional sul Not. 2, 1840, JLISLE, Nicholas, an eminent Ibrother of the precedfng, was |,1771. After receiving what he Ts a 'humble education," he en W service of the East India Comi ►dually amassed a considerable mabled him to be of great assisi irother, the eminent surgeon, a ft of his career. In 1807 ho Isecretary to the Society of Anti r.-ST^M"""" ''"'"K the Into land in this capacity he found lei lue many laborious and useful w( »e was appointed assistant libra tahanj House; in 1828 ho was r »e of tho gentlemen of the n J'J'it'i't^ttoony oftheesi l»hicl^ he was held, he rcce I inighthood from Austria,! I'l HanoTcr. and from Oxford J^ceofD.C.L.. in 1835. D E! tl*.""^ brother at St De L^e?n'''°'"'«»'l"'a«lepa' K' "''/""'"^''^'l his father TVi,^"*'' 'in. Suabia? a ,,h«l'=™'^"^"a8ccondt" ^e same year. Suspicion a *nj ilre, and supported Earl Grey In tho con- Irti'.^^-i"" — ~ ■ - [O'^K kt ending with tho Keform Act. Lord tt t?. ''l''"^""*'^ ''etweun him »nrt f.i, "7" Crpeth (the courteBy tltlo by which the S^**?"?'' ^^«" ''«'«" Wer???'*"^^^^ Erl wu flrst \nown) represented the West courf^f n°^ /''f"*''- '^^'h her Von, at «.'* Eimg from 1833 to 1841. and again In is/e CAilLm"! v'l","' ^'"•f «' the Lo.nbaJd, " I he Bucceedud to tlie peerage two years r nMU^^y^r^^' ^'"» <>' France ««..«« :., h. HO was chief secretary for Ireland i°u» *?? "'""merer, ond with l.Ts brot„or m 1835 to 1841; afterwards for sovwal in ti! J^?,' *^«'''''«ded his father VsV^^^^^^ m chsncdlor of the duchy of Lancost" „rrh^ following year a partition of fh»^'^ iin 18M lord lieutenant of Ireland He' hL8h„,^'lf "»'-^«'» »«. »'»on, «nd aflerward^ Ltle Howard in the following December CA » t nS'^rV"' Northmen.' Died 884 ' ' >RLI8LE, Sir Anthony, a distinJ waA^!'"'^; P'^^'^ono'Phnipii 'of «„„,„ fed anatomist and physiologist, wm mosuZh- ^""^^^^ I at Stlllington, Durham, In 1768, and rvfrrh'^!''^ll° ^''•' throne, but eari^showlr." inenced his professional studies at York, an oh^^i'J^K^y ""d violent temper and w^o I C the care of an uncle, at whose death reasonnhf ?' aversion to his fathe'r fl.,7nr 1.8 transferred to Mr Green, founder of XoTus ' JT *° *''•' P^oP'e Wear'/ofth/ Itospital in the city of Durham. He imSnf "**.'"*'"* '» which he wasLhiif |e proceeded to London, and became a in thi ' ^^'"''"l'' »' exclusion from a shS fcnfminilnf MrH Wntnnn o ..„-„ " "' '"e government hfi u,„. " "* *'""0 heretical leanlnes nna «#■ f"«Pected of .ioin the revolted t"i^^,°' *° Intention to Count Lorma and otEn!^,;- ^'""P' ^''h prince in his Xd tool .*'"''•?'''''«■'» "'c rhSr-a-L^HiSr^T"-^^^^ ^{^te^S'Hn^'-^-? appears tf be no basis ?f°? ?!;'°'- There mances that have been wri""" "''•' '"■ of this prince written on the fate SpnKw«'s't'^rs'eronT"s'o'n'*°/S£'''-°^"of and brother of PerdfnanS VU^^Z^'' ^^■ compelled to loin with ^»,^^'- ."<* was nouncing all cia msTo ?h„ « '^''"""' '" 'o- Of Napoleon. a„T was helS°"«.'" '"''°" France from 8O8 tiinfif-i i^ Prisoner in •a''humbl'e'educari*o1,;.Te eStCd" 1 1," t'T"'* "' "«» Carlo brole out 1^1*4^" ilmiceof the East IndlaComnanv P»i .7 *.°°" '"PPressed. On thmtJK^h at Trieste, In 18M """t'^'nolln, and died isuspiiui III iiiu uii; ui j^urnam. He fee proceeded to London, and became a lent pupil of Mr H. Watson, a surgeon of pinster Hospital, and one of the court kaniiners of Surgeons' Hall, a man of bst rank in his profession. In 1793, that fcman dying, Mr Carlisle succeeded him Je hospital, and speedily distinguished llf.asmueh by his invariable humanity fc suffering poor ns by his surgical skill |anhcwa8uprightinhisprinciple8,and Inted in the avowal of his opinions lis senior surgeon to the Westminster m, one of the council and court of Jncrsof the Hoyal College of Surgeons l,4c. Sir Anthony contributed many I to the Transtctions of various learned |es, and also published several inde- ht works on professional subjects [lisle, Nicholas, an eminent nntl- Ibrother of the preceding, was born I' "k v^' «<;el Ting what ho him -uuui; amassea a Considerable sum bw".'." *° •" "^ ^'^"^ assistance R l."'®*'"'"™' surgeon, at the pgof his career. In 1807 ho was Isecretary to the Society of Antiqua- fn'/K,"""" ¥"K "'6 late Dr Itl i,'''.'^''?'"'"^ '"' f°"n "' ^^^ ^^^^ Glasgow, Edinb^gh an6'Zl% ^'^"'=*'«'* "' came minister orfcogu [n^n!?' 'S<» »>«- witnessed the Porteou« Hot- ^*'^- ?^ ^'^^ volunteer in thrrebeUion of i?'//'''**.''" » present at the battle o? Pr^J,"' ""* ^a" K'ank. ,n^. I'^Pin the Short, C wi ?m'^'v""'K"'''' was bom i 1. ' ? I 1 lill ^ i^eto CTnibcranl lSio8tap^B« oar] author of the Lectures on RJlf^^rlc and acquired the name o',-'"^ " *A":^r„ „n,nnton. .at a* model fo-^-'^P'^nP'SbiogrSy"" In hl8 old age he w'»t<^ "" .^Vtm gGO It s took thnt "PK'"'""?..™ io HI. >po- clneo> of *,;""V.C LVE,vpt,tK.in th« Tear "'l ••,|r, J, „„d prooured him con- .lai-raW. ''!*%„*" „geSd 1.J Stcno. sssf trt?! ."o> "frsr '° ""'""' :-k3«"S''s!:p'S we uttic .. Y uTAttprs from the i^asi, ume, entitled ^*"'^'^* ,„*,!■, .1,0 New most Eminent Missionaries,' &c. Uiea, 3-H;»pHS^|s Fi^fnTit "He^'d So" sncc^Lrully. an'd so "g^^n ' ensafion a(it a of he !• incess Augusta of EnKlanM,,! George III. She was born May I MS married the Prince of Wales in WS, « gave birth to the Princess Charlottcijj f eir following ; but was scarce y re j from her confinement, when li«r tji abandoned her without assigmn^ J reason. The princess retired to «". rt~kheath%hereshedevote^^ r^^i the arts and sciences, and dispense | considerable part ofjj" '"^°'^:;;;i*J hpnevolence. Meanwhile, tne i ■im n Jrince accused her of illicit c.«ne «f even asserted that she w-t..cuotw« boy whom she had adopted, n^d t « fo'hcr was Blr Sidney Smithy Tti . » '?defi^atelnvestigatli land received her with marks n Ifavour. In 1813 the quarrel \ and in July, 1814, the princess ( .Wission to go to llruns wick, and bo nuilie the tour of Italy and nuitting Fugltiiid, she aiisumed Countess of Wolfcnbnttel ; an Itilan, took Into her service hamcd Dartolomeo Kergaml, nn kis sister one of her maids of hoi firae she resided at Como; hul fitited Tunis, Malta, Athens, Con Iphcsus, and lastly Jerusalem. Jic exhibited extraordinary mu llft.t to the conventual fathers n Tic poor; and took upon hcrseli lew order of knighthood, cntitlt f St Caroline, of which she iergami grand master. Her Ind ivs elevating Wergaml became pneral conversation; and con «re secretly sont out to make in I ftirniih evidence on which t korce. Whllo absent from Eng id deprived her of her friends, ( Id the duke of Kent ; of her dai Pincess Charlotte ; and her bi Ike of Itrunsv/ick.who fell at I ns previous to the battle of It, on the prince of Wales asot lone, January 29, 1820, the min I her an Income of £50,000 ste Be of queer, of England, and all ]l appertaining thereto, on cond Mhould continue to reside abn Iposal ihc rejected, accused he y^nspiracy against her, and re Bland, cheered by the enthusli Ic of nine-tenths of the people, in publicly accused by the minli [erpool, of adultery; and, after a Irlal, on which the queen was ■Mr (afterwards Lord) lirougl ■ of pains and penalties wa I thirJ reading by a trifling , i government thought it pri Idraw it. ACer this outrage ■ccency, preparations were mad rscoronati-m. The queen dem >ffhed with him ; and this I % she requested to be presen Biony,but was repeatedly turi |0()r8 of Westminster Abbey nnc %sion. The spirit of Caroline 8 pu last effort; and scarcely ha L!, !?*f when she was taken s N died on the 7th of Augui pg expressed a w!-,h that she te buned ,n England, her romai M to Brunswick. Onthefmu I" passing through London, a let took place l.etween the 1 fc- tft<^,''»'|"ctlng)t,andthep( it « fh" •'-'Jsen was puUfi factory; but seldom has H rift /;•?•' **"'" «' Kiddern Lre f A,!'«'"K '"^ education *fe of Mr Poarsull, a rr tatinn ■^e»liaown,hewas8cntlnl7n; liind mnnlvrd her with mark* of hu „. . . _ — — land rccolvrd her with marks of his ogppclal Ifavour. In 1813 the quarrel wai renowoel \ni In July, 1814, the princi-ad obtained per- mission to go to Krunswick, and, nftcrward* to make the tour of Italy and Greece. On hulttiiiK Fngland, she iiNRumed the title of Countess of Wolfcnbuttel ; and, while at I Milan, took Into her service an Itallnn imncd Dartolompo licrffnml, and appointed' lis slater one of her maids of honour. For a feme slio resided at Como; but afterwards llilted Tunis, Malta, Athens, Constantinople Iphesus, and lastly Jerusalem. While there' he exhibited extraordinary muniflconco In hfts to the conventual fathers as well as to he poor; and took upon herself to found a i ■-IW order of knighthood, entitled the order . St Caroline, of which she constituted lergnmi grand master. Her indiscretion in hvs elevating Hergami became a theni» of fcneral conversation; and commissioners Nre secretly sont out to make inquiries and I furnish evidence on which to obtain a hrorce. While absent from England, death |d deprived her of her friends, OcorKe III id the duke of Kent ; of her daughter, the pnoe.M Charlotte; and her brother the Ikcof I!ninsv/ick,who fell at Ligny two bs previous to the battle of Waterloo It, on the prince of Wales asct-^-'iiitf the ione, January 29, 1820, the ministry offer- I her an income of £50,000 sterling the I ■e of queer, of England, and all the dignl- h appertaining thereto, on condition that I should continue to reside abroad This Iposal ihc rejected, accused her enemies ■ti/nspiracy against her, and returned to kiand, cheered by the enthusiastic wel ■e of nine-tenths of the people. She was te publicly accused by the minister, Lord terpool, of adultery; and, after a protract- JWal, on whicli the queen was defended ■Mr (afterwards Lord) liroughnm. the 1 of pains and penalties was passed \ thirJ readuig by a trifling niajoritv • t government thought it prudent to idraw it. ACer this outrage on pub- Icccncy, preparations were made for the |9coronnti;m. The queen demanded to >owi.ed with him; and this being re- fiony,but was repeatedly turned from |o«of AVestnunster Abb^ and refused Iteion. The spirit of Caroline sunk un iu last effort; and scarcely had a f "r - J"J"f ^'''" ""' ^^■•'>« t"'«'n suddenly W died on the 7th of August, is"? % expressed a whh that she should m to Brunswick. On the funeral nro- fcfr"f *'''°"Ch London, a vloU-nt Icttook place between the 1 fc-guerds t rlT'^ff '^'«»d the popullcc' t .1^'™ '"' ''i'Jeen was puilty no one |y. hecvidpnee being most Sctlnt! te;a '^' '^'' T h- "Km",! 1 wtii„, ,""-'"" eminent the- I iflf/'il".' ''«^n «t Kidderminster Ko Jirpir^ V^ oducaticn unde^ ffc 01 Mr roarsall, a re iation of his tftrV"''^''"''°'»he»lsen' r™vn, he was sent in mr to the than"fnc"t.""" "*''""' '*'*'^'" ^"^^ •^"'nl'y ?hratry,rror;r^i;'j/,j'''i'^^'^^^^^ Glasgow universltv h« i.n ** '''" "'"'"''• '«t a school at Ii rmhchnm I T"'"" """'"tant In , the Mbrarln ns^ff Kt, k ,« '•■'''"•'""y ""e of where ho trmli^j^ln^i'T"' "^ I-iverpool. I I>r Currle and nth«, .'""^y ^'''» ""scoe, 1803 one o'f the mSstoTi'l,?.', "'?•""'» '" Bristol Jn 1829 anS nnnf. i'*' returned to wblle^'^iS^or^'aSo^^''",'"^ «"^ ther he had gone for wu-via.? ^^K''"™. whi- bonn, and Cs''£C'|r' ">>'-[-' ov-. 1 is body was found near the s to nf thi Snn^t"""'"'"'"' '^«'' Interred' theroV); Ssfdes^DuilUhS* """'' inlust-ious writ.; •hulng h?s",Ta.^» inThi; t^ItT ""'" terpie-es of stylo and arguZ t Vms ' a n"" opponents. ^ "'* theological vine^^ffiX'eSl^'H'e"" ^"^■'«'- '''■ educated for the nZl^n "^"">« originally testant iin Pi E"8''>nd, am turn I'ro- man are, "Expcrlcncf hLV"* "«P'-'"'-lple induce them rathe ^^f'-^^ I'^uropo, and to the Suraeens and Turkf ""' """' "«"'"*t 2n^^cS2r'/:i;;!;f ^el.ferjK 'T?''' ^' "'« practices Yat :r t V ''^ ''':!«"< and immoral „f".: T:*'.''-''!^* 1. -■iner thinks the nccus 11' 167 ^ 4atto atnlbcrgal 1Slograpt)B. car] ^ ^_^ Who became profowor "V^T - uWe town and (lied in lu»»- "•','X,i*nn OOTTI-ieb, loloRl8t, born at !*?«'•; '^jLcund after- 'wards of '»n«'^"*;'f„"„'rpublished several He wrote many woi ks ami i>u ^ translations of C' f ,;'"j!^rfii^ an English ?}«'?.y":"1'./°i;' .nen iSe sum? in plC; [oar sons perished in this way; the bnnkiofthe 1 ol?c were strewed with the dfad bodln, and the water was so polluted, that it »« prohibited to drink It. On the fall of the party called the Mountal.i, he was tried be- fore the revolutionary tribunal, and con- domned to the guillotine, In 1704. CAllBTAllKS. WILLIAM, a Scotch divlw, but of more Influence as a politician, wai born at Cathcart, In 1649. In order tort, move him ftom the danger of being Ipd Into poll tlcs.hls friends sent him from Edinburgh, where he had commei'^nd his studlcj, i, Utrecht. Becoming known to th- prince ot Orange he soon obtained his confidence, nnd : was much employed by bim in forwanljnj 1 liis Jntentions upon England. liclnK ptivj . i>-- ■!...„ t..^iici» nint. ho war" "—---'---• ■ IcabJ ?iiai UAM "\'""^"";y natron of Ids Jntentions upon r.iiB.u.iu. ..,..,« pn d a distinguished Pf""" ,"| »,, ,,,o uye house plot ho was apprelicmlmi the fine arts. He spent large *"f * '"JiPn^; and put to the torture, which he borcw me uuK. ^^ bequeathed to the «aiionu< ^^^^^ j^jj,j„je^ ^ut at length was indm liHi tuves, which he accompany ^l-il'P I^- f . -^iP^'sV to establish where he laboured so ^^^^Vrchblshop ^,T[^^ '^"VeiehSwever^hls success end- of Toledo. ""'^> "" V^);; vi-psv he was Im- ed; forbelng accused of heresy ne prisoned »» Kome for^te^ yr s^ ^,^^^j„^,, quontlyeenttoamonMieryiw ..gumma of his life. .^1« ^'I'^fSse o' the Resi- Conclliorum'- and a "f f^"^°g Himself to literature at first in t'^^^^^ ^^ of the historian ?hiewy , ami «» jj^^^g. by adverse fortune, they au pci ^mi . . ^ f.-^.^L^'lf.'^St^t^fser/tl^Ke^ and put to the torture, wnicii iiu uore wltli much fortitude, but at length was indncel to make a statement, which was aftcrwardi used against his friend, Mr lan. Erench,^Spanis. I a^^^^^ 168 iphy, unU Kpictetug. These wo J during her life ; and, after h \x volumes of her correspondenct Ulicd, vrhlch are calculated to g ligher opinio-.; of her intellect lore learned and masculine per :,» accomplislicd ivoinnn was th Ir Johnson, JUsliop Uullor the le "Annlogy," Sir Josaua Keyi hor distinguished men. Born, 1 W;a>ce(189. CAllTKH, THOMAS, an eminent ian and conipc8cr of vocal niusli compositions arc the songs, " 01 lilt thou gang wl' mo!" and " lurRiins, my hcaits of oak." Dii :aiiT1;ki;T, Joh.v, enrl of Ora linent EnKlish statesman, was )0. Iramedliitcly on attaining rlty, he took liis scat In the »rds. Warmly supporting the Hii jcossion, he was noticed by Geori iploycii by him in various posts u icn he succeeded Crnggs us sec tc. In 1721 he was appointed 1 Innt of Ireland; and though ho liable natives some offence by pro I printer of the Urnpier's (Swift's was on the whole a popular vice loisn of OeorKO It. ho again li linKuished post, and with eve !css than before. On his return he hecan:.? a .strong opponent ; and when he had succeeded In "latstatesman, and procuring If, he supported measures sir he had formerly condoninc( . i nssccrctary of state, and as pi le council, in whic)'. office ho c let was marked by much vnci '" ■ court favour to the last. Itha ktained iof I MET, Piiiup, a distinguisl icwof the l«th century. Inc. nth 'Japtain Wallis ho commar lition to the Souta Seas, In 17 liKoverles they made, some ace ihyHawkcsworth In the Introi inarrative of Cook's voyage WIER,,,TACQUES,aFrenci;nai 6 h century, who made soreri If discovery on the coasts of Mh flag there. The accounts Wished at Paris (I8C5). '' T HIGHT, JOHN, an Englisl .teiUKUished for his zealous a "political reform. Early in i ^.the navy, but subsequent vb f"i .ho Nottingham mnitia K»"st.ncehewasgenmli^^^ ' dte"'- *'"'"«" he h^ad A.7''»a''yyears previous t AS an amateur politician \l ^op« cformnn/ye^g'Toth '« favour of Americai Indo Ine^ onT^"* flnnuess and c «mbieS?i'T"^'^"»wl>en„ '"?nts. Ho died ill 1824, age Ito )pliy, and Kplctt'tus. Thcso works nuDoiir- I t<». ,....„ n ' IduilriK her life; and, after her dmaso L/,t"*^VIU0JlT, ])r Ki.mund i,rn;ir" « volume, of her correspondence were pX'olhM T'r *!'"»' «""> » « ergyman of ?hl hhcd, which are calculoted to glvo oven « ^"'""'""''« church. In 1770 ho nu?ii-h I * „gher opinio, of her ini.nJt7\.^^'lM^-^^^^^^^^ norc learned and magculino performances invn.,/; chiefly known by his vni i„hi„ riiU acTomp;i8h.d woman was the friend of E ir,rfl{ ^\ P°*«'-loom, first jntri )r Johnson, Jtlshop Uutler tho author of {lm«l ". "*?' ""'' ^hlch, though for .«„?„' ,e ■Annloffy," Sir Josaua Koynolds. and I .,ni„ "'""'y °PP°«ed by'ig"or«nt and^^" ,or.lis,l„Kuishedme„. ^o-/l717 /d^ |X?ei To^rc'l^ve*] I^C ""'^^^^^^^^^^ f 10,000 from parliament „i^? * «'"""» °' J'iH services. l)lcd ?*«?,' "' ^'»° "ward of ; axed 89. UlTKR, THOMAS, an eminent Irish mu- M and composer of vocal music. AmoiiK iicoinposltions arc the songs, " Oh, Nannie lit thou (fanif Wl' mnl" or J • ' ... B-n •■■ mo!" and "Stand to ^urRuns, my hcnitsof oak." jjj^j jg^. AKTEUKT, JOH.v, carl of Oranvllle. an inent EnKliHh statesman, was born In Iramediutcly on attaining his ma- he took his seat In tho House ol ds. Warmly supporting tho Hanoverian tcosslon, he was noticed by George I and ploycu by him in various posts until 1721 len he succeeded Craggs as secretary of' itc. In 1721 he was appointed lord-lleu- Innt of Ireland; and though ho cave tho liable natives some oflfence by prosecutlnir I printer of the Urapiei-s (Swift's) iettcrs M8 on the whole a popular viceroy In ignof OeorKC H. ho again held 'that InguUhed post, and with even moro less than before. On his return to Enir- , he becan:o a strong opponent of Wnl i and when he liad succeeded In romov hat statesman, and nrn^nvin^ „«■.._ ^ "-.■•; - ■""' outuuBiicu in romov .-tstatesman, and procuring office for [' I 'l''PPO''''''> mcasuies similar to he had formerly condemned. Hut .^h nssccrctary of state, and as president be council, in which, office he died his fcjct was niarktd by much vacillation. itainPd court favour to the last. Died rurltan divine ofVherc£„/ Ell",„h "?!."""] James I. ; professor of ,i vi. i. ^f'^nbeth and "nlversltyri^nxpcl od '?, i^ ,*? Cambridge and driven to take r'cfu^e 1^ u, 1 ' °Pl*"<»"«> 12 yearn absence he retumnH"""^'': ^"'''• post of master of n i, .^"f' "'"' held the Ho was I'Ssoned VZ'l?/„ «^ ^".'vlck. Court In 1590 for thrn« '^'' Commission was author of so.'^'^n '"""'*• Cartwright monis,"&c. iMnd 1, ?> " ^"■"verbia Solo- dlvineSS"i,o»/n«"^"' "" ^"8"«" a member of tie oounelf Vr P'"«"«her and as ho zealously and aKrv/HJl" "^ "*<■"'•"• unfortunate ChaHes I Vni'V".*'""''''"^"'^ In„..„,... ... ."'ines 1., and his exertions caused hi „ to be forV.:>; ?!*. *"' "^"tlons OTERET Pniup, a distinguished na- fficer of the IHth century. In conJuSc- ?i! nni^'? " Y'""« I'o commanSiS an Jition to the Souta Seas, in 1766 Of liKoverlcs they made, some account is llyHawkcsworth in the Introduction Inarrative of Cook's voyage '-"°° K^L''^,'^^^"''^' " ^'■''"cli navigator tm century, who made several vov- |o discovery on the coasts of Nmh c». He was the first Frenchman whn «n?h fl ' ',f '' Canada "anaTanted 1Medfor3v'i'!°"«" he had been 'A. Z "^ y^"™ previous to his »^iie.8 n„ „ii " "'TOiess and disin- ^Iwrl/hV HnH? f ■'' """^ petition Ben JonlKliSaSr"""*'^" **'""»"'» son, CartwriJht wr Vl *^,^"y' "aid, "my llut^heremXWcirtwriV.'''" " ">»"• proportionate to these ffiV*!.?, ^''^^ '^"'• sistlng only of four nint. ^^ . P^f'ses, con- He died, at the ca?lv^„<,«""/,C*^ P"^"""- having been 8hort?v Lr*" °' ^^' ^" 1«". rossor^of meVp'a SSoT'""*'''' P^ tra^nlSr'of Kf l\r '«' "'e wJll-known 177'^ Mil ,V. ""'C> was born at Olbral^nr in but soo'n ^fS^t^Trt'k":,?!.')'" '^^^^^^^ I in Staffordshire and ]i°f k^" «°" ho aettl? { years old toUxbVldge8choo?'„"Zff» ''«''» succcsslvelv to niVrJK„ ?^','""'* afterwarrta 1790 he was attL'"''*^'™"'Kham. m Christchur4, oxford „„,'' ^^'""'""ner of his college studiVV i.A •*"** """'" finishing cessive y with the livf, J"', PA'u«''"*'"» ""C- ley in /taSshire an *to°^ \^''°*'« »'°n»- wickshire The dXnJ"''*'i.''"'"y '" War- "Wiging hira to havi ,f7 °' ^'« health medical fldvk.e,hcc^motoT^*° *•?« »>«" and after hold ng yndors .■nr.'lf ?° i" ^808, tropolis and tho vicing ,n/8^^h" 1^° "^- assistant keeper of n/'ni^/l^^?^ *1*'^"'"« British Musoun- an nffi.i^ hooks .in the he resigned in Tfii7u,5''''i..^*-'^''^«''' which the chief ibrarinn.h?." his applioa tlon for Cary contributed Inrgfy 7otl,l%Tff- ^'■ and the London MnffAW^o. ^1 ^^Cf'tlenian's tlons o/ fie '?&'/""/C"ce, 1725. Tt would be impossible within our limits to llvTeven an outline of W* «J«arkable fnrler suffice it to say. that he figured as St sSr, and statesman, successively ; fnnnd means to gain the favour of some of the greatest potentates of Europe, among othew^f Frederick the Great and Catharma n and after roaming from place to place iro (for his Intriguing spirit frequently led to i forced change of quarters) he endfd hUloiii life of mingled charlatanry, profligacy, mi ability at Vienna, 1803. His ove of llur,. ture andsclcncc, and his proficiency in them, brought him acquainted with Ao talre iin other literati of the day; and beside, oihet ■works, he left copious memoirs of hit MnU *' CASANOVA. FRANCIS, brother of the nrecedlng, an eminent painter, chleflj of landscapes and battle-pieces. Ho wai e* Dloved by Catharine II., of Russia, to paUi ?he victories of h" arm es over thoTurU Born In London. 1727 ; died, 1805. CASANOVA. J7.AN BAPTISTE. anotkit brother of the adventurer, was bom InUj. don 1730. Ho was a pupil of Mengs, ig| closely connected with Wlnckelmiinn inhi, antiquarian researches. It > well knowi that bv way of testing the sngacity of iki Oer^an antiquary ,he sent him two picture "hlThhe had himself palnUd u the ,t,k I of those a short time previously found ii Herculaneum, declaring them to be anclnt discoveries ; and that WlnckelmannTOj. taken In as to insert engravings of them li the first edition of his " History of Ancini; Art " with an elaborate commentary upoi their merits. Casanova was profcisotolj nnintinif in the Dresden Academy ; and hii Ss on ancient art are still c ted byti,; fjurmnns as authorities. Died, 1798. i C'ASAS RAUTOLOMEO DE I AS, a Spantt prelate, distinguished for his generous ulj pnnstaiit though unavailing, exertions lii favour ol the natives of South America, a] wRs bom in U7', and in his ISth jearit-i Tompan^d his father, who sailed wi'^C* lumbus, to the West Indies. On his retm to" pain he embraced the occlcsiasticil pit fpssion in order that he might act as amN lionary in the western hemisphere, "tm to spind his days in preacl.ingthegosp.lt. the lndians,and humanity to their oppre^ „„ >. Never did man more zealously « deavour to effect a groat and goodM Twelve times he crossed the ocean, to pW of the wretched Indians, and passed tj years of his life in attempting though »j mtlp effect, the r amelionitiftn. Hen* made bishop of Chlapa in 1544, butter iy. For several _ycars he held thcGre^ tv. For several years hc "v.^ ... professorship at If ^i^anrc and a J at Mohtpellier; !>"» f.^^^V^f C«kl Tfterwards*^ royal librarian .and hd!^, I pedantic king required the aid onue^J Jritic in vn-iting against the »a lies. Casaubon's editions of clasnit ai»-i arc very numerous, and displa; diistry and erudition. Rom '"cASAUBON, MERIC. D.D. above. Ho was born at Gene\ his father to England, and wa Oxford, where he obtained t M A. Hli " I'letas contra Mal( I ten against the Catholics and 1 lof hi» father. Introduced him tc 1 King Charles I., by whom ho led to some valuable church I During the commonwealth h Icuted and imprisoned, but r lihaken in fidelity. At the n IrccoTered his livings. Among liaa treatise concerning Credi Icredulity. Died, 1671. I CASIMIR III., the Great, kii ■born in 1309, was son of Vladis jind distinguished himself carl; Carried on, especially with t knights, by his father. He w; Ihe throne in 1333. His chief Bloits were the conquest of i Ifterhe had ceded It to the king |wo victories over the latter ; ory over the Tatars on the "1 he conquest of part of Lithunn ^code of laws to Poland, whld oyal authority, and also secu wits against the oppression of le promoted learning and foun ■ersity of Cracow. Casimir |oble qualities, and was belovei icts. His great failing was ei l^ality. He was thrice marrii any mistresses, a beautiful J nong the latter; for whose si any privile,J!e8 to the ,lews. te was tne last king of the Fia |CA9L0N, WILLIAM, on Eni under, to whom we are indehl the superiority of our pri brn,1692i died, 1766. CASSANDER, king of Maci ! son of Antipatcr, on whos (c. 319, he was excluded from by the appointment of P< pisted by Antigonus.he made 1 r of Athens, and soon after i feelt cities submitted to him. kcilonia, andbesief Id the qv |mpia8 in Pydna, and had ^th. His ambition was unchei uples ; and ly marriage-alliar 1 by murders of rival claimt xi himself on the throne of hook the title of king at the Bh the other generals and si pander, B. c. 306. Died, 296, CAS8IANUS, JOANNES, a m land 5th centuries, distingul Wder or one of the chief p Bi-Pelagianism in Oaul. Hi' Bt in monasteries of the East l«ed to Constantinople, and luofChrysostom, fir whom Jped the profoundest love. I l» mission to Home about A. ■frwards settled at Marseilles W^i two monasteries, one f( f introduced the mostausten wrote the Monastic Inst CA9] arc Tcry numerous, and display Immcnio In- dustry and erudition. Horn, 1530; dl»d, '"cASAUBON, MERTC, D.T)., 80n of the above. He was born at Geneva, came with his father to Enifland, and wa» educated at Oiford, where he obtained the degree of M A. Hli " Pletag contra Maledlcog," writ- ten against the Catholic* and In vindication of his futher, introduced him to the notice of King Charles I., by whom he was present- ed to some valuable church preferments. During the commonwealth he wa.s perse- cuted and imprisoned, but remained un- ihalien in fidelity. At the restoration he Ircovered his livings. Among his writings iia treatise concerning Credulity and In- credulity. Died, 1671. CASIMIR III., the Great, king of Poland, bom in 1309, was son of Yladlslas Loketek, »nd distinguished himself early In the wars tarried on, especially with the Teutonic mights, by his father. He was elected to Ihe throne in 1333. His chief military ex- lloits were the conquest of Silesia, made jfter he had ceded it to the king of Hohemia ; Iwo victories over the latter; a great vlc- ' iry over the Tatars on the Vistula ; and iceonquestof part of Lithuania. He gave code of laws to Poland, which limited the lyal authority, and also secured the pea- mts against the oppression of the nobles. le promoted learning and founded the unl- (ersity of Cracow. Casimir had many loble qualities, and was beloved by his sub- W. His great failing was excessive sen- lailty. He was thrice married, and had iny mistresses, a beautiful Jewess being long the latter; for whose sake h«y Hftor «h« «ii««»«•«'•«""'' ••VM." Voi H.0 n«|.\y. "If yo« ^-o"'"** •♦ l.rLit •• r«iilu» trU'.l to g.'t j»>>«o».l.'i> of "Si.'iu'V'.'i.rvH.v.. . •■•■»;»>''',,'';;'»£• till) iii.iu>m>M to bili>« wgtituit htm arlitl. culou» lUHUnttlUm of Ihofl. UIpiI. IIOS, i I'AHTANOH. I'llANOl^'O HAVKftto, |l Htmnlih uinrrul, whi bovn nbout UM. jit] oi»t.'ii«i tiH' wiiiiy »i «" •'"•■'y np- ««'! 'Ptnt «.>m« timo ttt llorlln, to »tu«ly tJii> urt of wi, umior «ao of lt» jjipati'St i««««(>r., Vrr-.ttrct tl>e Ur«>«t. th'Horul r«»t«i>o« ti chlMly cult lirntoU for t hit ylttory hn ohialneil o»i'r Iht Vn^w\\ «ni\«>i- nu\ioiit Ht lliiyli'n tn IM«^ whloU W'*' foll(>woa bjr tho oxjHil«lon oi JoiopU .lumiMMim', uml H««t tompoM; w •torfttlooof VViaiHHUii VIl. 'rht-brii«oSn|ii loiuUoy» ll..ll«K. co««rllnit»ir, but,iii not Bvontly »llii«ln«vilih hlnuolf He »„ cronttHl tUik of Hny»«'i», *«il ilU'il ul thetnf of ltd, In \Mi. fAHTKU., KnMVNU. «n KngU»h AU nnit lrxli'OKn»p»>ov. win « imtlvi' f llmi ,, Cm«»>riaK<'"»l>l«'' 1>'' i|H'«t ft hnuiUniiH (or luno nnA oi'i'\ii>li"» U yt>ixr« in tl>o lompMi tlon of hlH " l.»>xlfon llt'i>t««louon," i» dit tlonury in ipvon InnnunKC- but iicnrly ill tho ooi)lo« iiMMrtlnoil HnnoUt. ml but f(ir> , nroformont In H"< church, i the Ar, ,, lirofciiiiontbln «t ri»mt>rlilK<-. Ui.s jtM, hw ■ "Uuct '■' •'•'•■" •■""" •■■- ' OA^SIVKUAVNVS. ft Hrltl«U prlncs wh.^ in I. Vli, >v.>» rtVJHMnt.il comm.uulcr^ h> chief of tho Hrltouv .uul uuMuccMfutly w« trv.cn by i"'V»"v. .uul ho wrt. noon X,aT^uI ««a .nrrcnacrcd to the con- 'TvSTAONO. AN1>UV-A l»Kt.. ft cdcbrutoa ItftUun T«»lntcV. w«* born In Tuscany in Isw uHrt. cilrly left an orvh«u. u.ul ^j » hu talent for ilrftwlns vvocnrcil hln\ Jhc pi» l\!^,:^^\!f^U«anw/^oav^M.;a.c^. iilrnrtr't :^ai il^xVoirhimHcif by « Uo erucm.lon.; a scH^^^^^ l.^aNn tho a VU rt'n"c ; and « fine ciucstri.xn portrnlt -iivii.;-\ioiUTolcntino Ho was n man of *U^.int cm Jr «^.l «»«. for ccntnric* lain J dcr tho oharKO of ^«>-'»» ,"\"7 ^^J rival Uomcnlco Vcncilano. Of this lUmo ho Ul w clcartHl. ana is .how n to have IliOil InUST.four year* before the death of ''tTsTAUON. SKBASTtAN. ono of tlu« vin born 1515. Ho lucamo tcacher.of latin « l^nievft Vnfortunately for Castal.on-g worUllv condition, ho ditVered from the Z4f ^former on ^'^mc thcoloRical qnes- I ?ion' Ho wa» in consequence doj>rived of ! iToftice of teacher, and repaired to V. sr^. where ho was named professor of t.niK. an M*o occupied himself with prcivjr UR i l"tiu and rrineU versions of the lUtjU . ' CnlTin. unmoved by the indigence to which . ho had reduced his conscientious and candd ' oPiw^ Nised all his Intluence to degrade h?Kd thVart hi. cxerUons. Ho had even iri IiroieuBVMBini- "• ■> " •"- ■ - "■" \\a and dillKenco would have been iinir warded. Horn. UUHl ; died. l«H». ■ i'asTKT.T.ANI'S. ll)l!UHATKT..l | t'ASTKl.NAV. JACiU'KM ItK, MurnHliot Oantelnau. marnhnl of Krance, wan mm ol Michel do t'a.teluna. and wa« luira nlwti Irt'O. He entered the army, and enrly ills tiiiKuished himnelf in Hollrtiul. Ho m tributed to tlie defeat of the ltni)i>rlulii;«Mj created marshal of l"rnnco in Juno, 164«;1 «nd was killed by a tnu.ket-shotat Dunkitl ahont a month later. , ,„ OASTKLNAV. MU'llKl, PK.l.imlofMii >'i»sl*re, an eminent Vrench 8t«to«nian wi i soldier in the reigns of rhnrld IX. «< Uenry HI. Ho was tlvo times In KiijIinJ In the character of ambassador. ^Vhilo ite resident here he acted with Rrciit k liulnN townnls Mary, queen of «*'»'«• ,"'''5; memoirs of hU negotiations, of which thei« ^ is an English translation by his dsughiH j pied 1592. - Ca'sTI, GIAMB.VITISTA. nn lt«liMP« and miscellaneous writer, was born ini.L He travelled much, and lived suocesiiiftj nt Vienna, St retcrsburg, Florcnfc m Pari. He succeeded Metnstnsio ns ivu« poet at Vienna. His most «i»«',«;^ ?;:;:; entitled" Oil Animal! parlante,"an«ll,v7 and Ingenious satire on ««"»"»« ""f,!^;,;;, Some of hi. other works arc noted for ihM Indecency. Pied nt Vnris, 18W statesman and writer, a native of the 'V of Mantua. Having "<««'•»"' VZw,; court of Urblno,ho was sent by thf >■« ambnsssdor to Henrj V",J-^h°X ; ^ a knight of the Garter. He wa« *""*>« jiimlisM.ilur to I^n X., who o Iciii'illnarii littt, mid to Cluiiieii lt'h«rt{l Uoiiiti by the Ciiiuln pn iij7,iiH(iKiiuiiti llvud in H| Ueittli. lila pixiiii, iidth J.ntlu I lirfl niiioli nilinli'i'd, un uro his le Ihriiiv much light un thn ntTiili'ii ^utlilx lilvf work Is " II Curii iturltti. riili work Is a cliiii Is* biea HiMjUdiitly repiilillNhei Bucli lulnilrfd by lhi< llHllnni, iti I'lio UuIUuu llouk." Jiurii, (A.MTIOMONK, UtOVANNI II ] Unnoein psliiter, born, 1(110. knied Ii. ()uki IIKI, Veruf thu lUth > I'Utury, onn ol Jiliini uf ForniinUu Cortoi in j bn to South Ai'iorlcH Uf wni lighlnityli', but hill valunh |on, eutlllod "Illitoii. Vcnlni iiqulitn ilu Nunvu Kspugna." |>ico,nt"iiit I.MIO. |ASTia;UllA(»H, Lord. "I [1 luUY, Mnrquis of.l ASTIUCANI, OAMTnrcoio, a lenil iifRrput skill ami courago. teniilaHil iliout I3i).l, and servi ■r of IMivftrd I. Hs next 'i \a»\ and after. ten yoari' Ah«pnc>' aialy. Ho belonged to tho C Ny, and in I.ilfl was chosen ho hbllc of Lucca. Hn renden ■lee to tho euiperor, I,ouig V. of irewarded hlui with tlio titio o lea. lie WU8 excouiniuniouted ■.ami died soon after tho sleg L whlcli ho took from tho Eloi Inamo Is among ilic minor Italli VlMidiort, laaH. ISTllKN, M.\rni£AH ALKXAN fccut Flmiish philologist, was \ He was educated at tho unlv pgfors, and becaiiio an cntl ■niof ihe inngmige of his natli Un »:i,H 1,0 vlBlted Laplund ; t •wanla in Uussinu Curcliu j and jnt to Uusslau Laplund, and tl t the Baraoycdos. All theso I Imadoforihopurposo of ncqi I ' with tho native langung lie was named profesHor pu. Id ancient northern langii |iSfoi in IMi. oastren p„i,i| P»litra.sitttionofthooldr]nnh K'n ,'*.'"■''=''"'""' his travi ^ Philok «''«nctity • \ OAS] mnlMiMilur to I^n X., whu ofTorml lilm ,| iciirtllniil a lint, mill tii Cluiiiiuit VH _ ,»|, , cbtriiril liliii with iim oiiiliiiiiiy to tUv |.,„ p»ror, (!li«rl«i V., (in wlilcli occiiiiloii Im -li, i^liir i nmf tttlant niul ilitxtinltjr. j{, ^f hu wok >r Uoniti liy tlin Cdiiiitiililii llourboii >n iil7,i ••()»• iuiio Kvud in Hpnjti fi)| |||g |(>iith. liU iiiHiim, liotli J.itttn nna m. n iro nuiolt Hilinli I'll, u« art! Iilii l»tiiir. ,i ,' 1 ^ to gtn»»'r»ni Mojjrrtpftu. nliir m In ■(illth, liU I , .'.■,„ .„>iiii mill Erg nuiolt Hilinli I'll, u« art! Ill* li ■ulhimhlef work U "II ( 'iii'Blnnii ' th„ iaurlin. Tlili work li n (linuro In ualy iM bieii iii'ijuonlly nipulillMliiU, aim f, ,,,' Huili iidmlrfd by the lliilliinii, Hint tluiy cnll I'ho OoIUcn Hook." Horn, U7« j aiud t ' 1 1 vMTIflMONK, UrOVANNI 1 1 , . N K II KTTO I Uonui'tn imlntiir, born, l(il(l. Uo iiiRur' init'd III OiiKdiiK'no. irii tixoriiod jn indM'iiiH'a nnd aniinnli, but. Ills iilutum ut Tho Nntlvlty" iihow» lliiu ho had nowiir JitiplilKtiiit walk of «rt tin watnUonn Jmiralil(>i'HKravi'i'. Dlnd, 11170. ICASTII.IiO.lli ( MAI, i)iA>i i>KI..aHnnnUli T'crof Iho loth I I'Utury, onn o^ llm comi- inioniuf Fvrnandu Coi'tox In hli tixnndl- In to South Ai'iorlcM if., wroto a work Jighlnitylc, but full vnluablo Inform' ion, Mitlllod "Illitoi, VcrdadiTA do la ]Bnul«l« ilo NuflVrt liBlwgntt." JJliMt In hlco.nlM.iitliWt). ' fcHmuMAWir lord.-! crx)NiiuN. ■UKY, Mnrquis of,] lASTliACANI, flAMTiirccio, an IKilInn krnl uf (trt'iit akill and fourajfo. Ho cnnio ■Bnglaiul iliout 1303, and norvod In tlui ir of I'Mtvnrd I. lU next 'iiurvud In jiiicandnftcr.touyimri'fthnontMri'tunicd JIaly. Ho liplon(((ul to tho Ohibollliin Ry, and In 1310 wuh choiicn linad of tho ^bllc of Lucctt. Ho rondt>r(nl (rrcat IKo to the emperor, Louis V. of llavaria irewardcd lihu with tho tlllo of duko oi ka. Ill' WI18 pxcouiniunioatcd by tho il, and died soon after tho slcgo of l'/«- 1 wbleli ho took from tho Klorrntlnos fcm''di"rt "*'•"'" '"'""'' ^"'""" i»""i«- ISTIIKN, MATTIIIAH .\LKXANnKU, an fcut lii.iiish phllDloRUt, was born In I He m» cducalci at tho unlvci-»lly of Kngfors, and boeaino an onthuslustlo KLlf, '""f !"Be of »"» natlvo ooun- k„. '',? '''^"'•■'' ^^"P'»"J ■< travollod I*anl8 In Uusslau Ctircliu; and in 18« Knt to Uusslan Lapland, and tho coun- l nJj/r'!^"^'"' ^" "»■'"' Journeys k f w th tho native languaKCS and !°; "" w?» named professor of the h.ht, ..'• /'"»'•'''" P'lhllHhfd a Psh a. slatlonof tho old Finnish poom ^ pmiok '""'«Mrt »P«nt inanv vnm.. i,. 1. *• mnco. Ho Lt u "'."?" •""•"•"<' ft »l»t.!r of tho oi-do?of iri.. hT'""'* '^""'"'""i''e^«l ^ iSeto ganfberaal ISfograpfig. litles to retire, she was made regent ield tliis office but for a brief space ; but er conduct, both as regards her internal ieasurct und the war with Spain, showed inaiderable political ability. She died, in le 67th year of her age, 1705. |CATHAIiINE I., empress of Russia, was Ic iliefritimatc daughter of a Llvonian pea- Int. After some years spent in the service f a clergyman, she married a Swedish dra- gon, who shortly afterwards went on an Ipedition and never returned. She then ied as servant, or paramour, with theRus- In general, Bauer, when Prince Menzikoff ■came enamoured of her charms, and made V ills mistress. Peter I. now distinguished » by his notice, and she became at first his tetress and afterwards his wife. During I lifetime she showed great .devotion to D, and at his death she was proclaimed I successor. But her reign was short; for r indulgence in intoxicating liquois pro- ked a disease of which she died in 1727, at I age of 38. IatharinE II., empress of Russia, was • daughter of the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst I was born in 1729, and in 1745 became the k of the dulie of Hi>lstein-Qottorp, after- Ws the Emperor Peter III. This prince !■ addicted to low society and to the most bdalous excesses ; and Catharine, even in \ youth, was by no means remarkable for btity. With the usual inconsistency, each ►cached the other; Catharinn, stung by I husband's brutality, became still more «Iy indecorous in her conduct, and Peter biged In low pleasures without restraint. »t length became so infatuated by his dis- t for Catharine and his passion for one of |lni8tres»ps, the Countess Woronxoff, that determined to divorce an4 imprison the Jier, and make the latter his empress, wmed of his designs, Catharine promptij' fted herself, caused her husband to be led, and sent him as a prisoner to a small Ice about 20 miles from St Petersburg %e Prince Alexis Orlofif put him to death! I the connivance, if not at the positive Jnnnd, of the empress. This occurred ■uly, 1762, and in the next month Ca- Bnc was solemnly crowned empress of be Russias. Ill as her power was ob- Jd,8he used It, with some very grave ex- Jons, wisely and well. She trod flnnlv le footsteps of Peter the Great, aiming Ice to enrich and civilize her dominions, •ois and towns were founded, public |« of equal magnificence and utility were fcti^JJi"?','''®'*' «"•* t'^e horrible Jres which had been intlicted on Rus- icnminals were almost totally abolished •er disgusting amours in the mean time »cea her as a woman, and her tyrannous kt towards Poland, the three partitions ^ich took place in herreign,is a foul teo H< f"="t«»»eon as a sovereign I all the distractions of business and dis^ F ?ndti°" k"^ "•"« *° encourage ifterl- L fnn.''f ^^''^^^. ''«"'«'f t'^e author of jransidted into German ; and she wrntn idramatic pieces, and some moralta^es ^e use of Children ! Died, aged 67, ull soldier, a younger «nn«;ri"'?5'"'"K"J»hed born in UStn 794 and''w„?i^'*'"*' '^" Eton and Edinbwgh Un"ver^?v InV^'d^^ JM, Culm Sd LiS i„?'."'J"' ""■•• and «„„„ „ thrtS'of P.«f%T','''' pointed governor of the Can7o'f OonTH "^^ he led 'n fh.Ci* '**'"P,'« *"« soldierVwhom ne lea .n their career of noble darinir Hf. Commentaries - on the campaiKn oflsi ^<1 (published in 1850), showed that h^wfll" dowed >vith a practical know edge of hisVro* fesslon as rare as it valuahio" «^^ P'°' the various heavy lUe^'^wWchX^Brm^g army has sustained in the war with llu«i« none was more severely felt bvtho ««??*' ^'^CATT? 'r.«f GeneralScaft."'*' """°'' s^?^^/„rrcifhrrrt?»3 F^oSce?oftifrVn':.%{i^^^^^^^ ing tried for oppression i/hi.pro^h,ceo' Africa, and being disappointed In his hono "V^e consulship, Catiline conspired w^th other dissolute nobles and their foliiwer, HeS'r the consuls, but the plot ?E' in wh!^i.'v™*'i ''.'""'■^ audacious scheme in which he obtained the co-oDeratlon nr Impoverished and ambitious noWMr«rreed°/ ' restless soldiers, and the whole vulga?mob Himself of luprome power. Fortunately for 175 pATJ •edro, was compelled by his increasing In- rmities to retire, she was made regent. She •Id this office but for a brief space ; but ler conduct, both as regards her Internal leasurei und the war with Spain, showed »ii8lderable political ability. She died, in ie 67th year of her age, 170S. ICATHAKINE I., empress of Russia, was ic iilegitimate daughter of a Livonian pea- nt. After some years spent in the service « clergyman, she married a Swedish dra- on, who shortly afterwards went on an J Ipedition and nercr returned. She then led as servant, or paramour, with theRus- nnv"i\ DiiiiAi* Tirhnn "Pitin/tn ILfmn^li «> ^ iSetp ganfbtrgal IBfograpl^p. 4 as servant, or paramour, with theRus- .. general, Bauer, when Prince Mcnzikoff same enamoured of her charms, and made his mistress. Peter I. now distinguished by his notice, and she became at first his Stress and afterwards his wife. During lifetime she showed great .devotion to I, and at his death she was proclaimed successor. But her reign was short; for indulgence in intoxicating liquois pro- jed a disease of which she died in 1727, at I age of 38. IatHARINE II., empress of Russia, was i daughter of the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst kwaa born in 1729, and in 1745 became the lie of the duke of Hi/lstein-Oottorp, after- Ws tlie Emperor Peter III. This prince 1 addicted to low society and to the most Adalous excesses ; and Catharine, even in I youth, was by no means remarkable for ■tity. AVith the usual inconsistency, each reached the other; Catharine, stung by [husband's brutality, became still more Biy indecorous in her conduct, and Peter Blged in low pleasures without restraint. It length became so infatuated by his dis- %toT Catharine and his passion for one of giistressps, the Countess Woronzoff, that Hetermined to divorce ancj imprison the her, and make the latter his empress, irmedof his designs, Catharine promptly |tted herself, caused her husband to be ted, and sent him as a prisoner to a small Jce about 20 miles from St Petersburg ■re Prince Alexis Orloff put him to death! m the connivance, if not at the positive _mnnd, of the empress. This occurred luly, 1762, and in the next month Ca- Wnc was solemnly crowned empress of *e Russias. Ill as her power was ob- pd.she used It, with some very grave ex- |oii9, wisely and well. She trod flnnlv le footsteps of Peter the Great, niminK Ice to enrich and civilize her dominions. 1018 and towns were founded, public |« of equal magnificence and utility were fc>.i''l!''K"?'f''^'*' «"•* t''e horrible Jres which had been inflicted on Rus- Icnminals were almost totally abolished •er disgusting amours in the mean time ^ced her as a woman, and her tyrannous fcich took place in her reign, is a foul tefho h"; f ""t'heen as a sovereign J all the distractions of business and dis- r IndP^Th** *''"l*° encourage litera- LJ"f««^- she was herself the author of fcn latedUo'r?'" '' "'^'' ^Wch Jhe fiJitJfr , *° German ; and she wrote tettrf:?°ifi>- '"oral'^'eS —____ [oat 0uS8'it0E0ROE'KC^^■THr.!*''«H'>'>■ soldier, a younger «n'n„fw'?.^'"'"K'»l»hed bom in Lfndon^fn ^94 an^d^wn^^i^"*"**' """> Eton and Edinburgh UnWer^?v t^'I^^L"*^ commenced his mflita^rv //«»-'* v""''^ Life Guards; in 1819 L"^' *" *''« 2nd fatherasaide.de camp to SfT„r''2"'«'* "is the following year hnv?«»f^f """"■*' »°* at th? batr"ofS;rut?e^fr.^! den. Culm and LelDzica„a\"*K*'°' »''"- Brienne and numero'^s oth ?,«„"""*""«" "^ and finally at chrtaking of ParU*%'^'V'''' accompanied his father tn^, J Having Vienna in 1814, he was nn^!..'"i"f^" '"' aide-de-camp to ?he dSke S? Wenlntf ■"* pointed governor of the Cape of OonTH ''^' Whither he at once proceeded and wi,?-"^.^' Comnientanes" on thecampaisn ofisi? li (published in 1850), showed that h^wfll" dewed With a practical k'low edgeof WsVro* fession as rare as it valuahio- o^ j P'"' the various heavy losles whicrthe bS army has sustained in the war wUh RuiVi? none was more severely felt bvtho „"!?**' ^'^CATT? i°«l«f GeneralScaft.""' """°" r^cC^s'orrcifhrrrt?Li,M' ing tried for oppression in^hi.pro^Kf Africa, and being disappointed in hi« h„„» °f the consulship, Catilfne conspired w°fh other dissolute nobles and their Wliwer. UeS*f the consuls, but the plot fa^fe"' in »h!?i.'?:™*'J *.'"*"•« audacious scheme in which he obtained the co-operation nf i^?!?.""?.*.** """^ ambitious noWesrirreed/ Jf wf!'/**''^**"' «"»'^the whole vulga? moY It was to upset the government and domm. himself of Bunram<< «ni»«, ^"1"" . **?••!•• iS^fe!^^>^i^?At%'^;i"^S£nl 173 il oat] % i^eiD ^nibcrsal ISiogropl^t). [CAV Borne, Cicero was one of the consuls ; and he, on being made aware of Catiline's de- signs, assailed him in the first of those fam- ous orations whi;.h alone would suffice to give him the first rank amons orators, an- cient or modern. Catiline quailed before the indignant eloquence of the consul. He left Home and went to the camp of Manlius, his confederates in the mean time cndea- Youring to corrupt the ambassadors of the Allobrogcs. In this they were defeated by the vigilance and promptitude of Cicero; and Catiline being stopped in his march by the proconsul, Q. Metellus Celer, ^nd at the same time attacked by Antonius, who was sent after him., an engagement ensued, in whicii Catiline, at the head of his associates, fighting with the most desperate courage, was slaiu, b. C. 62. C ATI NAT, Nicolas, an illustrious French general, as eminent for his virtues as for his military talents. He was educated for the law, but abandoned the bar for the army, and rose to tlie highest military hon- ours by his skill and courage. He defeated the duke of Savoy very signally in 1688, and in 1697 he took the fortress of Ath, in Flan- ders, after experiencing a desperate resist- ance. In 1701 he was appointed to the chief command of the army in Italy ; but either bis skill was inferior to that of Prince Eu- gene, to whom he was opposed, or age had somewhat weakened his high qualities, for he was decidedly worsted and compelled to retreat. Bled, 1712. CATO, Makcus PORCitJS, Burnamed the Censor, an illustrious Roman. He was born at Tusculum, and at the early age of 17 he commenced his career as a soldier, and dis- tinguished himself equally by his courage and by his temperance. After some years passed in rural retirement, he was made military tribune in Sicily, and then quaestor in Africa, under Scipio. In 196 he served as praetor in Sardinia. In thesb situations his conduct was marked by a rigid and honour- able economy of the public money ; and, in his 40th year, he arrived at the high dignity of the consulship. He obtained important military successes in Spain and Greece, and in l&l had the office of censor. He strongly opposed the luxury of the Romans, and in- cessantly endeavoured to animate their hatred of the Carthaginians, by speeches in the senate, usually concluding with " De- lenda est Carthago ; " " Carthage must fall." He composed many works ; but the treatise " De Re Rustica," and some fragments of Roman history, are all that we know of his writings. He was twice married, and had a son by each of his wives. Boru, b. c. 234 : died, 149. CATO, MARCXTS PORCITJS, sumamed,from his birthplace, "lUtlcensis,". wss great- grandson of the last named. Beijg early left an orphan, he was taken into the family of his uncle, Livius Drusus. He served for some time in the army, and obtained the commission of tribune of the soldiers in the army sent against Macedonia. He then be- came quaestor, and exerted himself for the reformation of abuses. His conduct in this respect, and the uavarying gravity of his for integrity ; and Cicero, to whoso consular exertions ho gave his support, called Wm " the father of his country." Perceiving the designs of Caesai, he had the honesty and courage to oppose him ; and considering Caesar more dangerous than Purapey, he ranged himself under the banners of iiie latter. The fatal battle of Pharsalia com. pelled him to ily to his native Utica ; and when Ccesar arrived before that place, Cato calmly retired to his chamber, read Plato's Phmdo, the Dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul, and ended his life by fulling upon his sword, B. C. 46. CATS, ;TACOB,an eminent Dutch poet and statesman, was bom in Zealand in 1577. He studied law at Leyden and Orleans, and after some years of retirement, settled at the Hague. He was twice sent ambassador to England, aud in 1636 was appointed grand pensionary of Holland, an o.Uce which lie filled about fifteen years. He spent the rest of his life in retirement and literary labours His " Emblems," " Country Life," and other poems, are chiefly didactic, and are charac- terized by singular simplicity, facility, and good-humour. They had a'very great popu- larity, and the general admiration of the author is shown in the term " Father Cats " still applied to him. Died, 1860. CATULLUS, Caii;s VALERIUS, a Roman poet, was born at or near Verona, b. c. 87. He was a man of wealth and pleasure, and the friend of Cicero, Cinna, and other emin- ent meu. His poems are in various styles, lyric, ode, elegy, and epic ; some imitated from the Greek; mostof them characterized by ease'and simplicity of style, genuine play- fulness, and as genuine pathos. Some of them are spoiled by indecency. Died pro- bably B. c. 47. There are several English translations of Catullus. CAULAINCOURT, ARMAND AUGUSTIN LOUIS DE, duke of Vicenza, a descendant of a noble and ancient family of Picardy. Inthe early days of the French revolution he was imprisoned as a suspected royalist, but was liberated on entering the republican army. There he rose from rank to rank until he be- came aide-de-camp to Buonaparte, whom he attended in the campaigns of 1805-6-7. Sub- sequently he was employed in confidential missions, and inthe post of foreign ministci. After the restoration he lived in retirement, Born, 1773; died, 1827. CAVAIGNAC, Louis-EUgSne, a distin- guished French general, was bom at Paris in 1802. His father was a member of the Con- vention, and bis brother G defroy was one of the most popular members of the republican party in the reign of Louis Philippe. Des- tined for the army at an early age, he made his preliminary studies at the college of St Baslle, entered the Polytechnic School in 1820, and in due time was made lieutenant of engineers. He went through the cam- paign of the Morea in 1828, as captain ; and on the breaking out of the French revolution of 1830, he was the first ofiacer of \\U regi- ment to declare for the new regime ; but the year following he was placed on hnlf-pay for signing the project of the national associa- tion, and soon afterwards, on being restored demeanour, rendered him almost proverbial | to the army, was sent, as' to an honourable in banishment, with hit i Here, under Marshal C numerable proofs of boundless resources on and his name became at of Lamoricidre, Changa: other distinguished sol^ army in Algiers. For 1 during the siege of Ch was made lieut.-colonel great distinction at Isly geaud, and for his large i and perils that ensued oi Abd-el-Kader, was rewa moted to the rank of gei of the province of Oran. tion of Feb. 1848 broke oi nac war opolnted gove geria ; buv on being electi Constituent Assembly he and was appointed minis members of the executive from time to time misundi up between the executive at war, which increased i upproach of the fatal daye outbreak of the 22nd, Gem not regard it as a mere io the commencement of a ci decisive measures to sup general terror which pre va conunission resigned theii was declared in a state of si Assembly appointed Cavaig unlimited powers ; and aft gle, during which he dlsplt est qualities both of a cold society was saved, to use a sion, though at a cost of 1 which Paris had never wi( ing the first revolution. ; pacified the capital, true 1 principles, he laid do wn hi" I the National Assembly, iu i of his services, nominated the council, with power t( ministry. In this office he tact and moderation both ; and foreign. politics. Tow; the year lie became a candit sidency of the republic ; bi tered about one million and while his opponent, Louis » parte, received nearly six i the 20th of December he ro fmictionsand took his place Assembly among the moder Daring the three years thatfl his Totes and speeches, he mi adhesion to the republic ; hei Napoleon perpetrated his Dec. 2,1851, one of his prec arrest General Cavaignac, to most distinguished members < Hand transfer him to the to iOn his liberation he was ■ Corps Legislatif," but he i I we oath to the new govemme [period he lived in retirement, I .To . ^^^ chosen one of t ■ tie Seine, in opposition to thi l^datejbutafewweeksafte Imunity, and leaving behind OAV] banishment, with hit regiment to AlgeHa Here, under Marshal Clausel, he gave in- numerable proofs of great courage and boundless resources on occasions of peril ■ and his name became associated with those' of Lamoricidre, Changarnicr, Bugeaud, and other distinguished soldiers of the French army in Algiers. For his gallant conduct during the siege of Cherchcll, in 1840, he was made lieut.-coloncl ; In 1844 he gained great distinction at Isly under Marshal fiu- geaud, and for his large share in the battles and perils that ensued on the enterprises of Abd-el-Kader, was rewarded by being pro- moted to the rank of general and governor of the province of Oran. When the revolu- tion of Feb. 1848 broke out. General Cavalg- nac wap opointed governor-general of Al- geria ; huv on being elected a member of the Constituent Assembly he returned to Paris and was appointed minister at war by the members of the executive commission. But from time to time misunderstandings sprang up between the executive and tho minister at war, which increased in Intensity on tho upproach of the fatal days of June, On the outbreak of the 22nd, General Cavalgnac did not regard it as a more insurrection, but as the commencement of a civil war, and took decisive measures to suppress It. In the general terror which prevailed, the executive commission resigned their Amotions, Paris was declared in a state of siege : the National Assembly appointed Cavalgnac dictator with unlimited powers ; and after a terrific strug- gle, during which he displayed all the high- ' est qualities both of a eoldier and a patriot i society was saved, to use a familiar expres- sion, though at a cost of life and bloodshed which Paris had never witnessed even dur- ing the first revolution. As soon as he had pacified the capital, true to his republican principles, he laid down hi" dictatorship : but the National Assembly, lu acknowledgment of his services, nominated him president of tlie council, with power to select his own ministry. In this office he displayed equal tact and moderation both as regards home and foreign. politics. Towards the close of the year he became a candidate for the nre- sidcncy of the republic; but he only mus- tered about one million and a half of votes while his opponent, Louis Napoleon Buona- parte, received nearly six millions, and on the th of December he resigned his high functionsand took his place in the National Assembly among the moderate republicans Durlngthe three years thatfollowed,bothby r2,'^'?"i*P^^*''»^«'^« maintained a flni adhesion tothe republic ; hence when LouS uet. i,isii, one of his precautions wiw tn arrest General Cavalgnac, together wlTh the mo8tdistingui8hedmimber8ofth;aMemblv »»<» tfansfer him to the fortress of Ham "?n™, l^";"'??,.\« ^" elected to tho thoZh?!!?'''"^' ''"* he refused to take tho oath to the new government. From that period he lived in retirement, tiU June 1 857 th 'aefne?n^*'°^^.'J''"« «' the depute % lJiI»f k'? opposition to the Imperial can- m?/.n J""' " ^""^ ^^^'^s afterwards he died Sy^M^'t"'^ ''yS"^'"'«»°' the com- munity, and leaving behind him a name ^ Mtbi mitntata IPfograpftp. [r-AV ^A aITh °"'y.*** thatofWashlngtonformo CAVAT^n^^Z^ Patriotism. Died, 1m"° CAVALCANTI, GuiDO, a Florentine nhi iTf„nT ^i"?.^"** »' the 'l 3th century wai O&unI ^«^*'' ""''' ""« him, an a'ctT" wniDeillne. His poems, which ar« «hi«fl^ .^';;?e'■r^,f'f "T^^ the^most"lega„t l.^ t^stantt'S?T'„'^"^' ^^^ Camlsa7S,orPro: ot"e^\U?ch*e^^.'{.'e"!^n^S«d'h^irskWS§ I rsTin^r^S.^'^"'*' '^^ «"«' Kovror^o'f /Wo^H^^?^^' BONAVENTURA, an Italian ^H il?r®"°' *" mathematics at Boloirna .rtiS*ir^.*eTife'"°»"'"«^^'°-'« iTthT?"™*^ of Giotto, Whom he MriVted In the famous mosaic In St Peteri mi. ^h£SSf!£HilH luiure lire to the advancement of scipnoa there 12 years, engaged In the study of vari ons sciences, he was appointed cUrectorof C&T'i^t^l^''''^ ^°^«^«^ S hl'mTelV^ seller was Wnfv"" enterprising book- In leor^^H^-,** Newton, Warwickshiro, S°eS Vn^'^ U "•'"P hyWoWSa^tl f a=a"nri^aSeT%h \S'45 JStoTwaTthV »\*'»»°»»the ^nSibTt! ors TO It was the subsequently famoni Tir lIestTleidl''^°°^ ^r*^" "neo^tK- divine^ ho w^''^^'^^' " '«*™ed English s^d'''^a»\Verdyji.t;^fe"*rfe ^ 177 I 1) OAV] % i^eb) ^nfbersial ISiograpl^i). came chnplain to the kinir, obtainrd the de- gree of D.D. both at Cumbrldgf and Oxford, nnd in 1684 wui iimdo canon of AVindsor. He was author of" Primitive Christianity," " Antiquitatcs Apoitolicic." or Lives of the Apostles ; " Apostolici," '' Ecclesiastlci,"— these two works containing the Lives of the Apostolic and later fathers of the Church, and several other works. Born, 1637 ; died, 1713. CAVEDONE, OlACOHO, an eminent Ita- litin painter. Ho was a disciple of the Ca- racci ; und some of his works are said to be equal to those of his masters. He died In absolute destitution, in 1660. CAVENDISH, Thomas, an English naTi- gator tn the reign of Elizabeth, was a native of Suffolk, where he inherited a good estate; but haying injured his fortune by early ex- travagances, he fitted out three vessels to cruise against the Spaniards ; and sailing for the coast of South America, succeeded in taking several valuable prizes. After cir- cumnavigating the globe, he returned to England with a large fortune. This he soon dissipated, and again went to sea ; but meet- ing with no success, died of chagrin while off the coast of Brazil, in 1592. CAVENDISH, Sir WiLWAM,^ native of Suffolk, was born in ISOS. He ontatned the office of usher to Cardinal Wolsey ; and the fidelity he displayed on the fall of his patron endeared him to Henry VIII., who took him into his service, and knighted him. In the succeeding reigns he was equally favoured, and his son became earl of Devonshire. He wrote the Life of his early friend and natron. Cardinal Wolsey. Died, 1557. CAVENDISH, WILLIAM, duke of New- castle, son of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest son of the last named. By James I. he was made a knight of the Bath, Baron Ogle, and Viscount Mansfield. Charles I. appointed him governor to the Prince of WiUes, and made him earl of Newcastle. T 9 earl proved himself worthy of the fa- vour shown io him ; for, when Charles I. resolved en an expedition against the Scots, he contributed £10,000— a A-ery large sum at that time— besides raising a troop of horse. During the civil war he behaved with great gallantry ; and when th3 royal -^u8e became hopeless, he Joined Charles II. t his exile. At the restoration, he was created duke of Newcastle. He was the author of several poems and plays, but is now chiefly re- membered as an author for his treatise on horsemanship. Born, 1692 ; died, 1676. CAVENDISH, WILLIAM, first duke of Devonshire, was the son of William, third earl of Devonshire. He was bom in 1640, and attended James, duke of York, as a volun- teer against the Dutch ; but he soon made himself obnoxious at court by his opposition in parliament. H;is death the enormout sum of £1,200,000 to hi'i relations. Cavendith was never married, and avoided with singu- lar shyness the society of women. It has been truly said of him, that he was "the richest among the learned, and the moat learned among the rich men of his timd." Bora, 1731 ; died, 1810. CAVOUU, Count CAMTILO BEN80 DI, born at Turin, August 10, 1810, was the younger son of a noble house long settled in the neighbouring town of Chiavi. His mo therwasanat! oof Geneva; and from her he inherited that industry and solid good dense which have always characterized the citizens of that republic. He was born to the enjoy- ment of wealth and of the highest rank in one of the :nost exclusive societies of Europe, whose conventional restraints he had to throw off before he could enter with any hope of success on his great task of reforming the Italian nation. Regarded by his kins- men and fellow-nobles as a renegade to his order, he devoted himself to advancing the real interests of the whole body of his coun- trymen. Owing to the suspicions thus caused, he was arrested, and for sonie time confined in the fort of Bard. In consequence of this he threw up his military commission, and spent several years abroad, chiefly in Francf> nnd in England. With the KnglHh const tion, especially, he made himself most vimately acquainted, and always re- tained the highest sense of the principles on which it is founded. His sojourn in Eng:lan(i occurred while the influence of Daniel O'Connell, in Ireland, was at its height ; but the keen penetration of Count Cavour en- abled himself ut once to discern the facti- tious nature of the cry for Repeal, and he embodied his opinion; in a pamphlet which was the most remarkable of the many pub- lications of foreign politicians on the subject. Returning to Turin in 1842, he established a political daily newspaper, called " 11 Risor- gimento," which became the most influential organ of the middle classes. After the battle of Novara had for the time destroyed th« hope of Italian union, Cavour adopted a policy of compromise ; and entering the Chambers, in 1849, as member for the flnt electoral college in Turin, he threw all his influence on the side oJ part) In 1850 ho becam cablnut. At that time (louJ)H*Jly the most ba( ltaliun\itatesin itslawsai With Incredible labour, intermls\ion, he reduced iiaRcmonv of the conntr< called for Ah its resources I tary. Fat:\rue, he said, he when at ICi nure. Rising a ing, he gavi audiences fi after brenkf, st he went to he tran§actei\ business wit I until the evening, except h I sat. Aftfir diiJner and, gei I the theaire, heVretumed to he frequently lAmained un Il8»'2 he again VisUed En [opened un his vwws to Er J On his return a ministerial land the king IntrAsted hln Ition of the governiaent. Tl ■ existed almost by lt\elf ; it ' I Cavour to »ev,ure to it an ei I number of the great A'urope I war of France and Pnfland Inlabed the opportunity St Iviction that his country mli ■all the prestige lost at K^iva ■in alliance with Frin*',! a ■Sardinian contingent seripd ■distinction in the Crlttfi: ■tained admittance into thf C( Twhcre he secured the jecc fexistence of an Italian qitesi fconcluslon of the war he icc ^^'icto^ Emmanuel to Tt/rlt >nd gerlus , .-„„. ... 1858tlV al pent with France was fui th« the marriage of Prince Vai lardlnlan princess ; and tlie 1 fcore than 800,000 (i-ancslelt frtifylng Alessandria, wai^ r( Austrian government as a m( n""P ^J"" presented at 1 kted by Cavour. Thiswasf hP«>l?>» of 70 days, dui n Kht the battles of Magenta niepeaceofVillafrancawiisa fZurlch, which enabled hint r'''"P'-etationontheterm '^,7''* """look back to t^ »t the deepest emotion. Hut igcarredonbyasoldievln; The landing of Garibaldi J'«* ^y the deliverance KB«''l''onrule,an,lbyi rumtdynasty from Naples T ^ftobedone^SutWs^- W 7 accomplished whp , •?- '%urandhisgb,^''ou„ " tashnrt lli„ »'"'^J'' *^'3Unt I dW nJ i'*?*'** Turin, J «hisor5?'''^'=*««'nth 4ii°.;«?'-yh8' perhaps «aiatheforcec ,in,piei, 'strengi.. of logic part} In 1800 ho became a membnr nt n J cabinet. At that timn ni "-i™™"" "'. "'e cabi;i,,t. -Atthat tTme-'liedS";?/. '!;'= (loubtiVlIy the most backward of "iVyh: Italian \Unte. In it«law.andltsoVa,,l^itrn® With i) credible labour, .uilalnid withou"t intermI»\lon, he reduced the Internal ma naRenipnv of the country into order ITnH called for\h its resources both civil and miH tary. Kat:\Tue, h« snid, he never felt M^ini when at le;»ure. Rising at7ve in t hA *n2* ing.he Ka>V audlonce.%ro?n ' x fo e"^h^ after breakf,,8t he went to his oiHccs whom' he transacteu business without in^^r^u^tlnn until theevcnV^g. except when the Chambers lat. Aftfir diiJner and, generallv a viTif ♦.? the theaire.heVeturned to hi. oAn» u *** he frequently Amf^in'i^mimZV^t''r^ \m he again \isited Engiand; wheJe he opened un his vi.iws to English statMmpi on h s return a nVnistcrial crisis occuTreS" and tile king intrAsted him with tho H. ' tion of the Koverni.eit T™uT far Pie,te exUted almost by lt\elf ; it was the obfinj Cavour to secure to t an pntn^^JT ""jtci or number of the great vS?ope"a'"po'wer"s'°The war of France and Fni land with B;r..i'„ t ini8hed the opportunitj Stwne h, tJ„* '"''■ jvictlon that his countn mlgM th„, rn';'-"""- all the prestige lost at K rvar» h « J!« recover |.n alllJnee fvith f" n^,r«'n"d' 'inSd '1 dinlancontini?entsf r^io^ »,i»u -.'!"'"" » « n'oV'o\'h^ThV„-,;^^^^ talent. The p. bUcat?on „f ?.^' '" ""'""•^«* to some passages In h. I ?,''P<""» rnlative which he Lsbfenrnn. P°""cal life, for I«ls name f^om uX.t ""n""', '"" ^'nd^o the nnwcark™ Uevo?lon?''hu'"; ^"'' "'"'^ Having served his time nr«'^" '" ^°"«'<'«- abroad in 1«1, a„d .p'tn,"?T*"'' '"« W""* Countries, probablv at ^lJ■^^ '" "'« I-ow jrovernor of the S^odetv Tlr "« "^"""'o venturers, and nftrrwfL"' Merchant Ad- tho "uitoof MargSt of Yn'i:^' ^l"*^" '""« ^uke of Murgundv Wm?"*' '*'''« »' the Flnnders.heacouirJrfnb "? residing in Of printing! probah^v f,^"")!;'?''** "f the art the first printer of ^bJuJ!?.^°'"h''^ ^mI, and printed in that comff . ' "'«'J'"""'"«ted U.C Historyes of Troyeg kL ,"*' ?iec«yell of 'and, in 1476. he set ,.n , „ Returning to Eng- Abbey i and in H77X Pfi^H '" .'\^''«nilnst?r fenyings," the flr«Vh„^l '^*',"'® "Dlctes and ,... m.-autc wiin J?rsn<;! and Enjrland~"n f.^^'*' *"** "^'''o'persons'^^nfVi:!. ""'* °'''*"^ Sardinlancont ngentscri'd win, =„!;I, ' " '''<> we know lltfin «! .9' *''® 'est of his dininction in ti>e Crltt|^rnd ^e th.1«""KM»''« ''""ks hJwr^^^^ anTJ,''" ^^ "ties of .ained8dmlttanccintoth|cC,i'/,„*??.L"^ !°° «u™erousTo°^^^^^^^^^ Idininction in the Cr„rr''J'«"""»«n«I Itained admittance into tlf Co„g,e^s! a?P„?u ■where he secured the lecognitlon of ti« ■existence of an Italian qj-.estion Af» f^® toncluslon of the war he ccomnantrt vJ"^ flctor.Emmanuel to P|riTTd"LonS* are -.u...a,.ue. 10 i-jtrig and !„„;;-■' I ^S"-«3- "•■'*' "PP^ared In k could never look back to t^^? .f''^ "'""'«' ^t the deepest emotion V^l\ """^ ^^'h- [feat of the Panal trnnn^"'"'^* ' ""^^ the F« followed by the proc Xi?P °^ ^^«t»' Vmanuel as king ofltaiv d""^'^**'*"'" K»«itobedone; but hi/;,3"l'^ ^^t re- fhe " ieseriAion Xte S/"' T' «"tho"r o Cabinet,- a truiv snionHM ®°""" ^^e Royal painter,pupflofB^nBounn^'' ■* ^'•"'ch cipal works are in thoporh^r^ "'sprin- Dame and other churches^?'';'" ,"' ^"t'^ 1676 ; died, 1754 '^""'^«=«e8 of Paris. Dorn, bo?f a? wfo'n.^X^Vd f T'' ""^'ateur. naval service from which 'il""'?" '" *he settled at Paris, in768AV^^ "'•'^'''^'l »nd which he opposed with nil m *"*' ''evolution, thrown into the prTronso tLe'^AhY'"' "^ ^«« his daughter Elizabeth ^nn''''^*' '^*'h massacre of the nri^onnra ?°1 ^''""» the daughter threw herself hPt^r" "l'^'^^' "'« the murderers tiinr^i^K between him and cutipn of rhelr'Xos'^^':t"h!f^ '"^ "" condemned to death n^J^^o ^\ V^ a»aJn Ruillotine, Sept 25 1792 a? /h'''''' ''^ "'« From the scaffold he S ».»i?® 2»® °^ "• \r '°»'elo7e1 but^LTs'woi^u"'^'^^^* '- l^^'tKirSd'a^'nd"/ <>'«.- I'havellvtd'' ■■^"■ort m.^7i''tS,?^T^ Z^' ^T^rZs kfn"d. "'"^'* P"^*"'' «Wefly ofTh'o ceo] % Jt^bD ainibersnl 19iogrRpf)t?> [OEl n tnincd an olWce, and afterwards a pcniiion. IIU principal work It a lilogniphluol Dic- tionary of the principal nrll»t» of Spain, In a vol*. Ho wrote iil«o a hUtory of the Bcvlllo nchool of palntlnK. a Duscrlptlon of the Cathedral of Hovlllo, a Llfu of Jovtl- lanos, Ac. Ho also edited and cxtnnded MaKuno's Notices of the ArchltccU and Archllccturo of Spain. Died, 1831. CECCO DB A8C0U, whose proper name was FRANCIHCO DKoiii 8TA1III.I, an Italian physician, mechanician, and poet j author of '• I/Acrrva,"a poeni,&c. In 1322, he obtained the appointment of professor of philosophy and astrology at llologna, and subsequently that of physician and ust ''oger to tho duke of Colabria ; but being acc>. cd of magic, ho was condemned by tho Inquisition, and burnt to death In 1327. CECIL, WIM.IAM. [nURLEIOH.] CECIL, lloiiKiiT, catl of Salisbury, was the second son of Lord liurlelgh, tho great minister of Queen Elizabeth. Hcwas educat- ed at 8t John's College, Cambridge, and was early knighted. Trained to business under his father, ho became ttrst tho assistant nna then the successor of Secretary Walsingham. On the death of his father, In 1598, ho be- came first minister. Towards the close of Elizabeth's rclgn ho sedulously cultivated tho friendship of James "VI. of Scotland. Tho cTcnt Justified his foresight, for ho was continued In his office, and created carl of Salisbury soon after James's accession to tho English crown. Ho held the office of lord high treasurer during the last fo)ir years of his life. He was an extremely able, and, generally speaking, upright minister.; but ho shrank ft'om nothing which was likely to promote his personal success, and tho share 1)0 had in causing the deaths of Essex and Kalctgh disgrace him In the estimation of posterity. Horn, about 1566 ; died, 1C12. CELAKOWSKY, FRANTISKK LADJ8LAU8, poet and philologist, was horn In Uohenia in 1799. Ho studied with great enthusiajm the Sclavonic languages, and obtained a professorship at tho university of Prague. Of that post ho was deprived in 1831, for writing a severe newspaper article on Russian tyranny in Polond. He was sub- sequently professor of Sclavonic literature at Hreslau, and again at Prague in 1659. Besides his original poems he published collections of Sclavonic and of Russian National Songs, tho latter translated into Bohemian, and of Sclavonic proverbs. He was engaged in preparing a Supplement to Jungmann's Bohemibn Dictionary at tho time of his death in 1852- CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian painter. He executed some beautiful landscapes and some fine altar-pieces. Died, 1706. t CELESTINE I., pope; successor of Boni- face I. He became pope in 422, condemned the doctrine of Ncstorius in 430, and died in 432, with .a high reputation for piety and wisdom. CE DESTINE III., pope, succeeded Cle- ment III. in 1191. He claimed the king- doms of Naples and Sicily, and conferred the latter on Frederick, son of the emperor Henry VI., on condition that he should bo tributary to the holy see. Died, 1198. CELESTINE V., pope. Ho was a Hcne- dlctinc monk, and founder of the order of tho CvlcHtlnes, which was suppressed In Prance. He led a life of great sooluHlon, and the fame of his austerity caused him to bo elected pope In r294. Carulnal CiOcttn persuaded him to resign, and then, havlnR caused himself to bo elected by tho tltlo of Boniface VIIl., Imprisoned Cdestlnc, who died in confinement In 1290. In 1313 he was canonized by Clement V. CELLAIllUH, CHRiHTOFiiKR, a learned German writer, professor of history st Hallo; author of " Notltla Orbls Antlqun," " Atlas Coslcstls," Ac, and editor of sevctal Greek and I^tln authors. Died. 1707. CELLIEU, UKMI, a learned French Bene- dlctlno ; author of an " Apology for the Morality of tho Fathers," written againit Barbeyrac, and compiler of a " General History of Sacred and Ecclesiastical Au- thors." Died, 1781. CELLINI, BENVKNT'TO, a Celebrated Italian sculptor and goldsmith, was born at Florence in 1600. His father wished to mako him a musician, but he hat d muilc, and apprenticed himself to a goldsmith, The vicious propensities and quarrcliome temper which made his whole life troublous and drove him frequently from place to place, early showed themselves. About 1S18 no went to. Rome, and lived there chiefly for more than 20 years, finding full employ- ment in making costly and exquisite artlclit of goldsmith's work for Pope Clement VII,, the cardinals and nobles of Rome. At the sack of Rome by tho Constable do Bourbon, in 1627, Cellini commanded tho castle of San Angelo and boasted that ho killed the Constable. His service on that occasion was reworded by the pope with his pardon for all homicides he had committed or might commit for tho 'good of the church. In 1638 ho was imprisoned at Rome on a charge of theft, and made professions of penitence, which came to nothing. Two years latCt he went to France, visiting his friend tho Cardinal Ippollto d'Estc, at Fer- rara, on his way. Francis I. greatly lulmired him as an artist, and kept him in his service five years, rewarding Urn with rich gifts, « largo salary, an ancient " Hotel," and the title of seigneur. Of the house he had to make himself master by violence, and there- by incurred the enmity of the royal mistress, Madame d'Etampcs. Among tho works executed fo- Francis I. were a bronze Nymph for Fontf incbleau, a sliver statuette of Ju- piter, and a gold salt-cellar. Cellini returned to Florence in 1645, and there executed for Duke Cosimo his celebrated figure of Per- seus, which occupied him four years. He then visited Rome for a short time, and there made the bronze bust of his host Bindo Altovitl, which was warmly praised by Michael Angelo. Cellini wrote treatises on the goldsmith's art, and on sculpture, and an Autobiography full of vivid and varied interest, not only personal but his- torical, and well known through on English translation. One of his finest later works was a marWfl crucifix, afterwards given by the grand duke to Philip II- of Spain, and now in the Escurlal. Died at Florence i» 1571, and was buried in Annunclata. CELSIUS, 0I./V8, a le early pa'ron oi' Iilnnoius motcr of tho science of i Hwcden. He published ^ and other works, partlcu " Ulerobotanlcon," an ac( mentioned in tho Bible. 1756. CKL8US,Ai;RELIU8C0i physician, probably of tho uuthor of treatises on agr and military affilrs, and < medicine. All except tho but that is used In the .m erery nation in Europe. CI;L8U8, an Epicurean I I 2nd century. He wrote a 1 Chriitinn rellKlon. It Is i we may Judge fk'om Origi Celtui was n keen disputar disadvantage of assailing ti I ing error, I CEKINI, GIOVANNI Doi llian painter, chiefly of his I Horn, 1609; died, 1681. I t'ElilNI, OiDSErj'K, an 1 Idramatist. Born, 173H; dic( CEHINTHUO,ahercslttrc Itury, Ho was by birth a Jc I trine was a compound of Jud lily, and the speculations of t I CEllVANTES 8AAVEDR Ithe celebrated Spanish novel |1M7, He gave early pron ■talent, and received a can ^tudjflng at tho universities Wive place,'and Salamanca, Tcrhaps, at Madrid. He soor ■ I to the Cardinal Gluli Rome. He then entered tho 1 to serve in it during )ctween.l571 and 1575. Ho juished part in the famous bal fchcre he was thrice woundei hse of his left arm. After t Ihc troops at Naples, in the piuiish king; but in 1575 irljoner by a corsair, and Vaycry at Algiers five years. W length ransomed, ho agaii Jj™5 for several years, and ( pdrid, married, removed to S ^ published in the course •lottt thirty dramas ; bu t, thov "■t genius, he was not so su( 1 Lope de Vega, and he y MoHi hard shifts to earn a li^ ■natclyhe abandoned dramati ^r prose romance, and in 1605 nt part of that extraordinary uimmortaiized his name— " r •e second part appeared in 161 m view, by this work, t Mtc and opinions of his coun Bshed to ridicule the siUy ro iPJP'^f'''' Spain, poor, inn Imed imitations of the earli te'^' "?''*''•«»' were ex UIIT' '"fluence. The w we, several editions wei ' tte first year after its oelJ IS71, and wai burlod In tho church of the AnnunclkU. CELSIUS, 0I.AU8, a learned Swede; tho rarly po*ron Oi J.inniciii, and the flrit pro- moter of tho tcience of natural hlitorv in Sweden. He publlnhod yarloua theological and other worki, pnrtlculnrly one entUlod ■ lllcrobotanlcon," an account of the pinnta mciitlonod in tho Wblo. Morn, 1070 ; died 1758, ' ""-"' CELSUS.AuREUUsCouNKLius.aRoman pbjrMclan, probably of liio time of Tlberiua • uuthor of treatises on BKriculturo, rhetoric' and military alTiirs, and of elKht books on medicine. All except tho last work are lost but that lo used In tho .mcdicai schools of orcry nation in Kurope. CKLSUS.an Epicurean philosopher of tho ind century. Ho wrote a book aKainst tho Chrlitlttn rcllKlon. It is not extant, but if we may Judge from Orlgen's reply to It CcUui was a keen disputant, oven with the' (lliadvantagc of assailing truth and defend- ing error. CKUINI, GIOVANNI DoMRNico, an Ita- lian painter, chiefly of historical sublccts llom, 1609; died, 1081. "' OEUINI, Oa'SEPi'K, an Italian poot nnd drainstUt. Horn, 1738; died, 1770 CEKINTHUU, a hercslarch of tho Ist cen- tury. Ho was by birth a Jew, ond his doc- I rlnc was a compound of Judaism, Chrlstlan- Itjr, nnd the speculations of tho Gnostics I CEllVANTES SAAVEDllA, MiOUKL DE. he celebrated Spanish novelist, was born In 1547. He gave early promise of litcrory talent, and received a careful education itudylnK at the universities of Alcaln his' laatlvo place,'(ind 8nlamancu,and afterwards wrhaps, at Madrid. Ho soon bocamochnm- irlaln to the Cardinal GiuUo Aquavlva at ^ i^otwcen:i571 and 1378. He took a dfstl " ' uislicd part In the famous battle of Lepanto, »hcrc he was thrice wounded, and lost the Me of his left arm. After this, ho joined Mirv/' Naples m tho serVlce if tho panUh king; but in 1575 he was taken flioner by a corsair, nnd remained In avery at Algiers flvo years. wTc„ "o was It ength ransomed, ho again served as a M^lnrZ?^ years, and then setUed at laarid, married, removed to Seville in 1688 Id published in tho course of "en years Ivi rni 1 V*** ""' *" successful as his briiJT'.^^X'*'*'""'^ he was driven to ^^^^ vi!^\''"^"' *•» ^"^ » livelihood. Ul- k DWM Zr^''""*''^'','"'''"'*"'' •^""'position ff prow romance, and in 1605 appeared the Pt part of that extraordinary work whioh »immort8llzedhisname-''Do7Quiro J^ d rerL'Tir "^ i" 161«- Corvan?es ', '" I'^w, Dy this work, to reform tho t?f "Pi^'o"" or h" countrymoL He SXin 8ni^ '''' "'"y romS then and it may now safelv bn iini>i ♦„ »._ ;»ho struggled oS for many }o«rrwUh' othing to console him In his poverty but Nearl'v ,n"'Z' T """V eonoclouCes. I^f^"t or hi/J.i *'"' '''"y* "' Cervantes are lost ill. " v^l"7 '^^/'"' ''"' most notewonhy arc a Pa?naso " th^^r.':'"''"''" »'"' '"» " Vlago , oi X arnaso, tho latter a satire on tho in/i fu?,,^'?!""^ •""""» ot Won Qulxoa. *\vrh edition " "°'° reproducod In an ESglUh CESAHI, OlUSEprE. Italian nalntcr wn. born at Homo about 1568. Ho o^bt ."nej Tm p!oymcnt In tho Vatican, and became a ttrout .Sarjor'an;, f"'' '""' '''° Sn7go o C'nraccland Uaravagglo. His prndpil work n ViVn''^';! *;' !;?''"°«'' '" the Con»e'^^^u7orio in the Capitol, illustrative of events in iii man history. His Urawing was spiritod" uFui '*»<1 »n«<=c'»-ate; executed wih great of^nat^u?«'^ w"'r*H''"y '■"K"*' '" the fruth 01 nature. He had many imitatorg who t^"th?„"'"f,* "^'''ts." in^onSs iicUon ists ■- '^Dled',"?67a^'""'"^''*^'°' ^^° " •^"'""" CESAllINI, GiLiANO, Cardinal. Ho was born about 13!)8, and haVlng been raised ?o «.e cardlnalate in 1426, was sent to p?cach in Germany against tho innovators in religion He diatingulshed himself as president of the HP„7h" ^i^"**' '^8*'"" the HusSues Leing sent by the pope to Hungary, ho persuaded Ladislaus to break truce with the Turks The battle of Varna ensued, Nov., I444"and the cardinal dlsappcarcc:, but It is not ki'own what became of him. -"wnu n„P.^!^?°^'^' MKLcinoREE, an Italian poet, and professor of Greek and Hebrew In intoItaHiS'if"n"^"."8^"'" '""^ translate? into Italian of" Osslan's Poems." His trans- atlon of the "Iliad" is a ridiculous carica- to'L^^?"'""* ^"^sf ent on a political mission to Napoleon, who knighted and pensioned him in return for which the poet became a ish mE^ V^''''*' °^' <"» eminent Span- and^Ht mi/h ♦^^fl^"" * "*"^« «' Cordbva, ana studied the fine arts at Kome, whence he returned to Cordova in 1677. He acqva?ed the name of the Spanish BaphaelT hS?K 181 oil a] H £im etnibctinl Viogrnpl)!}. [t'H,\ I'liml work It "Thn Utt Hmiiwir," an aU- mlr»l)le ploUirn In tho t«iluulr«l of CorUo»a. Iln nn* Mulluir of • li nnn'U tr<'i»H»« on «n- I'li-nt nnd moilt-rn pnlnllnii, «ni> of iovt-rnl olhnr wor«i. He wm » lonrnca orlrnlnll»t, Nud Ihn friend of tho urt'iil loliolkn •lid arl- UU of lilt uku. Died. ItllW. rUAllHUT, JONK.ri! HKHNAUn, MnrijuU of, n dUllniiuliUrd nnvlgwlor. mlrononior, nnd gPomn|ili<'r, lioni «t Toulon, In \TH. llo iMitoro.t llir nnvy «t iin I'lirly iiKi', por- formi'd m'viMiil dUliuit voyn|Ct'», nnd forni«"- nmr, and edited the luxlcou of Suidai. l)l«d, Ifllil. CHALCONDYIAS, NlUilOt.AS.or liAONl- CU9, ono of the Hy«antlno historian*, flour- l*hed in tho latter part of tho l.'itU century. He wn* a native of Athens, n d wnito a History of tho Turk*, nnd of the l-'all of tho Greek I'.mplrc, from I'iHH to UUi. CHALMKKH, ALKXANliKU, M.A., F.8.A., wn* born In 1759, at Abenleen, whero hi* father carried on busliies* a* n printer. AVhon ho wn* eighteen year* of njio, an ap- pointment of assistant suriteon in tho West Indlo* wn* procured for him j but instead of salltnit for Jnniaioa he proceeded to London, whero ho connected himself with tho pre**. Ho became editor of tho I'ubllc Ledger nnd London I'acket newspaper*, during tho pe- riod of the American war. Varty politic* were then running high, and Mr Chalmers obtained much credit a* a political writer to other Journal* under tho ilgnnturo of Stntr. He wn* for a long time a contributor to the Morning Chronicle, and afterwards editor of the Morning Herald: he also entered into engngeinent* with seyernl publishers, to edit their books, nnd published iiuinx work* in hi* own name. In 1812 the first portion of the work appeared, vhlch, of all hi* pro- ductions, ho* the most largely contributed to hi* fame, namely, " The General lllographi- cal Dictionary," which was completed ia 189 1(117; nnd h« continued to occupy hlmiHrin lllernry pursuits till III lienllh coinpellvd lilm to nlinndon them. Died, IH:I4 CHALMiniH, OKOUuK.a Hcotoh writer uf eonsldernMe Mblllty and ludustriTi autliuro' " Caledonia," " An Kstliimle of tliu compsr*. tlvu Htrvugth of Great llrtlnln," Ac. llu stntlstlcnl Hblllty |irocur«d him Ihuslluitliin of chief clerk ul iho Howrd of Trsdo, which he en|oved for many years. Horn, lUi, died, IN'iA, CIIAI.MKUS. Kev. Dr TllOMAH, wss born nt Aiistnither, In l''lfe,on the l7thof Munh, I7H0, and wns enrly sent U) study at Ht An drew'* Cnlverslty. Ills college curecr wu dUtlngulshedby someofhUsubsriiiiciitpvi'U- llarltlcs— energy, good humour, coinimiilon- nblenesS, nnd nscendencv over othera , nnd It wns then tlint his puistdo for the nliynlcal science* was llrsl developed, lleridei thru- logy, he sludieu n)ntlii'tnalics,uheitiUtrjt,nn(i some branches of natural history, withuioro than youllifiil enthusiasm, and with iiichiuc- cess that, besides iiN.iistinK his own priifi'mdr, ho niado n narrow escnpe from the inslhc- inntlcnl chttir In IMInliurgh. Uii tliecumplK. tloii of his theological studies hu (illltiutcii for about two vonrs .is assistant in the pArinli of Cavers, nnd In IHO.I he obtnlnvd a iiroicntn- tlon to the parish of Kllmany In Kifeihlre. Here he rcmalnod forsonio years, In tho quiet dlschartfo of hi* clerical duties, when hevru suddonly awakened to a knowledge of" viUU Christlnnlty," while engaged In writing tho article " Christianity " ror Hrewster'i Mid- burgh Kncyclopii'dla; and ft'oin this moment his ()ulckened and concentrated fiicultlci wore Intent on reviving tho old " ovangiliim of tho I'urltnn* and the Keformen." In 1813 tho town council of Glasgow Invllcu him to bo the minister of the Troii church. Thither he repaired, nnd in that city ho laboured for eight years. In 1817 hu visltod London. Here his popularity was nut Icii overwhelming. The churches In which he wns to preach were crowded long before th« service commenced; and amongst hit m- dltors were a number of tho -.Dstinguiihcd clergy, peers, members of pnrllamrnt, and literary character* of all classes nnd donomi- nation*. " All tho world," writes AVilbcr- force In his diary, " wild about Dr Chnlmcri. Canning, lluskisson, Lord* KIgin, Harrow- by, Ac., prcient. 1 wn* surprised to bpc how greatly Cannlnf was affected; at timej ho was quite meltca into tears." After con- tinuing about four years minister of the Trou church, ho was removed to the new church of 8t John'*. In thl* new snhere he tried to give practical direction to the theo- ries ho had propounded relative to tho lup- port ond the suppression of paupcrlnin. I'Jt the work ho had undertaken deprived him of that solitude required for pulpit prepara- tions, especially for such pulpit cxhibitloni as he was wont to give ; and ho was fain to seek relief In an academic retreat. In 1821 ho accepted tho chair of moral philo*;phy at St Andrew'* ; in 1828, he was removed to tho chair of theology In the university of Kdinburgh; and here he prosecuted mi Lultifariou*' labour*, lecturing, preaohln*, puolishing, organizing schemes ftr the wel- faro of the 'church, an4 taking au ■"*'" mansgenient In her cour ufthfl Church of Hcotluti Jollied Iho l''ree Clmn iii/iliily contrlliuted lo prini'ipnl nnd profesMir secedliiK bo'ly In the »{ piiiri'd III London to give tho ■lies' eiiininllti'e of i inoiis. " llu preaehrd all •lOoiim In Knglnnd, wll fiillv.snd on tliii liut tulil SRum nt honui Tliul evi hnvo remarked to n frleii< hli iiiihllc work coiiipleti sll thiit met tho gnse of li rorin-in stnlely rcuoKe oi who hehi'ld It snhl, 'n lit' mould of the tons of men outline of tho life of Dr ( nut ulluded to the muii; which frdiii tiiiMi to tliii world, Ills work* publish time, in 2li vols., embrace Jocti.chli'Dy relating to the ecoiiuiiiy : uiixing thesiian «1 Dltcuumes, llrsl piiliIlN thcjr formed u new era in I Sit orstory. llesldus llies uinuui works, conrlsting turn Headings," " Instil ul Ac , have been publishud li Urlliiiina, to whose inton Ur Chalmers we must refi the fulli'sl Infornmtlon coi ind works of this lllustrii inslyali of hit mind, the mrcti us Is his brilliant mattered not what thu ki etch and all he invested wl ilour of imagination nnd diction, 01 at once captivate Hut thoKo very power* son I intoieeniing incoiisistencle thedlicuulon of his preson apt to forget those which I cDKaKed his mind, and how previously advanced bore u llluilrttloa. Hence a ensuli Dr Chalmers at the bar of conilateniy, and oliject to tl ioioine public movement* di but an acquittal would be (tround, that he never pleu unicii convinced at the time the spiritual nnd icmpoial fpllow-nicn. Hut *uch def character are like mote* CoMidered In eve."y vIpw,— tl plilloiophcr, tho philanthropi jreijt by intellectual power, g oilifoponeon whose like Be BMoniook nifttln. Died, May (HALONKR, 8lr Thoma l«t«te«man. He obtained his |m« gallantry at tho battle oi l«nawai afterwards »ent byo ■ •mbaMador to Kpaln and Itrafliliited Erasmus's "Encoi «rPrai«, Of Folly, and wrote! |Ai(tlorum instauranda," &c. I LHALONElt, Sir Thomai ll.trVn'""^"'«""'^eT«' T the alum mine* of 1 oiia] inAnii|i*'>>><'>itl" liiTiourii.tlll tlioilliriipilon iirtho church of Hcollutiil In |H43, whrti ha Jolnml the I'rt-p Cliimh, which ho hml iiwilnly conlrlliiUi'd lo riiiitul, uml bcfmu.. pi'lmlpiil mill ptori'RKor uf thtolitHy to Hut •I'cmlliiK biHir 111 lhi> Killing ot 1H47 ho n.. piijri'il 111 Loiiiloii to bIvc hUi'vldfiK'c lii-rorn thii •lti>*' riiiniiillti'O (if |Im< 1I<..mi9<> of Ciiin- " "« pmuhi il Nil tlu> Riilihiith* of hit 3 ifl(U) lttn( b(r)inl IdiogitpJbV. [VUA n"i? liir *" * '""* '" ♦"• '"■'"•• »' »'"•• llllllll. icHcHim III KiiHlnna, wlllliiKiy ami powir- riillv.anii oil tliii hut iiihliiith of Mny ha win iRiiiii nt huiiKi Thul KVi'iihiK Im I* iiilil lo hnvii rfniiirki'd to ii filciid, (hut hii thmiKht lili niihllc work coiiiplPtcil. Noxl iiiiirnrnir nil tliiit mol thi) KitiK of lovo win tliii lirclcat fiiiin-ln Ktntrly riuoiio on tho pillow, luoiio who iM-hi'lU It Willi, 'a htow not iiul In tho mould of till' toni of men ' " In tlili niuaKrn oullliiK of tho llfo of l)r Chalmcm, wii huvo nut ulludcd to thu muny vuliiublit work* whicli friiiii tiiiiu to tiniu hu khvo to tlio world. 11 In work* puldliihtid durhiK hU llfo time, in 2S volii.,t>mhruio u vurloty of (iih' Jocti.chli'rty I clutlnK to thmiloKy und pollllful M'oiiuiiiy •■ amontf tht'iiii iirv hit ''Aiitrononilc- tl Dlieuumci, lint piililli)|ii'"NKU,KiiWAm»,«nKn«llthdl*lni. •on .f the above.chupl.i, ,0 J,?, .,rD one of Ihe mo.t celctiiund pre«. her, of hi* UIAI,ONKIl,.U»U:«. brother of the pro- ini judge, of (.'hurlet I |||, „,,^i ]„ .u. „,. '!'';:;•'"»••)',.••'•;"•" ol'.ulne,. hin, I i" govern "i.h p of Peel (;„,i|„, ,n the I.ln of Mn„ At the rottoratlon In intio. nietnenir. r. w^r« .ent to apprehend hl.ii, w/.e'.'t ho cSmmm;! ] l'llAMIIKUI,AYNK. I'nWAnn tt ii |.;. .ncltt. wu* hoin in (tt.."t^'r,J;V' II' l«l«. He wu* author of .cvcnil work, ii .1... Important of which It one oT.llie'i 40 X,,i. T II 't ••"n tfirough nearly ..,..,.■ ^'''» »""'i''ll'» whlul heart hi* in r '. .7"*, I* '."*"*•' "' «'•'"'"'. but W«. ;ytlop« :!la «p „; i,a ' ' ,V, 7, d p"ro ..red hlin adniUHlon to the loyil Hoclet? iiun twenty year,, and lormod the liatlt of tl.0 greater work of Dr liect. and the luodel bur^:!d7„ w"'7- i"""* "' I'onuon aU wai hurled In Wettmlntter Abbey. 1740 CI AMlU.:ilH,tJK..KuK.anWg,|,, marine pn liter, wa, a native of Whitby In York r J^"' ""'' "Pont bl. boyhood In ^ waf^iHnK ,r :„ ^'''' "''ll"''i'iK •omo .kill 01 a pa i,t"? of tci-plecet ho went to l^ndon hud «m ploynient at a icene-palnter. anJ wa, ,m pointed mnrino painter to the klnKaiw queen. Ainong l!lt work, are tho ''^iC burdn.ent of ATglers." tho "Capture of IW tobello," and tho " Victory over the French piS V^tAT-" "• '« o-nwfcrs'o'i'' «.^:i(^?i:'K'.^'^t:^!^ri„";7WK aU:^:^A.T''i '" *•"•""""• «"" •cttled ear y ttt London. He wa, employed by (Jeoriio Ilf to plan tho gardent at Kow, and wat after ' wh[chl?{;?"'1^r^''^^\»^«''"''-"""^^^^^^^^^ wnitn It nt* princlpa work, in hi. vnuii. i.n .l^'lhlriV'" '"''"««»«'"<•« "'ngufru^^^^^ ^do,uc^''„^'TeV'^al^*'' '""'''"«• *»''«"^^ ouojiuu 01 Kew, and recommended In hi« a "• Tr?at to 'l"n *"rl.",r''r"'"'^" «« ^'0^' «..h: t I u. °? ^'*" Architecture." waa made knight of the Polar Star, and died " CHAMISHO,Al)KI,BKUTVON.SOnofLoul. Vltcount dOrmont, wa* born ai l??„cou?t In Champagne In 1781. Driven with hir nVrVn,^ from their home by the French re Xtlo^^ he wa, educated at Berlin whpr« hi k^» "' n II oiu] % ^tta ainibmnl 13iogrn))l)V* [OUA iiAturul hUtorir, mut iho iktuohnicnl ho h«il liultlbod for th« ImiiU (if hl« luluiiklliMi, niit-ii inuro dniw him to llnrlln, whom hn •<*lir<(l UiP o()|Miri unity of iii'o»iii|miiylii|i KiU»<'l>un In hi* vo)iiK«' muiul ihx woiUl In INIA. *nd on hit iTturn, lit IMIH, ho wnauppolnioU lu ItorlntPiidiMit uf the liot«nlo ititrilun of llcrlln, an (ifllvu which he hi'h! till !>(• h •rrvulhint aurlua • VojrHg* of DUoovory " li n y«M¥ Inlitroitlnii i«n»l trmlworthy niirrii tlv«i hU |)oonii liikit r«nk nmonir hi* ooun trymon with thoio of UhUna; iinil, ni tho •ulhor of " rctiT lii'hlitl, IH.iH, CUAMl'AdNK, I'llU.ll'.ttnonilnpntricm l»h palmer, wn* horn at linuiicU In ino'Ji •rrnl to >'m U, whcru ho ■IuiIIihI uiulor Tom •In, and hft-nmo palntor to tho ()iuctlon of tho pitlntInK* III tho I.uxonihourK, and ho \ra» alio niiido dhoctor of tho Acndoniy of Kino Arm. Ilti imlnlhiK*. whioh nro vory lino, ndoin Uio donto ui tho Horlmnno, tho M(ii«oum of I'arU, ito. I>lod, 11174. ('IIAMVRAIIX, OUII.I.AOMK DM, Fronrh |ihllu«ophor iind tlicoUiKlan of Iho olovvnlh and twrlflh orntuiioi. lie wuh loii^t ii dU tInKulihpd toafhvr of rhotorU',dlaloi'tU'.i,und theology In tho Mihool of rnrli. Tho coUi- bratod Abolard waa hl.«. ditclplf, and ho be- came his rival and furmldnhlo opponent. After year* of atormy eontroventy Cham iHr Chandler had publlaiint i new and magiilllcenl odillon of tli hurst, IHIO. (!IIANDI.r.U, HAMtiKi., an ruilntnt ilU- acntliig divine ) he waa burn In llerkililrn, and waa minister of a congregation In tht Old Jewry, lAindon, for rorty ycara. Ho wi\K Miillitir of a ■ VIndlcnIlon of llic Ohrli- tlou llellglon," a " Vindication of (lie llli. tory of tho Old Testament," " HIalory ofihn Mfo of David," Ao. The In' or waa hU moit Important work, and waa . ooaaloncd liy the liulillcailon of a vulgar pamphlet on the lami) auliject, In which tho character of Dniria waa rldlculoualy mlareprusuntud. lloro, KMIII; died, 17(10. CllANDO'l,J()iiN, an F.ngllah grnoralof great celebrity, In the 14th century ; dlitln- uulshed not more for his bravery than for Ills generosity and niodoratlon. Ho ««• present at tho battle of Crecy, liccnmc governor of the provinces ot Franco coded to Kngland by tho treaty of lliotlKiiyi de- feated and took prisoner Dugueacllii nt Au- ray ; served under tho lllaek I'rinco In Cai- tile ; was made c(mstahlo of A(|uitaln« (Oulenne) ; and was killed nt tho bridge of l.eusao, near I'uitlers, in 1301). (;ilANNIN(», WlIil.IAM MM.KIIY, 1),1)., Unitarian divine and miscellaneous writer, was born nt Newport, llhode laland, U. H., in 17HU. HlH maternal grandfather, WilllKni KUery, was one of thoso who signed tho U«- claratlon of Independence, and his father was a partner In the mercantile llrm of Uiblia and Chnnning, at Newport. Kducstitd at Harvard College, ho was curly Induced to abandon tho profession ot medicine, for which his father intended him, and to pre- pare himself for the Unitarian mlnlntryi and in 1803 ho commenced his career by taking chnrgo of the congregation in Fedenl Btrcet, Boston. His eloquence rendered him fVom that time forth ono of tho moit conspicuous men in America. To assert that his discourses display groat genius would be absurd ; they are. Indeed, striking speci- mens of pulpit eloquence ; bat thoy ar« the discourses of a mere oratorical morallit rather than those of a Christian preacher. To tho honour of Dr Channing it must be said, that ho was ever th- advocate «f poaco, and that though be could not but be uiia] 1 nwar«* that his uppoaltlon iiiiiat niuMla dliiiliilah hIa | lii>(ant In aeaaou and oui nixinclng It. A voliimo lilxdiiraea, Ae.," Waa p Dh'il, Oct !i, IN41, a«ed(t;i CIIANTUKY, HIr VH^K VH A., Ac., aculptor, wni near Hhofllcld, In I7N|. V hit illai'overod ounalderahiv sad iiiiiihilllngi and durin ihlii with Mr Ubmaay, a St Hhi|iularl(jr, hn wm liiiUnt III *('ii»i)ii niiU out of iii<«»iin In ii«- niiiini'liiv It. A voluiiia iit *i|i " llrvlnw*, I ilx (Ulrica, Ao," waa piibllilieil In INiio. Dh'il. Oct !i, IN43, •c«it nt. <'IUNTUKY, Mir I'KANC la, HA., I'll H , FN A.. «o , sculptor, wa« liuni at Nurton, near Hhonirlil, In I7N|, Wlitin a iiicrn ciilltl Hk illai'iivigun iiiilll IHOii.wlii'n till ri'cclvi'd an iirdor from Mr Alid unico." OrdKra cniwdod In upon lilni In nutiiTicr Ixi- jrond hti alilllly tu xxiioutu. Anioi-y tlioin I wp noticii Ilia huiti of Lord (;iuIIiniilu, (inoiaii IV., Wlllliim IV., Uucon Victoria, Lord Mulboiirnc, HIr Ilobcrt I'lMil, and tho Dukn of WcllliiKton ; and hit i((i(ti«i of Juiiina Walt, Dr Cyril Jackaon, Ciriittnn, Waahlnir- lon, HIr Juaoph ]lunki<, Hnrncer I'prciiviil, Oannlnu, Sir John Malvolni, I)r Dniton, KoKop, Oononil Ollluapio, Lady l,oiiUa Uuiml (wliuii a child), lIlNhopillaihunt and Ujdpr.Ac. To thU Hat wo ou^ht pnrhapa toaddhia principal atntiira In bronxu, vix. fioordo IV, nt llrlKhton and In KdhihiirRh, ritt In Hniiovor Hquiiro and KdinburKh, and tho cquoatrlnn atiitupi of HIr Thumai Munro, at Miulina, and thu duko of Wol- lliiKton for till) city of London. Died, Noy. CHAPMAN, OKonoK, dramotio poot and tranilator of Jlomor, wai born In lfl»7. Ho li said to hiiTo studied at Oxford, sottlod nt London, unjoji'd thcfricndahlp of hli groat conttrapornrlta Hpcnaer and Hhakeapearo, and tho piitronaKO of several eminent stutci- men, and died, honoured and beloved, In low. Hli dramas ond other worki nro nttmeroui, but hii reputation now resU chl«lly on hia "Iliads of Homer, Prinro of mta, never before truly translated," which fi'KI'»u'«°"lP'^'£' .'" '®"3. It is written lntheoldJ5n((llsh ballad metro, and it still Mmlred for its vigour, facility, and hap- ipneii of expression, although fkrcuicntly ^iJgureil by carelessness and unfalthftilness. He alw trsnalatpd the Odyssey, and portions of '5« *ort« of llcalod and Ovid. tHAPONE, HE8TKR, miscellaneous nSi fl?."i'*°™,'" Northamptonshire In I*J«L*J,,'';'"'"P''"y •'""^n »>y her utters on the Improvemont of tho Mind," im Ttt urzitii' """ '•"""•"^'' '" CIIAI'I'M. Ol.AlioK. ni-iliKw of Ibx as tronomnr, JKAN (Iimi-i>k 1>'Ai»tkkiie mix Arts,"Ac. OHAllDIN, HIr Joit.N, n cnlebratrd I'reni h traveller, born nt I'arls In Ifli;), ii« „,,,,, to the Kaat in lilfl4, spent sevvnil years at Ispahan, was well received by the court of I'crslo, visited India, snw I'oisepolls, and returned In 1070. Ho made a second lour ney to the same countries In tho foilowlnir year, anu was absent ten years. In lAHl ho camo to London, was knighted, married, ad- mitted to tho lloyal Hoclety, and e.-iolovcd on some diplomatic missions. His "'tta vels" appeared In I«H(1-171I, ond have been ^nma^ feP"«»'»"«0. liici, near London, n S,"^*^''?^^" Athenian general, who lived ♦h- A 7i?~f ■'• .."" T"" •I"'"' commander of tho Athenian fleet in 3fl6, and soon after assisted tho satrap Artabnzus In his revolt ngolnst Artaxerxcs, king of Persia. He served In tho Olynthlan war, and was one of tho commanders at tho battle of Chairo- nen, H. c. 888. nSSM^^.''.'^'^"^^' •"■ fHARLES THE 9}I'^Z' H'"'f "' i*"® Pranks, and emperor of tho West, was the eldest son of I'epln the Short, nnd grondson of Charles Martel nnd was born at SoUbure »n 742, Ho succeeded his father, with his brother Carloman, in 7B8, ond on the death of Carloman thr'-e years later became sole monarch. He hod previously married and repudiated tho Ui II I oat] % iH^tu ^nibcrsal )dtograp!)i!?. [o\v daughter of Dcaiderius, king of the Lom- bards. In 772 Charles began his wars with the Saxons, which occupied him year by year till 803. They were pagans, and he sought to convert as well as conquer them. He treated them alternately with great mildness and savage cruelty, beheading on one occasion above 4000 of them. Their most famous a-adcra wore Wltikind and Alboln, who embraced the Christian re- ligion. During these thirty years cf war Charles hud aiso to flght the Lombards, Huns, Saracens, &c. In 774 ho went at the request of the pope to make war on uesl- dcrlus i defeated and captured him, ond us put an end to the Lombard kingdom, and assumed t»iu crown himself. At the same time he captured the widow and children of his brother Carloman. The title of patrl- clou was conferred on Charles by the senate and people of Home. In 778 he went to Spain to assist one of the Saracen chieftains ; took I'ampeluna and Hurcelona, but return- ing was attacked, and his rear-guard de- feated, by the Gascons at Roncpsvallcs. Here fell the famous llohind, and other celebrated captains. In 800 Charles was crowned at llom«, emperor of tho West, by Pope Leo 111., and received the title ot Augustus. His em- pire extended from the North Sea to the Mcdlterraneon. liud fi-om the llantic and the Ebro, in Spain, to the Kaab and the mouth of the Oder. Charlemagne was great not only as a conqueror, but as a legislator, and a promoter of science and literature. He entertained pcholars at his court, found- ed monasteries, churches, and schools, and obtained the praise of statesmen, church- men, and men of letters. His eldest son died In 810 ; his second the year following ; ond he appointed his third son, Pepin, to succeed him. Charles the Great died, and wa» burled ot Alx-la-Chapelle, in 814. We have n trustworthy account of this great man in P.ginhardfs " Vita CoroU^Iogni." CHARLPS IV., emperor of the AVcst, son df John of I,u.\emburg, king of Bohemia, and grandson of the emperor, Henry VII., ascended the throne in 1346. His reign was dUti.iguished by the publication of the Golden Hull at the diet of Nurnberg, by which the Germanic constitution was estab- lished. Bled, 1378. CHABLE8 V. (I. of Spain), emperor of the "vVest, was born at Ghent in 1500. He waa son of the Archduke Philip of Austria, and .Toanna, only child of Ferdinand and Isabella, and was brought up in ihe Nether- lands. He succeeded his grandfather, For dinand, as king of Spain in 1516, his mother being also recognized as queen, although in- capable of governing. Cardinal Xiraenes held the regency, but rtied in 1517, just as Charles arrived in Spain. On the death of Maximilian I. h". was chosen to succeed him, and was crowned emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle in 18'iiO. He had just hefore visited Eng- land, and had a conference with Henry VIII. and Wolsey. The period of his reign is one of the most momentous In modern history, and full of great afft-irs, ?!> which Charles had a large personal share. His rivalry with Froneis I. of France, and the wars resulting from it; Insurrectious in 186 Bpoli\ and In Handert; tho conflict pro- ceeding in Germany and ill Europe be- tween tho R?formtf» and the Catholics; the conquest of Mexico ond Peru; expndltloni agalnrt the Moors both In Spain and AWcj; these are the main elements of the story, which it Is not possible even to epitomlje here. In 1826 the generals of Charles de- feated and captured Francis 1. ot the battle of Pavia. Two yeors later Rome was tack- ed by the Constable de Bourbon, whom Charles had taken Into his service. Charlof had several conferences with Vie pope, and pressed him to call a general council. He afterwards made a league vith the popp, and made war on the Protestants, whom he defeated at the battle of MUhlberg, In 1.547. In the following year, at the Diet of Auks burg, he proposed the famous " Interim, " which wos unsatisfactory to both sides, and was soon after annulled. In 1692 he signnl the treaty of Possou, which wos soon follow- jd by the " Peace of Religion." Wearied with Incossant cores and activity, Charles, In 1655, resigned his hereditary states of the Netherlands to his son Philip, In an sisem- bly at Brussels. In the following year he gave lip 8pai.i, and ft few months after the Imperial dignity. He then returned to Spain, and early In 1557 retired to a monas- tery in Estremoduro. In August 1558 he hud his own obsequies celebrated, and died I a few weeks later. Charles V. was n man of great Intelligence ond superior culture, hod considerable ocquaintance with lltcra turc and ort, ond patronized those eminent In cither. He was ambitious, but humane, and pursued a temporizing »oliey in the great religious struggle of his nge. His orthodoxy is said to have been called in question by the Inquisition after h's death. The well-known " History of Charles V.," by Robertson, which first oppeared in 1709, wos re-pubUshed in 1856, with valuable notes and a supplement by the American historian Prescott. CHARLES VI., v'mperor of the West, son of the emperor Leopold, was declared king of Spain by his father in 1503, and crowned emperor in 1711. The taking of Belgrade t; his general, Prince Eugene, compelled the Turks to make peace with him ; and his alliance with Holland, France, and England enabled him to obtain considerable advant- ages over Spoin. Subsequently, howover, he was at war with hi' allies, and thus lost Naples and Sicily ; and was also engaged In on injurious contest with Turkey. The suoccssion to his Au8trlai\ dominions was regulated by the Pragmatic SaDCtlon pub- lished in 1724. Died, IHO. CHARLES MARTEIi, duke of Anstrasla, was a nature! son of Pepin d'H^ristnl or Pepin the Fat, and was born pyobably about 685. On the death of his flither in 715, he was imprisoned by the Queen Plectrude.bKt escaped, and was proclaimed duke "- An*- trosla.and was virtually sovereign of Frame. He is one of the greatest heroes in early French (or Prankish) history, ond carried on ^v.oyg with Chilperic Ilr, king of Neustrla, with tii'e Saxons, the Bavarians, and the Saracens. He won a great and memorable victory over the latter ia 732, near Tours or Poitiers ; destroying tli their king Abdcnihmo himself master of Aqu He took Avignon ft-om another great victory « bunnc, and with the ai( of the Lombards, bes town. Charles had nev king, but only that of i but ut hiN death hj di' like a king between hiit Pepin. Shortly before 1 two nuncios from Pop llr»t that were sent to ] quired the surname Mai hi) victory over tho Ss Died, 741. Ho was int of Ht Denis. CHARLES II., or, moi named thkBai,!), king crowned king in 840, ar : the Ilumnns In 875. ^ai by poison, in 877. CIIAULES III., king THKHiMi'LK. Heasccnd I'.ls whole reign was or the Normnns and his turl at length caused Itobor blooil royal, to be crowi fought between the two was slain ; hut his son, pressed Charles so hard shelter in the castle of the dois, where he died. In 92 CHARLES IV., son o succeeded to the crown His reign lasted only six brief time he was deprly the province of Ouienne. CHAKLES v., THK Wif was born in 1337. He wai 11., and the first dauphli was present with his fath( Pnitiers, and was recogni: Ing his father's captivity. the throne in 1364. One c was to get rid of tho < which occasioned so mai miseries In France, and to Duguesclin to flght agolni In Spain. He recovered i from the English, and ci treaty with them in 1373. however, the same year mi I through France from Cal Charles V. was a friend of ed the royal library of Fra Bible and St Augustin's translated into French. 1 of the hastille was foundec I Died, 1380. CHAELESVI.,THEWEI/ of France, was born in 136S Lnarlcs v., and succeeded h I regency was disputed by hi joung king was therefore , and ruled by a council. Tl "le government caused insu I m parts of Prance, whlc repressed. In 1382 the youi llaRalnstthc Hs!n!!!"s tV:=" ifiiuipvan Anevelde; and"t ICisson defeated them at Ro! par he marched again agaii cua] Polticrit ; destroying their army nnd •tayinir their kiiiK Abderiihinnn. In 738 he made hImRpir maiitcr uf Aquitaino and Onucony. He took Avi|;iiOii from the Haracena, gained another great victory o?er them near Nar- bunnc, and with the aid of Liutprand, kinir of the Lombards, besieged them In that town. Charles had never taken the title of klnj,', but only that of mayor of tho palace, but ut his death h j divided his doniiniotis like a king between his sons Carloman and J'cpln. Shortly before his death ho received two nuncios from I'opo Gregory III., the llr«t that were sent to France. Charles a( - quired the surname Maktkl (Hammer) from Ilia victory over the Baraccns near Tours. Died, 741. Ho was interred in the church ofHt IXmig. CHAKLE8 II., or, more properly, I., sur- naincd thk Rai,I), king of Franco. He was crowned king in 840, ar 1 elected emperor by ihB llomnns in 878. -^^ed, It wan supposed by poison, in 877. CHAULES III., king of France, sumamed THK HIM PLK. He ascended the throne In 893 I'.is whole reign was one struggle against the Normans and his turbulent barons, who at length caused Kobcrt, n princo of tho blooil royal, to bo crowned. In the battle fought bctw een the two sovereigns, Uobert was Blftlii ; hut his son, Hugh tho Great % ift won the great victorv ..f Agin ourt, October, 1415. I'^.rre year, lat^r mar"HL"X"« f "'•""'"^y «nd too\ Touen ■ r«I>V^^^^^^^" ' "'■ VicTORious,klngof Franco, was born in 1403, He was the ..nfJ fru.'fl"**^" '''^^""'•'«''VI.,becZedauphin I? '*'•'' «nd •ucceeded his father in 142H &Mh ?f ""«'""'• *" also proclaimed rn^*^'*""? J^''" »'■•'"» duke of Bedford was regent of France-. War with th« w„„n i? tervention of Joan of Arc. After trlumnh nuo ....... ....V iiio Buii, jiuga mo ureat, Tho cniidP Afn,/rw.„rii ..,""' ^^rownet. pressed Charles so hard, that he sought had l^.^niithn^ M'f** ^**'=''"''«1 """' they shelter in the castle of the Count of Vcrraan- town of Vi^f/ V^ '" .*•■""«« «"'''«Pt the Hnia wlixra ho Hl<»l In uon lown 01 CUlaiS. Thfi In anrloi. »,-„....i.^ th^'^.o^' ^"K'- 1h"«ii'r»orTerbr;;,7hVon and hvH,*/^, '*''.*'"' lonK-continucd waw nnd by the disorders and lawlessness of tho mercenary bands of troops, were Relieved hv armv''^™ r"*"'' Charles effected in the army. Ho also set a limit to the Danal a.. he'io'ca'^lo^;"??.'' '^ 'If ^'toW'-hrnt'of lished in i,g Th"*f fV" S«n«lon," pub- iisnca m 1438. ihe celebrated Agnes Sorni was^mlstress to Charles Vll. Charles S born"ln^5'7? w"^' '''"» »' ^""c^ was Dorn m 1470. He was son of Louis XT on.J succeeded him In 1483, under the re?encv of «rll'"*f' "^""^ °f !''«'"=«• The flr« yea« of his reign were troubled by the turbufonp- and revolts of the nobles; «„d in 1491 fn «»"»«1"ence of Charle^ refusing to mnrrv the da.ighter of the emperor MaxIm^llSn'^ nfV*",'-'".""''''^ himself 'with Henry Vll' of England against Prance, and war broke out. Peace was, however soon ?Istored The rrreat event of thjs reign was the '» vasion of Italy in 1494 : when CharlP. in' unre'sisTerT,; ?,?""' -^ "ap'iosYa.Vosi unresisted. An alliance was formed OKainst him, and he defeated the allies on his return atFomovo. Bled, 1498 »"""" return in mn*^^« ^-^^•' "'"K »' J^'^ncc. was born in 1650. He was son of Henrv II «nrt r-. ther Francis II. In 1560, under the regencv of ug mother. The civil wars of the Hugue- ?eT.rV°^InfH*'°"*'\*'" "P *"« history of*hls reign. Intrigues between the nobles and o7t!uA^'!Z^!r''''' "?""!' •^ '"session' anraKe"Ll"'lfi^^,rrri"°?!i>tyei. sto;V'°TLT^,'"™"''^^"'«*^P'«'°''the"«d ?K«7"4,. ''^/'""'"'"y "' ^o'ssy took place in to tV«*^f^,?«*'."" 8tG«malns was published in the followi ng vp.-; and soon after the 187 V'« cha] m i^to StnliJtraal ISiograpl^B. [OHA mMsacrc of a Protestant congregatloi ,at VassY was perpetrated. The defeat of the HuguenoU at Ureux by the duke of Guise; the assassination of the duke ; the memor- able conference of the queen-mother and Charles with the queen of Spain and the duke of Alva at Bayonne ; the battle of Bt Denis; the defeat of the HuguenoU at Jar- nac ; the assassination of the prince of Cond6 immediately afterwards; the defeat of the Huguenots at Moncontour ; and the treaty of 8t Germains ;— these are the leadipg events that mark the course of the great struggle and lead up to its awful crisis. In 1670 Charles married Elizabeth, daughter of the emperor Maximilian II., and some of the Protestant leaders took part in the celebra- tion of it. In August, 1672, the young king of Navarre was married at Paris to Margaret, sister of Charles, and the leading men of the Protestant party were invited to attend. The assassination of the great admiral de Coligny took place on the 23rd August, and on the 24th the great massacre began. From that time Charles was the victim of the most terrible remorse. Continually haunted by visions of the horrible scenes of those days, he died broken down in mind and body in CHARLES X. , king of France, or CHAELE8 PHILIPPE DE BOURBON (known as Count d'Artois until the accession of his brother Louis XVIII.. and afterwards as Monsieur), was the fifth, and youngest son of the dau- phin Louis, son of Louis XV., and was born in 1757. In early life he had acquired a character for dissipation, extravagance, and hauteur, which bore a still more unfavour- able appearance when contrasted with the conduct of his elder brothers; and such indeed was his unpopularity, that at the very outset of the revolution he found it necessary for his personal safety to quit his native land. In 1773 he had married the princess Maria Theresa, daughter of Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia, to whose court he now fled for refuge. He subse- quently visited other parts of Europe, and cventuallf found an asylum with his bro- ther, LouiP XVIII., first at Holyrood House, Edinburgh, and afterwards at Hartwell, in Buckinghamshire. On his succeeding to the throne of France in 1824, it was seen that he adhered too much to the exploded dogmas of the old rSgime to acquire the same degree of popularity that, by good tact and a more complying disposition, his predecessor had enjoyed. On the 25th of July, 1830, in consequence of the result o' a general election, Charles X. issued his two fatal ordinances, one abolishing the freedom of the press, and the other changing the mode of election. A popular insurrec- tion, of three days' continuance, which has since been dignified with the title of the glorious revolution of 1830," took place in Paris, and paved the way for Louis Philippe. The king retreated from St Cloud to Ram- bouillet, where he oflfered to abdicate in favour of his erandson, the duke of Bor- deaux, and requested froi" the provisional government a safe-conduct to a sea-port. Embarking at Cherbourg, he sailed for Eng- land, and for a time took up his residence at 188 Lulworth Castle, and then removed to Holy- rood House, the scene of his former exile. There he remained about a twelvemonth; afterwards retired to the Austrian domin- ions ; and died, in his 80th year, at Goritz, in Illyria, Nov. 4, 1837. The latter years of this monarch were passed in acts of super- stitious devotion ; he constantly wore hair- cloth next his skin, he fasted much, and frequently imposed upon himself, as a pen- ance for some hasfy expression, an absolnte silence for several hours. The Dukes d'An- gouieme and de Berri were his sons. CHARLES THE BOLD, or THE RASH, last duke of Burgundy, was son of Philip the Good and Isabella of Portugal. He was born at Dijon, in 1433, bore at first the title of count of Charolais, under which he distin- guished himgblf on several occasions and especially at the battle of Montih^ri in 1405. He succeeded his father in 1467, and wai immediately at war with the people of Li*ge, whom he subdued and treated with savage cruelty. In the next year he received an immense bribe ftom Louis XL not to invade France, and soon after had a memorable in- terview with him at Peronne. Afresh rising took place in Lidge during the conference, at the instigation of Louis, whom Cliarles, disposed to the most violent course, shut up for several days, and then compelled to ac- company and aid him in suppressing tlie insurrection. Li^ge was taken and sacked, not even the churches being spared. In 1470 Charles received Edward IV. of Eng- land, whose sister, Margaret of York, he had married two years before, and aided him with money and ships to return to England. The same year he renewed the war with Louis XI. In 1473 he went to meet the emperor Frederick III. at Treves, hoping to get from him the titles of king and vicar- general of the empire, but the terms could not he settled. He afterwards allied himself with Edward IV. against the king of France, but more pressing affairs prevented his ful- filment of the bargain. He conquered Lor- raine and took Nanci in 1475, and then marched against the Swiss, who won two memorable victories over him at (iranson and Moral. Chagrin and hopeless melancholy seized and, for a i ime, paralyzed him. He was roused by t'le tidings of the loss of Nanci, and set out to retake it. During the siege one of IiIs officers deserted with m troops to the enemy, and in the battle which was fought on the following day, 6th Janu- ary, 1477, Charles was defeated and killed. His body: was found two days after in a ditch, and was only recognizable by the long beard and nails, never cut after the defeat at Morat. His remains, at first buried at Nanci, were removed by Charles V. to Bruges. A new "History of Charles the Bold," by J. F. Kirk, has lately been published. CHARLES I., king of Naples and Sicily, was born in 1220. He was son of I-ouls VIII. of France, and was made count oi Anjou. By marriage with the daughter oi Raymond Berenger, count of Provence, ne beeauie heir to his dominions. He ""''°^' panied his brother St Louis on the crusaae, and was taken prisoner at Damietta. ije I was cro-ied king of Sicily at Rome, in 1566, and soon after dc Benevento. His tyrann; at the head of which wai of Manfred, who was di diately beh( ided. Charli more cruel land oppressii disaffection and hatred length, when he was m quest of the eastern empi of his subjects took plac French in Sicily were event is known as the Si fought for his throne for died in 1285. CHARLES XII., king < successor of Charles XL, of age when he ascended and his youth encouragec and Poland to unite ag powers, h 3 wever, found 1 the task of humbling thet subdued, he attacked Rua mous battle of Narva, in have slain 30,000 of th making 20,000 prisoners, I force was short of 10,000, his power; he dethrone made Stanislaus king in h his whole course had bee in scelsing utterly to crus he sustained a terrible d< of Pultowa, and was hi wounded, that he was rem on a litter, and compelled Turlcey. Here his condu that the grand signior wai siege his residence. Afte ance Charles was overpo\t months he was kept a sooner was allowed to reti minions than he common Norway, and in .besiegii was liilled by a cannon-sl taire's " Histoirede Charle ofclear, precise, and grapl linc-ongraving on a reduce lyle,"ofthat Swede, and CHARLES XIV., king o INADOTTE.] CHARLES ALBERT, 1 lion of Carlo Emanuele, prl Iwaibom 2nd Oct., 1798. I. Ibnt little chance of ever sw I for there were seven ma!e I of Savoy, through whom Ihavc descended. His earl I quently passed i n comparat land his name was but g I Europe until the revolutic I broke out in support of the I Constitution of 1812,coinpe I Emanuele to abdicate in Ither, and led to Charles Al |M regent of the kingdom. phohad all along been in [conspirators, took measurei |design8;butthedukeofG IfaTourKingVittoriohadre |having refused to sanctioi -91 the new government, a r-sstsat mcasares to put dov i'.'f'M Albert fled to Novi M betrayed the party w "operated. Renouncing cha] "a i^etD BnibttsuX IStograpi^p. 1966, and soon after defeated Manfred at Benevento. His tyranny provoked a revolt, at the head of which was Conradin, nephew of Manfred, who was defeated and imme- dlateiy beheaded. Charles became more and more cruel land oppressive in his rule, and disaffection and hatred increased; till at length, when he was meditating the con- quest of the eastum empire, a general revolt of his subjects toolc place in 1281, and the French in Sicily were massacred. This event is known as the Sicilian Vesptri. He fought for his throne for several year;, and died in 1285. CHAULES XII., king of Sweden, son and successor of Charles XI., was only 15 years of age when he ascended the throne in 1697, and his youth encouraged Russia, Denmark, and Poland to unite against him. Those powers, however, found him fully equal to the task of humbling them. Denmark being subdued, he attacked Russia ; and in the fa- mous battle of Narva, in 1700, he is said to have slain 30,000 of the enemy, besides mailing 20,000 prisoners, though his own force was short of 10,000. Poland next felt his power; he dethroned Augustus, and made Stanislaus king in his stead. Thus far liis whole course had been prosperous ; but in scelsing utterly to crush Peter the Great, be sustained a terrible defeat at the battle of Fultowa, and was himself so severely wounded, that he was removed from the field on a litter, and compelled to seek shelter in Turltey. Here his conduct was so violent that the grand signior was compelled to be- siege his residence. After desperate resist- ance Charles was overpowered, and for ten months he was kept a prisoner. He no sooner was allowed to return to his own do- minions than he commenced an attack on Norway, and in .besieging Frederickshall was liilled by a cannon-shot, in 1718. Vol- taire's " Histoirede Charles XII." is amodel ofclear, precise, and graphic narration : "a linc-ongraving on a reduced scale," says Car- lyle,"of that Swede, and his mad life." CHARLES XIV., king of Sweden. [BER- 'NADOTTE.] CHARLES ALBERT, king of Sardinia, •on of Carlo Emanuele, prince of Carignano, was bom 2nd Oct., 1798. At his birth he had but little chance of ever swaying the sceptre, for there were seven ma!e heirs of the house I of Savoy, through whom the crown might 'nave descended. His early life was conse- quently passedin comparative insignificance. Ma his name was but slightly known to Europe until the revolution of 1821, which broke out in support of the so-called Spanish Constitution of 1812, compelled KingVittorio fcmanuclc to abdicate in favour of his bro- ker, and led to Charles Albert's nomination r «pt of the kingdom. Charles Albert, WHO had all along been in the secrets of the conspirators, took measures to carry out their jMigns; but the duke of Genevois, in whose wfourKmg Vittoriohad resigned thecrown, maving refused to sanction the proceedings K the new government, and having taken T,»i. ^Jjs'^res to put do wn the insurgents, «J 1 1^'^*" ^^^ to Novara, and deserted 1^ .1^^ ^^^ P"*y with whom he had •operated. Renouncing the opinions he [CHA had adopted, he acted as a volunteer In 1823, in Spain, under the duke d'AngouWme, and there lent his aid to crush the constitution, the principles of which he had so lately at- tempted to establish In Sardinia. On his re- turn to Turin he remained in retirement until the death of Carlo Felice led to his accession to the throne, 27th April, 1831. During the first 17 years of his reign few events occurred to give a clear insight into the natural bent of his mind ; but in March, 1848, after the Milanese had driven out the Austrians from Northern Italy, he a second time unfurled the revolutionary banner, and in a proclamation to the "people of Lom- bardy and Venice," espoused the cause of Italian regeneration against Austria. His arms were at first crowned with success; but the Austrian field-marshal Radetzky having regained step by step the positions he had lost, at length'compelled the Sardinian forces to evacuate Milan in August of the same year, and in September, an armistice was signed by the contending parties. In March, 1849, Charles Albert was forced, by the clamours of his subjects, to renew the war with Austria. But the Sardinian army was defeatedlat all points by Marshal Radetzky in the shortest campaign on record, four days; and immediately afterwards, on the 24th of March, Charles Albert abdicated the throne in favour of his .eldest son, Victor Emmanuel II., now king of Italy, and pre- cipitately leaving Turin, took up his resi- dence at Oporto, where he died, as it is alleged, of a broken heart, July 18th, 184fl. CHARLES, Louis de Loeraine, arch- duke of Austria, a distinguished military com- mander, son of the emperor Leopold II., and younger brother of Francis II., was born 1771. He first entered on the career of arms under Prince Coburg in 1793; and his great abUi- tles, not less than his exalted rank, rapidly procured his elevation In command. After the battle of Nerwinden, which restored that rich province to the imperial power, he was appointed governor of the Low Coun- tries, and was soon after created a field- marshal. In, 1796 he' was promoted to the coinmand of , the imperial armies on the Rhine, gained some advantages over the republican generals Jourdan and Moreau, whom he compelled to retire across the Rhine ; took Kehl in 1797 ; subsequently commanded in Italy against Buonaparte and Massena; long disputed victory at Caldiero, Eckmuhl, and Essling ; but lost the decisive battle of "Wagram, where he was wounded. After this event he lived in retirement, during which he wrote a luminous and im- partial narrative of his campaigns, and en- riched military science with the profound views set forth in his "Principles of Stra- tegy." Died, 1847. CHARLES I., king of England, was bom at Dunfermline, in Scotland, in the year 1600. He was the third son of James VI. of Scotland and I. of England, by Anne, daughter of the king of Denmark; and upon the death of Prince Henr^ his elder brother, in 1612, was created prince of Wales. A negotiation having .been long carried on for the marriage of Charles with the Infanta of Spain, he want In 1623, ■■ !!" Ill cha] ^ ^m ganlbcrgal 18io8rBpf)g. [cha attended by the profligate minister Buck- ingham, to conclude it in person. »"' tnel affair came to an end. On the death of his father, in 1625, he ascended the throne, his Jclngdom being engaged in war with Spain, and the people much embittered against his friend and minister, Buckingham. Imme- diately after his accession Charles married the Princess Henrietta Maria of Franco whose character and influence undoubtedly augmented the troubles and evils of the time. It unfortunately happened for Charles I. that he had as high and exacting a notion of the royal prerogative as either his father o- Elizabeth, while he had to deal with an entirely different state of public opinion. From the very first, therefore, he found him- self in sharp collision with his subjects ; his aim being to rule as an absolute monarch, to hold the purse and the army, and do as he liked with them, and their aim being to prevent all that. Want of supplies on his part, calling of parliaments to grant them, refusal of supplies, and demand of redress of Krievance* and more just administration, dissolution of parliaments, government with- out them, and all kinds of illegal and tyran- nous measures, no man's life or property beinjt secure,— such are the main elements of the conflict which filled up the years pre- csding the outbreak of actual war. The oarliament impeached Buckingham, and the king supported him; war with France was declared, against the popular wish, because Buckingham so willed it; and while the paihament was firm in its resistance, the kirg was obstinate and impolitic in his en- forcement and •extension of his prerogative. The third parliament, called in 1628, passed the famous Petition of Right, to which the king most reluctantly and indeed insincorely gave his assent. After the murder of Buck- ingham the chief advisers and willing in- struments of the king were Laud, then bishop of London, and Sir Thomas AVentworth, af- terwards earl of Strafford. Ship money was levied, and the legality of it contested by Hampden. The Star Chamber was active, unwearied in its merciless prosecutions, edicts, and atrocious sentences. In Nov. 1640 the memorable Long Parliament met, and at once secured itself against dissolution except by its own consent. The struggle went on, and at length war was proclaimod by the king, setting up his standard at Not- tingham in August, 1642. The first battle between the king's forces and the parlia- mentary army was at Edgehill, in which neither party had much to boast of. For some time, however, the royalists were generally successful; but the battles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby were all signally unfavourable to the royal cause. Indeed, after t'je defeat at Naseby, the king was so powerless, that he took the resolution of throwing himself upon the good feeling of the Scottish army, then lying before Newark; and by that array he was basely sold, and delivered into the hands of the parliament. All attempts to treat between inc li-iug unu tur j/nf »»'.*•" *." .— I— ^, ^— J from the evident insincerity of the kmg. It WM impossible to rely on his word. For a lime he was treate-l with much outward respect, but ho found means to make his es- cape from Hampton Court. On arriving on the coast, with the intention of quittlup the kingdom, he could not obtain a vessel to go abroad, but crossed over to the Isle of Winht, where the governor, Hammond, confined him in Carisbrook Castle. "While th»ic, negotiations were again carried on between him and the parliament, but unsuccessfully. In Dec. 1648 the House of Commons wai "purged" by Colonel Pride, the members left forming the " Rump." It was then re- solved by the Commons that the king should be tried as guilty of treason in making war on his parliament, and a special high court of justice was constifUted for the occasion. The trial took place in Westminster Hall in January, 1649. The king was condemned to death, and on the 30th of January beheaded at Whitehall ; his last word to Bishop Juxon being a charge to him to admonish Prince Charles to forgive his father's murderers. CHARLES II., king of England, son of Charles I., was bom in 1630. He was living as a refugee at the Hague when the sentence on his father was carried into execution. He, nevertheless, assumed the regal title, and finding that the Scots had proclaimed him, he left the Hague for Scotland, and was crowned at Scone. Cromwell marched towards Scotland to give him battle, and Charles took the spirited course of passing by forced marches into England. Cromwell, however, whose force was superior, dn- covering the manoeuvre, retrograded in pursuit ; and the royal army was overtaken at Worcester, and utterly routed. After difficulties and escapes which have rather the air of romance than of stern matter of fact, Charles escaped to France, where he resided for some years, keeping up the mi- micry of a court, but frequently reduced to extreme distress. The death of Cromwell, the general discontent of the people with the narrow-minded bigotry which had thrown a gloom over the whole land, and the dexterous policy of General Monk, re- stored Charles to his crown and kingdom In 1660; and he reigned with a power fat greater than that for aiming at which his father had been put to death. Untaught by adversity, he was luxurious, selfish, and in- dolent. The English Nonconformists wct« treated with jealous rigour, and the Scottish Covenanters were shot and sabred without compunction. And, perhaps, Charles's reply to some complaints made to him of Lauder- dale's cruelty in Scotland, will give quite as full a clue to his kingly character as can be required :— " I perceive,' ' said Charles, that Lauderdale has been guilty of many bad things against the people of Scot.and; Dm I cannot find that he has acted against my interest." Died, 1685. During this mon- arch's reign, the capital was vjsited by heavy calamities; the plague in 1665, ana the fire of London in the following y«ar, while pretended plots and conspiracios wcm made pretexts for bringing some eminent persons, who were obnoxious to the coun, to an Ignominious death. As to the cha- racter o"f Charles II., he was, in ^^^^^^^l acceptation of the terms, a Bensualist ana voluptuary ; encouraging, by his sxampw, • taste for dissolute living, the moral health of socle preserved a degree of pc multitude, from the agr manners, yet he was total ble sentiments. CHARLES EDWARD the Young Pretender, the | II., was born at Rome, In I landed in Scotland, and ] II festo exhibiting the claim I the English throne. He I some of the Highlanders, I Edinburgh, he caused his I claimed; on which Oener I towards the capital, but wa iFrettnder at Preston Pai I Instead of making a propei Itory, by advancing into ] ■ returned to Edinburgh, wai Ian idle parade of royalty. Ibeingjolned by Lords Kilma iBalmerino, and other disc Ihe marched as far as Dcrl ■that the king was about to 1 ■returned to Scotland, where ■English forces, under Haw ■In the mean time the duke ■advanced to Edinburgh, and W,berdeen, the Pretender re ■im. At last the two armic ■en, April 27. 1746, when, af ■onflict, in which the H played prodigious courage, ■ras signally defeated, and em Pia.le8, after wandering abi ■iiguises, chiefly among the J ■d his escape to France. 1 ■enceinl788. |CHAHLETON,WALTER,a ■cian, born in Somersetshire wpointed physician to Chai ■broad with ChaWes IL, and mm at the restoration. He ■.K.8., and elected president ■ Physicians. His writings, i ■ry, medicine, theology, and ■•ophy, are very numerous ■pecially his "Onomastlcon ■Chorea Gigantum ; " the fonr »angement of animals, the li ■ Stonehenge. Died, 1707. |CHAHLEV01X, PiWre F' ■ER, a French Jesuit, and foi ■ssionary in America. On h ■canie conductor of the Jou ■H. In addition to his nu JbatioBstothatwork.hewrc ■ laNouvelle France," &c. D ■CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA Cn oi.r '"!' ('Afterwards G< |Mn Caroline), was born Jan. WTiea to Prince Leopold of O |r<'«V.">f of Belgium! Mav2 Riit».fa!u "P' * feeling of TlH^i^^'^^sally disDlave. iim«"' ''^■^""'piished accor 190 chaJ taste for dissolute llyinK, and thus poisoninir the moral health of society; and though he preserved a degree of popularity with the multitude, ^om the agreeableness of his manners, yet he vru totally destitute of no ble sentiments. CHARLES EDWARD STUART, called the Young Pret^der.the grandson of James 11., was born at Rome, In 1721. In 174s hf landed In Scotland, and published a manl fMto exhibiting the claims of his father to the English throne. He was ioined hv some of the Highlanders, and on entering Edinburgh, he caused his father to be nro claimed; on which General Cope hastened towards the capital, but was attacked bv the Pretsnder at t-reston Pans, and defeated Instead of making a proper use of this vip tory, by advancing into England, Charlpn returned to Edinhurgh, wasting his time in an idio parade of royalty. Afterwards, ou beingjoined by Lords Kilmarnock, Cromartv Balmerino, and other discontented chieft' he marched as far as Derby; but hearing ■that the kmg was about to take the field hi returned to Scotland, where he defeated the Enghsh forces, under Hawley, at Falkirk In the mean time the duke of Cumberland ladvanced to Edinburgh, and f^om thence to Aberdeen, the Pretender retreating Vofore [im. At last the two armies met at C„°o- len, Apri 27. 1746, when, after an obstina ^ tonflict, in which the Highlanders di^ Hayed prodigious courage, the rebel army •as signally defeated, and entirely dispersed bnf ' »f"'7'in »>y potion. Died, 1641. -..„„,„» iir.r au • du. a dlith Bui»hod Au.trlun goncrul. born at Mon. In 17«3. Ho ontond tho army eariv^Mul served under the prlnco of CoburR. find Voon after In tho Kuwlan army aK'vln»t Z Turks HO w«g employed ns engineer a Nam" and LlUo In "92, .X'"'''^.."* several other Blcgest. and enpeelally dUtln- gSd himself nt Wattlgnle., ^hcro Ik- ro^ eelved olftht bayonet wounds. l»o too* P"" In tho battles of Charlerol and I'leurus, at ho defeneo of MAge, and at the aking of the Trench lines before Mentj In \'0»- »« awUtrd In tho pnrtUlon of Polond, nnd In ?ho settlement of tho boundaries of Austria and tho ClHulplno llepubllc ; served In tho ?t. lau^campalgn of 17^ and was wo „ded nt tho sleuc ..f Alcssandrlo. Ho took alter- "wVrt°. a Sing part }" org«-.l^lng and con^ ducting tho insurrection of tnoJl yj"'- in 1814 ho was made governor of Venice, and '''CHASTELET. OAnniKI.X.K KMIUKjjK ■nuKTFUli.. Maroulso du, was horn at i ans, ?,d early became distinguished by her Scientific attainments. She published In 1740 "Institutions .do rhyslquo, " >ylth an analysis of tho Philosophy of I*H>nlt«. and subsequently she translated the Prlnclp a of Newton The name of Madame du Chastelet has been chiefly f »«^''«^«'i„''^VLTTuiE 1 hcrllalson with Voltaire. [See VOLTAlUK.l ""cTlS^UmUAND. FRAN90I8 AV- otVsTK, Viscount do. whose chequered career and numerous productions Kalne* ,^«" » nromlncnt place in tho history of his time, wasboinntStMalo.m 1769. the year that witnessbd the birth of Napoleon, Mehemot All, nnd Arthur Wellesley. After pursuing his studies at Mol and Ucnnes, in his 17th ?ear he joined the regiment of Navarre as lub-lleutcnant, and repaired to Paris. On the eve of the meeting of the «tates-general in 1789 animated by a love of adventure, he went ?o America ^Here he spent two years amid the wild grandeur of savage life, the world forgetting, by the world forgot," when Occident threw into his hands a Journal wh eh revealed to him the great events which three years had sufficed to bring about hv h s naUve^country. He a* onc« «*»'"«^ to take part in the great conflict. Woundea attSo silgo of ThionviUe in 1792, he was con- veyed in a feeble state to Jersey ; and ofter a ^Srecovery he sailed for England, wher^ he suffered great privations, which a few translations, and, as he subsequently made known, the timely aid of the Literary Fund Society mitigated rather than relieved. Here he ^bllshed his first work, entitled "Essal Hlstorlque «» Pol't'l"",?"! *?" ^^T"! lutions Anclennes et Modernes," 1797. After the 18th Brumalre he returned to France, and contributed to the Mercure. His "Atafa"\ppearedinl801; andj^^^^^ i?.r«« O^nrdu^ ShriXuhme-'-^ich-^^^ cameahouseholdwordthroughtheChristian world. Boon afterwords ho was appointed bv Napoleon secretary to tho French cmbimy at Homo. In Morch, 1804. he was iiomln- atod minister plenipotentiary to Hwltwr land ; but ho resigned on IcarnliiK the melancholy fate of tho Duke d'Enghlen.nnd resisted all the overtures which Napoleon subsequently made to him. For a long time ho had meditated a grand poetic work founded on the great events of Christianity; and to qualify lilmsclf for this undertaklnj, ho visited In 1800 the great scenes of HIbIc history, and on his return In 1807 ho pub- lished ''I.es Martyrs." nnd four years later his " Itln<»ralre do I'orls k Jerusalem." In 1814 Chateaubriand hailed the restoration in 'brochure, entitled " Uuonaparto ct Ici Uourbons." At Ghent ho was considered one of the ministers of Louis XVlII.;ln 1816 ho was created n peer of Friincr . nnd tho following year he became a member of the Institute. "La Monnrchlo scion U Charte " which he published the same ynir, throw him for some yeors Into discredit with the court ; but in 1820 tho highest state appointments onco more lay open to him, and ho became successively ambassador at Berlin In 1820, and nt London In 1823 and the same year minister of foreign affalrt In the Vill*lo ministry, when ho organized the invasion of Spain under the duke d'AiiKou- l6nio. nnd took part in tho Congress of Ve rona tho history of which he afterward. wrote. In 1824, being summarily dUmU- sod tram ofHce, he took refuge In thecolumni of the Journal des D^bats, where he vigor- ouslv attacked his former colleague!; and on their fall In 1828, he was sent as am- bassador to Home, but "Signed hsoSce In 1829. on the formation of the I'olignic administration. On tho news of the out- bSof the revolution of 1830, he hastened tc Paris, where he was hailed wth ace anw- tion by tho people, but after delivering i glowing oration in favour of the dukeo Bordeaux, he retired from the Chambe Peers, never to enter it again. Fromtl"" pcriot^ ho personally took leave of politics; but ho continued to send forth from time to time pamphlets on the government of Loul Philippe, conceived In so bitter and vio «t a spirit, that he became an object of ««• picPon to the 'nln'«t7,.«'«estampa;t r fthe".'^'""" 192 ouaJ Ills BlowJiiR iinaRiiiiitlon, losis much u{ ihpir liitoit'gt frniii tlio ovni'wcenlnif vanity wlilcli ii'crR tliriiiiirh ovi-rv nmro nn.i ...i.t..!. i ' ^ Mtbi mitjtttia l ISfogrnpOy. iiiuTiiBi. iiiiiii nil! iivurtvcviiiiiK vniiity wlilcli peers tliroiijfh every p^^g^•, and whieli hiii eonvertod tliiit wlilcli idIkIU Imvf bouii a Kiiiiid "|)l6co Justineiitlf" of u life, an re- iniiikiible for polltleiil cliiinKCH its tlwi era in wlileh it was paHsed, Into a thomo for the rc«ret of the thoughtful, nnd tlu, gutiro of the scornful. Died, July 4, I84H. CIIATI:L, Tkancis uv.ti riemlHh painter of the lah ccMitury. Ills chief work, which H ia the town-hall of Ohont, reprPHontH the kliiK "f Hpnin reeolvluK tho oath of fldclltv from Dip »tatp« of Flanders nnd llrahunt (;lIATi;i., I'lKRKK Dir. [DUCHATKL 1 CIIATi:i„TANNK(nJY uu, an ubie I'mich gcncial. He was in tho famous buttle of ARlncourt; and when tho lIurRundians sur- prised Paris, ho was fortunate enouirh to me llie dauphin, between whom and tho (lukc of llurgundy ho afterwards brought about tt reconciliation. I>led.U4» CHATHAM, Wiri.iAM riTT, Eorl of one of tlio mostlllustrious Hritlsh statesmen 'was Jhc .on of Hobert Pitt, Esq., of Hoconu'oTk in Cornwal, where ho was born in 1708 After studying at Eton and Oxford, ho en-" tercd tho nrmy, but was returned o par- h..nentinl734 m member for Old 8nrum IH.8 talents as an orafor were soon displavcd Bn opposition to Sir Kobcrt Walpolo nnd M»o Kreat an effect, that the duchm of Marlborough, who had a deadly hatred to il mn'T' "" t'"'<;''an«:e.of administration njy" y n>«'»''J°»'>t vice-treasurer of Ireland, and soon afterwards paymaster nca oftl|e army, which place ho roslLn 1m '/"* ""' the year following To was ippolnted secretary of state. l„ a tow hoaiiis he was again dismissed from office fei„T „*^^"' administration being cs- l^ntlai, and the nation being enthus ist?r lly a tached to him, ho returned. In Ju.e' 5, to his former situation as secreurv L m. ",■"• '■'"""' P^'"'" minister His eat mind now revealed its full force and Is ascendency was complete over 'p«r imcnt no Icsh than In the mlnistrv ?r„ Z^l^' J^'-Kl'"" nation to new '„c?^ivi"/ d, n thespacc of a few years, we recovered '"Pf'^'-'y °vcr France; amSunJ Norld. lu ,700, he advised the dec arn 11^" *•''■"" "''•I*'" of h',s policy. 1 ut carl of limn „i..*'^ ''i* adversary, ks Pi r,? ' i* «"*tosmar. of limited aWbecont . no/hi "f"'''^'* *•""> adopted 1766. a on°!i'":"f '.'•''' "dvocutcd. ospcciall V and was crpate.l VIscMint h>-i„n liar;;! I'ynsPut, and enrl of (;iuu:.„in • 'but'|„ ,?,2 ho r...,iKn,.d. partly beeauHe , f as". I ,?,.'■" less and partly boPau«,. he foum in,:, 'r Inaderiuutcly seconded l.v lii- 1 n *•-'' I" tho Jlonn^, of , r Is I 7co ?i,';; ,'"7"''''' c..mu,ond the nbandon.went oM-^o, ;',■■" »ir-lv'r„''r-';l''^'";' "''"'''«' A.HVrcari.rti" joppd* . d 'i '177;,".',"' "!"•""•« ^•''' ro. ihen,s;V; ^intpcn V /;%7; r.lM*/''''^'''''''' i«....rrpdin,hej;S;;nd!M',u:S ..m ,'""' » ■"K"vt'rni.,..nt to ernVt a re ,„ elliatlon with the American st i»,.« • ..n,V ho wasspeaking with IHs aca.sto mVd "^ palnt'od by Cople'y"f„ nV»-'S was'^Srcd OIIAIHAM, John Eurl i,f Ao 11 . son of tho celebrated' s?;u'im1n*v'i;o,'o1l?o wo have Just given, nnd brother orwiHlam Pitt. Ho was born In 1730, and siicctedcd ?78 iHh^r'.? *!"* "•-•*"' "' 1"H ftthor'^n 1778. In the following year ho was nnnninV „ J if nill'tary, were rapid and numerous under his brother's administration and ho continued to hold office for n anv ven« after, under his successors As "eutcna.u general, ho commanded tho unfor unato ex pedltlon to Walcheren, in isia anS was' I three years afterwards, raised to he fSlf otKont^u^''"^- ^". '^"^ "«''*'» "f the duke or Kent he was appointed governor of o"h raltar, which ho held, wltliothe? offices to the time of his death, in 1835. Ho was ihe last peer of the Pitt family, whoso tit"e has now become extinct, and with It the aiinual pens on of £4000, besides another pcnsfon of thri',^''''"l""'i'' «''""'«=d to hi8 father for nca, m 1783, to a daughter of Viscount 8vlue married ■William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, and his eldest son, Thomas, was knighted, and held Important offices in the state under Henry IV. and Henry V. CHAUDET, ANTOINB DENIS, an eminent French sculptorand painter. He was bom at Paris, 1763, and having obtained the grand prize, studied at Home. He became professor at the Academies of Painting and Sculpture, and a member of the Institute. Among his works are a colossal " Minerva pointing to the Crown of Immortality, statues of (Edlpus, Cincinnatus, Napoleon, &c., and a painting of " A:neas and Anchises amid the contlagratlonof Troy." Died, 1810. CHAULIEU, GUILLAUMK AMKKYE I)E, French Iviic poet. His poems, which, with those of the Marquis de la Fare, have been frequently reprinted, are a mixture of Ana- creontic sensualism, and the good-humoured philosophy of Horace. Born, 1639 ; died, . CHAULNES, Albert, Duke de, a French nobleman and man of science. He was well skilled in chemistry, and contributed many valui'.ble papers to the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences. Died, 1769. CHAUMBTTE, PIERRE GASPARI), one of the most violent and vulgar of the French revolutionists. He was of low origin, and after serving some time on board ship, became clerk to an attorney. At the break- :__ -j.jj fjf jhe revolution he became one of the street oratore.'and was so conspicuous by his violence, that, in 1792, he was made first a member of the municipality of Paris, and then procureur, or iitlorney. Uhen the Mountain parly, in 171)3, wished to over- throw the' more moderate Glrondlsu.Chau- mette was one of the chief Instruments oi doing so, and was In consequence extremely i popular. During the conttnement of the! unfortunate Louis XVI. In the Temple,! Chaumetto and Hubert heaped evpry in. dignity upon him; and with them.iilsiald,! originated the most horrible of all the charges made against the queen. He at length met his reward, llobespierrc, him- self already on the very verge of ruin, threw him into the prison of the Luxembourg, uad he was guillotined In 17!t4. Cl'Al'NCEY, Sir HENRY, an English l.iwver and antiquary. He was knlKhtfil by Charles IL In 1681, and In 1(I88 wai made a Welsh Judge. Just before his dcitli he published the " Historirnl Antiquitieiol Hertfordshire," one of the most valuable of our county histories. Died, 1700. CHAUS8E, MICHEL MARIE DE U, a French archODOloglcai writer ; author of a learned work entitled, " Museum Roma- num," " Pltture antlche delle groitc di Roma,"&c. Died, 1710. CHEKE, Sir JOHN, an eminent English statesman and scholar. Becoming reglui professor of Greek at Cambridge, he strenu- ously laboured to improve the prevalllDi pronunciation of that language ; and the opposition he met with from Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, produced a literary correspondence between them, which wai afterwards published at Basle. Having taken part in the education of Edward VI,, that king, on his accession, granted him some landed estates. He also made him a privy councillor and secretary of state, and conferred the honour of knighthood up"0 him. Unfortunately for him he engaged n the death of Edward VL, in the cause of I,iidy Jane Grey, and was consequently sent to the Tower on the accession of Mary. Hii life was spared, and he was aUowed to toe England ; but while he was abroad he gaw some new offence to the queen, and hi estates were confiscated. Visiting Brusselt he was seized by order of Philip II. awl sent to England, where, under fearofbeinj put to death, he renounced Protestanti.in^ Having done this, the queen, though she did not restore his estates, gave him some cqui. valent for them ; but she embittered them by compelling him to sit on the bench a the trial of Protestants whose attachn«nt to their faith was stronger than their fe an of death. Besides his correspondence witn Gardiner, he wrote and translated sevem treatises.' He also left in MS an En^b translation of St Matthew, i" ''''''«^ "J word was admitted of other than baxon origin. Born, 1514 ; died, 1557. CHEMNITZ, MARTIN, a d'StinguisM German theologian, was born in Branden burg, in 152a. He became a fisciple of M^ lancthon, at Wittenberg, and "as for af » years librarian to Duke Albert of Vrm^ He settled as pastor at "runswick.inW and was afterwards made ^•^pwi''«''^^|!{ , the churches of that diocese, j'^ ;.;"„, leading part in procuring the adopUonM the " Formula of Concord" in Saiony »m t Nuabia. Chemnitz wa* among the princes of Ger tlen, learning, and charai works are the " Exnnicn nl," In 4 vols, folio, est and diHpassioniitc refutut (iDCtrines, " I.ocl TheoIo( Kvaiigelica," and " Thee prireipiia capita," Ac. D (MIKM.MZEU, Ivan IV sian soldier and poet. ] campaigns In the Impel afterwards entered the c( When he at length retl: jvnrlous tales and fables, m |crltici compare to those Horn, 1744; died, 1784. CHENEVIX, KiCHARl), lan of great and versa Titer; author of " Remo S'omendature according t ;he French Ncologists," " lineraloi'ical Systems," &{ CHEMKR, Mauie Jof loot and niisccllanenus w Charles IX.," "The D Timoleon," and some ol iveral patriotic songs, w jpular during the revoluti istorical Sketch of the Stii French Literature." He le Convention, Legislative juncil of Five Hundred, a le horrors of the " Keign of ig his popularity under the insular, and the imperial lediedin 1811. His eld( UK Marik, born 1762, p lillotine, July 25, 1794, for irence to Louis XVI. Tw ter his death a volume of o ijfiacs from his pen was pii ice him high in the list of '^HEHUHINi, Maria Lui' iBi Salvador, n distlngi nposer, was born at Flo Is precocious skill in music ]ention of the grand duke 10 gave him a pension, an, n to complete his studies |om he afterwards assisted Ions. In 17H4 he ropnire lere he produced the " Finta . Giulio Sabino." In 178 i», which thenceforward ipted country and the .scene ™P^,'' His operas of" Ipi, f;-' "All Jittba" would lifled to the extent nnd v '"s ; but his fame chiefiv i fed music, of which his "Re a for his own obsequies '"f, notice. Howasdirlcic '«.« at Paris, where he \^M honours, 1842 ;ESELI)EN, Wll.UAM m surgeon and anafomis te;TheAnatomTor 17. wh ch passed through m N|,e"o„ the High open |;_e, Osteography, or Ana .... ar, „j ,yj,g ^ admin I «n much controversy, it i IH cue] Huabla. Chrmnltz w«, jn Kfcut l.onour luiionK the primes of Ociiiiniiy for (iIn ublll tloii, IcuriiliiK, aiul cliariictcr. HIh nrjrioiuiil Horks are the " Kxnincn (?oncllli Trident" nl," In 4 volii. folio, oMe.'ni^-d iir o Holhj and dlHpangloniite refutation of the Catholir aortrlnes, ",I.<>tl Th^IoKlcl." " ll«r„,onia tvanKelIca," and " TIicoIokIiu .Icsuiturum nrirc Diia can ta." Ae rtit-A moo ^ M(ba ^nibttial m oataohn. prn-clpiia capita," Ac. DUd.lSm'. CIIKMNIZKU IVANIVANOVICH.n Kus- liiim noldler and poet. He seryod soverul IcniMpaiKM!. In the Imperial guurdu, and laftorwards entered the corp. of engineers. IWlun he at lenjrth retired he puhllshed Ivarlous talcs and fables, which the Husslai ■crltici compare to those of La rontiilno ■Horn, 1744; died, 1784. -loniuint. CHENKVIX.UiCHAni), an Irish gentle- man of great and versatile ability us a .writer ; author of " Remarks on Chemical Nomenclature according to the System of l^^e Ircncli NcoIokIsis," " Observations on ^nt/J^lM.M?' "y"<''ns," &c. Pled. 1«30. CHEMKR, Mauik Joskph, a French |not and miscellaneous writer; author of Fcharlcs IX.,- "The Death of Calas"' PTinioleon," and some other dramas- of |everal patriotic songs, which were very h)pular during the revolution, and of '< A,i fiistoncal Sketch of the State and Progress ^French I, terature." He was member of he Convention, Legislative Assembly, and founcilofFive Hundred, and survived all fce horrors of the " Keign of Terror," retain- kg his popularity under the directorial, the tZuXu''' l?P",'':' government! ■cdipdin 1811. His elder brother An- IrJ! Marik, born 1762, perished by the lillotine, July 25. 1794, for his staunch ad? krcnce to Louis XVI. Twenty-flve years fter Im death a volume of odes. Idyls, ,».d klac from his pen was published, which rCHEKu'.'iv.'V'"' "«\°f French ^oet ■iHtKmiM.MAiiiA Luioi Carlo 7v ^Bi SALVAI.OR, a distinguished musicai hPoser, was bo.n at Florence in 1760 Is pmocious skill in music attracted the lention o the grand duke of Tusoanv logave him a pension, and this e„S' te-^^efoJ^ia'rT&rh^ &fn7hn "'* '*•'"'•• »Jone have l,r> Ll^T''"^ ""'» variety of his Voir* at Pnw;' li! ''"■ector of the Con- Ittough hU ^stem^nf ?.''?>'»'a'''e 'oculist ■ t<. which we are sScr^''' '".'!'»''''''''• «::dK;^^'»>"'«-."Kn.s educated atTrIn ty Coneun ? '", "»4."nd accession he was sworn ..«.i' "" **'""«' W'«. appointed in n2H,m,P'''^r""''"'"'- i •Hilary to Ho land ...'n'"'^'"'"'" •'xtraor- (iarter in 1730 and w«^^ ^ k'"l«ht of the '"K8 in the "rr,.f»„.. ""'"" •>} his writ- powerful eloquence 'n''te''ir'"" "\ "> ""• the government one - '" '^^* of his talents but ?orn„'i ,"""""«' 'f'-'f where he had lost favorrn""" ^'""' '^""". land aslord-lieutc, mnf J- ".* *''"' '" ^^^ a year, exercising 'his' p^ower n *'''""""'•'' calculated to gain the ,m^,rnh .." "'"""er people. He wafafterwLu'^'^ "'""'"" o*" 'f"" but deafnLs and de •Iln?nrbr',''ry f «'"'«■. "im to relinquish oflicei.nrlr V' 'i""""" terfleld was a man of ?i m. **; ^""■'^ C''««- ments. but thorough y vai" "".^k"/^'"^"'"'- Johnson p.ovoked thnfL"? T *"'^'"'^« »•• ^Z'^Al '^^ o' tl,rir iTa^yP^VA-^ chLTo75.^a'^n';h"e^^!r:rni''A8rr^ \?"- legiatc church Which i" P'"-«»""'« "'e col- ber however has from time to ,im/lf ""•" creased, and is now loo A iL ^^ 1^^" '"" was made for the fn,mHl^*''Pi'''''^^ ''^•J"''*' S." „ V^..-*"."^''*'^ bequest by Chetham'« ~n! Boo\^: to"beKeT«l"*'"H*?'y "^"•^"«h the churchef of ManeCter -io?,'"''''' '2 three other township^' D d 'leef *"*' """* I >2 IH 'Ill*;] % j!)cU) mnlDrrsnl JDlofirnpIjO. [mil iLii, i'UKVM.UIU, ANTOINK IIOl-OMIIK HI, riiMU'li ..fliMHullil mill Uitt>r 111 riliin-v nnfrxviiiiU■•'•'»'"'"'"' I"hhIi>ii I A' tl... .Iralli of r.l»iiia VI I..- wnil l.« <"<• m.iiiv. HiKl MilmiMiu.M.ily lo III; iii.ilv.- cmtntiy. Inni'O ««« |....lr-«,.r ..( llcLirw Kt NIV,.«l.«lrt »•»( «l.t'-Vn , Mil .111 11... l.miKlniJoulof tli.MlvllwHi III I nmn'.i«K<«lt| «.)UuUI ri,«l.n..l. wlHTo !.'• « i.« wrll mTly.Ml l.y III* fi.rniiT v"li''''"' " ',"'» "".' war hitiiumI lo »"' li-rmlnulrtl. Iir iikmIii «riU III IVmiio. I>iil oil 111" ocnmliili of ll»<' >•>»•• Biuii' of HI limilioliimi'w, 111' It'fl Kriimo. luliiuUnii H«i»lii I" •<•<•>' •'>;•'"''■ '•• '•"«, liinil, lull lU.il III inu'iiiM'y. Il« wi<«i» Kooil »,holiir. niul i.«iMli.lir Hiiiiolii' of riiKiiliil. &.. Ill' l>- ...miuriU!«a II llll'li' In four lrtn«iiHKO».l'«l (llilmil llvoiolliiUU II. Dliil, (11 1'.\ MM' I':!!"" •'.'•" «'inlnonl pli.VKlilini iinil m»'»ll«nl wiliir llo wm« l.orn In hioI Innil. nnil ««>• InlomU'il for Iho jIiuitIi. mil nrolVrrliiU llu" piofrHnlon of mi'illili"'. In' purMU'il Iho luii'iimiiy ulnilUn iinilcr Dr i'liitiUn. Hnil Imvlng liiWcn liU iloi-lot'ii (U'KW. Hi'ltlcil In Lomlcin. Ill* HinI work won Iho " Tlicoiy of IVvoriii" l»l» ni'xl imlillrnllon Mil* i« inmlioniiiiUni tionilM', rnliili'il " I'hiNlonnin Mitliolu* Invi-rmi," wlilrli jMocnnMl III n i-onniili'iiilili' n'|>vil« lion, iiiul nilmlMlon lo llu' Hoyiil Koilily. Too froo nn lnilulK<'ni o In llio plonnuiTi* of tlio Ul>U' liHvinK ri'iiili'ml lilm «'noinionHly eorpulinl UK wi'll im a»tliini>llo. Jio n'lolvid on Rlrlotlv HiUioiliid lo " nillk iinti vi'goluMi' illol ; Hiui ho ("tiuM-lonioil "o ninoli lionclH fVom tlil»i'on»iio. Iliiil nil lil« inlni"l|ii»l trtii- IIm'h urtff It ui'on ollu-rn. Illm'hlof worUi< aro "Tlio r.nnllsli Miiliiily. i> Tii'iitlso on NorvoH* l>lHor.li'i»," " A riTiUlno on tiont," and nn " V.%»ay on Hi'tiltli and long l.lfc." nicii, i74;i,uKoa7'.'. nilAllKKIlA. (lAlMUV.i.i.o, n ccU'I>riiti'd lyilo pool, »omt oentiny. lie was u rival of (Joldonl.and his comedies attained considemMo popnlarlty. 'Ihoso of Chlari were, however, much inferior to those of his rival. Died, 178H. CIUCHK.I.V.Y, IIF.NUY, areliMshop of Canterbnry. nn able and aeeompllshed scho- lar and statesman, wag born nt llluhnm IVrrers, nbont l;U!'.'. He was edncated at Winchester nnd Oxfor", devoting his atten- tion espeelallv to the civil and canon law. He rapidly n>"se to luRh place both In chnrch and si.itc He was sent ambassador to the pope and to the court of Fnuue ; was bishop of St David's in UOb ; took a promi- nent part In the discussior . at the famous m iniinrll ot I'lail In I III), wan aKitlii niiibw piiiiliir III I'raiiee Ihe miiiie U'«r, iiiid a ihini lliiii' on (lie nei't'inlon of lieiii'y \' m nu itn hlx ii'inrn he wan nuide iiiilit Uliii|' nr Caiilirbniv The parliament liiivinu ii>l vlneil thi'klnKto approprlnio Roiiie ii( ihr rcvennen of Ihe ehinih, llie iiri'lilil.|on of llie iMriint kliii, lletiiy VI., niliheley became Hint nrlv; eomii'lllor, and he wl'«ely dlreeleil nil |||, allenlliMi In ehureh airalm, NlrlvhiK iit iiiii'r lo check the proHiemi of VVIekllflliiiii, nnil lo moilirale the elalnm of llie papal nnirt, li, Ihe expendllnre of hU revenue he uiinvirj lllienil; ho fonndrd and eniloweil All Kduii Collerte. Oxford, made many hiiiMiiiiiiiUni priivi r.ieiilR In Lambelh ralaie, ami luiili the soulh wenlein tower of ('iiiilirlnirji ("alhedial at his own exiieniie, Dliil, 111,1 I'll It'll i;hti:u, i-'.arl of. ii'i;i,iiam, TIIOMAM,] (HIM), HIr .lOKlAli, hart., an I'lnliirm London mereliiinl of the 17lh i'eniiiry,ninl anihor of several works on siilijei'ii run. neeled with political economy , aniiiiiK wlilih may be nolleid his" DiKCOurse iia Trmlp," K-ic Horn, lilim; dleil. Kltm, OlIll.O, >Vli,i.t,VM, nn KnRllsh muiiliil eompo^er. He was for many years iirKmilil of SI Oein'KO's I'liapel, WlinlNiir, iiiiil iif the t'hapel Itoyal al VVhItehall, llii' t\my\t style of Ills' composlllons caused tlii'in lobe nculeeted In hUown tlinp, but tliey iiriiiow much ailmlrcd. Died, 1(107, nill.l.lNOWORTH, VVII.I.IAM, nil Hii;. lish divine iiiid coalroverslal wiliir, burn at Oxford, lllO'J. He studied at IhiMinhfr. sity, and early slutwcd the pri)|"n»lly to disnulatlon which characiirlriil liim tlirouKU life. Lord (Marendon n»y»«f lilin, " ho had contracted such Im'soliitlon, iinJ; such a habit of doubting, that at IriiKililici WHS conlldent of nothing." In tills uliitcot nilm'l a Jesuit convinced hliii of Hip Inilh, of the tenets of Jtomanlsm, and lie wontlo the Jesuits' eollcRO nt Douay. VVhiletlict* he meditated the publication of a vImllW'i lion of his conversion lo the Cliiitth of Home, but l.aud, then bishop of London, dissuaded hliu from his purpose !lo nuhMi- qucntly returned to Kn«land, and mitoiilybt'- camen rrotestanl unaln, but also wrote nnd published the celebrated treatise, oiitliW ''The ItellKlon of rrotestanis, a safe »»! lo Salvation." Some hesitation nboiil siunluK the 3!) Articles prevented lilm rrim obtalnliiK preferment In the churcli ; liinot at leiiKth consented to kIku, «•>'' ''"'«"": eh'diccllor of Salisbury, *c. At tlip brok- ln« out of the civil war, he warmly rspoujcJ the rovnl cause, and published a trcniiseon Ihe " Unlawfulness of UeslsihiK the U«fui rrinee, nlthouKh most Tyrannous, Impiooi. nnd Idolatrous." Ho accompanied Clianei I. to the siege of Gloucester, and Inventeai machine, or rather Imitated one dcscriOM by ancient authors, for the ntt-uk of tor- tiflcd places, lie was taken prisoner « Arundel CasUo, which s"rreiuerem,Fi(i;iii.:nir,aBreat f'fnnaplandfoMu piiiyer. wi hnv.lHlo, (:,„„,!„iif,rt to I toiwimmcp of p„|ii|,.„j ,,„„ H 111 pnl.lic; nt Vienna niii , and noon Hficrwarils repal we he I'ontlmica to exeiciMi. ircvolull«M,.nH9at IDiogrnpOy. Ill KUI, (III.ADNI. MllNUT I.'t,(ll(|.NT riMKIIIIICII I Wll hiilMTH In I7AII He ii|i|>l|<..l lilm.Hr i, |''"l'"'i" M'frlnirniN .>ii i\u< vllpinti.m ,V I""!""" ' «•»»» l'l"l<'i of vnrloim fornn Inn, ii.v..|,t.'.l i,r„ „„„|,,,,, |„„rumpnt.' InliH. I.r nninr, Ku,,h„ma nn.t amru'. Ir II.'. ..r iMiropn „„.ml, l,y ,ml,T of Nn,,,,|,,„„. ,„ ,^1,, , I'hliiillil wii* picurnlnl In I8()H. CliliKlnl iil. Dr.«,.lr,l hhn.Hr lonK wl(|, 0.,' it," » "f ini- r'n.".r,"';'.' '",; '•:""""""' "tr..,fti., Ill 1,114. He Willi ihn ilrnt In rcioifnlisn lint ioiinilnilrliiinirliT of llii.i..< lio.ll,.,., nml ||,. ■ominiliiM lii'iHrcn tliiini and ilru.hiiiu llnint llrcHliMi, IH27. "ronalU. lf,llr.tmlnUlrrlo I.oi.U X V-ofrnmr . »,,C lorn In 171!.. II.' .w,.rr...l (hn , r, y VnH* Vl ImvliiK .itliilnni ii IiIkIi ii.nl., fvu? ,,^ bn ...1 iiinbiinKm or to Hon,,, ,„„| vi,.n, billi(M,.mr...l will, n iirrniK... ||„ ||,o„ ' inii, ,„ nl.i.T o for..|„„ „trn|i», t , Z,vU |. 0,1 lu. w,„ ri,l«,.,| ,h,,,„Kh tl,.; Infin' , . |t.l, 1... I.,.r,„m. iiL. n,lnlHi,.r of ,vi,r , ,,/ |m| „f.or ..,.l„,nKnl II,.. po,.,fo|io „f n,;,.' " ►«li« for lint «f ti,o „u,rln„. 1|, , , ,f| >.iy J.1,1 cioui. rrr«,i„H „n,| „lt,.n.tlo i if In-ir I, mniy, ln<-,'..nM..,l tlio nnvv ii. K-ht a out tl... c..|,.,,nit..,| fnmi'i7;C ^. on l>.i. 1,1,11, <.f Mn.l„m.Ml.. I'omi w, th.' ■'"' «'mlnrnt r''"'« prof^l n ; ',"""»'• '"' followed p « tr.e game of ,.1, ..;:■ :•.. it;""'"? ?'»« Cnim f "thegamc Of iw'n'" ni^".^? I''" j;..rll..t M„.cl., 0, ,a„,„r,... *e. „|„T, -::;:; uM;;;r::v "'^/^•^--- -:^ »(^ '•lll,..,of tl,.. lMI,k of •vMiT.. ,.,.. ».i iI! , 1 " , r;;;^':' ''; ""•"••/ uwouid' .T^;=;;'?:•:;'''''•''l"'''•"^tl'o'M,l. •iKlon of ^nVM>,ni,ld.»(.|,l 1 ,. I .,1 ,^.'i ' ""I"'", """"•d wlilih ii.Tniw t„ i,^,J.*",' "<•"'""•. " v«. callod ..t^^^V':;' "«• which ilKiilfli's" golden mouth," on iimunt Tf hli euCence. He wa» born ,.t Anll.Kh about t he nlddle of the 4th cnjtury and w«. Intended for the bar; but belnK deeply Tn^pr ssed with rellRlou. feellngH. he spent •fiveral vcur» In iolltury retirement, »tudy- ?ng and'^n e'ltailng wfth a view to the churel". H«vl..K completed h'" J"'";»''7 probation, he returned to Antloch, was or dalned. and hceanie so celebrated for the e looiienee of hU preaching, that on the de I ofN nople, he was ralHed to that hiKh and In - portant post. He exerted hlm.elf «o zeal ou«ly in r.preBKlnK heresy, P»K''" »'"■, ""'i Immorality, and in enforclnK the obi gutloiis of monachUm. that Theophilu., Wsl'op of Alexandria, aided and encouraged by the empre»H Eudoxla. caused him to be deposed at r nynod held at Chaloedon in 403. HU de- position gave 80 much offence ;o the peop e Sv whonf he w«H greatly b.-loved that the empress wa» obliged to interfere for his re- u"s utenu.ni. He soon, lio^t'^" provoked her anger by opposing the erection of her statue near the great church ; and In 404, another synod deposed him, and exiled him to Armenia. He sustained his troubles with admirable courage ; but being ordered to a still greater distance from tl'^^ »?'»"''. "'".V'^ his enen.i.8 still feared his lntluence,he died whlleon hisjourney. His voluminous works, consisting of sermons, c"»""*'"^",',tn' «[ ?n twes &e, abound with Information as to the manners and characteristics of his a(?e. Thirty years after hia death his remains wore lei^ioved to Constantinople with great pomp, and he was honoured with the title of saint. Died, 407. -p.wrll.h UHUHH, THOMAS, one of the Engiisn Deists of the 1 8th century, was "orniiear Salisbury, In 1079, and was apprenticed tlif to a glove'.maker and afterwards to a tallow- chatuller. After he had made himself know- by some theological writings, he beca-ar steward to Sir Joseph Jekyl. but^ n a shon time returned to his candles. He was or small stature and fat. fond of debate indus^ trions in writing, but scarcely got " I'ving by his works. Among them are. The sti- premacy of God the Father asserted. Dis- course on Reason as a sufficient Gu.de in natters of Heligion," "Inquiry a»>oul the rnspiralion of the New Tesftment/' a..d "True Gospel of Jesus asserted. He puD- •.ialsi'd many tracts on similar high suDJocls. ^CHURCHILL, CHARLES, an English poet, born 1731- He was edueatflil at "WHtmin. »t"elllst," "The Author," "Gotham," "The Cnndlilale" " The Times," " Independence," and The Journey." The vigour displayed in these poems makes It probable that he wouWIn time have devoted himself to higher Bubjpcu than partv politic8,and have produced worki calculatea to give him higher and morelast- Ing fame; but a fever h"f ed him to the grave, at the early age of 34, in 17M. CHUUCHYAHD, THOMAS, an Engilih poet , author of " The Worthiness of W ales 'Ji.egendc of Jane Shore," &c He Hour. Ished In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and died In 1604. , , . ,„, . rtACONIUS, PETER.an eminent spanun scholar. Pope Gregory XIII. empjoyedh" to superintend an edition of the Bible, the " Decretal " of Oratian, and other wort printed at the Vatican press. He j ' some very learned notes on Tertuman Pll tv Seneca, and other Latin writers; ^ lA^'on "tallin antiquities; a treatise on the' old roman calendar &c.; am he M Cla'u-, '•:. reforming tht alendur. OM, ^'■(jIAMPiNI, GIOVANNI GirsTiNCaleani; edSSn- author of ;; Ve-tera fnumen » " Lives of the Popes," &c. He was one o the literary associates of Christinj. q« e Sweden, during her r<.'<^}'^emoat\iom,m was aided by her n forming »" a"^"""' Torth'e' stud'y of mathematics and ano.h. for the study of ecclesiastical history, ui™. 'TlHBER, CAIUS GABniKI.,cculptor,JM bo?i"a%ensburg;n HoMcln^b^^^^^^^^ ITestorS^on."' fie" evented the .m-ij CIB the old Koyal Exchange, the Monument, and the tw iieai, lUging and Melunci li'lieiii Hospital. He was (leeoratlng the mansion at wits father of Colley Clbb «t(or. Died, 1700. (IJIIIKK, Col.I.KY, the I list, was the son of Gal M'ulptnf. and wus born In He WHS educated at Grant and being disappointed ol Caaibrlilge, he entered the tary profession did not sul when only about 18 years > for the stage. For some little success i but his perl (llewlfo, in the "old Hach v.ry popular, and obtained p,Jy of parts of that kln( Hi! first dramatic effort, " L apiiciircd in 1)>03; and It "Woman's Wit" and "tl band." His next producth wa» an adaptation of Mii under the title of the " Non the " Hypocrite " of the mo li a new version. The pli fulljr popular, and, in addi proflu Cihher derived from it procured hlin the sltualk ate. This appointment dre rancour of contemporary wl of Pope among the number the good tense to think solli portant than the censure of injurious; and he wore the formed in his own pieces ti "4 years of age. Hesides traf diei, tothe number of twei which still continue to be pieces, Clbber wrote an " A own life , an " Essay on and Conduct of Cicero," an latory epistles to his assaila 1"57. CIBBER, THF.0PHII.TJ8, t an actor and dramatist, but both capacities to his father. extravagant habits, and hit quentir spent In much dll drowned in his passage to Ii CIKBER, SUSANNA MAR last named, was sister to Dr brated musical composer, an* of the highest class. Her ui phiiusCibber was productive fort and disgrace, and she wai ihioi for many years. She v ppectcd in private life as she [tlie stasie. Her style of ai idapted to that of Garrick, requently performed. Died CICEKO, MARCUS TlLLl if Roman orators, was boi ' c. 106. He was the so nts, and at an early age iiifd Indications of his abi laving served in a single c 'ompeiu.l Mrliinc'liiily, at tho tlcth li'liciii Hoipltal. !(*■ wui ul«o emplored In dft'orutliiK the niaiulon at Chatitwurlli. He wuD father uf Collejr Clbber, the celebrated actor. Died, 17<)0. ClllllKli, CoM.KY, the nctor nnJ drama tlHt, will the (on of Uahri ' C'lblt^r, the H'ulptnr, anil wan horn In London, In IflTI. He wua ediiciited at Urantham Friotchool, uiul helHK dUappointed of u icholarthlp at Cainbriilue, he entered the army. The mili- tary profmalon did not tult hii taate ; and when only about 18 yeuri old ho iiuitted It for the •tiiKo. I''or nome time he hud but little (liCceM ; but hit performance of Fon- illewlfo. In the "old Hachclor," made him v> ry popular, and obtained hini the mono ujy of partd »f that kind at Drury-lane. Hl« first (IrHinatle effort," Love's Lust Shift," •ppciircd in U\9i; and It wan followed by "Woman'! Wit" anil to withdraw to Athens from fear of resentment of the dictator. As long as Nulla lived Cicero remained In exile turning even hia exile Into u benefit by diligently studying under Antlochus and other phlloinphera. When he returned to Itome ho rapidly rose In hU profemlon, and the quuestornhlp In Hicily was bestowed upon him In tliU oltlee he made lilm»eif very popular, and henceforth his course was all proaperous, until he attained the great object of hit ambition— the consulship The consplriicies of Catiline made Cicero's con sularduty ai dlltlcult and dangenius us his performance of It wat able and honounibie , and ;ie scarcely, If at nil, exaggerated his services to Home when he said that to his cimduct" alone was owing the siilv.ition of both the city and the commonwealth." Hut his popularity declined very soon after the expiration of his consulship, and It was chieily as an advocate and uuthor that he for some time afterwards exerted his splen- did talents. At length the tusk of averting ruin from his own head tasked even his powers to the utmost. Tubiius Clodius, who had now become tribune of tlie people, raised such a storm against him, that he was a second time obliged to go into exile. This time he sought shelter with his friend Plan- eus, In Thessalonica, until the repentant Romans recalled him, making lilrn niugnitl- cent recompense for the depredation and devostation by which ho had been Impover- ished. In the struggle between Cu-sur and Pompey, Cicero espoused the cause of the latter; but after the fatal battle ofl'liursulia, he made his peace with the former, with whom he continued to all appearance friend- ly , until Ca-sar fell under the daggers of Hru- tus and his friends. Cicero now took part with Octavlus, and pronounced tlie philip- pics ogainst Antony, which at once shortened his life, and added to his fame. Antony, stung to the quick, Insisted upon the death of Cicero, and Uctuvius l)ascly consented to the sacrifice. In endeavouring to escape from Tusculum, where he was living when the news of his proscription arrived, he was overtoken and murdered by a party of sol- diers, headed by Popilius Lsenas, whose life he had formerly saved by his eloquence ; and his head andhands were publicly exhibited on the rostrum at Rome. Cicero perished In his fi4th year, B.C. 43. He was a perfect model of eloquence; and, as Augustus truly said, "he loved his country sincerely." Of his works, consisting of orations, philoso- phical, rhetorical, and moral treatises and familiar letters, all written In the purest and most perfect Latin, all well known and far too numerous to be even named here, there have been almost Innumerable editions. Middle- ton's celebrated ■' History of the Life of M. Tuliius Cicero." appeared in 1741. A new English Life of Cicero, by William Forsyth, published in 1864, has received high praise for geholarshlD a!id fairnefifi. Mtirf* rf»f»i^nt ig cai«.uint at Home; and, at the age of i theFrench work.VntitieT " Ciceroii et set IW % £Xt\» ainibrrsnl 13ioisrapi)». [mu Aml»." nn intcrpHtlnn m.idy on Uonumn'' oJotv. hy tUstou Il(,t»»l<>'< ' _ .. ., rU'»>(iNA-U,\, i.Koi'Oi.u.rount of. itnUim writer on lut. wti« born ut 4"i he was visited by tho emperor Joseph II., who spoko of him afterwards as the first painter of Europe, rignrtroirs style was like that of Carlo Maratti, but in- ferior in eolourinp. Wed, 1770. CIOOLI, I.onovico TAUDi i>A, Italian painter, burn 1.551). He was trained by Santo di 'riti, studied the works of CorreRplo, B.iroccl. and tho Oaracel, and became a dls- tiniruished reformer of the art, especially as an Opponent of tho imitators of Michael Angelo. One of his (rre;Uest works was " St Peter liealing the I.ume Man," which has, unfortunately, perished. Ho pa'ntcd several altar-pieces, "and wrote a treatise on Per- spective. Died, 1613. CIM.VIUIR, OIOVANVT, or GIOVANNI OUAI.TIKRI. a very distinnuished ricrentine painter, born in IJIO. Very iiitie is certainly known of his life, but he is said to have been a disciple of Giunta of Pisa, and ho was one MO of tho earliest painters who left oltcnpyliii tho hard unnatural drawlnn of tho Jlpmi. tino school, studied nature for hIniNi'U, imil eontrlbuted powerhilly to the revival oriin, Tho coloHNiil Madonna, whleli ho imitittul lor llio Itucelliil chapel, In f'u climcli (if Santa Mnrlu Novcl'.a, I'loi'cnce, K hiiIiI (o have excited extraordinary eiitlniNliiniii, and to have neon cr.rrled In proccsHlini lotliu ohurch, where It sllll rouialiiN. A Miuloniin of tills iniisier, fo'iuerly In tho cliunh of Sa..ttt(inice,l"l(>rence,li:nowln the Niitlomil • liiilery. It wastUmabue whoJIrHtdlNcovcml tho jjonlus of Cllotto. Died, proliilily, |n 130'i. IMMAUOSA, HOMI'.Nin). a Nciipoljtnii niuslcal composer. When the iirniy iifrovd- lullou!y.ed I'lar.co look posHeHbinn of Itnl)', Olinarosa so o)ienlj sympallil/ed wlih revu- lutlonary principles, that, when the I'lvnfii withdrew, ho wan thrown Into prison, mid treated wlih a rlmmr which Is supponcil lo have materially sborlenrd his life, (if twenty rdx operas >vhlch ho eoinjHinfil, mid most of which are comic, " II Mai.'lmoiilo ScKroto" Is tho most admired. Iloin, 1711; died, IHDl. (!IM()N, n celebrated Athenian gmenl lie was tho sun of Mlltlades, and tirst iljstlii- KulshedhlmNelfatthelmltleofSHliiiiiis, li.e, 4H0. ArlstUles the Just thouKht so liltjlily of him, that he Initiated lilni Into public hiisi. iiess. After liavinu repeatedly licaliii the Persians, especially In 4(111, when lie w.m two victories over them tho siiine iliiy, one by sea, the other on the banks of the llury- niedon, and havliiK enriched his coiiiiliy by the spoils ho wrested fioni tho enemy, tho party of Pericles caused hli«> lube ostriiclzed, At tho end of live years, which wiis oiilj half th»i term for which he had been \m- Ished, ho was recalled, and aKaIn led llio Athenians to victory over their rerslan foe. While bcsienliiB (ntiiini In Cyprus, he diod, II. C. 44!), havln« served Athens, not iiiiiy lij his gallantry and prowess In the Held, biit also by his wisdom and liberality ia pro- mutiny public Improvements. CINOINNATUS, I.DCIUS UiMNTim.oncof the moat Illustrious characters of naolont Home. He was made consul ii. c. KiO, when tho senate and the people were strivian for tho ascendancy ; and, beluK much Incensed anainst the latter for havInK banished his son, he sternly resis.cd their dcMiamln. He was named consul a second time, but refused tho otllco and retired to his farm, whenee he did not UKiiin cmeiKO until he was saluted dictator, 458, and entreated to leiiil his nu against the 7I'',nul, who hud closely invested tho army of the consul Mliiucius. Steppaig at once from f'le petty details of a fann to tho momentous duties of a Koneral iiml a statesman, Cincinnatus defeatrd the vj'.qul and made them pass under the yoke. Ha»- Ing caused his son to bo recalled from exile, after tho chief witness against him had been convicted of perjury, he laid down hisautlior ity and returned to hU farm. He was ««iiin, though 80 years of age, made dietatot, when Mii'lius was accused of conspiring against tiie republic. , , , , CINNA, I.rcius COHNKUUS. the frienii, partisan, and fellow-consul of Marius. He If was who droro Hulla f called Marlui from hU partlclpiited In tluiiiuine followed the return of M Ills third CDiisiilHlilp. iin f(ir iKimilltlcs with Hulh II. (\ HI, CINO DA I'lHTOIA, ni ■all and pix't, born ai I'ls pioper iiaiiio was (hiUin eminent as a lawyer, and (if Uoiiie, and prolosHoi varlouH iinivernltles. In eleganlpoetry, by which li ho wrote a ''Coiiiiiioiilar Died, Vmi ' CINU MAllH, Ml'.NIlvf of, was son of tho Mnniul of Kniice. IIo was Intioi Klchcliew to the notice ol win t'l.r sdtne lime a inust vuuiiicofthatmuiiarch. I to the cardinal and lu tho 1 (hiHtun, diiko of Orleans, t to rebellion. They had pi their treasonable designs i treaty with Hp.iln, engagi amiiiit thein. Ihit the vigil nal discovered their plans, was appreheiided, and h (;ln(iMais Is tho hero of rieal novel by Alfred do Vli i;ll'UIANI, GIOVANNI eminent iiaiiiter, born at Pi In 1783 he acconipanled Sli London,. iiid was one of tl b(T» of tho Itoyal Acadeiii' wcroKreatly admired, and i wereiiuulo from them by H 1TH.5. (:iilII,T,o,l)oMKNico,an boni III the kingdom of N nceoinpanled l.ady Walpoh KiiKlnnd.stiidled under Will WHS elected I'.K.S. He aft prosldentof the academy at lessor of lacdli'lne in the ur city. When the French cut rllio took an active part a rclKn; and when tho Icgltl.i was restored, he was execu in 17911. Among the worki Fundiimcnta Itotanica," " |orumre({nl Neupolltiinl fasc I CLAIUAUT,Al,KXI.SCl,Al IFrcnchmathcmailclananda |bornatl'nrislnl713. Hesti Iraathcinatlcsattenyearsof iproscntedamemolronciirvi IniyofSclcncos.nndatsixtei IHismostrcmnrljable works tl liur Ic! eourbes A double eo |ws publish, din 1721), and tl |wasrecci,.da,ih,.A'cndem ituZ ""'"""''•"•""tin |,;JW|.'ofthcnieridlnnln I riou8lnv,;st|..ation8ontl I iv;r''''' •'*"'' '''•^■<''«'"' |re,ippi>aranc(^ in.uin {,..,■, ryciingtheluMarnuitlcina |fforaet.,«nddiedatI'aris" I 1^1 v] If wn» who drovo Hullii from llomn, uiid lo ciilliKt Miirliu from hU Arrlcuii oxlln. ||o piirtlclpiiti'd In tliti iiiimcrouii munlnrM wlili'h followed tho icliirii of Miirliu; mid wlit-ii In hlH llilril ri)iiNiilMlilp, unit wlillo picniii'lnH for iKimimicH with Hullii, wimiiimuMlnaU'd !).<;. HI, ' CINO l)\ I'lHTOIA. iin Italian tnrUfion- ■all 1111(1 |M)('t, born /ii I'lntolii, In l:27iH'r niiiiin wiih Onlttoni*, Jiu wiih vci y cmliit'ntiiH a lawyer, una beoaiiio a Ncniitor of Homo, iind iirolcHsor iiiicccNHlvcly m viirloiiH iiMlvfriilllc*. In nddltlon lo Nomo clouiinl piictrv, by which hi< U thledy Icno wn ho wrote it ." Coiiinioiilary on the J)luciit ■' DIeil, l!!3(l. " CINU MAUS,H|.;niiv Con liiiK, MiuouU of, wiinHOM of the MnriiulH d'Krtliit, niHrnhal of KriiKie. IIo wan lntioduce(> by llt.inl fasclcuC'Tc (XIMKnS' ^■'"^'*'''"'^° XIMKNKS 1,K. (•UIUAUT.AI.KXIH Oi.AUUK, nn eminent "•nchmat icmallclan and astn nonicr was mathoinatlcs at ton years of aite at 1 r?,.. n j;^«,cd a memoir in c„rve.''t,J ?, ,! \Z\o. ) <'f Sciences, and at sixteen wrote on. of ;jmo8trcmarkable works, the " Uecho "ehcs sir li: courbcs A double courburo " Tl Is ' iW w I " ^''"•'••''"J-. althouKh nn- t fi 0-;^., f ',""' !'•"'"" »''«-' "K-asuroment .X M. ';'/;■■''''''" ".' I'^'lWand, made H1I1 v. '"^""""t'o'18 on tlw^ movement of te:::«'^^'v-?r'>!oti<;nanit^e^S^ ^ ittcui gttnfbcr gal lUfoBrnpfjy. I?f comet, ani il d nt " (ll'l ;,•'" T'"""* [ChK .l«H (.'on, ",es '!'.;•,. ' •"^"••l« «., a celebrated English theologian and natural philosopher, was born in 1676. He was a native of Nor- wich, of which city his father was an alder- man ; and was educated at Caius College, Cambridge. While at college, he made an improved Latin translation of Holiault's treatlseon Physics, adding valuable notes in order to familiarize students with the rea- sonings of the Newtonian philosophy. When he took orders, he became chaplain to the bishop pf Norwich, and in 1699 published " Three practical Essays on Baptism, Con- firmation, and Uepentance." By this work he established his reputation as a pious and able writer ; and he now entered the lists as a controversialist, by publishing " Heaec tions" on a book by Toland, entitled " Amyn- tor." In 1704-S he wae appointed Hoyle Lecturer, and took for the subjects of his sixteen sermons, " The Being and Attributes of God " and " The Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion." In 1712 he publisheda valuable edition of" Csesar's Commentaries," and a work entitled " The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity." This work involved him in a controversy, in which his principal oppo- nent was Dr Waterland ; and the heterodoxy of Dr Clarke was made the subject of a com- plaint in the lower house of convocation. Subsequently he had a controversy with Leibnitz on the principles of religion and natural philosophy ; and gave considerable offence by altering the psalms at 8t James's while chaplain to Queen Anne. Althousli his alleged heterodoxy had deprived him of all chance of rising in the church, he had so just a sense of what was due to his profes- sion, that when offered the mastership otthe Mint, on the death of Sir Isaac Newton, lie declined it as incompatible with the clerical office and character. The latter part of his life was distinguished by his letter to Hoad- ley, " On the Proportion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in Motion," and his edition of "Homer's Iliad" with a Latin version. After his death, his sermons, in 10 vols., were pulilished by his son. Died, 1729. CLARKE. [FELTRE, Duke of.] CLAHKSON, THOMAS, a man whose whole life may almost be said to have passed in labouring to effect the extinction of the slave -trade, was born at Wlsbeach in Cam- bridgeshire, in 1760. He was first brought into notice as the friend and champion of the negro, by a Latin prize essay upon slavery, which was afterwards published in English, and became immensely popular. Associations were formed, and the question was agitated and discussed throughout the country ; at length Mr Clarkson having be- come acquainted with Mr Wilbeiforce, whose connections and influence were justly regarded as of the highest value, it was agreed that the latter should bring the subject under the notice of parliament. This was in 1787, and it there met with various success until 1807, when the memorable law abolishing the slave-trade obtained the sanc- tion of the loelslature. But though .Mr Wil- bertorce, by virtue of his position, was en- abled to take a lead In this great measure, tlio original promoter fntigable; and, outside inent, he continued to 1 ished zeal. Clarkson'g though principally exei enslaved African, was b even to that wide spher 1846, 9ged 85. CLAUDE, JEAN, an c (cstant divine. He coi work of the Port-Royall and was involved, in coi troversy with the Cathol he displayed immense c No better proof, indeec the formidable light in to his opponents, than fact, that at the revoca Nantes he was perempto France in 24 hours, tho testant ministers were al I learning, eloquence, ai made him a powerful i and hia polemical writii qualified he was to be i 1687. CLAUDE LORRAIN] scape painter, bom in L real name was Claude C the son of poor parents, prentice to a pastry-cook however, prevailed over in which he was placet ceive.'l some instruction ii brother, who was a wood- to Rome, and was empl colour-grinder by the pj whom he received instruc mental principles of his a won his way upward to fame, and by 1630 was landscape-painter. Sandi mate companion, and firs from nature. In the st was unwearied, passing t adds, noting every chang nature from sunrise to si of this patient observatic ciallyln his admirable tr< perspective. Claude also e of etchings. His " Liber Italian, " Libro dl Verit4,' hisslietches and designs fo Is now in the collection Devonshire. It was engrai at London in 1777. Died cipal galleries in Europe his masterly productions, finest are in the National these are a " Seaport at 8u "ith the Embarkation ( Slieba," another with the I Ureula, and several landscs CUUDIANUS, CLAUDr whose birthplace is suppos Alexandria. He flourished under the reigns of Theoi and Honorius ; was patron jnd a statue was erected 1 the forum of Trajan. His I «ome of their value from ^.'•-""".'^'o ^-^art panegyri) I E» he displayed a brli: nrnch polished elegance. claJ the original promoter of It was still inde- fntiffable; and, outside the walls of parlia- ment, he continued to labour with undimin- ished zeal. Clarkson'g active benevolence though principally exerted in favour of the enslaved African, was by no means confined even to that wide sphere. He died Sent 26 1846, 9Bed 88. *^ ' CLAUDE, Jean, an eminent French Pro- testant divine. He composed a reply to a work of the Port-Royalists on the eucharist nnd was involved, in consequence. In a con- troversy with the Catholic writers, in which he displayed immense controversial power Vo better proof, indeed, can be desired of the formidable light In which he appeared to his opponents, than is afforded by the fact, that at the revocation of the edict of Nantes he was peremptorily ordered to quit France In 24 hours, though the other Pro- testant ministers were allowed 15 days. His learning, tloquence, and strict morality made him a powerful advocate of truth and his polemical writings show how well qualified he was to be its defender, nied 1687. ' CLAUDR LORRAINE, the great land- scape painter, bom in Lorraine, 1600. His real name was Claude Gel£e, and he was the son of poor parents, who put him ap- prentice to a pastry-cook. The love of art however, prevailed over the circumstances' in which he was placed; and having re- ceive:! some instruction in drawing from his brother, who was a wood-engraver, he went to Rome, and was employed as cook and colour-grinder by the painter Tassi, from whom he received instructions In the funda- mental principles of his art. He graduallv won his way upward to Independence and fame, and by 1&30 was known as a eood landscape-painter. Sandrart was his inti- mate companion, and first led him to paint from nature. In the study of nature he was unwearied, passing entire days in the acids, noting every change in the aspect of nature from sunrise to sunset. The fruits of this patient observation are seen, espe- cially in his admirable treatment of aerial perspective. Claude also executed a number of etchings. His " Liber Veritatis," or in talian '' Libro di Verit4," is a collection of hissketchcs and designs forhis pictures, and is now in the collection of the duke of Dewnshire. It was engraved and published at London in 1777. Died. 1682. The nrin- cipal galleries in Europe are adorned with his masterly productions, and some of the flnost are in the National Gallery. Amonl tee are a " Seaport at Sunset," " Seaport w. h the Embarkation of the Queer of S™ / IT''"'''^/? '^^ Embarkation of St tUUDlANUS, Claudius, a Latin noet ^hosc birthplace Is supposed to have been A CMndria. He flourished about ad 4oo n er the reigns of Theodosius, Arcadius Hononus; was patronized by Stilicho' nd a statue was erected to his honoi^r in orum of Trajan. His larger poems lose rtl °L*I?':':-'.'""e f'""* the subjects of Doemi h«'"HrT' P?"«'»y"' "^ |^y^"o^ff%^f„--^fsnin'»>t Italy, and Dalmatia, when he w^ "fnt to Spam n 1810, under Junot anTMasseVa "t Sa?^™!^** Ciudad Rodrigo, was wounded at Salamanca, and having saved during n retreat, memorable in military annals fhn "'"yof Portugal, and led it info Spahi ' was o?Kln1n''ir"%'r"'"-^''*^' '" ^^""""th i„„ f '" '^^^- '^<' ^as one of the last to KcireKJ^f Tf' '""^ "-""Vthe flm I" ueciare nimself in favour of Buoninnrtn during the Hundred Days, when he took the iZelM^^L'"'"'"'''A^'' estabfished he i"iperial government without striking n t blow. Banished on the return of the Hour wZU'' I'''' •'" '•.^"«^» »» tJ-e United Spates' Where he remained some years. Imme- diately after the revolution of 1830 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces n Algeria; but in consequence of some mis understanding with the home government he returned to France in 1831, received the* marshal's baton, and in 1835 returned to Al fhl'^.H ' Kovrrnor-general of the colonv " bui 836 W t„1V'*?*""" "' Constantine L iB36,leQ to his resignation, and the rest of lus^days were passed in retirement Dled[ CLAVIGERO, FRANCESCO Savehto « native of Vera' Cruz, in Mexico Having m?ssionT'v°^n' M*""'!'' ''''' >'^'--'- »« "" "' missionary in Mexico, and made himself fLT^^Ii^^ "^^'V^^ traditions and antTqu work entltfed'S sJn'^^ '""•'*? " ^''y ^'''"«Me worK, entitled Storm ant ca del Mcssico " being a very full account of the Kco^ranW natural history, manners and cusSs arts' literature and religion of Mexico, and of lu' latThuo'^theV'""""'^^^- '' -a" tran ! Jaiea into the German and Spanish Inn puSed "n PHT ''T''' lr«"^'«"*- -- at Cesena, I7i.3 ^°'''' "^"^ ^"^^ '»'«''. OLA VI-"> V pA-«r i^rin - - ii».7~* ." "^ " •''^-'^•i^'JO, JOSE, a Nuaiiisii i"^"*!"''' ''°"» *n °ne of the Canarv is rMa'drW^wh' '"• , ^' *'^« «S« "f 23 h^^ent to Madrid, where he got an appointment in 203 a cla] m iieto aJni&crsal ISiogrnp^ [cLE a covernment office. The publicntion of ft periodical paper, entitled "Kl rciisiidor," after the manner of the KnRllsh " Spcitiitor," was the heKlnnin« ol hU literary reputation. His name has been most widely known In connection with his dishonourable conduct towards Madlle Curon, sister of Ueaumnr- clmis, and the spirited intervention of the latter in helmlf of his sister. Ten years ftftcrwards, in 1771, Ueaumarchals, n sell- dctcncc, publislicd the full story, which ex- cited i itense interest, and furnished tioctho with tlio subject for a tragedy. Cl(iviJo was iisgraced and deprived of his office, but was soon re.itored. He continued his literary labours, translated Uuffon's Natural History and was named secretary to the Museum of Natural History. Died, 1806. CLAVIUS, CHRlSTOriiKK, a German Je- suit and mathematician. By order of Pope GrcKory XIII. he corrected the calendar; and ho nbly defended lUmself ugainst the animadversions on his labour of the elder Scaliger and others. He also publislicd many mathematical works, among which was an edition of Kuclid, with annotations ; a treatise on dialling, and an explanation of tlie method of reformation of the calendar. Died, 1612. , , . . CLAY, HKNRY, a distinguished American statesman, was the son of o clergyman of Hanover county, Virginia, where he was born on the 12th April, 1777. In 1793 he commenced the study of the law, was li- censed as an attorney in 1797, and removed to Lexington, Kentucky, where he soon took a high position at the bar, and was at once recognized us one of the most promising men of his country and time. Mr Clay was elected to fill an unexpired term in the United States Senate in December, 180G. In 1808 he was elected to the Kentucky legis- lature, and in 1810 ho was again chosen to fill a vacancy in the United States benate. In 1811 he was sent to the House of Repre- sentatives, and was chosen speaker. He was a warm advocate of the war with Great Britain, and throughout that crisis sustained Mr Madison's war measures with great zeal. In 1814 he was sent to Ghent as one of the commissioners to negotiate the treaty of peace with Great Britain. Returning home, ho was again sent to congress in 1815, and was elected speaker during two consecutive congresses. He remained in the House of Representatives till 1821. During the year 1818 he achieved great distinction by his advocacy of the claims of the South American republics to the recognition of their inde- pendence by the United States. In 1823, Mr Clay was again elictcd at congress, and again chosen speaker by a large miyonty. He distinguished himself in this congress as tUe advocate of protection to American in- dustry, as well as several other measures. In 1824, Mr Clay was a candidate for the presidency, and, Mr Adiims being chosen president, temlored the office of secretary of state, which he accepted, and retained to the close of Mr Adams's administration. In ISSlhe was srsit tn the United States Senate, and in 1832 was a candidate for the presid- ency, but defeated by General Jackson. During the session of 1833, when the tariff question was agitating the whole nation to an alarming extent, he brought forward hit celebrated compromise bill, which passed both Houses, and restored quiet to the vovn- try. Mr Clay remained in the United Statei Senate until 1842, when, on the Slat of March, he resigned his scat. In IPil ho wna the ^VhiK nominee for the presidency, being defeated by Mr I'olk. In December 1849, lie again took his seat in the Senate, where lie remained until 1851, when the encioncli- ments of disease obliged him to tender liis resignation. His last service in the Senate was in 1850, when he originated the series of measures known as the Compromise, which r^acued the Union from one of its greatest dangers. A long career of 40 years Identified him with much of the history of the American nation, and though ho was never president, few presidents could liope for greater dignity, or a more enduring fame. Died, 1852. CLAYTON, ROBKUT, bishop of Cloglier; author of an " Introduction to the History of the Jews," "The Chronology of the Holirew Bible Vindicated," " A Vindication of the Histories of the Old and New Tcstamcut," written against Bolingbroke and other scep- tics. The heterodoxy of some portions of his writings gave so much ofTonce, that measures were contemplated for depriving him of his proferment ; but he died before his condemn- ation could be pronounced. Born, 1895; died, 1768. CLEANTHES,a Stoic philosopher of the 3rd century B.C. He was a native of Assus, in Lydla ; but, visiting Athens, he became a zealous disciple of Zeno; and to enable him to attend on that master in the day, he was accustomed to labour by night. His mental and bodily strength was Immense, and de- spite all obstacles, he studied so successfully as to become, l). C. 263, Zeno's successor. Of his writings only some fragments remain, among which is his noble Hymn to Zeus; but his reputation was so great, that, after his death, the senate of Rome decreed him a statue in his native place. CLKMENCET,CllAKIiES,alcarncd French Benedictine, born 1703. He was charged with the completion of the first edition of the great chronological work, " Art de veri- fier les Daies," projected and left unfinished by Maur d'Antlne. He took part also in several other important historical works, among which were the "D^cr^tales des Papes," and the "Histolre lltt^rairc de France." He was warmly attached to the Port-Rovalists, and wrote the "Histoire G6ndrale do Port-Royal." He also wrote some controversial works against the Je- suits, In which, notwithstanding his natural tenderness and kind-heartedness, he perhaps showed the influence of the odium theologi- cum. He was a man of fervent piety, and cared for the truth above all things. Died, 'cLEMENCIN, DIF.OO, a Spanish states- man and litterateur, was born at Murcia in 1765. He became tutor to the sons of the duke of Osuna, and went with him to 1 aris. At the outbreak of the r-ininsui.ir ^_ar fie sympathized with the Insurgents, and nar- rowly escaped death at the hands of the French. The successlv counter-revolutions of hi a very changeful life, al affairs of state, and drive niciit. In 1N.')3 he was r brnrinn to the (lucen. I literary work is liis voluir on Don Quixote, publisli j wrote an Eloge on the gr with valuable dissertatloi the Cid, and other works 1831. CLEMUNS ROMANUf in the first century. It i ho may be the Clement i IlisKpistle to the Church the most precious relics church, Is to bo found In i lici of l.c Clerc. Clemens I at llonio, at the end of th< CLIO.MENS, TiTir.s FI„ Clcnu'ut of Alexandria, c of tlie church. Of his en is known that It Is doubtf horn at Alexandria or at / the year 189 he succeeded { catechetical school of the taught there until 202, v Sevcrus compelled him to In 210 he was in Cnppad afterwards in A.itioch, bui unknown, llifi chief work alien to the Pagans," " Pii Instnictor, and " Stromata of which is a very valua work, containing facts anc met with in no other wri 220. CLEMENT VIII., Pope, IPl'OLITO ALDOBRANl cardinal by Slxtus V. in 16 I Innocent IX. in 1592. He juration of Henry IV. of : I him absolution ; honoured in? to crown him at the eo edition of the Vulgate publ the duchy of Fcrrara for t Church. It was under tl I famous congregations Ve A I for the sctticmcnt of the I rasing between the Domin I suits respecting grace and I conferences began in 1598 Itinucd at intervals for ni 1 1605. CLEMENT XI., Pope (GL IALltAM),born in 1649, was I in 1690, and succeeded Inno I His pontificate of 20 years lone, his measures involvir I disputes with the emperor I of France and Spain, and v 1 Savoy. He published tW( I both against the doctrines o Ithe first," vincam Domini,' I Inigenitus," which caus( Icxcitcment in France. Th Ithp Jesuits in China were C( Ib.nll 'Ex ilia die," against , I "0U8 practices sanctioned bi Iprotectcd and assisted the 1 I" in 1713, and after the fai ■Jecu gave him Urbino fo ■ 1119 pope was a warm frit 11 i PI trill 204 ci-k] ^ Mtio mibetssal 18(ogrnpl^t?. Frcncli. The successive rcvoliition« nnd lountcr-rcvolutions of liis country made him :i very chniiKcful life, alternately uctivc in [CLE affairs of state, nnd driven into rural retire niciit. In 1N33 he was nmde a peer nnd li- brnrinn to the (jucen. His most important literary worli is liis voluminous Commentary on Don Quixote, puMlshed in 183U-3!). He wrote an Kloge on the ureat Queen Isabella, will) valuable dissertations; a discourse on tlic Cid, and other works. Died, at Madrid, 1834. CLEMUNS K0MANU8, bishop of Homo In tlic first century. It is conjectured that lie may be the Clement named by St Paul. HisKpistle to the Church of Corinth, one of tlic most precious relics of the primitive church, is to bo found in the Patres Aposto lici of I.c Clerc. Clemens is said to have died at Homo, at the end of the 1st century. CUO.MENS, TiTir.s Fi.AVlUS, known as CIcnu'ut of Alexandria, one of the fathers of tlic church. Of his early career so little is known that it is doubtful whether he was liornat Alexandria or at Athens; but about the year 189 he succeeded Panticnus in the catechetical school of the former city, and taught there until 202, when the edict of Scvcrus compelled him to seek a new abode. In 210 he was in Cnppadocia, and he was afterwards in A.itioch, but where ho died is unknown. lli.s chief works are an " Exhort- ation to the Pasans," " PnodaROKUs," or the Instrn'tor, and " Stromata ; " the last-named of which is a very valuable miscellaneous work, containing facts and quotations to be met with in no other writer. Died, about 220. CLEMKNT VIII., Pope, whoso name was IPl'OLITO ALDOltKANDINI, was made cardinal by Sixtus V. in lfi85, and succeeded Innocent IX. in 1592, He received the ab- juration of Henry IV. of France, and gave him absolution ; honoured Tasso by propos- in? to crown him at the capitol; had a new edition of the Vulgate published; and seized the duchy of Perrara for the States of tlie Church. It was under this pope that the famous congregations Ve AuxiUis were held, for the settlement of the controversy then rasing between the Dominicans and the Je- suits respecting grace and free-will. These conferences began in 1598, and were con- tinued at intervals for nine years. Died, 1C05. » T^fifxIF"^ ^'^^ • ^"Pe (CH AN rUANCESCO ALHAM), horn in 1649, was created cardinal in 1690, and succeeded Innoc nt XII. in 1700 His pontificate of 20 years vas a troubled one, his measures involving him in grave disputes with the emperor, with the kinjjs or France and Spain, and with the house of Mvoy. He published two famous bulls. Doth asainst the doctrines of the Jansenists the first, "Vmeam Domini," and the second t-mgenitus," which caused extraordinary excitement in France. The proceedings of h„ip"r ".n'" ,^'"°* ^"'^ condemned by the tin! '. '^"-'•" "Bainst certain superstl- lD^ntl'','■„^'"",' ^'''J'^tioned by them. Clement Ptetm and assisted the Pnglish Pretcnd- LVu '^'*1!^ aft" tl>e failure of his pro- pec s gave him Urbino for his residence. 1^119 pope was a warm friend of literature nnd art, and his private character was ex- cellent. Died, 1721. CLEMENT XIV.. Pope, whoso real name was pANOANELLI, was a native of 8t Arc angclo, near Uimlnl. In 1799 he was raised to the cardinalate by Pope Clement XIII and on the death of that pontiflT, in 1769. ho was elected his successor. He was nt first apparently disin. „cd to the suppression of the powerful but mischievous order of the Jesuits, but he at length became convinced »i,,.,iV!i"'''f* ''i.?' *"•=•' suppression, nnd he signed the brief for it in 1773. Shortly after he had signed this Important document he was se zed with a disorder, supposed to have been the effect of poison; and, after lan- guishing in agonies, which reduced him to tt mere skeleton, ho died in 1776. Clement was one of the most enlightened and bene- volent characters that ever wore the tiara His manners were lowi; pnd unassuminff. his appearance plain und simple; and when he was told that the papai dignity rcnu'red a more sumptuous table, he answered thut . "^''•'e' St Peter nor St Francis had taught him to dine splendidly.- This pontiflT was the founder of the Clementine Museum in the Vatican. His monument at Rome is one of the finest works of Canova. ji^J::^f\^'^'^',l^.^^'i^^^' «* learned French Pencdictine of 8aint-Maur, was born at IWzo Tnr.*".? .•'?.", " ^"^- "" ^''«8 educated at the Jesuits' College at Dijon, and entered the congregation of Benedictines In 1731. His incessant application to study Injured his health, and he was compelled to relinquish intellectual labour for about 20 years. He then settled at Paris, and was employed first to continue the " Histoire Litt^raire de la France ;". then, the " Recucil des Historiens de France ; " and finally to prepare a second edition of the "Art de Verifier ics Dates." It appeared in 1770. He then devoted him- self to the preparation of a third edition, enlarged and extended, making it, as it has been called, "le plus beau monument d'^ru- ditioii du dix-huiti6me si^ele." It was pub- lished between 1783 and 1792. Dom Clement was admitted to the Academy of Inscriptions m 1785. At the revolution he was driven from his cloister, but continued his peaceful toils in the house of a relative, and had nearly completed " L'Art de Verifier les Dates avant J^sus-Chrlst," when he died of apoplexy, March 1793, not long after the execution of Louis XVI., who had taken much interest in his labours. CLEMENTI. Muzio, an eminent composer and pianist ; the father of pianoforte music, and a genius whose fancy was as unbounded as his science ; was born at Rome, In 1752. He early evinced a taste for music, and made such progress in the science, that in his ninth year he passed his examination as an organist, and in his 12th he wrote a mass for four voices. Under the patronage of the highly-glfted Mr Heckford he caine to Eng- land, lived with him at his seat in Dorset- shire, where he learnt the English language, studied, composed, and gradually arrived at the head of his profession, ih the year 1800 he was induced to engage, as the head of a Ixrm, in the music trade ; in which he continued, but without any interruption of aos mm OLE] % :^tto Stnibersal Idiograpijp, hiB duties us a composer, till his death, in 1832. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was a native of tlie Isle of Khodes, and lived in the 6th century H.C. CLEON, the celebrated Athenian popular leader, was the son of Cleicnetus, and was by trade a tanner. He was the opponent of the measures of Pericles, on whose death he became the popular favourite. His character and designs have been represented in the most contradictory colours ; and the controversy whether lie is to be regarded as an earnest defender of popular ri)!hts, or a vulgar, factious mob leader, is 'still un- settled. He is severely treated by Thucy- dide8,and is the object of the most merciless satire of Aristophanes. The massacre of the Mitylonajan prisoners at Athens, in B.C. 427, was chiefly owing to his influence. Two years afterwards he gained great distinction by his capture of the Spartans in the island of Sphacteria, opposite to the fort of Pylos. In 422 he commanded an expedition against Krasidas in Thrace, and was defeated and killed in the battle before Araphipolis. CLEOPATKA, quoen of Egypt. She was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who, at his death, left his crown to her and her younger brother, Ptolemy; but being mi- r.j:s, they were placed under the guardian- ship of Pothinus and Achilles, who deprived Cleopatra of her share of the government. Csesar, however, who had met her at Alex- andria, being struck with her youthful charms,— she was then about 17,— -took up her cause and proclaimed her queen of Egypt ; and for some time Cleopatra made the conqueror the bond-slave of her beauty. She followed him to Rome, and tvas there at the time of his murder. After Caesar's death she captivated the triumvir, Mark Antony ; who, after marrying Octavia, left her for the sake of Cleopatra. The latter was with Antony at the fatal battle of Actium, and failing to fascinate Augustus, and deter- mined not to be his prisoner, she put an end to her existence by applying an asp to her arm, the bite of which caused her im- mediate death, b. C. 30, aged 39. Cleopatra had a son by Caesar and several children by Antony. CLEOSTEATUS, an eminent Greek as- tronomer and mathematician, a native of Tenedos. He first arranged the signs of the zodiac, and corrected the error in the length of the Grecian year, by introducing the period termed Octaeteris. He flourished in the 6th century B. C. CLEKC. [LECLERC] CLERFAYT, FRANgOIS SEBA8TIEN CHARLES JOSEPH 1)E CROIX, Count de, an Austrian general, who served with great distinction In the seven years' war, par- ticularly at the battles of Prague, Lissa, &c. From the conclusion of that war till 1788, when he took the field against the Turks, he lived in retirement ; but in the war which arose out of the French revolution, he commanded the Austrian army with great credit to himself, in 1793 and 1794, though overborne by numbers, and often defeated ill couscqueuee. la 1795 hs was made field-marshal, and general-in-chief on 209 [CLI the Rhine, and closed his military career by totally foiling the plans of the Frencli. He then resigned his command to the Arch- duke Charles, became a member of the aulic council of war, and died in i;9g at Vienna, where a splendid monument is erected to his memory. CLERMONT-TONNERE, Antoine Jules de, cardinal, and dean of the French bishops, was bishop of Chalons in 1782, and was an active member of the states-general. He is chiefly remembered, however, as author of the interesting " Journal of what occurred at the Temple during the Captivity of Louis XVI." Horn, 1749; died, 1830. CLERMONT-TONN^RE, Stanislas Count do, was one of the first among the nobility to side with the popular party In the opening scenes of the French revolution. Having at length given umbrage to his party he was put to death in 1792. ' CLEVELAND, JOHN, a political writer of the time of Charles I. He strenuously supported the cause of that monarch, and when the civil war broke out he joined the royal army, and was made judge advo- cate to the troops which garrisoned New ark. When that town was surrendered to the parliamentarians, Cleveland made his escape, but was apprehended, in 1655, at Norwich. After a detention of some months he gained his liberty by a temperate but manly letter addressed to Cromwell, in which he justified his opposition to him, on the ground that it was the result, not of any factious or personal motive, but of sinci're principli Of his satires several editions were printed, but they have shared the fate of most works of their class, and are now known to but few. Died, 1659. CLIFFORD, George, eurl of Cumber- land, an eminent naval commander and scholar of the time of Queen Klizabeth. He was present at the trial of Mary^ queen of Scots, and in the same year sailed for the coast of South America, where he made himself very formidable to the Portu- guese. He was captain of one of the ships engaged against the memorable " Armada" of Spain, and subsequently commanded several expeditions to the Spanish main and the Western Islands ; in one of which ex- peditions he had the good fortune to capture a galleon, valued at £150,000. He was a great favourite with Queen Elizabeth, who conferred on him the insignia of the order of the Garter. It seems, however, that fame and court favour were the chief rewards of his great talent and industry, as be is said to have died poor. Born, 1553; died, 1605. CLIFFORD, Anne, daughter of the pre- ceding, was born in 1689- She was married first to Richard, Lord Buckhurst, afterwards earl of Dorset, and second son to Philip, earl of Pembroke. She possessed consider- able literary ability, and wrote memoirs of herself and of some of her ancestors. But she was chiefly distinguishei by her generosity and high spirit. Sbo built two hospitals, repaired several churches, and erected monuments to the memory of Spenser and tutor. She dit^played her spirit when >ViI- CLi] linmson, secretary of si wished to nominate a ment for her borough have been bullied by a reply, " and I have be court; but I will not I subject. Your man shal 1«76. CLINTON, Georo'5, a and statesman. He first ral Amherst against the the conquest of Canada, the study of the law. member of the colonial i ing made brigadier-gen though he had a very in venting Sir Henry Clir General Burgoyne. Clii of New York State from was also made vice-presii States. Born, 1739 ; died CLINTON, Sir HENR"! neral. He succeeded Sir commander-in-chief in j ill success in 1781 and 17( animadverted upon, that cessary to exculpate hir medium of the press. Aft Aneriea, he was for son of Limerick, and had Ju ed governor of Gibralta 1795. CLINTON, HENRY Fl ftuished chrouologist, auti Hellenici," and the " Fai born in Nottinghamshire, t was educated at Wcstmii passed thence to Christ where he was admitted c Here his diligence and ab: notice of Cyril Jackson, him to a studentship. H 1803, M.A. 1805. His fami name of Fynes ; for it was April, 1821, that the royal tained to assume the anciei Clinton. In 1806 he entere( for 20 years represented Aldborough. He die" ,iot, hi in the debates. His min directed to historical an researches by the appeara " History of Greece." Exi lowest cares by the possei fortune, Clinton devoted I tense earnestness and per chosen task. The extent his classical readings were the fruits of his faithful h the worlis above mention become authorities through 'Fasti Hellenici" (Chronc was published between 1 "Fasti Romani" (Chrono jbetween 1845-50. Useful m works were afterw hnton was twice married •cond wife, a son and e i<'(l,24th Oct. 1852. A volu ■"^"eiia'ns" appeared in tLii LS, a distinguished peral, who saved the life o •^rfa(_ 5t the bauie of thi ifho.havmg expostulated m Ithi CLl] linmson, secretary of state to Charles II,, wished to nominate a member of parlia- ment for her borough of Appleby. " I have been bullied by a usurper," was her reply, " and I have been neglected by a court; but I will not be dictated to by a Huhject. Your man shall not stand." Bled, Ui76. CLINTON, Georqi?, an American general and statesman. He first served under Gene- ral Amherst against the French, and, after the conquest of Canada, devoted himself to the study of the law. In 1773 he was a member of the colonial assembly ; and, be jng made brigadier-Rencral, he succee'led, though he had a very inferor force, in pre- venting Sir Henry Clinton from aiding General Bursoyne. Clinton was governor of New York State from 1777 till 1810, and was also made vice-president of the United States. Born, 1739 ; died, 1812. CLINTON, Sir Hknuy. an English ge- neral. He succeeded Sir William Howe as commander-in-chief In America ; and his ill success in 1781 and 1782 was so severely animadverted upon, that he thought it ne- cessary to exculpate himself through the medium of the press. After his return from Anerica, he was for some time governor of Limerick, and had Just been appoint- ed governor of Gibraltar when he died. 1795. CLINTON, HENRY FYNKS, the distin- guished chrouologist, author of the " Fasti Hellenici," iind the " Fasti Romani," was borninNottinghamshire, the 14th Jan. 1781 ; was educated at Westminster School, and' passed thence to Christ Church, Oxford, where he was admitted commoner in 1799* Here his diligence and ability attracted the notice of Cyril Jackson, who nominated him to a studentship. He graduated li A 1803, MA. 1805. His family then used the name of Fynes ; for it was not till the 2(ith April, 1821, that the royal licence was ob- tained to assume the ancient family name of Clinton. In 1806 he entered parliament, and for 20 years represented the borough of Aldborough. He die" aot, however, take part in the debates. His mind was originally directed to historical and chronological researches by the appearance of Mitford's • History of Greece." Exempted from the lowest cares by the possession of a larire fortune, Clinton devoted himself with in- tense earnestness and perseverance to his chosen taslj. The extent and quantity of Ihis classical readings were prodigious, and he fruits of his faithful labour appear in the works above mentioned, which have become authorities throughout Europe. The iasti Hellenici " (Chronology of Greece) ks published between 1824^34, aid the 'Fasti Rom«ni" (Chronology of Rome) [between 1845-50. Useful " Epitomes^^of Me works were afterwards published. o™? "-r ''^'^ ma'-ried, and left, by his Mond wife, a son and eight diiughtPrs Died, 04,h Oct. 1852. A volume of his" Lite 7,,"T?c?'"'"''PPP"edinl854. leral wi,„'* ".""i^"'*''*"' Macedonian ge- Z.l^yj^"^'^ the life of Alexander the hnVr'"'^ oaitle Of the Granicus. but ho, having expostulated with his imperii n MttJ) anibcigal ISfcgrapfti^ [CLO Ithi master when the latter was In' a fit of Intoxication, was slain by him, Be. 328 °' CLI\ E, ROBKRT, Lord CLIVK and Hnrnn P1.A88KY, was born In 1725, and in hlMgrh y*"?' 'je"* «o India as a writer bu soon quitted that employment for the army Being intrusted with the attack of DeT" cottah. a fort of the rajah of Tanjore he performed this i.r.portant duty so well thn? The""'pr:n"/h'r"f '*''"•'"' '"'"'' commissary Ihe French having artfully obtained con- sidcrable territory in the Carna Uc CUvJ advised that an attack should be mkde on the city of Arcot, which being intn.s^ed to him, a complete victory was obtained This unexpected victory dre^ off the French from Trichinopoly, which they were then ^««""8,'"f . to retake Arcot, which Clive of ^""n".'" *"''" ° "'""•'er hnt they were compelled to raise the siege. This wis mnp" \\'^'i^^ of victories and In IJ.1, ''!. <"n»""'kea for England, Where he rmn/n" " '■"'""*''« P''^««"t from the Eas? Ind a Company, and was raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the king's "erXe After a short stay in England for the ,m'r"* «f his health, he returned to India and was shortly called upon to march to Calcutta, of which the nabob SumjTh i,ow lah had taken possession. He was ajraTn successful, ana pPrceivlng that there could fh. rH'l"'"""f"* P''«^« Obtained unt the nabob was dethroned, he made the ne- cessary arrangements, and in the famous bat le of Plassey, put the nabob compS to the rout, and established the power of h^lr'"^^'"" T'^ ''™'y th.-.n it had ever before been. As governor of Calcutta Lord Clive performed great services, both cJvU p"^,n'*"t/»ry; and when he returned to England he was raised to the peerage by article ''«.*'•"' """*■ "* '"^^ he'ad of thil aiticle. He once more visited India but ^1!- u^"*!'*"* "P°n °"'y '«•• civil measures r-fi^bAVr" V'"" hi-'^sualsaga^Hv. 7n 1/67 he returned to England, having done more to extend the English territory and consolidate the English power in Ld"a than any other commander. But the lar went to many of the principal unlvn'sltici of Europe, among them that of Wittciibcrif, where he attended tho lectures of Mclanc thon. Ho then travelled extensively |n Europe In pursuit of his favourite science, and by over-exertion and numerous grave accidents, ho ruined his health and lieeame a cripple. Ho visited England several timet. Ho became keeper of tho Dotanlcal Gardciii at Vienna, and in 1693 accepted tho clialrof Hotony nt Ley thirty years. In 1810 he returned to the peninsula, and served at the battle of ]!a-| rosso, tho defence of Torifa, and the great' battle of Vittorio. He greatly distinguished himself at the first and unsuccessful assault i on St Sebostion, in July, 1813, where he re- ceived two wounds, and narrowly escaped; with his life. He was again wounded [at | the passage of the Bidnssoa. He became a captain by brevet soon after, and obtained; no further promotion for twelve years. Inj 1814 he served in the American warinthej West Indies, ond was subsequently employ-l ed in Ireland on the unwelcome service of, enforcing the collection of tithes. Lieuten-j nnt-colonel in 1832, he was sent to Chins in 1842, whence on the outbreak of the second i Sikh war he passed to India. He seited with great distinction nt the battles or Chillianwalloh and Goojerat, and m 18Si-!i cob] ho commanded against tl tho Indus, showing him in tho field, hut merciful IH.VI, on the declaration ( 81r Colin (Campbell win command of the Highln the Crimea, rendered dli nt tho battle of the- Alma horse killed under him, thanks of Lord Raglan, cc He was Intrusted with tl lava, and with his rcgimi itrrak topped with a line repulsed a body of Russ battle of tho 2.'5th Octob made lieutenant-general was soon after created D tho outbreak of tho Indi following ycar,he was scr mander-in-chief, where skilfully applied his vast c and decisiveness in quell li with Havclock, Outrnni, and other noble men, tho lion. He directed tho re and Its subsequent siege n then, after fifty years ol for the honours and rewar earned, he was raised ti Baron Clyde of Clydesdale, and in 1862 field-marshal, knight of the Star of In officer of the Legion of Ho llngton, duty was with hi He loved his profession, 1< and was loved by them. di'clpUnarlan, hut cared ward pomp. Though toi and kept In the backgr ability, knowledge, good and faithfulness, reaped at ledgment and reward. I 1663,and was burled in We COBBETT, WILLIAM, p cellaneous writer, was borr Famhnm, 8urr« y. In 1762, from his earliest years on 1 An accident— tho mere sifi coach on Its journey to 1 was going to Guildford fi ):83, suddenly to quit his ] Vj pursuits, in c-ler to seek 'Wider srhere. His first c -♦of a copying-clerk In IJi.- Ties of which he cloque depicts. After nine monthi gery he enlisted ns a soldie to the depat at Chatham, wli about a year, attending clos Out applying every leisure mproTement of his mind, t the study of grammar. ' length sailed for Nova Scoti Mdcrcdto St John's, New Br je soon attracted the notice iL^' '•"iu't'-y. regularitj temperance ; and was appc tt»JMof the regiment. Aft «Tice the regiment return Md Serjeant-major Cobbet '^«vedhi,di,eVrg_e!''':^*c l%land was Ineyitable, he I 2W cob] ho commanded UKalnit the hiU-tribet beyond (ho Indui, ihowlnK him«cir not onljr brave in the field, hut morclful oftor victory. In 1H.M, on the declaration of war with nusili 8ir Colin Caniplioll was appointed to the' command of the Highland brlffado sent to the Crimea, rendered digtlnKuUhcd §crvico nt the battle of the- Almo, where ho hod his hone killed under him, and received the thnnki of Lord Uaglan, commander-in-chief He wai Intrusted with the defence of Balak- lava, and with his regiment, the "thin red »tro«k topped with a lino of steel," gallantly repulsed a body of Russian cavalry at the buttle of the 25th October. Sir Colin was made Ilcutenant-Kcnoral In Juno, 1850, ond was soon after created D.O.L., Oxford. On tho outbreak of the Indian mutiny In the following ycar.he was sent to India as com- uiBiidprin-chlof, whero he heroically and skilfully applied his vast experience, energy and decisiveness In quelling, in co-operation with Havelock, Outram, the Lawrences and other noble men, tho formidable robrl- llon. He directed the relief of Lucknow and its subsequent siege and capture. And' then, after fifty years of service, waiting for the honours and rewords ho had so well earned, ho was raised to tho peerage as Haron Clyde of Clydesdale, made fUll general. and in 1862 field-marshal. He was also a knight of the Star of India, and a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. Like Wel- linftton, duty was with him the first thing He loved bis profession, loved his soldiers! and was loved by them. He was a strict di»cip!lnarlan, but cared little about out- ward pomp. Though too long neglected and kept in the background, his great °°'iv.V- "'^'"'80, good sense, modesty, and faithfulness, reaped at last fUll acknow- ledument and reward. Died, In Aueust 'Tr^Spr^r" ^l'/''"'^ '"^ Westminster Abbey! COBBETT, WILLIAM, political and mls- fellaneous writer, was born In the parish of Farnham, Surrey, In 1762, and brought up from his earliest years on his father's farm. An accidcnt-the mere sight of the stage- coach on its journey to London while he was going to Guildford fair -led him, in ).83,BuddanIyto quit his home and rustic ■ '■ -^1151 '''i" ^"^^l }° ^'^^^ »>*« fortune in a '*!de sjhcre. His first employment was •of a copying-clerk In Gray's Inn, the I?;;io .""LT"'"''. '"' c'oiuontly and wittily K.'^rr/'"® '"""*''»' toilsome drud- gery he enlisted as a soldier, and was sent to the dep6tat Chatham, where he remained „n*J?''''"''"'^'"»'="«'ely to his duty, but applying every leisure moment to the toKT'?^ his mind, and particularly IVl^ study of grammar. The regiment at ength sailed for Nova Scotia, and wTs then ordered to St John's, New Brunswick wher^ esoon attracted the notice o?hTs8u'pIr,or8 emS aS'oT^ regularity, and haVtuI fflaiMflf fh^ "^- ^"' appointed serjeant- M li L [h. ' "^^.S^ent. After seven years' l^rt s.i^' regiment returned to England • weiSlif ?«J°' ^'"'^«" solicited Snd CL i^.f-i'""=^»rKe• He next went to ^ i^eto gtnfberaal i9{oarap[j)). [cob |Pr»no. h" ."'-"^""fge. ii( _ |lnthriMo«»»'i'''K"i^°y'.^** Pe'*" himself l«™ttwa8 Inevitoble, he embarked for ' r?J^r''i*„l '**!'"■•' .""•'"r tho sobriquet of letor Porcupine, ho began to publish hi. o . -"n?.'.'"",'-:' r" °"'«r Polltkal pamph? hli native country, and oppose the nrova lonce of French principles.'^ ijut ho found U necessary to quft America ; and on hs re J«pe/"e;,^^rtZ%''' »"'.<=°'^^"n'c°eS a'd'alfy tho ii'«i .; » "• r'"''V'""'' ""«» afterwards IfLJ. y ^'O"'"-' in which at first ho variou?"al?i,'r''''"'""* ""^ Kovernmen" Vu? | various articles appeared which were dn nominated libels, and ho was arrested fined and Imprisoned. I'ro.n this period iKradnal ohonge may bo discovered In tho tone of C°''J'««'" political disquisition.,' and ore hn*rn^M.r;"' r'"*"""* "P"" "» t>'o leader of « nK„"i^'^'".r'''""""s. In 1800 ho published In tho7„'oI ""^ IV^"" <'"'<«'"» 0' 'omo men .hlr« ? i » ' "''i'""' "* ^"'y- 'n Cambridge- two I.™.'!"' '?""" «""'y' "cntenced to nT^JS"" i^'Prlsonment In Newgate, to ?^L* ?."° °i ^"^0 'o "'0 king, and at the expiration of the two years to give securitv .e!"f'!L"S all'dVi"'"" '"' fevo" year, ffi Thl..n5„i^''"'? ^^° iccuritlcs injElOOeach. ft^lVv?"TS."'"'**'"<=" ^'"""-'" "over forgot w IV/,^Za v.^" '".•'"" ^"^ »'« "berated than ho reduced the price of his ".Keglster" to 2rf whereby its sale was Immensely Increased At length tho arbitrary " Six Acts •'were SS V''"m " '"' «''">'y believed they were hfm rnnrni"? "J'"'?* P^'P""" »' "ilenclng him (particularly tho Power of Imnrlson- TnTJ^h^\'"'^^ *° ^"•"•'ea. and ^.ett?ed in Long Island j from which spot his future ^KeRlsters" were dated, till hi. retura ?o ^"jf'"."*. In 1819. after 'that act wa. re- pealed. Cobbett brought with him the bone, of the celebrated republlcan?Tom Palno-the man whom above all other, he ^nml?J"""'J^ decried as a regicide and an l„^^!!Jr** ?""'' "P°» his countrymen to ?«i „«71r ^^ " ."""Knlflcent public fune- ral, and the erection of a splendid monu- ment ! In 1820 Mr Cobbett was indued ?o become a candidate for the represcSuUon of Coventry, but met with a signal defeat- ""^'"jsas he made a similar SSSuccessful attempt at Preston. In 1829 and the two fol^wing years the events in Europegav? fh^lLl^fl^""""^ *°"*= *o his writings than they had for some time exhibited. He had the revolutions abroad-the reform bill at home--and tho fearful spirit of Incen- diarism through the agricultural district, to write about all at once. In consenuence °f?"f"elo'«vhichappearedinthe'TeekIy her i«?o Register" on the Ilth of Decem- ber, 1830, he was, on the 7th of July follow- ing, tried before Lord Tenterden and a special jury for the publication of " a libel ^f thn f r* *° ''i*'^. 1'«eontent in the minds of the labourers in husbandry, and to incite «?„'n'S.*° aets of violence, and to destroy corn SirThU""''^!?'""^' """^ "^'•er property." wl. ♦v™^' Denman.then attorney-general, was the leading counsel for the crown • ™„**' Cobbett conducted hi. defence in person; and a more lucid, vigorous, or L'i-t'i' 8"nT,ei lO eaafgcs Drought bv a public prosecution has rarely, if ever, been ^S.Vlfv"*l' 7^" J,"y deliberated from .ix o^lMkat night till nine the next morning aoo t'i Ml I ! ■ l: " i n j- prrRET -^rVi 1 i i con] ?l jfleto JUnJbersnl 19(ogrnpI)p. [con Aixl then, Dtntlng to the JiidRO that thrro wc the RussLin e In^- Of t"iB latter jotirr iJiMhcurious information. Se di"p7t2 v^°,"'' '"^""^ So""! rcoovm7««l?ntia, in Color ^OCKBUEN, Admiral Sir ( coo] ronncctlon with the Riinlnn veiieral.gu- irnrroff, defratod tho Turks, nnd ronqnrrod HiU'Imrott. rn 1793 ho defeated the French nt Nccrwlndon, oxpellrd them from thn Kpthcrlands, and Invndod Franco, toklnir Valonclonnoi, Cambray, and othrr place*- but when the EnKlUh army, under tho dukr jf York, iopnratcd from him, hn iui. talned »cverai defeats, retreated aeross tho llhlne, and resigned ills command. Died, COCCKIUS, JonK, a Dutch scholar of tho 17th century, profeggorof theology at Loydon Ho tuuffht that the Old Testament was merely a typo of tho Now ; and tho book of K> veliitlon being a principal object of his mti'.'tlon, ho warmly iisgcrted tho doctrine of the Millennium. Ills followers formed a ratlicr luinierous scot, enlled Cocceions HoKldos 10 folio volume" i u divinity, which he puMlshed during his Hic, l.c Uli, a work not printed till many yeiirn after his death! pntllled " Opera, Anecdutloa Theologica et Phllologlca." Horn, 1603 ; died, Ifleo; COCOKIUH, aAMi;Er,, son of Henry Coc- cclus, baron of tho empire, who died in 1719 and successor to his title. Ho became grand chnnccllor of rrussla under Frederick tho Orcftt.nnd was a chief author of tlic Froder- Iclnri code. Ho aho published a valuahlo edition of Grotius' " Pe Juro Belli et Pads." Uioa, 17S5. COCHIN, CHAni.Es NrcHOLAB, an eminent French engraver and writer of tho 18th cen- tury ; member and afterwards secretary of the Academy of Painting, and keeper of tho drawings of tho royal cabinet. Besides his ^l!ffl'"??.'T'^'"'='' "'■«' ^"y numerous, he published Lettres sur les Pcintures d'Hcr- vTT,i' J°y«ffo d'ltalle,- &c. Born nt Paris, 1715; died, 1790. COCHLi15U8, JOHANN, an able but bitter opponent of Luther, CaWin, and other re- i.T^f ' ^J'* '""'" especially of the flrst- named, whom he censured with irreat as- m-J.hiB ^ork "Do Actis otTrlpts I.utheri." He published, besides this work a very curious "History of tho HusgUel/; wifhJ.-x?"*''?**'"'''' "■ ''"«o controversy 11 Dr Morrison, nn English clergyman, on the fiubjcct of the marriage of Henry vill and Anne Boloyn. Died, 1552. ^ con?!",^'^*'^ ^ViLLiAM, a Scotch artist of considornblc i putation. After studying at ^ r^^!;^ "'"" ''t Glasgow, where ho rcaN Iff J fotUme. Of his historical pieces hii*'^!?'""" •'""^ "DfEdalus" were held in Oct&"' '""•"'l^Si diodri785 " ,COCHRANli,Lord. [DUNDONALD.Earl n ^m mnlbetml ISioflrapftt). lot] lArS^r!!^' '^^^ Dttnbas, nephew of Ian Pn„i K*^'''^'"'**"^' «'*''l of Dundonald, was Itlf^l^ """^^^ ''®''"- O"^ retiring from llhenthrnT.^wu' V.P"'"' ''"^ Portugal; and tuchmion")! ^o'l'mes, which contain ■.„,„.'""<"}' information. Ifo wn, ah"u» Te died arvntn'r "'?' ^^"i^^ America, w"hen ICoScBUpll'i'' ■" .Colombia, in 1825. I "V.1UJUEN, Admiral Sir Oeokge, O C B a dlstinguighcd n*val officer, was born in tondonln 1771. entered the nrrV In m« received hi. commission ". Knan In' 179.1, and as captain of .. '»ate in i7oi^ Appointed to tho " Meleni th.« ir,.r.i?,^ .... the Italian co»t.CZingnT,Z"^^'^.?t on several occasions ; sha rod «. comZ "der of H v7,^cenr, „" ."'.^"[C"* ""»f"K*'menU,ff (^ po Ht Vincent, and In IHou, bchiB then <<,mmn doro, received tho thanks of parllamen Tr tho reduction of Martinique, and wm„d pointed governor of St Pierri. Ho «ib«S' ?o'u':o'Se'he.'.r ""'''' P"" •» »•>« "P"" ?ion nn fh^l "^ V'" * '■•••"'h, and. after crulsinv on tho Spanish coast for ton years ho wn? assoeiated with HIr .lohn Warrc a, .tcond nnu?,'"^?' '" '•'« "peditlon against tho United mates, where his operations in Chesapeake Hay and against WashinKton were no loss gallant than successful oihi^ return to Kuropo in May. 1815, he ho .ted hU flag on tho North.imberland; and on the .el'S", "' N-'Po'-'on Buonaparte, he Wm uZl^ '*1 """^•"y »'"' ox-emperor to 8t Jear Hr^^w"."" '.^'""'^'^ ^^'^ follo?vlng litlcs- h. r«l« i""""* "'" attention to po- "iics, m 1818 ho was returned M.P. fttr Portsmouth and appointed a lord of thi iV.lT'/'i'^''' \" ''''°^' "» 'or Weobly.ahd In 1820 for Portsmouth. In 1828 ho became a SSrt'o'mVh'r'h",!. \1.« A<"»'r»»y Prom wiL r i?^ *"• J"''^ "><> command of tho West Indian and North American naval stations. In 1841 ho was returned M.P for KIpon ; and was appointed senior lord of the Admlrulty,an office which he held till the Tn* S?f '"Jl.^' «"• ^*- P""''* administration h\X ?[','^' '/"' '""^'"^ behind him a high reputation for gallantry a» a sailor, and efficiency as an administrator. "'^."na COCKBUllN, HENRY THOMA8, Lord an eminent Scotch Judge, was bom in' 1770 ' He thi fri„?i""r''H°!i- "• "" advocate. He was wrflJL ?** ?l 'S^f^^' '*"'' on« of the first writers for the Edinburgh Kevicw. In 1830 ho was appointed solicitor-general for Scot- land, and four years later was made a lord of session. He published the Life of Lord Jeffrey, and d ei in 1854. After his death " Mniif-? ) f" /^.^Tn?""* volume, entitled rnou J.^' «ih'»Time, by Lord Cockburn." COCKER, Edwaiu). arithmetlciuj. was born about 1632. He was known as a clever practitioner in the arts of writing, arith- metic, and engraving," and published several h^^* of writing exercises and other school A?.?.u • "'».™08t popular work, " Cocker's irVt ™^»"*''l^"* published by Hawkins In 1677, after the author's death. It became not only tho universal text-book in its time, but long served as the model for others. So that according to Cocker" became a pro verb. Died, about 1674. '^ CODRINGTON, Sir EDWARD, British ad- miral, born In 1770. He entered the navy at the age of 13, and was present at the l^^l?n ^!^^4°'^f *'^*"" **»« Fronch fleet near Brest in 1794. Ho took part in the battle of . .fmigar, in inc waicneren expedition, and In V ^ .?*"l"'*"l"' '^'^'- I« "1* lie served In North America, and assisted in the un- successful attack on New Orleans. The 1 i ;! i *-J .IL, ail 1 ml cod] % iflctD Stnibertnl ISiograpI^Q. [CCL II E Tlctorr of Nnrnirlno and tho dcitructlon of tho Turkish floot there In lHi7 wnn hii l«»t naval Rchlovcment. Ho wn» maiio (J.C.H, entered panlnmout in lH3'i, and lat there till Ih;iii, when ho wu« oppolnte'l loinmander In- chlef at rortimouth. Died, IHfll. CODUUH, tho 17th and lait mythical king of Athena. When tho Heriiclldiu Invaded Attica, Codrtu dovotod hU life to aavo hl» country. Me wont, unknown, Into tho midst of tho army of the lleraclidir.and waa ■lain ; a ancrlfleo ho wim led to innko hy tho orncio, which pronounced that the louder of tho conquerlndurmy must full. At hUdoath, It li iuld that tho Athenians, deominK no one worthy to bo the successor of thoir patriotic monarch, established tho government by archons. .„ ^ , , COEHOUN, Louis, French general and baron of the empire, was born' at Btrnsburg In 1771. Ho entered tho army early, nnd served with distinction in tho wars of tho French revolution. Ho was at the battle of Austerlltx, was wounded at Auerstadt nnd nt Friedland, distlngulshcdhimself at tho affair of Ebersborg, took part in tho battles of Aspern, EsslinR, and WaRram, and was mndo commander of tho Legion of Honour nnd baron of the empire. Ho died of a wound received at tho battle of Lelpslc, In October, 1813. COELLO, ALONZO BANCHKZ, an eminent painter, a native of rortugal, was tho pupil of Kaphacl and of Antonio Moro, whom he succeeded as first painter to Fhilip IL Homo of his works adorn tho Escurial. Born, IS19 ; died, 1590. COELLO, CLAT7DI0, a Spanish painter, born at Madrid in 16'il. Ho was a pupil of Rizi, and was named painter to tho king, Charles II., in 1684. His chef-d'oeuvre is the altar-piece In tho sacristy of the Escurial, which contains, besides a grand priestly procession, tlio portraits of the king and his principal nobility. Another fine work is the '' Martyrdom of 8t Stephen," nt Salamanca. Died, 1693. It is alleged that Coello died of chagrin at the king's choice of Luca Giorda- no to paint some parts of the Escurial. COOAN, Thomas, physician, born ot Kib- worth, Leicestershircr in 1736; who, in con- Junction with Dr Huwcs, founded tho Royal Humane Society. He translated tho works of Camper, and was the author of several Treatises on the Passions, " Theological Dis- quisitions," &c. Eled in 1818. COGGESHALLE, RALPH, an English Cistercian monk of the 12th century. He •was at Jerusalem when that city was be- sieged by Saladin ; and wrote a " Chronicle of the Holy Land," which was printed in a collection published at Paris in 1725. COHORN, Menno, Baron, a celebrated Dutcli engineer, who distinguished himself OS a military officer at many important sieges and battles, and fortified Namup, Bergen-op- Zoom, and other towns. Ho was the author of a Treatise on Fortification. Died, 1704. COKAYNE, Sir ASTON, a poet and dra- matist of the I7th century. He was educated at Cambridge ; and, after having made the grand tour, fixed his resi^dence at a family estateia Warwickshire, xsspousiug the cause ofCharles I., he ws despoiled of his property by tho parliamentarians, to whom he wti doubly obnoxious as a royalist and n pnplit Tho collection of his plays and poems li now not often to bo met with. Died, limi. COKE, Sir EliWAUl), lord chief Justice of F.ngland, was born at Mllehnm, in Norfolk, In 1992. He studied at Cnmbridgp, and then at tho Inner Temple, and was called to 4he bar In 1378. Ho riipldly gained a great pro- fessional reputation nnd an Immense prnc- tlce.und wasengngod In nmny ensfsofurpit Importance. Honours and offices wore con- ferred on him, nnd in 199'i ho became «oii. cltor-gonoral and reader of tho Inner Tem-i pie. Two years later, notwithstanding tlio rival claim of Bacon, he obtained tho post of attornoy-goncrnl. Ho was already a mem- ber of purliamont and a speaker of th« House of Commons. In the nunicroim pro- secutions for treason or sedition In whuii he was employed, ho displayed not only hli vast legal knowledge, but his Jtonlom I'ro- tostantism, and, too often, excessive bitter ncss of temper. Tho last trial in which he took part at tho bar was that of tho Gun- powder Plot conspirators. Ho was thsm made chief Justice of tho Common Pleai,i and seven years afterwards chief Justice of | the King's Bench. Ho was tho unflliichinji supporter of tho popular liberties, nnd op- ponent of arbitrary measures on the part of tho king, and thereby fell Into disfavour tti court. On frivolous pretexts he waide-[ prived of his Judgeship In 1616, regained, to somocxtent,the favour of the court, and WM I member of various commissions, and restored to tho privy council. Ho was again dii-i graced for his popular sympathies, and im- 1 prisoned in the Tower. He sat In the (intj and third parliaments of Charles I.,nndiooli| a leading part In procuring tho Hill of! Rights. He "oent tho last three years of hli| long and busy life In peaceful retlrcmcpt it Stoke Pogis, where ho diett in 1632. Hii works consist of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth " Institute?," the first bclnj well known as "Coke upon Littleton," trea- tises on Copyholds nnd Fines, and his ysIu- able " Reports." COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE, a celebrated French statesman, to whose talents, activity, nnd enlarged views, France owes much of its financial and commercial prosperity, wm descended from a Scottish family, but born. atRhcims, in 1619, where his fathcrwaaa' wine merchant. In 1648 he became clerk to the secretary of state, Le TcUier, whoie daughter he married, and through whom he . was introduced to Cardinal Mnzarln, then first minister. Mazarin took him into hi» service, and his conduct recommended him to the king as intendant of finances. He wa« made soon after controller-general of the finances. Subsequently ho became supetin- tendent of buildings, secretary of state, and in 1669 minister of the marine ; and in every capacity he acted so as to obtain the approfta- 1 tion of theking. To literature and the artshe constantly gave encouragement ; he insti- tuted the Academy of Sciences, and that of Sculpture and Painting; and itwasnthU recommendation that the Boynl Observatory was erected. To him, too, Paris •"-"•••-* ; erection of many elegant bailings ; and, lis j loKSbrilllnnt niinUter tl dcreiiors, ho certainly i stnntlal benefits upon hi of them. (Colbert was tvill and of manners nol liking. Tho rise of his tlin king's favour was n Ti'iiiitlun to him In his I strong was the popular I that his remains narrow by n night fuacrul. Ho d. In urn. COMIY, THOMAS, sup OrUnunco Survey, was WIS a native of ltocliost( the lluyul Military Acad unci enierod tho army. J WU9 appointed assistant Survey, nnd to tho dlschn that Held lie faithfully dev rcjtofhlsllfc- He rose th Ivegradt'sof captain, muj Kcncrul, in 1816, Ho wi energy, perseverance, pal endunineo of hardship a (frcut kind-heartedness. 11 ral .Mudge as director of tl was a fellow of tho lloyi many other sclentiflc bodi founding the Astronomica Liverpool, 1H52. COUJIIKHTEH, CUARl was burn at Abingdon, Bt having received the rudlm tion at Westminster 8cho( Christchurch, Oxford, in 1 ho was greatly distinguish ments ; and a Latin poom gained him not only tho I gold medal from tho cm After spending some time called to tho bar, and pruc prospect of becoming a p His forensic pursuits, how( •hort continuance, for on ment for Helston he was for his talent and business on the formation of the Adi he was appointed secretary keeper of the privy seal. monced some useful reform before he could complete the I speaker of the House of Co imuationliedisplayednotor line tact and address nccessi lot his office; nnd 80 far wa Ibgoted to his party, that or I 805, concerning LordMolvi ror and against that noblem Iff gave the casting vote a |"i7an attack of erysinelas Kn the office of spSr I »JS;|^''8calledtotheUpi ■liteofBaronColchester.w Ij^ P" "nnurn. Much ol I '""'"e was .passed abro «M; and he died in May, 1 wns. He was chiefly remi ^iciL^n^ S^"^VALLAUER l^iM and miscellaneous w Z::'J'' •'jnicnctt, and ha W'Perous landowner la Ne' col] IcMbrillliiiit iiiIiiUUt than lome of hit pro ilcrriion. ho rnrtalnly confarred moro lub ■tantlal bonvHU upon hit country than most of thcni. Colbert wat a man of reiolute will and of mnniirm not liknljr to win mon'a liking. The rUc of hli rival I^uvoU Into tho kliiK'i f'ivour wiunn oecn»lon of bittor Tcxatlon to him In hit latter ycar», and lo •troiiK was the popular fouling aKaliut him that hia ri-malni narrowly oniapcd violcncu by a night funeral. Ho died Immvuioly rich In I«H3. " "''"' COMIY, TiiOMAH, •upprlntcndcnt of tho Ordnunco Survey, was born In 1784. ii„ WM a nallvp of llochestpr, was Pducatcd at theltoyul Military Academy at Woolwich and I'lilorcd tho army. Hut early In 1H()2 hu wui appointed asaUtant In tho Ordnance Survey, and t« tho Uldchargo of hii dutiett In (but Held be faithfully devoted himself for tho rcit of his life. He rose through tho succcm- Ivegradt'sof captain. m«Jor,&c. to bomajor- Kcncral, in 181(3. Ho was romarkublo for eiiiTKy, pemeverancc, patient and cheerful fnilurance of hardnhlp and Iprlvntlon, and (Croat kind-hcartedncss. Ho succeeded Ome- ral .Mudge as director of tho Survey In \wm ■ wan a fellow of tho Itoyol Society, and of many other sclentiflc bodies, and assisted In founding the Astronomical Hocloty. ijiod »» Liverpool, 1852. ' COUIIKHTEH, CHARLES Abuot. Lord. was burn at Abingdon, Jlerks, In 1757; ond having received tho rudiments of his educB- tion nt Westminster School, was entered of Cliristchurch, Oxford, In 1775. While there ho was greatly distinguished for his attain- ments; and a Latin pooni on tho Czar I'eter gi. lied him not only the prize, but also a m medal from tho empress of Kussla. .,n !i JP^:V'""« "O"'" t'nie abroad, he was called to the bar, and practised with every mXlltl »'«°'"'n» ft popular advocate. His forensic pursuits, however, were but of short continuance, for on entering parlia- ment for iielston he was speedily noticed n' hi' """'..'""' business-like habits, and on the formation of the Addington ministry e was appointed secretary for Ireland, and keeper of the privy seal. He now com- menced some useful reforms in Ireland b™t D 2 'n?'',';'''?t""P'«"' """» "e waserccled itu,t n„ > 'i'!' ^ """' «' Commons. In this e t am, tn'?''"''"'' "oton'y the talent bu? hh.lo„ '"''''/'* necessary for the duties bLo,Prt?„'hi "'"* '^ '^ ^ft" he from beinir 1 0? ^1. "'? P^T^J"' *•"»* °n the division, \l r,;r'*';"'"8 Lord Melville, tho numbers Ifor and against that nobleman being eSual llSl? I" l'" f"*""'f ^"t" against hln^Hn iRntheoffln "f^y^'Pe'as obliged him tS IK *"""*>' *Pe"ker; on which occa- n he wascallcd to the Upper House by the I' i?f »afon Colchester, w.th a pension of .nrt ol^J^"?,P**'ed abroad and In Scot- .' He w ''l.'"«M«>'' 1829, leaving t^o 'Mwledge^fth.??""'^ remarkable fo? his ic w7i T. }^ '^"""* of the House, though lician and mltnn'^''''*"^*' * S«»tch phy- iretTj " .""^'^''"aneous writer. He emi- % ilcto anibergnl IBiogrnplip. [OOL In 1761 made tUutrnant-governor of thmt province. In thU olH. e. which hS held for fourteon years, ho displayed groat talent Colden was • voluminous writer, and on . ''"InV^ "'I'-"'r"L '^"'""•' hU^'works "rJ An Account of tho Dlsoaici prevalent In America," a " History of tho five i,?di.« Nations," a " Treatise on Oravltatlon" ike I. nna.us, to whom he sent many American Plunts. gave tho name of Coldenfa to a new genus. Died, 1778. """"•'« to a new COI.K, iiKNiiY, dran of Rt p.ni-. ..j "oTn; .e\!.v.„'jrorhrhTr;i:i»l\x- accession of Kdward VI. The rW^n «/ m.J TrSV'i^ P-"Peri.V; ^.IW'lZ W, J preaehcd tho sermon when tho vencrab n s:'t^;\'b..''r"^ "'v"" """wbS'i? j.iizaboth, this fact was doubtless rcninm I'ored to his prejudice ; for he wLs not onT^ stripped of all hiH prefcrmcntsrh-'t kent n prl.o„,u, h„ d,„,} ,„ 1579 'lie wa? the nions; and a disputation between him and C'-'I'imer and Ridley Is also In print COLKHUOOKK. hknry Thomas p R h an eminent Orientalist, and dlrmor o"f the Hoyal Asiatic Society. 'was the ?h'5 ^J„ of the Ea^/'iL^'r '""""• •""•'•' • «^'^ec?or of f^rdrI%f^rp^p„,„^^«,-\tT^^^^^^ ship In India. Heing sJiit as one of a denut. ution to Investigate tho resources of a part of the country, it led to his publishing "Re- marks on the Husbandry and Co.nmwo of IZ^th^ 'J! '*''"'*' *'-'^«'''"' he advocaud a free trade between Great Britain and her eastern possessions. Soon after this he bS Sirhlhr'"!^ "' *"« »'"""=r't language, in Thi»? ho subsequently became so eminent. dlrrc'tlo^ of Sir w t*^" eomP'led under the at hU Hr„?K ' ^- •'"i'*''' ''"t 'eft unfinished ^Ia uf.""'' *" confided to Mr Colebrooke • and while engaged In this work, he was an-' pointed to a Judicial situation at Mirlpore where he completed it in 1798. Hi. othe; works consist of a " Dictionary of the San- scrit Language," the "Algebra of the Hln- il".^'" «"<1 various treatises on their laws philosophy, and arithmetic ; besides num7r-' ous comnriunications to the society of which COLtRiDOE, Samuel Taylok. noet philosopher and theologian, wai the youngest child of John Coleridge, vlca? hi ^^\ ^* ^"'•y' *« Devonshire! whe?e he was bom in 1772. He was educated P* ^k' 5*'" """P""' ""d at Jesus Conege Wa&'n"''*'' ["^""^"'''hlng himse fTy ms classical acquirements, and an extraor- dinary passion for metaphysical ."die, Sftlr i"f'^«^.'"r'5"''«*'.*" "«2, he settled soon SthP, J,?'''S'°'' Projected with Southey and crac^• nn°th \ '""del colony. " Pantiso- cracy on the banks of the Susquehanna but stayed in England and devoted hlinse'f to a literary life, in 1795 he married InJ [hr/llf" ^^^•i" Stowey, whore he lived »k.. . -■-«...,• "lunt;;, nriicre ne lived ^'41^.1".?' "nd enjoyed"the societv of i««in7 h"""-„ "° yi^-i^d Germany to ac- au COIi] H iielD ani6ersalll3(ograpf)g. [col the Lake District. He visited Malta in 1804, and was for more than o year secretory to the governor. Sir Alexander Ball, of whom ho gave an interesting account in The Friend." In 1810 ho left his family at Kes- wick and went to London, and soon after entered the house of his fi-iend Oillmun, at Hlghgate, whore he spent the rest of his lifS. The literary life of Coleridge began with tho publication of his poems, in 1794. His first volume was soon followed by others. "Ilemorse," a tragedy, " The An- cient Mariner," and '' Christabel," are among tho best known of his poems. Ho published also a very admirable translation of Bchillcr's " Piocolominl," and" Dcothof Wallcnsteln." He projected a periodical entitled "The "Watchman," which did not succeed ; preach- ed occasionally, gave popular lectures, and contributed political and literary articles to some of the newspapers. The " Friend " began to appear as a periodical in 1809, and after his settlement in London appeared the completed work, tho" Biographia Literarla," " Lay Sermons," "Aids to Keflectlon," &c. Other works remained unpublished till after his death : these are the "^ Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit," " Literary Hemalns," and "Table Talk," edited by his nephew and son-in-law, Henry Nelson Coleridge; and " Essays on his own Times," and " Notes on Shakespeare and the Dramatists," edited by his daughter, Sara Coleridge. As philosopher and theologian tho influence of Coleridge has been very great, and probably is so still, notwithstanding the apparent predom- inance of a less spiritual philosophy than his. Although ho did not live to complete tho grand system of religious philosophy which ho appears to hove proji ' ted, the " massive liagments " he has left us suffice to show more than the outlines of the vast whole. His writings are pervaded by a spirit not of this world, and for every earnest student they are rich in treasures of truth, wisdom, and faith. Not a few hove found in them the special help, guidance, and defence which the critical doubts and discussions of the age make so needful. Churchman ond conservative, he was yet a bold speculator on the highest themes, and a genuine liberal In sentiment towards the good and great of all parties. For long years his life was sad- dened by ill health and pecuniary difficul- ties. He suffered much, too, ftom the habit of taking opium, which grew up from an innocent beginning, and became unconquer- able. Fure love of truth, rare simplicity of nature, warm affections, love of social inter- course, and a most extraordinary power of eloquent talking without premeditation, were some of his most strikinjr character- istics. Ho died at Highgate, 25th July, 1834, and was burled in the .old churchyard there. , . , COLERIDGE, HARTLET.poet and miscel- laneous writer, was the eldest son of Samuel Tavlor Coleridge, and was born at Clevedon, in 1796. His father soon after settled In the Lake District, and Hartley's mind and « i I*! .4.- J 1« ♦!, « nyi»nfnn*ar.'.l'^t«- ncsrt -.Yvrt; t;uiiiTfttrv. n: •.•■rr .....!i.-Tt!i.i- fU. ,. \j of Wordsworth, Sou they, Wilson, and other eminent men, and In the midst of the fairest scenes of nature. Imagination was predom- inant in him, and ho displayed it when a boy in the composition of long and extraor- dinary romances. He entered Oxford Uni- versity in 1815, ond become fellow of Orlcl. Unhappily, he soon lost his fellowship chiefly through a habit o intemperance, nnd his fortunes were blighted. After a brief stay in London he went back to tho north tried his hand at tho task of schoolmaster' and failed, and spent his remaining years in literary labours. His poems, many of which are of rare excellence, ond his " Worthies of Yorkshire ond .Lancashire," with two vo- lumes of " Essays and Murglnalin," are the only written remains of his sod life. Died ot Bydol, 1849. COLERIDGE, SARA, sister of Hartley, ond only daughter of Bomucl Taylor Cole- ridge, was born at Keswick In 1803. She was brought up in tho family of her father's friend, the poet Southey j married her cousin, Henry Nelson Coleridge, in 1829 ; became a widow in 1843, and died iu 1862. At the age of 19 she published a translation of Uobriz- hoffer's" Accountof the Abipones.anKques- trion People of Poroguay." She wrote irn exquisite fairy tale, entitled "Phontasmion," assisted her husband In editing the works of her father, and, on her husband's death, con- tinued the task unaided. Her admirable dis- sertations and commentaries on those works display a singular mastery of some of the most difficult themes of philosophy and the- ology, considerable learning, and great lo- gical power. The works edited by her alone ore tho "Aids to Reflection," "Notes on Shakespeare," and " Essays on Mi own Times." COLERIDGE, HKNRY NELSON, nephew of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and editor of several of his works, was born about 1300. He studied at Combridge and became fellow of King's College. After a visit to the West Indies for the benefit of his health, he was called to the bar and practised in the court of Chancery. In 1829 ho married his cousin, Sara Coleridge. He had the profoundcst admiration and love for his uncle, S, T. ColeridKC, was very much in his society, made notes of his opinions and sentiments, and after his death published Specimens of his Toble-Talk. Ho olso edited "The Friend," " Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit," ond the " Literary Remains " of his uncle ; ond was author of on " Introduction to the Study of tho Greek Classic Poefs." Died, 1843. COLET, John, dean of St Paul's, and founder of St Paul's School, was born at London In 1486. He was educated at Oxford, and then spent several years In completing his studies in France and Italy. Helwas ordained priest in 1498, and ofter various preferments in tho church, became pre- bendary and dean of St Paul's in 1505. He hod just previously obtained his degree of Doctor of Divinity. Dean Colet was a friend of Erasmus and of many other eminent men of his day ; ond by his freedom of thought and speech, and his promotion of a spirit of iTsoHir" hn fimnscd himself to tho persecu- tion of' the clergy. He founded and en- dowed St Paul's School In 1513 ; died In 1519, and was buried In St Paul's Cathedral. He left several works, theo matical. COLIGNI, GASPARD Dl and leader of the Hugu war, wtts born In 1517. named Oaspard, was mar took port in tht invasion VIII., and in tho conque by Louis XII. and Fran( was a Montmorcnci. He at an early age, distinguii battle of Ceri8oles,atthe t and at the battle of Ren admiral of France in 1552 the siege of St Uuontin he by the Spaniards. On th 11, he retired to his estat vert to the reformed full war broke out put.himsell Frutestants, with the p They were defeated by t at tho battle of Dreux ; th of St Denis followed ; an( were defeated ot Jarnoc In 1570, after the treaty Collgnl was flatteringly re riuc de Medici, and o fc assassination was attempt of the duke of Guise, y 1 IX., visited him ond prol On the signal being given of 8t Bartholomew, 24 / duke of Guise with a pa went to the house of the i he was stabbed, and throw at the feet of the duke ol the baseness to kick tho i Tho corpse was exposed 1 I the mob, and then hung, : It was buried by night in was in 1786 transferred to marquis of Montesquiou-Fi monument which he erei (luently placed in the m\i monuments. COLIN, Ai HXANDER, a t lin, born in 1526, is chiefl beautiful altl-relievi on t I magnificent monument of 1 I Innspriick, executed in 15( I the Emperor Ferdinond I, wards appointed sculptor land to" his son, the Archi I Died, 1612. I COLLIER, Jeremy, an I ing divine and learned wrl [1650. He received his edi ■ bridge, and was presented i lotAmpton, in Sufl'olk; wh ■ on being chosen lecturer ■ At the revolution he refu I oaths, and was imprisoned I "ruing in favour of James 1 I °'f Join Friend and Sir "V ■ when they were executed iMation plot." Two nonji I Who accompanied him onth I '"""P. tat Collier escapee ■MtU tho affair had blown ■•«»ln made his appearance r;'\'fP.''at>on; and his n ru a spirited attack upon tt 314 col] left several works, theological and gram- matical. COLIGNI, Oaspard de, admiral of Franco and leader of the Huguonoti in tho civil war, wttB born In 1517. Hig father, also named Oaspard, was marshal of France, and took part in tlit Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII., and in tho conquest of tho Miianeso by Louis XII. and Francis I. His mother was a Montmorcnci. He entered the army at an early age, distinguished himself at the battle of Ocrisoles, at the taking of Carignan and at the battle of llenti. Ho was made admiral of France in 1652 by Henry II. At the siege of St Uucnt in ho was taken prisoner by the Spaniards. On tho [death of Henry II, he retired to his estates, became a con- vert to the reformed faith, and when the war broke out put.himself at the head of the Protestants, with the prince of Cond6 They were defeated by the duke of Guiso at tho battle of Dreux j the indecisive battle of St Denis followed ; and the Protestants were defeated at Jarnac and Moncontour In 1570, after the treaty of St Germain, Colignl was flatteringly received by Cathe- rine de Medici, and a few days later his adsassiuation was attempted by an[cnussary of the duke of Guise. » The king, Charles IX., visited him and professed his regret On the signal being given for the massacre of St Bartholomew, 24 August, 1672, tho duke of Guise with a party of murderers went to the house of the admiral ; by these he was stabbed, and thrown out of a window at the feet of the duke of Guise, who had the baseness to kick the still living body Tho corpse was exposed for three days to the mob, and then hung, head downwards It was buried by night in the family tomb' was m 1786 transferred to the estate of the' marquis of Montesquiou-Fezensao, and 'the monument which he erected was subse- ((uently placed in the museum of French monuments. COLIN, Ai HXANDER, a sculptor of Mech- lin, born m 1526, is chiefly known by the beautiful altl-relievi on the sides of thi magnificent monument of Maximilian I. at lanspruck, executed in 1563-66 by order of the Emperor Ferdinand I. He was after- warils appointed sculptor to the emperor Died, lei'i' '""' ""* ^'■ch'luke Ferdinand. COLLIER, Jeremy, an English noniur- Imo Z ^^V'T^^' writer,%a8 ZTL 1650. He received his education at Cam- idge.and was presented with the rectory Ampton, in Suffolk; which he resigned At 1?* '\°'''^ ^«'=*"''«'- ^t Gray's Inn At tl>.e revolution he refused to take the wHtL*?''/'" imprisoned in Newgate for »m ng in favour of James II. He attended wh/nt"/''""** '^°<* Sir WilUam Perkins when they were executed for the "aasas Bmat on plot.- Two nonjuring clergmen iun ■SSr^'",'?-''''" °»*»''« bccasfoICre ™ 1 ?h^^ ai^r"i!Vl^*P^'*' """^ '«y hidden wain mn,i« . ^^'^ ^'°^° o^er, when he T.L"l\'l'.' "pPearance, and published wni.i;"'r ■'.!' ■■.'-'-■"'^^'••ous Kubjects." This •b Vnllr'"™^'*' ""tai'^ed him consideJ wuaSii''" i ","'1 his next publication ^•^irited attack upon the licertiousness ^ i^gto anibcrnal moitiq?i)^. [got, °f *•}« "!»Ke. He was.nsamatterofcoursT Xl\^° by many of the dramatic writer, o' the time; but ho had truth on his side and his works had good effect Ho nex{ translated and continued Moreri's Diction ary ; and his reputation had now so much increased, that Queen Anne's government offered him valuable church preferme^it Im?*"'/"^!* "*'■*' consistency, he stSy declined. His remaining works were an "Ecclesiastical History,'- brought dowA to the death of Charlos^h." some sermons fatZ".'" Vr.** V'"'«l'^tion of the " McSi-' l)iedrn26 En'Pe'or Marcus Aurellus. COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbkrt Lord n celebrated English' admiral, was born ,u Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in f74'8. He entered tho navy when only 13 years of age. and his In' thrnoTr" '?Y' «''^"«"«' "Hi valuable In the action of June 1, 1794, he was flae- captain to Admiral Howyer in iZV the fn 1797 'C^ "' "'* ','"""' "^ Cape 8t Vincent" ni„«' ?" commanded the Excellent. Hav- w5e a^H"?.^**'° "'"^ "^ Vice-admiral of the battle of Trn^™?^"''"^^ '" command at the i«nH.! "5 Trafalgar, Where the hero of Eng- land's navy fell.nhe command of the fleet f e;:«J\.«d upon Admiral Collingwood7who8o gaUant conduct at the onset hud called forth an exclamation of delight from Ne son and he'tttL^'tf"'''" '"•" l'"'^ Judgm«n,'a?ter ine battle, the preservation of the captured InT^f ^f ^hiefly attributable. For this r.fi'i; "ft'''' '""Portant services he was pro- moted to the rank of vice-admiral of the ?ed f^LfV"^^^ ^°. t^" Peerage. He was bravo indefatigable, Just, and kind; strictly pre- serving discipline, while he gained the fove of his compatriots, and merited all that a grateful country could bestow on h m His Lfl";"' P^hH^hed afterhis death, whick took fhfi while cruising off Minorca, in 1810, mZrimnty''''''' ^°''''''^ considerable COLLINGWOOD, FRANCIS EDWARD a captain in the English navy, wafa midsh.> man on board the Victory,'at the battleSf Trafalgar; and to him is ascribed the hon- our of being the avenger of Nelson's death ^?T ."/^''h' *tf Jfl'C'chman in the maintop of the Redoubtable, who was seen to take deliberate aim at the English hero the mo- ment before he fell. Died, 1835 '"""^'"° fhf^^i,^"^^' ^ANTHONY, the noted free- ?n 1676 ' w? V"!;? ^"* J?.*"*"" *» Middlesex, m 1676. He studied at Cambridge and after- fr/1"„''* the Temple, became a justice of the peace and treasurer of the county of Essex. He. was however chiefly occupied n controversial writing on matters of phi- frfnn^H L" T** ihcology. Ho was the intimate him i?f ^°S^«' '"'ho very highly esteemed Hi^,*,oi ^, ? * ^""^ controversy with Dr hf- wru.^'".^^' '"•*' provoked by some of his writings innumerable replies. Hisprin- cipal works are " Priestcraft in PerfectiSnT" Essay on the Thirty-nine Articles ; " " Dis- course on Freethinking," which was savagely attacked hv Dnntio« - «i.!i .. . "s. ' _„{__„.""' -;; v.'.' ? !::iu::-;,-:iicai in- ^^/l concerning Liberty and Necessity ;•• tt^HL.?n°"°?f,*?'^"*'"»»'' °' the Christliii nnV? ™o ^}^^ " Tendon, 1729. COLLINS, ARTHUR, a celebrated English 316 % £Uto JSLtiibmul 19{ograyI)i?. [ooi; BcncBlogUt; ftuthor of the 'English " rocr- ngo" nnd " Uiironutngp ; " and Uvis of Cecil, l,ord UurlclKli.and Kdwiird tho Hlnek ITluco, &c. Ho wu» rescued from poverty by ft pen- sion of £400 per annum, grunted to him by OeorKC II. Horn, l«8'i ; died, 1700. COlJilNS, JOHN, nn »blo KngUsh mntho- mnUclan land lucountiint. Ho wns for some tlmo in the naval service of Venice ngalnst tho Turks ; but nt tho rostorntlon ho wns appointed to the office of accountant to the Kxelso Oftice, tho court of Chimcery, &c. Ho found time to contribute largely to tho TrausncUons of tho lloynl Society ; corre- sponded with Harrow, Nowton, and other eminent maihcmutlcinns; and wrote •vari- ous mathematical works. Born, 1624 ; dlod, 1083 Ct>t-IiIN8, Wtl-UAM, a hlghly-glftod but Ill-fated English poet; author of odes, eclogues, &o. Ho was born, in ITiO, at Chi- chester, and received his education at "W In- chester and Oxford. In 17'«4, ho settled in London.butleading a dissipated llfe,«ufforcd from poverty even beyond tho «,?mmon lot of poets. U'ho death of his uncle, Cc'.onel Martin, who bequeathed him a legacy of £2000, raised him from this abject condltlor. ; but his health and spirits were broken, and after lingering for some time In a state of mental hnhcclllty, soothed at last by a si ter'slOTO, bodied at Chichester, in 1766. His odes, which when published were utterly disregarded, are unquestionably among tho finest of English lyrical poems. Ono of the most celebrated Is the " Odo to tho Passions." A monument, executed by Tlaxman, was erected to his memory by public subscrip- tion, and his Life was written by l)r John- son, who loved him, and speaks of him with great tenderness. COLLINS, WILLIAM, an English painter of distinguished merit, was born in London, 1787. Ho inherited an enthusiastic admir- ation for tho beauties of nature from both his parents. His father, one of the first picture- dealers of his time, was a man of consider- able literary attainments ; and his friend- ship with Morlaud tho painter early led to his sons initiation into the mysteries of the pencil. In 1807 he became a student of tho Royal Academy, and having prosecuted his studies with great jseal and success, he was chosen an associate in 1814, and elected nn academician in 1820. From this period he continued to produce those coast and cot- tage scenes which gained for him his early reputation, and marked him out as one of the most thorough English artists of his time. With a view of ,ddying the works of tho old masters and of observing nature in new forms, he visited Italy in 1836, and spent two years there. Down to tho year 1846 he contributed regularly to every ex- hibition, attempting occasionally historical painting, but winning fresh laurels chiefly by frequent revivals of those more domestic subJecU by which he had won his cnrly fame. True to his " first love," his last production, " Early Morning," was an English seo-plece. AiuoDg his favourite worUs are liic- " Shrimp- ers," "Frost Scene," "Cromer Sands," and "Prawr Catchers," the last of which is in tho National Gallery. Mr Collins was im- 218 buod with earnest but unaffected piety j and hU death, though not unexpected, cuiitrd deep regret to a largo circle of attatlud fiionds and admirers. Died, 1847. COLLIN BON, PKTKH, an English botnnlit, to whom wo aro indebted for tho Introduc- tion of manv ornamental shrubs and plants into our gardens, was born in 1004. Ho wm Intimate with Franklin and LInnasus, the latter of whom gave tho name Colllnsonia to a genus of plants. Uleu, 1768. COLLOUKDO, lltiDOM'll, count of Wald- 8eo> imperial Held -marshal, was born In 1685, Ho distinguished himself greatly, and wna seven times wounded at tho battlo of Liiticu in 1632. His greatest achievement pcrhapi was tho successful defence of rrague agnintt thu Swedes In 1048. Ho wns named governor of the city, and died there In 1087. COLLOllEDO-WENZEL, JOIIANN NEPO- MVCKNK Fkanz, Count of, imperial fldd- marshal, was born In 1738. Ho served in tho Seven Years' War, became chamberlain to tho emperor Joseph 11., and wns made « knight of the Teutonic order. Ho served with Marsltal Latidon against the Turkiin 178t), and distinguished himself at the siege of Helgrado. In 17t)3 ho Joined; tho prince of Coburg in tho Netherlands, and took a distinguished part in the battle of Necr- wluden. Ho became afterwards president of tho Aullo Council and field-marshal. Died, 1822. COLLOKEDO - MANSFIELD, JEROME, Count of, Austrian general, was born in 17'5. Ho entered tho army In 1792, and served in the expedition under the duke of Brunswick against .France. Two years later ho was taken prisoner by the French, but madoMj escape. He was severely wounded in tlie attack on Hregentz in 170G: at Verona in 1809, when he gallantly held his ground against the French, and secured tho retreat of the Austrian army : at tho battle of Leip- slo in 1813, when he had succeeded to tbe command attcr the fall of the prince of Hesse-Homburg and the capture of General Mervcldt ; and at tho combat near tlie bridge of Barce In the compaign of 18U. Died, 18-22. COLLOT D'HERBOIS, JRAN MAHIE.one of the most sanguinary leaders in the French revolution, was born at Paris in 1750. Be- fore the revolution ho was a clever strolling player. He joined the club of the Jacobins, and soon gained a great ascendancy ; won the prize for his " Almanach du P4rc Ge- rard ; " and became a member of the Con- vention, and of the Committee of Public Safety. He was charged with several pro- vincial missions, '.and made himself a name of Infamy by his execution of them. In 1793 ho went to Lyons, where he had more than 10,000 persons put to death, and made it a capital crime to look sad or pitiful. An attempt was made to a88as8inatoiilm,wmcn only made him more popular, and he conUl- butcd powerfully to thcS fall of Bobcspiene. Ho was soon after denounced, arrested, ana in March, 1795, transported Ito Cayenne, — i-^M.. u^ '^''^^f Jir,w!iry. 1796. "cOLLYEK, JOSEPH," senior associate en- graver of tho Koyal Academy, wns bom at London, 1748, of parents who were known in the literary world bj from Ocsncr anil Itodnier Aiitimy and William W ■upcrior tali.'nt In the at graviiiKi Ills purtriilts i unrivalled. Among them IV. and the I'rliu'ess Chu COLMAN, (iKoiiuK, n and nccoiupllshed schola lury. Ho was born at wlicrc Ills father at that ItrltUh envoy, and his ni the countess of Hath. H cduniitlon at AVestmlnst Chrlstchurch, Oxford, ho tlon to tlio law as a p writinf(s in The Connolssoi success, gave hint a bins ti nturo, niid ho according graver pursuits of legal i dramatic attempt was " P( which wns performed at great, though only tempo tho following year, 1701, comedy of tho "Jealous onco became popular an kept the stage. "Tho riage," " Tho English Men to his fume ; and ho wrote pieces, wlik'h, though infci by no moans deficient In r and Oencrnl Vulteney, nt him oonsideralilo legacies him to purchase a share ii Theatre. Disputes arising and tho other proprietors, posed of this property, an ! ilttlo theatre in the Hayn I conducted until an attack duced him to a state of ni Inaddition tuhls writings i he translated tho comediei Horace Do Arte Poetlca. portrait, painted by Gainst I National Portrait Gallery. I COLMAN, GKOROE, TH I eminent dramatist and wit, Iwas born in 1762, and rec I tion at Westminster Scho I College, Oxford, and King laecn. On his return from I entered a student of Lln( Icumstanccs, however, ns wt lied him to abandon the p llaw, In 1784 his first ack) lcallcd"TwotoOne,"wa8 ( |"S9 of this exceeded his lejpectations. In 1787 his ( lot Inkle and Ynrlco " nj ■once stamped his fame. SI ■the elder C'olman' wn. atta( |irsi«> which terminating i ■tiuty.his son presided over ■incatre, and subsequently ^"ctor. The prolific pen o nan the younger " seemed i P«, perhaps, there was sea V^mn who spent more hoi measures or whose brilllani »« often "set ih.; table in P^'Plt works, chronoloiri ^T,"' /./~" Mountuineers ..*;%""«> Heir at Law," pieEeTiew.or'Wagsof \ If col] . in tlid Utrrary world by tliclr triuialatioiu frum Ociiicr iiinl lludnii^. JIo wus n pupil of Antony oud Wlllliim Wnlkor, nnd nhowod aupcrior tiili.'ut in tlio Hti|iplud Rtylo of on- uravini?; IiIh portriiiu ill that linn itand unrlvttllod. AmonH; thrmiiro ti»o»eof Gi'or»ro IV. nnd tlip PilniPM Ohurlotto. Died, IH27 COLMAN, UVMimv., a dramatic writer nnd ac('.oniplit«)i< age he had no di: ing followers. It was no voyage, made In 1498, that land of America, which reached before him, and A j in 1499 ; and though there I dispute as to the actual p our of giving a name to tl: I mains with the latter. Ha' I command of the settlemen I Tarious complaints were in I by his enemies, and Col I merely displaced, but Bo I governor, who ha I been de I by the court of Spain, even I country in chains. Columl I outrage with noble cquanii ireturn, having obtained an I sovereigns, was partially I dignities ; but full j ustice Wf Ibim. Yet, notwithstandin I treatment, he made anot I which he encountered ever) I aster from storms and shipi I years after his return, his r [under the load of Injustice, I poverty. He died at Vallad COLUMBUS, BARTHOLO iChristopher, was a skilful coi Icelebrated for his globes an< [sent by his brother to lay hi I discovery before Henry V iMeanwhlie the court of 8] I taken the enterprise. Bartl Ithe honours done to his h Inobled in 1493, and In the I accompanied Christopher i Inhere he remained as govei lliowever, several expedltloi land died, in St Domingo, In I COLUMELLA, Lucius Jt rtis, a native of Gades, in 8i |M Rome in the reign of the j ;-■ -"'i '•e-uiL-a uihcr ■ ITOiuminous and interesting I UeReKustica,"whichen liwmmg, but many connectt ol] n Mtiu Bnibm&l labgrapl^y. months, wns in imminent danger of losing the reward of all his study and toil, the variation of the needle having so : much alarmed his crews, that they were on the point of breaking Into open mutiny, and he was obliged to promise that if three days produced no discovery, he would commence his homeward voyage. On the third day tbcy hove in sight of one of the Kahamas, Ouanabani or 8an Salvador ; and the noble discoverer had the sweetest reward of hit faith and enthusiasm, the best compensation fur his disappointments and trials, when he beat his knees in worship, not without tears, on the promised new land. It was the 12th October, 1492. Ho then sailed in search of other lands, and discovered Cuba, St Do- mingo or Hispaniola, and some other of the West India Islands. Having thus far suc- ceeded, he built a fort at Hispaniola, left some of his men there, and then set out on his return to Europe, where he was received with almost royal honours. The gold and other valuables which he presented to the I'.inK and queen in token of his success, ex- cited the spirit of adventure in both the sovcreignf^^ ind their subjects, and in his second TO* age he hod no difficulty in obtain- ing followers. It was not until his third voyage, made in 1498, that he saw the main- land of America, which Sebastian Cabot reached before him, and Amerigo Vespucci in 1499 ; and though there has been much dispute as to the actual priority, the hon- our of giving a nnmo to the new world re- mains with the latter. Having assumed the command of the settlement at Hispaniola, Tarious complaints were made against him by his enemies, and Columbus was not I merely displaced, but liobndilla, a new I governor, who ha I been despatched thither by the court of Bpiiin, even sent him to that country in chains. Columbus endured this outrage with noble equanimity ; and on his return, having obtained an ,'audience of his sovereigns, was partially restored to his dignities; but full justice was never awarded ,bim. Yet, notwithstanding this shameful •treatment, he wade another voyage, in ■ which he encountered every imaginable dis- lastcr from storms and shipwreck ; and two lyears after his return, his noble mind sunk lundcr the load of injustice, oppression, and Ipoverty. He died at Valladolid, in 1506. I COLUMBUS, Bartholomew, brother of IChristopher, was a skilful cosmographer, and Icelebrated for his globes and maps. He was licnt by his brother to lay his vast project of Ijscovery before Henry VII. of England. IMeanwhlle the court of Spain had under- |™'6J the enterprise. Bartholomew shared ■ibe honours done to his brother, was en- InoWed in 1493, and in the following year Itccompanied Christopher to St Domingo, ■were he remained as governor. He made, I™*"", several expeditions of discovery, ■and died, in St Domingo, in 1514. It,w •F'^'^' ^'UCIUS JUNIUS MODERA- ■™,anativeof Gades.in Spain. He resided Kin. '^ '" ?'' ''''8" °^ ^^^ Emperor Clau- Ivninmit"'"' '"•'",'^'^'^ "'■^'^^ works, wrote a ■Tominlnous ami interesting treatise entitled Ifcimin ?"**'^'"'" ^•»'<^'i embraces not only |'"mmg, but many connected subjects, gar- [COM denlng being treated In one book which is written in verse. The works of Columella have been frequently republished. COMBE, Dr Akdrkw, one of the most eminent medical practitioners and writers of our time, was born at Edinburgh, 1797. After studying at the High School, ^d at the college, ho was apprenticed in 1812 to a general medical practitioner. Attracted and interested by the lectures ti" Dr Spurzheim in Edinburgh, in 1816, he sought his ac- quaintance, and having in 1817 obtained his diploma from the College of Surgeons, he proceeded to Paris to prosecute his studies in the hospitals of that capital under the advice of Dr Spur/heim. Hero he remained for two years ; and after n short tour in Switzerland and Italy he returned to Edin- burgh in 1819. Soon after he reached home ho was seized with symptoms of pulmonary consumption; and from this time, 1820, to the day of his death, he was, though with many intervals of comparative health, a confirmed invalid. Immediately upon his seizure he determined to go to the south of France, but had not :iot farther than Lon- don when he found himself too unwell to travel, and returned home ; there he tem- porarily recovered, helped to found the Phrenological Society, and in the ensuing August set off again to the Meditcrrancun, on whose shores he spent two years. He then determined to begin practice in Edin- burgh, where his high standing among his professional brethren, and general character for good sense, talent, and strict conscien- tiousness, did not leave him long unem- ployed. During the next few years ho attained great repute from his able papers in reply to the opponents of phrenology, and also rose high in his profession. In 1825 he took the degree of M.D.,and two years later .was elected president of the Phrenological Society. During these and several follow- ing years, he contributed many interesting papers to the Phrenological Journal, and published a work on mental derangement ; and in the course of an extensive practice addressed those invaluable letters to his patients, which, combining so happily the earnest and benevolent friend with the able physician and philosopher, must have strengthened his influence as well as greatly added to his usefulness. In 1831 his health again gave way, and he was obliged to pass the winter in Italy, and for some years alto- gether to abandon the practice of his pro- fession. In 1836 he was appointed physician to the king of the Belgians, but after a short tvial he was obliged to resign the resident appointmen f,, finding his strength inade- ([uate to the due performance of his duties. Between thefyeara 1834-39 he published the three great works for which he had been long ond carefully collecting and arranging the materials, " The Principles of Physiology applied to the Preservation of Health and to Education," " The Physiology of Digestion," and ' The Moral and Physical Management of Infancy." In 1838 he was annointed nnn of the physicians extraordinary to the queen in Scotland. In the autumn of 1844 his health at last gave way so threateningly, 08 to oblige him to give up all work, ond 318 com] '^ Jietn Stniiicrsnl 18iograpI)|?. [com lo try tlio cllmiitft of MiiUclrii. There he piiRscd two succrsHlvo wliiters. After tht« he only loft homo onoo nKiiln, niul that wns to inako a voynno to Amorlcn, In the «uni- mor precodlnn hl» dcnlh. Hurroundeil by nttncluHl friends, nnd temled with faithful und most lovlnff euro, his life of usefulness wns peiioofuUy elosed In the uutunmof 1H17. COMIIK, OKOUUK, tho eminent jihrenolo- gUt, wns born nt Kdlnhinyh, In 178H. Ho wns the brother of I)r Andrew CombOj «vlth whom ho was nssoeluted throdRh llfo In various sehemes of moral asv' r.i,cl'il amoUor- ation. After pursuing I i- ■ .''?c ut the UlRh School and unlvoi-'.- J native city, ho was articled to a 1. - d passed us writer to tho Signet In i ; In 1810 ho became a convert to tho vlev, » of Dr Spurz- hclni. who w as then on a visit to KdlnburRh, nnd in the course of three years had so fanii- liarizcd himself with tho subject that ho published " Kssays on rhrcnolopy," which ho uflerwurds expanded Into his " System of rhrenoloRy," and in 18i4 founded tho " Phrenological Journal," as tho means of promulRatinK his views. In 1828 he gave to tho world his ablest work, tho "Constitu- tion of Man ; " this work oxeited tho liveliest controversy at the time of its appearance, but tho validity of the main principles on which it was based has now been Konerully recoRnizcd. During uU this period, and for some time afterwards, Mr Combe had follow- ed his professional pursuits: but in 1837 ho addicted himself exclusively to literature ; visited tho United States and Germany, nnd though himself in delicate health, devoted his whole time to tho promulgation of his moral, social, and philosophical views by means of lectures and tho press. Besides publishing his" Notes on America," In 1841, his " Notes on tho lleformntlon of Germany," in 184S, "tho Life " of his brother, Dr An- drew Combo, and various other works, Mr Combo was one of the clearest expositors of monetary science, and his contributions to tho "Scotsman" on this and kindred sub- jects gave him as high rank as a p ilitical economist, as ho had 'before cnjoyi 1 as a phrenologist and philosopher. Died HS8. COMBER, Dr THOMAS, dean of C;u lisle. On the breaking out of the civil war he was deprived of his preferments and thrown into prison ; but he lived to witness the restor- ation of Charles II. Died, 1663. COMBEll, Dr THOMAS, dean of Durham ; author of "A Companion to the Temple," " A Companion to the Altar," "An Account of the Koman yorgeries in the Councils during the first Four Centuries," &c. Died, 1699. COMBERMERE, STAPLETON COTTON, Viscount and Baron, field-marshal, was born at Llewenny Hall, in Denbighshire, in 1769. He was educated at Westminster School, entered the army in 1790, and three years later served under the duke of York in Flanders, in the first campaigns of the Ions wars of the French revolution. In 1735 he took part ir, the eoTiqv.rst of the rape of Good Hope, and went thence to xndia, where he shared in the final conflict with Tippoo Saib, taking part in the battle of Mallavelly, and the siege of Seringapatam. In 1808 ho was sent to Spain in cominiiiid uf a brigade of cavalry ; dlMtlngulshed lih'iaelf ul Talavera ; obtained the local rnnk of lieutenant general, and in 1810 was appoint- ed comnuuider of the allied cavalry under Wellington. In that capacity he norvcd with dlHtinetlon ; through tho rcmiilnlng caninalgns of tho war, rendering impurtunt services at Busaco, Vuentcs d'Onor, Knla- nuinea, where he was severely wounded, Kl Bodon, <)rthe/,and Toulouse. He twice n- celved the thanks of both Houses of Par- llameut, and was raised to the peerage u Baron Combcrmcre, In 18U. Three yean later ho was named govcnor of llarbadocj, und In 1822 commandcr-ln-ehicf in India, whiTo ho won fresh honour by the capture c.f IJhurtpore, in 1828. In ti.e following year ho was created viscount. Ho held for nearly 40 years tho colonelcy of the Ut Life Guards, and was made field-marshal in 18ii. Lord Combernierc was also G.C.ll., O.C.ll., knight of the Star of India, and constable of tho Tower of London. " For more than 4J years," says the Timei, " his brilliant sword was sheathed, but tho nation did not prove careless of the old soldier's prcsciicc." Hlj manly figure was one of the sights of Rotten Uow.and to the last was seen and welcomed in all state pageants and court ccreinonict. Viscount Combermero married, in IHOl, the eldest daughter of tho third duko of New- castle ;, who dying in 1807, he married a second time in 1814 ; and a third time in 1838. Ho died, at Clifton, February 21, 1865. Tho Memoirs and Correspondence of Lord Combermerc aro announced as iu the prcu (November, 1865). COMENIUS, JOHN AMOS, a MoraTion minister. He for some time offlciuted as pastor to a congregation at Fulncc, In Mo- ravia, but was driven thence by thcinvnsion of the Spaniards, and settled in I'oland, where he published a work, entitle;' " Junua Linguarum," which obtained him so grcaio celebrity that he was invited to Englondi but the breaking out of the civil war ren- dered his stay both brief and unprofitable, and after visiting Sweden, Frussia, nnd I'o- land, where he was engaged in explaining his proposed reform in teaching languages, he settled for the remainder of his life at Amsterdam. Among tho other works of Comcnius are " Orbis sensualium pictus, "Novissima Linguarum Methodus," to. Born, 1692 ; died. 1671. COMES, NATALIS, the Latinized name Of Natale Conti, an Italian poet and miscel- laneous writer, was a native of Milan, out settled early at Venice. Besides his poems he wrote a work on mythology, comment- aries on the Turkish war in Malta, and a history of his own time. Born, about 1520. COMINES, PHILIPPE DE, Lord of Argen- ton, a great French historian, wns born m Flanders in 1447. He entered the service of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and was present at the battle of Montlh^iy. in 1472 he was sent by Charles to theFrench court entered the service of T.ouis XL, ana remained in it till the king's death in 1483. Litigation then arose respecting some estates given him by Louis, and he was imprisoneo. On his release he was made a councillor uj Charles VIII., and follow vasion of Italy. ^lo rot died, 1111. His "Memoir vivid and authentic pi court of Louis XL, and events and general charuc which he lived. COMMANDING, FedK mathematician, born at I mado himself n great ri learned and careful transin of Archimedes, Apoilonius, mutlii'inatlclans. Died, Ifl COMMIU.IN, JKiiOMK, printer. Ho established 1 Geneva, nnd subsequentl; and published several of" Ijitln authors, with notes I Vied, 1398. COMMKUN, ISAAC, Dul born ut Amsterdam, in 13 engaged in preparing a Hi dam, which ho did not live which was published by Caspar, in 1694. Tho prl Iianc Commelln are, " U\ holders William I. and Mi Frederick Henry," and a c of the Uoveinnunt of Holl COMMKI.IN, JOHN, Dut eldest son of the preceding, Amsterdam, in 1629. Ho f first director of, the fine Hot that city. Among his w j esteemed is, "Horti Modi rarlorum Plantaruni Descri Died, \m. C().MMELIN, CASPAR, 1 and botanist, was nephew o and was born at Anistcrda liccime professor of botany I ed " Horti Medici Amstclodi lores exoticaj," as a conti I uncle's work; "Flora M I Died, 17,51. ^ I COMMEnSON, PuiMBE ■ pnysicten and botanist. In Iracter he evinced great zet ■ and his collection was Imn ■ the friend and corresponde ■ Haller, and Lalande, and v ■ luralist with tho expediti( ■ under Bougainville. He n I Isle of France, and died thei ■ an4the"Martyrology of B ■ count of those who had los IpI?'^^^^^^' Lucius Au ISr-ws'theson of the I uous Marcus Aurelius, and ■'»!. He was most carefulh I companied his father on ■ereditions. Ho succeeded IjteashortptM I of order E«his.w.sestcouns ■iim elf up to tho lowest sc » shameless habits. The Ed ?,„^"'*?'''"'f* series 01 Ei„'.1".1l'''"o'>8 and mur. "ofaTi,; :i^'„""'once8 of the "■win deflancs of decencv ""Kit out for a god, and Vf 01 280 com] Chnrlc« VIII., mid followoU him in lili In- vasion of Italy. Jlo retired in Um, end difld, 1411. HU'"M«molrci" present a very vivid nnd authontlc portraiture of the court of Louis XI., and of the principal events and Keiioral chaructcr of the aso in wlilcU lie lived. COMMANDINO, Fkdkrico, an Italian mathematician, born at Urblno, Iflou, Ho made himself a Rrcat reputation by hit learned and careful translations and editions of Archimedes, Apollonlus, and other ancient intttlicmatlcians. Died, 1873. COMMIU.IN, Jkiiomk, a IconieJ French printer, lie established Ills press «r«t ut Geneva, and subsequently ai Iloidelbcrir ■ and published several of the Greek and latin authors, with notes from his own pen Died, 1598. COMMKMN, laAAO, Dutch historian, was born at Amsterdam, in 1398. ilo was long engaged in preparing a History of Amstjr- dam, which ho did not live to complete, but which was published by his youneer son Caipar, in lCi)4. Tho principal works of haiic Commelln are, " Lives of tho Stadt- huldcrs William I. and Maurice," "Life of Frederick Henry," nnd a collection of Acts of the Uovernnunt of Holland. Died. 1«70. COMMKI.IN, Jon.N, Dutch botanist, was eldest son of the preceding, nnd was born at Amsterdam, in l(i2y. Ho founded, and was arst director of, the flnellotanicnl Garden of that city. Amoii« his works, tho most esteemed is, "Hortl McdlcI Amstolodami rarlorum Plantaruiu Descriptio et Iconos." Died, 1(>92. C()MMELIN, CASPAH, Dutch physician and botanist, was nephew of tho preceding and was born nt Amsterdam, In 1667. He liCMme piofessor of botany there ; publish- ed Hortl Medici Amstclodnml Plantto rari- ures exoticoj," as a continuation of his DietnjT '"'■'' Malubarica/' &c COMXIEnsov, PiiiLiBERT, a French Physictenand botanist. In tho latter cha- nd l'>i,'";nn'T'' «'■'"'' ='«»» «»<» Industry, and h 8 collection was Immense. He was le friend and correspondent of LinniEus nl"t wth'-^'r'''''""?! ^"« sentirn".' uiaiist with tho expedit on of discoverv or Bougainville. He remained iSthJ iandthe'te"'"'^''' ^^" 'l""'''^ volumes; nnnf iff ,*^«fty>"ology of Botany," an ac- hln'*'/'""'' ^''^ Jiad lost their lives in i ToMMte"/' ^""■°' 1721; died, 1773 \Smjy, LUCIUS AuRELit/s, lloman tiuiJiror, was the son of thp wian anA „i» »ous Marcus Aurelius, and VIs'borf a! d: omMn^ed^^f^'.""^""5^*''l"«''ted,and HmZ ^'t^'i"'"i"i several military 'iftVra hnJ; ^^ succeeded him in 180, and 'edsmtedhi«\ ''f """^^'^^ government lims™ un to th„ r* counsellors, and gave »o«shamVes,*hah t7'Th'°''f 'f' •""•* »'^<' 'Win thehanl nf ; .^I'^/dministration ""1 confiscations . !."'" °^ ^'^ favourites. irdi..,. .l*^*"°"8 and murders were ih« ^^ deflan.f°'„1?."^ ^^^ ""y- "^ wen't « cir?us like a UlT''^ ". *° "K"** *" imioifn,,* i * gladiator, and then uavp •^Klfoutforagod.and would be worsW? I ' ' ped as Hercules. Ho was at last poisoned by a concubine, whom lie Intended to nut to A. 1). m. The vices and nilsgovernment of i;'^';^;y;i,"f\KSr ---'""^ "o'}.r.c"n' ^?oM v^.'J'."''' ^- ""«» MANUiil.j • COMNKNUH, Dkmktiiidh Htkphano- ant of the celebrated family of the CmnenI which long sat upon tho throne of the "nst- orn empire, was born in 174», in tho Island of Corsica. Haying been driven from their possessions in tho East by tho Turks thev at length emigrated in the 17th t-o'.'tury^ ?v.i..Y^"\* ''•"'1">^ "f Greeks. BfittiodTn H?.„ ^n'l'^^'-*''?. *■•"," '«""«' Inherited 'Jio title pnd dignity of cnpitnno, until Corsica became un ted to France. After studying at llomo, with the Intentlonof becoming an ecclesiastic, Demetrius entered into the scrv" Ico of Iranco.and obtained a captolncy In a regiment of dragoons in 1778. At the beginning of the revolution ho fought unde? tlio banners of Cond6, and went into exile with other royaiisU ; but ho returned to Franco in 1802. and lived on a pension of 4000 francs, assigned to him by Napoleon Louis XVIII. conflrmed this stipend, and made him marechal d, camp, and knig'h? of St Louis. He died in 1821. ^ COMPTON.HKNHY. son of Spencer Comp. ton, carl of Northampton, one of the bravest {| i the siege of Paris, and en- tounterea Turenne and the royalists in the Faubourg St Antoine. Soon after he entered the service of Spain, and contended witli varying; success against his countrymen in Fia ders. After the r he .ctiirncd to Paris,! the conquest of Franch with Holland, In 1872, the passage of the Khi received a wound. H was the victory over Orange (William III.) Martyr to the gout, he i Ing year to his charmii enjoying there the soc I most eminent men of 1 Racine, Boileau, and > ] Fontaincbleau In 1688. Ihijth-flown panegyrics, I Hourdaloue and Bossuel ( of the Great Cond6 " by I CONDE, LOUIS JOSEP Paris in 1736, was broug the count of Charolals, i J master of the king's hot I Burgundy. He served Ii I War, and distinguished h I of Hastembeck, Mlnden, I He became the associati I occupied himself with llt( I pursuits, and in the perpl J ceded the revolution advo I of moderate reforms. Af I Bastille he emigrated, w Iportunityfor assisting th J monarchy. Having publi I announcing his Intention IXVL, he was declared a lestatcs were sequestrated ■The Prince organized a bo( ■was incorporated with th ■and was afterwards subsic ■In 1801 the prince of Cond ■land. The murder of his ■the Duke d'Enghien, by K Ihim profoundly. At the r purned with Louis XVIII mm at Chantilly, and di( m was author of an "Es Brand Copdi." CONDE, JOSE ANTONIO, uist, was born about 1765, Ihe university of Alcala, at |nt in the Royal Library a Pe zealously pursued the Pterature. During the Fn le held thp post of librarian Mparte, and in 1813 retire fhence he was allowed to n Iftetwards. He was Jlbrari |emy of History, and a Ipanish Academy! His pr] LX^°' ' !^hich has been .aglish. Died, 1821. LteS'/°''-^«'*'J^««^ fTOrs, was born in London i fc'^«/ Mr Thomas Con Be he manifested the litera Anguished him through li? te,»?°tributions to the Kd f'^ ^nd other publi, Sl?^"!i^i:'°"f«we notice, h C W ^^^ ^°*"t product r^ Having succeeded [con] Fla (ler». After the Pence of the Pyrenees he .eti.rned to Purls, and was employed lii the conquest of Frnnche-Corat«. In the war with Holland in 1672. he was wounded a? the passage of the Khlne, the only time ho received a wound. His last great exnlolt was the victory over William, prince of ()rang:o (William III.), at Senef,"^!," 7674 Martyr to the gout, he retired in the fol ow- Ingyear to his charming seat at Chantilly enjoying there the society of some of the r' „*""« If '"^" *" '«"«". among them Haclne, JJoileas, and Molldrc. He died at Fontajnebleau In 1688. Funeral orations high- lown panegyrics, were delivered by Hounlaloue and Bossiiot. There is a" T »^ vShv^'''^ •l*'"'^"' ^''"ce of, born at Pans in 1736. was brought up by his uneic the count of Charolals, and was early made master of the king's house, and governs of ''"8"n'« and lived mostly in .T.^T ^"^^ """""s. sat ons." and " Cnurt^i.i',. ^^'a't* ''es Sen- Parme.'" Died 1780 ?^^^ 1" ^'''"^^ ^^ titled "Condiilic-ci Amnln.'' '""/''• «"- tionallsme," by 1-; H^thor^^- h ""t^* ^^ ^*- lished this year (1865) ' ^^ *'^^° P""' mathematicfan and nhfi^'^^l' "'' "^ ^«nch Rlbemont in Sd?^ in 1^4^,"'' T'i"^™ "* at the college of Nl;ri?reV^ *'''""'*«^ work ™DucSl IntLra^"?"Jr"""" «' ^i! ' became its secretarv in w^-*^^'.""^ ^" "^^ distinguished Wtnspffh^T?''"'! «'t"ation he eloges^ In 1791 he hL^L*''^ elegance of his National AsaembWaKthfr^^r «' the ttrori-toSr^F-"^^^^^^^^^^ he carried aboutS^A,^'^^P°i''°n'vhich social reformer ron'rt«^„„f Philosopher and foUowerof ^UairP wl"* ^^^^^ ''evoted view" in the Sliant^^pf„P.?r^1?. ¥" ''^'^ del-EspritHumaln .°* ^'l*^'"'^ Wstorlque ofToffiTT'zEl'fh^r '?T "' ^'^^ "«-<' <■ _i.^ f " A/iJiJ!,, the celehrntPrt nhinr...- Se waMhe son of"/ P''"^."'*!^^ about b.cVmo. Loorone of the neft^l"''''";''''''*'*^ state of 4'. 223 ■j^T .>#:':/■■ con] % ificto ainiueranl 13io8rnp!)U. Komo tlm« throuKh tlii'io •liil«'«, prniniitliiu nil f«r it» he could ilio ln»ti\iitltii» of lliii ponpli) null iho Imvrovt'nirnt of tlio mivi'in- mentt. When imnt inliUlIc n«o l"' wii« iip- poliiK'tl ol(l»>r inlulmtT 111 l."'». '>"l ''•''' V!" dlifiivour ftiul went Into cxHo. Ho dlod In nn uilviuuftl .»«« ; IiIh f.iino (jrow, nnil lil« doetrtnc* wore rtuMigiU/i'il iiiid liiimUul down (in tho lilKlH'nl wltdoin. 'Ihny urt; of a min-ly Druciti'i»\(biiriu-trr, imd ilo not hu-ludo any doolrliio of rollRlon. JUn dcucoiulniilii wrro cnnoMi-d, «nd uio tttill found In IiIh nidUo dUtilct. 'li'mnlcu and corcnuinlcii to liU honour abound ihrouKhout tho iMuplru. ('()N(n,J','n)N. IIKNKY IIIIOCIKK TAU- NKI.T., Lord, wa« the Kt««ond mm of Sir John Varncll, hurt., ohanit'llor of tho Irish hx- ohociurr, and waf horn .Inly nrd, 1778. 111» elder hrothor wan '.>orn dtnnh, and a cripple, and. by a Bomcwhat unuHual strntch of au- thority, parlLunout net aiildo tho entail upon tho family eiitati's, no that tho younger son iiuocoeded to the eiitateii on tho death of IH» father In 1801, and to tho title on tho death of hli brother In 1H12. Ho entered parlia- ment In 180a, but ceased to bo a member at tho close of tho same year. Ho was unaln returned In 180(1, and retained hU seat, In spite of nil opposition, until 1832, when ho voluntarily retired. From 1833 to 18a7 ho ■at for Dundee; and In 1841 ho was raised to tho poerane. During his whole purllament- nry career ho was an extremely useful, though by no menns brilliant, member. Finance In all Its various branches ho was very familiar with, and upon such subjects ho very early became a sort of authority to both sides of tho House. Died Juno », 1842, aged (!3. , ^ .r, CONOHEVE, William, an eminent Eng- lish dramatist, was born nenr Leeds, In 1670, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Ho entered himself as a student at tho Middle Temple, but, Uko many more bi fore and since, abandoned the law for literature. His first piece, written at tho ago of 17, was a romance, entitled " Incognita, or Lovo and Duty Hoconclled." In lli'.tS, being then only •21 years old, ho wrote his tirst comedy, "Tho Old llftchelor." This produced him not only great reputation, but also the substantial beneftt of a commlssionershlp in the hack- noy-conch ortloe, which was given to hlin by tho earl of Halilax, who afterwards still further patronized and favoured him. Ho wrote also "Love for Love," "The Double Dealer," "Tho Mourning Bride," " Tho "Way of the AVorld," nn opera; and some poems. Died, 1729. "Witty and spirited as Congrevo's plays are, they are too licentious to keep possession of the stage at tho present day ; and in his own time they received severe costigatiou from the celebrated Jeremy Collier. A portrait of Congreve, by Sir God- frey Kneller, is in tho National Portrait Gallery. CONGUE"VE, Sir "William, the son of a lieutenant-general, and the inventor of the Congreve rockets, was bom in 1772, and en- tered the military service early, in which he obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Ho i^.-f-.'-'^-r.t ........ ...-»- «... — Vj applied to the mechanic arts ; and for several years the rocket which bears his name, and which wiiH first UM'd In tho altark of llou togne lit IHdM, was eoiiildured a grand niul lUry In wurllWo operations, nlihnugh It Iim now fallen Into comparative dlHicpiil.-. HIr William was a fellow of the lloyul SoiUty, and represented I'lymoulh In paillumiiii. Died, IH2H. {!()NON,nn Athenian general, win ilioion of TlmothcUH. Having been defeated In « naval engagement at ilCgoHpotanins liy i.j. Sander, ho for a time went Into exIUnlim being aided by Artaxerxes, king of iVriU, he returned and defeated tho Hpnrtiini mm Cnlflos. Ho then began to riibulld the furil- llcatlons of Athens, unrr mil of Kdlnhurgh, the Hpondrntnf Hums, he c( fDf himself in 1795; and nen, general Intelligence activity gained him the riuno In contact with hit m a publisher dates from llshi'd tho first number Itcvlew; and in 1805 ho Jimetlon with Messrs I ''The Lay of the Last Mli that long series of origl publications In poetry an( Immortalized tho name His tact ill appreciating llbfTallty In rewarding It. he displayed in placing It i I ahio manner before tho pi rewarded by the unpnrnlif literary projects ; but In 1 I whelmed by thedisnsters ( rngo for speculation that I ceding year, and tho fruK I tivity, Industry, and exertl I Heed in the prevailing wre I credit. The well-known " llicnrs his name was his hi Isfter Its commencement ' Iwilh dropsy, and died in U I constahle, John, k Imosl eminent landscape ■time, was born at East lleri 11776. Having early dlsplaj ■he visited London in 1795, f Taicertnining what might I hucecss as a painter. Enc ptterlng commendations pimielf a landscape pnlntc pnd of " Antiquity " Smll liard at the mechanical pai lion, and in 1802 sent his fli IxWbltion of tho lloyal /. Ihi8 period ho was a rcgi fown to tho year of his doatl TJdeed, have been more pi Jforks he has left behind hli I" and excellence, have < n distinguished place nmoni ^inters not only of En«li Forld. In 1829 he was clcc Pan. I)ied,l837. "Momoii Mr Constable were pul rend and brother artist, W [eAvc.S.P''" "° 'P«s ably th p ions of Constnntine the PMeMorinthcsnvprBfo.nt-' pa Western Illyricum!' Hi ■^tine endeavoured to disi con] ftmo, ho concluili'ii tlio faiiiuui roncurdat with Niipolcun, roiilliiulng, In fact, at the hcnd of the polltlcnl ntiil I'cclriiliiiitlrHl nlTuIr* of th(< UnnmiiNltttd till the di'nth of thn popn, hi* rrk'iid and iimRtor. Tho ndiiilnlitrittloii of CoiiHiilvl will iniirkod by nmiiy Iniportunt Improvpmonti In tho liiw, auch n* Ihn iiboll- (1(111 of turturo, monopullnii, nnd tho rlxht of nayliim, nnd thn pniiiiulKatiun of lovoral ni'w codoH. Died, 1H2I. CDNSTAIIM;, AlK'iilMAl.ii, tho inonton- tcrprlnhiK hookiollcr thnt Hcotlinul hat pro- duced, VIM born ut Kcllln In riroNJiirc, I77a. Aftor nervInK hlR npprrntlri'ihlp to IVtcr Hill of KdlnhufKh, the friend nnd rorro Hpnndrntof Jiurnii, ho commoncod buitlneN* for tilmitulf In 17f)Ai nnd his oIiIIkImk mnn- iicM.Kinorftl IntrlllRcnco, und InuofutlKablo nctivlty Kninpd him tho esteem of nil who 'Hino In contact with hint. IIli ropiitiition iM A piibllHluT dntcN from IHOi, whon ho pub- lished tho Hint number of tho Kdlnburtth Ucvlow; and In IHO/J ho pul)^l^hcd, In con- Jimi'tlon with Mcwri LouKmnn and (;o "The I,ny of tho Latit MInsticI," tho (Irut of thnt lonif scries of original nnd roniuntic piiblliatiom In poetry nnd proso which has immortnlizcd tho nnmo of Wnlter Hcott His tact In apprcclntlnft lltcrnry merit, his llbrraliiy In rcwardinur It, nnd the snirnclty ^ ^tto Bnibtxnal ma^xnpf)n. tj but boInK dofonted and slain In thn at tompt, Conslnns hecamo master of tho whSlo omp re. HI, conduct wns, howeycr. Z, of fenslvo to ho people, that tho .tnndard of St :.». ':',t " "' """ ••""•'""• »»"•""' to fONMTANT I)i: Ui;iU:CUUE. Uknja M N 1.K n dlstluKuUbed orator and nnti'or I ,L. ^ "»"•■"• Ho was born ut I.nusnnne fn 1707, and, nf.or studying «t Vdl.Zruh Ironch revolution went to reside nt I'nr . by'' hU ^«,":;"",1""lnK"l«lH'd blmself,' both' by his polltlcnl writings and hU clonucnt «poeohes In tho senate ; nnd when mdSr the Kovernment of tho Directory, ho wnl "Itctcd to tho olHco of Ir.bune, ho ie ou«"y rjidenyourrd to ninlntnln the e„ua Ity 7f Htlzena, the freedom of tho prcsi, ami the reK"l"r ndministrntlon of Justice. 'j?ls c'n Vi /. ''o**'«''"'^ rendered him obnoxious to 1.1. n^t*- '■?"•'."' "'"^ "" '^•"' """"Used fn) n his oflko In 1H()2. After retlrluK to Oer" many whoro In 1HI3 ho published his oe o .r« ed brochure " De J'es prit do Con „%"o c do •'/•urpatlon,;; l:c again appeared nt Vnrl. n IHU, „nd publicly advocated tho cau» of tho Ilourbons; yot wo soon nfter find h«u nsslstInK In formlnR tho constitution «f j iiiMniiiiy in rewnruinur it, and the snirneirv nxiUiin.. i_ r , .. """■• ••■«' r niiu n"i;i h« displayed In placing It In thi u Ifst ?«mr'^ S D'dlMnr''!.'^? /''.". ''.'"f '*"'.'''" "' ""' ah|« manner before tho public, wore nmply " Ad" lUonnl Act " t '''' " 1'," ■""""» rewarded by tho unparalleled success of U othe^Thad «umclent'ru'^!.'',o';e'tlroS I ranee op tho second restoration of I'oul" rewarded by the unparalleled success of his literary projects; but In IH^fl ho was over- whelmed by thedisnstors consequent on the I rnfjo for speculation thnt innrked tho pro- IcedinR year, and tho fruits of a llfo of ac I tlvity, Industry, and exertion wore all sacrl- vviiT u — --Y'"" •vi>i.ot:t[iun or i.ouls Xyiir., ho was allowed to return, and in IHIO wa elected a memberof the Chimbcr of Doputles. where ho long remained as a dU ttccaYnthoprcialling"WVeckof"ron"merciul I.Th^niiMir/.''"''',"''''"'''^'""' »'»'''cu. credit. The well-known " Miscellany '■tlmt cins^orshln .f L li'""''''"".'.,''"' '*'"« «« "'« l>cnr» his name was his hint orolect • .n „ ^n^'?„ "£ "^!'"' P*"';" ""' """•'^hts of the llicnrs his name was his hint project; soon Isfter Its commonccincnt ho was attacked I with dropsy, and died in 1827. I CONSTAIILi}, JOHN, U.A., ono of the Imosi eminent landscape paUitcrs of our I imc, was born at Eust llergholt, in Suffolk. 11776. llavlng early displayed a lovo of art ■lieTiHltcd London in 179fl, for tho purpose of *»ccrtninlug what might bo his chance of •access as a painter. Encouraged by the Battering commendations of Fnrrington, C / u '"»,«'sc«PO pointer of some noto Crt //.'^""'>"i'y;' ^'""''' »>« labours' C- '..'"' ."'Pchanlcal part of his profca- lion, and in 1802 sent his first picture to the lhu"'i"r// "••' «"y»> Acndcmy iVon? lol'^rnlln "-' "'')". •* .'•^R"''''" contributor •own to the year of his death. Tew pencils Itrt^^V ^"•<'" •""« prolific ; and the' Korks he has left behind him, both in num! I" »"<• "cdlence, have earned for him Rlr rnn.'.JKf • Memoirs of tho Life - fiend .nTK^'lv '^"*' published by his Ethe^^ """"['"R "'** '«>*h artis scould I CONsffi T '?.'' "'''^ ^•""' the pencil. lie, on, ^P !•- FLAvius Julius; one of Etl!'«3 Il>yric«m!"fiis b^oiL er'c":^' rn?'/"- ,"• ^'"♦^ ''» 'a ««liglon con- B d«r^o dans sa Source, ses Formes et scs ,^fL*'uP''T*'"'f'" ^^" I'olythdlsme liS main," and various political brochures, was ono of tho editors of i,a Minervo a id » contributor to tho lliogrnphle Unlversello As an orator he wns eloquent nnd profound ai!%'^>ijS%'o"^^''^' '"'"«'-''-' -<>• CONSTANTINE, FLAVIUS VALERIUS snrnnmed TilK Oiuiat, Koman emperor, was the son of Constantlus Chlorus, by He cna and was born A, d. 272. On the death of hfs father, at York in 306, Constantine, who had accompanied him to Britain, was pro f,^i?™''^f'"P,*"''*'. ^y t*"^ t'^ooPs- After de- feating tho Franks, he married Faustn the ilaughtor of Maxlmian, but ho wns soon i ! volvcd in a war with his fnthcr-in-lnw, who assumed the title of emperor. The usurper'^ reign was brief; and on his being akcn prisoner Constantino caused him to be strangled. This inyolved him In n war wlu! Mnxentius, son of Maximlan, in which the latter was defeated and drowned in the r,i.Z' ",7"* ^H""'"*^ **>'« '^nr that the cm- orZ'r ?}^^^^'^ ^y liusebius. saw a luminous cross in the heavens with tho inscription. In hoc siguo vtuce$." (Under this sign thou Shalt conquer.) Ho accordingly caused a new standard to be made.surmo.intert hwk* -.T£-"L"C V'« ■"*"« Of Christ ;"maVehed .11. " ."'yricum. His brotL'^r m^ ' *'. w^^i i ---•■- •"•••"= "• v^unsi niarcned w fs? • C(.n] % iticiu !Dn(l)(rinl Idiogrnpl)!}. [mn I 1 III \\\(i fiilU)Wln)( your tli« I'.lli I M »i»y tlu« iicvurt nllon of thu l'hrl»ll«n« wn» |>ulilUh*d HI NUomciUii ron«lunlliii< »)"•! nmnli'il l»l» iM.-r to l.liliiluti biittliK liillor. Jt'uloui of h(i fmiii«, took up iiriiii nijiilii«t lilm, Riirt liny iii.t III I'niiiioiilii. A i>. nit. ("oiiitmi- tliii< wn» viitorlnt. nuil « piiuo wn« Kr«"''''l to t.lclolud, »«tlll- tlm. wiu nurtlii tUffi»f<''l. «"•> fl"i>"y. <"" tr.iry to tin' (•iikok'"'""'"' "' »'oi>»tiuUlnp, w«* put to ili'iilli TliiiK t'liiiiiliuitliii' 1)1 rnnio. I» a:-, nolo iH'rtil of till' llintiirii mill WcKtovn cnuilnn ; i»nil lil« flrnt fiiif \vii» tin- i"«i«l>ll«li nil lit of poiu'K iiiiil iTiUr. Ill" dlnvliiyiil k"''"' coiiriiRi' mill lovi' of liiKtliiMinU iitofi'ii«uil nil niMiMit ri'iil for tin' t'lirUtliin v(ll«lon. Ho m ulr liyiiintliim tlu> miit of «'iiH)lri>, niunlnn It iiinn iifti'r lilnmi'ir. ('oimtrtiilliiopli' Hut Ih.iiiKh hlmiotlouKou thi' wholt>oiilltliMl liliii to till' Ml! iiiuuo of •■ i'lit' Ori'rtt ," niimv ni'tn of niirlty.iiiiil.ntiovo nil. tlu' nuinlorof lilmurn Crlvpuii. Iinvo li-ft n uliilu ui>"U liU oliiinnliT nlIKo n* n nmn. u Clirlntlwn.niulii hovi'ivIkii. ('on»tiuillno illi'il lit Nli'oiiv lUn. In Mny, :iS7, hnvliiK lu'i'ii Imptlfi'il only n f»'w iliiyn >)o- fon-. ItlHi'iiipIro wn» lUvlili-il brlwoon hl» tlino »on«, ConKtnntliir', (oiutnutliw, nucl lONSTANIMNK. I'l.vvti'rt JVI.H'«. ft prl vato nolillor. who \yn* rnlKoil »'y tlio nriuy in Itiiliiln to tho li«pi city with .liK»,(HH» nun, Th« hemli! n lour displayed hy Coiuiaullnn In tliU uii I'liuHl ciiiiiest diimaiiiU our ndiiilrallon: hat valour was of no avail, the city w ,| hy storm, nlii! thus eiiiled the (Ireek .,iir», CuNMTANTlNK, tl.KHAUOVKH I'Al l.ii virii, grand prince of UurhU, secoiul aun of the emperor raiil.nnd brolherof Alcxsmlfr, was born In 1770 He attended hl« hrothfr In all hU campaigns, and dlillngulnlii'ilhlin m-lf grenlly at the hattle of Auiteillli!. in IHIS ho was made generullsilmo or virliiiil (tovornor of I'oland, where ho sIupwoiI thtt ho possessed only the cli«raeleri«lli'« of • half elvlllf:ed. ruler, being cruel nail lyran nlciil ill his government. He fornuilly n- nounced his right of sueeetslon to thn era- piro ;in favour of his younger hriiilit'r, the emperor Nicholas, niul was present st hit coronation. tUinstnntine married in I'Mi princess of tho house of Saxo Coburit.suni of tiueen Victoria, hut soon sepiii'alt'il friiiii her, and was afterwards divorced. Did, ih:ii. mJNSTANTlt'H I., siirnnmcd riii.omn, or TliK I'Ai v\ lloman emperor, wiisllu'ioii of KiitropluH and Claudia, iilecoofCluuiiim 11. He distinguished himself lis a miKticr under the emperors Aurellan and I'rubm. In 'i!>J! ho was nindo Ciesar and govcniurot the (lauls, 8paln, and llrllaln. Up rccon- nuered Mrltain.long In revolt uiuUr I'lirau- sins and AUeeliis; won a great victory ovtr tho Alainannl In .IIH); hecamo AiiKustui In ;lo,^; und died at York In tho followliiit yfar, Hy Helena, his llrst wife, Constantiiu wm father of (Mnstantino tho Ureat. Conitan. tins ruled his provinces with g rent Justice and prudence, and won tho esteem of HI classes of his subjects. CONSTANTIUS.FLAVlVRJiiUl'S.Koniin emperor, son of Constantino tho Great, wu born In 317, mndo Cmsnr In HJH, and elected emperor In 3.17. Tho soldiers, to secure the throno to tho three sons of Conslnntlne, massacred t:.e uncles and cousins of thow princes, with tho exception of Julian, 'the Apostate," and his brother Onlliis. After this the sons of Constantino diviilcil the em- pire, Constantiua taking tho cast for h» share. Magnentius, governor of Khcetii, murdered Constans, who had relRncd oter Italy 1 3 years ; on which Constantius march- ed against the murderer, whom he dcfeatM, and his elder brother being also deaU, «e became sole empert.r. He died on his marcn against Julian, who had assumed the purpie CONTE, NlCOtAS JACQUBS.ft FrtMJl painter, but more uisUiiguishea lor -.r-.r-^- Itenuity of his mechanical contrivances, w I srcimipanled thaeipedltl I hit ■rrvlecs wrrn of tli« r I ihr niRplilni'N ami Initriii I hsvlnif fallen Inlii the hi I he I iinatrucled corn and I nmniifai'liirril awnrds, ei Iniinti, lilenciipcs, snd, In ..Ft^,.j*» I, '•<-.■' linn, 11 k I'l'li'limleil Itnlliin seul ■ Monic Hnn Havltm In l< I ployed a* a nliepherd hoy, I luf hill skill ill ihawlng wn Iwhrrii he ticcnnin a pupil I It ml led In the faiiiniis ga I About Hi'i" he "went to ■ •I'lilptor nnd nrchltect to t lien year* ri'turnrd to Klor llloiiip iilioiil lAdll, and V Ipopi's Ji.lliis 11. and t.eo } lire the nioniinients of twi Ifhiirch (if Nunta Maria del Irfllcf* nt I.oretto, and the Ihlni'lilrhsppl In Hnn Hpirlt Ikl Uoaip, I. mi. 1 CONYHKAUK, John J( I Knullsti divine, critic, nnd |l77it. Hd wnseduentpdnt <) Iwlicrp.ln 1H07, he was np lof AnKlo Hsxon, nnd some IffMor (if poetry. Ho wns a lof admlrnhle srrniiins, j- lllaniptim l.ictiire ; nnd of Ion Nnxofi litpnilure, eon ICeniuira Mtcrnria, nnd fhi Igraplier. He hIko contrlhiit Ipappiii, on chemistry nnd n lAnnslsof I'liilosophy and loftliofipoloKlcnl Society. I COOK, IIKNKY, nn Kngll latudjpd 111 Italy under Hal ■for many yrai«"nftrr his re Relived In ohspurlty nml il ■tlonRth employed by AVI ^air the eiirtoons of Hnph tourt, from which time In been comparatively prospc "alpolp incnilons several WliiMi were either wholly formed by him. Died, 1700, 1 COOK, Captain .lAMEfl, pKllsh navlgntor. He was Pi^orkihire.in 1728; and h foor.liis parly education inc ^(t, writing, nnd lonimon wmmencpd bis naval career K"lcp, tlicn entered on h pan-of-war, nnd nftpr four •us service wns made master [his vessel foniipd part oi ^(nt against Quchee ; and ( Jie difficult task of tnklng s r wwrenec, in the very fnc pcampment, and of maklnt |t Uwrencc below Quebec. ■ha arduous services he wns fc'^V*?'' "^ lieutenant; K "'-'hedetnilsof whiciii post popular and dellghtfu fmnKe. Captain Ce..*k ~ ^rr/,'^? "' fommandet "^oif,' in August, 1768, I •rronipanliiii thtniptKlllliin lo Kvypt, wh«r* I hi* iii'rvli'ft wrrn (if tlin gc'iiti tt vnlun ; for tlir inni'hliii'ii iind lnitriimi>nt« of thu ariii* ihiivlnH riillt'ii Into tlip haiidi of tlio Arnlic, 1 ht< I iiiintrucii'il corn unit (ruiipntvilcr nillli,' J iiiithiirni'litri'il awnriU, cnRliu'crinK Itutiii' Imi'iitn, lcl(>ii('o|i(<<, mill, III short, rvcry tiling Inpi'fMiiry for a iiilllturr iinil nrli'iitlllo vt- Ipi'illthm. Horn, I7AA) illipi'«Ji.lliiii 11. and l,t Img- Iri'llif* nl Lorctto, and tho altar In the (Nir- I hinclll chopol In San Hplrlto, i'lorenco. Died l«t Uiiiiip, I. till. I roNVHKAUi;, John Jobiah, a Iflamnd iKnulUh dlvhip, rrltlo.and antiquary ; horn Il77!t. HflwnHcducalcd at Oxford Univerilty, Iwlioroiln 1H07, ho wiii appointed profpaior Ifif AiikIo SniKin, and aomo yrara later pro- lfi'««iir (if piiiiry. ilo waa nuthorof u volume lof iKlmlrahIo srrnionn, preaehcd nt tho llliinipton l.utiiro; and of various nrtlelei Ion Hnxoli literature, eontrlluited to the ICcnmirH Mtcrnrla, and the llrliUh Hlhllo- ■driipliiT. Ilo hIko eontrlhiited Homn valuable IpniHiit, nil clicnilMry and mineralogy, to the lAnnalHof PhlloHophy and the Trnnsnctlons ■of the (ieoloKlcal Hoelety. Died, 1»24. I (OdK IIMNKY.an KnRllsh painter. Ilo Ijtudieil ill Duly under Halvntor Uoaii ; but ■for nmiiy year, after hU return to Kngland ^p lived In obseurlty and tih run. He wni •t pngtli employed liy William III. to re- pair tlip ciirtoona of Haphael at Hampton ^"urt.fioni whlrU time lie aeemi to linvo Bppn compiirntlvely proHpcroua, an Horace «iiipolP iiieiiilonii neverul public works whftli wore either wholly or In part por- |tormp,ii.ylilni. Died, 1700. l "" P'r ^,J?u^ ^'fP'"'" JAMKfl, the celebrated r. V u "r'*'""""' "« *«« ^otn at Mnrton. Lr"hi.""""r '" .'"'' ■' """ his Parcnta bPirg fcoor.hu curly edueation included only rcad- inmJ^ /;,""'* •■"n'ra"" arithmetic. Ho &";i.ni"' ";''^"' '•«••«" «n the merchant ferr/;!;"'' '"'''fow y««r»' mcrltori: Ih s vn H f ' '"""' «">»t<"-orthe Mercury. KrHim "^f' **""'"'•' i »'"' Cook performed fcnUn?' '" !""/">' '«<=« of the French KuTn^, 'h"!" "'""'!'»"« <* chart of the "dard w"?.^'^'*^''' ^»«'^^«'- -^"w various Mh r.nk 'ori'i'T.'i''" ^no'tJcnBth raised ►enoed iLt / ' '^"'^?'»nti ""d then com- korid th?H„, ^f''',°^ voyages round tho lo w i""""* °^ «»'*«»' form one of the F»Tour. in August, 1768, reached New m jiftp «n(i)«! Vfosrap^v. [ooo llolland (Australia) In l77o, and arrlreu in Knaland In J un.. 1 771 . HI. ..< o nd 11,?,.'." In which he eomnianded the '• He. ,h f *;•' and was aec«mp.nl.d l.y tho''Ad*"n, ^^ •ommrnced In July, 177J. H« vl.U?d NeW /..aland, passed tap, Horn, and murn,^ In.me In July. 1774. H. set out on th, t| rd voyage, eomniaiider of the " Uwiolutl, „ » r ui:V7?ri'.""""'"' •;' •»••"&'??... I...U I ■ ' '"•"■"ver.d the Maii.lwleh Is- lands, eiplored the western coast of N„r,h In tin J'aellle. Unh.pplW, while tml'iln, "t Owhyhee Captain foot, In spite of th! utmost prudence and hum.nltr. was In While id.^""";"" '^"" »"» "'t'^" -nd while endeavouring to reach his boat was savage y murdered, on Ht Val.ntlne rira, 77H. < aptaln .(look wa» flii.d for th. uou he fllled by a rare eoi.iblnallon ,,f "n^tet leetUHland moral qualities. Natun.lly q„|"u sighed, energetic, decided, yet klndlV ««• !i.,?ii "Jr •"""«""•"«'«' '"d love. He was also highly accomplished In the sclenerof tiavlgatlon; and to hi. persevering ,,;. deavours and watchful care It was due thlt the health of his crews was always so rS niarkably good. During I he ini.rV^'iltnZ his neeond and th rd vovagns CuDtain r.w.i, ;y«s el.cted 1-VH.H. -li/;'*;rfe7ltt«nK C..OK sury ved him «« year, l' huvliii died at '7 residence at Olapham. In IHMft, "JcS il. ..'•'V hndtomouin tholossof her tlm-e h?A K ^T r*" '•"••«■ th" unhappy fair of was ion ill' ■hh;'"^'''*^''''*'"''-"''""^^ at sea. In 1780 j Huoh, a student at Cam- hridge.died In 1793; and Jamkb. the e Id^^t son, was lost with hia boats cPew. wliife commander of the Spitfire sloop of- war off the Isle of Wight, In 17M. ' *" n.h^iii! *■;• ^'^ANVHONY, an eminent Kng- llsh «cholar. He was one of tho tutors of lAlwnid VI., who highly cHteemed him. On the accession of Queen Mary he was exiled and only returned after her death. Of his four daughters, all remarkable for the r character and acquirements, one became ti e ^/«."/irK' »"'•'«•'«»'. »"'» "nother the wife llrn ^'•''"''*'' "««='"'• ^o™. 1»08 J died" C()OKE, BENJAMIN, Mus. D., Cambridge, an able musician and composer ; born. 1739 lie became organist of Westminster Abbey' and was author of" How sleep the Brave/' Hark, toe I,nrk," and many otlier beautl- rul and popular glees. Died, 1793. COOKK.GKORoKi'iiKUERicK.an eminent Krig ish octor, was born In 1766. In early life ho was apprenticed to a printer, but his attention to theatricals so completely ab- sorbcd his mind, that his master soon had his Indentures cancelled. He then tried the navy with no better ^access, bis Inclination tor tho stage being Unconquerable. After the usual probation among itinerant com- panies, ho became a star at the larger pro- vincial theatres, as York, Manchester, and ?inwir/ 'A"'' '^" " '«"«"» engaged at Dublin for three years. Thene« hi« ram» t~u Veiled to London ; and in October, 1800, he made his appearance at Covent Garden in the character of Richard III. Hla perform- aa ^1 coo] H i^(b) mnibcriinl IDiosirn))!))?. [noo •nco of thit churnotpr irnvo hli« nl onco n |»IH'C amonn the tpry Wmt nrlov» of t1»n ilnjr, iMd lio icon buonmn pi>i>«l«r in Mftoboth, I»KO, SlrVrrtlnHx.Mno «y»'o|)lmii«,»liylock, Ac. H« »flpr>»i»nU nconiXt'ii «i« i>«iHnittrly Imikci up hit tlifOTOUi coiutllttllon, anil lio lUoil In COOKK, TilOMAH, whoM Yprwtlllty of mudloal tnlcnt )i»ii liml tovr txxmU In ««r limp. wni« b«n\ nl Dublin, 1781. ,H«< pvlnood ovpn In bin Infhnoy n «pnlu« for im«»Io ; nnd •0 B8»l(luou«ly ai.l hP cuUlvntn bin Inlrntt, thnt m Uip i»gc of Ift b« brpftmo lender of the bund «t tb«» Thcntrc Uoynl of bl« nntlvo city HU flrit npnonriuioc a* « »lniipr wn« In tho chnrnotcr of Korwuklor. In the " Sloito of lleljjri»de ; " nnd »o well did bo 111! tbe pnrt, thm bo nt. onco took rnnk «» n flrntcliiM ToortllKt. In 1813 bo npiionrod on ibo bonrdR of tbo KnitlUb t)p(ltlon. Hesldei belnir the lender of tbo 'hllbnrmonlo Concert* for mnny ycnr«, nnd A conductor on mnny occn»lon*, ho wn* nppolnted, In 1816, lender of the Concerl* of Ancient Music, nnd wn* rcpcntcdly en- RKItcd In the »nmo cnpnclty for tho grent nuiklcnl festivals throughout tUo country. Died, 1848. CO0M.BB, WlU.TAM, an Industrious and cloTCr writer; author of" The l)l«l)ollnd,"a •ntlre; "The X>evll upon Two Sticks In Knglrtud," " Tour of Pr Syntax In search of the I'loturcsque, " "History of Johnny Qum O^nus." " English Dnuco of Dcnth," &c. Died, 1833. COOPKU, Anthonv ASHtRT, first carl of Sbaftesburv, an eminent statesman, born in 1831. He studied for a short tlmo in I^in- coln's Inn, hut at tho early age of 19 he was elected meiabcr of parliament for Tewkes- bury. From this time his whole life was spent In business or political Intrigue. At the breaking out of the civil war bo at first sided with tho king, but afterwnrtls went over to the parliament, raised troops, and stormed Warcbam, in norsetshlre. After serving in tbo Convention, which succeeded the long parliament, and being also one of Cromwell's privy councillors, ho became one of Monk's colleagues in bringing about the restoration of Charles II. For this Import- ant service he was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Ashley, and made a lord or TRc zrcuSury sus cr»iiiicc»*or ci inc ex chequer. As a member of the notorious Cabal ministry, great odium has been thrown upon him by some writers, while other* nfllnn thnt he opposed somo of lu want nteasures. At all event*, hi* conduct wni «ntU(Uetorv toth< of the opponltlon. In this capnctly Im ^m so violent, that ho wnsnt length sent to thg Tower, where ho remnlned morn tlinn 1 yeiir, nnd only obtained his relenso nt liutli; innking a full *ubml*«lon. AVhen he hkrId ?:ot Into power, he hnd tho merit of lirhiKlng Orwnrd, nnd cuu*lnir to Im pnRneit, tho In. valunblo law called the Ituhmti (W;>hi «r(. HI* unremitting efl\>rt* to exclude tho dukg of York fiom the succession, rouspil Hmt prince to such *lrenuou* exertions, thnt In founnonlhs Ibo ministry wa* turnnl (Mil, nnd »horlly nfterwnrd* tho earl was smliiiihi! Tower on a rlinrgo of high trenson. On thin perilous ehnrgo ho ,wns aciiulttnd, to tlio great Joy of tho peonlo at large; but liU triumph was somewhat damped by tho withering satire with which his rlinrncter was dei'lcted in Drvdcn's Absalom ant Achllophel. AVenrted with inocsssnt tolli, much worn in henlth, nnd, prolmlily, npjire benslvo of a tln\e arriving when cornimlim might render bis nc(]\iltliil on chnrHrn.iiow ever ftilse.by no means certain, hn retired ta Holland, where ho died in lOH.I. COOl'EU, ANTHONY APlll.KY, third Mri of Shaft -^sbury, and grandson of the lait named, wns a very eminent lOngllsh writer, born In 1(171. In 1003, after the usuni coune of education nnd foreign travels, ho hm elected member of parllnmcnt for I'lmle.ln Dorsetshire ; and his purlininentury rondurt was marked by a«i honourable and enrnoit support of every nteasuro tending lolncrcnw the prosperity nnd maintain the frcodom of his fcllow-sul\iect*. Hut his public career was stopped by tho delicacy of bla honlthi and ftom tho year lfi»» he chlrlly resided abroad, devoting himself to study, nnd cor- responding with iinylo, Le Cierc, and other eminent literati. Ho was the author of various works, tho principal of which 1« entitled " Chnrnctcristlcs of Men, Msnnen, Opinions, and Times ; " but though llTcly and eiegnnt,they are all tinged with indecor- ous levity. As a man, however, both in liii public and private life, he wns beloved and respected by all parties. Died, 1713. COOFEll, Sir ASTLliY I'A8T0N, bsrt.i distinguished surgeon, wns born nt Drooiie, in Norfolk, in 1708. He wns pinccti with a medicil gentleman at Yarmouth, in 1)83, but wns soon removed to London, in order to attend tho hospitals, and was articled to his uncle, "VV. Cooper, then surgeon to Ouy'i Hospital. With him, however, ho n>mnliiM but a few months, being transferred to Mr Cllnc, in which situation his cxtraordln«i7 aptitude for his profession quickly dcvclopM itself. In his twentieth year he viJited Edinburgh, and soon after became a8>l«t»n| to Mr Cline in his anatomical lectures at Bt Thomas's Hospital, in this prominent po- ssixcn r.c jjursnunc lui ~:iv nnvs j.,-,.---— - as a popular teacher. His class of «tuoenM increased from 80 to 400, which WM »« largest ever known in London. ' He wuij. s«riMrl>etllgrew,"tht school i llin nuplls folio listening with almos. bt catch the oliservntlons lips upon the severni ens vImw. Jlut on tho dnyi fri'ting was wound up t( -the sight was nitogrtli Ing ; tho largo theatre o 1 the celling— tho profoun I upon his entry— thnt pn I truly iniposirig, nnd the Inrclcd with tbo ocrnslon I gotten by any of his pu I visited rnrls, nnd attend I Drsnult nnd Cbopnrt j am I took up Ms residence In iJelTrey H(|unre, nnd nfli iHtrcet. Ills practice hnd lincnioi nnd, long befun I New Htroet, Spring (liir Icldedly nlllucnt: while tl lyenrs realized from 4118,0 lannum. HIr Astlcy Coupt Ifuro his dentil retired to liio found thnt a llfu of qi f tircmcnt wonid not suit hi ■he returned to London, on ■his profcsslonnl avocations ling tho immense numbei Icperations, and the time Isnaloniicnl and pbysloIoKi Bound time to publish si'vei ntllity; hut his fnmo rests kccurntn anntuniical kno^ fckill as nn operator. Tl mronelcy was conferred or hnllon of Ocorge IV., to wl ■ppointcd surgeon. Died >g<'d 72. COOl'KIl, jAMKfl FKNi; Ijngulshed Anicrlian novel Purllngton, New Jersey, ( Icpteinber, 1780. Ilisfutho ras a Inrgo landholder in h thiit State, residing nlU InRton nnd Cooperstown, ■anic to the luttcr townsl fncc been tho rcsidonco ywned author. He rccelvei f a elasilcol education undi Iructor at llurlington, an. Tllogcin 1802. A native X nnd un unconquerable lo' « him, among other cauHc jslnrd In it for six years; ail [1I118 period ofhls life Is liK »n his works. In 1810, C iJ i-ost in tho nnvy, nnd P'^™f« "V^Veatcliestcr, in p lork, he removed to Co( IMucdlncarnest his career Tion. He had previously pijen novel entitled "r m "I little promise. With pccMlvely produced "The Hi ^tlni? ills claim to the cl ' 'PPcarance of " The Ln«i ■Who remained for Severn: 238 coo] up Mr IVttljrriiw, " the Idol of the Itoroaah iciiooli llin uupllt followed lilm In troupt lIMonliiK with iilnio«, brrnMilnmi nnilntr to' catch thn oliii mibtml 18(octrnDftn. [OOP linnum. mi mm.!/ cooper Boma yeuri h«- Iforo hli dcitth retired to thu country ; hut Iho found thnt a life of t|Ule»cenco nnd ro- Itlrcmcnt would not nult hi* nctlvo mind, nnd Iho returned to London, onco moro to re»umn Ihli profcmilonnl nvocntion*. Notwlthttnnd- lliig the Immcniio nuniber of hi* lurKlcnl fcporatlonii, and the timo lio devolv)3 to kuitonilcnl nnd PhyMoloKlcnl Inqulrle*. ho Bound time to publUh Hevoriil work* of Krrat fctllltyi Imthln fmno re*ti ninlnly upon hi* fcccurnto iinntomlciil knowlcdKO, nnd hi* Ikill ai nn operntor. Tho honour of ai fcaroiiclCT wiw conferred on hhn at tho coro- htttlon of OcorKo IV., to whom ho had been Wpolntcd lurgcou. Died Teb. 12. IH41 litcd 72. ' ' ]C()()l>En, JaMKB TKNIMOnK, tho dlt- Mngiililicd AnicrUnn novolUt, wn» born nt Bur InRton, New Jersey, on tho 10th of leptcmber, 1780. Ill* father. Judge Cooper ►li a liiTKO InnUholdor in Oitego county A thiit State, rcBldlUK nlternniely ut Uur- ■nRton ami Cooper»town, nnd KivltiK hi* lame to the luttcr township, which In. Into been the residence of thn world-rS' i!l ?",""■; ""^ "-ocelved the rudiment* fttclaMlcal education under n private In- bj' "t lurllngton, und entered Yn"o E"'K, "'*"''• A """v P«Mlon for the ,ond un unconqueruble love of adventure. CnJ In I, r' "*, " '"•''"'''Pmnn. Ho ro- PhT. 1",''/°';.''''' y™" ■• "'"» tl'o influence IthUporlod of hlH life is indelibly stomped CwYnrVi,)""^'"^! '■''■' '" t''" Vicinity of ill? . • '"' >■'■"><'▼" to Cooperstown. and Vh»: " ' ■"* Pfevious y published hl« tko"firr' *'"!'""'* "rrecnutlon," fcl L '■"'" P'oinlsC' Within 18 years he k tC i,u ,. Mohicans," triumphantly &J:l'„^:!:'.li'L*? '"e charactc? of an i??RK^;^'^^«of?h^'K^ t-iVrarKvS'io'rr.nr Inir thl* timo he wrote •eve'ral of hln ««-." •ueeessfUl worit*, Indudliia •• 'r?.„ •■ ""•** " The lied Hover •'n„"7*m /r„irle''*V:'^' joon e*tabll*hed 'n renutn ,V;; i*;',*^'" "^g the robust «|unlltle«of il* iiers' "'"""Kulnhed himself atthS J.nnH^ni"' """Kl'loy. (;handornnKore, ond 0«Vnat^,H,r^I^_Co,L,witff.r::?^,^^^! l^lF^. '"'•«"' •"•'•'••»«a his'pVoKVoM.'VndTn •iKimliy defeated lilm. yorlou* encounter* „«.„„ Hcdiednf Mndra»,inl783. mn.i"'^'.?'?*'""' N"'""''A8, the celebrated mn hemuticion and founder of tho modern 5'horl." Vn "r*'"",'""^ , "" ^«» » mUlvo " Ihorn, in l>rus*ltt. nnd received hi* cduc«- Hon at tho university of Cracow, lie th«n trnvellcd Into Ituly.'for t iio puTpose of be" fomlnK «c OOP] % jfttto Ontbcmal IBIogtnpfji?. malnnd In MD. for 13 ysiiri wft«r he had oompUtud it, to diffldont wnt he h to th« Nccptlon It might meet with i niul It wn» ouljr a fow hour* bvforo hit doitth thnt a printod copy wnt prr««>ut«ut to htm, alvliiff nim awiunince that hit onlntoiu woiiid ine the light, (houRh ho would bn beyond the reach of coniure aud portecutloii. Born. 1473; died, 1543. COrMiSTON, Kl»WARi). biihopof l.lan- dair and dean of 8t raul'a, wen born at Off- well in Dovoimhiro, of which parlih hU ikthcr w«t at ouoo the patron and Incum- bent, 177(1. Ilia oiirly education wn» con- duotrd under the pitternal roof. When he waa 16 yeara old, lio waa elected to a Hcholar- ■hip at Corpua Ohrltti CoIIckc, Oxford. In 179;« ho gained the chancellor's prlao for a Latin poem; and In 1795 ho waa elected fellow of Oriel under the most honournbloclr cumatances, became coIIcko tutor two yenrs I later, and after Dlling Tnrloun hlph o'lHcci connected with the unlvewlty, ho exchanged hl» prtifeaiiloual career for the honours of the church, being in 18i6 appointed dean of Cheater, and in lfl27 bishop of Unndiitf and dean of 8t Paufe. At an early period of his llfo, l>r Copleston gained great distinction by his polemical pamphlets In favour of the university ; aud besides contributing various articles to the Uuartcrly Uevlew, gavo to the world numerous sermons and charges all of them distinguished by vigour, eleiir- ness, and precision of thought. Died, 184». Memoirs and Uomains of Ulshop Copleston have appeared since his death. COPLEY, JOHN BiNoi.KTON, an eminent painter, was born at ItOMton, In the United States, in 1738; visited Italy in 1774; and m 1773 came to England, and was chosen a member of the Uoyal Academy. As an artist he was aelf-educatcd, and "had exe- cuted many works of merit before ho left America ; but his " Peath of Lord Chat- ham." now In the National Oallory, estab- lished his fame in this country. Many other fine historical 8ul\|ects were subsequently produced by him, among which wore " The Siege of Olbraltar," " Death of Major Pier- son," recently purchased for the National Gallery, "Charles I. in the House of Com- mons," Ac. Ho died in 1818. Mr Copley was the father of I^rd Lyndhurst, lord chancellor of England. CORAM, THOMAS, philanthropist, horn about '668, a man who deserves the grati- tude of his country for devoting a long life kO '00 relief of human suffering. After (treat sacrifices, and persevering exertions for yeaw, he established and obtained a ll^^Il '"'J'"' Voundllng Hospital, which, added to other benevolent undertaliings, so impaired his fortune, that In his old ago it became necessary to relieve his necessities by a public subscription. Coram was the friend of Hogarth, who painted an admir- able portrait of him, now in the Foundlinir Hospital. Died, 1751. *' COHHET, UiCHARi., D.D., an English divine and poet ; author of a spirited " Nar- rative of a Jouraey to irance," and of vari- ous other Doenis. nnhiichoa >.n.t<.. «k~ .;.i- fiJiil?*"'^^ Stromata," "He wasVem'arkable ror w», and no less so for an eccentricity and [c on mirthftil looularlty, which did not verT^ accord with the character of his profn,.TnJ U did not. however, prevent him Cm bS raised.. iccesMvely, to the bishopric, ,,"{),'' ford mid Norwlcli, Horn, \m ; die,) «?« COllDAY DAHMANtJ, Mk ik'Tj, CiiA«u.TT«, a young Vrenehwomnn of great beauty and courage, who becsmn .k. munlerer o/tho revolutionist MHntih was born at Ht Hatnrnln, near Rce, |„ Normandy 17(18, wa. the grand .l,lj,t, of the poet CornelllP, and was glftcU » ii superior und(.nitandlng and a wnnn hm glowing with the passhm for iihe t, 'Ihe books she read and the c,,, ml^' sistlblo desire to save. If possible, her co m. fry, at whatever cost to herself. M„ ,. appeared to hertbe master-spirit of tlioZ cftjos perpetrated or threatened, nn.l 2 determined to rid the country of him Th.i "r'u .T"! r'""'"'' ''y • •«""» »' ""'ty, nirt felt that she was about to perform nn nr t I patriotic heroism, there Is not tl o iVC doubt; and as tho circumstances sttViJ ing it possess more than ordinary Intcroit we give the following detailed accmn, ' ^•"J".""" .f:'"-«»«>: J-ft her homo. anTon (irrlving at Paris (.tuly 13, 1703), she «^ ,t to Marat's house, but was not admitted, (n the same evening she wrote to blm m f„|. r^^l '-" Cltlxen. I havejust now cometa Caen. Your love for your country no doubt makes you desirous of being informed of tlio unhappy transactions In that part of iho republic. (Irant me an Interview for « moment. I have Important dispoverloito make to you." The following day cnmc,.,nd, with a dagger in her bosom, she prococdPd to the house- of Marat, who, just on the point of coming out of' his bntb, immedi- ately gave orders that she should bo «d- mltted. Tho nssembllea at Calvados were tho nrst subjects of conversation, and Marat heard with eagerness tho names of those who were present at them. " All these," ho exclaimed, " shall be guillotined." At theao words Charlotte plunged her dnwcr info his bosom, and he Instantly expired, ufterlng the words, "To me, myWendl" Meanwhile tho maid remained calm nod tranquil as the priestess boforo tho nltRr.ln tho niUlst of the tumult and confusion. She waa afferwards iconducted ns a prisoner to the Abbayo. A young man, who bcRgcd to die in her place, was also condemned to death. Her tirst cure was to implore the forgiveness of her father for disposing of her life without his knowledge. She then wrote to Harbaroux as folIo\v« : " To-morrow, at nvo o'clock, my trial begins, and on the Rciie day I hope to meet with lirutus and the other patriots In elyslum." Bhe appenred before tho revolutionory tribunal with a dignified air, and her replies were firm ami noble. She spoke of her deed as a duty which she owed her country. " To stop the anarchy of France," she said she did it. " I have slain one man to save a hundred thou- sand—a wretch to preserve the innocent. I was a republican before Uie revolutloa, and I have never failed in energy." 8ho was condemned, and led to the scaffold; 230 cob] rctAlnlnRliarctlmneM Ritd prnannco of mind to tha iMt, though pursued by tho crowd with yclli and ihouts of exporntlon. She lUiriTcd hjr th« K'>llloUn«, July 17, 1708. A yum\ft nimi from Mrntii, Adiim Lux, iitw (nmrlotto on hpr wny to (ho (icufTold, niid oiM •() piithutiaitlonlly cxclti-d by hf«r bonu- ty, UrttTery, and futc, that he publlNhod an Apology f«)r her drod, and Joyfully died for her nuke. OOUDINKR, OiiAttT.iM, nn antlqunrlau »nd loponraphloal writer, wa» born nt Poter- hend in 1740. Ho completed hla education It KliiK'i CoUoRO, Ahprdccn, and waa toon after ndtiilttod to tho order of prioathood by Dr Triilll, bUhop of Down and (Jonnor. Hn WHt after wnrdi appointed to thecharve of Ht Androw'i KpUcopuI thapel, JJantT. Mr Oor- diner was tho flrst of tho clergy of Knirliih ordination who unltod with .the Scottlah Kplicopol Church after the abrogntlon of fht) MTere penal law* patiod In tho reJim of Ooorgo H., and nbollahed under tho govnrn- mont of (leorgo III. IIo early dla-lnyed a U«tc for drnwlng ond pointing, which he cultivated oftorwardans an amuiement for hit Iplsiiro honrn j and, during his rcildenoe at Unnir, he deilgned tho palntinga of tho windows of tho numsoloum of Duff House for tho Eorl of FIfo. Ho was alio attached to the study of ontlqultles, more especially thoio of the northern ports of Scotland. Ho was Introduced to Mr Pennant, when on his tour through Hcotland, and ot Ills •uggention ho wos Induced to write " The Plctiireiquo Hocnrry and Antiquities of the North of Hchtland," 1780, I vol. 4to, In h icrlei of letters to Mr Pennant, being a notice of luch places on had not boon visited hy that gentleman In the course of his tour The engravlnKS which accompany this work «re from designs by Mr Cordlner. Ho died "V! «',f; it"' November, 1704 , aged 48. COKM,IJ, AucANOK».o, Italian musical compoier, wns born In 1033. Ho was vcrv celebrated for his skill «» a violinist, and «..rJ"'..\.''i!'"' Germany, In 1080, was ro- celved with the greatest honours, both from •oycrelgns and people. Ho had latterly tho pntroniwc of Cardinal Ottobonl. His works o.poelaliy the Twelve Concertos, areT very m ui7..*'**""""^ T""" ""« •''»»""'* qualities of tORhNZIO, nKMSAitio, a celebrated & ".'tl?/, "';?-'' ?"8'"' '^»'" about 'Vfi^B He itudicd nt Venice, under Tintoretto, for lurtv'',""^ i!"""* J690 established him- worked with extraordinary rapidity, nnd gned great reputation, jfe allied hColf temMp/l"w ' ?'" ""•* Spagnoletto, and at- tempted by all means to secure to this t r - "S cuMnr •?rS'^ "' minting ^expellll^'g hK^« '^ '\" "^""Korous rivals. One of ni» largest works is the " PcrdhiB of \h„ F.ve Thousand," which he execu ed "n less COUUTP'""- ^'^'' "' Naples, 1043 " bS^cC ^«;--^/«rrcr ttl?;i?>« ho held a situation TnX ind ««.'■'.„ /""'^f itonry, s„n of James I.. conUi vVr!5^''i'«>^«?'l'«y and ec- ^ i^tto gtnfbcrgal I3(09rgpf)p. [C(»B the ago." In IfiOH he commenced • nedea- »oo miles with ono pair of shoes, ho liiii.tf them up, on hi. return, in tho par/sh clS M**'* Ir",^^" »"««. <>«i«'ombe, In H tn net- •hire. This eccentric travelUr, wl oT. s, Id to have Introduced Into Kngland t le t!s* of **k'.". '^"'■'*''' P"'"!"'""! "Crudltici hartlhr gobbledup In Five Months' Trove in Franc/ f.T.^' ^^"'^ "»'«•«"*• H<'lv.-UaVoermany' and tho Netherlands j " •• (;orlat .•. (7r„m"o' fL*ll' 'i!"")!'""' ''*''••' «"rtJ''n." '•Traveller' for the Kngllsh Wits," and ' A Letter fr,m? tho Court of the Great Mogul.'- "io d^ «."' •""•••' of the sp^n ond with tho surname of (Joriolanus. Hub- tTTfi^' '" .^'."'l'"*^^' ^'"'•'> took place bo- tween the potrldnns ond plebeians, Corlo- M."r. ??«^« bimself so obnoxious' to tho atter, that he wos banished. Htung bv the irigratltude of his countrymen, he Joined tic Voisclans, and, Jointly with 'I'ullus AuHdii^s 1„H l"""*"?"'. "Jr^ """'""t Homo. Ho «na r/ll*"!'P'"* "^'"J'," ^^"^ '""'■'' of the city! and Its ruin seemed Inevitable, when, at tlio urgent entreaties of his mother, Volumnla ft'rl'^n'*;:?'^'"? ""^y- '^"o tradmordl?-' fer as to his end j according to some he was rn"to''ex"nl"l';'''.?''''!."f '» "^''«^« "« ^«" scions ""* '""•"'« ^^^ ^"l- COliNARO, LtTDOVico, a Venetian noble, whose precepts derive great force from the good result of his own practice ofThem ScY "f f«''"y Injured his health by too he hilt .1'^^'" *," 1!"' P'e««urcs of the table, thnf 1?,^nV i-«Bolutlon entirely to abandon that Indulgence, and to restrict himself to Jh„ 0^.** ^^ '^"l** ""•* '* """C"* of wine In the 24 hours. Having by this regimen re- stored himself to health, he wrote v«"ou. wMe!,"'L^T.r.T;i'!.^4*?rL«'']'e''y«t?'" from t tin ^h'.'t^i""''''? 5'"*' collected under the wr". °^.-:H!«°"' ?«"\Vita Robrla." he f4ntricity;¥at:a. Anthony Wood'remarkV wro^t^"^- ;^^°"' deUa VuTRob Wa." he' 231 cob] ^ i^ebo ^nibersal ISiograp^?. [cob and died, it is said, at the great age of 104, in 1566. CORNEILLE, FiERBE, the greatest ' French dramatic poets. He was bom i^ Rouen in 1606, and for some time practised in that city ns an advocate. His first dra- matic piece was " M^lite," a comedy, which met with such distinguished success, that he was encouraged to devote his rare powers to the drama. The tragedies of " Medea," "The Cld," "The Horatli," and " Cinna," followed, and established for their author a pre-eminent station among French drama- tists. Besides the foregoing, he wrot^ many other tragedies ; and translated in verse Thomas i Kcmpis, " On the Imitation of Je- sus Christ." He again turned to the drama, but his last works were unworthy of his name. Cornellle was admitted to the French Academy in 1647, and was dean at the time of his death. It is melancholy to reflect that the great Cornellle, who had achieved fame equally for himself and his country's literature, ended his days in poverty and distress. Died, 1684. Charlotte Corday was the granddaughter of Cornellle. COKNEILLE, THOMAS, brother of the preceding, and also a fertile dramatist, was born in 1625. Several of his tragedies were very popular; in fact, there seems to be a good deal of truth in Voltaire's assertion, that Thomas Cornellle would have had a great reputation, if he had not had a great brother. Besides dramatic works, he wrote a " Dictionary of Arts and Sciences," a " Geographical and Historical Dictionary," and a translation of the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Died, 1708. CORNELIA, an illustrious Roman lady. She was a daughter of Scipio Africanus, wife of Tiberius Semprontus Gracchus, and mo- ther of the two famous tribunes. She was of a grave end dignified deportment, and possessed so great a control o-v or her feelings, that when a friend condoled with her on the dbath of her sons, she replied, " The woman who had the Gracchi for sons cannot be con- sidered unfortunate." Her literary talents must have been considerable, as Cicero very highly commends some of her epistles. She lived in the second century B. c, and after her death the Romans erected a statue to her memory, be.iriug the inscription, "To Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi." CORNELISZ, or CORNELIUS, LuCAS, a Dutch painter, who came to England, and was appointed portrait-painter to Henry Vin. Died, 1552. CORNWALL, RICHARD. Earl of. [RICHARD.] CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, Marquis of, son of the first Earl Cornwallls, was born in 1738, and entered the army as soon as he bad completed his education at Cambridge. In the American war he acted a conspicnous part, and greatly distinguished himself at the battle of the Brandywine, and at the iiiige of Charlestown. After gaining the important battles of Camden and Guildford, he determined to invade .Virginia; but his plans failing, owing, ns he affirmed, to the inefficient conduct of Sir Henry Clinton, upon whom he had relied for support, he~ and his army were made pri- soners at York-town. In 1786 he was made governor-general and commander-in-chief in India. The government of Bengal found it necessary to uphold the rajah of Travan core against the sultan of the Mysore and the first campaign being uns-ccessfui in 1791 he invaded the Mysore, besieged 'se ringapatam, and compelled Tippoo Sahib to submit on humiliating terms. Bar ing performed this important service. Lord Cornwallls returned to England, was raised to the rank of marquis, and made master general of the Ordnance. In 1798 he was sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant ; and In the trying and terrible scenes of the re- bellion so conducted himself as to gain the good opinion of the public, while vigorougiT upholding and vindic. 'ing the laws, in 1801 his lord-lieutenancy expired, and he was sent on a mission to France, where in 1802,he signed the peace of Amiens. In 1804 he was a second time appointed governor- general of India ; but his arduous -services had now completely worn out his frame and he died, soon after his arrival in India' at Ohazepore, in the province of Benares in 1805. ' CORR, ERIK, an eminent Belgian en- graver, was born at Brussels in 1803. He was the son of an Irishman who took part in the rebellion of 1798, and was expatriated He attained a very high reputation, and be- came a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and director of ;the School of En- graving of the Royal Academy of FineArti of Antwerp. His last work was an engrav- ing on copper plate of the " Descent from the Cross," by Bubens, on which he spent ten years of labour. Among his other prin- cipal works are the "Saviour," after Leo- nardo da Vinci ; " Christen the Cross," after Vandyck; the "Queen of Holland," after Scheffer, &c. Died at Paris, 1862. CORREGGIO, ANTONIO ALLEGRI DA, an Italian painter of transcendant ability, was born about 1494, at Correggio, in the duchy of Modena. He is the founder of the Lom- bard School, and unrivalled by all competi- tors for the grace and loveliness of hi) figures, and the exquisite harraony of his colouring. An absurd story , since disproved, was long current illustrative of his poverty, and the ill usage he met with from the ec- clesiastics of Farma, for the cathedral of which city he painted in fresco the "As- sumption of the Virgin." For the church of San Giovanni in the same city he painted the " Ascension." Correggio painted many oil pictures, among which are the" Notte," the "Magdalen Reading," "St George," and " St Sebastian," in the Dresden Gallery, and the " Ecce Homo," " Mercury instruct- ing Cupid," and several others in the Na- tional Gallery. Died, 1634. CORT, CoKNELius, a Dutch engraver, born at Hoorn in 1536. He went to Venice, and lived with Titian for a time, engraving some of his works. He afterwards settled at Rome, and practised and taught there. His prints are numerous, and are after the works of Raphael, Michael Angelo, Correg- gio, Titian, and other eminent masters. Cort was the first to engrave Raphael's "Trass- flgurati^,..." His works were much studTsd i byAgostino Caraccl to have been his pup CORTESI, JACOPt CORTBZ, or COR conqueror of Mexico Medelin, in Estrema ing the law, quitted fession. In 1511 he to Cuba ; and the co ing determined upor command of the expc sail with 700 men in 1 ing at Tabasco he ca burned, in order that 1 no other resource thi Having conquered th duced them to become towards Mexico, wher ceived ; but having se arch, Montezuma, an< with the utmost insc first murmured, and t besieged the city of desperate struggle wh that upwards of lOO.OC unfortunate Mexicans A by famine. Having i city, Cortez completely territories; in doing i atrocities which woult related on irrefragable ward for the addition wealth of Spain, he ha( the title of marquis ; I found that the court of (jealous of his power, ai {neglect. Died, 1554. CORTONA, PIETRO I Bekrettini, an Italia a native of Cortoiia, in early age was placed u Baecio Ciarpi at Ron palace, the new works many of the churches o rated by him; and at i the Pitti palace for the nand II. In addition tc painter, he was almost an architect. Died, 1669 COfiVISART, JEAN ; nent French physician, He was intended for th( dilection for medical sc friends to change his des chief physician to Napoh a baron, and an officer of i our. Nor was his great 'by the Bourbons, the i member of the Royal Ao being conferred on him a s to his death, which happ was the author of some bool s and translated oth( COSIMO.PIKUO DE, It born at Florence in 1460 of Cosimo Rosselli and the jdelSarto. He had very ec ndulgedthembothinlifei lo21. COSIN, JOHN, a learned mableprelate.wasbornnt and educated at Cambridge t«M deprived him of his cob] by AgOKtlno Caraccl, who is sometimes said to Ijave been Jiis pupii. Died at Rome. 1«78 CORTESI, JACOPO. [BORGOGNONE rnRTEZ. or nnRTRS •K» rcTa;g?i,f^ViWcl'Tr.^»''«Wm'o" this he retted to France whorPh"'"''^- . ^"^ until the restoraflnn^* A"''.**®''^™»lne^^^^8TEs, . in the 6th"entu??. who S""'*','/^^"* came a mXk:^' ^ ^^ commerce and be- inS«?r?*° I-. ffrnnd-duke of Tuscan v i.«^ SsffiofSS^^^^^^^^^^^ slaves, he made ihe state f.!!foS^^' "^''J^'^*' interference, and enlarged Ub/frpVo'^'^^P sitions, till Tuscany was foACfl-i^,?"'- united under one rniolf a *he first time were made to shake tL ^^""""^ attempts but he succeeded in defeatin^'fhV^ ^°*'"°' dazzling nchievempnt.TJ?^^* ^^ *•»« "ore (teon with Htfi.^ Z '^'^manaed to his dun- would ter'-naMSP'^S"'"* •»» sulFerings enlE' ?i^ *=^"^«« Kperanrhe*i"a^ kSs'^hirho'iS^'vlrlL^'th^ tween him and lihprtv '°*'^t''»t was be- Uf if r-iji , i I'-il - s'^i ~l ttf \m. m- i3i co«] ^ i^i» aniucraal 13iogr{ipI)y. [COUi aminatlons being tak«n from tho official document of which he had thus oddly become possessed. His talents, and tho interest ex- ulted by his adventures, obtained him con- siderable notice, nnd he becnme foreign se- cretary to the duke of Sussex, and chargi d'affaires In this country for the Brazilian government. Died, 1824. C08TA.NZA, ANOELO DI, a Neapolitan poet and historian of noble birth ; author of " Istoria del Begno di Napoll," containing the history of Naples frorai 1250 to 1489. The preparation of this work occupied him 40 years. Died, 1591. COSTEK, or KOSTEB, LAtlRKNCB JAN- BKN, a native of Haerlcm, in Holland, to whom his countrymen ascribed the invention of the art of printing, in the year 1430. His claim rests on tue unsupported testimony of Hadrian Junius, and is now generally con- sidered groundless. The fame of Gutenberg, therefore, who, according to Junius, had de- rived the knowledge of printing trom Cos- ter, remains undiminished, as the inventor of the art. Born, 1370 ; died, 1439. COSWAY, RICHARD, an eminent English artist. He painted miniatures admirably, and was almost equally groat as an oil painter. He was much admired and em- ployed as an artist, and highly esteemed as a man. Ho was one of the oldest members of the Royal Academy, nnd died at the age of 80, in 1821. His wife, Miiria, was a good painter and musical performer; and her parties were attended by the prince of Wales and all the leaders of London society. COTES, FRANCIS, an BnglisU artist of great eminence as a portrait painter, as well in oil as in crayons. He was one of the first members of the Royal Academy. Pied, 1770. COTES, ROGER, mathematician, was born in Leicestershire in 1682. He studied at Cambridge, became fellow of Trinity College, and in 170« Plumian professor of astronomy. His early death disappointed the high hopes which his great acquirements had excited, and the only written fruits of his studies arc the papers collected !" the volume entitled " Harmonia Mcnsurarum.- These, however, exercised great influence on the progress of mathematical science. Died, 1716. COTMAN, JOHN SEiili, architectural en- graver, was a native of Norwich, and was born about 1780. His most admired work is the " Architectural Antiquities of Norman- dy," in 2 vols, folio, published in 1820. He had previously published similar works in illustration of the Architectural Antiquities of Yorkshire and Norfolk, and a volume on the Sepulchral Brasses of the latter county. He spent the latter part of his life in Lon- don, anil died in 1843. COTTA, J. G., Baron, an eminent German bookseller, and the proprietor of the Allge- meine Zeitung, a political daily paper, as well as of several others devoted to litera- ture and the arts, was born at Stuttgard, in 1764 ; for many' years carried on an exten- sive and flourishing concern ; became vice- president of the second chamber of the States of Wiirtemberg in 1824, and died in 1882. Gotta was the personal friend of the most distinguished German authors of his 2i4 day i Ooethe, Schiller, Jean Paul, AVilhdm and Alexander von Humboldt, &c. . COTTIN, BOPiiiK, an accoropllihel French novelist; authoress of " Mnthllde," " Claire d'Albe," tl>e well known" Elisabeth, ou Ics Exiles do Sibirio," Ac. Born, 1773; died, 1807. COTTLE, JosKVn, publisher and mlicd lancous writer, was born in 1770, carried on business at Bristol, where hu became the friend of Coleridge, "Wordsworth, and Houth- ey, and published. the first poems of Cole- ridge la 1796. Ho was author of several poetical and other works, now forgotten, and of " Recollections of Coleridge." Died, 1853.— His brother, AMOS COTTLE, who wai also a poet, and published a trunslation of the Edda, died in 1800. They were both laughed at by Byron in his " English llards and Scotch Reviewers." COTTON, CHARLES, an English poet of the 17th century ; author of " Scarronidej, or Virgil Travestle;" a supplement to hid friend laaak Walton's " Complete Angler," and a volume of original poems, &c. He also translated Oomeille's tragedy of the Horatii and Montaigne's Assays. Borj, 1630; died, 1687. COTTON, NATHANIKL, an English phy- sician and poet ; author of " Visions in Verse for tho Instruction of Younger Minds." He for some years kept a lunatic asylum at St Alban's, and the poet Cowper was for a time one of its inmates. Burn, 1707; died, 1788. COTTON, Sir Robert Bruce, baronet, a distinguished antiquary, founder of the Cot- tonian Library, was born at Denton, in Huntingdonshire, in 1670. After graduating B. A. at Cambridge, he settled at London, employed himself in forming a collection of ancient charters, and obtained so high a re- putation for antiquarian learning that he was frequently consulted on difficult ques- tions of state. He was n friend of Camden, and gave him some aid in the preparation of his great work. He was knighted, and after- wards created a baronet, by James I. He suffered on several occasions f/om unjust imputations, and at length, in 1629, on a false charge of having written or circulated a pamphlet hostile to popular liberties, hit library was taken from him. The loss occa- sioned an illness, which terminated in hi> death, in 1631. His valuable library was kept together in the possession of his family, was afterwards bought for the crown, and was transferred to the British Museum at the time of its foundation. COUDRETTE, CHRI8T0PHE, a French priest, and a very able opponent of the Jesuits; author of "A General History of the Jesuits," "Memoirs relative to the Formulary," &c. His bold and liberal tone of thought caused him to be twice impri- soned ; at Vincennes, in 1735, and at Paris, in the Bastille, in 1738. Died, 1774. COULOMB, CHARLES AVGUSTIN DE, 8 French natural philosopher and ofllcer of engineers, to whose scientific labours many discoveries in electricity and magnetismaM owing. He was jorn at AngouUmo lu icjG, and died in 1806. COURAYER, PIERRB FRANQ0I8 18, % oou] Norman cccleiiattio, was born in isgi Although of the Catholic Church, he wrote zealoutly and ably In defence of the ordin- ation* of the Church of Kn^land, which work was formally centured by an amemblr of French cardinal* and archbishops • and Coiirayer connequently loft i'ronce for Enir. Innd. Here he was well received, and the unirerslty of Oxford conferred the deirree of L.L.7). upon him. Courayer made French translations of Fra Paolo's History of the Council of Trent, and of Sleidan's History of the Keformation. Died, 1776. COUUIER, PAtJi LOUIS, a witty and able French writer, was born in 1774. He served for some time as an officer in the army • but his republican principles prevented his ad- vancement under Buonaparte; and, after the battle of Wagram, he throw up his com- mission, and resided for some time In Italv Oil his return to France his name became notorious as the author of several admirable political pamphlets, but his career was cut short by assassination, in 182S. COURT DE GEMELIN, Antoine, a learn- ed irenchman, born at NIsmes In 172S His father was minister of the reformed church nt Uusanne, and he himself held a similar post for a short time. He afterwards settled at Paris and there published the work en- titled "le Monde Primitif analyst et com- part avec le Monde Moderr.e." It is in fl vols, quarto, and its vast plan embraces dis- sertations on mythology, grammar, origin of language, history profane and sacred, &c The author was appointed censor royal and twice received the prize of 1200 livros nn nually given by the French Academy. Died] COURTENAY, Peter op, third of the Lat n emperors of the East, was cousin to r„^ ' L'^'l^"""\^'"^ of France; married" ^ 1184, Agnes, heiress of the countess of fZ"XT^ ^'"'"'■^' ''"^' «"" her death, in 1192, the princess Yoland, sister of the em- „^",'h] f ^ '^^^'^ """ =«"'y- On the deaTh of the latter emperor, in 1216, and the re- fusal of the crown by Andrew, king of Hun- gary, who had married a daughter of Yoland Peter of Courtenay was elected by the barons succeed. He set out at the^head of a small army ; with some difficulty got himself crowned by Pope Honorius III ,Sutslde the walls of Rome; embarked on Venetian ve, nn'.;."'!?r'?'f""y "e^'^^ed Durlzzo. and tonstantinople, was treacherously delayed olnTnl' P'r"," **y Theodore, one of Ihe warCt'tn^n/Ji"" *^^ years' confinement! was put to death. Yoland, who with her Ai drenluid reachedConstaAtinopircarWed COmfTvpT'^^"" ^'' death, in mg."'* p,^? V "^^^' William, archblshoo of sonoT&'r I'"- He ^astT:e fourth f„^ « "^'' Courtney, cart of Devonshire n 13?6'tf/nl' R^nddaughter of Edwa?d ?! Hni . i. "1®? ''•''"8 ''•Shop of London he dU ngu Shed himself by a violenroppositlon tt n* \''^"""'d for a subsidy^ It wa" apSbeSn^ ^^^ "^'^^d Wycliffe to rM\""<"^<' the convocation at St. Pnyv = tonkT.n^l'*"^''' "^^^^ a "War of words' took place between the noble supporters of ^^^^^^^jormranitbo bishop, andX mle?- % iftftp anfbtrgal 19ioQrai)ft». [cou {"* became a tumult and did nothing. i„ Sio^jsrcharri-rn^ w'h.rH ?o°p?hiSrn,\'n\a7l^a;rst';"e^"h'at*he^ iTd votd'L"?r'"''"!.»'fP'*'^"^ dUily of *°J^'""*'''"«» caring little for the SlI^^^l^I-'^TL^X^SSnSeT^oJ ranvan r«- »i,- -"bit," painted on VIncennP, u J^"^'^} "' ^^^ minims at ""der Antoine Coysevox, his uf.Sle ; won the grand prize, and went to Rome where he chiefly studied tho works of MlchaeT An^elo a?theS'- °° »»" '"""•" he was recPi^veS at the Academy, and was charged with manv mpor ant works at Paris and LyoiTs Among the principal are, " Le Voeu de Louis XIIt " «f '< in ..^ ""•* *he Marne ; •' and a grouo rnTtcet, ?.orn in London, 1618. Educated as a king s scholar at Westminster, he very early evinced a taste and aptitude for poetry ; and, while only in his 15th year, published a volume entitled " Poetical Blossoms," which procured him considerable reputation. In 1636 he was elected a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge ; whers he produced a pastoral comedy, entitled " Love's Riddle," and " Naufragium Joculare," a Latin co- medy, which was performed by the members of his college. He resided at the university until 1643, when he was ejected by the Pu- ritan visitors, and became an active par- tisan of the royal cause. He was much esteemed by Lord Falkland, and accompanied the king in several journeys. When the queen left the country he accompanied her Majesty, and remained abroad for some y ears ; during which time he was a chief agent io managing the correspondence between the king and queen. In 1656 he returned to England, and soon after published a volume containing most of the poems printed in the final collection of his works. Being sus- pected by the party in power, he was thrown into prison, but released on the bail of Dr Scarborough. He again went abroad, and was again employed in aiding the royal cause. On the restoration taking place he was for some time neglected; but at length, by the interest of the duke of Buckingham, he obtained the lease of a farm at Chertsey, which produced blm about £300 a year. Died, 1667. COWLEY, Hannah, an accompllshefl English dramatic writer ; authoress of "The Runaway," "The Belle's Stratagem," " More Ways than One," &c., besides some poems and farces. The sprightliness of dia- logue, and the variety of characters and in- cidents, which this lady Introduced In her dramatic works, evince much versatility of genius. Oarrick, It is said, could hardly be persuaded that her first piece was the pro- duction of Kmere boarding-schoolgirl. Died, 180*9. ~ f cow] COWLEY, HBNHY Wkllesley, Lord, a dlitlnguiihed diplomatist, the youngest son of the flnt esrl of MorninKton, nnd brother of the marquis of Wellcsley and the duke of Wellington, was born 1773. His public d«but was made as a pr«cls writer In the Foreign Office ; he then Joined the embassy of Lord Malmesbury to Lille, where he be- came Initiated in diplomatic affairs, and In 1797 ho accompanied his brother Lord Wel- lesly to ;india, in the capacity of private secretary. Here he was employed in various offices of great delicacy and responsibility • but Europe had more attractions for him than the East, and he returne*! to England In 1804. In 1807 he was returned to parlia- ment for Eye, and became one of the secre- taries of the Treasury ; but he did not make any great flfrure in parliament, and in 1809 he exchanged his parliamentary duties foi- tho embassy at Madrid ; a mission which amid difficulties of all kinds, he fulfilled for thirteen years, to his own iucreaslng reput- ation, and the welfare of his country in 1823 he went as ambassador to Vienna ■ here he remained till 1831 ; and for the ability he displayed there, coupled with his length of service, he was raised to the peerage witli the title of Baron Cowley— the original pa- tronymic of the Wellesley family, in 1841 he was appointed ambassador to the Tull erles. This office he held till the fall of Sir Robert Peel's ministry in 1846 ; but, lone be- fore this event, his uriclining health had made his retirement advisable, and he did not survive it above a twelvemonth. Died COWPER, WILLIAM, Earl, an eminent English lawyer, who, after passing through various gradations of office, wae raised to tbe peerage in the reign of Queen Anne, by the title of Viscount Fordwick, and made lord high chancellor. This office he resigned in 1710, but accepted it again in 1714 jn }l\l ^t .Y"' created Earl Cowper, and in 1718 wholly retired from office. During the latter years of his public life, he very ably exerted himself in favcurcf religious liberty • and particularly in causing a bill to be' tlirown out, by which Unitarians would nave been subject to severe penalties. Died 1723i COWPER, William, the distinguished English poet, was born at Berkhampstead. Hertfordshire, in 1731. He was the son of a clergyman of gool family, and was at an f? 7 «K? removed from a country school to that of Westminster. Being naturally of a timid temper and sensitive frame, the rouKh usage ho met with from stronger and less sensitive boys rendered school a place of complete torture to him, as may be seen f om the tone of his "Tirocinium." oS 2?!'"°?.!.'=''°?:'' **« ^''» articled to an attor- ney, with whom he remained for three & t'* *^'' f"'"^'^ ^i«»«elf of the wf I '^"^P'^- "° «««'"•' however, to have been by nature unfit for the rough famn T'?' ^°' *''°"«** ^he Interest of his family had procured him the valuable and honourable place of clerk to the House of wraj, his nervousness and fncusaisa A M ^fo) gtnfotrgal ^afograpftp. ?f»h„fr '"'?""' "'^auainted with the ffmHy of the Unwins; and after Mr Unwln's deatJ Zrl^'^V^'^' 'I*'" Mrs Unwin, to Olney sWo wlth^lfo ""^ contracted a close frienil' l!tl^ "? ^'l® ^""'c 0' O'ney, John New. ton and subsequently with Lady Austen His natural melancholy coloured his ren: S?o th^'i^'"' and/eellngj, and he fel oftei S!?^^"'i'u*P'''"f"^ despondency. WhUe AultZ^^ the case, the Infiuencb of Lady Austen more than that of his other friend, tended to rouseand cheer him. But althou«h his mind was so frequently bent down bv despondency he was a very volumiSoS I n. u u , addition to translating Homer U^wUhZi^in^l'^^ T'' accuracy "than Pope.' ir with less polish, he wrote " The Task •-_ the best of all his poems,-" Tirociniu'm" and a host of smaller poems : tmnslaTe'd and h,°' ^'^''^^^'^ Guyon-s s5 t"al sonw and his correspondence, which exhibit, him wruers°'lt T,r '''''h »' English letter^ ward. th2^.i!> "tjc'ncly voluminous. To- I S Jntn^ni"'? °/ ^}^ "<■« his gloom deep, ened into absolute despair, from which he never wholly emerged, and he died at Pnit Dereham, in Norfolk, 25 April 1800 „?I Decemtr'S T^ Unwirhad'^ied^n' tion! 0/ r„i?. • . •^'""I* *he numerous edl- fl.^ o/. Cowper's works we may mention the 'Rev T° OH ^ ^' ^•'"^'•^y' the XJ b? iSlfl iJ" ^' 9'^*"'*hawe, both published in il^Vf"^"' '?^f .he was obliged to'res'ign ". H« now fell into so terrible a state of I made master of Eton School, 'aiidWbse" queutly became tutor to Edward Vlin a'lmonVrlf tL' ^^ ™"/« « P" vy"couSllo*" ar.T„^ '** Jhe king, dean of Westminster and chancellor of O.xford. During the rliffn F„te'*^T^'^^«*'»b''°''di but ret rnedto England on the accession of Elizabeth and was made bishop of Ely. He contrih,u»H the Gospels, the Acts, and theEpTsUe to the Romans to the " Bishops' Bible:" beairi« jya'/i^K various controve?8ial teac'ts. Died! ,.Jt2J^^^^' '^IiCHAEL, a celebrated Flemish painter, born at Mechlin in 1497. He ^va, « WiS' he'd^r"'!?''*' van orley, and had^tS him the direction of the manufacture of the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel after the cartoons of Raphael. He studied the worK of Raphael, and returned to Flanders whpr« he acquired both fame and fortune 'Hee' ecuted for Philip n. of Spain an admirabte" copy .of the grand altarplece by the Van ye'L'rs' Hi?nf^ ^'•'^^ °""P'«^ hta SS years. His pictures are now rare. A set nt pSf 1*°°" J" **>« «°V ot Cupid 'and Psyche have been attributed to thto master biit^on unsatisfactory evidsnee. Died .»' ^iinTcrp, loaz. — wag bom in 1747. After receiving an uni- 1 I i .'i| MT coy] n Jteb) Slnibersal 19iogiapI)». fORA vcrslty education, ho •ucccislveJy accom- pftnled :)overal young noblemen to the Con- tinent In the Cttpnclty of tutor ; and on hU return obtained various prefcrmont* In the church tin ho became a cnnon '"•'•J*'"""' of SiilUbury and archdeacon of Wilts. He was the author of "Travels In Hwltzrrland ;" "Travels In Poland, llussla, Sweden, and Denmark ; " a " History of the House of Austria," his best work, pnlnstaklnR, and noi very lively readlnft, but well supported bv references to bis authorities ; "w^** . 'i Memoirs of the K1ii«h of Spain ; •' " Memoirs of Sir Uobert Will pole;" and ether works cquiilly mtercstluK, and -valuable for the r research and adherence to truth. Died, 182U. COYPKL, the name of Bcveral eminent French painters. Nokl COYPEL was born in 1628. and died In 1707. He adorned the old Louvre and the Tulleries, painted some fine pictures for the council-hall of Versailles, and executed severiil scriptural pieces of ureat merit. His son, ANTOINK, born at rarls, 1661, was the most distinguished of his family as painter and engraver. Ho studied under his father and at Rome, and became director of the Academy at Paris, and first painter to the king. Ho painted in the Palais Koyal a scries of 18 scenes from the 7l-:ncUl. HU stylo was not free from the mannerism of the French Khool. Died 1721. NOEL Nicholas, usually called Voynd the uncle, despised the false glitter of tl.i» school, and aimed only at truth and nature. Ho died in 1735. CHAllLEB AN- TOINE the son of Antoine, was a decided copyist of his father's manner, and accom- modated himself to the prevailing tasje of the times for gaudy colouring. Born, 1094 ; 'coYSEVOX, Antoine, a celebrated French sculptor, was born at Lyons, In 1640, and died at Paris, in 1720. Ainong his best works arc the monument of Cardinal Mazarin; an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. •, the monument of Colbert ; Fame ond Mercury on winged horses, &c. Coysevox was received at the Academy in 1680, and became professor and chancellor. On ac- count of the beauty and animation of his •.jortrait busts, he was called the Vandyke oj tciilpture. ... CUAUBE, GEORGE, an English poet, was born at Aldborough in Sutfolk in 1754. He was brought up to the medical profession, but from his strong propensity to yersc- making he abandoned it, and in 1780 began to try his fortune as litterateur in London. He obtained the friendship and assistance of Burke, published one of his poems, and soon after entered the church. He was for se- veral years chaplain to the duke of llutland, had the curacy of Strathern and other liv- ings, and in 1813, that of Trowbridge, where he spent the rest of his life His pr ucipal poeiis are " Tho Library," "The Village, ^The Parish Register," "The Borough," and "Tales of the Hall;" all characterized by homely truthfulness, simplicity, and pathos. His poems are like Dutch paintings in thfiir minute and accurate delineation of persons and bcenes of the homeliest.aud cyeii of a repulsive, sort. And, like Dutch pamt- I ings, they are likely to keep their power to charm. Died, 1«;13. An elegant edition of hli works, with a Life and Notes, by bli son, was published In 1H34. CllAIO, JOHN, H Scotch mathematiclaa of tho 17th century ; famous for a work entitled "Theologiii' ChriHtiantn Principla Mathcmatlcn." The object of this curious tract Is to apply mathematical calculation to the credibility of the gosppi history; upon which principle hemaluUi»;« that the Christian religion must end, accora.ng to tho doctrine of chances. In the year 31S0, when our Saviour will" make his iccond appearance t CltVlO, Sir Thomas, an eminent Scotch lawyer ; author of a treatise on feiidal law, which has often been reprinted. Died , l(i08. CllAKANTHOllPE, KiCHAliD, a learned English divine, and the author of some able works in support of Protestantism. Ulca, 1624. . . CRAMER, FRANCIS, an emlnentmuilclan, was born at Mannheim, 1772. Under the di- rection of his father, formerly leader of the opera band in London, he prosecuted the study of music, for which ho had shown an early predilection. In 1799 ho succeedeJ hit father as leader of the Ancient Concerts ; for many years he was alternate Header of the Philharmonic Concerts with Loder, T. Cooke, Welchsels, &c. ; and for upwards of 40 years held tho chief place at the great provincial festivals. Died, 1848. CRAMER, QABRIEL, an eminent geome- trician ; editor of tho works of "Wolf and the BernouilUs, and author of several mathe- matical and algebraic works. Born, 1704; died, 1752. ,^^ ^ CRAMER, John Anthony, D.D., dean of Carlisle, e well-known writer on subjeef, of classical antiquity, was born in Switzer- land, 1793. He received his educatiovi in England, and in 1811 was admitted a stadent of Christchurch, Oxford,' where he greatly distinguished himself, and gvr»deally rose through all the university honours, till, in 1831, he was appointed principal of New Hall Inn. During this period he was actively engaged in literary pursuits ; and his de- scriptions of Ancient Italy, Asia Minor, and Ancient Greece are enduring monuments of his accuracy and research. In 1842 he suc- ceeded Dr Arnold as reglus professor of modern history ; and In 1844 he was nomin- ated to the deanery of Cnrlisle. Died, 1848. CRANACH, LUCAS. [KRANACH.] CR \NMER, THOMAS, archbishop of Can- terbury, memorable for tho part he took in the Reformation, was born at Aslacton, Nottinghamshire, in 1489, and educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. The opimon which he gave on the question of Henry Vlllth's divorce from his first wife, Catha- rine of Arragon, recommended him to that monarch, who employed him to vindicate tho measure, and sent him, in 1530, witn other envoys, to maintain his view before the pope. He took with him the opinions which had been obtained from the foreinn universities in favour of the same view. His mission was fruitless^ OnJ^^l^J^Zl married a niece Qf Oslander. After hUje turn he was raised by papal bull to the awh- oba] H i^eto ain(ber«nl 18(ofjrapijt», blihoprlc nf Canterbury, In which office ho /.riiloiLsly promoted the caute of tho lie- formntlon. Through hit moani tho Utble wa» translated and read in churches; and he greatly aided In suppresslnff the monastic InstltutionH A few weeks after his appoint- ment he primounccd, In a court held ut Dun- stable, the sentence of divorce of Catharine, and I conflrmcd tho king's marriage wltl [CItB CUA88U8, MAnct;8 I.rciNii;^. tho cele- brated Koman consul and triumvir, enwm- ously rich and passionately fond of^mone^ took part with aulla in tho civil war Ti prictor, In n. i:. 71, ho was sent against the insurgeut gladiators under Spartacus and totally defeated them near Hfi^g um ' The next year ho wns consul with Pomper, and made an extraordinary dlfplav of his wialth Anno Boleyn. In 1636, when Anno iJoleyn and hospitality. Voumey Siiif CrV.'u,. wn,„ was destined to lose her reputation and her liowc - ..../—. "'"''^y""° '"^n"'''* were life, Cranmer meanly stooped to promote tho sentence of divorce. This and other com- pliances with the m(march'8 will Insured him tho gratitude of Henry, who upheld him in all his contests with Itishop Oardiner and others who accused him of heresy and faction. Uy Henry's will he was appointed one of the council of regency to Udward VI. ; and as the young king was brought up chiefly under tho archbishop's care, it en- abled hira to further tho objects of tho Ke- fornmtlon in a regular and consistent man- ner, by framing the liturgy, tho homilies, articles of religion, &c. "When Edv/ard was prevailed on to alter the succession In favour of Lady Jano Grey, the archbishop opposed It fur a considerable time, but at Ic.igth con- sented. On the accession of Mary ho was tried on charges of blasphemy, perjury, In- continence, and heresy, and sentenced to be deprived of office. Tempted, however, by the promise of pardon, he signed a recanta- tion of his principles. This was the great object of his enemies. Hut when Cranmer, who had been sent to Oxford, was brought into St Mary's church to ruu'l his recanta- tion in public, he besought the forgiveness of God for his apostasy, and exhorted tho people against the errors of the church of Rome, declaring that nothing could afford him consolation but the prospect of extenu- ating his guilt by encountering the fiery torments which awaited him. This greatly caraged his adversaries, who, after vilifying him as a hypocrite and heretic, dragged him to the stake opposite Baliol College, which hD approached with a cheerful countenance, and met hif death with the utmost fortitude, exclaiming, as he held out his right hand for the flames to consume It, "This unworthy hand! this unworthy hand!" ■Whatever may be said with regard to his submission to the will of a despotic sovereign, or his occasional unsteadiness of principles, it is certain that no man contributed so much as Cranmer to the establishment and independ- ence of the English ehurch. Died, March 21, 15.56. CRANZ, or KRANZ, DAVID, a Moravian preacher, born 1723, and resided several years as a missionary in Greenland," of which country he wrote a valuable history ■ also "A History of the Moravians." Died, CRASHAW, Richard, poet, bom In Lon- don, and educated at Cambridge. He was a friend of the poet Cowley; and having embrncpd the Roman Catholic faith, was appomted to a canonry at Loretto. His poems have considerable merit, and are |5rr-"'7". to have furnished hints afterwards turned to good account both by Milton and rope. Died, 1680. --, ,. *v,u,,ji.j, uuu i/run'.'is were vcr, personal enemies, and It needej the powcr/ul nflucnce of cicsar to effect a formal reconciliation between them, which ,«?n/.'."f " "•''.• ""' ""• ""•«» triumvirate being tne.. formed. Consul again five years later. Crassus had Syria for hi, provint" and mudo war ou tho I'arthians. He wn. defeated by them with immense slaughter and was put to death, a.c. 53. It Is said that Orodcs, kinK of I'arihia, had melted goh poured Into the dead mouth, with the tnun best?'' ' ^°"' " "°'^ "' ^*'"* >""» '«""<» M,^V"-^^F^''''" Athenian poet, to v^hom butcd. His powers of sarcasm are said to havo been unrivalled. Ho was a very in- tcmpnato man, and an exception to the rule that Intemperance leads to an carlr «™ve, having attained the age of 97. Died, CllAYER, Oaspah de, Dutch painter was born at Antwerp about 1582. He was a pupil of Raphuil Coxcie, and soon obtained a great reputation. Ho painted a larirc number of altar-pieces for Ghent, Brussels, and other cities of the Netherlands, and received high encomiums from Rubens He lived simply and temperately, preserved his health and faculty to a great age and painted the "Martyrdom of St Blaise," when 86 years old. Died at Ghent, 1669. CREBILLON, PKOSl'ER JOLYOT DE French dramatic poet, was born at Dijon, la 1674. He was intended for the legal pro- fession, but devoted himself to the trnclc muse, and produced " Idomeneus," which met with success. Tliis was followed bv Atreus," Electra," and " Khadamistus," which were still more successful.i He then led a secluded life for many years, hut again resumed his dramatic labours, and produced the tragedies of " Catiline " and " The Tri- umvirate." Died, 1762. CREBILLON, CLAUDE PROSPKR JOLYOT DE, son of the preceding, was born at Paris in 1707. He was for a time in high repute for his wit and gaiety, which made him a pleasant companion, and for his clever but licentious novels, which are best forgotten. Died, 1777. CREDI, LORENao DI, Italian painter, was born at Florence about 1453. He learnt tne art of the goldsmith and then studi' d paint- ing under Vcrrocchio, and had Leoi.ardo da Vinci for his fellow-pupil and friend. Hig works resemble in style those of Leonardo. Holy Families. Madonnas, and similarsacred subjects chiefly engaged his pencil. He was living in 1536. CREECH, Thomas, nn English poet, was born at lllandford, Dorsetshire, in f6597 and after receiving the rudiments of a classical education at Sherborne ft'ee-school, finished 238 . fct- i; ■ HI i ft ill crb] % i^eto ClnlbrriRl ViogTapfiv. [CRI hli ■tuilloi ftt Wftdhfttn Collfgo, Oxford. Ho liuiulttl...l .Into r.null.h TiTiC I'";-"' "•• Hor«co. TUcocrltui. &o. Died by hUowu bniul. 1700. „ _ iinii. rUndlvlno.wa. born In }»»". ""'^,r'",.1cl' of tho «bl«t advocate, of l'"»,\,*"' ''..^r,! '"'" ho d*.f«nd«d •KulMHt "'■"''"^,, 'V'r,'./ I lu flKPTK ) 1 In tho your OH? placed hlm"«lf •» «•>«) ni'iw of UUcn. and ..Ito.m.l.a to •b"''" off the yoko of tho emperor «nd «;''t»^>'»>"» republic. Ho expelled the pope John XVI. and a,.u»ned tho «overnmeni o Home. An^ llolnatlnK tho utervenllon of Dtbo m., no iccallod "bo popo tbo •«'«« /„^",VlnJ i'opo nowed hi. attempt In 01)7, cxpc 11 K 1 opt Oreuory V., and setting up « rlv ul. John XVII wbowas iooii after arrested, imprl- •oncd "and dlsKriicefully treated. Cre»oentlur. was b "l"gcd In the custlo of 8t Ange lo by tTe empt'ror. Induced to c.pltiilatd by « Dromis" of safety, and then hung nnd be- Re I led It is snldtlmthls widow, BtepluuUa, aic ucd this treachery by tlrst accept ng Otho M her lovor and then admlnUleriuK *'m''lK8CKN/;i,PiKTU<., the restorer of Ibe sclcnllflo study of agriculture In Kuiope, was born at llologna In 12;i0. He spent o g Ufi 1« ncnutrlng nnd d'"«'« ?•» "« agricultural knowledge ; and hl» . *'P"« Uurnlium Commodoruiu " Is a mnstcily pio- duci on, founded on simple Principles, and free from many errors that c"n«'«"«^"J, »" prevail oven for centuries after. The earliest printed edition Is of 1471. The work was it onco translated Into Ita Ian, and In 148.1 into French. It has been '>ft«n "P^mIu.a" CUESCIMHENI. GIOVANNI .MAIUA, Italian poet ond miscellaneous writer, was bori In 1003. Ho was educated by the Jesults;and settled at Uome, where be took part 111 founding tho Arcadian Academy, of Thlch ho held tho office of eu.fo» or 'u-arly 40 years. Hn was patronized by ropes Lle- mcut XI. nnd Hcnedlct XIII. His Mme anneari'd In ItiOS. His other works arc "Ttovla deUavolgnr roesla," •' loVltodegll Arcadl lllustrl," &c. Died, 1728. CHESPI, OIUSKJTK MAIUA (LO SI AQ- NUOLO), Italian painter, was born at lioiog- na hi 1665. He was a pupil of Cnnut and Carlo Clgnnnl. nnd afterwards studied and cop ed tho wo;k8 of Corregglo. the Caraecl, Snd other masters. Ho painted rapidly, with much caprice nnd cnrelessness. Among his works arc the " Seven Sacraments, ati " Ecce Homo," a " Supper,' &c. Crespl was also nn engrnver. Died, 1747. CRE8WELL, Sir CKESWEM,, first judge of the Divorce Court, was born m 179*. After studying at the Chartcr-houso and nt Cambridge, he was called to the bar In 1819. He entered parliament as member for Liver- pool in 1837. Five years later he was np' pointed a justice of the Common Pleas, and filled that office sixteen years, distinguishing himself by his acuteness. nnd the ease with —kiph hs •inravelled difficult and compU- cated cases. On the establishment of the SiTorce Court in 1858, he wa« named first Judgo. Tho practice w«t new, the cases t«ry numerous, and thn lalmur Inimeuso ; but Hir Cretwell nchlnved a great success. lie sd Judlcated upon more thai' a thousand casci, and only In one Instance was any dtoUloii of his reversed. In private ni la uubllc lifo ho was very highly esteemed. l)lud lud- donly In July, lH(i:i. CHEW E, N ATli ANIKI., bishop of Durhnm. He arrived at his eplscojial dignity piirtly through tho InRuenco of James II., then dukffof York, and partly through lili. coa senting to bo guilty of simony, imyliig • largo sum to one of tho king's luinircaoi. During the reign of James this pnlute aided ami coiinnfllcd him In all his iiioit obnoxious nu'asuien, and wn* among the earliest of those who abandoned hlin, nnd voted that the throne was abdicated. Hut his base and timeserving conduct would not have prevented him from losing bis lilnliop- ric,ou tho accession of King Wlllliim snd (iueen Mury, but that ho was spnnd from degradation ut tho lutcrcesilou of llllotion, Died, Mil. CUlcirrON, Jamkb, named TiiK Apmir- Aiu.K, was born In Hcotland In 1 8(10. Uli father was a lord of session, nnd through his mother ho wus of roynl descent. He was educated nt tho university of 8t An- drews, nnd graduated M.A. In lft73. Ho w«i ono of tho young men selected to be fellow. students of tho young King James VI. under tho direction of Ocorgo llucliaiian. He then went to I'rnnco, where he con- tinued his studios, nnd also, ns he held fust to tho Uomish church, took part In tlic wnr carried on by Henry 111. against tho Hu- guenots. The beauty of his person, the strength nnd agility ho displayed. Joined to his multifarious nccompllshments and lur- prlsing cnpnclty of eloquent tnlk, mado him the ndmiratlon of -nil. About 1680 ho went i to Italy, visiting proimbly Genoa nnd Home, and then Venice, where ho was warmly received by tho great printer Aldus. Ho was Introduced to tho Dogo nnd Senate, created astonishment nt Venice nnd Tadiin, by his brilliant olf hund discourses on philo. sophy, theology, nnd other high thcmcs.and his chnllengc to disputation In any of several languages, and on either side of any contro- versy. Ho next went to Mantua, and wa» appointed tutor to tho son of thedulio. He was attacked In the streets ononlRhtbya pnrty of men armed and masked ; ovcrenmc them by superior skill, nnd rccogniwd hi pupil, to whom he nt onco presented hU sword. Tho young prince imraed ntcly ran him through with It, 3rd July, 1682. He hns left no literary remains of importance. ClULLON, LOUIS nK UAI.BE DE BEETON i)E, a distinguished French general, was born in Provence in 1641. He distinguish- ed himself during five reigns, Henry 11., Frnncls II., Chnrles IX., Henry III. and Henry IV., nnd received from Henry IV. tne title of " le brave dcs braves." In/*'','"' became nide-de-camp to the duke of Gu se, nnd distinguished himself greatly at tl^« sicgi of Calais, where he was the first w mount the breach, as he was at many »ufr sequent eiegts. He was wouiideu s. -- battles of Bt Denis and Jamac, at tne »ieg» SiO cm] H i^ctp gtnibfrgal ISfogrnpho. of roltlori.tt Monoontotir, and at Ht Jrnii d'AiiR'ljr. ThrouRhout the civil war ho wa* falthAii to tlio moniirthy ; hut wiit not inailn nrivy (o the inaiiaeri) of Ht llnrthotiimew. llo look a prominent part nt tho lU'Kn of Uochi-lUt In M73, and ucconipunlcd thn duko or Anjou to I'olnnd, on hii election to the throne. llo dlitlntfulthed hlmielf In thn war of tho I/eiiKiin, and In 1A8U eommanded under Kpernon In I'roveneo. When loll- cttcd by llonry IK. to aMniilnato the duke of Oulin ho flrmljr rofuned to itnln hi* name by luc'h an net of Infiuny. He wai nt the buttio of Ivry and the ileno of I'nrU ; fol- lowed Henry IV, to lloucn ; In IBoo com- ninnded In Savoy ; and loon after retired .lleg,. 1)1. 1. tin, called to thn bar In IW "„J 1832, having during that peWod represented moiITT^"". ""'♦!JP«"' 'oPutatlon orbVng'o"ne hl.n^ iT..* "'"I"""* ""'« nceompll.hed de- bators in tho House. Durlnir nil thii nmrt^A 1.0 held tho oirice of sec etary to fh^a Ad* miralty Hut It was more a. a politlca iTl'.' w'lHn"." ""?';."••'•■ »•'" "•■ f-^ok?/ owed fo Vh^ n''' """.'"?''* '^••nuont contributor, to, the Quarterly Hevlow; and tl.o power, of sarcasm which he wielded at a time whan pnrty fueling ran high, coupled wlthKl^h position which he held among the chleh'of the lory party, procured for l.U writings a ^ilT", °V"!""' »"' "' "» proportion to their Intrinsic merits. It would Far exeocd our limits to mention the various papers and pamphlets that emanated from hli^ fm"lc brain. The work, which are most likely to v«^". H « ' ^'['^ o'Jo'in'on," and Lord Her- ^.,, Memoirs of tho llelgn of Oeorgo II. and h , "Stories from the History orEngl land, "which HIr Walter Hcotl took as hi. model for hi. " Tales of a Onindfather." At the lime of his death he was engaged in pre- paring an edition of tho work, of Alexander Pope. MrCrokcr". long and faithful .crvlce. to hi. party were rewarded by hi. being made a privy-councillor in 1828, and by I pension of £1600 a year, and apartment, in Kcn.ington Palace. Died, 1857. CIIOKEU, TnoMAH CiiOKTON, P.S.A a. distinguished writer and antiquary, was born nt Cork, in 1708. When fifteen yeaVT of ag?, he was apprenticed to a mercantile firm • and during his leisure hours lie devoted him- self to making sketches in pen and ink, In which he afterwards excelled, and in culti- vating thot taste for antlqultie. Which never left him while he lived. In 1819, through tho influence of his namesake, Mr "Wilson Crokcr, the secretary of the Admiralty, he obtalncdaclcrkshlp in that deportment ;nnd soon rose to the mo.t confidential employ* ments in the ofBco to which ho wn. attached. JJut his official duties in no way damped hi. literary aspirations. Shortly after settling In I^oiidon he contributed several paper, to the Talisman •■ on the local antlquftic. of Ireland. In 1824 he published his "He- searches in the South of Irclond," with mag- nlflcent illustrations. Thi. wa. followed next year by "The Fairy Legend, and Tra- dition, of the South of Ireland," a work which ha. frequently been reprinted and tran.latcd, and which, among other marks of favour, Ibrought him the personal ac- quaintance of Sir W. Scott, who was delight- ed with lu style and .plrit. iBe.ide. con- il'X.7 — ^.""■?"V ••• «"^ -lunasia,- once so i «»»»'onahle. In 1827 he became the editor of I the ChrLtma. Box," which.howeTer, only M) lived two years ; and In 1829 he published the " Legends of the Lakes." with Illustrations by MacUse, which afterwards appeared under the title of a " Guide to the Lakes." It would occupy more space than we can spare to enumerate the various other works, and papers in Journals, literary and antiquarian, which Mr Crokcr contributed. The reader who is interested in the matter may refer to the "Gentleman's Magazine" for October 1854. Suffice it here to say that they were very voluminous ; and that, as a collector of antiquarian and literary curiosities, particu- larly with reference to Ireland, his reput- ation is not likely soon to be surpassed. Died, 1834. CROLY, George, L.L.D., was born in Dublin, August, 1780, and was educated at Trinity CoUogc. He was ordained to an Irish curacy, but, not obtaining any higher preferment, he turned his mind wholly to literature, and contributed very largely to the periodical press, especially " Blackwood's Magazine," and the "Literary Gazette," the " Standard," and the " Universal Ke- view." He was presented, in 1838, to the rectory of St Stephen's, "Walbrook, where he discharged the duties of his office with seal, and attained high reputation as a preacher, while with unabated, diligence he continued his literary labours. Among his many works may be mentioned " The Three Cycles of Revelation," " Life of George IV.," " Life of Burke," essays on " The Character of ■William Pitt and Napoleon I.," the "An- gel of the World," and other poems, " Bala- thiel," " Tales of St Bernard," &c. He died, November 24, 1860, aged 80. " Recollections of Dr Croly/'.by Richard Herring, have since appeared. CROMWELL, Thomas, Earl of Essex, chief minister to Henry VIII., was bom near London, about 1490. He was the son of a blacksmith, had but a middling educa- tion, and got a clerkship in an English fac- tory at Antwerp, whence he Iwas sent to Italy. He appears to have served In the wars there for a time, and on his return to England entered the- service of Cardinal Wolsey, won his esteem, and was faithful to him in his disgrace. He then entered the king's service, and obtained, with his favour, many of the highest offices of state. He was privy-councillor, principal secretary of state, and, about 1536, vicar-general, and vicegerent, in all matters of religion. Cromwell was the flriend of Cranmer, and contributed by various measures to the establishment of the reformed doctrines and worship. In 1639 he was created earl of Essex, but he soon lost the favour of the king, and then all was lost. For his eleva- tion, honours^ 'ind administration had made him a host of enemies. In 1640 he was im- prisoned, attainted on charges of treason, heresy, and extortion, was not allowed to make any defence, and was executed on Tower Hill, July 28, 1640. He did not fall like a brave man, but made the most abject entreaties to the king 'or his mercy. His character and measi'.es are painted in most unlike colours b^ writers of aitferent parties. CROHWELL, Oliteb, Lord Frotector of the Commonwealth of England, and one of the most extraordinary characters in history was the grandson of Sir Henry Cromwell! and the son of Robert Cromwell, a man of good property, and a brewer at Huntingdon, where Oliver was bom, April 26, 1599. Hav- ing been educated at the free-school of that city, and at Sidney Sussex College, Cam- bridge, he became a law student at Lincoln'i Inn. Here, however, he did not remain long! as in his 21st year he married Elizabeth, the daughterof Sir James Bourchier, and settled at Huntingdon. In his youth he is said, br royalist writers, to have indulged in pro- fligate habits, which he soon however laid aside ; and that his character and mannerof life was such as to obtain the esteem and confidence of his neighbours, is evident from the fact that he was elected member of par- llament for Huntingdon in 1628. His flnt appearance in parliament was in February, 1629. In 1640 he represented Cambridge. In his parliamentary career he was remark- able rather for his business-like habits and energy of character, than for elegance of language or gracefulness of delivery, Uji appearance and dress, too, were plain and unprepossessing. He notwithstanding ac- quired considerable influence even in par- liament ; and in 1642, when it was retolred to levy forces to oppose the king, Cromwell received a commission from the earl of Essex, and raised a troop of horse at Cam- bridge, of which he, of course, had the com- mand. He soon distinguished himself bjr his courage and military skill, especially at the battle of Marston Moor, in 1644; he vas excepted from the self-denying ordinance, and 'soon after won the decisive victory of Naseby. In 1648 he defeated the Scots at Preston, and soon after invaded Scotland and took Berwick. He was a member of the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I., and signed the warrant for his execution. In August, 1649, he was named lord-lieu- tenant and commander-in-chief in Ireland, stormed Drogheda, and put to death the whole garrison ; and soon after Wexford. Other great toM-ns submitted without re- sistance, and Ireland was subdued. In con- sequence of the expected return of Prince Charles to Scotland, Cromwell was recalled, leaving Ireton as deputy. He was appoint- ed lord-general, and set out for Scotland. On the 3rd September, 1650, the great battle of Dunbar was fought, and the Scots were totally defeated. Edinburgh surrendered, and Perth was taken some months later. Charles having marched into England, Cromwell followed him, and on the 3rd Sep- tember, 1651, won the decisive battle of Worcester. Cromwell took up his residence a.; Hampton Court !a the following month. In 1653, while the Dutch war was going on, he dissolved the Long Parliament, formed a council of state, and had a new parliament called, which soon resigned its power to Cromwell, and by the " Instrument of Go- vernment " he was created " Lord Pro- tector." He showed himself equal to the hard task he had undertaken, by sharp de- cisive means keeping down plotting royal- ists, jealous Presbyterians, and intraciaoie levellers ; and by a magnanimous foreign policy making England greater and more oho] honoured than ever. protection of the Va clly persecuted by t1 had a large sum n He did not succeed , and had to rule most last care, anxiety, and wore him out ; he bee picious ; was overwhe death of his favourite Lady Claypole ; fell si month after her, Sep' versary of his two vie Worcester. He was ii of Henry VII. at W body was torn from its restoration, exposed ai of Uradshaw and Iretc and the remains burie( Cromwell had appoin nichard, to succeed hi government were not t virtuous and incompetc compelled by the officer liament, he abdicated, ended his days in tranq' hunt, in Hertfordshire tlier Henry, whose upri ai viceroy of Ireland, hi friends, also retired to p in 1674. The most imp to the history of this gn the "Letters and Speec well," byiThomas Carlj has brought about a revol way of thinking about 1: ed in 1845, and has passi editions. Other valuabh Livei of Oliver and Ricl the Life of Oliver, by Jo are portraits of Cromwell Cooper, and Bernard Le the British Museum, and private collections ; Cooi sewion of the duke of Leni' In the collection of land. The National Por sesscs 8 terracotta bust, by Merce. CROMWELL, OLIVEB, amy, second son of tl wai for several years a so Md held the appolntmei Thomas's Hospital. He ch.efly on account of his iion, entitled "Memoirs tromwcll, and his sons Rii Hustrated by Original L L.tf/'^^-SP""-" Hesuccei I toteof Theobalds, which through the children of Ri H! ?'"?„^''' and died at ™Ai'"*21,aged79. CKOTCH, William, d [f°tA"^«?n music, was 1 !i.i .^'"'"''calgcnit iProfeswr of music at Oxfoi |«f position,, both vocaFai ^numerous, and he was uS" 5^ ^Pe'=i«nens ( WofMmicanddiedat' 34a OKO] honoured than erer. He interfered for the protection of the Yaudola Frotettants, cru- elly persecuted by the duke of Savoy, and had a large sum raised for their relief He did not succeed , frith his parliaments and had to rule mostly without them. At m ifttto ganffttraal ISfoerapfm. [cso the m?^!f»^'t'^°"''' 5 P"«* »«<> dramatist of nitn!^ • «"*"''^'*'"> '•'^ oontempornry of Dryden. He was a native of Nova Scotia „„u ..«u .„ .u.. .„„.„, „«„„m inem. At I he wrote th«" mL *'°""!;»'"1 of Charles 11. last care, anxiety, and growing perplex ties seoSv hfi rM?„"'!'^A^^''""° ' " »"" •"«>- wore him out ; he became glo^onV 'and , us-' h1?"comed;'oj''''^^^o CUv ^V^l^ir^'^" picious ; was pverwhelnaed by sorrow at the lived in ron,S»ro..„„ .?i:'7- J """^s." H ,,u.uu.u.«..v, ..o uji-auiD gioouiv ana BUS- his comedy of " Tho r i /„ i>„i7»r .y',"' picious ; was overwhelmed by sorrow at the lived in VrA«,«.,»*i .^ I'olitlcs." He death of his favourite daughter, Elizabeth time • b„fC?i™"''15''"^^^ fo' "ome Lady Claypole ; fell sick, and died about a' &iy Nice^' t*^h^ k n*'.° ^'» «°"'«dy, "sir month after her, Heptember 8, 1658, annl- Kive him i «i»«„ k H'*^? h"'' promised to vmary of hi. two victories of Dunbar and fhe v^^'^dLPi""i^.?."^''» ^^esty died on versaryof histwo Tlctorles of Dunbar and fh^vcr%tv'i„w'h?,!l,^'^ ^'^«"5' ••'^^ <"> Worcester. He was interred in the chapel rehearsal n??7?h'-'' ,*^? P/^*=« ''»*! l'" «"«! of Henry VII. at Westminster; but the CK"""''^''^'-—'^ ^ body was torn from Its resting-plice at thl Fre^ch^i c^tai"^^^^ VKYSsiiuE dk la, regtoration, exposed at TybuFn, with those 1C61 Author nf-«^^ ''°™ ** Nantes nf ii..,.H.»,»»r otirf T..o»«„ *u- t-'-.i " <:""»e I '"oi. Author of " Histoire du Christlnn ismo dos Indes," " Lexicon ^EgypK-lat^ num," and other works. He was for gome grTgVtron'otll\\"^ °^*''^"''»«"'^"^^^ fhlffirr?„'/l!L»r ' L»! '"i««« h« Quitted » 1, J u ' *^ J T ^ ^7""™. wiin those of Uradshaw and Ireton, the head cut off and the remains buried under the 'gallows' Cromwell had appointed his eldest son' Richard, to succeed him ; but the reins of gOTemment were not to be held by one so virtuous and incompetert ; and having been compelled by the ofBccrs to dissolve the nar- liament, he abdicated, April 22, 1659. and ended his days m tranquU seclusion atChea- hunt, in Hertfordshire, in 1712. His bro ther Henry, whose upright administration ai viceroy of Ireland, had gained him manv friends, also retired to private life, and died in 1674. The most important contribution to the history of this great man yet made is the "Letters and Speeches of Oliver Crom- well" by .Thomas Carlyle: a work wS has brought about a revolution In the Benpmi way of thinking about its hero. It appe™ ed in 1845, and has passed through several editions. Other valuable works are Guizot's LiTeiofCUver and Richard Cromwell and the Life of Oliver, by John ForsterT xCre areportraitsof Cromwell by Walker, Samuel Cooper, and Bernard Lens. Walker's is in the British Museum, and duplicates In some private collections; Cooper's is in the pw! S? 1 '"'n'^"'^" °' DevonshlMj^nd u^^ 'nthe col eetlon of the duke of Port- ed. The National Portrait Gallery pog. by Weree •""*' "°*e"«« "<>«» life CROMWELL, OLIVEB. great .frandson of w.f»;rr? "'" "' *"« Projector He Thl.i. '« appointment of clerk to St Thomas 3 Hospital. He is noticed here Wefly on account of his valuable DablicI "on, entitled " Memoirs of the P?otec?n; Well and his sons Richard and Hen,?' fZ»l^^ ^^ °"8'^al I-etters and othir' SonC'<\.^^"tf'^^^^ to tue family KSfth^*n-or^.&Sre^ X^lZ'^-V^' °"»*'«*'1 composer t" m" wT,?!"', ^"^ ^"'••1 at Norwich "ry early a^ennrtV^'S*"" aPPe^ed at a ProfeMor of^': -""^.^J^ 5^"^'""« "loctor and knuS,^ °^ 3f "' ""^ instrumental, Imes"™ "."?' "."i l»e was author of " EIb. iB«M7'"and' " s^-f'J''*"'*' '•*"° *"'' Xhorongh- W" Hpho„ P^^l"^*^* "' Music of aU KlofMli!'"*'".??^'"*"'th« Royal Aca- r^^'Jiic,and died at Taunton In 1847 tho oirsol "•■ ^'*<*ui , uui in iBae lie qu tted Basel Ho"" '"'<^/"»»)raced Protestantism at JBasel. He went afterwards to Herlln and ^«came royal librarian and professor of Philosophy at the French College Wcdf hif Hfo^^^'. -^^EXANDER, known during his life by his assumed title of " Alcxand<.? born iTm? •■'■' 7"'. * "«"'« "^ AbcrdecL' Dorn in 1701, and educated with a view to becoming a minister of the kirk of Scotland I intellect'?hit'h!f ""'='» ""^ "'^^teadi'nelrof I the mlnUfrf ^ T""" ""t considered fit for ' the ministry; and, proceeding to Loudon JivInJ nrl«t„"{"" ""^'Ptained liimself °by' fn ma^i?*® '^'"""S '" *•»« classics; but seller Whfr.T"'*** ''"*'"«*» *» " "ook- seiier. While thus employed, ho devoted corHinr%?.'=rP'"''K '•i* useful "Con- whfrh L°'i^*, ^\^J"^'^ New Testaments?" Which he dedicated to Queen Caroline Soon afterwards he became lunatic, and waj placed n a mad-house. He cffived to fcLo". '' f««aP«' "Id brought an action for false imprisonment, but was nonsuited. He Bubsequently resumed his old employment marks of a deranged Intellect. As a literary man, lioweyer he was extremely industri- ous; and his "Concordance" holds a h gh meZ mragedr""^ °' '"''''''' «'"'»-'''• Fn^.^uJ^^""^^^'"^'^^^^"' an eminent English surgeon, anatomist, and medical r^hf^i r**'°.'" "V J''** Anatomy of the Ab- sorbent Vessels of the Human Body." " Ex- periments on the Insensible Perspiration of oo^'if\'"*5°'^y' *c. Died, 1800. Tr-nPJ?"^ PE KOBOS, ALEXANDKR. a Transylvanian traveller and philoloirist bv?v.fH°"f ^?"-. "« ^^^ ^'^ '^arly^life sS by the desire to investigate the origin of the Magyar race, and after a course of study at Gottingen, he went, in 1820, to the FLast. He visited Egypt and Persia, and spent Tiw^l.T.""".,*" * Buddhist monastery in J,m« ^n"/ m"^ studying tha Tibetan lan- guage and Hterature; imagining he recog- "i"w'®**™'''«'^*" j'etween the Tibetan r>o»l,.",»r=""\: ''? "^'^' "^'-''^ "°™e yeai'Sttt . ,*1^J.^''®"'^ he compiled his " Dlctlon- nf '^T^h Jf''***'"' 1°? English," and a grammar In Ji,Ju^'' catalogued the Tibetan works 1 1 In the library of tSe Asiatic Society; and | ~ — y MS 1 ) |M< H otr"! K iDrtu Stnibtrint IDiogrnpIiu. »itJoy« tnlUii, Vrlu*(>|« nnil NVIUon. DIpiI nt Unr- ippllnir, nil hn wn* nottlitff out on anotliar uiu'iioy InloTIWt, 1N4I1. ri'KStAN, n ()ro<*<* liUto- rtnii, wiu n unllvo of CtUilun tu rnrln. Ilo yr»» |m tmUlc of Cuiinxn. lit whioh (^yrim (ho ^ouu)(i? It. ri'O WORTH. UAt.VH, plillonophcr mu\ thootoiil>iu, ouo of llio moNt yiutuout of llio Liitltuiilimrliin dlvluon, wim born lu Romor- •iMnhtio. lu 1(117, He won oiluonlod nt Oiiin- lirUlKo,l>oonm«» follow of Kmumuuot Collojjo, nnd Uotrlui in-ofoxvir of Uolirow. In l()A4 ho wn* npiinlutod mnntorof ChrUt'n ('oIIokOi nud lu U17H luvbouiltti-y of (Uouoontor. Ho WMii K ninu ofKi^nt lonrnlnif, nnil In nlilloiio- phv n IMntoiiUl. HI* |)rluol|«iil worK In tlio " iVuo lulollooiuni Sy«ti>m of lUo Hiilvrriio," n (tofoiioo, milMtiiuiliilly.of rovoiilotl n^llKlon nKiiliinl utiitorliiUiitii nutl nlliolHtx. It wn* lnin«liitO(l luto t.ntin l>y Monholm, nnil linn iH'ou sovernl tlmon ivnuMlslioil, Cuilwortli wn» nl«o Author of n '"rroi»tl.so ou Ktornnl nnit tmmutnUlo Momltty," n ooulliiuntlonof tho " lutollootuul Syittom;" nud lovorAl thooloKloAl work*. MIod, ItiM. I.nily Mi\- thnui, the frioud of l.ooko, wn« tlio ouly dnuKhtor of Oudworth. \ now edition of CudwortU's (?ront work WM pulUltlunl In ISSO. with n Llfo by HIreh. Cl'J\8,J.vrui'Ks»,orluTAfln,CUJACtUS, ft Tory oololirntod Vronoh Jurist, wnn bom nt TuulouDO lu lA'iO. Ho WAH the noil of A tnn- nor, but «uoce8«(\»lly vursuod kuowlodjio uudor diiHoultlos, nud mtulo hliuiiolf n Kfont nnino. Ho l>(>itnn locturiuK ou iho Uoumn iMvr in 1547, wa« chosou ^rofossor at Cnhora in Il.M.nud In the followlnn yonr romuvrd to HourKos, whoro with oocn«lou«l iutorvnU ho tnuKht (l)r the rest of M» Itfo. Ho wan much porscouted by rivnl i)i\>foiisors, nnd In tho last r(\ir« of hlii llfo nutTorod Krontly ft'oiu the dlstrnotod condition of his country. Ho ciVloyod tho iwtnmago of Mnrnnrct of Valols, nnd his fiimo drew pupils fnim nil pnvts of Kuropo; nmouK lUom were tho critic Josoph ScAllKor nud tho hUtorlnn Thunnus. His works till 10 vols, folio, and consist of editions of tho orijjlunl works on tho Uoiunn law, with commoutnrlcs and expositions, &c. CUl,I,l\N, Wii.i.i.VM, n cdobrated phy- sician and medical writer, was a nntivo of Scotland, beluK boru nt Lnunrk, in 1712. After servlnjj his apprcnt!ocslitp to n surgeon and apothecary at UlnsKow, he went somo Toyajfcs as n surgeon. Ho subsequently settled at Glasgow, and was appointed lec- turer on chemistry in the university of that city; ia which capacity he obtained so high ft reontatlou, that ho at length became me- dical professor in tho university of Edin- burgh. As an author ho made himself known by his" Lectures on the Materia Me- dic*."" Synopsis Nosologlas rractlciB." and his "' JbHrtt Lines on Me eontlnned to bo ouo of tho most prollfli: writers for tho stage, though nmio uf liii subsequent ^ileces were so succcssnit si tho comedy before mentioned. In 1780 ho wm employed bv tho government to conduct s secret negotiation with tho courts of Msdrld Aud Lisbon, which involved him In grest distress, ns tho ministry refused to rdmburM his exnenses, amounting to £mw, which compelled him to part with his hereditary property. To add to his distress, iho llosnl of iVndo was broken up, and ho retired, with a trifling pension, to TunbrUlgo Wells, whcrs ho dovotod himself to literary pursuits. Be- sides his numerous plays, ho publiiiiod s collection of essays, uudor tho title of "Tho t)bserver;" also several novels andvarioui other works, tho last of which wns his own " Memoirs." Tho comlo drama wns ccttsinly his forte ; but throughout the wholo of hit writings there is much merit, nud somo of them possess tho elements of n lasting vital- ity. Died, 1811. His portrait, phlntod hy Uomney, is In thoNatlonal rortralt Gallery. CUMHEULAND, WlLM.VM AuaUBTUS, Puko of, second sou of Gcorgo iL, was bom In 1721, nnd at an early ago entered on the duties of a military llfo. At tho battle of Dottingcn.in 1743, ho was wounded, whils fighting by tho sldo of his father; and in 1745 ho slgnallEcd himself, when commsnil- er-lnchlef of tho Hrltlsh army In Flanders, at tho battle of Fontenoy, where, however, ho was obliged to yield tho palm of victory to Marshal Saxc. On his return to England ho took tho field against tho Scottish rebti troops, whom ho defeated at tho battle of Culloden; but ho stained his laurels by un- OUNJ necessary cruelty. H iiKslu on the conttnon friitcd. His service en Intliiii of (.'lostci' Seven I'd liy thn govern mont. (MINNINdUAM, Al hiitiirlcnl writer of the of A " History of «rei Ucviiliitlon to tho Ace This wns elegantly wri trnnsliitliinofll was piii min in 17H7. Ounnlnghi vminicnt employment tbnt iif resident nt Vciil Cl'NNlNOHAM.AM, novelist, nnd nilscellnnei St Illncliwood, In Duii Ills imrcnts were In v( itnnccs, nnd ho wns takt only II ycnrs of nge, ni itono-miison. These dj cumitnncesdid not previ liiXiliygrciit though (Icsii Informntioii; nml in INK) where he nt llrst enriict conlrlbutlng to i^crlodh for the iiri'HS. At a Inter emplnyiiii'tit lu tho stu< amntrcv, ns principal ni nhled hlin to prosecut* without ha/iird, nnd ]io his ndvsntngcH, that ho Rultl'rd hiniNcir ns a eri |ioet and novelist., but nis tineas, ond nindo a fort numerous works nro " Sir well," a driima; " I'nul Michnolfieott," novels; tl niulHlr David Wllkle.bci liiilladl.nnd lyrics; hut h worl(,nnd tlint by which •outhofthoTweed,ls"TI Pslnten, Sculptors, and A 1812. CUIlETnN,Wn,T.IAM,n Jlltt, wns born ntAVestbur 1808. Ho studied ntOxfor fliurch. Having applied the study of Arabic n> mmci. lio was nppoln ottlieHodldanlnl8;t4,nnr Hdvon, which wnii dliavow^ lul l)jr th« ffovrrnmnnt. l)liid, 1704. niNNlRoirAM, Ai.KXANi.iCH, n Hootrh hlitorlcnl wriloroftho IBlhcnntury; niithor of « " m»toiy of (JrPBt llrllnln, from thn UoToliitlon to tho AccoMlon of JJooriro I " Thlnwnii Plojjrnntly wriltfln In Uili,,1„it a trmmliillon of It vmn piihlliihiHlhy DrThonin. «on III 1707. OiinnlnRhnm nlio held Homo ko- vminirnt rmploynii-ntu, nnionir which WHit tlint ((ricdldrnt lit Venice. DIimI, I7;)7 (;iiNNINOIIAM.AM,AN,nn..nilni.nt'poot. noYilUl.nhd inlgoKlIiincouN wrlliT, wim horn «t Dliickwood, In l>uinfrlc»mlilit., In 17hfl lilt pnrcntii worn In very liinnhln clrciini.* iinm('», nnd ho wnit tnkcn from «nlioot when uiilv II vcnrii of iiirn. nml ni>ii«....>i....i ..... aftnrwnnla a.i <•■.... ..' ' [om •iiuiiif, ••■■<■ iiu TTiin iHRiMi irum uniiool wh« only II ycnm of iiko, nnd npiirciitlcpd to « •loiicimwon. 'I'hcKo dlniKlviinliiKcouii olr- oumitnncpn did not prevent hlin from ncinilr- liig.liynrciit ihoiiKli demiltory reiuUiiK.niueh Inforiiml 1(111 ; nnd In IHKi hn went to London where lie itt Hint eiirned a niiiintoniinco hv coiiirllmtliiK to perlodlciilK, nnd renorilni for the prcBH. At a Inter period ho ohtulned rmployiuenl In thn Mitdlo of tho tieuli.toi' Chinitrey, n« prlndpnl HMUtunt, which en- nhlt'd him to pronecut- hli Jltnrnry tauten without hii/iird, nnd ho to well Improved his n(lv«ntn«cii, that ho not niornly li«tlii. Riilihrd hIniHelf nn n eritio and liUtorInn, imnnndnovcllHt, butiilHOM u innn of hu- uliiOH, ond niiido a fortnno. Amonir h|i numrrou. workn nre '< Hir Marmnduko Max- wll," dramii; " I'aul Jone»," nnd "Hlr Mlchnolfieoit.-'noveU; thn Llvc« of Hun ■ nn Hlr David Wllkle,i,e,l,lo» many poem" 1" »•>'••"«, "7'- i '!".« J'l" n>oiit Import „i work.nndthiithy which ho Ik best known I .«« h of tlH, Tweed, U " Tho 1,1 ve. of j.rlt^ ' Wnten, Sculptom, and Archltcctii." m'd, CUliETON, AVn.UAM, nn eminent orlent- MS' Ho^,Hi"'. ^V;':"^"'"^ '" Hhr,,pBhlro In ?""'.''• "»vl»(fiipi,llod hlmioir iipeclally to the itudv of Arable nnd other Orlei ,1 l!L inn. 1''"° '" ]""^' ""'• ""•«•« y'^-H later M h M^r^" "' "'" "'"""^Tlpfi, In tho 18S0 11^" '"'"• ". '""" ^'"'C' »'" hold till 1 Ar.itr'*"'''''',* '^'''""•'' cataloKuo of Himself to tho study and collation if Vi.n >• 5m "m s r""'"','"' «"S« •» London, .1, "d'tle'iS ,. the'.. ."""""' •" (lommonn In 17H< in.i w»m „ „, ' V""" "' allied him to mipport tho cliiini ii r «f - I'<>|.;.«nr ..dvocato''ind „„ U-c't'l v'<; •i,';,;^^'! tcnr''h""'^i7flr'n' "'"y"'''"" "nd lltt^ra- tZTf /•""•"•""•""lo tffii 7 to' I er'at r waj a fellow of tho Ko?'«. Hocict'y': *'S! imtunlBt. Ho was a nntlvo of Alton in Hnnipuhlre, nnd wait apprenticed to' an npothocnry In that place, liut hi. Io?o of lotanlcul pur.ulf. induced him to rJllnoui.^f "'',<'\»'"'»t n» '<■ hotanlcul lecturer. liJZci his lectures, which were published with ev »';«»««•'»". ;vho wrote •tl?o"lUnorVof^Arx" nnder the Great in ten books, tho first wn hotiteVir„o?rnr„"«S^^^ ^^h ^-"-'^'^to thin aXcen? 0U8A T.t%?y """»""" «"hl. work. Who tn«l?f °^'^'' ""' "n eminent cardinal Who took his name from the yiUogo of Cum' 841 Ii "' 'I KP lV i cvti] % iltitt IRnitiirMl ISiograp^v. OYK III till' (UocoiiM of Trovoi, wl\iViU noiil liy l'ot r.utt<*nl"* ^^- *** liiul(>i«vour lo htU\m ntiou( » uuloit bflwcKit thv tirook nnti Lntlii rluiiolio*, llo wnii iiiiulo n oni-vtlnnt by Vupo Nioliolii* v., wbo uUo KMVO bliii llm •«• of lli'ixou, ill tf\<> Tyivl, ll«t«Uli>» iiiotniiby«l(r trou- U*!*, wblcli fuiiu t.hi»H» volttiiiBii ^>llo, b0 ui-iii(> n viiy lotiniiHl uiitl (lowvrful vvfuUtlou of tbo Koimi. Ulotl, UiU, t'l'SSAY. M., IU«> (tovornur of An)t<*i'* »* llio tliiio (Minrlo* IX. oitl«V(>i'y UtoKinpbloiil woik, for bMvInK iH(<(l (0 oboy tbo kliiK'M tiibiiiimii onU>ra, ill U«i>i«o moiuonibU' woihU ; - ■ " I will not •mill Av) yi-iii\s of II iiiiDiloiiii tlfo by tho mo«t cowiinlly of iiMHsiilniilloiiN." l'll«TlNJ^, Al>AM rmUlTK. ("oilMt «Ul, \vn« boil) nl M«>lii, In 1740 1 iiml huvlnir oiHiM't'd (bo luiuy t'wrly In llio. uilnu'ti'il ilio noilooof l"if(l«»rl« of I'mnulu, ninlor wboiw bo»rrv«>(lln tlu>8ov('n Yi«i»i'»' YViir. lloiifti'r- wiinU ftci'<>|>tiul « oominlniiton In ono of tbo Vroiioli roulinontu norvlnji in tJio Anuulcnn war iiKtilnsl «bo I'liiKlUb ; iind on rvlnrnluK 10 I'l'iun'O was nitulo tjovonior of Tonlon. In ITti'J bo hiiil (bo i-oninuinil of tbo ni'niy of titv Kbtno; but bcliiK mnbloiily vuniniunuil to Vm\», tbo lymntit of tbo bour vent biiu to tbr (lulllotliio, .\ujiuxt. l7li;i,tboro to i>*plftlo tbo i-rimo of nonnnooonn, invniHKHT. 8r, bUbon of MmHsfnino, W(\« born In Scoilnnd. Allor btH-omlnR u monk and »t>oiullnK niiiiiy vtnirs in h «olltnry t»l!«nil,b(>\vu!i nppotnioil bubop of l.liitiururno In tbo your HHA. lUil ho vory »oon rellrcU, Mini illod in bis Islixnd on tbo con»t of Nur- (bninbriii, tiST. Iltn romnlnii llo in Durbain Crtthi'drttl, wbpro bo Is oominoniorateil by n •ouli>tnr«>a lijiuro of blinsolf, boldinK the hoaii of !!it t>«\YiiU( in liio vivbt band. Mira- clc» worn asorlbod to blni, and it was Iuhk cu.Hiomarv to tt|tbt nndor bin bannor. in'viKU. (JKOUHK i.Aorot.i* chr4tikn Vufii>Aito»;{tt and comparative anatomist, waH born at Mont b<>llard iu 17(>!>. llowusonro- fnlly cdncatcd by bU motlior ; studied a »bort tiin'p ar Tvibiniton and then at tbo Military Scbool of SluttKard ; dillKOUtly puriuod nicanwbilo bU flivourllo study of natural history; and, in 17DA,snttlodHt I'aiis, whoro ho onjoyod tbo frivndsblp of tJooitVoy Ht liilairc, and was named professor at tbe cen- tral schools. Uis loctnn<8, by th«ir novelty of ideas and their brilliancy of expression, excited Kreat interest and enthusiasm. Ho became assistant director of tbe Jardin des IMantes, and there be^au his lectures on comv^arative anatomy. In ISOO be succeeded Paubenton in the chair of natural history at the college of lYancc; was afterwaitls made iH'rpetual secretary to the Academy of Hciences, and ono of the inspectors-frencral of public schools. Napoleon charged hira with the new organixation of the uniTersi- ties in Italy, and made him councillor of •t«te. CuTier visited Knitland in 1818 and IMO, nnii traveileu also in Uerinany, Italy, and Holland. Ho wat a member of the French Academy , aud an otficcr of the Legion of Honour. l4)uti I'htlipp* maAo him n iioor of j'^ranue. Tbn low of hit dauKlitor Ilia only •urvlvtuR child, on tlin wmif iivr inarrlagp, iu IH1I7, waa n blow from wblcli ho did not wholly reeoTar. lln oniinrd Ida Uit uourae of loeturoa on tho Hth May, ihbu apoko In » alngularly linpr<>a«lva niannor tu a wry nnnieroua Mudionuo , and In live dsyi was dead. Among hia prinoipal workii nrv i " Iteebeivboa iiir loa Oaiainena Vusallei dei UuadrupAiles," tbo Inlruduetlun tu wliloh was aeparatnly published as, " Dlaenurs lur lea lUvolutlona do la Murfkon dii Ohilidi" " l,ei)ona d'Anatoniln (!oinpar4i>|" " i« Mum Aninul;" "Htatoira Natiirelln dci I'ufasona ; " " Kbigna hlatorlquea dea M«ih. brea do rAvndAmlo dea Heleneeti," Ac, Kg waaa eontrlbulnr to the " llloxraphtii II|||. vei'sidle," " lUetlonnalrvdeaHclences Natur- vlles," and various aelentillo Journals. tnrUlAN, Hf. TltAHdtHM t1*(l||,|Da, bishop of ('arlhauo and ono of the fHtlniri of tho ehureh. lie was probably a iiittlYo of tIarlhaKc, taught rhetoric (here, nnd about 'UO, when nuarly fifty years of «ko, waa converted lo tho t^hrlsllan fiilih. llu waa soon after ehoaen presbyter, Md(i|)ti( ii schism in tho ohurch of Carthage, In whicli his rival waa Vellcissimaa, and wliluh wai terminated by the aid of Corueliuii,biitlio|iof Uonip. Oypriau also oppoaed tho extrnvii ?ant honoura paid to martyra and uoiiftMon {la works, consiating of letters and ifi- nions,aro or great itnnortanec for tho tnnlKlit they give into tho beliofi, modes of thoii|{hl, and practices of the early churchc.i. 'riii'jr are written In a rhotorlofti atyle, resombliUK that of Tertullian, whom Cyprian studlcU and revered, and was uccustou'cd to ipesk of as " the master." CYUII,. 8t, I'ntrlarch of Alexiindrls, succeeded Thcophllus in 418. He whs ii man of boundless ambition, arrogant, uad licsil- atrong, and displayed these qualities in tlio persecution of tho Novatlans ; in tliu expul- sion of tlio Jews from Alexandria ; tn hii quarrel with Orestes, governor of tho city; bis persecution of tho accomplished Uypatia, head of tho I'latouist school of Alexsiulrla, followed by her brutal aciauro nnd murder ; and in hia long controversy with Ncslorius. Ho got Ncstorius condemned by ropoCcUii- tine and at the Council of Ephcsus, in 4:U. was himself condemned at tho Council of Antiooh, and with his rival was imprisoned by the emperor Tiicodoalua. Hia wrltinsfl, mostly controversial, occuor 7 vol*, toWo. VieA.'iU. CYKIL. 8t, " ApoaUeof the 81bv«i, " w»i born of a family of senatorial rank at Thee on oyh] siilotilca. Tils first iillil he iiet|iill'ed (he i /ll«llfl/t«l', Jlo WlIM I Cliiisavs, and ciinvei wliolii tribe. He a the lliilgarlaiis, foiiii Niul Invented thn Nla« works are attributed 1 HHl. (lYItTrn, siiriinmrd (if the I'ersinn ninnai hyuvn, a I'erslan nol diiiiKhter of Astyagr* slory is more tkan bii linpiiitNllile toMpparaln prlii»l|ml exptoiti|attr cKcitcmeiit (if a revol cniiii('(|ii<'nt defeat (i| Mrdcs, when he hrcan c(iiU|U('it of Iiydla uti • thd nIi'kc and captiin I Slid the invasion of H ilcfi'iitml and slain by ' Mniii*iiK<'la'i f^'ii>- He v Kiirdie, and his tomh ' under the (Irrat. Xcno In nil Idciit pictiirn of a not iin nt'tiial hisldry o CYllllH, suinanied ' (inn nf DnriiiN II., king' mitls. In II. (.'. 407 lie v thd wontcrn provineea wniofnnihitlous tenipr to de.ith for plotting Artnxvrxes on hia nnen liiU WHS pnrdoncd. Ktl klnK hiiniiolf, hn raised i InrKii body of (Ireek iiier Tnunis, marched down stl'unnxa eneountnred Ilicr, when hn was defe <0I. Xeiiophon,whoh« tecr among thn Ureeka, tri!nt, and wrote an acci tlon. CZAOKI, TllADDKUH, and writer, was born ii unc of thn ministers c AuKuntus in 17HH, andby nnil practical sagacity ; varloun B(!rvlre8 to his c( prominent part In tho C and on the partition of wcro conllnontcd. Thoj 1dm by thn emperor Va' oiinip head of a new schc ffhichiapidly grewin Im larlty. His most iinporti tlw on tho 1.1 ws of I'olii DlPii,lBI3, CZARTOUYBKI, I'rln OYl oyh] nitliinlrn. Tlln fltiir, iiiiitin win OoiiNlniitliix, mill liK iii'(|iili'iul llio tli'MlKiiiitliiii tit tli(i Phi- /lllllfiA**', 111* WIU Kl'lll lU |II'I>U('|| )() ||||< CliiiKitvii, mill viiiivi'i'luil llii< khiiii Miitl tliii wIkiIii trIliK. Ilii iir(i>i'\viii'iU |ii'(iHi'lit'il III llin lliilKiti'liilii), riMiiiilcil II Ni'lidot lit, lliiilit. Hiul liivittiKxl (tin Nlitviiiilo nlplmlict. Huvtiinl work* MO ntti'lbutud lit liiiii, Dliid m Kiihui, HNl. (jYlltrn, )iuriinmpil ttih IIi.ukh, foiiiKliir of till) I'i'i'Ninn tiioiinri'liy, wnit noil or (.'mil- \\j»vn, It rc't'Riiiil iioltin, mill of Miiiiiliiiiit, ili4iiKliti«r of AnlytiKrii, klitK iif Mmtla. UU iiliiry In iiuiro tkiiii liiilf iiivtiilrni, nnil It. U liniiiiNNlliln to Mppitriiln fnol from li<\ AiJli. Ilii wim ititurntil ut I'luuf. i;iirilu<, mill hlN tomb wu« vliilti'il by Ali>x- nmliTthoOrfiit. Xmoplion'* "()yr(i|>iit«lla" I* nil lilriil piff urn of n k"<»1 «iid wliiu riilor, not nil nt'tiiiil liUtiiry of Oyriig. CYIUIH, niirniiiiicil TIIK \ot;N wuH iniiiln K<>vt8talei were conllsontcd. Thuy wcro restored to lilm by till) ciiipiiror I'oul. Ja 1803 ho bo- oiime heml of a new sthool nt Kminlenico which laplilly ^rew In Importaneo ^ir popu- l«nty. HIh most Important work 1h u trcu- 'm.'"!.!''*' '''•^''* °'' i'o'"nd nnJ Lithuania. Died, 1913, , CZART0UY8KI, I'rince ADAH, Pollih ^ £it t» mititXM&l 19lo0rnpr)B. [oasiB ilnleiiniin and innuibcr of onn oflhn »....« in .r'lT'hi'n'r;''''.?''' i'..i«nd w'". ;;; * iMiiK I onialowNkl, and eontrlbiiled •« hU eleelloi, to the tl„,,„e, n„ took ,mrt 111 » « fro 11 thn Inmirrectloii of 1 7 N i wn. tivli.« vUlted by thn tmipiiror Ahii a mIerT and J«2 «-.m.liat of tho l/lnt eonvok f i to^.^ablUh tho eohfederatlon <.f IHIa. Dliid H21 rvonihient iietor In' tho I'-olUh on.'lulio;" /f iHlii, wa« born at War.aw In 1770 lio o"*- ed nevernl of bin early veara i i'„«r„i;,1 "...I Muilled at tin, MMl/er' 'y'of K.I S ' IZr . I1T'"'''"''«"'''" ''•'' ^^""'"n* «• <> ,.r i.M I '.'. '"?" '"' »"'"««rl»>ed, In tho naniu of Uitmila, thn treaty with Great Jlrlfaln H When thoieirolution of IH.'IO broko out !.« cimnlrJ ""a"'" """rf "•• l'- t''Vie'r'vlor /.' K V .^.■.eo'^'l."'"*''''"" "' '"" V"Vl.loi.aJ Kov .Minient, hi, nummoni d thn Dlut to meet III I eoombnr. IH30, and In tho folliwInJ '''vernme.';,""";';" "' V :"" '" t'uMiallT.nal 7.',r,'*" ,"." '■•'•"'K'""! ••I» I'oiit after tho lei ll.li. day. of Aiikuni \n «„,i i'„, ,„,, i, Vvod Hl« alter yearn were upent In I'arli. whcrn bo a natlvo of Hervlu. but 1. Sow^nown tS bavo been » I'renthman. Ho wm born o? Naiid, .erved In tho army, pawod ove? to Uio Austrian army durl.iK tlie^evoTuUonary K.r?f,. '"i'"'*^","" »'«'«'or of banditti In talen,: . '.;'?^"'''" ''' "'" '"'«" "' '''« "«'"ral talents, and a couruge rarely equalled. WUh m ardent desire to liberate H.rvla from tho I urks, he tlrst raised u small troop, was «,c- eessfu In various encounters, and In 1800 made himself master of HelKra'e A W nnd arduous struHKic followed ; and UiouSh wJ!. '"'"i f''*-''"' <'-<'«-K0 was tho acknow- .« ,,« hiy'r'"/;' "",''^'"' "'» despotism bo. eanio Intolerable, the nobles huted bim as much as the Turiis. and he wus ovont\mny eompellpd to retire to KuhsIu. where ho wai recefved with dlHtlncllon, and created i llussian prince. Hut ho was still bent on erXr li? fsiVf • •"•""•'vlngcntcrod tha" '-<#5^^;;- iii SACIER, ANDRi , a French critic and clasi- ical commentator of lome eminence, bom, In 1651, at Castres, in Upper Languedoc. He was made perpetual secretary of the French Academy, and had the care of the cabinet of the Iiouvrc intrusted to him. He trans- lated Horace, Plato, Plutarch, Epictetus, Ac, into French. Died, 1722. DACIFR, Anne Lefevke, wife of the preceding, was born, in 1681, at Saumur, at the university of which place Tannegui le- fevre, her father, was a professor. Her love of classical literature was displayed at an early age ; ond her proficiency was so great, that at the age of 22 she published an ad- mirable edition of " Callimachus," which was followed by various other editions of the classics. She subsequently translated Homer, Anacreon, Sappho, Terence, with some of the plays of Aristophanes, Flautus, &c. In 1683 8!:> married M. Dacier, and soon after they both renounced the Protestant religion. Though her life was spent" in constant literary labour, she was far from being os- tentatioxis of her eminent abilities. Died, 1710. DAGl/i:aRE, M., whose name is asso- ciated with one of the most refined appli- cations of Science to the Arts, was bom in 1790. From an early period he had been en- gaged in making chemical researches ; but the Daguerreotype process, with which his name is identified, was first made known in the autumn of 1839. The whole of Europe was astonished at the beauty and novelty of the pictures produced by his process; and the French Government granted him a pen- sion of 6000 francs for his discovery. Da- guerre was celebrated as a dioramic painter, and by ingenious contrivances he had suc- ceeded in producing many very extr- or- dinary effects in his pictures. His system of opaque and transparent painting was pub- lished by the French Government along with the processes of the Daguerreotype. Died, 1852. D'AGUESSEAU.'HENRI FRANCOIS, chan- cellor of France, Illustrious for his talent, scholarship, and integrity, was born at Limoges in 1668. He was received advocate in 1690; held the oflSce of advocate-general to the parliament of Paris, for six years ; rendered great services to his country dur- ing the embarrassments caused by war and famine In 1709 ; risked disgrace with Louis XIV. by his steady opposition to the famous bull Unigenitus ; and was named chancellor In 1717. He opposed the foolish schemes of Law, for which the regent deprived and exiled him ; but he was reinstated in 1720. Through the influence of Cardinal Dubois he was again exiled, and though recalled after five years, the seals were not restored to him till 1737. At the age of 82 he retired from oflBce with a pension of 100,000 francs. Died, 1751. His works, consisting of bis speeches end p'eadings, fill 13 vols. 4to. DAILLF, ^J-^AN, a distinguished Frencli 318 ~" Protestant divine, bom in 1594. He was tutor to the sons of Duplessls-Mcmay, and with them visited Italy, where he made the acquaintance of Paul Sarpl. After his return to France, he held the office of pastor of the church of Charenton above 40 years. He wrote several important works,among which are the "Traits do I'Emploi des SS. P^res " "Apologie des Eglises r«form«es," both which were translated Into Latin and Eng- lish ; " La Fol fondle sur les Saintes Ecri- tures," &c. As a controversialist he was singularly Impartial, and is esteemed even by Roman Catholics. Bora, 1594; died 1670. DALBERG, CAEI. THEODOK ANTON Maeia, baron of the German empire, prince- primate of the confederation of the Rhine, grand-duke of Frankfftrt, ond, finally, arch- bishop of Ratisbon, was born near worms, in 1744. He always espoused the new ideas to which the French revolution gave im- pulse; nnd though he opposed the invasion of Germany by the l'ri:ncl\ In 1797, he assist- ed at the coronation of the emperor Napo- leon in 1804. Throughout life he was distin- guished for industry In the discharge of his official duties, and for an incorruptible love of justice ; he was also the encourager of learning and science, and himself the author of several ingenious treatises, legal, scien- tific, and philosophical. In 1813 he resigned all his possessions as a sovereign prince, and retired to private life, retaining only hit ecclesiastical dignity. Died, 1817. D'ALBRET, CHARLOTTE, sister of Jean d'Albret, king of Navarre, and wife of Cesar Borgia. She was a poetess of no mean powers, and as remarkable for virtue as her husband was for vice. Died, 1514. D'ALBRET, CHARLES, constable of France In the reign of Charles VI., to whom he was related by blood. He commanded in the French army at the famous battle of Agincourt, in which he lost his life, 1415. D'ALBRET, JEANNE, queen of Navane, was born in 1628. She was the daughter of Henri d'Albret, married Antoine de Hour- bon, duke of Vend6me, and became, in 1553, motht'i' of Henry IV. She succeeded her father in 1555, and soon after became a Pro testant. Being invited to Paris to treat of the marriage of her son with Margaret, sis- ter of Charles IX., she went there, and the treaty was signed, but she died suddenly, June, 1572, two months before the massacre of St Bartholomew. DALE, Richard, an American naral officer, was bom. In Virginia, in 1766 ; was sent to sea at 12 years of age, and at 19 had the command of a merchant-vessel. While serving as midshipman on board of the AmericPH 'oijg of war Lexington, he was taken I ,v a British cutter ; but, after being confinul a twelvemonth in Mill prison, he efftCifid his escape Into France, where he ,'o5:u'd the celebrated Paul Joneo, then com- ir.Mmiui the American snip Bon Homme dal] Richard, and was ( the English frigate tared. In 1801 he American squadron on board the Pres honourable, and i adventures of his most romantic and latter years were pi Joyment of a compe phia, where he died DALE, David, a t originator of the wc was born, in 1739, at From being a jour came a cotton manii tensive scale, first I R. Arkwiight, and account. By his n given to thousands, i he leave the latter Instruction, but prov lishcd schools at all I D'ALEMBERT, J] brated French math tear, was born, at V found exposed on the StJeanle Bond, was of a glazier, and wa son of Madame ile Tc beauty, and of an ol studied at the CoiMge self with enthusiasm was admitted to the in 1741. With Didci famous " Encyclop«di( inary Discourse, and « cal portion of the wor of Frederick II. of Pi fully endeavoured tc Catherine of Russia p take the education of : He loved privacy and shunned society, anc money and honours. worlis are: "Traits "Traiti dos Fluides; diff^rents Points inipoi Monde J " Recherches i Equinoxes;" "M^moli aes J^suites;" "M«u Reine de Suftde," &o. DALHObSIE, JAMK RAMSAT, tenth Earl a bom April 22, 1812, w East Lothian in 1837, t year, on the deatli of place in the House of was appointed vice-pn of Trade, and presiden Having accepted the general of India, he an January, 1848. Hia pol Bii years of his rule is m the well-known min JP in 1856. His health, Mceasing exertions, an Joura in India was'occ* to of the king of oude "0 Mttlement of his kl houiie's policy in thta r^indedonlonVpe dal] ^ iStto g^nlbergal ISIoftrapftn. Richard, and wa« the lint man that bonrdod I .„a i. 1 -— -* »K;uaru, ouu naa me uTK man that boardei the Eng i.h fr gate SerapU, ■vrhtch wa, cap- tured. In 1801 he had the command of an American squadron, and hoisted hii pendant on board the President. He was a brave honourable, and Intelligent seaman. The adventures of his early days were of the most romantic and perilous kind: but hl« latter years were passed In the peaceful en- Joyment of a competent estate at Philadel- phia, where he died. In 1826. DALE, DAVID, a skilful mechanic, and the originator of the well-known Lanark Mills was born in 1739, at Stewarton.ln AyrKl From beingr a Journeyman weaver he be came a cotton manufacturer on a most px tensive scale first In conjunction with Sir R. Arkwiight, and afterwards on his own account. By his means employment was given to thousands, old and younir ; nor dirt he leave the latter without the m "an. of Instruction, but provided teachers and estab- Ujliod schools at all his works. Died 180B D'ALEMBERT, JEAN LK Rond, a cele- brated French mathematician and lltMra- teur, was born, at Paris, in 1717. He was found exposed on the steps of the church of St Jean le Rond, was brought up by the wife of a glazier, and was discovered to be the son of Madame ae Tencin. a noted wit and beauty, and of an officer of nrtillenr ut itudied at the College Mazarin, devotedhim lelf with enthusiasm to mathematics. aSd hl'Vl?'" w^VVS" ^'l^'^^y of Sciences in 1741. With Diderot he establishcH rhl famous " Encyclop^die," wrote the p/ellm! inary Discourse, and edited the mathcmaU- cal portion of the work. He was tho fri»„ ^ of Frederick IL of Prussia. wVounsuccess fully endeavoured to fix him at TRnrif^ Sh^f K"«^'a pressed Wm^o Ser take the education of her son, but In vain He loved privacy and Independence rath« .hunned society, and was indiffwent to Xml, PiS .■ '"Re^cffirV" diir^rents Points impo'rtants dS si^^^' ^ d,^ Mondej" Recherches sur a Pricessimi dP^ Equinoxes;" "M^moire su^VsupSion dej«8uites;" "Mimolres do ffiitine Heme de Suide," &o. Died im ^'*'"""^' ^DALHOVSIE, JAMK8 ANi™ T1pot,» Ea^Loan'V?^ 7.rt fSe'fo^o'wI^^i einKS-if''i!JwS MTerely critic! .i^vi^*" matter has been cTvirofflrpV"^"*" •"'°» raised him to hgh of Wnr^frir "f '^"rmly espoused the cause ?7sq hl"^®" Hastings when Impeached, and in Sutedlo°h1 " PrPi""*' ^^ Which he at" India Tni?o?V"'^ ^"■'""l* supremacy in trea?Le» li ^/^^la^d; besides some elaborate Peter Parke?-' Th'r"^''"i*"^',C''P»'»*"8'r r"""'>oplc. Ancient and Modern '"'AWJn^ dotes of the Arts in Ensrland •- *«' it ?° edited the Letter, of LacTykary Worttv K " f nd'o^'h^'P^'^'l " Anecdo?eTo?'pI n7 Ph?^KrA^dli'lrtl^-rdTe' SZta a% Tn"l73r" S* ^^ef p^J/S 1795 Hb wo. ?' *""]<> the Admiralty In Soctty^^^e^^.^a." '^"°^ '' ^'^^ ^'^^^ rdVn«aurrv"^«\''«t:^°'''.^.«-:!>l«'>JVd?e MlTori»i«i..j v-"" *"»"er nas been nAT.pviirr.TV ".■ ti. foinded orin«'-'"""*' ■«^'»'>»« Judgment &nVVmioZrv^VjF^'^^°'^ Scotch judge ^^^^^l^n^^ernonal experience, ( ir26.rd1rciter/tE'tra^n7uSS«'*Js ■4 ■ h.:„ ' ] m r V 1 :l 1 j H Iw i^L f-^ 349 I'' ^I Ills bocoiuinu a Jiulgo of thn ouurt of Rctsiiion, In 1766, ho took the tttto of I«rd Ilalli's. Hli priiictpnl works nro"AniiuUof 8i>othind," which Dr JohnRon assUiiut in ri'vislng, " Momuriuls ri'lutinK to thu History of Great nritrtln," " Uomnlnsof Chrlstiuii Antiquity," &c. Diod, noa. I) A L. 11 Y M P li K, JAMK8 and JOUN. LSTAIll, Vtscouiits itnd Ki)iilosophy," and a second and third part lu 1810. He also frequently contributed to N'Icholson's Journal, tho An- nuls of Philosophy, and the Memoirs of tho Literary and Philosophioal Society of Man- chester, of which for half a century ho was an aeilvo member, and latterly the president. In 1826 ho was pi-esented with a gold medal by tho lloyal Society for his sclentlflc dis- coveries ; ond in 1833 the sum of £2000 was raised by his friends and townsmen for the oreetlon of a statue (by Chantrey) to per- petuate his remembrance. His " atomic theory " must ever render his namo memor- able. Contemporaneously with Qay-Lussac, with whose researches many of his own run parallel, he discovered the ^onoral law of the expansion of xases ; and his contributions to meteorology were also of the most import- ant kind. A severe attack of paralysis in 1837 considerably impaired his powers, and he died in August, 1844. DiUton was a man of thorough independence of mind, thorough truthfulness, and almost childlike simplicity of life. Ho was a member of tho Society of Friends, and a constant attendant at their meetings. His fellow-townsmen showed their sense of his worth by giving him a magnificent funeral attended by a'' iuimense number of persons. ' '' "'" DAMASUS I., Pope, succeeded Liberlus in 380. Arival wnsalsoelectcd.and disgraceful disorders followed, tho hostile parties going the length of fighting and killing each other in the city, and even in the churches of Home. Damasus was a man of considerable learn- ing, and his judgment was sought on many important matters then in dispute. On one occasion the eastern churches referred a question to him. St Jerome was at llome during the last years of the pontificate of Vamosus. Died. 384. DAMIANI, PiETRO, Cardinal, bishop of Ostia, born at Ravenna about 988. Left an Ofphun, he was brought up by unc of his bro- 250 thors and Nuni to study at l''»on/.aand Parma. He made rapid pr(>gross,Bnd becanio a t(>achvr himself, but his strong religious 'ueling led hint tu retiro to a monusiic life, and in 1041 he became abbot of Fout-Avr'.^ana, Ho ren- dered important servloo to sovoral popes, and was created cardinal, hgainst hU ^ii|, in 1037. His influence was very powerful, and ho induced llenedict X.. who was irregularly elected pope, to rcsl^'n in favour of Nlcholni 11. He was sent as legato to Milan to con- demn tho simoniacal piaclices tlien cuiisInK much agitation; supported Alexander II. against tho emperor ; and then retired, re- signing his dignities. Ho was, however, .U'V I'ul times drawn from his cell and scut on Important missions to France, to Ocr many, and finally to lUvonna, to re-estab- lish order after tho oxcommup'^ation of the archbishop. The fatigue of this nUsslon was too much for his diminished streuKtli, and ho died at Facnxu soon after his return, in 1072. His works consist of lUographies of Saints, Sermons, and Letters. DAMIBNS, IIUUKHT FUAN(jOI8, who, ow- ing to his vicious inclinations, obtained the appellation of Robert-le-diable, was born in 1715, nt TIeulloy, a vlllago of Artois. Whllo at Paris, in a menial employment, he wus accused of having poisoned one of his mas- ters and robbed another ; and having evadod tho law by flight, ho in coursu of time re- turned, to practise new enormities. Hi» mind was impressed and irritated by the dia- putcs then going on between tho chuich ond the parliamont of Paris. AVlth some vague notion that a change for tho better might be effected by attacking the king, In Janu- ary, 1767, ho stabbed Louis XV. in the midst of his guards, as ho was getting into his cor- riagc. Tho wound was not mortal, and Damlcns was Instantly seized ; but the most cruel tortures which ho was doomec^ to suffer could noS; induce him to confeso that he had any accomplices; and the horrid sentence, which condemned him, llkeRavalllac, to be torn In pieces by horses, was executed, March 28, 1767. DAMOCLES, a sycophant at the court of Dionysius of fnacuse In the 4th century i». C. When he was one day extolling the happy condition of princes, the tyrant in- vited him to a sumptuous entertainment, but caused a naked sword to be suspended over his head by a single hair ; a sufficiently significant symbol of the fear in which ty- rants may live. DAMON, a Pythagorean philosopher, memorable for his friendship with Pythias. Dionysius of Syracuse having condemned the latter to death, he obtained leave of absence to go home and settle his affairs, Dainou pledging himself to endure the punishment in his stead if bo did not return at tho ap- pointed time. Damon was punctual; and this instance of fk'iendship so pleased the king, that he pardoned Damon, and begged, but in vain, to be admitted to their friend- ship. DAMPIER, William, an English navi- gator, was born at East Coker, Somerset- shire, in 1652, and became a mariner at an early age. During many yeurs of active ser- vice iu privateers and Uadiug ve&seU, ac dan] MTeral tlmei TUIteU th« South Hun*; ,«! the rwult. of lil« obMrvBtlont wero given to the public in a work entitled " Vovairo round the World," which for aocuracy and Intcrom. aa well a* for profeMlonal Unow- le(l«c, poueitei conilUernble merit. He (lieU, «• 11 (uppoaed, in 1712, but the exact tinio la not known. UANljy, FRANoifl, a UlatlnKulahed paint- (T, wiif a native of Wexford. He wiia born In 17»:). and after attaining aomo reputation lit Dublin, ho aettloU In JSngland about 1820 lie wua elected A.K.A. flvo yeura later Hli worka are moatly Inndacupca, linatflnatlveiv trcot.'d, and often inveatcd with the huea of sunset, rheir gencrnl character may bo KalhtreJ from their tltlea.- " Hunaot at Hm after a Storm."" Lnat Moment o?8un.?.' Hhlpon tiro— caim moonllifiit—fur ut Hon " "The MInute-Oun at Hoa."VrAmon« hU best work, are " Morning at Khodea " "^ui livery oflarael out of KKvpt,'- and " Embark- atlon of Cleopatra on the Cydnua " liiart in Devonshire, 1861. /"""«• i^ieo, DANUY, THOMAS 08B0KNK, Earl of and duke of Lcnda, lord-troaaurcr under Charlca 11., was born about 1631. Hla father waa a icalous roynliat, and Introduced him at court at an early age. Ho waa knighted by Charlca II., crouted Viacount Latimer In 1673, and In the following year waa appointed lord-trea- surer, and created earl of Uanby. it wai i.t, hlsadvice that Charlea pcraocuted the K confonnista. He waa auapected of bribery and an Impcnehment wna propoaed by Lord Wiilnm lluaaell. but wna not carried Tut In 1878 he waa impeached by the Common. and thouKh pardoned by the king, Ca^on' Cm '"t^'^rr! "^'^ ^•"' »n'V re'eaaed In 1684. He Joined in the Invitation to the Pflnco of Ornnge, In 1688. waa named pro! sldent of the Council in the following year and wna created marquiaof Carmarthen and ir 1693 duke of Leeda. Died, im ' ^ DANCE, GKOROE, the elder, an Enirllah architect of the 18th century, who held the post of nrcliltect to the city of London Hia chief work ia the Manaion Houae, which wm built about 1740. Died, 1768. DANCE, OKOUOE, the younger, archlteot i?di"arJ?iSra"„d""tr;°e r!V\''e"rrr mcnced hia flrat and probably hU S meritorious work, the famous Negate pr ?"• Ho.'»'as Profeaaor of »'chitecture at «io Koya Academy, but did not lecture I Dance built St, Luke's Hospital, and the gah Institution in Palf Mail ".Died! DANCEll, Daniel, a noted miBo,. «,». Wn in 1716, near Harrow, "in M dSle^" In 1736 he succeeded to his family e<.fnt« Mteti^eMXjrrL^Jlf^"^ ZZ:i?''"''T ^'"'» he was ou?gathe" « ja«lp anBuraal Viogrof^s. [d'ai > ac.iotl^"!^rti'a\i';;^Srfvr,'rnYnr^ at Fontainebloau, and waa orlglnallv a hnr' riater, but quitted the law for th" at«./n Vn had revolted, he agreed to heln t Wm ir.^ accordingly undertook with them in" 1201 '•'« ? "go 0' Conatanilnople, at "vlUch he' r^rw'![/sra.!'riraaS 4iSr'^'«"^""oVra'o7^*''''°'°^ DANDOLO, VINCENZO, a Venetian chom in the Temple ; but three veara aftor m » murder of her parenta, and' after .he had heard of the cruel death of her brother aho was released from prison, in exchan/e for some members of the Convention W^o had been.priaoner8 in Austria. Immedl" ZLrL^'L'f'''\ «"« proceedeT'to Vienna , out there, whore thn n^stna „♦ Frenchman was h'ated? she encountered persecution again ; and she quitted the em- Cnfm?,i? v' *° *''''« shelter with the ex"ed Count do Provence, who had found a tem- porary home at Mittau. Here she nfarrl^d her cousin, the duke of Angouldme to whom .he had been betrothed farly li lifl and for whoso sake she had refused a mZ',1*"^ ""'""'=« «* ^^^ Austrian court M ttau, however, proved no resting-place the king of Prussia to take up their abode i m dan] IK £itio fltnibcrsal 19(oQrajpI)u. [pan i In Wartaw uiulor pnlnful condltlont- Jlut Wiiriaw loon rrpiMitod of It* mnagro huipl- tallty.and tlin ovitcimtt wrro lonn irnvrllinK ngiiln townril* iMlttaii. Momiwhllo Alox- midpr, by tlio ponco ofTIUIt, hnvliiK Im'coiho nu ally of Nt»poli>on, the word wntoncr nioro (liven to go fort! )'• Aiii;uiit, IHOH, tlio travcllorato , ii -no r ., Ul< uliorp.iindip ntninpd unrtir pvi tocld-u i.utll tho lmnl»h- mciit or !'iii,iy«jMirti ill I'Uia opciunl tlio nmd to rraiun uiid i" tin' ihionc. Tlio flrit cnru of tlip (luclicM on lior return wna to locovir tbo rviiiiihit of licr parents thrown Into a dlihonourod gravo ; but tlio burial wim orarci'lv ovor before Huon.iparte eneiipnl from KJba. The duoliom, heliiR at llordeaiit III the time, rallied tho troop* there, and licrtiii'ally undertook to lead them ni»nlnr.f Nni.olcon, who, romemberlnn; 'ri'i ici >i"m when Bhc defied tho artllloiy of Clau»:el, wa« wont to eall her " tho only man of iho family." Kleveu month* the devoted woman had been In I'Vauce when nho quitted It sorrowfully agiiln ; but tb<> Hundred l>ay« over and^Vaterloo aeeompllnhed, the seeond restoration took place, and she at onee re- turned. Hut even In prosperity, ealiimlty qualifled her lot. Her brother-in-law, tho Due do Herri, was murdered at the Opera, on tho lath of Vebruary, 1H20, and In IH'24 •ho lost her fellow-exile, Louis XVUI. Six year* afterwards tho folly of Charles X. transferred tho tlirono to his eousin Tioul* rhilippo ; and duriiiR tho storm that pre- ceded tho ehango tho duchess was forced to travel disguised through tho streets in a public vehicle, whose nierelful and generous owner contrived to save her from discovery and its too probable consequences, duitting Franco with Charles X., she set sail lor England, visited 'Scotland, and for a timo sojourned In tho palace of Ilolyrood. Soon afterward* Bho accompanied her unelo to rrngue. In 1836 they established themselve* at UorltJ!, where Charles X. found his tran- quil rostlng-placp, and where, shortly after- wards, the remains of her faithful husband wero deposited. AVlien residing with her nephew at Prohsdorf sVe heard of tho new French revolution of 1848, which deprived Louis Fhilippo of hi* crown. On the 13th of October, 1851, whilst present at tho ce- lebration of mass, between nine and ten o'clock in the morning, tho duches* fainted away. On the following day she became worse; on the Kith, tVio anniversary of her mother's execution, she uttered a feeble fiire well to the duke of }tordeaux, and never affain spoke. Her will had been previously made. 8ho prayed to Ood, in that docu- ment, to shower down his blessing* upon Franco; she pardoned with her entire soul, and without exception, all who had injured and offended her; and sho desired to bo laid in the grave between her husband and his father, without ceremony or so- lemn service. Died, 1851. Her Memoir* have been published by Mm Komer, un- der the expressive title of " Filia Doloro- sa." DANICIAN, ANDRK. [FHILIDGU.] DANIEL, GABRIEL, a Flench Jesuit; author of a " History of France," and a 392 severe aatlre on tbo system of that phllosn pher. Horn, 1)141); died, 17'iH. DANIKL, HAMtiKli, an KnglUh poet and historian, born In Homeriietshlre, I i isai. Ho appears to have dudled at Oxford, bo- canio tiilor to Lady Anno Clifford, and wn* afterwards In the service of Aniir, queen «f James I. It Is uiieerlaln whether hu suc- ceeded Hponser ns poet-laureate. Ho wrote a poem on tho Wars of tli'' Hoses ; "Cleopa- tra," a trngedy ; " Musophtlu* ; " " The (Joiu- plalnt of Itosamoiid," and other shorter poems, and also a History of England, down to the death of lOdwiird III. HU works are little read, but deserve to bo well knii>Yri, Coleridge eallNhIm "the admirable DiiMicI," and commends the purity and manlineNsor his stylo and laniiruage. Many passageu of great sweetness and tciiderneHs occur In hit poeiiiH. Died in his native county In liilu. DANIl'U.t, I'liANClHoo, an Italian in vivU and antiquary, born In 1741. In tlie Nenpolitnn revolution of 17UII, he Joined tho I'rench republican party ; and on tlm restoration of the king of Naples sud'crcd tho loMK of his post In tho Academy, and tho contlNcation of his property, .losopli Iluonaparte made him perpetual secretary of tho Academy of Anti(|iilties at Naples, and In this powt ho waa continued by Miirat. He died in 1812. Among his works are " Lo Forche Caiidino Illustrate," " Moiieto Aa- ticho (II Capua," " I Kegali Bepolcri del Duouio ill I'alermo," Ac. DANUiLL, John Fukdi.uick, D.C.L, professor of chemistry in King'* College, London, and foreign secretary to the lloynl Hocloty ; author of " Meteorological Essays, " an " Introduction ti> <'hemlcnl I'hllosopliy," &c., besides numerous papers in the (tuar- tcrly Journal of Science and Art, and tho Fhilosophlcal Transactions, was burn in London, in 1790. As a proof of tho eatlnm- tion in which his scientific ntt.iiinnonta wero held, It Is only necessary to fstato that ho obtained al' thu three medals in the gift of tho lloyal . oclety, an honour never be- fore conferred on any one. ■While attinding a meeting of tho council of tho K. S., Murch 14, 1845, he was seized with apoplexy, and Immediately expired. In his ofliclal capacity ho wa* zealous and indefatigable; in his private character, irreproachable. DANIELL, SAMUKL, an artist, who tra- velled into the interior of Africa, made nu- merous drawings there, and on his return published a work entitled " African Scenery and Animals." Ho also spent six years la tlio island of Ceylon, where he died in 1811. He left an extensive collection of drawings, chiefly illustrative of tho natural history of tho island ; and a volume was published, entitled " Tho Scenery, Animals, and Native Inhabitants of Ceylon." DANIELL, William, K.A., an emi- nent draughtsman, born i7C9, accompanied his uncle to India, when he was only 14, for tho purpose of assisting in depicting the scenery, costume, &c., of that country. Immediately on their return, the largo work, entitled " Oriental Scenery," in six folio volumes, was commenced, and con- tinued with the most persevering ardour, uutii ito vuuii-'iriiOu 111 1TV3. lit? *»»"•» .■«- dan] tithed "A I'ictureiquo Vojraffe to ln(tl«,"a work cntllU Z(.oKrnphy," «iia « grant TarlPty or •cparnto vlows, Ac. In mu ho oommcncnl the " VoynKo roiintt (Iront Ilrltaln." Two or thrro month* In each •iinimcr wore devoted to collccllnir )tlon8 of his great poem. Hcatrlcedicd in 1290; and she then became to him a glorified ideal of wisdom Jii R'"'''^- > y'''*'" "''tc' hp' ileath ho mar- ried Gemma de- Conatl, whose family was of the party of the Qhiboilines, nnd who nmdo M» life a burden by her savage temper iT T^"'* '" »"« Florentine army at U.e warwihtl, Plsans. In 1300ho was chosen Ld fLt';, , chief magistrate of Florence" Tni „ i 'f period bcffan his misfortunes >Dm^?n ♦"■'"/'•• ''■"" ""ciphs were then an fhl^v'"^'*'"''''"''' ''""^n "» the Hianchl and the Nen ; and Dante, on suspicion of xKf J^ ?'""••'•'' ^"o -entenced to Mi e, and his estates were confiscated. He Uke'r^'fl'A?""'','''"'! thenceforth had to ft. nhihi? "* ^'"■'°"» CO""* that favoured he Ghibelluie party, which ho Joined. In 1304 ho made, with other exiles an nn o~"lnSrTr! '" «ntor FforCe "by" iwce of arms. After many wnnderlna. h- Nwiin"'rt."%''i'" ."*■ ^aTehna, with "oiildo KoveUo da Polenta, and there he died, In n 0(t3a antbcrial Wograpftp. [daw 1381. Florence and all Italy then know .liT mourned their loss. \ splendid ni.muTne^t wn. ereefd to him at Havennn, r.X ,^?""! work, woro multlnllrd. profes.or.hlpl in, ? • uted for expounding them, and volumlnou. commnnlarle. written. Tho Florent nel tHed to get the remain, of their banished po^t restored to them, but In vain H|" " ...r^ wero removad by Father Ant, nln\ .i ohancellor of the l.^ancUa;„.j„''S ?;,,., '„' repair of his monument by l;«rdln«l Corli The coffin was rediscovered In 1868 linnto'. wren p„em Is ontltlod tho " Div no Wdv * «<'d In tho form of a vision *ouCThth.. n.ysleile, of the invlslblo world, of Hell I'urgatory, and Paradise. It 1» the flr.t Rreat work . f modern European lltorature " a'^mv.Hl' " rr. "" ■* "cation of ge„*i"u,: a mystic unfathom .bio Hong;" erpafi..t always to tho greatest. It ha. p,7s;ed fhroii»h Innumorablo edition., and b?en " ran.ratSd over and over again into all European Ian g '»«c». Of Engll.h translation. ^o?y, "„ mn^K '"'!'"'' "'"* ^" C!arlylo'«, In prose arS non. .„'""""'r''- ""^ "cveral'new tran."«- tlons In various metre, have appeared In th« "• /«7,;c«"; Among the.nTo Wright', Ilossottr., and Mr. llnm.ay.. in Ihbi an pared at P„rU a magnlfi.ent edmon of tfo Inferno." Italian text and Fr.-nch trnn.l. tlon with illustration. brOu"tuvo Doi«" 2 vol.. folio Tho Illustration, have been vol ?oTo'"'"n"J.'' «n «"«>'•»» edition" •' vu S '°" ^'"nte's other work, aro tha I dori^M^V? ^''''- '"f,«"y tran.lnted by Thco* [doro Martlnj the "Oonvito," or Banauet- xXl'rVv^ '^f'"' "•"' Monnrchli." a"3"de «? .ii""^ ^**"*c *'" tho frUnd of mo,t of the eminent men his contcmporaWe. among them, Oiotto. whose port^aU of Wm wa, discovered In 1840. Aqulna,. lloBer ?!?"' ?^"!;"° '•°'»' Clmabuo, and i)^^,' Scotus died, and Petrarch and BoccacIo were born, in Dante', lifetime The 8ex° a^lw^n"' "r*":* ""'»» ^»« celebrated 1769, was an advocate by profeision but became one of tho most active nmouK the demagogue, of the French revolution Af\e? the impriso ment of Loui, XVI. at Varenne, ho took the and In the meeting of theChamt)' do Mar,, which paved the way to the dl? thronemont of the king, and ended In tho« scenes of blood and c?ielty that have ?»' wluT^Z^'lT"'"'''' «"« name^of Jacob n We 1 qualified for the position he a.sumed nlrrl" r'"""' ''^"'■c. stentorian voice, and «^^f M^*""''"'""/' he became one of the executive council, and prepared measure, for the defenco of the capital wh^ it waS Kt""*,^^ *'^° Prussian invader, "n^" the duke of Brunswick. He wa, afterward, a member of the Convention and of the Com* mitteo of Public Safety, and wa, a chJ^f fix:' °^ *." *!?« sanguinary act, of that terrible period. At length a struggle for su- premacy took place between himind Kobe,- te*' ^1 '^hlch the latter succeeded, and DANVILLE, Jeaw BAPTIST* Bona- oPiaNoy. flr,t geographer to the king "f 3M d'au] % £lt\D Bnlttxml 13{ograpf)T). [dam Frnnpe, member of the Academy of Tn»crlp- tinn* nnd BrIIci T^ttret, nf thd Antiquarian Soolnty of LorMlon.andadJolnt-gcographerto the Parisian AcaflemT of HclencM; born at ParU, 1897; died, 17M. l>'AnTllI« rt<« voted hli whole life to geographical studtr*, and the numerous valuable maps and works he published left him without a riynl. Among the best of his works are the "Analyse QAographlquc de lltnlle," " Notice de I'An- clenno Oaul," "M#molre lur I'Kgynte An- clenne et Moderne,'" "Tralt« des Mesures Itlnr Hurney." In 1793 sh'' was married to M. d'Arblay, a French cmifc -ant artillery officer ; and having quitted England for a short re- sidence at Pari* during the peace of 1802, their detention by Napoleon was the con- sequence. Her husband afterwards resumed his rank in the army of his native country ; and they continued to remain In France till the peace of 1814, when they came to Eng- land, and took uji their residence at Bath. In that city M- d'Arblay (then a general) died, in 1818. There also died Madame d'Arblay, Jan. 6, 1840. Her "Diary and Letters," published shortly ofter her death, attained considerable popularity, and Is still interesting for its detailed and curious pic- tures of such phases of English life as the authoress was famllur with. DAROET, JKAN, a French chemist and physician, who contributed much to the pro- gress of chemical science, was bom, in 1725, at Douazit, in Ouiennc. He made several improvements in the manufacture of porce- lain, tried the effect of fire on various mine- rals, and demonstrated the combustibility of the diamond. During the Reign of Terror his name was in Robespierre's list ; but the in- terest of his friend Fourcroy saved him ; and he died in 1801, a member of the Institute nnd of the Conversative Senate. — His son, Jean Pierre Joseph, also an ingenious practical chemist, greatly contributed to the improvement of science by a number of valuable discoveries. DARCY, PATRICK, Count, an eminent en- gineer, was born at Galway^ in Ireland, in 1728, and educated at Paris. He entered the French army, and rose to the rank of major- general. He distinguished himself by his mathematical works, viz., "An Essay on Artillery," " A Memoir on the Duration of the Sensation of Sight," &c. Died, 1779. D'ARGENSOLA, liUPEHCIO LEONARDO, a Spanish poet, bom at Balbastro, Arragon, In 1565, was secretary of war at ;Naples, under the viceroy there. He was the author 2hS of three tragedies and various poema. Died, i6ia. D'AUOKNSOLA, BARTOI.OMKO, brothfr of the preceding, was chaplain to thaemprets Maria of Austria, and the writer of some historical works of merit, vl».,a " Hlstorjf of the Conquest of the Molucca Islands," " Annals of the Kingdom of Arragon," Ac. Died, lASl. D' ABO ENSON, MARC RInI LR VOYEU, Marquis, a distinguished statesman In ihe reign of Louis XIV. bora at Venice, lUiia ; died, 1731. He wai lieutenant-general of the police In Paris, and the first who Intro duccd lettres -de- cachet : he was subuc. quently chancellor; but finally retired undi r some disgrace to a monastery, in which he died. D'AROENVILLB, ANTOINK JOHF.ni Dr. KALLIER, French naturalist and litt<^ratPiir, was born In 1680, at Paris, in which city liia father was a bookseller. He was one of the members of the French Academy, en- gaged in the compilation of the Eneytlo- p^dle, and was a corresponding associate of most of flie European literary societies. He was aut hor of treatises on " Oryctology " and " Conchology," and of an " AbrCg* do la Vie dcs plus Famcux Felntres." Ho died, 1766. DARIUS I., king of Persia, was the son of Hystuspes. He entered into a conspiracy, with sixothera, against the usurper 8merdii, and having slain him, they agreed that he should have the crown whose horse should neigh first in the morning, liy a well-con certed plan of his groom, the horse of Dnrius neighed immediately ho came to the spot where they were to meet, In consequence of which he was saluted king. He took Babylon after a siege of twenty months, gave per- mission for the rebuilding of the temple of Jerusalem, and sent the captive Jews to their own country. The revolt of the Greek cities In Ionia was the occasion of the famous Persian war. The anuy of Darlui, under the comrmnd of Mardonius, invaded Greece, but accomplished nothing. A second invasion was undertaken, and the Fcriiana were defeated by the Greeks at Marathon ; on which he resolved to carry on the war in person, but died in t.*ie midst of his prepara- tion, B.C. 485. DARIUS III., CODOMANNtJfi, last king of Persia, was raised to the throne by the eu- nuch Bagoas after the murder of Arses, B. C. 336. Two years later his dominions were In- vaded by Alexander the Great, who defeated the Persian army at the Oranicus ; in the fol- lowing year won a great victory over Dariui himself at Issus, and took his family prison- ers ; and finally defeated him at the battle of Arbela (Gaugamela) in 831. Darius fled through Media into the Parthian wilds, where he was seized and murdered by Bes- sus, satrap of Bactria. His remains were treated with all honour by Alexander, and buried with his predecessors at Persepolis. DAIINLEY, HENRY, Earl of, the husband of Mary, queen of Scots, whose hand he ob- tained in 1665, and perished about two years afterwards, owing to the house In which he resided being blown up with gunpowder. Whether Mary was priVT to thia horrid darJ crlmf, or not, hni not been clearlr oroTM • but thcrs ti littla rrniion t„ doubt flmt h«>p Illicit pAulon for Hothwell, or roMnt»m>nt for thedenth of her favourite, KItilu mlirhr Impel her If not to In.tif ate, a't l.SIt t'o^n ■rcomplica In the crime. peer of *^rance eminent a* a .tateiman; poot and hi. orinn, wn. born at Montpellle" In 1767. At the a^e of .Ixteen heenteVe.l the army, and at the broaklnK out of there vol", tlon Adopted lt« principle! ; but though en- fiiged In ac YB .ervl-^e, ho devoted much of hU time to literary pumuln. He flr«t niil. llshed a tranilatlon of tho works of Hornon which, with his " CI«op«dle," or Theory 'r Literary Uoputatlona, eitabllahcd his rcmtn tlon ana poet. It was not Ion)? before Nnno e on (llscovcred his abilities, and rewarded hm by various official appointments of trust In which Daru conducted himself with real and ability ; and at tho time of the flrst rpstot- tlon of the Hourbon. ho held the pVj" ,o^f tho war department. Though his estate ^ Meulan was sequestrated by HlUcher tho alllodmonarchs soon restored It, and hewnS y vwT '"w'"* ,?'"»'«ber of Teen by louis XVIir. Ho afterwards wrote the'^vin h« Sully " and the " Hlstolro de la H?nub lln,^« de Venise," the latfr befng onT"o '?^| moit Iniportant of modern historical work. Count Daru was a member of tho Institute' of the French Academy, the Acndcmv of Sciences, and tho Kerlln Academy ^loS, DARWIN, ERASMUS, a poet and phy- !icl«n, was bom at Elton, near NewarV f- '"'• H«.^«» educated at cZbril^^''^ii^ '' M^ul'"'.? '•'^'f'''''' "' E<"nl>urgh,nnd settled at Lichfle d as a physician till 1781? when he removed to Derby, where he died In IM2 He was a man of great talent, but of remark ay eccentric opinions, as his work. abu^. rW;^- order.^'lL%Tr^sirr ""r .hich 1. highly poli'ihed'bJf me hanTcaf and his work entitled " Zoonomla or the Uws of organic Life." which, though In pnlom, Is built upon the most «h...,H hypothesis. He also wrote "Phvtoio^^a** the Philosophy of Agrlcuuure a^d'^^ Sen « Sn° pr'in^fsf "l^l;: Vr^^«^^. tingnlahed men. On her retiim ♦« if ,'" to 1782, she was appointed presTdeStof'tLl' I t^V ^"' «^"<* Sciences at 8t Peters! ' hurg, bhe suggested the foundinir nf t^l coSfnfrt^^rS'fl''"''""'"'^^ ployed herself in nfh»?i?.'**°"'"y' ""'^ ^^^ Mvedof her offices bvth«w™« She was «il spent the rest n/ h„l fi, ^mperor Paul, Wed, 1810. ' o'lierUfeln retirement, j I m Mm gtn(b cause. He took nart L f^o . ..Huguenot entered the service of thlu. *"^'' "^n'. ""d (Henry IV ) but hu /n.!^ '''."» »' Navarre dom of speech led t^'^hF''"''^"*'^ "»"» free- court;. nSngh recalled ho^w"""" ''°'» time exiled In rPtir»»L .' ? «"" * 'econd Which ho was VaTSJ^Mail^^^^^^^^^ ;; had the hono«^o*'"b*r,J'urn7r'ihr '"'• or Kfrafol'nev^^TdS ''''^^"-' Maintenon e^^^'ather to Madame de thf ;^d'« of'&^„'^?r'"'' e™''d-n>«ster of m 142T H?wa,^,%^""«»Jem. was born In the armies of th« p ^ •"■*'^*"' "erved against the Turks wcnf W."', ^iKi'mund came a knight of sTr^V" ^•'?' e», and be- choscn grZd' ma«e . He"'irce,Xatedr c\7rrh...^" «""•-««» '^bffler-of^te £41i.nas^»°I? ^a^r'in^'lS^i' lameness fi-om na*"— >•--—-" ' - "'*-> u^ean, made huTHQ- a"painfauL°^^ir ^'Sl I W i. DAU] H £ltto Stnibrrsnl )3iosrnpI)Q. [dav found >ulAco III liU choipn itudici iintl l«l)our». Ill which hu h«d the »ynipiilhy nnd Mil of hla wife. Ilia hvt work li Hio " Hl« tolre Natui«U« d»>« Upptllon," ut «ho tlmo of Its nppoiuiinco l\w most comploln work on thixt »ubjfi't. llo contrlbutoil luomolni lo vttriou* »cl»>ntltlo JonrnnU. Died. li« 1804, hnvluK lo»t hl« wlfn a tow day* before. DAl'N.l.KOPom JOHKIH MAUIA, Count von, AuBtiliin ncld-inarshal, whh born «t VIonnn, In 1708. Ho ttint icrvcd ugnlntt tho Turk* under Soikendorf, beeanio cham- bcrliiin to the Kmperor Charles VI., look part under Arehduku Charles In tho Invuilon of AUaee, and nt the peace was inatlo tleUl- marshal and privy councillor. In 1757 ho pained the \lctory of Kolln over I'rederick tho Great, soon after took llroslau, and In October, l7ftH, defeated Trcderlck nKaln at llochklrch, for which rich Rifts and flattei-- iuK words were sent hini from tho Kinpress Maila Theresa, tho pope, tho empress of Uus«la, and tho states of Austria. Hut ho was out-KcnernUed «t lust, and thoroughly defeated by Frederick, and wotindcd, nt tho battle of Torgau, In November, 17. Daun was afterwards president of tlio Aullo Council, nnd died In 1760. Ills excessive caution in military movements procured him the dcsiftnatlun of tho now ><^^l«l Cunc- iator. DAUNOU, PTRnnK n.AlIDK FllANOOIS, French statesman and litterateur, was born at Houlogne, in 17t>l. In 1789 hu was pro- fessor of theology at Mon tmorency. Ho was a deputy to tho National Convention, a momberof tho Coniniliteo of I'ubllc Safety, and of the Council of I ive Hundccd. Hoop- posed the measures of tho first consul, and removed from the tribunate. In 1804 he was made keeper-general of tho archives, a post which he filled till 1816. Ho sub- sequently held tho chair of history at tho College of France, and was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. In 1839 ho was raised to the peerage. Among his numerous 'vorks are : " EIorc do llolleau," " Kssai Historique sur la Puissance Tcniporelle des rapes," " Cours d'HIstoire fait nu College do France." &c. Died, 1840. DAVENANT, Sir ^VI^I,I.VJ^, an English poet, was born at Oxford, in lUOd, and there educated. After having boenln thosevviceof the duchess of Uichmond and Iif>rd Brooke, he began to write for the stage ; nnd upon the death of lien Jon8on,ho was created poet- laureate. During the civil wars he fought fbr the king, was made a lieutenant-general, and received the honour of knighthood. On the u:'Clino of the royal cause ho went to France, and formed a design for carrying over a number of nrtiliccrs to Virginia ; but his ship was taken by a vessel belonging to the parliament, and brought to England, where an ignominious death would have awiiited him, hud it not been for tho inter- cession of Milton ; an act of kindness which he afterwards returned. On the restoration of Charles II., he obtained a patent for a theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He died in 16fi8, and was interred In "Westminster Abbey. His works consist of plays and poems, irhich are now forgotten. It was iBir William Davenant who took part with aw Drydnn In making an improv*H (I) version of Shakspcaru's " Tempest " for tho stngo, which version was adopted and held its ground till our own tlino. It Is worth while to add that John Davenant, the father of Sir William, was host of tho Crown liui, Oxford, and tliat Shakspcare used to lodge thero on his Journeys between Stratford and London. DAVID I., king of Scotland, luecceded his brother, Alexander the Fierce, in 1124. He married Maud, grand-niece of William the Conqueror ; ond was earl of Northuiuborlnnd and Jluntlngdon when called to the Scottish throne. On tho death of Henry I., king of Fuglnnd, he maintained tho claim of hit daughter Maud against King Stephen, nnd seised Carlisle, but was defeated at the battle of Northallerton in 1 13B. A negotiation wni entered Into tho following year, by which Carlisle was suffered to remnin In tho poi- session of David. He died there In UM. DAVID II. (llruee), king of Scotland, was the ton ond successor of Ilobcrt llruco, ot whoso death, in 13'.28. ho was only five years old. On the invasion of Scotland by Haliol, David was sent to Franco ; but his party prevailed, ofter n bloody contest, nnd no returned home In 11(42. He made fcvcrnl inroads on Kngliind, but was taken prisoner at tho battle of Nevll's Cross, 134«, conveyed to the Tower, and did not recover his Uliorty till 13S7, OQ paying a heavy ransom. Died, 1371. DAVID, FUANQOIS Annk, on eminent French engraver, who published many il- lustrated works, among them " Histoire de France," " Hlstolro de l'>anco, sous lo H*gne de NapoUon le Grand," " Monamens indi m.'ii he became menibct professor at the School went to Weimar, wher tile's bust, which, exec found ft place, since 1831 Library nt Welmur. Ii spcond tour through Gei liis way, at Munich, 8c Ticck— andnt llcrlin. Hi 1H37 ho was busy with h ruiithoon.tho great wo monuments of the great almost Innumerable. It her of tho Constituent A author ho is to bn nanio< " Memoirs of UarrA. e." DAVIDSON, JOHN, a ( was a native of Dublir apprcuticed to Messrs I cliemists, and became a p but his Inclination for tri quit the business in 18 period up to the time ol almost constantly engagi tant regions. He visitci America, Indio, Hgypt, Greece, Italy, France, ii riching his mind with inl parting it to tho public 'r last expedition was to a< a fatal one. "Whilst utten far-famed city of Timbucti "days' journey from it ( I ""fines of the district o robbed and murdered by a <''ElHarib,Dec. 18, 183<5 . »AVIE8,8irJOHi,an JMge, bom in 1570, was Jhirc, and studied nt Qu ord ; from whence ho rer lie Temple, and was cnllf the accession of James I I ?n™.'l^' *"'' nppointed torney-general for Ireland ma a chief Justice of he' tod during tho saraeyna DAV] ^ £ltto Bn'ibctml ^io^vaplm. 1>uHt pnlntlDRi are, tho lUpo of the Hubliio*, till! Iktth of tlio Itorutll, tliu Doath uF Ho- iTiUON, Napoleon pruiuntliiK tlui Iinpoiiul HiiKloii to tho Troops, AIiuB dliiirint'd by ViiMW nnd tho Oriici*, uiiU tho C'oruniitloii of Niipoloon. Diivld's ntylu of piilntlii»f, funned on a Aiitldloiij* Imitation of tho clusslc models of (inioci', Iium a cold and Mutuo liku tamunoiis in tho nildiit of Ntrlk- ItiK <'li!(?«nco of form, and at'curucy of ioh- tiiiiu! and dcitiKn, bvhiK detlvlunt in that vllnlity which forms tho bmu ideal of tho KiiKllKh school. Tho reputation of this puintcr In Ills own day was extraordinary, but It has not proved permanent. DAVID (of AnKcrs), J KAN i'lKUiiK, a eele- briitcd l-'ronch sculptor, was born at Angers In I7i"> I'rom his earliest years ho showed B predilection for art; and, after his prelimi- nary studies wcro finished, lie came to I'arls where he found favour with his namesake,' the «reat painter, who was then all power- ful at the T ullcrles, and by whoso counsels liis studies wcro regulated. In IHll his ro- llevo, "Tho Death of lOpamlnondas," won him tho first prizo for sculpture In the School of Arts, and, along with It, o pension to finish his artistic education In Italy. In 182(i he became member of tho Institute and professor at tho School of Arts ; In 1828 ho went to Weimar, where ho modelled Ooe- thc'8 bust, which, executed In marble, has found ft place, since 1831, in the Grand Ducal Library nt Welmur. In IHa* ho niado his second tour through Germany, modelling on his way, at Munich, Schelling— ut Dresden Ticck-and at llerlln, Uuuch. I'rom 1835 to 1837 ho was busy with his dculptures for the Pantheon, tho great work of his life, uin monuments of tho great men of rran<i"''"'^tlon Of CI onn^V'.'^ ^)yy}^> vloarof Mnn-rhal-ndr, ono of the (.'ambrlan patriots, to whom Oio principality was Indebted for a new deveOpment of old Ilritlsh literature, and "t the samo time, of the natlonul life Tn n^i • '.r."'" J"";'"'' "' ^''"n-y-Mechaln, In 17(11. 'I hough born of poor parents Ino of illustrious anccHtors. At the ago of II, ho was teacher In a rural school T and aft(Tward8 matriculated at All Halnts. Ox- wi.i; ..^'"""^ 'V'.* '^^"""fymun, ho ranks with their most distinguished bards, ancient or modern j and besides Innumerable minor proso contributions to various Welsh lour- nals, Illustrative of tho history, topography. and language of his native country , he wrote A General View of tho Agriculture and Doinest Kcoiiomy of North Wales and South Wales '• published by order of tho Iloard of Agriculture, four volumes, 1810— 1818: a work full of shrewd observation lively description, and excellent praetleal advKo ; and published an edition of Ilaw Morus and of Lewis Olyn Cothl. a historical poet of tho Ifith century. Died, 1810 DAVILA. HHNUico CATKRiNO, an emi- nent historian, was born in the territory of Padua, J;i 1570; and being brought up in I' rancc. served with reputation in the French army. On his return to his native country, ho held several high offices under the Vene- tian government ; but in 1C31, while on his journey to take tho command of the garri- 8onatCrcma,hewa8n8Ha88inatcd. Hi vrote Ihc History of the Civil Wars of France " a work which still ranks among the best Italian productions. DAVIS. John, an eminent navigator, was born near Dartmouth in Devonshire, and I went to sea at an early ago. In 1585 he was ' sent out with two vessels to find a north- west passage, when he discovered the straits Which still bear his name. He afterwards 'xp Died the coasts of Greenland and Ice- iaiul, proceeding as far as latitude 73" N. In l5Ji he went, as second In command, with cavendish, in his unfortunate voyage to the South Seas. After this he made five voyages to the East Indies, in the last of which he n ! DAV] ^ Mttxt BniHetSiKl 13{ogtap]^6. 1606. He wrote an account of his voyages, and Invented a quadrant. DAVI80N, William, an eminent English statesman and diplomatist of the I6th cen- tury. After being employed in various im- portant negotiations in Scotland and Hol- land, he became secretary of state to Queen Elizabeth in 1586. It was Davison who had to present to Queen Elizabeth, by her express command, the warrant for the execution of Mary, queen of Scots, for signature, and then to deliver it to Burghley, to be eent to Fotheringay. After the execution, Queen Elizabeth had her secretary sent to the Tower, tried in the Star Chamber, fined 10,UOO marks, and imprisoned during her pleasure. He lay in prison through the remaining seventeen years of her reign. DAVOU8T, or DAVOUT, Louis NlcoLAS, Prince of Eckmuhl, peer and marshal of France, was born at Annoux, in 1770. He was a felfiw-studeiit with Napoleon at the [ Mil'r»'7 School of Brienne, and entered the !:■. r.. ■ '.t the age of seventeen. He served ■ i:' < .stinction under Dumouriez, In Bel- ?iu.n,took Luxembourg, and took a brilliant part under Desaix at the passage of the Kliine, in 1797. He followed Napoleon to Egypt, won many victories over the Arabs and the Turks, especially at Aboukir, and on his return to France was made general of division, and in 1804, marshal. He dis- tinguished himself in the German campaign of the following year, and took a prominent part at Austerlitz. By the victory of Auer- stadt, in 1808, he contributed to the great victory over the Prussians at Jena, and was created duke of Auerstndt. He shared the glory of Eylau. Eckmuhl, and Wagram ; was made governor of Hamburg ; accom- panied Napoleon in the expedition of Russia, and then returned to his government of Hamburg. He made it a vast camp, and defended it against the allies for 10 months. But nis treatment of the town, his seizure without compensation of private property, his demolition of large portions of the town and expulsion of 25,000 of the citizens, led to his temporary disgracp and retirement. In 1815 he was niado iuinister of war under Napoleon, and assisted him in the gigantic preparations for the aual struggle at Water- loo. Died, 18a;!. DAVY, Sir Hl'MPHRKY, bart., one of the most eminent among modern chemists, was born at Penzance, in Cornwall, in 1778. He was intended for the medical profession, and placed with an apothecary for the ne- cessary initiation ; but he gave himself up to the study of chemistrj-, and, with the consent of his master, quitted him in his I5th year, in order to prepare for graduating as a physician at Edinburgh. Iiulefatigable in tilt pursuit of his favourite science, his pro- gress in it was most rapid ; his friends en- couraged the bent of his genius, and he was induced to suspend his design of going to Edinburgh, and to accept the superintend- ence of a Pneumatic Institution at Bristol. While there he publiehed his " Chenii<;al and Philosophical Researches," the fame of which immediately obtained him the pro- fessorship of cheraitiiy at the Royal lustl- tutioD, where his popularity as a lecturer [dec was unbounded. In 1802 he became nrn feasor to the Board of Agriculture • in 18 is he was created a baronet ; and In 1820 Hp was elected president of the Royal Society ■ and a series of scientific discoveries and nrn fessional honours flowed on without intci-' ruption tlU his death, which took place ot Geneva, in 1829. The invention of thp safety-lamp, the discovery of the metal p bases of the alkalies and earths, and of thp principles of electro-chemistry, and numer ous other discoveries and inventions nnf less Important, attest his skill and industrv and give him an imperishable fame He sides his separate works of a scientific, character, he was the author of numerous papers in the Philosophical Transactions and when, dirlng his illness, he was dis' posed to divert his mind with lighter studies he wrote " Salmonia, or Days of Ply-flsh ing," and " Consolations in Travel." DA VY, John, a musical composer of some notoriety, was bom in 1765, and died in 18''4 Ho was a pupil of Jackson, discovered a very early genius for music, and composed some successful operas and songs. DAWE, George, R. a., an eminentpaint- er, who held the situation of first painter to the emperor of Russia, and was a member of the Academies of 8t Petersburgh, Stock- holm, and Florence, excelled both in por traits and historical subjects, and for several years was a regular exhibitor at Somerset House. He was author of "The Life of George Morland." Died, 1829. DAWES, RiCHAEi), a learned critic, was bom in 1708, and educated at the Charter- house, and Cambridge University. In 1738 he was appointed master of the Grammar School of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 174J he published his " Miscellanea Critics," or a collection of remarks on various ancient authors, a work esteemed of high value when it appeared, but now antiquated. In 1749 he resigned his school, ftnd died in 1766 DAY, THOMAS, an English writer, was born in 1748, and received his education at the Charterhouse, from whence he was removed to Corpus Christi College, Oxford after which he entered the Middle Temple' but never followed the law as a profession.' His manners were eccentric, and his opin- ions romantic. He wrote many works, but the only one by which his name will be perpetuated is the " History of Sandford and Merton." Died, 1789. DE BERNARD, CHAELKS, one of the most graceful and lively modern writers of fiction, was born In 1803. His works, "Iji Fetiime de Quarante Ans," " Gcrfaut," 4c , are chiefly Illustrative of French domestic life ; and some of his most attractive tales appeared in the/euilleton of the Journal des D6l)ats. He was of a shy and reserved dis position, and many curious anecdotes are told of his abstraction and absence of micd. Died at Paris, 1850. DECANDOLLE. [CANDOLLE.] DECATUR, STEPHEN, an American na- val oflicer, distinguished for skill and brav- ery, was born in 1779, became captain of the President frigate, and pei.'ormed many gallant exploits during the war with this country. In 1812 he fell In with and cap- dec] tared the Macedon vessel of inferior cl£ engagement of an h he endeavoured to c. British squadron bio was captured a*'ter hours and a half. B with Commodore Ba; JJECEBALUS, kin fought against the E Doraitian. Heenterei defeated and slew O man commander, ai places. Afterwards . self, but still resistei to pay him a yearly ti tinued by Nerva, but subdued Dacia, on m himself, A. D. 105. DECIU8 MU8, P., ( served as military tril Cornelius Cossus, b. army was in danger o Samnites, he voluntet his party, and com] Two years afterwards with Manlius Torquat Romans were at war i this occasion it was ng consuls, that he who; from the enemy shoul the good of his country Dccius being hard i)r( which he stripped liin habit, and, rushing ir enemy, was slain. Th lius then gained a terri body of Decius was I honours. DECIUS MUS, P., tl was consul four times, i ing engaged, in his last against the Gauls, and ij imitated his father by d ■ wasslaln, after which t the enemy with groat si DECIUS, Roman em Pannonia, and succccdc liedefcated, in 249. He selfby an expedition agi bypcrsecudugthe Chris against ihs Goths he where he and his arm attack of the enemy, in ! DECKER, Thomas, ai ofthe 17th century. He with Ben Jonson, who s! Poetaster, under the nan Decker retorted in his wroteseveralplays.andc to many works of other (] was also author of a curi "Gull's Hornbook." DEE, JOHN, mathemi ■oger, was born at Lor educated at St John's C( In the reign of Mary he a suspicion of devotini blackarti'-butwasin Queen Elizabeth, who is him a salary, to i.r,-n , secret polltica! missions, a Wm at Mortlake, where h [library. In IJSI he and E dec] tured the Macedonian, E-ygUsh .rigate, a vessel of inferior class to his own, after 'an enfcagement of an hour and a half, in 1615 he endeavoured to elude the vigilance of the British squadron blockading New York, but was captured a*'ter a running fight of two hours and a half. He lost his life in a duel with Commodore Barron, in 1820. /JECEBALU8, king of the Dasians, who fou(,'ht against the Romans in the reign of Domitian. Heentered the province of Mocsia defeated and slew Oppius Sabinus, the Ilo- man commander, and took a number of places. Afterwards he was defeated him- self, but still resisted till Domitian agreed to pay him a yearly tribute, which was con- tinued by Nerva, but refused by Trajan, who subdued Dacia, on which Decebalus killed himself, A. D. 105. i DECIU8 MU8, P., a valiant Koman, who served as military tribune under the consul PnmpTiiifi PnRRiifl. it. r ^1^ an A ^t^u — ^i. . ^ ^(^ Bnifjttzal aStograpi^g. Comehus Cossus, b. c. 343, and when the army was in danger of being cut off by the Samnites, he volunteered his services with his party, and completely routed them. Two years afterwards he was chosen consul with Manlius Torquatus, at which time the Romans were at war with the Latins. On this occasion it was agreed between tlie two consuls, that he whose army first receded from the enemy should devote himself for the good of his country. The division under Decius being hard jjresscd, gave way on which he stripped himsrlf of his military habit, and, rushing into the midst of the enemy, was slain. The array under Man- lius then gained a terrible victory, and the body of Decius was buried with military honours. ' DECIUS MUS, P., the son of the above, was consul four times, and also censor. Be- ing engaged, in his last consulship, B. c '>9S against the Gauls, and victory dublous,"he' imitated his father by devoting himself, and was slain, after which the Romans defeated the enemy with groat slaughter. DECIUS, Roman emperor, was born in Pannonia, and succeeded Philippus, whom he defeated, in 249. He distinguished hi?^ self by an expedition against the Goths, and bypersecndug the Christians. In his march against ihs Goths he entered a moraes where he and his army perished by the attack ofthe enemy, in 251. .f?,f»^m..^''^"°"^'^>«" English dramatist ^i h p^'V'"'"''5^V "'^ '«'«« contemporary with Ben Jensen, who satirized him in his Poc aster, under the name of Crispinus but Decker retorted in his Satyromast x!' He moteseveral plays.and contributed portion! to many works of other dramatists Decke? .rwa^s^^rnTirff^n"?^^^^^ thfrL^n of' m'""^'1 ^°"^««' cSidg"e' in tne reign of Mary he was imDrlsoiiPd nn umcRart, but was m great favour wtth [l^l^^l^ttlMl he aid ESwarJ Kellj com- DEPFAND, Marie i>e Vichv rT,.« count of his writinss • nnd tr,y i,i„ „i piece of irony, entitlfd" The ShortrJAv'"' with the Dissenters," the drift of wh"? sZe^i'h^" "^y """' Pl'^'-ehnion an^D[^ senters, he was arrested, set in the niilorv and imprisoned. The book w.^/ordoird bv the House of Commons to be bum ft*. • 1704, he began the publication of "T),o Review," which he continued for nine yoll^ Scorn/?' ^^' *^« government n 1706 to Scotland, to prepare the way for the union After his return he suffPied a second im ^^A A *'.''*"t'"» employment for his nen and during the latter years of his lifo'^ hi' published the works of fiction by which ho 13 now best known. " Robinson Cnf«n»" appeared in 1719, and obtarneS?r^meSlv "'^ P°P">arity which it has nevcrTost He added a second and a third part to the storv " Pnin"^ t"\^°°'' '""' been preceded by he 8 J« " ^ Instructor," and " Religious Court- ship," and was followed by the " Adv/n tures of Captain Singleton," "Forttufes of ^„f f landers," " History W the Sue " and a host of other works: Defoe took Jm t 2C9 drl] '&, iJcto ainibfranl 18(o8rnpl[)B. Intho controversy on Occiislonol Oonforni- ily, anil wan ii warm supporter of tlio ro- volvitton. Ono of hU ni08t Rucomsful books was " Tho True liorii UngUshiniui," which uppcnrcd in 1701, and procuriHl hini an uiulii-ncc of William 111. He wrote several books on Khosis and iipparillons, and one of them helped to (loat " Drellnconrt on Death " into public favour. Died at London, 1731. An a^ed descendant of this active and popu- lar writer was provided for by ii public sub- sctiptlon In IHft.l. i)K 1,/V uiX'in;, Sir hknhy Thomas, an enitnent Kcologlst, was born in londoii in I7!i«, and wiis educated at the Orammar School of Ottcry St Mary, and afterwards nt the Uoyal Military CollcKC, then established at Marlow, and llnally nt Sandhurst. He entered the army at the a^e of 18, but very soon afterwards witlidrew from the service, and settled In the county of Dorset, in order to give fuller scope to his geological tastes. In 1H20, on rcturnlnK from Italy and Swit- zerland, he published. In tho ''Edinburgh Philosophical .lournol," a paper on the " Depth and Temperature of tho I.ako of Geneva;" and in the following year Br- other on the Discovery of a new Vossll Ictbyosaurus In the Hrlstol T.las. In other piipers, published in the interval between this period and 18;iO, he treated of the stratl- tlcatton of the Dorset and IVmbrokeshire coasts, the geoloity of Jamaica, on valleys, and on the elassillcatlon of European rocks. Ills numerous and Important contributions to science had given him a Kuropean re- putation even before he published his " ()< o- logical Manu;.l" in 1830, and "Tho 3 he was elected n mem- ber of the Institute of Prance. Died, 185S. 1) r. L A n OKI) K, J E.\N llENJAMIN. LUOUDK.l l)in,AcP:i'KDE, Bernaud Germain KriKNNK 1>K LAVli.t.F., n colcbrntcd Trench naturalist, born In 175G. lie held the situa- tion of keeper of the cabinets In the Jardin du llci at Paris, which ho greatly improved ; but the events of the revolution interfered with his scientitic employments, and he was by no means an inactive spectator of the scone. In 1795 he was appointed professor of zooloffy ot the Museum of Natural His- tory. He was successively secretary and president of the National Assembly, and on th ^ formation of the Institute he was chosen one of the inembots. Under the regime of Buonaparte ho became president of the conservative Senate, and srand-chancellor of the Legion of Honour ; but when, in 1814, fUEL tho reverses of tho emperor tried thofld^imT of his IVlcndg, Delaciipidoappeuredto wav 7 At the restoration of tho Jtourbons he r<, turned to his studies in natural history Bn,i he died in im. His most importiint work, are tho " HlstoIreNaturello des (iuadrumVl... Ovipares ct des Serpents," and " ni.tiiiVn Naturelle des Cdtac^g." '""'"' DKLAOUOIX, EuoRne, ono of tho inoit celebrated l-'rcnch painters, and head of thn romantic school, was born near l>iiil< in nil!). Ho first studied painting in the school of Ou«rin, where he had Ui^ricauit and Arv Schelfer for fellow-students. He cnrlvdi. tlnguished himself by audacious deimrturc from tho conventional, elassle manner iii. first picture was tho "Danto and viriril ' and the sensation produced by it waslntoiil Ified by tho Massacre ot Scio," exhibited In the following year, 182;). Delacroix hnd very delleato health, lived a quiet lulmrious life, and only left I'aris on two occasions once on n visit to Kngland. in l«2(i; and again on a visit to Morocco, in isai i„ 1837 ho undertook tho decoration of the Sa ton thi Hoi at tho Corps Lt^glslatlf: sulise- quently the celling of the Library; the cell- ing of the Apollo Gallery at tho Louvre; and the chapel of the Holy Angels In St Sulpirc 1 he last-named work was executed la \m Among his soparato works, which arc veiv numerous, some of tho most celebrated nrc the '"Women of Algiers," "Massacre of the itishop of Li6ge," " Kntering of tlio Crusad- ers into Constantinople," '' Wreck of Don Juan," " Medea," and a " I'ieti." Delacroix distinguished himself especially as a colour- ist, by his skill in vast compositions, liis fiery passion and imagination. His favourite among the old masters was Paul Vcroniw and he confessed tho greatwt obligations to him. At one period ho Wf.s employed in making lithographs, and am.ong his drawlnffs are a scries of illu»tr^•,io^iS to "Hamlet," and another series to " Fanst." Ho was ad mittcd to tho Legion of Honour in 1H31, und to the Institute in 1857. Died at Paris, iu Aupust, 18()3. DKLAMHUK, Jean Hai'tistk Josisrii, ono of the most eminent French astronomers, and u pupil of Lalande, was born at Amiens in 17P,». Thougli he did not commence the study of astronomy till he was 38 years of age, he rapidly acquired fame, and produowl numerous works of great vcluc; among which are his "Theoretical and Practical Astronomy," 3 vols. 4to, and a " History of Astronomy," In 8 vols. 4to. Dclanibre was a member of tho Academy of Sciences, and succeeded Lalande ns professor nt the Oollcpo of France. He also took part with JWchain in the nu'asurcment of a meridian, Avhich occupied them from 1792 till 1798. Died, 1822. r>ELAN Y, rATRlOK, a Icnrncd divine, was »• jrii in Ireland about 1686. Ho was educat- ed at Trinity College, Dublin, and publishcu, in .'732, "Ilevelation examined with Can- dour ; " und subsequently " Ileflections upon PolygRsny," and tho " Life of David.' Died, 1768. DELAUncHE, PAUL, one of the greatest French ^)ainter8, was born ot Paris in 17S7. Ho studied landscape-painting for a short dkl] time, but applied bin torlcal painting undei pictures were exhlbl year iu which Delac Ho held from the fir twcen the ehiNslcal an( and was called tho Among his early worl Are," and " St VInecn his ni)Mest works are Kngllsh historv; nmoi well contempl.'itlng the I.," the "Children of J ford on liis way to ] "Dentil of I.ady Jane ( displayed his love of t dominant sadness, his t anil his ninrvellons t "Death of tlie Presldt dinal llielielleu with Thnu," " Aasasslnatlon o "StCreilia,""Nnpoleot "Marin Antoinette nft and "The fllrondins," ai pieees. In 1m;i7 he was execution o' 'he vast w of the " Pal Ics Iteau completed in isil. in i lerly and profoundly fn wife, Louise, daughter whom he had iiiarrit'd f previously. Her exquis trnjed in his "Head of i last years he chicdy devi liRious painting, nnd nme works .ire "Christ at (iet on the Cross,"" The Youi •crirsofsmnll pictures on a life of most faithful sti work, much sor.'ow and Ithls great artist died at P IIbjC. Hu was a iiiembor ma of the Legion of Hono DKLAUNEY, EMMANUI -OUIlt D'ANTHAIatlKH, ft , litical agent duri?ig the i Wi'rance. He set out as ) Worm, and published in i nc States-General, which tention. Elected deputy th I"! became an opponent of r >rtcr of tlie royal prerogaf migrated, and in 1797 he Vicrviceofnussia. -\V1, u-nice.hewas arrested ranee, and thrown into pri iw'le his escape by the "• berti, a celebrated nc '("wards married. In 18 "amission toKngland hv «anndhcwnsofrJ„i^ MntheardofJu.y'iH •6"lu the other, with wh O't mitantancously. Ho vsv I DEL VKlj] time, but iipplliMl liiiiiHcir nfU'rwards to lit. tor/oiil pnlnlliiK under Huron (Jion. in* nrrj p|(turo» worn rxlilblfrd In U22, Un, mmn year i.. which DcImToIx nmdo h i d^" u He hold fimn tlio flrat o middle plnco bo- twcou the rliiNHkal and the roinnntle schooln and wad enlled the "Olrondln" of art' Amm his eiMly works were his "Jonn .,r Are,'j.nd"Ht Vincent do l.„„,... h,Z f lilH,i,>,l,.H works are taken frjin menei In J'-riKlish liiHt(.rv ; „monff them uro - C'rom we 1 0.).. omp a ting the dead body of Oh.ir'L I.,"lh('"(;iilldren of Kdwiird IV ""Hn...r fold (in liJK way to Ilxeoiitlon "' nn.i .• "Death of I,nd.v Jnnc Oroy •• Vi th? e nrn displayed m h.vo of trutli; i„ „rf. hi pro" (Inmlnmu Badness, his flno nenso of Uffnltv ami his marvellous tcehnleal skill "nJ "Dpdth of the I'rcMldent Duranti" "r„. dliml llichelleu with Cinq-Mars 'nnd Ijj StCrdlla, • 'Anpoleon at Fontainobleau " "Mnic Antoinette after her lOxeciit i. •• and "The Olrondins," are esteen.ed , , "t r pio...o« In )m;i7 ho was IntruHied w the execution 0' -he vast worU.tlm ir.'t^.lcv, i^ co>„pl,.tP(I in IHII. i„ iH|,5 he sum'red bi tor y niul profoundly from the loss of i« «fo. Louise dauKhter of Hora Verne I ffliom he had married nt Homo ten ye vJ previously. Jier ex.juisi'o beauty is nr trajT,! in his " Head of nn Amko -^ !„''[: |i» years he chiedy dcv,.ted himself t" r, .llgiouspnlntinfr.and nmouK tho last c,r h\. wor s are "Christ at (iethsemane •• "Ch/ on the Cross," "The Youuk Mnrfvr •• « I „ •or 08 of small pictures on the Pass on A f er a 11 e of most faithful study n ml Icess inf work, much sor.ow and vici, tus f ,i ' "great artist died at I'aris In Nov-m ler' 118* Hu was a member of tho InsLit I' inaofthe Legion of Honour. ^'"-^'tu'c, n a mission to Ciand bv thn ^"'^ "''"» 'ussia,nnd ho was of,, n I \^ «»"Pcror of 'ith the I-ncIi,hl„o ^" communication "taos, un;*'/",^'''';'."^/- He resided '1 blhis It. i,m 8 .. *''"*' assnssin- •'l»"ing ma nc - ' L ' "T""" *" t'>e 'P'stolat ilie count ' ;;- J'" '•'>,'• ^^o Ared > hair; but pe e" vin.. hi ^ '?'"'>' K'""^"''' "•■the fellow nsLdfnto .'J"**,'"'-'"'*''! his •™™fd with a Pi oi ) *"* «ic houNe, „nd 'fpiu the other wthVh-^'?"'' '"^'» "^ "> the eount and h \^?„"' ^ ''"""«' llie houso ngain, and b!..»v i,i. out. Itaprearsth «bn 1 '''V"'"" ''i-nlns carried on\..er,.teomn».7'".V''^"'''"'K"''« J'owrbons.nnd that hKv:;; ';;'''; r'.'" '"" son, of them i„ ' , "^ V"" '""• ''«t. -ed It is coiecU^ed*?ha Sad or ?,' ^'i""''""'" of M» treachery i, av imvA"' "'" '"•covcry fS^':/e"^.i;i'',^^^^ I" 17!)!. Ifohelda« nin'' l'"'"" "' "«vro ""1(0 till tho rJstorat o^'"","'? Kovcri.mont when he losf It b,,? i?*'"" "^ "'« ^'ourhons. Hon of tho c-h,;Sr5''„'\7„?''"'"">" '""•'« was .received nf mT ?. ""^''"'■•' P"»t. He 1«^\ -'"d «\Vor7ho* rovrhuio.': n^?".''"'^ '" was ,„„„cd Hbrar an t^I i?,Ph,n^^^' ^"•''"' Flne.pai works aro ti n L '^"'P'"'- "'" ''MesH^inicniies" ti>n<>«rn in 1714 lio con S^^^ wa, •ommerclal and ml.n/iT. ."'"'* '" ' flous wards pre.sident,^/', ''7 "''"••!'•. nml ''"rr M-cMyL Amoni^ his wni','"''"''''''''" "f "'c "Hhe Uepublico Sa'^^M'^rT,',?.'!.'":: " " "i«lory «'" the true Charueter .V i?A™ ^'''«'''"i'l'<'8 clence;" ■■ Kssi y nn m ^*"""'" ''uHspru- Annent OolnT^f^^tr?];!^"?.^'" "«""'« "t ""iHNpicrriV C;„s 1 ^^ "■"'I'"?* "•«" PO'-try at the eolleifoTf i? "'^'''"""' "' ^-"tin I'dlos lettres at tttnive'- Iv'o^ '^''^^^ ."'<' 1" I7!)4 he withdrewf nm T„^ of I'aris; but returned mja [^ *^^i)r . 7"'"'' "'""^f'' ''e member of t." InsUt.t'e r"^"" ?""*«» « «vcr, on.ifrrated; and 'was In T'^'n^"' ""v^- lic tr..n8lated the '• Pnrn^.L V' "''"" t^at own divine poet After M^r f'""*" "t our own country he wroTo 1""" '';*""» »«'''8 "La ConveiLtL ., ?'" '''* "dmircd poem Jn %ir iKs'h^r''^' »"i"''.«nd died tloned.themostpromrnKAH "'0 " I/ilomme^r ai •.' T'^Tn^'^r inf? creative jronlus ho\Ln ^^'"'""t Possess- £{^=^£i^.in^Se5ft ncalogie,.; „„., IMsToViJa 'lUs"l'\,;?r to the Academy of Hr^Z' ** "^J"" ""mittcd ^«s "Proi„tTdVcoSz:r%r.t^"j'--"'''^' in} .fl ni;i. ^ jflcui Stniticranl 13(o(jvnpI)t». [l)KM whom lip Imd the honour of (jlvlnn Ic«iiona in thttt Ki'lond'. Died, I7'i(!.— I.ouis, hrothrr o^ Ihp proci'ilinK, uii iiUlo imironoincr and KooKraphor, iiiiulo sevcnil Joiinn'.vs on tho const of Ihu fro/.iMi ocniii, to di'tci inino tlio Hitmitlou iif vaiioiis pliuos In the oountrlog lylnjf ncari'Kt to tlif ninth poh> ; iiftur which lu> tnivcmcd HilKrlii, and in 1741 went iilonc to Kanitticlmtka, with tho ganio object, but diou tho same year.— JohkI'H Nicholas, the youuKost and moHt ci-lobratod oi iho thiTo bi'otlMTs, was born at Varls, In 1(!H8; visited Knuland, where ho formed nh ae- (lualntance with Newltui and llalloy; and in 172(! was i\i)iiainleH SALES, whose real name w.is JHAN HATTISTK ISOAKl), French miscellaneous writ-r, was horn at Lyons in iri.'J. He was the author of" l.a Vhllosophie ■le la Nature," which bein)? denounced as iuimoiul and irreligious, ho \t<\» tried and imprisoned, thereby acquiring a temporary C(l< brlty. He afterwards wrote romances, hisv,)rio6, and other works; was imprisoned during t! i HoiKU of Terror; subsequently liecamo .. v iuber of tho Institute, and died in IHUi. l)i:intedCassandcr at Thormopyla;; but was called to aid Antlgonus against Selcucusnnd I.ysinntehus, in Asia. The two arniies met at Ipsus, u. c. 301 ; and after an obstinate battle, the army of Demetrius was defeated, and his father slain, but he himself (led to Ephesiis. He, however, mustered a new army, and in B c. 293 re'lovod Athens from the tyranny under which it groaned. He then slew Alexander, the son of Cussaniler, and sealed himself on (he throne of Mace- donia. At the end of seven years, during which he was constantly at war, he was obliged to quit his dominions and retire into Aaia, where he was reduced to great dis- tress, on which he went to the court of Seleucus, his son-in-law; but a differenee breaking out between tliein, war ensued, and Demetrius was defeated. Deserted by his soldiers, he surrendered himself at length to Ills son-in-law, who exiled him to Pclla, in Syria, where he died, U. C. 283. DEMETRIUS I., king of Syria, surnamed SOTKU, was the son of Seleucus I'hilupator. He was sent hostage to Home by his father, on whose death Antiochus Epiphanes, and after him his son, Antiochus Eupator, the one the uncle, and the other the cousin of Demetrius, usurped the throne of Syria. He applied to the Roman senate for assist- ance to recover his rights, but in vain. The Syrians, however, recognized him for their lawful prince, and at last he obtained the throne, it. c. 162. Ho then declared war against the Jews, and in this war JnJas Maccaboeus lost his life, bravely fighting for the liberties of his country. A confederacy of the neighbouring kings was formed against Demetrius, who was slain B. C. 160. DEMETRIUS II., called NiCATOU (con- queror), was the son of the preceding. Pto- lemy Philometor, king of Egypt, placed him on the throne of his father, after oxpclling the usurper, .Vloxander Balas, B. c. 146. He married Cleopatra, the wife of the same Alexander, and daughter of Ptolemy. Ho dem] was subsequently tal of Parthla, who gai mfirrlnge, which so I she married Antloeh In-law. Hideles, ho« Demetrius recovered not retain It long, fo pellcd by Alexander by thoKOvernorof T DKMKTIIUTSPH/ Oreek orator and stt He favoured the Mac( the oflleo of governoi ganilcr for ten years »o charmed with his cellentndinlnlstrntlor to his honour. His g In U. C. 307, when : restored the democra ecdoninn rcpresentati of Ptolemy Lngus, k son tianislied him fror metrlus is said to havi asp, about 283 u. c. I which ore lost, and much to\ ards foundir andrin. DKMETniUS, czar called the /aim DKMR- to most historians, a and a novice in a mon tutored by a monk to son of tiiH Czur John bc'^n murdered by Hori leurnt his tale he wen braced the Roman Ci married the daughter domir. In lrfete» restored the democratic form, wnd the Ma icdoninn representative retired to the court of Ptolemy I-hkus, khiK of EKypt, whoae Bon tianiglicd him from hia dominions. De- metrius is Buld to have died by the bite of an Bsp, about 283 11. C. He wrote many worKa wlilch arc lost, and is said to have done much toi ards founding the library of Alex- andria. DKMETIIIU8, czar of Uussia, commonly called the fahe Dkmkthiuh, was, according to most hlBturiaiis, a native of JnruwHlaw, and a novice in a monastery, where he wun tutored by a monk to pernonate Demetrius, ion of tliH Czar John Hasilowit/, who had bcm murdered by Horis Oudenow. Having leurnt Ilia tale he went Into Lithuania, cm- braced the Roman Catholic religion, and married the dauKhterof ihe palatine 8en- domir. In l«l)4 Demetrius entered Uugsla at the liead of a small army, was Joined by a number of Uuasians and Cossicks, and de- feated an army sent against him. On tlie death of Horis, the people strangled his son and placed Demetrius on the throne ; but his partiality to the Poles, and contempt of the Greek religion, occasioned an insurrec- tion, and he was assassinated in leoo, alter rclgnhig about II months. DEM0CEDE8, a Greek physician, who with his family became captives to the P-r- sians, B. c. 622, and were carried to Susa where he worked with the slaves. Hut happening to cure Darius, he was liberally rewarded, and admitted to the royal table. lie returned to his own country, and mar- ried the daug;)t9r of the wrestler Milo. D2M0CHITU8,oneof themostcelebrated Greek philosophers, was born at Abdera B.C. 460. X^erxes was once entertained in liisfather'8 house, and is said to have left sev ral magi there to be his teachers. On the death of his father, who was a wealthy citizen, Democrifus tra veiled to Etrvnt of . ?!?' ,'^'"* »">•■' countries, for the sake of enlarging his stores of knowledge ; and ^.^^heMurned ;o his native dfy, though » itlh'^M^^''^'' 'nt^'Uectual acquisitions ganed the highest respect of his country men He had spent his inheritance in JUs travels, L iof"^ of seeking public empioyment and honours, he r( fired to solltude.devotinK !r5.T^^'^ '^ pl|ilo«ophieal Httidfes if atLi'^nf^i.^ '^*-"^/'opeo Attica, Ueinosthenes was sent us ambassador to pre vail on the Ha-otlans to assist them, in which niission he succeeded. He was also at the battle of Chieronea, but his conduct h re showed that he was as deficient in pers nal courage as he was inimitable in the^.nate The Influence of Demosthenes being on the decline, Alschlnes took advantUKe of it to bring an accusation against him on the sub- • ,T„'i° V '1 <'°"'*"'^' «t Chieiouea, and his i.uvlrg had a crown of gold awarded him • hH ;f k""'"!" *"* ** "' ''••'■•'•"''•'I himself in hU celebrated oration De (\)rona, that he waslionourably acquitted, and his adversary sent into exile. Shortly after, however Demosthenes was convicted of receivhiir' a golden cup and 20 talents from Harpa- lus, one of Alexandefs generals, who had retired to Athens with a quantity of pit^n der, which he had gathered in Asia To avoid punishment, he fled to .«':gina, where he renieined till the death of Alexander when he was recalled by his countrymen and brought home in triumph. Hut this change of fortune was of short duration. fhe victory of Antiparer was followed by sn order to the Athenians to deliver uo Demosthenes, who fled to the temple of Neptum, at Calauria, where he poisoned himeelf,i).c.322. The speeches of Demos- thene? were natural, concise, vigorous, and i??;?. ;, ^° "^^l ^y **"■"* '■"''". vehement, or elevated, »» the case required ; iu enerey and power of persuagion, In beauty and 4 ,1 iv \ dem] H iSetD SSnibersal ISiogrnp^p. [den TiRour of expression, and lanKuaRC at once BtronK and melodious, he surpassed all his predocessors. UEM08TIU:NE9, on Athenian (fcneral, I who comiiiunded several expeditions during the Pcloponnesian war. His most famous exploit was the fortification and defence of Pylos, B. C. 42S. Ho assisted Cleon in the attack on the Spartans in Sphacterla. In 413 he commanded the reinforcements sent toNlclas 'n Kicily; planned the night at- tack on Kpipolu) ; but was defeated and afterwards put to death by the Syracusajis. DEMOUSTIRU, CHAIILEB Albkrt, a French dramatist, descended by the father's side from Racine, and by the mother's from lia Fontaine. He was born in 1760, and died In 1801. Among his works are "Le 8i6ge de Cythire," a poem, and many successful comedies. DEMPSTER, THOMAS, a learned Scotch writer, wiib born in 1579, and studied at Cam- bridge, from whence he removed to Paris. He led a very restless life, teaching In suc- cession at Paris, Toulouse, Nismes, ond Pisa, and died at liologna In 1625. He wrote several works, the most important of which are his" Etruria Regalia," not published till 1723 ; and his " Historia Eccleslastlca Gentis Scotorum." The latter was republished in 1828. DENHAM, Lleut-col. Dixon, an cnter- E rising traveller and Intrepid soldier, was orn in 1786, and entered the army as a volunteer in 1811, serving withhonour In the Peninsular war, where he obtained a lieu- tenancy. In 1821 he was chosen to »roceed to Central Africa, in company with Captain Clapperton and Dr Oudney, for the purpose of exploring those regions ; his courage, per- severance, address, and conciliatory manners peculiarly fitting him for such an under- taking. On his return to England, in 1824, he published a " Narrative " of his travels. In 1 826 he was sent to Sierra Leone as super- intendent of the liberated Africans, and in 1828 was appointed lleutenapt-governor of the colony ; soon after which he was seized with a fevev, which quickly proved fatal. DENHAM, Sir JOHN, an English poet, was born in 1615, at Dublin, where his father was chief baron of the exchequer, but after- wards became a. judge in England. In 1641 appeared his tragedy of " The Sophy," and soon after he was made governor of Fareham Castle for the king. In 1643 he published his " Cooper's Hill." He attended Charles II. in his exile, and was sent by him ambas- s.ador to Poland. At the restoration he was knighted and appointed surveyor- general of the royal buildings. Died, 1668. DENINA, Carlo Giovanni Maria, an Italian historian, was born in 1731, at Re- vello, in Piedmont. For many years he was professor of rhetoric atTurin,and ultimately became librarian to Napoleon. His principal works are " History of the Revolutions of Italy," " The Revolutions of Germany," " The Progress of Literature," &c. He died at Paris, in 1813. DENMAN, THOMAS, Right Hon. Lord, the son of Dr Thomas Denman, a physician of some eminence in the metropolis, was born in London in 1779. At an early age he was - _ sent to Palgravc School.near Diss, in Norfolk, which was tlien under the management of Mr and Mrs liarbauld. He completed his educa- tion at St John's College, Cambridge, wlierv ho obtained the degree of M.A. In 1800 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and engaged in the active pursuit of the law. lie entered parliament for the borough of Ware- ham at the general election of 1818, and at once took his seat with the Whig opposition. In the following year ho was elected for Not- tingham, for which place he continued to sit, until his promotion to the bench in 1832. His first speech in parliament was in favour of certain reforms in the law, but it was not until 1820 that the extraordinary occasion of the queen's trial called forth all his en- ergy, and placed him in a more conspicuous position before the country. When Queen Caroline formed the determination of com- ing to this country upon the accession of her husband to the throne, Mr Drougliam at once accepted the ofilce of her Majesty's attorney-general, while that of solicitor- general was filled by Mr Denman. The part taken by Mr Denman in thiit memorable trial gave the public a high idea of liis courage and uprightness, and contributed in no slight degree to its successful result. Mr Denman was appointed to the office of com- mon sergeant by the corporatio.i of Loudon in 1822, probably as a mark of their sym- pathy for the legal defenders of the queen, in whose affairs Alderman AVood had taken 80 active a part. It was not until 1828, when Lord Lyndhurst first held the frcat seal, that the king was induced to grant the patent of precedence to which Mr Denlmm had long been entitled. In 1830, upon the formation of Lord Grey's government. Sir Thomas Denman was raised to the post of attorney-general, which he held during the debates on the Reform Hill. In 1832, how- ever, upon the death of Lord Tentcrden, he was appointed to the chief-Justiceship of the court of Queen's Bench, which lie held till 1850, having been raised to the peerage in 1834. While not reckoned very eminent in tiie technical scholarship of his profes- sion, and possessed perhaps of too much fervour of temperament for strictly iudiclal functions, his abilities, industry, and con- scientiousness made him respected, while the dignity and grace which so remarkably adorned both mind and dencanour made him beloved. As a politician, his life from his youth upwards was beyond Impeach- ment, and almost beyond pa;allel, for purity, courage, and consistency. Died, 1854. PENMAN, Dr THOMAS, an eminent phy- i ician and medical writer, was born at Bake- well, Derbyshire, in 1733. He first served in the navy as a surgeon, and having obtained much experience, on quitting It he com- menced practice in London, where he at- tained great professional celebrity. In 1770 he commenced giving lectures on the obste- tric art, and was appointed licentiate in midwifery of the College of Physicians in 1783. He wrote an " Essay on Puerperal Fever," an " Introduction to the Practice of Midwifery," and" Aphorisms" for the use of Junior practitioners. His son was the denJ dlatinguithed chief Justice of the court of Qiipun's liench. Died, 1815. UENNI8, John, dramatist and critic, was born In Lonilon, in 1637, studied at Cam- bridge, and devoted hlmaelf to literature. ThrouKhout life he was almost perpetually in bruits with one or otiier of the wits of the age; and Pope, in return for his animadver- sions, gave him a conspicuous place In the Dunciad. He originally had a considerable fortune ; but having dissipated It, the duke of Marlborough obtained for him the place of land-waiter at the Custom House ; this be mortgaged, and his latter days were spent In poverty, aggravated by blindness. Died. 1734. DENON, DOMINIQUE VIVANT, Baron was born, in 1747, at Chalons-sur-Saone, h Burgundy. Though originally destined for the law, he was appointed to the office of " geiUilhomme ordinaire " about the person of Louis XV. He afterwards resided several year»lnltaly,as secretary of embas8y,durinjr which period he applied himself sedulously to the study of the arts. Ho was so fortunate 08 to pass through the Reign of Terror with- out incurring the displeasure of the ephe- meral rulers; and having attracted the no- tice of Buonaparte, he accompanied him to E(?ypt in 1798, alternately wielding the pen the pencil, and the sword. On returning to Paris he was appointed director-general of the museums, and had the superintendence of the medallic mint, and all works of art I executed in honour of the French victories After the abdication of the emperor he re- tained his oiHce, but was deprived of it in 1815, in consequence of having joined him on liis return from Elba. He was a man of great and varied talents ; and his able work entitled " Travels in Upper and Lower Eevnt during the Campaign of General Buona- parte," has gained him an Imperishable fame. His Monuments of the Arts of De- sign," left unfinished at his death, was nub- lished in 1829. Died at Paris, 1826. D'EON, the Chevalier. EON de Bpatt. MONT, CHARLES GENEVIEVE LOUISE AU- oiiSTE 1)', was born at Tonnerre, in 1728 and known until 1777 as the Chevalier D'Eon He was equerry to Louis XV., chevalier, doc- tor oflaw, parliamentary advocate, military oflScer, ambassador, royal censor, &c. ; oc- cupying, in short, during his eventful life the most varied stations with consummate skill, and involving his sex and real charac- ter in unparalleled mystery. Sent as cnvov on a difficult mission to the Russian com ™VA?tr"S^ manners gained him the fa- vour of tlie Empress Elizabeth, and for five years he was the medium of a secret cor! respondence between her and the king of France. In consequence of these services, he was made captain of dragoons, and received FrSf r 7^''" 'T'\ «^ returneJTto Sfi u- .' '*"* subsequently distin- Af r L^""'','^ .ii the military' servicl Afte the conclusion of peace, he went to London as.secretary of legation, urder the duke of Nivernois, and obtained possession rdirr""' P^'-P"^- on tCmZ aterwnrrt. '''^•''^'"''"'^•^ »» resident, and WM Cut nf "!°"',^i; plenipotentiary, but was Anally dismissed from his employment ^ i^eto gantbcrgnl IStogrnp^p. [de;q and lived 14 years at London in a kinC of prem urns of 15 guineas, to return loo when ever It should be proved that the chevalier was a woman. By the evidence of Tn„i. Legoux and M. dc Morande tl ?s ?acf. was sun- posed to be so well established, tharilayng tae plaintiff, obtained a verdict, but it was il£aUtv''„;'A "'•'•''' °" "'« K'»""" or ^00 lucgauty of the wager. D'Eon after vhu S^ n"„ tT"'" "*"'"*^' »"'' '•^'"'•""d to France • »K. *l" ^i**® commencement of the revolution' which deprived him of his pension he re' turned to England. Beingreduced to poverlv" he supported himself for some time brg^vin^' essons in fencing, and by publicly exhrbff* ng his skill h, ihnt art 1^ he Vrracinal &„*M :""' l''"fifdom. When age^hA en- feebled him, and the notoriety of his 6 arac ter had abated, he depended in a great mea sure for sustenance on the aid of his fricTd," Among these was Elis«5e, first suLeon of Kdla^h'^'.'n'V ^'r ^'.'"^^^ as'siste^g „?,r, he disseo't on or"^?";,*'i ^""' "•"> attended ine dissection of his body. The account of this w tness, with other undeniaWe evf war^Jf'tSI" ", "^y""'* doubt that D'Eon was of the male sex. "What thn reasons »?r "i" r"''* l"^"ee the chevalier. Who ^n?oZl?J"f '^'y a brave soldier and an Tble diplomatist, to assume female attire and to jom In the deception when there was' noa». parent reason for it, remain undiscovered- and ^ilx^lZV^^^^^^ of a political natmt; oPfhn w!l ?;^"' ^^^"^ suggested by the polled oWect Tha^ '^Vp* *° ''""^" «°'»« particular poject. ihat D'Eon was a man of tnlpnf is sufficiently evident by his works whiah appeared under the title of " Loisirs du CIip ^""i*?,';^'^""'" l"! 13 vols. 8vo '^" DEPPING, George Bernard historimi ster, in 1784. About the age of 20, he settled litemJu^p'"'^^'''"* \'? "f« ''^ the pJJrsuUs of literature. Among his works are " His';oire tir. ^"'""ndle." "Histoire du Commerce entre le Levant et rEurope," "Let fuitl dans le Moyen Age," &c. Died iflvf DE Qu/ncE#. 'THOMAS "bom in 1735 School an'dnV«*T^''? Manchester Gramma,: Bcnooi and the University of Oxford In «'i'-ly youth he became an opium-eater and ari?,;on«^ ' '^'•"e'^ '^'^ fortuSe iL fmpAired an intellect which would, in all DrobabiHtv have secured. for him a more soW and pnyl-' .^ni*^ 'eputation than that which he has rfn,Zlfy^/ desultory contributions to po nodical literature. He became tho iviirwi Of Coleridge, Wordsworth7and"'southeJ and at thl*'%^!.1^ ^""^^"^ "^«d for many^jlcars stanPPO.o^h^^"- ^'T straitened circum- stances he began, when about forty years of "fne-hif^r^n?'"-*" 'H "^ondou Maga- zine his Confessions of an Opium-eater '• fll rP^,,,'™';"'?-'"'""^ '•»'• exuberant although for^f "^"''''' Hnagination, and still more so nute anaw/t' of l«lf-«ontemplation and m' - nnrt fo H '^^'^ °(^ ^^* o^ia »»eutal condition and feeling8,-characteristic8 clearly trace- 9W ■■r< il t I > .i I 1^' '■ ll u der] H i^tD Sttnititreal Idiogrnp})^. able to the habit in which he Indulged. Mv continued thenceforth tu work at a Kreat variety of Kulij«ru! iiiieroiit, to thoBi> who can relish hit orl^^lnal thought, his Kcnulne tvlt, and his inutlcully wild lUscourse, his remains will spcin a real ndilltion to the per- manent treasures of our literature In 1832 he went to Hcotland, iid there lived, nut only admired but esteemed by the few who were admitted to his society, till his death, which took plare at Edinburgh, December 8, 18S9. There is a new complete edition of his works in 19 vols. 8vo. DEKHY, JAMK8 8tani,K\ Earl of, a k il- lant English nobleman, who in the action at Wigan, In Lancashire, with 8()0 horse bravely withstood a body of 3000 horse and foot, commanded by Colonel Lilburne. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Worces- ter, and beheaded, in violation of a promise of quarter which had been given him, in 1691. DERHAM, William, divine and natural i philosopher, was born in Worcestershire, in 1697. He studied at Oxford, and became rector of Upmlnster, in Essex. Ho was ap- pointed Boyle lecturer in 1711 and 1712, was subsequently canon of Windsor, and F.R.S. His principal works are entitled " Physico- Theology " and "Astro Theology," and are attempts to prove the existence, power, and wisdom of God from his works. Derham also wrote "The Artiflciiil ("lockmaker," ond a great number of memoirs contributed to the " Philosophical Transactiofis." Died, 1739. DEllMODY, TH0MA8, poet, was the son of a schoolmaster, and born at Knnis, lie- land, in 1779. He obtained through Earl Moira a commission in the army ; but so con- firmed were his habits of intemperance, that he died, a victim to disease, in 1802. His poems, which were wrltlen under the pres- sure of necessity, and often in great haste, nossess considerable merit. DEHRICK, Samukl, a native of Ireland, who, on the death of Beau Nash, was ap- pointed master of the ceremonies at Bath and Tunbridge Wells. ()u coming to Lon- don he attempted the stage ; but being un- successful as an actor, he had recourse to his pen. He wrote several books of little value. Bom, 1724 ; died, 1769. DERSCHAWIN, or DERZHAVINE, GAPUiEi. ROmanovich, a Russian poet and statesmon, was born at Cason, in 1743. In 1760 he entered the army as a common soldier, but soon distinguished himself; and, after a military service of 24 years, entered the civil service. In which he arrived ot the Important situations of treasurer of the em- pire and minister of Justice. He holds a high place among the poets of his country. Died, 1819. DERYCK, or DERICK, Peter Corne- lius, a painter of Delft, born in 1568, and died in 1630. He excelled in landscape and portrait painting. DESAGULIERS, JEAN ThSophile, un ingenious natural philosopher, was born in 1683 at Rochelle, and educated at Oxford, where he succeeded Dr Keil as a lecturer in 268 experimental phlloiopby. He published a "Course of Experimental Fhilotophy," ^o, He was a useful mc b'r of the Royal 8o- clety, and contriluioasi reral papers to their Tfarin.u lions. Bled, 174!^. DEHAIX Dl OYOOUX,Louirt UHABLB8 Antoink, a French Keneral. was l»orn in 1788. In the early part of the revolution be became aide-decamp u> General Victor de BrogH< ; and iinied gre.itly, by his talents the famous retreat ofMori-au. In the battle of Rastadt ho commanded the left wing, and forced the Archdut. " Charles to retire. He ofterward^ ilcfendi i the fort of Kehl for 6 months wi a real bravery, ond was wound- ed. He ac< Hiipanied Buonaparte to Egypt In 1798, wa- uppoin ted governor of the upper part of the country, and signed the treaty of El-Arlsh, with the Turks and English. He was killed at the battle of Marengo, to which victory he greatly contributed, .1 une 14, IbOO DESCARTES, Rinft, a celebrated French philosopher, was born at La Ilayo, In Tou- ralne, in i596, and received his education at •he Jesuits College at La F16che. <)!i leav- ing that seminary he removed to I'm and applied to the study of mathematit lA 1616 he entered into the army of the prince of OrauKe ; and, while serving In the garri- son at Breda, solved a difficult mathcuiitical problem which had been posted in the public streets. This introduced him to the ac- quaintance of the learned Beckmann, the principal of the college of Dprt. While ai Bi (la, ho wrote, in Latin, a treatise on mvisic, and projected some other works. He next served in the army of the duke of Bavaria, but soon after quitted the military life that he might give himself wholly up to science and philosophy. He visited the principal countries of Europe, and in lB:i9 settled at Amsterdam ; removing, however, to other towns of Holland in succession, the better to insure privacy. During the twenty years thus spent he published his various works, obtaining Immense reputation us a philosopher, and at the same timeencounlor ing violent opposition, especially from the side of theology. Rome and Geneva were at one in persecuting the new thinker. His works were condemned, he was prohibited from pnblic teaching, and his life was scarce- ly safe. At the invitation of Christina, queen of Sweden, he went to Stockholm, where he died in 1690. '^^Ils principal works are "Principia Puiloso, hite," " Discours de la M6thode pour bien onduire la Raison et chercher la V6rit6 da. s les Sciences," &c. The philosophy of Dek 'artes forms one of the great landmarks in 'he history of free thought. It gave the de. th-blow to schol- asticism, raised a stout opposition to the merely experimental methd, and infused a new life and vigour into the sphere of thought and speculative resean'h. Descartc!, starting from doubt, finds the first certainty In self-consciousness: Cogito. On this be attempts to found and build up a system ca- pable of demonstration. His system, as ve- hemently opposed by some as it has been eagerly embraced by othe-", has formed the starting-point for most of the systems that have subsequently appeared. DESCHAMPS, DOM, a French philosopher DES] , 01 the 18th ccnti 10 January, 1716. line order, beeami 1 1 uf .Montreull-Belh ! there, IHth April, siiomlentof Voltttl and other philos( wrote on E«n.i)' H .Vutvire" of Haririi tern on the Spirit London, in 1769. 1 ublivion, and only (I utury has been nectioii with a sta It is now osoertain champs w. 'le au "LaV^rit. U>' remained in ui.tnus of I'oitlers since th acquired from the I keeper of the libn In this treatise is c( losophy in almo.st u 'he system of Heg I j leading Ideas and p ' and distinctions su] j developed by Heg( thi.4 remarkable woi i under the title of ". anisme dans la Phi Trofessor Ilcaussirc 1)E8EZE,RAVM0 of Uourdeauy, and n parliament of that He afterwards prac uckuuwledgcd taler named one of the tunatc Louis XVI., ably defended, after ' dangerous task. H< , time, but escaped thi vering his liberty, h< serve the Directory, I Imperial Qovernmen hourbon.s he receive^ of the three selected S'i.the grateful not! hli devotedness to hii predecessor. He heh offices; was a peer o the order of Malta, a Academy, and preside peiil. Died, 1828. DESGODETS, Ant tect, was born in Pari sage to Rome, in 1674 Algerines, and kept On being exchanged where he composed a Ancient Ediflces of ' return to Paris, he wt the royal buildings, Wng, Died, 1728. DESH0ULIERE8, GIEK, a handsome, wi I Frenchwoman, and a i : tility, was born at Par gentleman of family, a the court of Louis XI'' attracted much attenti^ of friendship with the the age. Sheproducec operas, few of which Mr "Idyls " are still I DK8] ^ Mtio antberaal Ufograpljp. 1 01 the 18Jh century, wn* born nt Hennei, 10 January, 1716. He entered the llencdlc- linc order, becamn purreyor of the convent of Montreull-Bellay, near 8auiiiur, and died there, IHth April, 1774. He was the corre spondent of Voltaire, ime," which has remained in lu.iuustrlpt in the public library of I'oitlcrs since the year 1817, when It was acquired from the heirs of Dom Mazet, first Itccper of the library after the revolution. In this treatise is contained a srstem of phi- losophy in almost all respects identical with the system of Hegel, anticipating all the leading ideas and principles "X deductions and distinctions supposed to < been first developed by Hegel. A shun analysis of this remarkable work has j ust been pulilished under the title of " Ant<*ci^dent8 de l'H*g(»ll- anismo dans la Phllosophie Franoaise," by Professor Hcaussire of Poitiers. DESEZE, RAYMOND, or HOMAl>f, a native of Uourdeaux, and an able counsellor of the parliament of that city, was bom in 17,50. He afterwards practised at Paris, and his ackuowledged talents caused him to be named one of the counsel for the unfor- tunate Louis XVI., whose cause he most ably defended, after Target had declined the dangerous task. He was Imprisoned for a time, but escaped the scaffold ; and on reco- vermg his liberty, he was never Induced to serve the Directory, the Consulate, or the Imperial Government. On the return of the Bourbons ho received, as the only survivor of the three selected by Louis for his coun- sel, the grateful notice of Louis XVIII. for his devotedness to his royal and unfortunate predecessor. He held several distinguished offices; was a peer of France, a knight of the order of Malta, a member of the French Academy, and president of the Court of Ad- peal. Died, 1828. ^ IlESGODETS, Antoine, a French archi- tect, was born in Paris, in 16.5,3. On his pas- sage to Home, in 1674, ho was taken by the Algerines, and kept in slavery 16 months, on being exchanged he repaired to Home, Where he composed a work, entitled " The Ancient Ediflces of Rome ; " and, on his return to Paris, he was made comptroller of UnV'''D!ed."im"'''' "'*' ""'*'"^'=* '° '''' r^f^u^'^^^^^' Antoinette du Li- P Ln.'h'L *"'''"""^','^'"y' *"d accomplished ^Ink'^"' "?'," *' ^''''*«' '» 1634 ; married a tli'T of/araily, and was introduced at It., r ""'?"'« ^^^'•i'' 16,57, where she frSr."'" ?««n«on. «nd lived on termi heal ^'h^ r*5 ^^^. P'-ln'^iPal "teratl of tie age. she produced numerous plays and [dE8 bJ!^«'.Mn'7fl74°' •"""'"»•*''• """" «« "" DRSIUEHIUS. or DlblER, the last king of Loinbardy w,is duke of Istria, and sue? eeeded Astolphus in 738. His daughter, were married to the two son. of P..pln. king of Franc. , Carlomnn and Charlema, ne.' iZ latter h,„ n repudiated his wife, and at th,. request ol Pope Adrian, invade.l Italy i„ 7 hi. day. in the mona.tery of Corbie l)E8MOULIN8, CAMILLE, onl of the leaders in the French revolution, was born at Ouls... in I'icardy. In 1762. He wa. a fe™ if i;]^ uu t' ^''•^ "ohc^Plerre at the college P.r^i^H.P.?"'*'. '"''''""«' "" advocate at Piris, and dUtlr.gulshed himself as an en- tliusiustlc political reformer. He had a stutt.-r in his speech, which, however, some- lmo8disa,.pcun,.d in his passionate addresses to the people. On the 12th July, 1789, he mf^,* y^ ^,'''^'""» '>a'-»ngue on the dis missal of Nf ckcr, and bade the pcopl.> arm JntlTi ^^% l"'»'nn'"« of the revolt, whkh rliTn ''*^* ''^'=".""' ''*"«« of 'he Bastille." Camillo assumed the grotesque title of n,?h ?/.I'7**""'*' "' 'he lamp-iron," and published, among other things, "Le. Revo- lutions de ranee et do Brabant." He took fofl, ? "''^ i'","'^'' °" "'e Tuilerlei, on the 10 h August, 17:»2. As deputy to the Con- vention he co-operated with his school- iriend, n.,t.rspiorr.', and promoted the fall of the Girondists. He would fain have checked the excesses of the revolution, and made the attempt with Danton and others. For the same purpose he published his " Vieux Cor- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. m// ^ ^"4^. ,^ V^^tf •^' ^,^ ^,< 1.0 I.I 1.25 lii 1^ 2.5 2.2 1.4 IM IIIM 1.6 *>'^ m m-. A7 ^ c% ■ :> m ■> > > * :" . \ .: Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIM STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I'SBO (716) 872-4503 ^•^ Vv^ "% ^v V -i^ V '^O^ 4^y. ^ V.x \ S I ( tunity of showing great courage and talents during the disturbances in that colony, be- came second in command to Toiissaint Lou- Terture ; on whose imprisonment he was chosen emperor of Hayti, under the title of Jacques I. This was in 1804; but he re- tained his Imperial dignity only two years, having perished the victim of a conspiracy, provoked by his intolerable cruelties, in 1606. DE8T0UCHES, PHILIPPE NfiRICAULT, an eminent French dramatic writer, was horn at Tours in 1680. Being sent to Lon- don, in 1717, to assist in the political nego- tiations then carrying on, he continued there seven years, and married. On his return to France he retired into the country, where he devoted himself to agriculture and th*". belles lettres. His principal pieces are " Le Fhi- iosophe Mari6 " and " Le Glorieux." Died, 1764. D'ESTRfiES, OABRIELLB. [GABRI- ELLE D'ESTRSES.] DEVEREUX, ROBERT. [ESSEX, Earl of.] DEVONSHIRE, Duke of. [CAVENDISH, William.] DEVONSHIRE, GEORGIANA CAVEN- DISH, Duchess of, remarkable for personal graces and mental accomplishments, was the eldest daughter of Earl Spencer ; bom in 1757, and married to the duke of Devon- shire in her 17th year. Her "Passage of Mount St Gothard " bears ihe impress of a highly cultivated mind. She also had some skill in musical composition, and a taste for the fine arts. Died, 1806. D'EWES, Sir SiMONDS, antiquary, was born in 1602, and educated at Cambridge, entered parliament In 1G40, and was created a baronet in 1641 ; but on the breaking out of the civil war he espoused the Puritan cause, and died in 1650. He was the author of " The Journals of all the Parliaments dur- ing the Reign of Queen Elizabeth " His "Autobiography and Correspondence," first published in 1845, is a curious and interest- ing record. DE WINT, PETER, a distinguished artist, whose numerous drawings formed for forty years an attractive feature in the exhibitions of the Old Society of Painters in Water Colours, was born at Stone, in Stafforuciiire, where his father practised as a physician, 1783. English landscape scenery formed the chief theme for his fertile pencil ; and his free and masterly handling of his subjects was only equalled by their truthfulness to nature. Died, 1849. DE WITT, JOHN, a uistinguished Dutch statesman, was t)orn in 1625, at Dort, in Holland. At the age of 23 he published a mathematical work, entitled " The Elements of Curved Lines." In 1650 he was chosen pensionary of his native city ; and, after distinguishing himself in public affairs, was elected pensionary of Holland. In that capacity he concluded a peace with Crom- well, one article of which excluded the House of Orange from the stadi:holdership. In 1665 war broke out between the Dutch and English, in which the French after- wards joined the former, and in 1667 De Witt sent the fleet under De Ruyter which sailed up the Thames. The peace of Breda was concluded the same year. De Witt _ about the same time procured the passing of the perpetual edict for abolishing the office of stadtholder, for which he received public thanks. However, In 1672, when Holland was invaded by the French, and civil dig- sension overspread the country, both John de Witt and his brother Cornelius were bar- barously murdered by the populace, and the stadtholdership was re-established. Wil- liam, Prince of Orange (afterwards William in. of England), was then called to that post. DIANA of POITIERS was born In 1499 and married Louis de Brezd, Count of Mau- levrier, at the age of 13. She lost her husband In 1531, and subsequently became mistress to Henry, duke of Orleans, after- wards Henry II. At court she was the rival of the duchess of £tampes, and the hatred of the two for each other gave rise to disgrace- ful scenes. On the accesbioji of Henry to the throne her influence became paramount and the great changes then made in the court ond in the ministry, the cruel persecutions of tho Huguenots, and the train of illg that marked the whole reign, are by some ottri- buted to her influence. In 1548 the king gave her the duchy of Valentinois, and she took the title of duchess. She retained her beauty and her power over the king till his death, retired then to the chfiteau of Anet and died there in 1566. ' DIAZ, Bautolomeo, a Portuguese navi- gator, who, in 1486, with two small vessels discovered the Cape of Good Hope, which he named the Cape of Tempests. The king however, changed It to its present name! In 1497 Diaz accompanied Vasco de Gama on his expedition of discovery, and subse- quently set out with Cabral for the Indies. He perished by shipwreck in May, 1500. DIAZ, JUAN, was a native of Cuenza,ln Spain. He studied at Paris, whore he read the works of Luther, and becante a Protest- ant. He then quitted France, and visited Calvin at Geneva ; afterwards he went to Strasburg, and lastly to Neuberg, whither he was followed by his brother Alfonso, a zealous Catholic. Alfonso finding his ex- hortations could not reclaim him, pretended to close his visit and take his departure, but secretly returned at break of day, with a companion, and murdered him with an axe. The assassins were pursued and taken ; but as they were about to be brought to trial, Charles V. took the affair into his own hands, and left the murderer unpunished. This horrid deed was perpetrated in 1646. The miserable fratricide afterwards hanged him- self. DIBDIN, CHARLES, dramatist, poet, and actor, but mostly celebrated as a writer of songs and a musical composer, was born at Southampton, in 1745. He was intended for the church, and received his early education at Winchester; but, seduced by his love of music, and relinquishing all thoughts of the clerical profession, he first became a candi- date for the situation of organist at a village church in Hampshire, and then took up his abode in London. He made his first appear- ance as a performer. In 1762, at the Rich- mond theatre, and two years afterwards appeared on the London boai'ds, as JUtlph, dib] in the Maid of the Mill; but he never shone as an actor. He Invented a ne-* kind of monodramatic entertainment, consisting of music, songs, and recitations, of' which h« was the sole autliorand performer. His sea songs are still popular; some, indeed, are of a very superior character. For a wlTiiJ Dibdin enjoyed a pension of £200 a-vear from government, but lost It by a chan/e of the ministry; and so Improvident had he been, that in the closing years of his life he would have suffered extreme indigence had not an annuity been purchased for him bv P^ ''H^TJ^'"'"P"""•.•^"°»«"ler he produced about 1400 songs and 30 dramatic pieces -be sides which he: wrote "A History of thp Stage," his "Professional Life," "TMugica! Tour," three novels, &c. He died to 18ii DIBDIN, THOMAS, dramatic author and song writer, was the eld .t eon of the above whose "naval songs" he was engaged in editing at the time of hi* death. He had Garrick for his godfather; andin 1775, when only four years of age, he appeared on the stage as Cupid, in Shakespeare's " Jubilee " to tlie Venus of Mrs Siddons. At 16 he wa" apprenticed to an upholsterer ; but born Tnd bred to "the profession," after a few ^ears he quitted the shop, and sought his fortnn» £^5^_5n^bmain8fo^ [dig Antiquarian, and I'ic.M,r„p^''":Si'*'"»PWcnl, resuj Of a 'con^nemTa°r„^"„'''i«I^ .ermons and innumerahff A,if **•*" ^'""^O"* literary. hibliograpWcal ind l^n^^ ^S'^" «» Dr Dibdin waf one of tho r^°1'"*'«' t«»Pl«8. Hoxburghe Club?fo«ndeS^n i"8//'V',*''« he obtained, through p-^io ^^- ^" ^823 friendship he enioved fh^l^^'i^f'' whose Whose munificent librnrv"^'^'' "'^' '"»'* In pursue his favourite sffi.'^fK*'""'* «* ^"''e Exning, near Newmarkl/''' *''5 Ti<^a'-««c of wasprl'sented toThe Sry^offi'J i?'* ^« Bryanstone Square whirh LI ^5 Mary's, death, Nov. 18, ImV ^^ ^^^^ "" *1» llght battalion at E„l^ "".^ .^«!^°'«?«»«d a tba •imruntirn'b^ e i said to h,'; ^"'^ *""«'» o he Peninsula f^H*'** '^^ ^nd bat! formed in every de^ nment'^o|» ^^^^ P«- "«•>» battalion at Sc^ l^^ CiSl^^L" apd written mo?e than 1000 songs: He S' !?' *"•* *•>« !«* battalion of the 4 1,^ ^^1^ wards obtained an enM.,P,r,oJ?r„f?,?-"5': ftorming of Fort St Michael l!,".''^** }^^ he siege of Burgos. &c'h»'.'°^.1" ?» ..- ,...vv>.u uiuic iiiiiii lUUUSOncS. ttpaftor- wards obtained an engagement at Covent' Garden Theatre; and numerous were the operas, farces, and entertainments which were produced by his Inventive genius ri„r i"? half a century. Prom amonTthem we may select "The Cabinet," " The SwuY^ Fleet," "Mother Goose" (which ??eWeS more than £20,000 profit to the manZpr»lf Covent Garden Theatre), " The hSSp/ Kacer" (a dear gain to thrpro&rs of «v/n^KS.".^^ •^^£??Sr days of his long and acUve hfe were "f srsri^r^r'^'^^^^p'-^-'a^ campilf^ Of &n'dt*'- «« '^^^'^'^^Tn't^t at Quatre Bras wwu 7"* severely wounded OnX restSatTon of Ter"^v.'°» *^« ^2nd! his paternal esnelt^Tt^n- ^^'«t«ed to wife dying in 1810 roH^ Tulhmet; but his any chafes fof^'^'^^^^^t ^ad no longer the tented field. He obfflin!/'^"^'\.«°"8''t able command In Sdia «„? f**n^'* honour- morable victory over the sf^^l" IV^.^ ™«- Feb. 10. 1846. While fas th!^'** ** Sobraon, chief eicressPd iVf"'^ ^^^ commander-in- time, was born at Calcutta I77s 1^^ fr?" ^^""^ church, but is chieflv^;^3® ^®"^*- hi* taste for literature and S^^'l^*''®" The Sidereai Vea^ens " " Thl ^^^"^7'" mcnced. The law bein^ hu ^„ .-^'^ ''°^- Astronomer." and n " tH'o^ ^^® I'ractical 5!'."....., i".'".l5fe^ ,J;'jr-i-t? t'b^^s;^;^p%T£!'^: life, to conseouenoo^^/?^"'* *■<"» PwhUc i>esl.S w'irSfis/a'""*-'"^*^"'"* ^ afterwait?ng ome ti^p , " ^J^^*' ""d ™ ordalne! a° clergyman V '80!" V' She^«S?o?lLtrS£S^ ?oW!t£sHSr?-- Ition; and for neaViv t^Sl"*^ """^ satisfac- maybesaidtoh^fip ''J J'^*" the press thaLmaT Jd from WsTrri.^'^'^i''" ^"^>''' pen. A bare list n? S,!. "^"'^.""^ versatUe ently crowd our°'co?umn8''°",^i*"^°''^«''i- ■aake room for the " Shw^. ^"*. ^.^ '""s* w« PuWished in 1809 inH*"".""**' ^''^•'b DIO] % £itio StnibersBl ISiograpl^i). [die DICKRON, JAMES, a Scotch divine, but known chiefly as a writer on agriculture, was a native 01* East Lothian ; and died, by a fail from his horse, in 1776. His " Treatise on the Agriculture of the Ancients" was much esteemed, and was translated into French. DIDEROT, DEHJ8, principal editor of the French " Encyclop^die," was bom at Lan- gres in 1712. With a passion for books and study, he refused to enter the church, and quitted the law,settled at Faris.'and devoted himself to literature. After struggling for some years in obscure laborious ways, he attracted public attention by his " Fens^es Fhilosophiques," which appeared in 1746. It was lifted into greater notoriety by the parliament of Faris, "hich condemned it to be burnt. Three years later he pablished his " Lettre sur les avougles, i I'usage de ceux qui voient," for which he was im- prisoned at Yincennes. But Diderot is chiefly remembered as the projector of the famous " Encyclop^die " D'Alembert was Joint editor with him for a time. The work was in 17 folio volumes, the first of which appeared in 1751, and the rest during the next 14 years. It made a great noise ii; the world, but did not enrich the projector, who for want of money proposed to sell his library. The Empress Catherine of Russia paid him a high price for it, left it in his own hands, and gave him a salary as libra- rian. In 1773 he visited St Fetersburg, where he had a very flattering reception. On his return he visited Berlin, where Frederick II. received him but coldly. Diderot was a friend of Rousseau, and one of the band of daring doubters who met at the suppers of Harcn d'Holbach. He was author of several works besides those mentioned. Died at Faris, 1784. DIDOT, FBANQOis AHBROI8E, a cele- brated printer, was bom at Faris in 1730. He greatly raised the typographic art ; improved the construction of paper-mills; and in- vented many curious and useful machines, useful in the arts of type-founding, stereo- typing, and printing. At the age of 73, he read over five times,and carefully corrected, every sheet of the stereotype edition of Mon- taigne, printed by his sons. Died, 1804. — His brother, FiEEns Francois (who died in 1795), as well as his sons and nephew, have each eminently contributed to the improve- ment of the arts of type-founding and print- ing. Nor were their abilities entirely con- fined to the mechanical part. They paid the greatest attention to corr'^ctness as well as beauty ; and the elder son, Fierre Didot, is known as an excellent classical scholar, and the author ot several works, both prose and verse. DIDOT, FiRMiN, the most celebrated and skilfViI of modem printers, and son of Fran- qois Didot (whose editions, especially of classic works, are in reques. all over Europe), was born in 1764, and was careftiUy in- structed in both the ancient and the modem languages with a view to succeeding his father. Not only, however, did he prove to be in the highest sense of the word " a learn- ed printer," bnt he also made some most im- portant improvements in the details of the J70 art, and invented stereotyping. His editions of Sallust, the Lcsiad, and the Henriade, ore much sought after. He was an excellent translator, and no mean original writer Died, 1836. DIEBXTSCH, Count Sabalkanskt, a distinguished Russian general, was the son of a brave officer who had served under Frederick the Great, but who afterwards quitted the Frusslan service for the Uussinn wliere he obtained an important command.' Through his father's influence and his rwn talents, young Diebitsch rose rapidly in the army In th? campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814, he signalized himself by his skill and bravery, and was advanced to the rank of quarter-master general to the Emperor Alexander. He displayed great courage In the battles of Austerlitz, Eylau, Friedland and Dresden. He at length became head of the staff ; and in 1829 was intrusted by the Emperor Nicholas with the chief command of the Russian army in the expedition against Turkey. For his brilliant services in that campaign he was promoted to the rank of field-marshal, and rewarded with the title of Count Sabalkansky (or crotter of the Saikan), the orders of St Andrew and St George, a million of roubles, &c. Pos- sessing the entire confidence of his sove- reign, it was natural that, on the breaking out of the Folish insurrection, he should be selected to command the forces sent thither for its suppression ; but a variety of unfore- seen obstacles presented themselves, and his plans were in a great measure bpffled, when the cholera, which had carried off great numbers of his troops, attacked him, and he died in a very few hours after the first symp- toms had appeared, June 10, 1831. DIEFFENiJACH, JOBANN FRIEDRICH, one of the most distinguished surgical operators, was bora at K6nig8berg, in 179JS. After studying for the church at Greifswald, he took part In the war of liberation of Ger- many ; and it was not till a year or two after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, that he began the study of medicine and surgery, in which he hae sec^'ed undying fame. His surgical studies being finished at Vienna and 'Wurt?- bnrg, he took up his residence at Berlin, Where his operative talents soon raised him to distinction, and in 1832 he was appointed to the chair of surgery. In this capacity he published several valuable works ; but his chief fame rests on the skill with which he performed the most difficult surgical opera- tions, such as supplying artificial noses, lips, cheeks, and eyelids ; and to him also the world is indebted for a new method of curing or removing the most inveterate cases of strabismus or squinting. Died, 1S48. DIEMEN, Anthony van, governor of the Dutch East India possessions, was bom at Kuilenberg,of which place his father was a burgomaster. He went to India, where he was employed as accountant to the govem- ment. in 1625 he became a member of the supreme council. In 1681 he returned to Holland as comnander of the India fleet, but the year following went out again as director- general ; and not lonf after he be- came governor-general, greatly extending the Dutch interest In the East. In 1642 be die] ^ iSeto atnibgwal 19iograjpf;p. sent \bei Tasman on a voyagr to the South, the consequence of which was the discovery of that part of New Holland called Van Dienien's Land. He died In 1640. DIKPBNBECK, ABaABAU VAN, Dutch painter, was born at Bois-le-Duc about 1607. He studied under Kubcns at Antwerp, and was one of his most eminent pupilc. Hd visited Italy and England, was made director of the Academy of Antwerp in 1641, ex- celled as a painter on glass, and designed numerous illustrations for books. ~ 167S. DIETRICH, JOHANN WiLHKLM Ernbt an excellent German painter, waa bom in 1712 at "Weimar, where hit father was painter to the court, and celebrated for his portraits and battle pieces. After studying under his father, h«s went to Dresden, and wag instructed in landscape painting by- Alexander Thiele. He visited Italy in 1743 and in 1763 became professor in the Academy of Dresden, and director of the School of Fainting at Meissen. He died in 1774. For versatility and general excellence few have surpassed him. DIEZ, JUAN MAETiN, bcttct known as the Emptcinado Of modem Spanish guerilla warfare, was the sou of a peasant of VaUa- dolid, and bora iu 1775. He first served in the regular army as a dragoon , but in 1808 with a chosen band of about 00 brave fel- lows, he commenced that harassing guerilla •yitem, which so much contributed to the disasters of the enemy in the Peninsula • and the value of his services being properly appreciated, he was at length made a briga- dier-general of cavalry. \/hen the duke of WeUington entered Madrid in triumph Dm attended him, and received his com- mands to join the army at Tortosa, at the head of 6000 men. On the re-establishment of Ferdinand's government, the Empecinado became obnoxious to the ruling powers who regardless of his former great services had' him seized on a charge of conspiracy, tried and executed, in 1824. /i "-^icu, DIGBV, Sir EvEitARD,an English gentlo- man who was torn of a Roman Catholic family, 1S81 ; was knighted at the accession of James I., and became a party to the Gun- powder Plot, for which he was executed in loOo. DIGBY, Sir Kenelbc, son of the preced- ing, was bom at Soathurst, in Buckingham- &,"f l^^^^'u"" «^°cated at Gloucester ,„H "h? pk"*', "f T" '"'iJfhted by James I., J^liL^'*''^^^- "* '^■'' appointed to se- veral offices. On one occasion, when some difference existed between England and the [P^X vate Memoirs," edited by Sir Harris Nicola." first appeared In 1827. Lied, lee" **°^' i/,S^^°*^' '*'"^' «*" of Bristol, born In ll^L"?' gentleman of the bedchambS? to f ^" ?•' '^S** "^"^ '''■a to Spain to negotiate a2Krs?oi!'"'^rn \T:^^:;T.rf^z DIOB^'ff^Jf^ '*"'• «''««' " ParTs in 1653 ^^ I *^^f^ove: r b^^'„riia''/H^»,rvf Died, received hi. education at Oxford and 4ame tthos^eteol^an^ '^dEB peared again In England afti? the re«orS-' rurs':'^S"ir//""""''"«''^««-^^<' SaS':: :: K'^'t. De^^^Wso^ T^l?.V °'''*' -^ Arithmetical Wariike ^^Use, named StratioUcos." &c. Died! niGGES, SIR Dudley, son of the ore- ceding, was bom in 1583, »nd educated^t ^^?'^- "^^^^ •'nighted by Jarnes I who sent him ambassador to Russia ; in tW 7„. DarTv^* H^ *^2' ^« sided with thel^pLfa; party, and so continued to do till 1636 w',, he was brought over by the grant 07'.,. ! ^/Jtershipof the rolls, "sir Dudley was one ?m^® i!"^"''^'"'' appointed to support the to»», «*"!." 5'.'°*' "^a* committed to the Jow^er. He died in 1639. He wrote " A De fence of Trade," "A Discourse concern?n; ^.^'^^S"*-?^"** Privileges of the Subject^ ^.;hP* Complete Ambassador," contain- ing documents respecting the prooosed m«r riage of Queen Elizabeth to the d«k" of Anjou, appeared after his death. His son Da(lley, who died in 1643, was a loyal a^S rebemon!""*' *'*'' ^'■°'" "»•"« *«'«» "Sai'Tst DILLENIU8, JOHN JAMES, an eminent botanist, was bom at Darmstad", In 16?7 ?n mPh^^" "-^^ university of Giessen in 1721, he accompanied Dr Sherard to hi^*d!l«'''«'"'^ ^" «P*"» »»>« remalnStrof t„«i, ^'- Soon after his arrival he under- took a new edition of Ray's Synopsis -and was appointed the first botanica^^profeMor wm^«" « "." 8'?«™"»'8 foundation. X wrote "Hortus Elthamensis " and a " hS- tory of Mosses." Died, 1747 ' o''J''i?.^tZ,=?J^P«"*.. eari of Roscom Kj^npi-f .ri^tLfit^hTfi^e? I ^^^:^}^r^ i^^t\^':zk i^:^^±.^^ Of .Scandero^T | mo^^BU^ar^t^^VSe^rstp^^^^^^^^ .. ., '*?"•"'« in the bay of Scanderoon f.,.v . , ,. quitted the church of England I nertv hv »«mV„» i"""" -'■""i""'"'lf ms pro- r tha of Home. At the commencement of howe to ^T} I' ^^ ^"^ ?^'^^ ""aster of the L^„^^?w'T"'''"P''«°»'^d''y thepa?! „„a^^ o' Vork. He then Uament m Winchester House, but in 1643 When Cromwelf as^i'me^d thTgoveriS- ^"j^" to Visit his native cou„t"™lnd' J^Cp""".!" l*?** Protector. He V/ote •^ Treatise on the Nature of Bodies," « On "aTV""? !L««« of Man^'sou?." Peripatetic Institutions." His "Prl- tori«H*''W" °^ *•»« «arl of SurliM° DIM8DALE, THOMAS, a physician, who became celebrated by his sucieMful mode of inoculating for the small-pox. In 1768 h- S«^„^"n'*' '"i Jnoculited the EmprJ^ »m^k"«® li' *°* Grand-duke PauL tor t^o tl*^'' »i?'»<»ale was created a bar^ of the empire, physician to her MnJestyTand sn din] ^ JtetD SSnfbersal 19iograp][ip. counsellor of state. A gratuity of £12,000 vas given him for his Journey, and a pen- sion of £900 a year. In 1781 the baron again visited Russia, to inocu!<\te the two sons of the grand-duke. In the /car preceding he was elected into parliament for Hertford, :ind again in 1784, on which he quitted prac- tice, lie -wrote several tracts on inocula- tion, in which is an account of his first Jour- nev to Russia. Died, 1800. DINEZ DA CRUZ, ANTONIO, an eminent Portuguese poet, was born in 1730, and died in 1798. As a writer of odes, sonnets, and lyrical pieces, he holds the first rank among his countrymen. DINO0RATE8, 'a Macedonian architect, who was employed by Alexander in building the city of Alexandria. He also rebuilt the temple of Ephesus, and proposed to cut Mount Athos into a statue of the Macedo- nian hero. He died in Egypt, under the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus. DIOCLETIANUS, CAIU8 VALERIUS, Ro- man emperor, born in Dalmatia, 245. He entered the Roman army, distinguished him- self under several emnerors, and was elected emperor by the soldiers on the death of Numerian,284. Two years later, to strength- en himself against the numerous euemies threatening the empire both in the east and the west, he made MaMimian his associate, assigning to him the Charge of the west. A further division was afterwards made by the creation of two new Caesars, Constautius Chlorus and Oalerius, four emperors thus reigning at one time. "War was almost con- tinually going on, but Diocletian seldom took any personal share in it. In the latter part of his reign he was induced to sanction a cruel persecution of the Christians, whom he had long protected. In 305 Diocletian abdicated the imperial dignity, and retired to his native country, where he died in 313. 1 JlODATI, Jean, an eminent Protestant theologian, descended from an Italian family, > but born at Gtneva, 1576. He became pro- fessor of Hebrew there in 1697, nnd pro- fessor of theology in 1609, holding the latter post till 1645. He was a friend of the cele- brated Father Paul, and translated into French his great " History of the Council of Trent." He made also French and Italian translations of the Bible, not without en- countering opposition. Diodati attended the Synod of Dort in 1618, and took part in drawing up the deliberations of the synod. He published various theological works, among which are his Annotations on the Bible, which were translated into English. Died, 1649. DIODORUS SICULIJS, a native of Agy- rlum, in Sicily, who wrote a Universal His- tory, in 40 books, of which only 15 books and a few fragments remain. It is a labori- ous but uncritical compilation of most he- terogeneous materials, and occupied him 30 years. It is still valued for the portions which it has preserved to us of many lost works. He flourished about B. c. 50. DIOGENES, surnamed THK CTNic, was bomat8inope,acityofPo9tu8,B. c.412. He accompanied his father to Athens, where he applied to the study of philosophy under Antisthenes, the founder of the cynic school. 2Za [DI P He distinguished himself by the excessive austerity and eccentricity of his manners with which was blended a great knowlcdse of human nature, and a zeal for the practical good of men, on which account Plato called him the " mad Socrates." Being on a voyaKe to ^gina, the vessel was taken by pirates who sold Diogenes to a rich Corinthian citi- zen named Xeniades, who intrusted to him the care of bis sons. His famous interview with Alexander took place at Corinth, where at the age of 90, he died. ' DIOGENES LAERTIU8, a Greek hij. torian, was bom in Cilicia. He wrote tlie " Lives of the Philosophers," in 10 books an immethodical and uncritical work, valuable as such books often are, for the fhigmenti they contain of earlier writings which have perished. He is supposed to have lived in the second century. DION, a celebrated patriot of Syracuse was the disciple and friend of Plato when that philosopher was at the court of Dio- nysius the elder, whose daughter Arete Dion married. Being accused of treason lie was banished by Dionysius the younger and went to Athens, where he acquired con- siderable popularity ; which so provoked the tynnt, that he confiscated his estate* and compelled his wife to marry another man. Dion, irritated at this treatment, r^ solved to attempt the deliverance of his country ; and with a small force he landed in Sicily during the absence of Dionysiui and entered Syracuse in triumph. After various successes he perished, the victim of a conspiracy, headed by one Calippus, an Athenian, B. C. 353. DION CASSIUS, an historian of the third century, born in Bithynia, went to Rome about 180 ; was appointed in succession to many high o£Sces; was twice consul; and wrote, in Greek, the History of Rome, from the arrival of JEneas in Italy, to A. i). 229. The small portions extant of Dion's voilt. are highly valued. DION CHRY808TOMXT8. THE GOLDEN- HOUTHED, a celebrated Greek rhetorician, flourished in the flrst century of the Chris- tian era. He was a native of Prusa, in Bi- thynia, but lived meetly at "ome. Suspect- ed or conspiracy by Domitiai he took refuge in the country of the Getae, returning to Rome on the accession of Nerva. He enjoy- ed the favour both of Nerva and Trajan, and lived to an advanced age. He left about 80 orations or discourses on mor&ls and politics, which arc admired for their elegance of style. Died, A. B. 117. DIONYSIUS I., the elder, tyrant of Syra- cuse, was born B. C. 430. He served in the war with the Carthaginians, got himself ap- pointed general, and, in 405, sole general and head of the republic. He formed a powerful body-guard, conquered other cities of Sicily, carried on war with the Carthaginians, and after making peace with them in 392, in- vaded Italy and subdued several of the Greek cities of the south. He was after- wards again at war with Carthage. Diony- sius, like some other tyrants, was a patron of literary men and artists ; aspired to liter- ary fame, and contended for the prize at the Olympic games. He erected many fine tern- nio] m iScto ganfUfraal 13iograp^n. plei and palaces, and also constructed In tho rock near Syracuse the famous prison called I,nutuini(c, spoken of in lator times as tlie " Ear of Dionysius." Died, B. c. 367. DIONYBIUS II., the younger, tyrant of Syracuse, was son of the preceding, and succeeded him, u. O. 367. Idly brought up, he was for a time restrained from excesses by the Influence of Dion and Plato. Many other distinguished men visited him or lived at his court. His subsequent treat- ment of Dion and his family led to his own overthrow in 356, Ho went to Italy and obtaiued the chief power at Locrl, and after ten yea' s returned and regained his throne at Syracuse. A final end was put to his tyranny by the noMe Greek Timoleon, 343, and be spont the rest of his life in exile at Corinth, wallowing in the mire of sensuality and vice. DIONYSITTS, an ancient geographer, who was called Pi^RlEGETKS, from his poem of '■ Pericgcsls,' or Survey of the World. He lived probably at the beginning of the 4th century. | DI0NYSIU8 Of Halicamassns, a Greek ' rhetorician and historian, who settled at Uome about B. C. 29, that he might study the Latin language, and collect materials for the history which he afterwards wrote. Dionysius wrote mony rhetorical and criti- cal works, which are of great value, but his princ iial work, and that bv which he is most generally known, is the " Roman Arch- eology." It was in 22 books, of which about 11 are extant. In these he dwells at great length on the early history of Rome, but bis want of accurate knowledge, the bias under which he wrote, and the rhetorical character of his style, render his history un- truBtworthy. Died at Rome, B. c. 7. DIOPHANTUS, a mathematician of Alex- andria, to whom is attributed the invention of algebra. It is uncertain at what period he lived. BIOSCORIDES, PEDANIU8, or PEDACIUS, physician, was born at Anazarba in Cilicia, in the Ist century of the Christian era ; and distinguished himself as the author of a work on Materia Medica, in which all the veget- able substances then used as medicines are described or catalogued. This work held its frouiid as first and sole authority on the subject of which it treats for sixteen hun- dredyears. Its infallibility and completeness being almost as hard to shake and disprove as that of Aristotle or the pope. It was printed by Aldus in 1499. DIPPEL, JOHANN CONRAD, a Germon physician and celebrated alchemist, was tram at Frankenstein, in Hesse, in 1672. He led a wandering life, made himself obnox- 0U8 to various governments, and was often imprisoned. He pretended to have dis- covered the philosopher's stone, and pro- phesied that he would not die till 1808 He however, falsified his prediction, by sud- denly departing this life in 1734 ; and in- stead of finding the philosopher's stone, he discovered Prussian blue, and the animal oil which bears his name. nMll^» devoted to llvr*"*^^.'™™ * P'""'' ">^e «' it for its own m^- ' ""l^nny a mind has been excited to lnrwK'''-LKl84r ^'"' "^^ «'»'"'''- i/gK/^rLrG°-^!;^?e^^^^ wLtV^ll'^ ** 1'*^ university of GOUingen; 7^llVr^^^" " *''°'J >-«^8idence at Marburg as f„„ "?l'^l""'"^ professor of classical philo- 1?.?I' *'S,'»««"'"e professor of classical litera- ture. He was a zealous hard-working stu H«" n^ht'^v.'^""*^!? ''"* ^"^ •»»» written much. He published editions of Pindar, Tibullus. ?l^„*^\°"'^'?'' ?' Demosthenes " De Co- rona." A collection of his m?nor writinss m?r"Tn,S''^i''"" *"'« *'«»th. Died, 1837^' ™,t?„^I^^' H"*iPHRY, a learned iathe- matician, was born at Balisbury In 1675- became mathematical master of Christ's Hospital, and died in 1715. He wrote several IT^^ Z",,^''-! Philosophical Transactions « Th„ T* ^^'* known by a treatise entitled The Institution of Fluxions." He also wrote a treatise on Perspective, and " Gene., ral Laws of Nature and Motion." DOB RENTE I, Oabriei., Hungarian archaeologist and miscellaneous writer was s.fv°„V°TT-, After studying at the un ver? fi irr/.c^f P^'?' """^ '^^^'^'^K f" some time In I890 /. «"" i'^^P^^''^^ tutor, he settled, in 1820, at Pesth, where his time was divided between literature and the duties of various offices Which he held under the government principally occupied In the preparation of of'tf.o'^M'""'''' "t"* ***^ "Ancient Monuments nf ^h.n^^'""' language," the first volume tLn^}^} appeared in 1825. and which is a standard authority. Dobrentei was for several years secretary to the Hungarian Academy ; he contributed papers to various periodicals, and carried on an extensive correspondence. Died. 1851.- DOBRIZHOFFER, MARTIN. Jesuit mis- sionary, was a native of Styria. He w«s born in 1717. entered the orderarthf 18^0? 19, and went to Paraguay in 1749. He laboured there nearly twenty years, and then returned ar settled at Vienna. In his old age he wrott i Latin a curious and pro- i'ffiSf "'^^ °' '^^ Abipones, one of the native nations or tribes of Paraguay. It is 279 I)01»] H i^eto JRniDtianl ISfogrnpf)!}. [dod full of Intorest.not without marvel and pro- bublc cxi\g({cration. It was translated Into Gcmion by Krell, and Into English X>j Sara Colcrldne. Died, 1791. UOHKOWBKY, JOSEPH, the celebrated Bohemian philologist and antiquary, was bom near llaab, in Hungary, In 17M. He entered the order of Jesuits not long before its suppression, and becaino tutor to thu children of Count von Noltitz, whose pro- tection he enjoyed through life.' In 1792 he was sent with Count Joachim Sternberg to Sweden, In search jf the literary treasures carried off during the Thirty Years' War. He afterwards visite'l llussia und Italy. During the Inst thirty years of his life he was subject to periodical fits of mental aber- ration, but his studies and labours were con- tinued, and procured him a European re- putation. He wrote chiefly in German. His principal works are, " Institutiones Linguaj SlavicflB Dialccti Veterls," a " Bohemian Grammar," "German and Bohemian Dic- tionary," "History of the Bohemian Lan- guage and Lit ira'ure," &o. He contributed many important r apers to the Transactions of the Bohemian Scientiflc Society, and was a member of numerous academies. lie took a prominent and rather passionate part in the controversy respecting the carious li- terary discoveries of Hauka, and, was irri- tated to flnl his judgment generally re- versed. Died, at Brunn, in 1829. DOBSON, William, an English painter, who succeeded Vandyke as sergeant painter to Charles I., was born in 1610, and died in 1646. He painted several historical pictures, but was chiefly celebrated for his portraits, in which he remained unrivalled till the time of Rir Joshua Keynolds. DODD, Dr AVILLIAM, was born in 1729, at Bourne, Lincolnshire ; and after being educated at Cambridge, entered into orders, bocHme a popular preacher in London, and wns made one of the king's chaplains. But he kept high society, and was extravagar , ; and finding himself unable to support an expensive establishment, he endeavoured to procure the living of St George's, Hanover Square, by offering a bribe of £3000 to the lady of the lord chancellor. She was, how- ever, indignant at the offer, and on her in- forming the chancellor, Dodd was struck off the royal list. The earl of Chesterfield, to whom he had been tutor, afterwards pre- sented him with a living ; but being pressed for money, he forged a bond for £4200 on his former pupil and patron, probably intending to take it up before it became due ; but the fraud was soon discovered, and he was tried, convicted, and executed at Tyburn, in 1777, notwithstanding great interest was used, and the most extraordinary efforts made to obtain his pardon. He was the author of several works : the principal of which are " Sermons," " Poems," " Keflections on Death," and " Thoughts in Prison." DODDRIDGE, or DODDERIDGE, Sir JOHN, an English judge, and the author of several works on legal science, was born in 1655, at Barnstaple in Devonshire, and edu- cated at Exeter College, Oxford. In 1613 he became one of the judges of the King's Bench, and died in 1628. His chief works are, " The Lawyer's Light," "The English lawyer," " The Law of Nobility and Peerage," ''The Complete Parson," &c. DODDRIDGE, PHILIP, a Dissenting di- vine, was bom in the metropolis in 1702. He was successively minister at Klbworth Market Harhorough,and Northampton, and' acquired a great and deserved reputotion. He established and presided over an aca- demy for the training of young men designed for the ministry. Being afflicted with a pul- monary complaint, he went to Lisbon for the benefit of his health, but died there in 1761. His principal wot • are, " The Family Expositor," 6 vols. 4to, "The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul," which had an immense circulation, and to which John Foster wrote a remarkable Introduc- tory Essay, " The Life of Colonel Gardiner," and " Hymns." Many of Doddridge's " Hymns " are of a far higher order than the m(\lority of those in his day in common use in public worship. DODINGTON, OEOROK BUBE,LordMBl- COMBE Reqis, a statesman, remarkable for political versatility, was born in 1691, In Dorsetshire, and educated at Oxford. In 1716 he came into parliament for Winchel- sea; was soon after appointed envoy to Spain ; became a lord of the treasury during Walpole's administration ; and, after years of political intrigue. In which the most shameless dereliction of principle was mani- fest, he was made a peer by the title of Lord Mclcombe. Though servile as a politician, ho was generous, witty, and hospitable in private life ; and had the merit of associating with and patronizing men of talent. His celebrated " Diary," published in 1784, is highly interesting, revealing, as it does,much of the art and mystery of statesmanship. Died, 1762. DODONjEUS, the Latinized namt of RAMBERT DODOENS, a celebrated Dutch physician and botanist, born at Mechlin in 1518. He studied at Louvain and the prin- cipal universities of Europe, and settled at Antwerp. In 1572 he became first physician to the Emperor Maximilian II., and held the same office under his son, Rudolph II. Ee- turning to his country, he held the chair of medicine at Leyden from 1582 till his death. Among his works are " Stirpium Historfs) Libri XXX.," " Mediclnalium Obaervationes Exempla Rara," &C. Died, 1585. DODSLEY, Robert, miscellaneous writer and bookseller, was born in 1703, at Mans- field, Nottinghamshire. His parents being poor, he was apprenticed to a stccking- weaver, which trade he left and became footman to the Hon. Mrs Lowther. While in this situation he publish 3d a volume of poems, entitled "The Muse in Livery," and a dramatic satire, called " The Toyshop," which being patronized by Pope, and snc- ces' illy brought out on the stage, enabled Doiibley to commence business as a book- seUer in Pall Mall. He still continued his literary pursuits, and produced " Cleone," a tragedy, and four light dramas; many poems ; " The Economy of Human Life," &c. He also edited and published a " Collection of Old Plaxg," in 12 vols. ; and was the pro- jector of '■'The Annual Register." After a Vi ^ i^eto atnibcrgal 19(o0rnpr)ii. r»ed "n im"' •" """" '""^ •'"•'»""' tt«j3»- ^-<"c- b, C«.iu.. ,„.ea hln^.o-IT and died In 1784. DOUSWORTH, ROOKS, an English to- pographer, wa» born In Yorkshire, In 188fl, Hiid died In 1694. He collected a larve mass of mati-riaU for an account of the antiquities of hl» native country. They form 16a folio volumes, which are now In the Bodleian lilirary, Oxford. DODWELt, HENRY, a learned critic and theologian, wag born at Onblln, In 1641, and educated at Trinity College. In 1688 he waa appointed Camden profei«or of history at Oxford, but lost his office soon after the revolution. He wrote sereral books on Chronology, a volume of Dissertations, " De Vcterlbus Grxcorum Romanorumque Cy- clis," his most important work; and a dis- courte on the Natural Mortality of the Soul which occasioned a good deal of offence, on account of a ridiculous speculation on the power of the bishops to confer immortality Died, 1711.— His sons, Henry and Wil- liam, were also both distinguished by their writings ; the former, who was bred to the law, by his scepticism; the latter, who Vas a prebendary of Salisbury, by hla ortho- doxy. DODWELL, EDWARD, Classical antiquary and topographer, bom about 17J7. He studied at Cambridge, and spent the greater part of his life in trayeis and researches In Greece and Italy. The fruits of his la- bours appeared in the following works: "A Plaaalital unA T/vmnM«.«*«l«4AAi rty ^« logy in the university of Jena. He wasYhe author of several works illustrative of the sacred writings, and enjoyed a high reput- ation for biblical knowledge. Died 1792 K °°P,'i,^''°"J^^ ^^^' a Dutch 'painter, bom in 1623, and died in 1673 ; he studied at Eorae, and adopted the style of Bamboccio -Hl» ions, JACOB and Simon, were both pod artists; the former, celebrated /or his historical pieces, died in 1691 ; the latter who excelled in landscapes and catUe, died DOES, JAN \ ANDER. [D0U8A.1 T^OGOETT, Thomas, an actor and dra- matic poet, was a distinguished comic per- former at Drury Lane, of which house he r„ io¥*"""'°?«T, He is now remembered for the legacy he left to provide a " coat and ??u% '"'l'^ '" '"''«•* *■«' annually on the IstotAugust, from London Bridge to Chelsea by six watermen. Died, 1721 "" ^"""ea, l^^}^^^^' PUBLIU8 CORNELIVS, a soS in'^w^?'?>." °' ** patrician family, And 80B-in-law of Cicero, whose daughter TulHa ^ri*r' Y- 'i- ««J»'ned the party of SSirjnH "'">«>: him at the battle of i'larialia and on other occasions and waa fcvJtm//* '"^J"*P''''^^"«^e, took Smyrna .ul&'"''"l^^ P"' ^ '*^a*l' ti'P Procon- 7 .S^"'^'- °" 'he motion of Cicero he ^asdeclared a public enemy, and being iw- wrV^^'^w'-!'''.!?'' •7«»«««n mi«;ellaneons KVaipVrpoXT Of SUr W at"^i^je^^°:'i-i;.r^rara^srrt Jacopo yignoH, and being of a vei^^ rWou. •uojects. He had no strength of character 5?lesTHdH'r"T''"'"'^ •»«« MtislieS to l^ fni-h kI ?• /O' Brace, tenderness, and -ni '.\'' heads of Madonnas, Mairdilens and saints are inimitable. Died 16«« ' ppLCINO (DULCINUS), of Novara « dZin^Jn^- " °^"' Novara, he became the ni hPiS*","A"*'''f ""'■"' Gerhard Sagarelle ?h» „?** **' ^h® Apostolic Brethren. With the courage of a soldier and the earnestness attfaiPt'Ti*"" •"' P^'^hed and taught, "n" attracted numerous followers. In 1304 thev Thev we"?eY,tS''!,'"'7^'r""'«y '" P'edmont^ -JiL J '! orthodox in doctrine, but severelv against them. Dolclno occupied a strong but desolate position on Monte Calvo and after many deadly combats, on Mount Ze?-' of th»^r*"* J?'"^*' *^ »^'^» '<"•«« to thoie hV.!^^^^ enemies, and after two years of most^f fh """"^^ *'"'y ^"« conquered and «rita thp'!?."J""*T'*- ^<"«'"« and Mar fordid'., ?« Sk*®' '^'""° he had chosen ac- cording to the custom of the sect wero :/I? IM, in 1307. There is a recent account miut ayyvtuvu lu wa lUIlOWing WOrKS • A Classical and Topographical Tour throuirh Greece," " Views in Greece," and " Views and Descriptions of Cyclopian •r Pelasglc Remains in Greece and Italy." These views are from original drawings and sketches by himself. Died at Rome, 1832. DOEDEBLEIN, JOHANN CHRI8T0PH 1 Vl^rnalU l« lon^ "^.. "" *"• lureu ai learned Lutheran divine, professor o? theo- 1 of Ta Kino I^d hu h " " T'^S"* "«"=""''* logy in the university of Jena. He was the DOLOOB ir?^^* H*^ £?% hy L. Mariotti. DOLGORUCKl, .roHN Mi^haklovYch' Sim«?^? °°"«' '^ho greatly dlsilnguTshfd ^.Ts anS ^ZT' '^'""P-'K"" agaiSst the Hioj I ",1„.^^^^C8, was bom in 1764 and offli." ^^l*i ^"«"y he held severa^'h^gh viCH, Kussiap diplomatist and field-marshal was bom in 1667. He entered the ami v and was employed by Peter the Orearon diplomatic missions to Poland, France Oer" ^rtnJ,!'"'^^ ?°"«."**- h«t m 1718 he was di; graced and imprisoned. Recalled by Cathe- rine I., he conducted an expedition against Persia, was made field-marshal and mfmber of the council of war by Peter II «iifSroA SyTiLVeTh^5r,"74T°*'7" "^^^^^^ tMrna'^ar'^bTed T7"4'e'' P'«'^«»-»«' DOllond.Oeoroe.F.R.S., &c..the eele- born in London, 1774. Having lost his father 1.^° ,,7'y ''°'"'»' his education devclvid upon his maternal uncle, Peter DoUond f-hlUnT'^i"* °" *he business in St iS Churchyard to which the nephew ultimate- ly succeeded (on which he took the name of ?n .'7°«",'*i'"""her8 name being HugginiS Mr P^^hir\" r"* ^° 'he manufactory of mltL i'^""®' '° '^""' 'he trade of a mat he- matical-instrument maker, and in March 1788. commenced an apprenticeship to the 370 dol] % jjleija antberiial 18(ograpt)tt. [dom builnest. In 180J he oMiimed the Po»'t'°" he BO loiiB ana honourably ttlU-d, both In conjunction with hl« uncle, until the retire- ment of the latter In 1810, anU arterwn-t. on his own account. Of tho many Injitru- monti by which he maintained • lo celebrity of hit name, tho Atn.o«phcrlc U.cordcr de^ •ervei notice, a. tho cloHlnK effort of hU long life, and as hnvluK obtained the (ouncll Medal of the Great Exhibition of .l»*l "o contributed various papers to the Philoso- phical Transactions ■ of the ll»y»> 8°clPtyj iJut It Is by his connection with the Uoyal Astronomical Society, of which he was one of the founders, that Oeorno DoUond will bo chiefly remembered; and to the last he was Indefatigable In the Interest ho took in the advancement of the Society. Died, 1852 DOLLOND, JOHN, an eminent opt'clan, was born In Hpltaltlcds, London, in 17()6, and brought up as a sllk-weaver; but, de- voting himself to the study of astronoitiy, bis attention became directed to the Im- provement of telescopes, &c. ; and, in con- junction with his eldest son, Peter, he commenced business as an optician. He Invented the achromatic objcct-glnsi, for which he received tho Copley medal of the Koyal Society ; and he applied the microme- ter to reflecting telescopes, &c. uleil, 17BI, havln« only a few months before been elect- ed V.U.8.— His son PETKK also, who died in 1820, made many valuable improvements In optical instruments, and they both enjoyed a well-deserved reputation. nOLOMIEU, UEOUAT GVI 8YLVAIN TAN- cniDR UK Ghatet de, a French geologist and mineralogist, was bom in Dauphlnft, in 1750, and entered into the order of Malta. Ho accompanied Huonaporte to Egypt, and on his return was taken prisoner and con- fined at Messina. Sir Joseph Banks obtained his release in 1801, but he died during the same year. Doloinleu had travelled, for scientific purposes, in many parts of Europe ; and he is especially distinguished for his discovery of the peculiar geological forma- tion of the mountain-ranges of South Tyrol, which have since been named, after him, the " Dolomite Mountains." He was author of many esteemed works, of which his Mi- neralogical Philosophy " and a Voyage to th.5 Lipari Islands " are the chief. DOMAT, JEAN, a very eminent French jurist, bom at Clermont in Auvergne in 1625. He was educated at the college of Clermont, Paris, and the university of Bourges; and for nearly 30 years held the office of advocate of the king in tho court of Clermont. He was the intimate friend of Pascal, and the associate of the other eminent port-royalists. He made the Je- suits his enemies by his opposition to their eflforts to get possession of the College of Clermont. In 1681 he settled at Pans, and applied himself to the completion of his great work, "Les Lois Civiles dans leur Ordre Naturel." It appeared in 1689, has been several times republished, and was translated into Englisli by Strahan in 1726. Domat also wrote a work entitled Legum Delectus," which appeared after his death. Died at Paris, 1696. fJ9 DOMKNICIIINO, a celebrated Italian painter, whoso real name was Domknico ZAMPIKUI, was born at Bologna, in 1881. He studied first under Denis Calvart, and then In the school of the Caracci. At about tho ago of 20 ho wont to Homo, where he acoulred a great reputation, especially by his fresco of the " Flngellatlon of 8t An- drew." He spent tho latter part of his lire at Naples. His chef-d'oeuvre is the " Com munlon of 8t Jerome in the church at Beth- lehem," now placed in the Vatican, oppoilte "The Transfiguration" of llaphael. The "Martyrdom of St Agnes," "Martyrdom of St Sebastian," and his scenes from tlio Life of the Virgin are among his finest worki. Domcnlchlno was one of the victims of the malignant persecuting triumvirate of paint- ers at Naples, where he died, 1641. There are four of his works in tho National Gallery. There is a very large collection of drawing* and studies by this master in the lloyal Collection at Windsor Castle. DOMINIC, St, founder of tho Dominican Order, and Instigator of tho crusade aRslntt the Albigenses, was born In Old Castile, in 1170. He was ordained priest in 1198, and soon distinguished himself as a ftrventand eloquent preacher. With a fiery zeal he laboured In Languedoc for the conversion of the Vaudois and AlbigenHCS, and concolTed tho project of founding an order of monki for the especial purpose of preaching the Catholic faith and bringing back " heretics" to tho church. In aid and support of the preachers he procured the establishment of courts for the trial and punishment of ob- stinate heretics, who might be put to death as a last resort. The commissioners inveited with this terrible jurisdiction were called "Inquisitors." In 1208, at the instigation of St Dominic, the crusade against the Al- bigenses was proclaimed by the pope, which was carried on mercilessly for years, and involved frightful slaughter. The order of Dominicans, called Preaching Friars, la England Black Friars, and in France Jaco- bins, was confirmed by Pope Honorius III. in 1216, and spread rapidly in France and Spain. Above fifty houses of this order existed in England at the time of the disso- lution of monasteries. Dominic was made master of the Sacred Palace, an office cre- ated for him. Died at Bologna, 1221. Can- onized by Gregory IX. in 1234. D0MINI8, MARC-ANTONIO DE, JCSUlt and natural philosopher, bora in Dalmatla, in 1666. He studitd at the university of Padua, entered the Society of Jesus, became a professor at Padua, bishop of Segui, and archbishop of Spalatro. He embraced Pro- testantism, and in 1616 came to England, where he was made dean of Windsor. He, however, returned to Kome and the Catholic fa'th; was nevertheless suspected and Im- prisoned, and died in the castle of San An- gelo. 1624. He was soon after declared a heretic, and his body was publicly burat^ De Dominis wrote a treatise, "De ra(Ul« vlsus et lucis in vitris perspectivls et iride, in -which he for the first time explaineAtte formation of the rainbow, ^^hile in Eng- land he wrote a v ork on church discipline : " De Republica Ecclesiastica," once liigiur ,1.. dom] Mteemed. He «Uo edited Fr» Paolo's His torjr of the Council of Trent. DOMITIANUH, T1TU8 FtAvlug, the se- cond Kuii uf Vrtpatian, and the last of the 13 Oiiarii, win born A. 1). fll.and succffedcd his brothur Titus In 81. He was Voluptuous crupl, and mullRnnnt; and though at his' acc'CMlon he made some show of Justice, and cvoii of kindneas, to the cltl<«ns, yet the cruelty of hiidlsposltlon was too deep-rooted for concealment, and he was both feared and htttfd for his tyranny. Wars were carried on In his relKn in Ilrltain, In Ocrmnny, and in Daeia, but, except in Kritain, unsuccess- fully. ARritola, who achieved tho conquest of our island In this rcign, excited the leal- ousyof Uomltlan,and was recalled to Home He was In continual dread of conspirators snd St length fell by the hands of nn as- tauin. In the 4ith year of his age, A. d 06 DON, DAVID, a Scottish botanist, born at Forfar, In 1800. At the oge of nineteen he Mitled at London and became librarian to the Llnnwan Hoelety, and In 1836 professor of botany ut King's College, London. He was author of numerous botanical memoirs contributed to tho Transactions of the Lln- .nican Society, to the Wernorlan Society iKdinburgh, and the Kdlnburgh New Philo- sophical Journal. He also published a work on the Flora of Nepaul. Died, 1840. DONALD Vll., king of Tcotland, com- monly called Donald Bane, usurped the throne In 1093. Ho was expelled from the throne by Duncan In 1094, but regained It again by the murder of that prince. He did not, however, long enjoy It, for he was finally dethroned by Edgar Atheling in 1098 DONALDSON, JOHN WILLIAM, DD born in 1812, was educated at the London I'niTersity, and afterwards graduated at Cambridge, where he wns placed second In the classical Tripos, and his great powers at traded the special notice of one of the ex aminers.-the present bishop of St David's n'D ^Z^^^l? ""•"■ *''"'l"f '"'s degree he published his " New Cratylus," the first of a series of works which raised him to hlah eminence in the science of philology. After ho jngfora short time a Fellowship at Trinity Co lege, he became master of Kinir Edward's School, in the town of Bury 8t Edmund's. Several years later he resigned this post, and devoted himself altogether to scholarship and biblical criticism, iS both of whichheex.. bltedthehighestpowcrs, whUe 1^18 peculiar views were much controverted As a grammarian and linguist his reputation i^ unquestioned ; his theological works esoe cially "Jashar," written in Latin. incuweJ JS «°'«'e">''ation from many who appre^ l^ •''» .«^«at learning. Worn out with n? and mcessant labour, Dr Donaldson j llpre-emmently the victim of a hard woT tagage. In spite of constant warnings from ^endiwhosaw that his strength was faiHn? fterelaxed not in his toil of cmpiling *a' te '"i'^?!'' as well as in prepwing new fc"",''" ''•""'•^al works, when he waT prematurely cut off at the age of «" FebT" t?.°t^tS°n' °' PONATO. one of the "' '" "»8- He studied painting at ^ ig«p gtn(b P"«"es his fine bas-relief "Vlr^h," and Child," the PleU, and the celebrafeS K."k. drTVqueu"M'i'!lk'c''tt;^'/"f' V" of tho lion, whlcrc'a'i be"mU?aken W.St' Ea't^h.''^"' '.?*"""'' «n"makesThem vN DONiTi' v,".'.^' . ^"*"' "* r'orfnce.uee. 1st hnr« -V^i^:^^''^'*"'"" ^t*"«n natural- , I^-.^_forsc^tlfic purposes, ai,^;[f,a^,aferi;^dcr;Lt^sk3?^^^^ Jniri^r?."" ^^f""'"^ " Knrico dl Uoriogna " ea ine principal character. This wasranldti; Z'tCt^^^''''V ""'» •"» fertm yTf ?i^ ho.M 11"^ be gathered from the fact that SScedT^nr,'""''*'''' *^°'"Po»'''onihe P^^^^^^^ auced in all (>.) operas, many of which sucli «■ di r™^"'"""'" "^"»'' d'Amore,""Luc?a di Lammermoor," "La Flglla del nt^Ji mento," and "Don Pasquale." have taken permanent possession of th^ stagl. Hl^ mind gave way in 1844 ; and after four yeora- residence In amalson de sant6 near Paris hP jva. removed to Bergamo, where he died ^ DONNE, JOHN, an English poet and di hiSf ' L^" *"J™ *" ^""don. In 1673 He wis brouKbt upln the Catholic faith ; but aftw completing bis studies at Oxford lie em braced Protestantism, and became scc^ota?; to the lord chancellor Ellesmere After h»7 Ing lost his office, and even been Imprisoned for clandestinely marrying the chaScenor'. niece, he took orders, was made one of Kln» i?r„''in..'?"P"''".'''.'""' became p?eachfr of Lincoln's Inn and dean of St Pairi>B T!«»»i tZ" '"'rt "r »' Johnson t^efounSer or the metaphysical school of poetrv h?« e^'sSs «TP'1«« /««ers, sermon^^Sogka thinkiU «„d^ * P'""^ '^'"•'"' "bow deep iniiiKing and strong powers of rcasonlniT fUL'^^^K",^ }}}' poems are rich in oriS i3|ffik I'n'^^lS "^.^T. raJL^nVS flli?t au^hti^V?"'^^''"' '"' ^''»»«'> natur. aust, author cf various extensive wnrVa Which were both useful and popu Ir ir^hef; of Brlfi'S'"}* *•*!"" ".? " ^ Natural History Brlt^Ih Wra."" "^f* \:^ ?^*»'"a' History of bf Asia '^kr ' wl^° ^P'tome of the Insects or Asia, &c. HealsopubUshedaperiodlcaJ 377 • -f ^- DOP] IBl £im Stnibrrsal ISfograp^v. [dod work entitled "The Naturaliit'i Hepoei torjr." IMmJ, 1837. DOPl'KI.MAYKIl. JOIIANH OABRIKI., Oi>rm*n malhcmatlclnn and natural phllo- iiuphur, wii lH)m ai Nurnlieru In U7l. He wilt rduinii-d at the unlveralty of Halle, Tldlteil KnRliind and othir oountrlea of Ku- ropp, and held tho profi'»«orthlp of nintho niatlct at NUrnherg fo- noaiiy 60 ycari. Hi- dlntlnKUlnhpd himivlf by hi* nunicrou* and InlprfttlnR ••li'ctrlcal exporlmenta ai well a* by hU akin In ifrlndInK obJvci-Klaaiei, and pollaliinK mirrorj for ti'lewopea. Ho wrote a curious work on the Nowly-dl-coverod Phirnomfna of Elct'trlolty, NotUea of the Maihi-niHtlclana and ArtUt» of Ntimberg, &c. i and pulilithcd a Celemlal Atloa. Dop pi*lmayer waa a mpniher of the Koyol Bo- rlctjr of I^nilon, and of tho Acadi-niict of \ ienn*, Berlin, and 8t t'etertburg. Died, KftO. DOUAT.orDAUnAT, J KAN, French poet, bom In 1M7, wan profc»«or of Greek at the Koyal CollPK^, and pot't-taureate to Chnrlei IX. lie hai the reputation of itreatly con- tributing to the revival of rtnitlcal literature In France, and of having written a holt of Greek and I^tln versei, besides some French poema. Died, IMS. DUHAT, Claudk Jobkph, French poet, born in 1734. His works are Toluminous, ond smbrace poetry of every class, with dramas and romances. Though popular at the time, they are now generally neglected. Died, 1780. I>OKIA. Andrba, a Genoese naval com- mander of great renown, was born of a noble family at Oneglia, in 1468. Having dls- tlnKuished himself in the service of dif- ferent Italian states, and successfully con- tended against the African pirates and other enemies of his native country, he entered the French service. In the hope of counter- acting the revolution that nad broken out in Genoa by putting that city in possession of the French ; but failing In hlH 'lobign, he Joined with the Imperialists in endeavouring to expel them. This object being clTectcd, he refused to make himself sovereign, as he might easily have done,re-organl«ed there- public, giving It the form which it retained till overthrowu during the French Revolu- tion, 1798. The Genoese Senate gave him the title of " the Father and Defender of his Country," erected a statue to his honour, and built a palace for him. His whole life was a series of great exploits and brillinnt successes ; and he died, at the great age of 92, in 156U. DORIGNY.MlCHEL.aFrench painter and engraver in aqua-fortis, was bom in 1617, and died in 1666. DOKIGNY, NICOLAS, son of the fare- going, born in 1657, spent nearly 30 years In Italy, and while there engraved muny great pictures, especially the Descent from the Cross," after Daniele de Yolterra, and the " Transfiguration " by Raphael. In 1711 he came to England, and at once commenced his prints of the celebrated cartoons of Raphael at Hampton Court, for which he received the honour of knighthood from George I. .The task occupied him about eight years. Dorlgny was a member of the 278 French Academy of Painting. Ha dlsd at Pitrli, In 1746. aged •<>. ' D'OKHAY, Count ALPRKb, who will bs long r«meml>ered aa a man of fhshlon sod of public notoriety, ft'om his alll&nca with the lllesslngton family, was the ion of General UOmay, and was burn at Paris !■ 179H. Ho entered the army at an early «» and was quartered at \ alrnce In lH'i2, »hi>n he became acquainted with Lord and Udr HIesslngton, and renounced his mllitsrr career for the pleasure of their society, in IH27 he married Ixjrd Hlcssingtun't only daughter by a flrst marriaKe, but u lopsrt' tlun followed at no distant period; anil h,ri| HIesslngton having died ut I'uiis In inf, Count D'Orsay returned to Knglaml with Ijidy lilessington, where they became the centre of a circle highly dUtlnKulthid f)r art, rank, literature, and aoconipllthnienti In the later period of his life he diiplayid considerable artistic talent and taatc, Imth as a painter and sculptor. HavinK ihown kindness and hospitality to Louis NRpolcon when an exile In London, the I'rinre Vre- sident was not ungrateful to his former ft-iend, and In IH62, Hoon after 'he rovpd'iint he was nominated DIrecteur des Hcaux Am,' with a handHome salary ; but he did not live to en.ioy it. Uied, 1862. D0U8CH, ETKBHAfiD, a celebi-ated en graver on gems, was born at NUmbert in 1649, anddleain i:!2. D0R8CH,CllRlHTOi>H, engraver on R«mi, and brother of the preceding, born at Num- berg in '676, and died there In 1732. He was the pupil of Everhard, and obtained i hi|.'her reputation .than his master. DORSET Thomas BACKVILLE, Earl of, the son of Hir Richard Sackvllle, was bom In 1636, and educated at Oxford and Cam- bridge. He was distinguished both at i statesman and an author ; having been am- bassador to Holland, chancellor of Oxrord University, and lord treasurer. He wsi first created Lord Buckhurst, and subse- quently invested with the order of the Gar- ter, and made earl of Dorset. He wrote the "Induction to the Mirrour forMagiitratei," and the "Complaint of Henry, Duke of Buckingham," &c. Died, 1608. DOHSI'.T, CHARLES BACKVILLE, Earl of, was born in 1637. He was one of the distinguished wits and revellers at tht' court of Chai'IcB II. ; but he was fond of suldiurlng, and while serving as a volunteer, under the duke of York, in the Dutch war, he wrote on the eve of a battle the song, " To all you ladies now on land." At tiic revolution he was made lord chamberlain of the houie- hold. His poems possess considerable toint and liveliness. Died, 1706. D088I, D0880, a painter of Ferrara. He was a pupil of Lorenzo Costa, and aftcrnardi studied at Venice and Rome. He was cm ployed by the duke of Ferrara, and enjoyed the friendship of the poet Ariosto, whoM portrait he painted. His brother, Oiambst- tista, waa also a painter, and his fellow- student and worker. Bom, about 1410; died, 1560. DOUCE, FRANCIS, antiquary, well known to the literary world by his " lUustratloni of Bhakspoare and of Ancient Mannen." I il J 1 i « ifttto ffln(bcr«fll ia(o0rflp^D. He aliio contrlbuUd T«rlous pap#ri to tli« . . . -.- .w.. o«oIo((la, lh« Qpntlvnian's Maitaiinp Ac, and •lioitly before hli death pulilUhnJ a f'^niitirul vuliimc, illiutrntliiK tho "Itanco . .. -.1. II I.- .1 '..^..tMtl.ina , tho fotirth earl of Douglos, succeeded his father Archibald in his title and estates, and married Mar- garet, daughter of Uobert II. When Henry IV. 01 England laid siege to tho cnstln of Edinburgh, In 1100. Douglas succcsffiilly do- reiidcd it; but ho lost an eye, and wns taken prisoner at the battle of Homlldon. He afterwards Joined Percy In his rebellion against the king, was taken prisoner at tho tjattlo of Shrewsbury, but recovered his liberty and went to France, where he was alaln at the battle of Verneull, in 1421. DOUGLAS, AKCHIUAI.I), the fifth carl of Douglas, was the ambassador to England for the release of James I. of Scotland. Died. 1438. ' DOUGLAS. -WILLIAM, tho sixth earl of Douglas, li remembered on account of the tragical fate which awaited him, almost as soon as ho came to his family titles and estates. Under the specious pretext that the young earl's presence was necessary at the meeting of parliament, which was about to be held at Edinbiurfh, after the reconcilia- tion of Livingston and Crlchton, ho and his brother accepted an Invitation to a royal feast at the castle. The entertainment was prolonged with unusual pomp, and every delicacy spread on the table; till at length a JjuU's head was suddenly placed before tho two noble guests, which they knew to be the herald of death. They then hastily sprung froTi their seats, and mndo some vain efforts to escape ; but a body of armed men at a given signal, rushed In, bound their hands, and led them to instant execuiluu. This happened in 1437. DOUGLAS, WILLIAM, the eighth earl of Douglas, was a haughty and ambitious noble, wielding at times an uncontrolled influence oyer the king, and at others openly bearding his authority. He raised the power and grandeur of the house of Douglas to Its loftiest height; and, not content with the sway ho exercised at home, caused himself to be received at Rome and In France with those honours which are only due to sove- '^i?".. F'""®*- Among other despotic actj which ho committed, was his beheading Mac- allan of Bomblo, for having refused to Join 279 ]i ■] DOU] % iHeb) ^Snibcrsal ISfogrop^p. [dov |I1! he carl in his attack on Crichton, between whom and Douglas there was a deadly feud. But the indignation of King James II. of Scotland at this and similar actions, de- termined him at Icnfrth to get rid of the op- position of a subject 80 daring and powerful. The earl was therfli'ore invited to attend his sovereign in par' uraent at Stirling, which he accepted ; and while vainly remonstrating with him on the impropriety of his conduct, the king drow a dagger and plunged it Into tiie hoiift of Douglas, Feb. 13,,14(S2. DOUGLAS, James, brother of the fore- going, and ninth and last earl of Douglas, took up arms to revenge his brother's death, and, assembling a!l the members of the league, brought a large j^rmy into the fitM. The king, however being active, and well provided with fo: .en, laid siege to the castle of Abercorn, the best fortified seat of the carl, anH he two armies lay entnmped with- in a ahori distance of each othc; i but with- out ccning to an engagement, Douglas fled to Annandale, wiih his bi others, the carls of Ormond and Moray. Thither they were pursued by the king's forces, under the command of the carl of Angus, Moray slain, Ormond made prisoner, and Douglat> himself drive;i to provide for ins safety in England. Several years after, Douglas returned with Percy, earl of NortliumbTland, upon an expedition against his country, in which Douglas was taken prisoner; and James contented aimself with sending his rebel captive to tiie abbey of Lindores, where he died, in 1488. DOUOTAS, Georgb, fifth earl of Angus, was commander of the forces that defeated the earls of Dou^lfl' :ind Nortlmmberiand, when Douglas was taken prisoner, and his estates forfeited. Died, 14G2. DOUGLAS, Archibald, sixth eavl of Angus, commanded the right wing of the royal army at the battle of Torwood, 'jThere James III. lost hi^i life; and at the fatal battle of Flodden Field he endeavoured, tliough unsuccessfully, to dissuade James IV. from that engaf^cment. His eldest son, George, was there sluin; and tlie carl died in the year following. r 0UGLA8, JA.MES,earI of Morton. [MOR- TON. J DOUGLAS, JAMES, carl of Morton and Aberdeen, was born at Edin'ourgJ , in 1707. He established the Edinburgh Philosophical Society, and in 1733 was elected president of the Royal Society of London. Died, 1768. DOUGLAS, JOHN, a learned divine and critic, born at Pittenwaem, Fifeshira, in 1721 ; was educated at Oxford, and became travelling tutoi to Lord Pulteney ; obtained tne deanery of Windsor ; was raided to the see of Carlisle in 1787; transferred to thr.t uf Salisbury in 1792; and died in 1''07. Dr Douglas was a distinguished writer, and the friend of Dr Johnson and most of the emi- nent literary characters of his day. He vin- dicated Milton f:'om the charge of plagiarism brought Kgainst him by Lauder; entered the lists "gainst David Humo, by publishing " The Criterion, or a Discourse on Miracles," and prepared foi* tlie press Captain Cook's secoyd and third voyages. He was vice- presidtint of the Society of Antiquaries, and one of (he trustees of the British Mu- seum. DOUGLAS, Sir HOWARD, an English general and writer on military science was born at Gosport, in Hampshire, in 1776! He was son of Admiral Sir Charles Douglas was educated at the Royal Military Colleco' "Woolrich, and entered the army at an early age. He served in the Peninsular war in 1808-9, and was present at Corunna, toolt part in the Walcheren expedition, and again served in the Peninsula. At the close of the war he was created K.O.B., and promotid to the grade of G.C.B. in 1841. He was governor of New Brunswick from 1823 till 1829, and lord high commissioner -' th. Ionian Islands from 1835 till 1840. 1 . 1842 he succeeded, after two unsuccessful con- tests, in obtaining a seat in parliament for Liverpool, which ho kept till 1816. He obtained the rank of general in 1851. His principal work is the "Treatise on Naval Gunnery," first published in 1819, which has passed through four editions. He was also author of an " Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges," and other scientific treatises. Died at'i'unbridge "Wells in November. 1861. A contemporary critic remarks that " the value of this distinguished oflScor's labours lies in his having always grafted new discoveries on old experience, " and in his being at once a C"T!servative and an improvr.r. DOUSA, JAN, whose real name was VAN- DER DOES, was born at Noordwick, Hol- land, in 1645. He was left an orphan at Ave years old, but through the kindness of his relatives received a first-rate education, studying siiccessively at Delft under Henry Junius, at Louvain, Douai, and finally at Paris. He there became acquainted with several of the most eminent men of the time. On his return to Holland he married. He became eminent both as a soldier and a scholar. After bring sent as ambassador to England, in 1572, he was made governor of Leyden in 1574, and heroically and success- fully defended it against the Spaniards, who were besieging it; ho was also the first cu- rator of tte university of that city, and died there, of the plague, in 160i. As an author, Dousa distinguished himself by his "Annals of Holland," as well as by various Latin poems and criticisms. The "Annals" were published in Latin verse, but were imme- dia*3ly turned into prose, and are highly esteemed. Dousa's son, Jan, who died in his 26th year, assisted his father in the An- nals, and was an eminent cla°sical scholar and mathematician. He had also three other sons, of great classical attainments. DOUW, or DOAV, Gerard, an eminent Dutch painter, and the pupil of Rembrandt, was born at Leyden in 1G13, and died there in 1P75, or , as some say, in 1680. For the ox- cclience of his colouring, delicacy of finish, and attention to the minutiae of his ait, this master's compositions are unrivalled; and the prices which some of his paintings have obtained arc almost without panUel. His portrait, painted by himsGlf, is in the Na- tional Gallery. Metzu and Mieris were liis pupils. DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBOEK DOV] AOAR EtLlS, Lor 1''97, and completi church, Oxford. as memhei for He parliaments ho sat and Oalthampton; pointed chief con forests. But it is arts, and as a pro Lord Dover will be acquaintance with to the character o talents as an authi able. In 1828 he p quiries respecting Hyde, Earl of Clan pcarcd the " Ellia was followed by hii Great; "and his Jai of editing the "Lett Sir Horace Mann." sional contributor E')inburgh Review was e'.scted preside of literature. Dice DOYEN, CABBIE French painter, bori pupil of Vanloo. Tl and"DcthofStLo works. He afterwi and died there in 18( DRACO, an Athei traordinary and inf whose laws has rend humanity. During i ship, aiout B. C. 623, code, in which som punished with deatl or sacrilege. Hence ten in blood." The 1 written laws of Ath part superseded by tl Draco is said to have in a theatre in.%;gini DRAKE, Sir Fha: giitur and command stock, Devonshire, in the royn'. navy undei Hawkins; and distin valour in the unfortui the Spaniards, in the In 1570 he went to cruise against the Spi repeated with succesc received the comman( purpose of attacking of Spanish Americ", two of their cities, an booty. On his letun land.thrce frigates at which he served as a earl of Essex, and dl; much by his bravery Hatton introduced hii Drake disclosed to he furnished with live sh to attack the Spaniar In this expedition he settlements, explored coast as far as 48° N. l 0' New Albion to th( "oYered. He then wc- and having doubled th returned to Plymouth DOV] AoAR Etl.18, Lord, was born in the year r97, and completed his education at Christ- church, Oxford. In 1818 he was returned as membei for Heytesbury ; in succeeding parliaments he sat for Seaford, Ludgcrshall, and Oakhompton; and In 1830 he was ap- % ifteto 2an(bersal ISfograplbp. [DBA dined on boaid his ship at Deptford, and knighted him. In 1886 he agala sailed to the West Indies, and succeeded in taking several places and shifs. In 1687 he com- manded a fleet of 30 sail, with which he en- tered the harbour of Cadiz and other Spanish pointed chief commissioner of woods and ports, and destroyedTn TmmensTnumber of forests. But it is as a patron of the fine ships which - - liuiuueroi ! arts, and as a promoter of literature, that Lord Dover will be chiefly rcmcmberc J ; his acquaintance with the former entltlir (? him to the character of a connoisseur, n id his forests. But it is as a patron of the fine I ships which were preparing for the ffreat arts, and as a promoter of literature, that attack on England; and, in the following Lord Dover will be chiefly romcmberc J; his year, he commanded as vice-admiral under Lord Howard, and had his share in the de- struction of the Spanish armada. He died off Nombre de Dios, in 1696. Sir Francis representtd Plymouth in parliament ; and to him that town is indebted for a supply of water, which he caused to be conveyeU to it from springs at several miles distance. His victories have been equalled, nay, sur- passed, by modern admirals ; but hlr, gener- osity has never been rivalled ; for he divided, in just proportional shares, among his sea- men, the booty he took from the enemy. Sir Jo;in Barrow pub'' hed " The Life, Voy- ages, and Exploits of Admiral Sir Francis Drake." DRAKE, Francis, an eminent antiquary to the character „ , ..„ talents as an author being highly r spect- ftble. In 1828 he publinh>d " Historical In- quiries respecting the Character of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon ;" after which ap- peared the "Ellia Correspondence," which was followed by his " Life of Frederick the Great;" and his last lltorary task was that of editing the " Letters of Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann." He was also an occa- sional tontributor to the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews, &c. ; and in 1832 he was e'.scted president of the Boyal Society of literature. Died, 1833. DOYEN, GABHiEL FRANQOis, an eminent yrcnchpaintcr,bornatParis,1726 wasthe and surgeon at York; author of " Ebora'- pupilof\anloo. The Death of Virginia,' cum," or the history and antiouities of that and " Dcr th of St Louis," are among his besi city. Died. 1770 »n"qui"es oi that works. He afterwards settled in Kussia, DBAKENBERG, Christian Jacobsen, and died there in 1806. DRACO, an Athenian legislator, the ex- traordinary and indiscriminate sevority of whose laws has rendered his name odious to humanity. During the period of his archon- ship, siout B. C. 623, ho enacted a criminal code, in which some slight offences were punished with death, no less than murder or sacrilege. Hence it was said to be " writ- ten in blood." The laws of Draco, the first written laws of Athens, were for the most part superseded by the legislation of Solon. Draco is said to have been accidentally killed in a theatre in Xginn. DRAKE, Sir FRANCIS, an eminent navi- gdtur and commander, was born at Tavi- stock, Devonshire, in lS4i. He first served iu the royn'. navy under his relative, Sir John Hawkins; and distinguished himself by his valour in the unfortunate expedition against the Spaniards, in the harbour of Vers Cruz. In 1570 he went to the West Indies, on a cruise against the Spaniards, which he soon repeated with success ; and in 1572, having received the command of two vessels, for the purpose of attacking the commercial ports of Spanish America, he took possession of two of their cities, and returned laden with booty. On his return he equipped, in Ire- land, three frigates at his own expense, with which he served as a Tolunteer, under the earl of Essex, and dislinguished himself so much by his bravery, that Sir Christopher Hatton introduced him to Queen Elizabeth. Drake disclosed to her his plan, and being furnished with five ships, he sailed, in 1577, to attack the Spaniards in the South Seas. In this expedition he ravaged the .Spanish settlements, explored the North American coast as far as 48° N. lat., and gave the name C" New Albion to the country he had dis- •"overeu. He then went lo the East Indies, and having doubled the Cape of Good Hope. returned to Plymouth in 1580. The queen a Norwegian sailor, who is said to have lived to the age of 145 years. Horn in 1626, he went early to sen, was captured by Algerlne pirates, and kept in slavery about fifteen years, quitted a sea-faring life in 1717, and died at Aarhuus in 1772. It is said that, hearing his great age questioned, in 1732, he took a long journey on foot from Copen- hagen, where he was then in the service of a pobleman, to procure the register of his baptism. DRAKENBORCH, Arnold, Dutch philo- logist, born at Utrecht, in 1684. He studied at the universities of Utrecht and Leyden, and became professor of hibtory and elo- quence at the former. He was author of several learned dissertations on subjects of ancient history, especially "De Prajfectis Urbis," several times republished. He also published editions of Livy and Silius ItaUcus. Died at Utrecht, 1747. DRAPER, Sir WILLIAM, amilitary officer, well known also as a controversial writer was born at Bristol in 1721. He received his education at Eton and Cambridge. Having entered the army, he distinguished himself m the East Indies, was raised to the rank of a colonel in 1760, and in 1763 he commanded the troops at the capture of Manilla, for which he received the honour of knight- hood. In 1779 he was appointed lieutenant- governor of Minorca ; and when that place surrendered to the enemy he preferred charges against General Murray, the go- vernor, but which he failed to substantiate, and was commanded by the court to make an apology to him. He owes his literary celebrity to the circumstance of his having undertaken the defence of his friend the marquis of Granby against the attacks of Junius. He ditid in 17«7, DRAVTON, MICHAEL, an English poet, was born at Atherstone, Warwickshire, in 1563, and educated at Oxford. He was ip. 881 I debtcd for a great part of his education to Sir Henry Ooodere, and afterwards lived foi a long time in the family of the earl of Dor- set, as It would seem, In a state of depend- ence. He wrote " The Sliepherd's Garland," " narons' Wars," " England's Heroical Epis- tles," " Polyolbion," a description of Eng- land, " Nymohldia," &c. Of these the " Po- lyolbion " is the most important. It is remarkable for Its combination of great poetical excellence with authentic and mi- nute informntion. The "Nymphidia" is a singularly pleasing fairy-tale In verse. Drayton held the office of poet-laureate. Died, 1631. DREBBEL, CORNEMTJS VAN, a Dutch chemist and natural philosopher, was born at Alkmaar in 1572. With a considerable share of charlatanism, he combined real talent, and made several useful discoveries ; such as the invention of a thermometer, the method of dyeing scarlet, and the improve- ment of telescopes and microscopes. He died at London in 1634. DRELINCOUKT, CHARLES, a French Protestant divine, was horn at Sedan in 1695, and died at Paris in 1669. He was tlic author of several religious books, but the only one by which he is now remembered is that entitled "Consolations against tlie Fears of Death." DREW, SAMtJEL, M.A., metaphysician and divine, was the son of poor parents at St Austell, Cornwall, and was horn in 1765. At ten years of age he was apprenticed to a shoemaker. Though he was almost desti- tute of education, as he grew up he became a shrewd and subtle disputant among his shopmates; while his jocose manner and vivacious disposition led him, in early life, not only to slight the truths of religion, but to ridicule those of his acquaintance who embraced them. He was at length, how- ever, aroused to a sense of their import- ance by the preaching of Dr Adam Clarke ; and, joining the Methodist society, he de- termined to abandon his former practices, and devote every moment he could spare to the acquirement of religious know- ledge. Indefatigable in its pursuit, he soon appeared as a local preacher, while he still carried on his business ; not venturing be- fore the world as an author till 1799, when he published his " Remarks on Paine's Age of Reason." This was very favourably re- ceived ; but it was to his next production, entitled " An Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul," that Drew was chiefly indebted for his reputation. — Quit- ting trade, he wrote several other works, among which was his " Treatise on the Be- ing and Attributes of God ; " an(' .rom the year 1819 to his death he edited the Imperial Magazine with singular ability ; the careful and dispassionate view he took of every sub- ject under his review eminently qualifying him for the office of critic. He died in March, 1833. DROUET, JBAN BAPTISTE, was born in 1763. He was postmaster of Mcnehould when Louis XVI. and his family, in 1791, passed through that town in their endeavour to escape from France ; and It was owing to Drouet that they were conducted back to Paris. For this important service the Na tional Assembly offered him 30,000 francs which he reftased. In 1792 he wasnominatcd deputy to the Convention, in which he dig. tinguished himself by his suppou of the most violent measures. He was afterwards sent as commissioner to the army of tlic north, and being taken prisoner by the Aui- trlans, was exchanged in 1795, with otheni of his party, for the daughter of the unfor- tunate Louis. He became a member of the council of Five Hundred ; and, under the consulate, sub-prefect of St Menehould. in 1818 he was chosen deputy to the Chamber of Representatives ; but, being excepted from the amnesty at the beginning of tlie follow. ing year, and condemned to exile, he re turned to Macon, where he died in 1824. DROUET, JEAN BAPT18TE, Count D'ER LON, marshal of France and governor of Algeria, was born at Rcnnes, 1765. Re served In the army throughout the wars of the revolution, distinguishing himself at Hohenlinden, Jena, Dantzic, and Frlcdland; was severely wounded at the last-named battle, and was named grand ofTicer of the Legion of Honour; served next in the Tyrol and in the Peninsular war, and became aide de-camp to Marshal Soult. He was np pointed governor-general of Algeria about 1834 ; and in 1843 marshal of France. Died 1844. DROUOT, General Count, the well-known commander of the artillery of the guard un- der Napoleon, was born, as he himself says, " of poor parents, who earned by the sweat of their brow the bread of a numerous family," at Nancy, 1774. Scarcely had he finished his education when the wars of the revolution broke out in 1792. The following year he was admitted into the school of ar- tillery as sub-lieutenant, and gradually rose through the different ranks to that of Keneral of division, which he attained in 1813. It would occupy more space than we can affotd to give even an outline of the achievements of this remarkable man. In .ibilities as an officer of artillery, in bravery and steadiness, and above all in single-minded honesty, staunch fidelity, and unimpeachable virtue, he had no superior and but few equals in ali that band of heroes v.'ho raised the emperor to his throne. Nor must his fervent piety be overlooked. He always had a small Bible with him; to read this constituted his chief delight, and he did n«t scruple to stow the fact. His modesty was equa! to his skill, and his fidelity to his cou rage ; and he gave a striking proof of the latter by accompanyini? Napoleon to Elba amid the general defection that disgraced the emperor's proteges. After the defeat at Waterloo, General Drouot was included in the ordnance of proscription; but he immediately surrendered to take his trial, and having been found " not guilty," he returned to his native town, where he "gave himself up to the charms of a quiet private life." The return of the ashes of the emperor in 1840 filled him with great joy; all his last hopes and wishes were fulfilled by this event ; and it should seem that from this period he longed for the moment to arrive when he should be admitted " to 'hat everlasting dwelling, where those who hare wa M '^v [dro DRO] well loved and well served their country will meet their recompense." Died, 1847. DROZ, PIERRE Jacguet, a skilful me- chanician, was a native of Switzerland, and born in 1721. Among other curious things he made a writing automaton, the motions of whose flngers, &c., corresponded exactly with those of nature. Died, 1790. DKOZ, Henri Louib Jacouet, son of the foregoing, born in 1759, excelled even his father, by whom he was taught, in the construction of mechanical figures. At the age of 22 he went to Paris with some of the products of his ingenuity ; among which was an automaton, representint? a woman play- ing on the harpsichord, which followed the notes in the music book with the eyes and head, and having finished playing, got up and made an obeisance to the company. He diedat Naples, in 1791. DROZ, FRANCJOIS XAVIER JOSEPH, French litterateur, was born at Besan9on, in 1773. After holding a professorship there for some years he settled at Paris in 1802, and devoted himself to literary work. He becf.me a member of the French Academy, and professor of moral and political science at the Institute. He wrote a " Histoire du Kigne de Louis XVI.," a treatise " De la Philosophic Morale," and several other works. Died, 1850. DRUMMOND, GEORGE, an active, enter- prising, and patriotic Scotchman, was bom in 1687. When the earl of Mar reared the standard of rebellion in 1715, Drummond was the first to apprize the ministry of it ; and, raising a company of volunteers, he joined the duke of Argyle, and assisted at the battle of Sheriffmuir. This loyal con- duct he repeated, upon the approach of the rebels in 1745, and was present at the battle of Preston. He held various offices in the excise and customs from an early age ; and in 1737 he was made ono of the commission- ers of excise, an office which he retained during the remainder of his life. He was also six times lord provost of Edinburgh and to his patriotic zeal the city is indebted' for many improvenionts. He died in 1766. aged 80. DRUMMOND, THOMAS, mathematician and natural philosopher, inventor of the Drummond or lime light, was bom at Edin- burgh in 1797. He was educated at Edin- burgh, and at the Military College, Wool- wich, and entered the army as engineer. In 1819 he became assistant to Colonel Colby iu the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ireland. The lime light was first used by him about 1825, in the course of the survey of Ireland. About the same time may be dated his invention of a heliostat. Captain Drummond became subsequently secretary to Lord Spencer, obtained a government pension, and in 1835 waa appointed under- secretary for Ireland. He was Indefatigable in attention to his various and often ardu- ous duties, and enjoyed the esteem of all parties. Died, iH-lo. DRUMMOND, WILLIAM, a Scotch poet, was the son of Sir .Tohn Drummond of Hav,-- Aomden.and born there in 1585." He was !r»Tj*'*.**..*^''^"'^«''s'*y of Edinburgh, and uudled civU law at Bourges ; but poetry had % i^ip miatraia isfograpj^s. [dry more charms for him than law, and, on com- ing to the family estate, he devoted himself, amidst the romantic beauties of Hawthorn- den, to poetry and polite literature. His poems are replete with tenderness and deli- cacy. He died in 1649 ; and his death is said to have been accelerated by grief for the death ol Charles I. The most recent edition of his poems is that by Cunningham, pub- lished in 1852. DRUMMOND, Sir WILLIAM, P.R.S., a learned antiquary, statesman, and the author of several works, classical and historical. He was a privy councillor, and at one period filled the office of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from Great Britain to the king of the Two Sicilies ; and at an- other (1801), went on an embassy to Con- stantinople, when he was invested with the Turkish order of the Crescent. His princi- pal works are "A Review of the Govern- ment of Sparta and Athens," " Herculunen- sia," "Odin," a poem; and "Origines, or Remarks on the Origin of several Empires, fgt^tes, and Cities." He died at Rome, in DRUSUS, CLAUDIUS NERO, a distin- ^^u^f^ Roman general, was the son of liberius Claudius Nero and Livia, and was born B.C. 38. He was much esteemed by Augustus as well as by the people, and early distinguished himself in war. With Tiberius his elder brother, he defeated and drove out of Italy the Rhaetl and Vindelici. He com- manded m four campaigns in Germany with great success, penetrating beyond the Weser to the Elbe ; united the Rhine to the Ysscl by a canal ; was consul u. c. 9 ; and died in Germany the same year. His body was taken to Rome by Tiberius, who had hast- ened to see him, and arrived just before he died. Drusus married the daughter of Mar- cus Antonius and Octavia, and was by her the father of Germanicus and Claudius. DRYANDEtt, JONAS, naturalist, was by birth a hwede, but came to England, f>nd was patronized by Sir Joseph Banks. He became librarian to the Royal Society, and vice-president of the Linnaean. Born . 1748 • Died, 1810. ", w«o, DRYDEN, JOHN, one of the most cele- brated English poets, was bom at Aldwinkle. Northamptonshire, in 1631, and received his education at Westminster School and Tri- nity College, Cambridge. In 1657 he came to London, and acted as secretary to his re- lation, Sir Gilbert Pickering, who was one of Cromwell's council; and on the death of the Protector, he wrote his well-known stanzas on that event. At the restoration, however, he greeted Charles II. with a poem entitled Astraca Redux," which wasquick- ly followed by a panegyric on the coronation ; and from that time his love for the royal house of Stuart appears to have known no »^5y-^ ^^ ^"^^ ^'^ produced his first play, "The Duke of Guise," but the first that was performed was " the Wild Gallant," which appeared in the year following. In 1667 he published his "Annus Mirabilis;" and his | reputation, both .^s a poet and a royalist, i being now established, he wus appointed poet-laureate and historiographer royal. With a salary of £200 per annnm. He now 283 dub] % i^etD SSnibersal ISiograpl^s. became proressiorally a writer for the stage, and produced many pieces, >-. le of Mrhich have been strongly censured for their licen- tiousness and want of good taste. In 1681 be commenced his career of political satire ; and at the express desJre of Charles II. com- posed his famous poem of " Absalom and Achitophel," which he followed up by "The Mfcdal" and "A Satire on Sedition." His next satire was "Mac Flecknoe;" after which appeared " Beligio Lalci," a compen- dious view of the arguments in favour of re- velation. At the accession of James II., Dryden became a Roman Catholic, and, like most converts, endeavoured to defend his new faith at the expense of the old one, in a poem called "The Hind and Panther," which was admirably answered by Prior and Montague, in " The Country Mouse and City Mouse." The abdication of James deprived Dryden of all his official emoluments ; and during the 10 concluding years of his life, when he actually wrote for bread, he pro- duced some of the finest pieces of which our language can boast. His translation of Vir- gil, which alone would be sufficient to im- mortalize his memory, appeared in 1697 ; and, soon after, that master-piece of lyric poetry, "Alexander's Feast," his " Fables," &c. The ft-eedom, grace, strength, and melody of his yersiflcation have never been surpassed ; and in satire he stand* unrivalled ; but as a dramatic writer, though he ha£ many strik- ing beauties, he does not generally excel. His prose essays afford a fine specimen of composition, and are replete with critical ability. He died in 1700, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. There is a good Life ot Dryden by Robert Bell, who has also edited his poetical works. DU BOIS, EUWARU, who gained a high reputation in the lighter literature of the day, was bom 1775. Educated at Christ's Hospital, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1809, but he took little in- terest in bis profession, though it subse- quently enai>led him to fill with advantage the only two public offices he ever held, the deputy Judgeship of the court of requests, and the secretaryship to the commissioners in lunacy. He commenced his literary career as the editor of the Monthly Mirror, while Thomas Hill as its proprietor, and Theo- dore Hook was a contributor. He at the same time filled the lighter departments of the Morning Chronicle, under Mr Perry; and he maintained his connection with the' gress to his latest years. In 1808 appeared My Pocket Book, or Hints for a ryghte merrye and conceitede Tour in Quarto," written in ridicule of the books of travels manufactured by Sir John Carr. This little work, which was anonymous, ran through numerous editions. The only works pub- lished with his name were the " Wreath," „01d Nick," a satirical story, 3 vols., the Decameron of Boccaccio, with Remarks on his Life and Writings," 2 vols., and an edi- tion of Franeis's Horace. We ought also to add, that among his anonymous writings was a work attributing the authorship of Jun.US"tO Sir P. Francis, with whnm h« »??"«"".' " *? ^l^ ^' *'™"cis, witlTwhom he was, it is said, in some way connected. M. Du Bois' powers of conversation were great. J DDO and his good-humoured pleasantry and V^i^ edge of the world made him the idol nf*: large circle of friends. Died, 1850 * DUBOIS, GuiLLAUME, a French cardln.! and statesman, notorious for his ambltin. and his vices, was the son of an apothecan, ' and born at Brive la Gaillard, in thi. tT' mousin, in 1656. Having obtained the slS^" atlon of preceptor to the duke of Orlean. \?" pandered to the passions of his dudII .-5 secured his attachment; till at leiRth 5» became his privy councillor, and overieer nf the household ; and when the duke beM J. regent, he was appointed to the situation «/ minister of foreign affairs. The avchbi»h„, ric of Cambray having become vacant n?' bois, though not even a priest, had tlie'hfl^rf ness to request it, and succeeded in BetHn. It ; and by his consummate address he af^, wards obtained a cardinal's hat, and wm made prime minister. Ho had now reacLn the summit of his ambition, and at tlie sam. timeits limit. His lust of power, his hVnm avarice, his foul debaucheries, his capachJ of shameless lying, and his ridiculous van it/ remained unaltered to the end. But th,; end was near. After frightful suffcrine th. result of his foul life, he died Just 12 S im * °*'"^* *"* minister, August! DUBOS, JEAN BAPTI8TE, French litt««. teur and secretary to the French Academr was born at Beauvois in 1670, and dia in guished himself both as an historian and » ^V}}^- .■"® ^"* received at the Academy in 1720. Among his works are a " Histohie dS ?x J'^S'?® ^^ Cambrai," " Hlstoire critiquV de l'6tablissement de la Monarchic Francaise " ana "Reflexions critiques surla Poe«ioit siir la Peinture." Died, 1742. DUBY, Peter ancherTobiesen, acele- brated Swiss medallist and antiquarv w». born in 1721, and died In 1782. He was in terpreter to the royal library at Paris, and the author of an able and extensive wc/k on medals. DUCANaE, CHARLES DUFRESNE, Seiff. neur, French historian, philologist, and archaeologist, was born at Amiens in 1610 He was educated by the Jesuits, studied law at Orleans, and became advocate to the nar liament of Paris in 1631. He quitted tlie bar, however, and devoted himself, at his native town, to literary labours. In 1668 he settled at Paris, and there spent the rest of his life. Ho is now best known as author of the voluminous and useful "Glossarium ad Scriptores mediae et inamae Latinitatls" subsequently enlarged by Carpentier. He compiled a similar Glossary of medlieval Greek. Of his other works may be named, Histoire de I'Empire de Constantinople sous les Empereurs Francais," "Historia Byzantina lUustrata," and editions of De Joinville's Life of Louis IX., and of ihe Annals of Zonaras. He left a large number of works in manuscript. Died, 1688. DUCAREL, And REAV COLTEE, an eminent antiquary and civilian, was born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1713. After receiving his education at Eton and Oxford, he became a fellow of the Iloyai and Antiquarian Socic ties, and held a situation in the state paper office. His principal works are "Anglo- 384 Norman Antiquities," n beth Palace and of St Died, 1785. DUCCIO DI BUON brated early Italian p Sienese school. His d known, but he fiourishc Like Cimabue, he set tt study and imitation of the hard Byrantine styli is the altar-piece of the still preserved. It was 1310, and was carried i preat public r^oicings, bouse to the cathedral. credit of designing the pavement of the same c were executed a centu One of his ilnest works, a and Child, &c., is in thee Prince Consort, and wa Manchester Art Treasure National Gallery contain master. He was living i DUCHA.NGE, GA8PAR engraver, and counsellor Fainting. Born, 1662 ; d DUCHATBL, PIERKE, LANU8,bi8hop of Orleans of France, was born aboui at the college of Dijon, fiasel, where he gained Erasmus and assisted hi works. After visiting th< tented to Francis I. by C and was made bishop of Macon five years later, i IS47, and bishop of Orlean tingaisbed himself by his of the rights of the Gallici the claims of the papacy, < age of literature. Died, li DUCHESNE, ANDHfi, I historiographer to the kin J born in 1581, and died in I very learned, and most pr I has been named the father ( He published a series of oi the history of France in 5 'i toire des Rois, Dues, et ' gogne," &c., and he left ii 1 100 folio volumes. DUCHE8NOI8, JOSEPE [celebrated French actress. I at the Thatre Francais froi l)orn,1777; died, 1833. DUCIS.JEAN Francois [niatist, was bom at Versail I took Shakspeare for his Imfgorit)' of his plays are fi Ithe English poet ; though s ISO altered to suit the taste Imen, that the genius of Sh Idimly discoverable. He wa IFrench Academy on the di 'n 1778. He died in 1816, ac DUCL08, CHABLE8 PIN noTclist and biographer, was In Brittany, in 1705 ; becar pne French Academy, and on W Voltaire was appointed Wstoriographer of France. m Uveiy and satirical, desc »omen, and intrigue; the ^otij Norman Antiquities," and Histories of Lam- beth Palace and of St Catherine's Church. Died, 1785. DUCCIO DI BUONINSEONA, a cele- brated early Italian painter, head of the Sienese school. His date of birth is not known, but he flourished from 128S to 1320. Like Clmabue, he set the example of a free study and imitation of nature, abandoning the hard Byfantine style. His chef-d'oeuvre is the altar-piece of the cathredat of Siena, still preserved. It was completed in Jane, 1310, and was carried in procession, with creat public r^oicings, ttom the painter's bouse to the cathedral. Duccio had long the credit of designing the decorations of the pavement of the same cathedra!, but these were executed a century after his death. One of his finest works, a Crucifixion, Virgin and Child, Ac, is in the collection of the late Prince Consort, end was exhibited at the Manchester Art Treasures Iflxhibition. The National Gallery contains a triptych by this master. He was living in 1320. BUCHANGE, GASPARD, a clever French engraver, and counsellor of the Academy of Painting. Born, 1662; died, 17fi6. DUOHATEL.PIERUE, in LEtin CA8TEL- LANU8,bishopofOrleans and grand almoner of France, was born about 1495. He studied at the college of Dijon, and then went to fiasel, where he gained the friendship of Erasmus and assisted him in some of his works. After visiting the East he was pre- sented to Francis I. by Carc^inal da Bellay, and was made bishop of Tulle in 1539, of Macon five years later, grand almoner in IS47, and bishop of Orleans in 1551. He dis- tinguished himself by his energetic defence of the rights of the Galilean church against the claims of the papacy, and by his patron- age of literature. Died, 1552. DUCHESNE, ANDHfi, geographer and historiographer to the king of France, was l)orn in 1584, and died in 1640. He was a very learned, and most prolific writer, and ^ Mttii miaetsal ISIograp^p. I He published a series of original ^vriters on I the history of France in 5 vols, folio ; " His- I foire des Rois, Dues, et Comtes do Bour- I gogne," &c., and he left in MS. more than 1 100 folio volumes. DUCHE8NOI8, JOSEPHINE RUFIN, a I celebrated French actress. She performed I at the Thatre Frantjais from 1802 until 1830. I Born, 1777; died, 1833. i DUCIS, JEAN Francois, a French dra- Imatist, was bom at A'ersailles in 1733. He I took Shakspeare for his model, and tht Imfgority of his plays are free imitations of •the English poet ; though some of them are ISO altered to suit the taste of his country- jmen, that the genius of Shakspeare is but iiimly discoverable. He was received at the IFrench Academy on the death of Voltaire ■in 1778. He died in 1816, aged 84. DUCL08, CHARLE8 PINEAU, a Frencli BOTelist and biographer, was born at Dinant. Jn Brittany, in 1705 ; became secretary of ttde French Academy, and on the resignation W Voltalro was appointed to the office of Historiographer of France. All hia wrin«~= »!"!"'' "°.'' satirical, descriptive of idvl", »omen, and intrigue; the principal are «',*/;«.;;;; Confessions du Comte de *" ?• ^,?S^^^'^'^' Si' Edmtjnd, a lawyer of thn 15th century, who acquired notoriety a. onl of the pgcnts of Henry VII. in extorting money by the revival of obsolee statu SJaSd other unjust measures. He studied at Ox ford, early entered the king's service and accompanied him to France in 1402 On hia with EmLoJ^i^'i.^''".'.*"' ^" «0" uSloi With Empson, to his odious task, and with Tf^''^ ""'="'?• I" ^«0* he wassSerkS ^ntPrt^u^^i"^ "' ^^f^ treason, and ex- ccuted with Empson, at London. In 1610 otm!lTiZ °/ '"'*''* P^'^'^odinS' a? thoM Se?irLVorpixrenr ^'^^^"'^'^ "y « i«^i^^^^^' ^''"N' ••"I'e 0' Northumber- Ko2^Tp w«// '^ preceding, and bom IS„ He was first created Viscount Lisle Dofntp3",**^^^f*J'=''' '*»'» after being ap-' pointed lord high aamiral, reached hia w.f'^°'"^?"*l- H« effects I mlrrlage and /^S ^l' '°S' ^"^ GuildfoM Dudley, of 8^«?«il "^"w ^rJ'' «»a»Khter of the duke Of Suffolk. He afterwards prevailed on the young king. Edward, to set aside his sorters Kr^Jf &^'"'»' ''T t^« *^c. Vslon'ln' I.t)^^? <*" J*^y •'ane, whom he caust ' to be surrectlon being raised in favour of i«;~;rv 2«.Z?''?'°'='**"'«'» ^» I-on^on, and the duife liUDLEY, IIOBERT, earl of Leicester a son of the precedinp. was born In 1532 for Mary queen of Scots, but she rejected FIaIIX ^ady Douglas, but never acknow- i^ef th«*?." ^}' ^*1«- =« afterwards ma^. l^Ai^]t\ Countess Dowager of Essex, and hasbeen named thefather of French histoTy. pZl8*Vor a 8e3i^n*V/nh?'''^^*° ^l^P"• He published a series of original witers on inTnnU«n«iT™"2."i I* "*"?«.«» with hav- thf sftnXn «r- ^°' " shor't time'he held IX.W CoS^ governor of the Protestant i^w countries; but returning to England by command of the queen, he was made year?^'^ "" l«88,and died during the same „„^^?P.^» ^'" IIOBERT, the son of the earl of Leicester by the Lady Douglas waa ?f T «1i*iV^^i."?''*'y' *•*« Countess Dowager c* Leicester filed an information against him for a conspiracy, on which he went to Flo^ fr,''^^^"^ ^"* appointed chamberlain to the SI^^ w"'''*!**' *^"^'" *o ^^^ Emperor Ferdi- nand II., who, creating him a duke of the Roman empire, he assumed the title of the ™..°H^°"''"^?''"'*»"*- He drained thi morass between Pisa and the sea. by which fh^^T^^^'''S^ ""^ «' tJ'e finest ports in the world. He was the autuor of "Del mo"'**' ^"^'" ^"'^ **"'®' ' ^'■^'- ^letl' ,,?-V^^^X.' tt« »'Kl't Hon. J( HN Wii- ♦«V2r» "k'I"' ^"' ^^' * statesman of great mind and the habit of •' thinking aloud," of 289 li Sh duf] 11 i^(b) ISnibcrsal ISiogrnp!)!;. [doh which many ludicrous anecdote* are told. The fullowhiR is recorded as mfart. When he WHS sccretiiry for forolRn nffiilrs, In Mr CannlnK's udmlulstrutlon, ho directed a let- ter intended for the French to the Russian ambassador, shortly before the affair of Na- viirlno i and, strange as It miiy appear, It grtliiea him the hiKhest honour. Prince Lieven set it down as one of the cleverest ruuit ever attempted to be played off, and fiave hlmveir Immense credit for not falling nto the trap laid for him by the alrster inftenuity of the EnRllsh secretary. He re- turned the letter with a most polite note, in which he vowed, of course, that ho had not read a line of It, after he hud ascertained that it was intended for Prince PoliRnac ; but could not help telling Lord Pudley, at an evening purtv, that he was " tropfln, l»it that diplomatists of his standing were not so easily caught." His lordship was born in 1781, and entered parliament first for Downton in ISOU; he afterwards successively represented Worcestershire, Wareham, and Bosslney. In 1823 he succeeded to the peer- age; was appointed secretary of state for foreign affaira, and sworn a member of the privy council In 1827 ; raised to the rank of an earl in the same year ; and died In 1838. DUFAU, FOKTDNi, French painter, was a native of 8t Domingo, who studied under David, and became professor at the school of 8t Cyr. His " Count Ugolino In Prison," " Oustavus Va8a,"and " 8t Vincent de Paul," are some of bli best productiona. Died, 1821. DUFRE8NE. [DITCANGE.] DUFKE8N0Y, CHAHLES ALPHONBE, a French painter and poet, was born in 1611. He was intended by his father for the legal profession ; but the sister arts of poetry and painting were more attractive than the law, and he devoted his undivided attention to them. In 1634 he went to Italy, where he completed his Latin poem, " De Arte Ora- phlcu ; " though It did not appear till after his death, when his (Viend De Piles published it, with annotations. It has been three times translated into English, by Dryilen, Graham, and Mason. 8ir Joshua Reynolds wrote the annotations to Dryden's translation. Died, 1665. , ^ DUGDALE, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent and most industrious antiquary and herald, was born near Coleshill, Warwickshire, in 1605, and educated at Coventry Free School, and afterwards by his father. He was made Chester herald in 16*4 ; accompanied Charles I. throughout the civil war ; and after the restoration, on being appointed Garter king- at-arms, received the honour of knighthood. His chief work is the " Monasticon Angli- canum ; " but he also wrote " The Baronage of England," 3 vols., " The History of St Paul's Cathedral," " Origines Juridicales," and several other works of merit. The " Monasticon " was the Joint work of Dug- dale and Roger Dodsworth, and appeared In 3 vols, folio ; the first vol. In 1665, the third in 1673. A new and considerably extended edition was nroiected in 1812. and completed in 6 vols, folio, in 1830. Died, 168H, DUGOMMIER, General, was a native of Quadaloupe, bom 1736. He early entered 286 the army, and after honourable service for which ho received the cross of 8t Louis, hs retired to Martinique, where ho posscHseU ■ large estate previously to the French revolu. tlon. HeespuuRcd the republican cause, and being nominated colonel of the .latlt/nnl guardsof the Island, he defended ItnKninjt a body of royalist troops sent from rranuH. He afterwards went to France, and being made commander-in chief of the army In Italy, he gained many Important advant- ages over the Austro-8ardinian army, Hg took Toulon, after a sanguinary coutett, In 1703. He next commanded the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and, In 1794, gained the battle of Alberdes, and seized the post of Montesquieu, taking 200 pieces of cannon and 2000 prisoners. He continued hit career of victory till he fell in an engagement at 8t Hebastlan, on Nov. 17, 1794. DUOUAY TROUIN, KKNfi, one Of the most celebrated naval oflleers of France was born at St Malo in 1673. His love for a maritime life soon showed itself, and at the age of 18 he was the commander of a privateer. At 20, he maintained an action with a 40-gun ship, which he commanded, against six English vessels, but was captured, After a series of gallant exploits, by which he essentially served his country, and nUed IM naval reputation, he died in 1736. DU0UE8CLIN, BKHTKANP, a renowned French warrior and statesmon, constable of France In the 14th century, was born about 1314. Though deformed in person, and of a fierce and untractable disposition in hit youth, he persevered in his endeavours to eclipse these defects by the brilliancy of hit actions ; and mainly to him must be attri- buted the expulsion of the English fh)m Normandy, Guienae,andPoltou. UuKuewlin was captured by the brave English com- mander, John Chandos, at the battle of Au- ray in 1364, and was ransomed for 100,000 francs. Sent to subdue the roving com- panies of eoldlery then wasting France, he placed himself at their head, and led them to foreign wars. While serving in Spain against Peter the Cruel, he was again made prisoner by the English under the Black Prince, but was soon liberated. He wai soon after made constable of France. Suspi- cion unjustly falling upon him, he proudly resigned, and determined to retire to Spain. Before setting out he went to assist in the siege of the castle of Randam, and there died, 1380. So highly, indeed, was he es- teemed even by his enemies, that the (to- vernor Insisted on placing the keys of the fortress on the coffin of the hero. There are several French Lives of this hero, and a new History of his Life and Times, by D. F. Jamison, was published in 1864. DUHALPE, Jkan Baptistk, a French Jesuit, was the author of " A Geographical and Historical Description of China," which he compiled from the record., of successite missionaries, and furnished the best account up to that time published of that immenie empire. Born, 1674 ; died, 1743. DUHAMEL, JEAN Baptiste, a French ecclesiastic ond philosopher, was bora at VIre, In Lower Normandy, In 1824. He studied at Caen and Paris ; became a mem- f bcr of the CongrPKation of tlio Orntory ; and J wlitn tlio Iloyal Academy of Hcicncos wai I established, bu was appjlntod tecretarjr. In 1 1678 appeared his " Phlloiophla Vetui ct I Nuva." In 1697 he resigned his tltuatlon In I the Academy, to derote hlmsetf to theology. I II i» chief works, besides the one mentioned labuTo, are " Bevife Sclentlarum Acadcmin Inittoria," 4to, and an edition of the Vul- J gate, with Dotei and tablei, chronological land geographical. He died, 1706. I DUHAMEL DU MONCKAU, Hknri Ilouib, on eminent French writer on ngrl- Icultnre, born at Purls, In 1700. His whole I life was dedicated to the cultivation of uso- Itul science; and besides largely contrlbut- llng to the transactions of different learned Itucieties, of which he was a member, the Ifoliowing are omong his separate works:— |"'lralt« do la Culture des Tcrrcs," 6 vols., I" Traits des Arbres et Arbustes qui ae cultl- iTcnt en France en plelnc Tcrre," 2 voli. 4to, I" Trait* des Arbres Fruitlers," 3 vols. «<» •e'««ptaln i he was a good botanist cntomoIoglBt. draughtoman, and wHter as T/^ •««" from hi. interesting account S? the French expedition of 1819-20 to the As a-.VnV?" -^'""ipelagoand the Black Sea AS second in command to M. Uuperrft. in La A^c'^aLrt'hlfK'""*?'' u^""' OhlnrOcea"nla" hof'h 2n„''i.''!:*""'''*i'"™'» Immense stores of both knowledge and apeclmeos of natural history, m 1828 he was Intrusted with a mission to discover, if possible, some^racet of the unfortunate La Peroilse. On his return he published a most interesting ac- Jh-?J{,*" J"'*"* ?« P'««y clearly proved that the ihipwreck occurred off an island to the south of Santa Cruz. Being subae? Sh?rV^ I""* to approach at nearly as pos- l^lt h? "'" "?"?"? P"'^' •»« "cquitted himself with his muni skill. We have ftom his pen. " A IMofnl^n""?"'" "^"""^y mentioSIS TM. JviJir^^":? Journey round the World." inis Skilful and brave man was killed, with his wife and child, by the fatal Versailles railway accident, May 8, iai2, aged 82 DUMONT, Pikhhee'tiknnk LOUIS the friend of Jeremy Bentham and editor of some of his works, was a native- of Geneva He was born in 17fi9, and became pastor there; went to Russia In 1783, and soon f^'^'Z^i »>e«»'ne tutor to the sonS of Lord Sheiburne. Visiting Paris during the first years of the revolution, he gained the friendship of Mirabeau. of whom he wroti some interesting " Recollections." On his Hp^fh»^ 1^*^"" ^''^ ^'«"<^ ""'^ assistant of T^^/'^ ? '° l^" Pjeparution of his works on Legislat on for the press. He returned to Qe^neva in 1814,«nd became a senator. Died, .rP,^^?2^^^?' CHARLES FRANCOIS, an i„ i^fn ^!?'\ S® ^°'^''^«* »•»« ■'••ny early w it\^A^ ■* i* y*'*" "' *K« •»"«« received i£ wounda. nnH waa n>a^n « 1.-1. v^ -^ n. Louis, in ■ im. ioui." xV.'sentllm wi^h communications to Sweden, but he was ar- R««ni'"*i'" * '°?« ""»« confined in the ^Mt^^c- However, in 1789, we find liim a S87 ;\^ dun] m i^eto Zftnibtrggl 13{ograp^B. [nvi principal director of the Jacobin Club, which wa« composed of oil who MPlred to be ac- "ounted the fWend. of "^e'-ty. Ho after- wards became a minuter of I-o^'^.^.V^filrt he strongly advUed the monarch to yield the direction of the interior affairs of the klMdom to the council of the assembly then .ItK^ndtodeclarewaragalnstthoforelgn foes of France. The advice w"' /'"^"ded and Dumourlea was dismissed. HtiU ae- ?emlned to devote himself ^o the service of the army, he proceeded to Valenciennes, wherWioon gained immo'Xt''ed''at' thi valour and his firmness, displayed at tne head of the French soldlers.haylngsucceeded La Fayette in the command of the army of the North He rendered very important iervlce to his country by the stand Le so skilfully made against the I^'»«'««° '^J*^,!" In the forest of Argonne, in Sep ember, 1792. the famous " Cannonade of Valmy taking place on the 20t. of the same month. His fapid conquest of Belgium followed. Not- wlthstandfng his success, the Directory en- tertained suspicions regarding his designs, because it was known that he was desirous of sparing the life of the king, and held that a constitutional monarchy was essential to save Franco from anarchy. ^When commis- sioners were sent to arrest him, he nrrestea them and sent them to the Austrlans, with whom he had been negotiating. He soon had to go over to them himself. Finding that a reward of 300,000 francs was offered for his head, he went to Hamburg, where he lived on a small pension from the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel until 1804, when he accepted an asylum in England, wrote his own me- moirs, and employed himself in other literary pursuits, at Turvllle Park, near Henley- upon-Thames. He was honoured with the friendship of the duke of Kent, with whom he kept up a correspondence. Di™' ^°f?- DUNBAR, WILLIAM, an early Scottish poet, who nourished about 14bo-1520. He graduated M.A. at the university of St Andrews, entered the Franciscan order, and was frequently employed in some eubordin- ate capacity on public embassies. Destined for the church, he was always hoping and tryintr to get a benefice, but he seems to have failed. The king, James IV., however, irave him a pension, and several times In- creased It. Dunbar's principal poem is "The Thistle and the Rose," written in commemoration of the king's marriage. Others are " Golden Terge," Dance of the Deadly Sins in Hell," &c. After lying neg- lected for 300 years, his writings have for the first time been collected in the present century, and he is now ranked among the best Scottish poets. * Twrn^Tniw -f DUNCAN, ADAM, Viscount DUKCAN, tl Camperdown, &c., a gallant and distinguish- ed naval officer, was a native of Dundee, and born in 1731. He went to sea when young, rose to the rank of post-captain in 17.1, and steadily advanced till he became admiral of the Blue, and commander of the North Sea fleet in 1795. He was with Lord Keppoi at ^^f taklnsr of the Havannah, and had a full share in I'-odney's victory over the Spaniards, the relief of Gibraltar, Ac. While idcommond of the North 8eafleet,he had for 889 two years the tedious duty of watching the movements of the Dutch squadron, and was at length forced to quit the station, in eon- sequence of a mutiny breaking out among his men. during which the enemy put to sea. The gallant admiral, however, after displaying the most undaunted resolution during the mutiny, came up with the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, totally defeated them, and captured 8 sail of the line, June 11, 1797, Upon this he was created a viscount, with a pension of £3000 per annum to himielf and the two next heirs of the peerage. Died, 1804. , . .. „ DUNDAS, Sir DAVii), general in the Eng. lish army, and a member of the privy coun- cil, was born at Edinburgh in I78fl, and entered the military service in 1758. He became colonel of the first regiment of dragoon guards, and had the reputation of being a most able tactician. On the tem- porary resignation of the duke of York, he was made commander-in-chief. His" Prin- ciples of Military Movements " and " Kegu- lations for the Cavalry " are both acknow- ledged as standard works in the army. Died, 1820. DUNDONALD, ARCHIBALD COCHEANE, Earl of, bom, 1749. He became a comet of dragoons, but exchanged from the army to the navy, and had risen to the rank of lieu- tenant when he succeeded to the earldom. He now devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits, with the Intent of making Improre- ments in the commerce and manufacture! of the kingdom. Among the numcroui works published by him In the prosecution of this patriotic intention, were The Prin. clples of Chemistry applied to the ImproTe- nientof Agriculture," "An Account of the Qualities and Uses of Coal Tar and Coal Varnish," &o. He made many useful dii- coverles, for some of which he obtained patents j but unfortunately, though he did good service to his country, he was to far from enriching himself, that he was at one time obliged to receive aid from the Literary Fund. Died, 1831. DUNDONALD, THOMAS COCHEANI, tenth earl of that name, was born Peceml)er 14. 1776, and has left behind a name memor- able for the splendour of his exploits, and fov an obloquy such as seldom falls to the lot of man, and Is yet more rarely silenced before the sufferer sinks into his grave. Thi» Kood fortune was in his case permitted to gild the closing days of a life long darkcnrf by deep sorrow and suffering. His father had much impaired, by scientific exper- ments, a property not great when he inher t- ed it ; and his son had to commence life, U his own words, " as heir to a peerage with- out other expectations th-a those arising ft-om my own exertions." Intended by h. father for the army, he succeeded, not witi- out difficulty , in carrying out his own wishe. which led him strongly to t^e navy- Jn htt 18th year he jojped the H»nd frigate. Hi first vovage was to Norway; andhebccara a lieutenant in 1796. Two yea" later ^^ was made master and commander, and ^«h " the least efficient craft on the station [w dun] TMedlterranean), he si In taking tlilrty-thr I which, the Spanish fi ■ two guns, taken o Icelred the commlsslo JAugust 8th, 1801. Or liame year the Speei [by the Vrcnch fleet, u ■but so great had bcci Itenderinif his sword 11 Ito him by Dcssaix. I lafterwarUs by 81r Ja Itumed to England, an lit was only by dint that, on the breaking he was at length ap lln 1804, while In the iprizes ; and for the ni Itinguisbcd himself by tutting out vessels, sto Png slgnnl-liouses, an lion of skill and cour his designs for destrc once. When once mc IcameM.P., first for He ninater; and by his vi abuses of lavnl admii elf obnoxious to the deputation was such ( jconsulted on the 8UbJe( rhich, long blockaded Brest, had escaped int< Thile to Lord Oambie ko involve too much rii pnce undertook to dcsti Vith thcse.on the nigh ^6 actually destroyed s ttic so overwhelming bperatloi would, as he b llm to destroy the who peglect Lord Oamblcr nartial and acquitted ; llthough made a K.C.B )" marked man," and ' leded. At Malta he be Ihuses of the Prize Co lltant charges exacted 1 If prizes more than the rebels. Possessing hin Bcial table of fees, wh kway because they san prtion, he was commiti ourt, but succeeded in hissubjeet.as wellast [oners of war, and othi ought before the Houi hus rendered the govi jersistent in refusing t- ir destroying the Fn Icheldt. In 1814 he v Went speculations on tl fce charge being that he 1 the funds by a false I Napoleon, and then 1 Bount. He was found |fineof£looo,tounderg ^nt, and to stand in th( irt of the sentence was iv Iprivedofthc Order of tl 1 tie nary, and his aa fmmons. But the elect a iactD anib''*' '»'P>-«8«'°n of foolhardiness on minds habituated to the caution of olUcial routine j but there arc times when a rendincsg hi/h"T"*,". *?« ?I««.«.l' '^^h' ^« '•eally the hi^iT . , . B-cuvtoi, iionB IS reaiiy me Jamo M.KflrsTfo'r Soiitonrthen for WesI-' setts If gToinSed'^llThfifor/n ^"""^ ninster; and by his vigorous attacks on the dence fnd cafculation The Lf ,mn1,''.'J /"""; luses of laval administration made him- n„n,T„ZTH :."*_-":_:' "°fo""»''?.of Lord itbuses of -laval administration made him «lf obnoxious to the Admiralty. Still his .'eputation was such that, in 1809, he wag ronsulted on the subject of the French fleet, which, long blockaded by Lord Oarablor at Brest, had escaped into the Basque Roads. Thlle to Lord Oambier the attack seemed ) involve too much risk, Lord Cochrane at nee undertook to destroy them byflreships. Vith thn9C,on the night of the 11th of April, _e actually destroyed several, and caused a f anic so overwhelming that a yigorouH co- Bperatioi would, as he believed, have enabled pm to destroy the whole. For this alleged peglect Lord Gambler was tried by court- kartial and acquitted ; and Lord Coch -ane, llthough made a K.C.B., became hence.. )rth \" marked man," and was at length super- Jeded. At Malta he boldly denounced the Ibuscs of the Prize Court, which by exor- litant charges exacted for the condemnation '* prizes more than the actual worth of the jweis. Possessing himself by force of the icial table of fees, which had been hidden ifay because they sanctioned no such ex- brtion, he was committed to prison by the Vurt, but succeeded in making his escape, liis subject, as well as the treatment of pri- iners of war, and other naval topics, he •ought before the House of Commons, and lus ren'^ercd the government still more Jfrsistent in refusing to listen to his plan br destroying the French fleet in the fcheldt. In 1814 he was tried for ftau- Blent speculations on the Stock Exchange fce charge being that he had caused a rise' 1 the funds by a false rumour of the fall [Napoleon, and then sold out to a large ^ount. He was found guilty, sentenced to fine of £1000, to undergo a year's imprison- fnt, and to stand in the pillory. This last ►» of the sentence was remitted ; but he was Ipmed of the Order of the Bath, of his rank V"* nsTy, and his seat in the House of ™ng._Bat the electors of Westminster ??tutuiBif nim as thea' member, iie BW from prison and took his seat. He Uowever, recaptured andkeptin prison n„n,j«„„Tj 1 ^ "° »""uues oi i,oru ThPm?at!^M ** *"l*=" «"?8e8t the parallel with rhemistocles ; but Lord Dundonald has emerged more successfully than the great man whom he so strikingly resembled from the obloquy which for a time overshroudcd his name. He sufifcred much, but he had the consciousness that he was suffering un- justly ; and before his eyes were closed in death, he know that .his knowledge of his wiTii^'n^fV'"'!^'* ^^ "" hU countrymen. He died October 30, I860, retaining his full P°-.^Mx?x^' S''"'"' *'* ^^^ 84th year of his age. DUNN, Samukl, a mathematician, who having acquired considerable property in the exercise of his profession, bequeathed it at his death towards the foundation of a mathematical school at his native town of Crediton, in Devonshire. He published an atlas, treatises on bookkeeping, navigation. A.C. ; and died in 1792. DUNNING, JOHN, Lord ASHBUUTON, a celebrated lawyer, wns born at Ashburton, i^T°/'Il^"*- «'*-"^'' »"^'"R '»'s clerkship in his father's office, he studied for the bar ; and rapidly attaining an eminence in the profession, he became counsel for Wilkes whose cause he oonducted in such a manner as to establish his fame as a sound lawyer and adroit pleader. He became attorney- general in 1767, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1782, and was raised to the peerage, but died in the following year. DUNOIS, Jkan, count of Orleans and Longueville,an illegitimate son of the duke of Orleans., was born in 1402. So successful was he m his military career, particularly in the share he bore in the expulsion of the English from France, that Charles VII honoured him with the title of " llestorer of his Country." Died, 1468. . Py^^/^?'^.^^' JOHN, one of the most celebrated scholastic philooophers, was bom probably about 1276. Whether he was a native of England, Scotland, or Ireland, is uncertain. He nnnoara *» ho..<. o4.,.ji-j' » uxiord, became a feUow of Merton College, and in 1301 professor of theology. He had also entered the Franciscan Order. He 880 1 li I dun] % £im etnii)ir«al IDiogtapiiv. [dbp ■rterwardt taught at Varia, and acquired tUe title of " Doctor Hubtllla." He obtaiuad oxtraordlnarv reputation by iiU doftnco of tho du|{raa or the Imiuuculate Conception of the VirKln. In phllutophy he wa« the oppo- nent oCrhoma* Aqulnat.and the founder of a achool named the ScoUiti i tho followers of Aquinas beluK called Thomittt. The former were Ueallsts, tho latter Noiuinallsts. The works of Duns Hcotus form I'i vols, folio. Died soon after his arrival at Cologne, 1308. " Duns," as a term of reproach used by the Thomlsts, has become, with a modltted mean- ing, the familiar " Dunce." DUN8TAN, BT, archbishop of Canter- bury, and one of the greatest of ecclesiastical statesmen, was born at Glastonbury, of a noble family, and was educated at its monas- tery, then famed as a seat of learning. His studies and accomplishments were very varied, mechanical, sclentlflc, literary, and artistic. Hraln-fover resulted from his over- application to study, and loft behind It the belief that he had personal conflicts with the devil. He became a favourite at the court of Athelstan, especially with the ladles, but falling under suspicion of magical arts, was subjected to the ordeal of wntcr and banish- ed. A severe struggle ensued between affec- tion and ambition ; he was in love with a lady of the court, and he was urged to be- come a monk. He resolved to enter the Benedictine order, and became an anchorita at Glastonbury. In U43 ho was named abbot, and at once introduced the rule of St Bene- dict, richly endowed the monastery, and made It at once a house of monks nnd of scholars. He was soon called to bo one of tho councillors of King Edmund, and in co- operation with tho great Chancellor Thur- ketul and Archbishop Udo, set himsAlf to carry out his principles of reform in church and state. He was the friend, rts well as the minister, of £dred,and his power constantly increased. On the coronation of Edwy he disgraced himself by his violent conduct when sent by Odo to recall the young king to the banquet. He forced the crown on Edwy'shead, and dragged him from hiawife's bower to the hall. And the subsequent horrible mutilation of the young queen was the work of his agents. A reaction in the popular mind led to his retirement, and not being able to account for monies which had come into his hands as treasurer of Edred, he was ba.'.i8hed. Recalled in 957, he was made bishop of Worcester and of Loudon, and in the following year, after two disap- pointments, archbishop of Canterbury. In the reign of the licentious Edgar, Dunstan was virtually sovereign, and by his wise policy procured for Edgar the title of the Pacific. Many important measures of social as well as ecclesiastical reform were carried out under his direction. But he was not very scrupulous about the means hs used ; and there seems little doubt that he escaped a defeat in the council of Winchester, on the question of the married clergy, by a trickof ventriloquism, and again at Calne, by a mechanical trick, by which that part of the floor on which his adversaries stood was made to give way, injuring many and klil- ing Bone. After the acceasion of Bttaelnd 290 Dunstan retired to Canterbury, aud devoted himself to his iplrttual duties. Us left several lltsrary works. Died at Cantorbun aud was buried Ip the cathedral, In tsg DUNTON, JUUN. a noted London book seller, was born at Oraffham, Huntingdon shire, in 16SS. He projected and carried ou "The Athenian Mercury," a selection from which, under tho title of "The Atheniao Oracle," in 4 vols., was reprinted. He «a. also the author of " Athcnlanl«m," coiulit. ing of numerous treatises in pruic and verte aud a curious work, entitled " Uuntoni Life and Errors." Died, 1733. "* DUPATY, CHABLB8. French sculptor born at Bordoaux, 1771, his father beloi president of the parliament of Uordetui He studied seven years at Uonio, and tftet- wards executed many beautiful worki. Died DUrtr' -...,aACOl»DAVY,Cardinsl,WM a native of Bwitserland. He was lent ui study at Paris, and there rcnounceij CalTia. ism, and attached himself to the service of Henry III., who was not slow to reirinj him. He served the Cardinal de Bourbgni short time, and then w^nt over to Heon IV., who charged him with several embaj- sies. Duperron nt length obtained the arch- bisliopricof Sens.and was created a cardinil. He assisted at the Htatcs General of 161(! He was a great admirer of M^. .ligne ud liubclais, aud was himself also author n' various works, political, contruTertlai, Ac., which fiU 8 vols, folio. Born, 13S6: died, 1618. DUFIN, Anurb Mabib jkan jacqoii, the distinguished Frepch Jurist and ttatei- man, was born at Yarzy, in the denartmcDi of the Nidvre. in 178'i. Ho was the ion of an eminent lawyer who was a member of the liegislutive Assembly of 1791-92, and narrowly escaped the guillotine in the Uelfi of Terror. He was familiarly known u " Dupiu I'ainti," being the eldest of three brothers, all of whom obtained diatlnctiosi and of whose mother it is related that ibe desired no other epitaph than this— "mo. ther of the three Dupins." Andri «ii brought up to the law, studied at the Act- d^mie de Legislation at Paris, and wa« called to the bar in ItiO'i. Very early in bii career he excited the suspicion and anger of tke First Consul by a passage in one of hit ele- mentary wc'ks on law, and the book wu suppressed. He rose to high reputation ii his profession, and in 1811 was named mem- ber of the commif.siou appointed for the classification of the laws of the empire. Ii May, 1615, he was elected deputy to tbe Chamber of IieprescDvativc8,and with greit firmness and Independence resisted the lut efforts of Napoleon and his adherents to sare the empire. He supported the reatoratioa, but was soon driven by the folllci til tyranny of the government to become iU stout and persistent opponent. His greatett reputation as advocate was won ia thou days when he was the lealous and power- ful deiiendvr of thg frc ^dom of tbe preu, aid of thfi adherents of tbe fallen dynsity wlio were suhiected to prosecution. He took part with" the two Berrypri in the UBfui^ji of Harihal Key; defended Wilion and Ui % iftttD an(i)er>Bl 19io8rapl)D. citteii who aided the escape of Lara- itta; and amongst other! General Havar/, « Prude, .ind tnn popular poet HArauger. penf his most celebruted efforti wat the Ccce«»ful defence of tho Journal dti DibaU, I |gj9. He remained a popular leader Iroughout the reign of Charles X. ; wai le vlK'-rous opponent of the Pollgnao nUn- krv and dUclnctly declared th.-^ illRgality f the famous ordinances of July, 1830, the tameditte occasion of the revolution. In |e measures fur the elevation of Louli Phl- Ipe, duke of Urieaus, to the throne, he Zo\ sn Influential part; and tho king, Kiose consulting lawyer he had been since »0,rcwurdrd him with the appointment of locurcur-(Jinai>c>«>;nn " " AnficalvDie. nC, are 'admirabier The'Natlonai GaUery con- [dor b'UK] ilni but ona palntinv of Durer, k '< por- •It of a Senator." Albert DUrer waa a lend of Mslancthon, and embraced the ifomied faith. I(o wu* author of aoreral lorkt on fortlHcatlon, niatlioiimtlra, htimpn iportlon, *c. Dlod at NUriibcrK, Apr.l \m. The dorrowi of hli married life irm the lubject of Hchefor'i charming id pathetic tale, "The Artist's Married Ifc." D'UKPEY.TnoM A«, a facetious poet, once \gMj popular, bat now furitutton, was le ion of a French refugee, and bom at xctrr In 1628. Ho nbanduned the study of le lair for the life of a dramutlit, nnd was ithor of about 'M conicdlcH, all of which iTfi JuDtly become obsolete from their llcen- iuinc«9. He was also a writer of songs nn^t nj lyrlci, which were printed In 6 vols , ider the title of " Pills to purge Melan- ily;" and being the boon com,iiirJ3n i>f .jrlcill.ihli society was courted bj the Ittjr and profligate frequenters of his cour;. ■•d, 1723. JUHHAM, JOHN OEORuk LAHBTON, irl of, was the eldest s( i . I '/ H. Lamb- , Esq., uf Lambton Castle, M.P. for the T of Durham, by Lady Anne VllUers, jjfhtcr of the earl of Jersey. He was iintcd at Eton, served in the 10th hussars, ' at the age of 20 married Miss Harriet jlmondDlcy, by whom he had three ghters, nil now deceased. In 18IS this ly died ; and in the following year ho nod a matrimonial alliance with Lady ilsa Klizaboth, the second daughter of rl Crcy. During the whole of his par- nentary career he denounced Tory Influ- !e, and steadily adhered to the doctrine [reform m originally propounded by his Me father-in-low ; but in 1827 we find a supporter of Mr Canning's ministry, _ on the dissolution of Lord Goderich's linet, In 1828, he was raised to the peer- by the title of Baron Durham. On the intlon of Earl Grey's government In , ho became a member of the cabinet ird privy seal ; and to him is mainly al- lied the great extent and liberality of reform bill, and its eventual triumph. was now hailed as the great leader of moTement party, and became n popular 1; his presence was eagerly solicited at IhD great radical meetings, and his ad- !rs were on tip-too in the expectation he would be raised to the head of public T». In 1838 his lordship went to Bussia ibassadcr, and remained there till the ifi ' f 1837, when he returned to Eng- u 'V .iC following year he went out ■ 1 neral to C( nd ., Intrusted •■• nary poweia, but finding floi . vported as he expected by the itry, he returned homo the same year •posite have been the sentiments with ,!»!•« If °"r'>a">'« general policy and di nZn?',?'.'' ^'-tesman.that to a I disposed to be imp.'.nial it is difficult "n a correct opinion of them ; but we that we may safely reiterate the fol- encomium on him:-" From his first irauce on the field of politics^ the last >n evur thoueht of iv^n " „° iJl- 1*^ ude and determined adherence'tS his % jftitn mibttnal Ifliogrnpi^p. [dU8 Mom, April la, conscientious convictions.' 1793; died, July -IH, |H4o ^ALUERWOOU, was bom at Largo In Plf«. .tr;;f ihrzyaVi ^H'T£ ,""•""«. Lieut. Durham thr*owoVhi?c^" "Id plunged l«to the water, where he wJa .elzid by a drowning marine bv whrm, h« w«, twice carried do,?n ; on rlsing\ro °?ond finm' fhl '"<;^"«'1«<» 'n extrlcatfng iSl, fc l*^ «»y'n» man's grasp by tearing oiT his waistcoat, and he, with one of Ue Va men, was eventually saved hv selXc, thi whYch'the?"* "'s «|'«n'top;j;„:?.ta5;by wh nni-^K^ reached the mast-head, fi-om wa7waTh^drn^*hor?a%o^ZigraK'wa'rl^ how ^•i^Y'V""" »"^ whKe had'cTght J?""'' o'l-'out. Durham so firmly twisted fh^"n ^'" """• ^""^t » pencil calo, brari„B Dockeri'n"d""/''. '"'V"'"' ^«» found in SI pocket, and restored to the owner When po «ry .ecuri'?v'"\?/*r'^"'* * P'" «=« »' t'"^ i«)rory lecurlty, he observed the cantain £sfll°v»"r^H''°''*'"» ."y »»'« weather X^l n«^ ^l:^"'?"""' ""'• •<"" « t.oat to his aid- and these two wore the only oflBcers saved Boon after this event he wa. ap"Sd let ir*U' k"*,?""* »' ^^^ Union, 98, at the relief of Gibraltar by Lord Howe; and aftej va ent ififn H?''"^"''' *« ^"'•'h his .ervlce. well entitled him, he commanded the Defence of ?8of"hVf*,*\' *"»"'« of Trafalgar, Oct '2^1 1808; but. In fact, ho was almost continu. ousiy employed from 1780 to 1815. when the West^"n^'"'^'""', ""» *»>« wa^ed in hi West Indies struck to him. He was mnSo ylcc-admiral in 1819. anS^ ft,n almlrS in 1820. His last service was that of com mander-in-chief at Portsmouth, which pSSi he resigned in 1839. sir Phil p was MP fS ima'' nP'?"?'* ?? 1830, and for De"i« DUROC, Michel, duke of rrinll and marshal of France, was born in 1772 and en tercd the army In 1792. Being subseouent?* appointed aide-de-camp trsVonapane he accompanied him to Egypt, where he emi nenUy distinguished himself^d was severe-' ly wounded by the bursting of a howitler ?«M*W"™""'"^ °f "'•' imperial com?^ Si"® ^5' "®'»**"* grand-marshal of the palace; and was afterwards employed In ft f/l^„**" "'"'on", though he still ?ook hi" France tin'tr/^""** ^^IT *" ^he wars of i^rance, till the time of his death, which happened at the battle of Wurtzchcn in isia N«Poleon, Who wag firmly attached to Duroc wept over him on his death-bed ; and perhaM he never had to lament the loss ofTm"?' "t^tJo aS'^"!"*" " "raver soldier. DUBART. CORNELIUS, a Dutch painter. 99S Ij it: I.! li I !i i II ous] ^ JtffD Stnfbersal ISio^rap^p. who excelled in tavern ncenes, revelry, &c., was the disciple of Adrian Ostade. Born, leeS; died, 1704. DU8SEK, JOHANN Luowio, an eminent musical composer, was born at Czaslan, in Bohemia, in 1762, and studied at Hamburg, under the famous Enianuel Bach. From the north of Kurope he went to France, bat be- ing compelled to leave that country during the revolution, he came to London in 1796, and, in conjunction with Corri, opened a musical cstabiishmeit. In 1799 he returned to the coniinent, and died in 1812. DUTEN8, LOUIS, miscellaneous writer, w^s borr nt Tours in 1730. He becp.me secre- tary and chaplain to the British minister at Turin, who left him there, on his return to England, ischarg^-d'affaires. He afterwards obtcined the living of Elci'.on, in Northum- berland, became F.R *"., and died in London, 1812. His principal works are, " Hecherches 8ur rorigine des D6couverteb • tributes aux Modernes," "Des Pierres Pr4- uses et des Pierres Fines," "M^moires A<-. Voya- geur qui se Repose," and a good edition of the works of Leibnitz. DUTENS, JOSEPH MlCHEi,, French en- gineer and political economist, was born nt Tours in 1769. He visited England on a government mission in 1818, to investigate the canal system and other public works, and published soon after " Memoirs on the Public "Works of England." His most Im- povtant work "le '' Philosophic del'Eco- nomie Politique," which appeared in 1835. He wrote several other treatises, was ad- mitted to the Academy of Sciences, and died, 1848. UUTROCHET, BENfi JOACHIM HENRI, French physician and natural philosopher, was born in 1776. He studied at Paris, and became physician to Joseph Buonaparte on his accession to the thirone of Spain. He soon, however, returned to France and de- voted himself to physiological and kindred studies. His most celebrated researches are those on the passage of fluids through a membrane. He published "Nouvelies He- cherches sur I'Endosmose et I'Exosmose," and " M4molres pour servlr A I'Histoire Ana- tomlque et Physiologiqne des V^g^taux et des Animaux." Died at Paris, 1847. DUVAIi, whose real name was VAliEN- TINE JaMerai, the son of a peasant, was born at Artonay, in Champagne, in 1695. Being left an orphan at the age of 10, he was employed as a shepherd's boy, and un ■ derwent great privations ; but at 18, he be- came keeper of the cattle belonging to the hermits of St Anne, near Luneville, and by one of that fraternity he was taught to read. Thenceforth he displayed an earnest desire for acquiring knowledge; and being dis- covered by two noblemen while he was studying geography under a tret, with his maps stretched out before him, they were so pleased with his conversation, that they in- troduced him to the duke of Lorraine, who sent him to college, afterwards made him his librarian, and eventually procured him the situation of keeper of the books and iiiudttitt of the imperial cabinet of Vieuna. He published several learned works on coins, and died in 1775. DUVERNEY, JOSEPH GVICHARdT«I!] brftted French am tomlst, was bom t' pon in 1648; appointed professor of an- Jm, the Jardin du Roi in 1679, and died in l'^ He was the author of a celebrated " TnlS del'OrganedsrOuVe," which wasft'coue^ii reprinted and translated into several ,1 guages. He wrote also other wrtki iCI trative of the science he profecsei? " D WIGHT, Timothy, an American dlTi..i of great reputation both as a pulnit om7« and a writer, was bom in Massr.chusetti b 1752 ; became president of Yale Cc11p». i 1795; and died in 1817. His "S/»tem Theology," once regarded as a work of « ' merit, has been frequently reprinted DYCB, WiLliAM, the distinguished l™ toric^ painter, was bom at Aberdppn uS 1806. He studied at Marisc ai Collew , I thence passed to the schools of the RotT Scottish Academy. He at first painted wS traits, but after twice visiting Italy he till plied himself to the higher forms of hlurt and showed the fruits of his study and ad miration of both German and French hiJ torical painters. He was named st^erin tendent of the new Schools of Deslen aJ held that oflice three years. He contrib'ntel greatly both as painter and teacher to foitn an intelligent interest in frtsco-palntiM and he was employed to paint some frtscoSl in Buckingham Palace, and at Osbcnie His most important works are the seriesofi frescoes from the Life of Christ in All Saintji Church, Margaret Street, and the unflniiheill series in the Palace at "Westminster, ffii "Baptism of Ethelbert," in the Housed Lords, is considered one of his best workij Dyce was admitted A.R.A. in 184J,and E.i three years later. He subsequently paintei in the manner of the school known as Pre- Raphaelite, and among his pieces in that style are the scenes from the Lives of Titiu and George Herbert, and several sulijecti from Gacred history. Among his cabimtl and gallery pictures are a " Madonna aiil Child," the "^Meeting of Jacob and Rachel,"] " Joash shooting the arrow of deUverance; " King Lear and the Fool," &c. Mr Dj«| was especially an educated painter, but ht was also a very learned ecciesiasticil atJI theological scholar, an accomplished m slcian, and an able writer. Died in Febm- ary, 1864. DYER, Sir ED"WAaD, a poet of the Eli; bethan age, was bom about 1540, and edi- cated at Oxford. He received many prool| of the royal favour after he had returni from his travels, being employed in yarioi embassies by the queen, who conferred ( him the chancellorship of the Garter in 1» His poetical pieces consist chiefly of pastoi odes and madrigals. DYER, George, a classical scholar ul miscellaneous writer, whose long life literary toil may be depicted by quotii from the Gentleman's Magazine the fol- lowing mournful record : " The greaii ' labour of his life was the share he had the production of "Valpy's edition of thi classics in 141 vo'':me8, being a combinatii of the Delphin, Bipont, and Tariuium i tlons. "With the exception of the prefi Dyer contributed all that tcai original in m Mtto tsinimsiHi momp^v. milt work, upon which he was engaged ft-om the year 1819 to 1330 ! He had icarcely com- pleted thii work when hit eyesight gave way, and shortly afterwards left him in total blind- ness." The writer adds (and let m» not grudge the space which the unaffected tribute occu- pies), "The memory of George Dyer win be ever cherished by his friends as of one who passed through the world without having contracted one blemish of worldllncss ; his (juileless simplicity endeared him especially to his friend Charles Lamb, who would often, indscd, ir.duJgc his humorous vein at tho ex- pense of one whom he knew to bo of invul- nerable innocency,but who hasy also declared [ebe familiar to the public a character which, for integrity and single-heartedness, he has long been accustomed to rank among the best patterns of his species." Mr Dyer was born in 17SS; received his education at Christ's Hospital and Emanuel College, Cambridge ; and died in 1841, aged 85. His writings are Taricd and numerous; historical, poetical, classical, and political ; amongst them his " History of the Univerjity and Colleges of Cambridge," 2 vols., and the "The Privi- leges of the University of Cambridge," &c., 2 vols., are the most important. DYER, Sir JAMES, chief justice of the Common Pleas, and speaker of the House of Commons, was born in 1512, and died in 1581. Dyer's " Reports " are still highly valued by the profession. DYER, John, a poet of considerable re- putation, was born at Aberglasney, Caer- martbenshire, In 1700, and educated at V^estminster School. He was intended for the law, which lie abandoned for painting hoL^ov "T"*"^ i'* excellence as an artUt! he took orders, and obtained some respectable church preferment. In 1727 he published his poem of " Grongar Hin," which met ♦T .?J*A"/^* success. He then made the tour of Italy, where, besides the usual studv he often spent whole days sketchinir In the ?W.'7-,"^*"'i^'""« «"•» Florence and thence derived the hints for the beautiful landscapes depicted in his two subsequent poetns. These are entitled "The Ruins of Rome" and "The Fleece." His ptetry h n^^:i ^ "^f'f Imagination, and'^com^ hat, In doin,- so.it was his ambition to m^e binesgr.n 3aIU? wfth° h',/"** """"Z familiar to the.public a character which, for senUmfntsV' bfneSn^'^!:."l^..r5'"4«* died In 1758 benevolence and virtue. He DYMOND, J0NAT.rA.N,an English moral- ist, was born at Exeter in 1796. He was a H.Tnf.f the Society of Friends, and car- ried on the business of a draper. He wrote »?.! ll"^^"'? ^^^ Principles of Morality, and on the Private and Political Rights and Obligations of Mankind," in which he rea- n^« w , ♦m'J''*' ^°.°<* ««"^e "nd earnestness mniiiL^^^'y ^^"^ expediency as bases of ^Z^il'fV"^ maintains that its real found- ation is the will of God ns made known through the Bible. This Essay appearedlS IZ?}"- ^^?>' '" }^-^' ""d has parsed throuRh many editions both in England and America. It was reviewed by Southcy in the Quarterly futhn^;.^"- .f T^'^^^'"- Dymond was also au«^or of an Inquiry into the Accordancy mZ^mi Principles of Christianity;" E. EADMER, a learned British monk and lliistorian who lived In the Uth and 12th I centuries. He was the friend of Anselm, I archbishop of Canterbury, and was chosen I to tlie see of St Andrews, but refused it in I consequence of tiiu' Scottish king's objection Itorecognizepre-emincnceonthepart of the larclibishop of Canterbury over the Scottish Ibisliop. The most important work of End- Imcr is his " Historia Novorum," a history I of England between the years 1066 and 1122 I Ho wrote also Lives of St Anselm, St Dun- |stan,StAVilfrcd,&c. I EARLE, JOHN, an English prelate, was Iborn at York, and entered of Merton College ipxford, in 1620. Ho became chaplain and llutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and suf- ireredmuch in the civil war. At the restora- It tin he was made dean of Westminster and Iblshop of Worcester, from which see he was jtranslated to Salisbury in Iflfi.?. Dr Ear!? JBMiiieauttiorof an ingenious work, entitled ■ Microcosmography;or,aPieceof the World WKovered, in Essays and Characters." He also translated the Icon Basilike into latin. ■KJlCdy 166S* EARLOM, Richard, a aiezzotinto en- graver, who lived in the latter half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. His taste for design is said to have been ex- cited by inspecting the ornaments on the lord mayor's coach, which had been painted by Cipriani. He was employed by Boydell to make drawings from the celebrated col- lection of pictures at Houghton, which he afterwards engraved in mezzotinto— an art in which he was his own instructor. He a so engraved and published two volumes of plates from Claude's Liber Verita'is ; several fine flower-pieces from Van Huysum ; a tiger hunt, ai. J other subjects, from Zoffany, &c. EHELING, CHRISTOPH DANiKi,, a dis- tinguished geographer, was born in 1741 ; .psanr o, history at Hamburg, as well asUiat of city librarian. He made himself known by an extensive work on the history and geography of the United States. 295 L! EHKUHARI), JOHANN AuouHT, Oprmnn plilloiioplicr, born nt Halberstadt in 17;t». Ho studipd nt Halle, and ontorod the church, but hia advance wiis hindered by Rusplclons of his orthodoxy. The Influence of Frederick the Orcnt procured him the post of preacher at Charlottenburg. He afterwards became profeosor an Halle, and for some time distin- guished himself by l;i» opposition to the phi- losophy of Kant. Klierhard was a follower of Leibnitz. His philosopliiciU works are a " Neue ApoloRle des Sokrutes," " Thcorlo dos Denkensuiid Kinpflndons," "Sittcniehrc dcrVernunft," "Tlieoriedcr'gchUnonKilnste und ■\Vissenschaften," &c. Ho was also au- thor of a valuable dictionary of synonyms, " Versuch einer AllRomeinen Dcutschen 8y- nonymik," and contributed numerous papers to poriodiciil literature. Ho was a privy councillor of the klnj? of Prussia, and a mem- ber of the Academy of Derlin. Died, 1809. KCHAUl), L.vi'UENCK, an EnBlisU divine and hist(>rian,wasborn about 1670; received his education at CiimbridKC; became arch- deacon of Stowe.and obtained some valuable livings in hisnativo county, Suffolk. He was a very voluminous writer; " Tlio llomnn History," " A Oenernl Ecclesiastical His- tory," and a " History of England," were the most prominent of his works They are now forKotten. Died, 1730. KCKH AIM),, Ton ANN FiuEDRicn, a learn- ed and voluminous writer on philology and bibliojfraphy, was director and librarian of the colip«e of Eisenach; born In Saxony in 172.3, and died in 17!)l. f ECKHAUD, JOIIANN GEOUO, antiquary and historian, was born In the duchy of Krunswick, in 1074, and brought up a Pro- testant, but abjuring his religion, ho was made historioffrnpher and keeper of the ar- chives at Wnrzburg. His principal works are, " Corpus Histor. Medii vKvi,"'' Origines Hiibsburgo - Au8trliica>," " Commentarii do rebus Francia> Oricntalis," &c. Died, 1730. ECKHEI,, JosKPU Hilary, one of the mostdietingnished numismatists of uiodorn times, was born in Austria, 1737. Ho entered the order of Jesuits nt an early age, and after visiting Italy he obtained the postof director of the Imperial Cabinet of Medals, Vienna. His fame vests chiefly on his great work entitled " Doctrina Numorum Vetcrum," which appeared, in 8 vols., between 1792 and 1798. Its fullness of information, excellence of plan and of style, gave it at once a very high place amongst works of its class. Eck- hel wrote many other works on his favourite subject, among which are " Numi Veteres Anecdoti ex Musncis," his flrst work ; a cata- logue of ancient coins in the Imperial Mu- seum, Vienna ; " Clroix de Pierrcs Gravies du Cabinet Imperial des Antiques." &c. Died, 1798. ' ECLUSE. rcLusiua.] EDKIilNCK, Geraui), an eminent" en- graver, born at Antwerp, in 1049, was patron- ized by Louis XIV. of France, and executed many great works from historical subjects, as well as the portraits of distinguished cha- racters. Died, 1707. EDGAR, kIngofEnffland. was the Toiinirpr of the two sons of Edmund I. During the reign of his brother i;dwy he was chosen king of Mercia and Northumbria. and .nT ceedcd Edwy In 088. Ho recoiled ihinntl' made him bishop of Worcester, of Lond"' and, on the death of Odo, nrchblsboo of rl' terbury, and gave himself up to hisdircctlon 1 he reign of Edgar was peaceful, the North men making no descents on England n», haps In consequence of the liirRe'C kept up by the king. Monnsterics wcroT stored, and many new ones built; the inar ried clergy expelled, and chuwh now,: raised to a higher point than before wllk made Edgar a favourite und got him'aBooH name with monkish historians. His chnZ ter was nevertheless feeble, selfish, and Z sual. Edgar wns not crowned till 073 a.rf the same year took place the stately 'et,^ moninl on the Dee.whcnsix or elRht sublet kings ni.ondcd him. Edgar Is said to hay. Imposed on the Welsh an annual tribute !,? 300 wolves' heads, instead of a moncv tn. Died,07«. Ho left two sous, Edward snH Ethelrod, who both succeeded to the crown EDGAll ATHELING.or Prince EDoIn' son of Edward Athcllng, also called EL'WARn THE OUTLAW, and grandson of Edmund Ironside, was probably born In Huneanr whither his father and uncle, then children had been sent after the accession of Cnnutp He camo to England with his father in lOST but though he was rightful heirtothctlirone on the death of Edward the Confessor hli claims were passed over. After the fnl'l nf Harold at the battle of Hastings, he wasac tually proclaimed king nt London, and an- pears to have been recognized for some time as such ; but he was of a feeble temper and was one of the flrst to profess submission to the Conqueror, whom in the next year lie followed into Normandy. In 10(i8 he waiin Scotland, and his sister Margaret was mar- ried not long after to King Malcolm. He took part in the invasion of England and the storming of Yorr. Castle in 1069, and was induced on several occasions subsenuenily to make rash attetupts of a similar kind, fol- lowed by formal reconciliation with William. In 1086 he went to Italy, and is said to have Joined the Norman bands there. In 1098 his nephew Edgar, with his aid, wns raised to the Scottish throne. In the civil war between Henry I. and his brother Robert, duke of Normandy, Edgar joined the latter, and was captured by Henry at the battle of Tinchebral In 1106. The year of his death is unknown. EDGEWORTH, RICHARI) LovF.Lt, of Edgeworthtown, Ireland, was born nt Bath, in 1744, ond completed his studies nt Oxford. Heing possessed of a good fortune, he devotod much of his time to agricultural improve- ments, as well as to the amelioration of the existing modes of education, by writinjf.in conjunction with his highly gifted daughter, many useful works. He also wrote his own Memoirs ;" and among his various me- chanical inventions was a telegraph. Died, 1817. EDGEWORTH, MARIA, the celebrated Irish novelist, whose works have had great influence In promoting the cause of educa- tion, was bom in ll-^rUa'-.*"'^ *r. i^fiP ^hft wos the daughter of Richard Lovell Edge- worth above-noticed, and was 12 yean old before she ' home. She com thoress about 18( cITortsshe wnsgi The famous " 1; joint production wns published it rent "abounds In life and ninnncrs, nnd novels are ( published lior " I two years nfterw in 2 vols. In I "Tnlcsof Fnshioi orful and varied CI productions. Thn able Talcs " apper tnincd the high attained. In 1814 in 4 vols., was p show the miserlci encc on the great ncrs nnd chnrnctt usu;il vigour and i two talcs, named mond;" the inter being the removal talncd by many ag Is an Irish story. published a work '"Uosamond," a .sei which had been pr tales for the your vols, of similar tt I " Harriet and Luc lofthatcourseof m( I ful renders on whii I entered, and iniwhi I Miss Edge worth's I novel entitled "He |inlS34. It is not ii I works, liesidcs tl I she also wrote " ■ "Frank," "Garry I resseux," "Little r I" Moral Tales," "Pt ItronaRcnndComicI land fertility of in^ I depicting Irish mar I modern authors, arc I as a novelist. Sir \ I she lived in the cU I knowledged that to J character nnd man I a great measure, for I r'The rich humour, ] lodmirablc tact" of h Ideclared, led him fli Ithiiif? might he atter Itryofthe same kin( lEdjfcworth was high; Iby all who knew her Iwith society, she w ■•greeable. But she 1 len active part in li lliteriiture of which f Ian ornament, her liii Itranquillityatthufat Itown. Died, 1849, EDOEWORTH T) lEsSKX, confessor to ^t Edgeworthtown, father, who was a Pr< wmB a Catholic, and 1 ^i ElAJJ old before «ho wn» tiikcn to her paternal home. She commenced her carcnr an an ou- tlioreM nboiit 1800 : and In her early literary efforts she was ((reotly assisted by her father. The famous " Essay on Irish Mulln," the Joint production of herself nnd licr father, was published in 1801. Her " Castlo Hack- rent " obounds In admirablo sketches of Irish life nnd ninnnors, for which most of her talcs nnd novels are distinguished. In IHOi she published hor " Popular Tales," 3 vols. ; and two years afterwards, " Leonora," a novel In 2 vols. In 1809 she issued 3 vols, of " Tnlcs of FoshionaWo Life," of a inoro pow- erful and varied cost than any of hor previous productions. Three other vols, of" Fashion- able Tales " appeared In 18ia, and fully sus- tained the hlt,'h reputation which she had attained. In 18U her novel of " Patronage," In 4 vols., was published. Its object is to ihow the miseries resulting from u depend- ence on the great, and she paints the man- ners nnd characters of high life with licr U8u;il vigour and fidelity. In 1817 appeared two tales, named "Harrington" and " Or- mond;" the Intention of the first of these being the removal of the prejudices enter- tained by many against the Jews ; the other Is an Irish story. In 1822, Miss Kdgcworth ^*jM^*u*wiiiu«raai S0!0grnpi)Q. [edm o .... ...w.. ...... ^ . ... .V..., ^...1,., -..^.O^ T*U1 1,11 published a work of adlfl"crent kind, namely, '' llosnmond," a .sequel to " Karly Lessons," which had been previously published, being talcs for the young. In 1825 she Issued 4 vols, of similar talcs, under the title of " Harriet and Lucy/' being a continuation of that course of moral Instruction for youth- ful renders on which she had so successfully entered, and iniwhich she had so few equals. Miss Edge worth's last work of fiction, a novel entitled " Helen," in 3 vols., appeared In 1834. It Is not inferior to any of her other works, liesldcs those already mentioned (he also wrote "The Modern Orlselda," "Frank," " Garry Owen,"" Laurent le Pa- rMseux," "Little Plays for Young People " "Moral Tales," "Parent's Assistant," "Pa- fronaRC and Comic Dramas," &c. Originality nnd fertility of invention, and a power of depicting Irish manners, unequalled among modern authors, are her chief chaiactcristics as a novelist. Sir Walter Scott, with whom slie lived In the closest friendship, has ac- knowledged that to her descriptions of Irish chnraetcr and manners we are indebted. In a great measure, for the " Waverlcy Novels." "The rich humour, pathetic tenderness, niid admirable tact" of her Irish delineations, he declared, led him first to think that some- tliiiii? miglit be attempted for his own coun- try of the same kind. In private life. Miss ^Edjfcworth was highly beloved nnd respected jbyall whoknew her ; and. In her intercourse with society, she was most iinnflfocted and agreeable. But she had long ceased to take en active part in life, or in the world of UtCMtiire of which she was once so bright an ornament, her last years being passed in ranquillity at the family seat at Edge worth- Koffn. Died, 18i9. EDOEWOUTH I)K FIlllMONT. IIKNUT ItssEx, confessor tn TquIs X^t . born ■|i Edgeworthtown, Ireland', 'in'iu'i. hYs amfi n.°v. 'I?' ^ ^'■•"<'«"'"' clergy man, bo- wme a Cathohc, and went with his family to !• ranee, where Henry was cducotcd. Bcinir devoted to the cause of royalty, ho offered personally to attend the king to ho plwe of execution ascended the scaffold wUh him and exclaimed, as the axe fell," Son of Saint Louis ascend to heaven 1 " He succeeded in Pitt, In the name of the king, offered him a pension, which ho declined He followed Louis XVI n. to niankenburg. In Mrun.wrck ""l n M?m« -JSl"".''.' *""'"'° died "^807: . 1'"MUND,|8t, king of the Host Anglei ftonr. 8fia to 870. He Ti .aid to havo been distingu shed for Justice and piety In 870 he was defeated and taken prisoner by the Danes, who caused him to bo fastened to a tree,and to bo shot to death with arrows His head was cut off, and his remains were St EdmuSds *''"''*' '"""®'* **"*"■ '**"' '*'"■>' JMlward the Elder, succeeded his brother ^. 1 rSmhr !! °*\ "" "V"''"'''* Northumbrfl and Cumbria, and was almost constantly en- paged in war with the Danes settled in Eng- M l^i' k"° *"' ''"''^'' '" »<«. >^''"c nt a ban- quet, by an outlaw named Liofa , who entered among the guests, and provoked the k"iig?o a personal attack upon him. * EDMUND II., Eurnamcd IRONSIBR. on a™"?'**'' ""•""Kth. or perhaps from' the armour ho wore, was the son of Ethelred in'i«H"K^''r"«''«ll° 101«i but being op-' ?rown Jifh"'.'?'"' ^t" "f*""'^ *° Share the luly K^*i^ 'J'""- I-ondon was twice be- sieged by the Danes in his reign, and many $»"'o«7ejo fouRht, Edmund being finally defeated at Assandun. After a reign of nine months only, he is said to have been trea chcrously murdered, in 1017. EDMUND KICK, 8T, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born at Abingdon about the closeof the 12th century. His mother, Mabel was remarkable for her ascetic piety-her fasts, vigils, hair chemise, and stays of Iron • and she so ordered her house that her hus- band preferred a monastery. Edmund was sent to school nt Oxford, and while there made a vow of celibacy and wedded the Vir- gin Mary. He next studied at Paris, whence * v.^"^ '^""''^ *° •»'* mother's death-bed' at Abingdon : and after a period of retleemcnt. lecamo a teacher at Oxford. He was one of the Illustrious men who aimed to restore the university to prosperity and honour, and is said to have had Grossteste and Kobert Uacon among his pupils. About 1222 he was named treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral, where he gained esteem by his earnestness as a preacher, his hospitality andalmsdeeds. In U.>7 he took part In preaching the cru- sade ; and in 1233, while rector of Calne, he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury It was then a position of great dIflBculty, and Edmund attached himself nnd consistently ^r.!o^'''^f /° l^" popular pa<:ty, as distin- guished from the parties of the court and the ''"J'.^v ?® presided at two councils in 1234, Which by solemn remonstrance and threat of excommunication compelled the king xxeiiry III., to dismiss his foreign ministers and favourites: and he soon after negotiated a peace with Llewellyn, prince of Wales, me archbishop continued his ascetic habits, ' i I :l M' M7 (Ml 'illlillli it i'l litll : i t M< i\i DDR] H i^tD ^niiiersal 13iograp{)tj. yet indulged In the pleasure of female so- ciety, even allowing himself a " platonio affection " for a nun, who was his ward. In January, "1236, he was visited by the king, whose marriage with Eleanor of Provence, and the coronation of ihe latter, he celebrated the same month. The authority of Edmund beingsoon after virtually superseded h that of the new legate, Cardinal Otho, and not succeeding In his attempt at refcrni of the monasteries, he visited Home In 12SC, but came back disappointed, having recelvfd only Insult and neglect from'the papal court. Two years later he retired to France, the queen, mother of Bt Louis, bringing her sons to meet him to receive his blessing. He took up his abode at the abbey of Pontigny, whence he removed for his health's sake to the priory of Soissy, and tliore died, 1240. He was canonized, after much reluctance, by Innocent IV., In 1246, and his shrine was resorted to till it was destroyed during the Fi-ench revolution. EURED, king of England, was son of Ed- ward I., named the Elder, and succeeded his brother Edmund in 946. He suppressed a revolt of the Northumbrians, received from them oaths of fidelity which they imme- diately broke, and again subdued them. Edred was of feeble health, and inclined to an ascetic life. He had for chief adviser during the latter part of his reign the cele- brated Dunstan. Died, 955. EDRIDOB, HENRY, an eminentlandscape and miniature painter, was born at Padding- ton, in 1768. Tils earlier portraits are prin- cipally drawn on paper, with black lead and Indian ink: but in later years he produced an immense number of elaborately finished pictures, in which were combined the depth and richness of oil-paintings with the free- dom of water-colour drawings. Died, 1821. EDRISI, Abu Abdai.lah Mohammed BEN MOHAMMED, a descendant of the African princes of the race of Edrls, was born in Spain in 1099, and settled at the court of Roger, king of Sicily ; for whom he made, about 1160, an immense terrestrial globe of silver, and wrote In Arabic a geographical work to explain it. EDWARD THE ELDER, son nt Alfred the Great, sxiceeeded his father in 901. His suc- cession was disputed by his cousin, Ethel- wald the Atheling, who obtained the help of the Danes. The conflict ended with the death of Ethelwald in battle in 905. But Edward stili carried on war with the Danes, and Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia were subdued by him ; and he extended his dominions by conquests in Scotland and "Wales. Died, 925. EDWARD THE Martyr, son of Edgar, king of England, was born in 962,and crown- ed in 975. He was murdered by order of his stepmother Elf^ida, at Corfe Castle, after a reign of three years. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, king of Eng- land, was the son of Ethelred, and suc- ceeded Hardicanute in 1042. He had been brought up In Normandy, and there lived till he was called to the throne. Through- out his reign the chief power was In the hands of the great Earl Godwin, whose daughter Edgitha he married. He restored Malcolm to the throne of Scotland, which had been usurped by Macbeth. He canaed the Raxon laws to be revised, amended formed into one body, and translated into Latin; hence they were called his lam He consulted William of Normondy about the choice of a successor, which furnished that prince with a plea for Invading tlie kingdom after the death of Edward, which happened in Jan., 1066. EDWARD I. (LON08HANK8), king of England, eldest son of Henry III. and hli queen, Eleanor of Provence, was bom in 1239. At ten years of age he was named governor of Oascony, and married in 1251 tne Princess Eleanor of Castile. He took t prsminent part In state affairs during the latter part of his father's reign, and showed that ability, quick energy, and decision of character which distinguished him through- out his reign. In the barons' war, which began In 1261, he had generally the conduct of the royal forces ; was defeated and taken prisoner by De Montfort, at Lewes, in 1264 ■ escaped the next year, and defeated De Montfort at Evesham, thus securing the liberty of his father, and ended the war bj the reduction of the Isle of Ely in 1267. He soon after took the cross, and set out to Join St Louis In the crusade, but did not arrive in the Holy Land till 1271, After various successes, and a narrow escape from assawin- ation— his wife, it Is said, sucking the poi- son from his arm— he set out on his return, arriving in England In August, 1274, He had been proclaimed king on the Jeath of his father nearly two years previously, and was crowned with his queen soon after hit arrival. War filled up the greater part of his reign. The principal events are the con- quest of Wales and the wars with Scotland. Llewellyn, prince of ATales, refusing to at- tend the English parliament and do homage, was defeated by Edward in 1277 ; and having again revolted, was again defeated, and at last slain, in 1282. Edward built many castles in Wales, and settled the goveni- ment by the statute of Rhuddlan. He treated the Jews with great cruelty and in- justice, hung hundreds of them on a charge of clipping the coin, and in 1290 banished them. In 1291 the numerous competitors for the crown of Scotland submitted their claims to Edward's decision, which was in favour of John Baliol. Baliol did homage to Edward, and was made to feel his depend- ence too keenly ; so that war soon brolsei out between the two kingdoms. Then came; the terrible devastation of Scotland, tcm-! porary submission, insurrection of Wallace, ! his victory of Stirling, his defeat at Falkirk,! numerous invasions and truces, capture and • execution of the great patriot leader, fresh revolt and coronation of Robert Bruce in 1306, and a final expedition against the Scots In the following year, which was cut short by the death of Edward at Burgh-on- the-sands nearCnrlisle, 7th July, 1307. Very great and important legislative changes took place in this reign Edward left, by his first wife, four sons and nine daughters; and by his second, Margaret of France, two sons and one dangbter. EDWARD XL, king of England, was the EDW] ion of the preceding, and born at Caernarron. He gueceeded his father In 1307, and wa« governed by his farourltes, Oavcston and the Spencers, which occasioned the barons to rise against him. After resigning his crown, he was confined in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, where he was traitorously murdered by the contrivance of his queen, IsaDella, and her favourite, Roger Mortimer earl of March, in 1328. His deposition took place in 1327. EDWARD HI., king of England, eldest son of Edward IT, and Isabella of Fmnce was born at Windsor in 1312, and succeedet/ to the throne, on the deposition of his father in 1327. Although a regency was appointed! the chief power was held by the queen and her paramour, Koger Mortimer, earl of March. In 1328 Edward was married to Philippa, daughter of William III., count of Holland and Hainault, and two years later he assumed the government, had Mortimer seized and hanged, and imprisoned Queen Isabella. In 1333 Edward invaded Scotland which had been nominally subjected to Eng- land by Edward fialiol; besieged Berwick and defeated the Regent at Halidon Hill' The greater war with France soon withdrew his attention (torn Scotland. He assumed the title of king of France, invaded the country from Flanders, but without any successful result, renewed the invasion in 1340, when he defeated the French fleet at Sluys, besieged Tournay, and concluded a truce. The war was renewed and another truce made in 1343, to be broken the follow- ing year. In 1348 he won the great victory of Crecy, took Calais in 1347, and concluded another truce. During Edward's absence in France the Scots Invaded England, and were defeated at Nevil's Cross, David II. beins taken prisoner. Edward aimed at the ac- quisition of Flanders, hoped to get his son Edward, the Black Prince,made earl of Flan- ders by the aid of Philip van Arteveldt and the free towns ; but Philip was murdered in an Insurrection at Ghent. In 1356 Edward the Dlack Prince, Invaded France, and gained' the victory of Poitiers, taking the French king and his son prisoners. The king was released after four years on the conclusion of the peace of Bretigny. David of Scotland was released for a heavy ransom in 1337 war broke out again with France In 1369 and in 1373 John of Gaunt marched without resistance from Calais to Bordeaux The long wars of Edward III., though almost fruitless of practical result, appear to have heen popular; and his numerous parliaments granted liberal supplies for carrying them on, gaining in return confirmations of the Great and other charters, and many valuable concessions. His victories raised the snlrit and also the fame of his country, and with the evident military power of England grew ?ii? ,." '^°PvT-f,^2, ^"^ manufactures In h .r^u ^y^W'ffe beifan his assault on the church of Rome ; the irder of the Garter wa \'irt".'hf •«'\"'l?'* J""*"" to be used In .wv ii^® ^/l\ English gold coin was itrnck. Edward died at RhPnp no" "i-H Un^'hi hV."T' "^^- ^y his" queen,'phi-' BnwA^^T? "'^J °* ""<* «^« daughters. EDWARD, prince of Wales, sumamed ^ iaetp ganiSffgal 13lograp]^o. [edw I the Black Prince, son of Edward tit ™„. born in 1330; and accompanyl^ng hU^? to France In 1346, took a leading oaftin gaining the glorious victory of C?ecy fn the year following. During his stay in France fie performed many other acts of heroism wh" '/li'^i"' '" 1356, he won the gre« »nd"hu' ^'"'""r'' ^^''«'> "« t°ok King John Sfm.oi/.'""' P'J'e""*' an'* distinguished ohwlil-'f '^r'' ^^ »''» courtesy and true Sn J I'^K," ^^^ .coPt'ves, as he had in the field by his unrivalled valour. In 1301 he married a daughter of the earl of Kent and r/hlt'Kr" 'r^^' '^'"'.«« of AqulValSe ./»♦ »u" *'• I^ordeaux then became the Jhp^l'^t" ^''^"P'nent. In 1367 he went to the assistance of Pedro the Cruel, king of &'^' «'"' ^^^ ''««« dethroned by Ws brother Henry of Trastamare. The latter !;»»//f««tcd, and Pedro re-es1abllshed? bnl t^iZ '"«* "?°" "">«• P'Jnce Edward was soon after Involved in disputes with his subjects, which occasioned the renewal of Yo^rPc^°/el'll°SrrV^l!^^r^^6r^Er ST' *", '""t '^'°^^ *•> the midst of fhe fierce struggle between the Yorkists and I'79«strians, In which he greatly diatln- lkm%\T''' "y '»"' •'""'■a^^ andUitary castrlfl^* Tf° V ^I^"*' ^'*=*"'y «^'-''- the Lan- castrians, at Northampton, in July. 1460 a?v M«?°°i"t Mortimer's Cross, InVbru- dnn' i^^Vi""^"* ^''*<='^ lie marched on Lon- don, and was proclaimed. A few weeks after at'Towton°?n^t '\'^«t«'» themltThfrd ?ime at lowton, m \orksnire. The war contl« ued with varying fortunes till 14W l„ the w^rh^?/ nf "'"■/^."'l t^'ly Elizabeth Grey, Which so disgusted the earl of Warwick foXTh^"""'^''?" klng-maker, thw he w^rio.^ Lancastrian party, and the civil EdwrrnVr""""^'"'^^- '^^"'•wick defeated Edward's forcesnear Banbury In 1469. Soon afterwards Warwick fled to France, from whence he returned with a supply of troons and proclaimed Henry. EdwarVVscaped fr/m^L"^^' '"'** Warwick released Henry buTpStl.T^'v""'* 'I^ »»'" °n the throne ; S,„L? J^^^^x'^t"''''*'* '"''th 8UCC0UJ-8, and marched to London, where he took Henry ofCr.V i^^ l'',"!:"^ ''"'"• ^<»i the battle or Barnet, in which Warwick fell. Another victory at Tewkesbury secured to him the quiet possession of the throne. Prepara tions were made for war with France, and an expedition sent, which was, however land '"rV "^Z ^'''K «"t also 'with Scot-' T r.Vo'i:.°''thIng of importance occurred In 1478 Edward had his brother, the duke of Clarence, condemned and put to death as l,f kV°'- Clarence had married Isabel, daughter of the earl of Warwick, and had ^ TJ?*^t w th him against the king. Ed- ward died in 1483, aged 41. EDWARD v., son of the preceding, whom he succeeded at the age of 12 years!"' RVch- ^r. •^I*''*^.'^'^'°"''^"«'''his uncle, took the guardianship of him and his brother Into Tlf„^"° v"'*"^!' *"•* P'^'-'^d them in the bedl*iiT48*3*"° ^ ^^ ^^" smothered in their EDWARD VI., king of England, the only ',f.4fa, II 'I' «l I- r ■• i f ri Wi Ill] IV'^I III BDW] ^ MtiD Bnitittsdii ISiograplb?. [EEC ■on of Henry VIII., by hla qneen, Jane Sey- mour, was bom at Hampton^ Court in 1937. His mother died goon after his birth. He was carefully educated, and had for tutors Sir Anthony Cooke and Sir John Cheke. He succeeded his father In 1647, but by reason of his tender age and early death, had little to do with the important measures that mark his reign. His uncle, th«. aarl of Hertford, was named protector, and created duke of Somerset ; but in 1S49 his place was taken by Dudley, earl of Warwick, created duke of Northumberland; and Somerset, two years later, was charged with treason and felony, and beheaded. Both of these, however, carried on the work of the re- formation. Somerset made an expedition into Scotland, and gained the victory of Musselburgh or Finkie in 1647; Warwick defeated the insurgents under Ket, the Nor- folk tanner, In 1549; a very severe law was passed against vagabonds, but had to be soon repealed. The act of Six Articles was repealed, and the use of the Book of Common Prayer established By the intrigues of Northumberland, Edward was induced in his last illness to name Lady Jane Orey bis successor. He died at Greenwich in July, 1653. Edward VI. was the founder of Bride- well and St Thomas's Hospitals, and of nu- merous grammar schjools. EDWARD PLANTAGENET, earl of War- wick, the only surviving male descendctnt of the house of York, was kept a prisoner in the Tower several years, through jealousy, and at last beheaded in 1499, on a pretext that he entered into a conspiracy with Perkin Warbeck against Henry VII. EDWARDS, BRYAN, historian, was born In 1743, at Westbury, in Wiltshire, and, on the death of his father, was taken under the care of an uncle in Jamaica. He afterwards settled in England, and was returned mem- ber of parliament for Grampound in Corn- wall. Mr Edwards wrote "The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies In the West Indies," 2 vols. 4to ; and " An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St Domingo," 8vo. He died in 1800. EDWARDS, GEORGE, naturalist, was born in 1693, at Stratford, in Essex. He was bred to trade, but on the expiration of his apprenticeship he went abroad, and for some years applied himself to the study of natural history, for which he had always shown a predilection. On his return to England he was appointed librarian of the college of physicians; and while holding that situation he published a " History of Birds," in 7 vols. 4to ; " Gleanings of Na- tural History," in 3 vo'o. 4tn ; and a volume of Essays. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. Died, 1773. EDWARDS, JONATHAN, an American theologian and metaphysician, was born at Windsor, in Connecticut, in 1703. In 1722 he became a preacher at New York to a Presbyterian congregation, and in 1724 was chosen tutor of Yale College. In 1726 he resigned thst st.ition, .inri became assistant to his grandfather, who was a minister at Northampton. Here he continued till 1750, when he was dismissed for refusing to ad- minister the sacrament to those who could not give proofs of their being converted. The year following he went as missionarj among the Indians, and in 1757 was chosen president of the college of New Jersey where he died in 1768. He wrote a " Trea- tise concerning Religious Affections;" the "Life of David Brainerd. the Missionary;" an " Inquiry into the modern prevailing Notion of that Freedom of Will, which i> supposed to be essential to Moral Agency " &c. The last-named work is that on which hit fame rests, and is one of the most power- ful expositions and defences of the views known as Calvinistic. EDWARDS, THOMAS, an English divine was educated at Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1609. He was a fu. rious Presbyterian, and wrote with equal zeal against the Episcopalians and Inde- pendents. When the latter party gained the ascendancy, he withdrew to Holland, where he died in 1647. His "Gangriena" exhibits a curious picture of the religious divisions of that period. EDWIN, king of Northnmbria, was son of Ella, the Bretwalda, and being an infant at his father's death in 688, the kingdom was seized by Ethclfrith of Bernicia. The story of Edwin is overlaid with myths, but it is probable that, by the aid of Redwald, king of East Anglia, with whom he had taken refuge, he was placed on the throne in 617, He is said to have made himself master of all Britain except Kent. He married Ethel- burga, daughter of Ethelbert of Kent, tlie patron of the monk Augustine ; and by her influence, and that of Bishop Paulinus, he was led to profess the Christian faith and to make it the religion of his people. He was baptized at York in 627, and there built the first church of wood. A war with the Mer- cians broke out soon after, and Edwin was defeated and slain by Peuda, at Hatfield, in Yorkshire, 633. Edwin was afterwards canonized. EDWY, king of England, son of Edmund I., succeeded his uncle Edrcd in 955. He opposed the temporal power of St Dunstan, called him to account for his share in the administration of the preceding reign, and banished him. A revolt broke out soon after in Mercia and Northnmbria, promoted probably by the influence of Dunstan and his party, and Edgar was chosen king of those provinces. Edwy, by his marriage with Elgiva, who was related to him, deeply offended the clerical party, and Archbishop Odo, with the approval and support of Dun- stan, separated them, not without acts of terrible cruelty. Elgiva was put to death, and Edwy, not 19 years of age, died soon after, 958. EECKHOUT.ANTHONTVANDER.aDutCh fruit and flower painter, born in 1656. Ho worked for some time in conjunction with Lewis Deyster , his brother- in-law, and their paintings were highly esteemed. Eockhout went to Lisbon about 1693, and soon after his marriage, two years later, to a noble and wsalthv Ifldy, he was murdered by rlvftU !o art or in love, who were Jealous of hit inc- cest. 800 BEO] ^ i^tto anibcraal ISIogrnpfip. EECKHOUT, Oerbrant VANDEB, a Dutch portrait and historical painter, born at Amsterdam, 1C21. Ho was the most emi- nent disciple of Rembrandt, whose style he very successfully Imitated. He was inferior in vigour to his great master, and, like him, generally failed in correct drawingr, and was careless of costumes. His backgrounds are less dark than Rembrandt's. Died, 1674. EFFEN, JUSTUS VAN, a celebrated Dutch litterateur, was born at Utrecht, 1684. He studied at the universities of Utrecht and Leyden, and at a very early age became tutor to the son of a Dutch nobleman. Soon after the appearance of the " Spectator " in England, Van Effen began to publish essays on a similar plan. His work was entitled "Le Misanthrope," and was written in French, as almost ail his other works were. He had two opportunities of acquainting himself with English society, being twice sent to London as secretary of embassy. He made good translations into French of [egl Crusoe." He was for some time the princl pal writer in the "Journal Litt^raire," published at the Hague. A few years be- fore ais death he began publishing "De Hollandsche Spectator," the only work he wrote in Dutch : his last work and his best. Died at Bois-le-Duc, 1735. EGBERT, king of Wessex, was a descend- ant of Cerdic, the founder of that kingdom. While young he was banished by Brihtric, and after a short stay at the court of Offa Bed to France, and lived at the court of Charlemagne. He succeeded Brihtric in 800, and appears to have reigned in peace till 809, when he began to make war on the tribes occupying the south-west quarter of England. Ten years later he began the ' course of conquest which ended in making him, in 827, king of all England. He then received the ancient honourable title of Bretwalda, which had long been disused. The sovereigns of Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria were, however, not dispossess- ed, but became tributary to Egbert. In the latter years of his reign the Northmen made several descents upon England, and were defeated by him in Cornwall in 835. Egbert died in 837, and was succeeded by his son Ethelwolf. / " ouu. EGEDE, HANfl, founder of the Danish miMion in Greenland, was a native of Nor- way, and was born in 1686. His father was a parish priest, and Hans, after studying at Christiania, was ordained priest himself. It was not long before his thoughts were turned towards Greenland, as an interesting and promising field for missionary work. His plan was at first crossed by the opposi- tion of his wife and others, but a few years later, 1(17, he resumed his project, founded a tradinff company with the eanction of the king of Denmark, and -cnt with his family nL'T^ "'^l*' '? ""' t" Greenland. Difficulties and hardships were great and T ITT. 1," *''■ *"'' courage were superior. soon after ha returned to Denmark, Icavinir his son to carry on the work of the mission* Egede was then for seven years head of a training-school for young missionaries. Ho left an account of tho mission, and also a description of Greenland, the latter of which was translated into English in the author's lifetime. Died, Nov. 1758. h.??^?*.^' ?^UL. son of the preceding, was his assistant in tho mission to Oicen and and imitated his example. He composed a dictionary and grammar of the language • i\Zfl^%^ ^°'? *V? P*""' «' the Bible; fud published a valuable and interesting history 1788 Dled"l789'' ^'■"°""»'*' ''»«» "21 to EQEllTON -riiOMAS, lord chancellor of England m the reign of James I., was the natural son of Sir Richard Egerton, and was born in Cheshire in 1540. He was educated at Oxford, and was maile attorney -general in 1592; soon after, master of the rolls; and then lord-keeper. In 1603 he was appointed SwiftV'Tale of a Tub," and of "Robinson lord-chaneelforwlth theUtler^^^^^^ Crusoe." He was for some time the nrinni. «,«,«. ""i /_ V-.Vi\'^_^"®""^°'^^?'o*iElles in 1733 the sr.all-pox was brought to Green- land m ». x^anish shin, and it« ravno'o. wo,« i*,;;!'' '?• J!l* '^" Moravian mUsionaries S "i^J^^ J*'"® ^\!^^- ^8««>o 'o»t his aitliful helpmate at the end of 1736, and Sl'"l'i'"'"*u*'^ iP? he was created Viscount Brackley, but died the year following. He wrote a work, entitled '^ The Privileges and cery"'^ ^^^ ^^'^^ ^°"* of Chan- Eari^^fS'^^^'^^'^*'*'"'^^^^^'*^'^^'^^^' wn^„?-^K' ^^°!P^^^^ Leopold, an eminent English painter, was born at London in 1816. oto»^^^?'^'-f,*^».'^l* ^"* pictures at the So- ciety of British Artists, and the B- itish In- stitution, in 1836, and the same yew became a student at the Royal Academy, where hi I u^^ exhibited two years later. He was chosen A.R.A. m 1848, and R.A. in 1860 A large number of his pictures are illustra- ! tions of humorous passages in Shakespeare, Le Sage, and other authors. Among his ^o2 v^'?."''*,'"** ir.°"">» "'e, " Peter the Great sees Katherine, h:8 future Empress, for the first time," "Pepys's Introduction to Nell Owynne," and " The Life and Death of Buckingham." Died at Algiers, whither he Ma^rc!°T863°' '^^ ''''''^' °' "^^ ^««"^' *° EGINHARDT, a celebrated historian of the ninth century. He was a pupil of Al- cuin, and entered the service of Charle- inagne as secretary or chancellor. He was also made superintendent of the emperor's buildings, and continued to hold his offices under Louis le D^bouaalre. About 816 he retired to a monastery, and some years later converted his own house into an abbey. Ho died probably between 840-850. Eginhardt left an important and very valuable his- torical work, the " Life of the most glorious Emperor, Charles the Great " (Charlemagne). We have also his" Annals of the Kings of the Franks from 741-829," and a collection of Letters of great interest and value EGINTON, FRANCIS, an artist celebrated for his paintings on glass, and to whom we are indebted for the restoration of that ort waabornin 1737, and died at Handsworth in Shropshire, In 1805. ' EG LI NT ON, AlicniBALr. "WILUAM MONTGOMERiE, thirteenth Earl of, lor^ lieutenant of Ireland, was born at Palermo, where his father, Archibald Lord Montgom- 301 i i i _J eum] % ifieb) tllnib(r»Rl l8fosra{)^u. [kla crlo, J»«iUl a dlploniftUo poit, In l«ia. He ■uuuotulmt to tho family tlvlM and v»tntv» on th« dculh of hi* griindftoihiT lu IHlii, and wi»« »cnt to Kloii Co l)« «Hlu(fttotl. Aflor oli- tulnliiK i» reputiitlon n* u piuron of the turf, ho aiHiinKul»hml hlmsflf by a •ploiidld tour- numont ht'hl In IHUli, at which I'rinio Ia>uIi Nuiiuteon, now ontporor of tho Krouoh, wtt« .mo of tho kniKhts. In I88i ho wm i»p pointed, on tho formation of tho liorhjr mlnlitry, lordlloutonnntof Ireland ; rotlrod nt tho dote of tho yi'iir, and was again ap- polntod to tUo sumo ofllco In I'obruury, IHftS. finally rotlrluK In Juno. 1H5(». Ill* noiial quallltoi and prlnjt-ly hospitality nindo him very popular u» viceroy. Ho wat raised to tho HuKlUh pecrngo a« oarl of "Wlnton, in 1840. Died suddenly, near 8t Andrews, in October, I8(il. A statuoof tho earl, by Noble, husjuitt beonsot up at Ayr(lftG»). KtiMONT, r,AMt)JiAi., Co'int, a celehrntod Flemish noble, was born In 16UJ. Ho early dlsthiKUtshod iilnisilfusa bravo soldier, fol- lowed. Ch«rlM V. In hit expedition against Algiers, In IMI, was niadu knight of tho Oolden Fleoeo tivc yours later, nt the same tlmo with the duko of Alvtt, and commanded with groat distinction ut tho buttles of Ht Uuontiu and Uruvellnes. Ho was no less beloved by hU couiitrynien for his private \inuos than uJmlrod foi his military hon- ours. He took part with Count Horn and tho prince of orange in a protest against (he udatlnUtration of Ourdlnul Urnnvella, and withdrew with them from tho council of state on Undtng their etl'ort frultloss. Kgmont WHS then sent for to Madrid, but got nothing better than promises. Then was forn»e(\ tho famous contedcrtttlon of tho nobles, tho "Compromise" was signed, and great dis- orders and destruction ofchurches and nion- Bslerica in I'lunders followed. Alvu was sent to Urussels in 1587. With profound dissimulation, ho set himself to accomplish his infamous mission by inviting the nobles to meet him ot bis hotel for consultation. Kgmont and Horn were then arrested, sent to Ghent, and after nine n\onths removed to Itrussels. In Juno, 1S<]8, notwithsttuullng the earnest intercession of tho emperor, tho States of Krubant, the knights of the Uol- den Fleece, tho olevtor8,und even thv duchess of Varma herself, thou governess of the Ne- therlands ; and notwitlisUuullng the pathetic pleading of Sabhui, duchess of Havorln, wife of Kgmont, and Mary of Montgomery, sister of Horn, Alva, as suorcmo Judge, sentenced the two nobles to death. They were both beheaded in a public square at Urussels, meeting death with great courage and calm- ness. This tragic triumph of relentless des- potism was the prelude to the revolt of the Netherlands, and their ultimate independ- ence. It farms tho theme of Oocthe's flue tragedy, " Egmont." A monument, executed by the scxilptor Fraiken, h.is been erected ut Itrussels to the memory ot Egmont and Horn, this year (18tt5). EGKKMONT, GEORGB O'llRIKN WVND- QAU, Earl of, was born in 17S1, and suc- ceeded to the peerage when he was only 12 year* old. Tiiis iliusirious uuiileuiau dis- played throughout tho whole course of his long and useful lifo a liberal spirit and a patrlelan magr.lfloenoe. Though he nuver took a very prominent part in the dUcuMlmn of the legUluture, he enjoyed much pollilcsl consideration ; and in times of pressure m peril, his purse, his examulo, and his exar- tlons were nobly duvoteu to his country's cause. His mansion at I'etworth contalntti the noblest productions of genius, tnoluUiai one of tho best libraries in the kingdomi and his natronngo of Ilrltlsh artists was un- boundetf. When the earl succeeded to thi title and estates, the yearly rental uniountod to not quite £48,000 per annum, which it the tlmo of his decease had been iucrvand to £81,000: and in tho last 60 years he hid distributed In acts of charity and llberullty tho Immense sun of i;i,'JOO,(K)0, or about £20,000 per annum I Died, 1887, aged 83, ElOUHOllN, J<)»IA.NN OdTTKIllKlMlillj tingulsbed German orientalist iiiul biblical critic of the UationalUt school, was liorn In 1762. At the ago of 23 he became profoiior of oriental languages nt the university of Jena, and after 18 years returned to 06t- tlngen, whore he fllled the same chair for the rest of his life. Ho became director p' tho lloyal Academy of Holenoes ordUitlnKen, and privy councillor of Justice of Hunuvot. His works on oriental literature, blbliial cri- ticism, und archiiudogy. and general hUtorjr, are very numerous. Among tlicm are tlia " Krltlsche 8chrlften," which includo bii Introductions to thoOld and NewTostainenti and tho Apocrypha ; " Itopertorliim Wr bib- llsche una morgenlindlscho Mterutur," In 10 vols.; "Die Hobriklschen I'rophctcn;" " AllgemelneOeschlchtederCulturund LIU- ratur des neucrn Europa ; " and " Wsltgt. schichtc." Ho was editor of the " Literary Gaxette " of Gfttllngen during the lust four- teen years of his lifo. Died, 1827. KICHHOUK, KAUii FRiKDRicH.Qermia Jurist, was son of the procediiiK, and wii born In 1781. He held the professorship of (icrman law successively at Frankfort on the Oder, Herlln,and Oiittingon, boiame Prui- »lan councillor of state, and member of the Commission on Legislation. Ills most im- portant work is the " Deutsche Htauts und Jlechts-geschichte," which bus been fre- quently republished. Ho was Joint-editor with Hnvlgny of a periodical work devoted to tho history of tho science of law. Died, 1864. ELAOABAIiUS, M. AURKUU8 ANTONI- NUS, lloman emperor, wus the son of Vsrim Mnrccllus, and derived his name from havliig been a priest of tho sun in Fhoinlcla. He was niUcd to the throne by the soldiery in 218, when he was under IS years of age, snd though he began his reign with profeseiont of moderation and virtue, he soon abandoned himself to every species of vice, and Home displayed a scene of unparalleled folly, cru'lty, and debauchery. He raised hi» hor^c to the honours of the consulship, snd obliged his sul^ecu to pay adoration to » largo black stone, which he culled FilagS' bains, raising temples to its honour, &c. At length his licentiousness and rapacity drew upon him the vengeance of the people; and before he iiad reigned i years, he -a pat t? death by the Frtetorian guards, his body thrown Into the Tiber, and his memory d« MM ^ i)l «nd •liver tU iiiul lili niali niudi) of iho down of hnrni, wnra tU«u«, iiiul hit nmli niudi) of iho down of hnrni, itiid the Duft fiitihiTii found uiidur tbn wliiKiof piirtrldKcil adinlttod a conimonor of Univor- Kity Colli'KC, Oxford, llu wan eloctod follow In 1787; Kiilncd the chancollor'i prixc, "On tho AdviinliiKcii nnd IlUudvuntiiKci of I<'u- riign Travel," In 1771 ; and tlioro wn« erory prospect of hid ohtnlnlngcolleKo prnferniont, liud he remiilned ihiKlo. HiivInK, however, cuiitracted ii mnrriiiKu with MUs Hurtuoi, a young ludy of Ni'wcnitio, ho renolvud on muking the Inw his profusiilon, und to thiit end lie atiidlcd Into and uiirly. In 1778 he was adinllted n member of tho MIddIo Turn- pie; but he resided chlcliy in or near Ox- ford, till he was cnllud to tho bar in 1776. Years uf lalmrloiu study piisiiud nwav, with Utllo cncuuniffemcnt to him, and no hud kcriously resolved to up of knighthood, anu became attorni 1793. In 1796 Sir John 8f,>?: v.u for Borouglibridge, us the colleah Francis Hurdett; succeeded Sir .Tarn; / as lord chief Justice of the Common .; mul In July, 1799, was raised to the pec. OS Haron Eldon, of Kldon, in the county ot Durham. In 1801 ho became lord high chancellor of England, and In the same year was elected high steward of the university of Oxford, when the degree of D.O.L. was conferred on him. In February, 1806, he re- signed tho great seal, but was re-appolnted 111 April, 1807, from which period he held it until April 30, 1827, being.altogctber nearly 25 years. At the coronation of George IV. the lord chancellor was promoted to tho dignities of Viscount Encombo and earl of Eldon. His whole life was an example of unrctnitting diligence in tho most arduous 01 all professions ; and there nrn Tow whn »iii dispute the character given of him by Oi»t able and upright advocate 8Ir Samuel aomilly, \Tho in the House of Commons de- clartd, " thera never was a man In the court of Chancery who more ondwred h „.|f "„ t on to tho suitor* i thoro never presided lu that court a man of mora du«p and vuiloM oarnlng n his profession ; and In aniiet? todoju.ileo.tbunourt had never .'"nbj wonld not say the .upe,|,.r, but iha Jqual of be lord chancellor. If l,,, bad a fault it was an over-anxicty to doJu.Ucc." III. p" tic. will yet b« viewed thiough tho vurlou. light, and slindus of party feeling; but no ?"";, «:V^ ""• rcflcctlon.'will atuibu o Z I.or.1 Wdon a want of Integrity, or a do- parturo from any principle whic i he con- .clcntiously believed wo./ld tend to i" good llamllt'Mi rinco.I^ndon. Jan. 13. 1N3H bi'liia "r V"A'!;!n»rV ^.''""y Kiaondlcdlnmn ''''''ANOU duchuNN of Oulenne, succeeded I.Tfa her William IX. In na7.at the ugeo ii;. ? / ,V'" *"'"" y'"'" "lurrlod Louis VII., tho Holy ijinu. X separation ensued ho- no duke of Norinundy, uftorwurd. Henry »uecc».lon of wars between the two klnir- no, .1m ►".'"""'"""'■ ''"*« ""orded a co- plou. •ubject to poets and ronianeo-wrltor.. Nho excited her suns to rebel agaln.t their years. On the accPKslon of llichard I. .he was released, and in bis absence to the Holy ■.I-KANOH, queen of Kdwnrd I. of Kng- bud was daughter of Ferdinand III., the «a nt, of Costlle, and sister of Alfonso X., the AVISO. She was born about 1241, betro hod to Ivdwnrd, then prince of Wales, at the axe ?..<«"' "IT"'"'"'*''* '''"'"" the crusade, In 12()a, and Is said to have saved hi. life by sucking tho poison from a wound Inflicted arrived in Kngland7and'wM"crownc'd with '^r^Khl" '"<■""'•.'"'"' *t"rinthara,Jn 1290. Hhe was burled at Westminster, and elegant crosso. wcro erected to mark the place, at which the proces-lon baited on its i?'.'.^'l*'J,?.' •";'"» "' Charing Cross. .,;,,,'*,'• °' I'rovenco, queen of Henry ..I. of J-,ngl! ml, was daughter of Uoymond count of Provence. Hho was married to '.,,7/1' '^^' accompanied him to France in 1284, became unpopular on account of the favouritism shown to her relations, and was Insulted, and her life put In danger, by the cItUcn. of Tendon, when she was on her way o Windsor, in 1263, tbo castle being then held by Prlnco Kdward with a fo-elKn garrison. In the following year Kho collected a foreign fleet for the Invasion of England, but could not even get It to sea. In 1286 She ontered the nunnery at Amcsbury, and there died, in 1291. ELGIN nnd KINCAllDINE, TllOMAg imucK, Earl of, was born in 1771, succeeded to the peerage In his childhood. and received his education at Harrow and Westminster -.e.in."..s snd at ihc; university of Si An- ilrew 8. On many occasions the carl of Elain was honoured with diplomatic missions, the last of which wae as ambawador extraor- 303 £LO] % i^tQ SSnibersal 13iogTapt)Q. dlnarr to the Sublime I'ortc, in 1789, where he continued till the French were finally driven out of Kgypt. Holng desirous of resculnK the remains of Greek nrt from de- struction and oblivion, he availed himself of the opportunities of his station, and suc- ceeded Informing a vast collection of sculp- tures, medals, and other antiquities, which were eventually purchased by government for £35,000, and deposited. In 1H1«, In the British Museum. These sculptures are now known as the Elgin Marbles.' Much censure h ^ been lavished by Lord iJyron and others Oi the carl of Elgin for removing these an- tiquities from Athens ; but if it bo true, as is asserted, that the cost. Including Interest of money, amounted to £74,000, the "mercan- tile spirit" with which he has been charged is altogether disproved, inasmuch us ho lost more than one half of thnt sum in cndea- vourinft to secure these invaluable treasures. Died, 1841, aged 73. ELGIN, JAME8 HiiucE, eighth Earl of, and twelfth earl of Kincardine, was born at Lon- don, in 1811. He studied at Eton and Ox- ford, where he had Lord Dalhousie, Lord Canning, Lord Herbert of Lea, and Mr Glad- stone, for fellow-collesians. He became a fellow of Morton College ; entered psirlia- raent in 1641, and the same year succeeded to the earldom. In 1842 he was appointed governor-general of Jamaica, whence four years later he was transferred to Canada, and there very successfully grappled with the serious ditBculties of the time, and car- ried out a conciliatory policy. In 1849 he was raised to the English peerage with the title of Baron Elgin of Elgin. After admin- istering the affairs of Canada for eight years ho returned to England, and was sent as special ambassador to China, in 18.'S7. In- formed on his way of the outbreak of the Indian mutiny, he resolved to leave at Cal- cutta the troops Intended for China. Suc- cess attended his Chinese mission, and he signed the important treaty of Tientsin. After holding the ofiftce of postmaster-general a short time, Lord Elgin was again sent to China, in 1860, in consequence of a violation of the treaty by the Chinese government. The disaster of the Peiho was retrieved. Lord Elgin entered Pekin in state, and the observance of the treaty was enforced. Im- mediately after this success, he was appoint- ed governor-general of India on the retire- montof Lord Canning. While making a tour of inspection in the north of India he fell ill from over-exertion, and died at the secluded hamlet of Dhurumsala, in the valley of Cash- mere, 20th November, 1863. His remains were interred, by his own direction, at Dhurum- sala. ELIOT, JOHN, the apostle to the Indians, was born in 1604; went to New England in *f 631 ; and there learned the language of the Indians, that he might devote himself to their conversion. In tnis he met with great success, and obtained a considerable influ- ence over ihe various tribes. He translated the Bible into their language, and wrote snyera! pieces of practical divinity. Died^ 1689. ELIOT, Sir JOHN, one of the greatest statesmen of the commonwealth, was born 304 at Fort Eliot, in Cornwall, in 1S90. At the age of 15 ho entered Oxford Uiiiveriitf where lie studied three years, but left with' out taking a degree. After studying a ilmri time at one of the Inns of Court, he tr»- veiled on the continent, and had for com- panion George Villlers, afterwards duke of Buckingham, and his bitterest enemy. }(« married soon after his return to KiigUnd and in 1614 was elected member of parlia' ment. The next five years ho lived in or near London, and though he did not take any prominent part in the procfcdlngi of parliament, he was gaining knowledxe and experience of the highest value. He ap- pears to have been present at the execution of Sir "Walter llaleigh, and must have watched, with many reflections, the triolot Somerset for the murder of Overbury and Somerset's divorce. About 1618, Eliot waj appointed vice-admiral for Devon, nn office of great diflSculty and re8ponsil)llity, and involving varied and arduous duties : wtien pirates thronged the channel, and Turk) and renegadoes plundered the coast villages, and carried off the inhabitants by tliousandi. In this office he had Vllliers, then uiarquU of Buckinghom, for his chief, as lord hi((h admiral. Eliot succeeded in apprehending the notorious pirate and ruffian Nutt; who, however, through court favour escapcd.and Eliot himself was imprisoned. He was liberated in 1630. He made his first speecli in parliament, and a great one, in Feluuarr, 1623-4, in vindication of the privileges o( the House. He opposed the Spanisli mar- riage project, and spoke against monopoliei, In 1624 he returned to the country and re- sumed his duties as vice-admiral. After the accession of Charles I. Eliot made -.n earnest attempt to dissuade Buckingham from his resolution to break with the parlia- ment; and failing, their personal Intercourse ceased. Eliot sat in the first, second, and third parliaments of Charles I., and was the recognized leader of the " opposition." It was in the impeachment of Buckingham,in the opposition to forced loans, and in the procuring of the petition of right, that this great patriot especially distinguished him- self, and won at last the crown of a martyr of freedom. He was sent to the Tower for speaking too vehemently against tlie chief minister in the second parliament, but wu released because the House firmly refused to do anything till he was free. He was again imprisoned for refusing to pay the forced loan. And finally, for his part in the memor- able scene in March, 1629, when the spcalier was held down in his chair, while nil personi were voted enemies to their country who should join! in the measures of the court. He lay In the Tower till his death. All en- deavours to abate the unjust persecution, and to loosen the grasp of the tyrant on his noble victim, were useless. When, a feir weeks before his death, Eliot wrote to the king simply requesting a change for his health's sake, it was refused. And so in November, 1632, he.died in the Tower. Hli son renuested leave to bury him at Port Eliot, and with the meanest cruelty this was refused. He was buried in the Tower. Mt Forster's recent " Life of Sir John Eliot " ii I one of the mott Important contributions yet I uide to the hlitory of the monicntout itrug- Iglo which prcccdrd thcciyil war. It is to a llarKe extent based upon original papers of I Eliot first discorcrcd by Mr Forster at Port I Eliot. I ELIOT, or ELYOT, Sir TirOHAB, an Eng- lllih writer in the reljin of Henry VIII. He ■ was a native of Suffollt, but resided chiefly lat Cambridge. Henry VIII. knighted him Isnd sent him on important embassies to the Ipope and the emperor. Ho compiled a L«itln land KnRlish dictionary, wrote the " Castle of IHealth," and other original works, made Itranilatlons from Oreck authors, and died in ^ ifteto gftntbergal ISiograp^o. [eli 11M6. J ELIOTT, or ELLIOT, OEOROEAuougTUB, ■Lord lieathflcld, was the son of Bir Gilbert lEIiott, of Btobbs, Koxburghshire, and born ■about 1718. After receiving his education Ist Leyden, he in 1739 attached himself to ■the engineer corps ; from which he removed, land obtained an adjutancy in tho 2nd troop ■of horse grenodlers, with which he went to lOcrmany, and was wounded at the battle of IScttiugen. In 1799 he was appointed to rolie the Ist regiment of light horse, with irhlch he served on the continent with great reputation ; and on his recall fi-om ^erniany he was sent to the Havannah, In ■he reduction of which he had an eminent ■bare. In 1779, General Eliott was appointed pommander-inchlef in Ireland ; /mm whence ■c returned soon after, and was made govern- pr of Gibraltar, which fortress he defended irlth consummate skill and courage, when jcsleged by the French and Spaniards. The liege began in 1779, was carried on both by land and sea, and did not terminate till February, 1783. General Eliott was very ■bstemlous, his constant food being veget- kble), and his drink water. He never allowed Bimself but four hours' sleep at a time ; and Vas 10 accustomed to hardiness that it was become habitual. On his return to England le was raised to the peerage by the title of lOrd Hcathfleld, Baron Gibraltar ; and died 1 1790. The fine portrait of this distin- julshed soldier, painted by Sir Joshua Hey- loldi, is In the National Gallery. ■ELIZABETH, Queen of England, was taughtcr of Henry VIII., by his queen, me Boleyn, and was born at Greenwich Rh September, 1533. When three years of age' fce lost her mother, who was beheaded, and ■as herself immediately bastardized by Act V Parliament. By a later Act, however jhejuccewlon to the throne was condition- Blyiecured to her. Elizabeth was carefully Mucated, attaining, under the direction of loiter Ascham, considerable proficiency in Mtin.R-ench, and Italian, and some know- Wge of Greek. She was brought up In ►e Protestant faith. Marriage projects lere early set on foot for her, and she en- frtamed with more or less of sincerity te"" ™««88'Te suitors ; but she never pmed. She accompanied her sister Mary fcHlfi"?i*n*'*r"'^^^**'°nto the throne; p n the fo lowing year, immediately after |e wppreision of Wvatf « in.n«.o«* J- .,:f Llw?* """* '^'" to *e Tower, "'siil 3,.?;. '.""".^ °'' '^*"' «lo«o confinement inft Mary s reign ; and was removed from I i^lf/w"*' *° "^oodstock, and thence to Hat-' Mary, and was received at Ixjndon with Tm I mensc Joy, tho bishop, meeting her rtHl.T.: I gate, and the people in crowds escor'in? her *^ n.il'^\ *'!*' <=''/• The re-cstnbll.hment of the I'rotestant filth and worship ; conflicts In vfious forms with tho adherents of the Horn sh system, who were also the enemlM of Elizabeth as a Protestant sovereign '"on flicts on the other hand with the PurUnn rho?,'»„7A%1""""« 'tronger; these woTe the staple of home transaction, during this reign. Foreign affairs also were aImo?t en- «"•' ,»«« «' the same drama, the greSt •trugglo between tho two religions PoDe .^m"' ^X; "■•""»«"' t" "cknowledge Ellrabeth'S Of '«;„^"" V- «n«l Sixtu. V. publUhefl 'Ln; of excommunication n^f,inst her and «h U^eklng of France .upporUi ti.e cblm of Mary, queen of Scots, to the Town of Enc. land, and Elizabeth ainlsted the ProtrstnSt. In Scotland, in France, and the Netherlands • and above oil, the struggle took outward tte.n^^ formidable dimension, jrthe l.J^ ?Kf"t'' Spanish invasion and the " In- J^^^lf^'^V^y Elizabeth onheracces- . istPr Mt*'"'!*^ Pr'"'='l"" advisers of her ?ih«u "'■''' 1"* "'"^'» ""^"a" eminent nVen Tnln «^ number; among whom were Cecil .^"r«> BV-lefRh, who remained her first min ister till hi. death. Sir Nicholas Bacon and at a later period S.r Franci.- Wal.lSSham The imprisonment and execution of Mar^" queen of Scots, has been a fruitful occasion of reproach against Queen Ellssabeth • yo^ none can doubt that Mary .anctloncd and h?,^»'"l ° !"£ P'°*» «"'« «cheme. which had for object the dethroning of Elizabeth and the elevation of Mary to the thro,^e' The personal character of Elizabeth hai naturally been depicted in very dlfferen? colours by Romanists and Protestant^! I5* aggerntion made on both .ides, and the truth probably lying between the two ex- tremes. Recent inquiries have resulted in a less favourable view than has been usua^ in England. Vanity in excess, selflshness unwomanly hardness, love of expense and display, indulgence in'burst. of pLs°on, in^ ^-f,"*'"^ JP**^'' """^ manners, and fonSne". for worthies- 'avourltes (especially the earlS tnrfJ':fT * *i! ^""''>' "••« t"" obvlouVfea tures of her character. Energy, and good mli^^ J?** *''! projperlty and progress that marked her reign must be attributed to the w sdom and measures of her ministers, these ministers were her choice and had her sup! port. Her reign was one of the greatest periods in our literary history ; thf age of SithTlJ"'^ ^P^?'"' of Bacon'^lnd Kalelgh and Hooker. It wo. an age too of great enterprises and discoveries ; of Drake f/wS^?'/'i'l°»'i«' maritime heroes EH-' ?ooui? ''-^** K chmond, March 24, 1603 ; her thflV^ and spirits having never recovered the shock they received by the execution of i.S8ex, two years previously. She was buried ^"T?i?TS?ni,m;i?ii'"*'*'^ at Westminster, j-^,^!!-*^^^,^? STUART,queen of ^ohemlw. i»W^fv°^f ""^5 I- -^a™" VI. of Scot ' land at the Ume of her birth), was born ta m m\ El,l] H Jfttto ttnftirwM IStogrRpf)^. M ISOfl. Rhe WM married to tho Klector I'aU- ttne Frederick V. In 1813 ; prevalind on Jilm to accept the crown of Hohenilu In IfllO, reckoning on hnr fnther'i aid to nmlntuln them In tlie new kliindom ; but at the battle of I'rague, In the following year, the Imporl- alltta were vlctorioui, and Frederick loit not only Hohcnila, but hU hereditary atfctcs. Pillzabeth bravely followed her husband and •hared hU hardthlpt, finding refuge at lust In Holland. She wai left a widow In 1632, in w her ion relnatated In phrt of hl» fathcr'i dominions, curao to England with Churlet II. In 16«0, and died at Lvndon two yc/ir» later. EUxubeth was the mother of IS children, among whom wore the Trlnces Hupcrt and Maurice, and Frlncegs Bophia, mother of Oeorge I. ELIZAUETH ■PETROWIm A, daughter of Peter the Orcot, v/ah born In 1709. In 1741 the usurped the Imperial throne, by dcthron iof the Infant Ivon, which revolution was efrected without the shedding of blood. At her accession she made a vow that no capital punishments should take place in her rclgn. But her humanity was equivocal, ai Is In- stanced in the shocking punishment which she InHlcted upon the Countess Bestuchef and Madame Lapookin, who were publicly knouied, and had their toiiguos cut out, for betraying some secrets relating to the amours c the empress. She died in 1761. ELIZABETH, PHILIPPINK MARIE Hi- LfeMK, sister of Louis XVI., wbh born at Ver- sailles, in 1764, and perished by tho guillo- tine, In I79i. When Louis fled ft-om Paris, ■he accompanied him, and was brought back with him from Varennes. With tho royal family she was carrlca Into the Temple, but removed from it, May 9th, 1791, to the Conclergerle, because it nad been discovered that she corresponded with the princes, her brothers. The next morning, when carried before the revolutionary tribunal, and nsked her name and rank, she replied with dignity, " I am Elizabeth of France, and the nunt of your king." Though she was compelled to< submit to the horrible necessity of witness- ing the execution of 24 victinis who were sentenced with her, she met her fato with heroic calmness, and breathed not a word against her merciless Judges. ELLENBOROUGH, Edward I.AW.Lord, lord chief Justice of the King's Bench, was the son of the bishop of Carlisle, and born In 1748 at Great Salkfleld, Cumberland. On the trial of Warren Hastings, iu 1785, Ersklne having refused to undertake the defence. Law served as leading counsel, and obtained the victory, although his op- ponents were Fox, Burke, and Sheridan. In 1801 ho was made attorney-general, and next yeue, on the death of Lord Kenyon, became lord chief Justice of the King's Bench, and was created a peer. During a period of great difficulty, Lord Ellen- borough filled the arduous otHce with great acttteness, and profound legal knowledge. It is said, that the result of the trials of Hone, who was prosecuted for impious paro- dies and libels (the Jury having found ver- a great effect on his declining state of health ; and though he continued to appear in court. and performed his functions with hlsnim|l energy of mind, his frame was fast sinklnt Died, I8IH. 'I KM.EHMEUE, FRANCIS EOKRTOM, li^! of, was born on the 1st day of lUnuary.lNg i Ills fullicr was George Granville, mirquli of Stafford, who was afterwards raised tu the highest rank in the British peertf(,i, duke of Sutherland. Ho received hli ttrij education at Eton, whence he wnn In due time transferred to Christ Church, Oxford where ho graduated B. A. in 18.'»2. In ibe following year Lord Francis LovosonOown' as he was then styled, was returned to Mr' I lament as member for the pocket boronrt of Bletchlngley, and commenced h|| puijii, career in the Commons as a liberal conwr. vatlve, and a warm supporter of Mr Cannlni and his party. He had, however, at nncarllfr date displayed a taste for llteratuvu und th« fllio arts ; and long before he had rltked publication ho had tome poems printed fori private cirtulatlon. He then puhliihrd i translation of " Faust," accompanied by fr« and spirited versions of popular lyrici w. lectcd ft-om the works of Goethe, Schiller Btlrger, Sails, and KKmer, which psoM through several editions before he reiolirt to withdraw it from further circulation. Ii 1828 he was sworn a member of his Msjetty'i privy council, and not long afterwardi m- companicd the marquis of Anglcacy toIr^ land as chief secretary. From July to November, 1830, he held the office of lem- tary at war under the duke of Welilngton. From 1826 to the dissolution in 1834 he ut for the county of Sutherland. In Uecemliei of the latter year he was chosen for the southern division of Lancashire, which hi continued to represent down to hii elen- tlon to the peerage in 1846. On most li- portant questions ho carcftally abstaineJ from identifying himself with any faction or party ; but 20 years before Sir Hobert Pe«i adopted the policy of fi-ee trade, that mei- sure had been strenuously advocateii i) Lord Francis Egerton in his place in partii- ment. In 1839 he proceeded in hl» own yacht to the Mediterranean and the Holj Land ; and the results of his observatlooi he afterwards gave to the world in the fora of notes to his poem entitled the "Pilpiiii- age," in which, having aiopted theataffaiil sandals of a palmer, ho gave a highly poeti- cal picture of the various scenes and placn which he visUed in tho course of his tour. In the few years previous and subsequent to this date. Lord Ellesmere published hii " Mediterranean Sketches," and printed for private circulation several poems, amoni which the best known are Donna Chart' tea," " Blue Beard, a Parody;" the"8ie|« of Vienna," and the " Paria;" together with " The Mill," and a " Monody on the Deatl of the Duke of Wellington." Lord EllM- mere Inherited the magnificent pictnrd collected by the duke of Bridgewater, ail seta brilliant example to the possessors of similar collections, by erecting a noblt gallery at his town residence in Clevelaw Gardens, to which the public have founil ...1.«tMtn<* ELLEY, Lieutenant-general Sir JOHH,« distlngulBhe'l English oificer, whose smlcei Isre the most worthy o I sheer merit, he rose to Iniilitary rank, from tht I linn of « private In the Ij.'liie. After pnnlnff tl lltrndes, and lerrlng wit Iqiiarifrmaster, he, In 1' Jnctoy In tha Blues. He Ip.ilgns of the Low Couni Ifullowing years, and wai levcry action, Including Ifiennes. By the year 1 bli wav np to a lleutc |lwi« and 1809 he served ai |cncral to tho cavalry present at all the hattlea wnr. Ho subsequently at bunds, and wn.s at the fir Waterloo, where he wi Jiercly as an officer, but !ual trooper ; for we n Jeott't " Peter's liOtters Ihat several of Napoleon Kund eltft to the very rAi'ni ■rm. In addition to his I BirJolmwBsK.C. B., K.( bf Onlway. Died, 1839. EI,LlCK,Ki>WAnr),an] Iru bom nt Montreal, ii lis father, a Scotchmai bansglng director of tli company, and he sent his It Winchester School ai College, Aberdeen. In 180 » mercantile life ; marriei brcy, and in 1818 enter bcmber for Coventry; ft wntlniied to sit, with on Pl his life. He held the ) the treasury In 18;)l-2, a iry of war from April, Ii 134. Du 'ng the latter i bntributed to the establisl jrm Club, of which he wn !hough he did not again btmsel was constantly sot ^g members of the libera 8 was the IHend of many 1. Died at Ardochy, Gl( nber, 1863. I ELLIOTT, EBSNEZER, ' |hymer," was born at Mi k)therhflm,ln 1781, where ImmerciBl clerk in the ir ►riy years were not marke( |»8orabiIity for which he htlnguished; but his love Itense, and his first puJ frnal Walk," written in lowed to what extent tho Vive country had impress m- From this period pc fceeded each other withou J contributed to the New pe. Tail's Magazine, and P; and m originality, pow ?»rltlng8may vie with th PPorary writer. The grc Ptlcal life was the abolltJ f»i and it Is not too much i?™",r*f Rhymes " were a .";--•'/■ I" tuc uiBuufacturi ioing the excitement wh ^tothetbolitionof theco: toe \tUs] lire the molt worthy of rrcord, became, by lihrrr merit, be roie to almoit the hlffhcit Imllltsry rnnk, from the yery humble iltua- tlon of « prirate In the Royal Horae Ouardi JWiie. After paitlng through tho inforlor uradei, and lorylng with Kraat credit at a quarter maitcr, hr, In 1791, obtained a cor- »<.•!« In th« HlllfiB YIa »nrVUti In fK« A.._ 1 iftfto ernfbfrsal ISiegrnpi^p. [ell :^ mt at all the nattirs of the ronlnsnlar ^nr. He lubseqiiently lerved In the Nether- |iind9, and wn.i lit the Hniil shuck of battle Waterloo, where he waa aorvloenble not Merely a» an offlcer, birt even a* an Indlvl- nuil trooper; for we read in flir Walter icotfi " Peter's liCttera to hli KInifolk," Ihatiereral of Nnpoleon's ctilrnnalrra were Wound citft to the vtry ehint hy Ellty'i stalwart Vrm. In addition to hU high military rank hirJoIinwai K.C. H., K. C.H.,andiroTemor ^f Oalway. Died, 1839. ELLICK, KiiWAKi), an English stntesmnn , Iru bom iit Montreal, In Canada, hi 1781 ^la father, a Scotchman, was then the Managing director of the Hudaon's Bay ^mpany, and he sent his son to be rducatod It Winchester School and the Marlachal College, Aberdeen. In 1800 he entered upon I mercantile life ; married a sister of Earl Irey, and In 1818 entered pnrllament as hcinber for Coventrr ; for which city he kintlniied to sit, with one short luterral nihil life. He held the post of secretory to the treasury In 1831-2, and that of secre- Ir? "'J^'f ^"^^ ^P"""' 1833, to December. 134. Du 'ng the latter period he mainly tatrlbuted to the establlsliment of the Re- pm Club, of which he wns first chairman ftough he did not again hold office, his tonnsel was constants sought by the lead- Ig members of the liberal mlnlstrlea. and le WM the fWend of many eminent forelirn- mbe? 1863* ^^''^^^^ Glengarry, In Sep- fELLIop," EBBNEZKR, "The Com-Law Biymer," was born at Masborough. near «^herham,ln 1781, where his fathlrVaSI Jmmerclal clerk In the Iron works. HIa C/„1?k7iu''7^ not marked by the shrewd- Kl *.''i"i^ ^^"^ ^•""^'' ^^ was afterwards fctlngulihed; but his love of nature was feiVit.^" ^"* publication! "The C!.i y*'V '^'''"'"' In »»'• 174 year lowed to What extent the scenery of hhi fc? '^"'7.!""^ impressed ItseYf on h s tL.^'"v*'"''.P"*'"' poem after poem fceeded each other without interruntlm, • rcontrbutedtothe New Monthl^Cga- &; ani iJ n^i "^"T- *"* Other perlodi- P , and in originality, power, and beauty C^'n^'^y vie with those of any con- te.J'i^ter The great objec?^f W K .J .?7*' ^^^ abolition of the corn sL?* "il"ot too much to say that the J?!?;,^!: Rhymes •■ were as Inatin,^" ♦T »iirr'.i." ^"'^ "'"""incturing dlatricta lii eloquence of any member of the Anti c^ I-n* League, i^n^ while Eh "„ea-rKm!^. or5;nsrwi?r.x''.r''T?e".''a.t"e:.'i^"'''''; n'ier'iHT, •T""'"" o"^-^"m :',',^'T^"o' K^rpubrhMd-eTa-Vory's^ citous account of hi. iif- "* ^"f '^*"- writer " P"ees were given for thorr. K..» V- luu was udiicu lui uniijr juars aiierwards (rhen, owing to the disasters of 1841, that lountry became a subject of painful Interest olinglishmen. UeturningtoPoona in 1810 le filled the office of political resident with lonsummate ability for eight years, when the Mbtlc Mahratta chieftain determined to ini- ■ate a war with the English by the assassln- Kion of the resident. Though fully con- Bious of this design, ho remained calmly at loona, until flight became a necessity. The |eishwa,Bajee How, was dethroned for this Kt of treachery; and Elphinstone was ap- binted to rule over the people whose govern- lent he had been the chief instrument in ibverting. In this position he had the good Irtune, which has fallen to the lot of few ■rhaps of none, to acquire at once the re- Nct and the affection of aU who were sub- as mimh nf i,,- . - r-— »-..« v.» ncinv ked to his government. In 1819 he was the most nof.T''' ^^ ^^'' *""« '>« «"ende$ pomtedgovernorofBombay,thechlefpart sitting im »,k ,^''"'.'"8-''°"*es, and after thePeishwa'sdominionshavingbeenat- S hot* 1?°'^ °'»ht at play for thou- ched to thatpresidency. In 1827 he quitted Ws catUe wwr?"'"" *<> Smithfleld to meet lia, and, travelling through Upper Egypt, with a eatTl» h? ?'^ "^V"^^ «*«"<» disputing member for'BorLhi're,2d hfsTondtffn (TPTlm^V.M-"'"-— d'a^dTnTr^a*.^"^^^^'''"'^'^"'''^^^^^^^^^ LPHINSTONE, AViLLiAM, bishop of of £5oo nnn'."^?.? "'""""' leaving a fortune srdeen was born at Glasgow in 1437. pr yot 'a^^^'.''^* entailed estates W)„i. "^"'"^"'^J ""« nnisn of h s Dicturp* ■mcu lu luMiiircaiuency. in 18^47 tie quitted Idia, and, travelling through Upper Egvnt lirkey,*and Greece, finally reached Eng- pd... High and responsible posts were lered to him ; but a sojourn of thirty years Ian exhausting tropical climate made it Icessary to decline them : and his remainine prs were spent in a way which will keep ud i memory when his career an a statesman iy possibly be forgotten. In 1841 he ftlished his " History of India," a work of |8t research and value, on which his lutation will ultimately rest. He died Iv. 20, 1859, at the age of 81 ^ Jerdeen, was born at Glasgow in "l437 ler studying at the university of his native fn, and entering the church, he went to ris and became professor of law. On his b \ ^"°."*"i ^^ ''eld suocesstvely bL"'"""'.'' °®<=««' ^»s made privy ie aildfn u?/'°^'''^ '" •«" embassy to ^d^in i»"®* "*'"' .appointed bishop of |rdeen. He was again employed as am- ►ador on several occasions; and at la^t knamed lord privy seal. B shop Eiphin le was founder of King's College Aber J.,and had the bridge over the De^ther^ !';„ He paid much attention to theS he the first Bon Jilnn ^c"?!-? ^l^* 1 iie was appointed provost "orTrinitv ^PJrln^^s, rSl,;'ae'^/^SK them, began to be known at Ley'den in 1595 Ken the ^'li^**" '""'^^ rhe'SScUon' vow^l HP tn„w" i°ns?'"V't and the u as a vowel. He took for his device an eagle hold ing seven arrows, with the motto "Con cordia res paivo) crescunt." This he afte?" ndoDted hvll ^•"' *°'"*'" and this was naopted by his successors. Their nnmp. [".^^^'rom Which he was translated llZnill.A.^l^''^" '^ere surpassed in \4i i) 1 r ? 'I ic* i ^' I -I ' 808 ema] % i^ef» ianii)ecsal 19{ograp{»{}. they -were unequalled in their choice of works, and in the elegance of their typo- graphy. EMANUEL the Great, king of Portugal, succeeded John II. in 1495. He restored the nobility to their privileges, and en- couraged maritime adventures, by which means a new passage to India was discovered by Oama, and in ISUl to Uriizil by Cabral. Emanuel also sent au expedition to Africa, and established a commercial intercourse with the kingdom of Congo. Soon after his accession he published au edict for the ex- pulsion of the Jews from his kingdom. Im- pressed by the corrupt state of the clergy, he Joined with Ferdinand of Spain in sending an embassy to the pope, Alexander VI., in 1499, to demand reformation. The pope gave him fair promises. In the last year of bis reign, grieved by the agitation caused In Germany by the preaching of Luther, Emanuel wrote to the elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise, exhorting him to get rid of that great heresiarch. Emanuel married in succession three wives : the first, Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella; the second, Mary, her sister; and the third, Eleanor of Austria, sister of Charles V., wh* survived him and married Francis I. of France. Emanuel died in 1521. EMMA, queen of Ethelred II., king of England, was daughter of Kichard, duke of Normandy, and was married to Ethelred in 1002. She was sent in 1013 with her two sons to Normandy, to save her from the Northmen, then masters of England. She was left a widow three years later, and mar- ried Canute soon after his accession to the throne. Harold I. deprived her of her pro- perty and subsequently banished hor ; when she found refuge with Baldwin, count of Flanders. She returned to England, and was despoiled again of her treasures by her son, Edward the Confessor, in 1043. Bled, 1052, and was buried at Winchester. This queen was sometimes called JGlfgiva. EMMETT, Robert, the son of a physi- cian at Cork, was educated for the legal profession ; but, on the breaking out of the Irish rebellion, he was drawn into its vor- tex, became secretary to the secret direct- ory of United Irishmen, and in 1803 suffered the death of a traitor. His youthful ardour, eloquence, and intrepidity hare been greatly extolled. EMMETT, Thomas Addis, elder brother of the preceding, was also bred to the pro- fession of the law, but becoming involved in the Irish rebellion, he fled his country, and cttled in the United States of America, where he practised as an advocate. He died at New York, in 1827. EMPECINADO, EL. [DIEZ.] EMPEDOCLES, a Greek philosopher, whose doctrines were in some points allied to those of Pythagoras, was born about B. 0. 460, at Agrigentum, in Sicily. The sove- reignty was offered him by his fellow- citizens ; but being a friend to pure democ- racy, he refused it, and established a popular a" — ■••• "»••» "- •' ••• 1 "-I'-ji poetry, and medicine. Some fragments of his writings, all in verse, are still extant. Lucretius ttudied, admired, and imitated, in his own great poem, the works of Ehj, j docles. Empedocles is said to have been ^, I first philosopher who taught the doctrlncTri! the " four elements." The time and luanwl of his death are uncertain ; the story of bu having thrown himself into the crater il Mount Etna being, in all probability . fiction. '^' ', EMPIRICUS, 8EXTC8. L8EXTU8 Ru PIRICUS.j '*■'" EMPSON, WILLIAM, professor of diD law at Haileybury, and editor of the Mi. faurgh Review, was educated first at Win Chester, and afterwards at Trinity College Cambridge. In 1847 he succeeded Prof'l Napier in the editorship of the Edinburjh Review, and held it till his death in m\ He was married to the only daughter ofl Lord Jeffrey, so long his able predecessor in ' the editorship of the Review, to which Mr Empson is said to have contributed abou sixty articles, on law, negro slavery, do. mestic politics, and the condition of the poorer classes— varied by biography, general history, and poetry. ENFANTIN, UaKXIJ^LEMI PEOSPiH, better known as F&BE ENi'ANTiN, hcadS! the Saint Simonians, was born ai Paris it 1796. He was cashier in a Paris meicantile house when, in 1829, he became a difciplecfj Saint Simon, and on his deatli, the samt year, joined with others in the propa ^n of his doctrines. He became editor of il« journal entitled "Le Producteur," bell " conferences," and having resigned hii commercial post, visited and lectured is the chief provincial towns of France. He wu solemnly proclaimed father of the nei society, which grew rapidly in namtei and influence, many of its members beiif among the men since most eminent ii France. Discord arose among the leadeii, the association was broken up by the police, and though it was again organized and i " model community " established on Enfag- tin's family estate of Menilmoutant, tlie same results followed, discord, outrage «( public morals, and a government proseci tion. Enfantiu was sentenced to a yeir'i imprisonment. He went to Egypt wilk some of his associates, and after scTenl years' absence returned to France, and oc- cupied himself with practical affairs.nianaje-i mcnt of railways, scientific commissions,^; He was a man of noble aspect, fa8cmatii|!| manners, quiet and graceful speech, aii' entire sincerity. He adhered to his opioiou|| to the last, and defended them with toogu and pen when occasion offered. .Died it Paris, 1st September, 1864. ENFIELD, Dr V'tlliam, a disientiti minister, and miscellaneous writer, wasbon at Sudbury, in 1741 ; and after filling Ibi situation of resident tutor and lecturer oi; the belles lettres at Warrington Academii till the dissolution of that estabiishmcui.ut died in 1797. He was one of tlie principjl contributors to Dr Aikin's Biographiul Dictionary ; and was author or compileioti several useful works, of which it ii doI| «n/^f..i ffi «A*«.A ».r>r;> thiisi the '* SpeskW:"! one of the earliest and most popular selK- tions flrom our best writers, and the " History Of Philowphy," an abridged transUtioi 310 of the ponderous work of the Qerman Brucker. ENGELBRECHT, JOHANN, a religious fanatic, was born at Urunswick, in 159,*^.^P^«*»'» « Man tinea, b. c. 362. In this battle he fell, his army was paralyzed by the loss, and Tb' "es rosftion!" "^'^ '" ""'' '°™«' ""^^darV oJ r^^' Charles Michel de l', a French the ^/n^^l^"' *?^ institution Id' Paris for ^nla nnS'li*^"'"^' ^"^ '">™ «t Versailles In 1712, and deserves grateful remembrance for the philanthropic occupation in which the greater part of his life was spent He «rie«?\"i*2.''"'y °^^"''' and became a priest; but his great object being to impart instruction to the deaf and dumS, he spent We'S''hv\"'*="'"f ' ^"^'^^o ''hat was conTi- ^nn »/h''^"7°**'"' patrons, i. the educa- tion and maintenance of his pupils, for ¥i J p if 311 -"9 — ir'''''''mv4 mm— iBM^a— ^^— — I^^^Mii i'ttM MMBHWliiliB L U ^^ > f¥ V %• ■>'*"' V 'j ■■ jmBBsBBBEl^^^^^^^^^^^l L ^ • j^^ W ' ' ^jP^tM^WbmB^^^^^^^^^B Vl\ M 1 SHsJlflllHSfeil^^^^^^^^^l ^' 1 '' ^^ ■ sHM.s^^^^l^^^^^^^^^^^l BK.j ' k iiffil HIHhHI^^I epe] % £ttto Bnibtxaul 10iograpf)p. liimself in the coarsest apparel. De l'Ep6e died in 1783, and was succeeded by tlie Abb* Sicard, who much improved the method of cultlTating the minds of that unfortunate class for whom his predecessor had so bene- volently laboured. EPERNON, JEAN LOUIS, Duke D', was born in 1554. He was of an ancient family of Languedoc, and became the favourite of Henry III., who loaded him with honours and titles. He reluctantly recognized Henry IV., but served on his side in jthe civil war, and took several Important towns for him. He was present at the assassination of the king, and did not escape suspicion of being privy to It ; but the proceedings commenced against him were stopped, the regent, Mary of Medicis, who owed her appointment to him, taking his part and maintaining him In his offices. Louis XHI. made him go- vernor of Guienne, but he carried his inso- lence and love of display so far that it was necessary to recall him. It was Epernon who assisted Mary of Medicis to escape from her confinement at Blois in 1619. Died, 1642. EFHBAEM, or EPHKEM, 8YRU8, deacon of Edessa, and a celebrated theological writur, lived in the 4th century. He was present at Nisibis, which M'as probably his birthplace, during its siege by Sapor, king of Persia, A. D. 850. He lived some time at Edessa, held the office of deacon in the church, but feigned madness and raii away when they would have made him bishop. He was distinguished for his oratory, was much resorted to as a religious teacher, wrote a great number of books, both in prose and verse, and was called " prophet of the Syrians." He wrote in tyriac, but his writings were translated into Greek while he lived, and are most of them still extant. He was a friend of St Basil, is still venerated by his countrymen, and ranks as a saint in the Greek church. Died, in 373. EPICHARMUS, of Cos, a celebrated Greek comic poet, flourished about B. c. 480. He was brought up at the Sicilian Megara, and was taught in the schools of the Pytha- goreans. He afterwards removed to Syra- cuse, and Joined the band of distinguished literary men that gave a lustre to the court of Hieron. To Epicharmus is attributed the invention of written comedy. Of his volumin- ous writings, only some two or three hun- dred scattered lines are preserved. Besides his comedies he is said to have written a philosophical poem " On Nature " and other EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher, who lived in the Ist century, was a native of Hierapolis, in Phrygia, and was originally a slave to Epaphroditus, one of Nero's freed- men. Having been emancipated, he gave himself up wholly to the study of philoso- phy, and his life afforded an example of un- blemished virtue. When Domltian banished the philosophers from Rome, Epictetus set- tled at Nieopolis, but returned, it is said, on the death of that tyrant, and was in great esteem with Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius. He resided in a humble cottage, and such was the esieem in which he was held, that his earthen lamp bold at his death for 3000 drachmas. It is probable that Epictetus — - wrote no book, but the "Enchirid'>n" attributed to him was compiled from hii lectures by his disciple Arrian. EPICURUS, the Greek philosopher founder of the Epicurean school, was born' in Samos, B. c. 342. His father, Neocles.iriis an Athenian colonist in that island. £pi. curus studied philosophy at Athens, taught It at Mitylene and Jimpsacus, and about B.c 306 settled at Athens, and in a garden which ho bought there opened his school of phiio. sophy. The fundamental doctrine of Epl. curus in morals is that pleasure is the sore reign good. He taught that this must be sought by the aid of reason, that prudence is the first of virtues, and that moral excel lence Is only of value as conducing to plea- sure. He denied the immortalityof thesoul and asserted the existence of the gods, their perfect repose, ".nd their indifference to hu. man affairs. In physics he adopted the Atomic theory, applying it to the gods thcmselvei, Although his system too easily lent itself to the Justification of a sensual life, Epicunu obtained the praise even of his adversariei for the simple, pure, and manly life he him self led. His works are lost, but some frag ments of his book " On Nature " were dls- covered at Herculaneum. The great poem of Lucretius, " De Kerum Natura," is an ex- position of the system of this philosopher Died, B. C. 270. EPIMENIDES, a Cretan poet, and one of the most remarkable men of the ancient world. He claimed or at least enjoyed the character and authority of a prophet, and almost all the facts of his life are huried or confused under a mass of wonderful legends. He wus believed to be the son of a nymph, and to have passed more than 50 years of his life in a preternatural slumber. He was an earnest student of nature, and a diligent worshipper of the gods. His man- ner of life was simple even to austerity, and he inspired in his countrymen the profound- est veneration. In the year 596 b.c. Epi- menides was invited to Athens to alia; if possible the distractions occasioned by tlie conspiracy of Cylon, and open the way fori new and better system of legislation. The! remedies he applied were chiefly religious rites, among them a human sacrifice of pro- pitiation. His own sense of dignity led iiim to refuse the gold and honours which the Athenians, out of gratitude, offered him, and he returned with no other gifts than a branch of the sacred olive tree on the Acro- polis, and a decree of perpetual allhnce be- tween Athens and his own city, Cnossus. EPINAY, Louise, Madame d', born abont 1725, and notorious for her connection with Roussefiu, was the wife of M. Delalive d'EpI' nay, who filled the office of farmer- general. It was in 1748, about 3 years after her mar- riage, that she formed an acquaintance with the philosopher of Geneva, to whom she gave a cottage in her park of Chevrette (afterwards the well-known hermitage), v/here he passed many of his days. She wai author of "Les Conversations d'Emilie," " Lettrcs k mon Fils," and " Mes Momentt hcurcux." i)icd, 1783. EPIPHANIU8, a Greek father of the church, who was bom in Palestine early in EPi] the 4th century, and educated among . Gnostics in Egypt ; after which he returnee to Palestine and became the disciple of the monk Hilarion. He was chosen bishop of Salamls, in the Isle of Cyprus, 367, and died in 403. Epiphanius was a man of some learning but little Judgment, and he was a n iftgaa atnlfatrgal ISIograpJ^g, [bri vehement opponent of Origen. He wrote a book entitled "Panarium" against all here- sies. EPISCOPIUS, SIMON, a learned divine, born at Amsterdam, in 1583. In 1612 he was chosen divinity professor at Leyden ; was the principal of the Remonstrants, or Arminians, at the Synod of Dort, which arbitrary assem- bly deposed him and the other deputies from their ministerial functions, and banished them the republic. He then went to France, but in 1626 he returned to Holland, and be- came minister to the Remonstrants at Rot- terdam, where he died. In 1643. ERASMUS, DESIDERIU8, one of the most eminent scholars of the age in which he lived, was born at Rotterdam, in 1467. He was the illegitimate son of one Gerard, by the (laughter of a physician ; but his father and mother dying when he was only 14 years old, be was left to the care of guard- ians, who determined on bringing him up to a religious life that they might enjoy his patrimony ; for which purpose they removed him from one convent to another, till at last, in 1486, he took the habit among the canons- regular at Stein, near Torgau. The monas- tic life being disagreeable to him, he accepted an invitation from the archbishop of Cam- bray to reside with him. During his abode I w*»j w ...u.Mu ...... ....u. ..^u.AUQ UAO aUUUC I CUUl with this prelate he was ordained priest ; 1695 I but in 1496 he went to Paris, and supported I himself by giving private lectures. In 1497 I bo visited England, and met with a liberal I reception from the most eminent scholars. I On his return he spent 12 years in France |ltaly,and ihe Netherlands ; and during that I time he published several works of great I merit. In 1508 he took his doctor's degree ■ at Turin, and went to Bologna, where he I continued some time ; thence he removed to iVenice, and resided with the famous Aldus iManutius. From Venice he went to Padua land Home, where many offers were made Ihim to settle ; but having received an invit- lation from Henry VIII. he came to England lagain in 1510 j wrote his " Praise of Folly " Iwhile residing with Sir Thomas More ; and Iwas appointed Margaret professor of divin- llty, and Greek lecturer, at Cambridge. In I 614 he once more returned to the continent land lived chiefly at Basel, where he vieor- ■ously continued his literary labours, and pre- Ipared his edition of the New Testampnt. with laLatin translation ; his " Ciceronianus," and Ibis celebrated " Colloquies," which latter fcave such offence to the monks, that they jBsed to say, Erasmus laid the egg which iLuther hatched." With Luther, however. I?i,rin''l* P''OTOked by his treatise on V«e "HI, he was ir open hostility. In M appeared his learned work," Do recta iLatini Grajcique Sermonis Pronunciatione." l"r„;i:r.' ■; — ■'."" "'-■ii!-", was entitled K'S'""^'*"" *•»« Manner of Preaching." iHe died at Basel, in 1536. Erasmus wa! a able critic ; but he was a coward. He ic ved ease and hit good name more than he cared for truth and the reformation ; andso. while he saw clearly the need of the work which Luther had set himself to do, and how well he was doing it, he not only held back fwmi taking part openly in it, but shunned and «on« ?r „"'h"*"^' *" '°"« Instances, his per- with iSr °V,'?""J °'*^«''- 'connection with Luther. His treatment of Ulrich von Hutten was unpardonable. ^'"cnvon ERATOSTHENES, a native of Cyrene In Africa, B c 275, was keeper of the famous nbrary of Alexandria, under Ptolemy Euer- getes, and improved the science of mathe- S"^'''a^^^°^'5P''yi '^^^''^ '*« corrected, en- larged, and reduced to system. He was alto a philosopher, poet, and grammarian ; while he rendered much service to the Gciences of astronomy and geography, by first Sbservfng the obliquity of the ecliptic, and by dis- covering the method of measuring the cir- cumference of the globe. Died B r in« ERCILLA Y ZU^NIGA, ALoizof k Span- vin.r-?r^?'^ '°'t'*''' ^"« >»»"» In'the pro- ,m Of Rf ^^«c*y ''bout 1530. He was brought exnedf L'TmI^""'" ^^ «"ed from active duty, med, o«H^° ^"^■' ^^°» °' Sweden, Denmark. uyi Nojway, succeeded Queen Margaret in Phiii«^ ♦S^ *y° yf*" previously married Phihppa, the daughter of Henry IV. of K"?"*- ., ?'" ""''^ * pilgrimage to the nr.H 1.^°^,' **"* ^'^^ ^^^^'^ prisoner in Syria, and paid a large ransom for his liberty. Soon tirl ? n "*'i'?i ^^^ ^"'^'^«8 revolted, and were followed by the Danes, on which he withdrew to the Isle of Gothland. In I43I «P«II3'i/°Tr'"'*"'' I^P^l^'^- «e afterwards settled in Pomerania, where he died in 1459 fear m'S!" " " "^'''""^ ^' Denmark to the ..,..?^^°,?^^'^°5 ""'' successor of Gusta- VU8 I., king of Sweden. He came to the h^n°H°%^i\.**l°'.''°*^ «°<"* after sought the hand of the Princess Elizabeth, afterwards queen of England, but being refused, he married the daughter of a peasant. This fiit?"*^^^ ^5°"* t''" *^« hearts of his sub- tf;??j/°'*' t°?ether with his cruelties, occa- sioned a revolt. Eric was compelled to r»i ?n 1578 "^^ *° ^'^®" "^'**^** '° P'^«°°' i.^^^^u^^' JOHANNES SCOTUS, a scho- lastic philosopher of the 9th century, was born in Ireland. He resided many veirrat the court of Charles the Bald, kingofFranc^ ;hV^«r*^;?^f °^ ?•« ^'^t^"" he'^translated n«t.?r*w^^*x^°.'"'" °f Dionysius, the Areo- pagite into Latin; but his independent thought and enliehtonoH ■».•/..». f.__--"r '^^J'i "iP <'i''P'ia«'"«-eofrhechurohranThe went to England, where he was courtcouslv received by Alfred the Great, and placed 313 ■ A ■I ■ h-'m EhN] ^ i^etx) SSnibersal laiograpI^Q. at the bead of bis newly-founded college nt Oxford ; but after a residence there of about three years, ho retired to the abbey of Malmcsbury. Erigena, by his powerful in- tellect, bis bold and subtle speculations as philosopher and theoloKian , his knowledge of the Greek and Latin languages and litera- ture, and probably of the Arabic, placed himself far above the level of the age in which he lived. His chief philosophical work is the treatise " De Divisione Natursc." Ky his works on theology he acquired the reputation of a heretic, and his book on the Eucharist was thought worthy to be burnt by a council held a century and a half after bis death. EHNEST AUGUSTUS, king of Hanover, duke of Cuinberlandj &c., was the tt'h son of George III., king of England, and was born at Kew, in 1771. After making some progress in his early studies, he was sent, together with his brothers, the dukes of Sussex and Cambridge, to Ootiingen, to com- plete them. Having shown a predilection for military pursuits, he joined the English army then serving in the Low Countries, where he gained considerable distinction, and in an engagement near Tournay he lost an eye, and was severely wounded. Two years after his return to England, he became a lieut.-gen. in 1798 ; and in 1803 was raised to the rank of general, having previously been promoted to the command of the South- west District, which he held till 1807. Towards the end of that year he returned to the continent, and thenceforth, more or less, shared in all the plans, both military and civil, adopted by Prussia to shake off the French yoke, till the final defeat of Napo- leon at "Waterloo. In 1816 his lloyal High- ness married the Princess Caroline of Meck- lenburgh Strelitz (who had been twice a widow), and the only issue of this marriage was George, prince of Cumberland, now George V., king of Hanover. The duke of Cumberland was an ardent, though not dis- tinguished, politician. He was indefatigable in his hostility to all measures that savoured of " Liberalism ; " hence he was beyond all doubt the most unpopular of the royal princes; and had to bear many malignant attacks upon both his public and his private character, among which we may allude to the horrible imputation thrown out against him in connection with an attempt upon his life made by his valet, Sellis, in 1810— and the charge which was preferred against him by Mr Joseph Hume, of tampering with the army through the Orange Societies, of which he was grand master, with a view to alter the succession. The first charge ho triumphantly rebutted. The latter charge led to angry discussions in both Houses of Parliament, and resulted in the dissolution of the Orange Societies. In 1837 the duke of Cumberland succeeded bis brother "William IV. as king of Hanover, and at first made himself ex- ceedingly unpopular by abolishing the con- stitutions which four years previously had been conceded by his royal brother, and by the adoption of other measures equally harsh and despotic. But such was the con- sistcucy of his conduct, and his uniform good faith, that public feeling gradually under- 1 Sli went a great change In bis favour. TmTT the time of his decease he was by far .w most popular of the German tavetei^l Died, 1851. •"^eielgni.j EKNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST, Qen.,, philologist and theologian, was bom In m He studied at the university of ui^l' where ho became professor of ttutlentlii^' ture in 1742,and subsequently professor^; theology and eloquence. By his edition. » Greek and Latin authors he contr buli greatly to the progress of classical iit«B, ture. His "Cicero" and "TacituV"«« among the best of bis philological wnC and of his theological the principal aw^' "Initia Doctrlnae Solidiorls," and "in^ tutio Interpretls Xo-' "-tamcui;. ,h. latter was translated • - '"• ' EKNESTI, AUGU'.' of the preceding, was classical scholar, and p •■•• Died, 1781. '■ ''^LM, nephew - distinguished -ished some goua editions of Latin classics. Born, 1733; Jy ERPENIUS, or VAN ERPEN, Thomas Dutch orientalist, born at Gorcum in m' After graduating at the university of Lct den he travelled through the principal com' tries of Europe, still pursuing the stuUy of' the oriental languages. In 1613 hebecam.l professor at Lcyden, edited, and had printed in his own house, various learned work.' and died In 1624. His Arabic Grammar wu I the model after which many others were composed, and has passed through manT editions. Among his other works are "Pro verbiorum Arabicorum Centurite;" anedi tion of Lokman's fables; " GrammaUw Arabica," &c. ERSCH, JOHANN 8AMUEL,a German Wh. liographer,born in 1766, was principal libr». rian, and professor of geography and statii- tics, at the university of Halle. He wrote 1 Manual of German Literature;" and 1 Dictionary of French Writers, from 1??! to 1805 ; " but is especially distinguished u joint editor with Professor Gruberofthe great" Universal I'.ncyclopsediaof Sciencei and Arts," the publication of which began in 1818, and is not yet completed (1865) XJl6Uj io2o. ERSKINE, Ebknezbr, the founder of the secession church in Scotland, va» bom at Dryburgh, in Berwickshire, 16 Hat- ing passed through the usual litt ry and theological curriculum at Edinbuigh' Uni- versity, he was ordained minister of Port- moak, in Kiurosshire, in 1703, and soon began to take a prominent part in the religious contests of the period. In 1731 he accepted of a call to Stirling; and circum- stances soon afterwards having occurred to augment the hostility he had always shown to the law of patronage, he declared the church judicatories to be illegal and un- christian, and, after some delay and discus- sions, was " deposed from the oflSce of the holy ministrv " in 1740. But he was soon joined by his brother Ralph, minister of Dunfermline, and other ministers; and having constituted themselves into a pres bytery, they founded the Secession church of Scotland, which has since shot ud into a goodly tree, and borne ample liruit." Died, 1754. ebb] % Jtetp anibcrgal ISfogrnp^g. EKSKINB, Sir JAMJC8. [I1088LYN, Earl ° JEnSKINE, JOHN, an eminent Scottish Jurist, was born in 1693. He was admitted advocate, but spent bis time chiefly In stu- dious retirement. He filled the chair of Scots Law in the university of Edinburgh for twenty-three years, retiring in 1760. His great work is the " Institute of the Law of Scotland," first published after his death, and which holds the highest rank as an authoiity- It had been preceded by a shorter wrk entitled "Principles of the Law of Scotland," highly esteemed, and several times republished. This able writer was cousin to Lord Chancellor Erskine. Died, 1765. EKSKINB, Dr JOHN, son of the pre- ceding, was born at Cardross, in 1721, and destined for the bar; but his inclination leading him to the stu'ly of .theology, he ^a8,in 1742, licensed io preach by the pres- bytery of Dumblane; and in July, 1769, he and Br Kobertson were admitted collegiate ministers of the Old Grey-Friars church there. His "Theological Dissertations" appeared in 1765 ; but his " Sketches aud Hints of Church History aud Theological Controversy " were not published till many years after. These, with a volume of ser- mons, are his principal works. Died, 1803. ERSKINE, TH0.MA8, Lord, third son of David Henry Erskine, earl of Buchan, was born about 1750. He received his education nt Edinburgh High School and Bt Andrew's University; and then went to sea aa a mid- sliipman; but he quitted the service after four years, and entered into the Koyals, or 1st regiment of foot, with whom he embark- ed for Minorca in 1770. At the age of 26, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, merely to obtain a degree, to which he was entitled as the son of a nobleman ; and, at the same time, became a student of Lincoln's Inn. He also placed himself as a pupil in the ofBce of Mr (afterwards Judge) HuUer, then an eminent special pleader, and subsequently in that of Mr (afterwards Baron) Wood. He was called to the bar in 1778, and obtained immediate success. In May, 1783, lie re- ceived a silk gown, and, the same year, was elected member of parliament for Ports- mouth, and unanimously rechosen for the same borough on every succeeding election until raised to the peerage. In 1792, being employed to defend Thomas Paine, when prosecuted for the second part of his Rights of Man, he deemed it right, as an English advocate, to obey the call ; and thereby he lost his office of attorney-general to the Prince of Wales. In the trials of Hardy, Tooke, and others, for high treason, in 1794, which lasted for several weeks, the ability displayed by Mr Erskine was admired and acknovtledged by all parties. He was a strenuous opposer of the war with Prance ; and wrote a pamphlet, entitled " A View of the Causes and Consequences of the War with France;" which ran through 48 edi- Uons. In 1802, the Prince of Wales not only restored him to his office of attorney-general, ••"? made hiui keeper of the seals for ihe duchy of Cornwall. On the death of Mr Htt,in 1806, when Lord QrenvUle received [ the commands of George III. to form a new administration, Mr Erskine was created a peer, and raised to the dignity of lord hlKh chancellor of Great Britain; but the disso- lution of the administration of which he formed a part happening during the follow- ing year, he retired with the usual pension. During the latter years of his life Lord Ers- kine laboured under considerable pecuniary difflcultieo; while numerous follies and ec- centricities (to use no harsher epitheto) ob- scured the brilliancy of his former fame He was the author of a political romance, in 2 vols., entitled "Armata,", and some pam- phlets on the Greek cause. But It was at the bar that he chiefly slione. There the resources of his mind were made apparent in bursts of eloquence, combining logical and rhetorical skill, and legal precision; while he triumphed over the passions and prejudices of his hearers, and moulded them to his will. He died in 1823. E8C0BAK Y MENDOZA, ANTONIO, a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, horn r.t Valla dolld, in 1889, and died in 1669. He was a popular preacher, and a voluminous author, ais most noted works are his " Moral The- ology " and his " Cases of Conscience." His doctrines were vigorously opposed by Pascal in the celebrated " Lettres Provlnclales." ESPEK, naturalist and astronomer, was born at Drossenfeld, in Bayreuth, in 1732. He published "A Method of Determining the Orbits of Comets, and other Celestial Bodies, without Astronomical Instruments or Mathematical Calculations;" and was the first who examined and described the curious fossil remains in the caverns of Bayreuth. Died, 1781. ESPREMENIL, JACQUES DUVAL D'. a counseUor of the parliament of Paris, and deputy to the states-general in 1789. He had from his youth entertained the project of restoring to France the states-general; and for the violence of his speeches on that subject he was seized and banished to the isle of St Margaret ; but being recaUed to Paris in 1789, he defended the monarchy against innovators with as much warmth as he had before opposed the despotism of the ministry. He was ultimately condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, and perished on the scaffold in 1793. ESPRONCEDA, JosE UK, a Spanish poet, was born in 1810. He was imprisoned while yet a mere boy as a conspirator, and after- wards sent to England, where he lived for several years, and studied our language and the works of our great poets. He was at Paris in 1830, and took part in the street- fight ng at the revolution of July. He re- turned to Spain, led a loose life, and was several times in trouble for his political sen- tlments, but got in 1841 the appointment of secretary of the Spanish embassy at the Hague ; and soon after was chosen member of the Cort. Much of his poetry is in the mannerof B J ion, whose works he admired. Espronceda wrote, besides his poems, " San- cho Saldana," a historical novel. Died, 1842. ESSEX, Walter Dkvkrkux. flr«t E"'' of, was born at Caermarthen Castle about 1540. As Viscount Hereford he took a dis- tinguished part in suppresaing the insurreo- 315 P 1 I \\i I n 1 1 ! ess] ^ M^iji Bnibtxml ISiograpf)!). t!on under the carls of Northumberland and Westmoreland in favour of the Catholic fuith, and In 1572 was made knight of the Garter and earl of Essex. In the following year he made an unsuccessful attempt to conquer and colonize part of the province of Ulster, and soon after returned to England. He was again sent to Ireland with the title of carl- marshal, but died, broken down in health and in mind, 1576. His widow was married to the carl of Leicester. ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, Earl of, born In 1667, accompanied th'e carl of Lei- cester to Holland, where he behaved with much bravery at the battle of Zutphcn, and on his return to England was made master of the horse. In 1591 ho commanded the forces sent to the assistance of Henry IV. of France; and in 1596 ho was appointed joint-commander with Lord Howard in an expedition against Spain, where he contri- buted to the capture of Cadiz. In 1597 he was made earl-marshal of England, and, on the death of Lord Burleigh, chancellor of the uni- versity of Cambridge. About this time he in- curred Queen Elizabeth's displeasure in a re- markable manner: at a private council held respecting the appointment of a proper per- son to govern Ireland, he had the imprudence to oppose her Majesty with rudeness, on which she gave him a box on the ear. The earl instantly laid his hand on his sword, and swore he would not have taken such treat- ment even from her father. He then with- drew, and instead of making his submission, continued to complain of the treatment he had received. At length a reconciliation was effected ; and on the breaking out of the rebellion of Tyrone, Essex was appointed to the government of Ireland ; but being un- successful there the queen became displeased, and sharp letters passed between them. He, therefore, returned to England, and waited on the queen, who gave him a better recep- tion than could have been expected. How- ever, he soon fell into disgrace, and was im- prisoned. In 1600 he regained his liberty, but instead of conducting himself with cau- tion, he gave vent to '-.^s indignation in coarse and virulent terms. His enemies hav- ing intelligence of his actions and speeches, sent for him to attend the council, which he refused, and began to arm in his own de- fence. Some blood was shed before he sur- rendered, on which he was made close pri- soner, tried, and beheaded, in 1601. Lord Bacon, his former personal friend, appeared against him on his trial. Essex was rash, bold, and presumptuous, but at the same time generous and affectionate ; he was also the friend and patron of literature. ESSEX, ROBKRT DEVEREUX, Earl of, son of the preceding, was born in 1582, and was restored to his family honours by James I. In 1620 Essex served under Sir Horatio Vere in the Palatinate, and afterwards under Prince Maurice in Holland. On his return to England he appeared as a member of the popular party ; and on the breaking out of the civil war had the command of the par- liamentary army. He gained the battle of Edgehill, after which he took Reading, raised the siege of Gloucester, and fought the first battle of Newbury. By the self- denying ordinance in 1645 he was deprived of his command, and died the year follow ing. ESSEX, JAMES, architect ond antlquarr was born at Cambridge in 1723, Hiscourse of study and life was determined by hisearlr familiarity with the wonderful chapel of King's Collego,*in his native town. He drew the Illustrations for Bentham's History of Ely Cathedral ; was employed in that cathe- dral. In the cathedral of Lincoln, at Kingi College chapel, and other places ; bocamea fellow of the Society of Antiquaries • bbh died in 1781. ' "" ESTAING, CHARLES HENRI, Count a French commander, was born of a noble family in Auvergne ; and commenced hii career in the East Indies, under Lally,wiieii he was taken piisoner by the English, in the American war ho was employed as vice- admiral and general of the French armlej on thatstallon, where he took the island of Grenada. In 1787 he became a member of the Assembly of Notables, and commandant of the national guards at Versailles at the commencement of the revolution ; but, like many others who had piomoted the revolu- tion, he was accused of counter-revolution- ary projects, and suffered, in 1793, by the guillotine. ESTE, one of the most ancient and lllua- trious families of Italy, which traces its origin to those petty princes who governed Tuscany in the time of the Carlovingians In later times, they received from the em- peror several districts and counties, to be held as flefs of the empire, with the title of marquis. In the 11th century the house of Este became connected by marriage with the German Welfs or Gutlphs, one of whom Welf IV., was created duke of Bavaria, ami was lineal ni. ccstorof the house of Bruns- wick. The sovereigns (marquises and dukes) of Ferrara and Modena were of the house of Este. ESTIENNE. LSTEPHENS.] ESTRfiES, OABRIELLE D'. [OABRI- ELLE.] ETHELBERT, king of Kent, succeeded to the throne A. D. 660. About five years later he married Bertha, daughter of ChEribert, king of Paris, a Christian princess, who cnrae to Britain accompanied by a Gallic bishop. Ethelbert was acknowledged Bretwaldaon the fall of Ceawlin, king ofWessex, about 690. The missionof St Augustine took place In 697, Ethelbert was baptized, and Augus- tine was made archbishop of Canterbury. Christianity was soon after established among the East Saxons and InNorthumbria. The code of laws which Ethelbert published in English, about 600, is the first of our writ- ten laws, and the earliest in any modern language. Ethelbert died In 616, and was afterwards canonized. ETHELBERT, king of England, the se- cond son of Ethclwolf, whose kingdom he shared with his brother Ethelbald in 898, and succeeded to the whole on Ethelbald's death in 860. He was a virtuous prince, and be- loved by his subjects. Died, 866. ETHELRED I., king of England, son ofl Ethelwolf, succeeded his brother Ethelbert, in 866. The Danes became so formidable n iSetp gantbcraal ?3{ogrnpl^p. In lili reign, as to threaten the conquect of the whole kingdom. Assisted by his brother Alfred, Ethelrcd drove them from the centre of Mercia, whither they had penetrated ; but the Mercians refusing to act with him, he wasobliKt'd to trust to the "West Saxons ftlonc.liis hereditary subjects. After various successes, the invaders continually Increas- ing in numbers, Ethelred died, in conse- quence of a wound received In an action with them, in 871. ETHELRED IL.klngof England, the son of Edgar, succeeded his brother, Edward the Martyr, in 979, and, for his want of vigour and capacity, was surnamed the Unready. He paid a tribute to the Danes, raised by a tax called Danegelt, levied ion his subjects. To free himself from this oppression, he caused all the Danes In England to be trea- cherously massacred In one day. On this, Sffcyn, king of Denmark, entered his king- dom, and compelled him to fly to Normandy, but Sweyn dying soon after, Ethelred re- turned and resumed the government. He died in 1016, while Canute was preparing his great expedition. ETHELWOLF, king of England, succeed- ed his father, Egbert, in 837, and gave to his son, Athelstan, the sovereignty ove/ Essex, Kent, and Sussex. In the year 851 the Danes invaded the kingdom in excessive numbers, and threatened its total subjuga- tion; for, though vigorously opposed by Athelstan and others, they fixed their winter quarters in Thanet, and the same year took Canterbury and London. Du/ing these trou- bles, Ethelwolf, accompanied by Alfred, his youngest son, made a pilgrimage to Kome, where he remained a year, nnd, on his re- turn, found Athelstan dead, and succeeded by his next son, Ethelbald, who had entered into a conspiracy with some nobles to pre- vent his father from again ascending the throne. To avoid a civil war, the king gave up the western division of the kingdom to his son, nnd soon after, summoning the great council of the kingdom, gave a tenth part of the land to the church. The meaning andeifectof this grant has been much dis cussed, and still remains doubtful. That it formed the foundation of the claim of tithes, as once maintained, is no longer held. Died. '857. ' ETHEREDGE, Sir GEORGE, an English dramatist, and one of the wits of the court of Charles 11., was born about 1636. After he returned from his travels he studied at one of the inns of court, but soon relin- quished legal science for that fashionable coarse of dissipation which characterized the era in which he lived. Notwithstanding ■this, he devoted considerable attention to lightlitcrature, and wrote songs, panegyrics, lampoons, and dramas ; which, though tinc- tured with licentiousness, possess humour, [ease, and spirit. His comedies are entitled, [bud ■"The Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub." I She Would if She Could," and "The Man ■ofMode." Having injured his constitution Wild fortune, he sought to marry a rich elder- Uv widow^ who made his acquirement of the concur of knlghihood the condition of her gcceptance. This, on the accession of James ^iite attained, and was appointed envoy to lif. in 1689, by falling downstairs when la a g.ate of intoxication. born in 1510, whose diary of events furnished the matter for the " Journal of Hcnrylll ." n 5 vols, i and the " Journal of Henry IV. •• In 4 vols. Died, 1611. "•/*'•» ETTY, William, r.a.. a distinguished puintcr, was born at York, 1787. At a very early age he evinced a talont for drawing and colours ; and having served his appren- ticeship as a printer, ho abandoned that vo- cation for one in which he ultimately attain- ed so eminent a position. On his arrival in «f" n*""!" *J '^,?'' ^^ attracted the attention I. ^?H\ ^"?eU, and Sir Thomas Lawrence ; he studied in the life school of the Royal Academy; worked hard, and offered numer- ous pictures for exhibition, but had only a disheartening series of failures. In 1822 the death of an uncle, who bequeathed him a considerable fortune, having enabled him to prosecute his studies as he pleased, he pro- ceeded on a tour to Italy, the homo of art. where he applied himself with zeal and per- severance to his profession, and Imbibed that tnsto for Venetian art which he subse- quently displayed in the numerous works that proceeded from his pencil. He was elected A.K.A. in 1824, and'^R.!! four yem later. Many of his works were of colossal magnitude. A year before his death, a col- lection of them was exhibited in the rooms of the Society of Arts, under his own super- intendence ; and their dazzling brilliancy surpassed the expectations of even his most cordial admirers. His " Judith," and " Joan of Arc," each n series of three large pictures may rank with the best compositions of V A*^? "'/^X^J'^"* ^"y" has been written by Alex. Gilchrist. EUCLID, an eminent Greek philosopher, who flourished about four centuries before the Christian era, and was the founder of the Mcgarlc school. Euclid was a disciple or Socrates, but in his own teaching he only partly adopted the doctrines of his great master, and combined them with those of the Eleatic school. His chief attention was given to the cultivation of logic. EUCLID, the celebrated mathematician, flourished at Alexandria, B.C. 300. He Im- mortalized his name by his books on geome- try, in which he digested all the proposi- tions of the eminent geometricians who pre- ceded him , as Thalcs, Pythagoras, and others. Ptolemy became his pupil, nnd hisschool was so famous, that Alexandria continued for ages the great resort for mathematicians. His Elements" have been translated into the languages of England, France, Germany. Spain, Italy, Holland, Sweden, Denmark. Russia, Egypt, Turkey, Arabia, Persia, and China. They have held their ground for 2000 years as the basis of geometrical in- struction wherever the light of science has reached. EUDOCfA, whose original name was Atnenals. was the dauchtpr nt T^onntlna *y,n philosopher. In 421 sh); was married to the emperor Theodoslus, who afterwards divorc- ed her in a fit o f jealousy. She then went 817 «!,..# !-i to Jeruuulem, Trhere she built cliurchM, ond led a life of great devotion. She died In 460. ThU cmprc8« wrote iereral Greek poems, and paraphrases on some of the prophets. ... , . , KUD0XU8, of Cnidos, a distinguished Greek mathematician and astronomer, who probably lived from <06 to 330 B.C. He be- came a disciple of I'lato and Archytas, Is reported to have visited Egypt and rccelred astronomical instruction from the priests, and to have also visited Mausolus, king of Carla, for whom the celebrated mausoleum was built, and DIonyslus the Younger, of Syracuse. He chiefly lived at Cyzlcus. Plato referred the Dellans to Eudoxus for a solu- tion of a difficult mathematical problem, as more competent than h Imself . Eudoxus had an observatory at Cnidos, and was an en- thusiastic student of the heavens, of which he wrote a comprehensive description In his two works now lost, the " Mirror" and the " Phffinomena." The latter was versified by Aratus, whose poem, translated Into Latin verse, was in use till the 6th century of our era. Eudoxus was the first Greek astrono- mer who attempted to form a theory of the planetary motions, and his theory was sub- stantially Identical with the Ptolemaic sys- tem. (For fuller details on the life and the- ories of this eminent astronomer, see Sir O. C. Lewis's "Astronomy of the Ancients," chap. ill. s. 2.) EUGENE, FKANQ0I8, of Savoy, known as Prince Eugene, a distinguished military commander, and a grandson of the duke of Savoy, was born at Paris, in 1663. He was intended for the church ; but his predi- lection for a military life was so strong, that on being refused a regiment In the French army, he entered the service of the emperor, as a volunteer against the Turks; where his bravery attracting notice, he was soon appointed to the command of a regiment of dragoons. He was afterwards placed at the head of the army of Hungary ; and so highly did Louis XIV. think of his abilities, that he ofi'ered him a marshal's staff, a pension, and the government of Champagne ; but these he indignantly refused. He was the companion In arms of the great duke of Marlborough, and participated in the vic- tories of Blenheim, Oudenarde, &c. He like- wise saved Turin, expelled the French from Italy, reduced Lisle, and, In short, raised his name to the very pinnacle of military renown by repeated demonstrations of skill and bravery. He routed the Turks at Peter- waradln, in 1716, and compelled Belgrade to surrender, after inflicting on them another ruinous defeat. After the peace in 1718 he retired to private life, and spent his time in cultivating and patronizing the arts, till he was again, in 1733, called into the field as commander on the Rhine : this service, how- ever, was unproductive of any remarkable action. He died, aged 72, in 1736 ; and, in- dependently of his military renown, he left behind him a character in private life worthy of imitation. EUGENIU8 IV., Pope, was a Venetian by birth, became cardinai-bisiiup of Sienna, and succeeded Martin V. in 1431. He owed his election to the Orsini fiamily, and imme- 318 diatcly espoused their cause In the qtisrrrl with the Colonna family. He had proct«<- Ings commenced against the latter on the charge of misappropriation of monies In the papal treasury; arms were resorted to, and the Colonna were defeated. He is said to have put to death above a hundred of their adherents. Eugrnlus had serious eontcii. tlons with the dnke of Milan, the kingof Aragon,and Count fiforza. But the princi- pal events of his pontificate are those ariilnt n-om his dispute with the council of Baiei summoned by his predecessor. He attempted in vain to dissolve It ; was snmmonod to attend It and refused ; convoked another council at Ferrara, and was deposed snd dc. dared contumacious by the fathers of Koici who at once elected a new pope, Anmdenso} Savoy, by the tftle of Felix V. The French refused to recogi.'ze Felix, but still adhertd to the council of Basel. Meanwhile, at Fer- rara, the emperor of the East, John Palaeo- logus, and many Eastern bishops were pre- sent, and agreed to a decree for the union of the two churches of the East and the West; which was, however, fruitless. One of the worst nets of this pope was his order to Ladislaus, king of Poland and Hungary, to break the peace which he had sworn with the Turks, on the pretext that It was Told without the pope's confirmation. Engenluj died In 1447, leaving the schism between himself and Felix still unhealed. EULER, Lkonakd, a celebrated mathe- matician, born at Basel, in 1707, and waia pupil of Jean Bernouilli. Hcwnsoneofthe literati invited to St Petersburg by Cathe- rine I., and for a time sustained the whole weight of the mathematical department In the new university with great tnlent ond industry. In 1741 he accepted an invitation from Frederick the Great, and remained at Berlin till 1766, when he returned to the Russian capital, where he died in 1783, Though he had been blind for mhny yean bcfor? his death, he still continued his lite- rary labours ; and in that state he produced his " Elements of Algebra," and his " Theory of the Moon." His writings, which are nu- merous, are able and original, both In meta- physics and philosophy ; and he may Justly be regarded as one of the greatest mathe- maticians of the age. EULER, JOHANN ALBRECHT, Cari, and CHRISTOI'II, three sons of the preceding, were each eminent In their respective walliB of life.— The eldest, JOHANN AUJRECKT.an able mathematiciun, was born at St Peters- burg, in 1734, and died there In 1800. He was a counsellor of state, and secretary of the Imperial Academy of Sciences; and wrote many memoirs on astronomy, optirs, &c- CARL, the second son, who was bomatSt Petersburg, in 1740, was physician to the court, and a member of the Imperial Aca- demy of Sciences. He died about 1800, and to him Is attributed an able treatise on the motion of the planets. — Christoph, the youngest son, was born at Berlin, In 17i3| besides being eminent as a mathematician, be was an excellent astronomer, and was one of tho persons selected lootiaei'Ve tue tJuis: of Venus In 1769. He first held a commli- sion in the Frussian artillery serviee, ind kum] sfterwardi In that of Riiuia ; but the time and pinc'c of tin death are unknown. EUMKNES, a celebrated Keneral of Alex- ander the Great, after whoso death he be- came Tery powerful, the government of C'appadocia and I'aplilagonla being asalgned to him; but ho was at last conquered by AntlKonus, and put to death B.C. 816. He was a rann of strict probity; and of a mild and Kcnerous nature. EUl'HRANOK, an Athenian painter and sculptor, who llred about 385 b. c. He wrote tome books on the arts which he pro- fessed, but they are lost. EUP0LI8, a comic poet of Athens, who Ilrpd about 146-411 B.C. Alcibiades is said to have had him thrown Into the sea for writlni; a piny against him, bnt this story Is now rejected. Kupolig was the rival of Aristophanes, indulged like him in personal satire, and, like him, attacked Socrates. Borne ft-agments of his plays remain. EURIPIDES, one of the great Greek tragic poets, was born at Salamis, about B. C. <81. According to a legend, his birth took place on the very day of the buttle of Salamis. He was taught rhetoric by Pro- dicus, excelled in gymnastic exercises, stu- died painting, and applied himself to phy- iilcal science and philosophy. He was a disciple of Anaxagoras, and afterwards of Bocratcs. His first play was exhibited b. c. ,455, the year that -iEschylui died ; and his last in 408. He soon after went to the court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, and in 406 was killed by the king's hounds, which savagely attacked him in a lonely place. ^uripides was of a serious and speculative '^urn, could not believe in the popular myth- )logy, yet took from it the subjects of his )lays, making nny changes to adapt them his purpose, especially stripping the per- lons of all Ideal greatness. He brought ■agedy down to the level of every-day life md painted men as they are, not as they mght to be. He greatly excelled in deline- nmg the characters and habits of women md the workings of strong passion. His 1 ays abound in neat quotable sayings, ap- ilicable to all circumstances of human life t,V°,l^ '" "','„" ""^ perhaps 92 plays, of hlch 18 are still extant: among which the lost admired are, the " Alcestis," " Medea." Hecuba," "Ion," " Iphigenia at Tauris •• md Iphigenia at Aulis." The "Cyclops" I interesting, as the only specimen left us „,T u ^''i^ '/"'^'^ ^'"' «»ty'c drama. To tapldes chiefly was owing the in troductlon . ^Jh'"^"/' ^"** ^^^ ■"'«« «* machina, or e practice of solving the difficulties of the lot by direct visible Intervention of a god. I tt,'^^" *^' '^''"temporary and rival c satt'*"!"". 'T ""^ °' '•>« ^'Ctlms of ic satire of Aristophanes. fto^a?w»! v^AMPHILI, ecclesiastical io.lan,wa8 born in Palestine about 264. ,e suTZ'?.l!?.^y Diocletian, he assisted rt rui/ri/^?'''l^''"! "'y '''' exhortations, 1 oit i^f vi" '^1'°'^ Pamphilus, whose uneout of veneration he assumed. Euse- m7a nVtho"-,'"' °'i?-"A"' '°^^ aevertheless hat Of A«Hrv.°"Hp°' N"e. He was atao 'nat Of Antloch. The emperor Oonstan- m jScto atntbcrsal ISIogr.ip^jp. [eve tine had a particular esteem for him and showed him many tokens of favou?.' He died about 840. tie wrote an ' Ecdeslas- h„*'<.^rh""''^"' *'"' " ^'^« «' Conslantin' " ;j?at.ot.'"rYnrng;;fhTrC-„rr T,»'^y'*'^^^*J^^' BAKTonoMKO, an eminent se? Sni'J'^/''"'" *'.'"'« »«"' ccnVury."He sett ed at Rome, where he formed his onn tomlcal tables, and made seve™ imnor?,mt discoveries, among which is the El ^;°«"V*^^ *.''/'"'* ♦" ♦'"' internal carrcnued Jm/»"Vk''* "'J.*"""- I'oerhaave publls ed He'dfe^'in"?,;?.""""""' ^-o*"-'*^ ' "» nor' EUSTATHIU8, an eminent critic and archbiHbop of Thessalonita. was born at Con^ sfantlnoplo, and lived in the 12th century. nysius the geographer ; displaying In tho lean.1^r''"'''''""'''^™'"""^P^"°'°^^ of^thJ^?H^^^^' J'LAviufl.a Latin historian Constantin "T"":^- «° ^" secretary to Tnn.^?! S? il"* ?•"«**' "nd »erved under Julian in his Persian expedition. He wrote an epitome of the history of Home, of which EUTVPut'^'""' have been printed '^'''' r,J!r .^^' "" ecclesiastic of the flth sprung, was n man of strict piety, but who intolhe opposu; ext;eme,"'anTrnl"l' t'^'e' human nature of Christ. For this he was excommHnicated ; but he had many follow! phania, in Syria, about fi38. He became n ^moT^'^,^^''''"'"'' """^ •''■W vai^ouIpTbtic H^stnrv "««"V« 'author of an Ecclesiastical History, extending over about sixty years and terminating at the year 593. It Is still t**""'. »nd is esteemed tolerably trust- iTno^Lo^n'^ '''' '' '""^ '^'^'^ °'^-S I th^oTo^i^af wX?; ^TiL"'':^'Tiern Monmouthshire. Having completed his Pdinh' "*„'V ""'^ersitlef of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, In 1792 he became pastor of a congregation In Worship Street, London* ?„„ subsequently opened a school at Hox* ton, which he removed to Islington and finally relinquished it In 1825. He wrote and compiled several works, but is chieflv known as the author of " A Brief SketS 1. of the several Denominations Into which the Christian World is divided." pied, is"? EVELYN, JOHN, was the son of xlich'ard Evelyn, Esq., of Wotton, Surrey, where he was born In 1620. Throughout life he evinced il-H ?. "*, •'pearly period been induced to leaye England on account of the civil war he added greatly to his stock of knowledge while travelling in France and Italy. He returned home in 1651. and was much ft! On the foundation of the Royal Society, he was nominated one of the fellowV. - „. after which he published hiS most ceiebr;"^ I 819 evr] H i^efu {RniberSBl 1diograpl)0. work, entltlod " Bylva, or a l)lhiour»o of Forest Troon," Ao. In 1064, Kvolyn was nppolntod one of tlio commlMlonert of ilck and woundod »ciimon ; aUo a commUiloner for rvbulldlng Ht I'uul'i cathedml ; and he nftorwardu had aplrtceatthoUonrdofTradc. In the roign of Jamcii II. ho was made one of tae conunlislonor* for executing the oflrtco of lord prlvjr teal, and after the revolution ho wot appointed trcaiurer of Greenwich Hoipltal. Kvolyn wa» one of the first who Improved horticulture, and Introduced ex- otki Into this country. Of hla garden at Saves Court, a curious account may be seen In the Philosophical Transactions. Besides hit " Sylva," ho wrote "Terra, a Philoso- phical Discourse of Earth," " Numlsmata, or a Discourse of Medals," " Bculptura," " Acetarla," ice. His " Memoirs," compre- hending a curious Diary ond Correspond^ cnce, have been several times re-pubilshed since 18J8, when tlioy first oppearcd ; besides an interesting " Memoir of Mrs Oodolphin " (which ho left In MS.), edited by tho present bishop of Oxford ; and still more recently a "History of nellgion." Died, 1706. EVELYN, Sir OEonoK ArousTVS "Wil- liam. [81IUCKHUU0H.] EVERDINOEN, Ai.DEUT VAN, a Dutch painter, celebrated both for landscapes and ■ca-pieces, was born in 1621. Died, 1675. EVMYA, tt Turkish traveller, born at Constantinople in ICU. He received a good education, and spent forty years of his life in visiting the principol countries of Europe, besides Arabia, Syria, and Persia. He saw Mecca, was employed somctimcB as diplo- matist, accompanied avmios, and was pre- sent nt many battles. During the last years of his life he wrote an account of his travels, which is curious, especially for the vivid and accurate picture it affords of the mind and ways of thinking of a thorough Turk. Part of' this work has been translated into English. Evliya died about 1680. EVREMOND, ST, CHARLES MAHftTJETEL DE St Denis, Lord of, was born in 1613, and became one of the most lively and amusing writers of his time. He studied the law, but subsequently entered the military service, and obtained the rank of general under tho prince of Cond6 ; but he lost his commission for having indulged his propensity for satire at the expense of the prince. He then got embroiled with Cardinal Mazarin, was Im- prisoned in the Bastile, and afterwards escaped a second arrest only by flying to England. He was well received at the gay court of Charles II. ; und, after indulging in a life of ease and enjoyment, died in 1703. EWALD, Johannes, an eminent Danish poet, was the son of a clergyman, and bom at Copenhagen, in 1743. Having lost his father while young, and disliking the cle- rical life, he left his home when but 15 years of age, and enlisted in the Prussian army. Deserting to the Austrian service, ho was made a serjeant, but not being able to ob- tain his discharge when Tie wished, he de- serted again and returned to Denmark. He SXXrvt ^.tfs"... .. — ....-•.-. ^. *..— ...... _.w». «- dour, and produced several very excellent works ; that to which he owed his earliest dUtinctlon an a poet, was tho "Temple o( Fortune." His mnsterpleco is tho (lrsrii«i|(i poem entitled " Haider's Death," publlstim In 1773. His "Hongs of tho Hraldi," tu other pieces after tho manner of Osilan, mti him groat reputation; and he may lie laid ic have surpassed all preceding Dnniuli puct|i,' spirit and originality. Died, 17H1. EWINO, John, an eminent Amcrltu divine, natural philosopher, and m»ihcm». tician, was born in Marylond, In 1732. H« wns pastor to the first Presbyterian Churfh in Philadelphia ; and on visiting Great Ilr|. tain. In 177.1, he received from the unlvcnli? of Edinburgh ihe dlphnna of D.I), in iJij ho returned homo ; and in a few years after, wards wus made provost of tho unlvenlt;o( i'hlladelphia. Ho also became onr. of ih( vi'C-proHldents of the American IMilloiophl- CiU Society. Died, 1802. a .KMOUTH, EDWA UU PELLKW.VIlcoont, was descended from u Cornish familjr of respectability, and born at Dover in 1717. At tho ago of 13 ho entered the navyui midshipman on boar(< tho Juno frigate; nd during tho American war we find Mm In the Hlonde friuate, contending for naval w. premacy on I^ko Chaniplain, wlieru lie it. tracted tho notice of his suporlorj by jilij bold and matclilcss daring. Continuing toi signaliic himself in various ways, during the American contest, ho was at length wot home with despatches, and strong recom- mendations for p-omotion ; and having ob- tained It, he proved, by repeated tucceiKi, how much ho deserved it. At the com. mencement of the war with France in IJM, his services were called Into immediate actionj as captain of the Nynipho, a SG-gun frIgHe, which he manned chiclly with Comljh inll^ ners; and meeting the Cl#opatre,of40gnDi,j a " crack ship of Franco," he had the goodi fortune to make her his prize, after suitaii- ing one of the most gallant fights on record. | Tills being the first frigate captured after ' the commencement of hostillticn, lie waigra ciously received at court, and had the honour 1 of knighthood conferred on him. He wuii now appointed to the command of the Arc- thusa of 44 guns, and hence followed man; gallant exploits, while cruising in the Chan< nel with 81r J. B. Worren's squadron. But it was not merely by beating the enemies o( his country that Sir Edward distinguished himself: many acts of self-devotion, courage, and presence of mind were displayed by bin In saving human life : for one of which, namely, the preservation of the crew of the Dutton, which was shipwrecked, he wu created a baronet, and received for an hon- ourable augmentation to his arms a stranded ship for a crest. From 1796 to 1798 a leriw of daring enterprises well sustaine-' hli reputation. In 1799 ho removed into L'lm- petueux, of 74 guns; and in 1800 wai de- spatched, with a squadron, to assist Gener« Maitland In co-operating with the French royalists at Quiberon. During the short peace he was elected to represent Hap- staple in parliament ; but on the resumption of hostilities he hoisted hip flag on board « Tonnant-. of 80 K>>n«- Soon after this he WB advanced to the rank of rear-admiral, ni" proceeded to the East Indies, as conimandet- sao rxm] Inchkf on that lUtlon, which he held nil J 1609. He had not Iumk returned to thli coiiti- I try before he received the command of the I fli'Ct In the North Hoa i and a year afterward! jaucceedcd Nlr ('haric* Cotton In tlio more I Important command of the Mediterranean I ilr«t. For a lunK period ho wui cngnited la lupbuldlnR the patriot cauve on the cattcrn IcoaitofHpain.and In co-operating with the I Hrlilih fone« there. HU «crvlcei were ap I predated, and on hli return he was railed I to the peerage, by the title of Ilaron Ex- I mouth, with n pension of JE2000 per annum. I In Mnrch, 1816, he proceeded to the Burbary I Htatea, and concluded a negotiation for the I liberation of nil Christian alavcs in those Idomlnionii but bo had scare ?n wel- I corned home before it was dia jred they I had violated all their engagements ; and he J returned lu AlKicr^i drew up his fleet in I order of battle, and sent in a flug of truco i ■ but no anawer being returned, it was fol- I lowed by one of the fiercest and most de- litructlvo bombardments ever Itnown. The Ireiult of this was, that the terms prescribed ■ by the Krltlnh government, for the totul Jabolltion of Christian slavery, ftc, were un- Iconditlonally submitted to. Lord Exmouth I was now created a viscount, and on the death ■ of Admiral Duckworth, in 1817, he was ap- Ipolnted to the chief command at Plymouth, I where he continued till 1821 , when he finally ■retired from the active duties of his profes- Ision, but obtained the high station of vlco- ladmlral of England, in 1832. Few men in ■the naval service of this country, eminently ■distinguished as many have been, ever bore Iso promiuent a part, or evinced more deter- loiioed courage and coolness in discharge of Itheir arduous duties, than did this gallant, ifteto fflnfbgrgal iSfogrnpfji?. [fab humane, and active ofMcer. IIo sci-mod to be the v.ry btau idinl of a Hrltlsh sailor: his undauntedcourage and enterprise was strlk- ngly denoted In his manly aspect ; and. though a perfect disciplinarian, his hearty and encouraging expressions produced a mngic cfffct on his oftccrs and men, while L'f,? "'ly* '*" "'« '""«« confidence In his 1833 *" ''>""«P'J'ty- Ho died in January, EYCK, HUBERT and Jan Van, brothers, very distinguished llcmlsh painters. They were born at or near Maaseyck, Hubert In IJ66, John probably about 1390. They lived first at Urugt'B, whence John Is called John of Bruges, and afterwards at Ghent, to which they removed about U20. They are cele- brated as the inventors of oi;-pni««,W; and It is certain that if they did not literally In- vent it, they made so great improvement in It as to constitute it a new method. The chef-tt'oBuvre of the Van Eycks is the " Ador- ation of the Lamb," the great altar-piece of the church of 8t Uavon, Ghent, which was painted for Judocus Vydt, cItUcn of Ghent, and was finished by John in 1432. It was in two horizontal divisions, comprising ten ?emnin »,'^'l.'*=\°°i'' "'«» ♦«« antral ones Herlln. Michael Coxcle made a fine copy of this great work for Philip li. of Spain. Hu- bert von Epk died at Ghent in 1426 ; John at Bruges, {n 1410. There are three pictures .nVJ^'M*"-*".'"''* t^-e National Gallery, one of Ws w.r«^. portraits of Jean Arnolflni and rirh)rinn/ tT*l """"kable example of technical skill.— MA roaiet Van EYCK bne died probably before M31. —«». R FABBRONL [PADRONI.] ^FABEK, George Stanley, theologian, MS born In 773. His family was of i^-ench K fi ,:*"A'''',^''*''" '^"* * clergyman of the |hurch of England. He studied at Oxford. 'ind graduated MA. in 1796; was fellow of Jncoln college, but lost his fellowship fy marriage; obtained various prefennenta 1 the church, and in 1832 was appoint- J master of Sherburn Hospital near Dur- ham, where he spent the rest of his life, »mong his works, many of which relate to the interpretation of prophecy, are " Hone JIojaiciB," the Bampton Lectures for 1801: L^JT%° °"/J-f Mysteries of the Ca- K ,k. n^ ?' *^'^ Prophecies relating ^liAm calendar of Prophecy," &c. is^^Sn'^/^^?*" ^*' * ^ench mlli- m commander of great reputation, was ^."/"v?* ?*fu*' *" '"^- ^^^^ on'y 18 years Old, his father procured him a commission in the army ; and nuch was his skill and ardour for the service, that he rose to the first rank in his profession, and distinguished himself by a series of exploits which have had but rew paraUels in modern warfare. He re^ nised the cordon bleu, which was offered to him by Louis XIV., and to which none but those of ancient descent were properly en- titled, because, said he, " I will not have my mantle decorated by a cross, and mv name d shonoured uy an imposture." lu fact, so highly was he esteemed for his sense of honour, that Mazarln declared, " If Fabert can be suspected, there is no man living in ^•joj" we can place confidence." Died, 1662. FABIAN, Robert, an English phmnioi.. or ilie iotii century. He wa8"a "tradesman of l^ATj^^^-^'^if^}^^ °*«» of alderman and sheriff. His " Chronicle of England and 821 f I 1 1 ' i i; i 1 :m fab] H i^etD anibtYSBl Idiograplbt;* France" vat flnt printed at Londoa in FABIU8 MAXIMU8 BULLIANU8, QUINTUS, Boman grneral, six time* consul, wa» son of the consui M. Fabius Ambustus. In B. C. 829, ho was master of the horse to the dictator, L. Papirius Cursor, and narrowly escaped death for winning a victory over the Saranites against orders. He distinguished himself in the second Samnite war, was dictator In 316, censor in 304, and in his last consulship, 288, won the great victory of Sentinum over the Samnites and their allies. FABIUS M AXIMUS, ftuiNTtJB, surnamed Vekrucosus and Cunctatob, one of the greatest Koman generals, was grandson of Fabius Gurges and great grandson of the preceding. He was five times consul, the first time in B. C. 233, and twice dictator. He especially distinguished himself when appointed dictator in 217, by his successful cautious policy in opposing Hannibal ; which however was misunderstood, and the com- mand was divided between him and Minu- cius. The latter was saved from the conse- quences of his own rashness by the generous interference of Fabius. In 209 he retook Tarentum by stratagem. In his old age he opposed Scipio's project of invading Africa. Died, B. C. 203. FABIUS PICTOR, QTJINTU8, the first writer of Koman history in prose, who flour- ished B. C. 225. He was the grandson of O. Fabius Pictor, the earliest known Roman painter. His history of Rome, wliich was written In Greek, has perished. FABKK, a KAN, a native of Nismes, whose name deserves to be handed down to pos- terity as a noble Instance of filial piety. At a period when the spirit of persecution was rife in France, his father was condemned to the galleys for having made one of a Pro- testant congregation. The son was no sooner informed of the cruel sentence than he soli- cited to be exchanged for him, and was ac- cepted. Though compelled to herd with the vilest of mankind, he remained in this de- grading state of slavery upwards of 6 years, having refused to purchase his liberty on the condition of prevailing upon the Pro- testant pastor to quit the kingdom. Born, 1729; died, 1797. FABRE D'EGLANTINB.PHIIIPPK Francois NAZAiKE, a French dramatist and member of the National Convention, was born at Careassone in 1765. His youth was spent in dissipation, and in unsucietiful at- tempts as actor, pa inter, engraver, and musi- cian. In pursuit of literary fame he went to Paris, and when the revolution broke out be allied himself closely with its leaders, and became a member of the Convention, and of the Committee of Public Safety. He contri- buted to the fall of the Girondists, and sup- ported in general the most violent measures. At last, he became himself suspected of being an accomplice with " foreign conspirators," and was condemned to death at the same time with Danton, April, 1794- Vabre D'Eg- laaunc icil scrcraj vumcujre, hit- -,.-- ... Which is " Le Fhilinthe de MolUre." FABRETTIiRAFTAXLLB, an Itelian anti- quary of great merit. He waa secretary 823 [fJJ to Pope Alexander Till., and carried on M, researches chiefly in the neighbourhood of Rome. His horse must have acquired lon^ archspolo^ical taste and knowledge, fc? hi would stop, it is said, of bis own accord u any ancient inscription. Fabretti'i prin'ci pal works are " De Aquis et AquaBductlbm veteris Romse," " De ColumnaTrajanl,"aid " Inscriptionum Antiquarum Explicatio" Born at Urbino, 1620; died at Rome, 17oo FABRI, HONOBi, a learned Jesuit «'u born in 1607 at Bellay, and died at Romeig 1688. He wrote " Pbysica seu Rerum Cor- porearum Scientia," 6 vols. 4to; "SynoMii Optica," 4to; "De Plantis, de QenerstioM Animalium, et de Homine," 4to, &c. He it said by some to have discovered the circu- lation of the blood before Harvey, FABRIANO, GBNTILE DA, Italian psintet was born at Fabriano, about 1370. He mide great advances both in the theory and pn«. tice of his art beyond his predccessota, ui gained so great a reputation that he wii named " Egregius magister magiatronw" He painted at Florence, Orvieto, Boni Venice, and otber cities ; the sen»te of Venice gave him the patrician togs ud i pension for life for his picture of the victon I of the Venetian fleet over Barbarowa, ii' 1177; and Michael Angeio pronounced liii style to be like his name—" Gentile." Uu? of Fabriano's best works have ptriiM; among them his famous altar-piece in tiii church of San Niccolo, Florence, ^atopt Bellini was a pupil of this master, Hi named his son after bim, Gentile. Diedit Rome, about 1450. FABRICIUS,CAlx}8,sumamedLi;8Cltni), a Roman general, who was twice couinl, and gained several victories over the Sam- nites and Lucanians. He was famed forhii integrity and contempt of riches. This wu remarkably shown on occasion of his embasi; to Pyrrhus in 280 B. C, when he firmly with- stood all the attempts of Pyrrhus to allure him into his service. When consul, he dli- covered to Pyrrhus a plot formed to poinn him by his physician ; and in gratitude foi so noble an act, Pyrrhus released the Rodud prisoners without ransom. Fabriciua wu afterwards censor, and endeavoured to checli the growing passion for luxury. He liTedi simple life, and died poor. FABRICIUS, JOHAUN, son of David h- bricius, a German astronomer, and authotot a chronicle of Frtesland, was also an aim- nomer, and the first who, by means otti- fracting telescopes, discovered the spotioi the sun's disk, before they were noticed bf Galileo. Died, about 1625. FABRICIUS, or FABRIZIO, GEaONlHO, an Italian physician, usually called icjtM- pendeitU, from the place of his birth, Ei was a pupil of Fallopius, and profcttedau- tomy with extraordinary repuution atFc dua 40 years. Harvey, the discoverer of tbi circulation of the blood, studied under tbii great anatomist, and was led towards bit discovery by some important hints of bli master. He died in 1619. His worki oi ona^mw owi-1 snvffgrv forOl 2 Vpls. follOt "fab'ricius, JOHANN ALBRECHT,} learned eriUc and bibliographer, wsibon|iit Leipsio, in IMS. He beoama piofeiMi « feioquence at Hamburg, where he died la 11736 ; leaving behind him a Justly -acquired Ifame for profound and comprehensive erudi- Ition. He is the author of "Bibliotheca iGraeca," 14 vols. 4to, his most valuable Ivvork, comprising an account of all Greek lauthors and their works ; "Bibliotheca La- Itina," "Codex Apocryphus Not! Testa- Imenti," 3 vols. 8vo, and many other learned K works* I FAHRICIUS, JOUANN CHKISTIAN, a dis- Itinguished entomologist, and the Mend and ■pupil of Linnaeus, v/as born at Tundern, in filcswick, in 1742, and died at Copenhagen, lin 1807. He was counsellor to the king of ■Dcnraark, and professor of rural and political leconomy; on both of which subjects he ■wrote ; but his life Avas mainly devoted to ■the pursuit of his favourite science, and for Ithc purpose of improving it he visited most ■of the museums in Europe. His " Systema lEntomologifB," and other works oa ento- Vology, arc in high repute. r FABRI8, NiCOLO, au Italian mechani- Iclan, was born at Chloggia in 1739, and was made counsellor to the bishop of that Jclty in 1801. He was of the clerical pro- ■cssioD, but studied mathematics nad music %ith singular ardour und success. He made i pianoforte, which, while it was played, ivrote down the music ; also a time-piece, jvhich at the same time marked the French knd Italian hours, minutes, and seconds, !»rith the equinoxes and solstices ; besides (rarious other curious instruments. FAJ5RIZI0, Qeronimo. [rABRICIUS.] FABKONI, Anoiolo, a learned Italian, ivas born at Marradi, in Tuscany, in 1732. jHe is generally known by his biographies bf Italian literati of the 17th and 18th cea- iuries, of which work he published 18 \o- pmes, and left another ready for the press, lie also wrote the Lives of Lorenzo and rosmo de Medici, and of Leo X. ; besides Iditlng a literary Journal, which extended TO 110 volumes. Towards the close of his Bfe he retired to Pisa, became curator of the fciiiversity, and there died in 1803. J FABEOT, CHARLES Annibal, a learned jorist, was professorof Jurisprudence at Aix TO Provence, where he was born in 158l' Bis principal work, entitled " IJasilicon," in 1 TOls. folio, is a translation of the basilica Irlaws of the Eastern empire ; but he wrote MTeral professional works, und edited some |f the Byzantine historians. Died, 1659, FABYAN, ROBEKT. [PABIAN.] FACCIOLATI, JACOPO, an Italian philo- togljt, was born at TorregUa, near Padua, to 1682. He devoted great attention to re- riving the study of ancient literature ; and ■ublished new editions of several lexicons. Breek, Latin, and polyglot. Forcellini was lispupil and assistant. The latter havinir Mceived the idea of a Latin lexicon, iK |hich every word, with all its significations, fom be contained and illustrated by ex- pnples from the classical writers, this im- Bme undertaking occupied the two scho- te£?"'J.t° y?"- _»!?«». 1769, K7S ?"',k' ,PH?"' «""^ afterwards -the Ci "^ ^""Ibale Caracci. He was exten- pWemployed in omamentiBg churches ^ Mttn mibexsal moixapl)^. [rAi and mansions; but few of his frescoes are P«senred. Bom, 1361 ; died, 1602 ..f» ' ^*^A8PAB, an eminent Dutch statesman, born a' Haerlem, In 1629 was 8"°^ pensionary of Holland, and disUn- Srl WhfoW "°* ">«" by'the flrmnrn with which ho opposed Louis XIV when with I'i?.'^ 5^' *'°"'"'y' *"«» ^y theactTvit? i^ hu!^ *'''H'''PPJ*'^«'l'heprinceofOrange in his plans for the expulsion of James II from England. Died, 1688. He was never nf '.'^n^ l>ut the name was weU kept up by his nephews and great nephews Avp of .^n^fl^ ' "°"^ °°^ "' t'^em, FUANCI8 NI- CHOLAS, was a renowned military com- ^t'VJ.l'hkf.?*^ ;(.?"y distinguished himsSf Mons ifiQi'^ of Fleurus, 1690 ; the defence of Mons, 1691; the siege of Namur, and the capture of Bonn, 1703 ; In Portugkl. and at the great battles of Ramillles and Mabla- quet. He died in I718.-Henhy, thelast of '^^Xl Y^o has figured nsl'smesman ^SJ^A^'?u^^^f P^«'« between Great Britain and the Netherlands, in 1814, and tL L*'""''/^"''*"* * <^evoted attachment to the house of Orange. ""="•. lu Tinmr^i^®' t^ie^I-atin name of Paul BUCHER, one of the German leformers ana a celebrated Hebrew scholar. He was born In the Palatinate in 1504, studied at HeideT feSwn^^'if •"!'«' *"•* ''««='»'°« professor of Hebrew at the latter city. He was after- 7h^rtZ'h' "K^'^'y *" Suabia, and for a Short time director of a printinc-offlce for o^fital literature, in which office he was f^'mQ^'^'^.S ^^"'!'"^ rabbi, EliasfevTta In 1649, on the invitation of Cranmer hp accompanied Martin Bucer to England'and H«XHr/'rj: °^ theology at Cambr dge He died before the end of the same year. In l\^Ll^T^^ ^"*''''' ^'^'■^ •>» remains, with those of Bucer, were exhumed and publicly burnt with his books, and the two reformers were openly condemned. This sentence was repealed in the reign of Elizabeth. Thl works of Faglus are grammatical and critl- cal, and include some translations from the Hebrew. " FAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL DANIEL, an eminent natural philosopher. Ho was a native of Dantzic; born in 1686, and died iS Holland, in 1736. He is principally known as the inventor of the thermometer- .'•ale which bears his name. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London. Th^tl^^^^V^"^^^' '«'«'' ^^0 son of Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, in Yorkshire and is regarded as one of the great improvers of English versification. Settling at New- ii?i '„r Kji'iresborough Forest, he led the life of a retired country gentleman, devoted to literary pursuits. His chief reputation as a poet rests on his translation of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered," which is written in the same stanza as the original, and com- bines fidelity with vigour of 8tyl4. He also wrote Eclogues, and a prose work on Demo- nology in which he was, it seems, a believer. He died about 1639. FAIRFAX, THOMAS, Lord,a distinauished commander in the civU wars, was the rtdest son of Lord Fairfax, to whose titles and estates be succeeded la IMS. When the dis- :i "- -n — I r - T T ~ T?tt in putes between Charles I. andttae parliament terminated in open rupture, FairCax warmljr espoused the cause of the latter, and Joined his father in making active preparations for the approaching contest. In the earlier part of his career, he suffered various checks from the royalist forces, but he retrieved his cha- racter at Marston Moor, and was appointed general-in-chief when Essex resigned. He was afterwards victorious at Xaseby, reduced the W'St to obedience, and compelled Col- chester to surrender. But ^e was opposed to the execution of the king ; and consider- able jealousy appears to have been enter- tained of him by Oliver Cromwell. At length he reMgned the command of the army, and retired for a while from public life. At the restoration he crossed over to Holland for the purpose of congratulating Charles II. on his accession, and was formally reconciled to that monarch. He devoted his leisure hours to the encouragement and cultiva- tion of letters, and left behind him a volume of poems and miscellanies. Including an interesting sketch of his own life. Died, 1671. FAITHORNE, 'WILLIAM, an English en- graver of the 17th century, whose works were very numerous and popular in his day. He chiefly engraved portraits, aad among them are those of Queen Henrietta Maria, Cromwell, Milton, Hobbcs, Fairfax, &c. He also published a book on the " Art of Qrav- ing and Etching." Died, 1691. His son, WILLIAM, was also an engraver, but died young. FALCONER, HUGH, botanist and palae- ontologist, vice-president of the Koyal Society, was born in Morayshire In 1308. He was educated at King's College, Aber- deen, and at the university of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. He entered the East India Company's service and went to India in 1833, as assistant-surgeon, and be- fore he had been there a year, was chosen, for his love and knowledge of botany, to be superintendent of the botanical gardens at Seharunpoor. Thence he passed to a similar post at Calcutta, where he remained, an ardent and laborious student of nature and science, till about 1894. His services to science were of high importance and in va- rious fields. As palaeontologist he explored the lower ranges of the Himalaya, and formed a very large collection of fossil remains, which he also classified and described. The first establishment of tea plantations in As- sam, and the introduction of the Feruvlin bark-trco into the Himalaya, were owiiig to his suggestions. After his return to Europe he visited the drift of Amiens, the caves of southern France and Sicily, and the bone- caves of Gibraltar. His published writings are few, and inadequately represent his varied acquirements and his valuable con- tributions to science. They consist of his " Fossil Zoology of the Sewalik Hills," the " Descriptive Catalogue of the Fossil Re- mains of Vertebrata in the Museum of Ben- gal," and memoirs contributed to the Royal and Geological Society's Transactions. Died at London, 3lst January, 188$. FALCONER, THOMAS, an Ingenious scholar, and the author of " Chronological _ Tables,*' Ac, was bom at Chester, in i,r and died in 1792. ' "* "«. FALCONER, WILLIAM, an Engllihsta. and writer on naval affairs, was bom „ Edinburgh, about 1730. When very v^,? he went to sea in the merchant service .iJ' had risen to the situation of second mit when the vessel to which he belonged* cast away. Thus furnished with the i^V dents of his " Shipwreck," it wa8pub|£ in 1762, and dedicated to Edward, duk7„, York, by whose patronage the author »• appointed a midshipman on board the Ro.I^ George, and next a purser in the Qiorv i, 1769, he was appointed purser of the Aumi which ship was never heard of after ,k' quitted the Cape of Good Hope, in iw.m ber, 1769, and was therefore supposed toh.« foundered at sea, and all her crew to hin perished. Besides " The Shipwreck »ll wrote some minor poems, and a " Vaiitui Dictionary." ^*''"'*' FALCONER, WILLIAM, a Skilful ohiil clan, residing at Bath, was an able wrihi on chemical and medical subjects j andmMt able treatises owe their existence to hii professional skill and industry. To Un belongs the discovery of the propertieirf carbonic-acid gas, which has been tmst ously attributed to Dr PriestleT Rn^" 1743 ; died, 1824. " """'' FALCONET, fiTIENNE MAVniCE, a eels brated French sculptor, was bornatParii in 1716. Although he had been apprenticed' to a cutter of barter's blocks, he became u excellent modeller, and,assisted by Lemoine the sculptor, rose to eminence as an artiit' while, owing to his persevering application' he also shone as an author. In 1768 he iru' invited to Russia, to execute the colomi statue of Peter the Great, and there he re- sided 12 years. His writings on the toeaiti form 6 vols. 8vo. Died, 1791. FALIERI, MAHINO, a Venetian nobk succeeded Andrew Dandolo as doge ot Venice, in 1354. Ho had previously com- manded the troops of the republic at tlie siege of Zara, in Dalmatia, where he gained a briliiant victory over the king of Hungary; and was afterwards ambassador to Genoaand Rome. When he succeeded to the office o( doge, he was 76 years of age,andhadayoM| and beautiful wife. Jealous of Micliael Steno, he quarrelled with and was insulted by him at a masquerade ; but Steno Mtt sentenced to no more than a month's impri- Pdiiraent for his offence, Falleri, burnlij with revenge, entered into a conspiracj with the plebeians to overturn the goTeri- ment and massacre the patricians. On the night before it was to be carried Into effect, the plot was discovered, and Falleri suffered decapitation, April 17, 1355. His character is delineated with historical truth by lord Byron, in one of his noblest tragedies. FALK, or FALCK, JOHN PETEE,a Sm- dish naturalist and traveller, and a papH of Linnaeus. Having finished his studies it XJpsal, he went to St Petersburg, and wu engaged by the Imperial Academy of Sci- ences to assist m exploring the Busslil dominions. After some years spent in tnu employment, he was afflicted with bypotlioi- dria to such a degree, mat, while :t KiiUi fal] % Mtin aniDergal gfoaraniiti. ^ 1774, in one of his paroxysms, he killed lilnitelf with a pistol. His trarels were hfterwards published in 3 vols.' [FALKLAND, HENRY CART, Viscount, ion of Sir Bdvrard Gary, master of the Jewel bfflce to Queen Elizabeth and to James I., jfflce to Queen Elizabeth and to James I., hisHhnrtv nnT. . f 'J?"^"*'a8t f,M made comptroller of the king's house- knlXed bv ^ili^Vr"^"*^"' ^h* bold, and eleyated to the Scotch) peerage of storation h« wol'*' ^}' *" *C»6. At the re- Falkland Jn l«!iO. 8ubsequently%e Vas rnTseStS'prtu^^^^^^^ alkiana m i»m. suosequentiy he wai ladc lord deputy of Ireland, but the Catho- 1! party beinjf much opposed to him, he re- Hgned the difficult post in 1629, after having kcupied it about seven years. He was a ban of considerable literary talent, and Miblished "letters to the Duke of Bucking< am," "A History of that unfortunate ^m," "A ...„.„ . . Irince, Edward 11.," &c. Died, 1633. ! FALKLAND, LUCIUS GARY, Viscount. to?vnt ti,»T„T "'*,^"'*^^'P>'o'"' U of the preceding, was born at Burford SwedeV?^ n^r",'*/.'*' ^psal, tout 1610. He was educated at Trinity librart?n f« 11*' "'stained the ] Kllege, Dublin, and at Cambridge ; and oJ twenty.flve nmf i,^)?"^'''."^ ** fcheriting a large fortune, married, and in "^"^"^^ "^e- '">'' h,>o„«.^ .» ,,». ^ppy retirement devoted himself to earn It study, enjoying the societv of Scldpn uppy reiiremeiu aevoiea nimseii to earn- It study, enjoying the society of Selden, Biillingworth, and other eminent men. In kSS he accompanied the expedition to Scot- Ind, and in the following year entered par- lament. On the trial of Strafford he inter- Bscd in behalf of moderation and delay. ■Is purity and sensitiveness of character lade him incapable of being a partisan, and BO unfitted him for action in such stormy ines. In 1611 the king succeeded, through le agency of Clarendon, in attaching Falk- bd to the royalist cause, and made him terctary of state. But Falkland distrusted le king and despised the court ; and the tog feared him. Thou^'h he thenceforth tended the king, his sympathies were on rf side of freedom, and the distractions and Damities of his country broke his heart I hinhnn ^e'a — """ k fell among the first at the first battle of d^al '^ ni!H"?2>o"o" Iwbury, 20th September, 1643, according I "'-—**''^^2''- this presentiment, and his body was found Itlie following day. rALLOPIO, GABBlELtO (Latin, Faho- m, an eminent anatomist and physician ^ born at Modena ; studied at Ferrara and' Jdua; was professor of anatomy for three hrs p.t Pisa ; and, lastly, filled the chair of htomy and surgery at Padua, where he iained till his death. In 1562. He was the It who accurately described the vessels I bones of the foetus; and his account of I Fallopian lubes has served to perpetuate [name. His chief work is entitled "Ob- Mtiones Anatomica)." &°.7-^' ^*^^K0N. was a distinguished Rhematician and astronomer, who in 1821 fc appointed to the office of astronomer & attheCapeof Good Hope DSThe f W il?^ y-""' thrush furnished i?h l«l"'l"l"'*".*'' ♦"> fo'-med a catalogue Ci ? "f^'^-lSin? to the southern hem"! Jtre; noris there a doubt but that had lifebeen spared for a few years and hi. fa'f "^""f ^o-nPletcThe woufd hove le ded in making the catalogues of thi t ?T M ♦r'"''';'1 hemisphere equal in £«y to those of the northern. He died "Kf;;^''?^^«^\-'l statesman of Guarinl; also the Luf^Ld", ^^ '''*'' tortoMhe^tfnTveSt?^? '"''/''''' »' »"- thirty-five years H«f, Professorship for tores L^rir^**'?? historians, entitled « ScriD" Which heTd n'o Ui'v'e tr..r "^^ r'^^' dia'^,''a^rcasTop''°rs\?r "^ "? ^^'^^ astical preferment »o=„y obtained ecclesi- ce^S o?tt"Sch°";efr "'« »°« born near Gap In 14^1 w«"/*"""""'' '^^8 tinguished for- h 8 piety a,^d i?u " ^"V^ *•'"- observances of the c7thi,l^'? ^^"i •»» "»" studied at Paris iufrt ^oJ ?i'*^ church. He Lefivre d'pffliiof'*^ ^?* ^^erc a disciple of mmmm «M for the Vaudols, and he went once again to the same princes on behalf of the Protcatonts of France. Farel married at the age of 89 ; TlBited Calv n on his death-bed in 1S6* ; and died at Neuft hfttel in 1565. He left numer- ous writings, chiefly of temporary interest, and no sermons. . FAREY, JOHN, an eminent surveyor and geologist, was born at Woburn, Bedfordshire, In 1766. He made a survey of the county of Derby, which was published in 2 tcIs. ; but his great merit consists in the pains he took to examine the relative position of the strata throughout Britain, and to collect mineral specimens to illustrate this usefal branch of science. Died, 1826. FARIA Y 80U8A, MANUEL BB, a Portu- guese historian and poet, was bom at Bouto, in Portugal, about 1590, and was for some time secretary to the Marquis of Castel Rodrigo, ambassador at Rome. He wrote various historical works relative to Portugal and its distant possessions, 7 volumes of poems, &c. Died, in 1649. FARINATO, PAOlo, an eminent painter of Verona, whose numerous works were dis- tinguished by freedom of design, boldness of colouring, and great facility of execution. Born, 1522; died, 1606. FARINELLI, a Neapolitan singer of great eminence, whose real name was CARtO BEOSCHi, was born at Naples, in 1705. He studied under Porpora.and went ftom Rome to Vienna, where the emperor, Charles VI., loaded him with rich presents. In 1734 he came to London, and, by the magic of his singing, so delighted the public, that Handel was obliged to dismiss a rival company over which he presided, in spite of all his powers and popularity. Many extraordinary stories are related of his vocal skill, and his com- mand over the feelings and sympathies of his audience appears to have been unrivalled. Died, 1782. , .... FARMER, HUOH, a dissenting divine, born near Shrewsbury in 1714 ; was a pupil of Dr Doddridge, and held the office of pastor to a congregation at Wallhamstow for forty years. He was author of a bold " Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament," op- posing the popular belief, and of several other theological treatises. Died, 1787. FARMER, RICHARD, a divine and anti- quary, was born at Leicester in 1735, and educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge. In 1767 he took the degree of B A., and be- came one of the preachers at AVhItehall. He subsequently became vice-chancellor and librarian of the university; and also ob- tained prebends at Lichfield and Canter- bury, the latter of which he exchanged for a canonry at St Paul's. In his " Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare," a work of no critical value, he maintains that aUthe knowledge of ancient history and mythology possessed by the poet was drawn from trans- lations. Died, 1797. FARNABY, or FARNABIE, THOMAS, an eminent schoolmaster, was born in London -^ i. z '"7" —*, • .- ,*i-.-.it*s.-' ~ afi"*"*t'^T* f^' "WprtOTi College,Oxford,in 1590. Hence he was drawn away by a Jesuit, whom he accompanied to Spain J but being disgusted with his new con- nection, he escaped, and entered on board sac the English fleet ; after Which he vedui Boldierln the Low Countries. Oi iretwi to England he kept a sohool at Martocl.ii Somersetshire, whence he removed to Lw. don , and gained great reputation as a teacher. From London he removed with many of hit Suplls to Sevenoaks, In Kent ; in the neigh. ourhood of which town he purchased u estate, long in the possession of the famllj which was raised to the baronetage In m He wrote various school books; beiidn Commentaries on Juvenal, Persius, Murtiji and other classic authors. Died, 1647. FARNEBE ; the name of an iUuHriom fkmlly in Xtaly, many of the members of which flUed the highest situations In chnrcj and state.— ALE88ANDRO, who became ar- dinal and pope. See Paul Ill.-Pia LuiQl, his natural son, was the first dakeof Parma and Placentia ; a dignity to which he was raised by his father in 1545. Byhli tyranny and vices he provoked a conipirKy of his subjects, and was assassinated in IW. — ALE88ANDRO, SOU Of Pier Lulgi, waihon in 1520, and created a cardinal by his psid- father. Pope Paul III. He was dean of ttt sacred college, and distinguished hloKif highly by his learning and his Tlrrtai while as a statesman his talents were toet as to obtain for him the office of nnnciott the courts of Vienna and Paris. Died.lSS, FARNESE, Alesbandro, duke of Pamu, one of the greatest generals of his age,n , son of Ottavlo Farnese, second duke ofPw- 1| ma, and Margaret of Austria, and was ben about 1 555. ite served in the Spanish aralfi under Don John of Austria, and diitij- guished himself at the battle of Lepaota In 1577 he conducted the Spanish forcein Flanders, and under Don John contribotd to re-establish the power of Spain. He toot after became governor of the Netheriaiidi. recovered many of the principal toffin,iM won over 'the Catholic population; in 15)0 invaded France, and without risking a tat- tle, compelled Henry IV. to raise the slepot Paris ; had to contend on his return to Hi Netherlands with Maurice of Nassau; ui In 1692 again invaded Trance and compeM Henry to raise the siege of Bouen. Diedil Arras, at the close of the same year, of i wound received before Caudebec. FARQUHAR, GEORGE, dramatist, til born at Londonderry, in 1678, and educatti at Trinity College, Dublin, from whlchki either eloped or was expehed for IfreS™ conduct, and went to London wl th Us friw Wllks the actor, where he coiomenccdla career of dramatic authorship. His Bii(| production was " Love and a Bottle,' i» formed at Drury Lane Theatre w ith succeffltt 1698, about which time he attracted the * vour of the earl of Orrery, who procuredliM a lieutenancy in his own wgljnent. In fl he added to his reputation by The CoMttf couple," a comedy In which, under them- racter of Sir Harry Wlldair, he exhlbiteiU lively picture of the foppish AnegentW of the end of the 17th century. He4W» 1707 at thfi nrpmature asre of 29, ana oawj] therun of his last and best play, " rueKSKj Stratagem." Farquhar's wit is genoto "Ml spontaneous, his characters are o» °Ji|| drawn from nature, and his incidents nij far] amnged. Hit libertinitm «f lAngntrnt and lentiment are, boneytt, hlffhlj repmiensi- ble ; but it irai the Tice of the age rather than of the author, ? hoie olTence waa lesa glaring than that of many of hJa contempor- lariei. I FARRANT, RiCHABD, an English mnsi- ■ clan. He held lituations in the Chapel I Royal and 8t George's Chapel, Windsor, ■from 1M4 to 1880, and is remarlcable for the IdeTout and solemn style of his compositions I FARRAR, NICHOLAS. [FEBKAll.] I FARREN, EUZA, Countess of Derbt, ■ was the daughter of a surgeon at Cork, ytbo Iftiling in his profession, became a prorinclal ■ actor, and died young, leaving his family in Ideatitute circumstances. Eliza was bom in tVii; made her first appearance at Lirer- Ipool, when 14 years of age; and in 177r, np- ■Maredat the Haymarket Theatre, London. Ita Miss Hardcastle, in " She Stoops to Con- Iquer." She afterwards played at Drury Lane ■and Covent Garden ; and eventually succeed- Itd Mrs Abingdon in her principal charac- Iters, which she played With great «clat, and ■Established her theatrical tame. At this period she was much noticed by persons of ilstlnction, and conducted the private the- Itrlcals at the duke of Newcastle's house in frl7y Gardens, where Lord Derby, Lord ^en^y Fitzgerald, Charles Fox, Lord John [Townshend, the Hon. Mrs Damer, and bthers, SMumed the principal characters. an honourable attachment for the accom- flU^ei actress was soon after formed by ord Derby; and, in 1797, on the death of ^dy Derby, from whom his lordship had _een for some years separated, he raised Miss rarren to the rank of a countess. Died, IS-Jg FASTOLFP, Sir JOHN, a renowned Eng- Jish general, was descended of an ancient Ind honourable Norfolk family, and was lorn about 1378. He was left under the rnardianshipof John, duke of Bedford, after- N'ards regent of France ; married the wealthy Jridowof Sir Stephen Scrope, in Ireland, in ■408, and soon after appears to have gone Ibroad as a soldier, being employed by ' Senry IV Henry V.,and Henry VI., In the fm in France for upwards of 40 years be served with distinction at the battle of C'1°T'''.S'"*, "* ^^^ **«»e of Rouen, and Joon after the latter was knighted. In 14'>3 le was named lieutenant for the king and t,f SL'^uof """''^' 5""^ governor of An- fcu and Maine, and before the battle of I fc" 7"* r"'"''* knight-banneret For Itherservices he was chosen, in 1425. K CO Be was charged with the convoy of supplies V the besieged in Orleans, defeated the French at the "battle of herriaga " and te? „%'4^"^'T''?|- ^t tfe^auie I m.Ki "^f ^^ ** •"'» to have saved llmself by running away. He was afW lards lieutenant of Caen in Norman dv„^" Mor to the council of Baseband amrs" Nor to conclude peace with France h^." LT'^ '0 England in 1440, and died it his tel4l9*^''''''°'-' """^ Yarmouth?ii? IFAUCHEH. T.«n»T ,_^ . Kra;r>"i^'«So^ ^ ^fu Bnibetfia.1 ISiograpi^p. with that view, came to Paris In ism -fc-i* he became tutor to th*. .7>.I. „» m •^''*'* blv «„H i"^" "^^^ 1° the National Assem te?of"the''rt:rr1^''!r ^•»'ort period. m?ah- Louls Napoleon A ?t""!J''« presidency of Dec ift^f^S ^'^ter the coup d'ftat of tor;- bu"'h'^%Xef tf/**^ 4' «'"«»*- fovernment then esiabiuhln ^^e despotic the MusTum^jfVaturkl Hi^™® Professor at various worts coSe%h'^h',»7'^ '"'■?*« pursuit: among°wh?charl" The Kr" Piiiilg e"SL"eSfr^.T'f-.^J'"-A 'n •'&fe"at scientific acquirments the^e^lslmie d^ib? • a us'e"o'';"h«is%':r i'n"7 ^--^'tlSnThe 327 PAU] m Jteb) aniberisal ISiograpl^?. [m belief that he had familiar dealings with the devil. The Btory of Dr Faustus fum- iihed the subject of a remarkable dramatic fioem by Christopher Marlowe, and has been mmortalized by the genius of Goethe. FAUVKL, , an eminent French antl- auary, chiefly known for hU researches, at rst alone In Greece, and subsequently In the East with M. de Choiseul-Oouffler, whom he aided in valuable researches. M. Fauvel is well-known in connection with the " Voyage Flttoresque de la OrAce." Bprn, 1783 ; died, 1838 FAVART, CHARLES SIMON, a dramatic poet, to whom the comic opera in France Is greatly Indebted, was bom in 1710. At an early period he devoted himself to poetical pursuits, continuing, with little intermis- sion, to write for the stage tiU his death, which happened in 1702. FAWCEXT, JOHN, an eminent actor, was the son of an actor of humble pretensions at Drury Lane, and was born in London, in 1769. At the ogc of 15 he was apprenticed to a linen-draper, but clandestinely left the ■hop for the Margate Theatre, where, under the name of Footc, he made his first appear- ance. In 1791 he made his bow to a London audience, at Covent Gordcn, as Caleb, in " He would be a Soldier." His dramatic re- putation was at length fixed by his repre- sentation of Dr Fangloss, Ollapod, Caleb Quotem, and Job Thornberry. In 1798 he joined the Haymarket company, and became acting manager, in 1600, of that theatre. In 1813 he appeared at the English Opera, and in HI rejoined the Haymarket. He afterwards became manager of Covent Gar- den Theatre, which situation he held till his retreat from the stage in 1836. In private life his conduct was irreproachable, but there wasa bluntness in his manners, which, to a stranger, often appeared like intentional rudeness. Died, 1837. FAWCETT, Sir WltLlAM, a distinguished military officer, was a native of Yorkshire. Entering young into the army, he served under General Elliot, with reputation, in the Seven Years' "War, and was made aide-de- camp to the Marquis of Granby. He was soon after promoted to the rank of lieuten- ant-colonel in the Guards, and continued to rise graduolly till he became colonel in the army, knight of the Both, and governor of Chelsea Hospital. Sir William translated the " Reveries " of Marshal Saxe. Born, 1728 ; died, 1804. FAWKE8, Guy, one of the conspirators In the Gunpowder Plot, was born in York- shire, of a respectable family, and enlisted In the Spanish army In the Netherlands. There he was found by Winter, one of the conspirators, and vrixn him returned to England, in 1604, ag/eelng to assist in the plot. He passed under the name of John- son, as servant to Thomas Percy, another conspirator, and was placed in the house next the parliament house. He collected the necessary materials, and made the pre- parations in the coal-cellar under the House of Lorils ; was sent to the Netherlands on a .^1 — i^H *.. OIm YTrlllin^v* GfnMlnv anH fivtran • ililBatuf! f„' *?tt ?» ......... -^. ^ .. . — , and was chosen to the dangerous office of firing the mine. The government having 338 Icurat the great secret, the house and ccllw was searched, and Fawkes was there trrcit. cd, Nov. 5, 1605. He made no attempt it concealment, was soon after tried, tnd on January 31, 1606, was executed at Writ, minster with several of the other comply, tors. FAYETTE. [LAFAYETTE.] FAZIO, BAHTOLOMEO, an hlstorisn ni biographer of the Ifith century, was by birth R Genoese, and patronized by Alphonio.lclof of Naples, at whose instance he tranilatM Arrlan's History of Alexander Into Latin but his most Important work Is entitled " i)^ Vlrls Illustrlbus," containing brief acconnu of the most famous of his contemporAriea FECKENHAM, JOHN DE, the liiit abbot of Westminster, was born In the villanefrom which he took his name. In Woi cestenhlre. He was farly sent to the abbey oJ ETeiham and thence to Oxford University, after which he took orders, and became chaplnlu flnt to the bishop of Worcester, and then to Bonner bishop of London. When the Ueformatlon commenced, he opposed it with spirit, and was sent to the Tower on the ncceMlonof Edward VI., where he continued till the at. cession of Queen Mary. The queen mie him her chap' tin, and sent him to Ijidj Jane Grey, to convert her. If possible, to the! Catholic faith. Feckenham became dean o( St Paul's, and in 1536 he was made abbot of AVestmlnster. He remained a firm opponent of the Reformation, refused, it Is said, the archbishopric of Canterbury, was levenl times imprisoned, and at last Intlielsleof Ely, where he died, 1585. FEDEllICI-CAMILLO, Italian dramallit, was a native of Piedmont. His real name was ViASSOLO, and he was born in 1751, He became an advocate at Turin, buthlspasiloii for the stage led him to quit the law, and he Joined a company of players. He lived Biter- wards at Venice and at Padua, and com- posed his plays for the theatres of thoie cities. He gained a great reputation, but his health failed him, and he died in 1S02. His " Opere Teatrali " are in 14 vols. FEITH, RHYNVIS.a popular Dutch poet, born at ZwoUe in 1700, studied at Leyden, and graduated doctor of laws, married in 1772, and spent a long life, for the moit pirt in literary retirement. He filled for som time the office of burgomaster of Zwolle, His voluminous writings consist of didactic poems, among which are " The Grave " and " Old Age ; " spirited patriotic odes and songs ; tragedies, among whichare "Thirsa" and " Lady Jane Grey ;" novels, an " Essaj on Epic Poetry," and many religious work), mostly of the prize-essay kind. He loithii wife In 1813, and died in 1824. FELIBIEN, ANDRfi, a writer on the line arts, was born at Chartres, France, In 1619 He studied at Paris; after which hewentu secretary to the French embassy at Rome, where he formed an Intimacy with the cele- brated painter, Nicolas Poussin. On hii return to France he was appointed superin- tendent of the royal buildings, and of arti and manufactures. His works, which an esteemed, illuttrate the principles of piiiit- liig,' architecture, and' sculpture. Diei, 1695. fel] "fELIBIEN, JEAN Francois, eldest son of the fore(jolng, iucooeded to the ofBccs held by hli father, and wrote a work on the llres and writings of the most celebrated arcliltects. Died, 1733. FELIBIEN, MICHKL, brother of the pre- cedinir, wM born at Chartres in 1666, became a Kcnedictine of the Congregation of 8t Mftur, and died In 1719. Ho wrote a " HIs- toire de I'Abbaye Royalo de Saint- Denis on France," and projected a History of the City of Paris, which he did not live to complete. FELL, 8AMUEL,deanof Christchurch, was bom in London in 1594, and educated at Westminster School, whence he proceeded to Christchurch, Oxford, in 1601. During the civil wars he was a staunch adherent of the royal cause, on which account he was ejected in 1647, from the oflSce of vice-chan- cellor of the university ; and he died in the following year. The news of the execution of Charles I. is said to have broken his heart. FELL, Dr JOHN, bishop of Oxford, son of the preceding, was bom at Longworth, in Berkshire, in 1625, and educated at Christ- church, Oxford, of which hi^ father .was dean. In the civil war he was, like his father, ejected from the college for his loy- alty. Ac the restoration he was made canon and dean of Christchurch ; in 1666 he became chancellor of the university, and ten years later he was raised to the see of Oxford. He was a learned prelate, and a liberal bene- factor to his college, the magnificent tower of which, called the " Tom Gate," he built. Several valuable works from his pen are ex- tant; among others, a Latin translation of Wood's "History and Antiquities of Oxford University," in 2 vols, folio ; a " Paraphrase on 8t Panl'8 Epistles," &c. Died, 168B. FELLENBERG, EMANUEL l)K, whose la- bours in the cause of education have earned for him immortal fame, was born at Berne in Switzerland, in 1771. His father ^as of patrician rank, and a member of the govern- ment of Berne; his mother, a great-grand- daughter of the celebrated Dutch admiral Van Tromp. He went to the university of iTiibingen in 1790, to complete his studies in civil law; but these he fjon abandoned for the more congenial pursuits of politics and philosophy. In order to acquaint himself with the moral state of his countrymen, he 'spent much of his time in travelling through jSwitzerland, usually on foot, with his knap- jsack at liis back. Immediately after the fall of Robespierre in 1795 he visited Paris. Dur- ing his sojourn there he perceived the storm which was impending over Switzerland, and hastened back to warn his countrymen. But [his predictions were disbelieved, and his warnings disregarded, Berne was taken, and the cause lost, before any efficient force could be organized ; and Fellenberg was pro- scribed, a price was set upon his head, and he ]was compelled to fly into Germany. He was, i>\owever, soon recalled, and sent to Paris, to eaonstrate against the oppressive conduct lot the agents of the French republic ; but m want of faith and public spirit on the part of his own government confirmed his lli^nsf with miMin i;a. ~..j »,- .. , . ;■ ■ i--* •'( "•!« lie rcsuivcd 10 ■xctiange a political career for the more lacefui i-ursuits of agriculture and educa- H ift;e years tha??ollowei^ ?l}*^ * kV '^1^ *"<=* "^'th which he defeated the combinations of interested and Jealous opponents ; and the success which ultimate! v rhl^^\^^,^'-^^^^^''^' ^^'•^■' * writer chiefly on religious and political sublects was born in Norfolk, 1770.*^ He was cduiMed ?L®L^'"'^ Hall, Oxford, where he attained In nnfT"/?^'^- fn 1801: and was ordained in i7»o, but he gradually relinnuished thn doctrines of the Church of England and a? ho^w/v°''i^'*J!:« °P'"'°"« maimiinedin the work which he published in 1836, under the title of " The Religion of the Universe " He was the intimate friend of Dr Par^Tnd Mm t^'°n M'*««j:«'':,*he former presented him to Queen Caroline, whose cause he espoused with great zeal ; and the latter left him nearly £200,000, which enabled him at once to gratify his own tastes for literature and to benefit his fellow-creatures. He en-' iff^w.T'**' '""*=^ *'*''■" '»*«> «'e project of fnl u V*^'{!l* university in Londonlsupport- ing it both by his counsel and his purse land on recovering from a tedious illness, to ex- press his gratitude to Dr Elliotson in a wav which he thought would be most agreeable to that gentleman, he founded two annual gold 1 edals, called the Fellowes medals, for ^?f'^o}^^^ proficients In clinical science. FELLOWS, Sir CHARLES, traveller, dis- ^?T «."' J**^ Xanthian marbles, was born at Nottingham in 1799. He first explored the valley of the Xanthus, in Lycia, in 1838. and discovered the remains of the two cities of Xanthus. the old capital, and Tlos. Vnder the auspices of the trustees of the British Museum 1)0 mado further explorations in Lycia in 1839 and 1841, and on the latter occasion succeeded in obtaining and shin, ping for England the valuable marbles now occupying the Lycian saloon attheMuseum He was kn iffhted by the Queen In 1845. Sir Cliarles Fellows wrote " Travels and Re- searches in Asia Minor," a volume which comprises the separate Journals of his first two explorations; "Coins of Ancient Lycia before the reign of Alexander," &c. Died. November. 1860. ' FELTHAM. OWEN, was born early in the nth century in Suffolk. Little more is known of him than that he resided mnnv tm™ in »if..h"^"^"5 the earl of Thomond,' during which period he published, in 1628. a work of great merit, entitl ed " Besolves, Divine. 329 I ' fil] n j^eb) Sknibersal Idiodrapiis. PoUtici:!, »nd Moral," tfhich went through IJ editioni before the year 1709. Died, pro- bttblT about 1678. tELTBB, HENRI JACaUBS OOILLATJME OtARKB, Duke of, w«« born In 1765, at I4indrectet, where hl» father was a keeper Of the public storei. In 1781 he entered the mtlitarT school at ParU ; In 1790 he went to London with the French embassy, and after- ward* ierved in the infantry and cavalry, until he was suspended, and Imprisoned as a noble. He was subsequently employed by Camot; and the Directory, in 179S, created him general of division. In 1807 he was made minister of war, and shortly after creatfed duke of Feltre. Though indebted to Buonaparte for his dukedom, he contributed towards the restoration of the Bourbons, and held office under the goTemmcnt at hl« death, which took place in 1818. FBNELON, FRANCOIS DK SAIIQNAC DE I/A MOTTU, archbishop of Cambray, was born In 1681, at the chdteau de F6neion, in F«ri»ord, of a family illustrious it, church and state. He studied at Cahors and Paris, where he made such progress in the most difficult studies, that, in hie I8th year, he preached with great applause. At the age of 24, F«n«lon took holy orders, and com- menced his regular ministerial functions in the parish of St Sulpice. He was after- wards appointed chief of a mission for the conversion of heretics in Salntonge and Aunis; and on h's return he became known to the public as a writer, by a work, " 8ur le Ml'iletftre des Pasteurs," and a treatise, " De r Education des Filles." In 1689, Louis XIV. intrusted to him the education of his grandsons, the dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri. Fenelon was successful in forming the mind of the young duke of Burgundy, heir presumptive to the throne of France, and sowed the seeds of every prfncely virtue in his heart ; but hij prema- ture death blasted the pleasing anticipations entertained respecting him. In 1694, Fenelon was created archbishop of Cambray ; soon after which, a theological dispute with Bos- suet, his former instructor, respecting the devotional mysticism of the celebrated Madame Guyon, whosfe opinions Fenelon favoured, terminated in his condemnation by Pope innocent XII., and his banishment to his diocese by Louis XIV. From this time he lived in his diocese, sustaining the venerable character of a Christian philoso- pher, and scrupulously performing his sa- cred duties. His works in the departments of philosophy, theology, and the belles lettres, have immortalized his name. He Wa3 familiar with the best models of an- cient and modern times, and his mind was animated by a gentle spirit of benevolence. In person and manners Fenelon was one of the most attractive of men. He wrote many excellent works; among the chief of which may be reckoned his "Dialogues of the Dead," " Dialogues on Eloquence," &c. But his most celebrated production is his " Ad- ventures of Telemachus," in which he en- deavoured to exhibit a model for the edu- cation of a prince ; and more pure and elevated maxims were never woven into a tale either of truth or fiction. His depth 330 [m was accelerated by the OTcnuminf of kii carriage, which brenght on a fever, tad tti amiable and Tirtaona prelate expired lain. 1716, FENN, Sir JOHN, abtiquary, was bom li 1739, at Norwich, educated at catus CoUcte Cambridge, and died in 1794. He vu, , fellow of the Society of Antiquariei, mil ■elected and pabllshed the well-known col- lection of letten. In 6 vol*., written by min- hers of the Paiton family. The authenticitt of these famous Paston Letten has recmtli been impugned by Mr Hermann MeriTik and has teen discussed by the Bocitty oi Antiquaries. The question Was set at ntt by the production (Not. 1868) of the orlkinil MSB. of the fifth volume. The M8S. of tbt first fbur volumes were given by Sir lohn Fenn to George III., and it is hoped ther may yet he found in the Roynl Collectloni, FENTON, ELIJAH, an English poet, wii bom in 1683, at Shelton, near Newcastle, In Staffordshire. Having received a claulul education, the earl of Orrery, In 1710, mads him his private secretary, and placed hji eldest son under his care. He afterwtrdi lived with Lady Trumbull as tutor to Iter son, and died at her seat In Berkshire, In 1730. He became acquainted with moitot the wits of the age, and assisted Pope Inhli translation of the Odyssey. Besides thli.he published " Mariamne," a tragedy, and the lives of Milton and Waller. FENTON, Sir OEOPFRET, mlscelhueoM writer, was bom in Nottinghamshire, and died at Dublin, in 1608. He tranilaN Quicciardini's History of the "Wars of iu,f. FERBEB, JOHN JAMES, a Swedish miner- alogist of note, was born at Carlscrona.ln 174i ; and died in Switzerland, while on i scientific tour, in 1790 He wrote " letten ft-om Italy," and other works dMcriptin of mines and. minerals in dllferent pirti ol Europo. FERDINAND V., THE CAtBouc, kinjof Spain, son of John II , king of Navarre aad Aragon, was born l:n 1452. He married li 1469 the Princess Isabella of Caitlle, ia whosfc right he succeeded on the death of her brother, Henry IV., to the throne of Castile. A rival claimant, Joanna, wu supported by Alfonso, king of Portugal, who invaded Leon and was defbated by Ferdinand at Toro, in 1478. Three years later Ferdi- nand succeeded his father in the kingdom of Aragon, thus reuniting the two crowni of Castile and Aragon. He applied himself to the reform of the great abuses in the ad- ministration, and in 1480, at the Instigation of Torquemada, established the Inquisltloo at Mevllle, and, after courageous reslstanee on the part of the people, at Saragossa alio. One of the greatest events of this reign wal the conquest of Granada. The war with the Moors began in 148S, victory after victory attended the arths of Ferdinand, and In m the capital city was taken after a siege of eight months. The " two kings," as thej called Ferdinand and Isabella, made thelt entrance In January, 1493. The dominion of the Moors In Spain had lasted 800 yean. .«, _ .» -4,-A «* ♦»..* oiMinvao,* liQH.tne Hy a LTuSi fUiCi wi m'- — •••" ..-— . Jews in Spain were commanded to receive baptism or quit the country In four montht fer] Multitudes of them, counted at from 30,000 »o 170 000, became exiles, and the prisons were tMei with those who remained. It was at this period that Columbaa, with retseU (timlshed by Ferdinand and iMbella. made bis memorable roj»ge» and discorered America: which the pope, Alexander VI., assumed authority to glte to those aoTe- reinis. The great Cardinal Ximenea waa then conftssor to Isabella, and in 149S waa made archbishop of Toledo. In 1500 Qonaalro was sent to make the conquest of Naples, which, partly by the sword, and partly by the most unscrupulous perfidy, he effected. On the death of Isabella In 1904, the king- dom of Castile passed to Philip, soii -in-law of Ferdinand. But on Philip's death, two years later, Ferdinand again assumed the government. In 1907 Xiraenes became first minister, laboured successfully tot the con- Tcrtion of the Moors, and achieved the con- nuc?t cf Oran. The Infamous League of Chmiray was concluded in 1 SOS. Booq after NaTarre was conquered atid united to Ctutlle and Arsgon. Ferdinand died in 1816, and was interred in the cathedral of Granada with his Queen Isabella. Of Ferdinand's four daughters, one was married to the Arch- duke Philip, two in succession to Emmanuel, king of Portugal, and the fourth, Catherine, first to Prince Arthur of England, and after- wards to his brother. Henrr Vlii. The brilliant " History of the Reigns of Ferdi- nand and Isabella," by Prescott, the Ameri- can historian, is well known. FERDINAND I., emperor of the West, younger brother of Charles V., was bom at Alcala m 1503. He laarrled in 1521 Anna, daughter of Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Bohemia, became king of Bohemia in 1 027, and at the same time contended with John Zapolski for the crown of Hungary. The war lasted many years, and was terminated by an nnsatisflactory treaty. Ferdinand was elected king of the Romans in 1S31, took the title of emperor on the abdication of his brother Charles V., and wAa recog- nised by the electors in 1558. As the pope, Paul IV., refused to acknowledge his title, it was resolved that the pope's consent should be thenceforth dispensed with in the election of the emperor. Ferdinand was a moderate and iust ruler, and especially almedat reconciling the conflicting religious parties In the empire. He sen t ambassadors to the council of Trent, which he saw closed the year before his death. Died, at Vienna, 1S64. FERDINAND II., emperor of the West, grandson of Ferdinand I., was bom in 1578. He was crjwnedking of Bohemia in 1617, king of Hungary in the next year, and was elected emperor on the death of his cousin Matthias In 1819. His Bohemian subjects rerolted and chose for their king, Frederick V.,electorpalatine,whoreluctantly accepted the crown, and lost it by his defeat at the battle of Prague in 1620. Thus began the famous Thirty Years' War, Catholics and Protestants contending for the supremacy : Tilly and Wallenstein difitlnnJou took part with the barons, and the king was aided by the pope, Bforsa, dukeof Milan and Scandcrbeg. The king defeated his rival in 1462, and made peace. But breAklng his Word, war .rfH.^.''I:*i'*'!,?- .^R"" »»»« king won, and established ordfer by terror. He afterwards joined With the pope against the Floren- tines, but Lorenzo de Medici, by the bold step of a personal visit to Naples, succeeded In detaching him fi-om that alliance and negotiated a treaty of peace. He died in 1494, aged 70, detested for his debaucheries and cruelties, at the very time that Charles VIII. or France was setting out on his celebrated expedition for the conquest of Naples. FERDINAND OP CORDOTA, a learned scholar and accompli»>»>ed cavalier of the 15th century, whose Attainments at a very early age made him a prodigy. That he was pos- sessed of great and versatile abilities may fairly be supposed ; but the accounts related of him are so extravagant as to stagger the belief of the most credulous. Died, about 1480. FERDINAND I., king of the Two Sici- lies, was bom in 1751, and succeeded his father Charles III. on the throne of Naples, In 1759, on the accession of the latter to that of Spain. During his inlnoHty, the govern- ment i»as conducted by a council of regency ; and at that time Ferdinand was a great favourite with the people, in consequence of the familiarity of his demeanour. In 1768 he married Maria Caroline, daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa, who soon acquired such a decided influence over him, that he consulted her upon all occasions. His faith- ful minister, TauuccI, who had been the president of the <'ouncll of regency, baring lost the favour ot Charles III. of Spain, gave In his resignation in 1777, and was succeeded by the Marquis Sambuca. This minister, observing that the influence of the queen over her husband was unbounded, attempted to alienate the king ftom her, by means of a beautiful English woman, who had married a Frenchman named Ooudar, at Naples; but the queen discovered the plot ; M. and Mme. Ooudar were banished from Naples, and Sambuca thought It prudent to retire. Acton, his successor, followed Implicitly the wishes of the queen ; and the cabinet of Madrid now lost all influence in that of Naples, which became more closely united • — ""' <•• .fxustjia aiiu vjrcai uriiain. But a new era was approaching. The French revolutionary gorernment ^demanded that Naples should renounce all*'connection with 831 FEIt] % j^leto Stniberaal IBiograpf)?. [nn Great Britain, and enforced Itt rtomand bjr nen41nB a fleet Into the bay of Noplen. On the death of Loul» XVI.. however, For- aiuund Joined the coalition aKainit France, and took piirt In the general wiir from 17!I3 to 1700. After two year» of pence, the Tlctory of Nolson at Aboukir again ongusci) Ferdi- nand agalniit the French, who, on tl i defeat of the NpttpoUtnn* under Ocncrul Mao."t , took poisetslon of the whole kingdom, ana pro- ctnimcd the Varthenopeon rcpyblic, In I'^'O. Jiut, dttrlng the same year, the capital again fell Into the hand* of the royalist army, under Cordlnal lluflo, and many aUhcrents of the republic were executed. In thU way, under the imbrclle rule of Ferdinand, NaplOH continued to change ildcs, according to the power and influence of the two great belli- gerent natloiiit, until the Congress of Vlenuo, In 1811, ttnolly re-established him in all his rights as king of the Two Sicilies. Unfit as this monarch was to wlold the sceptre, all agree that he felt a strong sympathy for the sufferings of his subjects, that ho was a patron of charitable institutions, and de- cidedly good-natured. He died Jan. 4, IB'iS. FEKUINAND VII., king of Spain and the Indies, son of Charles XV. and Maria Ix>uisa of Parma, was born at St Udefonso, In 178t. He was recognized prince of Astu- rias when U years old. It was ut this epoch, in 17S0, that the deputies of the Spanish provinces demanded the re-establishment of the Cortes, which Charles IV. had abolished ; but after some dliBcuUles the claim was abandoned. The duke of Sun Carlos and Don Juan Escoiqul/. were appointed go- vernors of the young prince, who is said to have made brilliant progress in mathe- matical studies. Spain was at that time governed by Godoy (Prince of Peace) with little short of absolute royul power. This minion saw an insurmountable obstacle to his ambition in tho heir-apparent to the crown, and aimed at obtaining the some influence over Ferdinand as he had obtained over his parents ; but the design was defeated by his two governors, who succeeded In in- spiring him with a disgust and dread of Godoy. Finding he could not succeed, he souuht to thwart him in oil his designs and wishes. In 1801, Ferdinand married Maria Antonia, a princess of Naples, who was highly accomplished, possessed great inde- pendence of character, and attracted nil hearts by her beauty and talents. The envy of the queen-mother, thus excited, was speedily converted into hatred; ond the princess from that time was subjected to the most cruel persecutions ; nay, it Is even alleged that she was despatched by poison given to her in a cup of coffee, In 1806. The designs of Napoleon on Spain now began to operate. Beauharnois, the French ambas- sador at Madrid,- was instructed to open a secret conference with Ferdinand, to detach him from the projects of Oodoy.and induce him to connect himself with the Buonaparte family by marrying the eldest daughter of Lucien Buonaparte. Ferdinand assented by letter to this overture. Godoy was informed of it, and, trembling for his in t crest, hastened to detail the secret transaction to Charles IV., taking care to paint it in the moat odious ssa colours, and accusing Ferdinand of a drijn to pusscHS himself of the throne. Tlio kint was so enraged, that he immediately order4 tho prince to bo imprisoned at the lilicurlii and hia pnperi to be seized. On the 30th o| October fullowing, a decree wanaddrewedto the council of Castile, declaring Ferdinand and all those who had abetted his deilgn' traitors to the state. This extreme meaiure was the work of Uodoy ; but, with hit Uiuii hypocrisy, he opened negotiations with i'tt- dinand, offering to act as mediator between him and Ills father. He induced hitn to write a letter of unconditional submlsiiion to the king, and the consequence was a public re. conciliation of the parties. DutastonUhment succeeded to tho expressions of public Jot caused by this event, when it wua now for the first time learned that tho French army had crossed the frontiers, and wna marching directly on Madrid. Tho king then g»e out that ho was on the point of setting out for Andalusia. The mob rose at Arai)juei and elsewhere, proceeding to violence, and asserting a determination not to allow ihf king to quit the kingdom ; but it was aKainit Godoy, and with a view to his dismlssuMhit the public indignation was chiefly excited. Alarmed at those popular tumults, Charlei abdicated his throne; and Ferdinand, IcIur proclaimed his successor, began hla reign b; reducing taxes, and issuing a Oecrce for devoting the crown lands to public purpoiei. Meanwhile, the French advanced towards Madrid, and all parties (including the new king) vrere ignorant that this proceeding wai tho result of a treaty concluded between Godoy and Napoleon at Fontninebleau. Fer- dinand sent the latter a deputation requeit- ing the preservation of amity ; to which Napoleon replied, that Charles IV. waaliii ally and friend, and that he could not re. cognize the rights or pretensions of anj other claimant to tho throne. Murat, tliin advancing on Madrid, returned a aimilar answer, and was in actual rossession of that capital when Ferdinand made hia public entry. Being apprized by Murat and the duke of Uovigo that Napoleon was comin; to Bnyonne, the former persuaded Ferdi- nand to meet Napoleon there, withavlev to separate him from his subjects. Onhii arrival he was not long before he was made aware of the snore into which he had fallen. After dining with Napoleon, who treated him with cordiality, he was apprized b; Savory that Napoleon claimed the right of disposing of the Spanish crown, and abso- lutely demanded his renunciation of it. Napoleon afterwards proposed to j;ive him one of his nieces In marriage, and male him king of Etruria ; but Ferdinand re- fused to assent, and was from that time, notwitliHtanding the remonstronccs of bis minister Cevallos, treated as a prisoner. Godoy shortly after arrived with Charles IV. and the queen. The latter Instant- ly reclaimed the crown of Ferdinand, who then made a public resignation of it to his father. Meanwhile, the Spaniards, sti- mulated by the junta left by Ferdinand at Madrid,' with powers to convoke lie Cortes, were rising in arms in all directions; and Napoleon, alarmed, now induced the run] whole of the royal fonilly of Spain to ro to llurdeuux, and there niuke a furinal cemtlon of the crown. Ho Immediately proclaimed hi) brother Joseph klnfr, and placed iVrdl- nand In cdnllncinont at Vulcn(jay, where he ami hit faiiiily were kept under the rlKoroui surtelllanco of the police, and remained In lUDtody till December, 1813 ; when Niipo- h'on, after his dinasters In Iluiiia, found It Impossible to ictaln pv'Mcsslon of Spain, and II trcnty of pence wag sig.icd at Vulnncay between hini and Ferdinand, by which the Litter was restored to the exercise of his royal powers. Thus released fl-om p captivity of »h years, tho younjf monarch reached the ('utalonlan frontier, March 24, 1814. Ho was received everywhere with tho distinctions sppcrtninlng to royalty by the retiring French army, and with tho warmest testi- monies of affection by the people. Hut he constuntly refused to sign tho constitution rstubi;«hcd by the Cortes during his absi-ncc, although he had promised to do so beforo quitting Valen<;ay. On arriving at Madrid hedlasulved the Cortes, and assumed absolute power. The oM institutions were restored, and the Inquisition was re-esti(l>llshed. These causes ofdlssatlsruction were long producing Iheir effects, but nt leuRth, In 1820, II lego, a llcutenantcolonel,plncedhimselfat the head of a party at Cadiz, and, although supported by a very small force, proclaimed th* con- stitution of 1812, established by tho Cortes; and Terdinand, compelled to yield, convoked tho Cortes on the 7th of March, and shortly nftcrswore fidelity to the constitution of 1812. Kilt from this time the noblesse and the dig- lulnries of the church set thenisolves secretly and openly to oppose the march of the revo- lution.and perpetual shocks and collisions occurred between them and the popular party. Popular tumults occu/red, which were instantly pleaded agnins', tho cause of tho constitution. Protests vere made by Russia against tho continupace of this revo- lutionary anarchy; France was prompted to adopt a pretended cordon $anitair«, with an obvious intention to seize the first oppor- tunity of invading Spain; mutual charges and recriminations were made between the Spanish and French ministers ; and Eng- land's voice, as an umpire, was appealed to |but was scarcely heard. At length France declared war; and tho Duke d'AngoulAme entered Spain, with nn avowed design of putting down tho constitutionalists, and re- jitoring Ferdinand to absolute power. It is aot our place in this biography to detail the levcnts of the campaign. It is sufficient to record that Ferdinand was restored, at its termination, to the exercise of an unmiti- gated arbitrary tyronny, which he Indulged n, without compunction, till his death. In m, Ferdinand married Maria Theresa, a iijirinccss of Portu,?al, for his second wife ; In 819, Maria-Josepha Amelia, a princess of t'Zl'^^" ••" '^'"*■ ^''^ ^"i, A celebrated KiJ^nfM r" *"!''"*'' ^"^'"f attracted «e notice of Mahmoud, the reigning sultan. ho gave him « distinguished rcceDtion at IJH.IIS oi goiu, the same number of th> smallest silver coin was sent to him whieh the poet indignantly distributed .mon^tl 5 menials wrote a severe satire on the sultan Via "''.'* .•" "»»'"»<«• Horn ,916; died 02o' Klrdusl is one of the greatest of nHo«».i little historical value, it Is much rend bv hU countrymen for Its piotic beauties and the r«f;"nJ A '""^y, 'n quautlly to a surprising extent. A complete edition was published Hon."'"","" by Turner Maean In 1829 Por- ll^to i-Sflsh!""' ^'"^ '•"^'^ •"'«" translated «T,d^'ii!;S^'^1^.' ^"^"' •»•' eminent historian at?J»w\.'"i^'°'i^'*''"' """n' born, in 1724, at Logieralt, Perthshire, of which parish his father was minister, lie was tdScated at fo tile i'n7r„"1 ^"'"""••ffh: was chapTain lo ine 4ind regiment, in Flanders till t»i« tTESilui^i."'-^'"'^l"« ■• and, on"is m, ™° tn«i ^^n'**"'.^" *^'""'«n professor of na- tural philosophy, which chair ho subae- pny. In 1707 appeared b s " Essav on Civil Society," which procured him the'^l^gree o Cheft^rflPiH*'" l^ accompanied tho earl of Uiesterfleld on his travels ; and, in 1776 having replied to Dr P. ice on Civi Liberty ?„^nom »P''°'"P'! ^° »"« secretaryship of 'k conciliatory mission to America in 1778. On his return ho resumed his professorial du- ties, and composed his " History of the Koman Republic," in 3 vols. 4to. Several years after this appeared his " Treatise on Moral and Political Science," 2 vols 4 to" Dled,"8l"6' '"*'" °' ^°"" Philosophy "• n,Ji^^^^^^^' 'JAME8, astronomer and Sv™ i"'*,l',^" **>" '"n of a labourer, and .««'?' ^"«,"*'' "* ^"'t''' *n Banffshire, Scot- land. His extraordinary genius quickly displayed Itself, «» he learScd to read In ^^^''lu^ hearing his father teach one of his brothers; and when only eight years of age he constructed a wooden clock. When old enough to work, he was placed out as servant to a farmer, who employed him in keeping sheep; in which situation he ac- quire-l a surprising knowledge of the stars • and Ms abilities b^ing discovered by some neighbouring gentlemen, one of them took him to his house, where he learnt decimal arithmetic and the rudiments of algebra and geometry. From a description of the globes in GordoiVs grammar, he made one in three weeks sufficiently accurate to enable him to work problems; and, having a taste for drawing, began to draw portraits with In- p!«h./„"m' ^^ "^^*''*' ^'^ supported himself creditably some ye!>r>. In 174.'" ha ra ■•- i^ndon. Where lie "published some astrontn mical tables and calculations, and gave lec- tures In experim ental philosophy, which ho 888 fICH] % iftctD QtnibcviBl IBio gtapbi}. [riu MPitated with luccaM throuihout the king dom llti chl«r work U >.T. "Ailronon.y oxplalnud upon Hlr Ii«4u Ni^wloiit \ tiiivi n|»«, aud mi»do c«iy to ihow who have not •tudlfld Mathematlci." Oii iht acocM ou of "•org. Ill . who had attondtd hl« Ucturoa. ha r'coUad a pentlou of £M a year ; aua 11 wa" «U>ct«d a follow of the ttoyal Hocluty. Ha pubUahfd umnoroua worka on aatro- noniy, mechanUi. drawing, «»•«»"'''*»••"• and Ve died poiwiied of con«ldorabl« pro- perty-thf ioU reault of hU pftraoiforlng iu- duttry. Died, 1778. FEHUU880N, UOitKUT, a Hootch poet. WM born at Edinburgh la 1760. He wai •duoated for tho ministry, hut a love of dlaalpallon dltquallftiHl him fur that pro- feaalon. and h« obtalnod a place n the ihertff olerk'a ofllce at Edinburgh. HU con- Toriatlonul Bowera rendered hU company highly attractlTOj and tha o«cei»«>a Into which he waa \»i »inp«lred his naturally iVebU conatltutlon, and rendered hlni an nmato of the I'.dlnburgh lunutlo aaylum, where he dlei In 1774. Hli poemt written iu the BcottUh dialect have oonaldcrnble merit, but thoae In Kngllih are ofteu below mediocrity. _ FERIBHTA, MOHAMMKD OASSM, a Pcr- alan hUtorlan, who flourUhcd In tho l«th and 17th ccnturlea, wM born at Aatrabad In Versla. but went carlT to India, and lived at Ahmednagur, In the Deccan. Ho waa liberally patronUiM by the tovcrelgn of Vlaapour, under whoao auiplcca hu pub- lltahed hlB " History of India under the MuMttlmant," a work of acknowledged merit for Impartiality and truth. No complete Bngllah tranilatlona of FerlihUM work ap- peared prevloualy to that of Colonel Urlgga in 1839. FBRMAT, PIKBRB UB, aB eminent ma- thematician, ctvl. an, and poet, was born at Toulouic, m l«OS, and died In U«4. He wai a Kood icholiir, and wrote poetry In the iHtln, French, and Hpanlib languages. Hla prosa works were collected and published under the title of "Opera Varla Mathe- matlca." „ . ^ « » _j FEUNANDEZ, JtJAN, a Spanish pilot and navigator, who. In 167'i, discovered the island which beara his name. „»,,» FERNANDEZ XIMENE8 DB NAVA- RETTB, JUAN, a celebrated Spanish paint- er, and a pupil of Titian, waa horn at Lo- grono, In 14'i«, and aumamed Ml Jiu4e, in oonsequenoa of being deaf and dumb. He waa appointed painter to Fhilip II.; and died in 1S79. . „„„„ r«i FERNANDEZ DB NAVARRBTB. [NA- VARRETB.] „ FERRAOINO, BABTOl.OMBO, B aelf- uught gentua of Fadua. U* waa born In 1696, and bred a sawyer. His llrat invention was a saw worked by the wind. He made curioua clocka and hydraulic engines, but hla greatest work is the bridge over the Breuu, which is remarkable for tho bold- naaa of the design, and its. firmness. He died about 17«4. ^ w ,« • a FBRRAR, NiCHOLAi, «^^'^«'3|?JlJ^?* di?iiiv, iSa ;cUBS;r ~l --- rr~t-rr="~r- -- MtahUibmrat at LltUa Glddlng, was born at London, In IMS. Ho waa remarkable, oven In hU childhood, for his davotlonal ttndn cles, and occiulrod the dostgnatlon of g| Nicholas. After studying at CambrtiJi,!,, went abroad for tha beneflt of hit htilth, raiurulng In 1618. He tiigaged for • tlmi in commercial affairs, and was eveu eliaid uieuihur of parliament, hut in l«i« h« (u- rled out the design ho had long ehcrlihedof retiring from the active life of the wurlJ. Ho settled with his mother and fitmllT n Mltlo (ilddlng, a vlllogc In lluntliigau,, thiro. where at that time the church vru used us a barn Ho had It cleaned and rt. •torcd to Its proper uses, and establliUudin his house a round of prayer*, watcblsii, repetition of Scripture, *o., for every hour of the day and night. Tho younn womiB woru trained for household dutlsi, acquired iomo mudleal knowledge for commun cwhii, and spent much time In helping and nunini tho poor. This " nuunory," as 11 w«icgiK.|i, atlrueted many visitors ; even tht klii|, Charles 1.. visited It twice, In lil33 ind IMi. It was broken up during the civil wu. li his last Illness Nloholaa Forrar had s ip«t marked out for his grave, and on it hid hurireda of books, plavs, romancei, At., which he had learnt to desplio, burnt. Hi died In December, 1037. about thre« jun after his mother. This remnrkublo man «u the lutlmute oud buluvcd friend u( (ieor|t Herbert. There are Lives of Nlchulul'er rar. by hla brother John and Dr Jebb. FERKAR, KoBKUT, an Uugllih prtliti of the 16th century, was born at Halifu, Yorkshire, and became prior of the nmiu-i tery of St Oswald, which ho surrsndettdj on the dissolution in 1S40, and. embnctti the prlnolpleaof the Reformation, wumide bishop of St Davld'i by Edward VI. B«t, neglecting some form admissive of the kioi'i supremacy, ho was lined beyond hli tbilll; to pay, and Imprisoned. On the scceHiu of Mary he was brought before Gantloir, bishop of 'Winchester, tried, «ud deoliw f[ullty of heresy, and burnt at Cacmartkw n 1835. F ERR A HI. FBAM0I8CO UKHMAKOINft, born In 1877. was a doctor of the Ambroilu college of Milan, and celebrated throughoit Europe fbr hla intimate acquaintunce wlU books and literature iu general. UIicoUn- tlon of rare books formed the foundation «t the celebrated Ambroslan library; ndUi own writings display great erudition. DlN, 1669. FKKRARI, OtTAVIO, born In UOJ, w« profeasor of rhetoric and hUtorlogrspher il Milan. He afterwards settled at Padu, where tho fame of his learning brauilt him numerous scholars, and the pattony of crowned heada. Among these vtere Chrtt- tina of Sweden and Louis XIV., ftromtii latter of whom he enjoyed a pension of W crowns. Diatinguished as he waa by W, groat talenta, he was not leas remarkitw for suavity of manners and disposition, mH versally acquiring thereby the sppeUatlM of Faclflcator. He followed Scaligeriau able work, entitled " Orlglnes Lingua iuli;| CB," and wrote various treatises on anoioi w..»»«i» /%iiatraa§. Ac. Died. 1683. VSBIUatl. OAtlDBNiio, an »J»ij^' paiator, wu t>on at Valdugia, la iWi iiudlad uiidtr Lulul. aad aiiUtcd Itaffikitllo In th« V«ilc«n I'lt'il about IfliJo. — Ou). vaKM ANiiitKA, ci'lulimtud as wull for liU piliiilug* uf l^"!' *'>*' fluwuri, •• for hia Uinl«rfli>f« «nd hlitorlcal iilccct. tv«« born t KUUAUI, LUDUvicu, an Italian matlit- |a»tluliin, w«i burn in Mii, at Bologna, Iwhtrv h« bvcamt profoitor. He waa a pupil lofCiriUn, itnd the ditcoverer of the inotliud lorrriolviiiK blquadratlu 4>(|uatlona. I FEHllAUIS, JoDKfli.l'ouiU du, an Aut Itrlao itoiiuriil, dlitinyulahod us a gougrupher Itnd iklirul eoginovr. He Wita burn ut Luue^ Ifllle, in 1720 i entered tlio army in 1741, and Mb \W y»»* apuotntod director-general of Urtltlorjr fur the Nutlierlanda, at wiiivh time *£« undtrtuok and ounipletod the aS-ahoct nap of that country, whiik beara Itia name. Me lerved againat the French in the ouni- ntlgQ of 17931 uftvrwarda hciunio vlco-pre- lldeiiCof tlie aullc council of uurat Vionua; Srai made a Held marabal in UOU ; aud died n ifteto «n(&ir»al ISiograp^v. [VM m IHU, FBUUABS, QEOBoit, a lawyer and poet, ITRi bora in 111!), near Ht Albana; cdu- gated at Oxford; iind ttudlod at Lincoln'* pn. M* wita in gri>at eatuum with Henry Till', who Kavc hlni a large grant of landn )t Uertfurdiihire. Ho wrote aome ptecea in- ■Mftcd in the Mirror for Maglatratei, pub- Uihed in U<'i9| and the Hiatory of Queen Mary, In Urafton'a Chronicle. One event of ila poUttcal life la, however, more menior- Eble than hit penonal hiatory, aa it rocnrda ^e r«GogDitloii uf a vul liable parliamentary privilege. While attending hIa duty aa a ■ember of the Houae of Commona, h« waa fretted and aent to priaon for debt, which Se Ooiniiioni no tuuiier heard of than they jinguded hia relvaHe. Thia wat refuted, Jid their iirjcant had hia mace broken ■hile defendluK 'limaelf in an alTray with ■e offlcera of thb Compter. The cuae wat ■ferred to the lorda, who Judged tho con- feuipt to be very great; and although the pty maglitratea at length aubmltted to the kttaorlty of parliament, their tardy obe- pnce did not exempt tho partiea A-om ■uniihment; for the aherifft and the plalu- Jffat whoso auit Ferrara was arreated, were fnmitied to the Tower, and the clerka to lewgate; and an act of parliament patted, luharging Ferrara from liability ior the fibt. Died, 1479. [FEEHEIKA, ANTONIO, a poet ranked by it Portuguese as one of their claaaic authori, MS born at Lisbon, in 1628. He carried to ■rfectlon the elegiac and epiatolary atyle, hd hit "Inea de Caatro " is the second Igular tragedy that appeared after the ro- ■wl of letters in Europe. Died, 1860. imBERAS, JUAN uE.a learned Spauiah ^torlan and ecclesiaatlc, waa born at La- Jaeia, in 1652, of a poor but noble family, hd completed hia studies at Salamanca. '"*'!? l*.**'"*' ^°*'''» °^ philosophy, theo- !rL*?°... •.f*""^' *■>* ""o** considerable of' Uchis bis Hiatory of Spain," in 10 vola. ». He also aasiated in the compilation oP JI?S'i*^""»'' ^'''"°"»'y- Died, 178*. rittiKl,CIBO. an eminant if lUi> lui.*.. '* "^uiieot, wat bom at Korna is li»4" I WM t pupu of Kttro 4a eortoaa, to whoao atyle hia ploturet bear » itrona »•• aemblance. Died, lUM. " VKHUIKU, AuNoi.u DU, an tminaat trench lawyer and dlplomatlat. wat born at loulouao, In IJOfl. Having a atrong predlle" Ion for tho i'roteatant religionT although brought up a Cathollo, he at lengll. oi„.,|!» •vowed hia opinloua, and avalhid"!! „,?. "of the patronage of the king of Navarre, who made him hFa chancellor. Futh"r Paul was greatly Indebted to Ferrlcr for kla aaaintance In compiling the Hiatory of tho Couuoll of Irent, where he had ottended Inhiacapacltr of advocate, and been diatingulahed for til* boldneaa of hit language. Died, IdM. FKUUIUH, lllaa. a Sce violence with which he insulted the unfor- tunate pope. Napoleon showed how deeply he felt his uncle's opposition, by depriving him of his succession to the arch-chancellor- ship, and nominating in his stead Eugene Beauharnois, with the title of grand-duke of Frankfort. "When his disgrace with the emperor was thus published, he retired at first to Lyons, and subsequently to Rome, where, with Madame Buonaparte, he lived a quiet but most luxurious life. His library and picture gallery were the finest that even Rome, that city of the arts, could boast. Died, 1839. FEUERBACH. PAUL JOHANN ANSELM, a very eminent German jurist, was born at Jena, In 1775. He was educated at the uni- versity, and became professor of Feudal Law in 1801. He was afterwards professor at Kiel, and at Landshut, in Bavaria. In 1804 he was charged to prepare a project of a new penal code for Bavaria, and in the following year he removed to Munich, where be was subsequently made privy councillor. His code was highly approved and adopted ; the wisdom, justice, and humanity of its provisions were generally recognized, and a reform of criminal law in the same spirit was undertaken in many other states. Feuerbach drew up also a civil code, which however was not adopted. In 18U he was made second president of the court of appeal at Bamberg, and three years later president of the court of appeal at Anspacn. Among the writings ofthisgreatj urist are—' ' Anti- Hobbes," on the just limits of the supreme power ; " Philosophical and Critical Inquiry respecting High Treason," and, his great work, " Review of the Fundamental Prin- ciples and Ideas of Penal Law." Died at Frankfort, 1833. FEUILLEE, Louis, an eminent natural- ist and mathematician, was born in Pro- vence, about the middle of the 17th century. Louis XIV. sent him to South America to make researches in natural historv and phi- losophy, of which he wrote a ''Journal," in 2 vols. 4to. He was afterwards employed in an expedition to the Canary Islands, to ascertain the relative positioa of the meri- ulr-r. of Ferro, which having satisfactorily performed, he was rewarded with a pension and tite situation of botanist to the king. Died, i:32. FEVBB, Antoine le, an eminent states- man,'' was ambassador at Brussels in \m when he discovered the conspiracy of Mjr' shal Biron against his master, Henry ly He was twice ambassador to Eogiaad.uni died in 1615. FEVRE, TANNEGXJI (TANAauiLLTJS FA- BER),a classical scholar, of great eminence was born at Caen, in Normandy, in m' Cardinal Richelieu procured him a pension of 2000 iivres, with the office of inspector of works printed at the Louvre. He Vfaj n\,. sequentiy professor of classical literature at Saumur, and died there in 1672. His worki which are very numerous, chiefly consist oi commentaries on, and translations from, the Greek and Latin authors. The celebrated Madame Dacier was his daughter. FEYJOO Y MONTENEGRO, BENEDICT JEROME, a Spanish Benedictine monk of tie last century, who published a variety of essays designed for popular use, whence he has been sometimes styled the Spaniih iiii. ion. His " Teatro Critico Universale," and his " Cartas eruditas y curiosas," both workj of merit, are devoted to a common ohject- the refutation of error, and the removal of prejudice. A selection from his essays and discourses was translated into English, aid published in 4 vols, in 1780. FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB, one of He greatest philosophers of modern times, bon at Rammenau, in Upper Lusatia, May U, 1762. After spending fi "e years at the pnb. lie school of Pforta he entered the uniyenl^ of Jena in 1780, where his study of dogmatte theology led him directly to the higher phi- losophical speculations. In 1788 he accepted a tutorship at Zurich, and among the frieidi he gained there was Hartmann Kahn,wh(iie daughter Johanna, a woman of a noble aid beautiful character, afterwards became hii wife. Fichte left Zurich in 1790. It vu about that period that he first studied the philosophy of. Kant, which took him, as he says, into a new world, and in 1791 he visted Kant at Konigsberg. His first vork, the " Critique of all Revelation," was pih- lished in 1792. In the following year he was married. In May 1794 he entered npon the duties of professor of philosophy at the university of Jena, where his influence, especially as a moralist, became immente. Among his friends were Goethe, Schiller, Novalis, the Schlegels, and many other of the distinguished men of that age. Actiarp of atheism was brought against Fichte, ii 1799, in consequence of which he left Jets, and settled in Prussia, where he applial himself to the further development of hii philosophy. In 1806 he was appointti professor of philosophy at Erlangen, Ihi French occupation of Berlin drove him for a time to Konigsberg and Copenhagen. Oi his return to Berlin, in 1807,he wasintmst- ed with the task of organizing the new nil- versitj established by Frederick Williw. Fichte's voice was heard at this time like that of a prophet, in the fiimous " Addrew* to the German People," calling them to shut off the foreign yoke, and re-establish the in- dependence of their country. In 1810 M was tifoiKU retiuj ui ilic ttr,!.- .-■ - — -- his fellow -t'ir.chers were Humboldt, w Wette, S^hieiermachcr, and Ncander. Durlij Itbe campaigns of Iteized with a nervoi lof her brave and Ihospitals. She rec fattacked with the ■proved fatal in a fei |27th January, 1814. Ivived him about fl^ Ithe value of Fichte's ■question of the ve Imoral doctrine, or liuence it has exerted ninds, and on the be |One well fitted to sj obust an intellect, a nassive, and immov( |n philosophical disci Xuther." The popu rell known in Engia ible translations of J of "The Vocation o «raturc of the Schola of Man," "The Chan ent Age, and the Wa Jfe." FICmO, MAESltlfl Df the 15th century, ai of the Platonic philos orn at Florence, in 1 physician to Cosmo d( himself patronized b} "orenzo. He was sue nirer of the writings ( bnly made a Latin vers kided over the academy promulgation, but evei Tines from the pulpi JTorks, in 2 vols, folio, i rere published a few yi FIELD, Richard, a om in 1561, at Hemel knd educated at Magdii In 1598, being then a Ihaplain in ordinary t >nd afterwards a prebe Tie was a great favouri «stowed upon him the ler,and proposed sendin |o compose the differenc herans and Calvinists ; Ibis appointment did n lained great reputation T Of the Church ; " and ^iew of the Controvei irhich he did not live to riELDEN, John, m.p h behalf of the labouri lonourable mention, wa lelf a labouring man, but lis way up to competen luthorUyj and when thr If his combined industrj le had become a maste lis caste made him the ea: Jampion of the rights of Be sat in parliament for ( pl847. His exertions in porable ten hours' bill wl prgotten. Died, 1849. I FIELDING, Copley V Behest Kngljah ioa«n-.«.i fornaboutl788T"Heearh oUsfavonrite branch oft Ktention by hlg first exh IFIC] |the campaiKiii of 1813 Fichte'a wife was If eized with a nervous ferer, the consequence Jof her braTe and deroted services in the ■hospitals. She recovered onljr to see him lattacked with the same disease, whlc^ ■proved fatal in a few days. He died on th< |27th January, 1814. His noble partner sur- Ivired him about five years. IVhatever be ■the value of Flchte's philosophy, there is no ■question of the very high worth of bis fcioral doctrine, or of the wholesome ^n- ■^uence it has exerted on some of the highes^ linds, and on the best literature of our age, ne well fitted to speak of him says: " So }bust an intellect, a soul so calm, so lofty, lassive, and immoveable, has not mingled I philosophical discussion since the time of ,uther." The popular works of Fichte, irell known in Bngland through the admir- ible translations of Mr W. Smith, consist (f "The Vocation of the Scholar," "The >raturcof the Scholar," "The Destination If Man," "The Characteristics of the Pre- ent Age, and the Way towards the Blessed Life." 1 TICTNO, Mabsilio, an eminent scholar of the 15th century, and one of the revivers bf the Platonic philosophy in Europe, was born at Florence, in 1433. His father was Bbysician to Cosmo de Medici, and he was himself patronized by Cosmo, Piero, and toi-enzo. He was such an enthusiastic ad- talrer of the writings of Plato, that he not nnly made a Latin version of them, and pre- sided over the academy established for their Promulgation, but even preached their doc- trines from the pulpit. Died, 1499. His nrorks, in 2 vols, folio, and his Latin Letters rere published a few years before his death' FIELD, Richard, a learned divine, was ■mm in 1561, at Hemel Hempstead, Herts knd educated at Magdalen College, Oxford' b 1598, being then a D.D,, he was made Ihaplain in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth Ind afterwards a prebendary of Windsor' He was a great favourite of James I., who JKStowed upon him the deanery of Glouces- ler.and proposed sending him into Germany lo compose the differences between the Lu- Iherans and Calvinists ; but for some reason ■bis appointment did not take place. He iained great reputation by a work, entitlpd F Of the Church ; " and he commenced "A V^-\ °J i^,® Controversies in Religion." hhich Ife did not live to finish. Died leifi ±1 behalf of the labouring classes deserve lonourable mention, was originally him" fclf a labouring man, but gradually worked fer4."P '°. competence, Influence, and luthorityj and when through the medium If his combmed industry and intelligence lehad become a master, his fidelity to fi cas e made him the earnest and untiring f ampion of the rights of his fellow ?o lew 6e in parliament for Oldham, from IS^a f 1817. His exertions in regard to the me &a.^a!LV„l-.^?.^KK, one Of loni ahnuMTsT ■•;:"•"'■"""«" painiers, was ^ Mtto Bnibmul 33tograpl^g. •tag.. ■ HI. «" ,'V?c" is,;?™''" "> the time, by the death nfi, «..'.?* *^^ *»n>e possessed of a small L^iL"?"*^^""' ''^'^ame Unfortunately lnste„H J,/? *1 Dorsetshire. re8ources.he^Sat ely setu»?n.^'"^ *'•«« genoeman, on a sea le whieh iS ^^''''•""'^•■y than Wild" being amoncf?'"°7 °' "^O""- hl8 literary Indusfrv t„* i^^.V"*'^ *^™"» <>' flrstnovel," JoseDh AniJ«iI*". "PPeared his Cervantic humou? he rfdfo^?iH*Sr?^<='' ^"h novel "PamX " tLi • "1®* Richardson's lmmedlafel?Seivedthe-'a».J?.'}''"'''«"^- ^' It was entitJeSy but success a? .^r''*''^ writer was not verv likPiv t^ 5 * ""''«'- practice at the bar f nor waVth p"f '"•?*=^ ^^» attached to it suffirinLtf^ *°® emolument never 8ufflcientl?regula?ed"bv'ihr'' f "<■« prudence. He wn« fi„.rt.„f ,^ ^^^ '^^^' °t profession bF?epeateda«Ll?'fA^K* '" ^^' added to Which, his dome«?e *«,.?,* *f°"*' C,«"y i";.«ase'd by thTfea, :"Ws\r brought out "fpr p'eVdffl ZZTTauH "Thf T^*"^P*°"'' "The True PatWot" oJrde/jrrna'l ""VC.e"'^; ^'»^<^°'^^^^^ Next." a^d tKoTeK '"^""^llr'^T^^^ Middlesex justice. To the credit nfpi^ii^' * however, he did much to render u^^'**'"*' spectable by the nreventlnt, „/ " ™°»'e ra- the improvJment'^orth" p°o,ice "in hi ",?.' at length ohiiirorf i.j.v, "_ r_""?f- H' health of Lisbon, and a"NarrAtivo!l,*r'i"i^ miiUerair Change, but died In thrPo'/tugueserpiJJl! 837 V,f hi ^ ■u I 8- i '"1 W '% Wt' 'M i; pie] % Jleto anibctsal IBiograpt)^. in 1754. Notwithstanding the lapse of a century, and the change in mannefS, the Inimitable wit of Fielding la still relished, «nd his accurate knowledge of character universally admitted. .^ , , , ^ , FIELDING, SARAH, the thltd sister of Henry Fielding, was bom in 1714, lived un- married, and died at Bath, In 1768. She was a woman of talent, and wrote several novels, &c.. of which "David Simple" Is the prin- cipal. She also translated from the Greek Xenophon's Memorabilia of Socrates. FIENNES, William, Lord Say and dele, was bom in 1582, and 'ducated a'i New College, Oxford. In 1G24 he was laade a viscount i yet, like many others who had experienced the favours of the court, he Joined the popular party and became a close friend of Cromwell. He, however, concurred in the restoration, and was made lord privy seal and chamberlaia of the household. He died in 1662. _, ,^. FIENNES, NATHANIEL, second son of the above, was bom in 1608, and educated at New College, Oxford, after which he went to Geneva. He was a considerable leader of the independent party, and commanded at Bristol when that city was taken by Prince Rupert, and would have suffered death for his disloyalty, but for the influence of his father. Died, 1669. FIESCHI, JOSEPH MAKIE, invento* of the " infernal machine," was a native of Corsica. He was born in 1790, entered the French army In 1808, and was sentenced in 1816 to 10 years Imprisonment for robbery. He went to Paris after the revolution of July, 1830, got a pension under the pretext of being a victim of the restoration, and obtained various employments. His mis- conduct lost him his places, and he fell Into great distress. In 1835 he devised the too celebrated " Infernal mach?ne," with which lie attempted the assassination of Louis Philippe, at Paris, on the 28th July. Eleven persons were killed, but the king escaped, and Fieschl was arrested, tried, and con- demned to death. He was executed in Feb- ruary, 1836. ^ , T FIE8C0, GIOVANNI LuiGl, count of La- vagna, a Genoese of an Illustrious family, and a victim of unsuccessful ambition, was at the head of the conspiracy which was formed against the celebrated Andrea Doria and his nephew. On the evening of the 1st of January, 1647, Fiesco, who had prepared a galley under pretence of a cruise against the corsairs, waited upon Doria to request pei- mission to depart from the harbour early in the morning. Having succeeded in lulling hie Intended victims Into a false security, he sallied forth in the night at the head of 500 men ; and despatching parties to take posses- sion of different posts, '.limself proceeded to the dock, where the galleys lay ; but in pass- ing on a plank from one galley to another, he fell into the water, am!, owing to the weight of his armour, was unable to rise again. His confederates failed In their at- tciuyv vtt ..... ..*j £.....»... . nephew, fell beneath their swords ; and the family of Fiesco were made to pay the pen- alty of his ambition by ruin and proscrip- tion. [m FIESOLE, FRA GlOVANUl DA. [ANOR. LICO.] FILANGIERI, GAETANO, a celebtatrf writer on political economy and leglilatioa was bom at Naples, in 1752. He was at trit Intended for the army, but being of atadlou habits, he was allowed to gratify his incUu. tion for a literary lif6. His great vork entitled " The Science of Legislation," not.' wiyistanding it was never completed accon!- ing to his original design, attracted great attention, from its hold and original vleiri and the liberality of Its sentlmenta; and placed him In the rank of & first-rate writer upon one of the most difficult and important subjects that can engage the mind of man In 1787 he was made a member of the in- preme council of finance, and died in 1788 FILICAIA, VINCENZO DA, an eminent Italian poet, was born at Florence, In W) and studied at Pisa. His " Canzonl," com' memorating the deliverance of Vienna br John Sobieski, fully established his poetical fame, and obtained for him from the duke of Tuscany the title of senator, whil»more solidrewardsawaltedhim in being appointci governor, first of Volterra, and afterwardio/ Pisa. Died, 1707. FILIPEPI, 8ANDE0, or ALES8ANDE0, a celebrated Italian painter, was ^om at Florence, in 1447. He is usually calleil KOTTICELLI, after the goldsmith to whom he was first apprenticed. He became a pupil of Filippo Lippi, executed many paintiiip at Florence, painted three of the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, and having become i friend of Savonarola, neglected his art and fell Into a state of destitution. Died it Florence, 1515. The National Gallery lui two pictures by Botticelli. FILLAN8, JAMES, a Scottish scnlptor, was born at Wilsontown, Lanarkshire, la 1808. He was first a shepherd-bcy, then i M'eaver,and at last a stone-mason, P7st'"lr and perseverance he conquered difflcultiti, and made himself a sculptor. He settled at London in 1836, and lived there 15 yenn. Among his works are " The Blind teaching the Blind," "Boy and Fawn," a series o( designs in alto-rilievo illustrating the Lite and writings of Burns, many portrait linsts, including those of Professor AVilsos, Allan Cunningham, &c., and a statue of Sir Jamn Shaw. Died at Glasgow, 1852. FILMER, Sir ROBERT, an English writer, was born In Kent, and educated at Trinltj College, Cambridge. He wrote "The An archy of a limited and mixed Monarchj,' " Patriarcha," in which he contends thit government was nftonarchical in the palri- archal ages ; and " The Freeholder's Grand Inquest." He was a man of talent, but a more bigoted champion of absolute monarcbf has seldom appeared ; and it was to refute the doctrines of Filmer that Locisewrot* his Treatises on Government. Died, IMJ. FINCH, HENEAGE, first earl of Nottinj- ham, was the son of Sir Heneage M, recorder of London. He was born in IBl, And educated at Westminster School, ironi whence he removed to Chrl8tchur(;h,0»rui«i and afterwards to the Inner Temple. ChaiW II. made him solicitor-general, and crcatM him a baronet. He was roturntd to parui- finJ ment for the univer In 1670 he was appoi I tn4 soon after lord-i I a peer. In 1675 he wa I and in 1681 created e Sowers OS an orator i iryden has handed I posterity in his poem 1 tophel," under the cl 1(82. FINCH, DAHIEt.s I ham, eldest son of th I in 1647, and finished 1 I chnreb, Oxford. In flrst lord of the Adm Icceded his father as He held the office of e IWiUiam and Mary, lunder Queen Anne. ( I Anne, he was one of I the administration of I was made president ( 1 1716 he was dismissed, I which he made in behi (condemned for high |ni« remaining years t< Itiremcnt and lilerarj I which appeared In i llThiston, on the sut ■ Died, 1730. FINCH, ROBERT, at iwas born In London, ist Paul's School and I land entered intu holy Itbrough the south of I land died at Rome, in |the Asbmolean Museni able library, medals, cc Uqiie curiosities. FINDEN, WILLIAM ararer, was the eldei Flnden, in conjunctto his own is honourably |be remembered hereal M In this country. iCliarles Warren— knofl exquisite engraving aft by Wllkie— and of Jan Jthe late Charles Heat: |early works bear unn BOW carefully he had Bights to the study of ilrFlnden's larger wor' among them are his fu Seorge IV. seated on a s bictnrepainted by SirTI ^'Highlander's Return, Festival," after Wilkie, Boy," after the original leer. In conjunction \ iiext produced " The By I really beautiful work, luted with great spirit w by the success of his launched into other e ags; of which the most Ballery of Kritish Art,' fleeted collection of ex English School. But this jsuccessful as a comi ioot work on whic Msan engraving for th m, after Hilton's lart ■*uclflxlon." Died, 185; m Mtio ZaniHtraal ISIoerap^p. ment for the university of Oxford, in 1681. In 1670 he was appointed attoruey-general, in4 soon after lord-keeper, with the rank of B peer. In 1678 he was made lord chancellor, and in 1681 created earl of Nottingham. His Sowers OS «n orator were highly rated ; and irrden has handed down his portrait to posterity in his poem of " Abaalom and Achl- tophel," under the character of Amrl. Died, 11(82. J FINCH, DAHlEt, second earl of Nottfng- Ihsm, eldest son of the preceding, was bom I in 1647, and finished his education at Christ-* I chnrch, Oxford. In 1680 he was appointed I flrtt lord of the Admiralty, and in 1682 sue- Icceded his father as earl of Nottingham. I He held the office of secretary of state under J William and Mary, and for a short time I under Queen Anne. On the death of Queen I Anne, he was one of the lords Justiceit for I the administration of afTairs, and soon after I was made president of the council ; but in 1 1716 he was dismissed, on account of a speech I which he made in behalf of the Scottish lords Icondeinned for high treason. He deroted |ii!8 remaining years to the enjoyment of re- Itlremcnt and literary leisure, the fruits of I which appeared in an eloquent reply to Iwhiston, on the subject of the Trinity. I Died, 1730. FINCH, ROBKRT,an ingenious antiquary, ■was born in London, in 1783 ; educated at Ist Paul's School and fialiol College, Oxford ; land entered into holy orders. He travelled Ithrough the south of Europe and Palestine ; land died at Rome, in 1630 ; bequeathing to ■the Asbmolean Museum, at Oxford, his valu- able library, medals, coins, pictures, and an- tique curiosities. FINDEN, WILLIAM, a distinguished en- trarer, was the elder brother of Edward -finden, in conjunction with whose name Ihis own is honourably mentioned, and will ■be remembered hereafter in the history of ■Art In this country. He was a pupil of ICliarles Warren— known to collectors by his Tjxquisite engraving after " The Broken Jar," fcy Wllkic— and of James Heath (father of Jthe late Charles Heath) : and many of his ■early works bear unmistakeable evidence ■how carefully he had given his days and "Bights to the study of Heath's engravings. MrFlnden's larger works are not numerous ; iimong them are his full-length portrait of ffleorge IV. seated on a sofa, from the original Jictnrepalnted by SirThomas Lawrence, the r Highlander's Return," and "The Village festival." after AVilkie, and "The Naughty Boy," after the original by Sir Bdwin Land- leer. In conjunction with his brother, hp lext produced " The Byron Illustrations,"— fc really beautiful work, conceived and exe- fcoted with great spirit and taste. Buoyed ■p by the success of his speculation, Finden ■taunchftd into other expensive underttik- m ■■ of which the most important was "The Gallery of British Art," containing awell- Nlected collection of examples of the living ^nglish School. Butthisundertakingproved fisuccessful as a commercial sneinintinn pac iait work on which he was" employed fcn .V*^*!'''^ ^"^ ^^^ Art-Uniou of Lon- RSJiJ I ^'"^"'' '"KS picture of "The ■^ciflxlon." Died, 1852. riNIGUERRA. T0MMA80, a Celebrated sculptor and goldsmith, to whom is ascribed the invention of copperplate printing. He lived at Florence, about the middle of the 16th century, and was especially distinguish- ed for his skill in niello work, which conslbted in enchasing dark metallic substances Into cavities worked on gold and silver, and flxinc them by fusion. Died, 147J. PIRDU8I. [FEHDUSI.J T*^P^?f ^y°^' AONOLO, a distinguished tlSi''5r""*';f S'J'*' *»« '""■n »t Florence in 1493. He studied law, but afterwards entered the church and was made an abbot. He wrote " Dlscorsi degli Animali," Tales, an imitation of the " Golden Ass" of Apuleius. a Dialogue on the Beauty of Ladies, and some poems. The purity of his language and the grace of his style have made his works not only admired but authorities on questions of words and idiom. They have im ^"^ ^'CQuently reprinted. Died, before i.f,i^^^^' Thomas, a distinguished phi- lanthropist, was born at Ipswich, in 1632. and brought up to business in London, as a Unen-draper, which he carried on with Rood success. He adopted antl-trinitarlan opin- ions. In consequence of having formed an inhir°iSr^.,r"*'x. **** persecuted Socinian. jonn «iddle, whose necessities he relieved: and his upright .conduct, piety, and liber- TmLl*""^ *? conspicuous, that Archbishop TUlotson and other eminent prelates were proud of his friendship. Having established a linen manufactory for the purpose of civ- Ing eniployment to those who would other- i«-Q° ul"^ '"'^'* ^a»f™nts, he publiiihed, In 16,8, Some Proposals for the Employment ^.» ^•^.**'""' ""'' especially in and about the City of London, and for the Prevention of Begging," &c. His charity was extended to al sects and parties, and his useful life ter- minated in 1697. FISCHER, JoHANN BEfiNHAHD, an eml ?fi^"o Gennan architect, born at Vienna, In 1650. He erected the palace of Schoenbrunn. the church of 8t Charles Borromeo, and a number of other fine buildings at Vienna; and was appointed chief architect to Joseph 172* "^^'^*' •''•n Baron d'Erlach. Died, FISCHER, Kahi, von, German architect, was born at Mannheim in 1782. He spent several years at Vienna in the study of his art, visited France and Italy, and in 1809 was appointed to the chair of architecture at flii»A*in'*lT''. "^ ^^^^'^^h' «P»8t which he »ll Vii •*'* ^?***'- ^^^ masterpiece is the ™ii„ J^**fof, ** Munich, which was com- menced in 1811, and occupied him for seven years. It was burnt down after his death, but wa« rebuilt after the flrstdesign. Fischer buiU many private mansions, and in a better Vto*, " ^*^ previously usual. Died, 1820. FISHER, JOHN, bishop of Rochester, was bom at Beverley, in Yorkshire, in 1459. He became vice-chancellor of Cambridge : and being appointed confessor to Margaret, j,„„ ,,, tiKiiuioiid, It was tnrougu his Influence that she founded St John's and Christ's colleges. In 1404, he was unexpect- edly promoted to the see of Bochester; and subsequently declined translation to a more t- re I i . -I I- r- I 1 ■ •■m r 1 i-'j!! fit] % ^m gtnibtrgal 13io9rapf?p. [fit valuable bishopric ; styling ''!» c»>«';?!l I*'* wife, and declaring that he would ne^er ex- change her for one that was richer, pecply prepossessed In favour of the anc'ent feith he opposed with real and pctsevera.ice the principles of Luther and his fo»°wer8; and having denied the supremacy of Henry Mil. a. head of the church and lent his sanction to the declarations of the Maid of Kent, he was convicted of high treason, and be- headed r Tower HiU. in »f 5- »«'^"§ Bishop Fisher's imprisonment the Pope had Tent him a cardinal's hat, which incieased the displeasure of the king. , . „,. FITZGERALD, EDWARD. Lord, a mis- guided and unfortunate political partisan, was the son of the dulce of Leinster, and born on the 16th of October, 1/63. At a time when the revolutionary spirit was at its height in Ireland, he joined the malcon- tents, became the object of proscription, and met with his death in the following manner. Having disguised himself as a countryman, and taken refuge in a house in Thomas Street, Dublin, a party commissioned to ap- prehend him arrived, headed by the two town majors, Sirr and Swan, and a Captain Ryan. Swan and Uyan entered the room together, and summoned Lord Edward to surrender -, but he made a bold attempt to escape, and closing with Captain Ryan, killed him with a dagger on the spot. Be- fore, however, he could well disengage himself from the dying man, Sv .n threw himself upon him, and pinioned him round the body; and Sirr, who had been standing at the door during the conflict, shot him through the body with a pistol. He was instantly removed to a place of security, where, after lingering for a day or two in extreme agony, he died, 1798. He had be- fore attracted considerable notoriety, not merely from the rashness of his political conduct, but from having married the cele- brated Pamela, the pi )t«g6 and supposed natural daughter of the duke of Orleans and Madame de Genlis. „.„„ „,,„ „* FITZGERALD, Lady EDWARD, wife of the preceding (commonly called Pamela;, was supposed to be the daughter of Madame de Genlis, by the duke of Orleans (Egalit6). But according to the statement of Madame de Genlis, she was the daughter of a man of high birth, named Seymour, who married, in spite of his family, a young woman of the lowest class, called Mary Syms, and went off with her to Newfoundland, on the coast of America, where he established himself at a place called Fogo. There Pamela was born, and received the name of Nancy. Her father died, and the mother returned to England with her child, then 18 months old. As her husband was disinherited, she was reduced to great misery, and forced to work for her bread. She had settled at Christchurch, and a Mr Forth having been commissioned by the duke of Orleans to send him a young English girl, he saw Pamela, and obtained her from her mother. "When I began," «ni,tinues Mmp. de Genlis, " to be really attached to Pamela, I was very uneasy iesl her mother might be desirous of claiming her by legal process ; that is, lest she might threaten me with doing so to obtain grants of money it would have been out of m\ power to give." She at length got over this difficulty, by the mother's acceptance of 2j guineas, and signing an agreement not to claim her child till she had paid Mme. de Genlis all the expense she had been at for hw maintenance and education. Pamela 'sarrival at the Palais Royal, however, had occasioned odd conjectures. 8h3 was educated wUh the princes and princesoes as a companioo and friend ; she had the same mnsterj, wii taken equal care of, partook of their sportj; and her astonishing resemblance to the duke's children would hfive made her pao for their sister, were it not for her foreigj accent. Whilst Pamela and the young princesses were pursuing their studle* la the delightful retreat of Belle-chaise, the revolution broke out. The dukeofOileans and his two sons, the dukes of Chartrei esd Montpensier, warmly supported its princi- ples. Madame de Genlis was then an ad- mirer of the Constituent Assembly ; Pamela participated in her enthusiasm for liberty; and every Sunday the distinguished mem- bers of that assembly met at Belle-chaaie, When the Constituent Assembly had termin- ated its labours, Madame de Genlis proceeded to England with Mademoiselle d'Orleam and Pamela, and attended by two deputiei, Potion and Voidel. It was then Lord Ed- ward Fitzgerald first saw Pamela. The brilliancy of her beauty, the graces of het mind, and the free expression of herfecUnjj of liberty, made a deep impression on tht young Irishman ; and when Madame dt Genlis, alarmed at the turn things wen taking In France, retired with her pupils to Toumay, where the presence of Dumouriei and the duke assured them a safe asylum, Lord Fitzgerald accompanied them.andsoon became the husband of Pamela. A few yean after his unhappy fate, she married a Mr Pitcairn, an American, and consul at Ham- burg ; from whom she was subsequently divorced. She then resumed the name ot Fitzgerald, and lived in great retirement in one of the provinces, until the revolution ot 1830 placed the associate of her childhood upon a throne. Lady Fitzgerald was, ia consequence of this event, tempted to ml Paris ; but she received little notice from Louis Philippe, or any of his family, 61.e died in indigence, at Paris, Nov. 1831. FITZGIBBON, JOHN, first earl of Clan, and lord chancellor of Ireland, was born hi 1749 ; and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Oxford. He rapidly rose in the legal profession, till he became chancel- lor, in 1789, with the title of Baron Fitzgib- bon ; and in 1795 was raised to the peerage as earl of Clare. He was an em nent lawyer, and a decided promoter of the Union. Died, "^FITZHERBERT, Sir ANTHONt, an able and learned judge in the rejgn of Henry VIII., was born at Norbury, in Derbyshiw, and educated at Oxford, from whenc he removed to one of the inns of court, in "-i 940 Jrix] I " Katura Brerium," &o. He is also suppoied I to hare written a boolt on the Surveying of I Lands, and another on Husbandry, though home have ascribed these to his brother, IjohnFitzherbert. I FITZHEKBERT, MARIA ANNB, a lady Iwho at one period of her life occupied a pro m Jteto ganiberaal ISiograpl^p. Iminent place in the history of this country, ■ was the sister of 'Salter Smythe, Esq., of IBambridge, near Winchester, and was mar- ried in 1775 to Edward Weld, Esq., of Lul- worth Castle, uncle to Cardinal "Weld. Her husband died soon after their marri^^ge, and ' ihc was united to Thomas Eitzherbert, Esq., jffho Blco died, leaving no offspring, in 1781. Having found it necessary to speak of Mrs Fitzherbert, at some length, in our memoir jf George IV., we shall here merely observe, that the prince pressed his suit, and a mar- ■iage, according to the forms of the Catholic !hurch,took place in 1787. From this period ihe naturally became the object of great mblic and political interest ; but the influ- ence slie possessed was always exercised for [he honour of him to whom she was united ; ind she found, after her retirement from the leretricious splendour that had once sur- )unded her, ample means for the employ- lent of her mind in acts of unostentatious er.evolcnce. Died, March, 1837. FITZJAWES, Edward, Duke of, was the .-eat-grandson of the duke of Berwick, who '88 natural son of James II. of England, by sister of the duke of Marlborough. He ms born at Versailles in 1776, and at the Jme of the French revolution, his name was (laced on the list of proscription, in conse- |uence of his having emigrated ; but, at the ^storation of the Bourbons, he returned to ranee, and became aide-de-camp and first jntlcman of the chamber to the Count I'Artois, afterwards Charles X. In the ■ lambrr of Peers he was remarkable for the [pit jonstancy yet moderation with which he Ipheld the royal authority. After the re- Holution of 1830, he was no less a favoured fcrson than before it, having readily sworn Blegiance to the new state of things. He is Biiefly noticeable as a member of the Stuart ■mily. Died, 1838. Ifitzroy, Admiral Robert, superin- fcndent of the Meteorological Department If the Board of Trade, was born in 1805. le entered the navy at the age of fourteen ias made lieutenant in 1824, served on the' ■editerranean and South American stations lid at the close of 1828 was appointed to iKe part, as commander of the " licagle " ^thegovernment expedition for the survev f the coasts of South America. In 1831 he fas charged with the conduct of a second ilentiflc expedition to South America, in |mmand of the "Beagle," Mr Darwin ac- Impanying the expedition as naturalist. »e valuable scientific results of this voy- E' 7--}^ occupied five years, were pub- Jlied in Darwin's well-known " Journal of Voyage round the World," and in a separ- T larrative by Admiral Eitzroy. In 1841 [tairal^Fitzroy entered parliament as mem- '^•.T i;urnaa, and two years later he was ffi \^?J".?,°'' °' New Zealand, a post ttf M^.V'l^l"- ^» «he subsequent nion of hli life he has been greatly dUstin- gulshed for his patient researches in meteor- ology, and hia admirable practical applica- tion of the new science to navigation. A« superintendent of the Meteorological De- partment of the Board of Trade he rendered very important services by the establish- ment of his system of " storm warnings " and forecasts, communicated to the princi- pal ports of Great Britain ; which though of so recent date has no doubt contributed to the acknowledged decrease in the rate of u ?.^2 ""^fr"' l""*"!:?- "'* '»test publication is The Weather Book," containing the ex- planation of his method of forecasts and the chief results of his studies and observations He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Royal Geographical Society, and a co re- spondent of the French Academy of Sciences. At the time of his death he ivas engaged with Le Verrier and other foreign men of ccience in establishing a European system Of storm signals. Mental over-worti and excessive wear and tear of brain and nerves undermined his health, and destroyed his powers, and in a state of extreme depres- sion or derangement he committed suicide by cutting his throat, at his residence. Up- per Norwood, 30th April, 1865. Pni.Ti^^^^,"^,^' WILLIAM, a learned English monk of the 12th century, and the I friend of Thomas k Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, whose Life he wrote. Prefixed to this Life is a " Description of thfcity of London, and of the Manners and Customs of its Inhabitants," which is curious on account of its being the earliest account of Liondon extant, and has been preserved bv being printed at the end of Stowe's Survey. W^^i?^iJ'^^'^^' *^^ ^'^^^ «°n- WILLIAM Wentworth Fitzwilham, Earl, was born in 1748 ; commenced his education at Jiton, finished it at Oxford,and took his seat in the House of Peers in 1769. Inheriting a good fortune from his father, and cominir into possession, on the death of the marquis of Rockingham, of the fine domain of Went- worth and other large estates, his lordship WM naturally looked up to as a nobleman of influence and high connections, which his marriage with Lady Charlotte Ponsonby had of course extended. Up to the period of the . itiJ'i ^,t^L°^""°"» ^*'"' ritzwilliam acted With the Whigs ; but when Mr Fox held up the Gallic system of libertr and equality as a model for imitation, and the levelling prin- ciple was spreading far and wide nroughout the kingdom, the warning voice of Edmund iiurke was not lost upon him ; and seeing the necessity of sacriHcing the attachments of party to the general good, like manr others of the hereditary nobility, he Joined the duke of Portland and Mr Pitt, thus giving strength to the ministry and confi- dence fo the nation. This was an Uraor- dmary period of popular clamour ^,id dis- content ; and at this critical juncture Earl iltzwilllam was appointeu to the govern- ment of Ireland. Finding that the Catholic ._.-.,. .,.!„ ......,..,..Tvitui, nuu urcnamg the propagation of n volutionary principles at the very time the French fleer was hover- ing on the Island,hi8 lordship favoured those Who were soeking " emancipation," and en- i«ii 341 FLA] m i^(iD anibcrsnl ISiogvapi^c. deavoured to conciliate, rather than punish, the diMffected ; but bit measure! were not approved of by the ministry, and he was re- culled, to make room for Earl Camdon. In 1798 be was appointed lord-lieutenant of the West RidinK of Yorkshire; and on Mr Pitt's death, in 1B06, he became president of the council, which he retained until the fall of the Orenville administration in the following year. After this he gradually retired from public life ; and on the 8th of February, 1833, be died, aged 84. FLACCU8, CAIV8 YALERiva, » Roman poet of the Ist century, who lived at Pndua, and died young. He wrote an epic poem, entitled '' Argonautica," of which seven books, and part of the eigbtb, were com- pleted. In subject and in plan this poem is an imitation of the work of Apolloniua Khodius. FLAMININU8, T. QUINTIUS, a distin- guished Uoman general, made consul B. c. 198. He was sent to Macedonia, and bad the honour of terminating the Macedonian war by the defeat of Fhiiip at CynoscephaliB, B. c. 197. At the Isthmian Games of tne fol- lowing year he had formal proclamation made of the restoration of Greecr s/^ inde- pendence. He remained in Greece oil 194, to organize the new administration of the cities, and by his wisdom, forbearance, and humanity won the general esteem and gra- titude of the people. Before he returned f; Rome he made war on Nabis, tyrant cl Sparta, and compelled bim to make peace with the Romans. Flamininus had a tri- umph of three days on his return, was sent again to Greece in 192, and in 183 was am- bassador to Frusiaa, king of Bithynia, to de- mand the surrender of Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court. Died about 175. FLAMSTEED, JO.'N, an eminent astro- nomer, was born at Denby, in Derbyshire, in 1646, and received his education at the free-school of Derby. He was led to the study of astronomy by perusing Sacrobosco's work, "De SphiBra;" and he prosecuted his studies with so much assiduity as to be appointed first astronomer-royal, and the Observatory at Greenwich was erected for him in 1676, where, during the remainder of his life, he assiduously cultivated the sub- lime science. His principal work is entitled " Historia Coelestis Britannlcse." This work contains his /amous Catalogue of the fixed stars, the first trustworthy one luade ; the immense mass of celestial observations of which the Catalogue was the IVuit, or rather the first fruit; and a full acicunt of his methods of observation ami liiH instiiiments. Flamsteed was a friend of Sii" Isa.ic Xewton, whose lunar theory rested on Flamsteed's observations. But a coolness grew up be- tween these two great workers, which ended in open and painful dissension, the details of which we have no space for. The story is involved in much obscurity. Died, 1719. FLANDUIN, JEAN HIPPOLYTE, a distin- guished French painter, was born at Lyons in 1809. He becaute a pupil of Ingres, at Paris, and in 1832, having obtained the grand prizeof the Academy, wentto study at Rome, where no was subsequently Q!;ide directof of ! the Academy of Fainting. On his return to t im France ho settled at Paris, and devoted him self to historical psanting, and especiaiiTof ■acred subjects. Among his chief woik/.!! "Dante and VirgU," " Saint-Louis dicu^ ses Etablissements," for the Ch«iBb»rj Peers ; " Mater Dolorosa," " Saint ul taking the Cross the second time," and al fine series of frescos in the churcben of gt Germain-des-Prds and Rt Vincent d« FiiS which are reckoned among the mitttertiKM of modern painting. Fiandrin was anoficu of the Legion of Honour, and a membtrt! the Academy of the Fine Arts. Hiibrothan AUGU8TE and JEAN Paul, are slsoemiBesi painters. Died at Rome, in March, 18(4 FLAVEL, JOHN, a Nonconformiit dlTisi was born in Worcestershire, and educaM at University College, Oxford. In luo H settled at Dartmouth, In Devonshire, nkni he wrote his " Navigation Spirituallnd" He was ejected from his living in \Ui ki continued to preach privately. Atthew. cession of James II. he returned to Dan mouth. He died suddenly at £xet«r {■ 1691. He was a man of exemplarr pieti and conduct, and his works were long Utu, esteemed by all who held Calviniitic la' timents. FLAXMAK, JOHN, one of tht greitnt English sculptors, was bom at Yorkini;]}. His father, who settled in London about tlie end of that year, was a flgure-mouldM, aii4 worked for Roubiliac and Scheemaker. Thi son, from his earliest years, exhibited uil cultivated his talent for designing, aid «« also attracted by the picturesque coac» tions of Greek mythology. Ue begu it study at the Royal Academy in 1770, eas- ing for some time a living by making it- signs for Wedgwood, the famoiu potter, and other persons. He went to Italy it 1787, and during the seven yean he ipeit there, his wife accompanying him, he tc- quired the highest reputation by bis Uira series of designs, the illustrations to Hod;i, .£schylus,and Dante. Ue waschosen A 11 in 1797, and professor of sculpture in 1810. The monument to Lord Manstleld in Weti- minster Abbey, the group of " Cephalusaid Aurora ," " Psyche," the group of the" Aicli angel Michael and Batan," are among liit best works. He executed many exquiiiti bassi-relievi, compositions from Scnptun subjects, and marked by some special reli- gious sentiment. The monuments to Nel- son, Howe, and Reynolds in St Paul'^ areb; his hand. One of his latest and flnestpro- ductions is the " Shield of Achilles." Hi mourned the loss of his wife in 1820, ui died at the close of the year 1826. The sculptures and sketches of Flaxman are now deposited and exhibited in r Gallery, called the " Flaxman Hail," at University College, London His " Lectures on Sculpture " wen published, and a new edition ia annonncei (Dec. 1865) for publication in Bohn's Illm- trated Library. There is a portrait of Hu- man by Romney in the National Portrjit Gallery. Jackson's portrait of him, exbib- ited at the International Exhibition in 1861, is one of the finest works of the BsglU school. ois?.\op, WM bom in 1632, at Psraei is '■i*j 3nmman'°'- Died, June 28, lai; !?'"'« \* " ""'''o sf"'"" 0' this great lawyer, by llehnos, In St Paul's. eminent barrister, was descended from a noble family in the south of Prance, some or Whom, on the revocation of the Edict of fl?r,:''*l*'??° *" Bnglnnd,and founded the celebrated house of agency. Into which they subsequontly admitted as a partner, Mr Thelluson, originally their bookkeeper, but who afterwards realized that prodigious fortune which so often occupied public attention, through its singular testament- ary disposition. John Fonblanque, the sub- ject of this article, was born In 1789; received his education at Harrow and Ox- (?n^ i.*""* *" ^''^^ w"' '^'»"<'* to the bar. In 1790 he acted as leading counsel for the Lon- don merchants, in opposition to the Quebec T 'iSL'h^ *""" of the House of Commons, m 1793 appeared his celebrated " Treatise on_ Equity," which went through several editions, and was long regarded by the •^P^l'l??^", ""^hority. In 1802 he was elected M.P. for Camelford, and continued a member until the dissolution In 1806. In 1804 he obtained a silk gown with a patent of precedency, and for many years enjoyed an extensive equity practice. He was an able advoc(«te of the Whig v»'ty, and a per- sonal friend of the prince oc Wales, for whom he is supposed to have written the celebrat- ed letters to the king, on the subject of his royal highness's exclusion from the armv which were generally attributed to Lord Moira. He died, Jan. 4, 1837. FONTAINE, JEAN im LA, the inimitable fabulist, was born in 1621, at Chftteau Thierry where bis father was overseer of the forest! His taste for poetry was first aroused by hearing one of Mnlherbe's odes recited ; but to the patronage of the duchess of llouillon who invited him to Paris, and encouraged I'k"^?*^"*^ H* '^"'"' he owed much of tne {!i£tsRC..x.3s la iitefature he afterwards acquired. For 35 years he lived In Paris, residing successively with the duchesses of — t- J 840 I fon] % JteiD Stnibersal 30{ograp^i}. Bouillon and OrKant, Madame de Habll«re, and Madame d'Heryart; and waa In hahiu of intlmac" with Moli«re, Boiliiau, Hucine, and all the first wlti of the French capliul, by whom ho was much beloved for the can- dour and aimpliclty of bU chttriicter. Yet, with this iimpliclty, which amounted almost to itupidity, he united the talent of making aevore, shrewd, and sensible observations on human life, and decoratinsr his verse with touches of exquisite griiceand delicacy. Be- sides his " Tales " and "Fables," Ia Fo talno was the author of " liCs Amours iv Psyche," " Anacrdontlquea," two comedies, &C. Died, 16U9. FONTAINE, PIKKRK FRAN9OI8 LEO- NARD, French architect, was born at Pon- tolse in 1762. Hu was at first a pupil of Peyre the younger, gained the second grand prizeof the Academy, and was sent to Home. The first stormy years of the revolution drove him to England, and on his return to his native country he was employed with his friend Percier to restore the palace of Malmaison. He was named architect to Napoleon I., and held the same office under Louis XVIII., Charles X., and Louis Phi- lippe. Among his works are the arch of the Carrousel, the new wing connecting the Louvre and the Tuileries, the grand stair- case of the Louvre, and the restoration of the Palais Royal. :fontaine was received at the Institute in 1611. He was Joint author with Percier of a" llecueilde Decora- tions Int^rieures," and other architectural works. Died, 18S3. F O N T A N A, DOMENICO, an eminent Italian architect, was born, in 1643, at Mill, on the lake of Como. He was employed by Popes Sextus V. and Clement VIII., and afterwards appointed first architect to the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He obtained great repute for his successful accomplish- ment of the very difficult mechanical opera- tion of removing and re-erecting the great obelisk now standing in front of St Peter's at Kome. FONTANA, FELIX, an eminent natural ?hUo8ophcr and naturalist, was born in the yrol, in 1730. He was appointed professor of philosophy at Pisa by the grand-duke of Tuscany ; and afterwards invited to Florence by Leopold II., who made him his phy- sician, and employed him to form a cabinet of natural history. To this ho added a variety of anatomical figures in coloured wax, most exquisitely finished, which, with other objects of Interest and curiosity, to- gether formed one of the attractions of the Florentine capital. He was the author of works on chemistry, physics, and physiology. He died in 1806. FONTANA, PKOSPERO, Italian painter, was born at Bologna in 1612. He studied under Innocenzlo da Imola, and attained very great celebrity, especially in portrait- painting. He worked with great rapidity, once painting a large hall in fresco In a few weeks. Fontana was the master of the Caracci, and was in the service of Julius III. and several succeeding popes. Died at Borne, 1697. His aaughter, Lavinia, was a skilful portrait-painter. She is sometimes ciUled Zappi, the name of her husband. _ [foo She died at Rome In 1«U, at th*^^ "fon TAKES, LOUIS vi. an mkm French writer, was bom In 1761. At iL commencement of the revolution he edi 2 a Journal, called "The Moderator" .2 after the fall of Robesplerrejoinnd LaH. and other* in the publication of inrnkr called "T',f> Memorial." which with 2 Ou n- -,«'. «. ,. ipssed by the NaHon»lc« .^•uitf .1 IK l.vr, in.lthe proprictori.ediiM. 1)1 In one common sentencMi flscation of oronoM. and conf When the amnesty was granted m th.Iu vatlon of Buonaparte to the coinuUhiT Fontanes took a share In the maiiai!em.»i of the " Mercure de France," and soon aft. obtained a seat In the Legislative AMemhi of which he became the president h. afterwards attained th" "tV j; ,»,„tQ,, °? was one of the tlr , m jtui to ironoMii; recall of Louis XVIII., who made hk peer and a prlvy-counclllor. He died in 1821, having acquired the reputation or being a good orator and political writer ui a. poet of no mean rank* ' VONTENAY, TH4RE8E DE CABARgnj Marquise de, celebrated for her beauty ni her wit, was a native of Saragosia. She wu born in 1778, and when only 16 years of m was married to the marquis of Fontenn much her elder ; liven unhappily ajj quitted him In 1793 to return to her fathtr Arrested at Bordeaux and Imprisoned ihi owed her liberation to Tallien, and iramedi. ately used her influence with hlmtoreiinli the excesses of the revolutionary committet in that town. In the following year iti accompanied Tallien to Paris, and wai lij. prisoned again, escaping on the fall ot Robespierre soon after. She then marrleil Tallien, but they were divorced in : after several years' actual separation. Ii 1805 she married the prince de Chimayibui her first husband being still alive, societf flrowned on her, and she strove in Tain lo take the position she coveted, She iptat the last twenty years of her life inuciu sion at Chlmay, and died there, 1835. FONTENELLE, BERNARD LE Bovnj CE, a nephew of the great Corneille, sndai author of great and varied talents, was bom at Rouen, in 1667. Hestudiedthelawattht request of his father, who was an adTocale; but soon devoted himself excluslvelj tolite- raturo. At the outset of his career he met with little encouragement in his poems and dramas, but on the appearance of his " Dia- logues of the Dead," and his " Conversatiom on the Plurality of Worlds," his fame was 11 once fully established. In 1699 he was niidt secretary to the Academy of Sciences, which post he held forty-two years, and of tin proceedings of which body he published 1 volume annually. He continued to write on general subjects, agreeably combiniiigi taste for the belleH lettres with more ab- struse studies, with little Intermission, till he had almost reached the patriarchal age of 100. He died In 1767. FOOTE, Sir EDWARD JAMES, a Mtid vice-admiral, was the son of a clergyman la Kent, and entered the naval service wheni boy. In I7ay he took charge ot the bmum % iSftu 2anibtr»al 19iograplbo. [VOR 1., the b«T of Naplos, by order of iMtd Nel- IL tiia wUll«t engtgeU on that senrlc*, In IJonl'unclion with CarUlniil K. ffo, he •Igned i uiatr with the ln»urgm.t». ThU wa. dl.- I* Bfo/ed of and annuHfi. by NeUou, aad I the clrcunntiince gave rise to much anl- Imadverilon at the time; iomo coniideriiirf I that Captain Footo had been the dupo of the Icirdinai, and others blaming thu Urltlah lidmlral for having greatly exceeded hit au- ItliorltT He wttK proiaoted to the rank of IrMr-admlral in 181's, and vice-admiral In IlKil Died athia residence, HlghfleldUouae, near Southampton, 1833, aged 66. I FOOri;, 8AMUKI., a comic writer and Lctor (whoie latirio wit and imitative Ipuweri, though perhaps never surpassed, Iwere often indecent ond personally offen- liiTe) was born, in 1721, at Truro, Corn- Iwilli educaied at "Worcester College, Ox- Iford; and intended for the bar. After a Icoume of dissipation, to which his small I fortune fell a sacrifice, he turned his atten- I tion to the stage, and appeared In " Othello," Ibut having little success, he struck out un luntrodden path for himself In the double Icharacter of dramatist and performer. In 1 1717,he opened the Haymarket Theatre with liome very humorous imitations of well- I known individuals; and thus, having dis- Icovered where his strength lay, he wrote I several two-act farces, and continued to Ipcrform at one of ttio winter theatres every I season, usually bringing out some pieces of I his own, and regularly returning to his sum- I mer quarters. In i 766, he was thrown from |hi« horse, and fractured his leg in such a Imanner, that amputation was rendered ne- Iceisary. He soon, however, recovered his ■ health and spirits, and even Improved the I incident to the suggestion of characters for Ibla own acting. This accident also proved lof service to his fortune, as it induced the Iduteof York to procure for him a patent Iforlife of the Haymarket Theatre. In 1777, I having been charged with an infamous crime I I a discarded mansvrvant, he was tried for lltio crime, and, though fully acquitted, it ■ bad such an effect upon his mind and health, Itbat be died in a few months after. He I wrote twenty-six dramatic pieces, all replete I with wit, humour, and satire ; but there is ■not one which at present keeps possession I of the stage. I FORBES, Sir CHARLES, bart., an eminent I Indian merchant, was born in Aberdeen- lihire, 1773. He was for more than 40 years Itbe head of the first mercantile and financial Ihouae in India; and his name stood in the Ihighest repute in the commercial world for I ability, foresight, and rectitude of character. iHewas returned to parliament in 1812 for I Beverley ; and during five parliaments, from 11818 to 1832, he sat for Malmesbury. Con- Inecled from early youth with India, and Idevoted to the welfare of its people, he was lardent in his advocacy for "justice to llndia;" and he had the happiness to see jmanyof his benevolent schemes for the well- Ibeing of his numerous clients completely Irealiied. On returning from India he was jpresented by the natives with a magnificent SKi.iCB or plate; and 27 years after nis I departure from Bombay, a statue from the cuuoi or Chantrny was erected to his honour in the town ball uf liumbay. But It was in his private charities that tha character of Sir C. Forbes was peculiarly manifested ; thejr were distriimtcd without reference to any other constdurutlon than the necessities uf the recipient , and so unostentatiously were thev administered, that almost literally It might be said of him, that his right hand knew not what his left bestowed. Ue naa crc'utc'd a baronet in 1823. Died, 1840. FOUHE8, Duncan, an eminent Scottish Judge, was born atCulloden,ln 1685; studied at Parlx, Utrecht, and Edinburgh ; and rose, in 1737. to the rank of president of the court of session, dlHcharging the functions of hli high office with zeal, ability, and patriotism. It was mainly owing to his exertions that the rebolllon of 174f was prevented from spreading more widely among the clans ; hut so ungratefully was ho treated by the government, that he was never able to obtain repayment of the various sums he had ex- ponded to unhold It. He was the author of 'Thoughts '>n Religion," the "Cuiloden Tapers," &c. Jled, 1747. There is a portrait of President . unean Forbes in the National Portrait OaUery. F011BE8, Professor Edward,P.K.S.,&c., one of the most eminent naturalists of his age, was born in 1815, in the Isle of Man, where his father was a banker. His love of natural history dated from his earliest child- hood, and he had accumulat(i of Jameton, profpsnor of natural hidtorx In tli« unlv(>r»lty of KdinburKh, In IHM, I'ro- f(>iior FurbPi wai nominated lim •uccewor, he wni choten nrcildvnt of the Orologlcnl Horicty In the following year; andheieem- ed niiirked out for a long career of Rlory and iiserulnoHS, when he waa cut off, Novemht'r 18th, ISM. A leli'ctlon of his " Literary Papers," and hli " Life," by ProfcMor UrorKo 'Wllxon, have been publUhed ninco his death. FOllUES, Hlr JOHN, a Uli^lngulshca phv- ■Ician and miaceliaucoui writer, was born in niinffshire in 1787. Ho was educated at the MarlsehnI CoUfno, Aberdeen, and the unl- yprsity of EdlnburRh, serving for some years as surgeon In the navy. After attaining consldrrnblo reputiitlon both at physician and author during his residence at Penzance and at rhlchester, he seitled In London In 1840 He became physlcnn extraordinary to ths Prince Consort, and subsequently physician to the royal household. He de- Totcd himself zealously to the duties of hit profession, took a warm Interest In science, in literature, and in all benevolent Institu- tions, and rendered great services as a medi- cal reformer. He was knighted In 1853. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and of many other scientific bodies, and D.C.L. of Oxford. Among his literary works ore- translations of the treatises of Laenncc and Auenbruggcr; the "Physician's Holiday;" " Sight-seeing in Germany and the Tyrol in 1860;" "Nature and Art in the Cure of Disease," and numerous contributions to the "Cyclopted la of Practical Medicine," and the "British ond Foreign Medical Ucvlew," of the latter of which he was founder and editor. Died at Whitehurch, Oxfordshire, In November, 1862. FORBES, Patuick, bishop of Aberdeen, descended of a noble family, was born in 15C4, took orders in 1592, and was raised to the episcopal bench by James VI. in 1618. He was a niuniflccnt patron to the university of Aberdeen, which owes to him the revival of the dormant professorships of theology, medicine, ond civil law. He was the author of on eloborate " Commentary on the Apoca- lypse." nied. 1635. FORBES, ROBEET, an eccentric Scotch- man, was born at Peterhead, about the year 1725. He completed his education at King's College, Aberdeen, where he took the degree of A.M. He was soon after appointed school- master of the p irish of Peterculber, where he continued lor some time, but found it expedient to leove, on account of on in- trigue, which he has humorously described in a well-known IochI poem, called the " Do- minie Deposed," written in the Buchon dia- lect, published about 1760. He then removed to London, where he commenced the busi- ness of a hosier, in a shop on Tower Hill. Here he composed that celebrated travestle on "The Speech of AJax to the Grecian Chiefs," also in the Buchan dialect, begin- ning with " The GFecian chiefs upo' their doupg sat down, A rangel o' the oommon folk in bou- racks a' Steed roun," Ac. | _ Th« MS. haviiiK b«rn shown to Huddlm. the grammarian, he pronounced It thi>!I.' ho had ever seen on any subject it printed at Edinburgh, In Sro.'in i?? Forbes Is supposed to have died tbon V year 1783. •wntih, FOKHEH, WiM.iAM, the first bl.hn,. , Edinburgh, to which see he was ruZ "' Its foundation in 1634, was born «t ItT decn in 1685; and died three monthi «fJL he eame to hit cpltcopal dignliy e«ri.7 1634. '' « FORBFS, Alexander, I^rd rorb«.( Pltsllgo, c< mmanded a troop of liorw l7ih. rebellion of 1743 ; and after the battle of ri loden he fled to France, but returned to s™ ' land in 174», and died in mi. Hew«.,h author of " Moral and Philosophical EkuVim and is said to have been the prototvn. „» the B.iron of Brudwardlae in the dotm » VVaverley, " "" FOHHES, Sir AVILMAM, born at Pltiiiw In 1739, wat the founder. In conjunct,' with Sir James Hunter Blnlr, of thS im banking establishment in Edinburgh Al though borri to an ample fortune, hedcrow himself to business, though without bm Icctlng the study of elegant literature to which ho was greatly attached. He wai'ii early n mber of the celebrated llterarrcliib which nu.nbered amongst Its lllu8trlnuji»; soclates Johnson, Reynolds, Garrltk aid Burke. Some time previous to his death which happened in 1806, he puhii«hed in aceountof the life and writings of DrBeatUi which exhibits throughout sound Judtnifiit and discriminating taste. The support ud encouragement of all public projecu n- gHged much of his attention; and In ouWit and private cliiirlty his liberality wa«atoii« exemplary and unostentatious. FORBIN, CLAUUfi, Chevalier de, a dUtin. guished French naval commander, bom in 1666. In 1685 he accomponlcd the rrcnch ambassador to Slam, where he gained the favour of the king, then dcsiroua of Intro- ducing into his kingdom the Chrlitian reU- gion and the civilization of theAVcjt. For- bin remained two years, as high admlnl general, &c., to his Siamese iiiiijcsty; and on' his return to Europe he signalized himself oq several occasions. In 1708 he was lutruited with the commarid of the squadron which was to convey the pretender to Scotland, but owing to the vigilance of Admiral Bynglit could not eflTect a landing. Died, 1733. FORCELLINI, EOIDIO, an eminent critic ond lexicogi-apher, was born at TreTiso, In the Venetian States, in 1688, and died there in 1768. He was associated In hit litemrj labours with Facciolati ; and the great " Lexicon totius I atlnitatis," projected hj Forcellini, wat the fruit of their co-open- tive researches and labotir. FORD. JOHN, an English dramatic author of the 17th century, was born, in 188C,it Ilslngton, in Devonshire, where his father was a justice of the peace. He became i member of the Middle Temple in 1602. Hli first tragedy, " The Lover's Melancholy,' was printed in 1629; and he was the author of many other plays, besides some which he >vrot6 in soDjunctio!!. with Drayton 8a4 Decker. n ilttD aniberscil 13iograpl)Q. [roH PoRD.BIr JOHN, wui born at Harting, '„, In 160J, •duc«tc(l nt Oxford; nnU vnirhied by Charlei I., after having •ervod fh. offlcf of •herllf for hit native county. IV'ini, (he civil wiiM he comniKUidcd a reKl- „,,,. of home, and luffcrcd much In the Toval cauie, bdnK ImprUonpd on iu.plclon „f«ldlnir the klniri Mcnpe from H;impton .Court; hut owlnn to the Interejit of Ireton, Iwhoie ii»ter he had married, he obtained Ihii release. Ho was a man of conildcrablo Imffhanlcsl Ingenuity ; and at the rcnucit lofthecltlMinof London ho contrived mo- KhlnerT for railing the Thames water Into I: the high itrccti, which machinery wa« Kfterwardu uifd to drain mlneg and land* In I! her parti of the country. He projected Inrioui other beneficial Improvemenu, and '^FOllD llicuARD, a dUtlnRuUhed author land conn'oUieur, wni born in London in 1790, Kducated at Wlncheatrr, graduated at Trinity Ico'ieKC Oxford, and called to the bar In Lln- leoKi'sInn In lB19,thoii«h ho never practised Ihl9 profeislon. After several years cpent In Iforoiitn 'ravel, and a lengthened sojourn In iBDaiD.he settled at Hcavltrce. near Exeter, land there, amidst his celebrated collection lof pictures, rare books, and articles of vlrtii, Itathersd from every region and In every art, lEe nave himself «p to his literary tastes, con- Itributing chleny to the " Quarterly Ucvlew " Ibrillittiit essays on politics, literature, and ■art, and gathering around him a host of ■admiring and coni?enial friends, who were lattracted not less by the bonhomie of the Inian than by the treasures of art and know- ledge lie could place before them. Though possessed of great and varied acquirements, Bpainand everything connected with It were bis favourite subjects ; and his " Handbook of Bpain," first published in 1843, has taken llts place among the best books of travel, [iiumour, and history, social, literary, poll- Itlcal, and artistic, In the English language. IHis" Gatherings in Spain," n kind of popu- |!.ir abridgement of the larger work, wag ipjblislied In 1848, and, like its predecessor, Isttnlned great success. Died, 18S8. I FORDUN, JOHN DE, a Scotch historian of Ithe 14th century ; author of a history of ISfotland, entitled " scotichronicon," which ■contains much valuable information, min- Igled with much that is absurd and fabulous. Ia good edition was published by W. Qoodall |in 1759. FORDYCE, JAMES, Scottish divine, ■was Iborn, In 1720, at Aberdeen, and educated at Ithe university. His first settlement, as a Iminister, was at Brechin, from whence he Ircinoved to Alloa ; and having obtained the Idcgree of D.l). from the university of Glas- Igow.hepame to Monkwell Street chapel, llondon, where he drew crowded audiences Iby his eloquence. In 1782 he resigned his Isiiuation, and went to live first in Hamp- I hire, and next at Bath, where he died in |i;96. He published " Sermons to Young iWomen;'" "Addresses to Young Men;" a Ivolume of poems ; and some single sermons. I rORDYCE, Oeoroe, an eminent physi- Iclan, nephew of the preceding, was born In Ideen.and obtained the degree of M.A. at the ago of 14. The year following he was plaoed with his uncle, who was a surgeon and apo- thecary at Uppingham, in Rutlandshire. Ha went from thence to Edinburgh, and next to Leyden, where, In 17S8, hp took his doctor's degree. In 1789 he settled In London, and commenced lecturer on the materia mcdica and pinctlre of physic, In which ho acquired an unrivalled reputation. In 1770 he was chosen physician to 8t Thomas's Hospital, and in 1776 a fellow of the Koyal Society. In 1787 ho was elected, tpteiali gratia, a fel- low of the College of Physicians. l)r Fordyco is known by hi» " Ulssertntlons on Fever," a "Treatise on Digestion," " Elements of the Practice of Physic," Ac. He was also an excellent experimental cliemlst, and pub- lished " Elements of Agriculture and Vege- tation." Ho died in 1802. FOREST, JEAN, painter to the king of France, was born at Paris in 1636, and died In 1712. His landscapes are much admired. FOREST, riERHE UE LA, cardinal, arch- bishop of Rouen, was born in 1314, Ho ac- quired much reputation as a teacher of law In the schools of OrKana and Angers, and next practised asanadvocateatParis. After holding various offices he was made chan- cellor of France by Philip of Valois, and in that capacity took a prominent part in state affairs. He assisted on two occasions in ne- gotiating a truce between Prince and Eng- land ; was made orchbishop of Rouen in 1392 ; opened the States-general In 1355 and 1336; wag deprived for a time of the chan- cellorship because ho was obnoxious to the states ; and was created cardinal and legate in Sicily by Innocent VI. Died at Vilie- neuve.near Avignon, 1361. FORKEL, JOHANN Nicholas, an emi- nent writer on the history and theory of music, and director of music In the univers- ity of Oottingen, was born in 1749, and died in 1810. His " General History of Music," 2 vols. 4to, is reckoned the most valuable of his numerous works. He was also a composer and a good pianist, and a man of general and extensive knowledge. FORLI, MELOZZO Da. [MELOZZO.] FORSKAL, PETER, a young Swedish na- turalist, the scholar and friend of Linnoeus, who, after completing his studies at Upsal, travelled into the East with Niebuhr, but died at DJcrlm, In Arabia, during the second yearof his travels, and before he had attain- ed hig 28th year. Niebuhr, on his return, published, in 3 vols. 4to, Forskal'g remarks on the productions of the countries through which he had passed. F0R8TER, GEORGE, an English travel- ler, wag in 1782 engaged In the civil service of the East India Company. He was well acquainted with the oriental languages, which rendered him a fit person to undertake a journey from Bengal to Persia, and thence through Russia to England. A full narra- tive of this Journey was pHhlished in 1798, in 2 vols. 4to. Died at Allahabad, in 1792. FOllSTER, JOHANN REINHOLD, an emi- nent naturalist and traveller, was bom. In 1729, at Dlrschau, in PolUh Fruggia; edu- cated at Berlin and Halle ; and oflSclated as miaistcr of uantzic, and aflerwards at Vas- senhoff. He then came to England, as S49 uM teacher of the French and German Inn- guagei, and natural history, at the dis- senting academy at Warrington. In 1772 he arcompanicd Captain Cook in his second voyafte round the world, as naturalist to the expedition, and took his son with him as II companion. On his return. In 1775, the unlTcrsity of Oxford conferred on him the degree of LL.D., and he neemed on the high road to preferment ; but a quarrel arising respecting the publication of the narratlTe of the Toyage by his son, Porster quitted England, and he was appointed professor of natural history, Ac, at Halle, '« Saxony >*» which place he retired ; and died j" j"9S- Besides his " History of Voyages and Disco- veries In the North," he wrote several other original works, and translated many Into German. He united great penetration and quick apprehension with astonishing powers of memory. He spoke or wrote 17 living and dead languages, and was well-acquainted with almost every department of literature ; while In history, botany, and zoology, he stands among th- first Investigators of the last century. F0R8TER, JOaANN GEORGB ADAM, son of the preceding, was born in 1784; accom- panied his father in the voyage round the world ; was professor of natural history in Hesse Cassel, and afterwards at Wilna. Ho subsequently settled at Mentz as a booksell- er, and entered warmly into the revolution- ary principles of France, on which account he was nominated a deputy to Paris to ar- range the reunion of Mentz with the Trench republic; hut Mentz being besieged and taken by the Prussians, Forster was obliged to remain at Paris, where he died in 1794, while preparing, as it Is said, for a voyage tc Hindostan and Thibet. He was the author of several works on geography, natural his- tory, philosophy, and politics. FORSYTH, ALEXANDER JOHN, A.M., IX.D., the discoverer of the percussion principle, was born Ist of January, 1789. He was the son of the Rev. James Forsyth, minister of Belhelvie, near Aberdeen, and Isabel Syme, daughter of the Rev. Gilbert Syme, minister of Tullynessle. (A son of Mr Syme married a daughter of Princi- pal Robertson, of Edinburgh, whose only daughter, Eleonora Syme, was married to Henry Brongham, Esq., of Brougham Hall, Westmoreland, and was the mother of Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux.) He completed his education at King's College, Aberdeen, whft-e he took the degree of A.M. He succeeded his father in the pas- toral charge of the parish of Belhelvie, 24 th of August, 1791. Soon after his settlement, he commenced, for his amusement, a scries of chemical experiments, principally on ful- minating powders, and other explosive com- pounds. In the year 1805, he was called to London, to make experiments for the govern- ment on the percussion principle, which he had about two years previously discovered. His stay in London was prolonged to nearly a twelvemonth, and he had all but succeeded in convincing the officials at the ordnance ofHce of the propriety of adopting the per- cussion lock, when a change of ministry, and the bustle of new appointments, or the contempt for everything done or propoM by predecessors, led to an order to hfm to remove from the Tower, where he had been experimenting, and take hla " rubbish"i»ith him. That " rubbish " consisted of bcavitlfa] and Ingenious applications of the percuwion principle ; a principle which now, after hiif a century has elapsed, Is generally adopted About a year previous to his death, his clalmi were acknowledged by government, who gave him an annuity of £200. As a parish clergyman he was much esteemed, and bt the gentleness and mortesty of hisdemeanoiir secured for himself the warm attaehmentof a wide circle of friends and acquaintance He died suddenly, 11th June, 1843, aged n ' FORSYTH, WILLIAM, an able horticul- turist, was born at Old Meldrum, Aberdeen- shire. In 1737. He was a pupil of thecele- brated Philip Miller, and succeeded liim at the physic-gardens of the apothecaries' cota- pany at Chelsea. In 1784 he was made super. intendent of the royal gardens at Keniini. ton and St James's, and died In i804. Forsjth was a fellow of the Society of AntiqnariM, the Linntean Society, and otlier learned bodies. His chief work is the " Tteatiseon the Cultivation of Fruit Trees." FORTESCUE, Sir JiuN, an eminent Judge and writer on the law, was a sonot Sir Henry Fortescue, lord chief justice of Ireland. He studied at Lincoln's Inn, wu called to the bar, and In 1442 was made chief justice of the court of King's Bench. He was a principal counsellor in the court of Henry Vl., and for his devotion to that mon- arch he was attainted by fhe parliament under Edward IV. ; and in 1463 he fled, with Queen Margaret and her suite, to Flanden, where he rrmained in exile several ycnrji during which time he wrote his well-knom work, " De Laudlbus Legum Anellse." Ee- turning to England, to join in the stngiilj for the restoration of the house of Lancaster, he was taken at the battle of Tewkesbury; but obtained his pardon from Edward, and was allowed to retire to his seat in Glouces- tershire, where he died, in his 90th year, FORTESCUE. [ALAND.] FORTIOUERRA, NiCOLO, an Italian pre- late and poet, was bom at Pistola in 13'<, and died in 1735. He was the author ofi burlesque poem, entitled "Ricciardetto,"« lively and elegant proi'.uction, in which the styles of Arioito and Pulciare byturniTetj happily imitated. F08BROOKI5, THOMAS DUDLET, F.S.A,, a learned and industrious antiquary and archseologist, was born in 1770, and receired his education at St Paul's School, London, and Pembroke College, Oxford. Mr Fo)- brooke commenced his literary career ii \796, with a poem entitled " The Economj of Monastic Life ; " and in 1799 he produced his " British Monachism," 2 vols. 8to, hat- ing previously applied himself with extrs- ordinary diligence to the study of the Saxoi language. His next work wai a collection of materials for the History of Gloucester- shire, In 2 vols. 4to ; and in 1819 appeared his " History of the City of GIoucMter-' These were followed by the "Wye Tour,' " Ariconensla," and the " Berkeley Mane- scripts." In 1824 he published his most in- FOS] Jnortant work, the " Encyclopaedia of Antl- Iflultles, and Elements of Archaeology," 2 ItoU 4to ; and, in 1828, a kind of sequel to |]t called " Foreign Topography." " The llourist's Grammar," and several other Iworka, also appeared from his pen ; and he iras for many years a prolluc contributor lto the "Gentleman's Magazine." Mr Fo«- fcrooke's church preferment was a« scanty hs his literary industry was great. For 16 Scars he officiated as curate of Uorsley, In Dloucestenhire j during the next 20 years Ae was curate at Walford (on the banks of jhe Wye) ; and for the last 12 years of his life he was vicar of that parish. Died on >'cw-year's day, 1842. I FOSCAUINI, MARCO, Doge of Venice, and the historian of Venetian literature, was lorn in 1698. He early distinguished hlm- ielf in the public service, and was success- Erely ambassador to Vienna, Rome, and Turin, maintaining for his country a strict Ecutrallty in the wars between France and Austria, and writing valuable accounts of his diplomatic proceedings, and of other [natters which fell under his observation. For some time he was at the head of the University of Padua, and he was elected Sogc of Venice in 1762. His great literary fcork is entitled, " Delia Litteratura Vene- liana iibri otto." He left other works un- iublished, some of which were, after his leath, given to the world. Died, 1763. Poscarlni's collection of manuscripts now Wms part of the Imperial Library, Vienna. , FOSCOLO, UGO, a distinguished Italian Irriter, was born at sea, in 1776, in a Vene- Han frigate lying near Zante, of which island lis father was governor. He was educated It Padua, and produced his tragedy of f Thyestes " before he was 20. He was soon Ifter employed as secretary to Hattoglia, Irho was sent ambassador to Buonaparte, to Indeavour to preserve the independence of Tie Veneiian republic. The embassy was insuccessftil, and Foscolo retired into Lorn- iirdy, where he producHd his celebrated P Letters of Ortis," which ostablished his kme. Having enlisted in the first Italian Klon that was formed, hft was shut up in Benoa during the famous siege of 1799, with Bcneral Massena, and while there he com- losed two of his finest odes. He remained n the Italii-.n army till 18u5, when he was lent to Calais with the troops professedly lestined for the invasion of England ; but he bon after quitted the service. He was ap- fcmted professor of literature at Pavia, in *09; but the bold language of his Intro- tactory lecture ic said to have oflfended ■nonapRrte, and the professorship was im- lediattly suppressed. In 1812 he produced Is tragedy of " Ajax," which was represent- ■»at Che theatre Delia Scala, at Milan ; but I It was supposed to convey a satire on the Mracter of Buonaparte, he found it neces- py to withdraw to Florence. He is said to fcTe subsequently engaged In a conspiracy lexpel the Aastrians from Italv ; but a dis- »Tcry taking place, he was obliged to de- mp, first to Switzerland, and shortly after K'2 ^0 England, where he was well re- tl 6y he literati and people of distlnc- W. Besides publishing his "Essays on n ^tbi ^nibm&l mostapf)tt* [POS Petrarch," "Disputations and Notes on Dante," &c., he contributed to the Edin- ^o'JSV'k^'J;"*"'^! """^ »**'«'■ reviews; and J,m^ ^,f^ not involved himself in pecuniary difficulties. Died, 1827. The grave of Fos- In April, ImT'*""' ^'"' ^'*'"''' ^^ Qaribaldl F088E CHARLES Di: LA, an etnlnent paint- er, was born at Paris, In 1640. He bicnmc Selfor'n'/fi^ professor, director, and chan In 1716 *'*^-^*^'"**"">' of Painting, and died FOBS 0MB R ONI, VlTTORio, Italian statesman and natural philosopher, was born at Arezzo In 1754. He was educated at the university of Pisa, and. In 1782, obtained a public appointment in Tuscany. Ho snb- ^I^^^^IV'; superintended the drainage works of the Val di Chiana, which he had specially studieo and discussed In a valuable memoir, in 1798 he became minister for foreign af- hi/h ^Vh^ ^IV^ duke of Tuscany " held .1^ V*^'^*''!?**'® new kingdom of Etruria and un4er the French empire; and on the restopat on of the grand duke became agaJn chief minister, and remained so, with the greatest ad vantage to Tuscany, till his death. mathematics and natural philosophy, especi- ally on hydraulics. Died; 1844 ^'"P'-" f J^'^\^' ^^^^^' ^■^■' dissenting minis- ter, was bom at Exeter, In 1GS7 ; and coni- menced preaching there in 1718. He after- wSpri'^^r^** to Trowbridge, in Wiltshire, where he turned Baptist ; and in 1724 was chosen successor to Dr John Gale, of the chapel In Barbican, London, where he offl- nln «,»?>"'' J" ^^"?' »"•* ""so »• lecturer at a meeting-house in the Old Jewry. He 7„"„lJ!?*®w^'"'i?,* " preacher that crowds flocked to hear him, and Pope has made hon- ??7e J^ mention of him In his satires. In llttr^^A ''V*?H?f'* ^fl^ Kilmarnock to the scaffold, which Is said to have affected him with a settled me.'ancholy, from which he never entirely recovered. He wrote a " De- fence of Revelation," in reply to Tindal ; .T^f'TJi,."'? M«'-"y."." Discourses on Na- itIo ^^"Kion and Social Virtue," &c. Died FOSTER. John, one of the most able writ- ers and original thinkers of modern times, was born near Halifax, in Yorkshire, 177o! At an early age he entered the Baptist college at Bristol, and on the completion of his theo- logical studies, was successively settled as a preacher at various places, the last of which was Downend, near B-lstol ; but he soon re- linquished his pastoral duties, and the last 20 years of his life were chiefly devoted to literary pursuits. He was a ftequent con^ tributor to the Eclectic Review " (some of his articles have been collected and published separately); but his chief reputation Is founded on his "Essays," which have gone through numerous editions, and which, al- though no longer perhaps to be called " po- pular," have too much solid worth, wealth of manly thought, and charm of poetic im- agination, to be forgotten or neglected bv thoughtful readers. Diad, 1843. His " Life and Correspondence," edited by J. E. Ry- land, appeared In 2 vols. 8vo, In 1848, a.idhas aai ' Iff 1 M t) I- i passed through several editions. This work, with the " Essays on r-icision of Character, &c.." " Essay on the Evils of Popular Ignor- ance," "Critical Essays," and "Fosterl- ana," the 'ast-numed edited by Mr Bohn> are now Included in Bohn's Standard LI- bfftrv FOSTER. JOHK, an English architect, was born at Liverpool, about 1788. He travelled for some years in Greece and Asia Minor, accompanying Mr Cockerell to JEgina and Phlgaleia, ai rt settled at Liverpool, as a builder, about 1817. In 1824 he succeeded his father as arch'.ect and surveyor to the corporation, an office which he resigned in 1835. Among his works at Liverpool are St Michael's Church, Pitt Street, the Custom House, the screen of the Hallway Station, Lime Street, and the chapel in the cemetery of St James. Foster worked after Greek models, but showed little of the creativ power of the true artist. He was a feJ'uw of the Royal Society. Died, 1846. FOSTER, Sir MICHAEL, an em''.?' V • • - yer, was born ttt Marlborough, ir 'lU.a.i'e, in 1689, entered the Middle Tem^;e, and in regular course was called to the bar. In 1735 he was chosen recorder of Bristol ; and, in 1745, appointed one of the justices of the King's Bench,on which occasion he received the honour of knighthood. He published a tract against Bishop Gibson's Codex of Church Law, and a Report of the Trials of the Rebels in the year 1746. He was an in- dependent and fearless assertcr of the liberty of the subject. . ^ ^ FOTHERGILL, JOHN, an eminent phy- sician, was born in 1712, at Carr End, in Yorkshire, his parents being members of the Society of Friends. He served his time to an apothecary, after which he went to Edin- burgh, where, in 1736, he took his doctor's degree. In the same year he became a pupil in St Thomas's Hospital, and in 1740 made a tour of the Continent. On his return he settled in London ; and in 1748 acquired much reputation, by a tract entitled An Account of the Sore Throat attended with Ulcers." In 1754 he became a member of the Edinburgh College of Physicians, and in 1763 a fellow of the Royal Society. For 30 years he may be said to have stood at the head of the medical profession, and died in 1780. His works, consisting chiefly of medi- cal pieces, were printed in 3 vols. 8vo, with his Life prefixed. FOUCHfi, JOSEPH, duke of Otranto, was the son of a captain of a merchant ship, and born at Nantes in 1763. It was intended he should follow the same profession as his father, but he adopted that of the law, and the events of the revolution soon brought him into notice. He headed a popular so- ciety at Nantes, by which he was sent, in 1792, as their deputy to the National Con- vention ; and on the trial of Louis XVI. he voted for his death. In 1793 he wai sent to Lyons with Collot d'Herbois, and the cold- blooded cruelties he there committed are recorded in his own letters and reports. Re- turning to Paris.he joined in the destruction of Robespierre, merely from the fear cf be- coming one of his victims. He, however, had several narrow escapes during the turbulent times that followed ; but circunstancei at length placed him at the head of the French police, in which office ho was a useful in- strument In the hands of Buonaparte, who thought it might be easy, through Pouchy to hazard a political stroke without coinpro.' mising his own character. To the superin- tendence of police Buonaparte added the ministry of the interior, and In 1809 he made him duke of Otranto. He then opened hit drawing-room to the ancient nobility, uimij of whom he employed as spies ; but the em. peror grew suspicious of this minister, ani nr»A«* h(a onnnnrl mnrrtflcrp hA roDnlvA.1 A. J! after his second marriage he resolved on dii. missing him, for which an opportunity imj offered. As they felt no confidence in each other, both employed a secret agent at the English court; which agents, not being known to each other, had no means of con certing measures together; conscquentlj their communications did not agree, and the .English minister concluded, from tlie want of coincidence in their proposals, thatFrance was merely trifling, and complained loudlj of the insult. This led to some investigation, when the contractor Ouvrard was proved to have been secretly employed by the duko of Otranto. Immediately upon this, the dulie of Rovigo was made prefect of police, and Fouch 6 was required to deliver up his papers. He was then sent into a sort of honourable exile, with the empty title of governor o( Rome. In 1814 he returned to France, and was well received by the restored goTcra- ment. "When Napoleon reappeared lii|i France, Fouch6 was suddenly called to thcj ministry, and fll'ed his post with skill. After' the battle of %vaterloo he was appointed president of ibi provisional government, when he appeared as negotiator between the omperor and the allied powers; and see- inr '•he uselessn >8S of Paris offering a de- feice, he acted honourably in advising Napoleon to abditate. Louis XVIII. con- tinued Otranto as one of his ministers, tintil by the law of the 6th of January, 1816, he was obliged to quit France. After travel- ling some time in Germany, he took up his residence at Trieste, where he died in 1820, He was certainly one of the most celebrated, and, perhaps, the most designedly wicked of all the French revolutionists. One of his countrymen has summed up his character in this short sentence. " Fouchfi effected some good, and a great deal of evil." FOULIS, ROBERT and ANDREW, two eminent printers in Glasgow, distinguished for the beauty and accuracy of their books, particularly the Latin and Greek classics. They continued for 30 years to carry ot business with great success ; but having en- deavoured to establish an academy for the instruction of youth in painting and sculp- ture, their resources were unequal to the undertaking, and it ultimately ruined tbeE Andrew died in 1775, and Kobcrt in 17i6. FOUNTAINE, Sir ANDREW, an Engliili antiquary, was born at Narford, in Nonolk, and educated at Christchurch, Oxford, where he studied the Anglo-Saxon Innguaye, Ml wrote a piece inserted in Dr Hi'kes'sTiie- saurus, entitled " Numismata Ang o-Saion- ca et Anglo-Danica." King Wil lam HI, conferred on him the honour of kniehthooa, JFOU] Md in 1727 he was appointed warden of the tint. Died, 1733. roUQUIER TINVILLE, ANTOINE Quen- TIS one of the most execrable monsters of khe French revolution, waa born in 1747. Utf director of Robespierre's revolutionary tribunal in 1793, lie boasted of pronouncing tnly one word—" Death." It was he that nade the infamous accusation a^^ainst Marie ^Antoinette ; to which she replied, " I appeal ko all mothers whether the charge is possi- Lc." He called the guillotine the coining Jnachine of the revolution ; and to such a Itate of savage fury had his thirst for blood Cisen. that its repeated gratification appears lo have produced a real insanity. At length, Cfter the fall of Robespierre, in 1795, Tin- tjhe was denounced by Fr^ron in these ap- propriate words, " 1 demand that Fouquicr linville may wear off the remains of his Irunken surfeit of blood in hell." heing lied and condemned to the guillotine, the «oplc used his own death-dealing plirase 4 he went to execution, while he replied jrith hoarse curses and distorted gesticula- lilons to their execrations, but his courage iiled him at the foot of the scaffold, and he lied like a coward. FOUaUIERES, JACOB, a Flemish painter, WM born at Antwerp in 1880. He was the lisciple of" Velvet" Breughel, and excelled n paintinft landscapes. Died, 1659. FOUUCROY, ANTOINE FRANCJOIS DE, an kminent French chemist and natural phi- losopher, was born at Paris, in 1755 ; and, liaving adopted the profession of medicine. Be applied himself closely to the study of [he sciences connected with it, especially to chemistry. In 1784 he was appointed professorof chemistry at the Jardin du Hoi ; md about this period he became associated rith Lavoisier, Berthollet,&c.,in researches rhich led to vast improvements and dis- OTcries in cnemistry, and. In conjunction irlth them, he drew up the new " M6thode te Norat-nclature Chimique." When the evolution took place, he engaged in poli- ces, and was chosen a deputy from Paris to he National Convention. In 1794 he be- ame a member of the Committee of Public lafety.and, next year, passed Into the Coun- lil of Ancients. In 1799, Buonaparte gave lim aplace in the council of state, when he V«8 intrusted with the management of all iffairs relating to public instruction, and icquitted himself in a manner highly meri- Brious. He was the author of many valua- lle works on chemical science and natural fhilosophy. Died, 1809. rOURIER, FRANqOIS CHARLKS MARIE, nventor of the co-operative system, was lorn at Besanqon, in 1768. He was son of a pthier, and was brought up to mercantile Tnployment at Lyons and Marseilles. The jitations of the first years of the revolu- Bon led him to reflect and speculate on the iTils which afflict society and possible reme- T^CB for them, and in 1808 he announced his Bscovery or theory in a volume entitled, [Thiorie des Quatrc Mouveniens et des Des- mei G4n«rales," which, after exciting a itae-days' wonder, w.-s forgotten. It was fff«lyjhe prospectus of a voluminous work »Mch he began to publish in 1822 ; the first % ^m Bnibtxsul ISfograpJ^p. 3 A portion being entitled " Trait* . . I'associa- tionDoDiestiquect Agricole." No notice was taken of It by the press or by the public men to whom Fourier sent copies ; nor did his compendium entitled "lo Nouveau Monde Industriel ct Soci^taire " find a bet- ter reception. By a severe attack on the principles of the 8t Simoniansand Owcnlteu in 1831, Fourier gained attention and at- tracted disciples, and hn soon after began publishing a journal, " La Phalange," for the propagation of his views. The attempt made to give practical shape to them came to nothing, but the craving for realization of his ideal— a better distribution of labour and the profits of it by means of social or- ganization—is wide-spread and deep-seated, especially in France. Fourier pubUshed various other works, and died In 1837. FOURMONT, Etienne, an eminent ori- entalist, was born. In 1683,atHerbclai, near Paris. He was professor of Arabic at the College Eoyal, and was the first to make known in Europe the Chinese characters. His most Important works are "Medita- tlones 8inica3"and "Grammatica Sinica." Fourmont was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and of the Royal Society of London. Died, 1745. FOURNIER, PIERRE Simon, a Parisian .7,'i® ■ '*"'"^®'" ""^ engraver; author of Manuel Typographique," and other works '"^?Ii*"^® "'^'^ ^^^' Bo™' 1712; died. 1768. FOX, EDWARD, an <}minent English pre- late and statesman in the 16th century, wag bom at Dursley, Gloucestershire; educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge, be- came provost of the latter; and was sent by Cardinal Wolsey on a mission to Rome, in conjunction with Gardiner, to procure the divorce of Henry VIII. from Queen Catha- rine. He was subsequently engaged in em- bassies to Franco and Germany; and, in 1535, he was promoted to the see of Here- ford. He secretly promoted the cause of the reformation ; but though he used his influence in that cause as a politician, as a divine he never openly espoused it. Died, iOoa, FOX, GEORGE, founder of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, was born at Drayton, Leiceseershire, in 1624, and apprenticed to a grazier, and afterwards to a shoemaker. At the age of 19 he persuaded himself that he had received a divine command to devote himself solely to religion. He accordingly forsook his relations, made himself a suit of leather, and wandered from place to place, leading a wandering life, in which he fasted much, walked abroad in retired places studying the Bible, and sometimes sat in a hollow tree for a day together. In 1648 he began to propagate his opinions, and com- menced public preacher. The nickname Quaker " Is said to have been first used by a country justice before whom Fox appeared at Derby. He was taken up in 1653 and sent a prisoner to Cromwell, who, being satisfied of his pacific intentions, set him at liberty. In fact, he was more than once indebted to the Protector for his freedom, when committed to prison by the country magistracy for his frequent interruption of ministers while performing divine service. *■' ft 31 I I' ! .1 Ki i It. A :u II rox] % £Lm Stniiinsal ISiogropl^i). In 1M6 he was liberated from .priion by order of Charles II., and immediately com- menced the task of organizing hit followers into a formal and united society. In 1669 he married the widow of judge Fell, and soon after went over to America, for the express purpose of making proselytes. On his return he was again tl;rown into prison, but was soon released, and went to Holland. Returning to England, and refusing to pay '(ithes, he was cast in a suit for the recovery of them, and again visited, the Continent. His health had now become impaired by the incessant toil and suffering he had endured, and he again revisited his native land, liv- ing in a retired manner till his death, in 1690. The preaching and life of George i?ox was a passionate and very practical protest against formalism in religion, world- worship and spiritual slavery. Spite of all obstacles, he at least did see the inner truth and reality of things. To do the will of God and to persuade men to do it, this was what he lived for. And with the greatest courage, patience, and self-renunciation he devoted himself to his prophet's task. His writings consist of his "Journals," " Epistles," and "Doctrinal Pieces." FOX, HENRY, the first Lord Holland, an eminent statesman, was born in 1706, and educated at Eton. After filling lower offices in the state, he was in 1746 appointed secre- tary at war ; retired in 1756, to make way for Mr Pitt, afterwards earl of Chatham, but returned to office the following year as paymaster of the forces ; and in this situa- tion his public conduct has been much ani- madverted upon. In HfiS he was created Baron Holland of Foxley, and died in 1774 FOX, CHABLE8 JAMES, the great states- man and orator, was the second son of the preceding, and was born Jan. 13th, 1748; he received his education at 'Westminster, Eton, and Oxford, where bis proficiency in classical literature attracted considerable notice. It was the intention of his father, who had a high opinion of his capacity, that he should occupy a prominent station in the political world, and he accordingly procured for him a seat in parliament for the borough of Mldhurst w)ien he was only 19. He, however, prudently remained silent till he had attained the legal age of a member, and then we find him, in 1770, aiding the ministry, who rewarded him with the office of one of the lords of the admiralty ; but he resigned that situation in 1772; and, in 177.3, was nominated a commissioner of the treasury, from whence he was suddenly dismissed, in consequence of some disagreement with Lord North. Mr Fox now entered the lists of opposition, and throughout the whole of the American war proved a most powerful antagonist to the ministers of that period. On the down- fall of Lord North he was appointed, in 1782, one of the secretaries of state, which situ- ation he resigned on the death of the mar- quis of Rockingham ; when the earl of Shel- burne, afterwards marquis of Lansdowne, was appointed to succeed him. On the dis- solution of that short-lived administration, he formed the coalition with Lord North (a coalition which was odious to the great _ Jm mass of the people), and resumed hii fonn. office. He now brought In his Indlg \ which, after having passed the Boqh Commons, was unexpectedly thrown out h the House of Lords, and occasioned then signation of the ministry, of which be fom ed a part. Mr Pitt then came into poww while Mr lox placed himself at tliehcadoi the opposition, and a long contest took plat. between these illustrious rivals. Vfonm and perhaps disgusted, with public busineii' he, in 1788, repaired to the Continent {>' company with Mrs Fox, and after Bpendlm a few days with Gibbon, the historian « Lausanne, entered the classic regionjof Italy. In consequence, however, of th»ii sudden illness of the king, and tlie probable necessity of constituting a regency, he wai soon recalled. The regency bill, the *tlalot Mr Hastings, and, above all, the French re- volution, and its effects on this coantrj gave ample scope for his talents and eJo-' quence, which he continued to exert agaijn the administration of Mr Pitt ; inTeighini against the war with France, and denomic- ing the measures of his great rival on eten subject of importance. However menmij differ as to the soundness of Mr Fox's poli- tical views, no one denies that h^ wan sincere friend to the freedom and beit ii- terests of mankind, or that in private li/ei more amiable and pleasant companion could not be found. In tne senate he was argu- mentative, bold, and energetic; in the do- mestic circle, no one was more ingenoou, bland, and courteous. His literary abilito were of a high order ; and had he lived ii less stirring times, there is every probabilitj his country would ha>e benefited by hii writings. As it was, he left little behind him but his eloquent speeches, and "Ike History of the early Part of the Reign ol James II." On the death of Mr Pitt he was again recalled to power, and set on foot a negotiation for peace with France, tat did not live to see the issue of it. He died, in the 69th year of his age, on thel3tho( Hepteniber, 1806. "Memorials of Charlej James Fox " have been edited by Fail Eoi- sell, in 4 vols. 8vo ; and two volumea of hii " Life," also by Earl Russell, haveappeand. FOX, JOHN, a celebrated church hisiotiii and divine, was born, in 1517, at Boston, Lincolnshire, and educated at Oxford. Ap- plying himself closely to the study of theo- logy, he became a convert to the prlnciplei of the Reformation, was expelled his coUeji on a charge of heresy, and suffered g«at privation. A short time before the death o( Henry VIII., he was employed as tutor ii the family of the duchess of Kichmond,io educate the children of her brother, the eul of Surrey, then a state prisoner. In the reign of Edward VI. he was restored to hii fellowship; but when Mary ascended the throne he found it prudent to retire to ihe Continent, where he gained a livelihood m corrector of the press for an eminent prict- at Basel. On Elizabeth's accession he iJ- turned to his nstive country, and lettlediJ the family of his former pupil, the dull of Norfolh, where he remained tiU to death ; and he also received s prcbetdB BtaU in the cathedral of Balisbory toll lidUl 3 361 t^ i % Mtia ^nititxsnl iSfograpijp. [fba the author of many controversial and ihpr works; but the only one now read Is i» " History of the Acts and Monuments J the Church," commonly called "Fox's Ink of Martyrs." After haying been nub- Sf ted to severe attacks on the part of those hose interest it was io put such a witness J Fox out of court, it is not longer to be uestioned that this remarkable work is bstantially accurate and trustworthy, and It the appalling picture it presents of a rsecuting church and its martyr-yictims, not overdrawn nor false in colouring. "ox died in 1587, aged 69. pox RicHAKD, an English prelate and atesman, was born about 1466, at Hopes- V near Grantham, and educated at Ox- id Cambridge, and Paris. He was in high iTour with Henry VII., who employed him 1 various missions ; and successively made im bishop of Exeter, Bath and Wells, Dur- im and Winchester. But in the following icn he found himself supplanted by AVol- tv whom he had introduced and fostered ; le therefore retired to his diocese, p.nd pass- the remainder of his days in acts of cha- ty and muniflcence. He was a patron of isrning, and the founder of Corpus Chrlsti oUege, Oxford, and of the free-schools '>f 'aunton and Grantham. Died, 1528. TOY, MAXIMILIEN 8EBASTIEN, General, as a native of Ham, in Picardy, where he as born in 1775. He entered the army at years of age, and made his first campaign der Dumouriez in 1792. He displayed J military talents to great advantage in alv, Germany, and Portugal ; and suc- eded Marmont, as commander-in-chief 'tor tiie battle of Salamanca; when he iiducted a skilful retreat to the Douro. ;e received his 15th wound on the field of aterloo, but refused to (juit his post until le close of that engagement. He was after- ards employed as inspector-general of in- try ; and in 1819 was elected a member tho Chamber of D"putie8 ; when he dis- nguis'aed himBCir as an orator, and was a at public favourite. He died in 182S ; d having left his widow and family in stitute circumstances, a most liberal sub- iription was immediately entered into, to ovide for them, and to erect a monument liis memory. From his M8S. a " History the Penitsular War " has been published his widow. FRA DIAVOLO, a Neapolitan robber, hose real name was Michael Pozzo, was im about 1769. He was at first a stocking- iker, afterwards a friar, and in the latter pacity united himself as leader to a gang outlawed banditti in Calabria. In his uble character of robber and priest, Le 'ercd his ^rvices, in 1799, to Cardinal ;Uffo, who headed the counter-revolution- party in favour of the Bourbons of Na- les. For his services, although a price had m previously set on his head, he obtained irdpn, distinction, and a peDsion of 3600 Kits, with which he retired to ar. estate 'nicl. he purchased. On Joseph Napoleon coming king, the expelled goveinment lam sot him in motion. He maae a descent lSu6,with a large body of banditn wnd ;rmts, at Sperlonga, threw open the pri- sons, and was Joined by uumerous lazza- ronl ; but, after a severe action, he was de- feated and taken prisoner, condemned by a special commission, and executed. He died with disdainful indifference. He often, lite llobin Hood, restored their liberty an** pro- perty to captives who intereateu him, espe- cially women, even making them presents, and affecting to protect the poor. fBA GIOVANNI DA FIE80LB. fAN- OELICO.] FBANCE80A, PIKRO DKlt A, Italian painter, was bora at Borgo San Sepolcro, whence he is called Piero Borghese. The chronology of his life is involved in obscnr- ity, but it appears probable that he was born poon after 1410. He at first applied himself to mathematical studies, which were of great service to him as a painter, especially in rendering the effect, of light and perspective. In 1439 he was asbiotanfc to Domenico Veneziano at Florence, and afterwards at Loreto. He executed many works in his native town, at Urbino, Fer- rara, Rome, and' Arezzo. Pietro Perugino, liUca Signorelli, and Luca Pacioli, were pupils of this master. He became blind in his old age, and died after 1493. Two of his works are in the: "onal Gallery aportraii, and the " Baptisn. ._ Christ," an altar-piece from the priory of Borgo San Sepolcro. FRANCESCO DA BOLOGNA. [FBAN- FBANCIA, an eminent painter, whose real name was Francksco RAIBOHNI, was bom at Bologna in 1460. It is now known that Francesco da Boloona, celebrated as a type-founder, is the same person as Francia the painter. In his youth he was a goldsmith and an engraver of me- dals, but afterwards applied whoHy to paint- ing. Being employed by Raphael, in 1517, to place his picture of St Cecilia in a church at Bologna, it is said that h.'> wac so strick with its beauty, and convinced U his own inferiority to Raphael, that he fell into a desponding state, which hastened his end. He had however nearly lived his threescore years and ten. Three works of this artist are in the National Gallery, one of which, the " Virgin and Two Angels weeping over the dead body of Christ," is infinitely at- tractive and impressive. It is one of the most precious pictures in the Gallery. Died. 1518. ' FRANCIA, Dr JosE OABPAR RODRI- GUEZ, the celebrated dictator of Paraguay, was the son of a small French proprietor in that country, and born at Assumoion, in 1767. His mother was a Creole. Arrived at the proper age, he was sent to the university of Cordova, with a view to entering the church ; but his plans underwent a change while he was still a student, and on his return to his native town with the degree of doctor of laws, he b»gai) h''^ i Mo career as a bar- rister. His higl fc ; uon for learning, but still more fo" .lom iy and independence, procured him ar xtr, ve practice ; and he devotert himsell tr gal pursuits for thirty years, varying his professional avocations with s perusal of ihe I'rench En-jyclopadian writers, and with the rtudy of mathematlcg and mocbaaical philosophy, to which he re. US i ;. J ^ -. .*i rBA] % iHcb) {SniDersal 19(o(jrap)l)0. ninined ndtUotml tlirotiRliDUt lili Ufa. In 18II,iooii«ri«»rthori)voliitlonoftlifl H|>nnUh noMOUtona or HoiiUi Ampi-lc* briMuno k«"<> fHi, Dr Vrnnoln, llun In hU fttlh jc-iir. w.(» nnpoliilmtiiooroinrr to lii« liuloimntloiitjuntn of rmndiniy; iitid mich wiii tlio ftblUty lio dlnpiaycil In thUiinpnolty, llmloii iho fonii- ntlon <>f « now coHKi'i'M, oulloil In l»i;>, In' Win* iippolnlcil I'onHUl of Iho rcpubllo, wltli YokTok for III* ioll«««iio. I'roni tlili mouu'iil tho ftfl'uiri of III* ooiintiy iinUorwont x U\ vouinlilo olmnKi ; tlio llnttnooi worn liii«- biuutoil ; prni'o wi»» olHulnod In I'lirnntniy, wnllc Iho rent of tho Houlh Amnrlnm contl luinl wiiK a prov toiuiiuchy ; iind thopi'oplo'» RrHtttudo lo thoir dolK.'ior wiu chnruotcrU- tlciiUy oxhiblird In conforrlnu upon hlin, In IHH, unllmltpd dfupotlo iiuthoill v, which ho cx»'i'cl»cd durlnR tho roniidndor of hU llfo. Died, 1840. Dr I'lunolrd Ufo und ihiuuetor It tho Ruhjfot of ouo of t:urlylu'» " Mlnool- innrous KRNiiyN." VHANCtS I., Ulnn of I'riincp, o«oondod tho Ihropo In lftl«, iit tho iiko of 21. Ht< wn« tho Hon of ('hiuli>» of (trloiutii, iind of l,oul»tt of Hnvoy, uriind diMinhtfr to Vulcn- tliio, duko of Milan, In riKht of wl.om ho liild cUliu to that duohy. Tho Hwl»i op- poRod hl» pniitaK» thronKh thoIr torrlturloN, luid wero dofoalod i»t tho Imt.lo i-; Mtrln nuno. FruncU thon ontorod tho MUnnow, Hnd foreod MftxlnilUiin HforKn to rolimulHli t!»c novoioliinty. on tho doiith of tl> cm- i p.H»ed hiniHolf of Savoy ; but a penco wus hustily luado up, whlcli was soou after broken, und I'rancI* WH« nualu entiHKcd In war with Hpnln nnd Kngland. Vouco with tho emperor was NiRnod at Crespl In 1644. He died In 18«7 Ho was tho patron nnd fr!end of lltoruturo nnd art, nnd possessed a nenerous und cAivnl- rlc spirit. He founded the Uoynl Collego of Purls, nnd furnished a niagnitlcent llbrnry at rontninoblonu, besides bulldlnn several piitlaces, which ho ornamented with pictures and statues, to tho great encouragement of tho flno urts. IKo Is frequently termed " the Great," and " tho Kestorer of Learning ;" and though not entitled to theso appella- tions in their fullest sense, he may be fairly considered us one of tho most distinguished soveielgns that over swayed tho sceplre of France. In his relutlon to tho great reli- gious movements of his nge, Francis showed himself entirely without principle or earn- est belief. In his support of tho Protestnnts in Germany, in his sunctlon of tho revolt of Geneva, and in his cruel persecution of the Protestants in his. own dominions, he was evidently guided by nothing higher orbiilT than sellUh policy. '"* KllANCIH II., king of I'runcfl, wii n, eldest son of Henry 11., nnd his qucpii Ciih, rlno d« Medlcis, und wns born ut I'o'iitaiB, bloau In 1M4. Ho sueeeednd hit fmhcr i July, lftm>, hnvlng In tho prcccdliiir y, , married Mary Htuurt, daughter oUmnMV of Hcotlnnd. Ho inudo thu curdlnnl uf Lo,' raino llrst minister, nnd his brother ih> duke of (lulsn, commander In vhicf, V^ Insiilenco nnd cruelty of their rule product pmround discontent, nnd I'-J to ii^ ^^ splracy of Ambolse, nnd the li«glniilnii nt tiio civil wur between (JatholUn „nd jV testnnt*. Tho stutos-genernl wcro coinoN nl Oi'lenns In IftilO, the prince of (;oiit|« ^u hiul Joined tho I'rotustunts, was thoro nlrcit eil, .ui'J sentenced to donth; buttlicicninici wuH uKt executed in consetiucnvo of ihi death of tho king soon after, Dccembor |j«o FllANCIH I., of I'Orralne.uiiipororJf Ihi West, was born In 1708, and umrHcil )nlIM Maria 'VlH-resa, daughter of Olmrimi Vi. Oj the death of her father, In 1740, MiirlaTlimn appi'Inted her husband co-regent with her self, li'.id on tho death of Clmrlpi VII, ig 174ft, Ik' was elected emperor. Tho penco ot Alx-lu I'bapello wos concUuled ii\ 17<8,bq( In \1M wur again broko out (the Netfii Years' War), und was only tcrminntcd tj tho pence of llubortsburg. Died, 176}, VRANCIH II., JoHKi'u (;haui,kh, en. peror of tho West and I. of Ausltln.liliiiiol ! ombardv, Ac, was ''orn In 178H, mid im. i i'ded his father, Leopold It., hi \:n. It was in lH(i4, when Franci* had lioim dpdmti un empire, that ho asHUmcd thutltjuofticn. ditary emperor of Austria ; nml, on tbt establishment of tho coiifcUriUion of Ue Ilhlne In IKOfl, ho renounced tho title i< Homen emperor und king of (iermany. Al the ago of 20 he acuompunlud his uncle, ih« emperor Joseph II , on n canipiiiitn nRalost th« T'urks. Franco declared wiir iigilmt him In 1702 ; und I'russia, though at lint his ally, concluded a sepiirntopcHco with tbt republic ; butthe Umperor Frnncln continued tho wur with energy. In 1704 hn put him. self ut the head of tho army of the Nether. lau'ls, and defeated tho French nt Cateig, Umdrecy, nnd Tournay. In 1797 he pw. cured a temporary repose by tho peace o( Campn Farmio; but In I7'.l!) ho entered inls n new coalition with lUmsia niul Knglui against Fntnce ; which was dissolved b; Austrin nnd lluiiiiiia i)elng compelled to con elude tho pence of I.uuevl'Io In 1801. Wh uguln broke out between France sndAiit- tria In 1H05 ; hat, after the bsltle of Austet. lit?:, the terms of nn armi.stU'O nnd basiiod treuty were settled in n pi>r«onnl intervie» between Frnncls nnd Napoleon, at ibe bivouac of tho Intter. This pc, ?e listed till 1H09, when tho restlcRS ambition of the French emperor Induced Francis to declare war against him once more. The dimtxom campaign of AVagram followed; but a !»• vourable pence was obtained, and, Dt tl« marriage of his eldest daughter, Marii Louisa, to Napoleon, a strong tie seemed t« be formed between the two Imperial Iiouiei. This family tie, however, wns not snificiwl to appease the ambition of his ton-in-ltVi M8 in IP13 Frsncii found piled 10 enter Into nn Ind I'riiniila sgiilnit 1 kloifl K1 1'rnnrli found hiniioir again com- LiIimI to rntcr Into nn alllancii with numla knit J'niniilii KKiil"" ''"•nn^"; «"<>. to tho blimo iif tlie l''V(nit, onJ dovotrd hlniNcIf to klitiiilo, joyfiilly iinili'iKoliiK every Mpcrlcii If pi'imnco and niurtiflciitlon. Thinking hU Ixiniviiifiuicd procctulcd from Iniiinlty, liU % jltto antticrggl ISiograpl^B. [rBA ktiiiT nt iinir iittd hlin flout ly eonflned ; and ..., jiigth, liuInK tiikrn lipfore tho bUhop of Jlmilsiilnorili'r forniiiUy to rcnlKn all elalm |o lil» piiti'rniil cHlutc, lio not only aiiHentc'd |o 1', Imt lllcriilly mrlppcul lilmsnlf. Ho Irns now looked upon "» a saint ; and great luniliors joining liim In hl» vow of poverty, ic drew lip rulcn for their nun, which being ■nnotloni'il l>y I'ope Innocent III., tho order it I'luiiciiicnnd wtts eHtnblUhcd. Mo rapidly ■Id tlioy Inereaae, tliat in 1210 ho held a ■hnptiT, wliich WHS attended by fiOOO friars. Iftirliavlnn made ft fruitless effort to eon - fort tlic Bultan Mclcddln, he returned to Ijsisl, whore he dliMl in l'i2fi, and was ca- Conlzcd liy I'opfi Orcgory IX. In 1230. I'KANCIS OF I'AUI.O, Ht, bom nt Paulo, a Tiilabrln, in I41«. He was broiiRht up In rFranpisrnn convent; and retired to a cell m till' desert part of the eoast, whero ho poll obtained fullowers, built a monastery, jnd thus rommencrd a new order, called liMim.t. He enjoined on his diselploa a lotnl aVstiiiencc from wine, flesh, and fish ; esidi's wliioh they were always to go bare- Kit, and never sleep on a bed. Ho died In 'raiK'e,nged i)l, in 15U7, and was canonized It I.i'o X. IriiANOI.S DE SAT-KS, BT, bishop of BPiieva, founder of tlic Order of tho Vlslta- ion, was born of a noble Savoyard family. It tlic chilt.^au of Hales, near (Jeneva, in ml. He was Citucatcd by the Jrsuits at lari.4, studied law at I'adua, and having a poii|{ bent to theology and a rcliijiouH life, Titorod the church. Karnest and siucccssful ^ a preacher, he was sent, in 1694, with his jlnsman, Louis do Scales, to prench in the lucliy of Chablftis, and bring back, if possl- ^r, to the Catholic church, the followers of mlvm. He had a large measure of success. lis oonfercnccs with Ui^odoro do IWze, pWii's successor at Geneva, were, how- hfiT, without result. He went to Paris In W., proaohed there with great success, and teadlly refused the offers of dignities made K li'C i'ronch king. Tho same year he was ^pointed bishop of Geneva, and, taking St pries Korromco as his model, applied him klf zealously to the reform of the diocese fi its monasteries. He was disinterested M free from worldly ambition, declined «cn»» ed his states, m ule peoce witli ihepomj ..'j suppressed the revolt of his son Henry »h wan then Imprisoned for life. In 123ji>^° tr!.;i married the Princess IsabeJla.duu^ht.,' of Kin» John of England. Soon tifu^ll began the war with the cities of UmtMirJ havlngforhlsaliyEccellno.tyrantofVttonL After his victory of Cortenuova, mo«t of tliil cities submit I I'd to him, and he npproacli»d Home, but di.i not attack it. He tookHT venna, Faenza. and Henevento , iimt in hi his fleet, eomuiunded by Enslo, his natun son, whom he had made king of Sardinir defeated that of the Genoese, and capturJ the cardinals and bishops who were onthi way to a council against him. Predprttk promoted the election of Innocent IV. »hn had been hi* friend, and made a treaty\|| him; but li. soon found in Innocent a wos, determined enemy. New anatliema and sentence of deposition, and rclensp of hii subjects from their allegiance to ) m »» published in 1245. The mediatit of a! Louis utterly failed to bend the por *-, rl conciliation. Rival emperors wen ,; m; the war In Italy continued, Parma waibt in 1248, Enzio was defeated and made pri- soner In the following year, and Frederitl himself died at Fiorenzuola, In December 1250. Frederick II. was tho greatest me' reign, probably the greatest man.of thclsth century. Of noble person, intillectual phj- siognomy, master of the best knowledge of his age, brave, energetic, and genermis. hearted, he maintained undaunted the re- mendous contest of Ohibelilne witli Gueif' aiming to reduce the papacy to a spiritual rule, and the pope to the ecclesiastical dij- nity of first of bishops. Notwithstanding the arduous struggle in which he was en- gaged throughout his reign, he zealouilv promoted learning, science, and art ; founded the universities of Vienna and Naples, had the works of Aristotle translated into Latin, and was the patron of several great artists, His character is of course painted In very different colours by writers of the Guclf and the Ohibelilne parties. A new and valuable history of this great sovereign has been re- cently published by Mr Kington. FREDERICK III., emperor of the West, was son of Ernest, duke of Austria, and was born in 1416. He was elected king of the Romans early in 1440, after the death of Albert II. , and was crowned by Pope Eugenhis IV., at Alx-la-Chapelle. in lUJ. Ten years loter he went to Home, and was crowned king of Lombardy and emperor by Nicholps V. The Princess Elconora ''. Portugal, Just betrothed to him, was -.own- ed at the same time. He ratified tbc cele- brated German Concordat ; erected Austria into an arch-duchy; was gravely rebuked by the electors for his indolence nnd neglect of his government ; was compelled to give up to Mathlas Corvinus the crown of Hun- gary ; and on the renewal of the war with him, lost Vienna and the whole of Uim Austria, and for five years led a wandering life, returning to Vier.na in 14' 0. By the marriage of his son Maximilian to Mary, heiress of Burgundy, he wade his bouse the ■a i^ttx) fflniberaaT l^togi ip^p. |ino«t powerful of Germany. Died at LiuU, I "l HEDEEIC WIIiLIAM, generally called Itht (JBEAT >:i,ECTOR, wn» born in 1820. and lot the «K« oi . years succeeded hU father as lelefnr of Br.iriacnburg. Ho is considrrod Id ' founder of I'ruHdlan greatness; IfromHim wan derived much of that mllln. Iinlrit which became the national character llitic He mule Prussia free from foudni |iuli|fitlon to l'')land, conquered I'oineranI llointd the leBK '« ajfainst Louis XIV. , ana |;ii|< iiPd the Bwidcs who inyndcd Prussia ■ in \6U He applied himself with much Iwhdom nd earnestness to the promotion of t ' wi'll ii'ing of hiH subjects, fuvouring li ,|p, mulling roads, Ac. Uy affording pro- tection to the French Protestant refugten, he gained, as citizens of the state, 20,00O In- (duitrlous manufacturers, an acquisition of ino »llglit Importance to the north of Oer- inanyi and ho also jfave great encourage- ment to agricultural improvements. He founded the library nl Horlin.and ik univerH- Ity at Dulsburg ; and at his death he left to ihiii sun a country much enlarged, and a wcll- luppliod treasury. Died, ' "■■'■*, aged 69. I niEDEIllCK I., first iv « of Prussia (FHEUEBICK III. as eicctui of IJranden- Iburg), was son of Frederick 'William, tl OHK\T ELKCTOK.and was born in .1657. Jl iiucceedod his father in 1688,tntered into the alliance against France, nnd seized Uonn and other towns, sent aux JIaries to the em- peror against llio Turlts, and, after a diHpute [Of some years, sold to tl>e emperor the circle of Schwiehui, which the Great Elector had [acquired in e:ccliange for the principalities (of iiegnltz, Hrleg, and Wohlau. He sup- ported the emperor in the war of the 8pan- {isli Huccession, and in 1701 obtained from him the title of king, which ihe had lung jcoTCted. Froderick gratified his love of pomp in the ceremony of his coronation at 'kunigsbcrg, the cost of which exhausted his itreasury for a time. He placed the crown on his head with his own hands. In 1601 he founded the university of Halle ; two years later, the Berlin Academy of Painting ; and, in 1707, he established tlio Academy of Sci- ences, Berlin, and made Leibnitz first presi- dent, He was thrice married ; his third wife became insane, but her state was concealed from him. One day she escaped, rushed into the king's apartment, smashing the glass door, and so terrified him that he immedi- ately 'A into a fever, and after six weeks lili'.ss died. February, 1713. FREDEltiCK WILLIAM L.klngofPrus- ila, son of Frederick I., 'and father of Freder- ick the Great, was born in 1688, and ascended the throne In 1713, having previously mar- ried a daughter of the elector of Hanover, ifterwards George I. of England. His habits Iwcre entirely military ; and his constant ;are was to establish the strictest discipline iniong his troops. But he had such a ridl- :ulous fondness for tall soldiers, that, in rder to fill the ranks of his favourite regi- lent.he would use force or fraud, if money 'ould not elTcct his object, In order to obtain '■" tallest men in Europe. Being void of nee and om„.iiental literature, he treated r professors with every kind of discour- [nts aiitment. He had a keen tense of Justice, and was prompt enough to get Justice done whir^ver his arm could reach. Hli clHclent terierence on behalf of the Heidelberg . /otestavits was a striking example. His subsequent decisive Intervention In behalf 'f the persecuted Salzburg Protfstants, not ■ily saved them, but added to lils kingdom ny thousands of Industrious workers, H.i) peopled fifty towns which pestilence had desolated. He was rigorous in hU pun- ishments, and always showc) an inclination to aggravate rather than :. al^Aie them. He died in 1740, leaving an abundant trea- »ui y, and an efficient army of 66,000 men. FKEDEHICK II., king of Prussia, com- monly called THK Ore.\t, and sometimes erroneously p'vied Frederick III., was horn in 1712. He ( "fd but a scanty cdiutttion, owing to hi.s .HT n predlliition for mili- tary discipline, and his determination to check the strong inclination which he per- ceived in the heir-apparent to cherish liter- ature. This led him, in 1730, to attempt an escape from Prussia; but the sctieme being discovered, the prince was confined In the ciistlo of Custrin, and his youn - companion. Katte, executed before his Ti After an imprisonment of some months (concilia- tion was efTectcd; and in 1733 he married the princess of Brunswick Wolfenbiitttl, in obedience to his father's command. The young prince devoted himself during the period of retirement between his forced marriage and his accession, chiefly to literary pursuits, composing several works, and cor- responding with Voltaire and other distin- guished men. In 1740 he succeeded to the throne, and It was not long before he as- serted his claim to a part of Silesia, invaded the country, defeated the Imperialists at Mollwltz, and added Lower Silesia to his do- minions. In 1744 he took Prague, with its garrison of 16,000 men. In 1743 he defeated the prince of Lorraine at Friedberg, and then marched into Bohemia, where he de- feated an Austrian army. Shortly after, he took Dresden, laid it under heavy exactions, and there concluded a highly favourable peace. During the ten years of comparative tranquillity that foiioweu. Frederick cm- ployed himself in bringing iiis troops into a state of discipline never before equalled in any age or country. He also encouraged agriculture, the arts, manufactures, and commerce, reformed the laws, and increased the revenues ; thus improving the condition of the state, and rendering it more than a match for foreign enemies. Secret informa- tion of an alliance between France, Austria, Russia, and Saxony gave him reason to fear an attack, which he hastened to anticipate by the invasion of Saxon v, in 1766. This commenced the Seven Years' War, in which he contended single-handed against the united force of Russia, Saxony, Sweden, France, Austria, and the great majority of the other German states; till at length, after various changes of fortune, he was left, In 1763, in the peaceful possession of all his paternal and acquired dominions. He now entered Into a league with his former ene- mies, which in 1772 was cemented by tho partition of Poland, an act which was then, lei I > ■ t{ I ■^\.ili tz ' w I i l In r 'n w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 [fi^ 1 I.I 12,5 2.2 2.0 1.8 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ '^J^ z. / 1-25 1.4 ||.6 ^ ^ 6" — ► i >»■ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5I»0 (716) 872-4503 n.i *i. .. °. Juieresifc Of commerce and theprorp«ity of theTZ'^^^^^ 2Jon Wm to \m anS"^7.^«« «'°°'««d i,?.* ctrT '" *'';°' """ wm the spontaneous 2i*°l George IV., from whom, as well al from his royal father, he had received manv flattering testimonials of approv^ sir Francis was a fellow of theSocietv of Ant quaries, and one of the original member of wrKKeSfcKJn^T^^afffi^^^^ hi W°"'.*? NorthaiSptonVhlre iVl703 he distinguished himself by an able work n'f *^« T""^' merbU'ugh to his «' pedition to Spato.as physician to the amv On his return to 1707 he published » yto^T" cation, of the earl's conduct in Spain which Rained him considerable reputattoi wl then obtained his llploma of M ii «„.! . 1709publishedhis '. lle^SreslSiifs"^^^^ In 1711 he was chosen a membpr nV ti^o «oyal Society, and the same^ew he accom in 1722 he was brought into parliament fbr ue also formed the plan of his ereatP.* " "?7 nndertaktog, which he aftfrwards Csi^'^r'AtVj.' ""^ ""K The Hi"to?S iTr ™„.' *'■ . ■** ^^^ accession of GeorRe II J^ ;^„ ' "."* became professor of rhetoric himself a profound scholar, particular?ybv his celebrated supplements to flU the Place ci/t^usSSSr' '""^" °' ^'^"' FKEMINET, M.^tin, chief painter to 363 fbb] ^ i^ix) Stnibersal 13iograpl[)6. Henry IV. and I^«»> XIH., of France, wa» born lu, Paris, In 1667, and died In 16J9- FRfiRET, NICOLAS, French hlitorlcal writer, was born at Parlt, In 1688, and abandoned his profession of law to devote himself to the study of history and chro- SS: Hlsflrrt work." on the Origin of the French," wounded the national vanity •o deeply, that It occasioned hU imprison- ment In the Bastlle. He was early received at the Academy of Inscriptions, and was made perpetual secretary. His immense Earning gained him a great i-eputat on in KpeT and he rendered K'^at service by his industrious researches In the field of hhtory. He contributed many valuable memoirs to the Academy, and also wrote a " Dfifense de la Chronologle centre le feys- tftme de M. Newton," " Recherches His orl- ques sur les Anclens Peuples de I'Asle, &c. ^FRfiBON, ELIE CATHEKIKK, a French critic, was born at ftuimper. In 1719, and was originally a Jesuit, but quitted the ^cietT at the age of 20. In 1749 he com- menced his "Letters on certain Writings of the Times," which extended to 13 vols. ; and. as he fteely criticised the works and actions of otheJs, it procured W™ Bome powerful enemies, among ^hom was Vol- taire. He then began his Ann«e Lltt6- raire " which he continued till his death, in 1776. Besides the above works, he wrote " FrIroN, Lotiis 8TANI8LAXJ8, «on of the preceding, was one of the most violent of thf French revolutionists. In 1789 he com- menced an incendiary Journal, called ™L'0rateur du Peuple," associated himself with Marat, and was guilty of many enor- mities at Toulon and elsewhere. Born, 1757 ; "^^FRESCOBALDI, GIKOLAMO, an eminent musician and composer of the 17th century, born at Ferrara, and appointed organist at St Pfcter's, Rome. He is the first Italian who composed In fugue for the organ; and ll considered as the father of that species of .rgaS-muslc kncwn in England by thename of " voluntaries." , . FRESNEL, AuorsTiN JEAN, an eminent French natural philosopher, bo™ at Broglle near Bern ay. In 1V88, and educated at the Se Pol/technique. After serving as eneineer in the provinces he was ca led to Pa? 8, became the friend and wsociate of Arago. and distinguished himself by hi* «- fearchesand discoveries on the dl«fraction and polarisation of light. He was received at the Academy of Sciences In 1823, soon after became a fellow of the Royal Society of London , and obtained the Rumford medal. ""rRElNOY^'tbuFRESNOY and LENG- UET 1 FREY. JOHANW JACOB, a celebrated en- itraver. born at Lucerne in 1681. He settled early in Italy, where he was a pupil of Westerhout, and by his engravings, after some of the greatest Italian masters, ac- quired the highest reputation. Died at FRISCH, JOHANN LEONHABD, a German naturalist and philologist, was born In Bulz- [fbo bach. In 1666. He was the founder of the silk manufactory In Brandenburg, and wu the first who cultivated muloerry-trett ii that country. He was author of a Ger- man and Latin Dictionary, a Description of German Insects, Ac. Died. 1743. ItFRISCHLIN, NICODEMTJS, a Oermu writer, who distinguished himself by hli classical attainments, and still more byhii poetical satires. W" *»« h"™ «» ^-x — poetical satires. He was bom at Balln»B In the duchy of "Wlrtembcrg, in U4/i itu.' died at the university of Ttiblngen, wheithe obtained a professorship at 20 years of age- and wrote a critical work, entitled " Striiii Grammatica," which involved him In much angry controversy. Having written u abusive letter to the duke of 'Wirtemboij, for refusing to grant him some pecuniary favour, he was arrested, and sent to the prison of Aurach ; flrom which he attempted to escape, but fell down a frightful precipice and was dashed to pieces. This happened in 1690. FRI8I, PAOLO, Italian mathemstlclia and natural philosopher, was bom at Milan in 1728. He entered the order of the Barw- bites, but when about 40 years of ago he obtained a dispensation from his monaitic vows. Having obtained much reputation by his dissertation on the figure of the earth, written after the principles of New- ton, he was appointed. In 1766, professor of mathematics at Pisa, a post which he held eight years and then settled at Milan, He visited the principal capitalsof Ev.rope,aid became a member of almost all the European Academies of Science. His sclentiflc worki are very numerous, written mostly In Italian, but some of them in latin and French. Died at Milan, 1784. FR0BEN1U8, or FROBEN, JOHANN, a learned printer, was bom at Hammelburg, In Franconia, in 1460. He established a press at Basel, at which Erasmus, who wu his intimate friend, and lodged in his home, had all his works printed. Died, 1627. FR0BI8HER, Sir MARTIN, a celebrated English navigator, was born nearDoncaster, Yorkshire, and brought up to a maritime life. The discovery of a north- we«t passage to the Indies excited his ambition; and, after many fruitless attempts to Indnce merchants to favour his project, he wai enabled, by the ministers and courtiers of Queen Elizabeth, to fit out a private adren- ture, consictlng only of two small barks and a pinnace. In the course of his enterprise he explored various parts of the arctic coast, and entering the strait which has everslnce been called by his name, returned to England with some black ore, which beins supposed to contain gold, induced Queen Elizabeth to patronize a second, and even a third Yoyage, but all of them proved fruitless. In 158J, Froblsher accompanied Diake to the Yfeit Indies ; and, at the defeat of the Spaniih Armada, was honoured with knighthood for his bravery. In 1590 and 1592, he com- manded squadrons successfully against the Spaniards ; and In 1694,being sentwithfmi ships of war to the assistance of Henry p. of France, he was wounded in attacklns fort Croyzan, near Brest, and died on w return home. Bomerellcsof his ArcUcet- 864 FB>3 ^^^^ pedition were discovered by the American capuin, 0. F. Hall, during explorations made in 1860-62, and narrated in his fas- cinating story of "Life with the Esqui- m Jteto ®n(btraal iSiograpibP. [fuo maux. . . . FR0188AET, JEAN, an early French chronicler and poet, was born at Yaleucien- net, about 1337. He was originally destined for: the church; but his inclination for poetry was soon apparent, and was accom- panied by a great passion for the fair sex, and a fondnei» for feasts and gallantry. The wish to divert his mind from the chagrin of an unsuccessful love-suit, or, what is more likely, a desire to learn from their own mouths the achievements of his contem- porary warriors. Induced him to travel; and be visited England, where he was kindly patronized by Fhilippa' of Hainault, queen of Edward III., whosa" court was always open to the gay poet and narrator of chival- ric deeds. In 1366 he accompanied Edward the IBlack Prince to Aquitaine and Bor- deaux. On the death of his protectress, Philippa, Froissart gave up all connection with England ; and, after many adventures as a diplomatist and soldier, he became domestic chaplain to the duke of Brabant, who was a poet as well as himself, and of whose verses, united with some of his own, he formed a kind of rr-mance, called " Me- liador." Ov: the duke's death, in 1384,' he entered the service of Guy, count of Blois, who induced him to continue his chronicles. He pa'd another visit to England \\ '395, and was intioduced to Bichard II., *jut on the dethronement of this prince he returned to Flanders, where he died, in 1401. His historical writings strikingly exhibit the character and manners of his age, and are highly valuable for their graphic simplicity and minutenesF They embrace a period of nearly 80 years, and end at the year 1400. FKOLICH, Erasmus, numismatist, was born at Qratz, in Styria, in 1700. He be- came' professor of history and archseolo ry, and librarian of the Theresian College at Vienna, and was author of many important works besides numerous dissertations on the Oreek,Roman, and Asiatic coins and medals. Died at Vienna, 1758. FnONTlNUS, Sextus Julius, a Roman author, of a patrician family. He was thrice consul, and commanded the Roman army in Britain as pro-praetor. Frontinus was au- thor of a work entitled " Strategematica," on the art of war, and a work on the Roman Aqueducts. He died in the reign of Trajan, early in the 2nd century. FRUGONI, CARLO INNOCENZIO, "a cele- brated Italian poet, born at Genoa, in 1692 iHe originally belonged to one of the mo- inastic orders, but obtained leave to quit it settled at Farma, and was appointed court poet He was a fertile and elegant writer, and his works include almost every variety of poetical composition. Died, 1768. PRY, Mrs Elizabeth, whose active exer- tions and pious zeal in administering to the moral and spiritual wants of the wretched wiu hand down her name to posterity as a benefactor of mankind, was the wife of [Joseph Fry, Esq., of Upton, Essex, and ■"Iter to Joseph John Qumey, Esq., of Earl- ham Hall, near Norwich ; also sister to Lady Buxton, widow of Sir Fowell Puxton. Mii Fry has been emphaticaUy called " the female Howard ; " and although she did not confine her sphere of observation to the un- happy inmates of the prison alone, but dis- pensed her blessings to the poor and helpless wherever found, her main object through life was the alleviation of the sorrows of the captive. " She took the gauge of misery, not as a matter or curiosity and philosopllical speculation, but with thehope of relieving it. The lips that had been seldom opened but to blaspheme their Maker, were taught to praise him; the iiands hith-- employed in theft were employed in ->- iSbour. Infants, In a doubly-lament.^ e, born in sm and bred in vice, were snatcned from a destruction wh'ch had appeared inevitable, apd put into a train of Improvement. The gloomy mansion, which had lately been a scene of horror only to be exceeded by those more dreadful future mansions to which It was conducting them, changed its face. The loathsome prison, which had witnessed no- thing but intoxication and idleness, and heard no sounds but those of reyiUng and of imprecation, gradually became a scene of comparauve decency, sobriety, and order." Died, Oct. 12, 1845, aged 66. I ^IiyE; Thomas, an artist, bom In Ire- land, in 1710. He is said to have been the first manufacturer of porcelain in England, but the heat of the furnaces having injured his health, he adopted the profession of a P"'«"a>t Palater and mezzotinto engraver. FRYTH, JOHN, a Protestant martyr. In the reign of Henry Vlli. He was the son of an inn-keeper at Sevenoaks, in Kent, and educated in King's College, Cambridge! Thence he removed to Oxford, where he be- came acquainted with "William Tyndale, the translator of the Bible, who converted him to Lutheranism. Avowing his opinions pub- licly, he was apprehended, examined, and confined to his college. After undergoing various hardships, he was apprehended for making 7>ro8elytes, and sent to the Tower. Refusing to recant, he was burnt In Smith- field, July 4, 1533. FUCA, Juan de, whose real name was AP08TOL08 VALERiANOS, was a native of Cephaionia, anddiedatZante, in 1602. For upwards of forty years he acted as a pilot in the Spanish American possessions ; and, m 1592, he was sent by the viceroy of Mexico to explore the west coast of North America for an inlet which might form a commu- nication with the Atlantic. Rut the account of his discovery was mingled with such romantic tales, that it was disbelieved unUl the trading vessels which frequent this coast, m the fur trade, having approached the shore from which Captain Cook had been driven by contrary winds, discovered the inlet mentioned by De Fuca between the 48th and 49th parallels. This strait was *^^JJfilJy explored by Vancouver, in 1792. FUCH8, or FUCHBIUP, LEONAED, a Ba- varian physician and botanist, was born in 1501, and educated at Ingoldstadt. He set- tled at Tubingen, where be was appointed to a professorship in the university, which he hold for 36 years. Besides works on me- dicine and anatomy, he was the author of a work on the History of Plants, and his name has been perpetuated by being applied to a genus of plants, of which the scarlet fuchsia is a well-known species. Died, 1566. FUENTE8, DON PEDRO HKNEIGUEZ D'AZEVEDO. Count of, a Spanish general and statesman, born at Valladolid, In 1660. He served his first campaign in Portugal, under the duke of Alva, and greatly distinguislied himself ; as he also did in the Low Countries, under Alexander Varnese. He was after- wards sent on Important embassies to foreign courts. In the reign of Philip HI- he was made governor of MUan, and rendered him- self formidable to the Italian states, by causing them to feel the superiority of the Spanish power. In 1643, when Spain wished to take advantage of the death of Louis XIII. and the minority of his successor, Fuentes, then 82 years of age, was sent with an army into Champagne. He laid siege to Rocroy; but the young and brave Duke d'Enghien (afterwards the great Conde) at- tacked the besiegers with inferior forces, and, falling with his cavalry upon the Spanish infantry, destroyed nearly the whole army. The old general, who at the time was severely afflicted with the gout, caused himself to be carried, in a chair, into the midst of the flght, and there perished by the sword. FUE88LI, JOHANN OASPAR,a Swiss artist, bom at Zurich, in 1707 ; author of a " His- tory of the best Painters of Switzerland, ' in 6 vols., &c. He died In 1782, leaving three sons :— RODOLPH, afterwards librarian to the emperor ; henry, the eminent painter, better known by the name of FusELi [which see] ; and Caspar, a skilful entomologist, who resided at Leipsic.and published several works on his favourite science. FiJQER, FHIEDIICH HEiNRiCH,an emin- ent painter, and director of the imperial pic- ture-gallery of the Belvidere.at Vienna, was bora at Hellbron, in 1751. He began by painting miniatures while a mere child ; but as he grew up, his passion for historical sub- jects led hiin to emulate the great masters in that branch of the art. In 1774 he went to Vienna, and was r^nt as a pensioner to Romeby theempres Maria Theresa. After a diligent study of seven years there, : went to Napies, and resided two yea' i the house of the Imperial ambassador. Count Von Lamberg, where he had a fine oppor- tunity of exerting his talents. On his re- turn to Vienna, in 1784, he was appointed vice-director of the school of painting and sculpture. He painted many portraits, miniatures, and historical pieces ; some of which are highly esteemed. His " 8t John In the ■Wilderness," painted for the Imperial ch»t..il in 1804, Is a masterpiece, and for It ho received 1000 ducats. Died, 1818. FUGGER. The name of a rich and noble family, whose founder was John Fugger, a weaver, residing in a small village near Augsburg. His eldest son, John, likewise a weaver, obtained, by marriage, the rights of a citlaen of Augsburg, and carried on a linen trade in thrt city, then an important com- mercial place. He died In 1409. His eldest ■on, Andraw, acquired such great wealth, Me tbHt he was called the rich Tuggtr. He did without iuue i and hii three nephews, CI rich, George, and James, married ladlMot noble famillei, and were raised to the tuktl nobles by the emperor Maximilian. tIb4ii the emperor Charles V. this family ms to its highest splendour. Vtrhen Charles h«M the memorable diet at Augsburg, in njo he lived for a year and a day in AntliMt Fugger's splendid house near the wiiu. market. The emperor derived contidenbli pecuniary aid from him, and in return nim him and his brother Ralmond to the dignttr of counts and bannerets. Invested them with the estates of Klrcbberg and Weissenhon and granted them letters giving tliea' princely privileges, and the right of coinini money. Anthony left at his death i,m,m gold crowns, besides Jewels and other valu- able property, and possessions in nil part« of Europe and the Indies. It was of him thit the Emperor Charles, when ' viewing tb« royal treasure at Furls, exclaimed, " There is at Augsburg a linen weaver, who couM pry as much as this with his own gold," And it was he also who did one of the moit graceftil and princely courtesies on record, as the following anecdote will show :— men Charles V. returned from Tunis, and piid Anthony a visit, the latter produced the em- peror's bond for an immense sum of money with which he had isupplied him ; and out fire made of cinnamon wood which lud becT' lighted in the hall, he nobly, thougk somewhat ostentatiously, made a bunt- offering of it to his imperial visitor. " Thii noble family," says the Mirror of Honoar, " contalned,in five branches (1619), 47 coiuu and countesses, and, including the otha members, young and old, about m masj persons as the year has days." Even while counts, they continued to pursue commerw, and their wealth became such, that, in 94 years, they bought real estate to the amoiat of 941,000 florins, and in 1762 owned 2 coun- ties, 6 lordships, and 67 other estates, beiidce their houses and lands in and around Angi- burg. They had collections of rich treainm of art and rare books. Painters ar.d miui- clans were supported, and the arte aid sciences were liberally patronized by theoi. Their gardens and buildings displayed good taste, and they entertained their guests with regal magnificence. But while the industij, the prudence, the honours, and the influence of the Fugger family Is mentioned, we ought also »o state that these were equalled hj their unbounded charity and their zeal to do good. In acts of private benevolence, and In the foundation of hospitals, schooli, and charitable institutions, they were un- rivalled. FULK, count of Anjou, and king of Jen- salem, succeeded his brother In the count; of Anjou In 1109. He soon after seiieJ Maine, was Involved in war with Henry I. of England, and wasjaided by the king »t France. In 1119 his daughter Maud wm married to Henry's sonlWilliam, who how- ever died soon after. He went to the Holy Land in 1129, married the daughter otMi- win II-, king of Jerusalem, and succeeW him in 1131. He was almost constantly « war with the Saracens, and defended AnU- FUlJ och againit the emperor John Comnenus. ^FULK of NeuiUy, a French prieet of the 12th century, who became celebrated for his . and cruaade oy muuiifui. *»»., .» ..— , ^...«- *uliih£d himself as the boldest and moat auo- ceiiful of Jta promotera. Bled at Neuilly, '^FULLER, Andrew, an ewtaent naptlat minister, and secretary to the Baptiat Mta- sionary Society, wta born at Wloken, In Sridgcshirc, In 1784. Hia father was a small farmer, who gave his son the rudimenU i of education at the free school of Soham ; and I thouKh principally engaRcd in the labours of I husbandry till he was of age, yet he studied 1 80 diliffently, that in 1775 he became, on I Invitation, the pastor of a congregation, first I at Soham, and afterwards at Kettering. In I the establishment of the Baptist Missionary I Society, by Dr Carey and others, Mr Fuller I exerted himself with great energy, and the Iwnole of his future life was identified with I its labours. He was also an able controver- I slalist. His principal works are, a treatise I " On the Calvinistic and Socinian Systems I compared as to their Moral Tendency," " 8o- cinlanism Indefensible," " The Gospel its I own "Witness," " Discourses on the Book of I Genesis," &o. Died, 1815. There are several I Lives of Andrew Fuller, and a complete edi- tion of his Wriilngs was published In 1845, I in one large Toiume, with & Memoir by his FULIiEE, MAROAEET. [OSSOLT,Connt- I ess of.] I FULLER, THOMAS, an eminent historian land divine of the church of England, in the 1 17th century, was bom at Aldwinklie, North- I amptonshire.in 1608, and educated at Queen's ■ College, Cambridge. His ilrst clerical ap- I pointment was that of minister of St Benet's , I parish, Cambridge, where he acquired great I I popularity as a preacher. He was after- I I wards collated to a prebend in Salisbury Ca- ' I thedral, and obtained the rectory of Broad I Winsor, Dorsetshire. His first literary pro- Idnctionwasapoem entitled " David's Hain- lous Sin, Heartie Repentance, and Heavie I Punishment." In 1640 he published his j" History of the Holy War;'- soon after I which he removed to London, and was I chosen lecturer at the Savoy church, in the I Strand. On the departure of Charles I. ftom J London, previously to the commencement cf I hostilities, Fuller delivered s. sermon at 1 Westminster Abbey, on the anniversary of I his majesty's inauguration in 1642, from 1 2 Samuel six. 30 — "Yea, let them take I all, so that my lord the king return In I peace, "which greatly offended the popular [leaders, and endangered the safety of the I prsacher. About this time he published his I "Holy and Profane State." In 1643 he [went to Oxford, and joined the king, but [ haTing lost his living by sequestration, and Islsoali his books, he became chaplain to Sir IRalphHopton, and employed his leisure In [making collections relative to English his- |tory and itiqulties. He was present at I the siege Basing House, and at the siege I of Eietc . About 1648 he was appointed 'H i^tD atnibersal Idiograpl^i;. [fdl rector of Waltham. In 1680 appeared hla "Plagah Sight of Paleatlne." and hia «• Abe' RedlviTua ;'• and six yeara later, his " Church History of Great Britain ;" but It was not till after his death that his principal literarv work waa pnbUahed, entitled " The Wor- wi?* f ' ^Ktend "—a production valuable aUke for the aoUd information it affords re- lative to the provincial history of the coun- try, and for the profusion of biographical anecdote and acute observation on men and manners. In 1688 he quitted the living of Waltham for that of Cranford, In Middle- sex; and at the restoration he waa rein- stated In his prebend of Salisbury, of which he had been deprived by the parliament- arians. He was also made D.D. and chap- lain to the king. Dr Fuller's writings pos- sess much learning, wit, and humour, with an elaborate display of quaint conceit— a quality highly esteemed at the time he wrote, and one which appears quite natural to him; Many extraordinary stories are told respecting his prodigiously retentive memory ; the following punni/ig anecdote, old as It is, and though liot stricOy biogra- phical, is worth repeating. Dr Fullev was, It seems, an Inveterate punster ; but once attempting to play off a joke upon a gentle- man named Sparrowhawk, he met with the follovvlng retort :— " Whatis the difference," said the Dr (who was very corpulent), " be- tween an owl and a sparrow-hawk ? " " It is," replied the other, "fuUer in the head, {""e'lnthe body,and fuller aU over." Died 1661 . The fullest account of this remarkable man Is to be found in " Memorials of the Idfe and Works of Thomas Fuller, by the Bev. A. T. Russell. An interesting Essay on his Life and Genius, by Henry Rogers, appeared in the Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1842, 'and was reprinted, with a Selection from his Writings, in the " Travellers' Li- brary " of Messrs Longman, In 1866. FULMAN, William, a learned antiquary of the 17th century, born at Fenshurst, in Kent, in 1632. Through the friendly offices of Dr Hammond, then rector of that parish, he was sent to study at Oxford, graduated M.A., and was chosen a fellow of Corpus Christ! College. He was presented to the rectory of Meysey Hampton, in Glouci ter- shire, and there spent the rest of his life. He was author of "Academiae Oxonlensis Noiltia," and left some manuscript collec- tions. But he Is chiefly remembered as edit- or of the works of his patron and friend Dr Hammond. These he collected and published in 4 vols, folio, in 1684. Died In 1688 : or perhaps in 1697. FULTON, ROBERT, an American engineer and projector, of considerable celebrity, waa born in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Having acquired some knowledge of portrait and landscape painting, he came to England, and studied under his distinguished country- man. West, with whom he continued an In- mate several years ; and, after quitting him, he made painting his chief employment for some time. He afterwards formed au ac- quaintance with another fellow-countryman, named Rumsey, who was well-skilled In mechanics, and hence he ultimately adopted the profession of a civil engineer. He also kub] m i^to ^nibnsal IDiogroplbB. [ni bcoamc acquainted with the duke of Brldge- ^oter, lu famous for hh canals, and with Earl Stunhope, a nobleman celebrated for his attachment to tho mechanic arts. In 1796, he published a treatise on " Inland Naviga- tion ; " and after making public some cleYcr Invnntlons and useful contrivances, in spin- ning, sawing, Ac, Mr Fulton went, in I7B7, to I'urls, where ho lived seven years, and studied the higher mathematics, physics, chemistry, iind perspective. It was there that he perfected the plan for bis submarine boat, or torpedo. Beturning to America in 1806, be immeu"^tely engaged in building a steam-boat, of w..it was then deemed very considerable dimensions, and which began to navigate the Hudson river in 1807, its progress through the water being at the rate of Hvc miles an hour. He had meditated on this experiment since 1793, and was the first who applied water wheels to the pur- pose of steam-navlgatlon, but though he claimed the invention, the credit of it was due to Mr Miller, of Dalswinton, Dumfties- shire. [See the Scots Magazine, ftr Nov. 1788.] It ii said that vexation at being denied the merit of this discovery, and pre- vented from deriving the whole benefit of it, preyed on his mind, and hastened his deat)». Died, 1815. FURST.WALTHER.was a native of Alt- dorf, Switzerland, by whose means, aided by the heroic William Tell and Arnold of MelchthEl, the liberty of his country was established, in 1307. FUR8TENBERG, FERDINAND VON, an eminent prelate, born at Bilstein, in West- phalia, in 1626. He was raised to the bishop- ric of Paderborn in 1661, by Pope Alexander "VII., who afterwards made him apostolical vicar for ail the norih of Europe. He col- lected a number of MSB. and other monu- ments of antiquity, and published them under the title of '"^Monumen a Paderborn- ensia : " he also published a valuable col- lection of Latin poems. Died, 1683. FU8ELI, HENRY, or FUESSLI, the more correct way of spelling the family name, was the second son of Johann Caspar Fuessli, and born at Zurich, 1741. He was originally intended for the church ; but he had em- ployed himself, while under his father's roof, iu making copies from engravings of the works of Michael Angelo and Raphael, and this had inspired him with an insur- mountable desire to devote himself to art. While at the Caroline College, in Zu- rich, he formed an intimate friendship with the celebrated Lavater, and became enam- oured of literature. He studied English, read tho best authors In that language, and translated the tragedy of Macbeth into G«»r- man. In 1783, Fusell came to England ; he was then in his 22nd year ; and on his show- ing his specimens of painting to Sir Joshua Reynolds, the latter expressed himself in terms of high commendation, and advised taim to go to Rome. This he did ; and after eight years spent in studying the IttUig masters, he returned to England. HhIsi suggested to Alderman Boydell the idea ol forming his " Shakspeare Gallery ," for which he painted eight of his pictures, that ipleo- did design was accordingly executed, ig 1790, Fusell became a royal academiciu ■ and during the next nine years he painted a series of 47 pictures, afterwards exhibits as the " Milton Gallery." In 1799 he »u appointed professor of painting, and, in 1804 keeper of the Royal Academy. Fuieli «ii on excellent scholar, and enjoyed the friend- ship of his most eminent literary contem- poraries. His imagination was lofty and ex- ubcrant ; but, in aspiring to the sublime, ht frequently fell into extravagance and dl|. turtion. His anatomical knowledge vu extensive ; and so predominant is the dii- play of it in some of his paintings, that the thoughts of the spectator arc carried to the dissecting-room. The works of Fusell, once popular enough, are now willingly forgotten, and his name has become a mere shadow. Fusell experienced the unchanged attach- ment of Mr Coutts, the banker, who wa» on all occasions his sincere and generous friend ; and he was on a visit to Lady Guildford, when he was seized with his short, bntbtal illness ; and he died at her house, Putnt; Hill, on the 16th of April, 1825, in theMth year of his age. FUSS, NICHOLAS, VON, a distinguished mathematician and natural philosopher, born at Basel, in 1765. He first studied under Bemouilli, then professor of mathe- matics at the university of that city, who procured him a situation, when he was 17, with his friend, the celebrated Euler, at St Petersburg, who wished to obtain a jounj man of talent in the prosecution of his phi- losophical inquiries. Here he soon obtained distinction and preferment. In 1776 he wm appointed adjunct of the Academy of Sci- ences for the higher mathematics. In nu, Catharine II. gave him a professorship in the corps of noble land cadets ; and In 1792 he was appointed secretary to the Free Econo- mical Society. In 1800 he was raised to the dignity of a counsellor of state ; in 1805 he was constituted one of the council for the organization of military schcois; and, con- tinuing to advance the interests of science in the various honourable stations to which he was promoted, he was rewarded with the order of Vladimir and a pension. He wai» regular contributor to the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburg during a period of 60 years, and published variooi works, chiefly on mathematics and astro- nomy. Died, 1826. FUST, JOHANN. [FAUST.] FYT, Jan, Dutch painter, born «t Ant- werp, in 1625. His sifbjects are chiefly game, beasts, birds, fruit, and flowers; and thej are remarkable for their fidelity to natuw in the drawing, and for their rich and glow- I ing colours. Died, 1671. 868 loiBJ H i^i» atnibersBl ISfograp^p. [oak a . flAHMAVI, ANTONIO COMBNlco, Italian iMinter; bom at Florence In 1682, and ac- liidentRllT killed by falling from a icaffold, while employed InpalntlnK the large cupola of CMtcUo, in 1728. Gabblanl especially ex- celled 1-. painting children. I OABRIEt SIONITA, a leamert Maronlte, Lnd DfofcMor of the Oriental language! at lRomr«nd at P»rli. where he died In 1648. Kited Le Jay in his Polyglot Bible, and Ipublished an Arabic Orammar, a trans at on ■of the Arabic gcoRraphy of Edrisl, with the Itltle of " Oeographla Nublensls/ &e. I OABRIELLEU'E8TBftE8,boml671,W«« Ithe daunhtcr of Antolne d'EstrAes, 40 years Ifrand m«8tor of artillery In France. Henry llV. visiting her father's chitcau In 15&0, fell lln love with her, and she became his mU- Itreu retaining his affection for many years, lind enjoying the honours though not the ■title of queen. She recelve4 the title of Idachess of Beaufort. Anxious to legitimate Ithe children she had borne to the king she Ipressed for a marriage. But Margaret of Ivalois had not yjt consented to a divorce, land Sully, the chief minister, opposed the Imarriage of Gabrielle from reasons of state. I At Easter, 1J99, Gabrielle was sent to Paris, Ithe kingobserTing the Easter ceremonies at iFontalneblean. She was there Be!::ed with ja fit of apoplexy or paralysis, and before the jking could arrive she was dead. Whether |ihe was poisoned is a question which re- Imains unanswered. Nefrotlatlons for the ■king's marriage with Marie do Medlcls {quickly foliowed the death of Gabrielle. I OADDESDEN, JOHN OF, un English phy- lilcian of high repute In the 14th century. |Hevas appointed physician to Edward III., {and was the first Englishman that held such jan office. He compiled, chiefly from the Ara- Ibian medical writers, a work on the practice lof physic, entitled " Rosa Angllca," which jiifuliof absurdities and superstitious c^ro- Inionies. Among the very few remarkable nacts to be learnt from it is this ; that he Iwa) acquainted with thu mode of procuring ■fresh water from salt by distillation ; a pro- Iccss supposed to have been a modem dis- jcovery. j OADDI, OASDO, an early Italian painter |tnd worker in mosaic, was born at Florence lin 1239. He was the intimate fViend of Cima- Ibae, and perhaps assisted him in his works litAuisi. He was aho a friend of Giotto, I who became godfather to his son Taddeo. iHe is said to 'have executed mosaics In the ISaomo of Florence, at Rome, and other Icltles, but not a single work can now be liithoritatively assigned to him. Died, 1312. I OADDI, TADDEO, a distinguished early lltalian painter and architect, son of the pre- lcedlsg,wasbom atFlorence, probably about 11300, He had Giotto for his godfather, lived lud worked with him for 24 years, and was Ithe greatest of his scholars. He painted some frescos in the Baroncellt chapel In Santa Croce In 1330, still preserved, several altar-pieces now in the Berlin Gallery, and a grand fresco of the Last Supper In the re- fectory of Santa Croce. Many of his ftrescoa have perished, and some works are attri- buted to him on doubtfut^uthority. As an architect he distinguished himself by erect- ing the two bridges at Florence named the Ponte Vecchlo and Ponte A Santa Trlnlti. He also completed the beautiful Campanile designed by his master. The time of hit death Is not known, but he was living in 1366, and was in that year admitted to the painters' guild at Florence. GADDI, AOMOLO, early Italian painter, was son and scholar of the preceding, on whose death he wm Instructed by Giovanni dft Mllano and Jacopo dl Casentino, scholar! of Taddeo. He was occupied with the pur- suits of commerce as well as those of art, and, like his father, grew rich by both. Man" of his paintings are no longer exUnt, b^vt of those preserved the best are hit firescos in the chapel of the Sacred OirdJe at Prato, near Florence, and those representing the legend of the Cross in the choir of Santa Croce.il He wa» admitted to thr uuild of painters at Florence in 1387, vr-A di^d In 1396. Antonio of Fcrrara, Stefano of Ve- rona, and Cennino Cennlnt were pupils of this master.— 'There are several works of the Gaddi school in the National Gallery. GAELEN, lAr.EXANDER VAN, a Dutcb painter, was bori in 1670, and died in 1728. He settled In London, and painted tome battle-pieces, particularly one of the battle of the Boyne. GAERTNER, JOSEPH, an eminent Ger- man naturalist, was bom at Cain, in Suabia, in 1732. Having graduated in the university of Gbttingen, he travelled through a great part of Europe in the pursuit of his botanical studies. In 1759 he went to Leyden, where he attended the botanical lectures, and ap- plied himself to vegetable anatomy. With this view he visited England, and commu- nicated some interesting papers to the Phi- losophical Transactions. In 1768 he went to Petersburg, and was appointed professor of botany and natural history. After filling that place with great credit, and exploring the Ukraine for botanical discoveries, he returned to his native place in 1770. Died, 1791. OAERTNER,Fkibdrich vOK,Oerman ar- chitect, bom at Coblenz in 1792. He studied his artjat Munich, Paris, and In Italy, and became professor of architecture at Munich in 1820. Among his numerous works there are the Ludwigi-Kirche, the Library, and the University. Visiting Athens with King Louis in 1836, he re-opened the long-disused quarries uf Pentelic marble. In 1841 he was chosen director of the Munich Academy of Art. Died, 1847. 2 B S69 oaf] H £ittii 8tn(ber«al Ifiiograp^t). QAFOUI, I'UANCIUNO, an cmlnrnt Ita- lian composer and proresior of music, was born at Lodt in 14A1. Ho took holy orders, and afterwards became head of the choir in the cathedral of Milan, where also he was appointed musical professor. He died about 1020. His works are, " Theoricum Opus Muslcse Discipline," " Praotlca Musicac utri- UMue Oantas," his most important work, and th« first treatise on music ever printed, " Angelionm et Divlnum Opus Muilcao," Ac. Hit works were highly esteemed at the time, and his roles generally adopted. OAILIiARD UK LONojuiiEAU, bishop of Apt, In ProTcnoe, was the first who pro- jected a unircrsal historical dictionary, and employed Moreri, who was lils almuncr, to eieoute the work. Died, 16D5. OAILLARD, Oabkiel Hknri, a French historian, bom at Ostcl near Soissons, in 1728, and died in 1806. He was a member of the French Academy, and the Academy of Inscriptions. His best work is the " HIs- toire de la Bivalitt de la France et de I'Angleterre." Among his other works are, " Hlstoire de Charlemagne," " Hlstolre de Francois I.," *o. (^ OAIN8B0R0UOH, TH0UA8, one of the greatest English landscape and portrait toalnters, was bom at Budbury, in Suffolk, in 1727. He grew up • lover of nature, and began early to draw and paint. About 1741 he went to London, received some instruc- tion flrom Orarelot, an engraver, and Hay- man, the painter, and after four years mar- ried and settled at Ipswich. In 1760 he removed to Bath, and in 1774 to London, where he rose to the highest reputation as a portrait painter, and was the friend and rival of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was one of the first members of the Boyal Academy, and after his death his character was the subject of a eulogistic discourse of the pre- sident. He was often careless in his draw- ing, and produced some of his finest effects in landscape by rough scratches and sug- gestions which look like chance-work. But his pieces charm by their truth to nature, their simplicity, and purity. In his por- traits he distinguiahec' himself by a singular dolieaoT and airy grace, and especially ex- celled in depicting childhood and maiden- hood. Among his most pleasing landscapes are, the " Cottage Door," " Market Cart," "Two Boys and Fighting Dogs," and the "Woodman." Among the best of his por- traits are those of Mrs Biddons, the Hon. Mrs Graham, the " Blue Boy," " Nancy Par- sons," the duchess of Devonshire, Charlotte Lady ShelBeld, Ac. The National Gallery possesses nine of his works. Died at Lon- don, 1788, and is buried at Kew. GAIU8. [CAITJ8.] GALAS,' MATTHIAS, field-marshal in the Imperial army, was bom at Trent in 1689. He served in Italy and Germany, and ren- dered eminent seivices to the Emperor Fer'' dinand II. and Philip lY., king of Spain. He was deprived of the command, after be- ing defeated by the Swedes near Magdeburg, and died at Vienna in 1647. OALBA, Bertivb SVLPicruB, Roman em- peror, was d jcended ftom the ancient family oftheSulpicii. He was successively p,'ii'(l (luring thirteen centurlea aa Inc ■ |prcK'<»l>'" triithi, and had acquired the en Jtirc infttllibllity of the article* of a loiigiou* ■creed. Their authoritjr only ceaaed when Jehemlcal iclence adranciufc made them no llungrr tenable. Soon of ter Luther burnt the IjiapAl bulla, Faraoelius burnt at Basel the IworkaofOalcn. OALKN, OuniSTOPH BRfiNHARD VAK, the warlike bishop of Mnniter, was bom In Veitphalla, about 1607. Notwithstanding hit decided bent to a soldier's life, he was enemies aVainir"i.f'.^".'i." ."^ *"'"' » >"> compelled to enter the church. In 16«0 he obliged tofesiirn hi. n.n/-'' '" ^,""2. he wu chosen prlncc-bishop of Munster, but Went to Padua whnrrhT""'''P- "« < !a."':nn!f ".rs ris £t appointed muthematlcal frofo.." at'pUa' enemies against him that in i««.i II '^ °' obliged to resiirn hi. ,(,„/»!:.'?. J.^J'^.^he^WM un- wu chosen princc-oisnop or Munster, but Went to Padua wh«..„h.""'P- "o then I W.S obliged to besiege the city on account paralleled 8UcecM«n,i.,'''f '"'''''• *'"» "n- of the opposition of the cltlMns; he, how- Rear h m VSm nn nnr,."'V^I'"' "''^ked to ',Ter, conquered it, and built a citadel to se- remain nlrth So li vn/,'* ^' ''"'""l" • After Islllance with Englandana ineu with France lukinif from them iieveral cities and fort Ireues. After this ho Joined the Danes ligslntt the Swedes, andmade new conquests; I and In 1674 he formed an alliance with Spain, land again garc battle to his old enemies the I Dutch. He was a man of extraordinary lenterprlie, one of the greatest generals of I his time, and an adroit diplomatist. Died, 1 1678, aged 73. I 0ALERIU8, CAIDS VAIEHIUS MAXI- I HiANVB, Roman emperor. Entering the I army as a common soldier, he rose to the I highest frsnks by his bravery, and was I adopted by Diocletian, who gave him his I daughter In marriage. He ascended the llmperlal throne In 305,«nd died in 311. He ■ was naturally of a cruel disposition, and I during bis reign the Christians suffered great I persecatlon. OALIANI, Fbhdinand, an Itallan.'abb* •i>lerbati>d for hi. writlnoa »o. i ./ . u HID t>i.^riui:e vi Auruzzo, P^aples, I in 1728. He made a rapid proffress in his I iludles, and was no less remarkable for play- IfBl wit than for more solid aequiroments I Having made a collection of specimens of the Irarious volcanic productions of Vesurius ■ lie lent them to the pope in u box, thus llabsUed, "Beatissime Pater fac ut lapldes lUUpane8flcnt"-"Holy Father, command I that thsse stones be made bread," In answer I to which the pope gave him the canonrv lor Amalil, worth 400 ducats per annum". I One of his earliest productions was a volume I written on the death of the public execu- Itioner, in order to ridicule the academica' custom of pouring forth laraentationT, In Iproseand vewe, on the death of great per ITTv ^"i"' H* '^"^ appointed secretary I to the French embassy, and soon took a lead I among the wits and literati In Paris He l« ^?.!I!I?'«'"'°^"'''« '^"'•ks J among which bn Sep'? W?"«y'" " AnnStrt?on8 IS-'nnt'i,V4"'?'°*'*^« ""^ t»»e Corn IS.;.. rP,V^^ Reciprocal Duties of Neu- Itral and Belligerent Princes," Ac. He held Iwrwal important offices underihe iJeaooli- I ^ijTermnent, and dled,gre«ay'eS£d. OAIILEI, OAMLBO, the Illustrioiu astro- of the opposition or tno citizens; he, how- hear him fi-om nil' n.\r.. # .J*" ""cked to ever, conquered it, and built a citadel to se- remain nir there l« vr„» n ''"'■"''•• After core his power. In 1664 he was appointed him baK PI,, JS ."' ^'"'?° "^- '"»'»<"« tne of the leaders of the imperial arniy to Florence with fh«m?" ""o'c^'Jed hhn MTsinst the Turks in Hungary. He after- themaUcian Tnd „hri„""l°' Principal mn- wards fought against the (Dutch, first In duke Gamfo hnS h« ?'*^' 1" *»*<» «"»«><> alliance with England and then with France, I of the telescono hi jo^*''' °' *••• Invention uklns from them severol cities and tort, for himspif » . T ""J*^" '< and making one «Aj.iai,i,x«nui«A«u,an uaiian.abb*. tfon^hrsfrmnorf^f.''?^ "P^"*«<* the abjura- celerbated for his writings, was bora at Sivm,,*?^Pf^'''.1'°°*<'n the earth. Indi^- Chletl. in the province of Abruzzo, N^les foUowlnTl//i°!iK ^^^ " '»»^««! " In the In I72S Wn m«Aa n ,o„M .'- ,"1*"^?' „„"°?^'"5 year. When he wag 70 vear« niH Gal7leol8^Se"Dra,oJuP^ft^'?! "^"'^ «' andPtolemafc System, » a!^^ Copernlcan mTSIS^*'\«^ cSb"rto Franc J°a'C; the town »S-i. ^* ***"• *nd gave name to 371 oal] H fitio StnibcrSBl 18iograp^Q. Mtlred to Itiiljr.leavInK hi* companion abbot of the new house. Ht Uali dlnd Kbout 646. The monnitcrjr wm burnt bj the IIungari«ne in the loth century. OALIi, FRANX JORKIMI, the celebrated phrcnoloRlit, wnt bom, In I7SH, at Ticfen- brunn, Wlrtemburg. lie studied medicine under Profesior Hhermann, and tottlcd In Vienna, where he attracted much attention by hit " AnntomU'iil and rhyiiuioitlcal In- quiries retpectlnir the Ilrain and NerTsa," on account of the principles It contained, that certain tnlcnts and tendencies depend on the formation ofccrtnln parts of the head,— that, In fact, each faculty of the mind has a se- parate organ in the brain, and that those organs are marlied externally by protuber- ances on the cranium. lie nftcrwards tra- velled through the north of Germany, Swe- den, an(< Denmark, dellTering lectures : and, in 1807, established himself In Paris, think- ing It the most (It place in which to circu- late his doctrines. Prince Metternlch con- sulted him as his physician, and, in 1810, guaranteed the expense of publishing the work of Oall and 8purzhelm on phrenology. Dr Gall died at Paris in 1828. He directed that no clergyman should attend hia funeral, and that his head should be dissected and placed in the museum he hnd collected. OALLAND, Antoine, an able orientalist nnd numismatist, was born, in 1648, at Uol- lot, in Picardy. Ho was employed to travel on account of the French government In search of coins and medals ; and his zeal and Irdustry are evinced by several treatises. Which ho published on his return. He Is now principally known by his "Millc-ct- une-Nuits," a curious collection of eastern romances, translated into all the languages of Europe, and known to us ns the " Arabian Nights' Entertainments." Gallnnd was Ara- bic professor at the college of France, and antiquary to the king. Died, 1719. OALLAUDET.Thomas HOPKINS, Ameri- can teacher of deaf mutes, wns born at Phi- ladelphia in 1787. He successively pursued and abandoned law, trade, and divinity, and in 1815 visited Europe to learn from the Abb< Slcard his method of Instructing the deaf and dumb. He was principal of the American asylum at Harford from 1817 till 1830,and devoted himself with greatzeal and success to his duties. Died, 1831. He was author of " The Child's Book of the Soul," which hnd a large circulation in England. OALLIENUS,PUBLiusLiciNiu8, Roman emperor, who reigned in conjunction with Valerinnus, his father, for seven years, and became sole ruler in 260. In his youth he gave folr promise to become an excellent sovereign, but he grew indolent and sensual ; and was at length assassinated, at Milan, in 268. OALLUS, CAIUS VIBIUS TREBONIANVS, Roman emperor, was an African by btrth j but holding a command in Mocsia, ui|der Decius, at the time that monarch was slain in a battle with the Goths, he was proclaim- ed emperor by the army, in 251. He proved unworthy of his station, and he fell by as- sassination in 253. OALLUS, swrjpicnrs. [SULPICIUS OALLUS.] — OAI/r, JOHM, a voluminous wrlt»r «^ great variety of subjects, but chloB/kV ' as a novelist, was born in Ayrihlw i»." The scene of his novels is in gen'.rM/.]?' 8(0iUnd.andhlslntlmateacqu.intsnJ.L,! every light and .hndow of Bcottlih^,* makes them rcnlly Important to .n «?' would know Scotland— espoclslly th« si land of middle and lower life— m u^,'' is. Tliu list of his works is formldsbl, lo^ perhaps the best of them arc, " Tha Fbum* '^ The Annalsof the Parish." "The aVS,' Legatees," and "Ringan OIlhalM " Vl" fiendent of his numerous novoii ji, "jf Ishcd tragedies, minor poems, vo^gV,.! travels, and several biographies. He wu f« seme time editor of the Courier nswii»L? and it isasserte. that he gave un thif «' pointment rather than allow the inMHilJ <*t the request of a minister, of an srfW.' which he considered objcctlonsble Tl several years previous to hlsdesthhiiBf nX'%Urm^' '"™ ""»""• o'S OALUPPl, 1UI-DAB8ARR, a dl«tln«n|il,«| compoxer, was bom near Venice In |"(? His operas, about 80 in number, are tln>n.i all of the comic kind, and had, at one t?m. the chief run throughout Italy. UtTi in IT J. ""• OALVANI, AI.0Y8IV9, an Italian pli«|. ologist, celebrated as th« disooverer of ni vanism, was br n at Bologna, In 1737 nj studied medic je under O.iIcaMi, whoH daughter he married. In 1762 he b«iM lecturer in anatomy at Bologna, and obUiT ed a considerable reputation. By expert ments on ftrogs he discovered that all inl- mals are endued with a peculiar kind of electricity ; and he followed up thiidiKOTerr with so much perseverance and lucceM u to give his name to a system of ohjiloloitr which excited universal attention. Hliirit publication on this subject was In 1791. iml entitled "Aloysii Gulvanil dc Viribut Elet- trlcitatisin Motu Musculnri C'ommentarluj ' Upon this system the famous Volta made vast improvements. Oolvani, on the deatli of his wife, in 1790, fell Into a state of m^ lancholy ; and died in 1798. Beiidei tbe above work, he wrote several MemoLiujon professional subjects. GAM, David, a native of Wales, and u officer in the ormy of Henry V. HaTlni returned from reconnoitring the enemy on the evening preceding the battle of Af'^■ court, he reported thnt there were enoagh of the enemy to be killed, enough to be taken prisoners, ond enough to run awjy. He was killed defending his sovereign, who was exposed to Imminent danger, and vu knighted by him on the field, in 141S. OAMA, VA9C0 or Vasqvez dk, sn IHui- trious navigator, was bom at SInei, In Po^ tugal, of a noble family ; and to him beloip the merit of having discovered the route to the East Indies by ihe Cape of Good Hope. HavlEg under his command 3 veraela, mm- ned with 160 marines and niilors, Oanaiet sail, July 9, 1497; in the beginning of the next year reached the eastern coast of Africi, and holding his course straight towarditht coast of Malabar, arrived in May at Calicot, a city inhabited jr Hindoos, wliere the [oam] % JUtm etnfbcrgal -/logrflp^p. rulrroTtr the country, celled th« inmoWn, or kinff. bad hi* reiiricnce. Ho returned to Llibon In two jntr* and two nioiithi from the time of hi* •etllnK out; And the mult of thi* expedition pruniUed luch ffreiit nd- TiataKe*, Ihtt, in 1302, he went out with 20 ihlpa, but ho waa attncked by an oppuaing ll««t on thu part of the zamorln, whiih lie defeated, and returned the following year with I' rich rpticia which ho had raptured In the Indian Noai. John III. of Portuffnl appointed him viceroy of India on the death of Albuqiiprque In 1924; on which ho went thrrcathird time, ond catnbllihcd hia my- Ternmcntat Coehln, where ho died in Ifljfli. The Luilad of C'amooni, who accompanied Oima, i* founded on the adrcuturea of hia IHntToyare. I UAMlllKR, the niKht Hon. JAMKfl, Lord, Inrlllih admira:, w la born, In 1766, at the lllihama Jilanda, hia fa'her being at that Itlme the licutonnnt-Kovcrnor. Ho entered Ithe nara' •orvlco at in early age, wue ac- Itirely rnRaffcd on varioua occa?iiona, and Iwti rtirarded by different gradationa of ■rank, till he reached that of poat-captain, jvlth the command of the Halcigh, of 82 l|uni, in 1788. In thia frigate he wna cn- IfiKed in repelling the French in their nt- Itcnipt upon Jersey, In 1791 ; he afterward* licrvedon the American coaat, waa present ■at the reduction of Charleaton, and cap- Ituied the MIfllln, an Aniericnn ship of war. Imouniing 20 gun*. When hoatilitiea com- Imenced with France In 1793, Captain Gam- Iblcr wai appointed to the Defence, of 74 |guui,and had the merit of aharing in Earl iHowe'* celebrated victory. On the flrat an- Inirenary of that battle Uune 1, 1795), ho Iwu advanced to the rank of rear-admiral. leaning over minor events, we find him, in |18U7, intrusted with tlie command of the IHcetient to Copenhagen to co-operate with ■Lord Cathcart in demanding posscasion of Ithe Danish navy; which, though nt flrat re- liiited, ended in the surrender of li) gall of ■the line, 23 frigates, sloops, Ac. For his lihare in this important service, his lordship ■wai created a baron of t;io united kingdom ■and oiTcred a pension of £2000, which he Ideclined. He was next appointed to the jommsnd of the Channel fleet ; and in 1809 n conjunction with Lord Cochrane, who bominanded the flre-ahipg, an attack wns ■■ade on a French squadron in the Aix )»ii, which, though successful to a con- BdenWs extent, was considered by Lord Cochrane as inefficiently performed, and kauied a serious misunderstanding between K. \ ^'''"■'■"'"rtial on Lord Gambler, C "'.".T"!?'''* acquittal, wer« the re- imu of this disagreement. His lordahin Ijccupied a seat at the admiralty for many |e»B, and on the accession of William IV ^wu advanced to the rank of admiral of tte licet. He was pious and benevolent: Nil memorable for his zeal in Inculcating hotal and religious principles among the ^men. Died, April, 1833. * " te 8''«"7?i«tingui8hed as a preacher ^Mbora about 1760. He was a controver [OAB position of the Chrlatian RellglonTMinBrr 80 raullTnTr"" ♦""."•"""on.' betS Bplrltual and Ttmnoral Authority rxnoitiri him to the cenaure of hi* diocesan [n W Ho appoaled to Home, ond mad? an able de fence of l.i, opinions; but the affair «!..«; Hui "l'V''"P''' '" I-'ncolna Inn Flclda 111 ' IJANDON, Jamkh, an cminrnt Vni>ii.i. "^.""f t.fnd the am who "e Xu ihS ir chltectural gold medal of the lloval Arl hTZ: •','.' Tl",""'"" wa. much enhanced "Vltuv?u'";r ,'""?'■' '" continuing tS2 went ?o^Jj»H '""'?•"' ■"" ^^hich he r. A, i'',"^f''«nd, and remained there till ^« «»'«=«'. 'n IHa*. "Bed 64. Ho designed the Sy«»"':'«>"««'. the four court*, and many n A^iSL*""'!,"* •fucture. in Dublin ^ ff.ii.hnH A *'"^^"W,. one of the mo*t dUtln- guUhed German Juri.t*. was born of a Jewl»i. Kr'r*lt\?a"„'l"»'^,'"L "•• ""^^^^^^^^^ univcraitlea of Herlin, OSttingcn. and Hel. iV^{lP4ry ^^ th^Hi'sTor'i'^';} and philosophical achoola of Jurlat" vUlted TLnb? government of I'ruasin fir hi* free of the Ilomnn Civil Law •• and " Th-'w„.u of I'oMoasiim >> TF- ,^' ■"*« The Jlnalt oi 1 oaatssion. ■ He also cd tpP'-ench K^wa^"d^h*/Kr ?{;e zi ^:zrT Kattt?'a\l*'an7"El^ o{F ""^^^^^ supplied with hl,"'typ''es "Amo^^'hTsV^rkS are somo beautiful specimcniof Oree* and bo^nn\^B^a«.^';'^i»»,l':-„«,«C/,1^^ rlca, as secretary to the governor of Para' guayi where he displayed so much ente? prise and talent, that he was raised to th« rank of "eutenantgeneraland governor of Assumption. He founded Santa FrrebuUt and fortified Buenos Ayres, and endekvoured by kindness to civlllx, the Indians He wm knied on the bank, of the Paranarab^S? OARCAO, Pedbo Antonio connvi ♦»,« fbo"riT// ''^^. P°«i -" l°orn'm;b*;n' his countrymen, and he succeeded at llVn in sic^fne°/ror'J!f*^"J^' * 0««tingnished mn- :;::;^f«itV;inian;and>>Apjf ^j! | »is"Vb^!i»tt^S'S°f '^^^^^ 373. A> V 3L OAS] ^ i^in ^nibttsal 1diogra))]^i). botn as a Yocalist and as an actor. His dra- matic compositions are too numerous for mention here, and many of ttiem possess great merit. Madame Malibran de Beriot was liis daughter. Garcia died in 1832. OABCIA DE MASCARENUAS, BLAIOE, a Portuguese soldier and poet, was bom in 1596, at Ato. In 1614 he entered into the military serrice, and went to Brazil, where he rsmained 26 years, and on his return to Lisbon was appointed govcrnov of Alfayates. Having been falsely charged witL treason and imprisoned, and being denied the use of pens and ink, he composed a letter in verse to the king, in the following In^ienious manner : — he procured a prii ad book, cut out the words he wanted, ana pasted ihem. en a blank leaf; this he threw from his V. indow to a friend, who delivered it, and it procured his liberation. Died, 1656. OAHOIAS LASSO, or OARCILASO DE JjA VBOA, called the prince of Spanish poets, was born at Toledo, in 1503. He was early distinguished for his wit anu fancy, wrote several pathetic pastorals and sonnets, and did much towaids uprooting that taste for bombast, which, at the period in which he flourished, disfigured the productions of his countrymen. Garcilaso followed the pru- fessiun of arms, and attended Charles V. in many of his expeditions, and fell in battle, in 1586. GABCTLASO DE LA VEGA, snmaraed THE INOA, because by his mother'^ side he was descended ttom the royal family of Peru, was born at Cuzco, in that country, in 1530. Philip II. dreading the influence of Garcilaso among the natives, summoned him to Spain, where he died. He wrote a History of Peru, and also a History of Florida. GARDEN, Alexander, an eminent bo- tanist and zoologist, was born in Scotland, in 1730, and educated at the university of Edinburgh. He went to America, and set- tled as a physician at Charleston, South Carolina, where he engaged in botanical re- searches, and was very successial in the dis- covery and verification of new species among the animal and vegetable tribes of North America. He opened a correspundence with Linnffius, which was attended with many reciprocal advantages. After a residence of 20 yearsin America, he returned to England, where he died in 1791. Garden was a fellow of the Royal Society, to which he was elected in 1763. GARDINER, JAHBS, a Scotch military officer in the reign of George II., distin- guished for hie bravery and Ms piety. He was bom, in 1688, at Carriden, Linlithgow- shire; entered the army when only 14. ind c'otained a commission in the Dutch service. He afterwards dist/nguished himself at the battle of Pamillies; and at the bk'eakiug uut of the rebellion, he commanded a regiment of dragoons, and fell at the battle of Preston I>an3, being cut down by a blow from a Lo- ch.abar axe, in sight of his own house, Sept. 21, 1745. Dr Doddridge, hiu biographer, says, that in his youth he was very gay and licen- tious, but the accidentftl D^rusal of a book, entitled " Heaven taken by Storm," made him serious, and Arom that time he became u distinguished fbr his piety as he had be- fore been for the absence of all rcliBkHT"! a course ;of vice. It it also said thatk. ceived «* supernatural intimation of ^Jl approaching death. There is a naiM.. . Dr Alexander Cairtyle's AutoblonaDK ,.' cently published, respecting Colonel Ji. conversion, which excited an internii"." discussion and throws doubt on t le mmi ' narrative. i™»ium GARDINER, STEPHEN, a cele> rated »« late and statesman, was bom > t Kl Edmund's, in Suffolk., in 1483. HeS' illegitimate son of Dr Woodviile bhw '. Salisbury, and brother of EliiMtl!,' of Edward IT. He was educated at tS Hall, Cambridge ; from whence he went tS^ the family of the duke of Norfolk. MdX," wards into that of Cardinal WoiseT ..,; made him bis secretary, in this litMMn. he acquired the confidence of HenrT^ii to whom he was serviceable in vnemhi bl9 divorce t^om Qusen Cathaiine; heTw defendea the king's supremacy.and fortheM services he was appointed secretary of au^: and soon after promoted to the see of ^T-, Chester. Gardine^ drew up articles iz,Z Ing Henry's last queen, Catharine Pan nf heresy ; but the queen avoided the stofr and he fell into disgrace. At the acceS of Edward VI. he opposed the RefoZuon and was committed first to the Fle->t and afterwards to the Tower, where he'ww . prisoner during the remainder of therein He was also deprived of his bishopric- bw on the accession of Mary he was restored to his see,and appointed chancellor of EnelanA His conduct towards the Protestants wu cruel and sanguinary. HedlediniSM He was a learned man, but artful, dissemblint ambitious, and proud. " GARDINER, WILLIAM, a distinguljhfti musical amateur and writer, was bora it Leicester in 1770. He inherited his loTe at music ftom his father. When very toum he was a performer on the Tiola and tb« piano ; ar;d it is worthy of record, ss a proof of his musical foresight, that he was tlie first in England to appreciate the genius of Beethoven. Meanwhile he can.dd on buii- ness as a stocking merchant, and having to visit different parts of the countrv, mad- many acquaintances and fWends,' noni others Hummel, Von Winter, Godwiu \l^t poUtical writer). Perry (of the "Morniiii Chronicle"), Robert Hall, Hone, Jenner, and Dr Parr. But the most gratifying of Mr Gardiner's literary acquaintanceships was that with ihe poet Moore, whom lie met at Laragiey Priory, in 1812 ; and two years subsequently visited in DerbTsliire. Mr Gardiner's literary labours began with his publication of the Sacred Melodies, is the year 1812, when its ai'thor was presented at Court to the Regent. His ''^Lires of Haydn and Mozart," " Oratorio of Judali," "Music of Nature," "Music a, 1 Friendj," and " Sights in Italy," followed each otlin atiintervals between the years 1812andl8i3| and all his works, which are full of interest- prove him to have been as amiable as amii as he was enthusiastic in the culture of Mt much-loved art. Died, 1853. 37A ^ 0tto BnibetSiHl 1?lograjpi/B. OAEDINER,Wn-LiAM,an Trlgli engrarer, nf talent* rarely excelled, bom In 1760 , who, after a life of great ■vicissitude and distress, Surlnif wliich ho had been alternately Jockey , bookseller, painter, priest, and actor, wrote s paper on the miseries of life, and destroyed himself in 1814. OAnDNEIi, Alan, Lord, an English naval officer At the age of 13 he became a mid- 8hlBman,and,haTing passed through various oromotioDS, was made post-captain In the Preston, of 80 guns, in 1766. In tho action with 'he French fleet on the 12th of April, 1782 110 commanded the Duke, of 98 guns, in which ship ho first broke the French line. In 1703 he was raised to tho rank of rear- admiral, and appointed commander-in-chief on the Leeward Islands station ; and in the action of the Ist of June, 1794, he so ably supported Lord Howe, that he was reward- ed with a baronetcy and further promotion. During the mut' y of the fleet at Ports- month.it was witn difficulty that he escaped nitb hii life, in consequence of his endea- vours to quell it by severe measures. In 1800 he was created an Irish peer, and in 1807 succieded Earl St Vincent in the com- mand of the Channel fleet. He sat in three successive parliaments, was finally raJsed to the English peerage, and died in 1809. G.VBNEEIN, JACQUES ANDRfi, a cele- brated Fipnch aeronaut, to whom belongs the merit (if it can be called such) of first makingthe daring experiment of descending in a parachute. His first attempt was made at cit Petersburg, in 1800 ; and he success- fully repeated it in England on the 2l8t of Beptembbr, 1802. Died at Paris, 1823. GAENET, Heney, an English Jesuit, memorable for being concerned in tho Gun- powder Plot. He was executed In 1606. GAHNIER, JEAN JACQUES, historiogra- pher of France, was bom in 1729, at Goron- iur-Maine, and at the breaking out of the rcTolutlon was professor of Hebrew In the College Royal ; an appointment which he received in 17fiO. He was the author of " The Man of Letters," 2 vols. ; a treatise on " The Origin of the Government of France," a ".Continuation of Velly and Villarefs His- tory of France," a treatise on " Civil Educa- tion," &c. Died, 1805. GAIIOFALO, whose real name was BtN- VINUTO TI8I0, an artist of Ferrara, born in UU. During his stay in Home he formed an intimacy with Raphael, and assisted him. His works unite the grace and cleamcas of Raphael wltb the rich colouring of the Lom- bard school, and his Madonnas and angels are full of beauty and expression. He painted in fresco and in oil, and some of his finest frescoes are still preserved at Ferrara. Died. 18M. ' GAERICK, David, the most celebrated actor that ever appeared on the English stp^e, was descended from a French family, who, being Protestants, fled to England on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His father, Peter Garrlck, was a captain in the army, and generally resided at Lichfleld ; butbeiuK on a rccruitinc nartv at Hcrpfnrd pavid was bom there in 1716.' He received' t B eaucatlon partly at the grammar school « Lichfield, and partly under Dr Johnson, [gab with whom he first came to Lcadon. In 1788 and prepared himself for the study ofthe inTh -??Jf.'^*'**'' °' •»*• *■"*'*"' however, dis- turbed this arrangement : and havine been left £1000 by his t Sole, he'went In?op^er" ship with his brother in the wine trade. A love for the stage had long been deeply rooted In his mind, and, abandoning the wine trade, he resolved on being an actor. His first at- tempt was at Ipswich In 1741, under the as- sumed name of Lyddal ; and the applause he met with Induced him to make his appearance !J,*o?®*'J^iS{'"^ Goodman's Fields, In the cha- racter of Hichard III. The effect of this was immediate and decisive. The other theatres were quickly deserted, and Goodman's Fields became the resort of people of fashion, till that theatre was shut up. Garrickthen form- ed an engagement with Fleetwood, the pa- tentee of Drury Lane, where his reception was equally flattering. In the summer of 1743 he visited Dublin ; and in 1747 he became ^,,.!i* J***^°*^^ °' Drury Lane Theatre. In 1749 he married Mademoiselle VIolette. the suWect of our next article. The remainder of his career was a long and uninterrupted series of success andprosperity until Its close, which took place In 177C, when he deter- mined upon a retreat, and sold his moiety of the concern for £37.000. The last part which he performed was Don Felix, In " The Won- der,'' for the benefit of tha theatrical fund. At the conclusion of the play, he addressed a brief farewell to the audience. The general feeling with which this was delivered and received, rendered It truly Impressive ; and few persons ever quitted the stage with plaudits so loud and unanimous. In 1769 he projected and carried into effect the famous Stratford Jubilee, a striking proof of his en- thusiasm for Shakspeare. It occupied three days there, and its representation at the the- ^llt ^^*.**'^ ^°'' 82 nights. He died, Jan. 20th. 1779, his remains being Interred, with great pomp, In "Westminster Abbey. As an actor, Garrick seems never to have been equalled for truth, nature, variety, and facility of ex- pression, though perhaps surpassed by some of his contemporaries in the enunciation of citlm, sentimental eloquence. He wrote or adapted for the stf ge nearly 40 T>iece8, besides producing a great number of prologues and epilogues. The style of acting Introduced by Garrick was the very opposite of that formal declamation practised before his time ; it was natural , vigorous, and impassioned ; the plays of Shakspeare grew into greater repute ; and a reform both in the conduct and licence of the drama, honourable to his taste and ge- nius, was effected by his example. There is a portrait of Garrick, painted by Pine, id the National Portrait Gallery. His Corre- spondence was published with a Memoir In 1831. GARRICK, EVA Maria, wife of the pre- ceding, was born at Vienna, In 1725. Her maiden name was Velgel, which she changed to that of VIolette, by command of the em- press, Maria Theresa, whose notice she had attracted as an opera dancer. In 1744 she arrivoA in X^lnn^t%^A k-i 1— 1*«- • - — i _ ... ,,..jj,„,,aj vjiugjuB mm jitrr a re commendation from the oountess of Stah- remberg to the countess of Burlington, who received her, on her obtaining an engage- 876 oab] ^ iEelD SSnibtrsal ISiograp^e. ment at the opera-house, as an inmate of Burlington House, and erer nfter treated her with maternal affection. A mutual attach- ment having been formed between her and Oarrick, their nuptials were celebrated June 22, 1749, and the earl of Durlington gave the bride a marriage portion of £6000. From this circumstance a notion prevailed that she was the earl's natural daughter ; such, however, was not the fact. Died, 1822, aged 97. GARTH, Sir Samuel, physician and poet, was a native of Yorkshire, and educated at Feterhouse, Cambridge, where, in 1691 , he took his degree. He was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians in the following year, and soon attained the first rank in his profession. His taste for general literature, his companionable talents, and his attach- ment to the principles of the house of Han- over, acquired him patrons of rank and in- fluence ; and on the accession of George I. he received the honour of knighthood, and was appointed physician-in-ordinary to the king, and physician-general to the army. His principal poem is " The Dispensary," which treats of a matter of merely tempor- ary interest in the mock-heroic style, and contains much lively and polished satire. Died, 1718. GARZI, LODOVICO, painter, was born at Rome in 1640. He was a disciple of Andrea Sacchi, and considered by many as equal, if not superior, to Carlo Maratti. Died, 1721. GA8C0IGNE, Geokoe, a poet of the Bllzabethan age, was the son of Sir John Gascoigne, of Walthamstow, Essex, and is said to have been disinherited by his father. He studied at Cambridge, from whence he removed to Gray's Inn, which he soon left for a military life in Holland, where the prince of Orange gave him a captain's com- mission ; but having a quarrel with his colonel, he resigned it soon afterwards. On his return to England he became an attend- ant at court, and accompanied the queen in one of her progresses, and wrote masques for her entertainment. Besides his original and translated dramas, he wrote " The Steel Glass," a satire, and other poems. Till of late, when it became the fashion to search after the relics of old English literature, the works of Gascoigne were neglected, but his poems will repay perusal. Died, 1577. GASCOIGNE, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent Judge in the reigns of Henry lY. and Henry V. He was born at Gawthorp, in Yorkshire, in 1350 ; became serjeant-at-law in 1398 ; and on the accession of Henry lY. was appointed one of the justices of the Common Pleas, and afterwards made chief justice of the King's Bench. In this high office he distinguished himself on many occasions, particularly for refusing to pass sentence upon Archbishop Scroop as a traitor, by the king's command- ment, as being contrary to law ; and still more by committing the prince of WrIcs, afterwards Henry Y., t" prison, for striking him when on the bench. This story has furn- ished Shakspeare with materials for a most effective scene. Sir AYilliam died in 1413. GASCOIGNE, AVILLIAM, an ingenious natural philosopher of the l7th century, was born in 1621, and is distinguished as the in- Tentor of the micrometer, though the merit 376 ~ of that invention was claimed long aftfrhi. time by M. Azout. Gascoigne was kiiuJ while fighting in the royalist army at Mm^ ton Moor, July 2, 1644. ^^ OABKELL, ELIZABETH CLEGHOEN th. popular novelist and biographer, wa< U™ at Chelsea, about 1810. She was the da uS of the Rev. ■William Stevenson, but ». brought up by an aunt at Knutsford i» Cheshire, In 1832 she married the Vv William Gaskell , who had then recently b«Ji appointed one of the ministers of the tW tarian congregation, at Cross Street Cha»i Manchester. The first 16 years of hermu' ried life were passed in quiet devotion to domestic duties, the education of her four daughters, and visiting the poor in Man Chester. She took much interest in SundaT schools, and was a warm friend and heloer of the prison philanthropist, Thomas'WriBht It was not till 1848 that she entered upona career of authorship. Her first work, which appeared anonymously in 1848, was the now well-known "Mary Barton," a mostmnhic and pathetic portraiture of life in the great centre of the cotton manufacture, and it wai at once received with great general interest Some of its discussions on the relations of employer and employed, however, excited much irritation in Lancashire. The com- position of this story was undertaken to relieve the mind of the authoress from the pressure of a domestic sorrow. It was soon followed by " The Moorland Cottage " a simple tale of country life ; "Ruth,"inl'85'> "North and South," written like her first work, for a social purpose; "Cranford" generally admitted to be the most perfect of her creations, and fully worthy to be rank ed with Miss Austen's stories ; " Sylvia's Lovers," a powerful tragic story on a theme similar to that of Tennyson's " Enoch Ar- den;" and several collections of shorter tales, many of which were contributed to " Household Words." Mrs Gaskell was also author of the well-known " Life of Char- lotte Bronte," published in 1857. Some personal references in this biography caused considerable irritation, and the authoress, who could only be unintentionally and for a moment unjust or intolerant, omitted the obnoxious passages in the subsequent edi- tions. A new tale from her pen, entitled " Wives and Daughters," was appearing at the time of her death in the " Cornhill Mag- azine." Among the distinguished persons whose friendship her writings procured her was the duke of Devonshire, and she was an honoured guest at Chatsworth. During the two years of the " Cotton Famine," Mrs Gaskell was an active assistant in the sew- ing-schools opened in Manchester, for the poor factory women. She died very suddenly while reading to her daughters, at Alton, in Hampshire, 12th Novembe', 1865. Her re- mains were removed to Knutsford, and in- terred in the graveyard of the Presbyterian Meeting-house. GA8PARINI, FSANCESCO, one of the ablest musical composers of the last century, was a native of Lucca, and born in 1665. Died at Rome, 1737. OASSENDI,FlEBRE, a celebrated French philosopher and mathematician, was bom, QAb] ^ j^m Unibtxsdil asCograpl&p. in 1J92, at Chanteriier, In Provence. Before he was 20 yean of age he became profesaor of _!.««* A f*r • Kilt. hA annn routtrnatt t\\A Dhllosophy at Aix ; but he soon resigned the chair, and gave himself up wholly to his scientific pursuits. In 1«45 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the college-royal or Paris, and his lectures were exceedingly popular. In fact,- he was distinguished as »n astronomer, naturalist, theologian, and mathematician. Oassendi combated the me- Upliysics of Descartes, and divided with that great man the philosophers of his time, al- most all of whom were Cartesians or Gas- sendians. Gibbon calls him the most phild- gophic among the learned, and the most learned among the philosophic of his age. He died in 1655. Gassendi's most important worlisare his '' De Vitaet Moribus Epicuri," "Syntagma PhilosophiOB Epicuri," and "Syntagma Philosophicum." In the first two he gives an account of the life and doc- Uincsof Epicurus, with great learning clear- ing them of misrepresentation, and while controverting some of the speculative no- tions of Epicurus, vindicates and extols his moral teaching. In the last he expounds his own system. Among his other works are several astronomical treatises and Lives of Tycho Brahe and Copernicus. OASSICOUIIT, CHARLES LOUIS CADET DE, a French miscellaneous writer, was the son of an apothecary at Paris, and first at- tracted notice by his essays on political sub- jects. On the death of his father, who was himself a man of scientific pursuits, and the personal friend of Butfon, Lalande, and Con- dorcet, he turned his attention to chemistry and physics; and in 1803 appeared his " Dic- tionary of Chemistry," afterwards intro- duced into the Polytechnic School. He fol- lowed the French army into Austria in 1809, and wrote a history of the campaign. The modern plan for the organization of the French board of health owes its origin to him, and he had not only the satisfaction of seeing it adopted, but of obtaining the appointment of reporting secretary, which situation he held till his death, in 1823. Be- sides many other productions not here enu- merated, he was the author of a series of epistles on London and the English nation ; end a treatise " On the Application of Phy- sical Science to Military Purposes." . GASTON DE FOIX. [FOIX.] GATAKER, THOMAS, an English divine, was born in 1574, in London, and educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He be- came preacher to the society of Lincoln's Inn, and in 1611 obtained the rectory of Eotherhithe. In 1619 ho published a curious treatise on the " Nature and Use of Lots," which occasioned considerable controversy. In 1620 he made a tour through the Low Countries ; and, in 1624, published in London a work, entitled "Transubstantiation, de- clared by the confession of the popish writers to haTe no necessary foundation in God's word." He wrote also a defence of this dis- course, In 1642 he was chosen one of the famous assembly of divines at Westminster ; wenant, and declared in favour of epis- K't^t. ^^*l'*';!'y opposed the trial of Cliarlesl. Died, 16S4. His " Opera Critica " [OAU Sh?^*''1'.''*^''*?« »'*«' >»»» death, and Included his Latin translation of the "Thoughts; of Marcus Aurellus/and vari- ° «?'.JS.1? o' Wblical criticism and philology. GATES, HoaATio, an Ameiickn oS who.greatly distinguished himself in the wir ?7oi'''*®?,!'"*^''*=^' ^** ''0™ In England, in 'll\^^a^V "?:T'"» *" »•>« '"•™y' and obtain^ .ng considerable promotion, he purchased an estate in Virginia, and resided 5n it until war l*;? mf wT*"* °' "'« revolutionary war m 1775, when congress appointed him t^hl!.h r*^?^"^'^''^' ""'^ during the struggl^ which followed, he rendered many brilliant «f nif 1*" ^l^ *'*opted country. On the 8th ?.^,?^i"''*'"' "»."'''^ *<'"»"y defeated General &Z"^' "^J*.**' "^ V*^ *'*''»' "««8 compelled to surrender his whole army, which was con- sidered the most important achievement of «„ „^^"'®. ^ar, and had the greatest effect in obtaining the result that followed. He was, however, unfortunate after he had ob- tained the chief command of the southern districts, being signally defeated at Camden. OAl-TINARA, MERCURINO ARBOKIO. Count Di, chancellor to the Emperor Charles v., was born of a noble family at Vercelli M Jrifr'"°°'' ^ "^»- "« fl"t distinguished himself as an advocate, became in 1607 pre- sident of the parliament of Burgundy under the Duchess Margaret, and in 1620 chancel- fl^L^ tn.\^!"S"'^.'u* P?,*^ «'^*«'» he worthily filled tUl his death. He was a lover of jus- tice, and advocated moderation towards the Protestants ; was the friend of Erasmus, tried to induce the pope to call a general council, and make necessary reforms in the church, and in 1529 assisted in negotiatinir the treaty of Cambrai, and received a car- dinal's hat from Clement VII. Died, at Innsbruck, on his way to attend the diet of Augsburg, in 1530. OAUBIL, Antoine, a learned French TaH^^^^FJ^^^^"^^' ^"s ''o™ at Caillac, in 1689, and died at Pekin in 1759, where he was for thirty years interpreter to the court. ^H 1''°^«,*'J^ History of Genghis Khan, and an Historical and Critical Treatise on Fi,JK®'®,,^*,V°J*??y»^.^« "•«<> translated the book called the "Choo-King," contain- ing the most ancient traditiona of China and Its sovereigns. OAUBIU8, Jerome David, a celebrated physician, was born at Heidelberg in 1705 After studying medicine under hia uncle a physician at Amsterdam, he went to Har- derwyck, and from thence to Leyden, where he contracted an intimate friendship with Boerhaave, whom he succeeded as lecturer in botany and chemistry ; and in 1734 he obtained the medical professorshiu. His **«r'^?.*'"H'®".*^^*'»o<^ 0' Prescribing, or of Writing Receipts," is one of his most Im- portant works, and has been freauentlv re- printed. Died, 1780. v.iucuu/re GAUDEN, John, bishop of Worcester born at Mayland, in Essex, in 1606 : studied at Cambridge, and was made chaplain to the earl of Warwick. He at first leaned to the Bide VI mo pariiameut lu the civil war. and was presented to a living. He was nomin- ated one of the assembly of divines at West- minster, but was, it is said, excluded. As IpSEJ' 377 i't*-' % (UH •(M)M «• h«« MW th« klnv WHi in in'iniintit ^Innaov, Itti ttliNii|i«iil »ltl«tii, hiuI |iiii)i>i|«iI N||Mrn wriilnii, unit llii " li'tm,'* whioh It mil iiiiannlml In IdAii tii< Iich'miiik iif«)««r nl lUii 'l'tivil tin mil |it)irm'iiViirri<«|iiil In ulltn i« noloiiiiili' iiiiiiiiit yonr n4A U<> hml iiN«il llini lliooi'illniii'y «iiiiii'aii of *0h|l|l««tlO lIUollltlllK llt>|l|IVKlt l«* »o nMOftniMi'v to tlio (lDV«» wlili'h alioultl t>onil>ln« nnuuo ntt^ni wIlU Innlniollou 'l'hi< luirroiii of itio wvohUloM (li-ovo lilm ftoni \'Viiuo« ; rtiiil titi lYlltvil (olItD Ultimo, tthoi-o hol)monMn«oil M «(>m>U nooortllnir lo liU »y»iom ttntll liU «li yi'itr Ulit worknittv woll known, itittl vt-rv |'iil«f. UAt'SS. iwiu, ViMKltlUtU. It (llMtnHnUh ft! inittlnimitllolitn hiuI intliMuoinor, wiu lt»vu Ml Hcnnnwlok in U77. Whilo MlloniUnn Ihr |>uhllo nohool of liU nrtilvo ol«v, hlnoxini tmltnitrv lnl«'>U»ti'noo ittlrni-lotl iUo noUooof hl« l«^oy >v,»« l\irnl*(t<^<) wtih iho ntiMn* of luimulnit hl» «ltii(l«inonH>' «l lJ>Hnn(j»in. Uoif h«* «iitil«> novrtHl of hU ijiTitloi'l aUi'ovcriM In *w*l,v*l*. wHIoU ln»hu'o»» hint to ittitko th»> ottUlYMllou of Kolonoo iho ohlcf ol\l(vl of hU Uft» tit* i\r«l KtYtti work, Iho •' nimniUI tUwM Arlthtti«>tro«»," jmhllnhnl lit imu.itt li^oliHl th«» Mitrntlon of itU Iho M«'vl It* ittuhov mm ono of tho tw»v»t im>(Vvtintl Mna ojljtlnMl itiitlht M«v>, Jn lSt>7 ho tvii>lY«ul ih«> itvt'<<(Ht- tttoni of OrxtlttMry Vivf^tMor Mitil JMftH-lor of IhY- iMMwrYMtory «t Ov^ltluitt'it, whioh »tni«- Uon h* heW fv»r noarlY fl>iiy rluht ^.-m*. In »i>lit(> of tttMtty totitpting it:ul rtmtoVlnu In- vilMliott* fWmt olh<r«tit(>». l>urltt)t ihU lon« |>«>rloa ho |»Tt» 10 the worhlMhvvsi of lrt>ittl(io« on \ ntMlh«>ttt(«>itt'v»,whtoh «ll lH>*r t\to lni}>pt'«« of ortntitMl pMiiti*. h< wUmxUiIo Jonrnut*, Mitd itt*ktnic i,>W«>rYitti«\n* on U>rr«'»lrlMl iitMitnrtUnt which h*T* vroY«>a of |tn*«» uilUiY loihi» iMiltiYit IK>R of •vM<'«i. Y»ho httvo wot «llnH>lJy or luainvUy dorlvod (tn»«l itilvitnt •»♦ f*<»t« his U»H»ur«. nitsi, IMJ. OAVAKn. MYAOixrHV. one of the rncMt A ifJfiu Wn'*- MinlomUt* of thti imh tMniimT*!?" horn Mt Miinthi4llii;i, In I7fl;i. «, d '.: *" |MI|.|| of itKKHHll Ho ptihllahH.I l,",,u.? ' oMmiliiMy. myology, nn.t »ii|imuIii,,,|„,, '?!! ItillKfiif tYhtoh i>*iimlit|ii iimi ytiry ii,i,oi,u.' on* it*otintlitni nlt-.n u ' itttK'l ilo riitio, IntimloAlitil trlih Iii, .? Yitllon nnil hononr*, ho Imi'itim. lhi,.i.,„ii" li»*olonl.itn.l Iho iiohio* VYnrn i.,Z,i,,''/ Uo wit* iiKAin ImnUhi'tl, nKitin n-in I ,.,„„, I« 1.1IU. il.o Imron. ImyliiK .Im.ir.i ';";l I rti'iMimiiji, f,, I UitYORioit Yvii* hii*liiKotl In Ilo, ttit|iinr«i(t, nnil omH'tiloi) lil'iir wirrwl)!! Jnnti Jit ""nif«, UAY. JtniN, nn rmlnmit KiiKiinh i,,,,,, Wrt* hont Hi liNi'n*ln|'«"l lo w "Ilk-iiuMvor In |,„i,Z hul, *howln»t « initi'koil ityoiMon lotiiulu hli Inilonlnio* woio cititcolli'it liy mnnwi ■„,'"' nionl,nn«« ho iloyolotl hlm*i>lf to 1||itiii,« In 1711 ho |tnt>ll*ho(l hU '• ||„r«i n™'"'*; whtoh ho doilli'ittoil lo I'oho. ihiMi It voin'f iiool Itko hlinaolf i it i«ros|iw|«H«n, fiont the ootid ihoy woro noYor roitll»»il ij I7-Ji> ho |uihlt*ho(l hi* poom*. In !J YolMtc l>Y anhaorlpllon , YYhioh |>roiluoo.t lilintron' siaofMhlo ■tun. but ho lii*t It nil In Iho 8ouit «oit *ohoino. Aftof imtUtioluK many Idm. iilon* MHil Muroonhlo w«>rk«, Nonio IniUiim of ooti't (^tvotir oitootirnitod hliii to »inn|oT htnitolf In hU >yoII known " KiiMi-s." writ' ton ))rt>(V>**tHlly fur Iho Initruitlou of tt» tlukoof (nimhoi'liiml, Mml puMlnlioil wlthi (lotltoMlUm lolhni |»rhtooin I7a«; li«tihou|tli| Ihoy won* vopulttr, Ihoy ftilM to norYPlii* nl oourt. Ilo thoroupon wroto "Tho ntf-l Kiir'* Oj>or«," whIoh w«» ftrnt notod In ITj itnil rnn ftir tis miooosalro night*: biitltwj oml<>"ir« hooliUiniul thn pntroniiKn ot Oardln«l IlKiHitrlun. to wliinii ho i-roNitiitnd n ninnii- m'rlpt (if thn Ilind, llo wii« nftxrvrnrdii iim- nUiydd nt Uomnin Inir.iii. ■•!(( OroiNNei In ujedown to tho 18th contury; with tho aul- lihurlo nnd nitric ncldn.corroslvo nubllmato, snlfpotrp, potnnh, and lodn. Hut ho did not, M a phlloaophor, rlio above tho nplrit of hit ngo and countrymen j oxplalninn phono- men* by "occult cnUHon," u:id Itniily liollov- in(? In nnd gpcklng tiio "phlloHopher'n Nlono." Ocber's work was trnnsluted iVoin Arabic nto Utin by Oollun of Loydon, who entitled t' l«pl» I'hllogophoriiin." In 1078 an Kiik- llih tmnslnthin by Ulchard Uiinnel appear- ed. It li the oldest chonileal tieatlso known. OED,Wii,i.iAM, tho Inrcntor of tho art of sterootypInK, which ho praotUod In 1728. WM a goldsmith of Kdinburga. in 1729 ho cnterod into partnership Tlth Fonnor. a itntloncr of london, but not auccooding in retumpd to 8(M)tlnnd. Died. 1748 0E»I)E8 i)r At-KXANilKit; a Tlonian KiVstVoT •' "'J*"^""' »«"* •nirc, n 1737. Ho hci- \ • charjro of a eon- PTgaton nt Auchlnhalr-^-, whl?o he re- mained 10 yeara ; and In 1779 the unireralty [am of Abordoon Hiiintod hlni th« d««r«o of U-.l)., Imlng tho flrnt (iaihollu alnootho Itororiiintloii to whom It UnH bo«n «|/b.. About thU tin.o honwiiovod to I,««doh «• d )' boiiaii to dovoto hininoir toa mi w tranaUtl .. ' Uhod hIa pro«pi,iitua of that work : a nil In ' Itaproiiroan ho waa llhorally aii .noVifld h. .lr.^.V' •':"''""»(«'•<» «" I7H7 appimmd tho w .ri «. i" "''mV' .'" Vindloatlon «r hi. work, and an 'Apooirv ftii' ih« u.,^,l\l ('atlKillea of t,..„t lfrltalf,[.-. ".lo^lir,., ^ .. r» L"'*"' r"* " •""" "' '"""'InK ; hut Ilia n w viowa In roapoet to thn liiaplratlon and mult matter, wero om„i»ivo ^.m «|„„„, wlUmuaploloii by orthodox (Jhrlatlant. Ill" op iilojiN were to a Kvma oatont Idontl.^: fni!^Kin.!:!ftr;'^ii:'^;;i.t;;?,.rr chaplain to tho faetoiy „i l,|.boii, wlioro »« waa apnro lemliMl by tfio /n.,ulHllU In Iflifl Knuland, and waa mado ohanoollor of Halia- liiry. llo wroto tho " lllatory of tho Ohurch MnSlni- "'•.?"!'. ^'r """"'"" "••tory of I'lthtoiila." DIod beforo 1741. (JMB JoHiiiTA, a morchant of I,ondon In Uio 8th contury who wioio" Tho Trade and N"v Kutlon of /ireat Urltaln conaldor'd " pub lahod about I7;m and naalatod In the ohu.M.rL";^'""'""'^ '."«'"« J'rltlah Mor" ??!» 'w^r "'' ."Pj""»''«"' "» « periodical in "/'?;..,^"JI''"'' '* '•""'»» "Mila life. OI',KH.()liAUj,K« i)K,„ celobiatod Hwodlah naturallat. waa horn In 1720. Ho atudlcd at Utrecht and Upaal and at tho latter pl«"o ha< Llnnn.ua for hfa miiater. Ho poaaoaned a a laro n tho Iron-worka at DaniieMiora. which minoa ho Improved by the application of now machinery. Ho niao Invontid an an" parijtUM for drying corn by the heat of '»'-, amoltlnK-houaea. Uy thnao mcana ho »ai.,.'d groat wealth, which ho applied to the nobloat purpoa«.n, \u fending tho poor, ropalrinK churchei. and eatabllahlii« achoola. \lo wa^ appointed marahal of tho court, knluht of tho polar atar, and created a baron He wrote n I'rcnch " M^molrca pour aorvir * 177R " " In»o«-'toa," Ac, 7 Tola. Bled, (inXJKR, PiniK QUHTAV. Hwcdiah hlato- rliin and poot, waa born In 1788. Hoatudied at tho unf /cralty of Unaal, and f^ratattractcd H„V^^ ^I M eulogy of Htcn Sturc, adminla- trator of tho kingdom, which gain(d the \T,L» *•*? Academy. He ylalted England in 1809, and after making hlmaclf known by V(| rliiUB literary tmdertaklngs, waa a pointed profcaaor of hlatory at Upaal In 1817. He waa doDuty to tho Diet on two occaalona, and twice docUnod tho oflTor of a blahopric. He enjoyed the fi-iendahip of Tcgner, Frederlka «romer, Jenny Llnd,and other dlatingulahcd ful o!?' ?."? ^»» (•"■ 'omo '»me preoident of .r,„ KrTTculSu jiCaacmy. AiiiOiig iila works 870 l»'J' QEh] ^ i^eiD ^(tnibersal ISiograjpI)^. are a " Complete History of Sweden," an introduction to a more extensive History, " Reminiscences," a work on tlie Poor Laws, Ac. Died, 1847. OELfiB, CLAUDE. [CLAUDE LOR- RAINE.] GELL, Sir WILLIAM, a cclebTatcd anti- quarian and classical scliolar, was born in 1777, and graduated at Cambridge, where he was a fellow of Emanuel College. For many years Sir William resided in Italy ; first at Rome, and afterwards at Naples. In 1814 the princess of Wales, afterwards Queen Caroline, appointed him one of her chamber- lains, and he accompanied her in her travels for several years. He settled afterwards at Naplen, and there devoted his time to liter- ary pursuits. He published "The Topo- graphy of Troy," " The Geography and An- tiquities of Ithaca," "The Itinerary of Greece," " The Itinerary of the Moren," " The Topography of Rome," and, lastly, the interesting and beautiful work, entitled " Pompeiana, or Observations upon the To- pography Edifices, and Ornaments of Pom- peii." Died, 1836. GELLERT, CHRISTIAN FURCHTEOOTT, a German poet and writer on morals, was born at Hayuichen, in Saxony, in 1715. He received his education at Leipsic, and ac- quired great celebrity by his tales, fables, and essays. He was appointed extraord.nary professor of philosophy at Leipsic, where he read lectures on poetry and eloquence, which were received with great applause. His complete works were published in 10 vols. Died, 17S9. GELLERT, CHRI8TLIEB F.HREGOTT, bro- ther of the preceding, was a celebrated metallurgist. He wns professor of metal- lurgy at St Petersburg, and afterwards ad- ministrator of the foundries at Freyberg in Saxony. He introduced very important im- proveiaents into the method of separating metallic substances by amalgamation, and wrote on chemistry and metallurgy. Born, 1713 ; died, 1795. GELLI, GIAMBATTISTA, an Italian littft- rateur.born at Florence, in 1498. He followed his father's trade, that of hosier and tailor, but attained great distinction by his literary talent, and became a member of the Academy of Florence. He gave a course of lectures on the " Inferno " of Dante, which were afterwards published. Among his most es- teemed works are— " Capriccj del Bottajo," and " la Circe." They have been frequently republished. Died, 1563. GELLIBRAND, HENRY, mathematician, bom in London, in 1597, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. In 1627 he was elected professor of astronomy at Gresham College; but, in 1631. he was brought into the high commission court for publishing an almanack, in which the names of the saints were changed for the Protestant martyrs. As, however, similar almanacks had been printed, the information wai dismissed. He wrote several useful works on the longitude, the variation of the magnetic needle, on trigonometry, and on navigation. Died, 1636. OFXTJU8, AuLUB, a Roman writer of the second century. He studied philosophy at 380 [Q EN Athens, held a Judicial post at Rome, (adi, known as auf or of^" Noctes Atticae," a kind of common-place book, made up of selected passages fJ-om many ancient authors on all sorts of subjects, with some originalobMr. ations, critical and philological. GELON, tyrant of Syracuse, was a nctlTf of Gela, who commanded with distinction la the wars carried on by Hippocrates, tyrantS Gela, and seized the sovereign power him self, B. C. 491. In 485, through the influence of the aristocratical party at Syracuse, he he. came sovereign there, and gave up Gela to his brother Hieron. He greatly increased the power and importance of Syracuse bj his conquests and good government, and his aid was sought by the Greeks acrainst Xerxes A formidable invasion of the Carthaginians however, detained him in Sicily, and he won a great victory over them near Himera on the day. It is said, either of the battle of Salamis or Thermopylae. Died, b. c, 4;8 His memory was long held in honour at Syracuse. GEMINIANI, FRANCESCO, an eminent musical composer, was bom at Lucca, about 1680, and completed his studies under Co- relli. In 1714, he came to London, and was patronized by George I. He published various compositions, and a work entitled " Guida Armonica, or a sure Guide to Har- mony and Modulation." Died, 1762. GEMISTHUS PLETHO, GEORGE, phi. losopher and philologist, born at Constanti- nople. He was a zealous defender of the Platonists against the Aristotelians, and of the Greek Church against that of Rome. On going to the council of Florence, 1438, when he was at a very advanced age, his zeal and eloquence gained him the admiration of all. He contributed to the revival of Platonisra in Italy ; and Cosmo dc Medici, who was bis constant auditor, determined to found at Florence an Academy for the study of the Platonic philosophy. He died in his native country, at the age of 101. His worlig ore chiefly controversial and theological. GENDEllIEN, JEAN FliANgoiS, a distin- guished Belgian, born in 1753 ; tooli part, in 1789, in shaking off the yoke of Austria; in 1790 was chosen deputy to the states- general, and in 1796 was chosen to represent the Belgian republic, when united with France, in the council of Five Hundred. Tliii post, however, he did not accept. He was afterwards a member of the Lepislative Body. In 1815 he was nominated ( ue of the commission for drawing up the constitutional act, uniting Belgium and Holland as the kingdom of the Netherlands. As a member of the Second Chamber, he steadily opposed the arbitrary acts of the royal authority, especially those which emanated from Van Maanen, the minister of Justice; and tooli a decided part in the revolution of 1831, by which Belgium again separated itself from Holland, and declared its independence. Died, 1838. GENGIS-KHAN, or ZINGIS-KHAN, the son of a petty Mongolian prince, was born in Tartary, in 1163. After much intestine warfare vith various Tatar tribes, this re- nowned conqueror was proclaimed Khan of the united Mogul and Tatar tribes. He I6- ^ i^to ©nibersal 13fograpi^p. [gen organized his nrmy, published a code of laws, characterized by fcrtilltv nt i™ I — 7. — and made preparation for the course of con- and a pleasinir itvle DIpH fs,n""«'«»***on quest to which he professed he had a divine omvv a T»i"o„i . :.„-r'°1'.A'**'"- ..II Tn loin hp flrRt invaded rhinn. thn call. In 1210 he first Invaded China, the capital of which was taken by storm and plundered several years later. The murder of the ambassadors whom Ocngis Khan had tent to Turkestan, occasioned the invasion of that country, in 1218, with an army of 700,000 men ; and the two great cities of Bokhara and Samarcand were stormed, pil- laged, burnt, and more than 200,000 lives de- stroyed with them. He continued his career of devastation for several years ; and in 1225, though more than 60 years old, he marched In person, at the head of his whole army, against the king of Tangut, who had given shelter to two of his enemies, and refused to surrender them. A great battle was fought on plains of ice, formed by a frozen lake, in which the king of Tangut was totally de- feated, with the loss of 300,000 men, Gen- gls-Khan, whose ravages had cost the human race, if we are to accept the perhaps exag- gerated computation of Eastern writers, up- wards of 5,000,000 human beings, became, by dint of successive victories, monarch of a territory extending 1500 leagues, including Northern China, Eastern Persia, and the whole of Tartary. He died in 1227, in the 64th year of his age, and in the 62nd of his reign; having, before his death, divided his immense territories between his four sons. GENUS, Stephanie Felicitb, Countess de, celebrated for her literary talents, was bom near Autun, in 1746. Her maiden name was Ducrest de St Aubin, and the connection of her family with that of St Aubin procured her admission, at four years of age, as a canoness into the noble chapter at Aix ; from which time she was called La Comtesse de Lancy. At 17 she married the Count de Genlis. By this mar- riage she became niece to Madame de Mon- lessen, who was privately married to the duke of Orleans; and his son, the duke de Chartres, chose her, in 1782, to superintend theeducation of his children. At that period, Madame de Genlis wrote several works, "Adela and Theodore," "Evenings at the Castle," "The Theatre of Education," and "Annals of Virtue," which were highly po- pular. In 1791 she came to England with her pupil, Mademoiselle d'Orleans ; and on their return to France, the following year, both were ordered to quit the country with- out delay. After some time, they went to Switzerland, but were not permitted to re- side there ; and General Montesquieu ob- tained tliera an asylum in the convent of St Clair. In 1800, she returned to France ; and m 1805, Napoleon gave her apartments in the arsenal at Paris, and illowed her a pension of 50OO francs. On the return of the Bour- bons, she seemed to forget her old patron, andher love of republicanism gave way to admiration for the restored dynasty. "When her old pupil, Louis Philippe, ascended the throne, both he and his family paid the kind- est attention to the comforts of Madame de eenlls ; and her pen was actively employed to -he last day of her existence. Her works amount altogether to npni-iv oo .of,].,^-- Bey embrace nearly all subjects, and are GENNAIlI,CE8AREandMENEDF.TTO Itn i&^y «"'• ''}"' "'"•^ «he nephewsLa df* ciples of Guercino. After working together some years, Cesare established h'mfelfn? w&^il!'* Benddetto came to ETgland where he became painter to James II on tighone in 1712. He read lectures In nhifn sophyat Naples with great reputa"io^nfo; some time; but at len|th he wa, atta"''"* taUS°'{r»M'^"i[°'P"»>"«»'»««"",me. works of Onllw"^''^■"'"'""»*"«^«<» the worKs or Galileo, Grotins, and Newton J«;? ^'"/ of Naples, however, proiecVed him' and made him professor of political economV v»^??°"',5''"°«''P''y *» the NeapolitSnni^ J^rjl'/- He was the author of "Elements on «i??^y""'" Philosophical Med tatfons on Keligion and Morality," a " System of or Which had the charm of novelty in Italv *"* '?,"Ji?i-"l"ch interest. Died, 1769 .. "*'y»ERIC, king of the Vandals suc- fho''"/,,*'**, "'•"ther Ganderie A D 428. T„ n»e following year, on the invitation o^ he"pIssld'''from''«°™?" P^^™°' "f Africa! ne passed from Spam into that province m™ °'"':?1"';^"«'* '^"h «onlfaciu8, defeated him, and besieged him in HIddo AftBr « siege of 14 months, during whfch the «eat Durnt. In 439 Genseric became mAatoi. ^r WhT/""'' "J *»•« "nostSle^pam of ^O"^*!? Africa. Genseric was an Arian and banished all the Catholic bishops from his dominions. He formed a powerful^eet ravaged the coasts of Sicily and Italy, and in H divs "tHpS '"'""'' ^"^ plundered for 14 days. The bishop i.eo went out to Inter- cede with h.m, and was treated with respect Genseric's power was firmly enough estab-" hshed to resist two great attempts by the western and eastern emperors to overthrow it. He continued to ravage the coasts of }n%^''i.^'f^'^''' """le peace wl?h zero In 475. Died at Carthage, after a reign of forty-eight years, a. D. 477. He is charged Sat crneltS.^'"'""'"^ '''" CatholIcs'S f»,?^^^°?^^' A.RMAND, distinguished in the French revolution, was born in 1758 t^» nt" °",1 "/ ^^^ '"'^t -^"d most eloquent of lave Louis x?f'^' T"" «t'»(fBled first to save Louis XVL, and next to arrest the sanguinary violence of Robespierre and thi wh.?^"S' K:'^}"^ they were flnalfy over! whelmed. The 10th of August. 1792 whiPh established the republic oni^uis XVlth's destruction, was fatal to GensbhnI; for Ro- bespierre then became paramoun?, and never forgave hH bitter witticisms on him oln- Jn^H**"'^?*"^ *° "y- *"* he and h?s 21 GK rondist colleagues were guillotined, on the 31st October, 1793. A tranquil heroism cha- racterized his death. "Respect the laws " ?;ranu:->^ countrymen, while yoVSt ♦.E?"^' F^OMAS, a native of York, and by trade a printer in that city. He was authoi h^ M W^'Wr qen] ^ i^cto ?Rn(bet«al lSiofirnpl)B. [OEO of " An A-nclent and Modern His'ory of York." "The HUtory of Kingston-upon- HuH," and other ilmllar publications. Born, "obNTZ.'frikdrich von, a dUtlngulahed pubUcUt, and an uncompromising antagon- iit or revolutionary France, was born at Bretlau 1674: studied at KBnlgsberg; and Ka short sojourn In England, where l,e gained the goodwill of Pitt, he "P"'"* ,*» Vienna in 1803, where ho entered Into t ho Austrian civil service under the most fa^ vourablo auspices and hopes. «ere hw skilful and facile pen was soon turned to nccount His able manifestoes and pamph- ?cts proved almost as formidable obstacles to the invaslonsof Napoleon as the combined forces that opposed him and Austria ana Prussia hastened to do "oi.our to the ' who could so vigorously support their views ^nd defend thel? cause. He was appointed Sne of the secretaries at the Cpngres, of Vlf nna in 1614, and at Paris In 1816, and he took an active part In the various congresses that sprung out of the restoration. A selec- tion from his various works, comprising po- Itical questions, a " Life of Mary, Queen of Scots," and numerous articles wr tten for the Journal Hlstorlque. was published in ^^OEOFFREY OF MOITMOUTH, a British historian who flourished in the 12th century. He was a native of Monmouth, became Its archdeacon, and was raised to ti'c see of St Asaph ; but. In consequence of the disturbed Stat? of the north of Wales, he left his bishopric, retiring at first to the monastery of Abingdon, and then taking up his abode at the court of Henry II. His chief work which is entitled " Chronlcon slye Historla Mrltonum," is full of legendary tales, and has very little historical value. OE0FFB.0Y SAINT-HILAIKB, ETI- ENNE, a distinguished zoologist and com- parative anatomist, sprung from ^t^mllj well-known in sclence.was born at Etampes, 1772. He was originally destined for the church, but he preferred dedicating himself to science, a taste for which he had imbibed trom the instructions of IJrisson, at the col- lege of Navarre, and in the company of HaUy, his colleague, nt the college of Cardinal Lemolne. During the massacres of Septem- ber, 1792, he saved, at the risk of his life, se varal priests, and among others Hauy , who had been imprisoned for recusancy. Th s act of devotion so endeared him to his teachers, esoeclally Daubenton, that he was, through their instrumentality, in 1793, ap- pointed to an office in the Jardin des Plantes, whers he founded the vast zoological collec- tions, which are one of .iie glories of Paris. In 1798 he accompanied the great scientific expedition to Egypt, explored aU the con- uuered countries, and was one of the found- ers and most active members of the in- stitute, of which he afterwards ^ecame professor. In 1808 he went on a scientific mission to Portugal ; in 1818 he was a mem- ber of the Chamber during the Hundred Days: but, on the return of the Bourbons, , ' '..".j'ji — iiti-.»l Ufo nnrt thence- forward devoted himself solely to study. The great merit of Oeoffroy Baint-HQaire as a naturalist consists lu hU discovery of tht law of unity that pervades the organic com- position of all animal bodies — a theorr glanced at by Buffon and Goethe ; and In his having founded the theory of " An*- loRues," or the method by which the iden- tltr of organic material! Is determined In the midst of all their transformations. WHh him too originated the doctrine of "devel- opment," which found a supporter anong ourselves In the author of the " Vestlgeiof the Natural History of Creation." HIg chief works are " Hlstolre Naturelle dcs Mamml- fires." "Phllosophle Anatomique," "Prls clnes de la Phllosophle Zoologique," " £tudei Progressives," Ac. Died, 1844, Hli"Llfe, "Works, and Theories " has since been pub- lished by his son, the subject of the follow- '"oEOrFROY BAINT-HIIAIRE, ISIDORK, a distinguished French .loologlst, son of the preceding, was bom at Paris, In 1805. He was appointed, nt the age of nineteen, SMlit- ant-naturallst to his father, and five yean later graduated M.D. In 1830 he com- menced his career as lecturer by a coune on ornithology ; taught, for several yean, zoology at the Boyal Athenseum, and wai received at the Academy of Sciences in 1833, He became inspector of the Academy of Parii In 1840, soon after succeeded his father in his chair at the Museum, was named luc- cesslvely inspector-general of the univeniti of Paris, member of the council of Public Instruction, and, in 1860,profe88orof soolon- Among his later labours was the eitabliih- ment of the Acclimatization Society. Hit principal works are " Histoirc giuink et particullire des Anomalies de rOrganiiation Chez I'Homme et les Animaux ; " '^ Euaii de Zoologie gfinirale;" " Vie,Travaux,et Doc- trine Sclentlfique d'Etienne Geoffroy Saint- Hllalre ; " " Hlstoire Naturelle gi* rale de« K^gnes Organlques;" and "AccluaaUtion et Domestication des Animaux utiles," He also wrote a large number of Memoin on zoology, anatomy, &o., for the pritcipil scientifle Journals of France. Dled.NoTem- GEORGE, LEWIS, I., king of Great Bri- tain was the son of Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover, by Sophia, daughter of Frede- ric, elector-palatine, and grand-daughter of James I. He was born in 1660 ; was trained to arms under his father ; married liw cousin, Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the dukeot | Zell, in 1682 ; served in three campaigji with the emperor's army against the Turlii in Hungary ; and succeeded to the electorate la 1700. In 1706 he was created duke ot Cambridge, and succeeded to the throne ;( England on the death of Queen Anne, it ml. The next year a rebellion broke u in Scotland, in favour of the Pretender, ba this was soon entirely quelled, an* Mjenl of the leaders lost their lives on the waffoli The new family, however, ^^ JT »» "''^ popular; and the Whigs, "^'th a view tt support it, introduced "eptenmal pwh mcnts ; while the king, who Frob»bly m sldered the British crown precarions, ««» voured to increase hi. continental power bf the purchase of Biemeu ,""?,^ ^"I'j,, fif involved him in a quarrel with Charles *u 882 OEOj 1SL i^tu atnitxraal 18lograplf)p. of Sweden, who, in conjunction with the c»ar Peter, meditated an in vaaion of Scotland in favour of the Prstendcr; but the death of Charlei XII., in 1717, put on end to thic alarm. The lame project was nftorwardi •upport<>d bjr Spain, whoie mlniater. Car- dinal Alberonl, had formed the celebrated quadruple alliance to carrr it into effect. Tbli waa met on the part of England by the lalUng of K naval expedition under Blr Oeorga Byng, who nearly deitroycd the Spaniih fleet, and recovered Sicily and Sardinia, which the Bpaniardi had acixed. In 1720 the famoua "South -sea Bubble " waa the source of great calamity to thou- sand* of families, and produced such dia- turbancca, that the king, who hud gone to visit his Ocrman poaseasions, was sud- denly recalled. In 1723 a new conspiracy aiainst the government was dlscoversd, but no serious result occurred from It. In 1725 a treaty between Spain and the emperor ex- cited the Jealousy of the king, who deemed it necessary to counteract It by another be- tween Great llrltain and most of the other European powers. Tho Spaniards then commenced the siege of Oibraltcr ; but all disputes being arranged by negotiation, the British monarch set out on a Journey to the continent, where he was seized with a paralytic attack, and died at Osnaburg, June nth, 1727, in the 68th year of his age, and the 13th of his reign. Qeorge I. was plain and simple In hfs taste and ap- pearance i though grave and sedate in pub- lic, be was gay ind familiar with hit Inti- mates, combining a good share of sense with natural prudence, and showing much gkili in the management of his hereditary dominions. His marriage was an unhappy one, and he had repudiated his wife many years before his death. GEORGE, Auousrus, II., son of George I., was born in 1C83; married, in 1705, the Frincess Caroline, of Brandenburg-Ajispach, who died in 1737 ; came to England with his father at the accession of the latter ; was created prince of Wales; and in 1727 suc- ceeded to the throne. The country was at this time in the most flourishing condition both at home and abroad, and had a power- ful Influence in all the courts of Europe, Spain excepted, with which country we were at war; but peace was restored in 1729. At length, owing to an infraction of the treaty of Seville by the Spaniords, and their repeat- ed encroachments on our foreign trade and lettlements, war was declared against Spain in October, 1739; and Admiral Vernon was lent with a squadron to the "West Indies where he demolished Porto Bello, but failed In his attempt on Carthagena. In 1743 the |kln(! headed his army on the continent, and gaited the battle of Dettingen against the French, Lord Stair commanding under him Ko English sovereign has since led an army in person in the field. In 1745 the Pretend- er's eldest son, Charles Edward Stuart, called tte young Pretender. landeB in the High- Ms, and was joined by several clans. After Mtitsiung various successes, the rebels were 'My defeated by the duke of Cumberland, .itCalloden, in 1746. During thes? cvent" iiMiung received numerous demoiagtrations [OEO it was obvious that the m^orlty of the na tion were satisfied that, by supporting ?h« S°„T."' "r °J«'' '"er In faKintSined the Interc.-g of civil llbevty. in 1748 the war which pfld produced no good to Eng lana, was concluded by tho treatv of Al« if Chapeiie In i751dled,Llver,a"^am'^ent^^^^ Frederick, prince of AValcs, between whom and his father there never wAs an^coynlC rllf" ^a/ broke out between England and France, which was at first very unpromls rlfo;/"^ •.°°'? •"" Mr Pitt (flrs?^enrTof I Chatham) took tho helm of itate. public affairs wore a different aspect. In 1758 two treaties were entered Into betweeS EnglanS ' ZlrkT*'?/ '"•: K™"""* aubsidies to Ve- rll^'War^'T^i'^T '?'f"««'> ^" ♦»'« Seven ed In ml. ,A."'iS"'""..^"'"y ^" conclud- ed m 1759 The French power was nenrlv destroyed In the East Indies. In America'^ Loulsburg was taken; and the capture of rfln«H» V!t ^°"°^e«l ^y the conquest of Canada. The Island of Ouadaloupo and the En»i1T° ? , ^f "^K^l were taken by the English. Admiral Hawke defeated the French fleet under Conflans, and the British 7i^J j/". ^^"^^ successes, George II. died suddenly Oct. 25, 176D. In the 77th year »'« '? "^v*,* ""'* *^« 33rd of his reign. He was sltVoi"'w".J"l"°' °J •}" Ingenuous dlspo ninn?' ^^\ ^^^^Y.' o^^t'Date, and parslmo- lite^^r-T* ^H,?V "K^lless of science or literature. Still he was not unpopular: and dying In the midst of, a successful war, the blaie of national glory would have been strong enough to eclipse his personal defects, nad they even been more glaring. The his- tory of this reign is Included In Lord Ma- fr«™%W Stanhope's) "History of England from the Peace of Utrecht." GEORGE III., king of Great Britain, eldest son of Frederick, prince of Wales, an'» mother, for the formation ot his mind and choracter. He ascended the throne on the death of his grandfather, in 1760 : his reputation was unspotted, and the first speeches he delivered to his council and parliament were hailed as 8 gns of a patriotic regard for the liberties of the people, over whom he was destined to rule. A prosperous war had made the exist- ing administration popular, and no change was thought necessary ; but when Mr Pitt L^f!S?o^.^' l^^ ^V") "f ^'"^<'' who had long maintained confidential relations with the princess-dowager, and possessed great Infia- ence with the king, wa.' made prime minis- ter. On the 8th of September, 1761, theklng married the Princess Charlotte of Mecklen- burg Strelitz. The new administration hay- ing entered into negotiations with France and Spain, preliminaries of peace were signed Nov. 3, 1762, at Fontainebleau. In 17637 the -vuairy was Kept iu coutinuai agitation by political pamphlets and libels of rariout MM :-i| l-h^ h ■ ( OEO] % £im ^ni\>tx%a\ Idiograp^p. kinds, foremoit amonv which wo» the me- morahlo"No. XLV. of the North Hilton,' by Wllkci. In 1704 1-ord Bute retired, and George OrenTllIe, the new premier, bcuan those measure* in relation to the American colonies, the consequences of which proved ■0 momentous, and the American stamp act was passed the following year. Early in this year, the king was attaeked by an Ill- ness of six weeks' duration, probably similar in its nature to the malady which obscured his latter days. Soon after his recovery, he went down to the House of Peers, and pro- posed a legislative enactment, by which he might bo enabled to appoint the queen, or some other member of the royal family, guardian to the heir-apparent, and regent of "i,^u" ',!•.. The Mil was passed, although ilmct with so much opposition In Its pro- gress, that another change in the adminis- tration ensued, and the marquis of Uocking- ham was placed at the head of the treasury. The Rockingham party repealed the ob- noxious stamp act; yet, notwithstanding this and other popular measures, the new cabinet was dissolved in July, 1766. The duke of Grafton succeeded the marquis of Rockingham as first lord of the treasury.and Mr Pitt once more took oflSce, being raised to the peerage by the tltU f earl of Chat- ham; but In 1768, being disgusted with the conduct of his colleagues, he resigned the privy seal, and was succeeded by Ix)rd Bris- tol. The same year was distinguished by the return of Wilkes for Middlesex, and the popular tumults attending upon his impri- sonment and outlawry. The aspect of affairs In America grew more serious every day, and public discontent was at its height, when, at the close of the year 1769, Junius pub- lished his famous letter to the king. At the beginning of 1770, Lord North succeeded the duke of Grafton, and increased rather than alleviated the national calamities. Popular clamour kept pace with ministerial folly ; blood had been already spilled In America ; .ind the city of London delivered a bold and spirited address and remonstrance to the king, which the king replied to in terms ex- pressive of his displeasure. In 1772, the royal marriage act was passed, whereby all members of the royal family arc prevented from narrytng before the age of 25, without the king's approbation ; as also subsequently, if disapproved of by both houses of parlia- ment. After a long war, during which Fiance, Spain, and Holland interfered in behalf of America, the independence of the United States yas acknowledged. In 1782, Lord North resigned, and the Rockingham party came into office ; but the new admin- istration soon afterwards broke up, on ac- count of the sudden death of the premier, and Lard Shelburne was placed at the head of th'j state, with Mr Pitt, son of the earl of ChRcham, as chancellor of the exchequer. I^i 1783, the memorable coalition ministry between Mr Fox and Lord North was form- ed. To this the king was decidedly host- ile ; and as soon as Mr Fox's India bill had been rejected by the Lords, he sent a message to him and Lord Korth, eoni- manding them Immediately to return him their seals of ofBcc, by a messenger, as a 9H [GEO ' personal Interview with them would bsdii- agreeable to him. On the following dsr Mr Pitt became prime minister ; and the firm- ness which the king had displayed In the affair, and the intrepidity with which he opposed the coalition, gained him conildrr- able popularity. On the 2nd of Aukuii, \m, a woman, named Margaret Nicholson, st- tempted to assassinate his majesty, at the garden entrance of 8t James's Palsce. She was mad, and was at once consigned to Bed- lam. In 1780, the king was afflicted with mental aberration, which lasted from the iiiva.vMi ....v. . «*-"--, ...--..— ■»w.vu .luiii iiif beginning of November till the followini February. On the 23rd of April, the kinit, accompanied by his family, went to StPauli to return thanks for his recovery ; and lo extravagant was the loyalty of the publlcst this period, that the congregation were with difficulty restrained from bursting out into plaudits. A war with rcvolutloniicd France now appeared Inevitable ; and the viewi of ministers met with the king's full concur- rence. But there were not a few who thought that B republic would be cUesply purchased by the blood of a king. On the 29th of Oct., 1799, an attempt was made to asMwlnite him while he was going to the Houk of Lords, to open parliament. In 1798, public distress appeared to hnve;eacheditacllniH, and the Irish rebellion broke out. On the 15th of May, while his majesty was pre«ent at a review in Hyde Park, a gentleman standing near him was wounded by a mus- ket-ball. Whether this was the effect of accident or not no one could tcU ; but It pro- duced a great sensation In the minds of the king's attendants, and they endeavoured to persuale him to forego his intention of vi- siting Drury Lane Theatre that eTenlag. However, the royal visit had been publlcl; announced, and the king and queen, with some of the princesses, rtccordingly went. A momcntafter the king had entered his box,a man who sat in the pit tired at him ; butthe assassin's arm having fortunately been a lit- tle elevated by a person near him, "'j* Lad obssrved his intent, the charge lodged in the roof of the royal box. The king stepped back, with the greatest composure, to the box door, saying to the queen and princesiei who were entering, " Keep back, keep back ; they are firing squibs for diversion, and per- haps there may be more." The loyalty of the spectators was raised to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by his majesty's firmnees. The audience rose, and, amid repeated cheers, " God save the king! " was three times sung by the whole house, with the followmf stanza, supplied impromptu by Sheridan ;- " From every latent foe. From the assassin's blow, God save the king! O'er him thine arm extend, For Britain's sake defend Our father, prince, and friend; God save the king!" The assassin was indicted for high treason; butthe jury being satisfied that he wa'Ji unsound ?iind, he was transfsrrcd to Win •-.-.- T.-'r.'*-) Tn IfiOQ the Act n'lJ lion oe* tweenGreaTBriValnandireTandwaspaiJtj. and in order to bring those over who oppw" jOEO] tho nipature, the niiniitcri allowed a tacit underHtaiidinir to prevail, that It woiil.l ho followed by certain poll t leaf concc«»ioni Omirge HI., however, could never bo per- iuadcd thai, ho could admit the Catholics to Hltlcftl power, without vloliitlnj( the spirit of hU coronation oath; the conHcquenco of I which wa», the retirement from ofllco of Mr Pitt and his colleague* In 1801, and the furnmtlon of a new ministry, headed by Mr AddlnKton. Negotiations were now speedily eiittrcd Into, which led to the treaty of [ Ainiiii*. The king, however, consented to It with great reluctance. It was, In fact wry unpopular ; and when the resumption of hoitliitius took place in 1803 there was an eWdpnt demonstration of public satisfaction throughout all ranks. The Addlngton ad- ministration proved Incompetent to their task, and Mr ritt, In 1804,. again took the hflin of state ; but he died In 180(5. and the Orcnvllle party, which i-'ox hadjolned. went I into office. In 1807, Lord Grenvlllo and his colIcngiMS attempted to change the klrnr's opinions with regard to Catholic emancipa- tion ; but his m^esty was Inflexible, and declared, that although he had firmness .ufflcicnt to quit his throne and retire to a cottage, or place his neck on a block If hl« people required It, yet he had not resolution to break the oath which he had taken In the most solemn manner at hi., coronation"' This led to the ejection of the Fox and Grcn- Tills party, and the Perceval administration !K'A.*n""- °" "»^ '^«'» «' October" 1809, the king commenced the «0th year of his reign, and a Jubilee took place on the •igh at this period was very apparent and oonsderably affected his spiH?f , and tSe death of his youngest and darling child, the Llh 1„ '*'"' ^'^"^ him a shock from which he never recovered. His Insani/v returned, and, early in December, it assumed tliel[ine„Iv„ h^L ^' the queen died ; but « with thf-h-'**""'-"'''' ""''^ ^^' «' WdukTof York ?„ H "^"^^^ ''PPO'ntment lu person it th« Uf?^ "^^.^ «' gustos of 'e breathed his last in tho bo'^5""'"'^' "20, •«Mndthe60th of h^ ^''■^ ^2nd year of his «>cter of Geo?L III i°«- ^^^ ^"""'^''l f"'«theeourseofL'l"/p.l^f.f„i'?,?f'J"9,ed |i«'2m,"hXmr^y°?>^"ed"^ L____^;^^_^elmd in perilous times, "imTb!.';'sr;„r^r;:.'rd '^''t^ --^ rather than give up ^.""i^?'""?'""' i "nd. sclentlously formed ?J 7'"'°" ho had con- appeared to hK be thesYr" ''..'"'■''"V ^»'« ho would have descemin^^^ "^^ """ "'duty, though it were trmount th'-."™ I"" ""•""« obstinacy were cenluraSle 0^ ."""''"''• ^' »"• his unflinching ilrn,m„°" •o'ne occasions, danger, was idm n br;.rot"hi" ""'/"«" »' Portmentasafatherandoh^..^"'-. "'" ^e- with the strictest noMol husband accorded the morality and decorum nW"P''«^ ' ""^ ed a happy contra.t t^ ,1 °' '"'•' ''""'t aflTord- olhers. He was in . P'"'>fl'ff«cy of many sincere; and,7n a ft r?i.|p""'4'*'' ""^ nients, so pli|„ and nrn^ti? .'^l.""'' "muse- bo sui,l to Imvo apDroSrhpn'^'* • *''"* he may archal simnlicltv hS ^"^ *''"°« to patrll of music, and afforded r' ^'"•"'"'^••Jy 'ond professor's. He gra„to,? r'"?*^''"'''"^ '^ "s Koyal Academy kiKn,Mf 'l^''''"''''" to the Heynolds,affitro ,lL'f, M.''' ^"t president, ^ho, in thecourso of Ihlr t''"''''''''''''^"t Jlxty.four pictures for the kV^i"^"''^'' P"'"'*'' for them /34,187Hn„u„'f '■"'.''* '■<'<=«*v«'d of science by the cneonrn „'"''*"* ^^^ c«"''e to Cook, Byron, and WalilsTh^""' ^ ^"^^ F^e^'^S^JPk^-roj Ingham. The ''CtonsmnH ^^^^ "^ ««ck- Jlngland, since the ASon°;jf^ "^'""'•y »' by T. E. May. C B is ?S „ °'°*'°'"8e HI.,-' tion; and the "r'Ari " "".""« o^ publica- III. ^Ith Lo'rd Nmh "7,"7te %' "^°'«« lloyal Library «f w.-Ji ^^^J, from the Notes and IntrVuctlon'br^ T^''- ^"h announced for publicatlnn m'^' ?onne, is sub-preceptor; and after nr^/'V^''*""' "s bishop of Worcester nnHM®' **° ^' ^urd, John's ColirgerCamTriZe -fh^'^f*^ "' ^^ by no mean! d. flcient in « J " .P'\"<=« ^"8 and under his titrnif^i natural abilities; knowledge of literature' a^H^'* ? ''""'Patent v. as the ornamentaTDart "' " ' 'J^''" ^"^ lected ; and as ho S^I °^ education neg- person buoyant%plri?s fnH'" * h«ndso,^e ners, he soon became th«f^j?,'^'"^/?.^^^ """"- of fashion, and attSLrt'^L "l"^ *''® '^erld larity. But great ash^.?,*"'^"^^^ P«P"- his love Of dfsslpatton wh?eh°i* ""'^ht he. Intellect While It debas'crthohi^'^ty' °" *he greater. Up to his li^hLo^^S""*' ^'»' still protector of thebeautTfni n.,!^"'"^^ "* the 88JI lil OKu] 11 il(U) Slniticrsal 13iogrnpI)u. Tiilv. Other illicit lovci tucfoedcd, and were fuiiowed hy a more pormanriit con- nrrtion with Mri I'ltzlicrbrrt, a widow ladjr of Rood fainlly, and a prorrwrd Catholic. A private mnrriaKo took pinro, which not only i(>rlouily dliploBicd tli« kinR, hut alio bc- cnnio thn luhjcct of public ttniinadvertion ; iiuch n contract bcina a violation of the act of upttlomoiit, and or the nioro recent rovai ninrriaKO net. Iliit di«iipated mode of life, and the huildiiiK of Carlton Hougp, had loaded the prince with a debt of more than C'lM.WiO sterlinR, hit tnnual Income being at till! time i:30,UU0. He adopted a variety of expedientti to raise fundi for the lutU- factlon ofbii creditori; all of which having apparently proved frultlc!«i, he, at length, applied to hii moteity. Thu king rcfuied to afford him any aid. Ho therefore adopted a lyitcm of retrenchiiu'iit,.sold off hliitud of racing homei, discharged many of hii serv- anti, and Intimated hli reholutlon of living in n itate of retirement, »o that ho might be enabled to liquidate his dcbti. At length, in 17H7, hii cuic wai brought before par- liament ; and the king having announced hit intention of adding JClO.OOd per annum to hid lon'i income out of the civil liit, the houie voted £161,000 to latiify the prince's crcditor.s, and £'20,000 for the completion of Carlton Houae. This for a time patched up tail credit ; but his habits of expense frus- trated all hopes of his living within his income. A sumptuous residence had been prepared for Mrs I'itzherbert at lirighton, which place he had previously raised into fashionable importance, by making it his usual place of abode during the summer. Many demireps of fashion fluttered round him, and shared Ills attentions, the most no- torious of whom was the countess of Jersey. Yet in the midst of his dissipation many traits of noble-mindedness were seen ; and hopes were entertained that the blandish- ments of beauty would ere long cease to lead him astray. The king and hU ministers were anxious that the helr-apparcnt should marry ; but he had a great aversion to a royal union, and even said that he would forfeit his right to the throne rather than agree to it. At length, being encumbered with debts, he was induced by the con- ditional promise of their liquidation, to- gether with an increase of his income, to consent to a match with his cousin, the Princess Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, daugh- ter of the duke of Brunswick. She arrived in this country, Aprils, 1795 ; their marriage was celebrated on the 8th, and on fii V lowing day they proceeded to WiuUbuv, whither they were accompanied by Mly Jersey, for whose establishment '■ i household the prince hud peremptomy pro- vided. The princess discovered by degrees the whole of the mortify ing circumstances— his debts and dissipatioii, his reluctant con- sent to the marriage, and the true object of it, — and, lastly, the neglect with which he treated her, while he lavished his caresses on others. The princess of Wales gave birth to a daughter (the Princess Charlotte) in January, 1796; and the prince, shortly after, sent her proposals for a separation, to which she promptly acceded. lAlUo else occurred _[o«o to disclose to the public their mutual i*» lion till the year IH04, when the right toii,.i giiurdianihln and charge of their duuithi.;! wos maintained on both ildns with mu,k acrimony. The reiult wai that 0"orii. ik. Tliird undertook the care of the j,>Mg nr „ ceil, and her mother retired to a nllJL rciidenco at lilackheath, where ih» « malned, lublcct to many IndlgnlJci .»h suiplcions, till she quitted the country ij When Napoleon threatened Kngland witk an invasion, the prince, then only colonel of ' a regiment of dragooni, while hU hroth.ni were generals, and the duke of York wii commander in chief, desired to be phtM i. a more ostensible situation ; but themlnliirr coolly declined his request. In conipnutncJ of George the Third's mental dcrnngemen the prince wai appointed regent In Phrj ury, 1811. Tb" state of • iF:ic ufhiri has long been critical; but ourrepenfcdvlctorlfi In the Peninsula bad ronJereJ ( cpruin«t more cheering; and at length, fti fln,] abandonment by ti.- ivench.and the faljurt of Napoleon's In . u .1./ i of Kusiia, made wtr for the restoration of Louli XVIII. who declared himself indebted for hit crown under Ood, to the prince regent of Engjanij' Soon after (in 1814), the prince rccelred i visit from the emperor of Uiimla, theltlni of Prusii.i.and other foreign prlneci.hcroM and statesmen, whom he cntcrtninod with dignifted hospitality. In May, 1816, lili daughter, the Princess Charlotte, wa« unlifd to Prince Leopold of Saxc Coburg (late kio( of Uelglum) ; and when, in the following year, she died, it throw her father into such a paroxysm of grief, as to bring on a lerioui illness. Notwithstanding that the war hid been splendidly terminated, peace did not bring with it its usual attendant, plenty; i spirit of discontent, for several yean, per- vaded a largo mass of the people; and an unsuccessful attempt was nintie on the life of the prince regent, as ho was going to Westminster, January 28, 1817, to open tlit session of parliament. In 1819 and 1820, re^ serious riots occurred in the large manufae- turing towns ; and in the metropoli»,a fewdi- sperato men, known afterwards as theCtto Street conspirators, were tried and executed for plotting to assassinate the prince and the leading members of the administration. On the 29th of January, 1820, George IV, succeeded to the throne on the death of hli father; and wos crowned in Westminster Abbey, with great pomp, July 19, 18JI. rre'Mous to this, a process was instituted in the House of Lords against tuu queen, for i'lie ,iurpose of ' : I'ut he retained offl llvrrpool bpoame Incapacltatnd for office, and Mr CannInK waa appotutod premier; but In IfM than four montha thU «nllRht . __.! — ..!,..■ iiiiniitnr iiiiiii Lord Uode- ICH rlCn iUlf I'BUCU «■ " . ■■>■•■ ••». •v^aiiivia uiiil.II oiilT till Hio f«>ll»i> "K January, when moit of the Ipadliifj Torlea, with tbo duko of Wellington lit their head, returned to power. ThA nioit ri'inarkublo ovcut In the latter nirt of the relKn of Ocorije IV. waa the bill I . .I.t.1 •!.<. n..ll*l.i..f jll.»Klll*t«. -# part for lor alioliihlnir the political dlaabilitlea of th* Roman Cathollci, paaacd In April, IH'iO. Purinff the latter period of hi* life the king had lUlTi-red much from the Kout aud other inflrmitivi of age ; he waa auldom ccen uutof hiiown circle; till at length he held |\liCOurti entirely at Windaor, and puRNcd B«irly the whole of hia time In cumparativo •fcluiion at the royul cottage. Uo linKcrod for a long time, and tuffcrcd Rreatly ; at length, on the a6th of June, 1830, a blood- reiKl bunt in hit itomach, and he almoat Initantly expired, faintly exclaiming "Thia |( death." Aa regent and torerelgn, Oeorgo IV. held the iceptre of (ireat llrituin twenty jeari. Notwithstanding tho diasipiited and extrartgant hnbitN of the king! early man- hood, we must repeat that ho had many redeeming qualities; that he wai naturally kind and gineroui ; that hit wholu life wat marked with acta of private benevolence; that he encouraged the literature of his country; aud that he waa the munificent patron of our public inttituliont, whether for charitable objectt, or for the advance- ment of icience. There it ii " Uiitory of the Reign of George IV.," by the duke of Buck- ingham. OEOBOE, PRINCE, of Denmark, contort of Queen Anne, wat born In 1683. He wat one of the iont of Frederick III. of Den- mark, and married the Princeti Anne, at Ixindon, in 1683. At the revolution he went om to the prince of Orange, and wat toon aft«rnaturnlized and made an Englith peer. When Anne succeeded to the throne, I'rince George was named gcnoralissimo and lord high admiral, but hit indolence and Inca- pacity left him without any influence on affairs. He died at Kensington, in 1708 GEORGE CADOUDAL. [CADOUDAL] GERANDO, Uaron de, a distinguiabed writer on philosophical subjecta, was born at Lyons, 1772; educated by the Oratoriant took part in 1793 in the defence of his native oily against the troops of the Convention was forced to flee in consequence, returned in 1796, and was present at the battle of Zurich, 1799. Hut in the heart of the camp Je had found time to cultivate literature : f'piL. °'5P"''/i''* "''"•'■y «' ">« Systems of Philosophy "(first published as a small uact, alid gradually augmented till, in 1S47. " ,"'*"'ied to eiRht volumes) attracted the Mtlif of Lucien Uuonaparte, who made him wrciary-general to the minister of the In- imorln 1804; and in 1805 he accompanied Napoleon to Italy, where he remained for Kn^f!ll^»!«"_'!"?.t?.?«troduce the „ _ [oen iriutt of dUtlngulshed men. OJrard wa. ^luiiii . iiK atudio waa vialted In iui.i i.„ »; ofTrlYa'^^V"* -a'pr/a", aSM.'^ nhvi^^^"^"^' .^°""> "n eminent French was ^i'r'h. ""«» botani.t, born in 1733 Ho was aiitlnguighed for his rcseorcliet In varl Drov/n "^"" "'""'""-al science ; and he flrit ^ G^rfrH.'^JI"*""'" "ttln'tka of plantt, in his 18?9 *"" *'°'''* O'llolTovinciali.:- ' Died! OKUAllD, MAUKICR ETIKNNK Cn,,.,* marshal of France, wa. born ln^'773 Hrl uiier was made aide-de-camp to llernadotti. Wa/rlTl *^""' »'""•'"• o' Austerm* and nn,?K""' '" -'»" I'tnliuula, and In the ex n«L !■«''• citadel of Antwerp ; held the 1M2 /rfK*Sl!*""*'«' '•» 1834. aid died in ;>/ 11 "® •""* •">*" » member of the LcBion OFR aV,t{°"/ y**"" ^«'^»'*' •''« death. I,„„^ k"P.' ^^^^ lONACK I81U0KK. best known by hit attumed name Granuvili T lllus L't'nr'^ *'"r"** «="'^"turist and iook.' HnflrM* ^' ^^f.^°"^ a' Nancy about 1803. He first made himself known by the puWi tn 1828. Compelled by the censorshin to abanaon the field of political carlcMuro he npplied himself with great success to' de signing for the illustration of books ; and among those to which he gave fresh channs are Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels S'hu'n,^'?/'**'!'''''*''- The loss of several M„?if?, 'u'L'^" *? rapid succession deprived nvi.^^iSl'^^?"'* "ason, and he died in 1847. GEKAllDDOUW. [DOUW ] nf^^^"^?" V^P^' *"" TENQUE. founder of the order of St John of Jerusalem, -was born at Amalfl, about the year 1040. Ke first il^i^,, t 1 , nn"!"'*"* *■"' con^mercial objects ; but about 1100 he assumed the religious habit and associated with others, who took the t.?n?' w.V"*7'. PO'«'e'-'y. and obedience; the object of their institution being to defend Christian pilgrims in their Journey to and from the Holy I^nd= Thus arosr - 887 .■Mir"'" oeb] ^ Jteto gftniberaal ISiograpIjg. [OE! and acqui ed such distiaguifihed fame. Died, abodt 1120. „ ,, . v-»»^:.f GEitARDE, JOHN, an £."K"*^„^°t?;^!i* and surgeon, born at Nantwich in Cheshire, in 151f , and died In 1607. He was the author of " CataloKUS Arboruin, Fruticum, et Plan- tarum," and the " Herbal, or General His- tory of Plants," a work v. hich contributed to diffuse a taste for botany. „ . „„ _ "^GEBAKDS, or GAllBARD. MARK, a painter of Bruges, was born in 1561. About 1580 he came to England, and wae appointed painter to Queen Elizabeth. He was emi- nent in history, portraits, aud landscapes , and died In 1635. , v * .t -,-u« GEBBERT, MARTIN, a celebrated Writer on music, born in the Austrian stateo in 1720. He was.prince-abc t of St Blaise, a Bene- dictine abbey, in the Black Forest ; and was eminent for bis knowledge of, and taste for, the fine arts. particularly music. He travelled throuKhout the continent for the materials of a work on the history of church music, and «n 1774 It appeareu under the title of ve Cantu et Music& Sacra a prima Ecclesiffi JEtate usque ad prsesens Tompus." A stiU more -valuable one, now very scarce, ap- peared in 1784, entitled " Scriptores Eccle- siastic! de Musica Sacri potissimum." Died, 1793 GEBBEBT. [8YLVESTEB II.] GEBBIEB, Sir BALTHA3AR, a painter, was born at Antwerp in 1592. He came to Ennland with Rubens, and was knigated by Charles I., who made him his agent at Brus- sels, and employed him In different nego- tiations. At the Restoration he designed the triumphal arches for the reception of the king. Died, 1667. , ,. GERBILLON, JEAN FrAN<}0I9, a Jesuit missionary in China, born in 1654. Hf; wrote " Observations on Great Tartary," and an ac- count of his travels is inserted in Du Halde s History of China. He was in great favour with the emperor, for whom he composed the Elements of Geometry, and was his in- structor in mathematics and philosophy. He was also allowed to preach the Christian religion in China, and finally became supe- rior-general of the Jesuit mission in China. He died at Pekin in 1707. ..,.,_ GERLE, A. C, a French ecclesiastic, bom in 1740, who In the states-general, in 1789, warmly adopted the popular cause. He subsequently advocated the pretensions of a would-be prophetess, named Suzanne, who proclaimed the political millennium ; and in 1793, he was imprisoned as an accomplice of the pretended prophetess, Catharine Theos, who called herself the Mother of God, and was believed in and protected by Robes- pierre. Gerle lived to be employed in the office of the minister of the interior under the emnire. , . _, GERMANICUS CJESAR,thc son of Clau- dius Drusus Nero, and the younger Antonia, a niece of Augustus, was adopted by Tibe- rius, his paternal uncle. He was at the head of the Roman armies in Germany when Augustus died ; and after gaining many great victories there. Tiberius, jealous of his ne- phew's glory, called him 'home under pre- tence of granting him a triumph. In order, however, to get rid of a man whose popu- larity appeared dangerous, he sent him, In. vested with almost absolute power, into tbe east, where he died, under strong suspicioas of being poisoned, A. D. 19, aged 34. Hii death was regarded at Rome as a public lou and all the houses were closed on the day of his funeral. OERSON, JEAN CHARLIER i)E, chancel- lor of the university of Paris, wag bom at Gerson, near Rhetel, in 1365. He was edu- cated at Paris, distinguished himself not only by his acquirements, but by his piety honesty, and fearlessness, and suffered much persecution from the party of the Burgun. dians durinp the civil war. He became chancellor of the university and canon of Nfttre Dame. He took a leading part at tbe councils of Pisa and Constance ; contributed 10 the deposition of Pope John XXIII maintained the superiority of the cliurch over the pope, and the necessity of reforms; and zealously opposed John Huss. After the council of Constance he was obliged to live some years in Germany. His writing! are numerous, and have frequently been re- printed. The " Imitation of Jesus Christ" was long attributed to Gerson, but errone- ouBly,and the real author is still unknown Died at Lyons, 1429. GESENIUS,FRIEDRICfl HEINRICHWil HELM, one of the most distinguished orien- talists of modern times, was born at Nord. hausen, 1786. He was professor of theology at Halle ; and during the 30 years that be lectured in ihat university, he publisbed numerous works, which have made a new era in oriental literature. His " Hebrew Grammar " and many analogous productioni enjoy a universal reputation, and some ol them are translated into most European languages. Died, 1842. GESNER, CONRAD, an eminent physiciai and naturalist, was born at Zurich in Swit- zerland in 1616, and was professor of natsr- al history there for 24 years. His fame ai a botanist was spread over Europe, and be maintained a correspondence with leaned men of all countries. He wrote nmuerou able works on different branches of ratural history; of which his "Historias Anima- hum " is reckoned his greatest performance, and procured him the appellation of th Pliny of Oermany. His " Bibliothecs M versalis," a full catalogue of all writers ei- tan., in three languages, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, Is a monument of immense lean- ing and industry. He otherwise rendered much service to science, and for his yarioai and great merits be was ennobled. Died, 1565. GESNER, SOLOMON, poet and painter, was born at Zurich in 1730. He was placed under a bookseller at Berlin, but soon m away from his master, and employed i^ii time in painting and poetry. Onhisretuni to Zurich he published his Idylls and hi- torals. He added to his reputation by the popular piece of " The Death of Abel," which appeared in 1758, and made his Mm known throughout Europe. He then pub- lished his "First Navigator," " .W Tales," " Draiuas," &c. ; and auCrH- turned his attention more particularly w painting and engraving, and produced lete- lucceeded, but governed hig countrvmen I B«i7i»:.' fcith great despotism; and Roger d'UbaT IhT^t "fenesfrom the moTlTFr'^T^^ lini, the archbishop of Pisa, who was as Mprifl^"* .f^^'es In the choir of s»"»' EruDl and ambitious a. him'self. formed a JoWrhr" '.•?''"P'«*«'» Inirgo; thLno^h'' lonspiracy against him ; the result of which thl a 2 ^^^'^^ '" tl»e Badia of XouVr^^ ^S fcas, that Count Ugolino was attacked in *J^f ^^"'ation of the Mairi in fh» 17"'^°1 ,. T., .. Ship Of Raphael' ^^Joy^g the friend ^uiiiuiiwu, J1.0RENZ0, a distinguished tamn sculptor was born at Florence in S.'..n L'k""' *?^ Roldsmlth's art from P. Sw*""'- '*'?'^ "PP''^'* Ji'^self also to '! «"«iy o( paiutinfi:,so successfnliy that at e age of 18 he assiatnH in «,„,■.,,:;._". "^ l! «""'y o( P{'"tinV,so successfully that at le age of 18 he assisted- in painun^sontp feni'Vl^nr'""''^ of the\alatlsta 1? K'fnl ♦. i°^ "® Y,"* *•>« successful com- IVh! n"' IH execution of the bronze uate I the Baptjstry at Florence, Brunelleschi Im L'**' ' " • generously withdrawing |?t *^,L?°"'"t- The gate, m t«enty! lit panels, was not completed till 1424 'ill T'T" ^'^i""" undertook to *e a second gate. This was finished laS^pSdS^» P17' orTl.tS ofs^'T \"rtin v.; ship of Raphael. -«- scholar of Oiu"o t*«X^? -"^ was a family of artists lit- h?"'*' ,1"** ''eth' ?°? engraved Rhae,,anapiurKa?o'fa".^'„„^''f.^i°'?«: le 8 second gate. This waT fl «!?»,<: J '-'^""ig, studied under him nn^ „ ^ '^^" Athens."~Liviny'«f"B" ^^^ "School of engravers of thif famnr^ ^" l«78.-Other architect ofS'l5T?o»J?f "''■*'' \ ^orcntine designs fo? miy "iiiafn^ Vrl" "'"''^ *"»« •.""shedlnl837';T;«"<''T ""^ranna- n 1724, at Carlisle, and received h^^educ™ i"„"" f »l"*l° ^^Ha F losofla' -Mn 1 «ln"V'^**"«' ition at Queen's College, Oxford. For man J K ""* the subiect of fhn , ^^^' follow- I years he kept a school at Cheam, in Su^rov^ v?1 <=<"nbating Te princlnil'ir'".'V''«a"se. and afterwards became vicar of Boldre ^' rIT^' <^°'*''3 in favour of Z"-^ ^°* """^ theNevTForest.and prebendary of Salishti'rl ,.* Th<>n'a8 Ao^ainas and % -5® ^""rines of He died in 1804, aged 80. Mr Gilnii n^.h " ^'^f^ v°l«nies more iS isi * ^uonaventura ; lished the "Life of Bernard S^P hi J ,«^'?^'=^'>«AiSR^^^^^ ancestor, above-mentioned ; Lives of 't„h fj^atises, "Del bX -. A*^'?/ * «5d then the !;"':!if J^"?' «"«*' a-fd 4rcSop'(^ran: l\° Pf't^ciples, reitfv"e1v/^„^; ^."«««'." on Z\,r^. ""' P'""^' of Ws publicatk riiPiv^.T"' "'« ^^''ooJ at Bo Idre GILPIN,Sawrey, painter brother A/ Vi. 1 preceding was bom kt Carlisle in 1733 Hp ' was placed with a ship-painter and h?; « ! works which attracted notic^weres^mi market groups, which he sketched fromT! 1 window. But it was principally as afn^^ W there in 1572. He is the autior of " ni** I ana Enaraorada," so highlv extoiioH k„ r?*" ' jantes^as combining f&^?"/reS: | InSieSh'is'aft'fS' ''•''i:^''^*"- h««keeusreV°^*!JLr^^^^ offi SSry" S^^„?- »«>* he was not tlon. Olralduswas living in 1218, but the hU rank on thp M " ^"®- ^^ "Covered .... „. .i. ..„,h ,-. n„. vn„w« Sled "oon afrer In Tfii°' S!"'^« "•' "« pno a weu!LU"J1,^„,.«^-i'^^^^^^^^^^ lion. uiraiuuK nros nyiug lu . date of his death is not known. OIRAKDON, FBAN90I8, a French eculu- ir and architect, was born at Troycs, lu '.nQ TTa miam rooaiwaA af *\te% A#..j^ j tor and ■rtmiei.-i, was uurn at iroycs, ll 1628. He was receired at the Academy o{ P>\inting In 1657, and became chancellor In 169J. His chief works are the mausoleum of in ifiie"" H«;;'r«J""i 'I^J """» at PlTmouth. Richelieu, in the church of the Sorbonne; "rod the rh,?r.>.'*"**!'*u*''^- "* Oxford, en- tl,e equcmian statue of Louis XI v., and the uSk them th^rA^?** H^^ ''«^"''» "^iC Eape of Proserpine, in the gnrdens of Ver- Ch to w'^^^tT*"''^ of the Abbey Church Mines. Died, 1715. fbnn't iL I *^'*.l'*' ^"^ Presented In 1666 GIRODET-TRIOSON, ANNE Lcuis, a of ^h^Hov^!"! "!"f ''^ ^«» ^''O'en ^fellow I distinguished French painter, was born at hini fo?7?. Society, an honour awarded Montargis, in 1767 ; was first a pupil of Heg- " Scen^is Sr^P„tffl""""^% ^'>'«. entiuld i nault, and after«r«rds of David. Among his a dSe of the BoVi, ^'"."^"^ ^™te also principal works are Endymion sleepini? a n,n t>..„ „ . ^ Royal Society, a work on scene from the Deluge, th'e Burial ofVtlla* Kv U^l ^raf "and7th^°"'''9""«'<'^'"*^^^^^^ &c. He also painted Napo eon recelvinir the nn „> ' """ ^^^^'^ works. He was no key, of Vienna , full-fength portrah! 'o? of" £ wAtCof^T^r' V' " K'^atldmC the Vendean leaders, Bonchamp and Cathe gt a vvVi *^ °^ ?.^"'"y ^ "'e. Died, 1680 lineau;and St Louis in EgyptT which yrta\i>^anVnJ^,\^\^^^^P^l^E, Banulph liis last great nrork. He was a member oj celebratPd !■.«,**'■*'" °' ^^e 12th century. the Aealemy of Painting, of the Institute. iW the ^ei^nir^" """^ * ^"""'or. Dur- and of the Legion of Honour. Died, 1824. jnftiri fr J nV^,, °( •"^"'^ "•> he was chief GISBORNE, THOMAS, prebendary if oSr- Zinlll ^eneMin'J'fh''"^' '""' "'^nallzed his resided. Many of the works which Mr Gis- clirioui trpntii^ ^^fP °' ^"^' *« HM. A horne gave to the world attained great po- SandTattriw*?t\^' *"«» customs of 1(m1\ "pmi^ ''^i:'^ -"^ *^^ "Principles rfrTsV' t^^il^*!!*" "» Pen of Moral Philosophy investifi-ntpH " An nam, uii ciuiueui. ineuiogicai and miscel- laneous writer, was born at Derby, 1758. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge where he greatly distinguished himself, and* soon after entering holy orders, in 1792 he obtained the living of Barton, in Stafford- shire, and in the same year removed to Yox- all Lodge, near Barton, where he ever after resided. Manv of the works wTii.-.!! itr- «:. Of Moral Philosophy investigated," &c.^ "An Inquiry into the Duties of tht Female Sex." "A Familiar Survey of the Christian Religion and History," Ac, besides ser- oT » DC ~-"'"uit;u 10 nis pen. ItLABS, John, founder of tho -«u_i ;-o;rand"two ;VEs ofToe^rr«X \l^ titles of " Walks in a Forest." and "Poemi l^tf^^i '"n^^^' Chemistry Is ind"btedTo' Sacred and Moral." Died, 184G '' I^i"*^?,' '''^"'^*""« ma^T uW processes mmrn-nrt\rK-KTn —^i?",,, ns Well as for tVio /iio«« — 1. -*', P^^-esses, Sacred and Moral." Died, i'siG GIULIO ROMANO, or GIULIO PIPPI « celebrated Italian painter and architect, the tr-st distinguished of the scholars of Raphael was born at Rome, in 1492 or 1498. At an early age he became the pupil of Raph.iel, assisted him in several important works, and was chosen with his fellow-scholar Peiini. to complete several of his master's unfinished frescoes in the hall of Constantlne in the ITI- V'.l"* ^^ ^"t^e" the service of he duke of Mantua, rebuilt his palace and Fa ofthi".?- '»|«"°'-7ith frescSes of tSe Fail of the Giants, and the story of Cupid and Psyche, considered his master-pieces LrtEv^^^JI^'^ l"*='"'-<^« was in great' Ifl^Vl^V^^"^'''}- "" foundeda school of mat Mantua, and had among his puDila Pr mat^ccip, Rinaldo Mantuano,lnd Si In the National Gallery are four examnle^ 0/ GIUSTINIANI. [JUSTINIAN!.] ,nrt .,0^^^' ^.'' ^P^^' »n eminent lawyer and statesman in the reign of Charles TwI r„rinV/.r ' ^'t-edaf Lincoln- •on, Obtained a Serjeant's coif in 1639 • buh rearfollowing. fiis1ttaehme?t™h^^ «u« rendered him obnoxious to the repub- «o ™ r> •");'""»""» many useful nrocessPB and his experiments, however futile for hi.' professed object, threw liirht on tli/ **" sition and analysis of^rlousm^tlu ^nS'^"' mable substances, ^J..^""""" metals, inflam- GLEIM, WlLHELM LUDWIO aCPlBhrat«J poet,sometimes called the GermaS Anlcreo„ nmo^T '° "^^' "^ Ermsleben; flUed the' f%t^^^rt^raXTYnnf|f-S SiKl?r^^n;^^;e';''--^^^^^^^^ DU)''owA?J^.^h^-,/P':°P"'y GLYNDWK. W^lslUn their Ynf/"""*;'''''^^ '<'«^" Of the *> eisft in their last revolt against the Eniy. bsh government, was born about 1349 w*- 7f W^„'i?*"^™''''T ""^ I-'ewellyn last prln"! of Wales ; came to London and stiirtioH o* erui«*fo'ilc"hV°^r'^ "" "'^^^^^^^^^^ fnii^ o-ii: "jehard II., to whom he faith- wa's^r^of ?h'e Tr!-S^?,%^" ^^f^ ^^ Which Glendower was wro7ged.£eSlSio'2 I III i.fe. i< m * ' ) W, m- i' t \r.^ 1 !,' 4 ' '■ ■Mi-.m 'Is B ' '1 WM RflffiH 'i [1 IB ^^1 m GLi] % i^ebo ^nibersal ISfogropl^s. national roToIt of tho Wclth ; which, begin- ning with an attack on Kuthyn Caitlo, in 1440, was maintained, by the ability and energy of Glcndower and the enthusiasm of his countrymen, for fifteen yearn. He drew over the Percics to his side, but the alliance was ended by Hotspur's death at the battle of Shrewsbury. Ho was formally crowned prince of Wales, was recognized by Charles VI. of Frunce, who sent him auxiliary forces ; took many of the towns and castles built by the English in Wales, and invaded England ; and after the defeat and departure of the French, still kept up, on a smaller scale, a spirited and harassing warfare. The terms of a treaty with Henry V. were under dis- cussion when the great rebel chieftain died, at Moriington, in Herefordshire, 1415. OLI880N, FKANCI8, anatomist and phy- sician, Was born at Itampisham, in Dor- setshire, in 1696 ; educated at Caius College, Cambridge; and. appointed regius professor of physic, which ofllce he held 40 years. On the breaking out of the civil wars, he set- tled at Colchester, but removed to London, and became president of the College of Phy- sicians. Among his works which have been warmly praised by Boerhaave tnd Haller, are Treatises on the Bickets, and the Ana- tomy of the Liver, and a metaphysical work entitled " De Natura Substantiae Energetica, sen de Vita Naturae," 4to. Died, 1677. GL0UCE8TEK, ROBERT OF, an early English chronicler of the 13th century. He lived in the reign of Henry III., and wrote a metrical chronicle of England from " Brute the Trojan " to the year 1271, the year before the accession of Edward I. Though once much read, it was not printed till 1724, when Hearne edited it. It is an interesting speci- men of the state of the English language at the close of tne 13th century. GLOUCESTER, WILLIAM FREDERIC, Duke of, the son of Prince William Henry, duke of Gloucester (brother to George III.), by his wife, the countess-dowager of Walde- grave, was born at Rome, in January, 1776; and his education was completed at the uni- versity of Cambridge. He entered the army, served a campaign under the duke.of York, in Holland, and subsequently attained the rank of field-marshal. In 1816, he married his cousin, the Princess Mary, fourth daugh- ter of George III., but had no issue by her. The duke usually acted with the Whig op- position, and was generally distinguished by the support of popular philanthropic mea- sures, especially of the Anti-slavery Society. But he opposed the reform bill, introduced by his quondam political friends, and voted and spoke against it. He was of an open disposition and affable manners, and utterly devoid of ostentation. He was chancellor of the unversity of Cambridge ; in which office he was succeeded by the marquis of Camden. He died in 1834, bequeathing to his illustrious widow the greater portion of bis property, which was very large, owing to tho inexpensive, though not illiberal, style with which he supported his high rank. His venerable widow died in 1857, at the age of 81. GLOVER, Richard, poet and dramatist, was the son of a London merchant, and born m in 1712. He was edno ited at CheamTcwT' then took part, undei is father, in thp h^^, ' burg trade. In 1737 ho published his "lS" nidas,"an epic poem. His poem of "w' don, or the Progress of Commerce," aDi»«««j in 1739. The same year he published m. popular ballad, entitled "Hosier's Ghni?" Intended to rouse tho national spirit aimini. the Spaniards. About this time he dl«Un guished himself as a city politician ; andwu appointed to manage an application to Bar liament in behalf of the London mcrchAVi». In 1753 his tragedy of " Boadicea ■' Tj brought out at Drury Lane, but it was dm formed only nights; his "Medea," .Ll years after, met with greater attention At the accession of George III. he was choseii M.P. for Weymouth, and was esteemed bv the mercantile interest as an active and abio supporter. He died in 1785, aged 73 GLOVER, Mrs, a distinguished actrPM was born at Newry, in Ireland, in 1781 Un der the auspices of her father, Mr Bctterton she commenced her theatrical career at the age of six ; and after a successful apDear ance in tlie provinces, she was engaged at Covent Garden, where she made her «but as Elvina, in Hannah Here's " Percy " in 1797. She soon afterwards exchanitcd' tho " buskin " for tho " sock," and it will be ]Z before her impersonations of" Dame Heldel berg " and " Mrs Malaprop " will bo fowot" ten. For the last few years of her life Mrs Glovpr appeared chiefly at the Haymarket Latterly she had no equal in her theatHcal walk ; her Shakesperian readings also ranked very high. Died, July 16th, 1860. GLUCK, Chkistoph, one of the most eminent musical composers of modern time) was bom in Bavaria, in 1714, devoted him- self to the study of music, and became a skilful performer on several instrumentj. He came to Loudon in 1745, and composed for the Italian opera. He then went to the continent ; and Vienna, Naples, Home, Milan, and Venice, were in turn the the- atres of his glory. His " Alcestes," and " Orpheus," produced at Vienna, haween the years 1762 and 1769, had an immense effect, by their boldness ani^ originalitv, and served to establish the fame of their author. In 1774, Glu and the celebrated Pi' . shortly after, the French cu upon the merits of the two i^^ a scene, indeed, of musical riv. ■ before been known. Gluck n. out his long-promised opera of in Aulis." It was received with enihusi astic applause, and represented 170 times in the course of two seasons. In 1787 he ^^ turned to Germany, with a large fortune, and died at Vienna in the same year. GMELIN, JOHANN Geoku, botanist and physician, was born at Tubingen, in '705. He went to Petersburg, where he became member of the Academy, and professor of chemistry and natural history. In 1773, he was sent with an expedition employed to explore the boundaries of Siberia. He pub- lished "Flora Sibirica" and "Trarcls through Siberia." Died, 1755. GMELIN, SAMVEL Gottlieb, traveller, nephew of the nrecedino'-wasbornRtTiiWii- to Paris ■■.edl ■Jhl it cuia IomeJ pilea a History or unemlstry ; and the world Ea«r i, , """^ him a free nn..„ ■*'«*«« I. Indebted to him for the discovery of seyeral otlL „^^<""» ^"nce was made to ?2^^ '" '*" excellent dyes, extracted from mineral and dl.HnV?^'**'^" "» eveiy jten .i'S "''^"nce Texetablc substances. Died. 1805. "* Aft„?*"'''5^'' ^'n'»elfaibr^vp«^^l®°«'frey ONEISENAU.NEiDHAiiD, Count, an ablo wMni.'""*"' '""•d fl«htlnniH,'°'*'»«">™ve. anddistinguished Prussian general, wa?born t^rn^f" m*. *''°'»«nVofW"^i'^^ in 1760. He was educated with a view to manr ;J,^^''^'««' Antloch/& cap- the military profession; and, at the age oH Mt^t^^^"' ^"'^n'. In which ^frA^^""' ''"<» 20, he entered into the service of the Ma?- Jun,.^}^a''"^''''^ before tL^Url''°^^ ^"^ grave of Anspach. His first employment and V-*^"' ^''^ city was at n«n'^. '^"'^ 1" was in America, whither he was sent with Svo »«--.*'"'""'^'' by »tom if??f * ^"^"'•'d, tlie auxiliary troops of the marffrnvZ i„ oZ ^"'^''« « 1, he had attained the rank of a lleuten" to w.>^!'' ""* '•"'"'"t/w^M i«? '""2^ ' '»»< j^vcolonc!, ana defended the fortress ofCo". cfl^d *h "*"^'» ^^ the Holy mJ ^^^v '"™ berg against the forces of Buonaparte For with »i,*^.^ /*'«'" "tie, contfiit^' "'^'"* •>"- bis skill and bravery on that occasion he UenSlo^i"'^^'''''"''"' and B^ was promoted ; and he was afterwards em- of Sn h^Jt' ^^^ ""'tan of^lt'^t ?f 1^?°'^ ployed in a secret mission to England In ZtnJ^^°'''^^''^iiemptciu^li'V' the head m ana Dravery on that occasion he 8eDuiPh,l°'r.^'''^^"ik.,»^.) *„ iv- _._. ■"•"'cner, laws, eallnfi tiio «< » _ Jf"""caiion of n on,^^ treat of the combined forces of Kussla and m. fiToi .1' ""«' 100.000 men Li .*« P'aln Prussia, after their defeat at LUtlen aSd of OohSI'''- ^ne of the Son T^'rl l*'< •^^''d Hreslau, and subsequently, under BiScher law^^'^^. '^'i'' the publlcatlte''*"''*««ts he greaUy contributed to the victories over &»?? "** *^^ " Assize of Jen«„°/ * <=°*-'« «' '»e French on the Katzbach. and at Brlennp n nfto^S' °"^ year's relirn in i KSl""};. «« reward of his numrrous services. ^h«M°/Jfi°ll^°L this great so liJ°ii?^- The ex- negreauycontnouted to the vie the French on the Katzbach. and aTBrrennr I nl'^u.""?' °"^ year'-s'^^lVn' in n'^""";" He In reward nf hfs nnm.rn... ..;_„." "' fJ!^""®- P'^lts of this great snif /I'. "''"• The CX- ^es, the king space In Tasso's^roL"'^' occupy a lar»« llgnlty of a delivered." * ^"^"^ P""™. the "Jerusalem mdgovem- onm:-^^, -"usaiem ine xrencn on tne Aatzbach. and at Brlennp nioitr „;? In reward of his nurarrous services thi m^™ fi "*, °^ of Prussia raised him to thTdKy of f dE° T count made him afleld-marshal and gJveni" Gonps;^ ^ --. .-u Jerusalem or of Berlin, and granted him an eRtAf«»; iiJ»Vr^^^YoPVlTEHBn n„i.. .. Silesia, producing an Income of morlJh " .®'' ^"^ the I2th centif« 'J° ''''*°»"'an who 10 OM dSlars a y?ar.° DfedTl829 ""' *•>"" H^T^'^ *»>« emper^rf fcZad^r"!?'*'" »"d OOBBO, PiETKO PAOLO BONZi o«lio^ f„ ^•' *,""* Henry VI Hp?„h"'' "/''Frede- IL CORTONESE, a Celebrated palnter'of ?rult if t hT^"',"* » ^'''on cS fmm "th^'^ *^ ^^"^ and landscapes, bom at Cortonrin 1680 SLtitT"'" *» *he year 1186 t^^^ "^"""o colouring. Died. 1640. ^ excelled In of Cornwall. He warnd fp„/ 7"* * "ative roya^ establishment for the manufacS'of T^^ *"* ^^'^ «' the ?mfurv^2 V" i" "84 file tapestry was founded on the snot wwi n,u ^if ^'^^e. Ko supnort-H ^♦h""!™*''^^ to h.s house stood, whence the work nrodnrJI f ».'"' I"* ^« neventt.' rli^« Exclusion there was termed the Gobelin tn.^.i.."*'*^ though not as first i„,hS.' retained In office GODDARD.JOMAN an XL?- . ,^"'«»l80,by WiETTV''^ f"J°^» "• ; aihe' and Phy^eian; born a^G'rKlctl^^^^^^^^^^ Tcnr 1C17, He was educated at n^f^-j ""^o, he became flr«t inri! -f; ^i" November, Wdaated at Cambridge, and on ?he bl',^' ^^*'°»«» "me, and held that «„.* 5^ treaaixry a 'D? out of the civil war was at tLl-f^ .5.''" **^ years. He wa« noii A ?*"? '•"" more than parliamentary army%'e^ttendedCromwI\^ I" ''<>«' ^n<»"oon\fte7"h,V° '» f *'*'''> "-^e in his expeditions to Scotland a« when bo waa H i.« J. ""•early ycara • an>i GODWIN, Mr«, Wife of the prcccdlna r"'" '"•''•''Sorrowaof w!,,.J"' '''* •"•»• lhoughbctterknowno.MARY\V()jr8TON|' Z''''"!;*-"'' '«» »"<. and at^;?,'!*""' ' *'>'•'»' ciuFT, wan born In 1759. The poverty of frrS""?" "' •>'• *-oSnt?ymei %*r'"?'* "'o her p«renf« could only afford her thrcom w ?*'"'"«''' 'be .ervlcoM-'i .""^.'nK 1" moncit education. Reading and roflectZ" i^*''"""-. whom he had m,.M„ » "'"' ."' «"««■ with eitr.,r ,1lnary talont./aupplicd «I de ' ouJ! ^."^^ »*^«*ldcnt "f t^' e " ''»^«'''"lf . I'« flclende., .0 th .t.ailhedeath ofLrmother ani? "^^i^"' »"'» loaded with hin*'''"'"''*""' •heopenfd * school with her .iiter. at iSling.' l^tu?^^ ««'"y «? di.tln«uUhP?i°°""- ^ ton, from VI hence they remoTed to Newinf- o„^.''i*** 1* Weimar, and ufi.^i ^*"}."- ton Oreen. Shortly after, Mary quitted hfr 9°^}^^- ^ho direction nf .i, ''f^ *'"" »<> .inters to attend upon a a'ick lady who had ."-''' *" »»'"'. and he th.r« .""'""'' *" been her bencfactresa, and who died at Ll. i- "^ ?' *••« dramatic ci*/-. rf- •"""Kht out bon. Upon her return the engaged herVoir.." !*•"' ^"^ «n effect w„r/i?C ,"!""■• "' 8«l"l- governm to Lord KlnMboJf'fh..!'^^.'/.?* »?». »>l« own d"am«H„"'. .''Z.°^"'em. There. I Been ner oenciaciresa, and who died at Lia jo^err ,XTi^?„*gVbruT. c?.'i!» I ^' ^0?^ sXa;;c"»a^'^'^-"'^=: Inl786,8hcflxedhcrrcildencelnLondon and "r\ °'"'«* von Bcrl7chinL„*M f.^P^"*"*. began her literary purauit. with " ThoughtJ " i?.^ "".I"* '" Tnuri.,' ..Ta,?o .' .r.*^"!'"' ^^f^^Sa^a^nrrX-^"^-*-'-^^^^ OOEHTZ.OKOEOE HENRY, Baron von iw * "T '» Korao/in 1792 h^ /1!""'"«'«' * wai an active and intelligent 8tnteam«?' P"/!?« <>'"•'"» the camDfli^^ " followed hi. born of a noble family In Francon a w„' P".S'>*'»P''Kne. Ho wa^.i?," "«"'"" *'""« Joined Charles XII. cf Sweden' at Stral.u"d a"^'^', • "cclved, 7n fso?"^?''*'' ".'"'""^ on his return from Turkey; and bvl,?; K'*"°''"-New8ky from AIp^I^® *"■-"«"■ of actWify and Intelligence, wa. oon plac^ed a? Hn'n """/"« K^nd crow of t h« t' °f *"•- the head of affairs. Hat scnrcely had rhfif-S"""""" from Napoleon H„iif ^'CRlon of fallenbeforcI^ederi(k«hnll(D8c.iUh n^H? ^m''''' ^^' ^832, aged 83' f wl** "* ^''^'»". when the foreign minister fell a ArrtnllV' '^"ectual giant anrtr„„°°"'<' ^a» ««» In- the hatred of the nobility and of the .ue° n"""' "y» Madame dos't^f.?".*!: '" "'*'»•"»' CMior to the throne. He was arrested nmi" ?«™a«> "terature hi«K' **'S '^'•'"«' of charged with having induced the fiw^H.k *"•'«'»» to human lif»„^J° S"** Profound mcareh to engage In ruinouVenterprlaei' »?,"'°P'f«»'« "n^wredge hialh'jf"''!"'-' »"• and of having mismanaged the sums l„' ?"""' ^^^ "Qulslte feisihim '"5 Iniagin- trusted to l^m; no time for repelliL th^ f''"?^' «'"' »"* to .TumZvi 1'/,"°'*. P'*y of accusations was allowed; and on thi 9«*.k ^ *" "'« »"«he8t circle nM*J^,"y"«' P'^co him February 1719, he waa condemned and bf '"y^'ory. His mKty lifl f '^^^^^ """• "to- headed, without a hearing. "''™°^'' ""« oe- all sphere, of humnn t^ ""v'' ''«* reached ! 00?s, HUGO VAN deI an early Duteh ""^'^ "«"«• Admiration oM' """^ «"»''• painter, born at Ghent Wo .» ji S -""tch a sort of mB«nn«i !: ^^ 'hla poet forma 'bn Van Kyck and ii" lS?y a'SlaT'r ^" «=''"«trir'"''i'au';"t"T°ht ""'""» '»«™? quired considerable reputatoA before Urt" ?u"'"'P'' h^* greatest wort*' *t?"**^** Poem, Among his best works are thrnltnrnfJ^';r*'e''fo of man In th^^^ .J'* «"»'Ject I. Santa Maria Nuova at Florence anda-'r';,?' '^^ "sistance! the temntit' *">« a^P'ration, ciflxion " at Bruircs Th„,„ « ' * ^ru- agonv thn r-ii. ""P^^^on, the sin tho lation. His beaut?fuT L."*''"""**"« f«"»8- Poema. elegies. &ca' an ?' *"/ '"'°"«' profound reflectlona «r i.^'"*'^'* ^^th the mi^Dd.andcontinuai"ytouch'th/a'*"°''°P'''«'»» whence flow our S. „nH • ^*P "P""'"*" and hopes, and a\fZ\^''J,^°It'AV ^ea?. "vciac s -WiiiiiiKs are h^::".:!' "\"»«-".soui i»triarch of Ge?mnn LL^""""'^' «'»'> ^he p father was doctor of iiw*""'. ?«' ^^49. ^"WMinga tastefor^hP 1,^^ e'rcumstances, 880 ooe] "a i^etn 8ln(ber»nl ISIogrnpf)^. Betldci thu«o alroailjr named we can only mention the charmlnit idyllic poem "Her- mann and Dorothea," and the fatclnatlng memoira of hU own life entitled " I'ootry and Truth; Out of my Life. " llooki about Ooptho, In the nhape of Hccollcctloni, Let- ters, Con veriatluni, ftc, are almoit Innumer- able. Etpeclally noteworthy In KngliRh literature are the several " Eiiayi " on hit Life and Works by Carlyle i and the " L!fe of Ooetho" by O. H. Lewes. There Isran EnglUh tranitlatlon of his " Poems and Bal- lads," by W. E. Ay toun and Theodore Martin , and trnnslotions of " I'aust," by Dr Anster, May ward. Miss Hwnnwlck,Theodore Martin, and others. A curiosity of literature has Just nppoarcd ( ISC'}) In the shape of a Hebrew trungltttlon of " Faust," under the title of " lien Abuya," by a German scholar, Dr Max Letteris. OOETZE, JOFAKN. August Bphraih, a German naturalist, was born at Aschers- lebcn. In 1731. Ho made many microscopic discoveries, and wrote several books on na- tural history ; among which are " Kntomo- logical Memoirs," 4 vols. : "(A Hiatory of In- testinal Worms," and an "European Fauna," 9 vols. He was pastor of the church at Quedlinburg, and died In 1793. GOGOL, Nikola V, a Uusslan novelist and miscellaneous writer, born probably about 1810. He was author of a novel entitled "Dead Souls," which was received with great enthusiasm by his countrymen, and wa.s tranolatcd into English with the title of " Home Life in Hussia ; " of a comedy en- titled "The Revlsor," and two collections of short tales illustrative of rural life In Little Russia, his native country. The reputation of Gogol was seriously impaired by his sub- sequent writings. Ho spent the last ycari of his life abroad, and died about 1849. GOOUET, Antoine Yves, a Parisian ad- vocate, and miscellaneous writer. His prin- cipal work, exhibiting much Industry and learning, appeared in 1758 (the year In which he died), nnd is entitled " Origine des Loix, des Sciences, et des Arts, et de leurs Progris Chez les Anciens Peuples." GOLDONI, CAHLo, a Celebrated Italian dramatist, was born at Venice, In 1707 ; and so early did his taste for the drama appear, that before he was eight years old he had sketched the plan of a comedy. His father, who was a physician, having settled at Pe- rugia, Intended that his son should follow the medical profession ; but Ooldonl, dissa- tisfleu with this pursuit, obtained permission to study law in Venice. After committing many I youthful follies, he brought a few pieces upon the stage, which procured but little profit, and not much praise ; and he continued to live in a continual scene of dis- sipation and Intrigue, until he married the daughter of a notary in Genoa, and removed to Venice. Here he first began to culti- vate that department of dramatic poetry in which he was to excel ; namely, description of character and manners, in which he took Moliire, whom he began to study about this time, for his model. Having taken the direc- tion of the theatre at Rimini, he set about the reformation of the Italian stage, and In 1761 he undertook a similar office at Paris. ioo" On the conclusion of engagement, h« I wa. appolniM Italian man;; T.h?'',,'' cesses, with apartments in Veriaiiin.'^ " a pension. For 30 year, he re," "J li T French capital ; but the revolution h""' deprived him of his chief rewurcB. h« '"? Into a profound n.claucholy, and' S?^*^^ 171(3, aged 8fl. '' ""'' ""W la GOLDHMITH, OUVEii, the poet hi.,^ rian. and essayist, was born in 1728 afp?" las. In the county of Longford. 1,'oianV » was the son of a clcrgyman.a h w«" ."'I cated at the universities of Dublin V^l"' ' burgh, and Loyden, with a view to k." medical profession. But his ccconm,!,!- and oarek'HS conduct were the nroiifl^ .« * of difficulty to himself anS ffl, T! when ho abruptly quitted LcvZ U f"1 but one :shirt, and no money ihou«hh„'^*„'' tended to make the tour of eS on ?,!"/ He travelled through FlanderT pL"^i France, Germany. Switxerland, anf Ualv often subsisting on the bountr of ,/»' peasants, and returning the oblloatlon n» . night's lodging, or a meal, by p Si ,h German flute, which ho ckrrieV^Uh* hfm , his stock in trade. In 1758 he arrlred h, England ; and, by the osslstance of Dr SleU his countryman and fellow-coUeelan nh talned a situation as usher in a Mhool .i Peckham; where, however, h" Sld „ 'r . main long, but settled In London, and inh n!Ii®^/''J[.'^!«'"!?* '""^P^'odical publicatloo ! One of his first performances was an " Pn quiry Into the SUte of Po.ite Learnlne Si" iVi'.T'.v'"*' |»f emerged from obscurity, In "3 %''••' publication of his poem, entiled "The Traveller, or a Prospect of Society^ of which Dr Johnson said," that there had not been so fine a poem since Pope'i time " The year following appeared his well-known novel of the " Vicar of Wakcfldd." Hli cir- cumstances were now respectable, and he -lok chambers in the Temple ; buttheUber- ality of his temper, and a propeniltr to gam'ng, involved him in frequent difflcuitlei. In 1768 he brought out his comedy of the Good-Natured Man" at Covent Garden but Its reception was not equal toils merltt' In 1770 he published " The Deserted VlUage," a poem, which, In point of description and pathos. Is above all praise ; yet such was hli modest opinion of Its merits, that he could har41y be induced to take the proffered re- compense of £100 ttom his bookseller, h 1772 he produced his comedy of "She Stoops I to Conquer," which was highly successful and profitable. Besides these works he pro- duced " A History of the Earth and Ani- mated Nature," 8 vols. ; his well-known Histories of Greece, Rome, and England, which even yet hold their ground in man; schools in stupid Indifference to Nlebuhr, Grote, Sir George Lewis, and the rest of the modern critics ; " Chinese Letters," 4c, Goldsmith was the friend of Johnson, Rey- nolds, and Burke, and a member of the Lite- rary Club established by the former. He died at his chambers, In the Temple, April!, 1774 ; and was buried In the chamber-yard of the Temple ; but a monument was after- wards erected to his memory in Westminiter Abbey. An admirable Life of Ooldsmith has been written by John Forster. the dlitin- oolJ leiilibH hlUorUn, There te also anoth<>r b» Wa.ihluffton Irylng. A portrait of Oold- imlih, which bt-lonffed to hlmtelf, it aow In the National Portrait Oallcrx. OOLIUS, JAMI8, an eminent oriental u(n,JUH, J AMIS, an eminent •cholar, ira» born at the Hague, In fflue'' jrducated at I.cydrn; and In IfliJ wont at Interpreter to the Dutch pmbntty in Morocco On hli return he wat appointed profojtor of Arabic at Lpyden, and afterwardt alto nominated profcMor of mathematira and Inlirprceer of the oriental lanituaget to the I nlled ProTlncet. Hit principal work la «n "Arabic I,cxlcon." Gollut piibtlahed a Utin tran«latlon of the workt of Ocber the grrat Arabian chemltt. Ho died In 1687 _ Hit brother 1'ktku, who wat also au ex- cellent orientalist, became a Catholic, and founded a Carmelite convent on Mount Uhaniii. He died, In 1673, at Sural. In the Kmt Indlei, whither ho hud gone at a mla (ionarjr. OOLTZ.HEiNnicH (GOLTZIUS), German painter and euBraver. born at Mulbrecht. In m. He Ivcd ionie time at H.iarlcm, and WM an able engraver before ho bciran tn paint He went to Italy, and ttudlJd and worked after the reraalnt of ancient art 'The Bov and Dojt " it one of hit most (Celebrated engraviuga. Golti had tever^ 'cli|tli.gul,hed tcholart. Died at HaarieS. OOLTZIUS, HOBRHT, an eminent antl- uary and numi.matiat, born at Vmloo, In >26, He was BUtmntyoA K- »i,„ ..„_ ' '" If' ii^ ;"ar;=ie"d"b"y ^^'ZlVJ'r BFerdinand and made several tourt through B he I^w Countrici, Germany, France aSd I aly. In pursuit of his fayour te & "?n lillustnition of which he published 8om« I valuable works. Died, 1583 °™^ J OOMAR, or G0MARU8, FHANcm . |Prote.tant divine, born at Hruget. In 1663 leducatcd at Oxford and CambrldVe and I fcamo theological profcstor at Leyd^n ?n I ''*! ""''.'•fterwards professor of Hebrew lin M H7wt?r'='"«''"' ^hero he died Fftho mfo"KLV^^}l"lV}^^^ taste Spain. In iJiS; nV^I'' ?*«' ^'ordoTa. In and nt an raru ^ll Tn? "'.* ""•''• 'amlly flm dlatlnS^hcd'hlmaeTft '.V.""'^" *^« of Ferdlnond and laabX -ifK*.?""*** ''ar which ended with ih. '*'**' '"« Moort In 1492. Hit Mxt icS.r"'""'" "' Oranada cover- of the kfn/dnm ''?ll;"' "aa the re French, who confuer^d" u'^""!.''* '^'"» ">• t»>o Invatlon of ItnU n^i ?"' 'fnewcd •ent there, and a fter^« ?»"""' "«? again of tho countryVlwepn ^^J''""'^ ^iWalon ho again fxpelled the Pr«n.h "''^^ '"•• "paln, the Hpanlah rule, and w«. „ ' ""^"tabir.he,f Naples. Through fh« I °,"™*<* viceroy of "and, and treium,uei'orZ "' ^«'«»- fhe great captain was h«„,? the courtlert, «lledtn^re,t?j|]« """*• ♦» Oranada. and faml»e.''of"tai;?ovor..'i'"' '"?"' "'•torlcal the year 1328, whc,a ul^rn' "' ^^""'"^ '•<"» captain -general anHii*' Oonzaga was made Preme power tUmB^K'"'"' "'"h the tu- la.t descendant of »h«"'^.*'" ^"•'"nand. the Mantua was r«l,ed lnr„ «"*'** •"■""«»•, died Emperor Slglamo„d in ?43,"l"5V'''»*« *>y the by the Emp«ror Sharlei V Tn''M,';"""»«''y o;,the leth cent?r^:rd\S.e^!^turtt n.£ffie'o''«Z2?^rWa??h'i'''''"' "»«»' "«>«> f entlng minister' and Cn nfi2°"»"J^ * •""' ■n Essex. Having ihoi»' '^> a* Epplng. surgeon, l.o flm *„™ofr "PP'entlced to *a but in 1793 1.0 settLd W "i CoggethaU* Keonandapothccarv J-. ^?""' " » • ""- employme.^t.«f.d^u„^7»"«htalso literary tained a diploma from th« ** /"'^'"» »b- cessant nnd mult1f«r?nf.f *" '"'"• thnt so in- ;«03 that he'wifSnS n^rt^'Va??."" '» I , Solomon's Sonir •• r.ni.I.Ji tronslatlon of nr Oeddes,'- w«,^',4"j;j'nK on hla "Life of day to seo his patients fi..ih * >'* •""«• » surgeon then p?S„l ^' I*''"''"*'''' as a per annum). edlH„«r thoTTn''''? °' *1<00 i andtupply,;*gacZmn''L''"i 14 l^^^e^, and «uppT;,;;""'""»„tho Critical lie^iVw for theWday RevleT aL'^JJ^^"' ^^^^^ had, for a short peWodthf'' *" '^^^''^ he fcften.difflcult to'cotl;„.„?^ TS}'J^e^ are among whiSlWhe1,/r2"y ?'''«' ^""af * vols. Died, 1827 "**^ °' Medicine," keeper of the AdvocatM- r ihr"**" became l^lard, them^°el?eramong''whom 1 1""' pil almost as manv ponl!.. * wnom he has Wed, 1627. An n^f .» . u"^^'* "* admirers. '^M Gongora from'' H '''v^^° «"'''« to .""fhtagaKhta'bvAU''/'"'^' "?"'^»y F- ta a historical E««^„^^^'"^°'^ °bur- Hations, which nnn^' «<=!-'<»mpanied by t • "» voraovft, I ih iV'4?itl'n""vl"4i??^ "th'e' LetTeV.%;u3r?^^ gok] ISL iSein ^nff)eri3Bl Idiograpl^e. which he tried to prove that the whole are forgeriei. OOBUIAi^US, MABCVS' ANTONIVB, the elder, tumamed Africanvs, Bomau em- peror, wai dat<>ended from the Gracchi, and the family of Ttsjui' He was born A. D. 157, and the earl/ part of hit life was spent in literary pursuits. After being edile, twice consul, and proconsul of Aflrlca, he was, at the age of 80, raised to the throne, in con- junction with his son ; who being slain in battle six weeks after their accession, the father, in an agony of grief, put a period to his own existence. QORDIANUS, MARCUS Antonivs, Ro- man emperor, grandson of the preceding, was called to the throne in A. D. 238, when he was only 13 years of age. He be- came a renowned warrior, and was styled the Guardian of the Commonwealth. He was treacherously assassinated near Circe- sium, in 244, by Philippus, the Arabian, who was one of his generals, and his successor in the empire. GORDOK, ALEXANDES, a Scotch anti- quary, who lived many years in Italy, and other parts of the continent, and, in 1736, waa appointed secretary to the Society of Antiquaries. In 1741, ho went to Carolina, where he held several offices, and had some grants of land. He died about 17S0. Among his works are the " Lives of Pope Alexander VI. and his son Cse^tr Borgia," ' A Complete History of Ancient Amphitheatres," &c. GORDON, Lord Georoe, son of Cosmo George, duke of Gordon, was born in 1750. He entered when young into the navy, but left it during the American war, in con- sequence of a dispute with Lord Sandwich, relative to promotion. He sat in parliament for Luggershall, and became conspicuous by his opposition to ministers; but, though eccentric, he displayed no deficiency of wit or argument. He soon, however, became an otiiect of great notoriety ; for a bill having been introduced into the House, in 1780, for the relief of Roman Catholics Arom certain penalties and disabilities, he collected a mob, at the head of whom he marched to present a petition against the proposed measure. The dreadful riots which ensued led to liis lordship's arrest and trial for high treason ; but, no evidence being adduced of such a design, he was acquitted. In the beginning of 1788, having been twice convicted of libel- ling the French ambassador, the queen of France, and the criminal Justit^e of his coun- try, he retired to Holland ; but he was arrested, sent home, and committed to New- gate, where he died, in 1793. GORDON, Sir JOHN "WAT80N, president of the Royal Scottish Academy, was born at Edinburgh , in 1790. He was a pupil of John Graham, and the fellow-student of Wilkie and Allan. He applied himself almost ex- clusively to portrait-painting, in which he attained great excellence ; the excellence, however, of the determined realist. A large number of the most distinguished Scotchmen of his time sat to him: among them, Sir Walter Scott, Professor "Wilson, Dr Chal- mers.^rincipal Lee, the earl of Abordecr. &c. Me succeeded Sir William Aiian as president of the Scottish Academy in 1860, — and was knighted the same year, and .uT GORDON, ROBERT, a Scottlih >«, graphcr. born about 1580. Be was sdncStM at Abei een and the university of p.h7 and was employed in 1641 to complete tS " Theatrum Scotia," part of the neat ifuf ofBlaeu. His maps and accompSjXJd?^ scriptions are very elaborate, and wew Si highly esteemed that he had the .ImoiIS honour conferred on him of exempUonC various public burdens. A "HlitorT S Scots Affairs," not published till 1841 .u prepai-9d by his son from materials he haJ collected. Died, 1661. ""suenad GORDON, THOMAS, a political writer ^^.^^l" ^* KifJ^cudbright, in ScotlandVud settled in London as a classical teacher tat soon turned his attention to polltlci '«Bd was employed by Harley, earl of Ox'fort Mr Trenchard next took him to Hts with him, andithey wrote in conjunoUon"Cato'i Letters" and the "Independent MTUt' On the death of Trenchard, Gordon maritd his widow, and thus gained posseiiion of i fine esUte. They were both zealonsWhln. and inveterate enemies of prieitcnft tad superstition. Sir Robert Walpole emploTed Gordon to defend his admlnhtratlon, lad made him a commissioner of winelicencH I He translated Tacitus and Sallust; and titer I his death, which happened in 17M, appeared "A Cordial for Low Spirits," and the'TQ. lars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy shalcen " » GORDON, WILLIAM, M.D., whoje pM lanthropic virtues and Christian gracei gained for him a wide celebrity, waa bora at Fountain's Hall, near the abbey of the same name in Yorkshire, in 1801. He a^ quired the rudiments of learning at tlie grammar school of Ripon. After leaTing school he was articled to a general prac- titioner, at Otley, where he gained " goldea opinions " from the warm iutereit he took in the welfare of the poor. His father hav- ing suffered from a reverse of fortune before he had completed his studies, he bonowed money, and went first to London and theo to Edinburgh, where it was his intention to graduate as a physician. But his deilgi was thwarted ; and after three years of In- tense study and application, he retired to Welton, where .he commenced hit profei sional career as a general practitioner. Ii 1826 he married the daughter of James Lot' trop, Esq.,of Welton Hall ; and after 12 yean' successful practice in that neigbouibood, varied by the cultivation of many brancbei of literature and science, he went once more to Bdinbnrgh, where he remained tworean, and took his degree of M.D. in 1841, He then settled in Hull, devoting himself witli ardour to his professional duties, and takiii part in every movement which he thought likely to promote the welfare of the people. Freedom in trade, education, religion, par- liamentary and financial reform, extenilot of the sufflraga, peace, temperance, and otha kindred subjects, found in him an timeit advocate ; a^d the Christian graces of >» temper, displayed in harmomoup coieert oob] J wilb liis high int I disintercitedness, I title,— engraved {gratitude of man; I of the "People's: I 00 R£, CATUl land mlscellaneoui Irepatatlon in her I bom in London ab JboweTtr, is uncei Itlcttlartof herlife lahenuurriedCaptai land in the same Inorel, "Theresa I ■rapid and prolific t ■about 200 volumes. IcleTer pictures of liparkle with wit, ■not a single dull pSi {poems and plays, d Reckoned " Cecil," "TbeHamiltons." iritb a large family bater succeeded to a no less celebrated fo pocial qualities than buring her last year ^ied in retirement a n Hampihire, 29tb J GOKE, CHHISTOr ptatc of Mastfchusei 1 1798, his father bei here. In 1789, "Was (lie first United Stat( rict of Massachuset lelectcd by the prcsic he celebrated WJllii he American claim bollationg. In this ps wonted energy an< Iroperty to a very pllow-citisens. In It un as chargi d'affair be American minister n 1809 he was chosei busetts, but retained pe year. In 1814, 1 Mate of the Union, a pity for three years ; Niblicaffaira, and died |M a good scholar, ai powledge of the wo ■ere set off to the be pe person and gracefu [00BGIA8, a oelebra 1 Mrn at leontinl, when he was nei I was sent ambassadoi tatorlcal displays so fa «t he waa Induced to £ Bin Greece, and chicfl' rerypopniartep.clicrof' pungnished pupils, and pdialoguea after him. ( pteUfo, retained his 1 MfRTON, John, an i ■Mrateur, known as am "Taplucal Dictionary; Dictionary of Qre, both of which en plwity. The former cr.r "'!' y*"» 1828-3 ■™«r enlarged and re [gob ::j;r! tea 10 reurement at Linwood, . ii Hampihire, 29tb January, 1861. I GORE, CHEI8T0PHEU, govemor of the Btatc of Maswohusetts, was born at Boston In 17S8,hi9 father being an opulent mechanic Iherc. In 1789, WaBhington appointed him Uie first United States' attorney for the dis- ffict of Massachusetts ; and in 1796 he was elected by the president as the colleague of Je celebrated William Plukney, to settle inc American claims upon England for DOlmtiODS. In thia nituatU.n h» o«-»„..> howefer, is uncertain, and very lew par- in ms.cam^u>Y,^«Afi ^"^^^^^^^^Mrn tlculars of her life are ascertained. In 1823 tlllervin th^ wi-v ?°"*'^ "" "^ o^cer of ar- ihemarried Captain Gore,of the LlfeGuard., in 1828 1820 1^ ♦l^®^'V^"*«''»«nd Turkey and In the same year published her first against Pninr. hi?-. suMequont campaign Inorel, "Theresa Marchmont." She was a and had 70 eSns IT"!:?"'*'^'' '"e artillery, .rapid and prpllflc writer, and her works fill tie of OstroleSka t„' ^,b.2'1"» *» *"« bat- about 200 Tolumes. Monof her norelB are military iove^^^^^ ^^ ^«'' named clerer pictures of fashionable life ; they he visited lonTn S ^""a^- ; and in 1852 sparkle with wit, and ore said to contain army at tho ?^n^? Jo represent the Russian not a single duU page. She wrote also some to^^inthof^?Z'\^ °^ *'"' *'"'"' «' Welling boemi and plays. Among her best tales are to commnr,/ » i^ "^ ^^^"^ ^^ ^'a* appointed Reckoned "CecU." "Mrs Armytage," and the Kh,L'iV'''?'y/"'' "'c occupitlon of The Hamlltons." She was left I widow casion?oth"r^l'^^^^*"'**'' '"^''^^^^^^^ with a large family In 1846 and a few yearT dfstl,rg^Ued himse?? Zf " ^^ ^^atVar he later succeeded to a large fortune. She was than lnthPdafl^^/*S^ """"e on the field no less celebrated for her wit and brilliant 8ab?eauontiv„«rf "^ Sebastopol. He was locial qualities than for her literary works! and IS this ^offlTi"„*^H.'^.°^"''"<>' "'Poland! Bufing her last years she was blind, and she 30, 1861 aLed fi " ^^^^ ** Warsaw, May led in retirement at Linwood, Lyndhurst bnssiVn ?, , H«™«M« «,.H .T„n„„„ ,<.i, ""». I Pr?n° h'SicaYcSse?'^'"l,«° '""'""'t and died at Passy in'^^^/c ' «1* •"""" '" J?33 ; hinforMirabe^ar^^""' ""'^ '""^ '""^'al foliation,. In this situ''a«on''h!'?v1nc^ed | an mSVp^in^t^''^'^ Francois Joskph lis wonted energy and talent, and recoyered In th^Kfr^ °^'* Keographerl bom at Llll" "•operty to a very great amount for his In a fnT;,*^^'^^"''^?*''" 17«1- He was enVac .ri ?:."»"'T:. ^i? ^''' ^' ""^ !«'« 1 "l-on. ind maSe''Z"n*'> ^^^^v.^' '■°' several fe^rs nascW"^'1 'i! '^^ ^arlepmnient" r;i5?c?^'*t- Died, mo ^^' """^ '"''^^ ,u^ -- ,.«. «.8.w, and was .nh.«- I ' £?v'S°»"J«rt', Clvills" -'^ "" '''""°° **' ''«' ™ - B„„u avnuiUT, anu Had an exreliem iowledge of the world; which aualitlM tf «' off to the best advantagrbv his te"?5r'* ^'rj"' "manners *' ""^ ^^' |OOBG1A8, a celebrated Greek sonhist "i*™" Ieontlni,ln Sicily, about B^; , When he was nearly eo Venn. nV »»» ? was sent ambassador to Athens and hit fe^-UfPlays 80 fa8cintted?he peojle ^ he was Induced to spend the rest of h« bhi Greece, and chiefly at Athens w-\^f IShiT' *"* '"iMtrloringUsh P'arity ne^'lt^^'SL^* considerable ^_^:^^^^^^p^^^^XTj^^zv;in '' H I s i 44^i- -J r . H -.'.icr 403 got] "U i^eb) Bnii)«rsal ISfogYapft^. 1580. As 80on as hn had finished his studies, he went to I'aris ; whero he conformed to the Romish rcliKiou.and applied with indcfatig- ablo industry to the study of history. In 1632, Louis XIII. made him one of his historio- graphers, with a stipend of 3000 livres ; and, in 1636, he was sent to Cologne, and subse- quently to Munstcr, to assist at the treaty of pence negotiating there. He died in 1649. His works are numerous, and among them is the first edition o( the " Ceremonial of France." OOTHOFREDU8, JACQUES GODEFROY, brother of the preceding, nn eminent Genc- vcsc statesman and jurist, was born in 1587. He became professor of law and councillor of state at Geneva, was several times Syndic of the republic, and was charged also with several diplomatic missions. His great work is the " Codnx Theodosianus cum perpetuis notis," in 6 vols, folio. It occupied him for 30 years, and appeared in 1665. It is one of the works to which Gibbon acknowledges his obligations in the preparation of his " Dccline.and Fall of the Ilomnn Empire." Among the other works of this laborious sohclrir are— " Fonies quatuor Juris Civilis," " Lc Mercure Jesuite," &c. Died at Geneva, 1652. C0TH0FREDU8, DENIS GODEFROY, son of Theodore, was born at Paris, in 1615. He studied history, after his father's example ; became as eminent, am! itained the rever- sion of his father's place of historiographer royal, fVom Louis XIII., when he was but 25 years of age. He published new editions of the Mtmolrs of Philippe de Commines.of the " Ceremonial of Franco," and of Jaligny's history of Charles VIII. Died, in 1681. G0T8CHALK, a German monk of the Benedictine order, who in the first half of the 9th century attracted attention by his speculations on predestination. His doctrine was condemned by the council of Mentz in 818, and he was sent for final judgment to Hincmar, archbishop of Rhcims,who had him in the following year condemned, flogged, and imprisoned at Hautvilliers, and his writings burnt. He lingered 20 years in his prison, and died there in 868. A Life of this monk was written by Archbishop Ussher. GOTTSCHED, JOHANN CHRISTOPH, Ger- man miscellaneous writer, was born at Ko- nigsberg, in 1700; and is considered to have contributed towards the reformation of German litcratuTC. He was successively professor of the belles-lettres, philosophy, metaphysics, and poetry, in the university of Lcipsic ; and died in 17C6. He was as- sisted in his dramatic writings by his wife, a woman of splendid talents. GOUGH, lliciiARD, an eminent antiquary and top^ifrapher, the son of a London mer- chant, was born in 1736. He received a pri- vate education, and at the age of 11 years translated from the French, a " History of the Bible." In 1752, Mr Gough became a student of Benet College, Cambridge ; but antiquities were his favourite study, and he left the university without taking a degree, and devoted thert !it of his life to antiquarian researches. Besides many Daners in the Archaeoiogia, the Bibliothecaldpographica, and the Oentleman't Magazine, be published ~ - [goz " Anecdotes of British Topograiihv ■- oTTl 4to ; " The Sepulchral MoSumeSuif «"'' Britain," 2 vols, folio j an Sed L^,?' of Camden's Britannia, &c. Died I«m """i GOUJON, JEAN, a French m!u^,J architect of the 16th century, who be'nt^i Protestant, fell in the massacre of St bV I tholomew, 1672. He designed the RneZlr of the old Louvro,and other works wStJi procured him the titleof the FrcnchPhWi^. GOUVION ST CYR, General uSvt Marquis de, an eminent French conimandp;'' commenced his military career dnrinl tt:! revolution. In the cnmpniRn on the iihin.fl in 1795, he repeatedly distinguished him.PiT and in the following year he Zractrd^^l attention of Moreau, who hesitated „nt. 1 attribute to his skill and bravery Ic,^ I the success which attended the French n™, ' He was afterwards Intrusted wuS^'cZli dplomatic missions ; and when these wchI discharged, he returned to the camn and inj 1800 commanded the centre of the irTr f the Rhine In 1804 he was made co,Z3 general of the cuirassiers, and grand offlw I of the Legion of Honour. He continued to I pursue a successful career durini? the follow I Ing campaigns in Italy and Qermanv- and when the French first invadoH Spamliewul employed in Catalonia, whe.e he also dh played considerable ability. In the AmUm* campaign of Buonaparte in Russia, he suc- ceeded Marshal Oudinot in the commaBd of the central army ; and for his services on ' that occasion he was promoted to the rink of marshal. He behaved with great juifi ment and bravery at the battle of Dresden and was left there with a garrison of 16,000 men ; but succeeding events rendered ilim. possible for him to maintain the place. On the restoration of the Bourbons he wsi created a peer, and made a commandcrof the order of St Louis. In 1817 he was ip. pointed minister for naval affairs, and he subsequenUy filled the highest office in the war department. Died, 1830. GOWER, John, an English poet of the 14th century, supposed to have been bom in Yorkshire, about 1320. He was a member of ] the society of the Inner Temple; and some ; writers assert that he became chief justiccot; the Common Pleas; though the more gen^il ral opinion is, that the judge was aaoilier I person of the same name. He died in HO!, and was buried in the conventual church oil St Mary Overy, South wark, to which he fuil a benefactor, and where his tomb is still to| be seen. He was the friend of Chaucer, biil| far enough flrom rivalling him as a poet. Ee| wrote three poems, entitled" Speculum Me-I ditantis," " Vox Clamantis," and "ConfesiioB Amantis." The last only is in English, arnlf has been printed. The first is inNornur French and the second in latin. GOYEN, Jan van, a painter of Ml scapes, cattle, and sea-pieces, was bom ill Leyden, in 1596 ; and was the pupil of ViiJ dervelde. He possessed great facilit]r in at-l cution, and his works are conieiineiilrl numerous, but such as arc finished ud r^| main undamaged are highly valued. Diel,l 1666. I OOZZI, Gaspare, Count, Italian litie*! tenr, bom at Venice in 1715. He stirtedii| , ^ i^eto Bnibmal i8tocr'rnn r,». life with a fair fortune, but from Indolence I and crltiP w.TT : ^^^ IDd ncjriect lost it, and he had to write for Prugali 'iJIf ' *'*ir" '" 16C6, at Konlirgbor^" bread. His papers f..rmin(r the " Osservatore lam hi w«?^^* '\\''^?^^^^'=e8werof i) 5" , tontol'. Talcs, Popes Essay on Man. &c. slre^al vainn'M ^°** "'ders.and published ' OOZZI, CARLO. Count, Italian dramatic the celebr«fl!i\ Tiberius Sempronius riter. was brother of Count Gaspare, and was hnm Ik ^°"""» tribune and reformp/ -^^^^J}!;^^.^^ llterary'suc' | e^d"lst's°o'n o?aU,^u, '^r\ "« ^" t^o' and of Cornelia dWffiJL^ V^f ^"'"e "ame. "u» ; and ToVinJi his fath«r°//*='P'o Africa- was brought up bv hi, „„i f* "" *"'y «Ke. ■ mil, noo Uiuuiri .. -f'"c, «m fM born about 1718. His first literary sue- less was acliicved in 1701, when ho produced lis dramatic piece entitled " The Love of Ihc Tliree Oranges." In purpose it was lolemlcal | an attack on the popular Goldonl i\d the regular comedies after the French hodcl. And In form It is a fairy tale dra- liatized. It was written to be represented ySacchi and his company of national masks 'hn wiV t'.e f^fih'fu^ crfcctly successful, and was fol- itrD0Dull«„n''.?''*'^ '" ^'^^ «tate of Itafv and I scries of other i.nmn/,oif)«..- .* V_ .P°P"'at>on,he resfilv«H ♦« j...!. '?V ""a Hb 0UUIC viuvo, aiiiuil(( J -.-.^j me Lady Serpent," " Zobeide," "fhe Treen Uird," &c. Gozzi was for some time J earnest and formidable rival of Ooldoni « theatrical orthodoxy was too much for Jm, and he gave up his " Fables," as thev •ere called, for regular plays. He took no Imuneration for his fairy plays. They do »t appear to have been ever represented on Bier tlicatres than those of Venicc.and the btc lor them seems to have been merely e.s'.r^*'', '"'",' '"*«''"''"■' »'«n received Bth enthusiasm in Germany, and some of b„/ !""Tf' *.''■. ^,«''"'" translated "Tu- odot." Tleck Imitated the " Fables "of .a.„»,u.,. »"'"iv "uni lu ciiaracter it evils Whir.!, i,,.*^' /"°^*« ov tlie friehtrni as also perfectly successful, and was fol- its DODulat^nn".?''*'^ '" ^'^^ «tate of Itafv and wed by a scries of other compositions of to fhn'^^».°^''*' 'evolved to devotPhiL^i,, ke same class: among them, " The Raven " {V,^nt,'"^ ?' "'°'n». and esSifv t!^!^" The I^dy serpent," " Zobeide," "Th'e ironriitn", °' "«"''*'''« «'««» of s3,y,*«>„, h« reenUird,"&c. Go.zi was for «„'„„ «J!! I f^nf To "lV"*''f "^ »•» the""off!,'} and'at thel J instance O.V/v?' *"'""' '»»d". tribunes, interpowdhl.vir^"'!.'"'*' °' the its passing iiitriaw T^f'" ""'' Prevented r ,"'*r.^?"''" «' Go^^t's fairy piav^ i?n^„ '"""■• ,"« «'«» ^^oxilTt ft?w«d'«v.°"? i Ith 8 short b ograohv I)vAinhnn.„T;^»M"''a*u«"es of reform whiohi;,; ^ " several »Jo«t appeared. ^S^'f'^'P''°'"'««oyer, carried by his brX?cai^. ^n"''?*'.'^'"'""^ ' reformlr was killed with wP^"'*'®'.'""* the fcerents. Hi2 body wkh ^Tt'"''' *" "*» »«- into the Tiber leave hnll •'7 "^^ *''™wn I to bury It. ' " ''•''"« '"'^'"'ed to Calus '»ryinthe CamnoR,'^..l?."J»?ent brother's death hriivL^^^^^^^^^ '^"«' >"* n. C. 12G whBT, i,» *° retirement till 8ardliL: ""t^o ?car7lal^r"*d.? ''"*.'',*°' *" order of the Rpn«7» Mv ' ^'»'egarding an 409 r--", "«» uorn ai I'Jorence in 1424 wl ^repainted, in the style of An^Pliri' '"*' Eel onSelicrtecV'iV^^^V V''? ^ frescos he paintortm^'^ the progress of E'«UcknowledCen?^n?L'''*'"P*«t""«- h "7 the pT anf ?„ "^T bv tT^^^S* ^'" ftewtcd for him i ?{,^r!^® '^*? *" « Ifu still 11-:-- ' ' ">e Camno Han»" fe Two' example"; fOn','",!" '•"'""•'T.' I""*! Gallery Gozzoli are In the li.: QKJIi] ^ ^m ^Kniberisal ISfograpi)^. provinces ; proTided for V.e sale of com at a low price; deprived the Senate of their Judicial power ; and had new roads made and old ones restored in all parts of Italy. These measures are called the Sempronian laws. Caius was re-elected tribune for 122, and at once proposed a wide extension of* the Roman franchise. To diminish his popnlarity the Senate employed Livius Dru- Bus to outbid him for popular favour. At the same time Caius was sent, with his chief supporter Flaccus, to Carthage, to establish the new colony there. He was not again chosen tribune, and a meeting of the Senate was called xo revoke one of his laws. The irritation was immense, the friends of Gracchus were armed, blood was shed, the great reformer was declared a public enemy, and in the combat which took p'oce next day three thousand are said to have fallen, and Gracchus had his slave put him to death. Cornelia survived her sons many years, living in retirement at Misenura. QRJEVIU8, or JOHAKN GEOBQ GR.JEFB, a learned classical scholar, horn at Naumburg, Saxony, in 1632. His avidity for study in his early years was astonishing. He succeeded Gronovius in the professorship of history at Deventer, and removed from thence to Utrecht, where he died in 1703. He published editions of several of the class- ics; but his greatest works are his "The- saurus Antiquitatum Roroanarum," 12 vols, folio, and " Thesaurus Antiquitatum et His- toriarum ItaUoe," 45 vols, folio. GRAFTON, AUGUSTUS HENRY FITZROT, Duke of, was born in 1738 ; succeeded his grandfather in the family honours in 1757 ; and in 1765 was appointed sccretarv of state ; but the year following he relinquished that station, and soon after became first lord of the treasury, which he held, till 1770. During his administration, he was virulently at- tacked by Junius, who seems to have been actuated quite as much by personal enmity as by political hostility. In 1771 the duke was nominated lord privy seal, which office he resigned in 177S, and acted in opposition to the court till 1782, when he was again in office for a short time. After this, he was uniformly an opponent of ministers, till bis death. He was the author of a volume of theological essays, &c. Died, 1811. GRAFTON, KICHARD, an English histo- rian, who carried on an extensive business in London as a printer, in the 16th century. He continued and reprinted " Hall's Chroni- cle," and also produced another, entitled " A Chronicle at large, of the Affayres of Eng- land from the Creation of the Worlde unto Queene Elizabeth." Grafton's Chronicle was republished, in 2 vols. 4to, in 1809. GRAHAM, GROROK, an ingenious watch- maker and mechanician, was born at Kirk- lington, Cumberland, in 1675. He came to London, and lived with Tompion the watch- maker, whom he succeeded in business, but far excelled in scientiflc attainments. He invented various astronomical instruments, by which the progress of science was con- the observatory of Greenwich was made for Dr Halley, under his inspection, and divided 40ft by his own hand. He invent' with which Dr Bradley discover, th. v nomena of aberration and nutotim '«' famished the members of the Sh ,* demy, who were sent to the north to «... * a degree of the meridian, with ft«"it^ ments for that purpose ; and he co.^;' the model fi-om which all succeedlS?'*^ rles have been formed. Onhm Jl^^Z'^ GRAHAM, Sir JAMES Robert OeohmI the second baronet, and the descenZf 51 an ancient ScotUsh family, waslJira^li toerby Juno 1. 1792, and was edn" M Westminster School, and afterwlrt. .1 Queen's CoUege Cambridge. WfaKj ' ling abroad he became private secreteJl .. Lord Montgomerie, British Ste^u ^*fill' •^"l*°,» whose illness hetookonhto self the whole work of the mission Sai defatlgable was he in this office ttatiJJi' William Bentlnck on his return reSniSJi him to retain the post. At the^loTo?,ff war he returned to England, and, arte . severe struggle, was elected member of Mr llament for HuU. pledging himself to"?;; I side of Paxliamentary Reform andtlienp pression of the slave trade, loslne hiiZ J!" ?"ll^''„'?'^"'^v'' ''«£ r« afterwardS ber for Carlisle, when his pamphlet on "Con and Currency," advocating the free Inipon. ation of corn, with a moderate protectin duty, bvought him promhently into sotiet He had a seat in the cabinet in the Mm ministry of Lord Grey, and lubsequentlt became first lord of the Admiralty W- ing seceded fl-om the Whigs in 1834,he Join- ed the party of Sir Robert Peel, whon- ceived from him the most effectiTeandtlo- rough-going support. He was not, howtTo, a popular man. Strong disapprobation fu expressed on the opening of certain lettenij the General Post Office, which Sir JamesOn- ham Judged to be necessary ; and in Scodul he was regarded with much dislike for biij method of dealing with the Kivk dnringtkt period which ended in the great dismptioi of 1843. After Sir Robert ?eel'« death, tei withdrew gradually from more prominent and laborious posts; but, although not ii office, he exhibited an undiminished zol li his attendance on parliamentary bniinia, taking an especial interest in the flnandil debates of the session. It was said tlut whenever he opened his month in the Eoui, it was worth fifty votes ; and clthou;!) ki was not bom to sway an assembly or tohetlj a government, his support was alwayiod greatest moment, while his oratory, aided his striking personal appearance, was effective. Without the power, or at the courage, to fill the first place, he ra formidable opponent or a most tiIbi" helper to any government. During the eighteen months of his life he wasatt* by constantly recurring spasms of the bi which, however, yielded to treatment ml two or three days before his death. Hedir i.l«U 1.1* A.«,.1«tn« . mtttttA *n thalABt.d the 25th of October, 1861, in the"0thjeu4 bis age. A "Life of Sir James Gnbinl has been sine Torrens. GRAHAM, panlon and f( Wallace. He: July 33, 1398. GRAHAM, count Dundee, courage and pr and profane, of rate heart," w Scottish race i globe, is mentic hatred," was b arms commence Itance ; he subi service ; and oi 1677, he was noi a regiment of \ agaiuit the Co^ command in the the privy council the cause of Jam and was finally r title of Viscount: crankie, in the Among many cm nous80Tereign,h( by his barbarity, i Tiable notoriety ii cal tradition. It many of the storii gerated. He is the gyricbyPitcaime best of Scots." I OHAHAM, Sir"] 'll Preston, was bon I ambassador by Ci I and was master of tary of state undt revolution took p condemned, on an i the restoration of i tLf queen's interct He spent the remt tirement, and publJ tionofBoethiuson loiophy. Died, 169i GBAHAME, JAM bora, in 1785, at OIi the university of thi the law, but relinqt for clerical ; and dj Sedgefield, near Di mostly of a religions pal piece is" The Sa OEAINGER, JA3 flan, was born at : 1723. After serving at Edinburgh, he bee geon in the English i on the restoration of 1 as a physician in Ion lie principally supper for the press. An " i lished in Dodsley's co Wm reputation ; and Shenstone and Dr Pe llshedhisElegiesofTi Uminapaperwarwi »ent to the West Ii iwnself as a med'oal i jiiWofSt Ohristophi aildehlspen. Hew gba] bai been ilnce published, by T. M'Cullagh Torren*. GRAHAM, Sir JOHN,' tbe folthfUl com- panion and fellow-patriot of Sir William Wallace. He fell at tbe battle of falkirlc Jul7 23, 1298. GRAHAM, JOHN, of OaTerhoose, Via- count Dundee, " a soldier of distinguished coarage and professional skill, but rapacious and profane, of violent temper, and of obdu- rate heart," whose name, "whererer the Scottish race is settled on the face of the globe, is mentioned with peculiar energy of hatred," was bom in 1660. His career in « iSeto anflxraal IStograpi^p. hatred," was bom m loou. iiis career in arms commenced as a soldier of fortune in Itance ; he subsequently entered the Dutch lerrice ; and on his return to Scotland, in 1677, he was nominated to the command of a regiment of horse that had been raised against the Covenanters. He obtained a command in the Horse-guards, and a seat in the privy council of Scotland. He supported thecaoae of James II. against William III., and was finally raised to the peerage by the title of Viscount Dundee. Killed at Killie- crankie, in the hour of victory, in 1689. Among many cmel instruments of a tyran- nous 80Tereign,he made himself conspicuous by his barbarity, and has obtained an unen- Wablc notoriety in history, romance, and lo- cal tradition. It is probable, however, that many of the stories of his cruelty are exag- gerated. He hthe subject of a glowing pane- gyric by Pitcaime, who calls Mm " last and best of Scots." I GRAHAM, Sir"RiCHAPD, Lord Viscount I Preston, was bom .in 1648. He was sent I ambassador by Charles II. to Louis XIV and was master of the wardrobe and secre ' tary of state under James II. When the revolution took place, he was tried and condemned, on an accusation of attemntinff tlie restoration of that prince, but, through I a? queen's intercession, he was pardoned. He spent the remainder of his days in re- tirement, and publislied an elegant transla- tion of Boethius on the Consolations of Phi- losophy. Died, 1696. » "i x-ni K °^^;tH^' ^^^^' a Scottish poet, was .Tn'n'L"'',^'''*,^!'"'*^' ""^ educated at the university of that city. He was bred to the law but relinquished forensic pursuits I for clerical; and died in 1811, ouraleof leld, near Durham. His poetry is ■"77 °^* ""^lons character. His prhicl- pal piece Is " The Sabbath." Prmci- OEAINGER, JAMES, poet and physi- 23' Aft.?«" ?* ^Ji"*«' 1" Sco?la?d,'^in liV-*'hrh'lKierrX^nK? geon in the English army in Gemany • bu; entitled 1767. BBSfb'5K?'aceiebr^S'°r' ^H^"- 1 the Second's court w«thP^„«^',°f ^''"les duke of GrainmoDt 4 Jr^ "on of Anthony, ' «myunde™a°i„/-^„«/^«"/^8 In t/e Bngland;in the eariv n««5®.'J*^ <'"'"« *<> ; Ch^lea 11.. with whlL''^*'* °',.*^^ 'p'^i of mistresses 'he becrmea'«P«75" " V^ ^^<> married the daughtw MS*«f ''°"''^«- ^^ ton. fourth fcon of the earl „f ®*\"*® ^»""- died in 1707. He la d-S^rtv"^ '^*"''°™. «»><» with a great turn for «?i^tli' l«»»essing, politeness, and Sod'nf?ure *?.;t"l'«='' ''«; written by his brotho; S ?-™*™?'" ^^^^ usually ciled Count H;°"m'*'' -^thony, with honour dSrinLtW»',*°i commanded Germany AftJr fill L-^*''"'"^«'*" tired to nrivatfHfc^ ^^^^f "' ^'^S. he re- ranks VhItS|"'!^5/"««yl'e,ovei by ,U1 aged 60. "«*ny virtues. He died in 1770, of °£tSS'^^io^e^^tt'^i' r«^« «»<» canon Prancrin 'thl inh c2Sl?f.' ^""^ disgraced BouvSre, near 8«W4 n 'y* ^^^ ^'om at living of Lo"don?he bSm°e''^^*"» *,^« as a preacher, that the envv nf°i,.^°P"''»'" was excited against Mm ?7 "' the monks cused of InconttnencT^nthfiJr*" **".* "C" cause of their vlaftt?in5 ^l*i?, ''**"« the 18, 1634. * *^' "ndhumt alive, April History of Eigfand -Mn aVI^ flo^'apWcal a native of BerkshlW^rtJf.'''- 2^^. »" ^as tlon at Christehurch bxforli'T'^-.''*' ^'^^ca- ^'af»oA°byr» G,?S^Jf^iaKa?'a"S^,"*"'^»»««» Mrs Whose maidefnJie w"s M v,"!""" ^^l'^'' in Glasgow, 1766 Sir eartv^^L^" ''°™ passed IE America whither hZ. l^i" ^«" held a commiLioS to Thotti.h aJ;!!-' V^ removed with the lnfon»fi- -""y'*""^ there .• but retu™|d^o 8?ot?and' «*„!,"""« wllh thi Re"' j'aS«'^?'S'' l4"^'"<' .,...,.,r.., _ ! -ri-i-JIl !"-!!'!-Ca 5UC- Bhei producedhV"S-^-„%Rs,Jon^.n; •••;& K- ^ ora] % £LttJi ^nibersal 13{ograplbl>. (which have been often reprinted), " Me- moirs of an American Lady," " Essays on the Superstitions of the ItiKhlanders of Scot- land," &c. Nearly the last 30 years of her life were spent in Edinburgh, where she numbered among her friends Sir 'Walter Scott, Lord Jeffrey, Henry Mackenzie, ond all the Scotch "notables" of the day; and where her Christian re«"- which he admirably MmmpiliTK^ schemes, ^mr to matu?r So s^w » ' ^^^^ '^*"*'"' li»l>, that it wasTot nn ti m? T«^'.*°.-P"^- on a distant Prospect of Eton r«^f* •*'" 0<^e 'f appearance , and U was on I'f '"'"'« kwnce of the printing of o.^ ^" <=<">se- MP7,that,in m\hnLu,, ? "^'^weptitious &c. ; his correspondence ifnL"j;?'*'''^""-e. our best epistolary wrlfnr.'^'"'^*.'"'" 8»«ong posthumous piS nff rT.( ""i' •*""« "'hi* found and vE'AS P™"' <>' "'" P™' 1« energetic and hnr^. ■ "• ^* « Poet. he thougl^e w?hL'v^b?en"ra;elV"l','' "'» '^""' passed. Died 1771 V"'^' *' «ver, sur- passed through numerous''ed ?.„«'°''" '"'v« I have been written hvw '""."*; '"cmolrs others, and a careful^ten' ^^^^P''^' «"" spondcnce witi Mn.nn i°" **' '"'* Corre- MrMitfordlni85i!''*°" **" Published by | sJcffi^w^Kj^'noMAs^n eminent mu- •hire, in 17/58. He was » n.?^ i"*,"'^ ' '^•""by- ana ho afterwards went ,W ?fl>r Cooke; studied vocal mu,irundnr"fl'^'.^''"« "« I nomo ; and having v^sitS uT""":^"' »* c'tiesof Italy, Oermanv sliV ° .'""'"cipal Jhe^etherlnids, heret^;„^J^V'''^'""''' »" ""»- 1 In 1602; educated at Halioirn'iT'""''' ««"**. and chosen professor of l«""f»^' Oxford ham College. In mo ^^T^^^^ "* ^^^' I-eyden, where he studied tx"^*** T^"* »<> I fwapunderOolius" afti^.'^J^^A™'''*' 'an- led into the Levant to n.fr.?!'"'''* ^"^ t'^vc'- for Archbishop Laud h» „, "'"',")"''"''«^'-'Pt« I and made a survey or t^l ^° ^'*"«'^ Wpt. 18f 0, returned to Lgland^^'h^'i' ' ""^ Prived of his Gresham n^^r''*'" *"* ^"^ .C.L. , gulshed af the disciple ami"? f"™ "^'o"": Coleridge, was born in 179^ Interpreter of three years in Germany h..;^"®'' s^ndying acquired the fondness^'for '"*.'^*''*=1» J"* speculation which never leff .".'"toPhys'cal the medical profession nni^ '"' ^« ^^^o^ to his uncle. Mr ciive a "em^ "PP'^nticed «":J:",« P««ed thrho"sni?^i"«.Ilt ?«r?eon. _;^=,«i:acomiJiencedi)racHeMii V^'J^^- ^'^ » the post of demonstr»V".l?-^«"^«n, I nria«*w obie] -9, i^b) anibctsal ISiogropI)!}. [gri year he mado acqualntnnco with TIcck, then In London, and ^.-nt hufitlly to «or1 " to iwdy phll«.«rhT under. solgcr. "I» ^ «"*. Ship with Cold Idge hud bOKun at enrly oa ml and year by year he arcw more ffti- elnaUd by the Influence of tVmt fine thinker and c'oquent talker. Till Oolorldgoa diMith ho wa« hi» almost dally companion, and «ldo hS Ildc with hla arduous profeitlonal work wUlW.e;uh«.l«..lc».udvofphUo^ophy with hla beloved •""»<*"■• '»,",^L";"1° wna aDDolnti'd surgeon to 8t Thomat «, ZfeMor of an-itom? at tho College of Sur- ttoon» In 1824, and at tho Royal Academy In 182 " Hi» pxtraonllnnry nblHty as lecturer 1* tcstlCed by Vrofosior Owen, who waa among hla hearora. In mo ho became pro- feror"of .urgery at King". C«»^8«. ^°f X' wna five yeart lat.'r chosen member of tho codnoll of the College of Surgeona ; wftB Hunterlnn orator In 1S40 nnd 1847. and pro- ,"dont of the college In 184.. «nd 1888. ^ub- 'rnuontly ho wns naniod pn-sldrnt of the Council of Medical Kducatlon and Reglstra tlon But meanwhile, Coleridge having died m 1834, Oreen, named his "terary cxe^ cutor, retired from practice and from hla Sat Klng-a College In 1838, and apen to rest of his life in studious seclusion nt The Mount, Hadloy. After more than twenty rcarTof preparatory studies, of the widest Jml most'^ dlverslfled character,-8tudylng ?tebrew at sixty, nnd Banscrit still latcr,-- " as he neared seventy years of ngOj says a writer In the Saturduv Revttw, with a mind as vigorous as ever, ond with on eye i ill as cloudless as a child's, he undertook the building of the monument for which ho had been so^ong collecting tV« 7»t«rif (." This work, the product of a life, is entitled " Spiritual Phflosophy ; founded on the Teaching of the lotc Samue Toylor Cole- ridee •• and was published in November, 1865. ' Green lived to complete it, but not to see it through tho press, and it was edited by his friend Mr Simon, who prefixed to it a charming memoir of the author The same " serenity of faith and atrcngth '• which eharacterlEed the life of this Christian phi- fosopher marked his death, which took place December 13, 1863. ,„K,„t.^ «n GREEN, VALKNTINK, a celcbroted en- graver in meiiaoUnto, was a native of War- Tvickshirc, and intended for the legal pro- fession ; but he left it for tho art in which he aftwwarda excelled. He settled in Lon- don m 1766 ; was keeper of the Royal Insti- tution, and associate of the Royal Academy j and produced many fine engrayi«.g9 from Reynolds. West, the I^"««^l^°'^0^'lf^i,^J- He was also known as the author of a His- tory of Worcester," and some other works. GREENE, ROBERT, a humorous poet In the reign of EUaabeth, was born at Nor- wich, or Ipswich, about 1560. ^e was edu- cated at St John's College, Cambridge ; and after making "the grand tour," it is sad that he took ordera. But he disgraced his profession by a life of libertinism, and died _» . ....fi>it «n lAfl?. He wrote Arc pmjo, and varlous'sketches in prose ; among which iaone with the quaint title of "A Groats Worth of Wit bought with a MUiion of Re- 410 pentanco." A valuable edition of til th« poetical worki of Greene hat been publliheit by Mr Dyce. GRBHNB, Dr MAVRICI, a musical com- poser, was a native of London, and broaght up In the choir of 8t Paul'a, of which ht became organist In 1718. He wot aflenrirdi appointed to the tame situation in the chapel royal ; and, In 1780, waa choien profeuor of mutic in tho unlTcralty of Cambridge, from which he had prcvlouily obtained lili muii- oal degree. Besldet hit anthcmt, which src mueh esteemed, he produced several e««l- lent catches, duets, Ac. Died, 17»». OREENFIBLl), Wli-UAM, an oriental Bcholar and linguist, was editor of the " Oomprohenslve Bible," and mode mtny valuable translations of the HiMo into Bait- ern dlalecU. Hit literary arqnlrementi were made under great difflcultlrt.and while purtulng his dally occupotlon of a book- binder. Ho died In 1832, In conieqnence, It Is taid, of neologlcal sentiments being attri- buted to him during tho TrlnitBrlon con- trovcrty. ORBENOUOH, HORATIO, an American tculptor, waa a native of Boston, U. 8. He was born in 1803, ond after completing hli education, went to study sculpture atKomo. He afterwards visited Porla. and then ict tied at Florence. He t :ccuted, under a government commission, a colosul statue of Washington, and a large group entitled " Tho Rescue." He also made many por trait-busts, among them one of Lafliyette, and numerous monuments. Died In America at the close of 1852. GREENVILLE. [GRANVILLE.] OREOORIO, R09ARI0, a Sicilian hli- torlan and orohnologltt, was bom at Paler- mo in 1753. He entered th3 church, and became canon of the cathedrol of Palermo; wot alto professor of diplomacy at the uni versity,and held various government olBces. He spent his life chiefly in studious retire ment, ond aimed at the illustration of the history and antiquities of his native conn try. He edited collections of Arabic and other early historical writings on Sicily; and wrote on Introduction to the Study of Sicilian Law ; Considerations on the His tory of Sicily, and other works. Died, 180 . GREOORV I., Popo.sumamed the Great, was bom of a noble ftimUy at Borne. alKjut the year M4. He discovered such sbUltlei as a senator, that the Emperor Justinusap pointed him prefect of Rome j after whichhe embraced the monastic life, In a socle J founded by himself. Pope Pelagiue II. sent him as nuncio to Constantinople, and on hii return made him apostolical secreary. He was elected successor to that poatlff m 690, and, among other Instances of hla leal.we may mention that of his being the mean t converting the Anglo-Saxons to ChrUtUni , by sending over some monks nnder the d' rectionof StAugustln. fope Gregory w. pious and charitable, had lofty notion, o the papal auth.^rity, was a reformer of tt clericia discipline, and after W' «"'\'' canonlaed, He.ls, howeve_r,__accu.ed^bam miUUtude of the works i^af «lf """- lest the attention to heathen Uterature (HiRJ should super tiastlcal stud comprised In OBKOOIfV monk Ilil.DK of Tuscnny. clllor of I-eo popes, snd 01 was elected t tilncd conflrn Emperor Hei piled himself: grossest evils the llccntlou view, howeve cublnagc was the emperor i latter without a council by prelates to rcc and this was til the emperors, Henry .disregai summoned to Worms, and pr( pope. Tothii the deposition tlon of anottaei now promised winter of 1077 to Italy. The] nosM, nnd ther king of Qerma gate, horeceiT The terms Impt and he soon br< ' dolph And defct in Onlbert, an the title of Cic unsuccessful ntl had himself cr pope, and besici The pope was retiring to SaU haughty, inflexl cstaollsh the su] not only all cl sorerelgntles. OREOOBY I native of Campi Innocent III. ] and cardinal, an rlnsIII. His CO niflcencc any w the ceremony lai clpal events of Tarlous Incident great Emperor I peatedly excom subjects from the ing a crusade agi levied a tithe on towards the expe erick. Heestabl Inquisition at T eiclted by his ha at Rome in 1234, city, to which h: years. 8t Antho; and St Elliabetl gory IX. Died i age. GREGORY XI Bologna, and sui 1] (HiRJ •hiiuld inpcripdo tho monkish and ocole- tlimtlcAl itudlps of tho oge. Hit worki are romprlird In 4 Toll. Pied. 804. OBEOOKY VII., Vope.int known ai the monk Hii.DKBRANi), of Clunv, wbb a natiro of Tuwnny. llo wn» tho friond and oonn- cillor of I08c a'n» was to establish the supremacy of the papacy over meZ£. "'"'='"'' '"' **" '"^^''''' JAP ^^V ^°P«' Ugolino, was a innZnfT*?T'"''??'''i''"<* " near relation of Innocent III. He became bishop of Ostia rlninrH k'.'^'* *\?"' Buccceded Hono rins III. His coronation surpassed in mae- nlflcencc any which had preceded it, and the ceremony lasted three days. The prln clpal events of his pontificate were the Tsrlous incidents of his contest with thi great Emperor Frederick II., whom he re- peatedly excommunicated, absolving his ubjects from their allegiance, and pmlaim- "» » e"lf J« »«"«"»» him. la 1229 GregoTv m« sJ Anthn^ *4 ?5* '«*»™ '«"• three and 8t IlilhM?^"' ^'"*""' «' Dominic, ^ ifteto anfbtrna! 13 (o(trnpf>w [OllB ind'dvn1aw".nrifJj„Vrf''** '." ^^e cr.on £S^ ii'n:C%Voi''''^"«S,'reI^T8't' Bartholomew took place a few monthS aftw h" w^V'a"t''„t'',1' '"^'' Waminatlonf.'"?! SotTiir? '^cr°u'eftyri?w'ar^rm'''f grand ..lumph of th7church^Svor° tJ'e" o* ?. bu Mi„^?""if"^'"' »»"'» with many tlflcatn .ihRfl""" fountains; but his pon- at'?S n, Jif-l*"^'' momoraWe for the reform- his roa name was Ar.KBSANnno Ludovmio and^^/lh'l'^^ '° i"" Py" OlRnlty in 162?'; xH^ *■" ^I^" fonnder of the College of the ST'i''?- " ^»» t"!" pope who, in 1022 ShiiiVdS,? ^y°'»' ^''"nci^.'xairer: ?Mwoiv. „«/!"/'• u?l^" ""^hor of sovo- tolA^H ».' *"'" » ''•''''h *» entitled " Epis- OREGolT iTr^T' ^'"'»' Abbas." '^'' UW.I5UORY XVI., MAUnO OAPRTTATIt P'«?v5VSn1l?° '" \'«r»«* ""^^^^^^^ tcifstTn/'Hi*" R""?'' •»' «° ordinary In- Tcrest and difflcu ty in the hlstorv nt ihn wWhe"te JSo?„? ""•"»"' ofTe Va'tic*nn SlraDlo In hu Cwl powers of Christendom. IdZ and H^M i"''J'">"«'' """ow in his Jh«?!.?^7 tjm'd In his manners, he never- ' the affalrVW "'■^^"tenergy in'condScUng ine affalu of the church ; but Incaoabio of civil government, he displayed affled re he«e' inH*?h^ ""!'="""' JmproveSs Of tneage ; and the volcano, on which his tem- poral throne rested, has slnTo broken out his father was bishop. Ho received an Athenf V,?''"'l'°";^^'«'^ "e lmp~?ed at w th 8t ^artT n" '^f'"'"* «"» acquaintance wiin Ht Banl. On his return Lome he wbh ordained; hesitated long between fhec^n tcmplatlve and the active life; adhered ?o the Nlccne doctrine, and endeavoured to ftt innill S**"" *° ?•'" pastoral duties, and at length became minister to a small con gregatlon of the Nlcene ChristlanT at Con- stantinople. Distinguishing himse'f groat"y »';.^«V^''^'?°* "joioence, and no lew by hi^ wisdom and moderation, he was made bishoD A^er SiKW. 'J Theodosln. "in pS? A«er fllllng this high and diflBcult nost for one year he resigned It, and returned ?o Ws °»«^e p ace, where he died In SaT He ex celled all his contemporaries In pulpit elo- ?h«?^? ; J""^ '•" "y'« "as been compared to wniJir^'„*H; oW'Ors of ancient Greece. Many ^n^^.V,®'*'*?'^ Naeianzen are e.-.tant, and consist of orations, letters, and ooem.. 'ttVi. manns interesting monograph on this emi- nent preacher has been t^slated into S- GREGORY, bishop of Neo-CsBsarea, In the 411 Jl ^^1 org] % £it\3i Stnibersal Idiograp^Q. 3rd century, was surnRmpd Thaumatur- OC8, or tho Wonder-worker, on account of the ralr^clea which ho Is said to have per- formed. The Church flourished under hli care until the Declan penecutlon, In 280, when he thought It prudent to rotlro for a time. Ho was a pupil of the celebrated Origen, and appears to have been a man of learnlna. Died about 205. ORKaOllYoK NYSSA.Bt, was ordained bishop of Nyssa, In 372. The zeal ' he dis- played against the Arlans excited the re- sentment of the Emperor Valens, who be- longed to that sect, and he was banished ; but, on the accession of Gratian, he was restored to his see. He was present at the council of Constantinople In 381, and at an- other In 394, and died soon afterwards. GHEGORY, commonly called GREGORY OP Touns, was born In 514, in Auvcrgno. He was choscA bishop of Tours In 673, and died In 695. He was author of a ' History of the Franks," and is the most ancient of the French historians. OHEGORY, JAME8,an eminent mathema- tician and philosopher, was born at Aber- deen, in 1638. He received his education in the Marischat College of his native place, where he published, in 1C63, his "Treatise on Optics," in which ho made known his in- vention of the reflecting telescope. About 1685 he went to Fadua, where he printed a work on the " Quadrature of the Circle and Hyperbola." On his return from his travels, he was chosen a fellow of tho Royal Society of ZK)ndon; and merit procured him the mathematical chair at St Andrew's. In 1674 ho removed to Edinburgh, on being appoint- ed to the mathematical professorship ; but he held the situation only for a short time, for while showing the satellites of Jupiter to some pupils, in October, 1675, he was suddenly sti-uck blind, and died a few days after. GREGORY, DAVID, nephew of the pre- ceding, was born at Aberdeen, in 1661, studied at Edinburgh, and became professor of mathematics in that university. He was afterwards elected Savllian professor of as- tronomy at Oxford, carrying his election against Halley, who was also a candidate. In 1695 he published his "Catoptrlcae et Dioptricae Sphcricas Elementa." His great- est work was published in 1702, and entitled "AstronomisB FhysiciB et Geometricte Ele- menta." It was afterwards translated into English, in 2 vols. 8vo. I)r Gregory died while engaged in superintending an edition of Apollonius's Conies, in 1708. GREGORY, JAMES, M.D. and F.R.S., was boru at Aberdeen in 1753, and was long one of the brightest ornaments of the university of Edinburgh. He was the puthor of " Fhi- losophical and Literary Essays," 2 vols.; "Cullen'8 First Lines of the Practice of Physic, with Notes," 2 vols. ; and " Con- spectus Medicinse Theoreticse," 2 vols. Died, 1821. GREGORY, JOHN, M.D., a physician and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1724, at Aberdeen ; studied at Edinburgh and Ley den ; became professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, and nfterwards professor of physic at Edin- burgh ; and was" appointed first physician to JQ B8 the kiag for Scotland. His works nre "a' Comparative View of the State and Fncuhiei of Man with those of tho Animal World ' " Obscryatlons on the Duties and Offlcciof'n Physician," " Elements of the Practlcn m Physic," and " A Father's Legacy to hi. Daughters." Died, 1773. "" GREGORY, OLINTHUB, LL.D., was bora at Yaxley, in Huntingdonshire, In 1774 He commenced his literary career at the asp of 19 ; but the works which chiefly brouahi him into notice were his " Treatise on Astronomy " and the " Pantologia," a com prehcnsivo dictionary of tho arts and »cl ences, of which he undertook tho gensrai editorship. Through the 'nterest of his friend Dr Hutton, ho was appointed, In I802 matheofiaticai master at the royal militarr academy, "Woolwich ; in which establiih- ment he eventually obtained the profcwor'i chair, fllling it with reputation until he was obliged, through ill-health, brought on br Intense study, to resign it in 1838. Beildes the works above mentioned, and nianv others, Dr Gregory was the author of" Ele- ments of Plane and Spherical Trigono- metry," " Mathematics for Practical Men " " Letters to a Friend, on the Evidence's Doctrines, and Duties of the Christian lie- llgion," 2 vols., " Memoir of Robert Uall " and " Memoirs of the Life, Wrltlngg &c of tho late John Mason Good, M. D."' hIb original papers and editorial labours, also on different branches of art and science' were numerous ; and ft-om the year 1817 he had the whole of the general superintend- ence of the almanacks published by the stationers' company. Died, 1841. GREGOIRE, Henri, Count, bishop of Blois, a French prelate, distinguished by his love of democracy, no less than by his in- flexible integrity and active philanthropy, was born in 1750, near Luncville. In 1789 he was nominated by the clergy of his pro- vince a member of the States-general ; and in the Constituent Assembly he distinguished himself by the boldness of his opinions re- lative to civil and religious liberty. He was among tho flrst of the clergy who swore fldc^lity to tho constitution ; but during the Reign of Terror, when the bishop of Paris abdicated his oflBce, and several of the clergy abjured Christianity, the bishop of Blois stood forward as the undaunted supporter of the religion of his country. He also op- posed the accession of the flrst consul to the throne of France ; and he, alone, objected to the obsequious address of the Senate to the new sovereign. On the restoration of the Rourbons, he was excluded from the Insti- tute, and deprived of his bishopric. He spent the remainder of his life in retirement, and died at Paris in 1831. As a literary clia- racter, the constitutional bishop of Blois was also distinguished. Among his writings are, " Essai 8ur I'Am^lloration Politique, Phy- sique, et Morale des Juifs;" " M^moires en faveur des Gens de Couleur, on Sang-mtl^s de St Domingue ;"" Essai Hlstorique sur les Llbcrt68 do I'Eglise Gallicano ; " " Les Ruines de Port Royal," &c. GRENVILLE. [GRANVILLE.] GUENVILLE, GEORGE, an English statesman in the reigns uf Georgd II. and ore] ^ iatto etnfb^gai iSiograpftp. [ore . — • :— . :i__iZr iore III., WM younger brolhtT of Richard Oren- 1 OUFHirAM b,~Z " — ■ vine, Earl Temple, and the father of I-ord citl/rn of loAd^^ Thomas, merchant and Orenyillc. He entered parliament as mem- Oi-Mham mcreh«^; '„''", ?°".''' «'' "Ichard bcr for BuckinKlmmshlrc, and wn« dinln- don, wa.' Z.In IS' ,K,i ^°"^ """y^' «' I^n guUhcd for hU eloquence. He ««creg«ivoly CaMdio -- - ■ ailcd the iltuntiong of treasurer of the nayy, was olnpflH flrit lord of the admiralty, and first lord of " In 1763 he became chancellor i.AM Kit* Im ITilJK U. ■ the treasury. Jn 170J ne oecame chancellor of the exchequer, but, In 178fl, he resigned hit post to the marquis of Tlocklngham. "'- idmlnlstration having been violently ftnA hv the Dress, he nulilishoH « Con tiic treasury oft his Hit admmittraiion naving oeen vl attaclicd by the press, he published " Con- ildcrations on the Commerce and Finances of England, and on the Measures taken by the Ministers," Ac, in its defence. He died in 1770. OBENVIU,E,Rt. Hon. WlLT.IAM Wynd- HAM, Lord, third son of the preceding, was born in 1749. On completing his studies at Oxford, he entered one of the Inns of court with an intention of studying for the bar ■ hilt (OTXP^^^ ^^ pnrlv nf>niitilntntif>n wi*u ^m-. Pitt, company, ma fathpr h„^ k *''®. "'^'cern' agent at Antwernnni^.u'* ''"'' "'« '''"K'* ceeded him haZ' ""'^ »'"' P"*"" whosuc- affairs then, siV^*L '"**"''""»«'* "'« royal with an inteniion oi siuaymg lor the bar ■ but forming an early acquaintance with Mr Pitt, it caused him to abandon all thoughts of thelaw, and seek distinction in the Senate. In 1782 he accompanied Earl Temple to Ire- land as his secretary, and after a stay of only one year, he succeeded Mr Burke in the office of poymaster-general of the army, he He began his parliamentary career as the vei representative for "uckinghamshire, filled for icvpn';"r„V^."J'-^'"'•'°'l* *''•* lecture-rooms the speakers chair 6 months, and then sue- I lihVrarscien^prw^"'''"'''"^''"' «•» »»« seven rcpreieniaiive lor nucHingnamsnire, fille( the speaker's chair 6 months, and then sue- I llberai scionnM'wi^"''"'*'"'"''''" *>» »•>« »even cecdcd lord Sidney as secretary for the out of th« ~" ^ ^®'"® ^° "'^*«'^^ home department. In 1790 he was raised to bSt Gresham Pnn"/' °J *"? »°>-^> Exchange! the pecrage.and in the following year made intotKenerate^^^ secretary of state for foreign affairs. The are no w fftvnn m » J** °®*'®' ""^ *'»' 'ectures revolutionary prmciples of that period were '^'-'- « v>" '" a room over th« v.^i-t,,,,.^^ ninklDg rapid progress, and it appeared to Lord Orcnville that a war wltli France was inevitable. Acting on this opinion, he re- used to admit the visits of the ambassadors from the French Directory, which being contrary to the opinion of Mr Pitt, his lord- shiprcsigned, and was succeeded in his office by Lord Dundas. He signalized himself as a powerful orator on the debate following the bill for " providing for the better secur- ity of his Majesty's person ; '■ which had been introduced in consequence of the king having been grossly treated by the mob on his way to the parliament house. Lord Grenville took an active part in promoting the union with Ireland, and Joined with Mr 1 Pitt in favourable Intimations to the Catho- lies; and when, afterwards, ministers found thatthere were strong reasons v hy those in- timations could not be fulfllled,they resiened Lord Grenville then took part with the on- position, and adhered to that party till thn death of Mr Pitt in ISOfi. li the cabine? which followed that event, he was made Kw r"^ ^^t '""""'J'' '^»"<^h office hi held bufoi a short period; and he lost his popularity by flUlng, at the same time, the office of auditor. On the iMssolution of thi mmistry his lordship principally confined his lenatorial exertions to the cause of Ca- HrZ.V.'"'*'^; and consistent advocrte attainmentB, as well as for his political k owledge ; and he held the office of chan- cellor of the univoro)t« «f r>_»„_j ^^"' . .*? celloroftheu^verli^VTfOxforTto^^^^^^^^^ on his death. In 18.14. tho a..ir« „*i\r "," ">° omeiected.' -......-.», are nowKlven in „ J ™''^'''"*' *'"' '•'ctures of "the"lr«f"y ^T^''^ for h!n thenam. GRPSh/t^ merchant." He died in mT UKJ-.,B8ET, JEAN BaPTISTE Tniria - fiftZ^ Tk""* »•?* dramatist "ornin 1709° V^f^ ^^'^ '*'£'''*y of Jesuits, but withdrew from them at the age of 2B -p^tro """"few out at length he renounced his favnnriil pursuits, and retired from the Kav wori?i t^ 117^ H^Vr «"""*y "^ reUreSfe'^r &d "LeM(Schant." ' " Chartreuse," and GRETBEY. ANDRfi Erneste MonESiK lUi'^S.Ti''^' '""JP^oe^ was bo™?fn' nfhi'A , P ' ""d *"ch was the precocit "lufa'ion I traits and lenre ni«.«.oV""«."" "•'v. " i*"^ 1 H.ostly take'nrmS lsUc"li^re.'a"nta?on"^° 1 1 413~ t» - , P 'A 4)'- ■Mta..* ^ w.t- iih okb] % ilittu anlberaal 19iograp!)0. [QBE apMal to the commonest einotioni. Among hit moit eiteemed work« are— "The Ittle Qlrl with the Uog," the " Village Hrldo/ the "Varalytio Father," the '"••"''«» Pitcher," Ac. HU ploturei generally fetch very high prlcei, and one of them wae recenUy (1863) told, ut the sale of the Pou« talc* collection, for 100,000 franci. A Head of a Olrl, ' by Oreuao, in the National Oullery. Is a fair §peclmen of hU •''">««»« " tho introtrlcloua style he frequently adopted. Died, very poor. In 1805. , . „ . OUBVILLE, Sir FuLKK, Lord Brooke, a patron of letters and an InRenlous writer, was born li> 1851, and descended from the noble families of Neville, Ueauchamp, ond WlUoughby do Brooke. He was Jn K'eat favour with Elizabeth, and wascreated Lord Brooke by James 1., whogavehlm Warwick rastle. In 1614 he was made under-trea- surer, chancellor of the exchtquor, and one of the privy council. He founded a history lecture at Cambridge. This accomplished nobleman was stabbed by a servant, named Haywood, whom ho had reprimanded for an Insolent expreislon ; after which the assassin committed suicide with the same weapon. This was In 16M. After his death appeared several of his Poet'oal works, and his j^ife of his friend Sir Philip 81* ""oREY, OHAELBS, Earl, a BrltUh iitates- man,dlstlngul8he4 for his senatorial abilities generally, but more especially for his long and Inflexible auvocncy of parliamentary re- form, was bom at Fallowden, near Alnwick, March 15, 1764. He received his education at Kton and King's College, Cambridge, en- tered parliament at the age of 21, as member for Northumberland ; and espousing Whig politics with all the vehemence of youth, he soon ranked among the most prominent of that party. To detail the chief events of his public life from its commencement, would be almost to write the parliamentary history of England for that period. We can there- fore only say, in brief, that he was almost constantly occupied In the discussion of the most Important questions that engaged the attention of parliament. At the outset of his career his oratorical powers were displayed as one of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings ; and from that time he always held a conspicuous station among the Whigs. At that period also he was fore- most among the leaders of the great poUUcal confederation styled " The Friends of the People," from which even Charles Fox thought it prudent to stand aloof. The war of the French revolution had now com- menced ; and at a time when most men of property, rank, or influence in this country considered it their duty to quench the revo- lutionary furor that was widely Hpreading, Mr Grey, by constantly opposing the vigor- ous measures brought forward by the min- ister, Mr Vitt,app»ared to nphold principlea which seemed to threaten our existence as an independent nation. But when in Jar- uary, 1806, Mr Pitt was removed from the helm of state by death, Mr Grey took office, under Mr Fox, as ttrst lord of the admiralty ; aud whea, in the foiicwinsr Oct-sfcer, tuS great Whig leader died. Lord Ho wick (aa 414 be had then become) was appointed kc- retary of state for foreign alTulri. Th« Whig ministry was soon after ditniiusd, parliament was dlssuived ; and, on tha dvaili of Lord Orcy's fathor, In 1807, he remored to tho Upper House. On several occmIom, subsoquoutly, negotiations were entered Into to promote such a union among ths leading men of both partlts as should give publlu confidence and Butlsfuction, but In- supi.'rablo difficulties presented thonitolves. Tho I'erceval administration was sucueedsd, In 18U, by that of Lord Liverpool ; and, on his retirement In 1827, Lord Oroy detUned to support Mr Canning, Lord Liverpool'i successor. But mi the sudden termination of the Wellington administration, in 1830,* fairer field seemed to He b<»' >>• him ; and. In obedience to his soverelt .tish, he u- sumeu the reins of governmi,..!., and hsd the satisfaction, during his four years of office, to see two of the great measures fur which ho long contended, triumphantly carried, namely, parliamentary reform and the abol- ition of slavery. After hit retirement from office, he took no part in politics. Uiuil, July 17, 1840, aged 81. GRFY, Lady JA1ji.4'«io oftoinvaraa ahe was executeA on the same scaffold ; suffermg with cam nilcnatlon, and • Arm atUcbmi I'rotoitant religion, Feb. 13, ISM. OKKV, Or llicHARn, a learnc OKKV, Or llicHARB, a learned EnglUh dlTlne, waa born In 1W3. Ho wai educated at Mucoln Collese, Oxford. He obtained mccewlToly the llTlngi of Kllncote. I^elcea- ter, anJ Hlnton, In Northamptonihlre ; and a prebend In St Paul'i Cathedral. HIa prln- cipiil wurkt are, " Memorla Technica, or a "ithod of Artlfloial Memory," "A % mto nni\nx%9X 19 U>gr«pftp. Arm attacbmeot to the [obi N6V .nCinoa ui Ariiuuiui jocnia Sjitein of Kpgllah Kccleslaitlcal Law," "A New and K««y Method of learning Uebreir. without Point*," *o. Died. 1771. ORGY, Dr ZAOHAKT, an Enffllah dlvin*. well known forhia edition of Hudlbraa, pub- liibed in 1744. He alao published " Notca oa Sbakapeare," 2 voli. ; and an " Answer to Neale'i History of the FurlUns," In 3 roll. Died, 1766, aged 79. OUIESUACH, JOHANN JACOB, an eminent Oerman tiieoiogiuu uud biblical orltlo, was born in Hesse Darmstadt in 1748. After a iuccfurul course of study at sereral German universities be visited England, l<'rance, and Holland, for the purpose of examining the rarlout manuscripts of the NewTeatament preaerrcd in the principal librariei. and col- iectini; materials for a new critical edition oftbeMcredtezt. The preparation of this work formed the principal labour of his life. In 1773 he became professor extraordinary of theology at the uniferslty of Hallo, flrom i which be toon after passed to Jena, and in 1780 was named rectoroftheunireraity. His New Testament, which appeared in 1774 was at that time the most important of all critical editions, and waa received with the bighott praise. It excited also much earnest controversy. Oriesbach wrote in Latin many learned works of biblical criticism Died, 1812. OUIFFIBR, JOHN, known by the appel- lutioQ of Old OrifSer, an eminent painter waj born at Amsterdam In 1658, and died' at London in 1718 Ho succeeded chiefly in landscapes, and tkinted several views on the Tb<«mes. He also etched printa of blrda and bewts.— His son Robkbt. called the Younger Oriffler, was born In England, and was a good landscape painter, though not eqoal to his father. GBIMALDl. The arimaldl family have ever been of great Importance In Genoa, and many of its members ore conspicuous In the liistory of that repabUc— 1. Ranikri Oei- HALDi was the first Genoese who conducted wwa?h'"?.°' ^^^ republic beyond the Staiis of Qlbraltar. In the service of Philip f-^f'^^lT'^^'^^' Qr'maldl sailed to Zea- taid, m 1304, with 16 Genoese galleya and 20 French ships under his command; and de- bated and made prisoner the Count Guy of Stn' "''o commanded the enemy's deet of80!aiI.-2. Antonio Grimaldi was also ad^itlngulshcdnaval commander. HU v c? torie. over the Catalonlans and ArraTonese S^m'/" ?..'°"» "">e Ka^e the latter a k 3M7hi'^7r'?''«°°y ■' butat length" JJ 1353, the Catalonlans, assisted hv ♦ha TeneUan,, under the cTmmSlfff NSholM ^rS^^ ^tle,andnearl?dS^'oye" ceUbratS^r^^i^^t^^-^^^ Venotlon admiral Trovlsanl. on tho I'o In •orvlces he rendered tho Iloinaii court wlrS rewarded, in 1643, by a carS'.'h.t HU war'bishoTofTi' •*'*!!"' """ourabie. He' fnrn, .1 "P °' ^^^' ""d endearourod to re- form the manners of tho clergyln his dlo Try".' hrl^'''i'''''^« '}"•'"'«•'»»""«' '^ «ry . he also founded an hospital for thn poor and annually distributed lOO,OMTlvr« 5°"', «t ""'oKna in 1«06. He studied u'ndw Annlbale CaraccI, to whom ho wm related' and became distinguished chieOy as a la^d-' on ^hu'J'"'."*'r' '^r»'' "» ^"^ ttloo employed on historical subjects, particularly ft the an arch,tPot\TH' «'"'"*"^ «»»tingj:ished as an arcnitect and an engraver. Cardinal Mazarln Invited him to Paris; where ho on fifuisX???""',?' '\^\'"'' ""ch noticed by GRIM A Jt.t"? •***"* "* ^"""O 'n 1680. ^ grimaldi, Joseph, an unrivalled nan tomlmic clown, born In 1779,wa8 the «onSf SIgnlor Grimaldi. an «r«Mf,^oted fo? hi. wl7J,*"'* «"entrlcltle8, who by day fo J^l* »h''? P'-?fe?'''«n of a dentist, and by clow„.-Pdeligh?eVt"he'LTghte?jS^'audl' enccs of Drury Lane, Covent Garden »h Sadler's AVells. with a rich and (^radoxiclS Sfiff^^nn^"" ™*y .l^""' •■»«««*«<"«» species of tL fh- ?f/''' .V^i'^'^.^y *»'" o'"»-po«raylnJ or d^in^ h L*''" '" K'o'esque In manne«! ORTMiS'*i?^'*'="°°- Died, 1837. ' GRIMM Pbkderick Mklohior. Baron de, counsellor of state of tho Russ an emSfre and a man of letters, was bor" in m^ «♦' 1 at Isbon. Going to Paris, he became prin cipal secretary to the duke of Orleans and ri.'?'"*'"l^1 ^'^'^ Rousseau and X?' Pa- ris an philosophers; an account of whoL preserved In his "^Correspondence." which extraordinary medley, after a lawe^f so years, was pubUshed In 16 vols: to 177fl being appointed envoy from thi dSko of Saxe-Gotha to tho French court, he wm honoured with the title of baron andT^ It^^^ ''l'^ »«^«™' «'<>er8. On toe revo S QothS"^^^°« ?''*•,'''' '«"'«<^ to the court of 1795 the empress of Russia made him her then returned to Ootha. wTerr^e dlci.Ul : I ' fs 11 V i"i I- i- i; >' ■nm % j^eto ^nidcrsal 38iogyapl[)B« OB I MM, JACOB LUDWIO, the distln- Roiihed German philologist, wos pom at Hanau, in Hesse-Cassel, in 1785. He was educated at the univeraity of Marburg, and in 1805 spent aome months at Paris as assist- ant to Savigny. Three years later he was appointed librarian to Jerome Buonaparte, king of Westphalia, and had leisujre for his favourite studies In early German literature. On the overthrow of the new kingdom of Westphalia, in 1813, he was made secretary of legation under the restored electorate, and in that capacity was present at the Con- gress of Vienna. He was twice sent to Paris to recover books and manuscripts carried off by the French. He held the office of sub- librarian to the elector from 1 816 till 1829, his younger brother, WUhelm. being also em- ployed in the library. In the latter year ho became first librarian to the university of Gdttingen, which post, with a professorship, he held till 1837. In that year he was dis- missed, as was also his brother from his similar offices, for protesting against the violation of the constitution by the king of Hanover. In 1841 they both settled at Ber- lin, as professors in the university, and mem- bers of the Academy of Sciences. Among the principal works of this great scholar are " Deutsche Grammatlk," "Deutsche Myth- ologie," and "Geschichtei der Deutschen Sprache." The great " Deutsches Wbrter- buck," the joint production of the two inse- parable brothers, and perhaps their most Important work, was left unfinished by them, but is In course of completion on their plan, and from their materials. The weU-known " Klnder-und Haus-Marchen " was also their joint work. Jacob Grimm died In Septem- ber, 1863. His singularly fascinating Auto- biography has since appeared ; and also a separate Biography by Scherer. GEIMM. WiLHKLM KARL, younger bro ther of the preceding, and like him eminent as A philologist and antiquary, was born at Hanau in 1786. He studied at Marburg, was employed with Jacob in the Cassel Library, and in the library of the university of G6t- tingen, where also he held a professorship, was dismissed in 1837, and accompanied his brother to Berlin in 1841. Besides the works published in conjunction with Jacob, he edited several collections of German me- dliBval poetry, a work on German Bunic inscriptions, <&c. Died in 1889. GIUMOARD, Count PHILIPPE DE, a French diplomatist, general, and author, descended from an ancient family, one of whose members was Pope Urban V. Louis XVI. Intrusted him with a negotiation In Holland, and on his return he formed the plans, offensive and defensive, for the cam- paign of 1792. The fall of the king Inter- rupted his career, and he retired to private life, devoting himself to literature. He wrote " Essai ThAorique et Pratique sur les Bat- tailles," *' Becherches sur la Force de I'Armfie Francaise," &c. ; and "Tableau Hlstorique de la Guerre de la B4volutlon de France," 1808, In conjunction with General Servan ; of which work only 3 vols, were published, when it was suppressed by order of Buona- _^ [OB O English lawyer in the ti.'no of Cromwell was born in Essex, about 1594. He studied in Lincoln's Inn, and in 1638 became re corder of Colchester, for which place he wai also returned to parliament in 1640. h! acted for some time in opposition to the king, but disapproved of the violent mea- sures to which his party had recourse, and after the king's death ho went abroad, in 1660 he was chosen speaker of what wai called " the healing parliament," and he was one of the commissioners who waited on Charles II. at Breda ; on whose restora- tion he was made master of the rolls. He published the " Beports of Sir George TM^JI 1Q1J1 *"*GBIM'BT0'N,8ix HAEBOTTLE, an eminent iU ^_„ _ the ^_ Croke," and died in 1683. GBINDAL, EDMUND, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born at Hensingham, in Cum- berland, in 1619. In 1859, he was chosen master of Pembroke Hall, and the same year preferred to the see of London ; In 1670 he was translated to York, and in 1675 to Can- terbury. Two years afterwards he was sus- pended from his archieplscopal functions for refusing to obey Queen Elizabeth's order to suppress prophesyings, or associations of the clergy to expound the Scriptures. At ;ength his sequestration was taken off though he never completely recovered the royal favour. He contributed to "Fox's Acts and Monuments," and founded the celebrated school of St Bee's, in Cumber- land. He was a man of great learning, piety, and moderation ; and an ornament to the church of which he was a prelate. Died 1583. GBOOYN, WILLIAM, a distinguished classical scholar, born at Bristol, In 1442, and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. He went to Italy to study Greek, and afterwards taught it publicly at Oxford. This was an alarming Innovation, and excited much opposition. Qrocyn was the friend of Dean Colet, the tutor of Eras- mus, and godfather to Lilly the grammarian, A Latin epistle of his to Aldus Manutiusis prefixed to Llnacre's translation of Frodus de Sphajra. Died, 1519. GBONOV, or GEONOVIUS, JOHANK FEIEDRICH, a learned critic and philologist, born at Hamburg, In 1611. He studied at Lelpslc and Jena ; travelled through France, Holland, and England ; and became pro- fessor of belles lettres at Leyden, where he died in 1671. With extensive knowledge he combined indefatigable Industry, a modeit opinion of his own merit, ana amiable man- ners. He published a number of the clas!- ics, with valuable notes and improved read- ings ; " Commentariusde 8e8terciis,",'andan edition of Hugo Grotiiw's work, " De Jure Belli et Pads." GRONOVIU8, JACOB, SOU of the preced- ing, was born at Deventcr,in 1645. Hewsi educated entirely under his father, whom he surpassed in learning, though he fell short of him in modesty and liberality.' After studying the civil 'aw, he visited England, where he resided some months in both uni- versities ; and, on his return to Leyden, pub- lished editions of Macrobius and Folybioi. In 1672 he went to France, and f^om thence to Italv. where the grand-duke of Tuscany gave him a pension, and obtoined luriiiu* Olio] two waa profeMorshlp at Pisa. This he held vetn, and then rstnrned to Leydsn, and nag inpoliited to the profeiaorahlp of bellea let- tret and Keography In that university. Uia acoulremejts In criticism andphllologjr were very extensive ; _ he conapiled^the valuable m iSeto anfberisal 3g(ograpl^p. [ORO commenced hi. careir as advocat?- anS h« Died, 1716. 0K08, ANTOlNK JEAN, Barou, a dlstln- Hilthed French painter, professor of paint- (dk at the tcole Boyale des Beaux Arts, was born St Faris, 1771. His pencil was chiefly devoted to the illustration of subjects from the history of France during the career of «r.«.^iAAf« • onH h\a nlnliirAfl. fliniiirh nnni*aa I ea oy the part which he took in the Armin ^7oleon7«nd hU plcfuVeXVou^^^^^^^^ "ca7ed^"he""fatn"fTa™ei"/d^ °?°'''/ are conspicuous for vigour and facility of fered on the 8caM«„^ .7^1'*''.^^ ■"'" mcutlon. Died, 1835. of Imnrl.nn J^2S. Jfj ?.'V? «"^e4 'entence execution. Died, 1835. OROSE, FUANCIS, an eminent Engliih antiquary, was born in 1731, at Bichmond, in Surrey. His father was a Jeweller, and loft lilm a good fortune, which he soon spent, and became adjutant and paymaster In the Hampshire militia. He was remarkable for his wit and humour, and of a generous dis- position, but hia imprudence involved him in great dilBculties, to clear himself from which he published his " Views of Antiqui- ties in England and Wales," 8 vols. 4to. The success of this work induced liim to make a tour of Scotland with the same ob- ject ) and before he ^ad completed this pub- lication he went to Ireland, uith the design of surveying and sketching the antiQui>;ies of that kingdom, but white thus emp!uyed he died, at Dublin, In 1791. Besides his " Antlguielet," he published a " Treatise on .Ancient Armour and Weapons," "Military Antiquities," and other works. OR088ETE8TE, ROBERT, bishop of Lin- coln, one of the greatest scholars and most energetic preiatea of his age, was bom pro- ibably about 1175. He studied with great distinction at the universities of Oxford and Fan's, and became a teacher at the former. [He obtained the patronage of Hugh deWellsi ibiihop of Lincoln, and after holding several bubordinatechurch appointments, he became bishop of that diocese in UZa. During his [episcopate he displayed great earnestness, lecision, and courage in the discharge of his wleslastical and political duties. maintain- In? his authority and the liberties of the thurch alike against pope or king. A valu- ible Life of this prelate was puMiahed by [Dr Pcgge In 1793. Died, 1253. ^ GROTEFEND, Dr GEORO FRIEDRICH. a listinguished antiquary and claaslcal and mental scholar, was born at Munden. in lanover, studied at Gottlngen, and after lolding Tarious appointments ns a teacher. lecame the director of the Lyceum at Han- •Ter, which office he held till his death. He Tai the author of many profound treatises l.f'nT'.A"'""^'"' "^ philology; but his lief Itle to fame rests on his being the first .'rtfr""" «?« J'f'ePolitan cuneiform In- rtptions. Which have proved so fertile in W re,u]„ in the hand, of Botta, Hincks S'ri. BS"' "' "'''" ''""'«•'» ffa:ja^d\^?p.^!'=j-i "«'i(,m Holland, in 1683. » .«M 'Si. ss iif sirir Si' rlo Henry, prince of Orange, who had wrl? TfTwP^^''''^"!;".'" »»»« ^'Plo^aT,«vice WlW-^,*"? ^i***' at Bostock, In IMS W ith the talents of the most able statMman Hugo Grotiu. united deep and exten^iv-' &'"*; ^"/ ^" " profound theologian f distinguished scholar, an acute philosonher a profound jurist, and an erudlt^« h.31'' an profSundjurisrrnrare^dit'e'r^^^^^^^ bo^SS ^.?Sp T JV«^"o"e^ above ma",- Blt?vic« "'a "^la^rv '^?l',f**k Relpublicro GRfc. SAZ TaS'ot f Sis 17«« T„ i?S?S" 'amily, was bom at Paris rival IJItl Y ''" ■ "»»»-"eutenant of the n«w\£!^*t* *." ^"'■P*! "•«»» embracing thn ?ev'^Iut1Sn and*"*^™?".* '"^ *»>« ^«" «' the esSllvlnthl A^i'^'"'"*..?"?;* distinction, t^~i ^ *° the Alps and La Vendue, where rlZVn """**;?. •L*"«'»' of division in 1793 The decree which deprived all thaV^liV i France of militar^ r'^nrU heavuf «^n' him; but nothing daunted he JoSfed?^e wL" " ^'^\''i^' *"" his dl'stingiished gal lantry goon led to his restoration tv. f^J'?^^°'J^°l'^^^ h«''«''e his abdication Dur^ ing the Hundred Days he wa« onnn.i!i ^ "'« i^uKs uAugouieme in the south' and made «m prisoner. He wa. then .i*oned in?o ll Belgium, where he played an important part. ■ He had already carried the Tillaijes of Flenrua (June 16), and ligny (JunelT), and wa» marchlnc according to Ma iMtractloM in pnnniit of Blncher, with a body of 80,000 men, when the battle of Waterloo wa» fonght. Not setting initrcctions in time, he eonld not take put In the battle, and hia ahienee mar In some mearon be mid to haT« de- cided the fbrtnne of the day. At the reator- ation his title of marthal waa not acknow- ledged, and remained ao till ISM. In 1883 he was created a peer. Died, 1847. GRUBENMANN, JOHAHN TTI.BIO and JOBANH, two Swiss mechanics, who haTing been brought np as carpenters, deTOted their entire attention to the construction of wooden bridges without the support of piers. The most extraordinary of these were at Relchenau, Wettlngen, and Schaflfhansen ; thG latter, over the Rhine, being nearly 400 feet long. During the campaign of 1799 they were all destroyed by the French. The ingenious builders died about the end of the 18th century. ORTJBER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, a dis- tinguished German scholar, was bom at Naumburg, in 1774. He was educated at the university of Leipslc, became a professor in the university of Wittenberg, and after- wards at Halle,'wherehemade the acquaint- ance of Ersch, then librarian to the univers- ity. In 1818 he undertook, in conjunction with Ersch, the editorship of the vast "En- cycloptedia of Arts and Sciences," now so well known and highly esteemed, but still far from completion. On the death of Ersch, in 1828, Oruber became sole editor of section A to G. He was author of many separate works, among which are, " WSrterbuch Ittr Aesthetik und ArchSologle," "Geschichte des menschlichen Geschlechts aun dem Ges- ichtspunkte der Humanltat," and "Wie- land's Leben." Died, 1861. GRUTER, JOHN, an eminent Dutch phi- lologist, born at Antwerp, in 1660. His mother was an Englishwoman, and he was educated at the universitltiaed as an advocate at Boi'deaux, an4 was chosen deputy to the Legislative Assembly, in 1791. He joined at 418 first the extreme party of the JacobUu bat sought afterwards to check their eseMM in vain. He was a member of the Oobvcb' tion, and soon after the flUl of his pirtv wii arrested, and guillotined at Bordesox. JniV 1794. "•••"'Ji GUARItn, BATTISTA, a celebrated lu llan poet, bom at Peirara, In U37. He wu secretary to Alphonso, duke of ftmn- next, to Ferdinaiia de Medici, grud-dokt of Tuscany ; and, rabwquently,to the dnki of TTrbino. He was well acqntlitted with polite literatnie; wrote seveial tdaircd poems ; but his chief composition it hli pu- toral drama, entitled " V. Pastor Tido." b some respects this poem is considered to rlnl Tasso's ''^Aminta ; " and it has paaied tfaronth a very great number of editions, boMei being translated into almost all Euopen languages. Died, 1612. GtJARINI, or GtlARINO, a nattre of Verona, descended of an illustrioni familj and celebrated as having been the flnt Ita- lian who taught Greek after the restoration of letters in Europe. Died, 1460. GUELE, or 01TELPH (from the Italian OutUl and the German Welfm), the name of | a celebrated ftimily, which, in the 11th mb- tury, was transplanted fiwm Italy to Ger. many, where it became the mling race of several countries. The family still contiinei in the two lines of Branswlck— the royal ij England, and the ducal in Oermanr, The memory of this ancient name waa retlTed by the foundation of the HanoTerian Ouelpbie order. GUEBCINO (properly Oianfrancesco BARjLtiERi, but surnamed Ouercino fna hli squinting), was a celebrated painter, twn at Cento, near Bologna, in 1692. Heitndied under Cremonini and Gennari ; but adoptH two or three styles in succesaion, and vu most successful, perhaps, in his imitation of CaravQggio. He had a school of paintinit it Cento attended by many student), Hii finest work is the great picture of 8t F^ tronilla In the Capitol. One fine aptdmu of Guercino is intneI(rationalOallei7,"An- gels weeping over the dead body ofCtarlit." The duke of Mantua conferred on hbntke honour of knighthood ; and aerenl ion- reigns endeavoured, in vain,todrawhimiiM their service. He died in 1666, very ricti notwithstanding he had expended largemi) in building chapels, founding ho8pitali,ai< other acts of charity and devotion. GUERICKE, OTTO VON, a distlngniiW experimental philosopher, wag bom, UM; studied at Leipslc, Jena, and Leyden; t* veiled in France and England ; and KttlH at Magdeburg, where he eventually becwu burgomaster. He Invented the aJr-pMlj and in 1664 made the first public expertna* with his machine at the diet at Batlibot, beftnro the Emperor Ferdinand in,, wm electors, and other estates of the enp» The pressure of the atmosphere he euraW by means of two large hollow hemiipwjj of copper and brass, an ell in K'r ^ro'l**' "^M "W?*' Eo^^directorofthePrenchAcad^e^^fil! a^^^^ PMt, was bom of a poor but nobla ^^f"?'' "»** shot. *^ebruary, I831 he wa8fcfvI2* tthe Muth of ftance. In I8I0 Wa »» "^ *» GUESOT tv -n ^**°' Ipari. to be educated iVdmhfa CDUOUE8 1 irenttojoinlamennals.ln hif. toH^ "^2/ OUE8T 8«r r , "wu«8- .tl4»Che.naye,In Brltt^nJ. HereSn^iM'}'*"**^^^^^^^^ one of th« here about B Tear, but although hS^^^ H^i" ^ onrml^^f^'i ^^^i desema^f "f to live troubled the nest tL^ PWolem I prosperltv a ^«.?'. ^ '^iaed to th« Si- ^^" lelf WM . «r"^' ?^^ years older than I .-1 v ^<»'Wng of iron .^ ?"P«>Temente ^ mines In a few yelntl^ *'*.® P*oduceof thl tona. In lfid, MM. (UiIHKIlT, JAcaoi:rt Antoink TIIITO- T.YTK, Count do, a ccloltriiiod I'roiioh tnc- ticiiin, wan horn nt Moiiiuuhnn, In 171:1. Ho ttudled tho nilUtiiry urt under Mn fikthor, with whom hi< lorvi'd in thn Orrmnn wnr ; nnd, in the oxpt-dlllon to t^ridcn, ho wna madoa colonri, with tho rroH* of Ht LouIn. On hli rptnrn to Frauoo ho puhllihcd hJH " Kiinl O(*n^rnlo do Tactlijuo," which work hoinK diiimptrloally oppom'd to Volanl'ii, ox- cltod a Yehonu'ut i-ontrovomy. Ho wan iiIho tho author of «omo traKodira; hlRtorlci)! if/o- f*$ of MarahnI Catlnnt ; tho chancellor do 'HApltal.nnd I'rcdorlrk tho (Irent ; " TravcU in Oerniany," und " Traveltln Hwltxorland." Died, nno. Ul'IltKUT, nntlpopo, wn* nrchhlKhop of narrnna when the dispute reapectiuK 'it- reatituroa begun between ropoti.cKory VII. ond the Kmpero Henry IV. ; and after the oxconiinunieatlon of Honrv nnd the election of n rival emperor, Uudolph, (luibert was elected popo by a council aaacmbled by tho oniperorat llrixen.in 1080, and took the title of Clement III. In IU84 ho crowned Henry At Uonio, and waaaoun after driven nwny l)y Robert Uuiacurd, who cnmo to the aid of OrcRory. Ho retained tho tltlo of pope through tho pontltlentea of Victor III. and Urban II., but ir. 1100 was puraued by tho troops of Vaacal II., nnd died tho sumo year at Clttn di Castello. OUICCIAIUUNI, Francisco, nn Italian historian, was born at riorenee. in 148'i. Ho wns bred to tho law, nnd appointed pro- fessor of Jurisprudence in hia nativo city. Volitics, however, occupied tho rest of his life. In ISl'J, hu was sent ambassador, on the part of the republic, to tho Hpnnish court ut liruitcs ; for his services in which mission he was received with Rre.it honour by hia countrymen ; nnd I.co X. constituted him advocate of tho consistory. In 1818, he was m.ide Kovcrnor of Modena and RoRglo, find next of Parma, where he drove out the rrench, nnd confirmed tho inhnbltnnts in their obedience. Ho was afterwards renp- pointed to tho Rovernment of Modena nnd the presidency of the Uomngna; and, in 1530, he wns made governor of Holognn, where he assisted at the coronation of Charles V. Guiccinrdini took a leading part in the po- litical changes at Florence, which led to tho restoration of the despotism of the Medici; was a member of tho commission of Twelve, and secured the appointi nt of Cosmo I. in 14a7. After a lite' of great activity, he rc- [qpi tired to hta vlila, and hcgan liU gvMt willT on the " lllatory of ItaPy during hi, o«i rime," which ho hnd nearly coainletuil ii tho time of hta death, in lAo ifa w,i , miin of grent gravity of temper nnd imnn our, and diaplnyed nnich pollii,.,,! ibbihh, nnd love of justleo, Ho !« tin- greai.,. „f! tho Italian hiatorlnna, nnd writes with ihn immenao ndvnntago of linving liein a nrin cipal nctor in tho scenoa ho dcscrlboi OUIUIIAUW, KAiii. (lorruKii, Colon.i in the aervico of Frederick the Omt Zi born at Mnodeburg, in 1724. Ho wiii broiith up to tho clerical profession, but Rsroltun in liopo of a profcKsorslilp in n cnllfw j Failing in this hope, ho entered tho Diiich army In 1747 aa onaign, served In tlii> iiim- pnign of that year ngalnst the l-ronoi,, „„,! after tho pence, in 1748, applied hiiiiiii» Tnrtnrcii Oficldi-iiUux," voi,' llu.ind of ninny nlilti nioiiiolr» iionirlbulmi U the Acndf-niy of limcrlptloni, of wJilcli hn hrii • member, but vtnn mluiTd to novrrVv \j the revolution, and died nt I'nrlg. In mm, fhyile an, who, during tho royolutJon, pro Med tho uio of the gulllotlno. nn Innru- ncnimnde after tho fmhlon of tht maiihn hlthvraimed on tho HcottUh hordora In 10 SlhdPlitiirv. Mnna rj..iii...i. ''"""f "? tnrproturlniro. ir.. l' ' "Z. ' . • -— — [qui] ,10 6th century. Mom. Gulllotln prttoli»od KJItlne in I'nrla mniiy y,.«ri., and w«. juch re.pec.ed Ho wnj n nuunhor of 7i?o jn lonal AMom biy whoro hi* poliileal pri - Iplos were nmrked by niodnr.iHon ; nnd iVl. .troductlon of thU In.truinnit of d mth w„i rum (| huninno inotlvo-thnt of rcBdorlt b ipit«l punishment Wu pnlnful. Ho w'w ot.niihHbcen re|u,rtod, tho vletlm of Ji « wn con rlvttnce, mid v/ni Brctttly niiiovnd bit. bWng called by hi. nnmoT^HoXd » poiceful retirement. In IH14 ' orLSCAUl), UouKUT duko of Apulln ono r tho inoi celebrated oftho Norm. nndC iriri In Italy, oinod ]|l« brother, thorn fout 1033, nnd In tliu followinryoai- with l« lirotlicr llumphrpy, defeat oil nnV T . rh.oner I'opo ieo'lX.^.'t ho but ,o 2f Clv"l ^la. At the head of a imall biindt, «,.„,' ' lunger brother Kobc" Vuh wln'^ "l'* h'i' The empcrSrdIi'„^^ '"'"'' °f'«'« to Inter Wm, but Uome »n '^'"' »<> C"" M "nd'parfy b^" 7hv "^.^""'Clcss, k^anaandSara/ons Hn^, ^^^ "'^y «' J«e88fully tho war wi... 1? '''"Continuing I first wife wna fn.I: """• ^lobert. hv r.^«'An[Iich 'oneof'h.."/ '*'''''''»'>"d^ tl'^ to Constantino I?, 'f ""«"'«" was hw Michael; another? *' *"" °' the h"'' of Estc ; and a thir"/,"*"! "' ^''^o, |»Mt Of Barcelona '^'** *° llaymoad ho«i^&.!? °^ ?'°RRAINE. DnV« «, |^°»nt.gc„e«i;f«;i\'?„"'"y>tHreot"lme8 h"'" "19- Helntered' r ' """' ^°'« __ ""twea the army, and "'ith alni,..t un |,„i.',T"' *""" "'""• «nv .t^d I Ho cxorvLod t>w> «i.i # ''"It tho JJnirllMi. Woniod tho ron.,,i;,'[.v"'L •''•covered nn I ^ lomeofhliindii/..?;. '^ of Ambolio- innV retired. "iiVu."'",^! r.lle'd'bv^'!''".!? «V " ^ the c vli war of S,o„„ „^"."? " k'"""'-"! took Itouen; coIuh; '.""« ""J ""K"l'a^ ^"."-' - Sit.'"brer°b£?"''^«»S nmiiiHnn- :?.7 ' o"t ''0 wns of a i....t. . "S.^ •"r ni8 nrnverv • hu* i. """"'ry or i-'rancn I "'»wtiou.,avue"Vi:„;r.?r' ^ turbuj'; .^-t^ ' Ing had lloutennnt.gener^ro^^ho^I"' ?'* """. "»"'«* reconciliation then took ni„l?'*°?'- A forced discovered that Oulso h«5 /"' •*"' '* ''cing dethrone tho king'^he^^./"""*"* a Pl«n to awasslnationos ho wa«J.f,"T P'ocurod his Chamber, Dee 23, IMb ^"'^'^""^ »'>« '='"">cll gran"dIKVirpTe?edii7r"b^«^ Mo is described as Sfir"' ^"''^ '«> iOli. . ?Jctcd equally to lov^«''il!f.''i55'l I'^ave, ad- f ZU"^^^'^ "' the rehelTion n?Vi, '«'"' h«T- 7 »■ 'r"-*"td r. f fl • ■ ">-¥ '■I ■ ;, t ■ ri i If i H»^ j. • l.,. ■. H- — " Ut ,f|:; -:.; - P"' ' 1 Si. ■ .:, •'-. pf '■t'-ii- ' •■ 18! qui] H i^b) 9tnit)(rj5al Idfograpf^p. he at length fell into the hands of the Spani- ard!. He made another attempt to oonqner Naples, returned to Farin, and was made grand chamberlain of France. Died, 16M. OUIZOT, ELIZABETH CHAai.Om PAU- LIMI, a French miscellaneous writer, was bom at Farls, in 1773. Her father died when she was a child, and her family having been brought to distress by the rcTolutionary changes, she was induced to attempt author- ship, in order to proTide for their wants. She produced the novels entitled " Les Con- tradictions " and " La Chapelle d'Ayton ; " she also wrote in the public Journals ; and her articles on manners, the drama, Ac, at- tracted considerable attention. In 1812 she married M. Guizot, the distinguished states- man i and she subsequently acquired no small share of literary distinction by her "L'Ecolier ou Baoul et Victor," 4 vols., "Kouveauz Contes," and "Letters de Famille sur I'Education Bomestique." Died, 1827. GTJNDULF,bl8hop of Rochester, 1077, was one of the Norman ecclesiastics brought over by William the Conqueror. He was a cele- brated architect ; and built that part of the Tower of London called the White Tower. He also rebuilt Rochester Cathedral. Died, 1108. OUIfNER, jrOHN Ebmbst, bishop of Dron- thelm, was bom at Ohristlania, in Norway, In 1718. He founded the RoyaJ Norwegian Society, in the Transactions of which he gablished several valuable papers on natural Istory. On account of his zeal for botany, Unneus gave bis name to a plant in his systeia. He published " Flora Norvegica," and died in 1778. OUNST, PiBTEK TAN, Dutch engraver, was bom about 1666. He engraved many portralu after Vandyck, Tander Werff, Karel de Moore, and other painters, and a few his- torical pieces. OVNTBR, Edhtimd, mathematician, was bom in Herefordshire, In IfiSl. He was educated at Westminster School ; flrom whence he went to Christchurch, Oxford, He was promoted to the professorship of as- tronom> in Gresham College, where he died in 1626. He Invented the sector, and the famous " rule of proportion," which, in its mechanical form, Is styled " Ounter's scale." He also discovered the variation of the mag- netic needle. His works have been repeat- edly published. Died, 1626. GURNEY, JOHN JOSEPH, a distinguished philanthropist, the brother of Elizabeth I'ry, and her companion in her memorable visits to the prisons of Great Britain and the con- tinent, was bom at Earlham Hall, Norfolk, Aug. 2, 1788. When four years of age he lost his mother, and his early education was intrusted to his three eldest sisters. At a later period he went to Oxford, where he en- joyed many advantages of .the university without becoming a member, or subscribing to the thirty-nine articles. His preference ultimately became settled in favour of the views and profession of the "Quakers," among whom he was born ; and consistently with them he lived and died, by no means finding in them any barrier to the r :llest and . _ freest asaociatiuu with any other bodv ttii ueciared hereditary in uiaiaiuilx- ^' 422 [«C8J the highest ecclesiastical dimltariM nf .i ™^- w^Jls^^a^"! t«rutiSo7Si merous works which gained him t hUiJ respectable rank in the rjpubllcof S Among these may be mentioned Us " Nota on Prisons and Prison Discipline " wii i.i. _ i, reviewed by the Rev. 8ydn« SmTS taTi,': "Edinburgh ; " " Essays on the EvldScM Doctrines, and Practical Operatloni of S' tlanlty;"" A Winter m the W« fi':, Ac, Ac, besides numerous minor trtcu o,J religlousand phllanthroplcal subjecto iiw I 1847. "Memoirs" of this truHMellMl man were published by J. B. BralthSlf QUR WOOD. Colonel John, the celebntfti editor of the/' Duke of WellKnR spatches," entered the army as anemlCTii, tfie a2nd foot, in 1808, and served nt Peninsula with that regiment from tb year to 1812. At the assault of CiudadRod- rigo he led the forlorn hope at the 1mm breach, and received a wound in hit ikull ftrom a musket-ball, which affected him S' the remainder of his life ; and on thliM* casion he took the governor, OenenlBinler prisoner, whose sword waspreMntedtohia' by Lord Wellington. After lerrlng wlti great credit durlnr *"■- '- ' of the war, we fine ^ _. .„^ of Waterloo, where he wu snia'HTw^ wounded. He obtained i^ rank u tai colonel in 1841 ; but he had been pltctdoi the unattached list in 1830. HtitacfflM the big^''.y honourable post of prints len- tary to fleld-marshal the duke of wmtl ton, he undertook the grateftd olNlf editing the Wellington De8p«tch«i,iBeii- nection with which his name will b« hinU down to posterity. In; order to tMtify ttt high opinion the duke had of lili nrrleei, he appointed him deputy-Uevtenut of tli Tower of London. The WeUlngton Di- spatches, which had been In the couneef publication during many yean, wii* vat of labour, requiring great care i J icnigl- ous fidelity, while it continually called Into exercise great vigour of thought andjodi- men*;; and it had not long iKencondaM when the health of the gallant soldierml faithful secretary gave way, and he put u end to bis valuable Ufe In a fit oftemponirj insanity, at Brighton, Dec. 20, 1845. GUSTAVUS f , called OUSTAVTJS VASl,] King of Sweden, was son of Eric Van, dolt of Oripsholm, a descendant of the nrilj family, and was bom in U90, HaTiagfotaeli the project of delivering his countiT *■ the yoke of Denmark,he was seized tsdis- prisoned by Christian II. Bat he eiciM and notwithstanding great perils heretcMj Dalecarlia ; gradually roused the pesflrt against the foreign despot, toolt Upiil uj other towns inlJ621, and received the titlt* regent f^om the states. In 1S23 he vu p»; claimed king, took 8tockholm,,andeip«IW Christian . He did not at first, howererjfr cept the title of king, and wasnotcniww till 1528. In a national council the »»• ing year he procured the aboUtirn oiw Catholic religion In Sweden,audeit«tili«J Protestantism. In 1S44 the kingto « I." 'ousj in IMO, he toft hii country at psaoe th« ♦!-?' I t"*' "^ Introdncprt «J>,!r® Pwctice of tor- and wai bom in MM. He •nop««3«j J!?' n'"^ headed hlT aSiJl 5r"®°™ark. Ousta ' father Charle. IX. in ien\'Sd!AiuIS\^^%'^I*'''''^^'ot^r^^^^^ and Btomod' I the war with Denmark. Ituila, and Poland f?o"i «>«f oyed a Meat nimh "' V"^"^ he took He Mleoted Axel Oxen.tlern for his S ''«' »»'e klig, hara.Ved hv ^.f °' ^«"el,. in "m"*/' A""* ."'^ '»'" «°»'"'e' "Stored the f°?^ *"*'"» n°We8*we8tJd*i}f "PPos'tlon of no wieciea Axei Uxenttlem for hfa nkiXi »'?'•'«/.•''<« .by his counsel restored th^\l°T°'^^'>^oblw''"^^^ noble, to the rights and privileges of which whln^h "".""««» t»»lir TcSnce'o'f*''^"* '»•"»' , and thus attached n^?u ^Jtended Us authori?- '*.?®'""™ I He concluded S^ t^V\« i«f "-» ouf R?U°"1""«}''?- luuiiBkvrf «uu uj niS C< "oWei to the rights and privileges oi'whd I ""i.", compelled their 0^07,^." '"* 'fading men tlieyhad been deprived, and thus attTrh»$ HT''^"'* extended Wsai.»T",?^ them to his Interests. He conclud?^ n«^^ ^^ t»»e brsakln, ol.f "J''°''*'> considerably with Denmark in 1613 on advama/feo^n c»al« 7as /ormL^°«h revolu-' terms; was crowned In 1617 marrifS ? """^^^ Powew anrR„^° between the 1620 Eleanor, daughter of the S Sr of 25"^'* *''" 6u"av"u8 tt/i^ Brandenburg, who became the motherof ti,/ ^'^''ce at the head of 1 « ^.?"ch against celebrated Christina, his sKsor on JhM H?* ''hllepren„ation.V°°'^^ taApril 163» defeated TUly agatoaS ^o.** a^volutlon In Swed^ J».". ?v* "^"d *© do ; to Marshal kdrnadott* 21 °.''?5 *™n8ft"ed the Swedish ttrone li^**.'? "l^ ascended After his abdlcauSn GuS^vit' "'*""» ^IV. wandereruponthefSieof &L''*'' » '"«'* bearing the designation nfnP®'"°'»«"«ne8 sometimes that of the dukP „%°f ©ottorp. ,teHtTo7"Therrj.""*'''^°'ahl8eari;Vtar T"" *•*« "O" humble oL„?«"''^°' «»« Ip. Victory was with tht^^^^^^'ber, their heroic leader fel fn^f,,®'!*'^"' «>ut without suspicion of a»L.^„*^? ^^^t, not I Tus Adolphils was one of th»''"°2,- ®"«a- |andoneoftheKreates?mf.iV*® °°'''«t men, (of modern tlmir He ^ai't'L'r'P^^ders' I'uler and administrator an&' *'*°' "« * I»arto exclude commen ^^ S^ i .t "°* *"ow I "gulation of his staZ frnm^, *^^ Internal tenHon. There Ta'«oiTJ??J?™??t at 1 5 !,! T ' L !■ f?^ If at or n«ar Mentz about HOO. He wai of a noble family, and wbi compelled, probably by ciTil dlHentions, to retire to Strasburg about U24. Ke appears f* have lived there for twenty years, and it is pretty certain that his great invention was perfected before his return to Mentt in 1443. Harassed by lawsuits and pecuniary diiHculties, he en- tered in 1190 into a kind of partnership with John l/'ust, a rich goldsmith of Mentz, which was dissolved five years later. Fust thenceforth carrying on the business with Sclioffer. Gutenberg is said to have estab- lished another press, and went on printing. In 146S he was received among the courtiers of tho Elector of Mentz, and died in 1468. A. festival was held at Mentz in 1837 on occa- sion of the erection there of a fine statue of Outenbcrg. OUXUHIU, "WiLtiAU, an indefatigable writer, was born at Brechin, Scotland, in 1708i and after receiving his education at King's College, Aberdeen, settled 'n London as an author. Among the various works which bcur this author's name are, a " His- tory of England," 3 vols, folio ; a " History of Scotland," 10 vols. ; an " Universal His- tory," 13 vols.; the Oeographical Gram- mar," &c. Died, 1770. GUTZLAFF, Dr CHAKLE8, the well- known Chinese scholar, traveller, and mis- sionary, was a native of Stettin, in Prussia, in 1803. In early life he was remarkable for an ardent love of learning, joined to an ad- venturous spirit; and having resolved to devote himself to missionary labour in foreign parts, ho voluntcc'red to go to the Dutch settlements in the East, under the auspices of the " Netherlands Missionary So- ciety." Before proceeding thither he came to England, where he became acquainted with many friends of missions, and especially with Dr Morrison, then on a visit to this country after a long residence in China. This meeting with Dr Morrison gave Gutz- laff a. strong bias towards China as his ulti- mate Acid of labour. In 1823, being then only in his twenty-first year, he proceeded to Singapore ; and such was his aptitude for languages, that before he had been there two years, he was able to converse fluently in five eastern languages, and to read and write as many more. In August, 1828, in company with Mr Tomlin, an English mis- sionary, Dr Gutzlaff set out to visit the kingdom of Siam. They remained for six months at Bankok. Early in 1830 he re- turned alone to Siam, and in the spring of the following year made his first voyage to China. At Bankok he became naturalized as a subject of the celestial empire, by adop- tion into a particular clan or family. Ha^'ing assumed a Chinese name, and wearing the Chinese dress, and conforming to their cus- toms, he visited, along with the crew of the Junk in which he sailed, a large tract of the coast without any molestation. After a six months' voyage he reached Macao safely, in December, 1831, when ho had the satisfac- tion of being welcomed by his friend Dr Morrison. In February of the following year he was appointed surgeon and inter- preter to an expedition that was sent out by and obtain information as to the ports *w commtrco might be estabUshed' Thmp !r turned to Macao early in Septemb*/ i little more than a month he started ««. third voyage, as far aa-nentsin andMsnti w Tartary. Of these voyages he pubB l« 1834, an account entitled "A JouraaiM Three Voyages along the coast of Chtai i„ 1831, 1832.and 1833,'' containing much inV, esting information, and full of the au So?; personal adventures. He afterward. «„k lished two other works,-- "AHUtorSn, China," and "China Op'ened," the u7t which contains the most comprehenslVe .nd conrectaccount up to that time given InEng lish popular Uterature of the topoimnh? history, customs, laws, and literature of ».' CelesUal Empire. In 1884 he was appoio "d l^iterpreter to the British SuperinteSr andsubsequentlysecretarytotheplenlpoten.' tlary, secretary to the government of how Kong, and superintendent of trade in Chin, which ofllccs he held at the time ofhii'l death. In 1849 he revisited Europe, after I nearly twenty-seven years' absence; but r^ turned to his post at Victoria in the follow- ing year, and was actively engoftcd there ' until a fortnight before his death, which i, took place in 1861. •«, wmcii « Kn,^ 9^ LUSIGNAN, having m.nied | Sybilla, daughter of Amaury I., king of Je- ! rusalem, succeeded Baldwin V., in 1186, He I had '^ rival in Raymond, count of Tripoli j' In the great battle of Tiberias, which laited I three days, Guy was defeated and made prl- 1 soner by Saladin. Jerusalem was soon after taken by the Saracens, and Guy was wtfret, He began the siege of Acre in 1189, ami to aid him the third crusade was undertakes. He subsequently renounced his title, and re- ceived the sovereignty of Cyprus at the hands of Richard I. of Jsngiiuid. Died, 11 04* GUY, THOMAS, the founder of Gny'i Ho^ pital, was the son of a lighterman of Hon- leydown, and born in 164-1. He was brought up to the business of a bookseller, and hid a lucrative trade in the importation of Biblei from Holland, and afterwards contracting with Oxford forthoue printed at that univtr- sity ; but his principal gains arose from the disreputable purchase of seamen's priie tickets, and Jobbing in South Sea stock. Bi these means, Joined to most penurioui habits, he amassed a fortune of nearlf half a million sterling, of which he spent aboot £200,000 in building and endowing the hoi- pital in Southwark, which bears bis name. He also erected almshouses at Tamffortb, and made bequests to Christ's Hospital and various other charities; besides Icavin; £80,000 to be divided among those who could prove any degree of relationship to bin- He died in 1724, aged 80. OUYON, JEANNE MAEIE BOUVIEE Dl LA MOTHE, a French religious entbusiait, was born at Montargis in 1648, and became a widow with three children at the age of twenty-eight. Having a strong predilection for a kind of mystical devotion, sBe relin- quished the care of her children to otberi, and gave up apart of her fortune for tieir maintenance, while she professed to be I the East India Company to survey the coasts, wholly guided by " divine impulses," there iU of all earthly careiand emotlom, a condition hrthar^, \ *^«»n>« •ucceMlvPiV. "•"* *•»« which ha« aluco obtained the name of ,« ,<" thl^I^'^?^^i^f> ^WmhlrtlJl "ember , i,m. Mi.lcd by her heated ImaglnaUon ih« l^?, «?.°>™lttee of Public s«r 5^""^*" "»». imagined that heaven defined her for an K^rH^' ?*^« Hundred ««1 the extraordinary mission. Thus for aevera? thi f *?* ^«'«>n <>' Honour l^J***!* ™em. year, .he wandered from place to K r^fh"5*?« "^^ BuonaMX^an?** "^ ^'J''"" "H preachlBK her doctrli^e. and mking conJ T f thlt°J^*««''n'<' sCm rert.; till her fame, reachlnir P.nf - "i ..' J»'«Mlnt. Bcaldea hi. .h„? 'V*"'*trator i |cyclop«dle AMthodlque h« i " ^^^ ^n- ' PrlncTpa^ editor, of th/ji^*r^"5?e »' the i »odIque he »« ^^ **■« ^^n- ter,.hewuby the king/ order •hutu?ni1 and w?n"^ '*"'»" ".' *"« a convent. Through the Intercewlon of Ma° 18M °** •*""" ««*«>' cScai wo,u*"i? '■^• dame deMain tenon, howoTer, the won owtt™, """C" worlis. Wcu, obuined he: liberty; and such were th««fL ^w^^T' Joseph «n ««.i iraotion.of her eloVuencorandTh" Inder SI"''*?*''* «"»» wS on nr^i?f"' ^"S""" new and fervour of her niit^fh.T "?'!*': I ^0"» in London In 178? °i''''"ect«'e, was at at P-.i.. c.^ ".' "»4- He was educated u™iiuu lerTour oi ner piety, that she only made proselytes of many ladies of 7iTo I Z'^ "'' f »"'• Hchool, and nft.^ '"" «:""cated court, but enlisted the lllustrioiw F/n61on Irn^t^'' '*>« office of his fathL'^^S"*"* ^'^^ in her cause. Her doctrines and conduct a^'^'I."**'*' ^^ became a studpnf' "^^^ '^«'' «n at erjth excited the resentment of Bossuet i'^?*'*'"^ *•» »80I. In 1816 !„ °.'u''® ^''y"' and other rigid ecclesiastics, and she w« Ari/i" ^^^ "turn published h^'^i^'^J'' compelled to sign a recanutlin. But awli? ^«i','*"*"'<'nlca Itallana " cn„t >* , ^""ti" puMUing the same career in Paris she w«?»V'=" »' 'he bui dlSw fl«a*'"l'?» «•>«•« conflnedlntheBastile. On b^nfflihPrn^S' ""'''' ^Ith dates and «.«/? "^^'tects of in 1702, she retired to BloUrand tLre Daa«/d --'^- "^ '^hlch hi is bes? knl^"'"- '^^^ the remainder of her life in nrivnt.^ ?!*^ UJ^ncyclopBdla of Ar«h.» "^ work,, whichare very volumin^ou, ar"e n^w Ji't^'^^'^'^and Pr^ctlca^^^^^ Historical little known. Many of her "k«fi ^ ''I'n 1842/and ha« S«„„^^ .Spirituel." were trLslated by?he Son? r'"'"","'- "^ong hirofhe *i"'"K»» ""^""l Cowper, who warmly admired them kL' .T'o^""" on the Eauinhrf.^ ^°V^' '"'o "- biography, partly written by hersSf ^f L ?"'°»'"''P''y. or Examnloa "i,"L^''«''«« J ' •CMe. deep Interest for all who can X':*" *'"""'' °''*e''^^^^^^^ Shadows;" ^;ith .ympathy Into the history of a m?nS liw", ' ' Kudlments of Arrh w "? "^ ^'t"'- It was translated bv Cownpi- v.;.. i i ™'nd. edition of Sir w oi ^v'^nitecture ; " « There « a recent work entitled ''The Ttfa "?'*.'"* «*tecture." He ciJitw^ ''Principles Upham. "uyon, oy T. 0, ( article* on arr»,i»V„» •'ontributea all the 'Brande-a'PSicOonanoVr^^^ "'""c to and Art," and the treati^lnn '"'"*• .'^«^«"'ce, EncyclopiBdia Mefr«Jf„i •♦ "" """''c to the work as practlc^ ?rrhf?'"t- His principal Castle, nea^rsffi^ Hevasl Tf," ^arkfee Society of Antiquaries f?om ?«,°«'^ *" »"« Sf^^i^'of the Roval A.J'^" J8A«.' «nd adrocate-general to th« n??,'' '"•'* ''"'«™e Philosoph^'and ?h7Xry,?n'wUch rr"' ?*""'«' of theXaV A.^" '''' «nd "a cence he made many dIca^.r7J',"'^}^'!^E '•'om 1833; and he^wa^anZ*"?*?' S°«iety or surveyor to severZ'oS 1*" ?'-«Wtec? f cienee'-h/made^.Jl^S dIJco'v"erre^' In ^rii logical tour of thTfni'? ""^^ * minera- lead mine. Soon Xr f h i^ discovered a rich '""riling the artfcles on r?o T* ""^^K^d ,EneK,opfdie Mlthod que • in "? S'/^h *'* 'l^ lulled hg new chfrninni^' .^^ '•e pub- 'feat attent'^for a ime to" t'h^i"'"' P^'" tion, and by various Hi.<.„^ • *'^^ aerosta- Promoted the Xanie J?"'*, '"'^terially cured amoni Ceariiest nn"i^'"=^- He '«' 0^ the rUuSr/bS TdVA or surveyor to sovm.r,'" ^PPoliited architect the last^yea?8 Of 2,"mr".'"«^ He spent Thames, and there dir^ i^° ."* Honley-on- known by the name of David o?'m'"* ''"^' and styled the WoiVi. ^^ .^"^^^amorgan 1340,.l„'ti,ecountTofCar?Hi*'' \" •'"''n In of the itinerant bards and ?^"p^- He was one and tutor in the f.S of Ivor"« ^"«^"d he died, in 1400 H = i-? "'"^ Hael, where in 1792,'and Z sS C?^' "^^'^ Published to be judges, to be ii'surU^p'A''''" P'"'**" bardic succegsors. "°""*«8sed by any of his 1W^ • |: \ UAAS.'WILHBLK, a type-founder at Basel , who Improved the art of printing by the in- Tcntion of a balance-presi, Ac. Died, 1800. HABINOTON. THOMAS, a gentleman of fortune at Hcnllp, In Worcestershire, who was Implicated in various treasonable prac- tices, but who had the good fortune, though detected, to escape ft-om the full penalty of them. He was found guilty of engaging in a conspiracy to release Mary, queen of Scots, for which bo was imprisoned six years ; and he was afterwards convicted of concealing some of the agents in the gunpowder-plot, and received sentence of death ; but obtain- ed a pardon, owing, as some assert, to his having been the godson of Queen Bllcabeth ; though, more probably, to the circumstance of his daughter being the wife of Lord Mont- eagle, and the supposed writer of the mys- terious letter that led to lU discovery. H(> was, however, restrained ftrom leaving Wor- cestershire, and employed the rest of his life In collecting the topographical materials which formed the foundation of Br Nash's history of that eounty. Bom, 1860 : died, lf47. t , . , HABINOTON, WILLIAM, poet and his- torian, ion of the preceding, was bom at Henllp, Worcestershire, In 160S. He was educated at Bt Omer's and Farls ; married the danghter of the first Lord Fowls ; and published a volume of poems, under the title of" Costara ; " whicb, according to the Judgment of modem critics, possess much fancy, elegance, and pure moral feeling. His other works are, " The Queen of Arra- gon," a tragi-comedy ; " Observations upon History," and " A History of Edward IV." Died, IMS. HACHETTE, JKAN NICOLAS PlEREE, French mathematician, was boraat Mez!6res in 1769. He assisted Mongc and Quytun de Morveau in the establishment of the Ecole Polytechnlque, In which he was named professor of geometry in 1796. After the restoration of Louis XVIII. he was deprived of his chair, and was prevented by the government from entering the Academy of Sciences ; to which he only obtained admis- sion In 1830. Among his works are— " Trait* Sl^mentaire des J'achlnes ; " " B16- mcns de G^om^trle;" besides numerous memoirs communicated to the Institute and other learned bodies. Fresnel and Arago were scholars of Hachette. Died at Paris, 1834. HACKERT, Philipp, German painter, was born at Prenzlau In 1737. After ac- quiring some skill in painting, he went lo Italy, his brother Johann accompanying him. He gained a great reputation by liis landscapes, and was employed to paint for Catharine of Bussia, and Pope Pius VI. In 1782 he settled at Naples, aud soon after was appointed principal painter to the king, Ferdinand IV., who made a familiar friend -_ __ of him. Among his works area ssHm^J large pictures of a naval victory of "«» '' slans. views of the seaports of N«ni« ."i Sr'""J' »'^'i.«»»«n"o«» Italian l,X* "" Hackerfs Life was written by Go«h» i? praised his fidelity to nature. Died « H„" rence, 1807. '" "' "«• HACKET, Dr John, bishop of Ueht,.u as born In 1«92, received m- .-"''^''''l was at Westminster and Trinity College X^ bridge; and became chaplain to Ja'atii" This appointment soon led to other ohnrrh preferment. In 1628 he was presentSS i . stall la Lincoln cathedral, and sh^MiK,' to the rectory of 8t Andrew's, Holbora X' that of Oheam, in Surrey. iriMl h,t2 made archdeacon of Bedford ; and in IMi k. exchanged his prebend at Llacohi ror » iS sidentiaryshlp at St Paul's. At th»B«to,.' ation he was made bishop of Llchaeir udl Coventry j an i in that situation heexhlWttJ a degree of munificence worthy of hJi lU tlon, by expending f 20,000 In rtpslrla* wi cathedral, and by being a liberal bensficS^l to the college of which he had been smw' i of WllUams is of great interest, nd sra historical Importance: written in « quIb^ and learned style, half made up of quou tlons.like Burton's Anatomy of Melsaclioly and giving a vivid picture of the «eDinl' character and ponition of the IttnisddlTiui of the Church ri England dnrisg thi Dm half of the 17^a century, ftnd manj euloa glimpses of t'ltt court and the tifflei. H ACQUF/jf , BALTHA8AE, an eminent if turallst, ^<)m at Conquet, In Brittsa/, li 1740. After making a scientific tour, ht settled at Laybach, in Camiols; becasii professor of surgery at the Lyceum thirt; and in 1788 professor at lember;, and i member of the council of minei at Vieau, He produced several works llluatratlTe ti the natural history and state of the coontriet he explored ; and died in 1816. { HADDON, WALTEE, an eminent Engliih! lawyer, who, on the deprivation of Gardmer, ' bishop of Winches MT, of the mastership of Trinity Hall, was selected to fill thevacHt situation. He was afterwards pre«ideiit of Magdalen College, Oxford; but durini the reign of Mary he was compelled to seek obscurity. Under Elizabeth he becamejudje of the prerogative court ; and he was one of j the three commissioners who met at Brunei in 1566, to arrange a treaty of commerce be- tween England and the Netherlands. Hevu otherwise much employed for the gorem- ment; particularly in translating into Latin the celebrated code, " Reformatio LegumEc- cleaiasticarum ; " and he wrote various poem and treatises in Latin, the purity and el^ gancc of which are highly commesded. Died, 1672. HADLEY, JOHN, an English natural pU had] loiophM, Tho Uf ed In the earir pa*t oi th> ism cmturr. He obuined the reputatlo» I ot h»Tliig Inrented the quadnuit which beuv hii name, the Honour of which, howarnr belong, of rkht to Sir Iiaao VIewton »^J belong, of rkht to Sir laaao Newton'inW Thomai Oodftoy, an American mathemiu- 'i"'. Tu ** »«P»''«'«'J^ n>«'le tUo InTtfntloii about the lame time. Hadley Inrented . flre-feet reflecting teleecope ; waa Tlce.nr« ildeut of the Uoyal Society ; and nontrlbuted ?br'£leri7«''' ^'^°"*'>'««» Tr««rc. UADRipUS, PBBUU8 MLIVB, Roman emperor, born AD. 76. HI, father, whS FM couiln U) TjAjMi. died when ho waa iS yean old, and left him in the Buardianahin of hii illiutrlouf liinaman. He married ai*^ bina, the heire.. of Tr^an, whom he Som-' padedin hi. expcdUioug. and became aJS. ccisiTely orator, governor of Tannonla. and C0U.U1. fln the death of Tr°"ec- "■eyihave been the J.rhlif''®, ^'^an ; >' «mentarie8,and it IbT^IJ'J, '"""erous ,«7 whether they are to ^^^i"* «=<''>tro- enUly 0, an 4^ «e to be interpreted .-»/ nueiner thev are ^"ebeen translaffd Intn l°"lf °' 'he odea ^"""and others and fL^"?"."'' "^ 8''>- W '«»')een translated intl^''^"'^ collecilon "•out 1389 Tr.* ul'"*<' Gorman. Hn "t„5 . - ■ ""■■" "" '-^ant'-ynien erected a waa bo« at '&f*i«?«'?H, a German poet I educated in lh?*c?lte'of"h//'*''- . "« ^" came to London in tho .*"' "»"▼* city enna ; and devoted h/^..,' ""died at Vl- ofacriticalknoXJ^oVlhoVil'.' "quialtlon I He resided some time In T^n ^''"'"' '""Kue. published several woVgp^nVf*'"' "'here ho Chinese langnaff« • h,.» **P'anatory of the "uccess. h^wMt to P«r,-.'"*''"'"'» *»!"» "ttle went f> Italv anH „ '"' ""'' 'ailing ther« versit, of Tavi"'* V* P''"fM8or at the un?« "TheOhtaefep'^thlT"?. :"» ^•"•k* «i or the Elemen ta?? Cho^C ^^E»P'«nation ^nguages •• •' A nr ""'^'^"o'the ChinMo ' dlacovered' Bai^vi^nf"'*!''"' «" the newlv I "^hIh P'^'^'isls I''«criptlon./.'l'/ ' the course of the ewrth anS ^.S'""* 'howlng weU as that of the mn7- "^fther planeta «. wd their ec"cVnteld°u;V2*lW!;teK ^'}?d:h'9"o^"-^»'''-'^Att.^*^^^^^^^^^^^^ Ho"m^S£t%i.?^-j^-i^"-'°' <" of:^;''nK tof 4HtH-'^ "^^^^^^^ at Leipslc, Vienna" and Kri«lf** """".Ively zeal in the pursuit of Vni°.*!°' *here his Wm tho regard Of ai^h^ p^?S »"°««"«1 harlng talcen his de«refi «% « S?"" i and appointed, in 1781 *di,?r.nf ^P' he was Gomern,nearMagdeburi»l Physician at his professional labourf' h^''^^ ^^ «»eved chemistry and miSnlv^ r^'^f. '""•Jy of moved to Dresden whe?A ^° F^* he re- reputation ; but st'ruck »u^^?'*'"«'^ a high certainty Of the hellin^r'^V^e great un - ' practice, and dcvoled himself «':f,"''f'* ^'^^ I chemistry and litproti „„ °'*^ exclusively to thus employed hohlhtT^"^^^'"'- Whi e aw of 'J^BlmiUa 8imtt» '"'^^^ so-called In 1796, ho announced iVt'f^H*"'''" ""d, world, and his whole time w«2 n**"® '"«<>leal testing his 'princiDlei. w ^** "P'^ «Pent In making kno^ the results iS"" "^' *»d l2 atlons. In I8I3 he re ,ov^/?"°T"'.P"hllc- Magl8terLegens butfhB« ^ *° Leipslc as apothecaries* drovrhlmfh!f^^''^"°»« of the Where the.duke of iMt rn%*** ^'"'hen, him an asylum in 18to°^''i*:S'"»«?. "ffpred him an asylum in isto''"''^'*''''^'*^" offered 1 1 for 13 years.extendinghis f^mp" *«,«malned - 1- having^^^Sf^J-l^-lPractlc^^^^ hutTn'r83rh\^??,y«^i«fameardF^^^^^^^^ When in his 80th vL?^ w/ * ^°"«h lady to Paris, where ho 1:o' he removed with her exerclse'ofhfs'nrof^lS^^l^llin the active', "y numerous discinipa7.;^'2. "^i* =arrouMded k ' UAl] 11 i^eb) Qtniiiersal 1Siogrnpf)p. 1843. Mil chief work* arc the " OrR«non of the HeAUiiit Art," publUhea lb 1810 i and " Chronic Diieancs, their tiieullnr Nature and Ilomooupathlc Cure," piiblUliPit In 1H28. HAILUH, Lord. Ll>ALUYMl'LB, Sir DAVIU.] UAKLUYT, RICIIABD, historian, wat bom at Eyton, In Hcrefordahiro, In ltS3. lie received hU education at Wcitnilntter Bchool, and nt Chrlittchurch, Oxford, where ho made geography his fiivourlto study, and read levturos on naval history. About 1.^84 ho went to Paris as chaplain to tho English ambassador, and, during his absence, was made prohcndary of Itristol. On his return to I'.niiland ho published several works, par- ticularly a translation from the Spanish of " Leo's Geographical History of Africa," and Peter Martyr's " History of tho AVost Indies." In 1609, ho wus promoted to a prebend of Westminster, and the rectory of \vhothprlngsct, in Sutl'olk. Died, 1816. His principal work is a raluablo collection of voyages entitled " The Prlnclpiil Naviga- tions and DUcoTcrles of tho English Nation by I^nd and by Hca," in 3 TOls. folio. This work appeared first in one volume in 1989, and was dedicated to tho great minister, 8ir Francis AValslngham. Hakluyt in compiling It had the assistance of Sir Walter Halcigh. The collection contains, besides the accounts of voyages of discovery, many curious and interesting documents chiefly relating to Knglish commerce. Tho namo of this emi- nent man is perpetuated in the Hakluyt Society, established in 1846. Haldane, RonEUT, ond jamks Alex- ander, theologians and philanthropists, two brothers, who exercised «reat influence on the times in which they lived, were the sons of Captain James Haldane, represent- ative of tho old barons of Oieneagics in Perthshire, who occupied a prominent place in Scottish History. Their mother was sister of Admiral Duncan, Viscount Camperdown. In early life they both entered the navy, and distinguished thcmaelvcs by gallantry and good conduct. Itobcrt Haldane was midship- man on board tho " Toudroyant," under Captain Sir John Jcrvl8,in 1781, in the cele- brated night action with the " P^gase," which was the foundation of Lord 8t Vin- cent's great fame. When yet only 29 years of age, James had risen to the command of one of the East India Company's ships, in those daya manned and armed like ships of war, and often engaged in important ser- vice. But, led by various circumstances, and influenced doubtless by early impressions received from a pious mother, both brothers left the naval service, and dedicated their time, labour, and wealth to works of piety and usefulness. The first scheme in which Robert Haldane took deep interest was the introduction of Christianity among the na- tives of India. This was in 1799. His was no sentimental philanthropy, for he had himself resolved to go as one of the first mis- sionaries, and he sold his estate of Airtlircy in order to provide funds for the undertak- ing. But his designs were for the time frustrated, and the Indian mi^ Ion proceeded under the direction of I)r Carey ond his coadiutora. Meanwhile James Haldane eu- m terod the ministry In Bcotland, dsrotln. himself to tho isame khid uf work whi»fc Wesley and Whlteflcld had at nn ».ril„ period undertaken In England, lln trjTelltd over tho whole country, from tho HnlwiT Frith to tho Orkneys, preaching dyprywi,,' to largo audiences, and produdnir mui^h good effect, In iplto of violent opnoiltinn both firom the elcrtiy and magUtratci Siif flee it to say, that In all the great meniurfi of Christian philanthropy which marked the ' flrst half of the present century, tho U«l danes took a zealous and pronilnpnt part Robert Huldano died in 1812, In the 79th year of his ago. James died in 1841. iioth of tho Haldanei were authors of varloui works, the most Important of which In the ologlcal literature are, a " Treatise on the Doctrine of the Atonement," by Jamn Hal dane ; and by Robert Haldane, "An Uipojl. tlon of the Epistle to tho Romani," '' On the Evidences and Authority of Dirliie Revelation," and " On the Insplrsilon of Scripture." These works have been wiJcly circulated on the continent as well aa lu America and this country. An Intereitioi memoir of their lives has been riubllahcd HALDK, DU. [DUHALDE.] HALE, Sir MATTUKW, an eminent 2ns- llsh Judge, wos born at Aldtrloy, in OIoucm- tiTshlrc, in 1609 ; educated at MuRdnlcn Hall Oxford ; and removed to Lincoln's Inn, wlicro' I he studied the law with great (llllgence,and| overcame the loose and dissipated habi'.aini which he had previously indulged. He rose i to eminence at tho bar, and succeeded In I preserving a singular neutrality through the j momentous crisis of the civil war. He acted as counsel for Strafford, Laud, Hamilton, |: and even for Charles himself; yet Cromirrll J prevailed upon him to become one of the justices of the Common i:cnch; but it iij said that he never formally acknowledged' the authority of Cromwell, and he at length refused to try any more criminal cauiei. In tho parliament which recalled the king' he sat for his native county; and,' aoon after the Restoration, was made chief baron of the exchequer ; from which ho was advanced to the chief-justiceship of tho King's Bench. He resigned his oftice in 1(>7J, and died the following year. He was a learned man, an upright judge, and an exemplary ChrUtlnn. His belief in witchcraft, avowed on occasion of the trial of two women, whom he sen- tenced to death ; and his prefecnce of per- i sonal ease to honest participation in the I great political conflict of his aKe, are aymp- 1 toms of a certain feebleness of character, aid h detract somewhat from his otherwise fair!! fame. His writings are numerous on thco- 1 logical, philosophical, and legal subjecti' Theprlncipal are," The History of thePleiij of the Crown," " History of the Common | Law," and "Contemplations, Moral and Divine," 3 vols. 8vo. Ho also wrote various mathematical and philosophiial works ; and left a valuable collection of manuscripts re- lating to history .-incl jurisprudence, which are preserved In the library of Lincoln's Inn; HALES, ALEXANDER OF, a celebrated Bcholastic philosopher, surnamed " Doctor Irreflragabllls," flourished In the 13th cen-| tury. Ho was brought up in a Franciscan Itioniltert In (■lt>UL'i!iitim?iir/> ar.Vi I I *" immawrx la (iluutfuttriiiiro, and after wiinli itudicd at Parii, whiTo in I2'"i h« wilt created D.D., and a tew Toara later nam profoMor of theology. Jlii '' Humuia Tli«n fo(rl»," waa baaed on the "Seiitentiro "of VnUt IxiinbaM j but ho Rare « aylloifl.ti,, f(.rm to the propoiltlona of that work nn,i , hsi been on that account called, by TlVdn I nmnn, the flrit Schoolman. Ho waa ouihnr laUoof tome oxoKctlcal worku, and pcrhnoa i of a Commentary on Arlatotle'a " Metanl » •Ici." Died at I'arlt, l2iS. "owpny- HAI,E8, JOHN, commonly called " ih« MeMTiemorablo," waa born at Itath, In la"/ He wni Greek profeanor at Oxford, and cannn of Wlndior. Ho lumrod great hArd.h^S?? the rebellion, and died In 16«fl ufiP"'^ in.n of learning nnd skill in argument an,i hi. TTork. were colloctod nfto? Ws death »nd |)ul)li»hcd under the title of " Ooi,in„' Remaliii of the evcr-momorablo Mr Jni?!? Haloi, of Eton College," 3 toU " IIALEH, Stkpiiev, divine ind naturni phllo,opher. wfl. born in Kent, in le"? "„" educated at Benet Collejre (■<» Ihri^„'„ i ; Which he became fellow Infroar He'inv^Ste"/ j « machine for demonatratlng the mnJinn. , ihe planet., nearly similar to* thoo?rcryaVH' n 1741 publiahed a now method of ventUa tlon. Ho contented himself with thor»!^.i-" of Teddlngton, near Hampton Courftnf^' InB higher dlgnitlc.; and dkd in 176, ' S" wa. a fellow of the Koyal Sociotv nn i ^* aHoclateofthel^onchAcademyofL?!/" He waa IndefatlKablo in M»LilnUHn '"''■ searches, particularly in those whl^h ! , ""f " I" vegetable physiology • and hui^ """'° cations to theVhiXpirieal Tranl^^ir'- were rery numerous ibegldoati.i'l""^?' published an Importan work cntlM«i^'},r''*' .celebrated French r^ufinif/"''"'-'^''^^!'. born at Pari,, i"" 'jyT*'?"' 1^^^,"' ^«« first at the Conaervatoirc and rh"'* """"'c Cherublnl,and very c„H»'„t? i *^®" ""^er lionlnhi,'ar? He obta ned tli"'"'^ •"»"'«'- Institute, and was sent X^"Jl\'^ °' "'e tlon at Rome His flrit nn?"'''' •"' ^''"ca- "lalion." and"Ph Sia '-■ Te?AtZ"% " ^''*- »a« produced In im Ui.l^^.^J ^'''ch '^ ^"ive." appeared ln^i,-i''''^':,'*'°'"vre. Obtained a European ceiobritv' "a** '"^'^^^ i other works are-the eoin u'^" "^onff ''is !cIair,"''OuldoetQinem "" v„iT/\ '''^- 1 " I-a Fie anx Roses -"Thn .J^"' ^ Andorre," Shakespeare, Ac Hnl Jv wTt'""'*''" "^^^^ r-SaleTaSr^^^^^^^^^ H'« "faordinary sSccfss 8^^ rr"^ ^'f^'<^' Mt on y to ereaf fo-^. ^ ^''^ Henry owed Jj«n>oat'XlXntr *'^"^«^' »'^«' "ff», and bv w,.l, ^ PP'"*'^'ince and man "Iiich nsnired sii/k J P'^^'^cssional skill ■ f^"^ed o?o%e m'* ITJ'a''''' t^" ho at- 6eor« IV ll/ti: »"a Queen Chnri^«„ I ho — ~ rnAr.| Jllusui'ou's'pa'tlVt: thi';\r*'""»'"' »'y ^ baronet ; and he irVi, ""^ ''a* croHted « I Profo^iona, ..^tT,'. "A'Cc^T^ir ' tniuf ".^^jJ^aYenrf/; ""^'"'^^. "r'^n '| nrterwar.:, beeame a"iT K.S"'^ ^''«°'. ""<« India Company, ,orvi, ^ x?^""" '" "'«> Eaat f^odoof 0«'ntooLawIon'nl'M'"""'*'«'«« '" I'undits, from « I-erl^.n -P"^'""""""* of the O'amnmr of th'e ,n"io l"''?""" • " "A A >farrativo of the Pvo„ *"?«'" * " ""d happened in Hombny and fln" ?"''«'' have I iho Mahratta S.e ./i?8\'''-«''atlycto After thl. ho returned to Fn^i ^^'J^' ''"•" talned a scat In pnrliamnnf'"*'""**' and ob- I-yminKton. He'^dofSd n* ".'"•""ber for phot Jirothera. whose Vlfll'' '""*"« J"-o- •tnnnn ne ♦ " "' Parliament as an ln-[ Jlorn, •tnnco of tyrnnn,*" Parliament a. 17S1 ; died, fsao ^ '"'" °PP'e"lon ''Sam Slick." >va. bo;* """med name "f Nova Scotia in mr ?r„ J" 1"° colony ^f tho law, practlsert «. J^"' brought ud to appointe'drj?,d^"o\"t ilal^^n"'' ''"«»^a« «ubsequently\e8lff„"d umt"* ^ "<2. „e i-ngland, nnd »ut in nar i„-J?®*'®' «e«led In for Luunne.ton. The Wo^?,* "' "'^'"beV works, nearly all of whinh J '' * *»"»« "us vein, humorous deih^eit^o^I* i" *"« "ame manners, and dlainp? i "* *" character Clockmaker or Sn!^?, ' ^ae entitled "Tho Slick otBuZin!'ZnTL^'^"«*''f Sam volumes In 1837 't*"'' appeared In two established his reputatC T"'*^^' «"d two additional voCmes Hu%*°^" "''»»« books are— " Thfi Af/^lfw "'' 'ubsequent England;" " The o d t^',"'" «""» SllJk In Modern Instances ;""Nnt^r!f° ^.*'^'' and Nature," &c. In politica J,^51''il'^ """'an was a thorough-goingTorv nl'^f .."''.''''""on In a passionate ciprowion'^??? ').'' Indulged hU " English in AmerC" n.^h,\^*';y''"n '« f W at Lis seat, attrew^r^t'lilX^^^.l^^'^- an"em'ii,!^t^?Z'rA'ra^".'''Marq«.sof' contributed to the restn'rnH' ''S'"" '" 16-W Who made him a nrilv . ""/^'""■'csll. warded him wifh ? „ ^ councillor, and re- gion of James'^he was'°n^^-,„P" *^« "eces- of the council, from whieh'^h!"**"* P'esidont for refusing his conrenV^„**° was dismissed test acts. In thc-onvonH * '''P'"" <>' the was chosen speaker of ?hlw P^'liament he and at the accessLn of Wtm°"'^ "' ^•"'ds. was made lord privy seal vi*"?, "."" ^ary His lordshin wrAin^, . ' ^° ^led in 1695 yi- .iL^.M ;:• ■ : hal] % ^m anliieraal IBfograp^e. suing his studies at the High School, he en- tered the navy in 1802, and gradually rose through the minor ranks till he became post- captalu in 1817. But though.Htemostother British officers, he discharged his official dntiet with great distinction and success, it It on the field of literature that he reaped hit most honoured laurels j for to whaterer Quarter of the world he was summoned at the call of duty, he rlewedmen and manners with a searchtog eye, and tmIous taterest- ins and popular works were the result of his eager and indefstlgable pursuit of know- ledge. Besides contribntingnumeronspapers on scientific sutJecU to Tarious Journals and encydoptedias, Capt. Hall wrote " A Voy- age of Discovery to the "WeBtem Coast of Corea and the great Loo-Choo Island in the Japan Sea ; " a most interesting work, which went through many editions; "Extracts flrom a Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, in the years 1820, 1821, 1822," " Travels in North America," " Frag- mente of Voyages and Travels," " Schloss Heinfeld, or a Winter in Lower Styria,"&c. His last work was published in 1841, under the title of " Patchwork," consisting, as its name implies, of detached papers, embracing recollections of foreign travels, incidents worked up into short tales, and a few essays. Having been unfortunately seized with in- sanity, Cant. Hall was placed in the Boyal Hospital, Ha8lar,Portsmouth, where he died, 1844. HALL, EDWARD, an old English chroni- cler, whose works rank with those of Ho- linshed and Stowe. He was a native of London, and being ft lawyer by profession, attained the rank of a Judge in the sheriffs court. His death took place in 1647. As affording delineations of the manners, dress, and customs of the age, his " Chronicle," which Grafton continued. Is very curious. HALL, Sir JAMES, bart., F.R.8., and F.6.A., Edinburgh, was the eldest son of Sir John ;Hall, the third baronet of Dunglass, and bom In 1760. He was the author of " An Essay on the Origin, Principles, and History of Gothic Architecture," and of many papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He devoted much of his time to scientific pursuits, and made some ingenious researches and dis- coveries in mineralogy and geology, par- ticularly by his experiments in the fusion of stony substances — endeavouring to establish the truth of the Huttonian theory of a cen- tral fire against the Wernerian or aqueous system. Died, at Edinburgh, 1832. HALL, JOBEPH, an eminent and learned English prelate. He was born, in 1574, at Ashby-de-la-Zouch ; was educated at Eman- uel College, Cambridge; and became dean of Worcester. In 1624 he refused the bishopric of Gloucester ; but, three years afterwards, ha accepted that of Exeter ; from which see he was removed. In 1641 , to that of Norwich. In a few weeks after his translation he was sent to the Tower, with twelve other pre- lates, for protesting against any laws passed in parliament during their forced absence frrui the House. In June, 1642, he obtained nis release ; but the next yeai he suffered much persecution from the Puritans, who _ [had plundered his house, and despoiled the csthe dral. His estate also was sequestered ' and thus, in his old age, he was redaeed ta poverty, which he endured with fortitnd* and continued still to preach occadoniii*' His " MediUtions " are weU known • ud his poetical talents, chiefly exenised i* •attre, were very respectable. Helsunivcn ally allowed to have been a man of RMt wit and learning, and of as great meclmtM modesty, and piety. His works have ni»< him the appellation of the " Chrlstiin ii«nii c«." Died, 1666. "«■»«. i }HALL, BOBXBT, a celebrated BsMlit preacher and theological writer, wu bon at AmsbT, in Leicestershire, in 1764. hIi father, who was also a Baptist miniiter in 1773 placed him under the instraction of Dr John Byland, of Northampton. At IS he became a student in the Baptist coUece at Bristol ; and at 18 he entered King's Collece Aberdeen, where he took the degree of m!a' He was chosen as colleague with Dr Caieb Evans, in the ministrv at Bristol, and ad- junct professor in the institution. Here he attainedgreat popularity ; but he wig obliged to retire n-om this situation, in conieqnenre of symptoms of approaching mental derange- ment. By Judicious treatment, dnring a long seclusion trom the world, his poverful mind regained its former vigour ; and, In 1791, he removed to Cambridge, betog chosen successor to the celebrated preacher Sobert Robinson. He now appeared as the anthor of a pamphlet, entitled " Christianity not inconsistent with the Love of Freedom." This was shortly after followed by his " Vin- dication of the Freedom of the Press," which passed through several editions. But it was his " Sermon on Modem Infidelity " that established his fame as a divine. In 1802 Mr Hall's mind again received a shock, which obliged him to suspend hla pulpit labours ; and on his recovery he remoiedto Leicester, where he remained as pastor of the Baptist congregation upwards of 20 years. On the death of Dr Ryland, In 1S26, he succeeded to the presidency of the Bris- tol Academy, and the pastorship of Broid- mead Chapel ; and there he contlnned till his death, which took phice in 1831. Mr Hall was gifted with a powerftil ud pn* saasive eloquence ; and to great tslentiesd learning he united a benevolent dispositioi and a truly liberal mind. Dr Parr, who vu his intimate firlend, says of him, in his lut will and testament, '' Mr Hall has, lll^e Jeremy Taylor, the eloquence of an orator, the fancy of a poet, the subtilty of a school- man, the profoundness of a philosopher, and the piety of a saint." His works have been collected and published since his death, in ( vols. 8vo. HALLAM, HENRT, one of the most dli- tingulshed of English historians, bom at Windsor In 1777. His father was deau of Bristol. After studying at Eton he was seat to the university of Oxford, where he dli- tingulshed himself by his classical attain- ments. He afterwards settled in lonaon, and entered upon his career of literary labour as one of the first contribntors to tie JSaiaOUiyi', liiVlClV. His ncrr vi !>> - Of Europe during the Middle Ages," pa»- lithed in 1818, his studies an< work on the ' England " was { Hsllsm beloDge tlci, but he pre and exemption i wrote with an li rirtUed. In 18i hiffl in the death man of high p.v of Alflfcd Tennyi are rseorded In tl f9rml>Ii"InM< work of Hallam, hli"Intr9ductio] rope in the Idth, 1 Other family beret succession, and afl |wife,andbis8ecor I aged and moumii [January, ISO. Ha I throngh many edit listed into several 1 He was a fellow of I one of the tmsteei I A statue of Halla) ■ placed in St Paul's I HALUM,Abthi ■ the great historian, lAlfrcd Tcnnyion, •? 11811. He was edw Ibridge; was ranked Iflrst Latin ver«e-wrl Jscholar; distinguish ■Debating Society bj ■vigour of imaginatlo ■guagej and eijojei putatlon and an infl Iraordlnary for one were interrupted by pbspquently by the knd be died suddenly |J,1833, Hlg"Remaii Brsi printed in 1834, f Inioog hit friends, t lalarly dear, and who pt hopes of Us ftiti BTon to the public 1 pw excellence, and ai N largest expeetati padi. The name of pweT«r,bee wclally Jtt; xt of the mac [HALLAM or HALA^ iboppf Salisbury, 11 iearriy. and Henry 7 Oxford, and was elee werslty in 1403. i aterbnry he we-, mad Ihn tI't??* f 8^ creal m XXlii. lu 1411. Mracte"-, great pr; pugh Independence "Chosen one of the di 'English church at th feHewasther jwr or the emperor it gfflacyofthecl^iipo;' falmoitalonecoademr j^wa Jerome or jprag rtbat the pone, for M. jhalJ Il«hed In 1818, was the first great result of his studies and researches. His masterlv work on the " Constitutional Hlatorr of En/fland" was giTen to the world In 1827 Hallam belonged to the Whig party In noii ' tici, but he prmemd a alngolar ealmneaa tnd exemption from poUtlcaf paaalona an? tna exemption from political paaalona m? riTaUed. In 18M a tery heayr blow feUo? him in the death of hireldeaTaSi,; ?onS2 I of Alfl»d fynnnon, whoae lore and aorrow ire recorded In those exqnldte iTrlcs trhu^ ft)rmhls';inMemorlain.- Sienext«?at I work of Hallam, published In 1887-39 »«: I hit 'introduction to the LlteratSe of En I rope in the Iflth, 16th, and 17th ^t^rlel " Other famUy berearementa followed in rap w lacceiilon.and after losing hla daughferrhis ! wife, and his second son the last In 1850) the aged and mourning father himseir died in January, 18fl9. Hallam's works haye passed I through many editions, and hare been tran. Ilated into seyeral continental languTger He was a fellow of the Royal Socletv f«!j ono of the trustees of the British Museum [A atatue of Hallam, by Theed. ha? b^^' Iplaced mat Paul's cathedral. ' ''®*° HALLAM, Akthur Henry. eidPR. ««« «# the great historian, and the earfy /riPnS «f Alfred Tennyson, Jras born at Ln don in 1811. He was educated at Eton aSd Cam [bridge ; was ranked at Eton as one of fhn first Latin verse-wrlters, and the best Or«fc scholar; distinguished himself at thl £ Debating Society by his depth of thought Tigour of Imagination, and mastery of F««' ^nage; and enjoyed at the unlvewltr a «" mtatlpn and an influence wh eh WCTe'f* raordlnary for one so young. K^ti«A^: rfere interrupted by a visit to Italy «i,i lubsequently by the delicacy of hl« ho»f*^* ta to 111. luuic I, ise" Sr '.» S ieadJ. The name of Arthn, wSn^®""?'" depatlea unlted^in onJ?.??/"*" »»«> Engi sh i I P»rty; but the ,tat?S?.»°f *° ^^^ It^lan ' Changed, and ttSproaMct;??" 7"' ''"ol" the election of a nf » !5.1 * ."' "form before I Of H.ll«„ at 0^n°L':ii°PeI°«,by theffi fih^SaH^bT^7,fVerinTe'S'^'"»'' |mi7 IV. and Henfy V wL ^^ '®'«°» «' Moaen one of th" LnSt Jf« "^'"' ""'J ^English church at tKin ? "^P^sent >tance. He was tL ^ *»"!™' council of K of the emS^rn, •""*"" sfenuous sup- NoyoftheSKw *88""ng the su- iKfoma ion if an oTSni"?'' '? «'««"«*- ru.ss'srforSn'^^^^^^^^^^^ " t^pe.rorais shameftal life, de Phynolan. tha f«ni»- _v »"" *o>loent8wiiui i waa bom'at y??eVi?o2'**aP''y«'<>% play Of hla abUittfl. i^ ''°?- ^« early di« ' When In hi. 18th yew'h!'*'""*'""^ f «nd ttngnlshed for hia kSn -iS-T'"' "°* only die- If tin, but also X W«f «e of Oreek aid h a leth year he began fo atn^i «"^.""- '« Tubingen, but the famo^V"!^ "«<"«lne at i duced him to remoye to ? 5^ *«»«rtaaye l" Mated by the example of t^f^"' ^"ere.ani- around him, he spent hi, 5! ^""^ geniuses With the least nn««Ki i' ^^y* and nijfhtq {nost intense 'sX" t mVT'^f ?"'^» '^l' land, and formed an o„ix® visited Enjr- Hans 81oane™he8elden\"„"H°*ir« ^'^^ sfr men. He receivpTo^^ *"** "^her eminent physician and coun.o"^'"'^'""'^* *''e title of at whose reque8nhi°^*''^'"»Gwrgen. gaye hin. a Zlnt of nob"?.'??^' ^'•''"«'« I He '«8 appointed In l?3fiiJ5' "« « "aron. c^ne anatomy, 4e at oW*'"""°f niedi- 1 'Which he hel/fo78evfnt2.n""'f®"' a post labours and teaching fh^S^" ^^ars. By his school was greatlyllti«/T^ of Its medical in 1753, to BeraeVwhe-e^ff He returaed celyed him with thl r!g|ii'i'.«°'''|trymen re' fame and talents n!lf *■ ^?^ *« l"!* «reat {nember of the soyere w"n?. "?.* °- elected a he soon obtained one of if?''''°^**^s'ate, and his Tarlons duties as 1 it.%?"'f'«"«=ie8 slclan, and a medloai tA^^*"*®™an,a phy- attentlon till hfteath ?f.' °^f"P'ed his ' I'hyslologiffi,.. publllhed'i„"«' "Elementa one of the most ImSn? ^ I?'«- *to, is i ever written, and f^?iK '"''^'^al works no less «martable than fote"? ".^'^'^'^ 1" accuracy of its matte? m.^! •"'"««« and llothecaB." of «nBf«il "" various " Bib- *c., consisting of''cater'««'«f"yi medicfne, i chronologlcallrderof teiJ?"** sketches in ' on thopc BnbJect8W{;fci^.?P""cipal works I of their anthoni„oi,i5 °°5'ces of the llyel I and ocupy 10 vSs 4?o ''''^1%'^fiOO work" ; have TTltten above V»« ?*H®'" " "id to t«atlsea, beaid" many contrihlf^,^ ""P*"** memoirs of yariou88i.fim«Jfi"'"i"on8 to the worka aflford midI« «S*°,l°cieUe8. These genius, ImmeMeta?„V'^!f P^^'^t'atlng ment; and hla noem^Ji. *?' "** "0"^ judg. thought and ri?K,;te great ciep^th ?f was. In short a T.r«L imagination. He admirable poet «„^hT«""** Philosopher, m , and bota^'ift ; *;et not moro'^^^^.P^y'^^'ogi^ various sclentlflc knowIeL?" r°* /"' 1»" boro^Inm^: '^Ku'^IpI. hu "*." "culptor, and at Rome, and wm f«^," '" "^ Munich some of the scXurel X^^^ to execute liefs of thA «i_L-~8; statues, and biui.i.«. ' . "-- "•.-ifiotncc flf TUT i-^ --:.r~ liefs of tha ni-Z^~', : . — young, In 1825.'" ^■'"'"'^^ *' Munich. Died If . hal] ^ Jlcto 2an(l)cr»al 13(ograpf)B. ill 165G, at Haggcrston, near London. He received his education at St Paul's School, and Queen's College, Oxford, where he made so great a proficiency in his inuthematical studies, that In l(i76 ho publiihed observa- tions on a spot In the sun, by which the motion of that body on its axis was deter- mined. The same year he went to Bt He- lena, where he determined the positions of 350 stars, which procured him the name of the Southern Tycho. On his return to Eng- land he was created master of arts, ana chosen a fellow of the Royal Society ; which learned body deputed him to go to Dantzic, to adjust a dispute between Hooke and Hevellus, respecting the proper glasses for astronomical purposes. In 1680 he made the tour of Europe with Mr Nelson ; and on the passage to Calais was the first to observe the great comet— the same which visited our hemisphere again in 183S, and was visi- ble in England, to the naked eye, about the middle of October, as a tolerably bright star, lust above the constellation of the Great Hear. After his return , he turned his atten- lion to the theory of the planetary motioiis, which brought him acquainted with Sir Isaac Newton, who intrusted to mm the publication of his Principia. To ascertain exactly the cause of the variation of tlie compass, he was made commander of a ship in 1698, and sent to the "Western Ocean ; but his crew being mutinous, he was obliged to return. The year following he sailed again, and proceeded as far south as the ice would permit ; the result of which observations ho published in a general chart. Soon after this he was employed to observe the course of the tides in the Channel, and to make a correct chart of the same. Having accom- plished this object, he went to make a survey of the coost of Dalmatia, for the emperor. In 1703 he was appointed Savihan professor of geometry at Oxford ; in 1705 he made public his valuaole researches on the orbits of comets ; in 1713 he became secre- tary to the Royal Society ; and in 1719 he succeeded Flamsteed as astronomer royal. The remainder of his life was chiefly spent in the sedulous performance of his duties in that situation, especially in .completing the theory of the motion of the moon. He died at Greenwich, Jan. 14, 1741-2. Fontenelle thus speaks of Hallcy : " To his great extent of knowledge was added constant presence of mind, and a freedom of expression, at once pertinent, judicious, and sincere. He was naturally of an ardent temper and a geneious disposition, open and punctual m his transactions, candid in his judgment, simple and blameless in his manners, affable, communicative, and disinterested." His principal works are " Catalogus Stellarum Australium," " Tabulee AstronomictE," " An Abridgement of the History of Comets, ' &c. HALLIDAY, Sir ANDREW, an eminent physician, K.H. ; was educated for the church, but being of an ardent and active disposition, he prevailed on his friends to allow him to embrace a more active pursuit. After the usual routine of education, Mr tw-tyiA'— »-ne field his public services were agSin m .^^"^ ^""ections of clasjL^^ and quired; and on the death of WashiuKton' I " '^<^'""" 'o' his dJscoveri« ",3"l"e8 are i in nw he succeeded to the chief comma °S' ^w'iVx''^"* 1798 '"'^^ve'^es. He died at A\ hen the army was disbanded Hamii/«1" 1 1 •5'*-"*I^T0N, Jamm -n.-i again returned to the bar, and continued t" «° 8«»"and. In 1606 -^b'ePa^f ''t' ^" '«>™ practise, with increased reputation and gu° s^nH ' ^"'''^''en the troubln^K*''.''"'"*' »* CO., unni 18CM., A ouarrcl ^avin AV."/J f^nd had^t^^^^^^^^^ wards his loyahy'-becamJ't' ^"' ""O" «"^^ was sent prisoner to P^nH"*''f"'"'' •"»<» he 1 next to sr Michacr, Mounfi^n'^^i"'''' «".-.„^.»,c. i„„ „,08t comprehen I &5' *"^ "Entered Enekfnrt. ^"i**''' ^owe I lire understanding and the most vnrtoH f^**,"*^ ^^ Preston in fn^'..^"* ^as de- I ability. A valaable work on " The "lie ^'^ l^' 1««, and sen? to Windsor"?- -' ^"«"''* I Times of Alexander Hamilton." by Ot * ""mmary trial betor^ii/A^^^^^- After Kiethmuller, has lately appeared. ^ '^- ''*"'t«»ced to be beheadL »k"1*^' he was yyiLhlAM, who succeedpH !,!„, • " "'Other I l.iai,u»c, niHl JUKI ^j,ui«iiu« anU SUP. COM, until 18M A quarrd haying taken , place between hira and Colonel Burr th« latter challenged him, and they met at' W^ bokcn on the 11th of July. At the first fl?«" Hamilton fell, mortally'wounded. on the same spot where a short time previous! v his eldest son had been killed in aZ/i' ' The sensation which this occurrence nrr, duced throughout the United States was", very great i for, of all the American stalls- ' men, he displayed the most comprehen lire understandlnar and tho ^.-.oi*^„._Y": I ..luvB ui .luuAoiiuci- .namiicon ' I Kiethmuller, has lately appeared J HAMILTON, Anthony, Count a conr luer and man of letters in the 17?h centS^v" iHewas descended from an ancient fiS" l/amily.but born, in 1646, in Snd from cMlTUuTarentwho we're" a'ttad'f.'' I "^^^'^^on^anlhtemVL *"J.««to'' of the [Charles II. When jimes llwas obH^Pd^ J° '"^'^ *t DubUnf wh?rc V" " h"" ^»"K"ag£8° konlTiM"' "'""^ 1'' IreTand,Kv'°lPH.lPo^e_ofgivin«S.!?f.\^^_?^^^^^^ /or1*e' Km*""""" * ""eKiment of infaitry and Imade him governor of Limerick • and «A^^ ■ruin of the roval cause hooJ, °° 'he >dmi8sion into the first circles flrwThi J^"? ki St Germain, in 1720 CminV w ?.! ^'^^ fchlcfly known 'as an author bv hi?" M„"°°. ^^ f f Count Grammont," a Hvely and^n™°.^'"i |rod>,ction, exhibitli/a fr^M".^ SP/f't/d purposeofgiv/n" j"?„he had »»"« for the HAMILTON, ISck' fh'"^^^' "29. i reformer, was nephew lorf *'■"* ^^^'ch Arran, and born in Iflo^ to James, earl of at St Andrew's after ^t,^" educated abroad. Where he imbfhpAK^"^^ he went I-uther. On his return k*^ *^^ opinions of abbot of Peine, in iie"hfre"of^i." '"«" ™«^« he promulgated the new dm-fl-^"^"' '^here . HAMILTON. Cflnfaj^ m M'eland.in 1758 'hp'."™ "* ^^^^wt. '>'"«/. "v,6 u, jaiarcn kn^^SS^iu^h^o^f .'^?e^^l'^-« ^"'ofl. astirring novel of milftarv^l^P^ Thornton," bming the elegant sTyeoJL^''^'',^"''*' «»™- ical scholar with KranMn "eel ent class- vivid feeling of one wi?„ i*^ "^f *"'Pt'«n and I in the scenes and clTcuJj?'* Participated described. After servfn^^?**""* that he "insular and AmericaS^.ilJ:**"?'* *he Pe! «d'raVry ^es.-'wWcr'as w^,',"^"^"'* Memoirs, are in French 'and dif, ** *.''« ance of style with forf m»^^? , "^isplay ele- HAMILTOJf n* VI n Q ^ ?'. invention. Vestrainster Palarp „n^ erection of the , «■'"'■«- -""^^^^^^ , alure, and he was a vol,,!!,- '^^^^^^ to liter- ' to Blackwood^ MaMiV^'^f"" contributor Thornton originallt^/J^''' ^ ^hich Cyril separate worf "Ser^frfrT^ "'" *=hlc ' Annals of the Ppnin..r/'^'l, Thornton are, "Men and wLners in "a *^"'^P«*»°'" «nd Dec 7 1842, aged 53 ^"Ica.- Died, "u?!5K'e^4L^^^«•??^'^'e^washorn 'ung, and was ".struction of Z be....»<> nf aHiniration flt the shrine of this new goddessl Charles Greville (of the "VVar- wick family) would have married her, liut I for the interference of his uncle, Sir tv Hamilton, who, according to some accounti made an agreement with Greville to pay hli debts, on condition that he should give on his mistress ; or, as others state the circum- stance, In his endeavours to save bit nephew fell into the snare himself, and became the victim of her arts. He made her hit wife in 1791 J Introduced her at the court of Naplei where the queen became so Infatuated with the new ambassadress, as frequently to keei her a visitor at the palace. It was tliere that a violent passion for each other sprang up between her and Nelson, England'j natal hero, then commanding the " Agamemnon ;" and, from that period, she became the com- panion of Nelson, to whom she was some- times useful as a political agent. After the victory of Aboukfr, when the conqueror wai received in Naples with extravagant rejoic- ings. Lady Hamilton was the heroine of the crowd, and accompanied Nelson whererer ho went. To her advice is attributed the in- nominious death of Prince Caracciolo, the^ oldest and the best officer in the Neapolltaa navy. She died in 1816, in the nelghbonr- hood of Calais. HAMILTON, Sir "WlI-I-IAM ROWAX, ii- tvonomer royal for Ireland, and one of the most distinguished mathematicians of thi age, was born at Dublin in 1805. Hewai educated at Trinity College.wherehestiiilied with such distinction that he not only tar- ried off all the honours which were attain able by a student, but was appointed, before he took his degree, to succeed Dr Brinkler as professor of astronomy. About theiame time (1827) he was named astronomer royil for Ireland, and this post he held till hli death. He contributed numerous importail papers to various Irish and English icieS' tlflc uocietles, which are reckoned amonj the most brilliant examples of the highei analysis. Among them are memoirs on iy(- terns of rays, on a method in dynamics, oi algebra as the sclenceofpuretime.onthepro pagation of light in vacuo and in crystals, it. He predicted on theoretical grounds the pre vlously unobserved and uniniagined phe nomenon of the conical refraction of a ray «t light. This was one of bis earliest discoTtr- ies. But though so great in his special dell of thought, he was a man of wide and lilKnl culture, poet, metaphysician, andgenialma of the world: and withal upright, modest, and kind-hearted. He received the hononi of knighthood from the lord-lieutenant n occasion of the first meeting of the Britia Association in Ireland in 1835, and two tmn later was chosen president of the Itojil Irish Academy. Died at Dunswiek Obsern- tory near Dublin, Sept. 2, 1865. His onl; separate work, the " Lectures on Qaatem- ons," appeared in 1853 : and a second seriM, entitled " The Elements of «uatff«ij"'' has appeared since his death. Sif V ., Hamilton married lu 1833, and a pension £200 has been conferred on his wwoff «• daughter. ___ , v ^ . Jt HAMILTON, Sir -W^^!-"*". ^'r^'- ' ^ , tlnguished metaphysician, was bornatw I ROW Itt 1788, studied first at the unl«rdj of his native city,«ud Seconaij, =:••-,-; Where he obtained flrst-clasi honour). "] 1813 be was called i In 1821 be was app rersal history in t burgh ;— but this cl Ian honorary appoli obtained the office I his studies prc-emin I chair of logic and i hlled with such lusl Ifoi' Scotland its for I field of metaphysics. I Tolume under the t I Philosophy," consist I chiefly from the E( I which on their nppei J tention both at homi I tion of the works of lished in 1846, displi I profound thought jar I be girento his collect I of Dugald Stewart— tl began in 1854, His" Isles "have been publ land these abundantly I differences may hcrea las to the success or I speculations, his com linexorable analysis, h I truth, and honesty of Ihercnts of every syst iversal and lasting hoi ■results of his labours Ithemselves to three Ivindicationofthedoct his elaborate discussio: Ception in relation to fternal world, and his c of the conditioned as t edge of the absolute a Brst are in the direct chool, the last is more rith German influence irhlch he has given un less marked by agreen lowers, is more powerf Ihenext starting-pnin fchy. Died, 1856, Ave in Sir W, Hamilton's le'nmadebyMr J. S. ] ItionofSirW. Hamilt( p the principal Phjioso mssed in his Writings, Itiriing has also publis: fSIr AV, Hamilton; be ^f Perception: an Anal , HAMMEn-PURGSTi Ion, an eminent rrient firian, was born . r-pi nd studied at Vienna, IriTate secretary to the pen attached to the Aus T 1799 he was sent as di noplc, whence he was t Bd employed as interpr fny in Sir Ralph Aberc pi was subsequentl [oMavia. His whole li Rental literature, and b f pen, philological and Cr^'e 'Object to .-nan ^ published numerous i _thlChhi8"Hi«fnrrnf [a«ioryotthe dtt«ma ■"laered the chief, B '} \ iZl H.iM] 1813 he was called to the Scottish bar ; and In 1821 he was appointed professor of nni- rersal history in the university of Edin- burgh;— but this chair was little more than mt honorary appolutment, and in 1836 he obtained the office for which his tastes and his studies pre-eminently qualified him— the chair of loKic and metaphysics,— which be ailed with such lustre as to have regained Ifoi' Scotland its former distinction in the I field of metaphysics. Ij 1832 he published a iTolume under the title of "Discussions in I Philosophy," consistinjf of essays reprinted I chiefly from the Edinburgh Review, and I which on their appearance had attracted at- I tention both at home and abroad. His edi- I lion of the works of Dr Thomas Held, pub- llished in 1846, displays vast erudition and I profound thought ; and a siinilar award must I be Riven to his collected edition of the works I of Dugald Stewart— the publication of which I began in 18J4. His " Lectures on Metaphy- Isics" have been published since his death, land these abundantly evince that whatever Idiffcrences may hereafter agitate the schools las to the success or failure of some of his • (peculations, his comprehensive grasp, his linexorable analysis, his prodigious learning ltruth,and honesty of dealing with the ad- Ihercnts of every system, will pcure a unl- ■Tersal and lasting homage. The prominent Ireiults c( his labours in philosophy reduce Ithemselves to three heads— his profound Irindication of the doctrine of common sense Uiis elaborate discussion of the theory of per^ fception In relation to our belief in an ex- Iternal world, and his enunciation of the law Mf the conditioned as bearing on our know- ■edge of the absolute and infinite. The two »r8t are in the direct line of the Scottish Ichool, the last is more original, or coloured irith German Influences; and the impulsion Jrhlch he has given under this third head, if ■ess marked by agreement amongst his fol- %wers,is more powerful, and Is likely to be >iieit starting-pnint of British i^hiloso- l\ ,v*',l®^^: '^ ^^""y formidable assault kn sir W. Hamilton's system has recently fe'ii made by Mr J. S. Mill in his " Examin- l«on of Sir W Hamilton's Philosophy, and kthe principal Philosophical Questions dis- Inssed in his Writings." (1866.) Mr J. H. i iil' w ?r "'^,1 published a work entitled, rsir W. Hamilton; being the Philosophy if Perception : an Analysis.'- """i*"? I ™En.pURG8TALL, JOSEPH.Baron Ion, an eminent rriental scholar and his- lorian was born . rmz in Styria in 1774 M studied at Vienna, and in 1796 became' te/«"etary to the Baron de JeS fccn tachedto the Austrian Foreign Office.' he \ydT' "' '>'''8«'«an to ConsTan: popie, whence he was transferred to Ecvnt K m'sTr R«?n,!"f/P^'=^" ♦" the ESh mio. bir Ralph Abercrombie's camDaiirn Et.n. 1 ,;. "" ^''"''-' "fe was devoted tn CTT?'r'^ besides contr?buHng l,S/''"v "«'<=»' '"'-^ historical, on hi! % ^m Bnibttzal 13fofttaD^^« [ham ??ild; ?!£" ««^'»teofPurg,tainntheTy;;r. mo'^fKeTfen^lirh^llwfn?.' H.°' *"« Je%r?iirfi^-'Hi'-"^^^^^^^ professor of Greek at Ca^hwH"""°"if' '^" siclan to Jt^n^.^incTT^y'^iT^'^^L andMagdal^ Colle,.e nJ'^T'?'* »* ^''°n became a fellow In fr..^^^"'"''' "' '''''«»» he able stuSen and reidtr' aVd lf„" "''^^"K- orders was presented in ,fi?i tn""^ ^°''^" of Penshurst in S; by the'eaVo? I'n."""^ tor. In 1639 he graduatL T» i^ i ' Leiccs- ber of Convocation the ne^t^ea^"-'''"''^- sequently archdeacon of Chicheste; n„r± h.8 residence at Penshurst his nephew fsPr! he returned to Ox?„l°,"^" """'^^'^ *» "o so afte?o^"wsofflceoffljernof'ffl^ butcontinued his studiesand wSl Af?^; spent the rest of his life The 'work, of Dr "^nimond were collected and Tdited aftw 'nVT'o^l%5lio'^i'i'\^6'?/"i?.'^''' «"'^^^^^ work Is thfi '• p»,!.Ik- "'' '"°** important sta'!^smL''o'^f^t'hf p'"''' °"^ °^ *"« Illustrious ft'^azt' !M'^.°TeTar£'a''r a*^ /"'""5^ Which haTbeln' sSd 'l^ Buckinghamshire before the Norman Con quest, and was cousin to Oliver CromweU l^w^??hl"r'"* «t O^'fo'-d.and then sSd law at the Inner Temple. In 1619 hp mnV^ ned, and continued to live asacountrt «„ tleman till 1625, when he was returned ?« parliament for the borough of Gramnnn^n w ^y'"P»""e8 were with^the populS^v " but he did not at first take a prominent nan ipfl^f ?*^ -^^ ^^-^ he was one of those who AfJI^ K„-^ "'® ''"'Sf' »°d was lmprison°d After being unconditionally set free he hp ' gan to take an active part in affairs and hk reputation . grew rapidly. He wis' several flnaKr h?," '"^'""^r for WcndoVerrand nnauy for his own county of Buckinffham ^pnt'^'^^^i^A'"" ««t in the Long#ar^Fa: ment. In 1636 he set the example of ref. s iiiK to pay the ship-money, n tax devised by Attorney-general Noy, ana arbitrarily im posed by the king. 1178 rtiu^d was^itt" passion but firm, his resolution wasTi ha "o ProS*'"'' ""^ '•ight tried in his own p" rson. Proceedings were Instituted agair. i him and in the following year the trial took place, and lasted thirtJn da" "h- -«--■ more'lfr«^*"'"'l?*i"P'*^°' '"'«'" made him wh^ fpu ?/'" ^^^ favoirlte of the people, ^ho felt it as a heavy blow fallen on thel^ 135 hmm* Pi H (5 'Wi m 4 h'i ! f B| han] m i^eto Bnibcrisal Igiograpttg. liberties. Its tendency was to consolidate Te^ed "n^def Eslex. He displayed great nbmtT vigour, and energy both as a soldier and ala member of the committee of Public Safety But his country was too soon de- pri vcd of his services ; for in a skirm sh with Prince Rupert at Chalgrove, June 18, 1643, ho wRs fcvMely wounded.and died at Thame on the 24th. Thlre is a good Life of Hamp- den by J. Forster, and an interesting volume of ''Memorials "by Lord Nugent. A bust of Hampden is i" the National Portra. Onllerv and a noble statue, by Foley, is Dlaccdm St Stephen's Hall, Westminster. '^'SDEL,GEOUGEFKEDERICK.thexll«S- trious musical composer, was born at Halle, in saxony, in 1684. His father, who intended Wm for the law. discouraged his propensity to music as much as POssiWe, and forbade himto touch an instrument. The boy.how- ev?^ contrived to have a suiall clavichord concealed in the garret, where he used to amuse himself when the family were asleep^ At the age of 7 he went with his father to The cou?f of the duke of Saxe-Weissenf.ls, lo whom Handel's l^rother-in-law was valet. While there he sometimes went into the or- gan loft at church, and played after service was over. On one of these occasions, the duke heard him. Upon this he reasoned In strong terms with the father, who agreed to place his son under Zuckau, the organist of the cathedral at Halle, aman equally capable and disposed to do justice to so promising a pupil. At the age of 9, Handel composed a church service, for voices and instruments , and when he was 14 he far excellcd.his mas- ter, aLd wr.8 sent to Berlin. On the death of his father, in 1703, he proceeded to Ham- burg, then celebrated for the excellence of its musical performances, and procured an engagement" there, in the orchestra at the opera. In 1704 he brought out his first opera, " Almeria." Soon after thishe visited Italy, and at Florence produced the opera of "Rodrigo." He subsequently went to Venice, Naples, and Rome; and having remained in Italy about six years, ho ac- cepted the pressing invitations he had received to visit I'Onaon, and arrived m England at the latter end of 1710. The flat- tering reception he experienced induced him to prolong his stay, and he finally re- solved to settle in England, where he rose, during the 60 years which followed, to the height of professional fame. A pension was granted him, which was very soon doubled ; he worked almost incessantly at composition especially of operas; and was chosen man- ager of a now Academy of Music. But his course was not smooth, for a party of the nobility set themselves af;uin«t and harassed him with all sorts of vu^ni; persecution. He went to Dublin for v l^iief respite. In 1741 he brought out ii-.' chef-d'auvre, the oratorio of the "Mr s^ah;" and although this siiWiniB eon'-citJon was not at first duly appreciated, ^rt '<8 vast merits were 436 soon made known, and it has increased cog stantly in reputation. It has that one de. cisive mark of highest excellence, tliit it fascinates alike the educated musician and the uneducated crowd. It stands tlie teit of familiarity, and is loved the more tlie bet. ter it is known. It is not too mucli to lay that in England, at least, this great oratorio is esteemed first and last of all musical com- 1 positions. The other great oratorios of Han. ^ del are "Israel in Egypt," "Saul," "Sam- son," "Judas Maccabasus," "Joshua" " Solomon," and" Jephthali." Ayery smaV part of Handel's compositions have been published, the rest being still preserred in manuscript. Some time previous to liis de- cease, Handel was afflicted with total blind- ness ; but this had little effect on his aplriu and he continued not only to perform in public, but even to compose, till within a week of his death, which took place in Lon- don, in 1769. Handel's manners were rough, and his temper violent ; but his heart wai' humane,*, and his disposition liberal, Hii musical powers can hardly be estimated too highly. In boldness and strength of style, and in the combination of vigour, grace, in- j vention, and sublimity, he has nerer beeil surpassed. "Conceive," said Arbuthnotto Pope, " the highest you can of his abilitiei,| and they are much beyond anything jou cu' conceive." This great composer was buried in Westminster Abbey, where a monument i3 erected to his memory. His hundredU birthday was celebrated by a musical " Con- memoration" in Westminster Abbey; aij the centenary of his death was celebrated bj a festival at Halle. There is a recent "lit of Handel," by Victor Schoelcher, His pa- trait, by Hudson, is in the National Portnit Gallery. Handel Festivals on a grand sciie have been celebrated at the Crystal Palaa, Sydenham, in 1859, 1862, and 1865. HANMER, Sir THOMAS, an Engliil statesman and writer, was bom in 1616, a«i succeeded his uncle In his title andthefamil; ''State of Hunmer. He was elected M.P. to Suffolk, and, in 1713, chosen spealter of the House of Commons, an oflce "vhich he dii- charged'vith great impartiality. Towarii the close of his life he withdrew altogethe from public business, and occupied himsifl in elegant literature ; the fruits of Thich ap- peared in a corrected and illustrated ediuoi of Shakspeare's dramatic worlis, in 6 Toli 4to. Died, 1746. . ^^. HANNEMAN, AdKIAN, an eminent h* torical and portrait painter, was born at m Hague, in 1611. He imitated Vandylieii) closely, that his portraits are not often toM distinguished from those of that great mu- ter. He came to England in the reign^ Charles I-, and continued here suteenyett ^HANNIBAL, the great CartbagWo general, was born B. C. 247. . He was wno' Hamilcar Barca, and when nine years tW swore, by his father's command, ctM enmity to the Romans, as the coBd«rf accompanying him to Spjin^ Helear dft^ art of war under his father there, answ present at the battle in whichhefel. Hn Eibal was then eighteen ^ni..n..m SIX years UBuur Hasa-. >—•'•.• — ated B. C. 221, he became commander-in- chief of the Carthaginian army. To com- plete the conquest of all Spain south of the Ebro, he besieged the city of Saguntum, and after a heroic defence of eight months, took It, The city being in alliance with Home, its fall was the occasion of the great war be- tween Kome and Carthage known as the Second I'unic War. Hannibal at once pre- pared for the invasion of .Italy, and in the spring of B, C. 218 he set out on the arduous march from the Ebro, through hostile and unknown countries, across great rivers and mountain-chains, to .' the Po. His iirnnr ^ iSetp anfbmat 18{oflrflpf)p, mountain-chains, to . tne ±"0. His army, composed of Africans and Spaniards, was f (trcatly reduced in numbers by the with- (lra*fal of a large body, and by losses on the I march ; but he crossed the Pyrenees, forced I the passage of the Rhone before Scipio ar- l;ived to oppose it, and in October made the Ipassfute of the Alps in fifteen days. The I terrible hardshipsof this enterprise cost him la very large number of his troops, both foot I and hor?e, and elephants. The first engagc- Iment t ok place near the Ticinus, and re- liultcd .:i the defeat of the Romans. The ■ battle ()' the Trebia was fought towards the lend of December, and the Romans were ■again defeated. Hannibal was joined by the I Gaulish tribes, and took up his winter quar- I tcrs among them. In the spring of 21 7 he de- Ifeated the consul Flaminius on the shores of I Like Trasimenus, and destroyed the Roman larmy. So fierce was the struggle that a lihock of earthquake passed unfelt by the larmies engaged. Hannibal advanced south- Iward, and passed the Apennines into Apulia ■harassed however by the newpolicf of the' ■cautious Fablns, who avoided fighting. In ■the spring of 216 Hannibal won the great ■victory of CannfB, and again destroyed the Koman army. After this victory almost all Bouth Italy declared for him, and ha went Ijntn winter quarters at Capua. From that Bime the war changed its character, and it is fot possible here to give even a summary of Its progress. The conquest and loss of Taren- liim,thelo8S of Capua, the defeat and death Pn ?n7 /tnn'ft i"'^ ''■t",'" "^ ^^^ Metaurus in 207, still left Hannibal strong enough to loldhis ground in the southern extremity of Italy for four years longer; but in 203 the Icene of war was changed to Africa, and in Kie follow.u.v year Scipio finally defeated Hibalat the battle of Zama, and peace /« concluded. The great Carthaginian did lot lose hope, but applied himself to politi- n w»r w"' ''^'"■'?' and preparation for fim M if' ^" enemies, however, accused Kh^*"??' *""* ^^ fle'J to the 'court of b ochus, king of Syria, who was just eu t"ng on a war with the Romans Aftor ^'ee years, the war ending with the defeat Cp"'""'; Hannibal, to avoid bernggiven p anuent or modern times. His ereat fee f?a' k ""', ^f "'^y- '=''»» "ty of In- Ku nLl?f fa«"."ating manners. ;oL»oVh^?;?e;t??e^7rnV^-'«"^ pis?rtbHS£«-r^ re'Sv^atio«n\T/Lir°^^^^^^ C«Xln^ans^'orth7s"„\^ri'5|,/-'-nt X^aKryi-^o^n £H"'--- Africa, of which he has left n*1™ *=?"*,' "^ called 'the " Periprus of H^S^no " ' X^"?' s;5=SeSs?^',Vo/'S ed and settled at Nurnberg, gettine 'an hnn" es hving by shoemaking^' TeTar°ieS fn 1519. He was quick to recognize and nm brace the doctrine of his great contemDorn?v Mr.'p'"'?" '""''I hearty acknowfedgn en? of the service rendered to the truth bvhi« tVtv If hf,**lf,°T''°*?* Germany. The Quan- tity of his productions is umazibff Ho ^ofi wl"^°^*' ^29^ Po^^o^l Plecesrof^Whl^h wf;i^„"^ traged es and comedies. He mar- ried a second time, In 1561, his -first wKp haviug died the previous year • and ^/^ after with impaired sight Jnd hearing °2e mPd^foT"^ ^'°™ '"'''^ty' and In stW'and meditation spent tranquilly his last year" • „No* "''thout genius and a shrewd ironv" says Carlyle of him: "and above all the most gay, childlike, .'yet devout and 'solkl character ; a singular product, and a stil legible symbol, and clea? mirror of the time KiS'^'^"^ ""' ''''■" Died a?K! HANSARD, Luke, an industrious and vir^He L'rvo'A^'^^ ''^^'^ at NorwTch?"n nnH;„?f ^^''^S'* ^^^ apprenticeship In his native city ; and, at its expiration, ho started for London with a good character; ^nd one i? on 7„^"^°? '"^ '"' P'"=''^t. His first situ- ation m London was that of a compositor jn "}e prmting-offlce of Mr HughsTprinter to the House of Commons : in which he acquired the Ml confidence of his em! ext-erd.;rty \" ""^^ '"<5efat!gabie attentio?,, extended the business. In 1774, Hr Hansard became a partner in the concerA7and when ; fS'»t»ftj ^::i 137"" W" '• ■ Ufi fit, ; «•". "I. ' J 1 i_ r»hb 437 it - m ilicto ©niucraal ^loBifapl)B. iian] the wli^ of the bu.tnoHH ''evolved upon h m by the death of Mr HunhH, ho ipared o co/tnor pernonnl labour i-MH-rlormlnK the importunt d«li.n Intrusted to In. Ht «nui«s..d very conHlderablo P""' Pi'"y ' ."^ flnUbed hU u.eful aud laborious life In 18W, ""haNWAY, J0NA8. an eminent phllan- thronlst WB» born nt Vortsinouth, n 1712, uml being bred a .uerclumt, formed a ccn- J^eetion with a eommerelal house at 8t I'oteisburir. in consequence of which ho Jravellcd into Persia, of which country ho Dubllsbed an account, in 2 vols. 4to. He was tic chief foun>r of the Marino Society and tl e Mngdulcn Hospital ; and contributed ?o the establishment of 8"''^»y-|'^.1»°"';, *J° wrote several religious books; but It i» »? his numerous acts of benevolence, >«<>'«»»»«« bT his writings, that Mr Hauwuy will be rJmembered. ^He died in 1786. and a monu- ment was erected to his memory in Wcst- "■'yrAUmWHEKO.KAliL AUGUST, Haron, afterwards Prince von, Prussian ch«"^-^»°r of state, was born in Hanover, in HSO. He stiured at the universities of Oottingeu, LelDslc and Wct/.lar, travelled in France, Uonand and England, and in 1778 entered SnofflcT.rservlce%tthe court orH»"over^ HP was employed on ecvoral missions to Engla d, bSe minister to the. duke of Brunswick, and in 1791 Prussian minister of state His Influence steadily increased, and the most weighty aifairs were intrusted to hhn on the accession of Frederick William III Haugwitz became first minister, but Hardenbe% held the portfolio of ore gn atfalrs in 1804-5, after wb|ch, with trifling exceptions, he was in retirement till 18 lo. 5n tha year he was appointed chancellor of state, and it was his task to raise the coun- try from its almost hopeless depression, re- vive the spirit of the people, recruit the army and replenish the treasury, and direct the movements of the war of liberat on. This was the most brilliant period of his life, and he had the happiness of signing the ? caty of peace in June, 18U. Ho received the title of Prince with a large < state; ac- companied the allied sovereigns to London ; assisted at the congress of Vienna, at the conferences at Aix-la-Chapelle, and at the congress of Troppau, Laybach, and \ erona. He signed a concordat at Rome in 1822, was taken ill on his journey northward, and died V Genoa in November of the same year. [hab! of 1794 he settled at Arnttadt and applied himself to business pursuits. There he ico« fell in love with a beautiful young girl wnose death two years later niuae t pro' fou.. 1 iinprcision on hit heart nnd chiricter HARDENBERO.FRIEDUICHVON, known in literature as Novalis, a German poet and philosopher, was born in Saxony, in I77i. He was brought up in a retired manner, his father, then director of the Saxon bait- works, being a man of resolute, honest, and rellRious character, and his mother also a noble and Christian woman. After a severe illness in his ninth year he became remark- ably eager to learn, and showed extraordin- ary intelligence. In 1790 he went to the university of Jena, where he became ac- nuainted with Fichte and Friedrich Schle- ao\. and studied Fichte's philosophy with Fntense delight. He afterwards slualed at Leipsic and Wittenberg. Towards the close After a short residence at WelwenfcU he went to Freyberg to study mineralogy under Werner ; and there he formed ancwengige ment to marry. Ho made the acqusintance too of August W. Schlegfll and Tieck, in 1800, and associated with them In tlieir war- fare against the " Old School" of literature But the promise cf his marvilloui genim was not to be fulfilled ; he died of coniunip- tion in March, 1801. His unfinished literarj works were collected and edited by hli friends, Tieck and Friedrich Hchlfgcl. They consist of the first part of " Helnrich ton Ofterdlrien," a kind of Artllonmnce, or, at he called it. an Apotheosis of Poetry; the " Pupils at Sals." fl-agment of another ro- mance; the " Hymns to Night," written in the period of his sorrow for the death of hli first love ; and a selection of philosophical, moral, and critical fragments, parti of an en- cyclopirdlc work only planned by the author An Interesting essay on this remarkable man was contributed by Carlylc to the " forelftt lleview," in 1829, and is republished io hii '* Essays." i HAllDICANUTE. king of England anlj Denmark, was the son of Canute, and luc- ceedcd his father on the Danish throne hii 1039 ; and at the same time laid claim t«i that of England, which had devolyed to hlii half-brother, Harold. A comproruise wu effected, by which he governed the southen' part oLthe kingdom during Harold'i life, and succeeded to the whole on bis deatb. His conduct was violent and tyrannical; hi: revived the odious tax called dnnei/ilti aMi his subjects rejoiced at his early death, which happened in 1041. HARDING, Stephen, the realfounderol the Cistercian order, was an English motl of Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, whonotandinj ; his spiritual cravings satisfied there, weal I us a pilgriux to Rome. Still longing tori j more austere life and a higher strainof de- 1 votion, he settled for a time at the recentlj i founded monastery of Molcsme,ln Burgundy; and at last, unsatisfied, sought willi in others of the brethren a more dismal and de- solate seclusion at Citeaux. TherehebecaiM abbot in 1109, and died in 1134. T egmi St Bernard, with his kindred and followen,; entered the monastery of Stephen Harius "^HARDING, THOMAS, an English di^te, born at Combe-Martin, Devonshire, in 151. He was educated in the Romish faith « Winchester and New College, Ox urf.whm he obtained a fellowship. In 1542 lie wu chosen Hebrew professor, and conformedtt the established religion d"""? *»' «S and the next. He was also t'ltor to M Jane Grey, whom he instructed m the R^ testant faith. But on the accession oMa^ he apostatized ; for wljich his excd'entpup^ remonstrated with him, as appea" \» admirable letter of hers f ""J'/ K« lnl554he^tookhlsdoctor;sd^^^^^^^^^^^ S oTs^strV m7n Elizabeth ^ hab] to the crown, U>i where lie curried with lliihop Jewell HAUDINU, JAM nent painter, teaci wii born Bt Deptfoi Ills flrac iastructluij and from Trout; i time ; snU greatly I itudy of Turner's " iton became a toai furniihing studies practised lithogriip luccoss. He piihiisl lithogriphiu sketchi Trees," ." Sketches "The Park and thi showed himself uni I and effective drawin I initruetive manuals ['Elementary Art,"« I Practice of Art." wh I and have been sevi I Admirable landscape I variety, clever and i I prlntiplea and mcthc I iug's tide to honoura I at Harucs, 4th Deceo I HAllDINGE, >IK1 I marshal, govcrnor-g J the third son of the I rector of Stanhope, I born In 1785, entered I thirteen, and served I the Peninsular war, i lasdeputy quarterroai I tuifuese army. Anion ■ at which he was pi |Vimeira,Corunna,All I distinguished hiinsel I served also at the siegi Inianca. In the mo IWaterioo he was int Iwith the important ol Ithe Prussian hcad-qui liriu in the combat at ■created clerk of tlie ( Isubsequently entered ■secretary at war, durii ■of the dukcofWelUn lofSirKobert Peel in ■sent out to replace ] Igovernor-general of Ii >utofthe Sikh war, I Jhc scene of action, an ling all questions of di ^n comman'' Juiing i ttloodkee, Ferozoshah, Filliant services, bot pe field, he was creat ft Lahore, and varioui luowered upon him. Tointed by Lord Der lie ordnance; the san Pe duke of Wellingt •liief, an office which tventful epoch of the p the mean while been Pineld-marshal. Durii Pfecr, lAjrd Hardingc llflinching courage, un ^diag sense of duty, a Uf position, »nri ever. parsaudo'fien'gthene^ [ml % £l(i» atntbtrnal moqtapl)^. to th« crown, UurdinR went to Louvain, wlicru lit* curried ou a loiiK oontroveriy Willi lilihop Juwell. Died, lili. HAUDINU, Jamkh UukkikM), an emi- nent painter, teacher, and writer on art, wai born Bt Deptford, in I7U8. Mo received liii flrit ioitructlun in art from hit fattier, ind from Trout; itiiilied enKraving fur a time i and greatly improved liimielf by tlio •tuiljr of Turner'f " Iiil>er Studiorum." He [UAR Ituiljro. iHin became a tonclicr, and to aid him In rurniihiiiK studies of foliaKe to hii pupils, lie practised lltliuf{rnpliy, and with murlied luacss. He published several series of bii litliogriphlc sketches, entitled " Iicssong on Trees," ," Sketches at Home uud Abroad," "The Park and the Foresit," in which he •bowed himself unrivalled in the truthful »d effective drawinjr of trees. Among hig initructive manuuis uf art we may name — '' Kiementary Art," and " The Principles and I'ructice of Art," which are much esteemed, and have been several times republished. Admirable landscape sketches, and in grout varirt]', clever and successful exposition of principles and methods, these are Mr llard- iuK'ii tide to honourable remembrance. Died at Harucs, 4th December, 18(13. HAllDINOE, HKNKY, Viscount, flold- manhal, govcrnor-Kcncral of India, was tlic third son of the Uov. Henry Hardinge, rector of Stanhope, in Durham, and wag born in 17()5, entered the army at the age of thirteen, and served through tho whole of the Peninsular war, during which he acted as deputy quartermaster-general of the Por- tuifuese army. Among the numerous battles at which he was present, we may name Vimeirtt.Corunna.Albuora, where he greatly distinguished himself, and Vittoria. He scrredolsoat the sieges of liadajoz and Sala- Imanca. In the memorable campaign of Waterloo he was intrusted by Wellington with the important office of commissioner at the Prussian headquarters, ond lost hig left «rm in the combat at Ligny. In 1823 he woa created clerk of the ordnance ; and having subsequently entered parliament, he became secretary at war, during tho administrations ofthe duke of Wellington in 1829, 1830, and ofSirllobertPeel in 1841. In 1844 he was lent out to replace Lord EUenborough ag l^oTernor-general of India. On the breaking utofthe Sikh war, in 1845, he hurried tS he scene of action, and generously postpon- Dg all questions of dignity, acted as second Lh?""*? -'"'''» *•>« fierce conHicts of loodkes, Ferozoshah, and Sobraon. For his ih .?! r."""'' '"'"• '"^ the cabinet and f i»hl ' "^^ "•*"'**'* Viscount Hardinge L» /• ""^ various other honoura were ■Z'/VPr^'' h*"- I'' 1««2 he wag ap- ordnanL^",'? ^""^ faster-general of 1 duke of wI'm, '■'?'' y*" ^^ succeeded hLf «n nffl^^'uf*.'"" "« commander-in- n ef an olflce which he held through the IT ntful epoch of the Russian war, having reer T^d ?L?"""^ ^^' '"^"S and varied Shinl^ ""^'"Ke was remarkable for £ nro?d,ff^""'!;'''"«<*''«''''»"«ve°- i-audofie7gthVnedTrvlc«wrg'%n'5 "'"» *"*•'" "P"" '"'". ho wug a ready ui.,1 HAKDOUIN, Jkan, a learned l"rtn< h Je.ult, tho author of goVeral worki hut r. njarkuble «. the author of one 1, parUutlnr' (Wh eh excited equal Interegt and an ma version at the time), the object of wiu" wns to .how that almost all the writiZ, indor «^H hi")"'."' *'"' "'«■'"' and I on ^^'S; i"n «;^to^'^;-rea/ro"^ri^^^ pointed chief Justice of the King's itench" lorHM*"*"'*"^." P'"*""- I" ".'8 heVag made "ettrg"^7„"i' Sl'h'"""'* •"""""» "0 held ^0 Jui: ■vu"'^* ^^ ^"^ created enr» of Hard- wicke. '1 he reputation of Lord Hard wJko ag an equity judge wag very high indeed Snrfr.i""""''.*??'' '»"'' P>«t-ed both in hi." X f ,"?„* fl" "'* P'ofcMionnl ability that get aide u^f""? "Chancellor not o.fe wag poal^'iVd',' n64"'' '"■'-"' ^^"•'' ''"''' «" "P- HAKDWlCKK, Philip YonKP r,.-! „r ceededhlg father in the earldom. VcUied in hg brother ^.W,*' '*-""' "l ,<^«"J"n^tion wl nig brother, the llonourab e Charles Yorko projec ed the "Athenian Letters! or the Epistolary Correspondence of an Agent of in^ t^hl"f."/ l'''""''/esiding at Athens dur in» the Peloponnesian War." A few coniog nH^of '?'* r^f '''"'' »' first printed fo? pryate circulation ; but In 1798 an eloKanf edition, in 2 vols. 4to, wag published I n«i ^irSe^'.^"'?"? "The CoClpinSen^eo Sir Dudley Carleton, In the Keign of James l50Uo"l726 "'*"'"""'°"' "'"'« ^'"^^'^ "'™"» HAllDY, Vice'-admlral Sir Thomas G.C.B., a gallant officer, of whom for hi« own fame-g sake, it might suffice to 'say thi? he was the friend and brotheriu-arms of the gal ant Nelson, whoso last brea h ho received I on board the Victory. At the early nge of 12 he entered the royal navv ns a inidshio man on board the Helena, of 14 gung. and i"!, November, 1793. wag made lieutlnant In the whi?^";,°'*i'"' squadron of Nelgon. unde? whose notico he wag thug brought. He was thenceforth constantly employid under The hero, who, in 1797, promoted him to the t.^^'^r^"'):''? ^"« ^" Mutine. of the cap! ture of which he wua the main cause. Hia constant gallantry, and egpecially hia cot^- duct at the battle of the Nile, in which hU vessel. La Mutine. wag the only single-decker h^n,**^"?.,'''^'""*' '^''"'^d Nelson t! promote ?iw ?sn?'i,"T""'"''."' the Vanguard. In on boird 'th';'^T''?*^^^»-'="Pt''^n to Nelson, on board the Victory, and he it wag who on the fatal though glorious 2l8t of Octre?' 1805, received the last orderg of the KreaiPBr naval chief the world hag ever seen.X h a services at Trafalgar he wag created a ba* BervtA""' ^^ y*"' °' »"*»°"« and efficient service in everv auartpmf tho "i-hp Hp -- in 1834, appointed to the' honoSrable*Dort"of governor of Greenwich Hospita?. whe?l he I ns It '! 1 I i u hab] 91 iHeb) ainiberiBl 19(ograpl)p. foiutnntly ro»lded tlU tho cloio of hU valu- able Mtv. Horn, 17611 ; 'IIVlVJ??"' t„„„ »„ n\lll)YN(J or HAUDINU, JOHN, nn MfJy KnglliU lilitorlttn, woi born nbo.it 1»7H, aud oniercd tho .orvloo of >»« J «f«y family. He wai n< lively ei>Ki«K<'il throwKh '" -• ori-ator part of bin life, b.uI wuh present (,' .iiuiy buttle* In Siotliind niul In Irani-o i but lias been cblefly celcbrnted iin tbo dla- covcror or movo probably tho fiibrlcn Or of aooHmentsprovhiKtbo foiuMl hubJi-.-tlon of Sc . land to l.:i.gl«ud, for ^vlml. b.M.btulm.d rich r.wardi. UU Chronicle U In moiro, ,u.a extend. " from the llrHl ''♦'«J7^'"« "':"«- land unto tho reign of Kdword the l""Jth. Ho nppoara to Imve Kullu red nmtor u U for t dlllKcntly.and In tho Innt yeiir* of hU life rowrr" '•-. 'T A continuation 111 profl.' to i..,i« w«i» wrlttea by (inifton. HarUyuK "'HAUl",'j".!iVH-CHAni,K9. tbo venerable Archdeacon, w«h I'O"' '" ""M^'^bU moneeux. In Huwex, of Y'''^*l .P^^rin ',' father wa» vlcnr, and wnn educated at 1 rlnlty ColleKr.Can.brldRe. In IHH'i ho wn» In* i- tutedto tho rectory of Hurstnionceux tth. ndvowson of which was In his family . ami In tbUsphere ho laboured till hU deatlr His name was first brouRht before the worW as trauslator. In conjunction with l)r Ihlrl- wall. of tho tlrst two volunes of Nlebuhr s " History of Komo." Tho next production of his pen wag " Guesses at Truth." a volunio of iniseellaneosu essays '»"«» fraKinents, pub- lished in conjunction with his brother. Au- Kustu. AVlUlam Hare. These wrltlnRS were the llrst fruits of his Intercourse with that little band who looked up toHamuel laylor ColerldRC as their Ruldo and teacher. H» subseduent works were c1'»<^fly »'' ^''*'"/"«,: cal subjects. He was generally consider d as the lender of that party In th^ 'hurd of England to which the "amo of Im.ad Church " has been Klven. In The Mission of the Comforter," a volume of sermons, with an appendix twice the b 'li />' »>«« text, replete with minute loarnlnK.clasBlfled by a master hand, bo made nn nt tempt to lay down a form of belief on this subject which may bo more widely accepted than any hitherto propounded. I. Is other thco- lofflcal works consist chiefly of sermons and clmrRCS, which It has been observed form a complete history of the times, »«♦"«'!'„»'«"■ Ing on the Interests of tho Church. In 1848 ho edited the " Uemalns of John Sterling, for seven months his curate at Hurstmon- ceux ; and In 1852 ho published the " Contest with Kome," nn answer to r>r Newmans lectures on the present position of Catholics in Kngland. Died, 1855. HAKGKAYE, FRANCIS, an eminent legal writer and barrister, born In 1741. He was less distinguished at tho bar than as a cham- ber counsel, and was author of numerous professional works. Among his publications arc the collection of " State Trials," 11 vols, folio ; and " Juridical Arguments and Collec- tions," 2 vols. 4to. Died. 1821. HABINGTON, Sir JOHN, miscellaneous writer, was born in 1561. He was grandson, bvthe mother's side, to Henry VIII., and had Uueen Eliznbelii for his goamoifaur. He was educated at Cambridge, and then MO [HAg attached hlnitolf to tho court, eiOuTlnKUii favour of tho oaceii till her death. At kn • • ■ •- ml-* ■■' "■• " " ■ ■ - desire ho triinslated tbo " Orlando Fufloio of Arlosto 1"- ■ ■' ' - Henry, sou o ito Knxlliih verso ; for l'riiic» j( James I., ho wrote »" Uriel 10 Hlatoof the Church ;" tni^ r of soniu epigrams and oih» View of th was author poems. Died. 1«12. HAUIOT.TiioMAB.an VnglUli msthenn. ilclan. was born at Oxford, lu l,'i«o, ond, educated at Kt Mary Hall. He atuomnnnitdf HIr Walter Kaleigh to America, imj pub-i llshed an account of tlm dU< ovpry of VIr ! gin la. Ho found a generous patron in the ^ earl of Northumberland, and lived louel time In Hion College. Ho Is now ktwinn loi have paid much attention UmKirunoniy, to have held correHpondeneo with Kppler.andi made several great dlHcoverlen. llt« dlrd In Ki'.'l. HU" Artls Analytlcnjl'rnxli,"tttroi tlse on Algebra, was printed after hlstlealli, and as It appeared a few years before D.» cartes published his work on (.(•ometry.it has been charged that Descartpi owed niiiiy of his discoveries to llnriut, Jlut lliln.clurjf has not been sustained. HAULEY, KOUKUT, "earl of Oxford ud Mortimer, a distinguished 1':nRliih atntn. : man, was born in lliUl. At the revoluU n he was returned to tho House of Cummntn for Tregony, In Cornwall; aud in i: i in was chosen speaker, which office li, mid while secretary of slate, Imt rcilgncd thj latter place In 1708. In 1710 lie again cnniiil Into ofllcc, as a commissioner of the tremuryji and chancellor of the exchequer. Sliorilj after ho was stabbed by the marquis o( Oulscard, a Frenchman, when under er amlnatlon at the council-board ; llutller^ covered from his wound, and tho aiMUii died in prison. Ho was then advanced to.i tho peerage, and made lord high treasurfr; Which oftlcc he resigned a few days bffon tho death of Queen Anne, in 1714. On tlif accession of Oeorgo I. ho was inipoaclicl by tbo House of Commons, and conimittcd;: to the Tower, where he was kept two yean,' and then, after a public trial, he wai acij quitted. After this he retired wholly from i public business, and died in 1724. Lord Or ford was a liberal encourngrr of literature, the patron of Vope and Swift, author of som few inmphlots himself, and a great collocipr of books. The important coliection of manuscripts in the Uritish Museum known as the Harleian Collection was formed Ij' him and his son Edward, who succeeded | ' HARLOW, OEOBGE HENnY.nn UnglWii painter, was born in 1787 ; studied unto lirummond and Sir Thomas Lawrence; and obtained much reputation as a poriraii painti r. On occasion of a visit to lUmielie copied Kaphael's great picture of the Inins- flgurutlon in n surprisingly slioft '■!,:! produced several good historical pictnm, among which Is tho w<',»-"''i?.o^" "f";?^! I Shakespeare's Henry the Eigh h in«hlc . he introduced portraits of the KemWf 'TlAWKTHOMA«.adissentingn.te.« at Wnttisfleld, In Suffolk, wa= lK>rn m M^^. „_ J 5^--m« f,«.ine"<' »««" oriental KBii* His Sief workTs e'ntlUcd " Observauuu.os har] jiMm ruiaaffpnuf Nrripturo, iliu«trut«d I17 Ariuunti of TrAVtllvrit In thu Kait. " JJluU, llAHMOOIirS. [AUI8TOOITON.] IIAIIOIJ) I.,aiiniumi>d Iliirufout, kltiKof Knitlaiiii, •iicci'i'di'd hli fiithcr, Ciiiiutu, lii mi. He rcigDcd fuur yuum, and dlud In 103!). IIAUOI.I) H., kinir of KiiKlnnd, wai tho ifcond null of Oodwiii, finl of Kent. Upon thciloatli of Kdwnnl tho Coiiri'imur, in loflfi, hi> took pomiciiKloii of tlin tlirono, diNrcf(iirit Init tlio more U'unl claim of IMgnr Athi'lln»{, or llic nmurtrd l)oiiii('»t of Kdwnrd in favour of Wllllnni, dnko of "rormandy, I'lic IntUr iiirorilliiKly iiivndcd llnKland whllo lliirohi wi\i i'R)(iiK<'lny. JIo I'ldl I at llic nionioinhlft liiitlle of ilaNtlnxR, '^ct. I U.lUiiO : hy which tho conquest of tlio l(iii{;- Idoni by tlie Normans was comnicncud. J IIAIIOUN AI, i'\SlIIl>, n cnlobrntcd I caliph of the Siirnoons, Oficondcd tho tlirono ■ in i8(i, nnd wnittliv inoHt potent princo of his Iracc, ruliiiKovcr tcrritorios extending ft'oin iKKi'pt to KhornsBiiii, llo Kulned many liplt'iKlid vlitork's ovir tho Oreelt omper- |urA,niid obtiiini'd Imiiii'nse renown for hii Ibruvcry, magiudcencc, and lovo of letters ; Ibut lie was cruel iind tyrannical, iruroun lAl Itaslilil wai the contemporary of churJcs ItlirOreiit, emperor of the West, and sent un Mrabaisy to hli court, with u preiont of a Ibciutlful dcptydra or water-clock. Died, ^ iXtto atn(fa«««I ©(oBrnp^p. HARKINOTON, JAMK8, a celebrated po- litical writer, was born, in 1611, In North- ijmptonsliiro. His chief work ig entitled I Oteano," n political romance. In which ho wfended rcpuhlleanlsm. In 1061 he was, Bna charire of treason, sent to the Tower, worn whence he was removed to St Nieho- hs's Island, near Plymouth, but was nfter- »ard8 released on hail. Ho died, deranced In his intellects, in 1G77. H.VimiS, General Lord GFonoE, colonel •f the T.lrd foot, and governor of Dumbarton past e, entered the army us a cadet In the W artillery, before ho was 13 years of aire. to 1,59. He served during the campaign In imenca.and received a wound in the Iirad I the battle of Hunker Hill, which obliired iini to be trepanned and to be sent homo; pm he returned in time to fako the field viousiy to the army landing on Long UmLi'f ."«. «."'''equcntly distinguished Mmself in India, and tontinued in active F'vae until the capture of Seringapatam ; fhtn his services were rewarded with the frm ' ^'"'"'' ""Kl a British peerage llUUUis James, a philological writer, t mn'n" "' ^''"^''"'•.v,in 1709.'' In 1774 ho Knf,"'.'?'''':""! comptroller to the t is'es til^^fl" '*'^' "" ^""to " Three Cni „' *''^fl''8t concerning Art: the ii» ; • Hermes, or a Philosophical Inqul^ry [har mnr 1 rhilological Iimiu rle«." *,. 111, Hcrmei" dlnplay, mm I ingVnul v ,!,,.? !1? .""'•'"•'von'^iu.untaneo with'*th . w.ViIn« I Ai.iMi''' "V"'" """^ Pl'lloHopher. * IIAUUIH, Jnntf, an Knirlliih divinn ,.„i ninthenwuleinn, who w«. secretary old ve? frT:'''".'!' "' "^" ""y«> «"- y nnu died n hli. 1I„ published a eoll..> ,, of VoyaiiM and ravelH. various math, .naflcnl w'.T. n Illltory of tho County of Kent" A," I I but ho is best known a. the .LhI . . 'notorof I a <;yelopu.dl«, or Dictionary . An, and Hclences. This work. cntitl.„ "Lex In n "All.UlH,.;oiiN,VrlnclpalofNowOollrKe jondon, .vasbori, In Devonshire, abouwn' at lloxton, afterwards removed to nL|,' Imry.und was pastor for some years of a, I dupo-ulent oongregntion at ifpsom. II tl Mi.'ln" *"'" ""'!"" '"»'"•" nx autlor of the prize essay entitled " Mammon "nub po ml i"v'"D.'t.?«r^,"''^'.' ""•' «» "'nm!!,"I. poptiiarity. in the follow ng year he berninc and in IH/io, on tho union in one of tb several Independent Colleges in I oiidon 1, was named Principal of the " Now ColK " His t rst work. nnd one of his best, was' 'Tlie nfte'i '^\7"<"-'" ^.h'^l» only became popular after Mammon" had nmde its nut" or iuZ'^tJ'' ""."''' ^^"» «n eloquent, theatrical preacher ; and as author ho furtlcr is nguishcd himself by the publication of Ihel're-Adaniite i;arth."''ManPrlmovnI ' and "Patriarchy," all of which are rich in thought and attractive by their utace of style. Died at Now College, December 21, HARRIS, WiLMAM, a blogrnDhlcal writer, was born at Salisbury. In 1720. Ho became a dissenting preacher, and aft"! wards applied himself to literary labour He wrote a " Life of Hugh Peters," which in 1763; Life of Charles I." in 1758 • "Liffl ?I "'iTml " 'T"r ''"' V""<^ " 1-"^" o'charles 11. In 176,5. He professed to f How "the manner of llayle,""a Very bad nmnnor " Rays Carlyle, "more especially wh?n 'a inrris presides over it." Hi, books, how ever, have [some worth, as containing ..rv r'^Z«^^ rlf^'j" excerpts, and the Lives of Cromwel , Charles I., and James I. were re- published in 1814. Harris received the degree of D.I), from the university of Glas ffow in 1765, and died in 1770. HARRISON, John, celebrated as the nventorof the time-keeper for ascertain^ tho longitude at sea, was born at Foulby near Pontcfract, Yorkshire, i„ 1693 hIs father, a carpenter or bulk r, brought him up to the same occupation , but by dint of his own ingenuity and perseverance, he ' learned to make clocks and watches ; and having turned his attention to the Improve- ment of pocket watches, he was induced to make a time-kcoDer. in that ft.rm „hV" he nnished in 176!». This chronometer, in two voyages, having been found to corwt iil f- "A \'-\ i i.i i j< 'i hab] TBi illttD anibersal laiograpf)!}. [H*l the longitude wlthlii Ihu limit* rcqulird by the ucl of puriiiiiiiciil, Ilarrlion applied for the proposed reward of fUO.fHK), whkh he received lUrrltoti win aUo the Inventor of the comn»-n»utlon pendulum, named, from the munner of lt« conntruction, the gridiron pendulum, and of the nolnx fu»ec. by meuns «)f which a watch go«!» whilo lielinj wound up. Died, 1778. , , , , HAHIUHON, JOHN, one of the Judgis who wt upon the trial of Charles I., was the »oii of ft butcher, and became a colonel In the parliamentary army. Ho wasthoiicn to brlntf the king from the Isle of Wight to London, and was one of the cloven numborit of the High Court of Justice who were executed after the llestoratlon. HarrUon was a man of noble character and deeply religious. He met death bravely, rojolclug, he said, " to die for the good cuuse." HAKHI80N,W1LL1AMH»NIIY, President of the United States of America, was born In Virginia, In 1773 ; his father being one of the most conspicuous among the patriots of the revolution. After receiving the cus- tomary education at Hiimp.len Sydney Col- lege, ho studied for the medical profession ; but participating in the general excitement which prevailed throughout the country aaainst the barbarous mode of warfare at that time practised by the Indians on the north-western frontiers, he suddenly aban- doned the study ,of Galen, and Joined his brethren in arms, as an ensign in the U.S. artillery, In 1791- Ten years later he was made governor of Indiana, and ho held that post till 1813. Both as an olHcer of the go- vernment, and subsequently as an able re- presentative In congress, he displayed the principles of a dlsinttrested patriot. During the year 1811, General Harrison commanded against the Indians, who, under Tecumsch, had created serious disturbances on the fron- tier. The most signal success crowned his efforts.and he was appointed by Mr Madison to negotiate with those enemies against whom his military skill had bron so ably directed. In 1812, he took part in the war with the English. In 1828, he was sent as United States' minister to Columbia^; and, in 1840, he received the highest honour that can be bestowed upon a citizen of a free country, in being elected to preside over It as its chief magistrate. Hut Just as his mea- sures were coming into operation, and when at the height of his popularity, he was seized with an Illness, and died April 4, 1844. HABTE, WALTKR, an English poet and historian, was born and educated at Marl- borough, la Wiltshire. He published a poet- ical collection, called the " Amaranth," a " History of Gustavus Adolphus," 2 vols. 4to ; and " Essays on Husbandry." Died, 1773. HARTLEY, DAVID, an English philo- sopher and physician, was born at Illlng- worth in 1705. After studying at Cambridge, where he became a fellow of Jesus College, he adopted the medical profession, and prac- tised it with success at Newark, Bury St Edmunds, London, and Bath. The pursuit of science and philosophy occupied all the lime that could be spared from his profession, and iu l74S, "ne published the -.TOik On "ffhleh 442 his nputatlon li founded,— " Obncrvitloiu on Man,hli Vrnm«, his Duty, and hU t,. pt'ctatloni." In It he dcvplopcd the hinu and Inciulrlea of Locke on piiroly nuttrlilUi principles. " Tlic association of iddi \, made the foundation of all Intillictuil n. ergy ; and derived It from certain vlbriilom of the niTVCi." Coleridge was ut ono pcrW of his life an admirer of Hartley, and n«iB«| hU son after him. Hartley died at huh ii 1787. priest In the Church of England two yean later ; held several curacies in wccdilon and In 1838 became rector of Cogcnhw, In' Northamptonshire. In 18S0, he wai ure- scntcdby the queen to the rectory of Hold- enby In the some county, which hchcliltlll his death. Ho was an cnthUHlastic and ic- complished antiquary and a prolific writer Among his separate works arc—" SalopI* Antlqua, or an Enquiry Into the c>rlyH«- mains in Shropsiilre ;" " llUtorlcalMcinur lals of Northampton ; " und " Mfinoiri II lustratlvc of the History und Antioultlciof Nurthumberland." He cdiii-d ''Ancient Metrical Tales," and contributed papcn to the archuologicul and other Journali. DM at Holdenby, Ilth March, 1805. I HAUT80EKEH, NICHOLAS, a Dutch BeJ taphystclan and natural pliiloioptiir, waii burn at Gouda, in liiSG. AVMlo itud;ing tt! I.eyden, he made the acqualntnnce of lluy j gens, who soon after took hint to Paris, and introduced him to Casslnl. Hartsoekerwu then applying himself chiefly to the con- struction of telescopes, in which he vii very successful. After a long residence il Paris he went, in 1696, lo Ilotterdam. Id 1704, ho became professor of philosophy al DUsseldorf.and mathematician to the elccioi palatine. He died in 172.5. Ho wrote ai '' Essai de Dioptrique," "PrincipcsdePliy slquc," and other scientific works. It in sail that Hartsoekcr first made the discovtryof thp spermatic animalcules, to which phyiio- loh'ists are indebted for a new theory of gen- eration. , , ^, HAllVARD, JOHN, a Nonconfonniat di' vine, who died In ICH8, at Cliarlebtown, la New England. He is deserving of comnie moration as the founder of the college l)fa^ ing bis name at Cambridge, in North Amt- HARVEY, WILLIAM, the dlstingulahri physician, discoverer of the circulation of thi blood, was born at Eolkstone in 1578, H« studied at the university of Cambridp, completing his medical studlpsandgradnat- ing M.D. at Padua. After his return to Ehgland he became fejiow of the Royal Ui- lege of Physicians, and physician to M Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1C23 he wu named physician to James I., and he«w the same post under Charles I. Foras «rt time he was master of Metton mtp, Oxford, and he was chosen president of IM College of Physicians, tut ^W ft «cc^!^ the appointment on account of his adra« --.- *^Si(= „,».>«• fliapnvprv. developed m n £itta ginfbfrial ISfootapfit). compleltd br careful and Uburluui inrpttl- ltlion,w«ipublUhn entitled " Iter Pala;.tl. num." Died at Smyrna, 1732. '^"'"^•" HASTED, Edwahi), n topographer and antl.iuary, was born at Hawfuy, the seat of hU family in Kent, In 1732. ' Ho devoted ioli^Sm"*"' H?,''. "' •"! '"■" to the labour of compiling a history of his native countv which was published In 4 vols, folio. 17B9' ii%vm ?'■"•'" ?' "'e '""'»''t«' "t Coriham, .^^'i'**''"'''' 'V^'ere ho died in 1812. „ "i^STlNOS, Lady Elizaueth, daughter tn i< H?'"'J "•• '"' ?' """tl"8don', was born in 10H2. tihe remained single through life and distinguished herself by works of poly tfiid bencvoienco. She erected 8chools,lullt nnr'^on''' ?"!'''«''"''' many indigent families, and foimaed flvo scholarships in Queen's College, oxford. Died. 1739. HASTINfiS, Waukkn, first governor- atSrei'iM '■''''''' I'">'«'>-"» born in 1733. at Churchill, near Daylesford, in Worces' lZtl''\f *'''^'". P-^'-h '"« fathe? was nmi «f ]l° '"'' *''I"catcd at Westminster, ond, at tho age of 17, went out to India as a writer In tho Company's service On his arrival ho applied with diligence to the duties ot his station, and at his lei - trv/A".^'''** .V'*' °''';""" '"nBuaeeg. After Jn in„i 'f 'ience in Heiigal he returned to kng and ; but In 1769 ho went out ns second in council at Madras, where he re inained about two years, and then removed to Calcutta as president of tho Supremo Council of Bengal. This was a critical period, and the state of Hlndostan soon became perilous from the revoltof tho native subjects, the defection of allies, and the in- creasing power of Hyder Ally, the sovereign of Mysore, aided by the land and sea forces or trance. In this exigency the govcrnor- e^nrt?n„ '''' *» depend solely upon his own exertions; and ho succeeded, beyond all expectations. In saving British India from a combination of enemies, and In Increasing and strengthening the power of the Com- f?^^ /ti*^® expense of the native princes. turned the merit of Mr Hastings into a crime, and charges were brought against him in parliament. In 1786 he returned to Jingiand, when he was accused of havinir go- verned arbitrarily and tyrannically ; of hav- ing extorted immense sumsof money ; and of having exercised every species of oppression. An Impeachment, conducted by Burke fol- lowed, which. In contempt of all the prin^ ciplos of justice, lasted 9 years. He was at length acquitted, and sentenced to pay onlv the costs of the defence.above £70,000 sterl- ing, for which the East India Company indemnlfled him by a pension of £4000 foi Ji.»" .„ jived, however, to see his plans for !^ 2f !?'.'*y °' ^fd'a publicly applauded; n?«,nH"^'V"^- *^'' Hastingi was a man or mud and imassuminii' mnsn""- ,in.i an eloKant scholar. He wrote " A* Narratlve'of t J. I i'i u ■^F'iT 413 1 ^ il the Insurrection at Benares," Memoirs relative to the State of India," some fugitive poetry, &c. There is a Life of Warren Hast- ings by Gleig, and a brilliant Ebsay on his career by Lord Macaulay. His portrait, painted by Kettle, Is. in the National Por- trait Gallery. _ „ , HASTINGS, FRAyciS BAWDON, Marquis of, and governor- general of India, was the son of the earl of Moira, was born in 1764, and entered the army in 1771. He greatly distinguished himself in the American war; was appointed, in 1778, adjutant-general of the British forces in America, and rose to the rank of a brigadier- general ; butasevere illness compelled him to return home before the conclusion of hostilities, when he was made aid-de-camp to the king, and created an English peer. Advanced to the rank of a major-general in the summer of 1794, he was sent, with a reinforcement of 10,000 men, to join the duke of York, opposed to the French in Holland ; and materially con- tributed to mitigate the disasters of tliat memorable campaign. When the Whigs, with whom he bad acted, came into power, in 1806, he w^s appointed master- general of the ordnani , which post he resigned on the fall of his party. In 1812 he obtained the appointment of governor-general of British India, which he held till 1822; and during the 10 years of his sWay he overcame the Nppaulose, the Pindarees, and other native powers, and rendered the British authority supreme in India. While absent he was created marquis of Hastings. Ill health compelled him to return ; and in 1824 he was appointed governor of Malta ; but his health growing worse, he proceeded to Na- ples, and died on board the Kevenge, m Biiia Bay, Nov. 29th, 1825. He was an ex- cellent officer, an acute statesman, and a man of a noble-minded and generous dispo- sition. The marquis left a Istter, in which, among other requests, he desired that his right hand might be cut off. and preserved until the death of the marchioness, and be put into the coffin to be buried with her. His request was complied with. _ HATFIELD, THOMAS, bishop oi Durham, was the especial favourite of Edwara III., at whose desire he was elected to the bishop- ric in 134'. He distinguished himself soon after his consecration, by repelling the Scots, who had invaded the principality, and vrere defeated by Lord Percy and the bishop in person, at the head of their respective forces. On this occasion the king of Scot- land fell into the hands of the victors, and was afterwards ransomed. He was the founder of Trinity College, Oxford, which was at first called Durham House ; and he founded a Carmelite friary at Northallerton, in Yorkshire. He died in 1381, and was buried in his cathedral, where his .effigy is still to be seen. _ , , HATTON, Sir CHRISTOPHER, lord chan- cellor of England, was born at Holdenby, in Northamptonshire ; educated at St Maiy Hall, Oxford ; and studied at the Inner Temple. Instead, however, of following the law, he became a courtier, and attracted the queen's notice by his graceful dancing in a masque. From this time he rose in favour. Hi and, in 1587, was made both chancellor >i.j knight of the garter. His inexperien-! created much prejudice against him atfim but his natural capacity and sound Jod.' ment were seldom found defective. Hedifti in 1591 of a brokeu heart, as some historioni affirm, occasioned by the queen's demandint a debt, which he was unable to pay «t wrote the fourth act in the tragedy of "Tancred and Sigisraunda;" and to himl ascribed " A Treatise concerning Statutemr Acts of Parliament." °«vu;e>of HATZFELD, FRANCIS loris. Prince of ' was born at Vienna, in 1756, and waj got vernor of Berlin when the French entered that city in 1806. The French having dii. covered that Prince Hatzfeld continued to give the Prussian government information &c., Napoleon ordered him to be trlMasa spy. The wife of the prince being Inioraied of the danger, hastened to Napoleon, and threw herself at his feet, assuring him that her husband was incapable of doing a dis- honourable action ; but when the emperor showed her the letter, and she recognized the handwriting of the prince, she fainted away. On her recovering, Napoleon told her that she held in her hand the only docu- ment there was against her husband, and asked her why she did not burn it. The hint '' was of course sufficient, and Napoleon par- doned him. The Memorial of Las dm contains the affecting letter which Napoleon wrote on this occasion to the empress. Hatz- feld was afterwards employed on variouj, diplomatic missions, and died, at 'VJemia, in 18'27. HAUBOTiD, CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB, a celebrated German jurist, was bom atDrci- den, in 1766. He was made doctor of law in 1788; and eventually became ordinary pro- fessor of law in the university of Leipsic. He was profoundly versed in the science of j jurisprudence; and especially in the stndv of Koman law. As an academical instructor he was pre-eminent, and crowds of students! from all parts of Germany flocked to his lecture -room. His library, consisting of nearly 10,000 volumes, on Greek and r.onitsi law, was purchased by the Emperor Aiei-i ander fov the university of Abo. Died, 182(. HAUFF, WlLHELM, one of the most graceful prose writers !"of Germany, was born at Stuttgart, 1802. After the sautl preliminary education, in which he dis-j tinguished himsglf more by his lore of romances than his classical attainments, be went to the university of Tubingen from It 20 to 1824, .where he studied philosophy and theologyj with a view to the church. While discharging the duties of tutor in a noble family at Stuttgart, he published tlie " Marchen Almanach auf das Jahr, 1826;" the success of which was such that he wi induced to embrace literature as a.profcssioi. Among his numerous writings are "Me- moiren des Satans," "Mann im Monde, " Lichtenstein," " Die Bettlerin vom m des Alts;' &c. He had just undertaken the editorship of the journal called the Mot- genblatt," when he was seized with typM fever, and died Nov. 1827. H AUGWITZ, GKATI AN HEINRICHKABl, Count of, an eminent Prussian stateinut HAUj wu born in Silesia, in 1798. When the Prussian minister, Hertzberg, retired from public affairs, Frederick AViMiam intrusted Haugwitz with the portfolio of foreign af- fairs and the presidency of the cabinet. In I this situation he gave the iting great eatis- ftction.and was rewarded with the order of the Black Eagle, and the grant of estates in Soi.:h Prussia. When Frederick William III. ascended the throne, Haugwliz retained his station ; and the tendency of his policy was to bring France and Prussia into a closer connection. But, when the French troops occupied Hanover In 1803, this step appear- ed dangerous to the neutrality of northern Germany, which Prussia had sought to maintain, and the views of the king were chani?ed. Haugwitz now retired to his es- tates; and Hardenberg, who succeeded him, adopted a different system, so that Prussia remained neutral. In 1805 Haugwitz left his retreat, to negotiate with Napoleon at Vienna; and concluded, after the battle of Austerlitz, the convention by which Han- over was ceded to Prussia, and the neutral- ity of northern Germany was acknowledged. But this treaty involved his country with England, while her position with France became more embarrassing than ever. Haug- witz then went to Paris to reconcile con- tending interests, but returned without effecting his object, and once more retired to bis estates in Silesia. He died at Vienna In 1832. ' HAUKAL, Abul kasem Mohammed DEN, an Arabian traveller and geographer of the 10th century, was a native of Bagh- dad, whence he set out about A. D. 940, for the purpose of visiting other countries. He travelled in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Africa, and gave the results of his studies and observations in a work entitled " A Book of Roads and Kingdoms." A Persian worli, translated into English by Major Ouseley, in 1800, was erroneously supposed to be a translation of Haukal's book. Hau- iial was living in 975. HAl'KSIiEE, FBANCis.an English natur- al phuoiophcr, and one of the earliest elec- tricians, llTtd in the 17th and 18th centuries. Recontributed accounts of his experiments in electricity to the Transactions of thi Koyal Society, of which he was chosen felT 17J" "-^J' ^ ^'^^'^ y''»" '»ter he publish- ed his "Physico-Mechanical Experiments " which was translftted into French and Ita- ihn Hewas also author of several other wntiflc worlcs. The dates of his birth and death are not known. H/USER, Kaspaii, whose mysterious Tl rt'**.^ "^ ""»«»» interLt7rSnff .hat of the " Iron Mask " in the 17th cen &whTn "."'""' ''"°^" to the worldfn 1 1828, when he appeared at Numbers a<. « la 7" of about sixteen years ff age Ln/i*,.'".''*''' '«"<»•»»* as a baby, feeble lel'iS^' ^'^'">5''»'e had inhilhanda I etter without signature, professodlv ttivin^ (^account of his origin.' TheToiice £"9? |trate« aot knowing what to ,l" with hi™ |ka him shut up as i vagabond ' e JlS |h nlit "tLfr'^„*5'' P'^^of speech I """' *°" ho had passed his life in % ;Bm mnibmal 19iograp^p. I an under-ground dungeon, soeinir n.. «,.« knowing no difference of nUht and .w' tacked and wounded, and ran to hide him-' an impostor, but Feuerbach, the cimfnTn? jurist, maintained that he was thl via m of grfa? nTer^si in\\''' ^^''^ StanhoSok li»v .i. '"est in his case, charged himvoif ,^i"} the care of him, and placed him wulx a J?f„''r^'"'L^°«P"eh; furnishing the meant 5 Euti„"T^'''r^*V^"""^°f'he"'m^^^^^ 6 prurS^'a'SnSr"-r/l^ l^^r.'J^ ^hf ArteU'l SillS^, r.?l' HAUY, RfiNE JUST, Abb«, a celebratPd m",'"*w»"i' ''"•••» " St Just.'in Plcardy in 1743. He first stu ^ command of Ninn able, both to him and to Hauy aj the latVl; had opposed Buonaparte's elevation to tho imperial dignity, b/ signinr»w "when the as "^ ■. X ^ ^ ii t ' i i HAU] % iHeto ©niftetsal ?3ioprapljB. and his beautiful collection of minerals, for which he had refused an offer of 600,000 francs, was bought by the duke of Buck- ingham. ,. .^. HAUY, VALENTINR, a brother of the pre- ceding, bom In 1746, was the founder cf the Institution for the Blind at Paris. The In- stitution did not. however, succeed to the extent anticipated, and was therefore aban- doned ; but a pension of 2000 francs was granted to Mm, and he accepted an invita- tion to go to 8t Petersburg, to undertake one there. He returned to Paris in 1806, and died a few months before his brother, in 1822 HAVELOCK, Bir HENRY, a distinguished British general, was born at Bish^.pwear- mouth in 1795, and educated at the Charter- house. He WB8 subsequently entered of the Middle Temple, where his most Intimate associate was Talfourd, the authorof ' Ion." He obtained a commission as a second lieu- tenant in the rifle brigade (the 98th), where his military training was assisted by Cap- tain (afterwards Sir) Harry Smith. After serving for eight years in England, Scotland, and Ireland, he exchanged into the 13th light infantry, and embarked for India in 1823. On the breaking out of the first Bur- mese war he was appointed deputy-assist- ant-ndjutant-gencral, and was present at several actions. At the close of the war he was associated with Captain Lumsdeu and Dr Knox in a mission to the Court of Ava, and had an audience of the " Golden Foot," when the treaty of Yandaboo was signed. In 1827 he published the " History of the Ava Campaigns," and in that year he was appointed adjutant of the military depot at Chinsurah. He subsequently visited Cal- cutta, and was appointed adjutant of his corps. In 1838 he was promoted to a com- pany, after having served 23 years as a sub- altern. In the first Affghan campaign he was present at the storming of Ghuznee and the occupation of Cabul, and prepared a " Memoir of the Affghan Campaign." When the Eastern Ohilzies blockaded Cabul, Have- lock was sent to join Sir Uobert Sale, and was present at the forcing of the Khoord Cabul pass, at the action of Tezeen, and all the other engagements of that force till it reached Jcllalabad. In the final attack on Mahomed Akbar, in April, 1842, Havelock commanded the right column, and defeated him before the other columns could come up. Por this he was promoted to a brevet majority, and was made Companion of the Bath. He was then nominated Persian in- terpreter to General Pollock; proceeded with Sir John M'Caskill's force into the Kohistan, and had an important share in the brilliant affair at Istaliff. Next year he was promoted to a regimental majority, and nominated Persian interpreter to the com- mander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Cough. At the close of 1843 he accompanied the army to Owallor, and was engaged in the battle of Maharajpore. In 1844 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet. In 1848 he proceeded with the army to meet the invasion oi' the Sikhs, and vas actively eng«ged ta the battles of Moodkee, Teroze- shah, and Sobraon. During the second Sikh _ [hAT war he quitted his staff cmploymontatBom bay In order to join his own regiment which had been ordered to take the field, and bm proceeded as far as Indore when hli further progress was countermanded, and he retuni cd to his post. Twenty-five years of Inceu^ ant and laborious services now began to tell on his constitution, and his medical ad- visers, in 1849, sent him to Europe for two years for the restoration of his health, He returned to Bombay in 1851, and wa« icon after made brevet-colonel, and appointed quartermaster-general, and then adjutant- general, of queen's troops in India. On the despatch of the expedition to Persia, ini 1886, he was appointed to the second dlvlsloii ' and commanded the troops at Mohammerah' On the conclusion of peace he returned to Bombay, and on reaching Calcutta, was Im mediately sent up to Allahabad as brigadier- general, to command the column appointed to traverse Bengal, after the breaking out of the formidable insurrection in 18i57. With the greater portion of the G4th and 78th regiments he first attacked the mutincerut Futtehpore, on the 12th of July, and, on the 15th, at Aoung and at Pandoo Nuddee; on the 16th at Cawnpore, where he had a horse shot under him, and where the enemy lost twenty- three guns. Advancing from Cawn- pore on the 29th, he captured Oonao and Busseerut Gunge and nineteen guns, Thii position he was obliged to give up,butretool[ it on the 6th of August, inflicting great slaughter. On the 12th of August he again defeated the mutineers, and on the 16th at- tacked them at Bithoor. On receiving re' inforcements under Sir James Outran, hi entered Lucknow on the 25th of Septemlwr, having in two months gained no less thai nine victories over forces, five, eight, and ten times numerically stronger than his owd, and captured during these operations sevent; pieces of cannon, Here he gallantly held his ground until the garrison was finally re- lieved by Sir Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde) ob November 6th, but his health had been un- dermined by the cares and anxieties he had undergone, and an attack of dysentery put an end to his noble and eventful ciieer, November 21, 1857, four days after U had received the tidings of his having boa created a K.C.B. The queen had conferred upon him the dignity of a baronet, by lh( title of Sir Henry Havelock of Luclirof, with a pension of £1000 a year for life. Bit these honours came too late. Haveloclcdied: the day before the patent was sealed, audi the title with the pension was transferm;; to his son. Captain, now Sir Henry Marsh- man Havelock, bart. The country iuouiem the loss of Sir H. Havelock, as that of i true patriot. He had always been as re- markable for his unassuming earncstncsiu a Christian as for his gallantry in the field, and he has left Ijehind hira a name con- Bpicuous for all that was noble, courageoui, ■^nd good. Lives of Sir H. Havelock haw been published bj- Marshman andHeadley, and a volume of" Memorials" by Bro* HAVEBCAMP, SIGEBERT, a celeunw philologist, was born at Utrcch , in 16S, and became professor of Greek, histw,u eloquence, at Leyden. From traveUinjH haw] m Mtba Bnlbtttial 19(ograpl&i(). [haw lUlr, he derived a tasto for the study of] HAWKESWORTW m^ — ' — ' medals and coins, and published some trea- ceJlaneous writer thp'.-l*' ^^-^i mis Uses on numismatics. But his chief fame at Bromi»» v «„.' _. medals and corns, ana puoiisiiea some trea- cellaneous writer t ho »,;„»' ^'^■"■> mis- tlses on numismatics. But his chief fame at Bromley Kent' w„.T "'.'* ,'«atchmaker rested on his critical editions of classic prentS to his fatherwV" 'I'^'^""* «P- .uthors; among >vhich are his Tertullian. feft It for lltcrarv n/rL^^^^^^ Lucretius, Joscphus, Oroslus, Sallust, and became an author o/^nm»„o«' ""^ evcntnally Censorinus. Died, 1742. remembered for his n^Pn«nr*'*/.?''^'''^'i'efly HAWES, STEPHEN, a poet of the lathcen- age of Captain Cook ^2^"^,^ «"f ^»y- I tnry, was a native of Suffolk, and educated to the "AdventuZ'"^ ^^ contributions I at oxford. He afterwards held a situation essays. A mari.iptA„..'L"''''^^L°' Periodical ■ in tlie houseliold of Henry VII., who took ■ great pleasure in his conversation. His ■ works arc, "Pastime of Pleasure," "The iTcmpleof (Jlass," &c. I HAWES, William, an English physician, l.ind founder of the Humane Society, was Iborn at Islington, In 1736; studied medicine, 1 and followed the profession of an apothecary I until 1780, when he took his degree as a I Iplijslcian. Before this, however, he had I become deservedly popular by his zealous I exertions in the establishment of the Hu- imane Society, founded In 1774, to which in- htitutionhemay truly be said to have de- iToted the best part of his life. He wrote lipveral useful tracts, and among ithers l"An Examination of the Rev. Jr Wes- I ley's Primitive Physic," being at -5 an I ironical and serious exposure of the absurd- litics of that production. This benevolent ■ physician died in 1808. I lUWKE, Edward, Lord, a brave British ■admiral, was theson of an eminent barrister land entered into the navy at an early age! ■In 1734 he obtained the command of a man- lof-war, and distinguished himself by his ItraTeryin the famous engagement with the ■Trench before Toulon, in 1744, wherein the pritish fleet was commanded by Matthews K-astoclt, and Rowley. In 1747 he was made pear-admiral of the White, when he defeated Inight of the Bath. In 1759 ho defeated Admiral Conflans, off Bellelsle, and was re- jrarded with a pension of £2000 a year. In m tie was appointed vice-admiral of Great Jfitain, and first lord of the admiralty In 8776 he was created a British peer, and d!ed mi iioi, -HAWKER, Dr Robert, an evangelical |iergyman of some note, who, for half a con- lury was vicar of the parish of Charles the [lartyr.at Plymouth. He was the author cf I commentary on the Bible, sermons, and ■ther religious works. Died, ]8''7 U.hI^?^:^^''"*-^'"- P^^^'K' "^^hose re- futation m the sporting world has been ^rcly surpassed, servc(I with distinction in ^Peninsular war, was wounded at the Wt.eui Talavcra.and afterward,'! published C r?Z7 P * Regimental Officer during fcs rr-.f*'"'""^",' <^'°'onel Hawker k t, h^ u^'''\' ?"'' varied accomplish- Cv"f I ''°?'"y' ^"s profound ; he made Vhl, ' In . *'l^-^ ^^ posthumous fame rests U kt n ZTn° ^"""^ Sportsmen in u toat Helates to Guns and Shootinff " nt fe'VT\!""' large editions have^been E/o^^i'v"?^ °J^'' "*«»*>» he was Lieu?" Pjof th« horth Hampshire Militia. Died , and his contributions cways. A maVbrern'onumliu was ?rJr?.*i?' ?na lounaer oi uit- iiuiimiif oociciy, was had a^ttreat^Rhnfo^t ^»k""^*,'* .Armada, and born at Islington,in 1736; studied medicine. He was nfforwalL the glorious victory, and followed the profession of an apothecary navv Biit Mr^^t,""*'^ treasurer of the i.ntil 1780. when he took his dei?rPP <.« i Kpir,™ .i!„ « . ^^'""'y *' disgraced by his »s l^mT. ?o"a7o7V,'i^ S£f duced them into the West Tnrti« A"*'°' Elizabeth honoured his brav'erfby k& ject''ora't?ar'i'' '%'"'''' approved hi"sK: fet°In^,rs"i1f/.S.,,%7d 74"*^ ^'"' ''^'''^ eisure hours, he also wrote for the nerlod leal press. A taste for music led i,im'^„ 2 ^1^ ul^^F club, established by cTjohn vKTasreft„^f„rrert?r^^ in 1753, married a lady of grealfort^ne a^/n' becoming possessed of a much «eatnr ««„ in 1759, on the death of her brothpr ^ .'i;;;,7F;rn7h fle7t,Vnrck;rt^crflre'shl^^ I frTe ?o'r M'idTe^r '°"^r ^ became°L''^V,! .f the line; on which h^^ was created a ''A Gon^U WiJ; «'« Principal work Is, f,?'"""' ^ith notes%f?zlak Walton V' Com' Dfed {^sf »•'•■ "«1«"-ed deserved popularl?: nr|^{;ra^s^^^^^^s of Blenheim Palace!"'^ Vinc%"l''^S of Hawksmoor was St George's churrh Bloomsbury. He built several othir London churches, and executed some repah-s a^ the wars of Edward III., and received tho Aftl^'V ^'"'8l^t»''00d from that Srch othnl^n^%^''"'%%^ ^ •''«'' ^^ associaTed wUh other soldiers of fortune, who harassed and plundered their old enemies the Pron^^ hoX'?'*'^"'^^'"^ the cesslJlion'of nSJl ?ta,y"where Sinnhn'^r*' ^^'-^ P«^«^^ '""o iiaiy, wnere Sir John found emplovment in the service of Pisa, and next in that^f Flo ronce, which state he defended so succeM as Mfi'.^i' *''"i]''*" "«»' ^" considered as a public loss. He was buried with ereat pomp in the church of Santa leplrataf Md tomb^%Tj%ri'r*i was placed over Wb tomb. Sir John Hawkwood was one of the ;ff4 _. Jilll. ffi I. I^^il 'it rT-T I,. ii'i haw] n i^eto Slnifaaaal 33io8rapl)B» [hay '■ 111 founders of a lio»pltal for EnglUh travellers **HAWLKY, JOSEPH, a dlstlnguUhed Ame- rican patriot was born, in 1724 at North^ ampton, MasHachu.ctts, and being bred a iM^Tcr. soon acquired great eminence in his nrofession Hut he was most distinguished For Ws knowledge of political history and the principles of free government-a clr- rumstance that renderud him one of the St advocates of American liberty In the feXlature, previous to and during the con- teit between the colonies and the parent "^hWtHoS, NATHANIEL, the dls- tlnKuished American novelist, vvas bom at sTlIm Massachusetts, about 1807. Uc was educated at 110 wdoiu College, Maine, where he had among his fellow-students the poet Lorrgfellow and l^ranklln Vierce, afterwards president of the United States, \eading for a time a sequestered dreamy life, he first appeared as a writer, but anonymously, in 1832 Five years later be published his "Twice-told Tales," and In 1838 he accepted an appointment in the Custom House at Boston, which he held for three years. In 1846 he was appointed surveyor in the Cus- tom House at 8alem, but was removed on the chance of administration in the follow- ing yea" ^-rom 1853 to 1857 he filled the polt of Amcrlcnn consul at Livcrpoo , to which he was appointed by I'l", e^'^^y /"-'^"^ President Pierce. After travelling on the continent of Europe, he returned to Ame- rica. His principal works are The Scar- let Letter ; " " The House of Seven Gables j " The Blithedale Komance," founded on re- miniscences of his life at llrook I arm ; The Marble Faun ; •'" Life of President Pierce ; and "Our Old Home," a volume of charm- ing delineation of the characteristic scenery of England, and of strangely contrasted lui- genal criticism on the English peop e. Haw- thorne, though a prose-writer only, is m spirH a poet. Intense love, and minute ob- servation, and painstaking delineation of nature ; glowing passion, great powers of mental analysis, vivid imagination, pure moral sentiment, and an exquisitely simple, clear, and delicate style; these are the ad- mitted characteristics of his works. After suffering loug from failing health he died vofy suddenly atPlymouth,Ncw Hampshire, '^HAYDN^JOSF.PH, an eminent .German muskiau, was born, 1732, In tlie villugo of Rohrou, on the borders of Hungarj and Austria He was the son of a poor wheel- wrfght. who, havinga taste formup.c, played the harp on Sundays, hismothcr -.ccompany- ing witli her voice; a circuir...ancc w. ich accounts for the strong predilection which their son showed for the science even in his infancy When but 8 years old, he became acffitcr in St Stephens, and at 10 years of aee composed pieces for several voices. With his fine soprano he lost his place, and his situation was very eiscoaraging ; but he had the good fortune to become ncqua ntcd w^th Prince Esterhaz-y, who placed lum at The head of his private chapel. For this pr=nce he composed some beautiful sympho- nieg)-a department in which he excelled ii8 all other composers,— and the greateit part' of his fine quartetts. "When, after a periodoi above 20 years, the prince reduced hi> court and Haydn received his discharge, he ac- cepted an engagement to take part in some roncertd in London, composing and sujiir intending the performances. InlTM.having made a second journey thither, he found a most splendid reception, and the uniTersity of Oxford conferred upon hira the degree oi doctor of music. It was during these Tialti to England that Haydu composed hiil "Twelve Grand Symphonies." On his re- turn from England, he purchased a anuli house and garden in one of the suburbs of Vienna, where ho died. To the English , public he is universally known ky his noble !i oratorio of the "Creation," first published I in 1708, which is considered a ch^-d'mmA Among his numerous works are, " The Sea-! sons," an oratorio ; also a It Devm, a Stakt, with many concerts, marches, masses, &c.- He was inexhaustible in invention and > execution— always new and original-al- ways surprising and satisfying his en-: raptured hearers. Died, 1809. ' HAYDN, JOSEPH, an industrious litter- ateur, chiefly known as the compiler of the I "Dictionary of D..:->3,' which notwith-[ standing its uncritical character has beeiij extensively used, and has reached t'a(| eleventh edition. Tlio later editions undet i the care of Mr Vincent arc enlarged aii I greatly improved. Haydn also publishedl " The Book of Dignities," professedly i ' modernized form of Beaison's Politicil; Index. A small pension was granted to \ him shortly before his death, and was con i tinned to his widow. Died at London, 1851 \ I1AYD0N,BENJAMIN ROBERT, historicil j painter, was bom at Plymouth, where h. ; father was a bookseller, in 1786. He com- 1 menced lils studies at the Royal Acadeui j in 1804. His first picture was exh.bitediii 1807; the subject of it, "Joseph andMarj; resting with our Saviour after s dajVi ioaruey on the road to Egypt." Hisseconiji work, " Dentatus," was exhibited in IM, and in the following year it obtained ihi , prize at the British Institution. His Jadfj ment of Solomon " appeared next ; bni i during its progress his resources railed, ..ii ; the directors of the British Institution toW him a present of 100 guineas. Prenoustt: this the artist had for some time dcvotelll or 12 hours a day to the study of the Hgiii marbles, and that he had studied them wiu intense delight and generation nisy» learned from the manner m which he speau of them in his " Lectures on Painting a.i Design." He went, accompanied by JftiW, tc Paris in 1814, to study at the Loujtc.a^ on his return commenced his largest wun, "Christ entering into Jwusi'"";' .„ ,* picture was exhibited i-^ 1820, both m^^, don and Edinburgh, and was consid N^^ triumph of modern art. Bu , wUh allto, acknowledged powers, he m.sto k or J*. dalned to follow ths more certain n^. fame and fortune. While his mc.c*^ fulbrethr-n were engaged on cbinetF tures or portraits, his works wM^J.i larffc a scale to be hung in privat'. i^ hence Ve orders he obtained wc.e comA"* | Ihay] n iHeto ggntDergal ^ioQtapf)^. Itirely te^, a"<1 '"^ became embarrassed. Iln 1S2' he save the following melancholy Lcfount of the fate of his great pictures :— |"My'Ju(l(?ment of Solomon ' is rolled up in Ig warehouse in the Borough! my 'Entry jinto Jerusalem,' once graced by the enthu- liiaim of the rank and beauty of tfi© three IkinKdoms, Is doubled up In a back xoom in ■Holbom ! my ' Lazarus ' is in an upholster- Ipr's shop In Mount Street! and my 'Crucl- I xion ' is in a hay-lolt in Llsson Grove ! " Isome of these pictures, and others which he Isfurwnids painted, fetched considerable ■prices; but many others proved unsuccess- Ifuli and though he displayed Indomitable Tcouragc and determination, he was never fcce from the pangs of blighted ambition. >ii nrdent admiration of aucisnt art, and an equally ardent arabi ion to attnJn Its highest Ijxcclltnoe, ever di8tiu^;;iisht;d him. The blighting of his cartoon by the royal com [hA2 Academy, was born In I7nfl ,>< xi I — can army, and a martyr (accordlM tr?^ th« opinion of many of his eountryS to Iht cause of indepeidonce, was descSd from llna^ALrX'/"'!' /"T^y '« South cl?" ima. After the capitulation of CharlP>ton he consented to subscribe a declaration of his allegiance to the king of Great Brftain provided he might not be compeUed to bea^ Sdft^je'iLrr/re- «°-«"-^ ilMion on occasion of the competition for repa^im^fed'S fn ,ho TK,°1 '*'^"*"' *° ledccoratic ' the Palare at Westminster, This he refused is 1 v^nl* ."""V?"''"''- .0, the deati» w to his hopes. He would pact he had entered irtn"""? ^^ '•"' «<""■ ,jve born, up had he but realized the nope the Ai^erican clmp Beini"*sh„nw"''^r/° taken prisoner by the English,!," wal tWed' kt painting one of the irescoos, or been Iheered underhis disappointment by popular lupport, But, alas! undoubted genius, noble lupport, uut.aias; unaouotert genius, noble been found undp" « Jo . ^ ' . "a^^"* intcrprlse, and even persevering industry, raising a recimp;* t? .1 "•* enaployed in »crcno. sufficient to turn aside the shafts povprfofo^f^/i"!."!!" 9PP°8e ^he British jrcrc no; sufficient to turn aside the shafts |f adverse fate. He died by his own han>., lune 22, 1846, aged 60; ard was discovered bring on the floor of his studio, immedi- •tcly Jn front of a colossal picture (Alfred ^e Great and the First British Jury), on »hicl. he had Just before been engaged/his Mite hairs saturated with blood! It was Jiicovercd that he had long sufferpd from liscise of the brain. The last sum of money Tir Hsydon ever received was a present of MO from Sir R. Peel ; whose generous in ter- prence in behalf of his widow obtained "om her majesty a pension of £50 a year rem the civil list ; 1 .dy Peel also assigned ler a pension of £25 ; and a public subscrip- ■m, which was afterwards entered into for le benefit of ."ifrs Havdon and family Bounted to £2000. The Life of this eminent inter was compiled and edited by Mr Tom faylor. ' [HAYES, William, musical con.poser, ^soriginally organist of St Mary's, Shrews- pry; from whence he removed to Christ- forch, Oxford, where he took his degrees I music, and was elected professor ii: that t^^l; "6 published a collection of Eng- » ballads, but is best known by his church Impositions and catches. He defended rardTedtiS'^'''^'''"^'*^^"-^'^- IHAYLEY William, an English noet letadof Cowper, was born at Clllch.S Klh ^/'" quitting Trinity College fd o?ed^?,".'f'"'^?'*^«»•'"Sussfx ' oi'Toted his time principniiy to Jiter- •vas the author of an " Essav nn 3 author of an " Essay on Jbon,' "Triumphs of Temper," •on n?H"i"f.,*",'l Sculpture, a proae i.« Li?e »n/ P^"'*'"' ^ ^"'^^ ■• «nd, lastly. government, though hn had become a «„h vernment. ihis crj.I sentence notwith i standing the mitigating circumsJIices ^f the HAYWARD, Sir John, an EngMsh histo- rian, who flourished in the reigns of EUza- " Wfe"of HeZ'^TV-.. '■^"•"^ PA^'g" m his riilht in ^ft/7 ^^V co»cerning hereditary right m matters of succession, gave creat fn^T- ^"^ ' ''"^«°' «"•' heWfs thfoTn into prison ; .ut upou the accession of Jaines h^ ^^^ Released, resumed his literary la- hours, obtained the honour of knighthood and cont nued to receive proofs of court ?a.' vour during the.remainder of his life Lied. HAZLITT, William, a distin^uishPd modern writer, both as a critic and essaWst ca'edaVtWT'^f'*?"""^™'»'«t'^''«"d'"^^^^ caied at the Unitarian College at Hackncv He began "fe as an artist ; but thoi^h he al ' ways preserved an intense love for rte arts a„d^°^ relinquished the pencil for the pen,: and when he waa not borm away by violent „^Mi?'5?'i''^'-''PP''"'-'^** ** o»e of the mos able and judicious critics of the day. Besides to"iL* '^°*^r* contributor for many yea?s to the Morning Chronicle and Examiner newspapers, he occasionally wrote in oS and was so ndefPtigable, that he was con- tinually producing some new work of merit Among the most popular of his writings are several volumes collected from per"odical 'The%SV^^ ''^^ of "TabrTalk."' ine Spirit of the Ago," and " The Plain tCt n'ltP" '"«^«* ""'l '"""t elaborated [s the " ? ifp ^'?°'J successful, of his wo.ks 18 the Life of Napoleon," 4 vols. His raottH"'*^"^ "' Shttkspear'e's Plays" ft- of H,pi'"'i?'lT"*=^ ' «* ''l* «l»o 1>" " View of the English Stage." " Political Essays and ^jul: ^»«3 i sr.?i;/g;i&^^K:^iS 3 o il9 '(I 1 ' if! Pi bea] % iBcta a»n(bcr«nl ISiogrnpI)!). dern ryumnllon," Ac. Hl» Iniit work wnii a yory Intrn'svlnii vohimo.cntlllfil" (loiivoina- tiorts of J«mp» Northcolo, Kmi-. H.A." A conlemporuiy wrlu-r.lii an culoglntlciiniily- ■!• of his ch.iractcr and abllltleB, mukn* the followliiR rcmarki: '" Conucclccl with the phllonophlcal exumlnatloiii of pnlntiiiK imd iculpturc, tlio ilranui niul tho thoatro tamo naturally wltliin his Inquiries. Into tluiso guhlocts ho pourrd the tide of hts luminous mind, and so.... aciiulrod tlie reputation of lieing on« of the highcht critical autliorlties on the drama and the flue arts. Jlo pene- trated boldly, and wrote graphically ; and whether his opinions were always profound or Just, vou felt that they were doxterouHly euld, and hardly cared to question farther." HKAI), Sir OKOROK, eldest brother of Ble Francis Hond Head, baronet, was born In 17H'2. educated at the Charterhouse, entered the commissariat department, after serving a short time In tho West Kent Mlillla, and joined tho British army at Lisbon In 18UII. Gaining promotion in this department, he serYod during the remainder of tho I'enlnsu- lar war, and followed tho army to the fields of Vlitoria, Nivelle, and Toulouse, and tho ectlons In tho I'yrcnees, of which he pub- lished an interesting account In his" Memoirs of an Assistant Commlssary-Oeneial." Sub- sequently ti. the peace of 1814, ho was sent to superintend tho commissariat In Canada, where he afterwards remained for flvo years on the oeace establishment. In 1829 he pub- lished his Canadian reminiscences, entitled, •' Forest Scenes and Incidents in tho Wilds of America.'* He afterwards gained great repute for his " Home Tour," in which he described the manufacturing and other dis tricls. In 1831 he received the honour of knighthood In consequence of having acted as knight marshal at the coronation of K>ng William IV. In 1842 he published his " Home : a Tour of many Days," In three volumes : and he subsequently translated the " Metamorphoses of Apulclus." In all his writings ho displayed much of the graphic power of description possessed so cminciiily her, Sir Francis If. llcnd, though by his brot - - he never attained the same widespread re putation. Died, 1855. ^ . . , IIKAVY, THOMAS, a celebrated painter in water colours, and the first president of tho Society of Uritish Artists. Died, Oct. 1835, at the aae '>f 60. His pictures are well known and appreciated. HEAKNE, 8AMT'F.T„an English traveller, who, from 1769 to 1772, was employed by the Hudson Bay Company to explore the north-west coast of America, and who was the first Kuropean that succeeded in reach- ing the Arctic Ocean. Horn, 1742 ; died, HEAKNE, THOMAS, an eminent anti- quorv, was born in 1678, at White Waltham, in llerkshire.of which parish his fntlier was clerk and schoolmaster. He was educated at Oxford, and held for a short time the post of second librarian of the Bodleian. He resigned in consequence of his Jacobite srnipathies. He published several ancient MSS. and editions of old books; as the Life Of Alfred tho Great by Spelman; Leland's iso" [hub Itinerary, vols. 8vo ; Camden's " Anmu ■■ the " Hcotlchronloon" of John do Fordui a collection of curloni Dliuoursoi wrltt«' by eminent antiquaries, Ac. Died, 1731 UEAHN H, Thomas, an artist of coniider- nblc talcnta, was born in 1744, at Itrlnk. worth, In Wiltshire. Ho was eminent ui topographical designer; but hla groat merit lay In landscapo-palnllng In waturcolouri- a branch of tho art which hus sliico arrifcd at great perfection In this country, and of which he was one of tho first who tucce« fully practised It. Died, 1817. HI'ArH, J AMKR, a distinguished engrBTrr was born about 1757. Ho was the cirly associate and friend of Htothurd, and n- graved his designs for tho old " N'ovcllit'i Magazine." After employing himself fur Koiiio years on iUustratioi. of books he utrutk out on a bolder path, and among hU larger works aro tho " Dcnth of Mii.|ur I'enrwn," and " Death of Lord Nelson," after Wcit; the " Dead Soldier," after Wrightof Derby; portraits of Washington and ritt, tc.; Heath was highly esteemed in private life,' and had among his friends Kir Joihus Hf^ nolds.SIr Thomas Lawrence, John Kt jible, West, and other eminent men. The French engraver, Oodefroy, was his pupil, and hit son, Charles Heath, became a distlnguJslied: engraver. Died at London, 18;I4. j HEATH, CHAULES, an emitient line eo-j graver, son of the preceding, was born,17ft|.i His taste for art was fostered and inalurei; by his father, James Heath; und hisieriil' artistic publications, the " liook of Beauty,' and tho " Keepsake," Sc, f()r many jtanj! kc^t his name before the world as oneof ibi ! first English engravers, besides exerciningi' marked influence over that department ol art. Died, 1848. HEATH, JAMK9, an historical irtitet during the reigns of Charles 1. and II. Hi wrote " A Chronicle of tho late War,""Tlii Glories and Triumphs of the llcstoration ol Charles II.," " Flagellum, or the Life ani Death of Oliver Cromwell," &c. Died, 16M. IIEATHCOTE, UALPit, a clorgyman o( the Church of England, to whom the merii is due of being the projector of the Gcneril Biographical Dictionary. Hewasalsolji author of " The Ircnareh, or Justice of iht rence"s Manual,"" " Sylva, or the A)ooii," "A Sketch of Lord Bolingbrokes PhiloM- phy,'" and other polcmioal works; Ttmcl caused his introduction to T)t AVarburloi, who noininiited him his assi.'^tant prcarts at Lincohrs Inn. He subsequently oMauie|| higher church preferments, and 6m a 17!>.'). HEATHVIELD. [ELIOT.j HElJEll, KKOIN .\I.D, D.])., bishop of r cutta,wa8 born at Malpus, Cheshire, in .i^ and received the first rmlin.entso his uw- tion at Whitchurch. He entered at W nose College, Oxford, in 18.00. «>i<'3r^ after carried the English pr«e to li>9 » tiful poem, " Palestine." /" >f ' 17 his B.A. degree, and was elected a fe^ow All Souls. He soon af'^^r q«"^''„*i,* versity, and made a tour through G"«m Bussi.' and the Crimea. I^°j? K he spent his time in «»s?»»arg.Dg the » of a parish priest; during wtob M? kkbJ lliihcd loniu elvgnnt poonig, mn! tlio I I J( nmy Taylor. Ho wan tlii'n olccted pre lit Mncoln't Iiin. On tlic deutli of 5)r Idlilon In tho followlntf yeiir. tho b/«h ntm tiBt.l *l._ ■*(« -I •"' — xoin . lun. on tl.c death Ir ?)r m 7 ,'1"'*"'!' ^h"'" Vvro ChnrJ^^y^^^n^ Idklonln tho following year, tho blihonrlfl i mV ^\*" "'" ^'r"«t™i%?"- of SW^- i [of Calcutta w«. offered to ^ir Hcbcr.Tho .^'"••„''"'J''"''«'' "Im' "vfa'tT' ^"""""'"t Bnftrr fomc hesitation nccoptcd If and An I " ; . ^''' ^''WMicntlr vi.T. . ""-"" Putron- |,he Ifith or Juno, the bI,ho^, with 'uTjr'H | ?^.i"^'f»t vl,y„Vo V"- *--?'^''"'-" = «''d I Bnftrr fomc he«lt«tion nccoptcd It • i.n,i «» I the Ifiih or Juno, the bishop, with hla wlfn I land Infant daughter, embarked for Ind « Ion the Ilth of October ho rcachrd hU do, Idnatlon.and found conitant occupation In ■ exercise of hli otJlclnl dutlfl. n„ .1!" I imni aaujfnier, emoarkcd for Indin Ion the Ilth of October ho reached hU do, Idnatlon.and found conitant occupation Ir llhe exerci»e of hll otJlclnl dutlca On »h« . of June, 1824, ho left Calcutta to iOfrMMonottho upper proj nco, ' pn which occaaion ho truTcraed tho brendth lis aioceae, takinir In thoir to,.,.; l.." Df his aioceae, taking in thoIr couraT J o «!. "''"l* «"'! ''•Ittau ho ^i"'*" ■'""/'"» ll M«tern, northern, and western Pitremltl/.^rT'""'" '""""••"ted JVof,... ^ "* '" I'dpalc " f'""'pJ'^'l^ 7<"-y>^''<"-c sowing' he J ,?"''^'' r'""tH n (?c i7^'"• •'""'"• wpdi of Christian Instruction amontf tho .i i"*"' '''•' doctor** ViL. '"?'^"' 'fcturea «amo wna v„n v'o^,f'l''? ^^n ('vI oao L, ' jr llie new congreRatlons. In 1 828 ho took inolhor Journey in the discharffo of hu !|)i.copal duty, to Trichlnopoly. whero i.„ jrrlredonthclatof April, W.' X'^pJ? hj he was seized with an aponlcciir fif fchilit bathing, which trrminate/hls v„h. ' il.le life, \fter hi. den.h. „ " Narr.ui vn^J .Journey ihrongh the fppcr rrovn ^Sof HKIIKKDEN, WJM.tAM, P.R.fi . ,,,. Iiisuishcd medical practitioner, wns'hnVn iJ ondon in 1710, and educated at s? r,u '■" K-lloge, Cambridge, in which t.Mvnho^rnV Ised asaphysicinu f„r several ycnrrbe^or; » settled in the n'otropolls. Ho wn, fhf rojocfor of, and a ).rlncii)al cont rlbn/l^ . " 10 Medical Transietlons of thn "^^^.i^i. *?i ' Medical Transactions ottZ^X' ^'f y>mm, and author of " Mcdic„ Tom ntaries on the Jllstorv n.T*'^ ..*^<"": Be |hy« _ lentaries on the History and"'r,',r':i'""; T'™,?", .^'■"^'""■•dou was a fellow of ,b°/ Vral Society. Died, IHOI. "-""wof tho '>P«t of them worn r "'"^ Very rnro "n ' "•""Ived InstrucTlon VrnJi",!"'"'" l^ai jj.'^ r;«.™i.ri^ uie(i,tHoi. I was a Bculptor „n^ ' *"* '"ather wh, Kl!^-- -lent -f.,unpr^.S|a^d?^5''«r"'- ^"''^ ^-ot".- ^-^i;;' «ity of G<3ttlnKon ,vi. ''^^'"' '" t''c iin v,^ P"y at 0o«n7e„ '^rh'}"'''''"'''-y of PhiloTo in, 1798 for the chair o?fr??^ '"' exchanged Qottingnn flowed on Vvnn"''^.'- "'» "fe^nt energies absorbed bvhf.^"?' '"' t'nio and and the labours of o* ^'''''^essional dutio, home blesscTby tL Tr""u°"' ""^ his His niost^ importTn?' '^ "" VS'^'er of Hoyn^ |ilily could be plundered pj: r'''*='' ^^e l-cmbor of the com mu.'e for h''"!^^" e September massacres „«, ,7, ''^^ "^ IrJor of the Princess del nn h^ ' "• - *-"""' ^.tahedfrth'^I^^" "leported to Kobes- ij t«ast, Z nrZed'to'^o"'''-""' »"» |««w« nnd mastpf, iHt l" ''PP^'e his /""fsiriiction ffi h ; n7 """mpiished t^ffdWrn I hepfacoo??."*'*' *"«» 'f. t1 - d London and Calcutta. Died, full of years uud honours, in 1842. UKOEL.OKOKOK Wn,HKi,MFRip:nRi,-:n, tho founder of a new school of philosophy, wus born at SStuttgnrt, 1770. Ho was pro- fessor successively at Jena, UeldelbcrR, and iierlin. Ho was at first the disclplo of Kchol- liuKi with whom he was associated in tho conduct of a philosophical Journal in 1802-3. Hut his opinions Kradually took a different turn. }Io rejected HchcUinR's intellectual iutultion as an unwarrantable assumption, nIthouRh he continued to maintain its lead- ing Idea,— tho unity of tlio subjective or Ideal, and the objective or real ; and in this idea endeavoured to establish that absolute roRnition and absolute truth, which alone, according to this school, can satisfy the demands of the philosophical spirit. Hegel seems not to have perfected his system ; and as he had no power of exposition, or of lucid expression of his thoughts, it is impossible to give tt clear view of his philosophy. In- deed, It would appear that he himself had the same notion ; for he is said to have re- marlicd,that, " ot all his numerous disciples, only one had ever understood him, and even he liad understood him falsely." Bo this as it may, his system is at present the centre of nearly all philosophical interest In Ger- many, chiefly from the widely discrepant deductions, political and religious, which his friends and enemies draw from it ; some maintaining it to l>e favourable to the pre- sent order of things in church and state, others founding upon it conclusions at vari- ance with all ordinary notions of religion or niora"ty. His most important works are his 'Phenomenology of tho Mind," "Logic," and " Encyclopa-dia of Phllo- sophical Sciences." Died of cholera, at Ber- lin, 1831. A very remarkable discovery of a French anticipation of Hegclianlsm has re- cently been made. For an account of it see [DESCHAMPS, DOM]. HEIDEOGER, JOHN JAMES, a very ex- iraordluary character, by birth a Swiss, who took up his residence in London, In 1660, and, obtaining a commission in the Guards, was known in fashionable society by the appellation of the Swiss count. He under- took the management of the opera house, and in his conduct of that establishra^^nt was very fortunate ; added to which, by giving concerts, masquerades, &c., under the patronage of the court, he gained a hand- some income, which he expended in keeping an hospitable table, and relieving the un- fortunate. In his person he was extremely ugly, but he was the first to joko upon his own homely features. Being in company where a debate took place as to which nation in Europe was the most ingenious, Heidegger claimed it for the ilwiss, and, when asked for the proof, said, " I was born a Swiss, and came to England without a farthing, where I found the means of gaining £5000 a year, and how to spend it. Now I defy any Eng- lishman to do the same in Switzerland." He died in 1749, aged 90. HEIM, Fhanqois JOSEPH, French his- torical painter, was borr. at Belfort, in the department of the Haut-Rhin, in 1787. After receiving his first lessons in art at Strashurg, he went in 1803 to Parli h,,' — a pupil of Vincent, and haUng obuin^T' grand prUe, went to Rome in 1807 ».«. i exhibited at Paris In 1812, and from ,^^1 year had a long course of succcm hV. I admitted to the Academy of Fine aI Vl which he became a professor, and wumJ' chevalier, and subsequently' officer 'f Legion of Honour. He wa, cm L, d tho decoration of several gailerlei of i I Louvre. Among his numerous pain i „ are-" The Martyrdom of 8t Cvr .„ h" ' Mother ; " " Martyrdom of St HipJolTtu. "Taking of the Temple of IctZCi, Titus ; " " Massacre of the Jews ' ' s w, ' cinthc i " " Louis Philippe recei'vlni? the I> putles at the Palais Royal;" "VictorVnf Judas Maccabeus," &c. Some of hij L works were those executed in the HilU Conference of the Chamber of Dtmnn Died, ot Paris, in October, 186J, '"■ J'EINE, Hkinhicu, a celebrated Cenmii poet and lltt<^rateur, was born of Jewiil parents at Dusseldorf In 1800. IntenJedfor o mercantile career, he was sent to Ham burg for tho necessary training, but after several years* trial he preferred to itudjhw and went to the new university of Mom i where he became a pupil and friend of Ai' gust W. Schlegel. He afterwards itudiH i at Berlin and Gottlngen ; became acquaini. ! ed with the philosophy of Spinoza and Hi ' gel J associated at Berlin witli Varnhani ' von Ense and his gifted wife, with ciu misso, Orahbe, and other Icadin;? litcraij characters of the day; graduated LI..')., and in 1825 renounced Judaism andprofesxJ Christianity. The change, howcTcr, hb, merely formal, as he had apparently no n- ligious faith, and ridiculed ail fonnsalili He led an unsettled life for some yearsilrri-j tated and depressed by the failure of iii first literary ventures. After the Frentl revolution of July, 1830, he settled at Paiii, frequently, however, travelling in rarioii parts of Europe. About 1835 he marriedi, French lody, whose faithful miniitraliou alleviated the bitter sufferings of hit lut^ yeors. By an attack of piralysis In 1817 b! lost the sight of onj eye, and the folloiriif ! year he become totally blind, and subject Uj the severest bodily pains. From that tini(i| he was confined to his room, but tnimi] all with singular fortitude, and contimitd bis literary labours to the last. He eipmi' e^ in his will his regret for the friroto aiid trifling way in which he had writtetnl sacred things, and avowed that he wasow more nnder the influence of religion. Hi best works are the " ButhderLieder/'pii- lished in 1827 ; " Neue Gedichte," 18«; " Romanzero," 1851 ; and the " Reiscbilder," his first successful book, which appeared ii 4 vols, between 1825 and 1831. AmoDgla other writings are "Kahldorf iibcr da Adel," " Der Solon," the bitter perscnil satire " Uber Borne," " Deutschland, w Winter-Mahrchen," and "Atta TroU. Heine will probably be longest remembw for his songs, many of which are of eiqui- site beauty, and are even thought by »« to rival in their delicacy and flniio t« earlier songs of Goethe. Heine died itm in February, 1866. An EngUsh uanslaoa m] If hli longi, b]r Wsllli, appeared In the SAine Irir. A translntlon bjr E. A. Bowriag hai *nbMqiicntl7 been publlihed. HEINKCCIUH, JOHANN GOTTLIKB, a g ifttto gSnibnaal ISiograp^p. &iiii!rherfrdL^ir;K;4^^ lecame professor of philosophy at Hallo, Hi:ij;na ht .»,„ I," '''""»«« nystcm. [;,v.;:f,iuh''tl.'e?wr„^tt^th°c'*'•"«^ mrt. Hit great reputation Induced the iiciof Friesiand to invite him to Frane- ■Mil's Ul j-ricniaiiu i-j iii Vliu lljiu [O I'Tt^ne- ler, in 1724 ; but in 1727 the kinf( of Prussia Ircrallcd on him to accept of a profcssorahlp If law at rrankforton-tho-Odcr, where he IlitlDKulshed himtrif till 1733. becoming Lain professor nt Hnllo, he remained there [ill hU death in 1741, though invited to Harliurg, Denmark, and Holla. , Ho wrote banf works, all of them much esteemed. I HKINECKEN.CunisriAN HEiNiiiCH.an Bttraordlnary child, born at LUbeck, in 1721. Kt give the story us usually told, but have confess that, notwithstanding It ig sup- ^rtod by powerful evidence, we cannot be- Jlcvf it. He spoke fluently at ten months old • It twelve months he could recite the principal p:tt in the Pentateuch ; in two months more ie was master of the entire history of the Old Ind New Testaments ; at two years and a iaif he answered the principal questions in ^•ogTaphy, and in ancient and modern his- ory ; and he spoke Latin and Prcnch with jreat facility beforehehnd reached his fourth tear. His constitution was so delicate, that ie was not weaned till a few months before lis death. M. Martini, of LUbeck, published Ipamphlet in 1730,in which heendeavoured to give natural reasons for the extraordlnarv Japacity of this child. He died in his fifth tear, and on his death-bed displayed the ltmo!t firmness and resignation. hmfs'!!^!^^' ANTHONY, a distinguished Pmch 8 atesman, who for 40 years filled the Jlgh station of grand pensionary ; and whose C?^^;."'"/''""' ?'"'"*'' Rained him the lonfldence and regard of William III.. Marl- teo.*"'* ^"""^o Eugene. Born'.fe^l ; Liin'il^f.J^^' P^NIEL, a celebrated Dutch ^ilologlst, professor of politics and history It I^yden.and librarian to the universit/ fcn n7? " •i''!"'- '" J«80. He became a B i Sed'to hf"f H^^''^' ""l^"' K.vh 1, .. . *° '•''" ^or the eminence to ►hich beattamed in literature. He distin liiZlf ? ; ,"" * P'S'ie among his coun- K f |?lV'^„%? ,^",°f St Mark , and Siaximianus. Cons?a*X,"/,. '^i! acoZTo7 age of 80 She went to Palestin^e" where i'u Mid, she assisted at the discovery of the hniv ul'eTmroVaLM^ '"'"' °' ""'"'^^ pffiSJi?^M^::2r°t[.ei-f'£ ^:»st;-5sr£S pens"=g„r,ed%1t^.%^JSF from the other Oreek romances Jt^a^ 1 i/' frequently republished, and translato,! ^n? nS o7K'; hV '- "i "-"'tt aS ..fo 1 . . ''V"''°8f •»'* romance, or reslBnini, i'r*ofe';We^'l„^tr« «^-'' wi, the'llt? HtLL, MAXIMILIAN, a learned astrnnn njer, born at Chemnitz, In Hungary iS' HewasdirectoroftheobservatoFyutvrennft went to Lapland, on the Invitation o,?hi E& ?ael?;id^t'a oTers'Xi*c^eS| to the science of astronomy. Died 1799 ' brated chemist, was born at Brussels i, Jf" ; studied at Louvain, and made such fhf J^®,.^.*'''"*'' ^°f^ !?«'««. answering t! the English ghost, or spirit, to denote thP dl'neVi'n'Ji ''; P'""^""''* °' Ihe Spa wa\e? depend, and from which is derived the modern word ga,. In i609, he settled a? tuitmf^t"' ^^?" ^? practised medTcinegra tUltOUSlV. (ind is aai/l ♦/> v «.. -•••i^ giu P' Died, 1681 "^ *°^ " ^-atin KSst''warb'orS''^'.'^^'^"' *"'»«<>». F-Main.in lesl Hp^ "* ^'"''"'•''""-on- f'TMha^d Boerha^p T * P"P'' ''«th of ^____«^itoerhaaYe; became physlclan- SJ^n^r^v' f *"•*"'.• He'pVof^sVed to'dTs! regard all book-learning on the heallnir nrt • and had he lived at the pfesent day would &h'h?.''^\* ''V'"P"''«"t ia^^^^^^^^ though his works abound with crude rnd visionary dogmas, they conTaln also ma?v observations on the Oalenica system whi?h wp/t^nl^"'^ pertinent. Die'^, im'4^'''"'' HELMOXT. F BAKCIS MERCUEY VAN, m hkl] % ikiD Slnibergal ISiogrsphQ. Baron, non of the preceding, wa« bom at Vllyorden,ln 161H, and there practitad aa a physician niul experimental vheinltt. If tbu father be charKcd with eccentricity or quack- ery, the aon had a tenfold right to bo no , j >t that he win a man of lalfnl none have denied. His acta speak for theiisselves ; ! traTellcd over a part of Burope with a caravan of Bohemians (a ganit of gipsies), to learn their languuRi and opinions i pretend>>d to have discovered the original language of miifi ; and had the impudence to affirm that a chil ! born deaf and dumb, would be able to physician and F.K.S., London, was born at Paris, In 1716, and, at the age of 23, obtained the honourable and lucrative post of a farmer-general, but re- signed It, and afterwards purchased the place of maitre d'hotel to the queen. In 17fl8, he published " De I'Esprlt," the materialism of which drew upon him many attacks ; and it was condemned by the parliament of Pans, m derogatory to the nature of man, by con- fining his faculties to animal gcnsibiiity, and destroying the distinctions between vice and virtue. The book, however, obtained a rapi d celebrity, though its author found it neccs sary to insure his personal safety by with- drawing for a time first to England, and afterwards to Prussia. He at length returned to France, and led a retired and domestic life on his estate at Vor^, till his death, which happened in 1771. A posthumous work, en- titled " De I'Hommc," is a conlimmtion of the former treatise, and conta' .* a fuller development of the doctrines '.iild down in it ; but at the same tim<' .iiany new ones, particularly relating t'- education. HELWIG, AMEf lA VON, a distinguished Germur poete«:,, born at Weimar, in 1776. Her father travelled in France, England, and Holland ; and, at a very early age, she dis- covered a remarkable aptitude in learning languages, while her poetical talents were at the same time successfully cultivated. Among the literary men whose friendship she obtained were Schiller and Goethe. Died, 1832. HEMANS, Felicia Dorothea, whose maiden nam < was Browne, an amiable and accomplished poetess, was born at Liver- pool, in 1794, of respectable parents, who — J, M irdeiil ' ^» Mb tmijl lii»t« writtal >.,i.t UtBMIlli t>ouew in ■abiequentlv took up their «»ld»ic,,"! Bt Asaph , Wales. Bh« marrl*,! yo"". Z ' her marriage wai unhiippy ; »,,, .«!,' ," birth of five children, a' i' ,ant« «L^ tion between herself and h l)ii»h»nd^, place. From childhood she iiuU thirst for knowledj; extensive and vara ■ said that, of all the sex, so much and so well as although her writings t»nKit n eoem equal to their beauty, yet are thejtum •nd so refined, that not a line of them woul delicacy blot from her piu i Het imaiim. tion was rich, cliaste, ana «io»liin ; ui i; her liocial inti'irourse she was ooltHigit able than vlvinlous. After her fiubliil- ment at 8t Asajih was broken up.ihe reiirt to Wavertree, near Liverpool, butrenninH about three years only, wlien the tettle4 ii Dublin, where she died on the lUth of Hit, 1835, In the 4 1st year of her age, learini Jn sor s to bewail her loss. Mrs Hcmsniemojf^ the friendship of Hebir, Campbell, Worii worth, "Walter 8cott,andAri'hbiihop'Wba!> ly. Ht r works, consisting for the most pin of lyrii ' curnpositions, have Im en coll«n< and pubi hed in 7 vols. Among them mj be named ihe " Vespers of rttlcriao,""n» Forest Sanctuary," " I' oords of \iomu; " Songs of the Affcctioi, , ' " NstlonaHpiai and Songs for Music," &c. HEMINGFOIID, or HEMINOEIROJ, "Walx.R dk, an English ihroDlcler otih 14th cectiiry, was cunon of OisboroughU bey, in Yorkshire, and touriihed in ih reign of Edward Til. He compiled a himij of England, from the Conquest to 1M8, HEMMLINO or HEMMLINK, llUi [MEMLINC] i| HEMSTE11HUY8, or HEMSTEBHt SIUS, TiBEHiUB, a celebrated Dutch pliil> logist, was the son of a physician, and ton at Gronlngen, in 1685. At the age of im-; teen, he was entered a student of the ul- verslty of his native place, from whenwkt removed to lieyden, where he was lieliii great ostccm. In 1705 he became profew, of mathematics and philosophy at Amtte- dam. where he applied himself icaMji) the study of the Greek authors. He beon: Greek professor at Franekcr in 1720,aiiil ate holding that post aliout twenty yean, « called to a similar one at Leyden. Vnliji many of his countrymen who haveatuW to great classical learning, HemsterhuyiUi no taint of pride or dogmatism, butiruij' markable for his modesty and mildnesj character. Died, 1766.— His son FlUJiM inherited his classical acquiremenU, m was, moreover, an acute philosopher mj\ critical judge of tho fine arts. Dorn,' «' died, 1790. „,„, HEN AULT, CHARLES JEAN FEAh^OIS," eminent French historian, and presiMiJ the parliament of Paris, was bom in i» He became president of the first chaniW" Inquests in 1710, which led him to make w Roman law his study, though ho stii! mm himself with poetry ; and, *»""-£ his tragedy of " Cornelia," wbic i, b « had no success on the stage. AW"!^^ ^ years afterwards he gave the »/""", 'a^M happy i Horace Walpnle, who printed "JJ_^^^::~-_. hin] gtr4wh«njr hill prcM. Ill 1733 he obtained -'- - In the French Academy ; after whuh % Mtta m ibmnl^ ^iomp^n. 1 piloe in tbe French Academy ; aftrr whuh he ift himself to diKCit into a cbronologicul ordfrthe history » (jaulei," 2 voU. H n. , H'. wa« Intimately c Minectcd with Madame l;de DcffaK > ind from his rank, as Weil as hit talents, he held a distlnirulshcd placo among the literati of Vnria J)i(d, 1770. lIKNDKltso.V, John, 1 flrst-rate actor I will born in London, lu 1747. Ho ucquired liifreat celebrity at Drury Lai.o and Covcnt r Garden Theatres, whtro he performed Fai- I ,,'3ff, Ulchiird III., and other JiliakspoHre characters with unbounded applause. IJlod I'M. HENDERSON, THOMAS, first astronomer- royal for Scotlind, was born at Dundee In i;i*9. He was brauuht up to the 'aw, but tor some yeariflllt^^a thepost of private secre- tary to yarious noblemen. In 1832 he went to the Cape of md Hope to undertake the direction of ih '>servatory there. One of Ills principal achievements was the calcn* lation. In the same year, of the parallax of the finest doable star of the southern hemi sphere (a Centauri). Ill health occasioned i Ins return home, and in 1834 he was named professorin the university of Edlnburth and lutronomerroyal for Scotland. : lie iub Iiihfd several volumes of his Observations besides memoirs contributed to various no' "uiwU"/'"' J^'ed at Edinburgh, 1844 " HENKEL,orHENCKEL,JOHANN'FuiED. I HiCH.a Saxon chemist and minc-aloRlst of ousiderable celebrity, was born at Friburg InLi. ^T',^''' "• of roland made him ' barged with much advantage to his country ' J ME-^RIETTA MARIA, of France oueen [ofEuKland, was born at Paris in eOfl^Shi altetlr^harTeri 'i'„' ,^25"%?' ^''^"'''' mmm I measures made her more so Tn «?f "V* Jlion; bu Tn lej/'lf i"°?,''y an^ ammuni- |l>.nce onlyrcvisi iw'l"""/ ^ithdrew to I time a the resIoSn n/i'*''** ^°' ■* •"«"•« |n.,anddyinBat ,h»°- "-""' ^'"*'"'<=* 11669. Her fuSnrnf •"'""''* ^'^ C''''*"°t in Ibr Bossuet 7ef "rnrr? """^ P'^nounced Charts I. has be"n pub S"''"'" " ^"'^ |j.wa, borraTEi^,^,«>?»Kht7of Charles I «;bulent scenes of ?he Civil vlr' "w"^ *'»* l^'-rmother fled wi'JS heMrF';anS'^U"e''n the convent ofch«"'no'7„rtS "'•.•'"''' '" herself t(, the cducaUon^f^ hi"", '''"l'"*'* «he united with ereat .w»„» " dauirhter. ter the chanA of^ho^tT^a^STV/.'"""!; to I'hillp, duko of Orlean.' '?k^ * married was. however! rendered ""h """•"aKe jealousy of the dukj whn r^''''/ ^ *''« brother, Louis XIV h..!I '""*'' """ •>«• I hlswife\uffectiont"'T .•"''r'^'''''' * ''" '" ' wont, therefore, in 1670 W^ith Th„ ''"'^'"""' mistress of Oh rics ll .nH»r If^*" "'"''• «^ci=r^"rr 3i " -?\" s^n r^f-'i"?? ss ^h'Jss rfT "^'" "" suddenly ;ei"2';d'"whh°viT'"»°' '^r'^""' ^«» u-rminaf. 1 her lif^^nrt"^ "* E"'""' "^'"'^b Um oxam„.a^7o" 'oik °p?a e";:rlVr,' 'T" ^Kh^" ?e''irt^h^f^i^Z'H^''trdi«t , She died ntStcroSVrie'o"*" ''"""''■ in?aSr,; t^i^rw-irtbTwn^'t '11 "°« p^tL^'^ref^^^ir^rr^rS came a spy of the doIUg h^ ««^ ' " •**" at tho massacre of the prisoners of Orlea„, bly consented to give un aTnf'tKV"'*'"- talented and trus'worfhv ™» v.**"^^*" ™°»* hiif v,io „ ' . ' "light have succeedcil out his courage failed iust ». tho 1, ■ ?' rallied in favour of the latter and Hpn^i^f; *u ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. 1.0 I.I 11.25 us 1.4 IM IIIIIM 1.6 1^ Photograpliic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 :' hen] % i^ttD ^niiiersal IStograpl^p. he was dragged out, and sent next day to the scaffold, with Robespierre and his col- leagaes. This monster was only 33 when he suffered. It was he that made a motion for burningr all the public libraries and books In France. HENRY I., king of Germany, sumamed Thk fowler, was the son of Otho the Illus- trious, duke of Saxony and Thuringia, and bom In 876. When he was elected soTerelgn of Germany, in 918, he had to contend with anarchy at home and enemies abroad, but hisacti vlty and prudence overcame them all. He Improved the art of war among the Ger- mans ; surrounded ihe cities which, before his time, were, for the most part, nothing but a collection of log and mud nuts, with walls and moats ; and, as he compelled part of the nobility and freemen to reside In these cities, and insisted on all meetings for the discussion of public affairs being held in them, their progressive civilisation and great encouragement to commerce and manufac- tures were the result. After a fortunate and glorious reign of 16 years, he died at Qued- linburg, in 936. HENRY Ii., king of Germany and emporor of the West, was great-grandson of the pre- ceding, and was born in 972. He succeeded his father as duke of Bavaria, and in 1002 was elected king of Germany and crowned atMentz and at Aix-ia-Chapelle. Two years later he was cri wned king of Lombardy, at Pavia, his rival, Harduin, avoiding a combat wi th him. He was engaged in frequent wars, in Italy, in Uohemia, Bavaria, &c. In 1014 he received the imperial crown at Rome, his wife Cunegunda being crowned with him. They were both distinguished for their piety and devotion to the Church, and were canon- ized. Henry died in Saxony, in 1024. He was the last emperor of the house of Saxony. HENRY III., king of Germany, son of the Emperor Conrad II., succeeded his father in the imperial dignity, 1039. Nature had given him the talents, and education the charac- ter, suitable for an able ruler. In every- thing he undertook, he displayed a steady and persevering spirit: the clergy were com- pelled to acknowledge their dependence on him, and the temporal lords he held in actual subjection. He deposed three popes for their licentious lives, and raised Clement II. to the vacant chair; and he was as success- ful in his wars as in bis administration. Bom, 1017 i died, 1056. HENRY IV., son of the preceding, was born in 1050, and at the death of his father was only five years old. His mother Agnes was made regent, and on her death the chief power was seized by his uncles, the dukes of Saxony and Bavaria. Henry made war on them, and threw off their yoke. He, however, offended his subjects by the licentiousness of his manners, and quarrelled with the pope, Gregory VII., about investitures. The latter being appealed to in a subsequent dis- pute between Henry and the duke of Saxony, cited Henry to his tribunal, who then de- posed the pope, to be in turn excommuni- cated by hfm. The emperor was compelled to submit, went to Canossa, where the pope then was, and after being kept three days in the court-yard, received absolution. The quarrel was soon renewed, deooiltrni, communication, and election of neT'^' and emperors followed. H-nrv-gX^cf^ Conrad, rebelled against him, but wt 1""' come, and died at Florence in lim w ?.?'■ caused his second son, Henrv to"h.„, "™ his successor, and crowned^but ^/ T also rebelled, and making himself m,.*"" bis father's person in 11007 ««*,""'' compelled him to abdicate tli« ,,?«""■ Henry IV. ended his life and sorro-. n?'' lect, at Li«ge, it 1106 : and.as&n!?" sentence of excommunication »«.'''' buried till five years after. whenT^ ■"" tence was taken off, and his remain.Mf" interred at Spire. remains were HENRY v.. Emperor, the son ««^ cesser of the preceding, was bo?n f„*,n!V In 1106 he rebelled against hi. f^i" ""H dethroned him, assuming the imDefc"^' in his stead. In 1111 he mawfed m27° tlio daughter of Henry I , wSg- of En.i^'^.*' and the ^^ich dowry ^he Wcefv'cdwftK princess gave him the means of undCTtaki" an expedition to demand tlie impTrla mwf from the pope. Finding that Pa,ca Ir S to crown Wm. Henry caused tlie pope J b! conveyed away from the altar while at b^T and cut down, in the streets otlmT^i who opposed him. At lenzth tho .L yif'ded. and Henry was cro&' J ^ wlthoutmaking any new conce.sioaa. Scot after his return to Germany the DODeT, communicated him ; which led to a neTw« invasion of Italy, and the election otltM pope. Peace was not made till 1122, Zj |h|j emperor renounced his clainu. w^ HENRY VI., Emperor, was ion of Prede. rick Barbarossa, and was bom in 1165 a was elected king of the Romans vhen fom years of age, and succeeded hl« father on tht imperial throne In 1190. The same rear o. the death of William II., king of Si'^i^'S claimed that crown in right of Constancehii wife, daughter of King Roger. After belni crowned at Rome with his wife In 1191 hi made an unsuccessful attempt to conouer Naples. In 1193 he gave Leopold, duke of Austria, a small price to handover to hii keeping his royal prisoner, Eichard I. of England; whom he detained nearly a reir and released for a heavy ransom. With tUi money he undertook another expedidoi against Sicily, and succeeded. He wai crowned at Palermo in 1194. A reToltbrokf out, in consequence of his tyranny, and lie returned to suppress it. Died at Mesjini ii 1197. HENRY VII., Emperor, succeeded Albert I. in 1308. He undertook an expedition ti Italy, and compelled the Milanese to croti him king of Lombardy. He then suppreued a revolt which had broken out in Uppa Italy; took several cities by storm iul, having captured Rome, he was crowned Roman emperor by the cardinals sent fron Avignon, while in the streets the work of murder and pillage was still gobg on. Died, 1313. HENRY, THE liOK, duke of Saxonyit- Bavaria, one of the most able and energetie sovereigns of tho twelfth century, wu tin son of Henry the Proud, and was born li 4M hen] ^ iaeto %n fbmal iBfograp^p. I. He was inreated with the ducbv of I o^Z^ I — ~ — ■ - f^^N ony in 1142. three years after his father's m.'S?.^!!**' "ay'eatloii ; and to^^hTT; ;h, and he did not recover the duchrof tKiJrii^K"^»««'lbe«lirthe^^^^ » undertaken, and Kve,l<>« "»h "°"« »«" patronage end at his «„"i? "«**?. "nder his xinvnria iiii luuic luau leu years later. He was a great soldier, and accompanied thn I nr^l"'^"'"'"'"' """ •"scoverles mnrtVT.VL j "?^^ Emperor Frederick I. on two expeditions to ?^mnf "P ' '"' ''th'' expense^bu?'.",","" ^i" bn of the em. t«.„»»:, -!.,*l'?Pte'» with the Di-A.T.!i*??5"' went and as he returned. In 1180 this powerful soTcreiga was deprived of his atatea by the diet of Wurzburg, and exiled He went first to England, and took refuce with Henry II., whose daughter Matilda he had married in 1168. Having returned to Germany, he was a second time exiled by the emperor; and making an attempt, after the emperor's departure to the Holy Land, to recover liis states by arms, he was defeated niinperur xicuciiutt, i. ou iwo expeaiuons to peror's son, king of the Romans, the duke IV^^'^ f"^** *•"«« and the who.pT." ?' <"»- having hoped fo? that honour and the src! irilA"^^"*'' ^"h the Ce of S?«?'* '•^* ceaaion to the empire. Henry also all ed aSd tti ^""° "^'^"'an doubled Canl v^^T''- hlDiaelf with Waldemar, king Of Denmark !n "v^.e^thr':.?", i^J^^' ^^^aloTaUa'aiV several expeditions against the pirates of am .«« , ® °' tl>e Azores i.ianrfi v""" the north. In 1 172 he made a pilgrimage to mn^^tl '^'*"° *"« contineni &J"'°"* the Holy Land, and was received with great and rh. ""^ ^^"'^ "« his deat^ i?^,?JJ- honours by the Emperor Manuel, both fs he nampaJ'^K''^*"""^'* for himself m' iIlM®^' went and as he returned. In 1180 this wliSl.*^^ P**ron «nd friend of ^^J?"''^^* powerful sovereign was -^-H.-Z^^V^Ifl^^HENRYn r^^^^^^^^ IfilS. His marriage' wtt^if^'n'Tt" •""•» 1" Medicis was Srateil^ Catherine de 1533, by her uncle Twf7,<** Marseilles, in succeeLd h"s fai&l5'^^»«?' VII. H^n Jy made a complete chanc« in ♦\.'"*'' "* once ministry. The most fnflu °°^^^ *•"* iirvurci 1113 oinicB uy arms, ne was defpitfori I »,i» f ^? ^cre the cardinni of T^—'fons in and compelled to make a humiliatlnTpelce' stabL'T'L^™""''' d"ke of Gu^se^?^^^^ He died at Brunswick in 1195. Henrv tho a ^?^ ^^ Montmorenci thn ^.o^.! ^''® <=on. Lion founded the city of Munlih. and ^uiU ^m.t\*"*^.^^»»a of Ar^ th«^1^ «* or rebuilt two bridges over the Danubrat h^v^''®.?"'*''"'' whom he mJo^ ''*"«'» Ratiabon and Lanenburg. "»"uoe, at of Valentinois. He caiT^»H ?^® duchess HENRY DE Blois, bishop Of WlnchestAr ^"»'"nd «ndrecovered BoulLna/^i' ^*th nephew of William Kufus,Vnd brothe * of ^ Pope and wUhCl?'f ^nce ; king Stephen, was an active prelate and a «/. "'^ Protestants in Germ«„i ' u^?"°« bold, ambitious, and enterprising 8ta?P«m«„r*"""*ed them in FtanT^^' ^.''"e he When England was invK L the'Sa^ »S°*^""*'^^t'''Toi.andV^^^^^^ hy tisana of the Empress Matilda he «? llll *.* them under thetreatvof Po^'"°ii"tai«»- Joined her standard, but subseauln?lv d»* "*'' '^^^''^ c'osed the w^" ,n^*! Charies v o*^/f''°''«- ^werj having taken refuge in the castle nf i^^^ ^^ *^« ^''^^ of G«ice • f^^' w./'* «'''- Winchester, he laid siege to it, set ?he rit/ e *'^^ <»' »enti ; the great' v^.®» '"'"'^ «nd on Are, and consumed 20 churches a numhp- SP"°'?'d8 at St Quentfn Lh n^'^v °' "'^ < of religious houses, and manv n?f.*"i^<^r LO'l-'^^elines. are the chief mi"?t«r.^ battle of I this reign. Mary, the vn.r^„ '"'^ ®^^"ts of was brought to i-ron^ J^^ l^^en of Scots trothed tf the Suphia '??L^«>''' "^J ^e-' died, in July, 1559 fr^« ,^"<"t Henry wound accidentaUylnfcfbvth*^"** °' « Montgomery at a snlend W tn., ^ *^^ "^O""* of days before. He feft fm,!°""""n«ntafew daughters, three off hi; ' *ons and three him^n^succeMion ^^^ '»'«>" reigning after Henff u!" il^i' &K™"5 V!!!'^ "'"' Of born in 1551. He was flm ifn^^"^*''"' ^"^ of Anjou, and distinguished m °'^?,"'» '•"''e dler at the battles of Jflri'"''!'^''' »8ol- tour. He was elected t^^"'' ^"*^ Moncon- 1573, but being prociaimPd*.,,"^ ^*"»°<1 *" on the death orcharies'iv*"?"' prance fscaped, not without rit' J±l iil.L"*. he ?^V m'"] " '^'P'" ^^^ he pay to the cani remembered chieflv ao th^ t^ j " now tTXl??!:'"flyP'-osect.tlng a war f '«l°?; I l^^t^l^.^h conflict md . _.„ ,j?.'!["'8„«''t.. was governed «Fg;;'usT;pre?u'tlnTa waTS'""; I ^-^"^^^"wlThSc^nJt^-nt^y-T^ -«.onsborderin.o„T-ow,edg,of|by^^^^^^ at his head; Henry ^f n„I^L''"'^« «' Gni»e at the head of th7Hu„n^T«f ® P"' ''*n>«el' battle Of Coutras ; SfSS"' f "l^on the I the regions borderini oT E^,^!^ »°T' J''^^ of bsn] ^ i^eb SSntbersal ISiogtopi^e. crime which excited the revolt of Parii and the principal cities of the kingdom. The duke of Mayenne was named by the Toague lieutenant-general of the royal estate and crown of France, and Henry, roused at last to action, joined his rival, Henry of Navarre, and advanced to besiege Viiris. At St Cloud, which b6 made his head quai-ters, he was stabbed by the fana,tic Jacques Clement, and died the day after, Ist August, 1689. Henry III. left no children, and was the last sove- reign of the Valois branch. HENRY IV., called THE GREAT, king of France and Navarre, was born in 1653, at Pau, in Berne. His father, Anthony of Bourbon, was descended 'rom a son of Louis IX. ; his mother was Jeanne d'Albret, daugh- ter of Henry, king of Navarre. He was brought up in the simple and hardy manner of the peasantry of B^arn, and this laid the foundation of a vigorous constitution and temperate habits. He was placed under the tuition of Florent Chretien, a learned man and zealous Protestant. In 1669 he accom- panied his mother to Rochelle, and learned the art of war under Admiral Coligni. When the perfidious design of destroying the Hu- guenot chiefs, by a massacre, was formed by Charles IX. and his mother, Catherine, one of their means to lull suspicion was, to pro- pose to Qneen Jeanne a marriage between Henry and Margaret of Valois, the king's youngest sister. While preparations were making for the marriage festival, Henry's mother died at Paris, not without strong suspicions of poison. Having assumed the title of King of Navarre, bis marriage took place, Aug. 18th, 1572. Then followed the horrible scenes of St Bartholomew, Aug. 24. Henry was obliged to make profession of the Catholic faith to save his life; but Catherine of Medici endeavoured to dissolve the marriage just celebrated. As she was unsuccessful in this, she adopted the plan of corrupting the noble youth by the pleasures of a licentious court ; and he did not escape the snare. In 1576, however, he took ad- vantage of a hunting excursion to quit the court, and professed himself again of the Protestant Church. Catherine, who, after the decease of Charles IX,, administered the government in the name of h*8 successor, Henry III., now thought It advisable to con- clude a treaty of peace with the Huguenots (1576), securing to them religious freedom. Exasperated by this event, the Catholics formed the celebrated League, which Henry III. was obliged to confirm ; and the religious war recommenced. In 1587 Henry obtained p victory over the Catholics at Coutras, in Ouienne. In 1589, on the assassination of Henry III., Henry of Navarre succeeded to the throne; but he had to secure his claim by hard fighting and by a profession of the Catholic faith. The same year he won the victory of Arques, and the follow- ing year that of Ivry, over the forces of the League, headed by the duke of Mayenne. After a protracted and obs;,lnate struggle, convinced that he should never enjoy quiet possession of the French throne without professing the Catholic faith, Henry at length yielded to the wishes of his friends, was in- structed In the doctrines of the Roman 458 Church, and professed the Catholic fai.r July 26th, 1898, in the church of 8t D(bi.' He happUy escaped an attempt to awtjiil ate him; was solemnly anointel kln» « Chartres, in 1694 ; and entered the cai,it« amid the acclamations of the people i',.., was not fully re-established till 1398 wk., the treaty of Vervlns was signed. Hean made use of the tranquillity which followeJ to restore the internal prosiierity of hu kingdom, and particularly the wasted flu ances ; and in thif design he was iiighly juc cessful, with the aid of his prime minister Sully. To his former brothers in faith and in arms, the f rotestants, he granted a certain measure of religious freedom and politick » curity, by the edict of Nantes, in 1598. inuin while riding through the streets of Parfs hlj coach was obstructed in the Hue dela'pe- ronnerie, by two waggons. A fanatic, named Ravaillac, took advantage of this moment to perpetrate a long-meditated deed and the king received a fatal stab from the'hand of this assassin, in the 52nd year of his age ' and 22nd of his reign. His character Is thus'! summed up by Henault :— " He united toei- ' treme frankness the most dexterous policT;i to the most elevated sentiments a charming ■ simplicity of manners ; to a soldier's courage an inexhaustible fund of humanity." The eulogists of Henry IV. draw a veil over hii private character, yet are compelled to ac- knowledge that it was stained by great ricei, especially by extreme Ikentiousness anilj fondness for gambling. His first wife, Mat- : garet, bore him no children ; by his second, Mary of Medicis, he had six, one of wliom wu j Henrietta Maria, afterwards queen of Chirlei i I. of England. He had also several childrei i by his mistresses. A new and Talasbltj French " History of the Reign of Henrjr IT.,' ■ by A. Poirson, has appeared, in 3 vols., be- 1 tween 1857-65. |! HENRY I., king of England, mmamed,! on account of his superior education, im-] CLERC, was the youngest son of William th« ' Conqueror, and was bom at Selby, in York i shire, in 1068. Jealousies and dissensloni early broke out between him and his elder brothers, Robert and AVilliam (the Ked),ul on the sudden mysterious death of 'WiUiiip In the New Forest, in 1100, Henry, who to hunting with him, immediately seized tht crown and the public treasures, bis brothei' Robert being not yet returned from thecn-l sade. To strengthen his hold on the aH^ tions of his subjects, he granted a chartei ' re-establishing the laws of the Confessor, abolished the curfew, professed a reforaii his own character and manners, sndmarrW the Princess Maud, daughter of Malcolm,; king of Scotland, and nioce of Edgar Ath(l-| ing, til us uniting the Norman and Saioi races. When Robert invaded England ii 1101, war was prevented by negotiatloniM the grant to Robert of a pension of m marks. The same year began the qmnfl between the king and Anselm, archbishop ol Canterbury, respecting investitures. Heujn ambitious of the crown of Normandy, u- vaded that country in 1105, and took Cid, Bayeux, and several other places, Hecoii- pleted the conquest in the foUowing yesxij I the defeat and capture of Robert st the w- henJ the tttectt or giutto H^lug been absent two yean and a haJf, ' | ;• '» cvment that he wna n mo^ ''"*"^«"nacjr, HENKY II., king of England first of thn ^"*f"ect, superior educaMn? °' Powerful lantagenetliie, was the elim son of Geof n- ''"^' ""^ decisiveness "nn^nf* ^°,"»y. er, earl of Ai^Jou. and hi, wife, the ex-lm fill"*?"' Passions. EuUnc almnf**.? °^ *""- press Maui, daughter of Henry I., and w?« t}l' ^^ ^ea"y diminished th?^** despotic- born at Mans, in March, 1133. He received w^',^"' ""<» this rSieved thl ni^ '!'"-°'*'»e h U education in England, under the ewe of n^^^'i'''''^ ty^nny Good nSn^"'* "^ ^^^^^ his undo Eobert, earl of Gloucester n^t^l '^^'nlstration of the l»w2l **^' *•"* J"** death of his father, in 1151, he succeeded ?o wn** ?« P'^ctice of ho^E t'hi'lJ''''".''^*''. the earldom of Anjou, Touraine and wf fnl 7"* Introduced. He ppvwL*'!! ***^2e8 " agreed that he should succeedTo the thJnf "* O'oucester, in the BresVnnf Z'^ "owned of England on the death of Stepben Thi« F""'^ '«»»*«' 28th OctSber of ?h/.®"*''»' ^^^e event took place in October, 1154 andHlJ^ regency was Intrusted t« wm"* ''^"''- T»»e «as crowned without opposition at W?.7 li'* °' I'embroke," ho inT2 Vh",*^""'''*'. minster, in December Hu ««? "^^•''" French annv af t 5„«„P " ^^^' defeated the were di/ected to the redrew'of fhe ZTrT' ^"' ^^ ^uis to mire ' p,^ compelled thi Md anarchy whka had prevaUed in tl^^ OnPem- reign of Stephen. He sei^lrt 7„i^!r i** ^''^ ""d Peter desRo^ «{'}.< 2' ^"•'^rtdeBurirh moit of the baronial castipf- fi^, '^^'''^oyed became reglnte" hi.?' ''^'"»»P of Winchester foreign troop™ ewed he Aj""'^^^^^ "'^ *''««en8lonf X^i^bin"!!!'^''" Jealousies and by Henry I.^ and rerumed mo-t of th^jr*^'^ ""<* weakened *?Selr n^l*'* «»'»i'»i8traUon of France, which was only termina.pH V"» attempts to govern within^ ^^'''P.^^' «««» his mrs atT. In iifi> T'v.' ,l"ated two cited mupi. m v. "^""'*'>t parliamenta bt elected archbishop of Caurrhnr'^^'l ^«» wTsSL^i bvTho" *",»•»" nat™n tWs' »i>r. ».■«„";• B™.?,f „il"'*i e king regained his liberty. But the war lasted two years longer. In 1270 Frince Edward set out on the crusade, and before his return Henry died at AVestminster, 16th November, 1272. HENRY IV., king of England, snrnamed OF BOLINOBBOKK, flrom the place of his birth, was born in 1366. He was the son of JohnofOaunt, duke of Lancaster, the fourth son of Edward III. In the reign of Kichard II. he was made earl of Derby and duke of Hereford. Having accused the duke of Norfolk of treason, the latter challenged him to single combat ; but on the appearance of the two champions, at the appointed time and place, Richard would not suffer them to proceed. Doth were banished the kingdom, Norfolk for life, and Hereford for a term of years. On the death of his father, in 1399, he succeeded to the dukedom of Lancaster , and, returning before the stated time, for the purpose of claiming his duchy, and hav- ing been Joined by the earls of Northumber- land and Westmoreland, soon found himself at the head of 60,000 men. Richard was de- feated, taken prisoner, and deposed ; and the duke was unanimously declared king, under the title of Henry lY. This usurpation gave rise afterwards to the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster. The reign of Henry IV. was full of difficulties and dis- turbances. The "Welsh revolted under Owen Olendower ; the 8cot<< invaded England, and were defeated at the battle of Homildon Hill ; ^he powerful house of Percy turned against the king, and headed an insurrec- tion, which was suppressed at the battle of Shrewsbury ; and there were frequent plots against the king's ] the death of the king of F?ance^ and be in- 460 [ben separably united to the crown ot EnirUnrt While all his great projects appeared to li rapidly advancing towards a successful Imop a painful disease arrested his proi-reM ..j he died in 1422, aged 34, and in the lOthTM, of his reign. The career of Henry V wii more showy than useful ; for while hljino cesses entailed great misery on France thf. did more harm than good to the true intor ests of England. HENRY VI., king of England, w«, ,h, only son of Henry V. and his qucen.Kathariw of France, and was born at Windsor in 1421 At the age of nine months he succeeded hii father, 1st September, 1422, the govemmen being intrusted to his uncles the duker of Gloucester and Bedford, of whom the fonul was named Protector of the Realm of Em land, and the latter Regent of France The guardianship of the young king was Intniit ed to Richard Beauchanip, earl of Warwick Henry was crowned at London. In 1429 nn,i at Paris in 1431. The war in France was continued, and several victories were gained by the English, but in 1429 the extraordin. ary intervention of the maid of Orleans com- pelled them to raise the siege of that citj and the English power In France rapidly declined. In 1444 the king married Mar- garet of Anjou, daughter of Ueni, kinifof Sicily and duke of Anjou, who by her high spirit, ambition, and audacity, gained a complete ascendancy over her '' meek " and feeble husband. The king had little nHu- ence personally on the course of events, and the government was weakened by the quar- rels of h'.s uncles. The measures of the min- isters, Suffolk and Somerset, excited much popular irritation, and insurrections broke out in 1450 ; the most serious, of whnh wa that headed by Jack Cade. In 1453 the brave Talbot was defeated and killed at Cai- tillon, Bordeaux was soon after taken by the French, and nothing was left in France under English dominion but Calais. Tbe same year the king fell into a state of men- tal aberration and incapacity forgoyemin;; and about the same time his ion £dwanl was born. Then began the civil Wan of the Roses, which filled up the remainii; years of Henry's reign ; and, after Tariou alten tions of fortune, victory remained with . ..e Yorkists. Theacc "Son of Edward IV. and the exile of Her took place in 1461. The war, however, c jtlnued, chiefly through the courage and energy of theQueeo Margaret, but in 146G Henry was captured and imprisoned in the Tower. Keleasedby the great earl of Warwick in U70, he wai again imprisoned by Edward in the foliot- ing year, and was soon after found deadii the Tower. Whether he was murdered or died a natural death from overpoweriig grief is uncertain. Henry was a man of sincerely religious character, bnt withoiit the strength and capacity to rule, and bit misfortunes and tragic end may justly be pitied. An endeavour was made by Henry VII. to get him canonized, but unsuccess fully. HENRY VIL, king of England, ilrtt M- vereiga of the Tudor line, was the son 0' Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and bii wife, Margaret Beaufort, a descendant oftM jHbnJ eldest ion of John of Gaunt, and wan hnr„ probably at Pembroke Castle, In use hi.' father dying the same year, he was "tafctn charge of hy hig uncle, Jasper Tudor ; on th« «ece«lon of Edward IV., in 1461, was at tilnted and placed under the care o? si, I William Herbert; was taken to cou?[ on the restoration of Henry VI., and Is sli,i tS hare studied a short time at Eton and «ftl I the Tictoryof Kdward IV. at TeWke-?'** I was taken by Lis uncle to Hrittany ThJ duke of Krittany steadily refused to deliver him up when pressed to do so by EdwJrT and by Richard III A rising AvS^, Henry was planned in 1483, and he maZ »« I attempt to invade England in Oct^bfr „^ that year, but failed, and several of t^- leaders, the duke of 'DuckiBgham aLnf them, were executed. In AuSust 148^ Sf made .second attempt, landed at' mioM Haycn, and won a decisive vlctorv^S!^ nirhard III. at the battle of Boswwth'^fn^ which Richard was killed Hen?v ii" croffned In October following. InUM^t married the Princess Elizabeth of York h?! although this union was looked dn^i*'"' alliance of the rival hoises of Yo^k «S H Lancaster, Henry showed himself the mil Bci ew wd unscrjpulous enemy of the Y?rl jiitt. Numerous insurrections brokfl mf/^ Itrouble the peace of his reign. St !«? lunderLorU Ix)vel and the Staffords wWrh I Simnel, who, under the instruction of pfnif' lard Simon, a priest of Oxford Der8„^i»; lljenryat the battle of Stoke ^h'^n?^^ ^^ Idoleof l^,fk,,o*n of Edwa?d'iv af r* InTadeTgfand in 1 95 .Tf "«'^""y to Itlie following year bvfho'J^"* "ceived in ho gave h.Vi7n,t Mge'la^dv kIT"."''' ■Gordon; again Inya.io,? t7„»i ^^ Catherine Ion the approach of HP^?*'r.?^° ^*»^' »««" K' ,"'V HeempioTed^l"" ""i^ot well tt^"^t: Hre'mKdTfh^V,."- -" If his reign thp n^; • "* *"^ '«tter years middle class T.or7^ junn He was 7ery early ?refte/"7i."'*' '° "»! and at roa^year* V.^„ '*" ^"i«e of York lieutenant or?; ,al"*«^rh"''""»^«^^^^ apparent vn the deaths, ?,® became heir- hlsXJhi"^'* prince ?f''-fcK'?r"«'* '''" •"»» hu f"^'' "" 'he throne JnA«^? ""cceeded his hanosoma person frLv*""' >«09. and bearing, bceompll8hmen.«^''^'"'<» "Plrlted miliarlty vHthhla ««?->'/ *"* graceful fa- ' general likin .%Sd excUed'^A ««cured" hlS, I Wed for coanpiracy imnri ^ 5"^ Empson warda executcj. Hl« «?,?'^f *"'*^' »"«> after- 'Jae of Aragon. hi. &i*«« "'»»h KaVhe- f vent leading to^uchB?e°'^«''\'» *W<»v. a*n Issues, took J. lace in* T,f ""^ ""looked-for Joined the Ho Tp«i?, '''"'^' ^509. Henrv In 1513, witb'Waxfflan*"'"'* Fra„ce,'anJ ef the Spurs." and ♦!!?' ^°° the "Battle same yea/ the' Tic?ory°o?pT'5°nanne xLe by the earl of Surre/over '♦"^^''''i' '»'»• won influence of V'olsev «on« }^^ "^c^ts. The dominant, a.d he l^ad at??<^'" '"'«='"ne pre! intrigues carried finKVtv^^"* Part in the with Francis fo"f%^ytbe English "k/J'! f^rJlSf^«Empero,Ch^^?es?r"'i? bis gre.f fnenjjy interview w th rh , "^'"y had a »n ti.e spring otislo^Ji^^'^^' at Dover meiprancisnearcaw' «?1''!.''J' »oon after Of the Cloth Of aS"*Po^^^'"™°"''''PJefd however, he united wJfh»K several years France j and a tor Thi^v''°®™PeroragatoVt allied himself w *^ J FrLds"J' ?' ^""K The series of momenton. T'°** Charies have made the to.Jnnfu ^'^anges which morable, ard whifS «r»^'''"'>' VIII. so tne- word "Reformation .'m«'"'!!""«<* "P In the co.^mencedintheye'ar"6^^7.''" I"" »° havl first moved for a dlvwcp L' ^^1" ^^'^ king 18 impossible here tn if^ «' Kntherine. it Of the ^ietMslTZ^lLt'!^ an epitome sentence of divoi4 was ^r^'"**'®- The Cranmer, whorosf. intn 2 P»^<»nounced by by the pope ; buf w»„ ''^ ^a» annulled Boleyn, and thrch,?J«2''^'"a"Jc«i Anne finally separate,! Sm^"' England waS supremacy wa. Ste^T^" "^^^ "yal Fisher and Mor, weJInu? f^l Parliament ' tically denying it • ^l,?"* *° ^"ath for prac- f tration of Tholti'crSmweu't'hl'!?- '''^'^^^»- I .of the monaster?; j was cariLi*^ dissolution """'■—— vnv*y.i'^^«? out. insur. "ctionrw^r^;- ;-as ^^e? o,!^:" x^^ ^%,for"rhepurpotof «t^'^P«°" and {"iM monasteries and ,'i ° ^^ began to h'' HediedatRlchl ^**®P'"onir8 for PW was the epoch n?„ ^^stminster. His reJ!°«ia,a°»Lof the most C position of S; hi- "^ *y'*'>°ical iua? apparent as he ad vanop^'V*' """'e and mora 'n health. Aid thlS " ''•'ars and failed executions, Which w"'"^ "'^«» of political 0/ r Imun^ de l' p4Tuk«"^n^'''» Ihat 1«1 was terminated by' that o' " "'^°^''' *" :'!I«y;' n January. laA* °'1?«»>:J'. earl t«.nt sociA chf^/p. ""! ''^ the mwt im- Ur ^""""^ <»« 1 ' Fole du?f "."l'L^'''» that hen] H Jteto Janlbetaal 18(u0rnpf)D. [km reign omountcd to 72,000. Honry VIII. married six wlvei; Katherine of Aragon, divorced after 2i ycart; Anne Holey n, be- headed: Jane Seymour, who died In child- bed; Anne of ClsTes, put away in a few months ; Katherine Howard, beheaded ; and Katherlne Parr, who •urTlyed him. Katha- rine of Axagon was the mother of Queen Mary ; Anne Boleyn, of Queen Elliabeth; and Jane Seymour, of Edward VI. Henry had sererai other children who died young. He died 28th January, 1847. His character and tho great events of his reign have fur- nished matter of continued controversy, and are likely to do so for a long time yet to come. MrFroudo in his History of England has done his best to vindicate the character of this liing, and to show that the popular conception of it is not Justified by the facts ; but his view is not generally accepted. The important collection of" Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.," edited by Prof. Brewer, is still In course of publication. ^„„„„^_ HENRY OP HUNTINGTON. [HUNTING DON, HKNRY OF.] HENRY, CHAiiLES, M.D., distinguished for his chemical knowledge and scientific pursuits, was the son of an eminent manu- facturing chemist at Manchester, and was born in 1775. He flnlshedhis education at the university of Edinburgh, where he attended the lectures of Dr Black, and was the asso- ciate and friend of Itrougham, Jeffrey, and Mackintosh. He relinquished the medical profession for the sake of co-operating in his father's lucrative pursuits. He began his public career by delivering, in Manches- ter, his lectures on chemistry, which have passed through several editions, and ore remarkable for the proision of their inform- ation and the elegance of their style. The same observation may be applied to his cha- racters of Priestley, Davy, and Wollaston ; and, in short, to his various contributions to tho Transactions of the Royal Society of London, the memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical society of Manchester, and other periodical works. He attended tho meeting of the British Association at Bristol, in 1836, where he was appointed one of the secretaries for the next year's meeting at Liverpool ; tut he had been for some time observed to labour under great nervous irritability, and to have suffered an almost total privation of sleep, which at length overpowered his faculties, and he shot himself, Aug. 30, 1836. HENRY, Matthkw, a Nonconformist divine, was bom in 1662. He was educated by his father, Philip Henry, an eminent Presbyterian divine ; studied the law at Gray's Inn, but renounced it for the min- istry, and settled at Hackney. His chief work is an " Exposition of the Bible," in 6 vols, folio ; besides which he wrote other books of practical divinity. Died, 1714. HENRY, PATRICK, an lerican states- man and orator, was born in Virginia, in 1738. He was one of a large family, grew up uneducated, made several unsuccessful ventures in trade, and at last turned advo- cate. He remained without distinction and ■without briefs for ^crend y ears, but at last 403 brought himself into notice and practice in 1763, by his clever and saccessful pitidint in a case respecting the legal incoms of tht clergy. He opposed the clerical cUim.iiKi by the view he presented of the mtttei made it a great qaestlon of colonial iait- pendcnce. Ho ▼tmoved to LouUn, and ig 1769 was chosen a mem|)er of the VirKlniiii legislature, and there made a very cxclUni speech against the famous " Stamp Act ' He was one of tho members of the flrit Congress In 1774, and was the flnttoctU his countrymen to arms for recovery of their independence. He was elected for sererai yv -r"! Governor of Virginia. Embarrmtd wli.. -lebts, he preferred then to retire from public office, and devote himself to hit pro fesslon. He opposed the federal constltu tion as not democratic enough, and •nterfer- ing too much with State rights. The poit of secretary of state was offered him b; "Washington, but he did not accept it. Died, 1799. HENRY, ROBERT, a Scottish hlitoriu, was bom In Stirlingshire, in 1718. Educated at the university of Edinburgh, he filled the office of parish minister succeitlvelj it Carlisle, Berwick-upon-Tweed, and Edin- burgh, first at the new, and then at the old, church. He was author of a " Hlitory of Great Britain written on a new plan," w^ich appeared in 6 vols. 4to, between 1771-1793, and was frequently republished. Thoagh now superseded by the advance of hlitorical knowledge and criticism, it is intereitlng ti the first attempt on a largo scale to tell the story of social progress and ciTlllzatlon u well as that of civil and military STenti. It is admitted to contain many curiouipartliv lars not found in histories better known, The degree of D.D. was conferred on Henry by the university of Edinburgh. Died, 1790. HENRYSON, ROBERT, a Scotch poet l« the 16th century, was schoolmaster at Dun- fermline, and a monk of the Benedlctlie order. His " Fabils " were printed at Edta burgh In 1621 ; and his "Testament of Feire Creseide " in 1593. He wrote a numlKr of other pieces, which arc to be found in tte collections of Hailes, Pinkerton, 4c. I HENSLOW, JOHN STEVENS, s diitli- guished naturalist, professor of botany In the university of Cambiidge, was bom >l Rochester, in 1796. He was educated it the Grammar School of his native towniM at Cambridge, where he graduated M.A.h 1821, having previously entered thechurcl. He took a leading part with Protessor Sedg- wick in establishing the Cambridge riiilo- sophical Society; succeeded Dr Clarke" professor of mineralogy in 1822; and ato the death of Professor T. Martyn.lnlfflJ, was appointed to the chair of botany. Hir- ing been ordained priest in 1827, he beciaj rector of Hitcham, in Suffolk, in 1837,u« there passed the rest of his life. He"*"™ himself a thoroughly practical andencijem clergyman, in all ways striving to raUeuj benefit the people of his charge; and M efforts were singularly Buccesaful. BcW studies, parochial allotments, friendly MtiJ ties, cricket-clubs, pleasure-excuMioni,* horticultural shows, all became in Uiiw hands instruments of good as well sMonw HEPj of Brithh Plant* ; " a ivKuuiiarj or 'Jo unlcal Ternii ; " "A Oeolofplcal iJescrin- tlon of Angletoa ; " and other works. Died I at Hitcham, 16th Maj , 18«1. A Memoir of b\i Life, by the Ilev. L. Jeuyns, has since I entallst, ivas born at „„., .„ ^ Idingtonjhire, In 1573. Ho was bred In the I I ProteJtant religion by his fatlier, who was a preibytcrian mlniatcr ; but, after studying I at 8t Andrews, he embraced the Kominn faith, and went to Italy. He next travelled ' I througl) Turkey, Persia, Palestine, and most oftliecountriesof theeast; and It is asserted tt tliat he became muster of so many lanif uaues I that there was scarcely a region of the globe ' I with whose Inhabitants he could not con ' iTenelnthelr own tongue. On his return"] I he entered Into the order of Minims j but ■ the fame of his acquisitions haTln* reachpj I the im of Pope Paul V., he invited him to ' It hit retirement. and mminhim ir. :. I the m^t T.ft7:h oVji'^-^^^^^^^^^^^^n^i being ravaged by the Por'""' *"«' «™Plre the «ulgarlL.. and !t & vT,; "i" ^^"'••. After some years of ina!^..^ the Saracens. Preparation,'HeJac,lu. .eV"" ^"? «"'«'«»» I ID.. i,ne oy tne icev. i.. Jenyns, ha. since i si^Tam^.'l?""*^. 'he kinKf Persia" an'n .'° ' •PP**™**- '^'' I ■'* •-"'npalgns ho showed i.im.»r#' "?* '" HEPBURN, JAMK8 BONAVKNTUEA, ori- ?oi^',!5 '"'*' « K^^t general dSln* ^j;"" entailst, rt-as born at Harastocks, in Had I^^ '"P*"°".ttndconclud n»/^^^^ ^^os- , dingtonahire, in 1573. Ho was bred In the fri?,',^ r"" "'» •uc~?1r8.7^°''2i;.™''''' Protestant rellBlon br hU f,.f:,nr „i.A_"° I *' "mph at Constantlnon « J? ^J; -^''or a falem.and thenceforth hfif»'"' ^'*"<''' Jcru- Instead of .oldier ,,. .^•""»« theologian Monothellte W«; '"'"»'""» the so-called I I'is " Ecthefl. nTo^":^r'*''''l'«''» «» «dlct, It. Meanwhiin ^K *P°*'""n '" favour of Of o5^."^ii"«4';ruS/tb!i'"'''' ': «^»"' conquering Syria and pifn^H'"' ""Pl'-o. and ^S,^yo^IeeSo?„^?„«^^^«l MAHrK I I'arjs under the old r i P^'Hament of me ears or rope i-aui v., he invited him t^ / k •"«>»»'er of the Nationnrn!^^'' afterwards jqnit hi, retlrement.and iade him keei" of h?m«i\'r f "J"' *« l^eS Tho S ho ol^"' 1"' oriental books and manuscripts in the Vatl ,,;?i I" ''«'"»•« the revolution ni^^°",^'"=*««' i khaldaic Dictionary and an ^A'ZrZ'A^^^^^^ , HEPH;estION, the personal friend nf ^f""""""- nuVhechfJfl!r''n*'f.'* ''''•««" Ulexandcr the Great, was soTof Amvnfn,. nl '''"'elf in the contest bet wp/„ f '""S^fishcd Sella, in Macedonia, He accompanTed ilPv ""^ G^'ondist parties anrhpVn^^ Mountalh ' -nderon hi, expedition toTKd "if??; ^^f ™^«*' ^'^ the destruStlon Sf ^h''''}"^^ <=»- ' the defeat of Darius, was intristed wYth T"' *" his services to the t«rr^L *''®J«^^^^ ^rerallmportantcom/nands. wEhenn.^ ».TS IJ"" f™™ the scaffold Kf^ '"'* ""t as were celebrated at Susa between Met- ''m.Si'"""' '» 179« ''« ^"^ "ecuted. inder and Stntira, daughter of Darl i. tto I "EHBAUT, Johanv Pp^t.,,, •hajstion married Drypet 9, Statlra-iJu/o; ?IS° philosopher, wafbo^i^^nV^^^' » O"'- Jid he wa, one of the officers who soon after' Jl"' ?« '""<"«d « the Slvlii ?''''i"!;« 1" ladcrownsof gold given them He died after «T^"*' ^t "^^^^e a discfp"o of P? .I'l "" ''r''' ' «hort Illness at Ecbatana, B c 32? Inn ®?''*^'"' however, he sooS ni?»\, r'^^^'^hose ns passionately mourned by hiimas?e; «^^ f J?'" he was introduced to p»«?'',**"^?- ^oon ilTh'Jh? """*" « «fener'al mo™?nh'A!l? I i°J««''«.e confirmed his „*^^?l«i°«J^ ^hose m, had hi8 corpse removed sity o7G6t'tl'„"l'n \f™' y«*" at the'irniVe"r- pr'fossor oftilosoUv^rr'",'''''''" ^«09. superintendent of ?hX,*l^°"'«*herg, and Prussia. In 183? h„ » '^'* *'=''°°'* '«» East "ame chair at oft'tln J?' «PP"inted to the his death. Herbart E' "^^'"^ ^^ held till ions in oppishion ^,^^f °Ped peculiar opin- systems of phUosoDhv IT^ -"^ ^''^ ^^'"Ing of psychology aiming' '^Jf ting "*« "'"hod based onmathcmatlea nnV '"'•^"<=*' "' "»'nd philosophy Is n^rico^'* maintaininR that Of any on Jsubject hntT^^ ?\ ^^P'anation treatinff any subiecf • « /"* " "^thod of elaboration of no ion '? ,*»«^«'«P'nent and h 8 vlewd orn .„ .* °' conceptions. But fromthrbrevity°withwhV"']5 ''^ """^-'Ity P^,- thalTre watr "fl-^rr • "'^^ I Sire'r^S^ro^lr ''^^ «<'-^^^^^^ •hin^sand theTn'versa? a^eir^Sf **M '"» Philosophical'' X'^f. ''".'* expounded J'he Stoics adopted mnnl„^/?u- ^'ato among other »LX** .\" the foUowinir .a,xre;js,^KfrrM?^^^^^^ £trcot-tu£^^^ Pl« from the trnnt Phn. ^®"l®' the HERBEtot l/f "* ?ottingen, 1841. ' "^ '"to ItalT. in search of ras thn fl>o» «i '^. ". iifr] % £Uta Stnibersal 18iogtgpl)P« [H2H eaitorn m»nuicrlp( . and to conTcrio w th oriental truTeUoH, ho waj »ppolntod rcglui profuiior of Hyrluc lit the CoUoge Hoyml, Vurli, and obtained a pon»lon. Ho wai tho author of tho " Hlbllothiquo Orleiita o." a dictionary of oriental hlitory and antlqul tloi, on which he la>'<>"'"»<' '"' "''"y ''''f.'l'; and which flr.t appeared >» /Aa^ "o dlfd In 169.1, not loM rohrcttod for bli vlrtuM than li.lmlrcd for hit loarnliiRr. HinillEUT, KDWAIU), 1-ord, of ClIKn- UUiiY, an English philosopher, wa« born in 1881, at Montgomery Onitli) i was Mnt. when only la yearn old, to University College, Oxford; waa mudo a knight of the Hath, aoon after tho accession of James I. ;•"»*'"« nrevlouslr trarellcd on tho continent, where his Llogant manners and chlvalrlc accom- pltshmonts attracted the K«-catcst notice. iCo served In tho Nothorlandi In 1610 and 1614,dlstlnKul8hlnK himself bv his romnntlc bravery ; was twice ambassador to tronce ; and on his return, In 1625, wa» created an Irish peer, and afterwords an English baron. He at first espoused tho parliamentary cause during the civil wars, but afterwards the royalist, and died In 1649. His prlnclpa work is entitled, " Tractatus do Verlto.o. The contemporary, and In his method the opponent, of Hobbcs of Malmesbury, Lord Herbert protested by his philosophy against the prevalUng empiricism and materialism of his day. He taught the existence In man of a faculty above sense and understanding, to which they are subordinate, and from which, under the stimulating Inttucnces of nature and the world, all our knowledge Is derived. He boldly asserted the supremacy In all things of this Bpiritual faculty, espe- cially Its light and capacity to judge of all claims to levclation. His philosophy called forth some timid opposition from theo- logians, but did not make woy or attract the attention it deserved. Lord Herbert also wrote " De Rellglone GentlUum, his own "Memoirs." a " Life of Henry VIIL," Ac. HERBERT, GEOROE, one of tho best of our minor poets, was a brother of the pro- ceding, and was born in 16!)3. He was edu- cated at "Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, obtained a fellowship of his college and tho office of public orator of the university, and after spending several years at court, renounced his prospects of worldly preferment, and entered the church. He was appointed rector of Bemertou, in Wiltshire, in 1630, having shortly before married. He was a man of singular piety, distinguished for intense devotion to his pastoral duties, and reverent observance of all church ceremonies. Among his most intimate friends were Dr Donne and Ni- cholas Ferrar. His well-known sacred poems entitled, "The Temple, or Sacred Poems and Ejaculations," were first print- ed at Cambridge in 1633, and a fifteenth edition appeared at London in 1805 j since which time they have been many times republished. Abounding in wise thought and graceful fancies, pervaded by a spii.t not of this world, revealing tho spiritual confilcts of a noble soul with its consolations and Tiotories, thU book, In spite of its fro- <|uent qualntness and Its too promlimi ritualism, has been, and must continu* to be, a favourite with the thoiiKhirul and the pious. Tho prose works of Ocorge Herb«rt consist of ''Tho I'rlest to the Tempi*,' IToverbi, Letters, Ac. I)l«d at B«m«rton, 163'i. His Life was written by liuk Walton. HEUHERT,The Right Hon. 8ll)NKY,fliiit I,ord Herbert of Lea, was the second loatf Oeorge Augustus, uteventh carl of Pem- broke. He was born In 1810, and cductM at Harrow and at Oriel College, Oxford. In 183'i he entered parliament an member for tho southern division of Wlltihlre, whlchhe continued to represent till December, IW,] when he was called to the Uouio of Lordi. In 1849 he held the office of secretary at wir, | but retired from it during the goTernmeotori Lord Derby In 18S3. He resumed it Id De- cember of that year, and held It during the Russian war, but again withdrew frcsn the public service In consequence of therewlu-j tlons of the Hobastopol commlttie. After i time, the real nature of his services, and hU untiring devotion to the duties of hiioflce and the Interests of his country, were gener- ally recognized, and in June, 1699, he re- turned to the War Department, where ht Increased his already high rcpuution. Hii exertions In adding to our naval and mili- tary resources In every possible way grfitlf Impaired his health, and It became necewir; that he should rest from hit work, it wu hoped, only for a while ; but hit diiorderi soon became serious, and he relumed home j only a few days before his death, which tookl place at Wilton, August 2, 1861, In the Mil year of his age. As a speaker, he never failed to command the attention and nln tlie admiration of tho Uouio of Commoni;u«i statesman ho was indcfutiKabie, and to lili zeal he sacrificed his life- He was also >n »c- ' compllshed scholar, and possessed a most re- fined taste In architecture and painting. Still more will he be remembered fur his iffortt in ImnroVlng the condition of the workloj classes, .specially by the encouragement of emigration ; and his name will remain mu eminent example of one who, with tlie mott ample fortune and temptations to learned leisure, devoted all his lime and strength to tho service of his country, and refused to abandon his post in ;hc hope that by so douj, he might regain the strength of body wmt his constant and unwearied labour hsdun ''^HERBERT, WILLIAM. [PEMBEOMij HERBERT, WILLIAM, earl of Pembroke a poet and the patron ot lenntiminin born in 1580, at Wilton House, the W seat. He was educated at >e'J »"* Oxford; and in 1626 wus elected chancflw of that university, to which he was a litoj benefactor through life, and beaf.ttriW it at his death a valuable coUcctlonof nuii •"SbeS Sir Thomab, a de.«nd»j; one of the branches of the Pcf '"'"'S was the son of an alderman at \ott aw receiving his educatio. at Oxf M,li »*! led for 4 years in Asia """l Aft «»." » ^ ^-..<>1. hn nnhlUhed OH BCCOUnt. W " lea lOr 4 yearn "» ■"■='" " — ;~„.f I trayels he published an account. Hi I t.a I, ,„b„,j^ ™"- ilt';/»'"n> Srioffi^','*; «»«ntr]e, wSiA"''"'" and * "rapidly rose from f.o gLp nJ'i"" t^e perfectin/ n^'I^*''"' • »« ^ «Pont ?«'"">' «' "n Which he round It «nV' ''^P^^W un"Sfn» ^,'^<""''h Atlas ali'^ y""" 1" L HERMES. OEonnr. «odJed •idoin of Je.usn om . ^°^'^ <'>"08» of th« -f_!^"* <'""ed to flu ♦>,' ""oology, in ,0?" fcwoMof hhoiT' '" "."ditlon to the fir,V"*^^"'ty Of Bonn »K'?\«^^«'r at the r* employed bjthTv ^'"^" »" after! »"'[''» ^eath. He wa.' ^^''"* *« occupjel pouniaio. Under hi. niZ,,. """an ©] f "rapidly rose from ti.o gfLp '"nJ'i"" »»>« I" In Which he found Jt«nV' ''^P^«- , pk "rcngth and Imnortnn?"^ acquired P" look .leading pm in n „ P"^"ege«. ' ► Saracen, and f.p"ia iVdi.^r"",^'^^ .- 1? ' JIfJA"?. on thafe' VA'-il^a 3li bkb] H iflteto Stn(b(v«al D(ogvftpI)Q. hot controvcriy raged for ioroo timo ru- •pectlnir Uermoiilitnitm. Hermei dltid at lionn, highly honoured ana beloved, In 1831. HEUMOOENK8, a diitlngulihed rhetori- cian, born at Tarsut, In Cllicia, llvvd about the middle of the Und century, and U cnle- brated for the precocity and rapid extinc- tion of hU talents. At the age of IS, ho wai famous for his powers of oratory ; at 17, he published his work on rhetoric, which ranked him high among writers upon that subject ; but, In his 2Sth year, he wholly lost hU memory, und ttank into a state of mental imbucUity. Tho prcclso dato of his death Is not known. lIEHOUEa, ATTICU8. [ATTICUil.] HEHODIANUS, a Greek historian, flourished in tho 3rd century, and held sereral public offices at Home, His history Is written In Greek, and comprises the period trom the death of Marcus Aurellusto tho year 23S, nEU0D0TU8,the great Greek historian, usually named the father of history, was born of a distinguished family of Haiicar- nnssus, in Oaria, B. o. 484. In consequence of civil dissensions, In which his family was involved, and the tyranny of Lygdamis, Herodotus had to quit bis native city, pro- bably about 453. He took refuge in tho IslKnd of Samos, and appears to havo lived there a long time. Ho undertook extensive travels, not for trading or political purposes, but for the purpose of satisfying hit lore of knowledge : visited all the principal towns of Greece, the Greek Islands, Asthematic8 1 1779, having constr *un a regular surve ' "t«r, he discoverec »» prlmarv planet. mm 8idu8 (now OW the Third. Tl J'ed « fellow of th. "we gold medal aw( 'f'r His majesty, ll""; Bath, and gave hi P « penswn to enal hvourite .-Pursuit., ["duousandvaluabi W Wore the Royal 8, «ew nebula., nebu; ""I'T.and clusters of '"'""di and. n"o„, isr&r.'?' I IIEUIUNO, JOHN PBliOKJlICK. the eml-TfcH I ^fnt «nltnal p«lntar, w«« born In Sur™. il. L In.J. He b..K,„ lir« a, , painter or rCh."' [bo»iJ., but «t the age of eighteen rccelJed f,l the tmpulM whlih detcrmrnml M. /.T *i? f'i'^ |bo«iJ«, but «t the age of eighteen received I the Impulie whlih determined hli futuni Icireer. The enthu.ilntm »vlth which h„ Iwltnewed the 8t Uger, at Donca.tcr In |hI3, led him to paint the winner, an" a^er JMtfral yean ipei.t ua the driver of itairn IcoichM, hu applied hlniiolf ontlrelv to hi." llk»ourU9 art. The hor.o wae with hln^^» l|»uiioa : and for thirty yeare ho painted I th< winner of the 8t Lege.., bealdee execut llnit portrait! of a great nmny rarora and IfiroL/lie horiM for eminent perioni ir., Ij.ntlclp.ted Ko,a llonheur In pafntinir a |"HofM Fair;" and among hi. nooLr Iworki, well-known by engraving* a?o th« I Member, or the TemD?r«neoX- "ty •• TThe Karon'. Charffer,"'* l-oodlnir "''QMi btude/ ,Sc Jlr Herring was employed bv he queen to paint .everal or her favourite Aonc, and ho executed many picture, for rorelgnm of dl.tiuctlon. Died nt MeoDh-m f.rk TuabrUge, Kent, 23rd Sept ^188? Ill picture entitled " The Frugal Meal •• I. n the National Gallery. "'' " HEKscHEL, Sir William, one o* ti,„ aoit di.tlnKnl,|,ed astronomeri of Vodl^ ln.ei. WM bom at Hanover, In mTm- ither.whow.ianiuilHnn h',' ..V. r "' followed up, In isin i,-,k "Z _ Jl knlghthooVn-Vm ,hWo'.''":l'''''«=°'«'«'of I hU a«tronomlcal obeerV.,?' "" continued ' ",7,y"" Of hU deS ;& '■'•''''►'In , '»^3. K>r.rhrl /.««.' ''^""h took Dtaeo In forty-reet refl^cVo' thlU"!!' '''• «lebrl"d «rou»d. at Slough „^d »...*"''<•«'■<' ia hi. covered tho tifn ? **'"> ^hlch he dl. ««.urn i'"por\Ta"lt'V'&' r'l'''"' »' X-. F. Abbot lu 17H3 1, iJ'"*^''* • painted by trait Oaiiory. HI. hlJhiv''".,^'!'''"''' Por- w. «,entirtc co::^o'^it^\.T.Tt\'l!; for her real 1„ ". r^^^^^ '"•tingul.hed .I'on. at ««nover.l7ao ?'.''"'■•"''•. ^»» ^roiher at Hath. In mi .1' "'"'!» J'-'ned her dcrtook the arduou. d-.M" voluntarily uii- «'ii«nucn.lg, but .■x..^MH "'^ ■<="'>» «• hi. njoweal cale4VoJrnS,irv ',"'"*»" ""^ discoverle. avnllal.ln "„ ^'■*'"*ry to render hi. -e^r;:!,'o'rtf ^ =^^^ ( iniei, WM Dom at Hanover, In mVh'i^ I i^^ ** •'"'"nu.t. Her own X ^"^ "■" »ea»on, ither.who w., a mu.lclan, brought him"'* 111""""""' «"<« important fh'fV.""* '»«'•« • hl> own profewion, and. nt the affo of i/ h^'^.'^ PuWUhed them In n^''*'."'* Koyal -...v.. „uv, „,, a niuiuian, Oroujrht him ••» » hi, own profewion, and. at the aKo of u wa. placed In the band of tho Hano veriin ^-)^rl»rd^. Towards thoelogeof thn h/J " l»n' War. when the French armlei en ler"'} rri'J"""'' Herschel re.ol^ed to ^'^ fagliad, but not bcinB nbin tn «h»». '"" Nmcnt in londorhe'a^cepted a .Itu^an"'- fc the and of the Durham SlUtla'when *e regiment came to Uoncagter »«»„.. "^ Ned an acquaintanco with" r 'm^IW „''' NneDt composerand organ "t of thai »«»"" J^ happened about this time tlin?Vn „ '"'*,"• lu alio wanted at Hnnli ""? """ffwiist her "7 »"""'""«a tnem "POM, b,„km no, S'd {E'h^t;;' """ '» he Octagon Chapel, and leadpr „*f .i*M ''iP'*»n'»t'c perfornmn^/^'"' -^ong hi. "«o Bath, Where ho was cho e„ o /anu; '.^'r" '<»• "bourthlrtv V"" "''"'ty and he Octagon Chapel, and leadpr „*f .1** '''Plomatic perrorman^/^'"' -^ong hi. tjesraat the public rooms Ai.h ""^fr^'^ubertsbSr^ Wh» * "**.•■« ^^^ tteltiel 0'' of nmlierofi. m *'»«,''l''Kdom, and wa« «"■ 1.0 discovered^, March nth W'''" ''°'^'- 0151 793 "°'''''' »'''' diplomrt?' m«ry planet, ;KicTL'ny'^il'"k^^HEHVEY.>i^^^^^^^ .__,. j;tar ho-rscoXl K°h Y/tr,^^"^ P primary planet wH^h? ""' ^^'^'•a WW the Third Th« cl ^' ^" honour of «iinggfon?„p r/c?h«rt'oif '"'• «' »"- education at Lincoln rnn!""* ' "reived his eventually succeS h?. 'fe,°*'"'''* ' '^^ Weston Fa veil and r.„i?! "*'• "* rector of writings are. " Medi,^H""«*''^«- HIb chief tion8,'-''and '" Theron "?/ "/*• Contempla. Series of Dialogue. aSdinf /*""'* ' or. a ri*,and clusters of stars wh'inhK".?''? attracted b/ theh- rL^°f* "nknowa. fhey ■U ie? HES] % Jttb9 anidersal 13iograp]^p. a »hort tour on the continent, lie returned to England where he spent nnuch of hlg time in the literary and fashionable circles of the metropclis. In 1720 lie married Miss Lepell, so well known in Tope's letters and verses; in i723 he succeeded to the title of Lord Her-cT by the death of his elder brother ; and in 1725 became member lor Bury, when he attached himself to Sir Robert Walpole's lavty in npposition to Pulteney's, and was made vice-chamberlain In 1730, and lord privy seal in 1740. From an early age Lord Hervey took an active part in th^ literary and political contests of the day. His pamph- lets in answer to the " Craftsman " involved »-im In n duel wHh Pulteney; his quarrel with Pope, which extended over mi'ny years, gave rise to some of the bitterest satirical sketches ever penned (we allude especially to Pops's celebrated prose letter, the epistle to Dr Arb"thnot, and the character of Rporus) ; and he carried on an active correspond- ence with Dr Middleton regarding the mode of electing the Roman senate, besides writ- ing some able pamphlets on foreign affairs. His "Memoirs of the Reign of Geo»ge H., from his Accession to the Death of Queen Caroline,' ' were published in 1848, with an in- terePting account of the author by the Right Hen. John TVilson Croker. Died, 1743. MESIOD, one of the earliest Greek poets, who is usually supposed to have lived in the eth century, B. c. He was a native of Ascra, In Bocotla, but almost nothing is known of his life. A family dispute drove him from Ascra, and he settled at Orcho- menos. The works attributed to him are the poems entitled" Works and Days," " Theogony," " Shield of Hercules," and the lost " Catalogue of Women." The poetry of tiie " Works and Days" is of a homely and didactic character, dealing with the prac- tical interests of common life. It is " a faithlul transcript," says Ottfried Muller, " of the ivhoH condition of Boeotian life." The " Theogony-'" however, is of a different character ; an attempt to present a system- atic v'ew of the orijin and powers of the gods, and of the order of nature. It is of great importance for the history of the reli- gion of the Greeks. HESS, HEiNRiCH VON, one of the most distbguishert of modern German painters, WPS born at Dusseldorf in 1799. He was of a family illustrious in art, and was first taught by his father. After distinguishiug himself by several fine religious paintings, lie was sent to Rome under the patronage of the king of Bavaria, and in 1826 was ap- pointed professor in the Academy of Munich, and director of the Painted-Glass iXanufac- tory. He preparzd the designs for the v, in- dows of the cathedral oii Batisbon, for those of the A.u-ohurch at Munich, and for thoce presented by King LudwigtoCoIogne cathe- dral. His most celebrated trescoes are those of AU-SalnU church, the Court Chapel, and the basilica of St Boniface, the latter repre- senting sceneu in the life of the saint. Among his other works are named a " Holy Faiilly," cxhioited in 1817. " Paith, Love, Hope," "Apollo and the Nine Muses," J>ainted duiiug his stay at ilome, and a ' Lefon been reinstated in all his formpr ot, I ti~" "'-^■"ruiiigiy selectPH />.;,„"*"'■!'."""""'> "e |K)intment8 by Charles II. °™®' "P" "?«» of the merchants In b''^ *''® "'OJ"- 1 I HEYNE, Christian Gottlob a disHn ♦^'*'?'* '«* *« the iniDositfon „flv*°*^ traders, Lisl,.d classical scholar, was a natr!e of H-f '" ^^^«' '•''^en th^ „ °P„*'/i!*'® ?'°Pe«y- Phemj>lt«,in Saxony, whither his father a m^v/.'.?"''^'' the 8acri&''a'H°' ^''f ^»- Boor linen weaver, had fled from Gravp'n , » T1 **'°«<' resolutions whti, r^ ^f"'" to fchutz, in Silesia, on account of re Sb ft>?'i" J^^"" I" 1806 ^^ was pW^**.*!" '«- Ucu ion. Though destitute and obMure isia^t' ^'■''> «»* "-it for 7hat bnro*'' ^- ^ I the West iTd udI.^'s'^S^S'*' ""^e/takf.!" "ony" of which^n 1804 h ^''ateful testl- ■urarian lo me university, jjy his prfifivT-T.' ^ *'*® company with al'J7 ^f * P''e«ented fe and commentaries on, Ciassic auihn.. "^ntal plate MrHibbpt?^^ «Plendid orna- fejneobtained the reputation of one of ?hi' ^"J ^?3°; '^e was also F 8 a'*"^!i'=*««»F-»-8. |o« distinguished Philologists and a?ch« f ^""^ aoxburgheciub «'.?""* "."e^her fogst.. Hischef-d'cBUTre^ishisediUonof «f*^'*«^«*^'^* «tt!ntion • ii .?°*"i?y "kewise lirKil. with learned notes and comrae„? ?^??''°^"* '««• "m 1^18 ?",»'» ««- ties, which has been frequently republish »ii\? *'""«'' of commeiCal Tif''* '''*'" the |i. He pubUshed also editions of Hnmi- ^^^ ^''^ means of intrort.iMi < '''^^ ' *nJ' the non! *niion,oratNorth Mims in Hpr»f„?^°T- "* measures with thn L?,®;"".'""' to concert [^educated at OxfordT after w&^^r' ?°'''t^ ^'1"^ ^*"- t^e ap- pi -through Sir Thomas Morreiip/f r*" ?°™ their party^H«i^^ ^'•^"''h church. »(iritewithH..,.,,,,r,"V:'o'.e. agreatfa- (danffPi.^,... -5r"'- -pe returned from this " '■ t.r M f I f Jiea, 171C. "* "'^lO'CQinonaUum." i ilefi forhi',';'.T" ?^ -^""don, alike diSfn' '^J,^; '' "" """ "'*'" " "^ "'^'or, la I ~'~ — rzr; '■w^tHTheron, tyrant I hie] 91 Jteto ganiixriial 13iosrapl)B. [hil of AffrlBCntum. and hit ion end gucceMor ThrlSXSgrttoe latter of whom he defeated In^XdlxpeUed. In «* h« lalne^.^^^^^^^^^^ Sit r^oYW thrwow. Hieron wai a patron «f Jh^lars and his court was made lUus- ?rlo^ by the presence of JEschylus, Pin- dar ^imonides.Xenophanes. and other dis- ilniuished Greeks. He was also frequently «. fuccessful competitor in the games at Olvmpiaand Delphi. His government was ver^despotic, and was supported by mer- Ilnlry guards and a spy-system. Pied, at %Teb,ON ir^klng of Syracuse, was the .on o?S?eVocles. said to be'a descendant of Oelon. After distinprulshing hiin*elf in the Sicilian war of Pyrrhus, he was chosen, in BC 276; general of the Syracusan army. He carried on war with the Mamertines, who hid invaded the island and taken Mes- Taia. and in 270 was chosen king by the Syracusans. The Mamertines having ob- Uined the alliance of Home. Hieron in 2G4 atlied himself with the Carthag nians, who had gained a footing in the island, and thus beitan the first Punic war. De- feated by Appius Claudius in the following vear Hie'W made peace with the Romans, IndbecamT their faithful and very usefu ally. Under his government his subjects enioved great prosperity j he made some ex- cellent laws, which the Romans retained afer their conquest of Sicily; avoided all mrade of royalty ; fostered commerce, and ^trenlthened^and beautified Syracuse. The SlmaUdanArchimedesllvedinhisreign. Hieron died B. C. 215, aged 92. HIGHMORE. JOSEPH, a POf*"" and his- torical painter, born in London, 1692. iie wis fntended for the legal profession ; but, on the expiration of his clerkship, he aban- rtnnp.1 the law. out of love for art, and Sd*painS under Sir Godfrey K^eller He attained some popularity as a Portrait painter, and executed a few pictures of hSher pretension though, of little merit. Among his best paintings is the Hagar and Ishmael, in the Foundling Hospital. He istTnguished himself also a^^.'n author by his " Practice of Perspective." Died' USO. HILARION, ST, the principal founder of Monachism in Palestine, was ''orn near Gaza about A. D. 292. Sent to study at Alexan- dria he WM there converted toChristiani y. and 'the Tame of St Anthony attracted h^m to the desert and made him a monk. He then return' ■ to Palestine, gave away his property, and retired, still very young, into ?he desert. He founded several monasteries lived the most austere life, and gained the highest reputation for sanctity, and eveii for miraculous powers. He afterwards vis t- ed the deserts of Egypt, Sicily, and Dalmatia, and died in the Isle of Cyprus, about 372. His Life was written by St Je.ome. HILARIUS, ST, bishop of Poitiers, one of the greatest chirch-teachers of Ins age. was a native of Poitiers, and was raised to presented amemorial to the emperor,fruUT yetrespectfUllv .pleading for freedom of wor' ship for the Catholics. It was in Ttln.ui he was soon after banished to PhryKli, g, appeared at the council of Beleucla in lu and afterwards at Constantinople, but Iw was ordered to return to his dioceie. Et continued his exertions in behalf of the orthodox faith, held several councUi b Gaul, and also visited Italy. Hilary wrou several works of divinity, and tome hynrni, and translated many works of Origen into Latin. Died at Poitiers in 867. HILARIUS, ST, bishop of Aries UnlaU), born about the beginning of the 5th century, was the pupil and successor of Honoratuc n the see of Aries. His piety and beneficence procured him general esteem, bat he is now chiefly remembered for the controyeriy is which he was involved with Pope Leo the Great. He presided at the council of Eiej in 439, at that of Orange in 441, and at i third, perhaps of Be8an9on, in 444. At the latter he had a certain bishop named Cell. donius deposed, but on appeal to the pope the sentence was annulled, and Hilary waj severely treated, and was glad to escape trom Rome. In the following year Leo con- voked a council at Rome, by >thich Celldo- nius was reinstated, and HilaTy deprlred of his metropolitan authority. A rescript wu soon after issued by the young empewf, Valentinian III., establishing the authorit; of the pope over all the Gallic bishops, uA making reslstaace to his authority aaoffenct against the state. Hilarius appears to h«n retained his former authority as metropoU' tan of Gallia Narbonensis, and he diedb 449. Most of his writings are lost. HILDEBRAND. [GREGORY VII ] HILL, Sir John, a voluminous writer, was born in 1716, at Peterborough. Hews brought up as an apothecary, and practiiri as a physician ; wrote numerous books witl great rapidity, and was the inTentor i several lucrative quack medicines. Under the auspices of the Earl of Bute hepuWishei a " System of Botany," in 17 vols. foUo ; anj on presenting a copy of It to the king « Sweden tras invested with the order of Vw He also published a Supplement to Chin- bers's Cyclopaedia, " Essays on Natural to tory and Philosophy;" conducted a perlodt cal called " The Inspector," and wmIi reveral novels.farccs,-&c. HowasaconsW attendant at every place pf puWjC ">» ment; and, being a satirical 'bl«^M^ was often involved In quarrels with * wits of the day. On one of these occssM he was Characteristically ^i\oSM in the following epigrammatic couplet. «' For physio and farces his linHto His farcet are physic; his physic a to is HILL. BO\n.ANl), minister of Swj ari/aTTrf^r'ropsff-S was bom at He.wks one, near ^^w« was » uBinc «»^ —"---> -- . nn thn was horn at its. wKBxone.u™. "-•-.. - tho pniBPooal office about A. D. 360. On tne was^uoi" ,„„eivp.l his education stHaj arrival of "the Emperor Constaniius m tnc lu ii^^. „ ■•:,"r~ , boUeee, Oami>n*' j; 470 Htt] n iaeto mibmul ISIograp^p. Whitfield was In the zenith of his popular- 1 charged the dnti.. «* i.. — Z itj, and 80 congenial to his nature was that amplkd Vlidom and u..^" °®'"' ''"»' "nex- extrrordlnary preacher's manner and doc- HILLEL the Yof.i '"**' .. trine, that he quickly adopted both, and be- title of NMiar pS^'i ^^° «>''talned the s^^mBv^ re lird trine, mat ne quicKiy aaopiea ootn, and be- came bli tealous disciple, preaching in the •treeti of Bristol, on the o.uays, or among the colllen at Klngswood-wherever, In ract, self bV"hia ffr^iri.?/ """^ ".'""?"'»''ed hlm- he could gain an audience; but resuming, formlnt th« lowut i"®?**'*' learning, re- st stated periods, the services of the London period of the^nn«n«''''i?'"' "Ru'ating the and Bristol tabernacles. In 1783 the building one of the doot«« .^""l"' *''• »« was also of Surrey Chapel was completed ; and fl-om portion of thrTlfm?..* T.*.'. «»"lbed that that time tiU his de«th. a period of 50 years, *^ - "° ®' "® Talmud r«iUA « « he continued to pass his winters in town for the purpose of officiating there. Row- land Hill occasionally illustrated the most solemn truths by observations which sa- voured more of the ludicrous than the pa- thetic—more of the grotesque than the "Bh'Sffi,Er°w\Vbo™*'r*^i?''^- painter to Queen IliSth ' A^^'' ?** theuc-more 01 .ne grotesque than the &T°que^To? R?^r"'^l«''^»='*''e"hand' .erious; yet his intentions were pure and liar/ are stin ^Itl^^'ti ^® ^"••'"» «' HU- .incere, and he was no less Indefatigable in Hliy?ow ivf'f,'"^**- ^'«^> 1619. hi! calling as a preacher than he was bene- painter hn™ «♦ tT .' "? eminent English Tolcntasaman. His writiuKs are verv n„. Tan eariy age a^ udn^^^^ He became his calling as a preacher „„„ „^„c Tolcnt as a man. His writings are very nu meroui.ono of which, entitled " Village Dia- logues," had a great run of popularity. He was not sparing of wit, humour, or sarcasm whenever he could make either subservient to his purpose, as was strikingly seen In a I satirical pamphlet against the ministers of the Established Church, which he published anonymously, under the title of "Spiritual I Characteristics, by an Old Observer " TTk Idled, in 1833, aged 88. j HILL,Vi8count, General Rowland HlLI, the second son of Sir John Hill, hart, was bom on the 11th of August, 1772; entered the army at the early age of 16; served at Toulon under Lord Mulgrave, General OHara and Sir David Dundas thrS khe whole of the Egyptian campai^, durinjr fwhich he was wounded in the head ; in Ire- and, throughout the Peninsular War, and jt Waterloo, where he most ably seconded ' the duke of Wellington. In 1628 he was ap^ "ointed commander-in-chief, and never can Jat post be flUed to greater public sitisfac" iCkZ T' ''«°«««i''J'y to the arrny In J w JI" *^'7 'jnk.'rom that of ensign lo that of general-he was remarkable for a ™r< union of daring, zeal, and prudence ind,a8 commander-in-chief at home, he wL' r„&?'''''';'°''''«''"^i«"''andin7e"! fmfor^ „r 2"' ^'"" *"" promotion of the IfJ^^ *''* ^^^' «nd for the advance- nt of the service. In the distribution of i«mmai!oneofhi«diJf'r'i'. '^ ^«'*«d- [•maste^nd .etuiaPiw'^'ff''"*''*'"™'" ^°. of Winchester, tho JUanrorlan Contro- rerty," which excited so much interest for •ome years, was occasioned by a sermon preached by Hoadly, soon after his promo- tion to the SCO of Bangor, on the words "My kingdom is not of this world." Con- Tocation was diTldcd, and the debates were io Tebemeut on the question of a synodical judgment on Hoadly's sermon, that the go- rernment interfered and stopped the pro- ceedings by prorofe'utlon. Throughout life Hoadly was an active controversialist, and bis opponents never ceased to charge him with sttemptlnfr to undermine that estab- liabment of which he was a prelate. Died 1761. There is a portrait of this prelate in me National Portrait Gallery, HOADLY, BENJAMIN, eldest son of the preceding, was physician to George II and Frederick, prince of Wales. He published lome medical and philosophical pieces but lie Is best known as the author of " The Sua piciona Husband," a comedy. Born l7ofl ' died, 1767. "™, wuo, H0AaE,81rRlCHAHDCOLT,bart.,r R 8 «nd F.8.A,, an eminent county historian aad topographer, was the eldest son of Sir Richard Hoars, the first baronet, and born In 1758 111 1818 he printed, for private circulation among his friends, his recollections of a ' Classical Tour," in 4 vols. Various ti eat- I lesonantuiuarlan and other kindred sub Jects occasionally came from his pen • but hlsgreatwork.on which he bestowed the utmost care and attention, and which en titles him to a distinguished place amonii topographical historians, is the KenHnrt Modem History of Wiltshire, which „* the nrae of h s death was not q^to comnlPte Died, aged 79, May 19, 1838. com^te .londoii, after which he went to Rome Hb mm. Died, 1792 *°^"' "^"^^de- t"l^rnlnl688,atVaVme8burf W rT ^u educated at Oxford, and in i fins hi ' "® Pntor to the son of the pah „i ^^^® became hl> whom he made a contin/nt^f :="'"'''•«' hd afterwards the advan^alp nJ^l**"""" "« Nfriendship of many of t^f ^^J" *°*=^^^y pn of his dav brifhi J^ ^ ™°** eminent Ni? ^hot were BaconTn'?* ^"»"«»«'. ^wbert of Cherbury wh?tlL.°'"'°"'^°''> <«e- endeavoured to gfvehU*.nin, ^}'^'>P^i but "cal direction He walon^p «?/!.-"" P"<'- English wrltuV. «« ""^ °' **»6 ^nt great view, have exposed him t;;"'"''"*' "''^ *" version. He concrivnH^.. "'"" anlmad- result of a comDaot'«!l„/?Tf'J*'"'">t »■ the reason for the sake «?«- ^ self-love or absolute monarchva.'^h«^- »? advocated vorument. Hi. /ri„„i^^ •""* '^°"n of go- treatlse"DeCiv?""fi,''.'jr''» "«'-"'« '>i« reputation ^li/ ^^'*'^ ^^^ ""» "dd to works of H„h■h„^ '=''n'P=eto edition of the 1839-48, u„?er the dWH^o" """]?•''* »'«''^«"« Of Sir W. Moleswor?^ a'"" ""^ "* th" cost by an unknown anisti^s^W^'J^""""' Kuffi^eth azir- f 7^'' «"•""- 1638. The place of hU?^?fi??''i^^'"' ''o™ i" death are not known h» Sf** ^^^ *'•"" of his eminent paintc ^av.?„n7"' », P"P"of the lover and'^most'dil f^? .h'..^ ""i "P '"dent The simplest ecenes'sViJi'^t'?* °' """"-e- Jects for'^hlV wo?ks wlifi . 'ii,'"'" ^.^^^ ""b- fldellty and a7Sbre e'xec'uloT aL**""'' now more highly csteempH ti.„l ' """* """e National Gallery has S,f nn*""* "'I*"- 'I'he this master, a though thVti"® "Pecimen of lish collections Mni.ho'^'*''® """y In Eng- ing in 1689. "obbema was probably u v- Kenera?^v;a8''1>^tn"\"?7erir.J ^'^"'^'' «ear Versailles, whore his' fnih^""*'"""' ostler. In 1785 he PTtPr»H fS"""®' ^" »" guishlng himself bvacf.'n?!'*"^""'^ '"•t*"- raised, in 1793 tr, thi^ '* "' bravery, ho was of the Moselle 'wherPhpH'^l?*' *" *»"> ""y the duk^ of iTrunswkk i^r""*'"* ^"^ times beaten. Mo i,T„^' ""** ^a* several f^rvfndf S^ '^'pSJ1\^- having beenTeU In' hHi^nTerof 179^ ^''^ ' tTc'eVtween" tl r'-TP^'^ "J *^«"S- 1 iTshed^a^l'JJ^'f/a^tftrn*'" ^°"°^^ ^!!!:i^^oft%;^„?AWtt^^^^^ <7:i r"^|t ii ik Iff.; k MW^- iii k en." which wan receiTcd by the learned with creat applau»e. It waa, howerer, at- ?cked7y iAm Vow.inl^ltten InS Holland the painter. They loon after settled lous that ffiairt „?*J5'"*'>'» ^e™ Incredu- In London; and from that period tlU her do- He flmwl?&,P°"" P'oduce a painter ceaieiheneverdlscontlnued writing. Among schen^ i!^f r«*!*'*?''".""^^WeIy-extendld her writings we should mention " Imily."f info no^K^!? P^l"""!? ^hat Flel Jig Jut nnvri In 4 vols. : " Beatrice." « Thn nnl„--5 Jltr" l^®*^""n» ; he brought th. „.".E"? copiei 01 ine worn ^„. landscape painter, his favourite subjects were Quiet pleasing scenes on our rivers and lakes, which he succeeded in delineating wita mucli truth, simplicity, and feeling. He was a member of the Society of British .irtijts. He was a great lover of angling and published, in 1839, a work entitled " The British Angler's Manual." Died, 1843 HOGARTH, William, head of the Brit- ish School of oil-r 'inting, was bom at Lon- don, in 1697. As he had a good eye and a fondnei! for drawing, his father, then a cor- rector of the press, apprenticed him to Ellis Gamble, a silversmith in Cranbome Alley where he learnt to engrave crests on silver , plates. AiUie end of his apprenticeship In 1718, he studied drawing, it Is said, under Sir James Thomhili, and began to engrave Jon copper for the booksellers. The first of Ijiis original engravings which brought him ■Into notice were his illustrations to" Hudl- Ibras," which appeared in 1726. Four years Ihterhe married Jane, only daughter of Sir ■Jamei Thomhili, without her father's con- ■lent. He appUed himself for a time to por- PUntinir. and afti^rnrnrHa tn v.:..t„i<-.i I i~-'^B) "uj lu nua lie lauea. He t »orked in that peculiar style which he f "gmated, and in which he stands alone, as fctern moraUst, satirist, and humorist. Hia brincipal works are the three series of pic- Bares entiUed respectively " The Harlot's progress," 1734;/' The Rake's Progress.' xuiiiye or Hcotland, was born Jan 25 i7«o mrhrbL"o^eTup"itXs ^i\i\£Fi/^-^^ cestors "time out of mind "w. .''/., \''' "l"- noticed by Sir Wait..r b«„.? / "^O'tune to.be some of his poetical efffrt.^ ^T"?" ^ad seen him to attempt sometWnllv'^*'''''* *"«*•«>«<> character! ?LSu?eV«n'".?'^^'^^'^"«'> Sheep." which w?r?or him thl^t'lf''. "^ aTe^d Jo^t^ s"ulfcro^,!tf ^^^^^^^^^ he had shortinelwe DuWlih^T «' »"»»«<»8 title of " The^Mountaln bI^V ',e"d" h,y t^ hope for future fame and proflt w« .„*" afterwards produced his '•Por«.r«r®.'°''° Jtooa, tba. hi. nam, ,„.tMli af.fS." Bie National Qallery. Among"hl8"o«.tr fit v^lr'^^ ?.^^^^ <^"*'"^8 to Finchley." Eli p'""*' '? *■<»"• scenes, "Modern Vidnlghtconversation," " Strolling Actress" Un2o«l * r*'^*'. °' himself ind Cap. fcm. .u;,"' He.acquired wealth as well as m »oj. dlitucita, mi dtcidedlV oS been struck with the cures whlcM^"i .Itll? "' '" >Te^f ,^„Vrrj_M-«?; MiclieTby' ^EEE^S^^^S^ m liii HOIl] % Mtio OtnibUiBal 19iograpf)s. WBi induced to hBTe n-couiso to ilmllar mcani; »nd haTlng hoBlcd goino nerroui paticnU, ho wm •oon lurroundod bjr a hoit of li»TaHdi.e«g6r to tett the spiritual powori of one whoin ftime had been noUed abroad n» havlDtt I'ffi'ctPd curi'i which had baffled all ordinary im-dlcol §11111. A« In most similar cases, rumour was far In advance of the truth ; but the princtf was the dupe of his own credulity ; and It was not until a tho- rouah exposure of the whole proceedings waiittlvon to the world by the hurgomnstcr of Hnniborg. that he abandoned his supcr- naturiU pretensions. Ho wrote several tracts and sermons, and died at Grosswara- ''';iI,HEKO, LOUIB, llaron of, s popolu Danish poet, dramatist, and ralicelWuui writer, was born at Uergon, In NoririT, In 1684. His father had raUed hlmieir, b; a bold achievement, from the ranki to tli« otUce of colonel, but took little cire In forming the mind and character of hit son, who struggled with great dlfflcultiei in acquiring learning. By rcadinR the ac- counts of travellers, ho became deairoui of visiting other countries; and though itralt cned In circumstances, ho travelled in Eng land, Holland, France, and Italy ; and, on hli return to his native country, ralaed himHf to famo, fortune, and rank, by hit literary talents. He laid tho foundation of hit fame by a comlc-herolo poem, or national utirt, called " Peder Paurs." He alio wrote nu- i n.eroui dramas, .romances, fablet, indepi-l grams,all of which abound with wlt,bumour, i and originality. His other worki coniiit of \ "Tho Subterraneous Travels of Nlcholaij Kllmm," an" Universal History," "Paiallfl Lives of Illustrious Men and Women, " i " History of Denmark," &o. Died, I'M. HOLCROFr,TuOHA8,dramatl>t,noveliit, and miscellaneous writer, was tbe ion of a London tradesman, and born in 1744. Heit first followed his father's trade (that of i shoemaker) , then became an actor, and flnil- ly directed his talents to literary purtuiti. Ho produced more than thirty dramatic pieces, several of which were sueceaaful, aad among these, the " lload to Kuln." Ontlii breaking out of the French revolution, Hol- croft rendered himself obnoxiouii as a atrent. ous supporter of liberal principlea, and to accused of high treason In 1794 ; on whld he surrendered himself; but, owing to W companions. Hardy, Home Tooke.andTlid- wall, being acquitted, he was not brought to trial. Among his productions arc,' ATom in Germany and France," several dotcU, and numerous translations from tboGemiu and French. Died, 1809. HOLDER, WILLIAM, a clergyman of tw church of England, noted as the inventor « improver of a mode of i"? ''""ing tie d»^ and dumb. He was a fellow of the B^jJ Society, canon of St Paul's, and suhdeu of the chapel royal. t)ied. 1696. HOLDSWOllTH, E»WARD, an e^RUl writer, was born in 1688, at North 8W«^ hnm, in Hampshire, of ^"^,5 pan* Jw father was rector. He was tl^e »u'to J " Musclpula," B Latin Poem, wrUtM^^'";; classical purity ; also oi a ua»€..- --* hol] titled " Phanalla anU I'hilippi, or ttie Two I'hIlippI in Virgll'i Oeorglci ojcplnlnad " Died, 1748. HOLINSHBD, or H0LIN08HED, HA PHAKL, an ..igllih chroniclor of tho Ell. itbcthan nge. Ho It taid to hare been descended trom ■ rcipoctable family In Cho- ihlrej and from hli own will it appeart that In tho latter port of hit lire ho was a •ttword to Thomaa fiurdet, Eiq., of Brom- cote, Warwickihlro. The "Ohronlcloa of UollDihod" were first publiahod in 1877- ind prefixed to thorn li one of the moit riiriouiand intereitinff momorlala exiatlnir of the nmnnera and domcttio hiatory of tho Eodlihln the 16th ccnturr. niAdahnu* imm ^Inco t^he doath".". tI'^?";?".. oould Ul liio iimiuici' aiiu uuilivatiu nil... . „, j,,, Eonllih In the 16th ccnturr- Died about lAHo HOLKAR, JKSWUNT KAo, a Mahratta chief, who for a long; timo woa a formidable mmv tn thn Kiivllafi In Tn«ll» j . cniri, wiiu lur ■ iuiik iimo woi a formidable onemy to tho Kn(fll»h in India, and waa iblo to bring into the field an army of 100,000 men, half of whom wore cavalry Being, however, engaged In frequent cou-' IMU with other native princes, at well at with tho English, his power wos very much reduced, and his tcrrltorlet diminlihcd In 190J he surrendered all hit maritime nro »liicesi but the insurrection of the Pindar reel, In 1807, induced him again to make war on the English ; when the defection of hia sllj, the Pelshwa, deranged hit operntlona and he was ultimately deprived of two- thirds of his dominions. Died, 1811 HOLUND, first Lord. [FOX. h'en&t 1 HOLUND, HENRT RICHARD VASsaI I^rd, was the only son of Stephen, second »Z^ «»"»'"'•«'''« "rother of the lUght ' 1773. H/s father and mother dying while ho IV "", '"^t""^' '•""="« of him devolved on hl» uncle, the earl of Upper Ossory who pbcpd lum at 2ton, where he remii^ed (SbontSycars, and ther. nntered ns a nohl» Ijna^at Christchurch, )xford U quit- y the university, ho visited Dennfark .France, and Switzerland : and yratltv.,,: .bout the time when Uuf* xv? accfD,ed ,^ycareer, w\rhcomScfdi f f^g'i'rf *■ p?o^x'rerp'o"rr.?^,"o?ti^er^- ^i an assertor of popular rilh.«^" ^ ' •Jt«««ive sense of tZ term Whl"VJf* ^Wg party came into powe™k IMO h„ k''*' imea cab met minut^, ", .^"> "® be- 'NuchyofLanMs er 't?** chancellor of wdemn the uhrn iih ,^''0UKli some may Sf wa, ySld^So c'an wi?hh^fH '/ ^*'«=^ •>« praise of being an urh^i« "'I/'"™ »»'"» '.!»i^.BuraX?Sl„«?/„!?-,.ect, Z1!I1!L^'*^ Hoilan-d,Vho*dled; i boatt. Binco the death of i^TI?",, "«"'- Tolumeofhls"Forcl«,R«,„i:?i"* "o"'»n<» » been published, and Iiiih."'.?';*."'-'"" »»• the Whig I'arty. ° ** *•'' Mcmclra of HOLLAND, liitviiv « T- J wnt born about k/J""' ?,J'°"«^on architect, I>ne Theatre, bum down in ^HrSi^'l^ H'"'// Houte.and for Oooifco I V Jk^' "*? ^"*"» Wales, the Pavilion ntUriirC"" ?!'"«=« »' afterwards altered b^fii?.'..*!"" ''"• beautiful work waa ihlr.A.i "*-'*'• ""ott clatslcs, was born «f nLl ®'' •"«* ^^atln He studied at the «nL«u"'''°'"'* '" >««! andAmmlanu.M„ce,Hnu, iuL «««onHANUH,an Inj*. nious English gentleman, who wai(OTemor of Bengal, and one of the persons coniM In the Black Hole at Calcutta in 17M, of which event he published a oarratiTe. He wrote several pieces on Indian aflkin, nd died In 1798. HOLYOAKE, FBANCI9, a learned lexico- grapher, was bom in Warwickshire iboit 1967, and died . 16S3. His " Etymolofloi Dictionaryof Latin Words "wasflritprlated in 1606.— His son Thomas was doctor 1b di- vinity, and died In 1675. During the cirll wars he commanded a troop of hone is tin king's service, although in holy orden,ud on uie failure of the royal cbuie hepractiied medicine ; but at the Restoration herenoed his ecclesiastical functions and obulied church preferment. He enlarged hli father'i dictionary, which was republished In 1«"7. HOLYOKE, EDWARD AVOV8ITJ9, U American physician, bom in Ewex comtj, Massachusetts, In 1728. He graduated it Harvard College, and in 1749 began topnc tise at Salem ; was upwards of 100 yean oM when he died, yet it Is said he was neTerta his life so far as 50 miles from the ipotwhen he was born. He was temperate, cheerful, and active : always took "a due proportion of sleep ; " and. In the practice of his profa- sion, did not indulge in rid'ng till he wmM years of age. Even after he had attamd his lOOth year he took interest In the Inw tigatlon of medical subjects, and wrote let- ters which show that his undmtandlnjwu still clear andstrong. DrHolyokewaiapoJ anatomist, was versed in natural phllw- phy and astronomy, and rmmrmM hif, meteorological observations dally ww years. Died, 1829. „, ./w HOLZER, JOHANN EVANOBLIST.lOff; milk painter', was a native «( rte.W* was born in 1709. He «PP"e<',j'S* ft-esco-painting, and had a conaidenWe » putation before he was twenty 7*^^"^ He spent some years »» ^^fSf^ painted many frescoes on theouMidei * he .sea in that city, "o^ j'°«'^''<2^S prints. In 1737 he executed the freKW a the church of the Benedictine rooMWjn 8cUwarzach,near Wnrzburg.aDdthe««^ 1.1- o».lQf norfnrmance. Th«7 "*" "" allowed to hll Into decay. Died at Clemens- werth, wbither lie bad goae to paint In the lconTfDt,lnl740. HOMK, Sir BTKRABD, t>«rt., an eminent luriron, wat the son of Bobert Home, Esq., of Orttnlaw Oaatle, In the county of Ber- wick; and was trained under hla brother-ln- liw, the celebrated John Hunter. For more thin 40 yean he praotlied with great auc- c«ii in Lor.don ; and during that time he produr^J numeroua medical work*, held In high itpute. He was sergeant-surgeon to the ki if, surgeon to Chelsea Hospital, vice- iM«ntof the Roral ISocletr. nrosidnnt n< m iar hrkrn in 41ia vaa« inn, zici^ni, 4JVIU Aft.A«tiiio, a oi:uiiisu Judge and eminent writer, born in the year nw. He was Instructed in the ancient and iDDo. at w« iii*iruuvcu in luo uncieni ana modern languages by a private tutor, and irterwardi studied the civil and Scots' law in the unirenity of Edinburgh. Mr Home 'a lucceu at the bar <"o' the once popular fa''j°V^l''«""''" '^" "ora near An- X'.^k""?*''!""' *" "^^' «nd educated (» .nf.'5!f?V *•?* ^° *•"= rebellion of 1745, *« '«e«d Into the royal army, and wm Ki!2T*"'' *•'«"'*"'« of Falkirk. He i«ontriTed, however, to make his escppe, and S,r,' °S^^'"'^ •»" ""'""ter of Athel- weford, in East Lothian. His tragedv of *M ti,.*''?..""""'' olTenceto the presbytery m re.i^n'iTH' ^.'T°'<* ecclesiastic^ cen- KK*1," "^*,"»' «»'' «V" after ap- Fc MOMtitinn T^'^ dJwpPointed the pub- k^.^»»^i''-««:"'*^»a«ne. or shadow of " " '"°"«^oaiatiiefiiogra|ilcal V?y »"•«»>•'<« to It ilnce the days 'fHerS^ mere IS simply no evidenco at >■■ /«, .i «o'r„T A"""- '^""* "o'«or w "• the gr'/ntm th^i^LP'Tt"""^ of the ancient world that ho lived about the 8th century b c and rte3"for '?h« ?"'" ' ♦"»» •eve7cUie.'S?s- puieu for the honour of beln» hi. ki,.i. place; that he was blind and poor and win; ••l'iraV.^an'!l?hi'i^!S"''''r''-°^^ iiiaa andthe Odyssey "wfrohlnwnrv.. •uch are the main items of The armo« unl' ' vcrsal and unquestioned belief rMDectin,; ^ mode™ criucUm" h7, Toro^fyratf ^S^ doubt"! a^nd""."".*?"""- To^um .!p\l doubta and denial on the matter in onn wo.d--No one knows even so much as ?ht HoLer '"'Th^^T.T °/ e «'"»» Po'et nimed ki- ^' J'^^ '""^ and the Odyssev are fact, beyond tloubt; their high antiquity the ? later poetic inspiration, but even of th« popular religious faith ot the Greeks and their incalculable itiluence on nil sibse aVo^t 1 tjsrature. are also unquestionable inpl,"/ '"^ authorship of these woXfui poems we can only confess, like 8ocrat.'H of vaster problems, that " we nothCg know ever^V.t»h,r^ ^/"T "°»»''»«" Itf.,how thfiliad ?.'^'^'* ^^ '"<"'* criticism that tne Zllad is not ont poem ; that the Kround- nn'^ of the Iliad is the skme as that of the tote/V.""?*^^* ""^ '«'« of each is at bot- ^ i'^'^iJfi T'*** *•"»* of the Volsunga Saga ?h«f S ^v^'"^'""* «<»"^' "» well as whh that of the greatest eastern epics. [For an admrable account of the recent researches Which thi^h-'*''', *.'"* '^^ conclusions to t^e " tI^p^ ^'^M "" *^^ Introduction to Re. J*w Cox m''a%""*'^ '^•■«°l'" "y the jtttv. w. yv. Lox, M. A.J Among the numer- ous English translations of Homer we must SrCh'^omVn"'/?*,""'* ^"J' «pirited7e«lon Ponn l?^«?,?»'"^'y republished; those by hio-l " ''®'°*° ■'^"^' and by Cowper in b ank verse ; and, recently, the Iliad IS biank verse by the earl of Derby, and in the same metre by Wright; the Odyssey In blank verse, by Musgrave; the Iliad and the ^^P^yjj^ /Spenserian verse, byWorslev- of "Ih^ M"?'* *^ hexameters, {.y Dart "one of the best modern translations is the Ger- man in hexameter verse, by Voss. Amonir recent work, on these poems are M^Glad? A^^^ " ^^^'^^^^ "'* Homer and the Homeric Age.-andMrMatihew Arnold's "Lec^rcs on translating Homer." A work bv Pro feasor Blackie is forthcoming. (Dec 1866 1 HONDEKOETER, Giles* OTsiRECHT his son; and Mklchior. his erandsm, • l^:?!''""'^ artists of fhe leVInd inh S^^I'V Melchior, who was by far the rathVr:-iidifierw^iriil-"S?a^k^ 479 ij * "^J I HON] % i^etD atnibcrnal 18(ograp!)P. [lOO UnptLta Wccnlx. Ho P-'*'? «f domeiUc 7owU. I>led at Utrecht, ISOS- The National OullorT pomiciiiot one of "'•,''""• „.,„,.- "o SoA :.";.; TZL^ wa. one of the flrttmember. o/the Uoyal Academy. Died. "hone. WirUAM. ^o""""*' •?"',"*i'?,t i.naniiii writer. wBi born at Hath in I77«. Hrwn. brought up to the law. but aban- doned It and Mtablfihed htmielf an a book- .eUor In London. He ttruggled on through dlfflcu tie. and failure., and about 1812 began ri write for pcrlodleaU. In 1817 he became con.DCUOu.a.the publl.hor of a .erle. of pa"d e"jn .omo of which .uch Irreverent Srwa. made of the liturgy, that the govern^ mont felt bound to pro.ecuto him. »« y" tried on three charge., and defended hlm- .elf for three day. with considerable ability and with equal courageandtcmpcr ; and.a. the government of that day was In 111 odour with that large party In whom the reforming .plrlt wa. rife. a verdict wa. returned lu hi. fivour Ho .ub«cquently had a largo .urn Srlbed for him. a. a " per.ecutcd but triumphant champion of the pre... and entered buslnes. again a. a book.ellcr. in. publication, now were of a far moia u.efu iharacter ; .uch a. the " Every-Day Book," " Table Book," &c. He wa., however, .o unfortunate lnbu.lne..,that ho wa. arre.ted for debt, and remained in prison for some «me Through the kindnes. of Mr Tegg and other friend, he was rcleaaed, and enabled to open the Ora8.hoppcr coffee-house, where he edited the " Ycar-Book." This bu.lne... however, did not succeed, and Mr Hone agaUi became Involved. Belngled to attend the ministry of Mr Blnney at the Weigh House, hi. character became changed and the neV rcligiou. connection rcsulte* »« |^'» becoming subeditor of the Patriot ; thl.post hlcHued to hold tin his death, which took place in November, 1842. HONORIUS. FLAVIV8. emperor of the Wct.the son of Theodo.lus, was born at Constantinople In 384; succeeded to the Uirone In 395, his brother Arcadlus being emperor of the East. The real POwer w„ in the hands of the great general Stllicho during the minority of Honorlu., and he ob- tained several victories over the Goths when they invaded Italy. Honorlus had his Tourt fl«t a\ Milan.Sut ultimately at Ravenna. In 408 Stlllcho was charged with Son and put to death. Soon after Alar u Renewed Ws invasion, and besieged and took Rome. Honorius died at Ravenna, after an Inglorious reign.ln the 39th year of hi. age, ^HONORIUS III., Pope, was raised to the papal chair on the death of Innocent III. in 1216. Immediately on hi. election, he wrote to Johir .^f BTlenne, king of Jerusalem, to assure bi-o. . ' -l-i support ; and to the era^ peror of Cc.ist ntlnople, to promise him i««i.t* •' I .• ••'v«t tl>^ -.chlsmatlcs. In 1217 he cro, sitaJ ctet rt Courtenay emperor of the Ell";, istttt, three years afterwards, Frederick :CT.euip2ror 01 ihc ttcsi. "Of"""- confirmed the order of St Dominic in the first year of hi. pontificate, and wh i f ealou. .upportor of the crusade iKilnittki Alblgenscs. Ho alto obliged I.oultof Vnaft to renounce hi. protcn.lon. to the Enillih throne, and reconciled the baror.i will. Henry III- l"e
  • nln on any but the wor^i;;.'^ i ^'Siil'both admire aua eiwciu =.- - _>. —111. 1...- _.<1.TI I :■ ■* when, with true pathoi, ho Hxct the atten- tion of the reader, and commanda the bent ifmpaihiM of our nature, br hli aorloua ifmpalhiM of our nature, br hli aorloua p.H-m«, and enpeclally hy conipoaltlona lo •Implc, eloquent, and forceful aa "TheHon» of the Hhlrt." " HI. higher h-tmour." aa« » ((pnlal critic, "U alone and unparaironed II nprcr tattei bitter In the mouth oft" r tho .fnjoyment. Toua tho brlKhtcat Kema of hia I humour leem trembling Into tears. Abo»« I nil, 'here la tho clcamcaa of n good con iKlcnce, the purcnew of a high heart th« lironia of a rnont nweet nature." Few cJ.ul.i IknowdurInK Hood illfe how hard o atruirff ^ Ihe had, whut »orro»» lay behind tho ylalblo l**''i';',1"' K^Z ''«'-?'c'«l'y he mot ond con Iqwrediill. A beautiful c uraKO and cora- ■posure WM not wautlnfe to him in tho lomr ■w».ting lllneri vhlth pretodcU hla death ■A oompleto edii.an oi Jiia Worka (oxceni I'llood.own")!,.. b-.n publl.hed W,' ion ;w>a" Memorials uf hia Hfo hayoan P^^'-^i'gJjW.daughter. ^ornJm»] ".'"'.V.^'^.^''"' CORNELISZ, a Dutch iiM?'' mVJ"!;''"" ^"^ «* Amrterdam I IMl. HI, father was burgomaeter ami lie Dutch Cato. Pleter waa educated at ^ din, and In Ifl98, vUlted Prance and H- «'«"""« to Amsterdam afJor an IbMDco of lome ycara. The chAtcau of Tjulden, near Amiterdara. wna hl« nri^^i . hldenccand he there enjoyed tho St'v' !• proM works are " I ifn nf iS Among C«terdam ; Zto levern^"'!. '«"'" «» » latin language • and n L^r,? i'"*""" 1" > in 1M7 'hu ^m"-?', " D^tch poet. F'arcl^'S'is m""?f /';™ham thS >'indu.tt"and llZtt ^'""P""'^' <>' fP'uauctlonsamounfto •Sn'* ^v^'"""^- pPlete works, many of ih^ T^^ *'"'« "0 i h'ful; he ihosJff„''^*'^^"e highly hm'. Died 1827 w"*"'"P^a'-d8 of h «ev. Dr Hook h«® ''?'' ^^^ father F^anda„ ab e&Vrv J/l°'"P"''''''i I?" "Ifcated at Weotm?„'*^ «^"'«"' [St Mary Haj, n-Zrt "?'""" School ■•-^^o^aburyandsTln'^'evs; 'n Hertfordshire whi^h ■ ,. • Phangod for that *f Wh.'" .''^''"■'*""«« «- I»le of Wight ;,i.?.i'j'PP'"»''""'. 'n the [n Wlnche.leJea'^^^X'aM,' ,C^"'"" *"'«' »rMiddl.,ton.a.iirnh,i„ ' ^'*1'^ • •"cw<'ded In 1814: and a™^^^"') "'"""''"«''«>". •lu wrote euily in lif. 1'" ''•"'""a*, which "Angul. In ii„b« •'"'«r?'L'"'*"'''" '« *'"« O'ergy." which ho InKHK,,!^;''.?'?'''' «««» >'er •ense of hi. country ••jw^".""' •"''«' PUMed Dr Hook n. « „„i "T Y*""®" "ur- tlcal paniphi, eer At SnT'""' "«• • PoU- unflinching cast^gator of th""" 'l" *" '"o 'Joctrine. Sf a rcyo SMon.«";* T'"' "»»'«<«' «omo of tho moat ..^1!..? ^*'""'«»'cyi and appeared durl^g"?ho'-^"',f T" P'"»'P'"«tV that archlcal princiDlea ^wii" J^PPO't of mon- J>lm. Died, iSaS""' <"'««» thofr origin To celebrared noyeHs'll'!, f "^*"»' ^8 A., a more celebrated 'f","^, IT/""*''""' »""« " a mimic and an imV7 i""' ^^' Powcra youngest •on of Ja.n^rH'''i!'"'L*' »«• tho composer, and broker o?"?hA 'iJ" P^P"'"' Hook, dean of Worcester w. "*^- '''""«• I^ndon. in 1788 nnVi.; "" ^«» horn In at Harrow. Ki^'i'^^'^d hi" odueatio" Keniu. ,„ youth loTppZn^'as'jhir"""' ?' tho case of Theodore Hooit Aril ?'"" *" duced hla first drama °Th„ «*.'.? ''o P'o turn," which w». .'„ f/^" "^o'lHor'a lle- "Catchhlmwhoc" '"'"^I'il ,'"«r««» "y no Murder," am; othG;on»f^?.«""' ^"'^ng all of whiJh were succewfu, ,?|,««««'nc«rlf host of piquant orticlerinfh«HT',^''*' * jfazino and other uerio.f-'-i- '^" •"»' hoforo ho reached hlSh"'"'^'^^'"'' hit off tlon as a nian of r«,» '** ^'^"- "'» "putn- gant man"ne?s°anrp"rreX''^'"''"'»'«'«- talents. belnir fiiii» P'''-^ni'nent conylvlal we'come guc^at »hnr P^''''"f«''' »»« ^aa a good-humfuTwc7oteU?''ir„',Yi'',"»<» macy with many dianniVH*!' f"4. his Intl- waa tho result of It /■? nl^K characters was appointed to the offlct^ ,.?*•„":' '"=^' »>« general and trea«nr«- „#'..' "•'coununt- whlch ho held f!n i'„K *" *•*« Mauritius. was discovered thit Jh'"""''' ^"^8' ''''hen it In the military chest o5'„V''f'i..*'*"''='c'«'y were seized and soVn^.d hf?' ^^ ''^'ccta considerablo time an 'in^»»*'^ became for a Dench. His iit^rn?^i "k"""° "^ 'he King's solace '^nflnllZVMJ'^^S^r'''^^''' ^Is with his lucriasW nnn.,? "^''^ ^'^P^ pace famcasadrSst J"^w'/^: and *<» his success as a noycll« ' th^ 1° *•? "'''•ed his f^ayingg and Do IfiL ..^''*' *"* •cries of Other novels aa "*t,.1''?.P^*'«<^ !»» 1824. Deaths, and M'a^riages " " OiK A' ^'«'»». *c.. followed at short H«, whTch for no Jodr a. time dUtlnguUhed that ^n^-J-.H l^^'X^l the laat few years of his lifo no wws the cdlto? of t^o NOW Monthly Magazine. Of the numoroiis works of this ready writer, "trlUinKand popular at they woro n tbolr S.th?roaropr^obahly none that w^^ thJ test of tiuio. Died, Aug. 24, 1841. Ihe I Ifo of Theodore Hook hns been wrllton by II H. 1). Harham. Hit ponrnU. by Eddls, is in the Nationu". Vortruii Gallo.y. IIOOKM. NATHAN IKL. Of this aU hor, whoso chief celebrity arose from hit llo- inan History fiom the building o' Kome ^o tlio ruin uf the Commonwealth," very little isL own. It nppeiirs that he was a tealout Catholic, and bus been censured for taking a iirii'st to con;. 4 I'opc, the poet.pn hit lUtithbod. Uetl hfs Roman History, which was once uhicemed but is now ncg- l.-cted and superseded, be wrote Observa- tions on the Uoman Wonttt?," tra.islated from tho Vrench. Kamsay's "Life of l«n«- lon," and his " Travels of Cyrus," and re- ceived f6000 from Harab, duchess of Marl- borough, for asslHtiug her in the Memoirs of herXife. Died, 1764. His portrait, by Dand- riilRe, has been presented to the National Collection. ,, ^ ^, nooKFi, RouKHT, an English mathema- tician and natural philosopher, was born at Fic8hr.atcr, In the Islo of Wight, In 1035. Ho was educated at Westminster and Ox- ford ; and early displayed a mechonical genius and an extraordinary talent for drawing. In 1G64 ho became professor of me- chanics to tho Koyttl Society, and Gresham professor of geometry. In 1665 appeared bis " Micrographia ; " and In 1666 he pro- Juood a plan for rebuililing London, which, though approved, was not adopted. Hooko, however, was appointed one of tho city surveyors, by which he roali/ed a hand- 8oi\io fortune. His scientific and mechan- iciil inventions and discoveries were nu- merous and valuable ; but he was a man of an unnmiablo disposition, and continually onaaged in acrimonious controversies with his fellow-philosophers. He had a violent dispute wlthaievelius, upon the preference of telescopic to plain sight ; he hud after- wards a dispute with Oldenburg, on the in- vcutlon of the mainspring for watches ; and ho endeavoured also to set up n claim to Newton's theory of gravitation. Hooko was chosen perpetual secretary to the Hoyal Soiictv, on the death of Oldenburg, in 1077. Died, i70.3. HOOKER, JOHN, a learned antiquary, was born at Exeter, in 1624. He was edu- cated at Oxford, and became a member of parliament for his native town, in 1571. He wrote a " Description of Exeter," a work on the custom of keeping the Parliaments of England, nnd edited and enlarged Ho- lingsheds Chronicle " Died, 1601. HOOKER, lliCHAun, a very eminent Church of England divine, was a native of Devonshire, and was born in 1654. Through the friendly odicea of J«»Uop Jowcl, ho was sent to study at Oxford, where, in 1677, he graduatcdM.A ..andbecamefellowof Corpua 483 Chrltti College. 1 ) took orders about Uji and toon after n.iinrled Joan Churchmu' who brought him no beauty, nor monejr.iiiii' peace. After holding some minvr pnfti. monts ho wat named Master of the Ttmipii in 1885. Tho controversy In which h«w« there invalved vlth the I'urlUn, miw Travert, It said to have ocor.iionea the fn- Jeot of his gf'jat work, •' The Lawi of Et cleslastical Polity." For qulotnoii an leisure In Its composition, he removed t« Boscombo, In "Wiltthlro, In IfSl, wbintt four years after be rrent to BiitiopibounH, iu Kent, and ho sought no higher prefer- invnt. Eour books of hit " ^ccletiiuiifii ment. Eour books of hit " licclosiMiiai Polity " were published In 1884, a flfihii 16i>7, and t'^e last three after his death, In profound >,Alloiophleal groundivorkiiUTui learning, and dignity anu cloqttcnceofitjle, iiAVu given it a place among tho mutet- plecet of English prose literature. Hooltr died at lUshoptbournc, November 3, 1(W, Izaak 'Wv^ton't charming Lifo of Uooluiii well known. HOOKER, Sir ^;ILLIAM JACKSON, »dih tinguished botanist, di-ector of the Itojili Gardens at Kew, was born at Norwick,iil 178S. He early devoted himself tn theitud; of natnre, and soon chose botany (or hi!. special pursuit, lletwecn 1806-1814 he nile extensive travels for the purpose of collect ing plants, and became tho friend and cot-, respondent of the most enxinent mei ii\ science of his day. After live years' wi ' deuce at Haletworth, in Suffolli, where ki began to form his splendid herbarluiD,b| removed, in 1820, to Glasgow, whereheipeil' twenty years as Keglus profcuorof botuj, continuing at the same time hli lileniji labours. He was knighted by King Willlu IV. in 1836, and five years laterffM iK pointed Direotorof the KcwOardeni, lidt, his management the Gardens hate mm greatly extended, three museums liatebeai established with a magnificent hetbariu and botanical libraries ; so thatitiiM* unrivalled by any establishment of the iiu in the world. His botanical works are tb! numerous and of standard authority Ab* them are his " Tour in Iceland," M«s«f! gla llritannica," " Plora Scotica," H^i Vlora," "British Flora," and "Icobm cum," the last published inconjuuc ioa»a| Dr Grevillc. He was editor of the » fanicttl Liscellany " from Wi8-183 ; ;^«] of tho " Journal of Botany.' and co;W«| of the " Annals and MaRuzine ono\}"T»i lady of great accomplishments, wao-n vlves him. His dlstinguialied m,mw^ who was assistant-director has sa his father as director of the Ke*«' Sir W. J. Hooker died at Keff, m a '1lb0LE,J0nN,dramticp«eU;^r later, was born in 1727. «« HoV two yearta clerk in ^t^« ^"f^^JP J ._j 1.I0 injoirn hours to UKnu; f , ^arric'iliariyjolh; study of the^^^^^ guage, tho flrults of which «PP«" iLJ'1'" Iiiooj of horsemen ndvanrlS ^' """^ *'»»«» a partv w«» tow that tho^oreon". i^J' •''^"'"loi be Mtno rerornicM he had to leayo hi. own "'''^*'" »«> »avo him kinntry, and hep»i.scd several vp ir« «» »T" ^"^ «o'<> that tho ««.- tntincnt. At the acceMl„rof S?5 vr" ^' P"'*"-'? on pardon".;,- uV" "•"»« the li.t h returned, and after a few ycn« Z./^ ^/- *"« obiorved " f ",,,'' ^'^ ''''" 5 Upon wh !.ir Ko'Woucester.to whl" 1,1"».'»1''9 Mono anvth.'n. '.^^^./^ot kno^ that u3 lontincnt. At tne accession of mwatd v'r" I ^' P'°*crl pti on pard'on"-!!" r."" "••««« tho'lfit »<'Be i ^^Mlejie jvas rapidly risi gg in fhethuShJ " H ' hob] % i^to ®n(ber»al ISiogtapt)^, and opposing Dr Priestley, the great cham- pion ofUnitarlanism, by hi» «»«°l98'C'a M- gutnents, he was not neglectful of science. In 1784 he published au edition of Newton s works in 6 vols. 4to ; and from 1773 till the election of Sir Jos. ph Banks, he was secre- tary of the Royal Society ; when, deeming the diBHilF of tuc Society lessened by the choice of a man wko was ignorant of the higher sciences, he res;(?ned his office. He was the uncompromising advocate of any cause he espoused, an open tnemy to innova- tion in church and state,profoundly learned, and an eloquent preacher His writings were numerous and importaiit, in theology, In science, and in classical Uterature. Died, IRHft HORTENSTUS, QuiNTUi?, a celebrated Roman orator, bom B. c. 114, who, UU his great rival Cicero bore away the palm, eclipsed all others by the grace and splen- dour of his eloquence. He was elegant in his style, and acute in the conception and distribution of his matter. He held many civil and military offices ; was made consul 69 B. c. ; was Cicero's colleague as augur ; and died Immensely rich, B.C. 50. His works are unfortunately lost.— His daughter Hortensia Inherited his eloquence, and when the Roman women were required to render on oath an account of their property, she pleaded the cause of her sex with such force, that the decree was annulled. HOT.SPUR. [PERCY, HENRY.] HOTTINOER, .TOHANN HEINRICH, a learned oriental scholar, born at Zurich, in 1620. He displayed such a propensity for, and made such progress in, the ancient lan- guages, that he was sent to foreign univers- ities at the public expense. He went to Geneva, Oottlngen, and Leyden ; visited England ; and returned to his native conn- try, enriched with vast stores of knowledge. In 1642 he was appointed professor of eccle- siastical history in his native city ; and by his teaching and writings contributed greatly to promote the study of oriental Uterature. He endeavoured, especially, to obtiin accurate information concerning the state of the eastern churches ; and by his knowledge of oriental history and archaeo- logy, he was enabled to throw considerable light on the history of the Jews, Moham- medans, &c. In 1668 he accompanied his patron, the elector of Heidelberg, to the diet at Frankfort, where he formed an acquaint- ance with the famous orientalist, Job Lu- dolph ; and In 1661 he finally returned to Zurich, laden with honours. In 1CG7, while preparing for a visit to the university of Leyden, in compliance with repeated invita- tions, he was accidentally drowned with three of his children, by the upsetting of a boat, in the neighbourhood of Zurich. His works are a " Hlstoria Orientalis, ex varlls monumentis coUecta," a Lexicon of seven oriental languages, a catalogue of oriental HOTTINGER, JOHANN JACOB, Son of the preceding, was bom at Zurich, In 1852, at which place he became professor of theology ; and died in 1735. His piiiicipai work is an "Ecclesiastical History of Switzerland."— Another professor at Zurich, of ths same 486 [hoc name, known by his editions of the cluiia I was born in 1760, and died in 1819. Hein, an acute critic and elegant scholar . aoou bis best works is an " Essav tnwnrH> . r." I Essay towards iCar ; parison of the German with the Greek ul Roman Poets." j HOTZE, General, an officer in the Au-I trian service, was by birth a Swise. In i:))l he served In the army as a colonel of cuim-j siers ; was promoted to the raBko(siinj«.I general In the following year ; and coii'Jiii«j| to serve in the army of the Rhine forieTenll succeeding years. In 1795 he wsu nudt || lieutenant-fleld-marshal ; in Auguit, Ks;! he assisted in gaining the battle of NeiJ marck ; and a few days afterwards dispUySl great talents and activity in the field i\ "Wurtiburg. In 1799 he had the commuil of the left wing of the Archduke Cbuietll army J and by effecting the passage ofthtl Rhine above the lake of Constance, and b; I his obstinate contests with the Freocb,lit| greatly contributed to the future sBcceuill the archduke. He was killed near Kaltei-I brunn, Sept. 25, 1799. HOUBIGANT, CHARLES FEAX{0IS, i learned French ecclesiastic, who diitit-l guished himself by the publication of an ei- 1 cellent edition of ths Hebrew BibI;, withi I Latin version and notes, in 4 vols, folio, li f He died at the advanced age of 98,itti;e3. HOUBRAKEN, Aenoli), a Dutch painty j bom at; Dort, in 1660, He wasamhorn " Lives of Flen?isli Painters," in3Tol8.,wilj portraits etched by his son. Ht liveddiitlf J at Amsterdam, and died there in ITID. j HOUBRAKEN, JACOB, a distingnuWi Dutch engraver, son of the preceding, nil born at Dort, in 1698. Before he wasttfa?:} years of age he executed the admirable et* J ings which illustrate his father's Wopvl phies of Flemish Painters, and 8nb8eqoe«i>| the finer engraved portraits in the work »| titled " Heads of Uiustrions Persons of GmI Britain," which appeared in 1718. Did,! 1780. ^, HOUEL, 3. P. L. L., a French pamtfrull engraver, born at Rouen, in 1735. Heiitkl author as well as artist of " Le Voyage M toresque de Sicile," &c. in 4 folio Tolmul with 264 plates. Died, 1813. i HOUGH, JOHN, an English pr»Ute, »I morable for the noble stand heniadeagj»| the arbitrary conduct of James II., wmi native of Middlesex, and born in IMl. Jl was educated at Magdalen CoUege, OtfWI became chaplain to the dnke of OriMfcl and in 1685 wae made a prebendary otHri cester. In 1687 the presidentship of ^I dalen College becoming vacant, lie nji sent mandatory letters to the feU«J"'J| quiring them to elect one Anthony Fu«l who did not belong to that socie ?, *l was a man of bad character. The (mi seeing their privileges attacked, ip!»l by petition for ieave to Piweedto.w| election, according to their staloW «l answer being returned, thej ch« »l Hough, who was confirmed \^^\Jr;\ the bishop of Winchester; and thMjl president having Uken his doctor '^l r ,_.... .,„j rr«,« Hfiff now sent Hi»!!i mandate, ordering the society o^'^^l Parker, bishop of Oxford, forthelrp«««^ hot] which they rcfUicd, and were all expelled I except two. Thus the business stood till Beptember, 1688, when the king, flndlnir that hii sffsiri grew desperate, began to be i alsnaed, and commisiioned the bishoo of Winchester to settle the matter reffiiinriir except two. Thus the business stood'tni I vni"^'""!'"^'^"**"!. Mr HowarH w.n ":; Beptember, 1688, when the king, flnSSgthat rlal'i ""^ ^'"'^ ForestSYn m- h^f ^^ « hIi affairs grew desperate. Wan to be m^ !„"''?"'* ^''^'-^ho died LrhiMtT^ .urmoii. and ornnmiuinnoH *i.„ Ji-t " "" I ''o'. leaving him ono .«- w Childbed in I resided at Cardi^g?on neip « V,* ''>'• t""" he Indulged the hpn«^. *' Bedford, where I "on by cUinual?rasIi .Mn'-.'' "'.'''' ''"'?«'"" 1 In? the condition of tho^* *"'*'""«'"»'«»- ' served the office of sheriff w..°.\ '° ^"^ he ' dared, •< bronirht th«Hi.. * ^'''«'>. as he de- more l'n,n,ediXV/„derh?B^"n^*■''?.^^^ hjm to form the desien „?'',",?,"<^"'' andlrd throughout EnglMd in T> ,""^ *''•' «"o>« means for allerdng the mi" ,*° ''«^*«« prisoners. Havin» ^5 *"® miseries of the Milt of hi, ^qi?fiesTfo«' 1l '*i? «'"''■' "srki^^t'^ip^^^^^ -- o"f alanniHi, and commissioned the bishon of I Winchester to settle the matter regularly , and itstutabljr. Dr Hough and the fellows were restored ; and In 1690 he waa made bishop of Oxford, from wh-nce he removed to Uchfleld, and next to Wo.oester where in 17«, he died, honoured for his patriot' Ism, piety, and munificence. HOVEDEN, ROGER nr., an English hli- torlan, who flourished in the reign of HenA' II. Hf wrote Annals in Latin, commenclnff at 731, the period at which Bede finished and bringing down affairs to the 3rd rear of ;ohn, 1201. He is highly esteemed for dill gence and fidelity. HOWARD, CHAHiES, Lord Howard of Elllngham, lord high admiral of England J wai grandson of Thomas, second duke of J Norfolk, and wag bom In 173«. He entepwi I the army early, and distinguished htasclf In Itjeiuppreiion of the rebellion headed by lK'?'JS""u""'""""^ "'"' Westmore- lland, in 1568. He was named lord hlch I. miral In 1585, and, a, such, he r^deilS Ihi country great seryice In the direction lof the preparations against, and the subs^ Iqnent defeat and dispersion. 1«88 of fh^ invincible Armada. iS 1596 he took Cadiz rJ'hlt*^."""^"' ""^ ^P''""h fleet there for' l?he L.'nT"?''""'''^ ""' "' Nottingham IThe earl of Essex was commander of the i^nd forces on that occasion, in 1599 Lord l&H ^Vr-^'^ lieutenant general^^f Ifh/ "''',?'"' 'f ° 5'«"' 'ater he suppress^ Tr r«WK '^'"P'^'^nt nt the death of Queln J HO\VAHD, Lieut. Edward p v ♦!, i^bore" attest h!.^'"'"^'"'^' «»»<» "Jack K'Wer," gave nromuf ^r Morgan, the Hlence.' Cff ^'^ °^ '^'^ higher &»PP«nHced7oa,roc,,7,'iV.'28- He ►tionbeingdelicate ffil;^"' "* «=onsti- hidow Jady, w;iom hP Ift " '"' ^1^^'"^ ^Ith Nthe decease oMfrawr""*!:''* married. f Mbontthree yea^^he .n'l?-^ '^^^ "^•'^ r Lisbon, in orde^'r^ ' ." '^•'*' embarked fc"ceatW,hq£LVt;V,\''''^'''=*»°f principal ni-tinf^"''® * *«"" «« me i f Stati'of Z%ST.^;'.f"'lP"''"»h^^^^ h"is der them both more hn„!I»^ * V^"^ *« ren- ' cacious. A new Rnhi»^'"'* "^^ '""'e effl- attention,nameTy thfrnln?"^ ^""^"^^^ his I rettos,nnd the min^. i"'*"*^^™ent of lazn- ' municat?on of The ni«»il»"^2""» ^^^ com- f lous diseases In thk L t.?"" *'*''^' "^""t"" I danger that can be r„n^'>^"*'2"»t«'-ed every become person^lyLoZ*',^*/^!'' fd having ect, in 1789 he pubUsheS ''^a^"a'' ^^^ "«''- the principal Lazarpff^. , 'I" -Account of I'apers relative to the PW,^.,\"'"''P«' ^»h Pui suing this salutary fnS^hl' *?' Actively Mr Howard tookuph^.\°/JH°'''''''^"*°*'J«f. of Cherson,a Russian lp?Mi'^^"«=« "the town ' Sea. A ma iffn»„t ?„ "'^"^ntontheBlack having Sle'i^p"omptTbnra*„^I''?'''«"' I one of the suffereri ho ^?. , ?'"J'*'y *o visit and died, Jan 20 ^790 Hp.'h '^^ '"'"ection, interred, and eve^ res^en? 1 *'°*'? "^"^ t^ere memory'by the Ru.,i^n ?2 "V^" *<> ^is mund Burke, advertCtn ?""""•!!'" -Ed- ' great philanthropic in*«c«^ u ^'■"'' "^ this theelection at Sol "n iTn^th P'"^""'« *° him:-" He has visiedni iJ *''"'' ^"'°»'''<'« survey the sumptuousness of nT^^' "°* *« stateliness of temnlM «^» of palaces, or the measurements of the' TJn''"""'^''*^''"™*^ grandeur, nor to form » «r.,?°'?\°' ""''lent of moder^ ar» not t « ...1^ °f *''•' •^^'l^'lty ' collate manusc'rlDfs h„?'i**=*.."^''a''' or to 1 depths Of dungeon, 't^"S,t° ^'"".^ '"♦» the fection of hosfltau : tn j^ ""^^ '"'" 'he In- of sorrow and pa> to t^r/.V*" """>«'«"« I dimensions of mlse^ d*t.^L* ^^ ^""^^ «nd ' tempt; toromemhP^h»5P""'°"' «nd ojn- to the neglecTeT to visft ?hf ^Z^"',*" ''"^"d to compare nn^clultlf^^J"'^''^^''' ""d ' men in*^ air cou.arles m. ^I'^'f^'' °' «» I and It is as Ibll ofVeniu«^iif'^.''V^ original. It was a voyaffe n? H!='''*'°^^"manity. navigationrf?h!ritr"''A?tIf,':^"^^ ^i'^"°'- i garb, by Bacon, wa Jerect d\*rf.\" » ^i"!"" prbr hrBVco^TaJ- ectK V" " ^*""«" inStx-aul's cathedral HI. ?.r'' memory ten by Dr Aikin -.«i' J^" I-lfc'vas writ- appeared a Sofr by° Vt?"^ ^^^^ Dixon, and his fW.c,,^..*^'" "epworth ^leld. A porialt S T""*"?^' <"'*'«« by Brown, Is^in the Nat^""^."^' "^ father lery. ^°^ National Portrait Gal- , ' an? hSS ^1^^^^-^' an English poet I of Berkshire"' Wo l.^' '""^ *"■ Tl»onin8,"rarI the revorutfon^f uhh " '^^^^^^ Wend of tn !ii hi! how] 1SL i%eb) ^nibersal BSfogropfip. ward and Richard II.," the " History of RcliRion," &c. IMcd, 1698. HOWARD, Edwaru, younger brother of Thomas Howard, duko of Norfolk, entered early on the maritime service, and about 1494 was knighted. In 1512 ho was sent as lord high adrr'ral of England with a large fleet against France, the coasts of which ho ravaged. He also defeated the enemy's fleet off Brest, but the year following he was slain in boarding the French admiral's ship, and bis body thrown into the sea. HOWARD, HKNRY, earl of Surrey, an accomplished nobleman, a bravo soldier, and one of the best English poets cf his age, was I)orn in 1610. He served under his father, the duke of Norfolk, in France and Scotland, and perfovmed various military exploits. He had quartered on his escutcheon tlte royal arms of Edward the Confessor, to which he had an hereditary right ; and he is said to have aspired to the hand of the Princess Mary. On these and other less substantial charges he suffered decapitation on Tower Hill, Jan. 21, 1547, by the jealous and arbitrary man- date of Henry YIII. His works consist of " Songs and Sonnets," &c., which are reck- oned among the sweetest in our language. They wore very highly appreciated by the poet's contemporaries, and passed through many editions. D Heylin, in his Church History, thus speaks of his great popularity: " He was beheld in general by the English as the chief ornament of the nation, highly esteemed for his chivalry, his affability, bis learning, and whatsoever other graces might either make him amiable in the eyes of the people, or formidable in the sigh*; of a jealous, impotent, and wayward prince." HOWARD, THOMAS, earl of Arundel, a nobleman distinguished by his patronage of tho fine arts, was earl marshal in the early part of the reign of Charles I., and was em- ployed in several foreign embassies by that monarch and his father. He sent agents into Greece and Italy, to collect for him, at a vast expense, whatever was curious and valuable of the works of ancient artists, which had escaped destruction. His unri- valled museum of antiquities was divided at his death; and Henry, the sixth duke of Norfolk, about the year 1668, presented to the university of Oxford a considerable part of his moiety, including the celebrated Pa- rian Chronicle, which, with the other ancient inscribed stones accompanying it, are termed the Arundelian marbles. His lordship died at Padua in 1646. HOWARD, THOMAS. [NORFOLK, Duke of.] HC'^E, JOHN, one of the most distin- guished of the Puritan divines, was son of the parish clergyman of Loughborough, in Lincolnshire, where he was born in 1630. His father, who had been presented to his living by Archbishop Laud, was expelled soon after, and went to Ireland, where he remained till the outbreak of the Rebellion. In 1647 young Howe was sent to study at Cambridge, where he came under the influ- ence of Cudworth, Henry More, and John Smith, profound thinkers and disciples of Plato= The nest year he went to Oxford, graduated M.A. in 1652, and early in 1654 was settled as minister of Great Torrln.i™ II in Devonshire. He loved the quletoeifi?; seclusion of the country, and devoted hS" self with zeal and energy to the h\ynZ his office. According to his own tcitlmo.. he usually held, on the public fut-dwi religious service lasting from 8 a.m Ulil p. m., an unbroken round of prayert 'mi Ing. and exposition of tho Scnptures tC ing, and sermons. Each of the twosermmi! occupied an hour in tho delivery liefZii March, 1657, Cromwell had discovered Hr... and had him to Whitehall aa hij ohaolain There he remained till the resliniaUon of Richard Cromwell, and then returned to Torrington. Hut the Act of Unifomitri 1662, drove him, with so many of hisbni thrcn, from his living, and for years hewaii' fugitive and wanderer. In 1671 he liecame chaplain to Lord Massarene, of Antrim oai. tie, Ireland, where ho spent five peacoful years, and wrote the first part of bis chief I work, "The Living Temple." He returned' to London, avoided controversy, and cicated persecution till 1685, when lie went on Se continent with Philip Lord Wliarton, and remained at Utrecht till the revolution He took part in the attempts to unite He Presbyterians and Congrcgationalisu, and^' in the Antinomian and " occasional confom- ity "controversies. After long suffering from decaying health, he died in April, iros, He had an affecting interview Trith Richard Cromwell shortly before his death. Ho»ehad' written voluminous personal m"moirt,l)nt on his deathbed insisted on their beingde-i stroycd. His works are now little read, yet they are rich in thought, and contain not i, few specimens of genuine eloquence. la general, however, his style is faulty, dry, artificial, and repulsive. A new edition of Professor Rogers' Life of John Howe, fltit published in 1835, appeared in 1864, HOWE, JOHN, a statesman of thereijiB of William III. and Anne. Hewasameo- berofthoconvcntionparliament.andeierled himself greatly in favour of the revolution,^ but afterwards joined the opposition, and: gave great offence to the king hy the bold-! ness of his conduct. In the succeeding reigi he was made privy councillorandpaymaiteti of the forces ; but retired on the accessioa of George I., and was succeeded in his offlee by Walpole. Died, 1720. HOW E, RICHAKD, Earl, a celebrated Enj lish admiral, was the son of Emanuel, Vii' count Howe, and was born in 1725. Ate having received a liberal education at Eton, he was placed, at the age of U.asa mid- shipman on board the Severn, in which aliipi he sailed with Anson for the Pacific, and went through the usual gradations of D*i service under that admiral till 1745, when,! though only 20 years of age, he obtained thj! command of the Baltimore sloop otwar,anti was made post-captain for gallantly defeat-! ing two French ships bearing succours to t«( Pretender. Having greatly distiDguislMj himseh on many occasioni, he sailed, u, commander-in-chief, to the Mediterranaj in 1770, with tho rank of rear-adm:.^i,,«M in a few years rose to be vice-admiral oiw Blue Ou the bi-pakin^ out of the warwia France, Lord Howo sailed for tfaecow'^jj 488 I how] I America, with a gquadron destined to act |«gainat D'Estaign, and, on his return In 1782 I he was created an Knglish ylscount. In the' I course of tlie same year he sailed to the Ireliefof Gibraltar, which ho effected in spite lof the combined fleets of the enemy, in 1 1783 he accepted the post of first lord of the lidmiralty, and in 1788 he was created nn learl of Great Uritaln. In 1793, ou the I breaking out of the war with France, he ■ took the command of the Channel fleet, and ■bringing the enemy to an action on the 1st ■of June, 1794, obtained over them a decisive land most important victory. The rank of ■general of marines and the vacant garter ■wore both conferred on this successful com- Inander in the course of the next year ■which, with a visit from the king on hoard' Ihisship, who presented him with ,a valu- able sword, wore the consummation of his Bionours. In 17D7, Lord Howe exerted lim- ieltwith great success to quell the nAitlnv Jiinong the seamen at Portsmouth, and died In 1739. There is a Life of Earl Howe by Barrow; amonnmcnt, executed by Plaxman ht the national expense, in StPadl's; and a bortrait, attributed to Singleton, In the Na- jUonal Collection. HOWE, Sir WILLIAM, brother of the ore- Jeding, succeeded General Gage in the chi^ fcommandofthe British forces in America fcaving landed at Boston with Generals Clin- louandBurgojne.in May, 1775. General Howe commanded at the attack on Bunker Jill 1, was besieged in Boston during the leit winter, evacuated that town iE the iune, 17/6, he arrived at Staten Island ►here he was Joined by his brother TnrH b\,f"^ "-^l-rother^s informed congress jWaKSSoXu'll^^^^^^^ rjst he defeated the Americans on Tn«„ feK nu"r '""^ Sw°u°^f Kre^et^sa/fromN^cTA" ^l *"« m Chesapeake Bav VZil^^' ""^ *"■ po of Fowls about ^Sor/' !l!"^ P^rt'aPs I ««i8t in the nronnrnf^" modifications. fnvo.edan mlmlTZ^"''^ "^ his code he P^^andof theSr C" 'Vl"^^ ^" **« JKose on the Jav in ^'^^' "'*'"' White peoldlaws were abon«i?i'H™'""^''''"«'»*'e- land some retained nJi^' **""'' """end- K^£B"-Sd""-^^^^ ^ ^tia mnibexzai JSt oarnpftn laws to Pope AnnsSf^'/^'ubmlt the should be found In thom lol'* '"" anything of God, that Is to fhoT"°"*™''y t" the law and to obtain t'hepanal2?Z', °' *"" ""urch; given. Hy wel Dda^rt In f ^'l"."' ^^^"^ was in nftertlm^eTwarregarded L '^»'''°'' -"' '"^ glory of the Britons** thechlefand wa"ffiL''i«9raf k?ern"'"f"«°" ^'Jter. thenshlre. and after rtcelviS^'h" S''*™"- at Oxford, travelled on fh* *'* education agent to procure wlv^„^''^^««>ntinent a» manufactory,7hlnTr %"«»•' '"'" * *'"" "shed in England v^ "'^ ^"* """e estab- membcr of ?aritm?nt \"» ^"bseauently a British ambassador in V>«!^"''a'"y *« the of the councfl For iomA.?"'''u""'' <='e'k ters dSKd toS'.P' ^""""'a' ^-^t-' te"b?rY,'^4^',r„^^^l"T^i'l>ishop Of Can. of Which parish hVfa?hp^.'w^„' '»» »»n,pshire, He was educated a? w.-^m^I*''*'''*'^ "65 where he had for hin T^o^^^'^^i^' School, and for a class fellow Wnnni^rPf ^"""n the poet ; and afterdis i^?". l^-^^" ^"^'es by the elegaMeKne„rt„l, '"» ^^"""elf proceeded, in 1783 to Npw "^^ n^**"^''*''' ho passing throuKh thl v,^7 CoPege, Oxford, univerfitJ'^yAotuTat^g^^^^^^^^ of the' ' Suit ^imsi .-«-TpS ' s In ISiahe^asnominatnH'h?!*"^^'"*'' <^"'eer and m 1828 transTated to ♦^^^?"'*'"''°"' onerous duties of which he df.J?.'"''"''"/' »•»« zeal and fldelitv for m ^! ^'^charged with took part in tl.e'^ secular IT'' -"^ "e""™ House of Lords When h !^"*'^'""' ^« the he supported the biii7.f^^/*^°P "^ London against Queen Caroiinfi^"-"" ?°^ Penalties much emphasis that tb«T."*'*^<>'^" ^I'h wrong eitL?moSo^n?litiU?''^ *^° »« archbishop of Canterburv h^ l^^' ""•*' "" those who knew him best i?,v^°^*'''- ^*"h for scholarshiD ■ and ttfi'o ^^^ reputation ttbe^SL{i~ irt^^'ctmuff. X' gate'^** ?1*''.°' °'t'^« work, entitled " Examen de'?!"""'^^ ^^ « las Scienzias." wWchTsftinL^"^*"; "«.?»" dom.and has bren transinl. i ^ i^''^.'^'"'^"" nnder the title of "The Kn?*^-^"«"«h. ^nto^Oermau by LeSSg^^ .^Sn^ ^ ^|>Sl^^a?1^M^<^™teJ StmburgTSt^thichhr^^W 489 hud] m i^tn ainibtrial l^iogropi)!). IlftUer In hJs great work on the Plants of 8 witzerland. He obtalneU the rank of court phytlcian and councillor of itate ; publinlied a work on the tpinal marrow and other parts of the nerTOUs system, entitled " Commtnta- tio de Medulla Bplnall ;•' and died In 1778. Tijere were also sereral other writers and artisU of this name — JOUANN lluwOLPii HuBBR, painter, called' by Pusell the Switt Tintorttto. Bom, 1668 ; died, 1748.— JOHANN HUHKU, a Genevese artist, bom in 1722. He was a (?ood painter, but deTOtod much of his attention to the art of cutting proflles, in which he acquired an extraordinary degree of dexterity. He is described as an eccen- tric character; and, among other fanciful schemes, formed a project for guiding the course of air balloons by the flight of large birds i on which he published a tract, Illus- trated with plates. Died, 1790.— Thkbesa HUBER, daughter of the celebrated philolo- gist Heyne, and wife of Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, journalist, &c., was a popular Ger- man novelist, maiiy of whoso works appeared under her husband's name. Born at G6t- tlngen, 1764 ; died, 1829.— FRANCIS HUBER, naturalist, born, in 1780, at Ocneta ; author of " NoiiTclles Observations sur les Abelllcs," in which he explains many interesting dis- coveries which he had made respecting the social organization and habits of bees. Hav- ing lost his way on a winter night, the effect of the cold produced total blindness; but the lady whom he afterwards married became his amanueusia. Died at Lausanne, 1831. HUDSON, HENRY, a distinguished navi- gator, whose early history is unknown. After making three voyages to find a north- east or north-west passage to China, In the second of which he discovered the river Hudson, he set soil a fourth time, April 17th, 1610, in a bark named the Discovery, and proceeding westward, reached. In latitude 60", the itraH; bearing his name. Through this he advanced along the coast of Labra- dor, until It issued Into the vast bay, which is also called after him. Here, with his son, and seven infirm sailors, he was turnea adrift by a mutinous crew, and was no more heard of. HUDSON, THOMAS, on English portrait- painter, and one of the most eminent of his time, was born in 1701. He was a native of Devonshire, studied painting in London un- der Richardson, was very succcssfiil in his jirofession, and had Sir Joshua Kcynolds for his pupil. About 1762 ho visited Italy, and was at Borne with the sculptor Iloubiliac. His portraits are in the manner of Sir God- frey Kneller, and display little artistic power. One of his best pieces is the family group of the duke of Marlborough. His portrait of Handel, said to be the only one ever taken, is now in the National Portrait Gallery. Died, 1779. HUEllTA, VINCENT GARCIA BE LA, a Spanish poet and critic ; bom in 1729, at Zafra, in Estremadura. He acquired con- siderable fame among his countrymen, and zealously defended Spanish literature from the censures of Voltaire and other French writers. He published various poems and dfiiiiias, uuu ^ditrd TCutrO EspSIivJ, * sH 17 vols. Died, 1797. IIUET, PirnRK DANIEL. '«l>r«tn French critic and classical scholar bow « Caon, In Normandy, In 1830. He wm Jd, cated In the JesulU' College, nccompii!! Rochart to Sweden, and was In «!««/ luaded to settle there by Queen ClirlitiBi In 1670 he was appointed precpptor to th. dauphin; and while he filled that iitu»tlo» he wrote a learned work In defence of ChUi tlanlty, entitled " Demonstratlo Erantei ca," ho also published the Latin claMirS U 62 vols., with those ample illustration, whith made what are called the Delphin editions m' generally esteemed. In 1689 he wai madti bishop of Avranches, but resigned that m in 1699, and spent the remainder of liis dan fn literary retirement, producinif maaT works of great merit. He died, at Paris l» 1721. ' HUGH CAPET, founder of the third ra» of French monarchs, was connt of Paris and Orleans. He was proclaimed kini of France at Noyon, in 987, and died In m aged 57. ' HUGHES, JOHN, pn English poet, dri- matic author, and essayist ; born, mi; died 1720. His last work was, the " Slegeof W mascus," a tragedy, which wot first acted on the night of the author's death, and nu long a favourite. Several paperj In thi Tntlcr, Spectator, and Guardian were wrli ten by Hughes. HUGTENHURG of HUCHTENBl'HO, Jan van, a Dutch painter, born, 1618, am especially distinguished for his battlepircfi He painted a series of pictures illuslraiiri of the victories of the UuUc of Marlboroujl and Prince Eugene. Died, 178.1. HUMBOLDT, "WlLHELM VON, a dlltit; guished statesman and philologist, the elds brother of the great philosopher and trarel- ler, Alexander von Humboldt, wai bora ai Potsdam, 1767. He received his eariyedi- cation at Eerlin, and studied at Oottls;(i and Jena, where he formed a friendship nil! Schiller, which lasted through life, In IW! he was appointed Prussian minister atlbt papal court, where his love of antlquariai and classical pursuits necessarily reccire< a fi-esh impulse ; and on his return, in M he was created a councillor of state, ail nominated minister of education. In nil he y,cjit as plenipotentiary to Vienni. and be shared in all the great dlplomatit transactions of the next few years :-»i Prague,— at the conferences of Chatilloi, where he signed the capitulation of Pirk , along with Hardenbcrg,— and atthccongnt of Vienna, &c. He next wentaBambMnliii extraordinary to London ; assisted at tM congress of Alx-la-Chapelle, In 1818; aii! the following year he became a member t the Prussian cabinet, but he soon retired a consequence of the retrograde policy pursuN by his colleagues, and thenceforward livrt chiefly at his seat, Tegel, near Berlin, intu cultivation of literature and science. would be impossible within our llmiB" give a list of his numerous prp^f'"* His works were collected by his bwtw Alexander, and printed In 1841, ta 4 J« They are of a most miscellaneous chOTCta, ....!.<./.« rta »»fronrdinarT versatility * hVs' powers Vbutlii's" chief fame rests »«" 490 Ihum] prudltc r«(earche« into philolo^, and more (ipwlally the }la«que, Sanscrit, North American, and Malay languaRres : nor ahould we forget to mrntlon, a« moAt IlluatratlTo of ^ iftvhlch he found subsist between the different portions of the organic world and man, To Pn^iuif «adersH„n,,oldtlsbestkTo;nby\fsK'S - to l.moriaUz~e' hS^naStef grgTver^ ] ♦fc^ sen^.tlveness and SMplcVousness Vhich tno philosopher of Geneva " allowed him- 491 powerful impulse to the ttudy of nature h. the fascinating garb In whlcfe ii* Idea, ,«S S^eriranS'aiHn""/'""*; '" «1dlt!on ,o tSe general and ultimate gain to manof such an advance in science as Humboldt effected is to be reckoned the Immndlaie practical bene fit of his obscryatlons, according to which charts have been constructed Mrle^l7«r« "tended and territories peopled ^Sflrs? S-nt'iV^"^ "^"^^ •" »"=* patriarch of science »h?«K° ^""^ "" *''e """"• °t the Khine r^rl^S.f P""*"* '° ^"»- «' »"• •"^sequent very numerous and Important writings we dS l•A,iL1'""^t'»« " Voy»*fo dan. nmfrleur thnn^^''*'!®' L" 'nnsnlflcent library rather than a single book, the "Asle Centrale -• '/'■?Kmens Aslatlques," the popula?" Per- sonal Narrative of Travels in the Equinoctill Z'^r^LtS'^'" ""' "^'''^' "^- Phr.»er^-Me%raif?oril\^^^^^^^^^^^^ ?or™th„* ^•'""'urghin 1711. He WM designed that n?nln.T/ ^'^\ "r*'"^ "« inclination to an nnfin ''?"°"' '"' ^ccame, in 1734, clerk In dldTnt ."* mercantile house at Briitol. He hil.li' '"'^•'^*"'' «o"t'nue long there; for fe.o&t^^'Sn^.P'".?"""'^ *» IlteraturV, he thl .tv *° 'iPP''' himself to study, and for who J 1^® *"' seclusloH went to FVance where he wrote his " Treiitl«n nt v^^Zt Nature " published at London in ms^ThU ^ h„;»n7®^fr' ^i^'^'^d no Interest friendly or hostile on its first appearance. It holds an Importont place in tho history of phlloso frenVilf^.V"'^'*' !"8''^"> development Of the sceptical conclusions that flow from thenhl. losophy of John Locke. Hume's "Essnvs Tn iT^i J'®^' "".•* """^ favourably received. iSnJ ^^ ^."^ ln"ted to reside with the m^nH^-^i^'^^i' of Annandale, whose state of mind rendered a guardian necessary. Here ™«,'?®"J.,* y®?'' meonwhile, the chair of m° »K ^''""•"P^y In the university of Edln- c«ndM«t?v^''r,?"i'' vacant, he became a ^^^olo^^^l ^^ '""^^^ !•> ^746 he became secretary to General St Clair, whom he ac- ?2 ?«„ *** *" ^^^ eourts of Vienna and Turin, in 1752 appeared at Edinburgh his " In- iM7i,"*'?''^f^*.°8^ ^^'^ Principles of Morals," w"^t' filH* -^f^fngs he considered the ^*i\. «V,^5* ^® published the first volume of his History of England," which he did not complete tUl 1761. While this work was in progress he published "The Natural His- tory of Religion," which was attacked by ); ♦! r. "* '" ""* anonymous tfact, ascribed thouVA?" *°,^'" ""'•*• H'» 8'eat work, ^l •P*l°,'^ of England," had now acquired conslderablecelebrlty.and the author gained largely by its popularity, for besides the pro- fits it brought him, he obtained a pension through Lord Bute. In 1763 he accompanied the earl of Hertford on his embassy to Paris, from whose fashionable and literary circles he received an enthusiastic welcome; and where, in 1768, he remained as chargi d'af- faxres. The year following he returned home, accompanied by Jean Jacques Rousseau, to Whom he behaved with great delicacy and generosity, but wng iU-renuited bv the rtior ^mI 11 I hum] % iHetD ^Snibereal 19{ograpf)Q. iclf to Indulge against hli friend and bene- factor. He became under-sccrctarr of state In 1767. In 1769 ho retired to hit nutlvc country on nn Independent Income of £1000 per annum j and died In 1776. HUMB, JAMKS DKACON, whoio flnnnclal report* have earned for him a high rcputa tlon, was born In Hurrey, 1774. Jlavlng ob- tained a clerkship In the custom-house, ho soon became conspicuous for energy and ability ; and at length his ability was so highly appreciated by government, that he was appointed to reduce into one code, the Innumerable and conflicting statutes relat- ing to our custom's duties. His services were rewarded with a present of £5000 ; andpoon afterwards (in 1829) ho was appointed Joint assistant secretary to the Hoard of Trade, which thus secured to Itself the benefit of his profound acquaintance with the mer- cantile system of this country. In 1840 he retired from public life ; and the evidence ho gave that year before the import duties committee, has been almost universally quoted as an authority without appeal. Died, 1842. There Is a " Life of J. D. Hume " by Charles Hadham. HUME, JOSEPH, whoso name is indisso- lubly associated with tlio parliamentary history of England, was born in Montrose in 1771. While very young he lost his fa- ther ; but his mother, a woman of superior intelligence, placed him in a good school, where he obtained an elementary training that prepared him for entering upon his pro- fessional studies witli advantage. After his apprenticeship to a surgeon In his native town, he went through the regular medical airrietihim at the university of Edinburgh, and graduated as M.D. in 1796. Soon after- wards he entered the service of the East In- dia Company as a naval surgeon, and in 1S03, during the Mahratta war, his knowledge of the languages of India enabled him to Join the office of interpreter to his other duties ; while, owing to his surpassing energy and indefatigable perseverance, he at the same time discharged with efficiency the duties of paymaster, postmaster, and commissariat officer. His career in India terminated in 1808. The next two years he spent In visit- ing Spain and Portugal, then the theatre of war, and the coasts and islands of the Medi- terranean. OnhisretumtoEnglandinlSll, he obtained a seat in parliament as M.P. for Weymouth, but retained it less than a year. From 1812 to 1818, he remained out of par- liament ; but during these six years he la- boured diligently, as a proprietor of East Indian Stock, to reform the abuses of our Indian system, and in promoting the cause of education, in establishing Saving Banks, and aiding in many other good and useful works, both on the platform and in the press. In 1818 he was elected fbr the Aberdeen dis- trict of burghs. No sooner had he entered the House of Commons than he commenced his crusade against financial abuses. He commenced it almost single-handed , and for a long time he could number few supporters in the House of Commons. But he was nei- ther to be dismayed nor put down. Nature had not mnde him nn nrntoi"-. find the {?lih speakers cf the House, and turners of spark- 492 JH Pl ling paragraphs in the press, attcmpiej m laugh him into silence. Hut in tnitt ui sneers and frowns he persisted In his iwnt his minorities at last became mi^orltiM ' uij the great triumph of his long parllsmeBtin career will bo that he taught the Hoaie of Commons to exercise in reality its functlom as auditor of the national accounts. In ]m ho was elected for tno county of Middlewi which ho represented till 1837, when he «u' replaced by Colonel Wood, a staunch Tor? i Mr Hume finding his way into parliament for Kilkenny, which O'Conncll placed ai hii disposal. From 1843 till his death be renr. scntcd his native district of Montrow. )h Hume's personal history, taken at t y^n d'coU, is a most striking Illustration of ener getic perseverance. Born poor and un- friended, he acquired at least two regular professions, made a large fortune, and, after all that, sat for more than forty years in the House of Commons, working harder, and speaking oftener, until his very laat month than any man that ever laboured in thai busy place. Religious toleration, parlia- mentary reform, universal education, free trade, and every scheme of popular improTe- ment, found In him an uncompromiaing champion and advocate. Long before the close of his career, ho had the gratification to hear his disinterested services eulogized br the greatest statesman of his age :— and Itli ' not a little curious that among the itrange party combinations that have of late been witnessed in England, no exalted oice should have been found for a man whose personal character was unimpeachable, whose talents were ncknowIeJged,andmoit of whose views, political, economical, and financial, maintained witL undeviating con- stancy for a long scries of years, were flnali; sanctioned by the Legislature. In hii pri- vate relations, he faithfully discharged erer; duty of kindred and connection ; and it it a fact scarcely more pleasing than strange, that he carried, through forty years of in- cessant strife, and through storma of con- tumely and ridicule, a placid good'nstnre, unembittered by one vindictive fecliig. Died, 18S5. HUMMEL, John Nepohxtk, an emlDent musician, was bom at Presburg, in 1778. His friends discovering in him an extraordin- ary capacity for music, he was placed witli Mozart when only seven years of age; and after remaining under his roof about two years, he travelled with his father through various parts of Europe, visiting England in 1791, where his performances on the piano- forte were highly applauded. He soon ac- quired great celebrity as a composer as well as a performer. In 1820 he became chaptl- master to the grand-duke of "Weimar, where he continued afterwards to reside, mailing, from time to tine, profitable tours in Ger- many, Hussia, and England. Hummel com- posed several operas, the most celebrated ot which is " Mathilde von Guise ;" hiscliurcli music was also admirable ; but his fame win chiefiy rest upon his compositions for tne pianoforte. He died in October, 1837. HUMPHREY, LAURENCE, a learned di- vine, was born at Newport Pagnel,u| Buckinghamshire, about the year 1027. ct hum] studied at Oiford, where he became ileiriui profewor of divinity, and tclloir and pregi. dent of Magdalen College. Ho wa» aucccas Irely Jean of Gloucester and Winchcator and might hayo been a bUkop but for hla' puritanical princlplca. Ho died In laoo • leafing icveral acholarly.worka, a " Life of Blihop Jcircl," 4c. ' -^"OO' HUMPHRY, OziAfl, an cmJnont mlnln- turo painter, born at Honlton, Duron in m3. He Ant settled at Bath ; then came to London, by the adrlce of hii friend Sir Joshua Keynolda, and was made aKoval Academician. In 178S he went to India where he was held In high esteem by sir W. Jones and AVarren Hastings, and waa chosen one of the first members of the Aala" tic SocictT. Died, in London, In 1810 HUNNiADES, JOHN COHVINU8, valvodB of TransTlTanla, and general of the armies of Ladlslaus. king of Hungary, yraaborn I In the beginning of the 15th century. Hp fought against the Turks heroically, and for many years rendered himself so formid- able to them, that they surnamed him the [Deiil. He waspamed regent of Hungary sfter the death of Ladlslaus IV.. in May' ,H 5, the young heir to the throne bolnjr' held prisoner by the emperor. On his re lleaseand return to his dominions. In 14M (Hunnladc. est his Influence. One of liis' greatest achlevenionts was his Tlctory over ^he sultan Mahomet II., whom he comnellwi ?i(irf°h; ♦??*'.'?' """t *••« enthusiasm ex' »w nfTh*"* ^^"^'^ '^"^ " w»8 commonly laid of the conqueror, "A man was sent from K-.^""'! "'''"<' """> John.-' Ho d?ed llaS« " "'^"'^'^''S^d hero of the Chrla^ SeSS?«-^&„H^i3 »nels aweete." His sonnets, howe ver hn v„ teisx^^^^^^^^^ P was well known n. „„ t''^' ^here luntry was apShlisTy^e tT'^^'^^^^ Ftcndcredhisentiro^il 1 ^ Invasion, hegovernmen°tt/us'ur'lff.''''°'^' Filed; besides whirl, 1,; ^^' " ** were r"> three 8emnt« I'Ln"^''**"* *° enter, pipped, and at hi^L^®" mounted and F^ny egimcnt if wt"?^*'.'" ^"'"nteers r *»t charge unonfh! '^"^ ""»•»« make I' proffered 8ervl?eL?l„?^^''J and 'or I tie lord-lieutenan? nf «*^^^ '^^ t'lanks iMt joined thpM.M' "'e county. Mr ffy; but owiL ♦""'"""S'' troop of cL- tll'relf, he chulleShV/,f°i?"?'>°«le'. [hun soned alx weeks. Mr Hi.„» k — " ' ' wards a •' radical rrrriLoM* ''ec""io nfter- the most disaffected nnSC'r''''^** ^"h I by nmny of them a, iho foaK "h""*-'" ."^ '» their party. As " ioV,iV/ il ** ehamplon of tonbu?y ./ho acted rMat%T''°''''"'"-' and, as a mob orator h»Lt„i '■,''"'"■'««» i but a radical mmini „^ m "'l""* notoriety ho presided and docl«L^3"'^u^''"e''' '^bcJe wltfi loss ofllfe and ?&„''' ''"^'"» ended icmblcd mult tu7i« i„ *" ?""'y "' the as- rlngleade™ofaTunbw7uT '"•''''{.««» «" »"« people ; tried, found irTim."'*?'"^ •"" the ' to 3 years' Imprisonment ^' t?k sentenced I Hut, thouKh In rnnfl '" ^'Chester gaol. ' Idle ho Sueovcrcd an/mn?*'J"' ^«» *« I public some flagrant ma n?;^''.?"'''^" *° *"« at the gaol whZh ♦I '""'Prnctlces going on afterwfrd Corrected '"ifi* ,"" '""««''' *«'" seat in pa- ime„t hi.f »" '""» ^''ed for a lJrlstol,S?,.n'^. "Vor „„T? "n?"ecee8ful at Somerset Cm niL"'' '°'" *''« county of {or rrcston, in lt36 1 7„7';i''''"' •"««'««» hU second retuni hi. '«, .'. *^° ^ear after his future serv"co8 C w *"'°^,» ''««"ned Paralyaig while aiightlnff t^nl l"/''®'!: ^"^ at Alresford. Hantsf^Krdi'el, Kb!'i? | on'JhTalif Kg'u"? ?s%'''^^ 'f' '''*' 'J'ed , band of poets which shed nrnr.^.'' '"" °' *bat ustro on tho ear y part „fth"„''''"P"''neou8 tury. He was thfi\f«i„5,*i'? P^'esent cen- Shelley, Hazlftt T?m7.'""'*/"°"'* of Uyron, he is k^iiown not onlTas^a^L^^^/^' ""d a^St!S'K£Sl^-«^^^^^^^^^^ of flogglnir In ?^ remarks on the subipct " Exaffir," a JournaTJhi?{!H!"?«'' ^^ "'e ed. He was afterwards «Pn? ^^ i'"'* '°'"">- brother, to a fine of isr^, „"*.?*=^*'' ^^^h his prlsonm'ent for an aflSd nhi7° J'?"' '"»- Prince Retrent n«ft.if? "''^' against the ties on a p?oSisB^5,nV". '"^i"'* t^^ese penal- ' Presslons forffi futurfw ^" 'i""" similar ex- and on the explrlfcTth^,^'^'"'': 'Ejected ; continued to write Lhlf ".^ntence they amlner." Sub^.m.«„*. "l*^"'^ ^^ the " Ex- Books,'- '•'imagination ^nH'-e^^"""^"' ""d and Humour,''^ic "H°8«Cor^o?'''''; "^^M lish water- wlourn«i'n?^ °^ '^° »'est of Eng- don In 1790 HeCs fo^l^v"'"''^ ^° ^-on- ' pupil of VarieyrandTpract^sed'^^? ^''^'f "'« , scape-painting, sometimes In «n* k*"' 'and- - — "•»•", ttu almost small masterpieces. m ll He wat u piiislonato lorer of nature, and iought alwurs faithfully to reproduce In art her fornii, cblouri, and moit iubtlo efft-cu. Inhiichown flold hoitood.andstandi.alono. He wa» a patient student to the end, and by hl« oJorti aft«>r higher and exactor truth ho waa led on to Important ImproTemcnt* In the technical methoda of his »«• .1>1«'^. February 10, 1804. A Biography of thli art- ist, by P. a. BtepheM, Is forthcoming. (Doc. II UNTBR, HKNnY, a Bcotch Presbyterian diyluo, was bom at CulroM, In I'orthuhlrc, in 1741 ; waa educated at the unlyerslty of Kdlnburgh, and became tutor to the sons of lord Dundonald. Ho was •ubaequentlT pastor of the Hcuttlsh Church, London wall, and was elected secretary to the correspond- ing bourd of *ho Society for Promoting Christlau Knowledge In the Highlands. Ho was the author of " Sacred lUography,' 7 voli. 8vo i and translated Sonnlul's Trayels, Bt Pierre's Btudlos of Nature, Lavater's Pbyslofnomy, and other Prencb- works. Died, 1808. . ^ . ^ HUNTER, WILLIAM, a celebrated anato- mlsfand physician, was bora at Kilbride, In Lanarkshire, in 1718. His father was a farmer, nnd designed him for the church ; but an acquaintance with Dr Cullen Inclin- ing him to the study of physic, ho resided with the doctor > years. In 1740 he removed to Edinburgh, where he followed his studies with Intense application, and the year fol- lowing -visited Loudon, soon after which he was taken by Dr James Douglas into his house as a dissector, and also tutor to his son. In 174G he succeeded Samuel Sharpo as lecturer to a society of surgeons in Co- vent Garden, and commenced a series of lectures an anatomy and surgery. He soon rose into extensive practice In surgery, ond In 1764 was appointed physician extraordin- ary to the queen. Ho was elected F.Il.8. ; became physician to the British Lylng-ln- Uospltal ; . and on the foundation of the lloyal Academy, the king appointed him professor of anatomy. In 1770, Dr Hunter completed his house In Great ■Windmill Street, attaching to it a theatre, apartments for lectures and dissections, and a magnifi- cent room as a museum. His valuable museum is now in the university of Glasgow. He wrote several able works on medical sub- jects, the most elaborate of which is " The Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus." Died, 1783. HUNTER, JOHN, one of the most distin- guished surgeons of modern times, younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1728, nnd apprenticed to a cabinet-maker ; but, hearing of William's success in London, he offered his services to him as an anatomical assistant. In a few months ho had attained such a knowledge of anatomy as to be capable of dcmon;;trating to the pupils in the dissecting-room. In 17fl3 he entered as a geatleman commoner of St Mary's Hall, Oxford ; but he could not have pursued his academical studies with much advantage, as in the following year he became a sur- geon's pupil at St George's Hospital. He made astonishing progress, but bis health being impaired by intense study, he went abroad in 1760.. as staff-surgeon, and served at BeUelsle and In Portugal. Ou hit reta„ to London, ho pursued his liit|ulrln lata comparatlvo uualomy, and vrectcJ t ni naoerle for that purpose at Hroiupten h 1707 he was chosen a fcllo»rof the Bo/i^ Society, and the next year ho wti clectk one of the surgeons of St Ueorge'i HoidIi^ In 1776 he was appointed turteon «iin. ordinary to the king; and, subMauaUr Inspector-general of hospitals and larngi general. He died suddenly, hsYlot btnl seized with a spasmodic afftctloa gf th.' heart. In Bt George's Hospital, Oct. ID i:t].i He wrote several profe«»lonal trettliei besides recording the results ofmsnT of hii valuable discoveries In the PhllompMci Transactions. His perfect acqiiainunci with anatomy rendered him n 'juld m^ skilful operator ; but his great fame run ou his researches concerning comparaUie anatomy, and the structure of the Tuiow classes of organized beings. Hia aoatoni leal museum was purchased hj gaun- ment for £15,000, and transferred to tk«| Royal College of Surgeons, for the um of> the public. The portrait of John Uuatei was painted by Sir Joshua Ueynoldi,aa4ii now in the College of Surgeons. It ii ladl? decayed ; but a copy of it, mtdo bjr lultw while it was sound, is now in the Natioul Collection. HUNTER, JOHN, LL.D., an emineDtcltt sltal scholar, waa born at Cloieburn, Dug. ! flrles -shire, in 1747. Ho was principal of Ukej united college of St Salvador and Bt Iw- 1 nard ; and for more than half a centurjr pn- '< vious to his obtaining that appointment, he j was professor of humanity in the uniienitj of St Andrew's. Ho was one of tbe most learned men of his time, and wai well knon by his editions of Virgil, Livy, Uonce,ud^ other Latin authors. Died, 1837. HUNTINGDON, HKNRY OF, an eiilyi| English historian, who flourlihcd in ik : 12th century. He composed a general Ui- j tory of England froui the earliest tioeitt i tho death of King Stephen, in IIM, tie later portions of. which were written froaJ his own personal observation. Thuwotk|| forms part of a collection pubUshed'bj Siiii Henry SavUe in 1306. 1 HUNTINGDON, SKLlNA.CounteM of, t!n second daughter of "Washington, Earl Pet- rers, was born in 1707, and married In ITS to Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon. After she became a widow, in 1746, she eepoueJ the principles of the Calvinistic MethodisU, and patronized the famous George TO- field, whom she made her chaplain; byUe iutluencc of her rank and fortune, appetfM at the head of a sect ; and, after the deiu of Whitfleld, his followers weredeelgniW as Lady Huntingdon's Connexion, m founded schools and a college for preaewn, and expended annually large sums not ouj in their support, but in private cW Died, 1791. ''^Memorials " of tho Connies^ have been published by A. H. New. i HUNTINGDON,WItLIAM,areli«ionni|! thusiast, who attained great notorietM* born in 1744. He was the son of a fanMri labourer in Kent, and the earl; pwt «» life was passed in meni.l,servi« wO-W humble occupations. After lJidul«i)i| is [mdw] ~ ^ -^^.jllj^nai IMflgfi^ IvlM tod diMlpatJon for MrtnU jmun, m Ifsrdias to his own account, hs wai oun- iTrrtnl.tud became it pri-aoher among the |CiJ»lnUtlc Methodliti. He wai coinpell(>d Itt on« time to cam hU bread aa a ooui lh«*Ter at Tbamet DItton Ho «ooii engaKcd lio r(U|iouf controrenlM, publithud a vaat in r(U|louf controrenlM, publithud a vaat Buaberof tracti, and waa regarded aa the jh«td of a levt. Ilia publication* uro rery iBnmerout.itnd nouiuof them contain curioua IdoUilirelatlro to bU peiiiunal hittury and iKllKioui exptriciicp. After thu death of lil« ■lint wife, «« married tho wealthy rollct of loir Jiimc'i Kander»on, a London aldcrinnn Jtnil paMtd the latter part of hia llfo luafllu-' Icnic. After hli eonvcrilon, he Konerully ■ippended to hli nniuo tho niyatlcal Icttcri |CI. H , or Sinntr Savtil. lie died at Tunbrlduo l^elliln 1H13. Hli portrait, by PeilcKriul pi In (he National I'ortriiit Oallery ' I IILNTINGI'OKU, (JKOlKiK IhaAC, blahoD fctUerffor(l,udl«tin((ul»hcdclu»alcalacholar hill born at Winchester In 174S ; received III education there, and at New Collcgo biford; and lubaequently became an naaUt- knt under l)r Joseph Warton, in the aemin- »rr in which he had been educated nnd fcrer which heiiftcrwiirds presided aa warden br a period of io years. Throuirh the latronagc of Lord SIdmouth, who had been kli pupil at Winchester, ho obtained the Ite of Oloucciter in 1802, and thut of ilere- brd in 11116. Thii vennmlila »>«!„.„ ...J. ThouKM. on wie irinity," &c. With a rofound inowlcdge of Greek literature and truly poetical taste, he posaessed the more Wirable qualitlc. of Chriatian piety and lumilitr, united with an Independent mind ■d a iplrit of pure benevolence. Wed. «,i'>'™GTON, ROBERT, a church of ff><^ifMM,born in Oloicestcrsl ire in W, and educated nt Oxford. Ho spen^ ;16/0cLuplain to tlie English factory at leppo , and during that period ho traveHed .Palestine, Jljypt, «nd Cyprus, chiefly fSr LZT. 1 •?'"?■•'"« oriemalmanu- TCL^r-.^^^rcnno^'ri'h^ S'^e&V i{ " -"-ka"e"th*a" Se ■;WorChotrinS„:*'y'LJ'rr r""»- and died In 1702 At^r.Pl^"^- ^^ fl"Wman, and afterwaniA.^"' ^^ *"« walked and Uboure'd the „'•,',';,'* l'"^' ""«« iMt. He wrote down ev«^v,Kr ''"^ "'«»•«' •W« which he had wnno..„7?'"f "'""•rk- H» neyer had a fever «..«' '" " ^^'umea. never took any medlcrn'e* "Ar^he""*' "•" • w, hia grer hai* .»..i . ' •'"' •«e of When loif ye,ra 'm ?„'." '^•«« Ww2 new teeth, and benn .1 .? . *•'' >»• «"« two HClll), KlonX .'„*'" *? "•» »«•«• Pr'lato, Wa. »K.,^"a' .^J,, «'"'»•?»» Kngllnh HtalfordahlM ; waa educated «^*i?'f'*'''' '" t^>"ltgo. Cambridgo and „hr.i ' .'''•"•nanuel •hip there |„ 1742 "„ ^1!'^*' " r""'""- ''Horatil Ara PoVica" wHh^*" P"»"l»»»«''l commentary in i7/in V ^'"* "" KnuHah 'u«; and alao a ikuri, ,^i I?"!:" *<» Augua- Jo'tin, in do/i.„*c"o"'of "W^SSr*"" ?"«»«•■ MMy on the " Hcllcaer «f if^?"' ^" «" which ho afterward, ^nrf °' *>'end«hlp," Prcaa. Hia <• Dia7ogj',f/,"f ^"«"r«<> to .up- wlth " Letter* nnn!' *'.""" ""** Political '• uppcared, M differ^' \» "7 ""i' Homance,- 7«4, and' were ropubilahe.?';. n"™. '"« to tracted ro much nn.u °' •"• ^orka at- whlch were trnnauJi? ."'. "'" I>l«loguea 1767 ho w". Vado"aSeac"on n*?*rJI"»» "»' and, in 1768, conu.cncc , ' "" .'" ""oucester. on tho proDheci.. n^,? 5^*?'^'*'»<''^»erraon. I 'ounded'^by'^hl, f?loC w'l"' *"« 't'cturo coins Jnn. In 177« h-^"'"*""'*'"* «' l-ln- blHhoprlc of Lichfl"c?*„7l"««''«» to the not long after w». I? ^""^ Coventry ; and prince of Wak^ and hfA^^K^^^'P*"' *^ »»•« York. He was trnnsia ed 1?. th •■' *''« •""'«of ccster in 1781 ■ ami ,i.„ £ . " ^^° '^^ of Wor- elevate him U ZpZVcy' buV ^r""" 'o SuVaKrS?"'^^^^^^^^ H U8l[r880xr?re KlUHo^l''^"*'"**' nn EnsrllsU 8tntV«m«» * ?"• ^ilHam, Hia father becorninTawn'''' ^'^ ^ "70 of hia uncle, Dr Gem wh„ . Vt' *•»« <">«•• with him to France fAr^h '""'' "is nephew Ing medical 8cieScenUh^?.''T?''*'' of study; anatomy. There-olnfhw I'^risian scLoolsJf aftor. and younjr Hu«l?" ^'"^^ ""* <>irectly its warmest d&e^Vur ■^/'■'^^ »»« of ho waa prcseiit a£ thV, V- ^'"<*' '"deed, that Gower. the Pnvii.h introduction to Lord whomkdehimhlaDrlvi?.''""'"^"' "* J^^S his return to Enila'Ld h,. *^"^*'"'y: and on Mr Hit. and made hilll'f'y "/"*!;?'»«"«« to minister by his aWUtTand fo'''''*''° **> *^«t was soon after Dlaced ». */'°v^"^''«'<'- »• alien office Ind if AL^'i'i*^'"* «' the secretary in thte wn,. „.?r ''fcame under- ment. He wag brm.ihff^*'"^"''*''! depart- Morpeth. b^Kove^nmoVA'V'"*'"'"'* 'o' froni-which tfml ?.„ °' interest, in 1797. terms of ^/drti^wuria^*"^ ^^'^'^W on supported all the '^erswe. of '^f^l".*' "* ministration. He rS"»°L*^vl^J«. «d.J :ij:^lf^^^auning^^ AdcSu^'l I mi I ' *: I] HCS] % :0xio ^nibttaal )3iogrBpl[)s, ministry, and claimed a pension of £1200 per annum. He subsequently lost his seat for Morpeth; offered for Dover; failed, and was returned for Lislieard on Pitt's restoration to power, and the rcD'iwal of the conti- nental war. During t'.e "Whig administra- tion of 1806, Mr IIu&Kisson was an active member of the opposition ; but on its disso- lution he returned to ofBce, and remained till the premiership of the duke of Welling- ton, with the short exception of an interval in 1809, when the quarrel took place between Mr Canning and Lord Castlereagh, and he sided with the former in withdrawinit from the government. When Mr Canning was appointed to the government of India, Mr Huskisson succeeded him as member of par- liament for Liverpool; was successively treasurer of the navy, Joint secretary of the treasury, vice-president and president of the lioard of Trade, and was colonial secretary during the Liverpool and Canning adminis- trations. It was during this latter period that he brought forward his celebrated free- trade measures, which caused such diver- sities of opinion throughout the country, but wliich were the forerunners of the more thorough and important measures of the same kind which have since been carried and arc now universally approved. Mr Huskisson died at Manchester, Sept. 15, 1830, in consequence of the severe injuries he sustained from the wheels of a locomotive steam-engine coming in contact with him, while present at the celebration of the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester railway. There is a portrait of Huskisson, by Ilothwell, in the National Portrait Gal- lery. HUSS, JOHN, one of the reformers before the Keformation, was bom at Hussinatz, in Bohemia, about 1375. He was of a poor family, but through the kindness of a wealthy seigneur, was sent to study at the university of Prague, where he graduated M. A. He entered the church, was ordained uriesfc in 1400, and soon began propagating the doctrines of Wycliflfe. In his bold course he was encouraged by King Wences- laus and his queen, Sophia, to whom he was confessor. In 1409 he was named rector of the university ; was soon after suspended from his office of priest, and continuing to preach in the fields and in houses, agamst tlie pope, the authority of tradition, indul- frences, &c., was denounced at the court of Rome, and on ids failing to answer the cliarges made against liim, was excommuni- cated by Alexander V. Tumults occurring in Prague between the followers of Huss and the Romish partjr. Hubs retired for a time to his native village. When Pope John XXIII. proclaimed a crusade against Ladislaus, king of Naples, Huss boldly con- demned the pope ; was again cited to Rome, and at last, in 1414, to the council of Con- stance. Thither, trustingto the safe-conduct given by the Emperor Sigismund, he went. Unshaken by entreaties or by terrors, he was arrested, degraded from the priesthood, delivered over to the secular arm, and burnt, in July, 1416. His disciple, Jerome of Pr-ogue, met a like end in thn follrAving year. Their death provoked the Hussite [ HPT war in Bohemia, in which Zlzlia~diir guished himself, and Which lasted till uv HUSS BY, KICHAED. [VIVIAN lill' HUTCHE80N, Fhancis, L^ D ,' ml pher, sometimes considered as the foim^i of the Scottish school, was the son of a di! senting minister in Ireland. He wa« h!» in 1694 ; studied at Glasgow ; and.on hi>« turn to Ireland, officiated in a d« congregation, for some time, in the north 4 part of that kingdom; but, in 1729 he w« elected professor of moral philosophy « Glasgow. Ho had previously publiih.; " An Inquiry into the original of ow W ' of Beauty and Virtue," and a" Treatile? the Nature and Conduct of tlie Passioni In 1755, his son, Dr Francis Hutcheson a physician of Glasgow, printed from hi,' father's papers, " A System of Moral Philo sophy," 2 vols. 4to ; to which is preflwdu account of the author. Died, 1747 HUTCHIN8, JOHN,jin English divineaid topographer, was bom in Dorsetshire in 1696, and died in 1773. He was the auJr of the " History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset," 2 vols. ' HUTCHIN8, THOMAS, geographer-Mncral to the United States of America, was Iwrn in New Jersey, about 1730. He serred ig the army against the Indians in Floridi was imprisoned in England, in 1779, on the charge of having corresponded with Dr Pranklin, then American agent in Frauce afterwards joined the army of General Greene ; and died at Pittsburgh, iu 178S. He published several topographical ami historical works of considerable interest. HUTCHINSON, JOHN (Colonel HUTCH- INSON), governor of Nottingham CasUe in the civil war of the 17th century, was bom at Nottingham, in 1616. He was son of Sir Thomas Huttliinson, of Owthorpe, a mom- her of the Long Parliament, was educated at Pctcrhouse, Cambridge, studied law for a short time at Lincoln's Inn, and, in m, married Lucy, daughter of Sir Allen Apsler, lieutenant of the tower of London. He settled at Owthorpe in 1641, wassoonknown for his sympathies with the popular partv, became a lieuteuant-colonel in tlie parlia mentary army in 1C42, and in the folliwing year was fuipointed governor of Nottingbaiii Castle. In 1645, he was chosen member of: parliament for Nottingham, acted witlii the Independoiits, had severallnteniewi | with Cromwell, was member of the Higli I Court of Justice for the trial of CliarlesI,; and afterwards of the Council of State He ; was a true patriot, honest.and earnest in hii j endeavours to serve the best interests of nii country, an uncompromising repubiicaM thoroughly brave, high-minded, and ucaf-: fectedlyiiious. Hewasdischargedfrompr- liament at the Restoration, and from ail j offices of state for ever, and retired toOff;i| thorpe. InOctober,1603,hewasarr<'steda!i(i, imprisoned at Newark, thencecarried to (lie Tower, and in the next year removed toSan-;; down Castle, where he fell ill and died,Nl)i|l 11, 1664. His noble wife was refused perma-j sion to share his confinement. Shewrotetnel Memoirs of his Life, whicli form oiieoftlie|| most charmjsig vnlmv.fis of biosranbyraonrJ literature. It was first published in ifit ' HUTCHINSO natural philosof in 1674. Ho d: I opponent on scri Htooian system, I gra^ ttlon and I of a plenum. H I ment contained I religious truth, 1 I natural philosoph I of it must be not I wrote numerous t I defence of his vie ■ of them appeare I His followers ha'' |i«ct,batmaDydivi 1 Died, 1737. HUTCHINSON, lloughmore,bomi |ofJohnHelyHutc ^f state, Heentei net in the I8th irly till he obtain a the 77th, in 1783 fit the French rev( Bcansfor gaining ai ind saw Lafayette roopi of which he ud teeli safety in ieclared against Fr regiment, and obtai Be served in Plane Jir Ealph Abercrom Ireland during the pas made a major-i |ras wounded at th( , his brigade in [ipedition to Egypt, b command to Sir R ihen that gallant ofl Uexandria, the chief lajor-general Hutch linforccments, advai hi having pursued t Itioa took place, ar pated in an agreet ►acuate Egypt. Po; lis campaign he was » Baron Hutchinson ^ocklofty, in the ( pa pension of £20( Jwasscntonanext •« Prussian and Russi 1 the court of St P< pr period, to meet ( P,"'!'«'«'ie persona I mi he became full Mucceedcdhisbrothe pre, Ac. Died, 1832. «LTCHIN80N, Th( f. and afterwards lie I colony of Massach K«.n,inl711. Hew 'Sis province for paohable conduct o mg covertly taken pin against the Am" fen the English minT I"- enforcement of ■^ found necessary t( »e General Gage his [?!»(?Iyeametoln.i«t »■ Governor Hutchini hut] HUTCHINSON, JOHN, theologian and I " «T:; 7 " «--'^a Batural philosopher, wag born In Yorkshire Hatn2^ **' *^e Colony or Mo... 7 in 1674. He distinguished himself as an wtT',^''«xr Mawachusetts i opponent on scripturnl grounds of the Now ♦».f«i ^*^N» UiarcH von ti.i.,1,* tonian system, rejecting the doctrine of Wf^A""' ""«> <>ne We 'bo?Jf^^^^^^ gra^ itlon and maintaining the exlstenr/K JHf.^"»«^ Kefonnatlon w *P™"°»e» ^ of a plenum. He held that the Old Teste! i„"^«'„° '^^^''^ «t™e castle ?/8Tp"v''?k™ «' ment contained not only the revelation nf 1 *^anconia. In 1488 AnL . ^'"^elberg, religious truth, but a cLplete systS of f«n" "* *>>« monastic 8lhooV^/'^'?«f «^e natural philosophy, and that internretiilnn If ". "JT"?' Persuaded tw°£l^a. ho I religious truth, but a complete system of I natural philosophy, and that interpretation I of it must be not literal but allegorical Hp I wrote numerous treatises In exposition and I defence of his views, and a complete edition I of tliem appeared in 12 vols. 6iro In 1748 I His followers have not formed a seDarate I lect, bat many divines embraced his opinions. J HUTCHINSON, JOHN HJEtT, earl of no- ■noughmore.bom in 1787, was the second son lof John Hely Hutchinson, an Irish secretary lofBtate. He entered the army In 1774 as a I7^'n°K''\l®'/' ^ra»?,'»'8. and rose regu- irlf till he obtained a lieutenant-colonelcv ISI :™''? 1'83. At the commencement bf the French revolutionary war he found taeansforgaininir access to th« Tronoi. — r._ ran away" persuaded tK' °' ^'^a. he, serve God and man thintt f °"^'* '•e^e'' Ho travelled over Sn/ ''®^« » Monk. Austrian army «na^a^^'3^'^^^ ^ the I known as the a^i?en«r of tL''l""'«" »"ely der of his cousin Joh«w**f 'hameful mur- of WUrtemberg? He A?^"^»' by the duke m. 1737. I 0' »**'«8mon,preacheM |nd!?H°^ *"« '«»»«e .ohnHelyHutchinso^anlrilhTc^e^tf.ele^^l.'ietS^^^^^^^^^^^ In 1517 he was knl.^bf«S" k'""" Virorum " Maximilian, Who als*o''l^„^„ K.'^^^ Emperor crown, and the ti?le „ra '"? *''« laurel Orator. The sam« t ^^^Perial Poet and celebrated work of tI?' ^1 P^Wlshed the so-called dSo"' „V"entlus Valla on thi . luc rruncu reyoiuiionary war he found leansforgaining access to the French eamn I J«*" ",',"'•*'" ^^rk of Iaur«>n«nf ^r.','""'" *"« Bd saw Lafayette compelled to leave tffi 5?;*'?"f ^ Donation of St " h^**"* *"» *>»« ooDs Of Which hfl hn,i hoon ♦»;„ "I- *?f 'c dlcated it to the Ponn ^^"tantine, and de- ,»*•;• .".""^h^'icvere hlTkt J^t""??*"" dealt iiu »aw iiBiByeiic compelled to leave thoao hT„ . T . conation of Conafa^ti " "" '"C roopi of which he had been the favoi.rjfn ^^'^^^^^ it to the Pone ^^"*»n"ne, and de- M seek safety in flight. When wmw-,, .""n?*.'**' ^''^cre blow « S/S°° *"" «>calt leclared against France In 1793. he TaLTa r«u^'5' Komana.'- To escaWl^' "^ ^^» *glment,and obtained the rank of coWi f^'"^"* "^^^n** him by thfa h£fi, *^® '^orm le served in Flanders as aide-de-camn tn 1° °^S "' the castles of hi^°2.'{' ^« 'ctired ir Eal^h Abercromby, and subsequenHv ."n l""" Sicklngen ; from which ^/.l"^' ^ranz Ireland during the rebellion. In me he ilT ^^^ ^artbnrg, he I^nt fn^Vh^^/u^"*^*' S-^nVett^^^S^^tA^ In* Basel, Mulhauren nn^ ^ ' V^ "'ter vhlt' ln» Zwingli at the lauer ?"''«"' «»"1 Meef- days in. the litte island of T?g-'°* ^''' '"st lake of Zurich pn.rT.- **' yffnau, in the fail him- and i; fh^"™^^ ""d hope did no? No mo^iment hS bZ"™? °^'«3 he dieS! his burial-place now hM '"^^^^ *» him. and ™«entonanextrao^rTna?y"mission\°nr".*/« n>athemS?ca«d1p«^'''^!.P™*^°" BPrussmnandniiBsio„„.„""y ™""on to guished himself hir«>3llete?u"lfgSri°aVd'^^^^^^ weeded his.brother as eMlorTt^^^2M^C"ity of Edinb^^^ w^'^- I™"* the unl- m-TrmSi^'"' ^«32. "' °' Donough- his " Mathematicif anf pSZ^""A 1" "96, HLTCHINSON, thoma.1 i,>,j v. - tlonary." 2 voi« ^»i ^> .""o^ophlcal Die. work,itissard,tvSlvedf?^ from his appointment at w^^'. ?c/etlred with a pension of £500* „^°2 '!*'''» 'a "07, HUTTON Jamfs «'„ ."v^'^'l'nlSas. and natural phuSherw^^r.'*'' ^^^'^^I't , , hurgh, in 1726. Aftpr fl«T?:*.''°™ at Edin- tion at thol.l.' After finishing his edu««- ' to a wrlTer to'thr'si^p* ^"! apprenticed legal profession for thK ^"*h.^?"^«'» the " lis province for his &-mE?"^CiJ-hench;but I"''' enfo?cemm of tV"?*^:*"^ "-^lative E found Mcwirv to r^^"''' °" tea, it ^f General Gage U°,''?i°^« ^^^ and [?!"glycamctoln.ii«J",fJ/i°'- He ac- F"' at Bromnton-".-' J" 'I," '" a retired 8K i97 'a Jltto awioergal ^iogrgp^)g. [htdS ffl-rnnrlte study. He in consequence went frthe^iye»Uie9 of Paris and Lcyden, at he Ut^r of which he took Ws degree In r\etfled upon a 'am ;'^Ws °wn ^B^ rnXmihattimfdeTo7,dhimself entirely ??*S*c P«««"«. P^Wishing numerous woAs and inyestigating yarious subjects of ;'?lch thIstrSinre of the solid parts of the PBTth is attributed to the action of fire. This theory excited a warm controversy among ^en Jf science, and ,n>et with many fierce T=d \t*^n ^^iV-llKrns'^o/ S^nYan '^iory^'of tbe Earth "and it has ^i^ng^^e c^^ef woVrAt^arf ^^^^^^^ P^Sfs8*ofReMoTl*om sense to Science and%1108ophy," 3 vols. 4to ; and a Tile- s' of the Eaith, with Proofs and Illustra- ti/vna " 9 Tols. 8yo. Died, 179". :;?&«"to\^?o5?fngVeayer; and at ?hrexKion of hlB time he employed SI leisure hourt in book-binding. In 1760 he opened a shop for the sale of old books to which he added a circulating Ubrary, at Blm^ngham ; where he succeeded so well as fo cmbirk lA the paper business; and by frugality and Industry he '»rl'ed at opu- lence In 1791 his house at :Blnnlngham, and f ma near that town, were destroyed by the rioters : for which he obtained an in- adequate compensation from the county. He Vote several ingenious worke, among which were Histories of " Birminghamj^ " Derby," "Blackpook," and the Battle oi Bnsworth Pield,"^'Tour to Scarborough," "Sarks on North Wales," "Poems," &c. But perhaps the most interesting and best known of his writings are. The Court oi Renuests " In which he describes the nature. friSciples. and procedure of the court, and ?lporti a ^eat number of the cases which clme before Wm as judge for decision ; and his "Autobiography," Published by his daughter after his death. He died in 1815, %UXHAM, .TOHN, a Pbysifian of con- siderable celebrity in the west of England, was bom at Halberton, in Dejon'^re. He took his doctor's degree at T^ey'*™' ^°ti,t hB Studied under Boerhaave, and, on ms retura to England, settled at Plymouth, where he^contfnued for 30 years to practise with success. He was a g'eat humorist. Mid particularly attached to the bottle, port wine being with him an nnirersal remedy, Tither with bark or without. He was a fellow of the Boyal Society, in whose Trans^ actions are many of his papers. He also published various medical works; and his weU-known " tincture of bark "still holds its place in the pharmacopoeia. Died, 176B. Trr»*v#i-EiTiTc_ CHH.ISTIA??; H-ii fitninent ma- thematiclan and" astronomer, was born at the Hague, In 1629. He was the son of Con- Btantlne Huygens, lord of Znylichen, a nobleman of great scientific aWlitlei, i»ho Initiated his son In the principles of general science and classical learning, and tent him to the university of Leydcn. He soon dii tingulshed himself by the publication of several learned works, both astronomlctl and mathematical ; he also invented tie pendulum. Improved the air-pump, aicer- tained the laws of collision of elastic bodlei, and discovered one of the seven sntelllteiof Saturn, of which he gave an account in hli " Systema Saturninum." He visited both France and England for scientlflo purpo«e«i was made a fellow of the Royal Society In 1661 ; and shortly after, at the invitation o( Colbert, he settled in Prance, where lie re- ceived a handsome pension, and remained I till 1681, when he returned to hii natlre country, and died In 1695. HUYSUM, JAN VAK, a celebrated painter, was born In 1682, at Amsterdam, where hi) father, Justus van Huysura, was a respMt- able artist. John was the most distingaisied : flower and fruit painter of modem times, and '• his pictures fetched enormous prices ;hli landscapes were -Mso highly esteemed, He died In 1749.— He haO two brothers, Jusra and JACOB ; the former painted battles, ind died in his 22nd year ; the latter copied the worksof John with greatexactne88,anddied| In London, in 1740. HYDE, En-WABD. LOLAHENDON, Barl; of.] i HYDE, THOMAS, D.D., a learned dWne and orientalist, was bom in 1636,at BiUiniti ley, in Shropshire, and studied at liingi CoUege, Cambridge. Before he was 19, h( assisted Walton in preparing his great Polr glot Bible. In 1658 he went to Oxford, and be- came successively Hebrew reader and keeper of the Bodleian Library. He was next prO; moted to a prebend in Salisbury cathedral. and afterwards appointed Regius profesioroi Hebrew, and canon of Christchurch.Ojfoti Died, 1703. His " Veterum Persarnm et Magorum Eeliglonis Historia " is Wi matj 'TyDEK ALI." or HYDER ALLY KH0^ a celebrated Indian prince, who,dnrlngU( latter part of the 18th century, was ««•; midable enemy to the English in H,dost«^: was the son of a petty chlefin Mysore. Hi; introduced the European diflP"'","^"^ his troops, became general-in-chief mm forces of Cinoas, who then reigned at 8»; Sapatam as a'vassal of the Groat Mop^^, and having quarrelled with the gnndfln, got him into his power, and eventually u sumed the sovereignty Wn»J%^v''„^S^ imn-tant conquests from the Mam«» iwlce invaded the East Indl« »gj territories, and at one time caused the ?w»^ est apprehension for the "afetyf J'S power in the Bast. After a war otWTJ" & the English, a trf t)ja« oonjj; 1769, the terms of wWch wereftTO^ , Hvder. He continued at war wiin "^ ^ r"alta, and after many dlsa«Teeme^;t1 the English, i.eace was Jiroken m ' the wa? renewed with TigoM, *« » ^ cess of this great commander *« J«^ terrupita o> nis "==""';"" Tippo*"*! operations were left to Ws «on, "PP" i Hyder died in 1782 498 iAHENDON, Barii {HTPj HYPATIA, was the daughter of Theon « I ^Z T— L'BR celebrated mathematician, who ffoVernfi^ P'*'<'f""e*> »>«» banishment Th»J" — i the Platonic school in Alexandria In ?hf V*" "conciled, and n,;^ i?7 ^^'^ after- ' 4th centnrr. She early exhlWted prioft of f«T V*« ••"»« "™e. H^^L ?!'!: *'"«'« '"« i extraordinary genius j and beln» fducat-Zr*" f?' *«™P'e of CereranH Hfi.*'^^"»««*2ed by her father, she became a teacher to t^* ^"f«te^^ '^ho duse'diaJ^l^i'^'i up to school in which Hlerocles and other cM« "^l?;,*- "• 822. "* *® *»« P>»t to brated phUosophers had pre.lded strl„,^^^^^^^»> Joannes l,«„i. -. . beauty and graceful afldresg, united iHth S""*'^ ''^ t»'e JeVa, wm foA ^it^ **''«•* and erudition an,! sound Judgment, procoMd h-^ ^?'"*' "" ^hose assMtiimH "/^^'""nMacca- Ihe admiratiu,, of all heaW. > aS^SoSaa w"" "" '"»'«'»« S.b"""^?.'*^ succeeded beame the resort of all the learned in iie. t1?\'?*"' ""« beaieged "by Ann '^^"'salem andria, among whom was Oreatea the m L^^"' ""Jl* *" Sy'i*, with whom w'""*"*^ ^^^^e- reraor. Thi. roused the Jealouay of Cyrlf a »«»««« to makel "nr^Sm/^""""'^"" hsagh^ and intolerant prelate, at th« dft.i* accompanied AntS„.™f„'^f •=«■ I" time the patriarch of Alexandria • an/fci. i"°° against the PnrJ h!„J? ''* *"■* e^ipe- monkish partisans conspired aJalnitHy^i' Jj""^ °Ter the Hyrcanl ,„ t^A?-.!"" '™'" « tiai life, and a furious band of assas^fn." v«^ surname Hyrcanus A^,^°\*""=1"'''ed wiling her as she was returning home f?«m ll"'*'* ''"'l"* this war kv^ '""''*'"' '>eing theMhools, they dragged her thro.?A »k"* *?« yoke of Syria •rnnn^'''"i"'» ^hrew off streets, mnrdercd her in the mn.?h.l *^^ ''"^^d and destrovpH fi"^"^.''^^ Mumea, be- m.nner,and threw her manSeTh&f"?' "">«« wUh Home ThnV"' «"■» ""ado an theflamei, a. «. «5. """"^'^'^ ^'"'•'a into reign were troubled T.??h»''^''*^« "^ hi" HYPBBIDEfl, an Athenian oi.«»„- *he Pharisees am) ^ L*"® dissensions of a di«iple of Plito and ftomteJ anii Th" i°?' and was auceeeded'^;?^*^?- ^^^d, b c I II 'I 'r.! f i«t« ; and died there Tnm^^ "S" '''?«'« pi««rtoftTDo»rBnh«f^„ '°^- He raised ^Bcdmaffniflcenf cHi'fi^ " 0^*"" ^is press pmbic MIsm" 4c "' °' ^"^ ^' "«' th« ithe5'th?;:l2?;'^d«ssa,lnMe,opotamIa, Nionsofdifferontcounpi. . >°PP°'''« fchodoxy or he erodoxy If ha"''1*°the f/M deposed and re-hfstatPd " *'P'"ious- id acquitted, several m™""*' condemned fi^Tourlngthrhere vnTv'°" ^^e charge IBRAHIM Efppvt^t"' Nestorius, * ff«man emnire ul ""* dignities In the fating pSAf^y^llt'V'"' fl"' Monneral furnishing hi J^^^,'..*he Count f ""• The flrs wnrt -^ ^^^^ the cha- .» o» the miuKt h?'5!' "« P™d„ced Nthe"Accoun^tofanEx„edm"'''P»''- 8 Afghan,,., a "Turkish r^^""" "««'"«* jnijtory of Turkey •' ^"^"'nmar," and fKAHIM PAPUA , P'»>andanccrs8ornfli*u'"<'y «' Egypt !: lanred from in fL^*"*, in Albania |*»"'of a JS/S »"„ y to the toilsSi^d' ■jM the •!}.«-..'.' "" "tan oariv a»A j>. V M(liunted"StT„'"' ^i«^ courage; disciplining uX^\Jf*'l?^'^?°'^«"'''«and proceeded vlgorouslv to^'".''* '"^'^'lon, he conrse of a fiw r„m„ ? ^"'''^ ^ and In the feated the WahabeK*"* """^P^etely de 1818 to 1824 had resisted n7^'",'''""i^ho from Egyptian forces ?o subd^ 1 Jh ^^°'^' "' t^e the Jong struiTffiP fnt^ "^ "^hem. During Ibrahim^ was cfn'^^?! Greek independence, Turks. His army overran th^ tl^^^ "^ *^« Morea, and committed fi-^vY''"'^ ^^ «'e tlons and crueltiS • h„f \t^^^^^ devasta- ▼arino, Oct. 20 1827 ^V*''^.'"'"'^ of Na- British, Russian, aul'iw„?u ^ .combined the command of Adm?rM n«2V'^«' ""der stroyed the Turko-Egmfin flfl!"^'""' de- back to Egypt, shorn of h/i « ^*' *''"* ^irfi paved the way for the „ f°"9°ests, and Greece, in 1831 he marchpi .''^F,?°''''°ce of 0' Syria; and having /omnlf^i*'*^ conquest sultan'a troops at"Ko3ot'''.yo,''o''ted the only restrained from ma?nh-« 'f^^. he was tinople by the inte?vS^"/^° Constan- hissubjug'ation of Syria w«."« ^"',«'* ^ ^«t a few abortive at emDisi,^diK°?J*'**o, and tlon to throw off S,^%"vnt^^*''*',P°P»'a- ended in rivettlng th, //o^ " ^"^^ only than before, in j , f'^alns more firmly made another pV 15?. ^'^'an, having ayna, was completely ovort w "^o^^'X of him at Nlali. But «h J ^^™^" ^y ibra- j now Interfered. An Pn^id^^^P^"" Powers I conunand of Admlr»i« J?'^'i ''''"t, under the Admirals Stopford and Napier rt JM. vww^'^: I <88 ^f-|fj<-i.-# ibt] 'a i^to ani&ersal ISiosrapl)^. bore down upon Syria, and having: reduced Acre, forced Ibrahim to conclude a treaty, by which Syria was once more given up to the sultan. In 1846, Ibrahim visited England and Franco. On September 1, 1848, he was nominated viceroy of Egypt, in the room of Mehemet All, whom Increasing years un- fitted for the cares of government; 1 a severe attack of bronchitis, acting on a con- stitution already debilitated by youthful ex- cesses, and unbounded indulgence in his riper years, cut him off after a short reign of two monthi* and ten days. Died, 1848. IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, was a native of Khegium, and flourished about 540 B. C ICT1NU8, an Athenian architect, who lived in the 6th century B. c, and was em- ployed by Pericles in the erection of the Parthenon. He also built the temple of Ceres and Proserpine at Eleusis, and the temple of Apollo Epicurius in Arcadia. IFFLAND, ATJGUBT, a celebrated German actor and dramatic writer, was born at Hanover, in 1759. In 1796 he was invited to Berlin, to take the direction of the theatre there, and, in 1811, was appointed general director of all the royal plays. He died in 1814. His works comprise 47 plays, memoirs, and reflections upon the theory of his art. So greatly wns he admired by many, that he was termed the MoliAre of Germany ; and Madame de Stael said of him, that there was not an accent or a gesture for which Iffland could not account as a philosopher and an artist. TGNARIIA, NicotO, a learned Neapo- litan antiquary, born in 1728. He became principal proiessor of sacred literature in the college of Urbano, at Naples ; was di- rector of the royal printing ofllce ; tutor to the hereditary Prince Francis of Bourbon ; and published a learned work, entitled De Paliestra Neapolitana Coramentarium." Died, 1808. IGNATIUS, ST,*sumamed Theophorus, an eminent father of the church and a martyr, was a native of Syria, and a disciple ot St John the Evangelist, and he was bishop of Antioch from A. D. 90—115. He was there when Trajan entered the city after the earthquake. A persecution of the Christians followed, and Ignatius, after a long conference :vith the emperor, in US.was sent to Rome, where be was doomed to suffer the dreadful death of being exposed to wild beasts in the amphitheatre. Seven of his epistles remain, and were published by Ussher, at Oxford, in 1645. The Syriac ver- sion of three of these epistles was discovered about 1841, and was published in England by Dr Cureton, in 1845. A warm contro- versy as to their genuineness immediately began, some of the greatest scholars in Eu- rope taking part in it, and the question is perhaps still open. IGNATIUS, ST, patriarch of Constan- tinople, was son of the Emperor Michael Curopalates, and was born about 799. At the age of 14 he became a monk, and was afterwards ordained priest. In 846, on the death of Methodius, he was chosen to the dignity of Patriarch. In consequence of his' rebuke and excommunication of iiardas, brother of the Empress Theodora, he was, In 857, deprived and exiled, Photiuj hel., appointed in his stead. On the acceuion iS the Emperor Basilius the Macedonian l« 866, Ignatius was restored to his office ul Photius was banished. At the conncil iS Constantinople held soon after, Photluiiad his adherents were excommunicated imi tins died 878. •"" IGNATIUS LOYOLA. [LOYOUl IHRE, JOHANN, a learned Swede wu born at Lund, in 1707. His grandfatlierwii archbishop of Upsal, where the subject at this article had his education ; after wliitli he travelled into various parts of Earont and on his return became a member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1748 he wu nude professor of rhetoric and politics at Upmi an office the duties of which he diKhirM with great ability for 40 years; and died ij 1780. His chief works are "Glogiariim Sueo-Gothicum," 2 vols, folio, and "ft Runorum Antiquitate, Patria, Oririne et Occasu." The "^Glossary " was compiledu the expense of the state, and is a grand ud unique monument of Swedish philolon IMBERT, Joseph Gabeiel, a i^^ui painter of considerable merit, who itndied under Le Brun and Vauder Meulen, wu born at Marseilles, in 1654. At the age of 34 he entered into the Carthusian order, bit was permitted by his brethren to exerciie his pencil on religious subjects. Died, lUi, aged 95. IMOLA, INNOCENZIO DA, Italian painter, whose family name was Francucci,wailwn at Imola, about 1494. He was a pnpii of Francia and afterwards of Albertlnelli, bnt his style was chiefly formed after that ol Raphael, to whom some of his pictureilian been attribnted. He lived and worked mostly at Bologna, his chef-d'ceuTre beii; an altar-piece, now in the Academj' of Bo- logna, representing the victory of the Areh- angel Michael over Satan. He paiDtedjI several Holy Families and MadonnaSiOneot the finest of the latter being at Facui. I He was living in 1519. | INA, king of the West Saxons, a valiitt i prince and an able legislator, succeededlj Ceadwalla, in 689. Having obtained adTiull tages over the people of Kent in 694, lej wrested Somersetshire and other parti ol the west of England from the Britons, He afterwards made war upon the Merciaw, but the latter part of his reign was speotiii works of peace, and he ended bis dayi im monastery, having resigned his crown U 728. The laws of Ina served as the found- ation of those of Alfred, and Bomeof tbeii are still extant. „ , , INCHBALD, ELIZABETH, a nOTeliStJll dramatic writer, was born at StannlnrieM, near Bury, Suffolk, in 1756. Haying M her father at the age of 16, she went » London with the view of obtaming «ne»- gagement for the stage, married Mr im bald, an actor of some celebrity, and »««• panied him on several provincial touri.B died in 1779, and she obtained an engaged at Covent Garden in 1780, where she co«- tinned eight years. After her retlOT«^ In 1789, she depended .iil>on hn ,^"«^ labours. Bhe wiote iU ='-™'' 7"witi« novels, "The .Simple Story," and N«««j [isc llNCj and Art." She also edited "liie British Theatre," in 25 vols. ; a similar coilection of popular farces, in 7 Tols. ; and " Tlie Modern Theatre," in 10 toIs. Slie died in 1821 having passed a life attended with manv difficulties and temptations with unsallied reputation. Her "Ufe and CorresDond- ence" was published by Boaden, in 2 vols I8to, in 1833. ' 5,o:in '{^sr -- "' — ". »« ^ vols. INCLEDON, Benjamin Charles, a cp lebrated English singer, was born at 8f Keteran, in Cornwall, in 1764, where his father practised as a surgeon. When eiffh? [jears old the fine tones of his voice indncpd bis parents to article him to Jackson of Ktp ter, under whose tuition he remained as a chorister in Exeter cathedral until he was 15. He abruptly quitted his situation in \hl and served in the royal navy five years Jarmg which time he went to the Wp,/ IndiM, and saw some service. His vopni bilitiei having, however, attrac Id thi Iptice of his officers, he was advised to t?y |« fortune on the stage. He accordinfflv lid so, and in 1790 he made his debuf »♦ >vent Garden Theatre, with itreat r«pA * »i).rm<,Mn«The PooV SoWifrf" a„d"S ' A once into popularity, which attended hh 1 fcU the nfirmities of age, and an irreKuln'r fcodo of Ufe, compelled him to quk X Kfge. His voice combined uncommon tower .weetness, and flexibility, boT?^ |he natural tones and in thc/aUetto, and his Jtonation was singularly correct. Died* [JNEZ DE CASTRO, celebrated for i. hmj and her tragic end, wTs fporf^^,,^'"' Uln. bu"in I3i5 A?fonso'had"',f ^"'»' Nated. When Pedro came to thn^f ""■ P years later, he took .n», "*' throne I her murderers had hprhT ,T"'&eance Id arrayed in rovalrohn.'""^^. disinterred h nobles to sahup hil *' ""** compelled Vdren were de£d ea_able^r"- ««' fcne^^^iUS pS«^t',?,rrV'r^""*'«' ^'^^ a Vmafried to Ph lln i,^?';** V' She ^'nce,inAugwt,l93 M,"A"i*r' ^^''^ «>' JiMived a g?eat ftvpV.r^ ' ^^ immediately fe-nberfogowlngTad^he"^'''''-""'* ^» r on the preteit of «m .^^^e set *H.tothep?pe%*^d*'/-«ffln%- She ap- pwin, Where shPi^I^-®"* *" » convent FOfce, but in thP fnii. ^°^^ authorized fi«.andord redtheWnLro r'f ^t" ««» " Iwife again, Philip rliV^'el^e her as P contempt, and in if.t^^*,''® command rofM^faiie TSi^J?^' "6. married r"^i null, and hl« I Carriage the pope F'" 1200, la*d an nr^^"""'- InnoceSt r 52 i sue wn. hnnrT,"" ■"•=' ri-'caiiea having learnt the bS w ^"gjand, and ocu ation, went to VienSl i„"^*^'* *>' ^n- ocolate the daughter of ?hi° '"'''" *» ^n- which he wns ?^»S / '"^ emperor ; for and obt^ned a pension *"t?''^«* Physician' of several treatises on ^S.l^?' *^« author' history, was elected a feHo-'w*/ ?S "*""al Society, and died in 1799 "°"^ «' the Royal j «^olSl'a^YJstSa^^^S ^'«"^» "«•»- cient and honourablp f«mff ''°™ «' an an- Tuscany, in 1772 "w*j^ ?* Volterra, in , education, and earlvffl1„I^''^*7^«* a "hera" writer on the anSQJiffe?'?.*'/''""^""" as a try and on art, and h« nl^'.^'^l^ative coun- ' librarian at the^^em an^'rV*''" P""* "^ I rence. His greatest wwk iff L*^'^!"/'' ^^lo- Monuments," which wnf I? u^J? , Etruscan 1 volumes 4to, between ?«9?"''"i'*^'' ^^ "i" published a so the " w„^ "?'' ^^^6. He '^History of Tuscanv •' i^T^'^", Gallery;'. ' on ancient Vase-Pafitii^^^^^^l^- ' a wwk l &c- Died, 1846 ^"'"tings, in 4 yojg, ^^^^ diSio'„',^^Ce';frSC \'^'«'«'»ome | lished in the name n? Vif*' ^"'■^* ^ere pub- a native of Scotrnd fmi ?!:^"* 9o«way,Va8 ardent desire to yisUw? '"^ ^'»^- An and a not less ardent iov«f? couiUries, made him at once a ?r„;2n° °' literature. His first work wis enrnfia^'-'SJi'* * ^'"^r Ardennes," and wfl«^n"®*^.^he Tales of Walks through manv fc^**. ^^ "Solitary appeared his "tSW-?; ''"'"• ^hich den," "Spain in 1830 '• "t^.'^"'' "°<» S^e- *c. A fter his retiirn /, ^he Ne w Gii Blai," a tour through Irellndth^ ^P"',"' ^« '"ade was an admirably. »„ J ^^^ '^'"^^ of which in 183*.'' XconsTuut'ion"!.'."?'* "'"'""d under his literarrexe-S.^i ^^""^^^ «""'' with disease of the brain nn'n 5? ?"«« "e'^ed INGLIS, Sir JAMES w,?? ^'""^ '" ^835. ^ an ancient family fn'^l\^P«nded from I was born in the rehrn '^f V"' ^^''^^ he joined the Prenrh fl%^ **^ "Barnes IV. He lish, and in somfi^.i'?'' '?«''*'"'* the Eng! the batUe o? pIXv ^^'^l'-'""' P«ced?n*g self thathe wnaili'^u? ^istinguigi.ed him- IMShepublirhed ^^^^V" ''"' field. In " ComplSfint Of Scotland^" h7,^! ^" °°t«d ross, in 1554. """"na. He died at Cul- thf hS de'fS??**;«'; -ajor-general. I'Ucknow.waason n^^ t^^ -Residency of of Nova Scot", and ;?s bom in"f,l"' ^'»^»P on the 15th November I8?4w''*<'°'°''y the army at the aeenfJ^t:' ^® entered in the 32nd Foot t^P^L^"'^'^*'"' "^ ensign served till his death Rf°' « which hi in 1837,whence he wa? Jn^t^^T^" ^*°ada took part With c'istiSn i„ th ^''^' and of 1849 In the Puniab w»*'i° campaign tiuguished himself at thA^ f^^*"^ dis- jerat, and having r sen th?o„i*i"^ »' «"" became Colonel of m.V*^'* ®^C'y grade. 1856. On fh° i,.°L^*? regiment in Jun« the spring of l857'"^h«V^ the mutiny in' part With sir HenrtYnV""'^ *« take] ^cnce of the 1t^eTden^e7ofnui"k Ji« Ihon threatened by •warminR thousand, of ferocious rebels. And on th« death otmt Iffi' thromSr/chYer^^clf K Erorcidtt^oVtr^^^^^^^^ Si InvetJedand exposed to lnce«.ant fire of cannon and musketry, no place In Vho work* safe, he held out, and after 87 rtavs the relief of the city was effected by Sir Ky Havelock and Sir James Outran^ HrlKadler Inglls was promoted for this sDlcndid achievement to be maJor-j?eneral, and named K.C.B., and his countrymen gave hlmon his return home a most enthusiastic welcome His young wife, d^uK'ji'"' "' H'.^ Chcimsford, shired bravely with him his nrduous task and his appalllnR peril. He was so sert^usly shaken in health that soon Xrhf^as aj;.polnted commander of the forces in the Ionian Isles, he had to v.hu the baths at Hombourg. and tl'f ?, ho died. 27th September, 1862. " T>|'«»K^"'«' ' 7p the United Service Magazine, "he was re- markable for amiability of diBpositlon and whilst his military Bervices justly classed him as the bravest of the brave, he was ^nuallT entitled to admiration for hl» un- asBumfng demeanour, his friendly warmth Sf hCt! and his sincere desire to benefit by all means in his power every one with whom he came in contact.' INGLIB Sir KOUFiiT HARRY, bart., was born in 1786 was educated at Winchester and at Chris'tchurch, oxford and in 1820 entered parliament as member 'or Dun- dalk which he represented till 1826. in ^hLVylar he was returned for Blpon and continued its representative till 1828, wnen mrKobert Peel, having changed his opin- ions on Catholic Emancipation, accepted ihe Chiltern Hundreds, in order to give his constituents of the university of Oxford an opportunity of expressing their opinion upon his conduct. On that occasion the conservatives of theunlverslty, see ng the character which Sir Robert IngU. had achieved for himself, brought him to op- noso their former representative, and re- ?^ed h mby a large majority. , Through- oTllfeT a staunch upholder of "things as thev are " in Church and State, he was sti 1 thi model of an English gentleman, who if sometimes prejudiced, never was carried by hif prZdlces into iU-feeUng or personal rancour He opposed Catholic Emanc pa- «on, the Arm Bill, Jewish Emancipation the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1836, and the abolition of the Com Laws in 1846. In 1863, flntog his health impaired, he retired from parliament, and was sworn a member of the Privy Council. He was un elegant scholL: both in classic and Engliih litera- ture, aid in every private relation an up- right, charitable, and benevolent man. Died, ^^INOriiPHUS, abbot or pretended abbot of Croyland, whose name is attached to a work once highly valued, professing to be a v.------ -» ♦!,- »M»»'' nf Orovland from A.l). The story of Ingulphut, according to Ut statement! contained in the hlitoiy, ii u follows. He was born in London, tbout 1030. "William, duke of Normandy, whUt a visitor at the court of Edward tho Coa- ' /or it many prUUegei. Died, llft^ ^ ^ I INNOCL.' -ore have been ihlrteea popes of thL. .uio, of whor the ioUowiif deserve notice here :— INNOCENT I., ST, was a native of Albaao, and succeeded Anastaslus I. aa bishop of Home, In 402. He supported 8t Chrysoitoni, and renounced communion with the Eaitero churches on atcount of their treatment of that eminent man. In 409, he cndcaToured to obtain terms of peace with Aliirlc, but was unsuccessful, and during the following year Home was taken and pillaged. Died,i 417. INNOCENT II.,aRcman of nobleblrtli, elected. In 1130, by a part of the cardiuli, whilst others chose Peter of Leon, who took the name of Anacletus. The party cf U» latter being the strongest at Eome, Inno. cent retired to France, where he renaiael two years. This contest for the papil chilli continued until the death of Anacletui, Uj 1138, although the monarchs of Englaad,: France, and Germany espouicd thecauie «; Innocent. In 1139, Innocent wajtukei; prisoner by Roger, king of Sicily, who Mi been the chief supporter of the rWid popftj He wuH released on recognlilng Bogert, title us king of Sicily. The same jear, Arnold of Brescia began preaching at Boine, and was banished. Died, 1143. INNOCENT 111 , one of the most emueiil of the popes, was descended from the Couiiii of Begnl, and bom t Anagm, la 11 1. » succelded Celestine II. in 11 8 ; and W.| endowed by naturt ith all the ^e'lii « a ruler, possessed oi great erud^f ^j"^. favoured by circumstances, he was ww qualified than any of his predecesw« to« tend the papal POwer. Hl.totc«w»»til recover and secure Such por'io" "i,""^ mains of the Holy See as ^J" ^/fJS of usurpers. He applied W'M«',,'S^n ?o the improvement of the admlnU«"»J justice In his estates, and wl*U«wp j tlons, derived ^om Hildebrany^^ supremacy, he expected t^"* » f,& tlons, civil as well as ecclesia "cai, » be decided by himself. He »ugW J.^L the Christian princes if^l^X'S^H coveryofPale8tine,andBhortly»n«J^l began a cruel penecuiion of theiJB^I He%ad_put France under .nlnte™^ He had put France «n»if ""Jhu,.*! cause Philip AuguBtu8dlTorc^»» ^ ,. .„„„„ „ ^ ingeburga ; ,a,nd!rji?„'ra »'''*! 6^im, bui whTck U now- .'elleved to be a lau«S ii^^^^^^^^^^^^a.chW^h^^^ of om^^"^ monkish fabrication of o much later age, i phen i^angwu, .^ 502 I inn] not yield to men«co8"ornmL"„n""''*^°"l'> to his rule not to receive .n .^ exception perorOtho IV., t»1.« owed to hlmhireleTa: I Tte with'pj:""''"'^^ ^ucMm ••rh?.:!;/'*' ' tioD. Innocent abolished the Koman senate the i-wiu^""'^'' ^«8 '''Khly favour«M*'l'" and con,ulate, and thus made himself abso! poL i"/V± '"^"'"tion. as it indS .i^*" ' lu.0 in his estate!,, Which now extended from I nfe'siVKde?V" r"'^ ^ ^ouis. The" sect"onirQ'uL'tU"^"«*« «' Kome under this pontiflcatP i i**5 5™" «* Spanish priest Mollnofa^niniV ?** ''^ *''«' son and doctrines thci^oJ,""?* '^*""'«' P^r- a decree. Innocent diirt^.?.,'£^" Published I tary commander du W^ th^HT"^"" mUl- B. C, Who raised himserf^to?^. ^'^ "^^^tury courage and talents ear v?n^'rrL"''."f«lr "1^ it was at this famous council that the'eele brated orders of St Dominic and 8t Frandg I 368 b"^ "T "" r.»Peaitlon to Eirvnt"' «U"^° ."' were confirmed. Died, 1216. "' t°°^^- C-. he relieved Sparta ^hn„ '■ ""'''. ^" INNOCENT IV., Pope, previously known .,fJ^® Thebau general CamiiTonrt^ "Z*"*^" I a« 8INIBALDI DE' PiKSCHi, Wag of a S«w» « *^'i' ^'*'" '>e Was one ofth^ nn^ "'• ^° the Genoese family, became profrssor of law if l^'' ^^^^ «"cd out by the Ath^S*i'"''"^«" «' Bologna, cardiikl of 8t iVorinzo, and chin oTfT'l °^ ^'y^^ntium whtn be.w' ^'" **'«' cellorof the Roman church. He was rhn?Il *^ treachery by one of hi. rnii' „ '"^^ accused to .uccced Gregory IX. in 243 Before his w-'^"'^ ''^'""^^'f with st^ch s»fr^?'!'K^« *»«- election le was the friend of ihe Emperor T.-."^"".''''* ' »"'» though hi M", ""^ I Frcderickll., but he Malously took UDMdS.«u '"«*'' *»« '»* not agfin oL«„ . *".* neiorably maintained the gS q7aMe1 Vi'?,7«P"ation8ofAtS ''"»''«° ^'^ t^^e between Ouelf and Ohibelllnl Soonfter Lr? »M^°' *^««^' «n ingenious wrf his election he levied enormous contribu hH' ^^? ^°"^ near Wem. in si ?nn.M '*^' °" tioDj on all the states of Europe and in Pn^"Sf°"f*'* "P to the watchmai^Tv'''^' "n*^ land he seized on many vacant beneflcp^f; "« afterwards became a do^w^"^ business. that both the king. Henrv III nnS fh» ' *° f*"^ P'"'ts: and died nA«.. t1? ^? Paintings I llamentrcmcnstrltedranVhs' agent had^'^^ "' i" the author 2f "K'^^l*?' ^^ Idee the country. He persisted ho wrvpro^^ trated," a vols. ; and the " t ifa *^^'*^ ^'"*- 1 ,ot wlmt he deWd.nuhe cfosl Of tSe "'iS f^?.''^-""" the ac^^' """^ ^"«" f ^X^a.:^t IV}L^}^'^J I ceS^ffi SrarntjaKrh"?^'^-' ' PenTm"e^n^S"h.s-iL^'£\^t^^^^ burton, in Devonshire iVlf '"'/" ''^ Ash- contemporaneously wUhoiffo,^ p^^f'^""^' the Quarterly llevlpw th„ 2^^ . ' ^*'*tor of ■ jtar nH innocent look up his abode iif lljMi, where ho lived eli yeoM «..dTif=.V 111 . merel toundl Md tSn tolas i^i tes.avo'S'£<§.«^«i teiSEgf ItComo i^ ih "i/.f"" *•*« «<"! «' a banker Ka a^s ldieS°Ge™ "" •''V^'^tb he pitted the caZ tn »„, ™""y "°* Poland, te- thViZme „V« 5^^!^!'.'^'>.vlth which he had been connected, he left xiw) ^hlf colIcKO, Oriel, Oxford, for an exhibl- t?nn'£5W for a chapel in Westminster; and the princely sum of £10,000 to theunl- yersity Sf Oxford, for a Profef orshlp of ExegeBlsof Holy Scripture. Died, Sept. I. ^^^ilfflrJ SAMUEL was originally a silk m.muf»; in Spltalflelds ; hut haying a ?is?c for the arts, he became a speculator in Iclrce books, prints, &c.. and PuWi hcd ™o«» foiirs in 1786 his character sustained SjSry from tie part he took in the publ ca- 'PJ*"/,"" ..v,r.„rtont foruery. fabricated by tlcn of an impudent forgery, his son. which made a great noise at the time and was entitled '^Miscellaneous Pa- pers anSlegal instruments, under the hand Snd seal of William Shakspeare," &c. H's .«„ howeyer acquitted him of wUful par- ripauK ihiUlterary fraud in^^^at ^e termed an " Authentic Account of the Shak- ipeare Manuscripts." Besides a variety of "^Picturesque Tours," above alluded to, Samuel toland published a work inione JolSSSJ.Sled^' Graphic Ulustrations of '^iIenJeuS, ST, a Christian martyr of thr2nd «ntuiy. was chosen Wshop o^Lyons in 177. The place and time of his birtn are n^t known. In his youth he enjoyed the fnstSns of the yenerable Polycarp. He wis a man of considerable learning, and TnTmat^ with en ardent zeal for Chnstian- fty He i^said to have suffered martyrdom during the persecution under Beptimus 8c- ycrusfin 202, and is honoured as a saint. The works attributed to Irenajus are lost, with one exception,-hi8 books against He- resies, of which a Latin yersion is extant- IBENeT empress of Constantinople, alike famous for her talents, her beauty, and her Ses, was by birth an Athenian, and mar- ried Leo IV., after whose death, in 780, she raised herself and her son Constantine V., who wasVhen but 9 years old. to the impe- rial throne. Charlemagne at ^^t* /'™® menaced the Eastern empire- Irene atflrst delayed him by promises, and at length went so far as to oppose him, arms in hand ; but he totally defeated her army in the year 788. When Constantine had arrived at manhood, ie refused to permit her to participa e longer in the government, and actually re?|ned atone seven years ; I'^tthe inhuman and unnatural empress caused him to be [IBV of the Commonwealth, was bom at Atttn- ton, in Nottinghamshire, in 1810; itudled at Trinity College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple , and, on the breaking o"it of the civil war, joined the parliamentarlam, the left wing of whose army he commundedm the battle of Naseby. Haylii!? married t daughter of Oliver Cromwell, he soon roie to preferments ; was a member of the court which sat in judgment upon the liing, and was appointed to succeed Cromwell ai com. mander-in-chlef In Ireland, where he died in 1651. His body was brought to Englanil, and buried in Westminster Abbey tUl the Kestoration, when it was taken up, sus- pended at the gallows, and then throwninto a pit with those of Cromwell and Bradshaw. The portrait of Ircton, painted by 'Wallier, is in the National Portrait Gallery. Ill VINO, EDWARD, the celebrated preacher, was a native of Annan, Scotland, and was born in 1792. He received iho flm rudiments of classical education of the Til- lage schoolmaster, which he completed at the unlyersity of Edinburgh. 'When a mere child he is said to haye been singtilar in hit way of thinking, habits, and amusemcnii ; and, before he had reached the 17th yearol his age, he was recommended by Professor LesUo.as a teacher of the mathematics to an academy at Haddington. That situation he left in order to fill a similar one at Kirli- caldy, where he remained 7 years, durinj which time he became acquainted with Hiu Isabella Martin, whom he afterwards mar- ried. In 1819 he went to Edinburgh, with a determination of becoming a preacher of the gospel, and Dr Chalmers hearing him preach, appointed him his assistant at St John's church, Glasgow. In 1823 he was ap- pointed to preach at the Caledonlsn Asylum, in Cross Street, Hatton Garden. The force, eloquence,and the novelty of styleand man- ner of Mr Irying drew such large congrega- tions to the Caledonian Asylum, that those only were admitted who could procure tickets— even for "standing room; "while these were chiefly distributed among the noble, wealthy, and liberal of both seies; in short, it became so much the fashion to! attend Mr Irving, that, from about Mseatr previously occupied in the chapel, appUa- tlons were made to the number of 15C0. He occasionally preached at different chape's for charities, Bible societies, &c. Hepubhshed many of his sermons, and na becommiic-! quainted with Mr Drummoiid, Joined Mi prophets," as they were called, of Um Pailk.the seat of the latter. These "pw-; nhets " were 20 or 30 persons assembled to- gether for the express object of stndyiBii ' the sublime science of sacred prophecy- rnTunnaS empress' caused him to be " t^e 8UbUme^«^^^^^^^^ SeSriveS of his sighl and assumed the sove- accounts of which wm p ^ relttnty. Her entrance__ into Constantliiop e jn ine v. ^^ ,^^ ^^^^ doctrmes becM 'oW^lum^LT c^T of 'g"ord^and -pred^^^ Znes. her liberality to the people, the free- dom' wHch she bestowed on all prisoners nnd nthcr artifices employed by ner, won. S sufficient to secure her from the conse- ouences of her criminal accession. Nice- Sho?u8 who was placed on the imperial ^hronC'e^ledh^r.totheisleof Lesbos, where "' IRETON, HENRT, a soldier andstatesman ihe change in 'Mr Irving's doctrines becg evident to his former adniirets; andmlW he was charged with " heresy " by tk; ScotTchurch in London. ProceediBgs oli the presbytery were carried on agamstbm,; andVe judgment of that body hgji nroved by the trustees of the mm Kh Church, which nad oeen erectt^to^ . him m Regent Slimy, he ^'"Jt ft.^ i therefrom, aud art^rwarua i<:^'-- ■> llBVj I presbytery of Annan. So warmest friends resolved lured hira full oudiences. About this time he felt It necessary to return to Scotland in the hope of recruiting his health; but. on arrlTlng at Glasgow, he rapidly became worse, and ho died on the 6th of December 1831, with all the external symptoms of old »ge, though only in his 42nd year. Fresh interest has been excited respecting thin remarkable man by tl.e publication of a genial and intelligent account of his life bv Mrs Oliphant. His works aro also roW lished by his nephew, the Rev. G. Carlvla M.A,,and have received warm praise from contemporary critics, who have borne wit: [neis to their wealth in truth, beauty and genuine eloquence. ' IRVING, WASHINGTON, the SOU Of a mer chant in the city of New York, was born in that city April 3, 1783. He was'educatcd fo? he aw, but ye.y shortly abandoned the pro- fession and loined his brothers, who were merchants iu Liverpool and New York On to faUure of that house in fal?: ho'was thrown upon his own resources, and soon exhibited to the world powers which mlX Dthenvise have lain dormant or been less strenuously and successfully employed Ba fore that time he had published his " h^!' er, and The letters of JonathAn cTa Style," but henceforward his genhis became more prohflc. Ihat his work* Hi«fi„ I noneof the local and national pecultef which characterize much of th"^ Utemuro feCs«s^'-°-S ijKSrexTeCce^^o^irF^^^ iSsSSi"t„'j[r y"""- This^Si-' Ulh8mbra""Thoni ' • , "® ^"'^s of the iw writers have eo vilid^t'"''.';*'' '^^"^ toions historical anrt lll^^ realized the ^partiality of iaJim^d, ^ °^ sympathy and ««tyofh^?ai5nretT.'''",n"^ the W« writing and ho, the special charm 'tatlon whJcw1i?''Jf.,Yon for him a r™ 'Ort-Uved The «m«?ni"'", ^^ '"'^a' "or '^«turntoAiricain"\"°'W8life,after Want labouTon his mf niJ "^"^ fP^°'' 1" M those which have hP^n/ *°/^'' Be- f^^i, soon after tK „ °" "i""^**' ^e pub- §etch Book" ^^!^^^ feilurerhis "Tii'l T'.V* "^c'al others wi.T^I The Life of Oeor^o w^.i-T" '""* Work, completed not longXf^S h."*^°"'"' '*''• early youth ho had formoHM H* ^•'ath. in Inu the life of the „oa? ?i ''® l*'*^" «' ^''t ▼log was but five vear. ^T .Yi'"' when.lr- hands upon the chiW'/ hi^'n *""• '»'«» his volumes appeared wien"h*„'' *^° ''"» «'flve seventy years of ^ HVh"„!,T''« «"«» write at a timn -Zh" a "'^^ bcKun to literature of heTown^'^'l'S*'!;'''* ''"^ "tt e of writers rise to «.;. ® ''"^ »oen a series poets and phUo's"oSr"'i?e"J: !|'«?'-'S more than any, con rihntnA^* ''"*' himself, coldness and distru^r ^^^^^^ i" 'emovo the Englishmen and Americans • in*!? 'r'^^""'^^ mft?i's"..i«T,"e''d as? 'i'i been pp3,.ed1?. Tvols'''"''" " ^''vo^Vc'' of chtoliS' Shl'« ""*^' «' » "ytem «on sheriff !?CnVo^««°"o'Hlchardfsaa" Bishop Andrewi WW » " ^'°'« » ^i'e of daighfeS^^oh^ Fl^'wa^f h'>"T »' «P»'n. ?iS;StYeUYusrn-oSr?-^^^^^ Castile wtre united plrdlSlf **/ ^'"^^^ «nd together assumed the tlti«S?Sf """^ '»«bella of Spain. She was ha ,Im£ ''^"Z '""* lueen hut with the graces aX^l *""* ambitious, Isabella united thf «„ charms of her sex thesagacityof a g?a?«"*° °' '^ ''cro and' She was al4/s presen t?r?». "?** '«Kislator : state affairs, and her namp w„ ^^^saction of that of her hushnnn ?I?^® ^'^^'*.? P'^oed beside Private Warfare whic? Th"," ordinances vailed to the destr^TnM^ ^"'* formerly pre- lity, she Checked and in,^"^-!^"""" tranq^if. administration ohu8tice?>T^** ?J'^^^^ the leading events n/?. ^{^^' ^^^- I'or Fren^JaTntS^ornlfjJ"^' ^. ^'ebrated I was a pupil of i?«vm ^"^''y' I'* 1767- He hlmself^to^the prSie'of ™.S?'!^ **«'^°tel ing, and In 1805 was fDD„inJoi"^"f^-I''»*'»t- painter to the Emperorttw "fl^iature- he accomnaniVH ♦hi S Napoleon I. in I814 to Vlenna!re urninlfoT^?" ^"'*» ^^^^^ year. He' afterwards vulJ", *5.^ 'oHowing was employed by thfl v^^^^ ^"'''^a. and He painted portraits of mSflf'lh^^''""^^- sovereigns, andK-»ny drstrni^^^TP^"" i Among his works are Lvpri?^""^®'* "en. ' with numerous smaU W« Hi«e tablets I des Mar^chaux " «' pi^nf ^^* '• **»« Table dans le cour ^J TnHeries ^T'"^^^' ^""""^ ^ ISJEVa, an Atheniln n;,.*°\..^''^d, i8S5. I-ysias and Isocrate« w/v "'i *•»« P"Pil of half of the 4?h ceniur? b' p''^ ^^ *»»« Arst unconnected with Dublin „ff •*'' ^*" wholly himself to thVK of w"'^""*'*evoted ' Eleven nf hi "" ^S*'' «' instructine nHioy. ISCANVsTjosEPHnf '^ 'i'" extant:"- "• ITflJl^-^SMft^f o7S^ , '''1 HL^** ■ H' >"■. til ' I w "^' li ; ' 1 i^jffl 1 ! ;f il I8E] m i^b) StnibersBl 19iogrnp!)Q. poetry, •who accoinp»ni«d Klchar-^ Cceur do Lion to ruleitino. He wa» the author of an epic poem, entitled "Antiocheis," or the deeds of Hichard which the poet had hlniielf witnesRcd. Thli !■ unfortunately loit ; but another, on the Trojan war, ii itlll exunt. Died, about 1224. I8ELIN, IHAAO, a 8wiM mi»ccllaneou» writer, born at Uiiicl, in 17M, of the griind council of which city ho became lecretury in 1760. 1I1» principal work is entitled " The History of Mankind." He took a ItadiuR part in the foundation of the Heiretio So- ciety, and carried on an extensive corre- spondence with the literati of his own and other countries. Died, 1782. I8EMH1JUT or XAINTE8, a French archi- tect of the twelfth century, whose skill in building the bridpcs of Xaintes and Uoc'ielle induced John, kinn of England, to recom- mend him to the citizens of London, in I20i, as an engineer, or architect, who might be useful to them In completing the bridge over the Thames then building. The old bridge was commenced under the direction of Veter of Colechurch in 1176, and it was finished In 1209, probably by Isembert ; but the style in which it wa« executed says but little for the state of architectural science In England during the 12lh century. I8ID0UE OF MiLKTua, a Greek architect of the 6th century, who, together with Anthemius, was ui-pWed by the Emperor Justinian to erect the church of 8t Sophia, at Constantinople. It is now used as a mosque. ,. , ^ I8ID0KE0FrKLVSiUM,ST,B0 called from his retiring to a solitude near that town, was a celebrated disciple of St Ghrysostom, and flourished In the 8th century. He wrote 3000 epistles on theological questions and eccle- siastical dieclplinc. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE, Bt, was born at Carthagena, of which city his father was governor. Isidore succeeded his brother In the bishopric of Seville in 601, and died in 036. His works arc numerous, and among them is a chronicle, ending at the year 626. The editions of his Missal and Breviary are very scarce. ISLA, JOBE FUANCIBCO DE, n Spanish Jesuit, was born at Segovia, in 1714 ; and after the expulsion of his order from Spain, retired to Italy, and died at Bologna, in 1783. His principal work, " The Life of Friar Ge- rund," is a bitter satire upon the absurdity, fanaticism, and ignorance of the monks, and upon the prevailing faults of pulpit elo- quence. He possessed much of that humour for which his countryman Cervantes is famed. IS0CRATE8, one of the greatest orators of Greece, was born at Athena, B.C. 436, and was the son of a musical instrument- maker. His principal teachers were Gorglas, Pro- dicus, and Theramones. On account of hia weak voice and natural timidity, he took but little share himself in public speaking, but he applied himself with the greatest ardour to instruction in the art of eloquence, and preparing orations for others. He was particularly distinguished for a polished style Mi»M « iittt "tf " ....... fc- uw »...<.. ..- — — _— tences ; his subjccu were the most important 606 points of morals and politics ; and it ii rr corded to his honour that he never hy writing or accusation, injured a single |j||||. vldual. He was warmly attached to the liberties of his country ; and tuch wii hit grief on hearing of the fatal battle of Ch«. ronea, that he took no food for four tu, and literally died of starvation, In the titk year of his ago. ITUKHIDE, AUQU8TIN »K, emperor of! Mexico, was born at ValladolM, in Newj Spain, in 1784, and entered the miliuryien I ice at the age of 17. In 1810 he was s liig. tenant in the regiment of his native eiu and in 1816 be had risen to the cummasdoj the northern army, which occupied the uro- vlncesof UuanuxuatoundYalluaollil. About this time he was accused of want of ddeliiy i to the ruyal cause; and though acquitted i I retired fur a while from active service. Sol). sequent events opened a new career for his ambition. He took the command of sn am; destined to the South, and marched to Aca- pulco, in the latter partof 18i». There ht matured a plan for the emancipation u( Mexico ttora the yoke of Spain: the proitc- tion of religion, and the union of the Hpin. lards and Mexicans. Iturbldc continued kill march to Uueretaro, and was soon Joined b; Victoria, the most devoted of the friends o(i liberty. The road to power was now cstirelji j open before Iturbide. He took poiiciiloD of the capital in the name of the nation, aid established n regency, consisting of memben nominated by himself. Vinding that the republicans were opposed to his dominatloii, he resolved to seisee the crown ; and accord- ingly ho was proclaimed emperor, Ma; 18, 1822. It was decreed that the crown ihould be hereditary in the family of Iturbide, ail that a million and a half of dollari ihouldj be his yearly allowance ; at the tame tinci conferring tiie title of princes on bis sou,| and establishing an order of knighthood tod other acccsoorics of a monarchy. Thcfnendi of liberal institutions fled or temporized. But they could not acquiesce in a state of things so adverse to their fcelingi. Iturbide was driven by his necesaitlca to exatperste the minds of the people. Defection becane general among the officers of the arm;, mj that Iturbide hastily assembled at Meiico the dispersed members of Congreu, ulj tendered to them his abdication of the crowi, March 20, 1823. Congress agreed to grinl Iturbide a large yearly pension, on conditio! of his leaving the Mexican territory fore«f, and residing In Italy. He embarked, Miyl 11, 1823, for Leghorn. But Impelled bTUj insane ambition to attempt the recoTerrcf his lost empire, he left Italy for England,: and embarked for Mexico, May U, l«*i"" arrived in sight of the port of SotolaMiiiu, July 14. During the year that had eiipw, the Mexicans had adopted a repubUcan cm- sUtutlon, and Iturbide had no party «" friends in the nation. The government w been apprized of his leaving lUlT,""' decree was passed, declaring him to bej* scribed as a traitor. Iturbide lanW « Soto la Marina, accompanied only Dr»» oski, his secretary, and was al'"'"'' '"^ atoi; nrrested. His fate was but fcra*" time delayed , sentence of immeaaa; r iva] wu pronounced ; ond while prfipuration* for eiecutlnK the cenUnce were makluir Iturbide aUdrcited tho assembled people proteitlng hid Innocenco of any treasonable' purpoie, and exhorting them to observe the dutiei of patriotism, religion, and civil sub- ordination. He was shot July 1», 1824 The iitiru grandsoni of Iturbide, one aged 15 the I other i, years, were declared princes of the ! blood by Muxlmilian, emperor of Mexico in lUBVauil took rank next after tho imperial I family. The family subsequently resiirned j i llH'lr right to live la Mexico, and their claim j j to the crown, for a pecuniary compensation I I IVAN III., sovereign of all the Kussiaa ,;,ainamcd THK Tuukatening, succeeded I hit father Vaiiill In 1462, at the ago of 23 I jfiM. Ho a»plrod to liberate Kussia from the yoke of the Tatars, who had held It tributary for two centuries, and after years of warfare he duw his eflforts crowned with juccem, and Ahmed, khan of tho Golden I Horde, defeated and slain In H81, in the I following year he won a victory over the , Polei. His prowcM and extended dominion I had now made his alliance worth huvinjr and with his power his ambition ulsojrrew' lie married, as his second wife, Sophia' dauKhtcr of tho Emperor ConstanUne Pa- iKologui, hoping to attain to the ImDerial throne. The khan of Kasan having InSd KuMla, Ivan totally defeated him in lis: and made him end his family prisoners He a tcrwards engaged in war with theknlghtl of Livonia, and made a truce for flO vfar« «llh them. For the first time Moscow law under Ivan III. ambassadors arrive from ilie pope, the sultan of Constantinople Z republic of Venice, and the kInL of Den mark. In the latter years of hi? reign hn erected many fine buildings at Moscow uml„ the direction of archlfects and Ss' Iw /T *'"'" countries. Ivan wag mm in temper, cruel, and revenue^? Stp :.e'"of"'th';"fe "Sfed'^afc "■«nof«year8,inl5oa. "«1. "fter a ,KuX.V,'th7;raarofiVa'ri,?«o' 'succeeded his father Vasslil ivT iS Ilk wf triumvlraiu. At the avn i,r ia t« ' to death, and assumed th« - ti'^" P"' »»>««" his freedom at firs onit iST^**"'?'">'> «•'"« crowneJ, «nd took the title of"r '""'•"'f •oon after married tho Prf.,„°' ?"*'■ ««' Whoso noble Chirac ur and fnSu.t""'"'"' him were most beneficial iv«„'"'" "*""■ from slotl. and 8onsu«i ?. .'^ *"* "•eoeucd •elf to hi. high nic7u\^{.n''M "''•''''-''' »"•" reforming inilitary -I'l.,^^ * ' '^'''•'''"vs, the foundations of „ .,^ "" P*'' """• 'aMng first grearpu^poso was t^",''^')* """^- «1» power. Whlch'^had only"bcon hr^ t'"" 'f""' ho conquered, first Kn.L^ '"?''"" i «>»d can, and recc ved the s»h.' 1°1 '"''» ^"f"" all the other latar chiefs i^"A«T,*" ."''»«»' Wife, and his natural iV-Von^,^**^ ''" '°''* '''•' forth indulged wi^houTstrilint'" 'l^'"'' afterward, at war with « . .'* ^^ Was Tatars of the Crimed a„^"'"uH' **"' <"« Alarmed by the .tTcnith^r T^ "' *''<"'«"• onemle., ho' Implored tho ,?.„^.'".,''"'"'''°"« pope, Gregory XIII who " "'''""on of the for him in 15827but\v^i^?iir'"'"f"'' * P^ac" hope of unUii/g Ku^ia'^rtTthi'^.''' •"» diabolical qu^liUe.""'7°"!?,1 »V»«'°'« "^d wise legislator n «!;.„. valiant soldier, a troducef o?Sr,7nt h?s' MaTot"r' ^"■ nevertheless unrlvallp.i »n il ?.*''*' ^^ was victims of his un Imed na"?-*- '"l.''.""* *'«' will were innumwlbV i "" •""* ^"^l"" plclon. and In a flt nf if ' .^'■°"* "ore sua- eldest 'sonrwhomLrJ^n ''?"■*• •''"^d h's for this crime omSittered^hf^f"; .^«"°»"« for the metropolis and ».."'. ^* ^"'"^d It "Fair Gabriefle " 'to be tutor fn'lf'"'' ^^ ^^^ young duke of Vendomo H« ^^r/""' "'«^ became tutor to the Daunhin v »C*?''""''d8 tlous course of l/feoccn^fo„?,5 ^V* ''•" ""»- He, however rpp»i»»^ °*'d his uismissal. til!'he''wl8 9oTea« of 5^*"?^'""'* "^^^ clever poem. entitir„i .??*\. ^® ^'ote a Prince,-' and a varie v ^f "/""".""on d'un 1648. " ^""^yof other piecei. Died, Js Iferring a life o?mf^ ''°™ ^"^ "12- Pre- ti!4ny";^hertte.hre«j-^A-d -— ry. a„, Went to u-ve"arLe"K o"f^^c?en^rfnntsss^^^^^ He wrote '" The ri""» nf ^.^}tL"J ?°9i^}7. and othe? wo'rks'^^ie"?, im?"'^'^ ^°'"^'" 607 {'-^ i^4 jab] n jHetD BnibtriBBl Viogtapl)^. [ikC JAHI.ONHKI, KAliI. aUHTAV, a Gprnian cntcmcloslst, wns born nboiit 1746. Ho obutaed tho poit of private •ccrotary to the (lueen of I'ruiila, but doTotod hit ieliuro to an ardent Uudy of natural hUtory , and oipo- clally of entomology. On the latter branch ortciencu ho proj«ctod nnd bognn nn cxten- •Ive work, entitled " Nnturol Hy«tcm of all known Iniccti, Indlgcnou* and Exotic,' which wii« continued by the naturiillst Herbit. Tho part of tho work relating to buttcrfllct occupies 10 yoU. 8vo, and wa» published between 17«a— 1808; thatrolating to beetles, In 11 vols., appeared during tho same period. Jahlonski died lu 1787. JAUI,ON8KI, PAUL KHW8T, orlontnlLt, son of Daniel Ernst, an eminent theologian, was tho author of a very citidlto trcntlne on the mythology of ancient Kxypt, and other ablt) works, theological uud antiquarian. Died, 1787. ,^ ^ , JACKSON, General ANDiiEW. president of tho United States from 1829 to 1837. was born in South Curollna, 1787. His father was an Irish emigrant. At the ago of 18 ho took part in the war of Indopcndenco ; at tho close of which ho becnuio u. law student, and was thus enabled to dischorgc efficiently some high legal offices In Tennessee, to which lie was subsequently appointed. Oc tho breaking out of the war with England In 1812, ho took vigorous measures for the de- fence of the menaced territory; in 1814 he wos appointed mojor-general ; and, among other exploits, which raised him to the highest point of popularity, he gained tho decisive victory over the English, Jan. 8, 1816, at New Orleans, which put an end to the war. Tho same success attended his arms against tho Creek tribes, whom he re- peatedly subdued. In 1821, ho was appoint- ed governor of Florida; and his gallant deeds being still fresh in his countrymen's recollection, he was brought forward by the democratic party as a candidate for the pre- sidency, elected in 1828, and reelected in 1832. His period of office is chiefly remark- abln for the extension of democratic tend- encies which then took place. He obtained from Trance tho payment of an indemnity of 25 millions of francs for injuries done to the commerce of the United States during the empire. His refusal to renew the bank charter, in 1833, led to one of tho most vio- lent financial crises on record. General Jackson was endowed with inflexible will and an ardent patriotism ; but he brought with him to power tho passions of a por- tisan,and he did not oiways respect legality, as 'lis treatment of Arbuthnot and Ambris- ter, during the war with Florida, shows. Died, 1845. JACKSON, JOHN, chronologist and con- troversial writer, was born at Lensy, in Yorkshire, In 1686. The corporation of Don- caster gave him the living of llossington, but the pertinacity with which he supported Arian principles prevented his further rise in the church. He was the author of " Chro- nological Antiquities ; " nnd left behind him the character of a learned and sincere writer, though strongly tinctured with the faults of a violent polemic. Died, 1763. JACKSON. JOHN, an eminent English portralt-palntor, was born at l.nitlngh»B In Yorkshire, In 1778, and opprentlctd in'l his ffcthcr, who was a tailor; butdlwotM;! ing a decided talent for tho art In which bi afterwards excelled, hU nbllltka procuKd him tho protection of Sir Ocorno Hcaumont ' through whoso means he leinuvcd to Ixib'' don, and studiiid at the lloynt AcuUemy. ai that time Lawrence, Ople, Hei'c:hejr,»n(loih« eminent masters, pro -occupied iiui (truund ho had chosen, and for a time ho lonteotcH himself with painting portrait* in watK- colours, in which ho was very succi'Mfuj Ho was, however, determined to take a iiU stand. If possible, as a portrait palntir In oil ; ond the tact with which he copltd the works of the old masters surprlietl hii oa- temporaries. Uo was elected lloynl Aca- demician in 1817 ; and when, in l«l»,hctr« veiled through Italy, and visited homo with Chantrey,he was chosen a member of the Academy of Ht Luke. Jackson " had an un- common readiness and skill uf hand, a rapid felicity of tlnlsh, which enabled hlmtoiluih off, at a few sittings, whatever he under- tooU i his colouring wiis deep, clear, and splendid ; and in this ho more teicmblcd lleynolds than any artist since hit ('a; One of his most admired worka, perhaps hli chef-d'oeuvre, is his portrait uf I'laxman the sculptor. Died, 1831. JACKSON, THOMAS JEFFEnsON, liclter known as " Stonkwai.l" Jackson, ayery distinguished officer of tho "Confederate States " of North Amcrlcn, wai bom in Western "Virginia in January, 1824. He wu of a respectable family, but received only a limited education, and nt the age of 19 en- tered, as student, tho militury academ; it West Volnt, where, in spite of his homely! dress and uncouth manners, he outstripped by patient and persistent application many who at first were far ahead of him, HU Dnt service as a soldier was in tho Mexican war of 1847, in wliich he gained many itcpi in advance, and was noticed as a Rood itun- nor. He afterwards licld for ten years the chair of chemistry at the military academy of Virginia at Lexington. On the death of his first wife he visited Kurope, and durln; his stay in England found his chief delight in our cathedrals, nnd especially in York Minster. On tho outbreak of the civil war, and the secession of Ylrglnia, he offered his services to that State, nnd received a com- mission. The two years that followed com- prist! tho whole of his public Hfc,and his brilliant achievements, undlinnicd by defeat or failure, have earned him the admiration of the world. He contributed to the first memorable victory of the Confederal; «t Bull Run ; defeated General Banks in Ihs Shenandoah valley ; covered Richmond on M'Clellan's advance to it; distinguislifa himself greatly in the battles of the Chlcl- ahominy ; by his march through Thorougii- fare Gap in the Blue Mmintains, and attact on the rear of General Pope's army; W »» capture of Harper's Ferry, and at tho batue of Antietam. His was the post of honow and of victory at Fredcricksburgh, and also at Chancellorsville. It was at the ja"- named battle that General Jackson rewijrt his mortal wound, not from the enemy, o" 608 JAC] , trim Mm I a pnrfy of hia oirn mcin, who flrmi />•. I h77 ~~ — - IJAi; In ll.i. darkiUM ,.f the ..vonlng. M„. a « llff«|)hlcnl norm to tho criticism of oxI.h*!' 5''':'"^ deyoted i loaophy.are " ihivld ii,.nl* •y»toma of phi- ". -. ..»...,„. ruucatlon with I i fJ*''*!l*/ " "» «'"ay on the'H»«^'.'""'»"' »". „, ,. «.ianit'iu ruucation wiih I !!,.•,.«» *•" "••ay on > rew .^ hs following one of tho 1 hm^ "o'''n,'f"''" ««> "«" pro eul. .,i, t««o for mu.lc dUplnyed DIoh /» VV"®. T'""*' a itwlf, ho .. vcr, io decidedly while ho wa. ^l^?' Munich, 1819. K<« youth, that hi. frloml/plnced K^m wnA^"''!-*'"''^NNO under I'raTcri, theorKnnlst of the cathcdrS Oiim "' '" '^^0. «t Ij, ofh jna( vni' tr. Hnvi.... « . '■'""i^urui I tiottlnaon : »<>. «— , " K< 1 youth, that hli" fHomli' 'pMced Mm 1 n-n^A^"'"' •'""Ann'ovoho « n under TriiTcri, theorBanlct of tlin rnf i,/.-i.?J J\"* *"'"> 'n 17^0 at 1> /.f ^'.""'^™'«n Poot. lofhl,na.ivn..|ty. Having p",edtwSa?, o r"'«''° ' ^«« ProLior o 1^^^ ""'"^'» "t n thenielropoll*. ho retur.'cd to Kxeterin &'',r" «' """o ; a^S ''I,f'"'''*"P''y •»"«» I7«(Mnd,iutcecdln(f to the situation nf J- '"/* ,'"'"«'» 'ettrps at iviV.?.'. "'"*'*> "''ntly, of ur.u in esteem lor tne r chastoneig of ».«n V. '«""•• ceptionandlruthofexprcsslon- hnwn.-^ /ACOUS, JuH,p^ „ . ^ .uthorof a treatise "Crhe Present «f«?2r' ,^''"'»'^'«n'««' nguS/.'!'"" School, prSfossor Ik h°. "° i''d«P«n, °*"** Ion the death of Charie, n" if iflgT^.^' at':s"t£'Ce"o^''t?i««o°Ss ?: .hr ne^s-^e^^^o^hTye^ac^^d ^fb"l'"J„l^« mmmmmm^m^i """""«a"on 10 render himaoi/ »i, . J the hi^^f '^i?i?z^«« the'son of iT£^«/ the After di 1 **" Catholic relTg Mar broke out In sJ„.^''^^ hy the earl of proclaimed on \^ ITI^'A'^ j£ iTouroflibertyof consciZo J^^'fation in I sain the favour of fh^i'''s«'3<> sought re, however, too cL.^? "dissenters, who tlr'''«pffif Or»r'''^"«nappli(^i-^ to tha't post PW'''* the duke mar nw„.j- "' Orange, who i.-^v^'* I *™nce. hr> w»«» *_ ,?°?''- Ordered to o"«» m ! t \,t 1 !'t\-i f 1 } -^ 1 f ■ r-' i ■■ tk, i ,JiL 1719 the prince married Maria Clementina, daughter of the king of Poland, by whom he had two sons, Charles Edward, the young Pretender, and Henry. Maria Clementina died In 1735. Disaffection and resUessness continued in Great Britain, and showed themselves from time to time in oyw* «cj"» and in 1745 another Jacobite rebeUion broke out in Scotland, Prince Charles Edward landing there, and getting his father pro- claimed once more. This struggle ended with the defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden by the d«ke of Cumberland. The Ketender died at Kome, where he had Uved for many Tears, in December, 1766. ' JAMES, GEORGE PATNE BAINBFOED, novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born at London in 1801. He studied in France, and began at an early age his literary career. He wrote with ease, and Produced an immense number of works, most of which had a large share of popularity. ,The flrst of his novels, which was also one of his best, " BicheUeu," was published in 1826. Among his works are " Dirnley," " PhUip August- us," "Henry Master ton." "Henry of Gilise," " The Huguenot," '' The Smuggler," histories of the Black Prince, Charlemagne, and Louis XIV. ,poems, &c. He was appointed British consul kt Norfolk, Virginia, In 1852, and consul general for the Austrian ports in the Adriatio In 1866. Died, at Venice, I860. JAMES, &OBERT, an Bnglish P'*y»^^',^' was born at Klnverstone, In Stoffcrdshire, In 1703. In 1743 he published his Medical Dictionary," In 8 vols, folio, in which he was assisted by Dr Johnson.who was his early friend. He also wrote the " Practice of Physic," 2 vols., &c. ; but he Is best known by a valuable antlmonial preparation, fami- liar to all under the name of James's powder. JAMES,' THOMAS, an English navigator, who, In 1631 and 1632, attempted to discover a north-west passage. He yintcred on f^harleton Island, in Hudson's Bay, and next summer proceeded on his voyage, but was unable to penetrate farthe* than 65 degrees and a half north. He made some discoveries on the coast of Hudson's Bay , to the country on the western side of which he gave the name of New South Wales. On his return to England he P^Wifhed an ac- count of his expedition, entitled "The strange and dangerous Voyage of Captain Thomas James, for the Discovery of aNorth- west Passage to the South Sea." JAMES, WILLIAK, tho author of a valu- able national work, entitled "The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declara- tion of War by Prance, In 1793, to the Acces- sion of George IV.," &c. Every accessible source of authentic Information was i-ade use of by Mr James In writing this history ; and his Industry and research deserve the highest praise. Died, 1827. ^ , . . JAMESON, GEORGE, an eminent painter, sometimes termed the Vandyck of Scotlimd, was bom at Aberdeen In 1586, and died m 1644. He studied painting under Rubens, Vandyck being his fellow-student, but wai' far from attaining equal excellence as an artist with eltlier of them. He painted I chiC'Sy portraits. JAMESON, MRS, whose maiden name wii Anna Murphy, was bom In Dublin in 1795 and In 1823 married Mr Kobert JameHn' afterwards vice-chancellor of Canada. Hw numerous works have gained a widt reputa- tion. The most Important may be dlrided into two classes, of which one relates to wo- men, their characteristics, and social posi- tion. In her " Sisters of Charity at Homeaad Abroad," and the " Communion of Labour," she enters into the subjects of the employ. ment of women and of our criminal lawi and reformatory iustitntlons. But she will cob. tinue to be known chiefly for her Art-criti- cism, In which she has been surpasied br few. Her " Handbook to the Public Gal- leries of Art in and near London," pnbliibed In 1842, was the first of a series of woiki of great value on the special subjects of which they treat. Among these are the yolamH on " Sacred and Legendary Art," " Legeidi of the Monastic Orders," " Legends of the Madonna." At her death, which took place March 17, 1860, she left nearly completed a more laborious and elaborate work, on the " History of our Lord and of His Freconor, St John the Baptist, with the Penonagei and "rypical Subjects of the Old Teitament as represented iu Christian Art." Thla work has since appeared, completed and edited by Lady Eastlake. JAMESON, BOBERT,one of the most emi- nent naturalists of his time, was bom In Lelth In 1773. He studied for the medical profession , bat a love of that science in which he was destined to earn so high a reputation, soon prevailed over every other pursuit, and be devoted himself with ardour to geology, mineralogy, and the kindred sciences. In 1798 he published the " Geology of Arran and the Shetland Isles." This was followed In 1800 by the " Mineralogy of the Scottlih Isles," in two volumes 4to ; and shortly after wards by the "Mineralogy ol DumfHei shire." With a spirit of enterprise rare st that time In Scotland, he went, in order to perfect himself In his favourite studies, to Freyburg, in Saxony, where tlie celebrated Werner .had established a school which attracted pupils from all parts of Europe. He remained there two years, and shortly after his return was appointed professorof natural history In the university of Edin- burgh on the death of Dr Walker in M. From this period his puMlcattons were numerous, and his class books In particalar rose speedily into high reputation. It would far exceed our limits to give a comp etc mt of his works, but the following wiU show the zeal and energy with which he deToW himself to the duties of his cluj^;-- "5 Characters of Minerals," 1805.-^ System Mlreralogy," two vols., 1806, ;^a third TOMe was added to the last in 1809, on OeologT, then termed " Qcogmosy." - ' Noto » Black's Translation of Von Bucb s_T«^ in Norway and Laplan^.'',""-- 8y«J^ of Mineralogy enlarged wlthou the G« gnosy," three vols., I816.-In 18 9 he«« mcnced the " Edinburgh Phlo«)Pt^»^ Journal," which he coiit nued tUl hl«des» It extends to seventy vol«mei,and hMra Joyed a European ^"V^ii^tion.^^^ TAMIESON. JOHN, D. D., theologian »»• janJ mologlcal Dictionary of the Scottish Lan goage," 2 T0l8. 4to; "An Historical Ac- count of tlie Ancient Culdees of lona " Ao He died, aged 80, July, 1838. ' **• JAN8EN, or JAN8ENIUS, COHNEUrs bishop of Ypres, and professor of divinitv la the universities of Louyaln and Douav WMoneof the most learned divines of the 17th century, and founder of the sect of Jansennts. He was bom in 1585. at Akav near leerdam.ln Holland; and studied at Ix)i.vain. Being sent into Spain on bus!- newrelating to the university, the Catholic king engaged him to write a book against '".^K^*"?'''/'"" ^"^^"f? 'o^ed an amance with Protestant states; and rewarded hi™ with the see of Ypres', in leir^He S already Maintained a controversy awinst the Protc:tant8 upon the subject of We and predestination ; and having stKn with intense delight the works of It AuS tine, he devoted the best years of h»« ii^ ♦ the composition of a treaffintuK " lu** pwtinus," a kind of epitome of the viewt of h I great master. This book appeared Ifter W» death, and was the occasion of the fam oui and long-continued controversv wil^J 1510. He distinguished himself n/j^? was contemporary with B.. Li?. ^^'^ ^® -^respee^,wIsru£»iSiS born at AmsteSfcf ??*??''>'"' was 7^1 yearSd WasSgaTed'in^h^^'''-"'^ of King James I wi. „. -^ . • '" *^® service totingSishfd by th" r ZTotT f " '"'"^ Mcatetint8,andby a strnn^ V*''"'""' «"»<» '"ith and niture w!. /°"* character of Obscured on the arrivfo/w.^'f*? *•> "« 'Sid; and the civil war hrl??^^''^ '»» ^"K- Ml-'e after, he returned to hifn5 °"* «<"»« '■■we his paintingTwere in thl"?, '^^"ntry, •^em, Died, 1665 " '''^ highest es - «« *, n 1664 Wo „„ • ' '^"^ "Jorn at Brua- '^ecelebrld?anSeV1in^/*^T«'npesti, ^Mfs, and painted thnflJ*'"'^'"' ^'^' several »' that great malte'^'fc' '"the works , together. For small hil^^^- ^\ ^^^y 'e.slded l»a«preferred toTn Vi^*''^"<=*' Pictures, he Im, 1739 *" t''^ painters of his time! |boKll60?X^l'''*''« ^'*«ia« poet was iMhoolmaster and clerk f« '*^® *''«'"e " a l;«<"e" 1821. and a fourth in Ifiss i?'l t **>''«* In gular distinction of beint' f„r """^ *"« s'"" only printed Frisian hi.^if"'?,*'^*'*"''^ the men are proud of Janix a^n ,,?"' """"try- Bpokenof With enti'^ -4S,Poem. Je Pa^Vn"rS%^l^'S- I'^uSn^^^^^ Annotations on vario^^i*. ^'^"''«' '«'«>te and also on the Tafmud Jl?l" °' *•>* B*>>le. so highly of th«» i,«^'^"'"'* w^'e thouirht JABDYN, Kahet mr I , ,u I^ied.llSO. er of iandscapes and an'imaf/'''"**^'' **''"- Amsterdam, iS i64o w„ ^^*'. .'^'»' •'o™ at Where he acquired .,,^* """'<''' '" Italy. diedatVenic^lilers* ^*' reputation, and y^T^I.T^ ^larTicHi, axo-l a^r^XhStjVlS »-f? years he resided In Paris inH» ^" "^^^'al at the headof his profes^Z'* ^"eonsidered came to England, where hl^i afterward, iar; but on beine in vft»H .® ^as very popu. ' ^rg.he went thfther whPr?^"i?atPeter8- 1 He was as eccentric and irw.nK,*"^'^ '» "04. clever,and numerous Snirnfil**"^ "i •»« ^as recorded of him "°««iiar anecdotes are | vJ^defrSro^?«^^««'^^«'-.Che- and fortitude dMe^o?o ho' ^^''"^ bolineu knight of Malta oVwi *° ^^ recorded, was a le Sec He was arr«?"J"''''''" of'w„^ the Bastii;, auhe ti^f n?*^"*^ confined^lj Chateauneuf, keepe™of°th»* Prosecution of for the purpose of m.«„. *?® *®als, in 1633. him relative to the^dp^L'^"^ ^'''^''ce from and others j and afte^^f fS' °' ^hateauneS confinement, diS-togwhlrh ho """t""' <"«« 80 times, wlthoutlncnlnatin;^ was examined was sent to Troyes aSd t hi^ ?'•* ^'ends, he ' demned. He moumpH .^"^ *'^^* and con- 1 reprieve was aSLced wh i^^^'^'^' ^'"t a on the block ; upon wWrlTh"^ ^'^ ''^ad lay back to prison whe™ hi^ ^^. ^as conveyed time in a state'o%«en,1hM?/'°"^^ ^^r some P|ay a part in th^war Of t^^; ^^ "^^^ *« died about 1660 °^ "*® Fronde, and memb«of''tR^^!,^heTalier Iox,i8 de Of the AcadJmlWSffiS'd^."^""' ""*' was born in 1704 Woj" "."^ Stockholm, tirely to literary purVulta''*'*.?!*''"'"'' en- ' Piegne in 1780. He Sihl? ^l^^ at Com- P^diePrancolsewithmn^ ^^'J *h« Encyclo- and conducted the <'Sn7h?''**'« articles, n«e." He also assistoH • *'*^'»"e Haison- "MussBum SebCim !^ ? P!}''"5'»'"« «" composed a "LexipoWw^.,? ^°'*- 'ol'o, and the MS. of Which in 6^vo, ""fS^^i^ers'ale," board of a shin wh.Vh V "^ ^°'-' Was lost on sage to Amste?dam^ foundered on her Jai^l 1776 ho was chosen preildent of the conRress ; In 1777 he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of New «o« i and In the following yeaif he was appointed ohlef-Justlco of that State. H.- was next sent as minister plenipotentiary to Spain ; and In 1782 he was appointed one of the com- missioners to negotiate a peace with Great Britain. The deflnltive treaty having been signed in September, 17S3. he returned to the United States ; and In 1784 he was sent as envoy extraordinary to Great Hritaln, and concluded the treaty which has been called after his name. In 1795 he was elected governor of his native State; this post he continued to occupy till 1801, when he declined a re-election, as well as u re- appointment to the office of chief-Justice of tho United States, and passed the remainder of his days In retirement, pled, 1829. JAY. AVILLIAM, an eminent dissenting divine, was born at Tisbury , in Wiltshire, in 1769. "While earning his livelihood as a mason's boy, he attracted the notice of Mr Winter, and under his care and tuition he made such marvellous progress that when he was sixteen he was held worthy to preach before Rowland Hill's congiegatlon in Surrey Chapel. Alter preaching In various parts of Wiltshire, he became the minister of Lady Maxwell's Chapel at the Hotwells, Clifton, In 1789 ; and In 1791 he was settled as the minister of Argyle Chapel »» "at"! an office ivhich ho filled with urrlvalled power and ability for the long period of sixty-two years. His works, which are very voluminous, consist of " Sermons," an " Essay on Marriage," Memoirs of the Rev. Cornelius Winter (his early benefactor), and the Rev. John Clark, "Lectures on Female Scriptural Characters," and his "Autobiography," the last two being post- humous publications. Died, 1853. JEBB, JOHN, a divine and physician, was the son of Dr John Jebb, dean of Cashel, and born In London in 1736. He studied at Trinity College, Uubllii, and Peter House, Cambridge; obtained church preferment, which, however, he resigned, and then com- menced practice as a physician. In which he was very successful. He was a violent par- tisan; and, though conscientious in his re- ligious opinions, their peculiar complexion, and the freedom with which he indulged in the political squabbles of the day, obstructed his professional progress. He was a fellow of the Roy a. Society, and a contributor to the Philosophical Transactions; and his works, theological, political, and medical, form 3 vols. Died, 1786. ^ ^ , . JKBB, Dr SAMUEL, an eminent physician and classical scholar, was a native of Not- tingham. He studied at Cambridge; and, adopting the principles ol the nonjurors, became librarian to the famous Jeremy Collier. While at the university he pub- lished the " Dialogue of Justin Martyr with Trypho the Jew," in Greek and Latin. He afterwards married the daughter of an apothecary, procured the degree of M.D., practised as a physician at Stratford, in Essex, and retired to Derbyshire, where he oTa ciaMical Journal"en titled " Bibllotheca •M Titeraria," ant' 'he editor of RogetBaeoa'i " Opus Mi^Jus. JEFFERSON, THOMAS, third pmidtnt of tiio United States, was bom la 1743 nt Shadwcll, In \irglnia, and was brought up to the bar. In 1769 he wbs «lt>ct«d a member of the provincial IcgisUture. married In 1772, and In 1775 he entemi congress, and took a conspicuous «nd very decided part In opposition to the mea- sures which England had adopted to- wards her American colonies ; and it wu he who drew up the famous declaration of Independence. In 1776 he retired trom hit seat In congress, and was next cho«(>D go- vernor of Virginia, which post he held two years. On the return of Dr Franklin to America, in 1785, Mr Jefferson wan namtd his successor at Paris, from which he pro- j ceeded, as envoy, to London, in 1786. At the usual presentation, however, to tbi king and queen, both Mr Adams and him- 1 self were received in the most angraciouil manner, and, after a few vague and inclTec- tual conferences, he returned to Paris. Here he remained, with the exception of a visit to Holland, to Piedmont, and the south ot France, until the autumn of 1789, zealouil; pursuing whatever was bcneflcisl to hla country. He subsequently filled the offlce of secretary of state under 'WashiagtOD, until 1793, when he resigned, and Ihed in retirement for four years. He was then: elected vice-president, and in 1801 chosen president. At the expiration of eight years be again retired to private life; andonthe 4th of July, 1826 (the 60th aimWersary ot! American independence), he died. He was the acknowledged head of the republican party, and an acute politician; eloquent and persuasive In conversation, and possess-; ing the faculty of acquiring an ascendancy, In his political connections. The "Memoirs and Correspondence" of Jefferson were pub- \ llshedln 1829; a'' Life" by Tucker in 1837; | and more recently a work entitled "Jeffer- son and the American Democracy," by Cor- nells de Witt. JEFFREY, FRANCIS, Lord, eqnally emi- nent on the bench, at the bar, and in the world of letters, was born at Edinburgh, la 1773. Having passed through the usual curriculum of the High School, Edinburgh, he repaired In 1787 to Glasgow University, then famous for its professors; and after i session passed at Oxford he returned to Edinburgh In 1792, where he compleW his legal studies. In 1794 he was caUedto the Scottish bar, and though for sow years he made little progress in his proiM- sion, yet he had well grounded himself a the principles of both the civ and he Scottish law, and had dlUfnU^ 'Pf^ himself to the cultivation of eloQ^;," well In speech as In written comp«l to In the celebrated school of debate wh«M^ many orators have proceeded-the 8^» ! latlve Society of iiJinburgh--he bo« r most distinguished Part; «ndthere ««»«, still living who can never ff«««f' f'';, lar readlSess In debate, the^, "«" j! his reasoning, and thf "J^off'^S ' «, S.U «f hU fhncv. He had obtained ijwi shiire of practice, when he joiasa - - - nda fn patiihii.i.< i ' . jkfJ — _:: — _ — ^»»>,» t wtograypnt). ^ !hli more Intimate friend* fn «atiihii.h<> "i ' ■ iJKii , the " Kdinburgh KevJew." of which iew^f "^f '"«» '"".^^^TZr-r; ^ i-Z •ole editor for the long period of 27 yer,^ ?h '"'"""• «'MonmSu°h wi/,!. •""'»* »»>• I Theflr.tnumberapDearedOct.2ajM2 a"d in! *""} "' '»»■«» high chan^ir'^l^'* ^"h there were three edition* exhausted in «« .1 J' """<'"«' <>n the bench wT?" '" '88«. many week*. The great and Increlaln^ h^T?"' ^lwredltable« J Tn *'.?"*''« l>'«rl«e.t .uccc« of thl. Journal, while it ra"aenr,?i"**"'»*'«* 'a 8currimta„'/„^ *'•»«*. and he fered with hla progreaa towards citGn«iv„ ® ^''"^e of Orange ho ^. "•? ""'^al of practice at the bar. Having for many Zm ,?„? ""'"'«''' 'n oraor'toLt'^']^''"^ "'""'<•" been at the head of hlT profeaalnn Iff ^"''""''n, but,warLf«n^ ^°," ''''"'d a ahlp ,w«« in 1829 ehoaen dean of the i4o°',£® ?<»"« at Wappin^ h'''"'^*' 'n a low pub J ' 'upon Lord Moncrieff being rai.ed to th«'^. ''.'*'* ^^'-^'ed l?'o^„*" """"^r whom, btnoh. It was deemed advltable th»t hf °""""« ^m known ^o'"""- The latter |.houId, on thia oc-aUon.glve up the edit fn"'""?^^' carried before thV'^''*' "^ "h" oMhlp of the Keview, wd we bei1«ll" A^^^'ed to the Towo- '''^ ''"""cil, and that he only upon one or two Tnh.«"^® Mp'" 18, 1689 w."' ^^^"^ he died ' occn.ion. eSntfibuter any* paplrX^"«" Kneller. is in'he Na lora^'^""' ''-'"'ed by' | famoua Journal. On the formi«ni. „# .u JBrrjUEs Jo.,t « V?°"'"alt Oaller/ Uli m1ni.try.late In 1830.™e"wL mi5| J?''V*=**''' ^« b"m' a"?' «;'.," ^^S lord adrocatej and after ittln^^" "*^? 1 ™n» atudled Z "i.fl ?l°?f°n. m 1747. uki r ■."'•. "" »"« formation of th« .^^^'8 "''"'•"•y. late In 1830, he waa niad« I &"'V"'*°' was born' at" ii;*.,"" "^mewtan lord adTocate; and after alttin«r » '?*"® Having studied moJi ■ ^'oston. in 1747 time for the Perth dl^tn't 'iJ"i?.« .1 /^/'t of Caz^bridge'le";''' ^ « *"« "nl verity , U-™ .HTocaie; and after slttlnjr a IhZi «"vjng studied niedirino l^Vu' '^ 1747. j ime for the Perth district ofbSruh»\«^ ^f ^'''"l-'^Ke. he went tA' ^^^ "niversity jrMalton, he wag, in conjuncUon wi?h M**' "»"'« to Ko8trn^r„°M "".""•»• and on Mr Abercromble. now I.oraJu,r,rJtJ^-^^^ success, until th«Tf' l"^'»<'"»ed with great the flrat men.bcr'chosTn ?ep^esent Edfn' ^^ I"« ^""tish garrison"" «" 5 »•""* ^Uy burjfh in pariiainei.t, immediately after th; P*"'««» General Howe fn !??,/''<"» accom- wSEBFf Err =S^ST-^^^^^ ^ili'^'5««"?K account of th^l.y.r??"''- SB. II aaa intrepid If ' Olamorgaa. " i"clTUVil IW jbn] ^ i^esn SSniberisal ISiosrapi)^. [JEB ran high," he was taken prisoner at Here- ford, and sent to the Tower; from whence he was removed to Newgate, impeached of treason, and brought to the bar of the House of Commons, where he refused to kneel, ana called the place " a den of thieves." The assembly, in a flit of rage, were about to sen- tence him to be hanged ; upon which he sa d that ho would suffer " with Magna Charta under one arm, and the Uible under the other." A facetious speech from Henry Marten allayed this tempest as regarded his life • but he was Sncd £1000 for contempt, and' recommitted to Newgate, where he re- mained till 1656. Died, 1667. JENKINS, HENRY, a reputed centenarian, was an Inhabitant of the parish of Bolton, in Yorkshire. The story is, that he was born about liSOl, was 12 years old at the battle of Flodden Field, which he could remember, and lived 169 years, dying at Ellerton-upon- Swale. 8th December, 1670. He was a poor man, and could neither read nor write ; he swore once on an assize-trial to a right of way existing for UO years ; and he retained his faculties to the last. The case ia so ex- traordinary, 80 contrary to all experience, as to justify disbelief In the absence o' any solid and irresistible evidence. JENKINS, Sir LEOLINE (LLEWELLYN), a civilian and statesman, born at -Li^. trissant, in Glamorganshire, in 1623. He was educated at Jesus' College, Oxford , and, on the breaking out of the civil war, took up arms on the side of royalty. He afterwards became tutor to several young gentlemen, and during the protectorate, quitted the kingdom with them; but at the Restoration he returned to his college, was created LL.D., and elected principal. He then removed to Doctors' Commons, was admitted an advocate, and, in 1665, appointed iudKe of the court of admiralty. In 1 j72 he was sent as ambassador to Holland to nego- tiate a treaty of peace, though without suc- cess; but afterwards, in conjunction with Sir -William Temple, whom he succeede-l as ambassador at the Hague, he eflfected the treaty of Nimeguen. On his return to Eng- land he was sworn a privy councillor, and made secretary of state ; which office he re- igned in 1684; and died in .1686. His etters and papers were published in 2vols.fol. 17.J4. His portrait, by Herbert Tuer, is m the National Collection. „ ^ ^ , , JENNEK.EnwARD, an English physician, the celebrated discoverer of vaccination, was bom at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, in 1749, and after studying in London under John Hunter, settled at Berkeley as a medical practitioner. About the year 1776, his atteu- don was turned to the cow-pox, by ^the circumstance of his ascertaining that those persons who had been aflfected with this disease, were thereby rendered free from variolous Infection (small-pox). From that time tin 1796 he steadily pursued his mvesti- jration of this discovery ; and having at length established its general efficacy, amidst all the opposition naturally to be expected In such a case, the practice of vaccination was introduced into the London hospitals, the army and navy, &c., and, finally, ex- teided to every yttii of tho giocc. nuuouta and rewards were now conferred on Dii Jenner as a public benefactor ; parliament- ary grants of £10,000 and £20,000 were voted him ; learned societies at home and abroad enrolled him as a member ; and when the allied sovereigns visited Englandinl8U the emperor of Russia sought an Intenlew with him, and offered to bestow on him a Russian order of nobility. Dr Jenner'i writ- ings consisted merely of " Observatiom on the VariolBB Vacclnse," a paper in the Phi- losophical Transactions " On the Natural History of the Cuckoo," and other papers on Natural History. Died, 1823. Aportraitof Jenner, by Northcote, is in the National Portrait Gallery. A monument to hli me- mory was erected by the French, at Bou- logne, In 1865. JENYNS, 80AME, an entertaining mi»- cellaneous writer, was the only ton of Sit Roger Jenyns, born In London, in 1704. Having entered into public life u repre- sentative of the county of Cambridge, he began his career by supporting SirKobert Walpole, and ever after remained a faithful; adherent to the minister for the time being! Th.'s attachment to ministers was rewarded! by his being made a commissioner of the Board of Trade, an office he held for five-i and-twenty years. As a country gentleman i and magistrate, Jenyns appeared to much' greater advantage than as a politirian : but It is as an author, a wit, and a shrewd ob-' server of manners, that he is principaUj remembered. His chief works are " Poems," 2 vols., " Free Enquiry into the Origin o( Evil," " A View of the Internal Evidence ot the Christian ReUglon," " Political Tracts,". and some others; all collected into 4 vols, 12mo, with his Life prefixed. Died, 1787. JERNINGHAM, Elward, a poet and miscellaneous writer, wasdcscendedfrom as ancient Roman Catholic family, and bom ig Norfolk , in 1727 . He was educated at Douay and Paris ; but on his return to England, he joinea the established chiu-ch, He wai author of some tragedies and poems ; he also wrote " An Essay on the mild Tenour oi Ohristlanity," &c. Died, 1812, JEivOME, or HIERONYMU8,5T,oneo(| the fathers of the church, was bom in m,- at Stridon, on the frontiers of Daci8,aBl| studied at Rome, under Donatus thegraa-; marian. He was ordained a presbyter «i Antioch, in 378 ; and soon after went tt Constantinople, where he lived with Gnm Nazianzen. In 382 he visited Kome, an was made secretary to Pope Damf f' • " three years afterwards he returned ntotw east, accompanied by several female dw^ tees who wished to lead an ascetic Jfe ij theVoYy L^nd; and died in 420, 80P«n^ tendent of a monastery at Bethlehem. Jj Jome was one of the most learned '^. fathers, and took a leading part m tne " Sous controversies of his .age, comW fspeciallyVigilantius, JovimaM ufl n^S; Pelagius ; but as a theological djsputant", wasviXntandacrimoniousmah,ghdep*, His writings are very nume'W'theo* His writings are \vi} "•*"•":, |' (,. nri- important being hhcommenww.^^^ heBiblt, the Vl)^ ou8 parts of the Bible. The cnun- to him the Latin translation of tnei. _„n vnQ»n under the name c. fate. His I I claiaical. JEROME e place of his bi of Oxford, Pai of Wickliffe, I raformer, Hus He attacked t) with ardour, t caused the mc arrested. He bull of the c Naples, and t)i Huss was impr cned to his dcf( to return to I caused him to chains to Const prison, informa bis friend, and i ary recantation resumed his cou eantatlon, avow mentedhim mo he Tindicated t Wickliffe with I qncnce, thai e\t adversaries. He to be burnt ; wl with heroic forti JERROLD, D morist, novelist, bom in London, home was Sheeni manag-r of a thci wasssamidehipii two years at sea, I Ljndon, where h< as compositor, an( made himself fam ters of English lit at their head, His •tage soon made * had completed hii written varions tl J which, such as, ' I Hurt," still keep p I quarrel withDavldi Jthntre, for which I stage pieces, led to imatic author to tl jMderthemanagen ll.ere he produced, ii I piece of "Black-eye iMived with enthusi lance, playtd former r««J[on,and transfer IftUowed by ' "vefi f l&y." Which, KJ.^'l''/'''"" Wilkie ^fonght out at Dru ««.t.Part of his life wnting for the stage Nared in aucceisi West of his come *""?",'.» way into n .*i"".""'tandori ■" ' Hi8«M( jer] fate. His (tyle io claulcal. - JEROME OP PRAGUE, 80 Called from the place of his birth, studieJ Jn the unlTeraltiM [ of Oxford, Paris, Prague, &c. ; Wm a dlselnf. of Wicliliffe, and b(ddly VolloVed the «ei? Mformer.Huss, in propagating hla doctrines He attacked the worship of Images and relics' with ardour, trampled them under foot, and caused the monlts, who opposed him to h» arrested. He publicly buraed! In iTll thi bull of the crusade against Ladlslaus o? >ap!e«,andthe papal Indulgences. When Hum was imprisoned at Constance, ho hast- ened to his defence ; but on his attemntinir <» ««»"' to Prague, the duke of SaTzba"? 'cauMd him to he seized, and carried in cbain, to Constance. He here received In prison, information of the terrible fate nf hu friend, and was terrified Into a moment- ary recantation of his principles • h«t i,» resumed his courage, and, retmUn'g Ws re! cantation, avowed that none of his fin" tor- mentedhim more than his apostasv wh?io ne Vindicated the principles of Huss''J"| T\ic)(liffe with a boldnessrenergy, and elo qnence, hai extorted the admiration of h?,! adversaries. He was, however eonS»m„„i to be bu,„, ^hich 'senTencl'teenZJ with heroic fortitude. May 30. 1416 °"""^ JERROLD, DOUoLas. a celehrifn^ •, mm. novelist, and drkmaUc'trUe, i^J bom in London, in 1803, though his 4^?v home was Sheemess, where his father tv manarrof a theatre. His first start in Ti?o was 8s a midshipman : but he oniVrIL, . "'! two year, at sea, and in ^Sire'S"?^ I^ndon, where he entered a printer't^fflnf as compositor, and durinc his lGiM,r» ^ ®*'® madehimself familiar with the „J,,^°" ters of English literature with #k»2* """'- at their head. His errl7fI'mTl,ari?v tfe^'^ »ta«e soon made 'tself frif • „„h ^k'^,'*'' *••« had completed his twentiPtwf "'^^"'"^ ^^ ;"itten Tarion, theSrpie^cir somi'"', •ta«e Pieces U^t^,^ ^"^ composed somf «iX amWo*?h' 'su^r^l^i"?""*' " "'«- iJilerthe management of Jrpn?*'^' *''«'' !h"e he produced iS?82fi^??/,^'"8on i and .piece of" Black eyed Sn " ih?°v.'"' '"^^•'' «'ved with enthusiasm on'itsfir»? ^'"' '*'■ •"ce.playfcd formore than ^00 ^f vi ^PP^^r- WMlon.and transferred to n,„i ^'^^^^ *° «"c- «f the metropolis Th!'. ?''^" tl»eatres 'followed by '"vefi ft» " ^"^"l ^"ccess was follow,," X Tim Hm.ri""''" "^^^ School? Bent Day." Whip? "^''^^P"'" and "The Kttd JromSir-ffaZ^'^^'J «"1 «" Hht out at Drurvfe"', P^^*"«, and 7«,Part of h 8 life L^th,',i" ,^^^'^- ^he '"'ing for the stage hntlnJl^f' "P *« 'PPMred in succession tht®' *''^« Period ^turest Of his comedTes " Thf ll*''* «»><» V' "Bubble, Of a Day .T^-%T'^''oner of /onders," " The Calspaw "'" fit n'"^."''"'''' .^Je Heart of Gold •- r^.* St Cupid," and '"h these productinn. ,^°?temporaneou8ly J"''J".!« way into S^,'^"'^.''/""^^. he C [JEK I "Punch," Mr JerrnM K° "tabllshmentof I ffloit efficient edlto« ''and '?„"'% ««»> <>""• butors. His first contributM^'"*''"* »°>»W- of papers signed •' o .. &"• ^'^'^ « Mrie. i by the " story of a Peathpr"''.?^^'"^ '""owed ters to his Son," and "Mr.'^ f unch's Let- Lectures," whch carried' ^'J^l'^'" ^"ta'n ' humour to ovoi-^i. . mirth and itnnA andstamped hK on^'^'^r'^'u*'' t»-e em??°'* , er. and »hrewdes?'obs" rve«'*o7?,?'"» ^'"' 1843 ho founded the <'7m!? °/ **'® a^". In zlne," to which he cont,.l"'""'''«tcd Maga- eles of Clovernook "a?i'"/'''''''«"Chronl. wards he founded '•'t»".^°'"^ *'"« after- 1 *'ne,"ln which hi, •'fZ%f' Shilling Maga- ' had also acted as «i.h „ Ji? Uallot," anlm. folloired; after which Charles caused a in^. d.l to be struck In honour of the heroine and ennobled her family. Her native town of DomremI also was exempted from all Im poiu for erer. After the coronation, .loan !r mission was at an end. vi 17U1I11CU1I ai poiu for erer. Atier the declared that her mission And that Ahp ahnnl/l mnn» declared that her mission was at an end tnd that she should now retire to nrlvaffi' life; but the French comMand~nt?tt,i who honRht she might still prove service- able, induced her to throw herselfintocom- pliltne, then besieged by the duke of Bur- I wndy and the earls of Arundel and Suffolk I &ere, alter performing prodigies of valour he wai taken prisoner in a sally ; and after' I °"f »»"Jl''';'n>P'-isonment, was cnieii; con I dcmned by the fenglish to be burnt a L n„ I hechsFBeof sorcery. She resoluS de fended herself from the absurd accusation I and was carried to the stake, where »?th' dauntless courage she met her fate in tin 29th year of her age. May 30 1431 a i,.w "'^ historic doaK hasSicently bien rafseS iv a French scholar, Delcplevre, as to the fact „f he execution of the Maid of Xrc • sev-rni documents, it Is alleged having hJ^^"' covered f^om which it appear that t^o **"'• •till liring in 1436, and even U44 Th»''"" thenUcity of these docuSV.'unJe'/d'i:!: Udbom in 1166 lre£ hpinl ?"*«""«- forhlm,he ,.a. senroverf In ifo ^r."**^" Jlete Its conquest, but such was hi'.? *'°™- «ce that it was'found necersarv to Ti"*): bun; and on the death of hi. ?.? **l *^ecall left without any provi8?o„ 4h?^^'" ''« ^^ for him the nMtsZ l^^^^^^P^ocurei Hli brother Richard nn^ti?'^""'"""*'- throne, conferred on' hZ coming to the Monaiwe.lnNormandv^n!?' T""™ «f POMession in Ciand^'anH ^'"•'»''« 'a'ge I'o the rich helrts of tile duk^nV^r* '"•» I "• Notwithstanding this kind «''»""«- jUd the Ineratitiiio * ?. *'1r.»iwTTal JOHN HYRCANUS. IHYBCANT^.] JOHN PAL^OLOGUS. [PALJEOLO- JOHN.DON, of Austria. [JUAN.] JOHN OP LEYDEN. [LBYDEN, JOHN OP 1 JOHN OF 8ALISBXJRY,bl8hop of Chartres. In France, was born at Salisbury, in Wilt- shire, in the beginning of t'>e 12th century. He studied at Oxford, and under Abelard in France, and other eminent teachers on the continent. After his return to England, he became the Intimate ^iend and companion of Thomas 4 Hccket, whom he had attended in his exile, and he is said to have been pre- sent when he was murdered in Canterbury ca?he^?al. He was one of the best das^cal scholars of his time, and an flegant l^tin poet. He has a place too in the »^l!f°'y "^ philosophy, the progress of wj>lc»^,^„«, PJ"" moted by hU attacks on the scholastic logic. He left numerous works, among which are lives of Archbiihops Anselra and Becket, and a very curious book entitled « Polycrati- con." Died, 1182. . ,, JOHNES, THOMAS, a gentleman who ms- tineuished himself by his attachment to lite- rarlpursuits, was born in 1748, at Ludlow, in Shropshire; studied at Eton and Jesus College, oxford ; and sat in parliament for S|an,and subsequently for Radnorshire. He possessed an estate at Hafod, in Cardi- ganshire, where he built an elegant mansion, fSd furnished it with a noble library and a complete typographical establishment, whence proceeded the work* on which his literary reputation is founded. He trans- lated the Chronicles of Froissart and Mons- trelet, JoInviUe's History of ft. Louis, Ber- trand de la Biocquifere's Travels "n Palestine, and StPalayds Life of Froissart. Died, 1816. JOHNSON, SAMUEL, a divme, eminent for his zeal, and for his numerous writings, m the cause of civil liberty, was born, in iC4B, in inc county ui -mnv^--- , (20 education at St Paul's School and at Trinity Oollege, Cambridge ; and bccaiiio minittitr of Corringham, In Essex. In the reign of Charles II., while Lord Russell am' hlicotd. tutors were promoting the bill for eitluditiK : the duke of York from the succcmIoh tn iiie throne, lie published a tract,entliled '■ Juiiiui I the Apostate," for which ho was fined and imprisoned. In 1088, when the army *ul encamped on Hounslow Heatli, hedrewnpj a paper, entitled "An humble and hearty! Address to all the English ProtestanUiutliei present Army," for which ho was tried, and condemned to stand In the pillory in tlireej places, to pay a fine of 500 marks, to he de- graded from the pri<^sthood, and tobepub-i licly whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. He! bore all these disgraceful pun IshmenU with i unshrinking fortitude, and continued to em- ploy his pen in the same cause until the re- ^ volution, when theklng offered him tlie rich deanery of Durham ; but this he refuieil, ai inadequate to his sutferings and serrlcei, which he thought merited a bishopric. He | finally received a present of £1000, and a! pension of £300 per annum for the life of!' himself and his son. Died, 1703. JOHNSON, Samuel, the celebrated leji-' cographer, and one of the mottdistinguislied writers of the 18th century, was bom In 1709, at Lichfield, where his father wan bookseller. He completed his education at Pembroke College, Oxford ; and in 1732 he became uuder-master of a trct-school at Market Bosworth,in Leicestershire, wlilch situation he was soon induced to quit, on account of the haughty treatment he re- ceived from the principal; and he next en- deavoured to earn a scanty maintenance by literary employment. In 1735 he married Mrs Porter, the widow of a mercer at Bir- mingham, with a fortun-' of about £800, by which he was enabled to open a boarding- school ; but the plan did not succeed, and, after a year's trial, he resolved to seclt hli fortune in London, In company \jith one of his few pupils, the celebrated David Oar- rick. In March, 1737, the two adventuren accordingly arrived In the metropolis, John- son with his unenlshed tragedy of" Irene in his pocket, and with little to depend upon but his slender engagement with Cayo, the proprietor of the GenUeman'a Magaiine. At this time he became acquainted with the reckless and unfortunate Savage, ana in i some respects his personal conduct wai on- ; favourably affected by the intimacy; Wij from irregularity of t: is nature he wa 00 recovered by his deeply grounded rehgioni and moral principles. Hi» ^V nX'S ductlon which attracted notice m the ffl^ tropolis, was his " London," a poem in m tatlon of the third satire of Juvenal. H was soon after led to a new «««>*« o^ literary powers in the composition ofparu" men?ar7debates, which, being thenjeem^ a breach of privilege, were P«W«hed »f the fiction of "Dc»'at«'!^*/eCen Lilliput." The extraord nary eloqum displayed in these vroi^f^'^n^t exclusively the Pjof.'i^' ,/. J ^j^e Jniore tion ; but His probable that he aaner™ faithfully to the tenor of the nrgumenui the real sneakers than to their i«n»u.«j| johJ celebrated led- '".It.^/ !•» '""'"'ed PropMoIi for an p.Jltion uf nJmKuprnrc," and tlio plan of hi. ••pi™ fleld. The prko agreed upon between him and the bookiclleri for the last w.ThT tr^redy of " Ireno" on the "toffV ?/A ""^ ' I Lane, but It ,vn, un.ucceMfSl^in",,^'"'!: commenced Iii« "Kambler," which »«.«« tinucd till 17M. In this work only «?; p.p«ri wrcro tho productions of other wrlf»,. Soon after the clo.e of thl. paper heToihu wife, a eircumetance which greatly affi'r.'i bim, aj appears from his Meditation. „"? !theMfmon which ho wrote on hi- ^ '^'' |Inl7« appeared hi. Knary nVdT« MDieyearthe university of n»fn,/-f *"^ on him the dCKree of M A w/^^'''7«" that 1";^ '"bleated b;i1swri;f"r"A'^ "^^fe" ""d , ^^ character of JmT *'"*^'' ^^c. 19, 1784 •f?«ed up by Bishon ^i^iP"-* '"«« ^s' thus f^ing for hLr he L-h"'f ^T" ^ithSut 'i« Mntemporari4 inTn^'^.P'"*^" among P^nt of literature we J^."^ ''"«'e depart? L"*" "pressioDs •Jlof™?'^ "«« ""e of his P t^r "-bje'c't'anl h'^d'^"* ™''' bolleye nothing' e'lV^^jI^ ««etermT„7dt which wasuisphyed^;, hT.m*""" ^'""■(ry tlons was whlblted also In h '""""y P'^'iw- ' which was various ..,ii?''^**^"nvjr»ation I 'v«= llkotho sago In •n'''"*! «»<' ln»truc"' nnd attention watcln d h?. w"''"/ '"' •Poke, and conviction closed hi. i'''»,' ^'^a^oned Plonacd, ho could bo th« i. '^?''"'» : when ho ever contended In the if.,*"'^" •°P'"« tha? and perhaps no manV» ** "' ''eclttmntlon nervous and poln?^d " *^''. ''ar- ' JOHNSON, Tuo'ttAH °„ ?,'"""a*^ter. the royal army ; "t '1^0 ..^^ ^"J='cd into ho«ae^.e received a ^otVi^^hrchf & JOHNSTON. Ahttttto ' poet, was bornln iM7^'»* ^''ys'clan and educated at that unlye/sitv^''"'''^''^"' ""d which he went to Pad. niu^^' on leavlnif doctor's degree an^ti' ^""0 ho took h f ,^««anabfeTc;?ASy?o"l''' in K^ ' spent in foreign travel hP^Ji* ^^^"' 'Chiefly 1 itv "/,.1"'i ''^'^ame prii'cte»™ed to Aber^ ' Ity till Archbishorrai.^ . ."'" uniyers- London and obtahfed for h/rh*''* him to ment of physician In ordin. l^^ appoint- ' tlcorum Deliciffi." D ed iri?"®*""™ Sco- But he found tTme amLst thT'f^-"""'^'^ ""d i profession to gratlfr hs» ♦ '"''onrs of his history, and to mnt^ /"* **"e for natural ' butionV to zoology anST r>"«Wr> contrK ' work wa8a"w?P ""^ botany. Hi. «"♦ by a History of British ifnn^ "^"^^ followed I Phytes," " Elements of t,Px'?»'^« and Litho- ' of Molluscous Anim'l/..'«n,^?!."''al History 1 Eastern borders '^"hc con ?^''*«"y °f the valuable papers to tho ?t contributed manv and Ijctany anri ti, ^f Ma^aziue of Zo^oSJ tory, was o^ne Of the fou "h"'' '' Natural ti^s^ ' ■OiedVlSM. "'^^""''^"•'•e ,Naturaiisu"a;iS: m iflfto nnifxriRl Idiograpf)?. JOHNSTON, JAMKi F. W., pofeiior of chemiMtry and wrltei on Klenutic ■Kritul- tuM, waiborn at I'alilcy about I7i)«. *or the mo»t part a wlf eduiatcd man, he kept a nchool at Durham for teveral years, but after hl» marriage In isao he went to attidy chemlatry In bwcden under Herie lut. He waa appointed profeaaor of chemlitry and mineralogy at the new unlrer.lty o*^ Dur- ham in 1833, and four year* later waachoaen F H.8. He applied himself eapcclally to the itudy of the rclatluna of chemWtry and scoloRv to BKrlculture, and the fruits of hU "escarchc* app.ared In hi. " Eltmcnta," " l,pcturc«," and admirable " CatechUm " of Agikultural Chemistry and Geology. The latter had passed through fifty cdltlont In IflfT, has been translated Into almost cyery European language, and Introduced Into the schooU of Germany, Holland, Italy, Sweden, I'oland.andsomeof the provinces and statps of both North and South Atncrlca. Hi« last work was the well-known " Chemistry of Common Life," In which ho has wUh singular felicity combined the clear know- ledge of the man of science with the enthu- siasm of a poet. Ho was also author of "Notes on North America," and a con- tributor to the Edinburgh llevlew, and to the Transactions of several BCientlflo bodies. Died at Durham, 1853. JOHNSTONE, Chevalier de, an adherent of the I'retender, was the son of a merchant of Edinburgh, and born in 1720. At an early age he evinced an inclination for a military life; and being brought up In Jacobite principles, he left Edinburgh privately on the breaking out of the rebellion in 1746, and Joined the Insurgents. He was ap- pointed aide-de-camp to thfj unfortunate Prince Charles Edward ; fought at the battle of Preston Pans ; and raised an Independent company, with which he served throughout the campaign. After the battle of Culloden , he sought for safety in flight; and, disguised as a pedlar, he passed .nrough England, and at length escaped to the continent. He sub- sequently entered into the service of France, and acted in the capacity of aide-de-camp in Canada ; on the conquest of which by the British h© returned to France, and died there at an advanced age. His "Memoirs of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1746," which occupied his latter years, is a very interest- ing work. , . JOHNSTONE. Dr BKYCE, an eminent Scotch divine, born In 1747, was a son of John Johnstone, Esq., a highly respectable magistrate of Annan, In Dumfriesshire. He entered the university of Edinburgh In 1762 ; In 1771 he was appointed minister of Holy wood ; and In 178« the degree of D. D. was conferred on him. He was author of a " Commentary on the Kevelatlon of St John the Divine," 2 vols. 8vo ; an " Essay on the Influence of Religion on Civil Society and Civil Government ; " and some sermons. He also assisted Sir John Sinclair In drawing up the statistical account of Scotland ; and contributed greatly towards the Improve- ment of the agricultural and social condition of bis native country. Died, 1805. JOHNSTONE, JOHN. HENRY, a celebrated comic ■ " ' '""" •tTlpptrary, wk«r« hU fUtktt wm timtll farmer. At ths ag« of iS hs tr.Wmi in i regiment of Irish dragoons, sikI mod it- traded tha notice of kls conirwlci hj kli line voice and good-humoured llTclinfM The colonel of the regiment gr»nt*d hli discharge, aBd gave him a recommenditor; letter to Mr Kydcr, then nianiiKer of the Dublin theatre, who engaged him for ikm years. His fame as a vucnllKt Incrmed rapidly ; and Macklln, the celcbrstpd iciof, advised him to try the London bninji, lad wrote a letter to Mr Harris, of Co»e»t Garden, so strongly in his favour, tint kt engaged Johnstone and his wife for tkrM years. He made his first npp«anrc« it Covent Garden Theatre, In October, I'M, la his favourite character of Lionel. Hli btit efforts were afterwards directed to the per- sonation of Irish characters ; ami hliniiire humour, rich brogue, and fine Toicc carried him to a height of excellenie In the pdth lie had chosen, which left every compellinr far behind. In 1803 he quitted Covent Oardea for Drury Lane, and in the summer of that year he visited Dublin, where martial law being then in force, the company performed In the daytime. On his return from Ireland his wife died ; and he marrledagaln. Asts actor, In his line he stood alone, pertonatiai his buoyant and blundering counirymeD, both patrician and plebeian, vllh a degree of fidelity altogether unrivalled; while bit habits of prudence, which enabled him to accumulate a good fortune, were not lo strict as to Interfere with his social pdJo;- ments. He died, Dec. 26, 1828, in the lOtii year of his age. JOHNSTONE, JOHN, M. D., an emineat physician of Birmingham, who for upwardi of 40 years held a diatlnguiihed itat'on among his professional brethren, was ihej son of Dr James Johnstcne, of Worted r and was educated at Merton College, Oif Dr John Johnstone was considered peculiar successful In his treatment of feven, and ; somewhat remarkable for the iparinj mci he made of medlclnol preparatione; but li iij not only of his skill and talents ai a phj i slclan, but as a man of letters that we liawj to speak of him. He was the intimate Wend of Dr Parr, and his " Life " o( that gre«! scholar affords ample evidence of fill ow literary acquirements and compreheMire mind. Besides these Memoirs of Dr rait, which is a noble specimen of biograpbr. « was the author of several treatisM on bmi- cal subjects ; he was al'O^a '«""" "in College of Physicians and theKoyal Socle^, and was held In high estimation for Wi acquirements and general character by lorge circle of friends, eminent for rank «m talents. Died, aged 68, Dec 28, IflM. JOINYILLE, JEAN, Sire de, an ml Fi«nch statesman and historian othlJ« century. He accompanied LouU IX. w first crusade or expeditioii to Egjpt, "W 1! actor and vocaiisi, it as boiii la 1750 first crusaoe or expeuuiuu "- "b".- ..j, sharing his master's captivity, and r nd« him many Important serTlce.- In t" king's second crusade, however he deoh^^ Ing cond crusade, now^'"; '" " :,„,«| taking a part; and 8..Hequen«7««y^^ himself fn writing "'f '«Xdoc' Louis," one of the most InterMUng^;;,^^ , he most IBiei"""».-- relative to the t^ , 622 jolJ or the middle •ffd M. met. H« died 111 1318 I i- _ T -.' [H t*o w. "* "'". I «B Torkthir« haTTZ "^ ■ *^ Cifdin.l je Keu, «nd author of ' MimJii «»'"•"'"" .nd i,Hr»llf^, ,hlm«e|f i„ iae„;" conntof traniactloM, from 1«48 to l««? ".''" ?"'*''» "w. " \I)7'^l,,.^'"'^'^*^*on» I •mon» Ur (In.nol. ..*2*'' irom rival mua o an». Hp wn* fi.« . IZ I ,"™'»»'nu: out of .t.- ^ " "u fliiwrere." Dlnd, 1774. "■ — "* J0IfA8, or JONAE. ARNnnTw . _.», of Iceland. dl.tln(ful»h«l a. «n '»„.."""'^ M<5 hUtorlkn. Hi, work, ~i"ii ^"tlm.arjr the hLtorr of hUoVrXS • bS? hn '^ '" .!«. an abfe a.tronomer, .nd h„d •tudld7h« .iclence under Tycho Unhe H« HT«i "*''5 M.lnlMo. ■"- " "rane. He died, agtd popular dec,aCr;;[^J'•' ^»^o^ -si tooK in adrocatinn. ,„_."%.''• The part ho /dTh?i ^r'"?' "celebrated architect \llt?''^''^^'^'^<'nTTnZ\\^^^^^^ »<} the flr.t Who Introduced the I tS fnr^ 'V''^«ctttlnirrcp^^^^^^^ ^^^^ P«rt ho Hn England, wa, bom W™;?/. !" "i'''^'^^ ''^m ' o""tt tZ'^V "«" ":. "". ^'?« «t flrjt an dVrt «i'"i.'«»!«''.. When he oS.5i"' "» f" worki of Palladio Inspired him wl^h - ♦ ^'l^ JONES, Owen '»^" 5 ^^^- ''""'^^ "wcedtill lfi'>r w '* w*» not com- 1 flr.f„*i^*'0*''e former nn^L' onered ■^] rnXX^nul'tZZr'}" ^'"P'^y^J falned'thVi'"* ii^uiZntt r^nTi'^"''!'' ,<" ">e court, but whllJ thn*'"'''"*'"'»ent modore H„n2?""'""l "^ » ship undjl^o ""^ JON] -^ ;^eto gtnlbcrgal ISiogtap^g* [jON frleate and the Countess of Scarborough armed 'bK the fo'">«' "'/^^.^.^^'o'ugS gevcre action, he captped off Flamborougu wfth the rank of rear-admiral, where he wa* SJoKVt not receiving the c^^^^^^ duct of the prince of Nassau, the admiral ; rfiori In 1792. Jones was a man of oeciaeu of fnstruction'in his youth, he wrote with fl.innrv Btrenffth. and clearness, and was ^hi^to'sustain h 8 part respectably in the SoHshed ciX of Paris, where he was a «eat pretender to ton, and passed for "a Snpt fl« well as a hero." _ ,. ,^ ,,_,_» ri!l„v.v •• In 1764 the archbishop of Can- erburygave him the vicarage of Bethers- dPn in Kent.to which was afterwards added the rectory of Pluckley; and at the time of h?» death he was perpetual curate of Nay- Sr^c;=uS«gffl^ H" was also^concerned in establish ng he Mtfsh critic ; and he r^H*)?l?e'of " The of excellent tracts, ^m"" the tule of 1 he Scholar armed against the Errors oi lue Sis theological and Philosophical works form 12 vols. 8vo. Died, 1800. .,„„^„ JONES, Sir AVILLIAM, an eminent lawyer and orientalist, was the sou of an able ma- SmaUclan; and was only throe years o aire When his father died, in 1746. He was educated at Harrow School, from whence, at"he age of 18, he went to University Co^ wp oxford, where he had bcen,but p. few months before he wasinvitea to p- pnratc Xr to LoJd Althorpe, aft-, wards Ear, Spencer, with whom he made a tour on the continent. In 1766 he obtained a fellow- ship, and began his " Commentaries on Asia- 'Ic Poetry." Soon after this he was en- gaged to translate the Life of Nrdir Shah, from an eastern manuscript brought to England by the king of Denmark. Another tour to the continent, with his pupil and family, followed, which occupied his tinm until 1770, when, his tutorship ceasing, he entered himself as a law student in the Temple. He did not, however, ahandon literature ; but, on the appearance of the Life and Works of Zoroaster, by Anquetildu Perron, he vindicated the university of Ox- ford, which had been attacked by that writer, in an able pamphlet in the French language, which he wrote with great ele- gance. In 1776 he was made a commissioner of bankrupts; about which time his corre- spondence with his pupil evinced the manly spirit of constitutional freedom by which! he was actuated ; and to his feelings on the American contest he gave vent in a spirited Latin ode to Liberty. In 1778 appeared his i translation of the " Orations of Isaeus," with ; a prefatory discourse, notes, and comment- j ary, which, for elegance of style, and pro- 1 found critical and historical research, ex- f cited much admiration. In the mean time he rapidly advanced in professional reputa- tion, and on the accession of the Shelbume ad^iinistration, he obtained what had long been the object of his ambition, the appoint- ment of judge in the supreme court of judi- cature in Bengal. The honour of knight- hood was on this occasion conferred on him, and he soon after married Miss Shipley, daughter of the bishop of St Asaph, with whom he embarked for India in April, li83. One of his earliest acts in India was the , establishment at Calcutta of an institutioj i on the plan of the Royal Society, o which he was chosen the first president. Another | was. to take vigorous measures forprocurms ; a digest of the Hindoo and Mahometan law. , He applied himself with ardour to thes udy:| of Sanscrit, and his health Buffermg from the climate, he took a Journey through to district of Benares, du»'lngJ„Vl .«S of public duties he composed a Treause on the Gods of Greece, Italy, a"* W"',; His translation of the celebrated Ori : nances of Menu," che famous ind an I^s . later, published early in 179*. l>»f /J" ^ nnneared when he was seized with an m SKatTon'^of the liver, ^t^^i his truly valuable life on the 2,'h f A ra, m the 48th year of his age. An ju 8 » ; was indefatigable and >mpaf'}«''/;;fa, knowledee was profound, ano."' 7' . j ^^Sened and^iberalchai^um eg stilutional monarchy. As a jo^t, es nnd translator, there >vore few ^^ho «e^„, him; his translations of tl'^ ^.f ™e «!• dian drama, " Sacuntala," and oHh ^ , lection of Indian F'jW''- ey not made a Unie'y and in^'K?"'' ^'''^ fmm for the offeTce^ ^heVru^M k*""' lost their noses and ears in VL fV/^ ^"^^ jording to their sentence Bv h^i"°i"J' ^«- howem, he soon rpir»in»-i ♦T ^'! "'''''ess, "le king and fm. ♦t^"'°*"^ *''^ favour of -.. IXIZA^ hISf'Ja'vl"/ '''^' tind of superintendent of fhn '"^our as a a salary of fioofand a butt of o ''''*^' '^•"- rearly from the king's cellars w^ ""'"« Moaomy, however, Lnthf,^ ^'*°' "^ iPoof; although in adnftL^ *? constantly '^.>mty,hehadapens?oXm h '^f '"^^^ ,PnncipaI plays of Ben jo°^*'>^"tv. The "UV VolDonp " " t^ • ''°"*on are"Seia- e^r'Te^edX'"^ .uriedm Westminster Abbev Ihl' ""** ^"^ 'as been erected to hh nfpm^^^'^^^^^Wet Coraer, inscribed, " Sra^^,?'^^ '« Poets' Oo}7under"'hoTn''h*e''!H'2?-'"^^a^^"^M^ Aftertherestorationof^hp^F""**® *^^"2en cameamember of the rh» ''""rbons, he be-' was decorated with th« ?"''.^'" "'Deputies ion .^' ^°" Like It...' iVth ''A''/ °f -p***"! rch^darhUS-s^sir/;- «he made her'fl™ aC";;"'^,' ^^f agemems; don audience, in 1783 a? ?? "^""'^ * Ion- ;P«^i/y,in "Tlie Countrr n- V'^'^ Lane^ as diateiy became a decide^d fn''' ' '>"'» '"wine- close of the 8eason,"she XT^'^' ^' the ' tS^h^e^sKa^^^^^^^^^^^ Ford; who'refused to fn^T^l^''^ of a Mr i Mrs Jordan then enterPH "''f ^^' ^is wife ' tion with the duke whl^h""*" '!>"* c<"'nec- , almost uninterrupted 8ta?pnf'''?"°"'''« i^ an mony, until it was suddenly brn'S"'"*'' "" lolI. She was the motiJo? ^* broken off in ?/^riei';!.^^"essrand';?eV.^e/.!l'«''.^" P'^den SingV^hp'"'''' "'^^^ •^«'>«on°. ' «s, »a)y'Shafsp ar^eV^:3^fhp'^?' ""*"'«- te e?"^ 'ira,Sa?[c' p^ti'^r "r"' »' I^OHANx^,^ V^^^ yr in Lat n Pinnus foanectionwithhiJ" p ?^ i-emembered in {.I«'and,"puMfshed"h'f''''"^»' History I'ulnfouritovn,, .''«tween 1773 J^I , NcontainVmuchSi" written in LatL K!l''^eccSstf.'S^°"^:«'?tter, literar".' I '-J-i PortraitSte^r': iTni^^'o''- ' tr- . — ' "^as a native ot ,^i3 royaThig7^er;rd'';'htVf«^^- ^ alleged that !talfrelsZ«ll^^t- It has been' in inducing the duke tn?n»•^"'^ ^''^at weight tion ; bvt What was twt'" °° *"" ««Para- matter o^ doubt!^" a* /earlv «n"'' " ""' » 5^400 was settled on her fJ. allowance of ance of herself anrt h . ^°^ the mainten vision that if M?s tr^^^^"^' with a prS-' allowance for theffmaintJ^^ *"' 'P<^& rendered to their roy?lf^fw*°S?' ^ere sur- tus She retired to Pranri'- «,''°«ly afte J stances of creaf dL^ '^^^' "nder circum ' dually sank undPr^?'*"'"*'"«e'>t. She gra I ti?ns ; an°d, in°a'state 'LP^J'\ »' "" a^c-" ' says, "Her face her ?f"°°'<'° the stage nrprn 4 . ...">*'» ner tnnpa ».-- _ ■"•"He, of sunshine, and her lau^h h-^<^ the effect hear it. Her voiro «, f" ^id one good to seemed asTh^tCt' ^Tair "'°^'' ^M — _ cart, was alwavB at her 1 1 J IMSR -£^1 S It ( •.. * 1*1 job] ?l i^cto atnlfaeraal 18iftStapl)B. [J08 mouth. She was all gaiety, opennesB, and good-nature. She rioted in her fine animal ■pirits, and gave more pleasure than any other actress, because she had the greatest gpirlt of enjoyment in herself/' JOllGENSON, JOROEN, a Danish adven- turer, who usurped for a time the govern- ment of Iceland, was born «* Copenhagen, in 1779. He entered the English merchant service, and afterwards the navy, but return- ed to Denmark, and servmg in the war acainst England, was taken prisoner and brought to London. la 1809 he accom- nanied an English merchant to Reykiavik, the capital of Ireland, and m consequence of trade with the English teing prohibited, he landed with a party of 12 sailors, and without bloodshed, or even Resistance, car- ried off the governor. Proclaimed the island free and himself protector. This singular revolution was brought to a close in about two months by English intervention, and its author was again brought to England. He publi8L°d several books, was sentenced to transport itlon for theft, and was sent to Australia, in :825. He is supposed to have died there soon after. * „„i.„i,„ JOBTIN, JOHN, D.D., an eminent scholar and divine, was born in London, m 1698, and educated at Cambridge. Here he ac- uuired so high a character for learning and ucuteness, that he was employed by Pope to select the notes from Eustathius, to print wUh his translation of the Iliad. He took orders in 1724 ; and held successively the livings of Swavesey, St Dunstan's in the East, and Kensington ; he was also a pre- bendary of St Paul's and archdeacon of London. His chief works are, ' D.'scourses concerning the Truth of the Christian Reli- eion." "Miscellaneous Observations upon Authors, ancient and moder^ 'Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History ,'7/Life of Eras- mus," and seven volumes of "Sermons and Charges," which were printed after his death. He was simple in manners, liberal in senti- ments, independent in spirit ; and as much beloved for his private virtues, as he was admired for his piety and learning. Died, 1770 JOSE. ANTONIO, a Portuguese dramatist, bv birth a Jew, who was burnt alive at the last auto-da-f6 in 1746, for having Intro- duced in one of his farces <* scene, in which a criminal is conversing at the gallows with his confessor, in a style, as may be supposed, not the most edifying. »„„hi,««» JOSEPH I., emperor of the West and king of Germany, the son of Leopold I., was born at Vienna in 1678; received the crown of Hungary In 1689 ; and was soon after elected king of the Romans. He began his reign in 1705, which, though short, was troubled bv wars in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Hungary. He revived the im- perial chamber ; and the Protestants enjoyed toleration and some privileges under his '^JOSEPH il., emperor of the West and king of Germany, was the son of t^ne -Em- peror Francis 1. (of Lorraine) and Maria Theresa. Ho was crowned king of the, Ro- mans In 1764 ; the ye>»t Vi)l5^u"^i.-~jl-«i OMded his father } and in 1780, by the death m of the empress-queen, he succeeded to the i crown of Hungary and Bohemia. In 1788 8 declaration of war was published againit the Turks, and the same year the emperor in person reduced Schabatz ; but this yiu followed by a defeat of Prince Llchtemtclo who fell in the action. Soon after this a bloody battle was fought between the Im- perialists and Turks, on the heigats of Ho- hadin, in which neither could claim the victory. Joseph next made an attempt to possess himself of Belgrade, but without success. But Marshal Laudohn taking upon him the command of the army, took Durbieza and Novi, nnd in 1789 reducei Belgrade ; soon after which, a peace wai concluded, chiefly in cjnseciuence of thi agitation caused in Europe by the Frtnch Revolution. In February following the emperor died of a lingering illneu; and was succeeded by his brother, Peter Leo- pold, grand-duVe of Tuscany. Joseph II. was of a lively disposition, fickle, and fond of action : his favourite object was to be sovereign in the fullest sense, and to manage the great machine of the state entirely him- self. He introduced many reforms in the government, established toleration for all religious sects, promoted education and manufactures, and without wise caution made many offensive innovations. Fre- derick the Great, in a letter to Voltaire, thus spoke of him :— " Joseph is an emperor such as Germany has not had for n long time. Educated m splendour, his habits ?re simple ; grown up amidst flattery, he is still I modest; inflamed with a love of glory, he yet sacrifices his ambition to his duty." JOSEPHINE, empress of France and queen of Italy, was born at Martinique in 1763, and bore the name from her parents, of ROSE TASCHER DE LA PAGEEIE. Wile very young, she was taken by her ftthef to Prance, to be the bride of the Viscount de Beauharnois— a marriage having been ar- ranged by the two families when the Mar' quis Beauharnois was governor-general of the Antilles. They were accordingly mar- ried ; and, in the enjoyment of each other's society, they lived beloved and respected, while Josephine became the mother of two children, Eugene and Hortense. PrjmP'M by filial attachment, she went, in 1787, to Martinique, to attend upon her mother in sickness ; and having taken her daughter with her, she remained in the island tnree years. The sudden rising of the colony, however, obliged her to quit «/?'?«««• with such haste, as not to allow of her taking leave of her parent. After effecting here • cape, and surmounting numerous oBsracie!, Madame Beauharnois began to experience the horrors of the French rejolution , «« soon saw her hushand. who had usederen exertion at the head of the pnch amy o^ the Rhine, dragged to » prison, and ■.« to the scaffold. She -ff" also included '« the proscription; l>"t the death of her li» band^educcd her to such a .t t t^^fhe could not be removed, and to this cwun stance she owed fJ .^^ Sri'scoMWi Pierre at length perished, and thejiKOBi. was afveV forgotten by her, nor ftr-^;-. JOSj to Barra. for the re.to/at on Tan/rrl Jewish a^mfandT^I "^e com^I^S^T;?- the property of her husband • and*//*K?' .^l'**"™. aKS?,„'l'?PP««ed with mu« J" house, after the 13th VendemJaiJe i.h» ™ '^ '"* »»»« fo'tifled t^^""?' * *iege of 7 i^ff*' I General Buonaparte, who ,^" deiirou. 'f r" ««««ke«l b/V'S o'/«t«Pata°Vhrw i'' :r/^.crhaTa^^^^^^^^ mignt De given to him. Buonannrt^ / " ^»n«€lf, and irivl- "^" the first was favourably lmprSjil''T "al, who wafnhn ^ < 'vK6 Of .TA*(a.__« tne Widow ; and bis attachment stren»thpn ing at every succeeding intervipw hf ^"' ried her, in 1796. FromtbItZ\r^"'"' her part to encourage him thrSLh 5 '* ''"'' m moderate his feelings^n the hour ?/^."' tory. When her husband wag wised flV^' consulate, her beneflppnf #ii<..I„ ?!^ '" '"^ I power • h,,* IZ"" '" "uomit tn th^T^' ""^ played its'elf m . Sand'X^o It *"'""^'. a'n^d rljeV/'^!^"* "l^ ^ilt^^'f «" manyemlgrantsowedtheirrestoMHnn ■\^'r^Pt''re of thpTifS 1** ^^^ counsel it »u" fans, and queen of Itaivflf Mil *^'^** at and is sin.,7.i ',"*. command of v« *' ^*» Napoleon became desirous o^™?' ^"^n "^ "'e histtt"'^ interesting and^ff^^*•''"'' Jf!{iappinossofNapS.:r.J:^„l"-'^? 'W aboT ?h1 yef/g \t.?r^d "o &d1e°d ^diating,i3?',B^H^^^^^^^^^ °s"fli^r«"3. >n l^eg!* *A?»"ii 1«A^« at t e happiness of Napo?eo^ ^hp Z^'^"'*'*^ »» I the marriage. She howpj,^ '*"'««'> ted to flow the wishes of •henhIldC"^l"°* f<"- I amous that she should on/tt"' ^*» ^"e |W to her beau?^f^r8eat^?'l^^' """-e- |»'tli the title of Pmnr«!? °^ Malmalson. I After Visiting her d!Sp /'"f ^°-'*»^«Ker r?/J._^l'^y.Bhe«fuSi«T^i''eviee- Ih-' wte^"if-»* Avignon, he was seized at Marseilles m 1793, was again liberated, and in the following year was given up to the revolutionary tribunal, and perished by the guiUotine at Marseillea in the month of May. t...„u .ToirvFNCY. JOSEPH DE, a learned Jesuit, born at Paris, in lb43. His principal wotk is a continuaUon of the " History of the m Jesuits." Ho also wrote a tract, entitled "Do Katlono Dlscendl ot Docendl ; " and Notes on the principal Latin classic). JOUVENET, JKAN, an historical painter, born nt Rouen, in Normandy, lu 1644, and who studied under Poussin. He was em- ployed to adorn the apartments of Vcrsalllci and tho Trlanou ; he also painted colosial figures of tho twelve apostles in the Hojpltal of tho Invalldes at Paris. Bled, 1717. JOUY, JOSEPH ETIENNE i)E, a facllc and graceful writer, was bom in 1764, served In America and India, and took part In the first campaign of the revolution. But lie soon abandoned the sword for the pen ; and rose to great popularity with his vaudcTillei and the librettos which he wrote for Spon- tlnl, Chcrublnl, and Rossini. Ho was alio distinguished I's a political writer ; but belt best known in England for his amusing and satirical work called the " Hermit of the Chauss^e d'Antln," which was translated Into English. In 1830, Louis Philippe ap- pointed him librarian at the Louvr?. Died, 1846. J0VELLAN08, DON OASPAH MEl- CHiOii 1>E, one of the most distinguished Spanish statesmen and authors, was bom at Gijon, in Asturias, in 1744, of an an- cient and noble family. He was endowed with splendid talents; and not onljracqulred, while at college, an extensive knowledge of jurisprudence, his especial object, but also made great progress In archaiology,lan guages, and the belles Icttres. He soon be came a member of the criminal branch of the auditucia In Seville ; and advancing rapidij in his professional career, he was Anally «p pointed to the dignified station of member of tho council of tho military orders at Ma- drid. About the same time he was intrusted with some important affairs, and nominated councillor of state, by Charles III. 'When, in 1794. Spain found herself loaded withdebt, Jovellanos proposed, for the relief of the na- tional difficulties, a tax on the property oi the higher order of the clergy; forwhichaf was eyiled to the mountains of Astunai, though his project was nfterwards earned into execution. In 1799 he was recalled, and made minister of justice for the inte- rior; but before twelve months were put he was dismissed, and banished to thelslu of Majorca, where he was confined in M convent of the Carthusians. -4ft.efl''«'^ of Godoy, Prince of the Peace, m IM-t^ Recovered his liberty, and subsequ tly^ came a member of the supreme junta. » was, however, suspected of favounngt^ FreAch ; and at length, bo|n« n need. Frencn ; ana uv n;u»v.., --.-o -- . a traitor, he was put to death, in 1812, w ing a popular insurrection. Hew pte I-y« Poems;" "Pelayo," a tragedy; 'W ourable Delinquent,'- a comedy, wwrt works on subjects c<'"nf,"'d^'',^pCto economy; and translated Milton s WSok ^"/OVIANUS, FtAVIUS CLAUDinBoffl- emperor, was born in I'af""'"'"^ " * family, in 331. He was elf d ff M^ the Roman so^iers after the deatho"ui« withwhomhe^was^^then^ming.^^^, Suatrng peace and"giTVup^lar^ born ailout la'et^r^ fl«t^,1'?l"-"' ,»' J^'-nce. f elf at tho slego of La T.vl""'^."'*'''='»'''•n- I'1» Juw broken by a muskn?'.?"*."'' "« "o" Who rewarded him by „!.& .^^"'"''y "'•. |ti>8tage. lie denied tho merit of celibacy I th. hif'''."'''='"'° °'"» flukes of,. nn?.'!, *'"''«' and v.rffinity, of fasting and of martyrdom Km '■''^'"' ""'' "^ Krhim in"'" °' i (10 far a» It was nmcrcly outward suffering?: n.?5 ^^'''^oret of Lorrnino .(!?^ '" '"*""• ! he taught that no one regenerated cSft/ii ?"''''"• I'» i«82 ho wa« i,„m« .'"? "' *''" , from grace, and thr.t In the resurrect in « hn?"",?" ''"« <'"ke at Zu lolZd^^h "l"'"'" <^'i I will be equal. Joviiiian and eight of J ?s Vd h^ i """wards advised itidl'lf\«' ^'"^ew, hercnt. were condemned by Slriciu/ bl8h„n «?1" command In the civil « '°'""?''- He of Uome.nt a svnnrf h„i,i i„ on"v" ■' oishop | ed himself fnr »i,„ « "A ?l^'' war, and show JOVINIAN.'an Italian monk of tho 4 th century, who distinguished himself as Ii ; rational, temperate, and spiritual opponent of the ascetic tendencies of tho church In ithataee. He denied tho mnrif ->/"... "J" .- ,^w n ojiiuu iiuiu in aw, and ho ««.; .0 Milan There he found a zealous opt ncnl in Ambrose, and was again condemned and banished Jerome wrote a violent book anainit Jovmian In 393. This early "Pro l«tant," as he has been called, died before' JOVIUS, Paui,, or more properly Paoio Oovo, a celebrated Italian hlstofla„ „nd miscellaneous writer, was born at Comn ?„ im. He graduated M.D. at the iii.lv^«i " of I'avia^^but studied also at Vad„a «nJ Milan. Ue practised as physician ntiJn™-, and enjoyed the special favour of Poop/?„°' |«ontVlI.,who after the sackof Komo In 1527, gave him the bishonrlc «/ v J""",' *" encountered the kin^nV i5 ""Kucnots. He ana'^u^r^,'«?°2i." Don -^""N. of Austbu the great n^?ary he1;"rf'hL?'""''"' ^' ""^ at Ilatlsbon, In lSi6 jfL ^I'^P' T" born h«Tc been a lady name «.?i "'*•■ ^' *«'*« to but this Is doubtful nnri„'"'r,'' "'owberg ; hangs over the matter %tV"^ of myste?y' moni vii., wno after tho sack of ttomo^'i"' I ?*">'*<'' ^n J«70, against the m„'I"' ^"' ^m- 1 27, gave him the bishopric of Noce?a Vi^ ?"' "f"* "^qul^d great faJ^h" ?' «'""»- character and way of life were iTnwfl^^" "'* Jugatlon. He also «l^n„i. ?..^y 'belr sub- 1 -rt a, become su'ch a dLitv" ''°J„^ri'„'15» jnen.orablo victorVSho Tor's'''/ "^ '"o In thegulf of Lepanto • aVwoif^'^K*' '" ^^'J. quest of Tunis and '„,?.*'" ?* by the con- ^o&ru"r"byHf"-^^^^^^^^^ f|"Cingth'o5nVuSr{;'2SeXre?a^^^^ ivl'il^jal'n^^^i Sf^w"?' •"" <" Philip actress, was bom ?n ie2^"l'l. ?'*'*'''™''«. »» of Castile; commanded th*c^!:^n?,fK'*"'' ^'^°' Italy, 1647, and took the r-ifv^^^Sr"* '"''ny '" jugated Barcelona in 1652 h,?f^",P''''' ' *"b. ' wards unsuccessful ™ ' ""' being after- , Charles II he wa« rnnnY,"!i .""«''• Under prime ministerTand died'i'„?67^'''''*'' ""^^ IwrsureeXd ror^d'S-^*""''*'- "»^°in I lcarntd''spani'sr^^l;'^^^"^°n'bKOHGF a J"«n. AmonJ t^^' sSs ""ofVor. '^'^'" "fflc^wnrSirn at'or'ihf ",'='"? "^"^ ««^a« :,!:' ".[""e-'Pi^i^ reVard:-Lei°n5?r L"i'l^e.'-«Pi" " vtnni,. J *>"* "'rorum illus- ima, ilogia doctorum vlmmrJ. i> i;S'X£"tor«biiri5ir''^'j l^ron. Among t7e"sn"v'JZ™°'?T"* '^"ie. hn: the following is related -T.^'"''' ^•"■ I'fiutstod by Mr Hone thn „»t« ^"^"^ "nee h fcMv minutes for M?iovh-i?'".^?'' *° """it Iffl in a ».■„■ prU,; cuso jnU /, '"'"''''» coun- |Ws lordshipdid so unVlhu*''''" ,?'*''«<» on, Ipiii-'iue was exhaus^Pi . .^ ""*"" ""ck of I" Hope told a flat «ri Itai^^'L" .^'[Claiming |»on return," ordwedfho •.»***' '"^ '^ould I ion to be proceeded w?h ^ *'**" '" '"<»*'»- llM8. »'™''eeaed with. Born, 1767 ; died made-'rapTd ^rSgress^rmal?' *" "'2." „e entering. the^nav^„7'serv,c"earfv"hu" ' ""''• tion as asclerfifln i».oi '^'n'sreputa- were highly successfu? 4^ ^uP.?"**h navy fervations on Astronom-'n^ Z"-"'***'^ " ^^ In Peru," and t' tis^Vn"*^ ^'l^'''"''' "-a-Je «hlp building* L,ed, !'77r ""^'^""on and I^^P^nVSKS sTatif nr"^"°°''"«' 1 and^'anlll'y Km'?."™'''"'. '^"'^ Mauritania de.'eated at Th»n..iL?i°ib.nt being totally {:>«Susfirw1.n;r '"^en'ous and In- Ra'iis,entI"g'^^nister^'vfrl'°" """^ ^hat , H fifst attractf d n, m! '^"^ .b<""n In 1764; fepe^sonsSte".' L1?"«=! a« one of teV" ^«a;oT*-He"Tas thf "''",•. ""^ I ^"''c'e's t';" jilB'.^^ofyjn thecom„n"L*^'„,'=^°?.'V«<»- 1 defeated atThVn..,"^'.^ _ . _ . h-^=^- ^ _^^^IL^ng^of Numidla. son of the > ''I . .f ' i > .,!> „ . t 8lt jud] a jflclu JUnlbcrdnl HJioornpht}. 1(1 Homn lit n.loi u tl>o ti l»ii>|>l» <>f 0»«j' • ""I tho lUimrtii t'omnuTor bt<«tow('t> on him i««» i.xoi'llKui .-auoHiloii, nnrt >»«' Iwnmo ono «r \\w mimt Jot>vu«u'l«ll«i «>f ^l>l'>> .llunlty hP|m|vrd him i»«lf worihv hv uovt«iiiln« hU .tomlnlon* with J«.il,>,. «nA lonViy, H- w«» nUo «« «h o iin.l HiolHlo nullior. n* n\>\wnt» hy IMIny. Hirnho. \'l\iiiuvh. luul olhcr wrltrrn. who Hpimk of hilt hIMorlo* oftho Ari\Mi>n«, Annyrliin*. «n.l Honuinn ; hU In-ttUiPn on tho llnr niU ; i»«il hiN nntuml hUlovy ; of nil whl.h n f.'W ft'iiK nu'iiti only hnvo luu'H virio'ivct . lln .IUmI. A l> ti. Tho AlUrnlHnm-m'lotl n Mrttnn to hl« luomory.iinil tho Kihloi.lnnn pnlil him illvlnt' hononi-n. , .tlUJAll llAKKAl>OHU.or"..'hmh.htho llolv " n nuuon. rnhhl. who IIv.hI In Iho n-lKn of MMioui. Anlonlnn^ nn.lboonniP h.>iul of .ho W«nho.lilm. which thon mil i»t 'l >.« ri.oi no ooi. iHl tho MUhnn, or flmt Tnl • mini II illuoiil o( lh«' oirtl liiw of tho .If w». J lUA f l.Vo.a U-mnoil 1'rotoM.int illylnr. W.U horn m Almu-o. In UHJ. Ih'lnK "•'"t to l»tt«-l 10 lompli'io h'..v «cHiU>ml«;«l . nilU«».ho hoc.. no munulntou - ith •/■""«»"»•,, „^;!"' who... ho liohlhoil U». tirlm-lrlr» of tho ii< ol'i r • of St I'l-tor «t /.nrUh, whoro ho «n ili-rtook .. t.-..nHl«\''"':*«"'V7;, ; tVom ih.' Uohvi'W Into l.«tln, hnt illiJ not llvo to oo.npUlo 11. nijHl. Jfl*'!; JUl>AS l.KVlTA.or nAl.l.l.yT.n JowUU »«hhl. w..» horn m 8puln. in WW. llo wn« ro.nrtvlu.Mo for hU kvimU Irnrnlnn. nnd jlU tlnKnlshoil l.l.miolf t*" i. poet. Ki'";"m«rli.n. « ml ,.hlU«o,.hcr. 11 1« nSON, AiiONinAM.nti omlnont Amcri- o..n n.iMloniuy. horn In Mn''*'»*'>>"?f!»* j» 1788. Ho was educated at llrown I'nlvors itv. and tho ThooloKUal Seminary "f An- dovor.and In ISli.afler a short visit to l.i.g- land.set out to found a mission in "Irm' »^. nriivluK nt Uanjtoon In tho summer of IK13. It took him sevcal years to master the lan- KUrt«o, and he then preached, and ttuiBht. and set up a i.ri..{ini? press. The groat fruit of his labours was the JUrmeso trnnslnilon of the UlMe, tho llrst edition Of which ho rr.nted In IHilJ.and a second, thorouKhly re- vised, in 184i». Uo also undertook, but did not uuito co.uplcto.a HirmoBe-Knglish dlc- tioniuv. It was puhlishcd in 1882. Judson was at tlrst a ConK.er t'lonalist, but ho Join- ed the Uaptisls befoi ■ . immonclng his ml«- ..- -^rvi.d throo wives in •uccession.cacUo'f thtiii an authoress: and lives of lUem all as well as of Judson mm- 630 ______^ [Ma Noir, linv«> broil publlihxd. Thli hiIoim^ nilsslonnry dlod nt ifii In Ihao, J II Mil, NKilKil.AH, R DniiUh Ailmlrsl, who lonrnod hl» profrsslon nndiir Vsn Trumn nnd 1><» Unytor. In the IMiich nnvy i unr, wl.loh hn rotnrnrd In hli nitilv* cuu-irr and Kieally dlstlnHuUhod hliumir, in Idtl, d.iring tho sloiio of ('oprntiiiKPn. in uii nnd 1(177 ho look Oothlnnd, iinililcfiiMFaihr Hwodoi In toTornI onKiiKonionta, lu dlto in l(il>7, not loss roipoetod for liU maUptty in^ piety, Ihnn honoi.rtul for his lirsvory. JlTOiiltTllA, king of NumlillK, wu ihi •on of Mi.nnstnhnl. llo wni brouRhl unmil ndopted hy Mlclpsn. hli unciv, wlio left thp kingdom to him Jointly with lili own iimi. llo WHS ondowod by nnt..rr wiih lutiorlor talent*, and wn* roinnrki.lilo for nmnl; RtrenKtb and porsonni licrtiily. I'ornicdfor n soldier, his valo.ir nnd CDiiiluct wun tlit oNteoin of Iho llomnn nriny, nnd the rrlond- ship of Helnio i b.tt Involving hiniiplf in In trlgnos nnd crimes to ohtnln tlin loln mtp rolgnty of Nun.ldia, tho Idimnnii mtdcwar on him. 'rhoirgonerjilNliowcYi'rtiiokiirllx'i, nnd fnllod to subdno hlia, till nl Ici'iiilKlii'r sent Motollns ngnlnsl him. who runqurrrd him In mnny tmltlrs, nnd rcjoctrd all jiii bribes. When on tho point of ilgnlni; i shnmoftil iioneo. nnd surrnidprlnn to ih« Itontnns, iingurtbn, Ibru.igh finr that Ihrj might Intllet vongennce on him tbrhliror' mer ertnios, suddenly cbniiKod hit rrioluiloa, nnd iletormlnod oncn .noro tn abide ttii wor«t. Tho king of Mnurltunla, hia all;, having ooncluded n prnco with thoHomnni, R.illn porsunded him to draw JiiKurthalnto his power, nnd deliver him up to the Rfr mnns. ilo wns necordlngW Bnl«.>d,and lenl in chains, to Mnrlus, nt cirts. Thui tin vvnr was .^ndod, nnd NnmidiA IxtiMtaKo- nmn provlneo. J-igurtba, ImvlngaufTcrril man* Insults from tho pooplo, wai llirowi Into n dark prison, nnd stnr^cdtodcntliaflcr six days, II. 0. loit. J in. 1 A N u H, Vi.AvivR ci.Avmu8,iiir named TlllC Ar(),<'rATK,«iimsncnip«nir,wai tho youngest son of ('onstnntlua.brolhwof Constantino tho (Iront. Ho w«» born It :i.Hl, edueated In Iho teneta of Ohrliilanlty, bntnpostatlKed to Vngnnlsm. InSMhewu declared Ou'sar, nnd sent to Onul, whwM obtained severnl victories over the OemiMiij, nnd, lu JHll, the troopa In Gaul rtToWj! (\'om Conittnntius, nnd drdsrod for JuIIm.. liurlng tho llfotlmo of his counin.ConiljB; tins, he msdo profession of tho ortbodM ftilth; imt. on snccucdlm? to tlip thronc.MN throw oir nil disguise, re-oponodthehMM temples, and sought to restore the bHUia worship lu all its "Plen^"'''' ' St 2 laboured, both by his pen W'tft^^";" destroy t;bristl«nity. Ho toolt from w Christian churches ll"'if.fl';''';''„'lt;'imoM often very great, nnd divided them *m his soidieJs.'' Ho'sought llk-wue «« the Chrisllnns, hy f •*<"'Y^,^l "Z ,' embraco I'ngnnism t.- '«"'"» i"iii tempt, ho shut up '' - 'J^'tmS tho followers of 0>;-t religion t^^^^^ grammar u.id '^^'^^f'JvfHVan o«M >> edict that tho r.mne of Chri«UaMi.o«__^ noolishcd. .;.. ' ■;""Sr wfte rtn [m. fl. Till! OltoiMfd IMSO, iil»h Aitmlrkl, »h., iitlor Vmi TrHmp •"lilt luvy I unrr I niiilvn ruu-ir; I liliiiMir, In Iflti, '"liiim'ii, In |«7« il.niiitili'foMFdthii ou'iiti, Hi dim In r liU imiacit; ind liU lirtvorf. NumlilU, WH iht «• liioudht un •nil "flu, who left ihp vltli lili own iiini. «irr wiih iuporlor rldtliln for ninnl; rtiily. l'orni(il fur ('i)nilui't «un the I ly, mid Iho friend- vitiKlilmiolflnln' tnin tliA lolv loTf ' Kiimiinii mudowtrl wiivcrtiioklirllwi, tlllnllt'i'iiilKlti'r i\, who fuiKiiirrfd rt Tcjrctwl all hii (tint of ilKiilnit I 'I'nidrrlun tu ih« irIi fonr tlitt Ihfji III him Ibrhlifor' iKrdhiirriolttlloo, lire tn kbldo thi' iirltunU, hli all;, with tho Uoninni, rnw JiiKurihi l>ito | Im up tn the Ko- :l]r arliiiid.AiKlieiii (Mr(n. Thui tlit ildiA l>eciM> • KC' I, liAVing nuirrrcd »al Ion lh« ilfalvM »„, riu«iriil,„|, i , l.l m.t loiijrinrvlvii ihl* n •!.••(« of i"„ «<» ri.iir« ,„ j|,,,,,„ a'' ""''»»«• '•oinpHM < o ivohml n.K.tfii.r ,t Itomn '^'""'"' •"'""• I *"«lr«l |,oi,|» xn: 7,,,rt 'I?'."«<'f'nim.iiii. . ,■ M "niu It'll uiiiior ri'lnuliiM beranie » .lemon, iiinrilod Ii., .IiiiikM.'" "mi* I e iv... « ,„«,, of hiKli niliiif,, « ml it,,?, rliariieier, ,111(1 llio nio.l .lUlliiuni. ,'1' i' .' '' elyhteen l,l.l,o,„ who holUly .Jfn «' , ' li '/' •(ribethenniulioniii of J'cIiibIiw wJiI, hS Jlmu. bl.ho„ of Uoino. pu.fiu'l „d ' "V;,' 41»,»ndnppciili>d ton If.,.., *•" .,;"'." '>•"• '"'""', |iui)IUm,i| III 41»,.ndnpp,.,.odtonK„„,,r«|,.o,in(' w«. then fnvolvcu with hi. l,„,t|.,',„ .,, "" "« <-<"i»»'riU(.ntly •■'■ iHiiu« II wliodi) I ••"«'ill)i;rj,||„ tg ;■•""«« "'ui nil iinaiiroii h. n !.' ''""""'"J- ir« took i| '11',','" i'", <-<"'«''iu..ntly ««.. an.thenm. nnd dopo..ul from , ",'"'' ;,••'' " I '-l a llf" of iX. ,,,!' "'.""A ""'^^ The po|m, th« onipoior, and A jj!,!, *'''''••'•'»« ^y hU 1 «,„,''? were lit on« In ihli imitr;. j ,m In ""; . '' '^''' ^» ilOMAN 1 « , !"'"'t '«»»• iMUfd by thu oniporor. Ii J20 !.?i.r''' •"•'NOI-J.or JUVninu , -i«M rifii^i. .n"v«in';u"(.;!;;:;i.ii;^srl r ' "'''''-.^.^v^^n;:!; ?;iri^'"- «» ""«- .pruacrfhed I.y popiiirropl [ '.1"?,"" "• "" ««>' ' «.So„U,*'.;'V:''"'"'''<« by Iniporlul uutliorltv V L '.'•'""" I'l'll'^oMiy iT.!^^ "' t»io Arii- anil for miiny Pl.<.topl«o«,pr«,.,.fl,ed V mMilinlillu;:" | u!!:':;"' " "■' '-iVlo'alZ; "Purlul "uthorlty. J f '/'''"n »''"''"'"I>»iyHk,r'i;;/* '"" ^"•■ nil leai thnn by lni,, Of Utiii at the Or«iim,,,r li ,. ?'/''''^''»««>r Ahout tw .,ty v.'ui. 1" '*^''""' "M'niifuc tonlno a, raior of tl , ,» ,1''* '"■"""•^ An- >vori;«,both,nonutt,J,fuof 1,''' '*"" »f"« si-y," Jn 8 vol. i. "■^'''■'n'"' Diction. <>f «I1 wrluoi, or prntJ^rilV"" »'"•"«»» i«t..d " ruradl.0 L,t ;- /n?*!';°"" f"n«- ffl,,n^ ."p."' ""er which ho h' »' t .Khi' .r, »" •"^«'"""lo„: ^oajatTCkr!,'3Vv'r,''''''"'i "'lifparthotook 11 ih'n AM^' f^*' '-''"•"K"! ™'"«y. Ulcd.TiV Atlmnaiiian coa- t' IV., and wnV'h^r " '''"'*^ "^ ''"PO Hlx- *"■ H'waAhXm".^, "?''?"''»»' 1 7'on of Wu:' f",;"" ♦» Proc^iro the '"' on his death „J1 ^"•-'Ptfiinhfir, 1503 :»»« Wholly „nZTf.l',.,J "''US n. wa,. Ill ' ^ iii^H 1 M 1 ■- •f p 5:t j li- ' P'. } jiii 1. h t; I 1, ! I I jun] % j^eb) JHnitJcraal ISiograp!)!). dedicated to Edward VI. On leaving Eng- land he went to Copenhagen, as pny«'c'an to ti • Icing of Denmark; but soon quitted that place and settled at Haarlem, where he was made principal of the college. His translations from, and criticisms on, ancient authors are -very numerous; and he was considered Inferior only to Erasmus as a scholar. Died, 1676. x.,«««i, JUNIUS, FRANQOiS, a learned French Protestant diviu(!, was bora at Bourges in 1845. He became minister of the Walloon church at Antwerp, after which he officiated as chaplain in the army of the prince of Orange ; and, on leaving that service, ob- tained a professorship at Heidelberg, from whence he removed to Ley den. where he died of the plague, in 1602. He wrote Com- mentaries on the Scriptures; but is best known by his Latin version of the Bible, made in conjunction with Tremellius. JUNIUS, FBANC18, son of the preceding, and eminent as a philologist, was born at Heidelberg, in 1589. After studying at Ley- den, he came to England in 1620, and found a patron in the earl of Arundel, with whom he resided 30 years as librarian, and died in 1678. He edited and published the Gothic version of the Gospels, and wrote " De Pic- tura Veterum," and " Etymologicum AngU- canum," a valuable work, to which later writers have been much indebted. JUNOT, ANDOCHE, duke of Abrantes, a distinguished French general, was born in 1771, and entered the army, as a, volunteer, in 1791. He first attracted the notice of Buonaparte by his coolness and courage when serving as a lieutenant at the siege of Toulon. Buonaparte at once made him his aide-de-camp. He took part in the cam- paigns of Italy and Egypt, and became ge- neral In 1801. A few years later he was made colonel-general of hussars, and ap- pointed to the command of Paris. In 1806 he was placed at the head of the army in Portugal, where he remained two years, and was honoured with his ducal title ; but being defeated at the battle of Vimiera by Sir Ar- thur "Wellesley (the duke of Wellington), he was compelled to capitulate. He subse- quently served in Spain, and was made governor of the Illyrian provinces. Died, 1813. . .^ . JUNOT, Madame, duchess of Abrantes, wife of the preceding, was born in 1784. Her maiden name was Permon, and she was married to Junot about 1800. Her estate? being confiscated in 1814, the Emperor Alex ander offered their restoration, on condition of her becoming a naturalized Russian. She refused, and remained in Paris, living by the labours of her pen. The best known of her writings are the celebrated "Memoirs," which had a prodigious run. But, harassed by creditors, she retired to a maison de sante, where she died, in 1838. JUBIEU, PIERRE, a French Protestant divine and theologian, was born in 1637. He studied in England, under his maternal uncle, Pierre du Moulin ; and, while here, was episcopally ordained; but the French Protestants disapproving of episcopal ordin- ation, he was ro-oidained according to the form of Geneva. He filled the chair of m divinity; at Sedan with reputation: but i when that university was taken from tlie'il Protestants, he retired to Holland, and' settled at Kotterdam, where h.« became ai violent polemic, and cnRngcd in fierce con- I tentions with Bayle and others. I'inriioiii that his work on the "Acconipliahracnt ot ' the Prophecies " produced many aeverf re|i plies, and being also greatly chagrinej by | the decisions of the synods against someolli his doctrines, he grew hypochondriacal, audi died In 1713. His principal works are "U' Politique du Clerg6," " L'Accomplisicment des Proph^ties," " Histolre de CalvlnismgctI du Papiswn," 3 vols., and "Histolre dM Dogmes et dcs »Jultes," 2 vols. His learn- i ing was unquestionably great, but it was ob- ' scured by an intolerant and litigious temper. ; JURIN, JAMES, an English physician and j mathematician, was born in 1684; studied i| at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he i obtained a fellowship ; was afterwards phr-j sician to Guy's Hospital ; was several yeani secretary to the Royal Society; and died, 11 in IT-OO, president of the College of Phyil-i! cians. He published " Physico-MathcraatI-!: cal Dissertations," an " Essay upon Listinct'j and Indistinct Vision," and a translation o(| Varenius's Geography. He also contributed ' many papers on philosophical and mathe- matical subjects to the Philosophical Ti am- actions ; and was a warm defender of the practice of inoculation, and a zealous adru- cate for the Newtonian system. JUSSIEU.DE; ANToiNE, Bernard, and JOSEPH ; three eminent French botanisU: and physicians. The first was bom atlyoni, in 1686, and died in 1758. He enriched tbt' memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Parii; with several valuable papers, the result of; observations made in his travels, on botan;; and min eralogy . He also wrote the appeSdii j to Tournefort, and edited Harreller's wort, upon the plants of France,Spain,andItal;i; he was likewise the author of a " Dlsconrstj on the Progress of Botany." — Beenahc,^ brother of the preceding, was bom at Lyon, in 1699, and died in 1776. He published u' edition of Tournefort's History of Plain about Paris, and was the f ; th jr of a bool, entitled " The Friend of Humanity, or tin Advice of a good Citizen to the Nation. He was botanical demonstrator at the kui((i garden, and was much esteemed by wm XV. Cuvier calls him " the most modeij and, perhaps, the most profound, botaniittl ♦he 18th century, wh9, although hescareeu t.ublished anything, is neverthelew the tt- spiring genius of modern botanists. --« third brother, Joseph, who was also a m a- her of the Academy of Sciences at Pmi>, ;« accompanied Condamine to rfr". '" ''* He was not only a good naturalist and W sician, but an excellent engineer. He p» iished a journal of his voyages, and diea* "jUSSIEU, ANTOINE LAUl'f^',' ' 5 brated French botanist, nephew of we F ceding, was born at f yons, m l "^ went to study at Paris ir^ KfZ placed under his uncle Bernard. Fi«y^ later he graduated M.D., and was »a demonstrator of botany at th» g , Bbl. He applied l-imselftoWmmwj jus] of plant.. In 1773 he was received at the tninVH iif'"' "' ^^oge death, in «27 h« k' Academy of Sciences; wag named ndminlg! tSon ?„ VV L*?.'""**" '"vereiVnty '«/"''- trator in chief in 1777 ; became profesgor at hlg divnn' *^\^ y*"' ""d dfflul.^AH'^/' the university in 1804, and subsequentjy a udo„ m ""V"' augtcrlty ; but lmm«H!?/?'' member of its council. His great work Th^^-,^'* elevation he solemnivT ^***"'' i, the "Genera Plantarum/Mn^'whiorhe i^CJ'cp' *"" %'}''''" ««<» coTrt'Ln"^"?"'' esUbli.hed a new method of clagglflcatlon Serei.nVfr' '/"' ^'"' ''''^onS 'vmC of plants, supcrsedinK the sexual system of mad. hS J:/"l"''''>n"«nianyconQi i..f.i '^ Linnaeus. Its publication wag rommo«Li ??.r.i ^^ »"• brave jfn„nr»f iT„?.^"!f>'were esUDiunea a new method of classiflcatlon therPi^^Vi, of plants, supcrsediuK the sexual system of mad. hS li -"uiu„us many conoup.t. ,. Linneu. Its publication was commenced T^s and a2» J ^T*' ^^-n^al BenSr'V*" in 1788 but partly from the agitations of tories ovpt .h* ^''*'""'^'» three ioriousvin" olution, and partly from the natura the emn^r^ the Persians ; In 834 he de.tJnli; ' ce in favour of Linnajus. it was lon» „nH ^'SF.'.'i' »' the Vandals In A?w„T.''*J°??'> I Linnaeus. in 1788, bui jjurtiy irom tne agitations of the revolution, and partly from the natural I tho'pmnu^ "'" f ersians ; In 834 he dV.trn^r'o'^j' prejudice in favour of Linnajus, it was long and^Jirv » ^^^ ^"""o'" In Africa &» ingainingrecognition In France, and longer tn.toth.^ V^ """onquered • and Ii,!'^^'" ' itlll in other countries. It has, in its tufn m.ifh^'' ^^o possessed Itaiv w Ji** °*" been .uperseded by a more phi?osop& rh.l'^l^. ^he Principal evi^'t.\"i„^"'i- 1 claMiflcation. Jussleu wrote several other Infpro.r. ""^nderea the reign of Ju«Mr.„ *■' works, besides numerous memoirs and di«H 1«* "*""« ^° posterity wa«fh»!^ ,?'"""» at P«ri^ almost blind, in Tsar "'""'^'^*''^ I Jj\'°/„°)fti°^ 1 oml^ju'^l " .^.^"••'d JUSTI, JOHANN Heinuich GoTTTnn io"°'^"'"«'»nedTribonlan«>. „fi 5v"''*'"<^''- vftv »„ „minrnf «..,„"„„"-_" ^.°' ^^P^ I leamcd civilians to fnri » ' "^^'''' ^y other .... „. „.„ . i^'" "•^'' ''^^^ "nd tho««™, t .^^'J^.^ode from uuiYemiy oi uuna in 1720, enlisted as a com- I monsoldierin the Prussian service. He ro?e ylum- T "I»8titution8,"'""rnd The """'v"- totherankoflieutenant;wascashieredand of if^'. f'"<'« <=alled, collectivGlr ?h» ..^f' ;elf by ..itin, Lr/the Veri^i?»S'ti"^^^^^^^^^^^^ the principal mo8aSe.'„°r'^ subsisting af B/idgeg, aqueducts'ho8Dital« ?"*.'"""'"'P'e- other public works w?rGni'/^'""'^J"'*'''''n<> throughout the varies „"!• "'"'"taken empire. But tow«diT„ f!!"/!""? "/^^the I accWtkTn'TndflM * ?^"i"« «" "to^emy , disquietuSeg,"he died in ««'/"i°' ''^'^'^^^ ui» escape lo ijcipsic, and mai self by writing for tlie press. In nSfiTp became professor of political economy and natural history at Gbttingen ; but havinir written too freely on the Prussian govern ment, was arrested, and ended his davs a prisoner in the fortrpaa nf r<...».i_ ._ /-. ** 'isiiiviANi, Agostino bishon nf i\T„i, "'""Jujeiuaeg, he died in RRK uff " .* ana the Saracens, and madp «« « 7^"*^*^' ^rom peace with them but ht.Jl "^.'^""tageous ;v,.«c.™,u v^orsicato Genoa in 1536 "~ I ^T.:.'"*^ debaucheries tarnf«Sp/.°.1'' *''■"*'- \r^si^piiriSitr£I'^^^^^ Of j[bSus"T„%,f vihS -^^^^^^^^ Ll-l™..xIo™o,the.rgt.Ji--^^^^^^ eaXral\'if£H^^^ been Uluslrlted by the mtf.hf ""''""« "al ators, among whom ar^ oVlJf comment- viug, and Frotsche? G'^Tlus, Grono- 1 ti^^^'an ei'in'ergfn'eral^ftl' ".^'"- 1 ^h'rl'sEjotet^iyr^. ^^^TYR, a ^'•ervice, and obtainfd the nami nf '^P**"- ^"^ Samaria. He *^7/'^*"",7e of Sichem, "«; from having an arm of 1?^^^'^°."" *•»« "^hools of GrMk «hiil""l ^'"^''ed in re iacetheonehelostattt siege ofSnH° S°°^e«ed to the Stfan faffij, »"»* '^w H was governor of Candia whpri S*'^"^. 30 years of age A ni^i^w? "'l^hen about '^^.in 1616: ancl%r",".!,:?:1f" ho was | against the ChristfanT««T '''"f "'''"« out Justinus presented ?oth«f"''^'' Antoninus, mirable apology in thpirhi^*'?,^"'"' «" ^i' the desired eslt w^'^J ' "^^^^^ ^'^^ ItodinHsg. ■•lied in MM nVrt ^ ' '"'™ there in 1381 ; |;e.iatwora-fe-^\-e ilwr "'Candia, where he wag l JWTiNiANTirT ."*'"^ to his memory ^} lebrated as a la\,S" '^« ^"st, another apology to m '^'■"'^•■'^'' addressed ,__-- ft., anac, Who. from a con,m„r :!'f.^:"'«'5nle8 of CrescpnT;";;:"'. °««V?« i i i: I, If ^ Hi ' 'I ' ' 11 1 :i ■■ flijj...., Iti- .IXR P' juv] % j^to ffinibtrsal ISlosrapIjB. wonhip, Uo wai condemnud to be Mourged and then bohoaded, which sentence wai put In execution, a.d. 165, in the 7ath year of JUA^ENAIi, DECIU8 JtJNIUS, the Roman poet and aatlrUt, was born probably at Aqulnum In Cumpnnia, about f^l! Ix-pmnlnB of the reign of Cluudiua ; •• >" •»,. -Mo- toric under the most celel>rai*u inaitti .», and is said to have bccor • lu cmintuf vtoader. His first essay as apt t'lical ' uuist .vas di- rected against the player Paris, and for re- peated attacks of Iho . ame kind, he Is said to have been sent Into an honourable kind of exile, by being made commander of a cohort ai I'entapoUs, on the borders of Ksypt, In his 80th year. Juvenal may be said to have been the last of the Roman poets, and as the hold and unflinching castigator of vice h'- stands without a rival. Good as arc lus Intentions, however, and forcible as are his denunciations, the moral indelicacy of the ane In which he lived renders these power- ful (laiiros too gross In their details for readers of the present day. English trans- lations have been made by Dryden, Oif- ford,&;. JU VENOUS, CAIU9 VBCT1U8 AQUIL1NU8, ouo of the first Christian poets, was a native of Spain, and lived in the reign of Constan- tlne. His work is a Ufe of Christ in Latin verse, entiUed "HlstorlsB Evangellcaj." auXON, "WILLIAM, archbishop of Canter- [kab bury, was born at Ghlchest'r, in 1582. H« was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and 8t John's College, OxforJ , wan pairon Ued by Laud; and, through hir Influence obtained the bishopric of Hereford In U3j| and of London in the same yenr. In 1«m' he was made lord high treasurer of England an office which no churchman had held linti the reign of Henry VIII. Thin gave (mat offence to theT?nrltans ; but, on his reiluiu tlon of the office, after having held It wme- thing less thiiu six ycitrs, the Integrity and ability with which he had discharged iu various duties were admitted on all handi. During the whole of the elvll wars ho main talned an unshaken fidelity to the kii|, whom he attended during his impriionmeDi In the Isle of Wight, and on the scaffold; oa rfvhii.' rtcc.islon he received from tho hand of Charles, the moiiient previous to hla ex^ cutlon, his diamond George, with direction! to forward It to his son. After the king'i death, the parliament threw him Into con- finement for contumacy In icfuiing to dli- close tho particulars of his conTemtloD with the king; but he was soon releated, and continued to live In privacy antll the Restoration. He was then ralaed to the m , of Canterbury, but did not long enjoy the! honours and emoluments of the primacy, kl»' death occurring abcu two yesn after hb elevation, in 1663. K. KAAB, BIN ZOHAIU, an Arabian Jew, rabbi, and poet. He satlrUed Mahomet so severely, that " the Prophet " made war on the Arabian Jews for the purpose of getting the poet into his power; but when Ma- homet's success was no longer doubtful, Kaab became his zealous panegyrist, aband- oned Judaism forMahometanism,andis8ttld to have assisted in the composition of the Koran. Died, A. 1). 662. ..,..,. KAAS, NICHOLAS, an eminent Danish statesman, was born in 1535, and studied in the universities of Germany. In 1673 he was made chancellor of Denmark ; and, on the death of King Frederic II., in 1588, he was nominated to fill the situation of first regent during the minority of Christian IV. Being attacked with a mortal disease previous to the coronation of that prince, he sent for him as he lay on his death-bed, and telling him that he had promised his royal father in his last moments, to do all he could to see the crown placed on the head of his son, he gave him the key of the place where the UrUTTU ttSu Vinei urg..***.* ,,wiw— J--, 1, — -^» "Take it in the name of God, and wear the crown with glory, sway tho sceptre witl wisdom and clemency, bear the sword mm justice, and keep the globe with judgment.' Died, 1594. ^ ,, ., KABRIS, JOSEPH, a French •a""'!*™' being taken prisoner by the English ni«« revolutionary war, obtained permlMlon » enter on board a South Sea whaler jn being wrecked on the coast of the Is Mdoi Noukahiwa,in the Pacific Ocean, feln» the hands of the cannibal inhabmnM. While preparations were making for "" death, he was saved Dy the iatercew. n ^ the king's daughter, who sho^'TXI't came his wife. Being now «Jlied|J royalty, he was made chief Jndge of * island: Nine years thus passed awa ,a« Kabrls was then carried off, as he »« while asleep, by the R«"«'» "if^ Captain Krusenstern. On remrang " TrLce, in 1817, he e«Wbited h.m 'o J pubUc at Paris andclaewhere hi facew^ Cattooed in the New Ze* and t e «j. object was to raise money to en«ti« J return to Noukahiwa ; but he aiea iw -^ at YersaUles, in 1822. K^lf] I K^MPFEB BNaELBBKCHT.acelebrat^ ph>.iclan, naturalist, and traveller w.. lorn at terajro, in Weitphalia. in 'isai ' . udled a: Dantzic, Thorn, nnd Cracow oJrl formfda Journey, In im, a. secretary' to a Swediih embftMy, bj Jan.l through Kuwla audPcr.l« after which ho vUited AraWa Hindo.t.n, Java. Sumatra. Siam, and Japan 1° *'''«'|.''"."''""""y '"' '■''•'do'i two years' fono; ".n.^nltate. ...oU.J^\. C," S'l^ .^[t,!:.^'^^ H" P' ^^^ --' KAESTNEB, ABRAHAM Onr..-.. - . f'"" obtained him tAZlVZ "'* '"•'P"**- Died. 1UM3. "^"^"'^y ho oquaiiea Tenluri nent mualcaSp. ^"-^"'7'^^; «"> en.l- Munden, In Prusg n 'J^ ''*"'" '" 17««. »t manuelHachtanXViL' ".""P" "' »" Progrew both in the,"h 'rr!r„i''.':''V'''«'"nble KAESTNEB, ABRAHAM OOTTHEI » . ,i mathematician, aatronomer. and noet wa. ; bora ia 1719 at Lnip^ic ; and'fl led tC.itua lion of profeasor of mathematics at Ga? I tlD|en,wlth the higheat reputa onfo rmore iiban year*. His sclentlflc .vorkg arl nuiiicroui, of which the principal is a "hi. wr, of Mathcmntici." l)ied. mV "^'" ! . KALB.Uaroa de, a mujor-'gener American army, waj born in ( about the year 1717. He entered in»o ti, colonlej.ln order to see «ith what pSL/.^S" .eed.ofdi.con,entagai„sithe^,She^1oun! try might be sown amoiiir thnm wkii ! the performance of thL ^omTssloK ^^ Mlicd as a suspected norson h, » . Jclectioa. He then wenT o Cana l« "^hP^" R«wdon d»fAnt»H ni""'. M^9> When Europe. hiV t^mT"a7v' i'""'" "' '""tfhou, from his own vorf.,r^.^ 'ncreasing, both composition a^K^': tX" "' 'I'""' 1814 he removed to London J^ the world. In ed 9 years. He onro mn^„' *''"® '"' "-emain- I'rench capital in isafJ^H ""!"■"«•> 'o "'o I'leydel a. a manuKrlr o? i"^ ^".'""'^ *'• ments.and continued Vo^L?' ^"^^'^ '"«»•» position m the mMical woriH fT.'K''''°'°'"«'"t '^'^"'-Pholera. in PaMa^'" h« decease. na^a'-KSiie? ^^rt" *'r«"" «">«« Ostro Jlothnia; trlv'el7ed i^K"' !! i"^' l" R.wdon defeated OeCral Gates nr?, ^"^ """«»y 1" the un'iver.tv^'yT P'"°'"««°' " f to, the baron commanded the r?^2t ^"'"' «'°"'''« of " TraveU t/ °/^"?- "*» works Hie American army?and fell'cn'i^-^i V.'i? I ™"ous di.serutlons' i rustrat'i vf.'^r *• "»- of commerce, airriculti r» J^h ° °' ^l*® ""^te la Sweden. Died 1779 ' ^^ "manufactures 1221. He then passed Into L'?"* '^«™ ^n Jerusalem and oth»r i^ ®y"* «n« , '8" adTaneed'^to ?h{'t' of n ' ^\^'''^' »"" '» (Wlical history vV, his fLn "'.?'°- ^^'^'e^i- 'f'^had better aenn^L^"""'"'*'' "udy, and 'ofe. Hii " A„?^"''*'"'"'ce with patristio |^,io" Of tSl IV^? WritCand "« Athanaslus inH »i -^'exandria," and «'Mt his lear^lnt^ *i'^ ^'^""'-''l of Nice -• i of^-f^.vual topics include •crmon*, chai vp* >n.i pamnhleu. '"XJ'. ,'JJl """" —i I BMrian litterateur w-.^h' ' "'•""'atert Hun- public .chool of k,akaT.dh^''"'="""* " "'<' "'Schools. IIee«De?l,.Nv M r,'-"""'^"«Pf«^^'or i •leavours to cultivate and r,^"*'^"'^^"''^"' «n- """»ient of six orientalists have nvallert h^„.*"^', ""** ""'^'r KouiJ:.t,\^rth7r."o7'"'-'"* ^"«"«" ^■•"■ (Whoso brother. Moses ?/ean n7'.*'.*='*''P*'n''r notoriety «8a mirnlc an ventw;i"'T^''"'"'' hU mother was the UaSter W"'^' ""'' known George Savillo Pai^ *''o '*''H- ^-rlter and performer Hn^.' " "/""•""'^^ Oastlo Street. lSL;. a"" ^""s »)orn i„ 17H7. acconll j,Mo some r.r'.^°"''"". " cording to others two nr .>""'"'• «"«» ac "0 trod the stage almos7n«"'*' ^""'^ '•""r. v^alk alone, beTg emD?m"p,nr "' ^'' •'""'J I &c.. acquiring therudlmpnt^n?, fo^ssions, ' '^ducation under ,'"c^^/e of 2-'^r whose rival he was nffn,. . ''" Kcmble, Miss Tidswell an actress lon'L'i'' *" '''*'*'"«'■ •netropolltan stage, and sa^tovf'^'' i?" "'« relation, assisted kean in i... i**'''^ ''•'«•» a ana recommcudcdhm at rhil '*'■*'' efforts; company of players 'vLJ^V^'^*' °' '3, toa formed there under the nnm^'VX"- "« Pcr- ' «aid to have obtained much nn,^"'"''^' ?"'''» I parts of Hamlet I .r,iM„,"'P'""»« in the He also disti„Ked hh!,? V^^^^ ""<» Cato. ' for recitation- and hi»S *>•'''''' '''* t«'c"ts Address to the Sun n-om M.Tf ''. °^ ^'^n'" I I;Ost, and the first sofloqufK'J'"'"'''*'" llichard lll..lmvinif i.PPn i i . , "^^^Pcare's he repeated Is redtattnnc'*/'l?r?PP''»"«Jcd. fore some of the rovlfflm?."* ^j'^lsor, bo- ' tl>o goot. fortune to attrnnt' J:* ""^ '''»* also I Drury, who sen? him to E on w"h»""=\°' »' mained three years and •s.oM?^'\"® ''ore- ' great progress in classical ;»i';° ''^/oniade I much of hiH atten Uoii t„ ,k" ' ovo"ng examples of cK o„ ouItti^'r^P**'' ""^ procured an engagement\t i i.'L?*"." ^^ where he was seen hv ti,» "^'^nilngham, Edinburgh theati^ wh« n '""»«Kcr of the twenty nlghtsron iwelve o"f^Sh''^ '"' formed Hamlet to pJ^La ,\: which he per- ' at this time ^ly sixteen '^„^T"'-. ^e was , his provincial eVgag^L,Atsfed\'.^"1 ^^"^ course of a few vear« ^'^ , ?*"*• !» tho i cipal towns to tKnth ann'L"" ^^^ £''«- land, play ine In trn»»^ "^^ ^^^^ of Eng- ' P-,n'oV-"i«^ - "?Kedy, corned v.oppr«~'% n. 'It "N TT w-m kea] ^ i^tto atnifatitaal ^iogiapl^ directing; committee of Drury Lane, as fitted to ravive that declining tlieatre. He wai, in consequence, engaged there for t^fe years, at a rising salary of eight, ten, and twelve guineas a week for each successive year. His first appearance was on the 26th of January, 1814, in the character of Shylock. The house was comparatively empty; but in order to show theWect he produced on that occasion we will quote the words of a critic, who saw, Tnd thus describes it:-" There came on a small man, with an Italian face and fatal eye, which struck all. Attentionsoonripened into enthusiasm ; and never, perhaps, did Kean play with such startling effect as on this night to the surprised few ! His voice was harsh, his style n«w, his action abrupt and angular ; but there was the decision, the inspiration of genius, in the look, the tone, the bearing ; """ that night was the «Urt- ing-post on the great course on which he was destined to run his splendid race. ' In Othello also, and Sir Giles Overreach, he has beet '.nequalled by any contemporary. AVhen he performed Massinger's Jew the first time, the actors, and others of his ad- mirers, presented him with a gold cup, as a token M their esteem. In 1820, he visited the United States, and performed in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston, on the whole with great success. After his return to England, the extravagance and dis- soluteness which had always disgraced his character, involved him in great embarrass- ments: and a second visit to America, in 1«25, was attended with little credit or ad- vantage. He returned again to England, and became manager of the theatre at Bich- mond, Surrey, where he died, after a pro- tracted illness, May 16, 1833. KEANE, General JOHN, Lord, the second son of Sir John Keane.of Belmont, AVater- ford. entered the army in 1793 ; obtained a company in the 44th foot in 1799 j and served in the Egyptian campaign as aide-de-camp to Major-general Lord Cavan. By regular cradation he became lieutenant-colonel in the 60th foot, in 1812 ; and such was his re- putation, that on his arrival in the JPenm- sula he was intrusted with the command of a brigade in the third division. He was present at the battles of Vittoria, the Pyren- ees, NIvelle, Orthes, and Toulouse ; attained the rank of major-general in 1814, and was appointed to the command of the military force destined to co-operate with Admiral Sir A. Cochrane, for the attack on New Or- leans and Louisiana. "When Sir B.Paken- ham arrived as the general-in-chief. Sir John was appointed to the command of the third brigade; and in an assault on the enemy's lines in January, 1815, he received two severe wounds. ¥"rcm 1823 to 1830, Sir John Keane was commander-in-chief of the forces in Jamaica. In 1833 he was appointed to the chief command of the Bombay army ; and, after nearly six years' service in that presidency , he had thedifflcul' task intrusted to him of conducting the operations in Aff- ghanifstan, of which the capture of Ghuznee was his crowning achievement. For the manner in which he performed this duty he received the thanks of the court of directors of the East India Company in Dec. 1839, and 638 [kea was raited to the peerage, with apenaion ot £2000 a year for bis own life, and that of hli two immediate successors in the peerue Died, Aug. 1844, in his 64th year. ' KEATB, GEORGE, F.R.S., migc-lliuieoui writer, was born at Trowbridge, in ^Viit. thire, in 1729, and educated at Klngctos school ; after which he went to Geneva where he contracted an intimacy with Vol'.i taire; to whom he afterwards dedicated hii' " Account of the Republic of Geneva," Hull first literary performance was "AncientMd'l Modern Rome," a poena, 1750. His publica- '' tions after this were very numerous; the principal is an " Account of the Pellew !». lands," which he compiled from the papen of Captain Wilson and his oflBters, who were shipwrecked there in 1783. Died, 1797. KEATS, JOHN, a young English poet of humble origin, was born at London, in 1796. He was apprenticed to a surgeon, but gave way to the ambition of becoming a poet. Leigh Hunt lent the kindly sanction of hU name to the first poems Keats gave to the world in 1817. In the next year he published " Endymion," a .poetical romance; and, in 1820, his last und best work, " Lamia" and other poems. These poems were very roughly treai , a by Gifford in the " Quarterly Vie- view," and Keats, with his over-sensitive | nature, took it too much to heart. iBcingin ; feeble health, from a severe pulmonary dis-j' ease, he was advised to try the fine climate ij of Italy, where he arrived in November,': 1820, accompanied by his friend Mr Severn, 1 1 the artist. He died in Rome, ou the 27th of {j December following, and was interred ia;! the English burying-ground.near the niODU-{i ment of Caius Cestius, and not far from the || place'where, soon after, were deposited the i remains of the poet Shelley. Shelley la- mented his poet-friend, in the beautiful and well-known " Adonais." A fair and kindly appreciation of Keats appeared in the " Edinburgh Review," from the hand of Jeffrey. Leigh Hunt, who was hia earliest and warmest patron, describes him as hav- ing " a very manly as well as a delicate spirit," and being gifted with "the two highest qualities of a poet in the highelt degree— sensibility and imagination." Tlw Life and Remains of Keats were published by Monckton Milnes (Lord, Houghton), is] 1P48. His portrait, by his friend Severn, ui in the National Portrait Gallery. KEATS, Sir P-ICHARD GODWIN, EaglisB admiral, was born in Hampshire, m liiij. He entered the navy in 17/0, and seTeiijj years later, as lieutenant of the m» George," was charged w=,th the naval educa- , tion of Prince William Henry, afterwards i William IV. He took partm the siege (, Gibraltar by Rodney ; fiej^^'n the Amen- can war ; at the affair of Q"jb«f?n - ™ ! Nelson, in the West Indies ; at St Uoffluo, under Gambler, at Copenhagen ; wasmsw rear-admiral in 1807 ; H'a"'?!""^ '"^^m^ quis de Romana and the Spanish trw^! Snderhis command from Sweden ' Spam, and was soon after created Ivn'8"«"' ; Bath. He was second in commaf '» ™ Walcheren. expedition assisted mtea^ Walcheren expeamcn, ""»"""" -Med fence of Cadia against theF«nch,wunaa« goTcraor of Newfoundlano, in «"' •* i KEl] retired In 1818. Me became governor n/ Greenwich Hospital in 1821, and ied hi 1[kejl 1834. ' "" """ « KEILL, JOHN, a learned mathematician I was born at Edinburgh in 1671. In 1698 h«' i published an Examination of Burnef« Tho o:,' of the Earth, to which he subfoinprt "Remarks on Whiston-g Theory "The ve« following he was appointed deputy professof "^°f"^?i,^'?'''"'°P''y« Oxford universUv. and in 1701 he published his "Introdup«„' liadVeram Physicam," as a preDa?a«on fiS li'-VJ""! °f Newton's Prl/clpfa iri'oj I lie defendedNewtonsclaim to the invention of Fluxions, which brought him into a dia" |:pute with Leibnitz. In 1709. he wa« nn 1. pointed treasurer to the German exilps frnm ihc Palatinate, and attend™ thfm in & capacity to New England. He next defended .Neivtons doc rine against /,he Cartesfans and received his degree of M.JD. In 1710 he' was chosen Savil an professor nf not/„J at oxford, and the AtlTo wi'ng appoS works are An Introduction to True Astro (nomy -and several papers in the PhiloJo" ipiiical Transactions. Died n2l KEISER,REiNHARD, an eminent Gorman muse an and composer, was born atSsio m 16/3. He was the author of UHnr.r- ^ S which hi, " Circe," broughrout at H»-h'' jin 1734, was the last and mosfbeZ5?u? He possessed a most fertile Jma^.!;:- Scoffi.drsroVS&arrm?rs"i f as a partisaSTf'fhf Stuarff '^''°'°"«'»' «"d experienced warrior w''t'h?'* * ^'"^^ son of William Kpi?h ^f'> "* ^^^ youngest oe I e mice of that statP 4 ® *'"*^''^'* 'n*" Itterankof lieutenant ^eie^af a^nT^'^'^ *° Ijilh the order of theBiaMr T?"'^^''ivested iBussian service he conUnln ^"^^ '^- ^n the l^ttaguishinKhrmop??"'"'^^, several years |^!'«abinet!duHSth^ wf '^ *"<' ^'^d "s lomitry and Turkef an/S*^* '""'^'^en that fch left RussiaS went ?nT'^ «« « F« king of Prussia tr»hl ^u^""' '"'here t"'' well known r'eceivPdM ''" .""""es f "»s. and made him aIm ''*" '^'th open fces and governoi of h . ?^^'''"' "^ his ["'sequent wars of thi. * «^apital- In the hf the gr el" l^.^.^TZ'"^' ""'''"^ ^^' r^- ana.iySe.r'o?tKrid*S KEITH, Thoma« '"".i,! author Of 'sevmf ts;fjr"i^"","'«=''">. and I the Princess Charlotte of wJ^^ sciences to the situation of acoonn^ ?'^*J andin isii Museum becoming"v*;"eaL?*^h° '^^ ^''It^h of Canterbury confor^L^ / *he archbishon Who held it till hKn''," "n Mr Kefth^ cipal works are ''xlp'r^*'' ^'^^^^ Hisprin-' master-general in i7i« ^''^/ank of quarter- out of the revoii,H„ u ^t the breaking -If by wr;S f^ Vn^««nguisK^« hi co=r/?^£f V' g-eceivti formed a JunctioXurth» *^' .Moselle" underDumouripr a^j the Main arnn- 1792. theriead'"a«rk'ir?^'^P^-'«^h, Brunswick at Valmv ?h,°^ ^^^ ^"''e of much to the succm of tv,."" <=»ntiibuting was repea?edlv rjp«„ *^® campaign Ho ConventKy cusHn?'^^ *<> the Nation^! trial not takin'g pYace tin"«V'^l" ' hut Sii Terror, he was acquftt^d t^' J^ ^««u of the command of thi „ ^^ 1^95 he took Italy, but he was soon snn^ "V"^ Alps'a^^ parte. In 1798 hp„ superseded by H,ionn Of the mllit'lrj Zal!^ f^'ftti"" ^^ ""Sr dent of the conservafiv„ ^ ^^ ^a^ presl- followingyearamarlharofJh''*'''' ^^^ the served under Nnn^io . *he empire. Hp himself among his contPmt ** disunguisiied nurer and imitator ofth^^fh'"'*'"'^' "« ^^ ad- ' French literature wi t**^" fashionable 1 but his lyrics have b"en [hi* """'"''' °P«'as! "w.?Kca?LSF^:,^^^^^^^^^^^ man, was a naUve of m'J'l ^'"^"^h clergy- Man, and bom In 175o°"f,'"''.*'^ the Isle^f ticular attention to the di«^pV"? ""^'^ Par- tongue spoken in that islinn'^l''^ *"« t-^elUc duced to Eishop H«dif Pv 'J\f '*'''« ^"tro- ' h'm in translating the BhL* w " employed anguage, and ordafned hi J"'" ^^^ Manx the episcopal congregatio f "a tn'uister of 'and. Through the na/rn^ '^ ^l'' 'n Scot- of Gordon, to whosison 'm "' ^^^ ""''e t"rT'^?'cXro?ri"niP^-^^ i( 15 i.ji m r- % Jteto Onlfacrsttl^losrop^ [kem WBT there honoured with the flegrcc of LLD. ^n 1803 ho puWUhed "A I'ractlcQl Oram- mar of the Ancient Onclic, «"• I^i'^K"""^ °^ Uie Isle of Man ; and In 1H05 Issued pro- p^als "or pubUshinK "A Triglot l.lctonary ♦ tlio (Celtic TonK"0» which was nenriy com'lTetcd when tKe sheets >vore destroyed ''tELiY?^»onAVi., « composer and sing^ was the son of a wlnc-merchant in WuW'n, who. for nmny years, acted -^b "-"tej of ^ho ceremonies at the vlccreKal castle, "o wa» horii ill 17fi2. and at an early ago «avo proofs org", u for'nn,slc.whU.hi.uiuccdhlsfat^^^^ io place him ""•^"'^ «r?l"„''hU Mends o in l)ublin, who prevailed on his Mends to send him to Naples, where h« ""'^•^'i ^V,^S in his 16th year. Ho there found a patron n Br WilUanr Hamilton, the H-^itish min- ster; studied unde-r Flnoroll ««<1 Apr W n.i.i aiihspnuon'' ■ ormed at most oi me i alinn tli?tttr ■ . i Germany. He con- JrScted a clc ' int, ...ucy with Mo/.art during his May at :on;.a; was for some time in the sc^vico of the Kmperor Joseph ; and at cncth returned to London, where ho made his tirst appearance, in 1787. at Drury l.anc Thcn"e, 'in ' ' Lionel and Clarissa," and re- fa uedlis situation as first siuKcr at that theatre he musical performances of which Src'tcd tillhisrotlrementfro.^^^^^^^^ He set to music upwards of 60 pieces, most of wh ch were successful, and amongst these "re the once highly P"P«l"Vf°"\'nueberd " Oolman's musical romance of lUuebearu. Af "w moiUhs previous to hisdcath appeared his ™ninisoenees.'= a very amusing worlc, rcpi.ic with anecdotes of hiscontcmporancs and familiar associates. 1'"^^ •^'''''- .. ^,„ KKMBLE. JOHN VHlur. the most dp.- nifled and accomplished acto- «» * J, J \h^ .Vnirfi since the d-iys of OarncV was the oldest son^'ofRoge? Kemble, manager of a company of comedians at Vrcscot in Uin^ cashirc where he was born in 1757. »«»"» 0? Catholic parents, ho >va9 sent to the Ftifflish college at Doiiay. where he cariy ^sfinguishcd'himself by his Proficiency ^n elocution, and had Talma for a reiiow student rinding that his father designed him for the priesthood, he quittec. the col- fegJ clandestinely, returned to England, and engaging in an itinerant company .per- ?ormeS with great eclat «t Liverpool Edm- burgh. York, &c. In 1783 he made his first applarance on the boards of Drury Lane, in ?he character of Hamlet. His iuccess was complete -"nd from that time ho main- Uined the character of being the first tra- gedian of the age. On the recession of Mr King, he became manager of Urury Lane Theatre. In 1802 he took advantage of the neaco to visit the continent, in order to ?tudy the French and SP««i«iVV\'o EnJis ^ a view to the improvement of the Ensiisn. on hi Jeturn. he became '««n''8er of Coven Oarden Theatre, where he continued tiU S when that 'building was destroyed by fire On the restoration of the edifice, Mr Xemble was during the O. P. riots, as they w«e caUed -he oljcct of popular resent^ ment In consequence of having raised the priceg'^d made certain obnoxi ous arrange- ments In regard to the private boxei. h 1817 ho retired from the stage, after a long and honourable career ; and. in consequence of ill health, went first to Monlpcller, and thenco to Lausanne, where ho dlut', Feb. 26, 1823, after a paralytic attack. Tlic learning, clogar*. manners, and accompli«hmcnta of Mr Kemble. introduced him into the biui company, by whom ho was ut once courted and esteemed. As a tragediim. when per- sonating characters more imnicdiutely adapt- ed to his style of excellence, such at Cato,; Coriolanus. Hamlet. King I.ear.l'eiiruddock, &c., he was unrivalled. And his managerial; duties wore discharged with much refined, and accurate taste, in the rectlflcation ofj scenic decoration, and the adoption ufap-j propriate costume, adding thereby both to, the splendour and illusion of the drama.' Ho was the author of" llelisarlus," a traijc-i dy ; "Lodoiska."an opera; and "The Female! Ofllcer," a farce; besides which ho altered | and modernised many of the old draniai. 1 The portrait of Kemble, by Gilbert Stuart, ■ Isnow in the National Collection, wlicreolso is tho bronze bust, modelled by Gibson, KEMHLE. Cn AiiLKS. tho lastof tho great family who for more than half a century held tho chief place in the history of the British stage, was born at lirecknock.in Wale!,in 1775— the same year in which his illustrious sister. Mrs Siddons, made her first appear- ance at Drury I-ane. At the nRccf fourteen ho was sent to tho College of Douay, where i his brother, JohnKemblc, had Btudiedtwelve; years before. In the winterof 1792-3 he ninde his first recorded appearance at thcSliemcU Theatre as Orlando in " As You Like It," and in April. 1794, through the interestofliis brother John, made lils dibut at Drury Lauc „s Malcolm in " Macbeth.". ^Vhen MrJolm!| Kemble purchased a shareof CoventCnrdin j Theatre in 1803, Mrs Siddons and Mt Charles | Kemblo both became members of that coiii^ nany. At this time he possessed but few of the requisites of an actor, and the com- mencement of his career was nj08tuD« mising ; but he continued to rise by slow and steady progress, and his unreuutling ..«• ons Vero^finaily crowned with co,jpc success. To Covent Garden Mr imm Kemblo remained attached for a lonfj sc „es of vears. though he occasionally fulfllieacn gagements elsewhere ; and he subseq en ^ poiscssed the share originally hCi ^ hi' brother. In 1832 he visited the um ' States and soon after his retnrn, b^^; nounced his intention of closing his prow sional career. This took place_on D c i' 23rd. 1836 -. and on this o^a^j;;" J'^Jjtl! testified its nPProVi,^2A extendedpto- honourable conduct duinghe^^^^^^^^^^^ P^ , fessional career, by the VJ'^lJ^'^Kii superb vase, designed by Chant«y,o ^^^ , classic hcau'y. as a e^tlm jy ^^^^ opinion that. »? /"c "'»" ^ ,,.„ (jscpar- talents, he supported the;^ep»tatwn i^^^, able from his name in^he^'J^^^ British Drama." While oovm , under the direction of Ma-iamUiicforJ 1840, he reappeared before me P,. limited serieso n.gbtMn W^ j^^ his favourite ci''-''«'=to«' '"S^'^tub^^^^^^ lU. Mercutio, and Hamiet^aes^__ kem] t Kovo ft icrlcs or rvmUuga from ShakoRpoaro ■ and litis pan.od into retirement. The immn of Clmrles Kemblo, 8„yg a contompoiar w I hcrpftftrr ho found amongst tlie iS bri Han of tlioso which adorn the per eo of the (Iranifttic temp C i{e Dos«e««,.H Vi clo^ancc and "nishod accuracy^f the ehn^ ^ith which his name in ho Intimate y alHeS ( and in his histrionic portraitures exhibited « I lofty concept on and an exquisite re Inc i mcnt. wi h tt taste at once pu?o and olassie 8omcof his traffic assumptions wereunCnml 1 performances; but in certain parts he exhi- bited such surpass nff excellence na tn i,. rivalry fnrbohind. 'A„t exeencnc"o /s'l efly aisoc ated with comedy of the higher cla./ ,1'in „ VT' '' '"," ^oy anJ polished icn.' ticman of lofty bearing found a perfect em bodimont- perfect, because yoS g'lwr the man, and not the actor. UWxL.l r_r.J".^ I man, and not the actor. His " Mark AnronV**- was a finished portraiture, whilst in "v.mi IconbridBo," "iOdgar," "'So - &e ' '" acliicvcd other triumphs. Ho w us n m'.ii !l.orooftheoldcomedies-the"Cicomr^ I'MiIamours," " lienedicks," and "Mi™ , be 8 "-characters which seem to Tnvc quh" t d the stage with their favoured repres^ent: atiye A. a man, he possessed the virtues which adorn a home niid in hi» i virtues with the world, e^x'^iib^d U.oiro'aZuno'' grity and courtesy. Died jgj^'*'^'-"'''" "'te- Jolin'p'^illp'Krble 'Ln'dtrat'aYr'''" »' -vasbornat'Kingsto^^MnnXShire'hi'',' mother having performed the nniv^/A' '''* Uullcn, in the%lay of Henry VIIT °L^1?'' , evening of his birth. He was Inf 1',',^^ V'° jthe medical profession, and waVannre„t1/:?[ ' a surceon at rnv,>r,LJ tT 1 "PP'^Pnticed itfor the stage CC^'nno* '7" 1"'"«d , Garden Theatre in nfil ?PP^'""<''' at Covent '!-nagerorrtSso&n"bu"rora's'' 'Sr^j-'piSg^z^rl??^^ AtMJJLJ. John MTTPTIfr r Anglo-Saxon scl oL son of o,^' ?" ""'"""t i,ll>e distinguished rctor wn??''''' Kemhlc. »nd educated at liurvSfP.w *"""" ^" 1^07, ^ School, and at Trh^ftvP^' """'"''* Grammar iSoonafterh:VadTalL''lK,!''2'T'''''<'?^«- some other Enelishmn,,, ^^ .''*'''•'' ^'th General Torr OS fr^' • ** '"iluced by ^MiverSpafn "om th,"??.^' '" "", ""'''"Pt to ''■imposed pon t p ?, ^""^of ^^-'-'linnnd, ^ffncefif the Tiourbon. '.' ^^ *''« ^'ntcr- ,f«:ayed to ,l,e'K°r"men "an >' """ '''' :' party were taken and s n't mT"" "^ ilitn made ii len-'thcr nrt Jlh ^'' ^e'"'>le '"i">r. where h,r„. '''sidcnco in Oer- me-ibyihatoninc^itn mT''?^^ ^^"^ re- •"« most proniisi 1 J H?liS "*""'?"'t «» one of I :'»E.nglan'd Cw'^tpS: /'"'''"* return liritishand Forpl,. '^ , "^'^ '"''tor of the 'J Mr Wentwor ^^1 V ,™." <-fablished i^fvicwof direc ins n , r "^' '"«'"'y with I Wressivepolicy'i 7{P,",^''<^ Uh',1""" ^° the ""h" editorshin of fi.if;^ •^''""tcngafred : ,'^h establish 'd"^,", reouM^f "■*'" * ^"''k '^''"',"" PPrlod which hn h„^ '" ^ various sources with inflnu"'', "'"'>"«'» from «rch^„,o^,,„, work, tJ?e "Hor^n^'?-"'- .^R'-^^ a^r^otl^tKa £s^"'in rS;^' poser. wasXra'I'i"" °^'"'"'^nt musical com- a chorister in the c^au o^ ^", "I'^' ""'l was city, whore ho studied «/"' °' '''» "atlvc William Jncks„„"''l"J*,""f ": ^l" c^'JOrated pointed organist of ] ri.f' ^^'"» •'^en ap- removed thither, and in h„°' ""'hedral, he posed one of his best anting"""'" y^' ^om- and Omega." In lfio?h "",'', ^ ""» Alpha London, and the ye„"^^f,„!e[* Uristol fo? •Ipgreo of M.H. at r,?mK . ."^'"'^ took the proceeded to tlmto?^^^ '''''• ^" ^S"" '"e cise entitled ''The &«' Y""" J"" ««"! 'ormed. Henowbccfm^ '"'""" '"'as pcr- at several InstUutionr' Vi^'"'"'"" '" "'""'c njode of teaching he 8eleni'"'Sf'''' a new works are, " a Jievv Rv«.? ^'^ ?'* Principal cation, being a Self fn ''^ Musicanodu- I'salmodlcar Melodiei ■ r?'"'" " '^'"-cnty Ischa," an op "a with « "^ ^'''«*^ "^ g'^es, duets. &e' "" " variety of songs, bmted'SttJ;'ieS'w«rh'i' ""f""' <» «<>>«- I resburg. i„ Hung"'ry Amn« ^H, ^"^' "t tions was tho famous m?, "^ *''« ^"^•'n- Player, which ho Zt ' ,"0'^?*°" chess- es.'*, and afterwards in V^"!''"'^''''^'''" secret ef it was never . i.i ''°" ' ''"t the invented a speaking a**'"^'"''"'- Ke also self described'^'n fv,frrn'''„^"'F'» »>« h'm- chanism of Speech "tr *'''"•"• The Me- •oKne, In 1380 He en't crnH^o "'"""'^ "^ Co- Mount St Agnes of uhTu ^'i" '"onastory of prior, and Mng 'a gJ^S co^,l'^^'°"'<"• ^a engaged in making'^copieZV tV V^ *"'iefly religious treatises m„ ^ "' '^'"' ^"'''o and 1^". In a collocuon^^hi''^"''' '""P^lor in ^■ripts was the " iS^^^^ ">"""- was afterwards eSou«?3^'',':'«.t.'' which '"mas author. His A'w J^ attributed to ."/« ?f little importance DfoH"?.^'"'''"»« 'Imitation " is the rrVn«t „ •"'' ^*^^- 1'1'e latcd book In the worhl ""'if^ally tr.-ins- It^variouseditioLnndtrnnJV° "'" ^»'"''- ''.1 in 1828 to more Xin twn ?.'"'""""°""t- smgular charm and powernri'"'"^''' 'ts tl'oughtful men o' nil Z.t= .^^J'^'^''^'^*''' ''X 8.'ys a recent critic "fh„ * ^rl^ohfarin it, nature struggling nUswo^l"'"" "^ ''""mn PoiMtmentsfandfts con J'- '"' "* "'^^'P" «=ity for a 1 fe that shaH h^*"'''' f^ « ""Pa- not a fever, when M,„ ^P a real life mid veil is renraSder.'"?t'i?';?'*?" «""''■' from too many rcli Jion,V.^l d'stinguishcd ness, honesty, and fiiMl"'* ''^ ''« '^'ear- from cxaggtfration in,? ''^'^i.""'' freedom other Knglish trin^i , '^ morbidities. Ath l( -1 1 '<: ll ' * i V 'I (^1 ken] ^ j^cto 2ftn(tJ««al 19(ograpl)B. [ken IR His conscientious propriety of conduct and unyielding morality found favour even wUl the licentious Charles II. who made hn his chaplain, and afterwards preferred him to the bishopric of Bath and Wells. He opposed the endeavours of Ja«ne» 11. to in- troduce Popery, and was one »[ the seven bishops sent to the Tower for 'esUtinB that monarch's dispensing power. Dr i«en was the author of sermons, poems, &c. ; which were published, with his Life,by his nephew, n vols. Died. 1711. A " Life of Bishop Ken," by a Layman, has been recently pub- KENNEDY, JAMES, bishop of St An- drew's, Scotland, born 5n U05, >ya8 the founder of the college and church of 8t Salvador, and also of the abbey of the Ob- servantincs. He filled the office of lord chancellor for a time ; and, in the minority of James HI., was one of the lords of the rcKency. Died, 1466. KENNEDY, WILLIAM, " the annalist of Aberdeen," was born there in 1759. He i-e- ceived the rudiments of his education at the arammar school, his studies were completed at the Marischal College, and he was ad- mitted a member of the Aberdeen bar in 1783. He early showed a predilection for antiquarian pursuits ; and about fae year 1813? at th« request of the magistrates, he spent a considerable time in drawing up an Index to the voluminous city records, which had been accumulating for centuries, and which extend to a more remote antiquity, and are more complete than those of any Scottish burgh. But his chief title to re- membrance rests on his justlr eelebrated work in 2 vols. 4to, "The Annals of Aber- deen." Died, 1836. KENNET, AVHiTE. a learned prelate, notorious for his party zeal, was born at Dover, in 1660; and educated at Westmin- ster School, and at Edmund Hall, Oxford. He had originally been a Tory ; but he at- tached himself to the Whiga, and entered into a controversy with Dr Attcrbury re- specting the rights of convocations; and also opposed Sachevcrel. He made himself conspicuous by a funeral sermon preached for the first duke of Devonshire in 1707, which gave great offence as an apology for the sins of the great. The same year he obtained the deanery of Peterborough ; but so obnoxious had he now become by the violence of his partisanship, that \\elton, the rector of Whitechapel, caused his por- trait to be exhibited iu the character of Ju- das, in the altar-piece of that church. 'This gross act of indecency was properly resented, and the painting removed. In 1718 he was mada bishop of Peterborough, and died in 1729. He was an able antiquary, and pub- lished various works on theology, antiqui- ties, and ecclesiastical history ; besides which he edited the " Collection of English Historians," which bears his name. KENNICOTT, BENJAIIIN, an able divine and biblical critic, was a native of Tctness, Devonshire, of which place his father was narish clerk. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford ; became vicar of Culliam. preKcher of Whitehall, librarian of the Ba(l_ cliffe, ft prebendary of Westminster, and 542 canon of Christchurch. Dr Kennlcott'8 literary fame mainly rests on his Hebrew Bible, 2 vols, folio ; in collating the minirr- ous manuscripts for the text of whic'i he mi incessantly occupied during more than ten years. Though some object to this gr«at work, that the author was insuflaclently ac- quainted with the eastern languages, yet every scholar admits that he rendered gmit service to the cause of science and religion by opening the way in this department of biblical criticism. He died in 1783. KEN KICK, William, miscenaneom writer, was born at WaLford, In Hertford- shire. Tie was brought up as a rule-maker, but quitted his trade, obtained a doctcr'j degree at Leyden, and became an indus- trious author and critic. He established the London Keview, in which inuny critiques of merit appeared too often, however, con- taminated by vituperative language and unwarrantable personalities. He compiled a " Dictionary of the English Language," and wrote various works, among wliich are the comedies of " Faistaffs Wrdding, " "The Widowed Wife," and "The T)uel- ist," "Epistles, Philosophical and Moral," and various poems. Died, 1779. KENT, His Royal Highness EDWAHD, Duke of, the fourth son of George III., was born Nov. 2, 1767. He teceived the rudi- ments of his education in England, but completed it at Gottingen and Hanover. Entering the army at an early age, he be- came an .enthusiastic admirer of military discipline ; and having attained the ranli of colonel, he served during the years 1790 and 1791, under General O'Hara, at Gibraltar, where he rendered himself so unpopular by his strictness, that his regiment repeatedly mutinied. On quitting Gibraltar, he was sent out as commander of the forces in Canada ; after which he received orders to join the expedition under Sir Charles Grey, against the French West India islands. During the campaign that ensued, his im- petucus bravery was so conspicuous at the head of the flank division, particularly when storming the strong and important posts in Martinique and Guada loupe, that the flank corps " became a standing toast at the ad- miral's table, as well as at that of the com- mander-in-chief. In 1802 hi8 royal higluiK^ was appointed governor of Gibraltar; out his desire to repress irregularities, and en- force subordination, led to verydisagreeaW consequences. Having refused a requeMi the soldiers to celebrate Christmas Eeaded his regime-it " marched against the je^'e"'""' fl'Jec " was some time before ^^,^y S^^'Jl^^Xi, test; at length, after bood.d^^^^^^^^^^^^^ tried by a court-martial ; ,l'«Vi7re a«ord- prudent to recall the d-ke.and h '"^ ingly soon after returned to EnB'«°°^j„ied 20th of May, 1818, the 1'^k« of Kent »« ^^ Maria Louisa Victoria, ^"<'«7/jr,fW- of Leiningen, ard sister ot ^opow, " [kepI ken] ____--— _-«»iui;t»Hl mo ward! kin; of the Belgians. Tlie tov«i~Z~^~T~ ■ loon after arrived in this countrl^ J"^^' Kadciiffe in tt^ITi b'""'^ |.hemhorMay,181».theduchmg^uVrbir??h^^ ''^^' codelf]^>?^^^^^^ to a daughter, ViCToniA «■■« _ suve oirth I he vrra ««» i "'' nativp !<»-♦« '^^vjsing i cious QUEEN lia^ag 'acoonf „" Ti «••"- ten Teara'^f-"/"**'' «'''^Sice t^H^^u^^"* duchew to Sidmouth in*^ Devon Jir"p''^'''« New^York -"and '=''»"''«»''". ort'heL?''"^ which being followed bfflvtr inn"' i"*"' y««" appelr^il^f ""^ tho four f^? ""'.^'" mation.thesymptomilncreMid 8ornn!!i'' '"■ "^^^frlea o^ Am* '"Po«ant wori[ ; '';j"°« toreiLt every affort of L^ML^'^.^J'^^^y »• I authoritl "il^^l^efcan Law.-- Cteeme I*""' ' ne» and Mberal principiea hart «Sh'°«^."""»- a great favourite with the natfon"^^^"" death was generally reerettPrt n?,.' ""'* ^^» LifeoftheDukeofS"!^l-.T'»«'? 1* a "C died in la^r " ""'' Ws PUblin •of.ni ueainwas generally rejrrettprt"'"^u' """ ""» I KENT ^vr, ^"""C'erylceg. PriocessCharlotte thepr 'ceasofl^ =°f *''^ ^'^ J Wa^t'I?:"' ,»'« "ever "at" aYi'n ^"f " marred, in Alav isis ihi j ■ "' -^^"'nifen I arphii^* talent lav mnro , "*'*Jed cele- ^•Jthin School, In nl ,'•*'* education nt being articled to M^ -^^-'^*fhshire. A?tor «t Kew in July, f^ thA'fn".^*"" P/'^ormed 'owinif year they removed ?n"/ °f *"« ^^I- 'hoir only child. IhePrinL- V,vf '"?*'' ""d born at Kensington PalaoP 9ifT «°'"^*' '^a" duchess was left a wldo^ thn •* ^^^^ ^he early in 1820, and the resTnfif. "»?"** "me .olvedtodeme>*!jL'Tbi"eo?^V I'l^.'e. Thi. shT d w tKr^-"r °' the thron;*^ 'it^reateourage?Sa7ielT.''''''«''«"ty Pressureof pecuniary ernbarr,?.*''" ""''«'• the and counselled by hi Mh,/f ''?.«"t3 ; aided f^-Pold, made king of X fll^i"'"''. ^"»«« " bat year parllamenf i^'^'^'an* in J831. 'IwhcMofKentanaSna^'^*"'^'' *° the fTMf. After herdauehJer.! **"" °' ^^O-W ilirone the duchp«)i„j* "Session to the |»'fa«etoP?nreAbe«i'^p\''" ""''«' I wlt"hVr"i- ^?«"' '^h^nTe'ed tTT'^^^^^ 'ami afterwards altor;^»,^^*"""ary,i8Jo Tn i .^' ^"''Jne, for T nr!i /^ *'»^ defence h'fch 16, 1861 7nd J ^'^-^ "' F'ogmore tTi,.*"^ Mansfield, in i7«fi"^:''""o'» of the hpS,'a - -inent musician and 'Vtr ^'''-'-ny^^. ^i?f,« h, a pupil of Dr Crof? '^'^'" '" 1^00 He th?^^^^» "^ KEPprpp . °"- and !.!,lA"."'ems," which spee^du; r ^ '^''cuistances an/f"*' ^'«'»-e'n nar continued to Z ^ "" ^° ^''e kindneVo? fh^^^r^"* ^is educl t'"' ">d have ",r'"''" ^"Ich speedilv f?"^ '^'« Nalfavourit^^'^W continue^o b^ i*""^°t.._.„„„^^^ ^ . - — .«„,«. '&<=." Died.irrr"^<="onof a.the.l^''' '^J'e studied under th"„* Tubingen, il I 5 ' f I' it; !? 'I h j!,: ,li KKP] ^ iJlciv) Mnlucrsal JUio8rnpI)i). [kha for brp«(\; hU imln-y not boliiK \mU\ lilni. II Ik flm work, .-ntltlr.l "Mynli'viiim roK- moRri«i>li»cum," liiul iipppiircU in IMHt. Afu-r p«l)lim.l«B dovcrnl oth.-ri. of j'""'", .'"J"'.'"'- nnoo. l.o Rnv^ to tl.o world In >i''> »>» " ARtronomlii Novn," ono l>"ok of w'llcl* 1» ncrhans tlii' most Imporiiint ho wrotp, l)o klolliv MartlH." It contains tlio dUcovcrlos of tUo elliptic form «)f tlic i)li»notnry orl) t«, Hiul of the liiw of lti«' "oi|i"i»'lo «lc8crlptlon of iiroHK " two of tlio thrco lrnll>» known lis " Kcplor'H I.hwh;" iind forms tlio connocl- Inir link lictwcon the dlHcovcrlcs of Coper- nlctu and those of Newton. In 1012 he wn» Mppolntcd profes.or iit tho university of !'ln/„reti»lnln>r,«niU>rthoKmpcr;'r« Miith M ftud IVrdlniind III., the lit!.' of Imperial miUhonmtlclHn. In Kill) npp 'rt^il !il» Kfc'it work '• Hurmonico Mnndl," In which ho iinnounced hln third "law" of the relntlon between tho periodic times und thn menn dlBtanccB of thJ plnnets from tho »un. About tho namo tlmo ho published nn " Kpltomo of tho Copernlciin Astror.omy, which was lit once pliiced In Iht. pnpaUndox of prohibited books. In lfl'20 uopler was visited by Sir Uenry -NVotton, the KnRllsh ninbussudor at "S enice, who pressed lilm to RO to KuRluuii, init ;u vain. At the same time ho was KfcntSy hurassed by the trial of his mother, (ibout <" years of nRC.for witch- craft. Th* trial ;. sted six years, and ho succeeded In snvlni? hei from the torture, an.l at last saw her v-l .. • d from pri.son. The religious agitations or vrcrniany caused tho publication of tho " Tibles " to be de- layed till lti'27 ; and soon after Kepler attached himself to tho (treat General Wnl- lonstcin. Hut hia better fortune was not for lonj? on,|oynient. KatlRUo and vexation from his fresh attempt to recover arrears of his sala-y from the imperial treasury broUKht on a fever, of which he died at Unti.sbon, November, l(i30. Ke was interred there, and no monument was creeled to his memory till about !*/«. Kepler married a widow In 130t), but tho union was only pro- ductive of unhappiness. His wife died in Kill , leaving him a. son and a dauBliter ; and after an omusinn variety of negotiations with eleven ladies ho miir-iyd a second wife, who brought him five children and survived him. He published many works besides those already nam'>il,;inu left a larfic num- ber of manuscripts. Kepler is eharaetenzed by Humboldt as a •' prcat and bishly-giftcd man. in whom a taste for imaginative com- bination was combined with a remarkable talent for observation, an earnest und severe method of induction, a courageous and almost unparalleled perseverance in calculation, and a mathematical profound- ness of mind." KEPPKL, AXJGUSTis, Viscount, a cele- brated English admiral, was the second son of "William, earl of Albemarle. He accom- panied Commodore Anson in his voyage round the world, and afterwards passed through all the gradations of tho service, till he attained the rank of admiral. In 1778 he commanded tho Channel fleet, which, on the lath of July, in that year, fell in with the French, under Count d'()rvilHers,off Ushant. A partial action ensued, which the English admiral thought to have renewed In the morning, but tho enemy hud retired. Thli affair gave great dIsHatlsfacllon to tlip na- tion, whUh was aggravated by sir Ilujh nlllser, second in coiiinmnd, pr(fiTrliiK » m .,,,..>i ., --«-.'.." --- , jr.tiv-llll charge wgulnst Admiral Koppol; but henm honourably acciuiltcd by a courtiiiiirtlnl it Vortsmouth. Hlr Hugh was then tried and censured. In 1782, Admiral Keppel wasruiwd to tho pcerngc ; he was also twico mmicil first lord of the admiralty. Died, I78ii, Ki;U(lVi.'.i,KN TRUMAllW), YvM Jo- SKPii UK, a French navigator, was born at llrest in 174ft. After having been eniploypd on tho coast of Iceland, to protect the wli«l» fishery, he was sent. In 1771, on an explora- tory voyage to tho Houth Sea ; und hnvluj returned with a flattering account of a lup- posed continent towards the south polo, wm again sent on a similar expedition In 17M, On his return he was charged with Imvlnn abandoned a boat's crew on a diwrt jhoro, for which he was cashiered and IniprlHoncd ; but ho was atlcngth liberated. Ho published af'counts of his voyages to tho North and South Keas, and diod in 171)7. KHHSKI., .IAN VAN, a Dutch pnintcr.wai born at Antwerp in Ifi'Jd, and died about KiOO. He painted portraits in the manner of Vandyke ; but excelled in the representa- tion of flowers, fruits, and Insects. KKTEIi, COHNKi.iU.s, a Duteh painter. He came to Knglanlh, wboKo portrait he painted, ns well as the portraits of many e' the nntillily. On his return to Holland be Inid nsldo the use! of pencils, and painted wi'li the tops of hi)i fingers, and oven with his toes. Died, lfi02. KKTT, WII-LIAM, a tanner of Norfolk, who, in tho reign of Kdwnrd YI.,cxciittl a revolt against the government- After talsinii Norwich and defcatinii,' the marquis ot:, Northampton, he was routed by the earl "fj Warwick, and Kett with several others v.u;; hanged, in 1549. jj KKTTI/KWKIJ/, JOHN, a learned audi' pious Engliah divine, born, 1G53; died, 1695. His most celebrated work, entitled "Mcv sures of Christian Obedience," hiis gained him a lasting reputation. ii KKULEN, Luiioi.ril VAN, a Duteh gPO-j| metrician, who ncfiuircd great eelebrity by his calculation of the approximate propor-|j t:on between the diameter ofaciroleanaiiii: -rircumfercnee. He taught mathciuaticsstj Hreda and Amsterdam. Died, 1610. KEtJLEN, .UNSSKN VAN, n porlriu painter, was born in I-ondon, of Mtci parents ; and before Vandyke ''amc to Inf | land, was in great favour with Charles 1| ^^KHALEB "tho Sword of Coi," on" J tho generals of Mohammed. A' he "alttf of Ohud, 623, he commanded t'c cavalry J the Koreish against the ProP"f .^ ™ Amrou afterwards ^ven' "^f ,» i" . i Ho greatly distinguished h'n'S'''' ,'', battle of Muta, the Urst engagement tN Mussulmans with a foreign encnfi" i ho invaded Persia and g^'n^J ."'""JJ torios ; next took part m the Sy '»n"f ^ tion; took Bosrah, b^B')" '^. ^Sis, Damascus, won the victory oAun stormed Damascus.pursued ond sla^ M4 [' m renewed In the ' hull retired. Tlili sfiu'lloii to tlip na. ^ated t.y sir Hugh ' inniid, i)r( fcrrhid « 1 Keppel; Imt lu'Bdi i a tourtiiiiirtini ai WHS tlieii triiil iiiid I ilKeppelwiiiirttiiiHl I I iiUo twIcB niinitd ' y. Died, 178ii. ; lARKO, yvK» Jo. i iKiitor, was born m r'mff been emplojrd i protect the wlml» 77l,onancxplora. \ h Sea i nnd hnvliij Kfiecountofaiiip. i the south pole, wm i expedition In 17r.l, i liiirKed with having : ' on n desert shore, i rcdandlniprlHoncd; ' •atcd. Ho published to the North and 171)7. Dutcli pnintcr,wa8 ; 'JO, ond died about < aits In the manner | d inthorepreienta- I id Insects. I II Hutch painter., llio reign of Kli?a-| painted, ns wellni i ' the nobllilT. Onj ■ laid aside the use !i ivi'li the tops of hi!j! is toes. Died, 1602. Ij tanner of Norfolk,;: ivard YI., excited a " iment. After tiilsinf! |i,' tlie marquis ol;| jutcd by the earl "fj: 1 several others VM I kie] itho ftigltlven, conimnndcuJ at thn batt e of Yermuk, and tiled In (,i2"'"vhi empire of the callpliH j„ Arnblu and dv^,?. WM j„ln.y rounded by tho vXV/'^? •bout 1710, and died at tho, nd '^ 7,^ '"ffj century, nwed «(), huvinir reii/n, i ..V ' "* year., llo earried o s^vmi .Se.^^ /'? war., cspeelally onu uKalnHtth? '?"*/"' tribe,, Which lasted nbo*^ hIx Kari"l"J wa» terminated In 17«0. it w«n duHn.: .i ."^ war that KIcn-Lonir niihnri .;,.'' ""• KILIAN, LUOAH, a Oprnmn „_ m, bom at AugshnrK i" m", *'"f'*Tt'r, one of a fainlly romarkabln fnV'lu '" '*'"» of skilful cngJnverH it produced ..i:'!"''''-'' » pupil of his step-fathor Cu.L ' • "' ,'^'" wards visited Venice, exci^u^.?i„ '" "^'"- prccediufl:, studied, iiko lilm i,, ,^L ]^ ""* «nd at Venice, and oxccu n,i .', .? "' ^""O" trait-pieccs. hoZlTS^l^.^Zl!'' ^?'- there, 1662, •"•ugsourg, IflBo ; died Procedinff, was born in iS iT„-°/ "'« JiiRhlydisiinguished wn, . ^' i'° bt-canio K'arer to ti.e king of iti JnlT'!'* ^""••t-en- •utaoquently spentVve -ea 'at^ni^^/' »«d •iTocting tho preDarntinn «f •' ^^'«'8^«'/"« ol)*rtKiIligrew.of 'm"lV'e «""! of «ir '"'WroWo 00, p.„K,,'t™»« •lii.o.t t"; ^uchess of York f 11 .^ "' '"oiionr of tho husband. «he Lxecutodr'."".'"*^^" '» "' S a Victim to tho s.n "i 'i^,"'',"'" '"• «iio die 1' been character!/ "d.r''" ^'"**i "'"U ims f"' Wit." Scvcml of her M'i"*^' «"d " So" Sol-frtKilligrew'f ■'„''■"«' "'« «"'"' of « '««; and after goin^ , f ' Y"* '^orn in ^""eofauniversifv,?. ""*"»'' "'e usual 'flP: OxFord n alM"««""n "t St John-« ,^l>i8return toEnglan, Z. l^'J',"' ^■"^'^P"- Nurt, as one of the JenMem "*'"■'"." l"«"' f;,P"vy chamber to cAriesT V«" «' ."'I wars, he suffere,i ^ . , During the Ne and person i^„ materially, both in hnce to the ro'va. '?'''1"''n<-<' of hi, ad° P «Woh he receile . %T 'J" recompense Jehonour of Sh ;ood"„i.'!f «:««'ori^t1S ,! y''«f vicechamber in V?"'' obtained the ^■', Which we?epotu,ar!n'.*if'?P«'''^'» ^our .""* essays, written in .. . *''«'i" day ; hIso f'iMtabil trof hnm ^ ''«"="ne othiJ ,.t, an {.mted Jowis"ttVbl,'isXe"di*„"^, '"'"'* *^^"'- I3th .centuries. I£o wn« " ' ^^"' ""'- i ?ence, was the son of w \'"«"vo of iVoT Mo«es, Kimchl, both mm?""; """ ''rothcr of tionasblblicalscho' ^ ' ?' e'e"' rpputa- ono of tho most eit„?'"^'*''f''^^«'"fi^iiS teachers nmrg'h'rS ""if,.^"fl"e" lal perpetuated bv hl« !?n,'^ '''" "'» fame i« J.^^^tlaua,.'^;^rSt,ed^;MS^., •'ohn Locke tho nhff'*'J"dgc, nephew of 669 Whlfo se?viK h?/"*"-' '^o* born,°/ "8 father, « ; 1 ■ ^'''sprofleionev tYf i^- Afte^e'av,U''?,.vt '4''''« Unli: the Jtficidle TemolP «,/ ^^^" ho entered was modr. inr,. „K,* >" ™e.m- i. I. . ; 1 ; f !il 1-4- M tk ■ 1 ■ ii laiiiii 9 1 kin] m i^to StnibtYsal 19iogtapt)6. Apostles' Creed," and" An Inquiry Into the Constitution, Ac, of the Primitive Church," which excited great Interest, ">nd may still be consulted with advantage. Died 1743, leaving four sons, who all inherited the title In succession, and one of whose descendants, the seventh Lord King, gained some cele- brity by his wrltinRS and speeches on po- litical economy, and more especially by hiB"ThoughtsonBiinkKestrlctlon8." Lord Urougham, In his " Statesmen of the Reign of George III," has gi'-en an interesting account of this nobleman, who appears to have been as amiable in private life as he was able and liberal In his public career. Ho died, 1S33, In the 68th year of his a«e. KtNO, RVFU8, an American statesman and diplomatist, was born In 1755, at Scar- borough, In ths district of Maine ; entered at Harvard College in 1773 ; studied the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1778; and was elected a member of congress m 1784. In 1796 ho was appointed, by President Washington, minister plenipotentiary to the court of St James's, the functions of which office he continued to discharge till 1803, when he returned home. In 1813 he was a third time sent to the Senate by the legis- lature of New York ; and his speech on the burning of Washington by the English was a most striking display of oratory. In 1816 he lost his election ; but In 1820 he was once more re-elected, and continued until the expiration of the term in 1825. He then ac- cepted the appointment of minister plenipo- tentiary at the court of London ; but was taken ill, returned home, and soon after died, aged 72, In 1827. KING, THOMAS, a celebrated actor and dramatic writer, was born in London, in 1730. Having obtained great celebrity as a comic actor in provincial companies, he was engaged at Drury Lane Theatre in 1769, where he soon became a great favourite with the public, and In 1766 arrived at the height af Ills professional reputation by the perform- ance of Lord Oglehy. He subsequently be- came manager and part proprietor of the Bath and Bristol theatres, and also of Sadler's Wells ; but these he reli'iquished, and con- tinued to perform principally at Drury Lane, till he retired from the stage in 1801. HIg dramatic pieces are, " Love at First Sight," " Neck or Nothing," a faree j "A Peep behind the Curtain, or the New Rehearsal," a comedy ; " AVlt's Last Stake," a comedy ; and " Lovers' Quarrels." Died, 1805. KING, Dr William, archbishop of Dub- lin , was born in 1650, and educated at Trinity College. He was the author of a celebrated trcptise, " De Origlne Mali," wherein he undertook to show how all the several kinds of evil with which the world abounds are consistent with the goodness of God, and may be accounted for without the supposi- tion of an evil principle. He published several other works, and attained the dignity of archbishop, in 1702. Died, 1729. KINGSBOKOUGH, EDWARD, Viscount, eldest son of the third earl of Kingston, was greatly distinguished for his literary ac- quirements and his attachment to literary pursuits. n« was a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and author of a splendid work on Horn, 17M " The Antiquities of Mexico. died, 1837. KIPPI8, ANDREW, a dissenting dlrlsi, biographer, and miscellaneous writer wu born at Nottingham, in 1725. Ke wil He pastor successively, of congregatlom at lioj. ton, Dorking, and Westminster; recelreiJi doctor's degree from the university of Edin-i burgh ; and was latterly one of the tuion at the new academy or dissenters' colleie i Hackney. Dr Kippis laid the foundationoj' the " New Annual Register," and deyote*' his principal attention during the latter >(in of his life to an improved edition of th«l " Biographia Britannica," of which flTetollI umeu were printed; but It was conducted oii a plan so elaborate as to afford no prq^pettll of its termination. He also published the i Lives of Captain Cook, Pringle, Doddridie I and Lardner, "A Vindication oftheDii-' senters," a volume of sermons, and " Obserr- 1 ations on the late Contests in the Roitlj Society." Died, 1795. i KIRBY, JOHN JOSHUA, painter, waiboni In Suffolk, In 1716. On settling in London, he was Introduced by Lord Bute to Oeorg« III., hecame clerk of the works at K(w,iiiij had the honour of teaching the queen the principles of perspective. He publlihed, at the expense of the king, " The Pei;fi)ectln i of Architecture," 2 vols, folio; wai F,R.S. | and F.A.S. ; and died in 1774. MriTrimfflet , was his daughter. ' KIRBY, William, honorary president of the Entomological Society of London, and fellow of the Royal, Linn^an, Zoolof(lcal, and Geological Societies, &c. ; has left be- hin him an imperishable name as ens »( the first entomologists of this or any agt This title he would have assured to himuU had he written no other worlt llian hu " Monographla Apum Angliae," published in 1801, which excited the warmest admiri' tion of British and foreign entomologiiu But when to this great work we add hii othei entomological labours,— his numeroui and valuable papers in the Transaclioni ol the Llnnsean Society ; the " Introduction t« Entomology," written In conjunction will Mr 8 pence ; the entomological portion i his Bridgewater treatise, " On the Historj, Habits, and Instincts of Animals ;" and bii description (occupying a quarto volunie i the insects of the " Fauna Boreali-Ameriv cana" of Sir John lUchardson , it will k: evident how largely and successfully be cm-i tributed to the extension of hia imm:. science. Nor did he permit his Iotcw , science to encroach on his professional « social duties; for, while ranking so liiglia an entomologist, »ie was during his long ii«^ a most exemplary and active clergjniii,| beloved by li is parishioners of aU rann and one of tho most simple-minded, wa* hearted, and pious of men, D"?**'™''* Sufloik, of which place he had been 'kW for 68 years, July 4, 1850, In tl;e 9m jw< his age. A Memoir of his UfehaHUcebea ^KIRCHER,ATHANASiuS,aleawdJe«nJ was born in 1601. at Geysen.near Wd»^ Germany, and studied at Wu"f"| "i Avignon; after which he wm » tea« '< mathematics In the college Umn '" " exlco." Ilorn.lJM ,»„/"*' ^P'onei, ao EnKlJsh officer who in 188J, committed the most Inhuman bT?hJi tie, ..ralnst the rollover, of The &« if Monmouth, ip the west of England TatL« II. had the mcanneM to solicit thi. h«^T' to turn CatholJc. but Kirk roughiy te^ftV " that when he was at Tanjrierg hn V.T^''' mlsed the dey. that Ithoiyelchln^^J'lV religion he would turn Mahometan " He afterwards served In the armv nf v; .mmm.anddledatthrCe'of'^lSf Ls^^^r'S"orkt.^"iT'«''«^, Scots. He early Joined the Mrtvk^" "' hj the name of the Lords of .!.„ f^^n°"'° Kation,but afterwards attached himseK Maitland^ who was at the head of tCnirM iSKo^fLS^r^eXl^e'r I understood 2« other languages H u'"' ^'"^ »hich are chiefly on the orifntal f^naTJ^"' guished writer on chemist^vi' ." '^"'"'»- »as a native of OaIwaTconnVr.'""/y' *f-' He was euucated at the „niv"'^5. ° ^'■e'^nd lin; devoted himself wm?"''^^ »' Dub- chemical and minrralo^i'cii f'f' '':''°"'' to became a member of fht.T,''*^;'""'^''" i and Nemy, and also a fellow of ..^"J"' ^'^'^ ^ca- In 1?94 appeared his <' P.! ^°y"' Society. ,^W." 2 vols 8 f/rr** °^ M'""- Geological Essays •'• i .r^l'*? Published Analysis of Minrral AV,f ^"V^ "» the »»PhbgistonandtheConstUutlo ""/: ^"''J' pc- Died, 1812. °""""<'n of Acids/' |nS t5pe7lhSa™f^l"|P^r' "om at |of 20 he went to ijer fn ' , '^?^- ■*■' the age l^y, and afterwards h-""'^'' ""^ "'« Ac! |»>wh. After exeutn^m'"^ \ P"Pi' of I nd other small scuipCf, cT/« ''^/-'•''"eft If-mous group of fh' ™aeiled, m 1839, his Jtber, which^xci ed th^""'" '"''' the Pa„. |«ni in Berlin, and was nf J''^''*'^" enthusi- Ita bronze for the^Kf m''^' ^''«'="t'd VZ" "•" of this fine wori.^"*^'"°- The F"in Acai.emv on^ * member of tha. ^ — [kit of the culinary m„;n,^° *'''«»» the ikwS his own practice V«"'''^ '"''««»«* on pointed a ''eom.^1.. '"^^ •"•"omulKatpJ • «« friends. whoT"re,'Slar /"'!«" «mon^ "h?, dinne t„b,e,^hneK,nf;i!.""°"' tS hi, were the resort of oriliZZ \F^'^'*^^'>>»a'ionei fry bon .-.-r.J,"' ?i7^j««/d wits, and liter fpr punctuality • anrt .? «"■*«* stickler these meetlngj.k Xa;7J''^'"«»"''»tion of chimney-piece, w?th?h? V "*«<» over the seven come aV Tin? *•*'* 'nscrlption '« a? facetiou8°'oVrge'So?m/*''".*« ^h'ch the ^0 i^'. ■?"% '" e STeStetr "l^^ ,-»'« lot obSrorii-?-^^^^^^^ .auo'r ftrikingexamRfth;?„'„'^IV* '""""he, a under difflcmtieg wfl«K'^"""'t of knowledge "04. His fati "' Who hf" " I'lymouth in tt"'"' ^«« redi.rei to^tS^"'^r«'"««ter jobbi„g^^3^^ J ^eo^ to the position of a Kitto's help was renV.iif? business youn^ of his attainments, jAi"8'',r L. Alexander, has Uloly been publish- ed. For several jesrs beforu liU dituth I)r Kitto was exposed to pecuniiiry dlllicultlcs, which a pension of £10U a year did not wholly remove. Died, 1861. Memoirs of Dr Kitto have been written by J. £. Ilyland and by Dr Eadie. KLAPllOTH, Martin Heinrich, an eminent chemist and niineraloglst, ^YaH born atlierlln,ln 1743; became chemical professor there ; and died in 1817. Ho was the dis- coverer of uranium, the earth nirconla, and mcllltlc acid; ho also mado interesting ex- periments on copal, and completed the dis- covery of tellurium and titanium. Among his works are, "A System of Mineralogy," '* Chemical Essays," and, In conjunction with "VVolf, a " Dictionary of Chemistry." KLAPllOTH, HENRY Julius, son of the celebrated chemist of Berlin, was intended by his father to pursue the study of the phy- sical sciences, but abandoned them in favour of the oriental languagc«, in which he be- came one of the ablest modern scholars. In 1805 he was selected to accompany the Rus- sian ambassador into China, and in 1807 the Academy of Bt Petersburg commissioned him to visit the Caucasian provinces. Sub- sequently he settled at Paris, where he founded and organized the Asiatic Society. He has loft many valuable works : " Asia Polyglotta," "Travels in the Caucasus," "Tableaux Historiques do I'Aslo depuis la Monarchic de Cyrus," " M^moires relatifs &. I'Asle," "Tableau Historiquc, &c., du Cau- case," besides a large number of smaller works, memoirs, &c. Horn, 1783 ; died, 1635. KLEBER, JEAN BAPTI8TE, a celebrated French general, was born at Strasburg, in 1754. He was originally an architect, but pre- ferred the military profession, and entered into the Austrian service, in which ho re- mained from 1776 to 1783. When the French revolutionari war broke out, he entered as a grenadier into a volunteer regiment of his native department, and rose rapidly into command. He displayed great skill and bravery at the siege of Mentz, after which he was employed in La Vendue, but the sanguinary scenes there so disgusted him that he obtained his recall, and was engaged in the army of the north, defeated the Aus- trians, took Mons, sn-l, drove the enemy from Louvain. He also captured Maestricht, and contributed to the splendid successes which distinguished the campaigns of 1795 and 1796 on the Rhine. The Directory gave him the command of the army of the Sambre and Meuse, which he resigned to Hoche, and for a time retired from the service. Buonaparte, however, who well knew the value of his talents, prevailed upon him to join the ex- pedition to Egypt. He was wounded at the battle of Alexandria, but he mak'ched into Syria, where he commanded the corps of observation during the siege of Acre, and defeated the Turks in several actions. AV hen Buonaparte left Egypt, he appointed Kleber commander-in-chief of the army ; and though, under the then existing circun stances, no situation could he more diltcalt or dishciirtcnlng, yet he maintained himMi/i successfully against the enemy, cnpf i-\, city of liiiro, and made an ul.ji,, ,^ j, Murad Bey ; but in the midst of new tn paratlons whlcli he wag niuh i ■ for tecurltt ' gosscsslon of the country , ho vnm himmIm^ y an Arab, June 14, 1800. Of all the mili-li tary choractrrs that figured during tli. en ' of tlio French revolution, few of them passed Kleber for roolncss, ourage «i nativity; wbilo scurecly one was e.,'u»lij distinguished for humanity mid j to»Titt KLEI8T, CHRISTIAN KWVI.UV. ■<»{■„.'■ mon pout, was bom at Z. n in p,i /eranli in 1718. After sludyhiK mathenntlci' phllosupiiy, and law, at - ' lugnlicrg, he fa- tercd Into the Danish iv viic, and next into that of Prussia. >' here ho ro»e to tho rank of major; and wasi killed, after dUplayinj almost romantic bravery, at the battle of Kunersdorf, in 1789. His principal poem, entitled " Hi ring," Is dcscrlp'.ive, and hat been corapui d to the " Seasoni " of Thom- son. Klelst ilso wroli; idylU, moral trea- tises, and a nulltJiry romance, called "Ci^ sides." KLEIST VON NOLLENDORF.EMILIlsi FRIEDRICU, Count, a distinguiihed Pruiiiaj I general, was born at Berlin, in 1762. Haviuji risen by his talents and courage to the rank! of general, he commanded a corps of Prus- sians, in iHi2, auxiliary to Napoleon's granili army ; signalized himself at the battle nf'l Bautzen, May 2f', 1813 ; and was one of the pleuipotcntiiirii s who concluded the armis- tice. After tht" retreat of the allied troopti from Dresden into Bohemia, Klelst gave battle to the army under Vandamme, »Bi\ by his victory at tho village of Nollendorfl saved Bohemia, against which Napoleoi had directed his best energies. He wai! afterwards honoured by the title of Coun; von Nollendorf. He accompanied the kinj of Prussia to England, but was preTenteJjl by ill health fl:om taking part in the cam- j paigns of 1815. Died, 1821. I KLENZE, LEO VON, a very distinguislied German architect, was born at Hildesheiu in 1784. He studied at Berlin and at ihf Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, and aftermrdi travelled in Italy. After holding varioui ] appointments in Germany, he settled aiij Munich, in 1815, as court architect to Kmj Maximilian I., and was employed in prepiT' ing designs for the Walhalla an'uiueroll the great buildings then proi" .<'d. He it- mained in the service of ^.ug Ludwig, m^ only holding high o^^es at court, but en- joying the frienfl-Uip and confidence oi im, king. In ic: he was named privy com- cillor and onnobled. Klenze followed mlu principal buildings Greek or Roman moW seldom attempting Gothic, and neyer "" any marked success. His great works w the Walhalla, completed in 1839 ; the OJ tothek, or Sculpture Gallery, the Pmw thek, or Picture Gallery, the Prop W All Saints' Chapel, and the KjihmeshaJ e «, Munich, and the Imperial Museum at » Petersburg. Though working mos y»n« Greek models, Klenze was very suc««ra in Inventing novcldetailsof ornameniauon, 548 KU] Sot'."' "',• ■'™i;.™.°'L"r»'"'-"^J '"Tel during Hhich h" lfccam<' - '^'"'"" <;^aiMn n ""i""'"' hi/ "cmov^i ',""'' "t'«' hihed in i7^8 at T^*^'?'^'''" '•vhich he Kr^""alJon of volunteL"/™'''' «* Kaab J rith the German philogonhPrT.,/'"""'''''-''' |F™ohm,thcmatidan8Clalrau7p'' 1'°'^ ">« I land Mairan. He was nn,;i™ •^^'"'tenelle. I '"'or to,. e Prince ToVii'^fr' «"«» later J''v" in.; wa, name"/ ounpn^'"""* O"'" H knlKht of the Po ,X' i;,of state Umh'r of the Hoyal Hop,-„;» , "® ^^8 a S49 i 'cS Si ^J^J' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.0 m '^p 2^ ^ 1.25 1.4 1.6 .< — 6" - ^ \ 4- •SJ %. Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBfTER.N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ,^\% &?/ ^<^ 11^ mm kne] m i^to ©nlbersBl laiogtap^ [kdi attending the mussacres In Syria, In time to tvert the threatencil French intervention. Kensal Green Cemetery. 7" «« »^« "^e^ of the Turklih government, and wai aiienaea Levden to .ludy mathematics and fortiflca- S^rpre^unV^^^ra„Y{tfm«^ SS::^h^!r&:^M'^^ Slcame to England in 1674; and wa. Am painter to Charles H.. James "•J^;™ III Queen Anne, and George I. For wu ianlm he painted the bca«''" "«?,°>f„ ton Court, and Mveral of the port- at. in the irallery of admtrala. "The Klt-t/ai ClSb" a collection of portraiu, !• one of Kne.ler*. moat celebrated works. Hi.colour- Jm ii livelv. true, and harmonious; his drawing correct, and hU disposition ju- dlciousThe displays, however, a singular want of imagination in his »»«"'"• V^'^ attitudes, action, and drapery being tostc- less unvarying, and ungriiccful. He nas beeA ac"Zd of iarlng more for money than for lasting fame, and the consequence U that many of h s productions are below medl "Aty. He wai In habits of Intimacy wfth Poi^ and n;ost of hi. eminent con- Temporar^; and, as he P«»»«"*,«» " '"1^,° humour, and was of a gay ""f convivial turn, his acquaintance was e*Kerly sought after. He continued to practise his art till after he was seventy years of age. amas«5d a large fortune, and died in 1723. ..„„.. KNIBB. WILUAM. a celebrated llaptlst mlMlonary. was born at Ketierlr.g, In North- "mp onlhl^, =t the beglnnlngof .he presen century. Originally «PP'ent''=f'Jt«»PVf hil at Bristol, he offered, on the death of his brother, to supply his place as a "•^Ue' "J a «apf'.st school In J»«»»'«* i •«"*, i^,*'!"* repaired thither !n 1824. he was in >«''» ap- pointed pastor of the mission church at Valmoath. where his efforu to ameliorate the conJltion of the negroes were amply rewarded by their gratitude 'owa'''* ,^;'»; But these very efforu e««lted such hostility among the planters, overseers, and others In the slaveholding Interest, that when in 18Ji a formidable slave insurrection was threat- ened. Mr Knlbb was not only compelled, despite his sacred calling, to w«7* '" }?*/ mllitU. but WHS treated with markod indig- nity, and shortly afterwards arrest.-d for being Implicated In the threatened rebellion. In the absence cf all evidence to support a criminal pro»ecutlon he was released ; hut his chapel and mission premises having been burnt down during thedislurbancrs.he resolved to proceed to KngUnd to "plajn all the circumstances connected with nis mission. Keeling that the lime for nculrsUty was passed, he now '.oldly udvocated the entire and immediate abolition of •'avcryi and it is not going tr - ir to say, that his stirring harangues throughout the country had no unimportant sliare in bringing about the emamipatlon act of 1833. In 1834 he once more returned to Jamaica, whete he vigilantly watched the operationof thenev act, exposed the evilsi of the apprenticeehip system, raised subscriptions for bulldiDgnew churches, founded schools, and after ten years spent in these and aimilar under- takings (to obtain sympathy and pecuniarj aid for which, ho had once more revisited England in 1844), he was suddenly teized with yellow fever, and died after a four days' illness at the village of Kettering, in Jamaica, Nov. 16th, 1845, KN 1 G HT , HKN KY G A LLY, a distinguished traveller and .accomplished virtuoso and antiquary, was born in 1786. Soon after succeeding to his father'sestatea in Notting- hamshire, in 1808, Mr Knight set out on a course of extensive travel in Spain, Sicily, Greece, the Holy Land. &c. ; and on hit return he published his tour. In 1814 he published a poem, entitled "Europa Rediviva ; " and this was followed at intervals by " Phrosyne, a Grecian Tale," " Aiashtor. an Arabian Tale," and" Hanni- bal in Bithynia," Bui Mr Knight's chief title to fame consists in the zeal with which he devoted himself to the investigation of architectural history both at home and abroad ; and the fruits of which he gave to the world in an " Architectural Tour m Nor- mandy," " The Normans In Sicily," and hii last and greatest work, the " Ecclesiasucsl Architecture of Italy," 4c. Mr Knight wai a member of the commission for the advance- ment of the fine arts, and his purse wasever ready to promote the cultivation of litcraturt and art. In 1824 he was for a short period M. P for Aldborough ; in 1830 he sat or Mal.on; and from l^S *« house nSoho^quan, gave sufficient proofs of hi. t^»e^»„^ tuoso. The whole of tl'»» ''a'"*"^ ,„ ,b, Uon. worth £50,0(K,he heq"ef ,,e Vas di* British Museum. A» «■ "."tho'he* I tingulshed for the ^^'^'^ ^'j'' "hU «orli and his critical acumen- Among n ^^ are. " An Account of the ^'^^^^^,,^ ,» of Priapus," an Ana^y „p^ ■Worship of l'''i'»l'"*',''"„» Taste," "Pf^l qulry into the rr.ncip es,of Taste-^ ;l legomena in Homerum. ^, "« i j a didHClic poem ; "Jif /"' I Civil Hoclcty." V,'"i'„Y aa £«'•"'" '*'l KNIGHTON. H'^^'',^' 'la, 0. ieicwwl torian, was a f«no» Srd"'°'H Abbey,inthereiK..ofK,chaMl_^{. ^A deposition be 7"^' ',^„ "" , to UDi'- .1 chronicle from the t-^-I^J^MYb"'- d .ician and P"*".M"Sal profe«'»"f^ originally entered the med^c* v^^ ^ ^ an apothecary at lavUi V w''® P'"'"''*? Jewholly abandon 5 praeucea^.'= f"""""' 'an inmate of the palace «i, 4^ 5 •'^came died in October. 183^ He Sa, ^n^"'*]""" questionable talents and i^ "'"" °' "«- oSK]'^ 7/,'^,^^''. a celebrated Mh, in the Tyrol In 17^? "?'," " «"""- coniiderable progreM in .hi '^'^'^ making tie. were recognizeS by riS"T;„'"" "•""- eminent painter, who toov h, T'oger, the •Jd employed hi n ai°,i a«i,'',i'", '° J^e""" ttineJ in 1753 the nrfJi '*^'- Knoller WanAcademrfor hi..'^.". °' t*"* Au» then «turne7t?hl5'Kc''nr'r'"«' ^^'^ """I times visited Rom/T'".*-"*' «« N'lM, gained the frlpmi.M ' ^»P'e«. and l^'MandthepatronSr /'' °' ^^'">tkel- UMtrian ambassador tfthi ^"""' F'^mlan. 1" 1?65 he settled a, Ml ''""" ""''•Plea "'ed wme of h|» be,t w "t' ""•* '""e exe •^ « Munich ViSa^Tn^'- "«* P*'""*! jMera.ic Tfo J "' ^nnsprtiok N'o.« r""V by the Fn "*'•"'' '0 the raJk o, |Died,l804^ ^^ ^"P"" Marl. Thce.a i£SdeX2e"a"o"flr'«'''"'"- iwas of lo^ oyj I "' re'Kn of Edward in Tvnr /' *«*'' »<»• ^'"^'•"ter Bridge. t^S^Ce.S^K.8irPKA.c,., Sir*''*" 0' 'tatr^He w/."'™' '"' • t7»f«l househ fd •a'L" '»''" treasurer o^ •^lal^U^kV^o^f r.^ «'--.a'Vo„Yr!!- "Jfion of Protectant." «"»*»"'> '•"He- 1 o>-'ginal ploy wa, '• ?* . **'• ««-8t reallr 1 ..^irg'niua," " \v,uu ^T"" '""owed b» "The Hunchback ""fe t^ ^"'" " ^^o' ' ss: cz ^^ ?£i-re^'o7'tb^; ) polemical theoloKran K Pfeicher and «cottl.h /reformition*;":,' b'"""^.""' "' the I ?* ot Andrew* u •'"'''*"• edutafPH i ^om the KomVh faah"h?b'"''" •■'"'"^" 'd ,' ' preacher of th« ....l 1.°* ^•^<'^">e a aealou. atandlng the oppSiiVn^V'""* ^otw u"? ' the Clergy. Ue TeryZr''."'''' ^"h '^"m l""i'. 1705; a;«,Natur. ♦ !._ "■"7. «e everr . ; "Liberal Education," 2 vols.; "Minter Evenings," 3 vols. ; Sermons, and a pamph- let " On the National Importance of a Class- ical Education." Ilesidcs these he published two series of selections from the worlcs of the best English authors, under the titles of " Elegant Extracts " and " Elegant Epistles' He is also regarded as the author of a poll tical work, entitled " The Spirit of Despot ism," published anonymously in 1794, tnd of various anti-belligerent tracts, which ap- peared at the comn.encement of the Frencli revolution. Died in 1821. KOHELL, Ferdinand, a German painter and etcher, born at Mannheim, in 1740. He became cabinet-painter to the elector-pala- tine, who had encouraged himinhispursuit of art, and was admitted to the Academy of Mannheim. He painted chicfiy landscapes, and executed a large number of etchings, of which a collection was published after his death. He spent his last years at Mimich, and died in 17U9. , , KOCH, JOSEPH ANTON, German painter, was born in the valley of the Lech, in h68, After studying for some years at Btuttgard, he went to Rome, where he spent the re«i of his life. He chiefly distinguished hm- self by his landscapes, but painted some historical pictures, and some illustrations m fresco to Dante. He also executed many good etchings. Died, 1839. KOENIO, JOHANN OERAKD,a phy« ia of C'ourland. iu Lithuania, born LiS, wa» celel)rated botanist, and travelled otM E..»t Indies and other countries m putju of his favourite science, IrfP'"? "P Vwi respondence at the time with Linnieus,fiii old preceptor. Died, 1785. KOLHE, or KOLHEN. FKTER, a G nna traveller, Va. born in 1674, at Dorfla* Jn t principality of W»)^euth. He mtod Halle, in ITOO; soon after which he wa sen to the cape of Good ""P^.. ^f„'^* Sn«. rrussia. to make '»sU<'n<"»"='''/S aeJ He remained there l«n>'»».a''/"fl";t on with blindness, but recovered hi' g « », his return to Europe, and became rec» the Gymnasium of Neustadt. Hewroie ETER, « Gomaii atDortias.inthe He studied at rhlch he was sent by the king of ieal observation*. aiidwasafflii-tw ^red his sight on became rector oi idt. He wrote » kol] "Description of the Cape of Good Hopo," and was the first who gave a full and circum- jtantlal account of that colony. Died, 1726. KOLLAR, JA.v,a Hclavonic poet and mis- cellaneous writer, was born in Hungarr about 1733. lie became a preacher, and settled at Pcsth, but chiefly distinguished himself by his literary worljg. The idea of i Sclavonic nationality, or Piinslavism, found in him its first and most passionate ex- ' pounder, and most of his writings, both in verse and prose.iire inspired and pervaded l)y it. He wrote chiefly in the liohemian lan- guage, and his worlts con-Ut of poems essays, and antiqunrian-hisiodcal disquisi- tions. In IW'J, ho was appointed professor of arehicology at the university of Vienna and died there in Jani Wpsic, became a dVamatisf^nH """'''"'' »' '"e ni^nagement of timc^" ""hf ."'''';y *» enna. Beinir nn on.i.. i ^' theatre of VI- OermanV he entr^i "''"'" '"' the liberty of P^sian'ar^ ',?? " a volunteer Into^he ^^""lly by hi7b avory and iu^^'^f *"""''" ^^as promoted for h?. r^^ ?'*'"*"'"' »onK» : «f Li'tzen i was afto larS^t''.'' *'"' "''"'•■' ""t-^a lieutenan and f!i V" '^"""^r d ; with the French in uLu '? » "kirmish 2.1813. HislyrkV^ ^!i'"^°*'"'»' August Jfter his desth u«dr?h" ''"*' Published Of 1.8 'vorks.^orii.Sn 'of hi"?"''"' ^''»t»«n» "Other litWarrZ!," .''«,' !«'»?•• Poem. a Mtm mibttsal moitaphv. wd other HterarV"*, '"*«- ' '»*'» 'ecom- his PatroneS^. and h/'"P:T' .r*"" ''*'*'»'»«' president uf thr.,..«l ' '*"""'' «PP<> ' L * rlrcd on the frontiers, before he was nrrcstcd and sent to bibcria, without anjr reason be- k/>v assigned. A short drama ok his, an indi- rect eulogy of Paul I., was translated into Rusk.'an, and laid, in manuscript, before the emperor, who was so delighted with it, that he recalled Kotzebue, and took him into farour. After the death of Paul, he ngnln went to Germany, but, in 1806, revisited Russia, to avoid the French, and never teased to write against Napoleon. 8ome subsequent years were spent in travelling, and the remainder of his life in pouring forth his innumerable literary productions. He is said to have written many of the Rusfiian state papers and proclamations. In 1817 he received a salary of 13,000 roubles, with directions to reside in Germany, and to report upon literature and public opinion. This invidious office Kotzebue is said to have filled in a manner hostile to the freedom of his native land, and he was regarded with aversion by the liberals of Germany. His strictures on the conduct of the students of the German universities highly exasperated them i and the feeling was so strong in the case of a young enthusiast named Sand, that he went to Kotzebue's house at Man- heim, and there delibeiatcly murdered him, Morch 23, 1819, and then immediately gave himself up to Justice. Kotzebue was author of 98 dramas, and his name appears to about 200 more, which are cither translations, or were written by other persons and retouched by him. Among his other numerous pro- ductions are, " A History of the German Empire," " A History of Ancient Prussia," and various " Recollections," such as of Paris, Rome, Naples, &c. KRAFFT, ADAH, a German sculptor of the 15th century, was born at Niimberg about 1433. His inoct famous work is the elaborately decorated stone tabernacle in the choir of the Lorrni-kirche in that city. Little is yot certainly known of the works of this artist or of the dates of their execu- tion. He is said to have died earl^ in t^e 16th century. KRANACH,OH CRANACH, LuCAB (whose proper name was 8under), a distinguished painter, was bom at Kranach, in Davarin, 1472. He was patronised by Frederic, elector of Baxony, whom he accompanied on a Journey through Palestine in 1493, and soon afterwards commenced hiscarecrasan histor- ical painter, which, whether we consider the number or the excollence of his works, has been surpassed by few of his countrymen. He was intimately associated with the great reformers, Luther and Mclancthon, whose portraiu, as taken by him, are amongst the nio«t interesting memorials of their age. Died, 133.3. His son Lucsis, with whom he is sometimes confounded, gained great dis- tinction in the same career, and died in 1586. KRANTZ, ALBERT, a German historian and philosopherof trie i3th century ; author of a Latin Chronicle of the Kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway," a " His- tory of the Ancient Vandals," *c. His re- putation as an able and upright diplomatist also was so well established, that in a dis- pute of a territorial nature, which occurred — _ between the courts of Holstein and Den "l1Ii'''K''*wf'"'*!!"**"? potentates agreed to abide by his arbitration. KRA8ICK1, IGNATIUS, Count of Sietien prince-bishop of Warmia, 4c., one of thf most Illustrious of the Polish literati of the 18th century, was born at Dubiecko.ln 1735 ■When the first partition of Poland, in 177' deprived him of his senatorial dignltici he turned hi* attention to literature, and pro- duced numerous poems, epic, mock-heroic and satirical. Ho was much esteemed by Frederick the Great, who took great pleasure in his lively and agreeable conversation; and the following morceaa is related of them. The monarch having said, "I hope Mr Archbishop, you will carry me iimlor your episcopal cloak to Paradise,"- the i prelate replied, " No. sire, your m^esty has j cut it 10 short, that it will not serve the' purpose of concealing contraband (toodi." Among his writings are, "The War of! Chocalm," in 12 cantos; " Monachomachia, or the War of the Monks ; " fables, odes, 4c. He died at llerlin, In 1801. KRA8INHKI, VALERIAN, Count, a Poliih historian and miscellaneous writer, was born in White Russia. He was appointed to an important office In the ministry of public instruction, in which he rendered great serv- ices to his country. After the revolution of 1830 he was sent on a mission ; ' England, and the liberties of Poland beini; again ex- tinguished by Russia, lie remained here, nun applied himself to literary labour. Among I his works are— "The Uisc, Progress, andj Decline of the Rcfornmtioii in Poland :" " Kketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations ; " a translation of Calvin's Treatise on Relics, Ac. Died at Edinburgh, 1833. KRAY, Baron dc, an Austrian general, born, 1733, embraced the military profession early in life. He first distinguished himself in ^he war with the Turks ; and in the cam- paigns in theNethcrlands.andon the Rhine, from 1793 to 1797, he was one of the most active of the impe.-ial commanders. The br; Sant manner in which he opened the cat>i>»Algn of 1799, mad' >"y for the future triuriphs of Mclas ar uwsrrow, and in 1800 he replaced the Art..dukeCharle«inthe command of the army of the Uhlne. Died, 1804. KREt;TZER,RuiOLi'H,acclebratcd vio- linist and musical compoier, was bora al Versailles, in 1737. He travelled in Ger many , Holland, and Italy ; and havingestab lished himself as one of the first perforaiers in Europe, he was placed at the head of ibe orchestra at the grand opera of Pans. He composed the music for the operas of wao; iska," "Joan of Arc," " Paul sad Virgini.i, " Charlotte and VVerter," and some others. Died, 1831. ... KRUDENER, JULIANA, Baroness >A- LEKIK 1)K, a religious enthusiast, was toe daughter of the Russian Huron Vielingnon, governor of Kiga, where she was born, m 1766. For some years she resided in trance, and was the gayestof the gsy in the Parisian circles. At the age of 14 she niiimed '•"f"" Krudener, appointed ambassador by Catha- rine U. to Berlin, and subsequently to PKUj Venice. Here the secretary of Ivgfttlon fell in lore with her, and committed suicide ; on Thlch erent (he wrote a romance, entitled " VaWrie." Keturningto Berlin she eitjoyed thb friendship of the queen of Prussia, and on ber death fell into a profound melancholy, which iras succeeded by a reliifiouft enthu- siasm. She became a follower of Jung Stilling and wandered from stato to state, ihown a disposition to religious contempla- tions, snd on whom her cunTcrsations had a great influence. In Pario, she had prayer- meetings, attended by distinguished per- sonages, where she was seen in the back- ground of a suite of rooms. In the dress of a priestess, kneeling in prayer. Her predic- tions excited much attention ; and when the allied sovereignsquitted Paris, she retreated into Switzerland, where she preached the approach of the millennium, and drew around her multitudes of the credulous mounuin- eers, who listened to, and bclieyed in her mission. At length the states interfered snd she removed to Germany ; but wherever she arrived, she was under the surveillance of the police, who ultimately transported her to the Russian frontier. She was, how- ever, ordered not to go to Petersburg or Moscow ; she accordingly visited the Cri nea where she died In 18M. ' KRUILOFF, ITAN ANDRKEVicn, the ce- ^brated Huwian fabulist, wa* a native of Moscow, and was bom in 1768. He showed his hterary propensities in boyhood by the composition of several plays, but he did not begin to write fables till L' was of mldd?e age. The great success of his firs' attemnts encouraged him to persevere in tU-Tamo field, and he charmed equally the educated and the Ignorant by the wit of his inven- tionsand the clearness of his style He ac Snf&n'"" "' '"•* Kussian r^ tontainc. In 1812 he was appointed asNlst ant m the Impoiial Library, and thr^uih n<..» II °i "• "^ received from the em bles and many other worki «p» Ifn i. *' nEngland.walborn'^rTec^^enb^ri'lSTTfi? and u.Ar,;. "''"'berg, and ended a lonjr '"nito hisnatuV! ? "^ Pursuits on ■ re- 'h*" most coD«ldIr«i,, ' "/^ number of works, »omico.techn2„rr„i V ^l''^ '» "» " K'^o- J« commenced if f7^"'^L^i"r|''«. ' ^"ich % jSttp anfbtrgal ISIograp^p. [kub '• Lclche," a corpse, when hia progrcaa w«.~ arrested by death. i""»iris» was kTokI-OKN. Okriiaki> and Karl von O*"""'' P«intera. wero twin brothers S at Hacharach. In 177-'. At theag.of i" hir th*.^V ? ''""J "* »'«»'«. »'"t hadVoon to quU that city i when they retired to 8t ivt^r. burg, obtained the patronage oltheKmiror ,-««i;ing-and-pr-oph;.y7nK. 'Tn^SU-'lk;' I ^^mrct^^Vn'tre ?.r,'r. \l"^ ''^ ^'5» becameacquainted with Alexander, emperor mitted to the AcaUen U,. of l^l 7"? "*• of Russia, who had already for some time and Merlin Gerhard ..mi^h . J *'t«"burf shown a disposition to roligiou. contemnla- 18„4, a'nd ^c^me'Zaor'o'i th/^Scht? at Painting. He was murdered while on « journey in 1820. K.rl chiefly p.Tn 1^, ,"." / PoT/.-k""" ''«r'n"«'d to be employea at 8t Ktn, hi'HRAlM MOHKH, 8 (Serman noet born of Jewish parents, at'llresfaT iS 173 ' His father intended him for the synagogue' t^LL'""' r° T""' ^o' 'he subUcties of the' Talmud, and at his father s death lie went to lU.rlin,ana took a situation in he counting house of hi. uncle, where he soon formed a*n acquaintance with Mendelssohn, lUmlcr Less ng.and other men of letters. HeXr' vrards travelled through Holland, i'r'nce Italy, and Switzerland ; but on bis return to Oermany he was attacked w h hypLchon dria, which p.is«.d Into insanity; andlt was «t thi, time, in hi. lucid interval, thlt he produced hi. best poetical piece.."'Dred 5^ born at Hreslau, in 1«.5|. i,e pretended to ind'o";' r n;^ '*"' ^"^""y "'forc^ilowiedge" I ,.^ folding communion with Invisible spirits but while travelling thmugh 1 ui- f« t. „ itii '^" K«'^^"'""" 'end;3 pniron*. Aftei a long re.idence in Imu k. .ettled at Vienna, where his repu 'aioi'iS! vo'u"r nrp\"'';«'"*''* »'"" theTmperiTi t 1? , . r?"** *•' Per»ecutlon for hi. reliKlou Ue r'e.t'oV'M '"'J"'^ Vienna, and he. S ;.hL« * ^Z.^^* "'•-" "' >>irnberg. He waa ohierty celebrated for his portraits but »?e also painted «,mc historical piece. ' One of his most attached friends was the artist and Tur.''\zi ffr ' ^'"-••^ >»"--; wrUer^Vin^' *^'"i"^»■". • "Pamed German l«7n Uo _i . . *P' ^'^ •' HlomUerg, In El n;ne oh, •«""* ll** Principal l.branei in fcuropc. chiefly with Uie view of collating CUl In rctorlng many porUon. before unpni)- ssa kut] % i^b) Sntbcrsal ^iograp!)D. Ushed. Kuater came to KmrUnd in Koo, and hit edition of Suida* waa publlthed here lire jreara latf r. Died, 171(1. KUTUSOFF 8MOLENSKOT. or KUTU- SOW, MICHAEL. Prince of, a celebrated Ra»- •ian fleldmarahal, wai bom in 1715. and educated at Stnubarfr. He entered the army In 17» ; aerred in Poland from 17W till 176& ; and afterwards ai^ainat the Turk», under Romanxoff. He behared with jrreat rallantrr at the sie^ of (Xiacotr. where he was danfterouslj wounded , and on hia re- cotery he Joined Suwanow at the (torming and capture of Ismail, when he was ad- Tanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. In the auUsequent Polish war, he waa par- ticularly conspicuous during the memurabfe day of Praga. In 1805 the Emperor Alex- ander garc him the chief command cf the first Russian corps against the French, and he headed the allied army at Austerlits, where he was wounded. In 1910 and 1911 be obtained sererai adrantaires orer the Turks ; and, in 1912, when 70 years of age, the chief couimand of the Russian army, destined to oppose XapoUon, was bestowed upon him. To commemorate his yietories, he received the surname of Hmoitmkoi. He died in 1813. KUYP, or CrrP, ALBKET, a celebrated paiatcr. whose father was an able land- scape painter, waa bom at Dort in IftM h, I particulaty excelled in the purity and brt i liancy of light . and was not »urp«M*«. He served as an ofllcer in the imperial guards at the battle of Eylan, and in ISOS and 1809 was aide-de-camp to Eo^ne Beaaharaols. He was In the retreat fVom Moscow, ud ia 1913 distinguished himself at the battles of Lutxen and Bautzen. On the abdicatiun o( Napoleon, he was, in 1S15, appointed w > regiment statioued at Grenoble , bat iBun^ diately on the return of the French ea- peror ttom Elba, Lab^doyere wjs the fint to bring him a regiment. H<.-tod and b*lo»ed u a man than :tdmired u an artut. Died l*M LABORDE.'ALKXA.NDRK Loris' Jfisrpn DK, French itatesman, traTrller. and antl- qmnr, w*, bora at Paris in 17:3. He •ertcd in tht Austrian annr for a ihort time re tamed to hi* country after the treatr of • OiBipo Formio, trarellfd then in luir and Spain to itudy the monument* of ancient wt.and in \m ntered the .*rTi« of nS poleon. H« held inccwaiTely Tarioua ciril offlcei Md ,n IS-.-j b«came a member of the CTitmber of Deputies, where he dJ.tiniruiah ed himself ai the Intrepid adrocate of liberal news, and of general education. He t^k m actire part on the popular aide in th. reToiution of Italy, l*»rJ„i7n the el«t on of iouu Philippe, wa, appointed pref«t of !h? Seme, aide-de-camp to the kin» Li Jtaeral of brigade in th'e XauonL Go."' H;smo«tiniportant Uterary workaaw the ,r''*'^*..^i"°r"^ L^^^^- ^CAILLE,Xicoi.ASLori8 ,^,^fcDE. B. 0. E. i>K. CDj^i^^g. I>nrtnir the laat nve year* of hi. „r T ~ engaged on hi. tomm?n7arT o^ ' "* *" which la eateemed a .DlendM «" '•»«^«Uu.. Kholarrtlp. Died iMi •"•* »»«n««>«t of I^nch preaTher wJ. ,!; * '*'»"»(rai»hed puree //Sei^Sf S™ cL^*^;t' 'T 19i>3. He atudled at DiJon .nH i:^ ^^ ' *" •drcjcate. .ettlinj •tvl^Uiki^j^'t.'^'' " «« that time a b*ii»»W, ,- '• *'«*•• neither the^'profeiiT'of Se uL^r' ^"• "»•«;'>" 0/ Voiuiri"m couw «,u?: 11' ardent paaaionate nature and ).?il^ "^^ noance »- «he .emiaary of sr «■?!. """^ theolory at conreraion "o the Ifflue^.- "i'"'.'""''* ""l* Lamenn«U. w^ ch ««T* "' ''*• '*"'"'« that he wa* one V.K- « ** *''* "''"* orjan of the cu^^.^2 1'*^k ^'^'*n*'." Editor, aub^uiAi ISd .UKo;'SSl"/t ll- ^« licatlon, lacordaire hl^m. "'^ *** P""*- tlme. to Rott.e7o d7,.^* '"« «">"• teTer.! a.«>clation with liml^ *< op»nloD.. HI. that time lTconlilt??°*^* Z*'^**** '^« pulpit of Notre^w^ w^^'"*""; ""^ »•>• I in 1M9 he entVred ?l.- T^ °'**°*'* ««> «>*« Home. am^rt^roTof'Jo'iiT^w''" *' monaatii^ order - ..^ ,"'»'• "f reTlTinz a wa. prJdu?ed "; h" rei 3-"** -"Item.nt 1 Dame In l3:^-^- ^'^«" I-<>n». a French Be al»o pabli.h.i f " ^«»>ten.tein Ac ' TP ' T." **"» "t Meu. in irii i*!T " appointed member or 1 ZT , '''• •>• wa. *, »7 lag] % Jt(b9 SnibersBl ISiograpbp. [Uf and Mt In the L«gl»UtiT«» Awembly; but during the rclgti of Uobeiplerm ho found It nccewary to retire from public duty. He •nerwardi appeared for a ahort time, but held no offliial altuation, and under the govcrnmcnUof the empire and the reitera- tion ho deroted himself wholly to "t^llfy purtulu. Among hli writlnga arc, " KIo- quence Judlclalre ct rhilonophlo UgUlat- Ite," " Roman Thiatral," '' Portralu et Tableaux," Ac Plod, 1824. LACROZE. [CROZB, M. V. LA.l 1-ACRUZ Y CANO, Don RAMON DK, a famoua Spanish dramatic poet, born in 1728, and died In 179S. Among hl» beU pieces are, "i:i 8ueno," "El dia de Noche Huena," " El Temo," Ac. LACTANTIU8, LUCIl'9 CcBMUS, or Cm- CILIAM'S FlHMlANUH,an eminent father of the church, was by aome rttcemed an Afri- can, and by others a native of Fermo, in Aiicona. lie studii'd rhetoric under Arno- blus, and by hln " Kymposium," ho obtained such renown, that Diocletian appointed him to teach rhetoric in Nlcomedia. Hubse- quently he was appointed tutor to Crispus, the son of Oonstuiulne, who dying not lung after, Lactantius was neglected. Ue wrote many worka in vindication of Christianity, from the style of which ho has been honour- ed with the nam<; of the Christian Cicero. His principal work is the " Instltutiunes Divine," iu 7 books. Died, probably about 32A LACY, JonM, a dramatic writer, was born at Donciister, and bred a dancing-master; this employment he quitted for the army, but subsequently took to the stage, and ac- quired such celebrity as a comidian, that Charles II. had his portrait painted in three different characters. Ho wrote the come- dies of "The Dumb Lady," "Sir Hercules HuJfoon," " Old Troop," and " Bawncy the Scot." Died, 1081. LAENNEC, UENi TnloPHILK llYA- CINTHK, an eminent French physician, was bom in 1781 at Uuimper; studied at Nantes and Farls; and acquired great reputation aa an anatomist. Hu is principally known aa the author of a " Treatise on Ausoultatlon," which develops the method of studying lli« diseases of the chest, by means of the stetho- scope, an instrument invented bv him, und which has been generally adopted as an In- valuable aid to diagnuHii). Died, 162G. LAER, Vktkr UK, a celebrated painti-r, usually called Ramboccio. He was born In 1613,at Laaren, in Holland. After studying art at Rome, and increasing his knowledge of it by an acquaintance with Poussin und Claude, he returned to Holland, in 1639, where he enjoyed unrivalled celebrity, till he was compelled to share It with Wouver- mant. In energy of touch, In the manage- ment of chiaroscuro, and in fertility of Invention, he excelled his rival, but not in neatness and delicacy of pencil ; yet the competition so much affected his prosp rity, that in a tit of despondency he drowned himself in a well, In 1673, when 60 years of age. LAFAYETTE, GILBERT MOTTIER, Mar qait de, one of the most conspicuous cha- racter* in Frauce during ttaa revolution, was born In 1787, at ChavaKnsc, octr Rrioude, In Anvergne. At the ngo of 17 ho married the granddaughter of the duke if Noailles; and although lie Inhe- rited a large fortune, was of high rsnk, and had powerful connections at court he went, In 1777, to tek« part In the war of'ln dep4>ndence in America. He tlure rained ud eqaippeU a body of men at his own expeni* fought as a volunteer at the battle if liran- dywlne, In 1777 ; at that of Muninoutli In 1778 ; and received the thanks of congrcM He then proceeded to France, In order to obtain reinforcements ; returned with the armaments under Ueneral Kochsmbeau. and commanded AVashlngton's vanRuard >t the time of the surrender of Lord Curn- wallis, in 1782. The capitulation of YorIt Town followed, and, on the peace with the mother country, the general returned to France. He was elected a member of the Assembly of the Notables In 1787, and, on the breaking out of the revolution, he toolt part with the friends of liberty, though with wist moderution. In October, 178t, he was made commander-in-chief o.' the national guard, and ordered and swiited in the siege of the Rastile. On the 6tb he marched to Versailles, uved the rojril family from the outrages of the mob, and placed them under the protectioa of the National Assembly. In 1790, he proclaimed the " sacredness of the rlKht of Inturrec- tion," and established, in conjunction with Bailly, the club of the I'euillaita. On the at- tempted escape of I^uIb X V I, Lafayette loit some of his popularity, through being luc- pected of conniving at it) but, diuipating these calumnies, hu fought uguiost the emi granu and allies in Flanders; and mutual accusations of counter-revolution patted between hlra and Dumouricz and Coilot d'Herbois. He returned to I'sris to denounce them, and to protest ngainat the viulence offe'ed to the kinn. Hut the UountainuM too dtrong for him ; he was burnt lucfgy on the 30th of June, 1702 ; and, being obliged to escape from France, fell into the handtof theAustrlans.whoinipriaonidhimatOlmutJ. There he remained flvs years, till after Buonaparte's first triumphant campaign of Italy, when, on the special demnndoftne latter, he was set at liberty. Lafayette, however, was consistent : wlicn Napoleon became an apostate from liberty, he TOtea against the consulate for life, and w'tblre" from public affairs. But, after the batUe of "Waterloo, hu re-appeared, to protctt againti a dictatorship ; and, having subtequentiy protested against the dissolution of tne Itgislallve body by Prusslau bayoncti, again withdrew to hii estates. Ull he wat returned, in 1818. deputy for the '•'P"''".^"' t; 'f Sartho. On all occasions, in the Chambe Dcput.es, and elsewhere, he Pf^^^ h toteli the friend of a real but dlscrec "ber'J- " 1821 he made a visit to America, and »« received with dl»t'n"'«°/°^rAmerictt thualasm, aa Jol.t founder of Amerl an liberty with ^Vasulngton «"d */?PJ^^ The unconstitutional or^'"'""' "'v,. m X . in June, 1S30. which caused hi* m expulsion, brought I-hyette on tb« •««« again, U th«- character with which Jie«w» laf] y jte to an( ber»al 18(ogrnpl;p. !mtnced hii career— that of commander-ln- I chief of the national guard, and the advocate •nd tupportcr of a citi/en king. He soon Hftcr retlftned the command; and haTlnv leen I.«uli Philippe rccoffnixrd ax klnff of the French, he once more retired to thti tranquil iccnciofdomeitlc life. Died, 1«34. LAFFON DB I.AIJEHAT, AniirI Daniei,, a French itHtctman and flnancirr born at Jlordoaux, in 174«. Koinfr the in-' I heritor of n Kood property, he waa nbjp to devote hia leisure to tho itmly of political i economy and the fine arli. He waa on« of the founder* of the AcuUcmy of I'alntinff at lloriloaiu, mid became « member of trie Academy of Art» and Science* in that city j and alio of the aKrlciilturttl aoclety of I'arii' i On the luth of AuKuit, 1792, when I.oula |XU. and hIa family took refuKe In the I hall of the legislative Awembly, M. Lnflon I was president of that body ; and in the masMcrc In Heptemher followlnK. he aavcd the life of the Abl.tf sicird. Ho wa. aub •equently hlm.clf ciponeJ to groat danirer • .h". ».V'"^a'"^'^"'' "'« Pro««ription* of the Heliju of Terror, ho was choaon.in Ken tember 179S, , member of the Cou "cil Sf An enta for the department of the So „c . mn/HM^""""""*' "">«• «'•»' '»«"•« con- demned todeporttttion. and sent to CavcnnB • but returned from exile on the est, I "lab." mentoftheconaulate. In I8l/ho v . ,'a ^L":t'r,"^r?^^7rroturb^"''• orVe";"",' ""'Ploym.mt in", banffil the bank of Praiw.« '. '*' K"V''''nor of ^aS;^'S;:^'"r^^-rKp!^^.l;r «thew^?a iberal I, nnHL:t*'''''.'.'''i"'''P'«'» iby his single vo ,0 WJ'^^''' •^'- '-'«"^N ""onarchy.TdeMabiir"''* '''-••^•"''te tho I hold Ike blltZrl^lur^) " monarch. " Be- ' ihe most fickle Don i?»?J^f "''-'" *"'C "^ , flttc held (V,r . P°P" ""on in Kurope. i„-. h;''e«lofihrcSunci[and'n .''l^ P""» "^ P^^" Jfreathouses whicl Trro l,.l.''?'"y "P«n "lathishouse.too beclmi I '^^ '"'* "» '■'"'<«^ fofhimbva nMhi- ?' ^™"" were raiso.i |;i« ."'"MA110T !."...i..' ':v„",,.w™,:" f^, "■"■•■"..I.." profeasor of o'r'ek In t.^ . n " »PP«'n«e«» ho wrote Keieb^a ei'worS '• M?cln?"* iin, wbere ho was appointed director of ii!- I Academy ; and in 17H7he,ettU.d',t pa,l. -iS bocnme siiccesaivoly profeLor nt th- i ' "1 and I'olytechnic 8chool. n» " ^o™*" ' l.ihours till hi. Iw.ri,h . "" P""ued hit incossanV ".Ug'u'it'SfdfeJ K.Y "^H""' *'"' Important discov^P, „/ f ^'^' ^^^ «">«« the calculus of varU.ln^'f'V;?'' *• '""^ «' fnlcHi des FonctloiV. " *'. i>^ .^ r' •"•■ '• Equations numerairPi^ •*• .«^ "•*""""" ""^ •n Vr^;c^".r.e«^-i^„Pfi;^ter. wa, born of ran,'* /„"°,'«H?h '" *"" ^^y"' Acaden,? he painted "The Labour* of llcrculci" Dloif, 17il. LAHAIU'E.JK.AN VllAN^olRDK.arronih drnnintic poet, wnt born In 1739. Ill* father Wii« an olllctr In the smiy. nnd dying in IndiKuncp, the ton wai taken Into the college of Harcourt by the prcaldent, M. Asselln ; but loit tho favour of hU patron by a iatlre, of which ho wii» aunpocted to It tho author. After conHncmcnt for •oim time he waa act at liberty i but it dlMualed him with hi» iltuation, and ho rcaolvcd to trust to hia tftknta B» an author for aupport. In 17alne» died, 1505. LAINO, AI.KXANUKH, antiquary and miscellaneous writer, was born at Abi-rdecn, in 1778. Of hi* early history but Utile Is known. He lattcr'.y followed the calling of an itinerant vendor of old l>ooks ; and being a man of much humour and eccentricity, ho gained adnu»slon, in tho course of his pere- grinations, to the archives of several fumllies which have since bren closed against more pretentious Investigator*. The information thu* acquired he turned to good account, In tho "Doneac Tourist," 1 vol. 8vo, written in ▼er*e, with copious notes, giving an ac- count of the battles, castles, families, gentlt- men's •eat.i, &c., on the banks of the river Don; and "Tho Caledonian Itinerary," or a Tour on the Hank* of the Dee, a poem, with hiatorlcal notes, 2 vol*. 12mo, Aberdeen, 1819. He waa also the compiler of the " Eccentric Magazine," which contain* many curlouaand whimsical epitaphs gleaned from Tariou* churchyard* in Aberdeenshire, 1 TOl. I'imo, 1822. Died, 1838. MO I.A1NO, Malcolm, a Scottish hUtorUn wa* born at Htryorey. In Orkney, In ITsj' Ho finished his education at the IMlnburgh University, and was subsequently enllcd to the bar. On tho death of Hr llcnrr hf completed tho unAnlshed volume of that author'* History of Kiigland. Hia cWH work , ho wcver.wa* a " ItUtory of Kcotlnnrt ' 4 vols. 8vo. Ho also edited a new tdltiim ot the poem* of Osilan, and died In INI9 LAIUKHHK,;uiUAUi), an eminent hl|. torlcal painter, wa* born at I.l^gc, In lIMO. Ho *urpa*«ed hi* father, under whuDi he studied, and obtained such r'.>nown, ai to b« considered the Uaphael of the Dutch icliool He uIho well underst(>od music and engrar- ing. He lost nls sight some time before hli death, and died ut Amsterdam in 1711. Hii rhf/ d'muir* Is n large ;)l(lute of tho clillil Mose* trampling on the KKyptlun (liHdem. I.,aires8o was author of a work on the " I'rin- clplcsof Design," and of " Lcuoua oa I'aiot- ing." LAKK, OKUARI), Viscount, a iliitinRuiihpd Kngllsh general, war born in 1741. Hccarl^ obtained an cnslgncy In the fuot Ruardi,and served in Oermauy during the Seven Yean' War. Under Corn wallls. In America, In 1781, ho greatly sigiuillzed himself, and on hli return homo was made aldc-de camp to thr king. In 1703 and I7!)l he was prominent In many engugemcnts In Holbnd, and in iHuu ho wa* appointed commnnder-inchlef of tho llritish forces In India. He overthrew the Mahratta army nnd tlie French (icnersl Terron In 1H03, and captured Delhi; he neat triumphed over Hcindlah and Holkar; and on hi* return to HnRlaml, In 1807, hf was created Lord Ijike, baron of Delhi and Laswarrl. I'rom this he ruie to be a vlj count, and was appointed governor uf Ply- mouth. Died, 1808. lALANDK, JORF.rn JIeidmR Le I'E.^n- (}MS DE, a very celebrated astronomer, was born at llourg, in France, In 1732. He showed an early preference for mathe- matical studies, but he was educated for the law. His Intimacy, however, with aitrono- mer* and other men of science M him to pursue the early bias of hU disposition, and It wa* not long before the Academy of Sci- ences deputed him to go to Horlin, tomake observation* for determining the parallax 01 the moon,and It* distance from the earthy On hi* return homo ho was admitted to tne Academy of Sciences, and turned hu atten- tion to gn. monies. In 17(iO, on the reiigov tlon of Maraldl, I.alande undertook the dUonhip and publication of the Conna, • sance dc* Temp*." Shortly after, he !uc cccded Delisle a* professor of a^'f^n"'"^,*' the College do France; when .ucce« treatises, able and '» ^'"'"""/^ /Sec from hia pen- contributing to the advance ment of*^ aatronomical scieuce. M these mention must be made <>[ P%f7 valuable "Trai(« do T.^itronomlc. Pied, celebrated French "V'»'^j;7- '•.^S^^^^ In 1(157. He attained to K^" P^'^on the various instruments, f "'«3of niwic violin, and was appointed masUr o^m in f..c chapel royal, by Louis XIV. it" LALJ In IT'ill, IcRrinir ntimcrout compuiitlona, ucrrd anil profaiip. ULLi.OIOVANNr IIATTlHTA.nn lUlian lawyer and poet, w,i« born at Norcia, In liTi. Ho wai frpqiicntljr emplojrrd at am- bauador \>y the roiirta of Itnmc nnd rarmn, And died, much eatrriiicd, Jn lu37. ilv wat' reckoned amoiiK the beat poeta of hia time thouKh his talent waa chiefly employed In tho burli'ique. lALLV. riioMAji AnTiiUR, Count, an Irlih officer, attached to the hoiiaeorHCtiart and In the lervico of France, II f« brarerr at the Utile of Fontcnoy waa rewarded by the appointment of brlKadler-jceneral ; and In 17Mht wai made ^oYcrnor of I'ondlehrrfT Thii town waa aoon after bealeged by the BrI'.lih, and unablo to wlibatand their iMaulu, he aurrendered, and with tho garrl- ion W.H made prisoner. He waa eonveyeU to EnKland, but waa aoon liberated «nd per- mitted to return to Frame. On arrlvlnjr In tliat country, public clamour ran ao hinh airalnst him, that he waa beheaded, by * moit unjust lentenco, In l.CO. In 1783 hla •on. tally ToUendul, obtained poaaeailoi of .i"'.^" •*"""' ""1 « "▼«"»« of tho proecedlnga. dtul^ TOUKVDAL. THOPntME OU- RAHi),Marqui» de, aon of the precedlnir wa. bomaU'ari, in I75i.„„d wuVeducate'd M o» lege of H..rcourt. The expenae.of hU enaoaroured to make aomo atonement for filing, he wrote, when only is a i mi , !l" , ''*"* a'«a'ned a more mature bko e o'p«i.rh"e"ia:?r,:ife/rri{'-^^^ teit^uizrP-- fed le''e1i,",^re"1rri ,!'-' ""Slx'et "ougha democrS'he wn.n'Jr*-'""- ""' le Propoicd the iiritUh ' "" "narchlat ; ^odelof Kovernmill "^ ?n«''tutlon aa a f'inciplM prcv" fed -n" P^'''"'*'"* »hat >f justice, herei intn )'^"*^''''"' *" »>'• 'cnic l«h?d a wn;ri"!?.,"'r'.«^."'«nd. He pub » 0tto fflnifarraal ISIograpfjp. h'"in Which he i..L.i^.h"'"' ^'-P''"'*- i?« National Aa.emh?r"''' °P*""'»"o'>» of f«>t«ofthecon,ttt„'''"''i** °'«- «hc t^'upprcssion of thi'^.n-*"'' condemned N. Haring re?urnrd^i''p" °"*<'" "^ »hc V arrested^nd len WfT'tl^ •'*='• "o M^lDR fortunately e.cnnp,.„ ^'^'""'y''• ^"« >"«» Which took nTa?e "o''^' '*"' ""»•• leptember, ho cffecte m *" •''" P""'*""' in F<1, Where he nh.„ ,•*'* ''*"'eat to Kna- ' i::':z:xi f;a'.'5a'r '',:t-r^ Hourbona in iJ,. *"'„''"' ""'""•'"n of the XVIir." Oh.n *a, o„e'o7T'^'"""*Jl*"'* I w^^ft;'n^r "'•''■ '"''''"'•'"p"p<-^^^^^^ ?rc;\V't;o.r,"^^ir;i ^l,;j%;:i^ .^ made a peer of France and in ?hir"n" 7" year a member of 'he Fr'nch Ac '/""*''''"• wrote an ea.ollent woJk^enmt^^'?:, n"* mr"' °" "•" '•» "' '"•« n«>»"em J„; o'ed' jmlnent F^ncr^.Sl t "wi V*' "" Maiantln In 17ii ii„ . ' ..*■• •*"•"■ •» hod of c'a-Mflca^lon'of pl^Ju'anS InTh. S''2.:;i"„?>r^-fror'';7.£v';F'rf' botanical irarden, of Furon- h/ P';'"<"'P^ tho preparation "J tifo M'a'KIcaT Sloro'f the K,.cyclop*dlo Method" ue-'^"whleh he completed a volumea. He wa, eir.nT„,^H man, wai born at St 8eTcr in itto ii- iMtriicuiariy by the capture of Caorea anVi waa afterwarda acnt to Hn.i„ ^. " 0" mc Umarque the command of I'ar • in^ t'Vn'e'l "«i' P--r?bJd",« '^'^i^rbSlT m. rouVa«^^r / '" i'*'"' •««» f"""»hed .m- " Icfly i!^latln^ /:?V''^ «PP««'»'on Journal.. " elected t o tho Chamber of Deputiea. I . ■ i- ■ ■ \ ■ . and alter the accession of Louis Philippe, hebecaaie one of the most prominent niein- bers of the moveaieut party. Died, \»ii. LAMH, CHARI.K8, the essayist, poet, ana miscellaneous writer, was born in London, in 1775, and educated at Christ's Hospital. In 17'J2 he obtained a situation in the ac- ( ounUn; » office of the East India Company, where he remained 35 years, till his salary had gradually risen to £700 ; when he was allowed a retiring pension of £450, which he continued to enjoy till his death. Being thus f<\ easy circumstances, and living unos- teniat'ously «" a bachelor,— with a mind formed for wit and good-fcUowship.aud pos- sessing a keen >eU4h for lltrrature,-he was able not only to grr.tify his intellectual crav- Inirs, but to luxuriate in the company of men of Kt.iiu-' who might be truly suld to enjoy "the feast of 'cason ' by his social fireside. It was thuii that, throughout life, he could boast of the friendship of Coleridge, A\ ords- worth, Bouthey, Rogers, Ha^litt, and a host of others, whose minds were stored with knowledge, and whose tastes were In the main congenial %vlth his own. He was de- votedly attached to the sterling Knplish authors of the ElUabethan age, and no one ever mere successfully ImltHtert their epi- grammatic wit and quaint inorallty, while he blended with them touches of pathos and fancy peculiarly his own. Ue began his lUerary career in 1797 as a poet, in conjunc- tion with his friends Coleridge and Lloyd, their thiee names appearing to one volume ; and subsequently the attention of the pub- lic was for several yearn called to his occa- sional Essays, signed " Ella," which wens published In various periodicals, and after- wards col'ected and printed. In 18C8 he published " Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who lived about the time of ShaW- speare ; with Holes," &c. Besidca these, ha wrote " Rosamund Gray," a Ule; 'John ■Wo^dvlU," a tragedy ; " Album Verses,' •' Tales from Bhal.speare," " The Adventures of Ulysses," Ac, In some of which he was as- sisted by Mary Lamu, his sister. Mary was subject to fits of insanity, and was placed in the charge of her brother, who devoted him- self tenderly to her. His writing's were select rather than numert"js , and his manner of treaUnii the subjects which his fancy sug- gested was at once piquant, terse, and play- ful. Uedled, Dec. 27, 1»3». "Pinal Memo- ilaU"of Charles Lamb have been published by Mr Justice Talfourd. Mr ''ercy Flta- geraid has recently published a w<>rU en- titled "Charics Lr.ml) , his Friends, his HaunU,i.nd his Hooks." Anothir blogn.phy of Chirles Lamb U promised by ' Harry Cornwall." , . , LAMB,81r JAMK9 Bl.AND BliHORB, hart., D.C.L., son of OeorRO Purges, E»q., comp- troller-general of the cuiloins in Scotland, was born at Gibraltar, in Mii. On finishing jis education at osford t'niventiiy, he tra- velled througn many of the countries of Europe, and, on his return, studied for the oar, to which ho was called (n 1777. Ten years aftcrwar.'s he entered the arena of ^(lUCS, anu iut,-n. tun o'.-nt ii> Commons, as member for Holston, In Corn- wall, In 17t>9 he was appointed under- sea secretary of state in the foreign department, and shortly afterwards a Joint comiMssionut of the privy seal. About this period heestab- lished. under the sanction of the premier, " Tho Sun," evening newspaper, and took a prominent part lii conducting it, giving to his contributions the signature " Alfred," These papers w ere. In 1792, collected into a volume. In 1796 he was created a baronet, and appointed for life knight marshal of the king's household. The remainder ot hislirc Sir James devotPd to literary leisure, and in lb21 obtolned permission to assume the name of Lamb ly, by which he continued to be known til. his death In 1825, He left numer- ous works connected with politics, poetry, and the drama. LAMHALLli, MAKlETHKEESELOmSEDE S AVOIR Cakion AN, Princess de, was born at Turin, in 1719, and was married to the duke of Bourbon Penthiivre, whom she saon lost by death. She was supcrPitendea'. of the household of Jdario Antoinette, ".ueen of Prance, to whom she was remarkably at- tached. After the flight cf the royal family to Varcnne? "he dcf aricd for Eigland ; but hearing of the in■.p^i^unment of her royal mistress, she hastily returned, and shared w'lh the queen her confinement and mis- lortunes. She was cruelly murdered in Sep- tember, 1732. LAMBARDii, "VVILLIAM, a lawyer and m'.<;lf « " »'^ted i battle of Marston Moor ; and ^a»«j_^ ^^^^ conspicuous part « «it»ir>r i-naatferaents. i the-conferHng on^.joai«.^;^^^ I king, upon' Moor ; and also acte- at Naseby, ""* in ""^ t». Hevig^oi^Lffil u Cioiiiwcii ui '••;--,,:;: ..- / r\' reign department, )int comi.Mssioniir is period he estab- 1 of tlie premier, ipaper, and took a ting it, giving to nature " Alfred.' i, collected into a reatcd a baronet, $ht marshal of the mainderot his life ary leisure, and in 3 assume the name le continued to be 25. Heleflnumet- h politics, poetry, CSS do, was born at arricd to the duke thoia she c3on lost riTjtendea'. of the Dinette, 'lueen of 18 remarkably at- :f the royal family for Eigland ; but nent of her royal irned, and shared Inement and mis- >• murdered in Sep- lam] ^ £lm Bnibexs&l B^ograp^n. a pension vas granted him of £2000 a year. Upon the death of OliTer Cromwell, Lara- bi>rt compelled hia son lUchard to relinquiiih his authority, and restored the members of the long parliament to their seats. Subse- quently, be suppressed the insurrection of the royali) ts, and then acting in opposition to the parlamcnt, General Monk marched from Scotia jd to meet him. Kis troop» de- serting, be was compelled to submit, and wasconfln d ap'lsonerin the Tower. Escap- ing thence, ho again quickly appeared in arms, but was defeated and rLtaken. At the Rettoration.he was brought to trial ; but his submissive demeanour gained him a repriere, and he was banished for life to the isle of , Guernsey. He here lived upwards of thirty years, amusing his leisure with horticultnre and flower-painting, and is said to have died a Roman Catholic. LAMBERT, JOHANN HKINHICII, an eminent mathematician and astronomer was bom at Mulhnuscn, in 1728. Compel- led to follow hif father's employment as tailor, for his 8u,,port, night was the only tmie he had for study, till 17.I8, when he became tutor to the; children of Haron Sails president of the Swiss convention. He now' enlarged the sphere of his acquirements. which he made manifest by various scien- tiflc compositions and inventions. In I7.5(; he visited Gottinpen, where he pnblishod his first work ; and next went to Paris. Soon after he published his celebrated work " Or Perspective •■und in the following year ap- Sf.'i'w ^o'""'^"-?'" Other important wentiflc works succeeded, anc' in 17(i4 he Kriftfi'^'^''"'' ""^^" introduced to om.A.Vf^'"'?*'""'' "dmitteda men,bor oftheAcademy of that capital. Died 1777 called t.MHlKToP^^lc'HS^rBruo'^ cjieo the best German chronicleri of Z' H bi.ir'p'"'' ^"'■" P'-^bably about 1(20 sined pr'est at Aschaffenburg the sam^ life in Ms Vcnl', •" 'P*"* "'« •■««' "' "l" 'arluVccieZ. mJ:u.T'" '^'''^'"' '^'"^ work,, and d da ; ?' o'i""',:,?"' ""7'" Portant work is tl^e - rhr/ni ' '^"" '""■ lofiareruminfjnrm! . ^""^'■""""n, sivc his- •ocurato aM imnaHi^!" •f'"""'""' ' " « most Of hi. tim?dVw7 , ' KaMorr'"" 7""'' Moiual, bv a iin ic i ^f '''^'^' prefaced, the best opDort in tf„rr/ ■ ", J^«mbert had "5^ told What he'kncVwiti"°'!''"">'' ""•' ni.» .,- "« Knew with singiiiar falr- [lam Melanctho:. in ,^"'^:'« ^«^ disco ver..-d bv in thn _, "I'lKvrri.ii h' Wittil.":!!""'."y «^ the Au »'y 'vas first print- the mnut precious Vm or Per,, v^V"« °f »h. ,n„M p,,,,„ UMBEKTITonnv'Jir""' «•"•"""' i'« •cholar, was hnrn . ^"^°' « "pnmed Ore Im1«*° Regglo and Milan ; and In I79fi aided Buonaparte in establishing a nationa the Italian Institute, profresor of the belles h'i'^'K, »'?f,^"»«'«e of «r.ra. and keeper of the public library. His chief work wSs an edition of Homer, a copy of which, printed on vellum by liodonl, he ioumeyed to Paris i^n^'itT"* to """"''P^te, who made him a donation of 12,000 francs. Died in 1813 LAMBTON, WILLIAM, an EngU.h officer, 7r,jJ7 *y"'y >«>ar<' " lieutenant-Clone In India wherr" he distinguished himself by conducting a grand trigonometrical Survey ^,,1"^ *'?"k '!}•'"*• "'^ '^''•*' 'n »«-'3. having mtich enriched the Transactions of the Kova! I ""lam PN v^A°,t'lf» '"'" 'n.portant],ap7r; French religious and political writer wa« borr, at Rt Malo, in 1782. Having from ^U earliest childhood shown a strong prcdilec t on for the Iloman Catholic Church he was al owed to follow his inclination ; 'and ^is flory sp.rit 8oon displayed Itself in suppor ing the most extreme ultramontane vk-ws Soon lifter Napoleon had concluded the" Con Ws •• RoH^'r ''' ^'"r • ''"""-nnais iublishc^ whini^ ''''^"°"''"" ^^^ ''^••■*'<^ of the Church " which gave great offence to the Impcr Ul Oovernment, and was suppressed In IhH he became teacher of mathematics In the cliief school of St Malo. Hero he wroti his "Tradition de rP.trlisc •• A. ,„i»r, i '"^tTi'^o™ the nature of hLs^'opiniS ^e hailed the restoration of the llovrboos wiVh satisfhctlon in 1811 . and during the"?l7uL ^ln\l^P^^^ '"'*^"P«^ '» England. w.e?e the Abb6 Caron gave him the humt, e cffltl fL.n,J ' > * *';'*''*'» ^'"'^h he had founded cor. .n 1815 he returned to France , and in 1817. he published the first volume of hU Essai sur llndiff^rence en Matlire de la hXj^'\' '^^.'f"' "* "»« 'he word of one of priest with all the authority once enjoyed necteu with the Conservcteur " a itovni «» journal ; but hi. Independent spirit rZied against the party intrigues which even- where prevaled ; and after his return f?om w ?h T^,*" !*"'"''• ^*"''* he was receUe^ iT ls'.5'lV:':l';'",^y. »'*•" ^" . he published in 1825 his Ueligion consid-'r.'.' dans ses Uapports avec lOrdre civil et p,.liti u" •• [,? which he condemned, with great vehemence the principle, of the French UevXt"on' mat the Pope should be placed as in fh« middle ages, at the head of all temponU nnd.piritua! matters Forproda n ^g K doctrines he was brought to trial. "ndcoa demned to pay a small fine. A c «„„e now came over him. Without abandonlnV U arora?e"f-?^^[''--i';,S-- Vtrf .IS State Th...n ;., ,*'^P"^=»tion of Church an< ninu. jnese opinion, were Net forth witi. {freat power in hi. " Progr*. de l" He j e"o"ld ^h!;'?"', '". '«-•'' -hich dUtlnc^ 'y 'ffiTJi"".*."'' ^ Monta"lember't«"nd the nir " iuh'"?K*'"'; ^^ *'"*" "«'''•'« the "Ave Mr, with the view of effecting a Holy Al m :iJ ■■} si' I r"fFI '}V { I i I , fiiejpri I .-rl 1!> ■ •■i '!■ : ■M >i, ' I I t > tit I ■■; i it I ' , M i r I I 1 < I \V I H t I 1 i ilif U i lam] ^ JtctD Stnibcrsal ISiograpI)^. llance between the Papacy and Democracy. But these revolutionary sonlimentg found no echo at Rome ; and after a short period passed in negotiation, and In a visit to the pope, the " Avenir " was discontinued. M. De Lamennais then quitted I'aris for some time ; and in 1834 he sent forth the " Paroles d'un Croyant," in which he boldly threw oflf his allegiance to the pope, who, in return, issued an Encyclical Letter, in which the work was formally condemned. This work produced an immense sensation throughout the continent (more than 100,000 copies having been sold in one year), and while the author was proclaimed on the one hand as a heretic, a renegade, and a deserter, he was admitted into the ranks of the democrats and the republicans as a devoted friend and leader. We pass over various works of a similar tendency, which emanated from his fertile pen, till 1840, when he was condemned to a year's imprisonment, and a fine of 2000 francs, for a publication, entitled" Lc Pays et le tJouvernement, " in which King Louis Philippe, his ministers, and the parliament were assailed with great vehemence. The next few years were occupied with the pre- paration of his" Ksquissc d'une Philosophic," of which four volumes have appeared. After the revolution of 1848, he was elected a member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies ; and on the csup d(tat, he re- tired into private life. Towards the close of 1853, he was attacked by a fatal disorder ; and strong clTorts were made by his friends to induce him to be reconciled to the Church : but in vain. He died on January 27lh, 1854, and in compliance with his will, his remains were cast Into the common grave of the poor, no funeral ceremonies being performed over them. It cannot be denied that the Abb6 de Lamennais was guilty of many grave errors : but these errors are palliated if not Justified by his ardent love of truth, and by the heavy sacrifices which the pursuit of it entailed upon him. LAMETH, AI.KXANDRK PR, one of the distinguished actors in th" French revolu- tion, was brother of the Marquis de I.Amcth, and was born at Paris in 1700. He served under Hochambcau in the American war, travelled in the principal countries of Eu- rope, was deputy to the states general in ITsa, and united himself with the "tiers *tat." He was one of the most active mem- bers of »■ c National Assembly, of which he was president, in November, IT'JO ; but after the arrest of the king at Varcnnes, he did all he could to save the royal f.imily. Boon after joining the army of the North, he was arrested and imprisoned, was released in 1795, but was not allowed to return to France till 18W. He afterwards held in succession various civil offices, was chosen member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1821, and died In 1S29. He wrote many articles for the poli- tical Journals, besides a History of the Con- stituent Assembly. LAMETH, CHAKI.KS MAI.O FRAN<;0I8, Count de, brother of the preceding, was born In 1757. Like his brother, he served in the AHieriian v*i»r, vih» thoscn deputy to the ■tates-general, Joined the third estate, and took a leading par' on the popular side. He »04 [UM also bee ine friendly to the monarchy wu arrested, emigrated, returned to France in 1800, was aide-de-camp to Murat, served In the campaign of Wagram, and was appointed governor of tho grand-duchy of Wurtzbure Ih 1812 he took the command of the town of Santona, in Spain, and two years later was named lieutenant-general. After the revolution of July, 1830, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and died at Paiii 1832. LAMI, GIOVANNI Battista, an ecclesi- astic, was bom at Santa Crocc, near Florence in 1G97. He studied at Pisa, of which uni- versity he became vice-rector. He after- wards went to Florence, where he waj appointed chaplain to tho grand-duke of Tuscany, professor of ecclesiastical history in the university, and public librarian. He died in 1770. He published a valuable edition of the works of Meursius, in 12 folio volumes. His own writings are numerous. L A M O 11 1 C I E 11 E, CURISTOI'HE Lf.ox Louis lNCHAULTUK,adistingui8hcdrreni:li general and statesman, was born at Nantes, In 180(i. He was educated at the Polytechnic School, and the school of Metz, and in lb30 was lieutenant in Algeria. Captain in the corps of Zouaves, at its formation, it was Lamorici^ro who trained and disciplined them, and he greatly distinguished himsielf at their head at the taking of Constantine, in 1H37, and was seriously wounded by the explosion of a mine. He made eighteen campaigns in Africa ; was made lieutenant- general in 1841 ; and in 1847, in co-operation with tho duke of Aumale, captured the " Smala " (camp) and received thesubmij- slon of Abd-el-Kader; for which he wai soon after named grand cross of the Legion of Honour. I^morici^re, who was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1846, wai at Paris at the revolution of 2nh February, 1848, and endeavouring to check the insurg- ents by proclaiming the abdication of Louii Philippe and the regency of the duchess of Orleans, he narrowly escaped with his life. He refused the place of minister of war under the provisional government, wu chosen a representative of the people, fought, under Cavaignac, against the insurgentsof June, 1843, and was minister of war from June till Decimbcr ; resigning on theaccH- siou to the presidency of Priucc Louis M poleon. Ho was M-nt ambassadortoStPeteri- burg, but soon resigned, and for sometime was vice president of the Legislative Cham- ber. He was imc of the victims of themuji d (tat of 2ud Dec, 1851, and was imprisoned first at Ham and tlicu ut Cologne. Hecout-|! ageously refused lo swear to thenewconsti- lution, and being struck out of the arm list, quitted France, till 1857 '.hen he received permission to return. In m,w der the Infiuenco of a pious enthusiasm, h look command, against the judgment of hu friends, of the papal arn'y./^lfj '\"S tho revolution pro'^ecding in Italy , but m troops consisted ""!>■ «f '"'''.fffflu they were routed instantly l'V,'/'^?r„ « ien^ral,Cia.dini,^atO.^-^J.d2;-« Died suddeDiy,*! i.orciiu, i-tii — J." •• took refuge at Ancon^ hli seat near Amiens, ivth Septeiabe., 15«. 10 monarchy, WM •ncd lo France in ' Murat, served In and wan appointed !hy of Wurtzburg. Hand of the town d two yean later ^ncral. After the he was elected to and died at Paris, lam] ' " ■ ■ ■ ■ I - - I LA MOTHE LE VAYEH, FUANCJOIS DE, a French philosopher and Inffpnious writer, was bom at Paris, in 1388 ; relinquished the law for literary. pursuits, and it 163!> waa admitted a member of the French Academy of state. He died in tuTZ. ms works, In which there is much acutenessand learning, mingled with scepticism, form 14 volumes. LA MOTTE, ANTOINK HOUDART 1)K, a French poet, was born at Paris, in 1672. He was bred to the law, but deserted it for dramatic composition. In 1710 he obtained admission into the Academy, at which time he was nparlv hiinil • nn>l mnntr <•«»» K«r ^ 0tba anfbgrgal 13lograpf)n. ^— ____________ [^^^^ by thegrosteit treachery. Bt m«n. nf7 person named Villette. the countMrko„?nn a fraudulent correapondenee between thS aammea a memoer oi me ircncii Academy, queen ■"handwrml".?'' -Ji'i"®ll" 'orjfed the In 1617 he was appointed preceptor to the fancied hirnseirreltn^iHT^i'K "'" cardinal duke of Anjou, and he also obtained the titlei and even honoureVih^ Ik *'"' '"^"^ '•^°"'. ofhisforiographcrofFrnnceandcounsellor dcnce "orhiw/. Li/ ^* Queen's confl. of state. He died in 1672. Hi., works. In ni.hcd^henue7nw?,hl,n?.''.T''*' '''''' ^"'■- which there in miich nciitpni..« »nH lnn,.,j„„ I J„,„ ,„ V .^."^ . *"" '^O.U^'O franca. Which were in fact kept by the countess Not hnin- detectedshecarriedon the fraud. HMfL^"'' aamission into tie Academy, at which time persuaded the cur i' n.i'Vr l.u ^moUe he was nearly blind ; and many years before iionatt"v de.lrpf. ,L ' ""*' '*"' I"**"" Pa«- his death he lost his sight entirely. He pro and conflded c, him .P°""" this necklace, dttcedsevera tr.iffprf:<.a nnrt r«m„wio. .?; _. " tonnuea to him the comm uinn .« ^.._' his death he lost his sight entirely. He pro- duced several tragedies and comedies, some of which were very successful, particularly that founded on the story of " Inez dc Cas- tro," In 1714 he published a translation of the Iliad, although entirely ignorant of the original language. He also published a vo- lume of "Fables," besides some pastoral eclogues, hymns, Ac. ; but his prose was much superiorto his verse. Died, 1731 U MOTTE FOUQUfi.FRlKDKlCH.liaron de.celebratedas a poet, historian, and novel- ist, was born at Hrandenburg, 1777. Entering the army, he served in the campaign of the Rhine, and had a share in the numerous en gagcmentsthat were fought with the French forthchberty of Germany in the beginning IJi'tr""*' "'" ""' ^»'»'» appeared Mder the name of " Pcllegrin ; - and the numerousproductionsof his pen contr bu ed ' not a little to fan the flame of patr o ic ar \tZ Which led his countrymen ^to fi m vie !& O" lu'ttiug the army, he retired to icarn in?"".' ^^' P'^P^-^^ "^h's second Wife eroccunatinn^/ , • ""'• ^"""n n 1737 CXoS Sc'^^'T'*<'^"''«'her p of the mano who i .'k"""'" "' "'« '"> her- Hearer ,° *"'''' *,'"-' "f'" »" "*e 'Pers Which we cfnefT."". "' *"'"'""« ^«1%, on further i,n, •"'7 " P^^Msion, «^ '0 the ro?a Vam',^';^'A!"l*l.'''ey re-' ' '"vestigatlor if w ^ ^'*'"" < «nd, «ad.Jndfn;'of'CfP'".':e*l that she kied a privati. In ,^' ''""''y- The girl C^' Rreat almoner i-w/f'""" ^o r'o make herself kV,!/'^?' ''*' ""^^'''I'd ^'e Antoinette he\"r '''' '"tter to g'ametime exprmin<^ f!"".'^- '•"•"^" > "t N an offence hn 1,. ? '"* ^'''t*-'' regret IJ. prevented him ?ro« "i"' "'"^'""u* a capioycd her'abou','"h'"" ^'"^ Pniyer, ^«watdeShS"' vafr*","' ''"t :::;;:;;---_^l_J^ royal benefactrew "jiiKianen or it, Hirhmrr made hi« mm P alnt to the queen, and the whole plot w«. discovered. The queen, incensed at Thn mde' 'tT""!'' P"'"'^ ^a.i.raeSn'.o'K made. The ministc?. Hreteuil was a ««■««. t-nemy to the cardinal, and by hi, advi,-? the king ordered the cardinal to be arre.t.rf' »a,Tife'anr '" '>'V«"^'"«'o««l habYtT.'^e Siw"firor.L"s!iv:rwro'pre!i"i I e a prostitute . Cagliostro. the anh im^ of all ^,h/"'«^''" ^■•»^»'-- • and the cont"f^r ' life bit ThG m« ft'"'* '^^^ •"""'•1 '«'«■«« for agisted M rKu i„H ?''^!:'nr» "" "'»•■'♦' citybythem.ubli..an. ? **"' '''*''»« «' the 17«V. ^"^' '"''"^ ''« '»" KuUloUnc"a"Tn 004 If,Tt'r » 1^ 'f ^. J- I , M. il 1 ^ f il Ij; f 1 ! I 11 l|, ! I i I ,J i r < I'; Is" il,. i it I i if LAN] % i^iD antbersal ISiogropf)!). "7 — I [UN of Caen, was born at Agen, in 1779. He pub- lished »eTcral valuable and important works on natural history, particularly on marine botany. He died In 1826. LANA, FRANCISCO DK.an Italian mathe- matician, was born at Hrescia in 1637. He was a Jesuit, and a celebrated teacher of Dhilosophy and mathematics. It has been Lid thSt he first gave the hint of balloons in his work entitled " Maglsterlum >'«»«[» et Artls," printed at Brescia, in 3 vols, folio, 1684, which was a collection of invcnUons. He died 1687. . , , LANCASTER, THOMAS, Earl of, son of Edmund, enrl of Lancaster, and of Bjitnchc, dowairer-qucen of Navarre, succeeded his father in 1296. Cousin to Edward II., he took the leaUlnK pas t among the barons who In 1310 compelled the dismissal of the fa- vourite Gaveston ; and on the recall of the latter in 1312, he headed the barons In arms, and after the capture of the favourite at Scarborough castle, was present at his exe- cution at Warwick. On the king's expedi- tion to Scotland, Lancaster was made presi- dent of the council, and was long the most powerful personage in the kingdom. He prevented a fresh Invasion of Scotland in i;U6, in conjunction with other nobles had the new favourites, the Spensers, banished ; and in 1323 joined the Scots, was defeated and captured by the royal troops at Borough I ridge, and behratled at Pontcfract. He was a great popul;u fiivourite, and offerings were made at his tomb. . ^ ... LANCASTEH, HKNHY, Earl of, brother of the preceding, was at first kntiwn »»^«rl of liClcester, but soon after the death of his brother, the family honours were restored to him. In 1326 be Joined the queen, Isabella, and her paramour Mortimer against the king, Edward il., in whose deposition he took the leading part. In the following year he was head of the regency appointt-d by the parliament during the minority of Edward 111 , but the real power was In the hands of the queen and Mortimer ; and the deposed king was taken out of his hands, and soon after murdered. An association of barons was formed In 1328 ag.ilnst the rule of Mortimer, preparations for war were made, but I^ncaster wa-> abandoned by his comrades, the earls of Kent and Norfolk, and accepted the royal pardon. He was imprisoned by Mortimer In 1330, released by Edward III. the next year, and died in L.VNCA8TER, HENRY, earl of Derby and Duke of, a distinguished English general and diplomatist, wns son of the preceding, and received from Edward III. the title of earl of Derby In ISS8. He rendend Import- ant services In the Scottish and French wars, and was Intrusted with embasslen to the king of Castllle and the pope. He took piirt In the invasion of France In 134S, and took several towns. He axtisted at the siege of Calais, was created knight of the Oarter, and In 1352 received the title of duke of Lancaster. Five years later he was made captain -Kcnfral for the king In tlie duchy of BrUtany. The treaty of I'.retlgny was con- cluded by Edward III. chiefly by hlsadvlce Died at Leicester, 1362, 666 LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT, Duke Of. [JOHN OF OAUNT.] IANCA8TER, Sir JAHK8, an EngUth navigator, sailed to the coast of America in | 1591, and afterwards doubled the Cape of I Good Hope on a voyage to the East India | He subsequently, in 160(), effected a com- i merclal treaty with the king of Achen indj a friendly Intercourse with the state of Ban- j tarn ; and gave such informatiou relative to a N.W. passage to the East Indies as led to the attempts of Baffin and others to discorct it. Died, 1620. LANCASTER, JoSEPn, a member of the Society of Friends, the author and succeM- ful promulgator of the system of mutual in- struction, known under the title of "the, Lnncosterian ," to which so large a proportion 1 of the poorer classes in this country owe thej blessings of education. He was for many years actively engaged in delivering lecture* and forming schools in various parts of Eng- land ; and rank, wealth, and beauty flocked! to hear the earnest thouRli simple eloquence i of the enthusiastic and benevolent Quaker,' But enthusiastic as were the applauses bestowed upon him, patronage and support were not bestowed in like proportion ; he became so much embarrassed inconsequence of his benevolent exertions, that he was ob- liged to seek an asylum In America. There also he suffered many embarrassments, and a subscrlpilon was just proposed for his r^ lief, when he was run over in New York, and so severely injured, that he died on the daj following the nccidpnt. He was the autho/il of several letters and lectures on thesubjccl of his favourite system, and also of some elementary books of instruction. Bora,! 1771 ; d'.ed, 1838. There is a portrait of thlii philanthropist in the National CoUectiom | LANCE. OKOHGE, an eminent hnpm- painter, chiefly of fruit and Hower piece. | was bom in Essex, in 1802, and at flr. 1, studled"high.rfunderHaydon.Hec^ to exhibit at the Academy ipl^i^-''"'"*! not till a later period that hedevoud h.m^ self to the style and subjects by whicn n gained his reputation. He showed sense of colour, highly cultivated tastcat remarkable technical skill in h.s num«^^^ beautiful delineations »' fr"''>*'"; pS vases, Ac. The Vernon Co lection, now pan of thi National OalleryincMes^^r^^^^ hit pictures. Died, '^ Jone-'J**' "j,j,„iu was an honorary member of the ne'K'" Society of Artists. . p^.,* LANCELOT, CLAUDE, « ^'^^'^^Z ecclesiastic, was born, '» l^'^L^'^oi, His reputation for >P»!n'°f ''."J:" „" He the tutorship of the pnncM o/ Conti , the tutorship of tiie P""^ ' "" ," „ ,1,, afterwards lectured on »>*"" '^^*J^' 'cntlj monastery o^ Port ll^yal, «nd »nD8cq became a «en«'''^'''"« ,'"Sf;,a. banisk«< suppression of «?'• o^*""' f Xre he '«'' to (iulmpcrlay. In Bri"*°Jl7of the Veil- in 1695. He was the author of the known Port Koyal graramsr., »nd oi other useful Ph»»>»K'f ' T„ eminent pif LANC181. »'A«tt Ron." in V » slclan, WM.. ^"l.^i^^Z'inUr. but P*,. ferred the scK'nce o/,""*^'"^'"/ „ ,he coHePl became professor of anatjmy m _^| . ^nillli ' Gaunt, Duke of. i ifKS, an EngUtltj wst of America ia bled the Cape o(! D the East Indiei. | 3, effected a com- 1 inx of Achen and hthe state ofBan- matiou relative to 8t Indies as led to I others to discover , a member of the uthor and success- item of mutaal la- the tide of "the, > large a proportion I is country owe tlie | He was for maujr delivering lectures rious parts of Eng- md beauty flocked; li simple eloquence j lenevolcnt Quaker. | ire the applauses onageand support i tp proportion ; he iscd in consequence ns, that he was ob- n America. There ibarrassmcnts, and proposed for his re- rin New York, andl he died on the day | He was the authorij lures on the subject 1 1 , and also of some;, islruction. HorB,t! is a portrait of thill tlonal Collection. | 1 eminent Englisli' and flower piecei, 1802, and at flnt|| ■Haydon. He begat j yinl828,butitwai lathedeTOted him- bjccts by which he! He showed a dm lultivated taste, audi ill in his numerous! fruit,flower8,birdi,! )ollection, now part -. includes three o( une,lB64. MrUn«|, .ber of the M(M\ ■ a learned Fren* 'm 1619, at pat* rning procured hi*i. inces of Conli. H(| belles lettres at t» il, and snbscqucnW monk, Upon » , he was banisW tany, where he diij uthor of the vrelt nm«r.,andofnia.r 1 works. . iome, in '«'*• ° A .livinitT. but pi^l dielne;«ndh«ci''Jij itjmylnthecollePI lan] dclla Sapicnza. To three succcssiTe popes he was appointed pliysiciau, eujuying at the same time other honoitrt. He died in 1720, leaving a library of upwards of 20,000 volumes to the hospital of the Holy Ohoat, for the use of the public. His own writings are esteemed, and have been collected into 2 VOiS. 4t0. LANCRE, PIERRE DK, a native of Hor- dcaux, was a counsellor of parliament, and presided over the trials of sorcerers and witches in the province of Oascony. In- fected with the error of his time, multitudes were condemned to death who would now be looked upon as lunatics or impostors. His services in this capacity were rewarded by the appointment of counsellor of state. He wrote two curious works on dcmmoffraphr Died,lG30. '" UNCRDTCK, Prospke HENEY, an able painter, was born at Antwerp, in 1628. He Imitated Titian and Salvator Hosa, and waj much encouraged in England, where he assisted Sir Peter Lcly, painting the back- grounds, landscapes, Ac, of his principal pictures. His own works are much ad- mired for their originality, colouring, and harmony. Died, li)i»2. LANDEN, JOHN, or JAMES, an eminent mathematician, was born at Peaklrk, North- amptonshire, in 1719. In 1755 he published a volume of "Mathematical Lucubrations '' Soon after, he bccamp agent to Earl Fiti- «iliiani;andinl764 he published his "Resi dualAnalysis;"8ubse(juentlyn"NewThers,have to welcome writing ffoShw In value and beauty , but make them apDear to haje been the mere preparation. foJS^Wc? and more daring flight. Her shorter com fW""?";,,*"/*** •'"•P" of contribution. To the periodicals, arc almost innumerable in nddi ion to those, she published "The im° f.™};'"trlce." "The Troubadour," " The Ph"-'"*' v^'"'" V u "^^^ ""''">'» Braee'let." iJd in^ K "" "' '•"■ Peacock," .11 m VeA^ ?,f*"'7.' *'■'>««•«« Carrara," and •' Ethel Churchill." In June. 1838, she wasmarJled Coa^t^T.,?^'^^"'"."''-"' ■ •»°^""'" o'CaS h?m T.?*i'^' ""' proceeded thither wiMh him. Died, Oct 15, 1838. LANDOK, WA..TKR SAVAGK, English poet and miscellaneous writer, was bofn of an ancient and wealthy family at iwler £",^"h^ "''.'•^''•''''■•'•^•'tl* January .ma^Hj was educated at Rugby and at tne unlrmltT of Oxford ; and at the age of 20 ente^d oj his literary career by the publication of a v.,liin,e of poems. He inherited the lanre family esUtes on the death of his father bS! 31^1? V*"" »'"'''••"• ""«« vexations of . h^ ?"*.' ''^•''**" "'^" »»''» them. During the Peninsular war he raised a troon anJ rZ'Vi '"'V^' ''»•"» "" "'« pSt sid^ajalnst an" *vn'" hI" **'" restoration of F*ert?n aniian Researches, " founded also on remains brought from Habylon by Captain Abraham Lockett, and " A Descriptive, Explanatory, and Critical Catalogue of Fifty of the earliest Pictures in the National Gallery." Died, 18S2. LAN FRANC, a learned prelate of the 11th century, was born at I'nvla, In 1005. He became prior of the nbbt y of Hec In 1014, and strongly opposed trunsubstantlation, and the great encroachments of the see of Home. In a shoit time he removed from Hec to the abbey of Ht Stephen, nt Caen in Normandy, and came over to England with William the Conqueror, through wliost-in. terest he obtained the archbishopric of fan. terbury, vacant by the deposition of Sfij^aml Hecomlng Involved in a controversy with the archbishop of York respecting primniy and also with the pope himself, he show' ed his independence by refusing to appear to the citation of the pope. He was an able politician, as well as a muniflcent pre- late, founding two hospitals near Canter- bury, which he liberallj endowed. He also rebuilt the cathedral. Died, 10S9. LAN FRANC or LANFHANCO, Gio- VAN.NI. There were two of this name; one was an artist, born at Farma in 1J81. He was originally a domestic in the service of Count Horatio Schotte, who, flndinj} him to have a taste for design, placed him under the Caraccl. Under these great masters he Improved so rapidly that his talent was soon In requisition, and the Farnese palace and churches of 8t Andrew and St Peter at Home, bear smplc testimony to his capa- bility. He died in 1647. The other Lan- franc was a physician of Milan, wlio prac- tised with much success, but attempting some innovations in his profi-ssioii, he was compelled to take refuge in Trance. He died in 1300, and left a valuable treatise on surgery, entitled " Chirurgia Magna ct I'aiva." LANGDALE, LORD, Hknuy UlCKF.Il- STKTU, was born on the 18th of June, 1783, in the county of ^Westmoreland, where his father belonged to the class of the small . landed gentry. OriginoUy destined for the | medical profession, 'n which he had already j completed his studies with success, he| visited the continent with the family of the \ earl of Orford , ond it was by the advice of j those friends that he embarked on the more i ambitious career in which his talents pro-| mised him no ordinary success. He entered i Calus College, Canitirid(!i', where he tookhls degree as Senior "Wrangler in 1809. Three years afterwards he was called to the harby the Society of the Inner Temple, and he engaged at once In the arduous duties of his proffssion. Throughout the whole course of his life he w.is ardently devoted to liberal opinions, and although he flgarcil but little at any time in the arena of party politics, no man pursued with greater en- thusiasm the work of reform, orbroughta more subtle Intellect to bear upon the great ^; problems of social und legal improTenient.i; His speculative opinions upon these topics jj brought him into dose and habitual contact i| with that remarkable set ofmcn wholooneai; up to Mr llentham as their sage and law- ; giver. Assiduous in his devotion tohispro ji fesslonal duties, he rose to great einiiience|; In the Equity Courts, to which -f/o";"™!: hU practice. In 1836, he su-coeded I^rt|: Cottenham as Master of the KollS'f'"';",;j at the same time called to the House o' Peers. «y an unusual <'««?"«''. '° .hi; i course of high legal prc i'™'"' '" '„e country, his lordship had thus nsentojne], of the most hoiiourabie niia •^'•r"l]^"'Ziin In his profession without having mingled"" 6C8 LAN] ^ iStto ®n{beraal ISfograpfjn. active political life, and without having citlier sat In the Houiic of Cominous or held the office of a legal ndyiscr to the Crown. Died, 1831. The "Life of Ix)rd I^ngdale" hai been written by Mr T. I). Hardy. LANODALE, Sir MARMAUUKK, was a royaliit officer in the civil wars of Charles I. He gained many successes over the Scots and General Fairfax, but, on the ruin of the king's cause, he fled to Flanders. Charles II., in 1659, created him a baron In reward of his services, and ho died in 1 GC 1 . LANGEBECK, JAMES, a learned Danish writer, was born In 1710. He studied theo- logy and the modern languages with much fuccejs. Frederick V. employed him to travel in Sweden, to collect everything he could relative to Danish history. He was aUo made keeper of the archives of the realm, counsellor of Justice, and, lastly, counsellor ofstate. He died in 1774. His most im- portant work is the historical coUiction, en- titled" Scriptores Kerum Danicarum,"«c. LANQHAM, SIMON ])K, abbot of West- minster, and archbishop of Canterbury, was born atLangham, in Rutlandshire, in the early part of the Uth century. In l;i(;o he was made lord high treasurer ; in the following year he accepted the bishopric of Ely; in 13()4 ho became chancellor, and was promoted to the sec of Canterbury in 1306. He distinguished himself by the violence of his opposition to AVickliflrc, whom he caused to be expelled from O.xford Uni- versity, and was made a cardinal ; but this 10 offended Edward III. that he seized the temporalities of his sec. The archbishop hen repaired to the papal court, and was amply recompensed for his loss. He died Sa"lnl TaSr"^ ''^™ " Lan;uhut?in *.!5.™ , ?■ ■'i'' became a member of the Academy of the Pine Arts at Herlin whorp bSlllV "'%/;'''"'-'P'^' decorator of Tub! c K *l' "'' "«"" structures were the Bra„i,nburg Gate and the Salle de 8pS- PoettTnrhSi.?r'^'-^"«"«»'''«vlne, Stephen in \v.f;' ^.'^ P""' "' ^irkby father dyin" wh T'"""''' '" ''3*- "i* shortly after hoiJ ^PP'«''y S'-'liool, anu, fami rHc was rj?' \'"'":' *" » P"^'"**- 'nto orders In V 1Q u"'"^ .Y"» "Emitted Cracroft of H. i-..'^ '"^ '■*''"^'«<* with Mr tutor to 'his sonl'nH"'." ^''•'•••'"""hire, us he entered afP,.; "^.S ' '*' y^" following. Publisiiedlevera ooL ,"•• ^'"'"bridge, ifj I poem, enmLd- Pa.?a«'ri-''r'''"**'''y having therein riAr,., V j „""" Valour," and •currlfity "f'churc iilln^h."*'.??.'' ^^""^ »he Famine,' ho wn. „ ., •*'* Prophecy of « popular work ; in 1777 he wos pronnted to a prebendal stall in the cathc.lral of Well, and died in 1779. J)r Langhorne printed two volumns of sermons, and, in l»oi. his son published his several pocmi. J'ak-RI'^?^?' ^^""'■•"T- ILONOLANn.j LANOI.EH. Lotus MATiliKV, a cele- brated oriental scholar, was born atPeronne in trance, in 1763. He superintended the publication of Amiofs " Dictionnaire Mant- chou-Irancjais," and translated various works from the oriental tongues. In 1792 Mn^ll «PP°'n'c«J Jceeper of the oriental MSS. In the royal library, and, in tho next of public instruction. He died In 182J leaving an admirable collection of books." Au^^.?'^"rF' *'•••'"••"• »° historian and M.XVh"*' ':;''''• "*"• *'*■"» '« Yorkshire, in a Chronicle of England, and as translator bury " "'*" "' ^' ^■''"'""» °^ C»n'i'' »„!K'^^'°7"^y''*P''"^'^>'"'<^hb.8hop of Can- in FnJli!;.'"'/i'""."' '^'"K •'"•'"' ^" »"" in England, but educated in France. He rose through the various offices of tho uni lor iL"',.,'"'"'* '"'.*'? ''•'<^'»""' !'• chance . IIl'.ondm.*roH"," ','*"'"*' Home. Innocent to nr^.^^^ Ki** '*1' ''•"'■"inK «n see of Canterbury assuming a power of disposal then disputed by tho king of Kpgland. John refused to confirm the nomination, and the kingdom was accordingly placed under an Intefdie? After some years of resistance the pusillani- mous monarch yielded,and I^ngtoS entered Into quiet possession of his di(K-ese in 1213 I his prelate was not so subservient to the pope as he was expected to be. but became vn h^k""!" •"PPO'ter of the liberties of the English church and people, and died in 1'28 been 7riS'" ^"'^'' '"'"^ "' *'»'^'^ l^""' IjANiEtt. or LAMKiiE, Nicolas, an rb«ariv^>.'""lr ""'* '"""ieian. was born about 151,8 He was employed by Charles I of England, both in the formation of a col ■^:.,? *"' /i^'".'" "'' «• chapel-mastcr. iVi.?^?,?[*"» '^'"'^^ '» uncertain, LANJUINAIS, jE.tN Dknis, Count de was born at lU-nnrs, in 1753. He vras * nT'lf °,i '^^ »'"'•»* **'»'« *t the brelk" g out of the revolution ; and, when the re public was proclaimed, he was as zealous in defence of the rights of his prince as of the ffi: "Jt u^ """""• "•" «PP°«*» 'he u.urp^ ationsof Huonaparte, and after the second restoration, he strenuously renist'^ the ex travagant pretensions of tho French clenrr dofeiu cd the liberty of the press and 3-' crr;;}r^'''S'rd'T„'']«^.7"' ^''■"*"°' ""'^" ^•^ h^.r. "" '•'''f'"* "f" " » Jyer, but at the commencement of the f»voluUonary "r in 1'9A he entered the army, in which he wa« wTth'LSr,?'- '" ''"^heXd'hiUeVf wiin ueneral Huonan«rj« itn/i .<.....> _<••, foTiown/£?' "*"'"'' th« ■•"HecUon;."- "ilo rouowed Huonaparte to Italy and aroitiT ^"^»"l»hed himself at Mine"imof7.iidl' m m ■Pli 'BB^M IfiflaH i ill ml 1^1 LAN] % JtetD SRntbersal ^iogropf)?. [UR and Areola. In 1798 he took part In the expedition of Egypt, wm named •?"»«"»' "^ dlTliion, and especially displayed bit Im- petuous courage at Aboukir. He rctnrned to France with Napoleon, and contributed to the succesi of the campaign of Marengo. In 1801 he was sent ambassador to Lisi)in, but he had not the bearing of a diplomatist, and though ht gained the P«in«» n«'?»^'f "" by the rirst Consul, he was recal ed in 1804. He was then created marshal, and soon after duke of Montcbello. Marshal Lannes next served, and with great distinction, in the campaign of Austerlitr ; In Prussia, Poland, and Spain; conducing In 1809 the famous siege of Suragossa. He was then ca led to serve In the campaign against Austria, and was mortally wounded at K»8ling,2Jnd May, 1809. dying nine days later, after very great sufferings Napoleon felt the loss of Launes very keenly. His son was created a peer of France in 1815. ^ „ , , rTju-i-rv LANSDO WNE, first Marquis of. [PETTY, Sir "SVlLMAM.l __ ,,_ LANBDOWNE, OEOHOE OUANVILLE, Lord. fOUANVILLK.] LAN8D0WNE, HKNRY PETTY riTZ- MAUKICK, third Marquis of. president of the Council, was son of Sir William Petty, carl of Shelburne, and first marquis of I-ans- downe. He was born in 1780, and was educated at Westminster School, and at the universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge, graduating 14. A. at the latter at the age of twenty one. At Edinburgh he was the pupil of Dugald Stewart, and distinguished himself among the members of the Specu- lative Society. He entered parliament as member for Cainc in 180l, and on the death of Pitt, fl'-! years later, he was named chancellor of the exchequer in Lord Uren- viUe's ministry, and was chosen member for Cambridge university. Ho was already known as an able debater, and as the fear- les' advocate of the abolition of slavery, and of the emancipation of the lloman Catholics from all civil disabilities. He lost his seat for 'he university In 1807, and succeeded to the peerage In 1809 ; thenceforth co operating with slncerKy and wise moderation In all liberal measures. In 1828 he was named secretary of state for the Home Department, and soon after for Foreign Affairs, but ho was asaSn out of ofHce In the following year. In 1h:U he was called to the high post of president of the Council, which he held for ten years. He actively promoted the pass- ing of the Ueform Act ; was leader of the opposition under the Peel administration, and on its fall became again leader of the House of Lords. He finally quitted office in 1852. Lord Lansdownc was especially distinguished and esteemed for his generous encouragement of literature and art ; he was the friend or brother rather than the patron of eminent authors and artists; and It was one of his highest pleasures to render secret service to those who needed pecuniary asslsunce. He displayed his fine taste In the formation of his collection of pictures at Bowood, and In the felicitous and refined .,.ip—_.^_a nf K;.th his cr!nci"&l rcst'^'^nres, Bowood and Lansdownc House. In spite of age and deafness he retained his elautlilty 670 of spirit, and the capacity for social plci- snrei and Interest in public affairs to the last. His death, which took plnce lit Feb- ruary, 1863. was felt as a personal loia b; almost all men of c:.iinence in politics, lite- rature, science, and art. LANTIEK, E. F. UE, poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer ; born at Marseillea In 1734, and died there In 182«. From hit great age he obtained the appellation oi the Nestor of literary. France. His princi- pal works are, " The Travels of Antenor in Greece " » "tUtrechUnd^iS • '" '*'^^- "« ""died "on. tlienunitari,rf !,•'■';''•." ''">""""'.- ^fte-ards p?each;:.'t"th'rA^!r'',„Ji5 **- "» aiuaiea and researches on ChrlatUnlty and its Etldencrs. and nTe the world the fruU of then. li ' u «elt work. " On the Credibility of ...e o?Inel History." and " Jewl.h and He.lhcn^r! rnonle. In Cavo.ir of Chrlati.nlty." He pnb- ll.hed other leaser work., .ennon., A^ Died at Hawkhurat, 1768. ' I.AKOIM,lKRi;, Nicor.AB i)E, portrait painter, wa. born at Paris, In 1656. He lived several year, in Kngland, and wa. much employed by Charles II. and Jam" hl.torleal painter, nnU afterward, director of the Academy. Died, 1746. I-A UOCHEFOUCAUI.D, or ROCHP Maraillac, a distinguished courtier and man of leiters In the reign of Louis XIV was born in 1613, and died in l6Ho. He acted n conspicuous part In the dvll war of the Fronde; but he is chiefly remem»>*ed as th,. writer of "Reflexions et Maxlme. • a work which has been extolled nnd critl- charaoteristlcls that hard. repulsive, worldly wisdom which finds selfl-hne!., at thi bottom of everything. He also wrote " M*mo res de la IWgence dAnne d'Autrlche; •• and during the latter part of his life, his house otVmncc^^ " """ ''"• ""•* "*""^ LA ROCHEFOUCAVLD - LIANCOURT FRAN90.H ALKX *M, « K FHf D« uic.Duke de ,.?k".°t^*V WMgrand-mnaterof the ward- robe to I^uis XV. and Ix)uls XVI. He be- f*"|:^o* '"*"'''«'••»' "'« Constituent Assembly n 1789, after the dissolution of which he toon the military command at Rouen in his cnpac-ity of lieutenant-general, during 1792 On the downfall of the monarchy he left France, and resided for righticn months in England, he then uavclled through the Lnlted Ktatea, whence he returned In I79h and was allowed to revisit his native land where ho devoted hlm.clf to the promotion of the useful arts and to acta of benevo- lence. It was through his influ."nce that vaccination was introduced into France After the restoration he was created a peer but, on account of the liberality of his sec' timenu, he was, in 1823 and 18;i4. excluded from the council of state, and removed from the several board.i of which he was a "lember. Ills principal work is, " Travels In the United States." Died. 1827 LAROCHEJAaUELEIX.HKMil DR.one of the most distinguiahcd of the Vendean royallsu, was born at ChAtillon, in Poltou. " IJ ; ","'* *^* " •"" "' 'be Marquis de i.il..'^"''!!''"!'*'"' '^*'«' P«awnts of the neighbourhood having risen in the royal cause In 1792. he placed himself at their head, and addreaaed them In the following pithy harangue: "I am young and Inex pericnced, but I have an ardent desire to render myself worf.iy of heading you. I*t us march to meet the enemy; if I give way, kill me; If I aavance, follow me; if I fail avenge me." He was subsequently chosen .m.mander in -chief of the Vtnd.ans and displayed gr.al talent and the mo.t dnr.... .a.uai. After gaining sixteen victories in ten mon' ^e ftll, at the age of twenty- two ycai. arch 4, 1794, in a single coia. 871 lar] ?l ifitto ©nifteraftl Wograp!)!}. [las bat with one of tho republlcftn •oldlcri, while defending the tUUkc of NoualUe. LAHUUY, IXiMlNIQUK JKAN, Harou, a Tcry dlitlnKuliihpd French surgeon, w«i born near liagniroi do lligorre In 17««. He bcRsn hU medical itudle* at Toulouie, and completed them at I'arli, and wni attached, Id 1792, to the army of the Uhlne. He soon after dcvUcd and organUed a lyitem of " ambulances irolantes." by which means were provided for tho Immediate succour of the wounded on the field of buttle. After holding various Important posts, he Joined, In 1796, the army of Italy, where he cstnb- Ushcd several schools of surgery. Two years later he accompanied ♦>"« e—^^Hion to Egypt, and greatly dlstlng-l..ucu hlmsoli by hl» zealous and solf-sacriflclng atten- tions to the wounded at Acre, Aboukir, and Alexandria. lu m>* he was named ottlcer of tho Legion of Honour. As inspector of the health of the army he served In the campaigns of Austerlili and Jena, In I'oland ai>d Spain. Ho distinguished himself at Wngram, and was created baron for his services there. After the battle of Haut/.en, he courageously and successfully defended above loot) of tho soldiers against the charge of having mutilated themselves, and re- ceived Irom Napoleon a pension of 3000 fr. He served In the Russian campaign of inii, and at the battle of Waterloo, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. At the Re- storation he was appointed surgeon In -chief of the " Garde Royal," rendered fresh serv- ices at the siege of Antwerp in l«:<'.',nnd died at I'aris in 1H4'2. iJirrey was auttior of " M^molrcs de Chirurgle MlllUlre ft Cum- pagnes dn U. 1. 1-arrey," which has been translated into several languages, and other valuable medical works, besides numerous memoirs. l.A 8AU-E, Count de, a brave French sol- dier, was born at Metz, In 1770, and entered the army, with the rank of an oftlcer, at 11 years of age, under Frince Maximilian, af terwards king of llavariu. The privilege of birth opened to him a line of promotion ; but he resolved that merit alone should dis- tinguish him. He accordingly resigned his commission, became a private sol-Mer, and at length rose, through long and dangerous services, which occupied eight years, to the post which he hud before resigned, lly h)» decisive conduct at the battle of Rlvoll he possessed himself of the colours of the ene- my; upon which the commander-in-chief addressed him In these words : " Rfst your- self upon these flugs, you have deserved them." He was equally victorious in I'gypt, conquered the Frussians on the walls of KOulgsberg, and finished an honourable ca- reer, in the arms of victory, on t'.ie field of Wagram, ie09. LASCARI8, CON8TANTINK i».nd ANDREW JOHN, two noble Orceks of the 10th century, who, on tho taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1153, took refuge in Italy. CONSTANTINE went to Milan, where he in- structed the daughter of the grand-duke in the Oreck language. From thenco he re- moved to Rome, and next to Naples, In rruivii viij nv ••! • —.-.« — — and rhetoric Lastly, he settled at Messina, bli where he died abiiut \M)0. His Orcek gram- mar was printed at Milun In U76,and again by Aldus In 1J99. ANiiiiKW Johm, mr- named RHYNl)ACKNt'», took up hla rwl- dence at Florence, and was pnlronlzed by I prls mer, enjoying his inlimacy, and noti do^n all that he said "' « J""''"", '.rg „f ...bseoue.itlv Dublished, under the tuie oi " Mtm"oriiil do ."Suinto IKlci.c. " uutnc- r mpcror of XI- whomarrird,' ! cider Alexius, [ hn capture of! adcn in 1201, | Muptcd to s.ive j under the title j the empire at I e title of em- : In ion as far asj 18 the src.-ti^t in of hiii time, the Latins on 1 on the oilier, luUy held bit ously eighteen i dominions to Died, 1'.'22. f brated for his lorn in the clw- lartmentof tlic outbreak of the VM a lieutenant iilcd, joined the intheUuiberon ■Vance after the 'n long devoted I shed, under the i las llistorique,, hique," which; ins- In 1809 he- L'cr to ward off' Flushing; andi he attention oi, rardi made him , Im to the coun- ; in with various! U he refused to; ate for the dc- \ , took up ?rnn i n Elba in 1815, i ■ndants that ac- \ Mia. There i.f the illustrious i Bcy, and noting; urnal, which lie i jer thetUl_eo^f| las] become nn object of susplrlon to Hlr Kudtort Uwe, the (fovernor, ho wni iclgcd, nnd convojed first to the Cape, and thrnco to Knaland ns n Drisoner. nnd wni tint niinwixi ^_£fto_fflni(b«8nl 13iogrnpf)y. convojeu nrsi lo me uape, ana thrnco to Kuxland ns n prisoner, nnd wnt not nllowpd to return to France till nfter the cmporor'* decease. In IN.10 he wn» elected to the ChiiniherorneputlcR, nml took hiticat with the opposition. Hied, IH42. I.A.st'Y, or LACY, I'KTKn, Count do, a military ofUcer, born in Ireland, in IH78. After the conquest of that country by M II- liam III. he entered the French service, and VIM subsequently an oiticcr in the Austrian, Polish, and llusxian armies. He rose to the rank of a Uussinn field-marshal, was ap- pointed ({ovcrnor of Lithuania, and died in 17J1. USCY, JOSEPH FnAvris MAi-nrcj;, Count de, son of the preeedinR , was born nt St I'etersburpr, in 17'J.^ ; entered the Austrian service, and obtained the rank of general nfter havinif displayed his military talents' at the battles of Lowosltz, llreslau, nnd Iloehkirehcn. In ITfiO he penetrated to ller- lln, at the head of 15,000 men ; for which bold exploit he was made a commander of the order of Maria Theresa, p.nd In 1762 received the baton of marshal. Ho was employed ng.iinst the Turks In 178H, and remained in active employment under the tmperor Joseph 11., durinB ^rvat part of tlie remainder of his life. Died IHOl LASKKNA-SANTANI)KU,(;a,»Rr.F9 ANTHONV, distinRuiihed as u blblloRrapher In the last century, was n native of Hlscnr He went to reside nt Urussels in 1772, and there collected n noble library, which he opened to the public ; but hnviuR been obllced dispose of it, he was appointed keeper of the public library. He published n " Die- tionnaire ItibliographlqucV- &c. ; and died .LASSO, Orlando di, an eminent mu«i c.an, H., born at MonV in hSuK »y Ferdinand C.onzasa, on account of his fine voice, and carried bv him to Milan I^np es, and Sicily. He subse- "nt v n X' LATHAM, Joiiy, M.D P n s *„ •imilar proCsionni n,'"""-^' y*""" '""""''J ""t he ^MlZZn, P""""*. "' H«rtford. •nddurinethe Km * '*""'" v^a to Komsey «"ieda[ \N^S ' '^^^"'"dof his life he re- M a naturalist to „"'*''> "^'"'^r ""lown •ame time as «L?i ^y""* • «hilc at the Joyeda desmedw hr/h r^""."""' "«= ^ Jhe author of sS'^'oE'^!.'?!!.' .^^ ^^ clnc.antlqultlei, and natural hlstorr whinh appeared in the rhllosophleal TVan7,VT!on. 40^ AmonK his production, arc. '' A Oeneral Wynopsit of Hlrd.,"0 vol.. 4to " Inde" Or nlthoIoRlcui," i vols. 4to ; " Heald". Phi, Krrat';;;^; teTe*" ■"" «>« "'• ^"t hi. wl.hn '■ '"*' ^«. 'n«'-'«tlKabfo was he.'and .T.eh in "/"P"*"." "' »*"• ""d'Ttaklni, at •ueh an advanced period of life, that with . luKU lar fldellty to nature, he dc.lVncd eched and coloured the whole of the piMe. hi. S- h J*"' "•"■'■»»"•' «"«», who w«. In In fi?: '^'^*'"; ""• '"^"'«' ""«« cheerful, and n the Dossesslon of nil his faeultlc. up o the time of his death, in Feb., 1837 ^ LATHAM, John, m. I), v rt fl .i.^ Latham, and wa. born at Uawsworth in the county of Chester. After going hrouih 0,for7"h""''" '"""« ^''"^ Kreat crcdlt'Lt •Icinn in Manchester, where ho met wirh great ,„ece.s. as he did al.o subsenuentry at Oxford, nnd in his native county He hen removed to I^n.lon, where for many year, he after 3o years of mom successful „r«r»in»' thyrian.'"*!^. '"•-'"^" " "' "-e C.^irKe"o'f weWlevr ,"'« "»'y •'P"""* publication, wi otiiove, ii his vo umo entitled " Vni>r. and Opinion, concerning DiabHe. • •- buJ the Medical Transaction.. Died, L3;7ged LATIMKH. Hfcii, bishop of Worce.ter one of the first reformer. o^ho\hS of t^rstr":"' i7'ir.",r" V i;h«rc«ston. In iSe^' iirsnire, in 14,0. It i. a remaikable cir- paml .T o;al'?;"^' r.' '""Kether without h^ K^r ' "^ '""" '"■'"ff » xealou. I'npl.t he became a lealou. I'rotestant. active in •upporting the reformed doctrine and a. iiduou. to make convert.. Ho fl^'t bcc.me series^o??.'" *"" enemies of innovation S"« •erie. of discourses, in which he dwelt upon U,e uncertainty of tradition, the va nltyTf works of supererogation, and the pride ond usurpation of the Uoman hiernrchV^Kme? had the courage to write a letter ol remon- * ranee to Henry VIII., on the evi of pro- i •;'«'"» t"^""" of the Itiblc In EnglUh Although this epistle produced no effect Henry presented the writer to the living of of ^^n« V,"? ' '" ^^"'•'"^«'- The ascendam"/ wen nrlJ'l 7" ""'*J'*«' "' Thomas Crom wni F„ M« '"^oV'^We to Ijitimer, and he was, in 1335. appointed bishop of Worcester ^ut the fall o/ his patrons'^ prepared , ho way for reverses, and the .ix artid" s bcin^ ^"""•^'n P»Hlament, Latimer res «„edhU bishopric rather than hold any ofHce in a church which enforced such terra, of com rn^.h."'?'*/'"".''''* '"'« 'he coumry Du"- nre«oh J*"'".'"''"^" "' V"^y*^ri^ VI. ho again h„r ,''.• ""'' *" '''«*''y popular at court but could not be induced to resume hi. eoi. copa function.. Soon after M«?y «Ke^Sid be^nrofh""' ^*""*'^ *»• cited to appear Sn°[rra/rri;.!,\^t?A''.'v?-4^^^^^ 10 obey the cltaUon, and aa ho paawd «73 il *0 vp; ij < n < \ 1 f 7 f'Tf I 'i ill H 'in k: i> t*ii ii*'' ! r ■ Ii hi 1 1 ' i ' !.Si i , , i j i 1:1 lat] % fit\o mnibrrsnl IStogiApfm. [uc throufrh Bmlthfleld •««:''»'"\«'''',"J''L'J*'"nd bo* loi.K groane»'"•• 1 triitlve abllitle* were repeatedly called Into action by his natiTe government. For many years he was president of the military b«)ard of the (iermun confederation. Soon after the revolutionary outbreaks In 1H4H. he was nominated minister of war, the duties of which office he discharged with equal firm uesa and nioderutlon ; but a rumour having been spread that he was Intriguing for the re-CHUbllshment of the absolute form of government which had »)een overthrown In the spring of 1H4H, the populace, during the insurrection that burst forth in Vienna In October of the same year, broke Into the war office, and having selxed the minister of war, ruthlessly murdered him,andsui.peuded his corpse upon a gibbet, where It was ex- posed to the most Ignominious and barbarous TaTOUU nAUVKUGNE COUKET. THioriiii.K Mau» I)K, a distinguished sol- dier, citizen, and scholar of the French re public, was bt.rn. In 17^.1, at Carhalx, In l/)wer Hrittany. He ftrst served in the army during the American war ; and when the 'trench revolution broke out, hi was living in retirement, on his half pay. Hn* called him again Into active life, and he waa Intrusted with the command of H(MX) grena- diers, and distinguished himself in various successful enterprises on the Hpiinlsh iront- ler. Inl795hereturned to his studies; but, in 171 J he once more took the tlcld. generously serving in lieu of a friends only son, who hat.^ ^e«n Institute, member of the Aisdrmy of Sciences, and of most of thn Europcaii Academies, and chevalier of the I.enion of Honour. Among the most Important ut hit numerous works are" (JenoraCruHiiirporum' ct Insectortim." published In 4 voU. in 1MI8 'J; " Hlstolre Naturelle des Ueptlles;" "Hli.| tolre Naturelle des Crustaci^n et in In- sectea;" the entivniolnKlcal portion of (;u-' vlcr's " Utgnc Animal ;" anil lontrlbmioim to the " l-'.ncyclop^dlo Mi'thodlque," and other scientific workt. I.atreille wai n\m distinguished for his great geographical knowledge. Died, at I'aris, 1H33. i I^Alil), WlI.MAM, archbinhop of Cantor- 1 bury In the reign of ('h,»rle» I , was born In IS7S,at Ueading in Herkshire ; was educated at the free school of hW native place, and at | Ht John's College, Oxford , was ordained In ! IBOl i became president of his college in Ifill ; accompanied James T. to Scotland, as one of his chaplains, In l(il7 ; was installed prebendary of Westminster In 1020 ; ani ob- tained the seo of «t David's In tliu following year. On the accession of Clmrles I. his influence became very erent ; and he was translated to the see of Hath and Wells, and, ill KiJH, to that of London. In IBM he was elected chancellor of the university of Ox ford; to which he was a great benefactor, and which he enriched with an Invuluiiblc collection of manuscripts. In a Rriut number of languaKcs. ancient, modern, and orienta. In 1633 he attended Charles Into Scotland, who went there to be crowned ; on hisriturn, he was promoted to the sff of I'liiiterbury, and during the same year he wni chosen c hancellor of the university of l>ut'l">-. J"' zeal which he dUplayed for conformity to the church, and his •■ndeavnurs <» 'ntw"" the liturgy Into .. tlaiM, cre.ited hira nu^ inerousenemi.s. A- ti.e .■"mmencemen or ;helongparlla.nM,t,'h-..ef.>c owa,m^ peached by i' ■■ ' • •>'"'■ V-* "",' 'Vh Tower Afle. .>'->. iherc .hree years, M tarbn.ught to hi. tHal before the I.or s,"; w horn l/wa. aniuitted.butthe lowe^ho^^ passed a hill of attainder, 'l''';^" " J/'^'J Sullty of treason, which tl'^T "" P;^'^'',;;. I'eers to pass, and the '"•<••''" ",^ P '"' o cordingly beheaded on Tower «'"■ J "J' l«44 5." He was in the T'^nd yc«r«f -.a - and met his fate with great f" " "^^ . 3,,. works of Archbishop Liuid £«« '\ »7„, mons, the Ueport of bis f«"!;XShe. with the Jesuit Fisher m '''-•'• ^/.^f hii Diary, Hook of 1>''*"''""»; "'Kr»UK,bart.,whoi« vcrMtllB pen ha« ncciuirtd for hint a hiRh pliK'fl III Hi'Ottlwh lltvraturp, wn* hnrn nciir Bdlnburi^h, 1784. Ilx wn* otip of tho flr«t conlributort toHlackwoud'* Miiafatlno. i it two noyeli, " Locliandliu," muT" The Wolf of Bndenorh," piibllihed In «iirl]r llff>, are rttmurkablc for rrMdom and fpllplty of itylo ; and thi'nt- woro folUiwcd at IntvrraU by mrl. out other workt, ainnnK which arc "The Flood* of Muray In IH'iS," " lllKhlnnd Kani- bid, rour round the Coafta of Heotland," "ThcQucrn'iVlalt to Si-otlandln IMi." Ac SirThomu took a itteixt ln(<>rpat In pi.lltlct , hit leu In I >huM of thr rirorm lilll wiir con ip'cuoiH eti'n »i that period of froncml rx- icltement; and few who heard him will for- get hi^ amuiInK and humoroiia hiirnnfruct. Hii lait contribution to llteroturi* wh« a iprici of papcra on the rivera of Heotland, which appeared In Taifa Magailne. Died. IMS. UUDER. Wir.UAM, a literary Impo.tor, who acquired an unenviable notoriety by en- deavourinu to hold up Milton aa a pln«l«rlat, was a native of Scotlnnd In 1747 he heuan an attack upon Milton In the Oentlenian't Magazine, which he followed up b? a pamph- let, entitled " An Kwiy on Mi'lton'a Ifae and Imitation of the .Moderna In his Taradlae h»V HiialleKedquotatlonifrum Orotiua, Maaacniua.and other8,pa8aed na nenuino for a time, until they were eipoaed by Dr Douglaa, bishop of Suliahury, which drew jfrom the fabricator an acknowledKment of h « (?uilt. Yet after thia he returned to the I 'larRe in a tract, with this title, "The i !n1". iT"''"'" '"'"'"t''". «>r Milton eon- ! victod of JorKcry agiiinat Charlea 1." I^u- I tier died at liarhiidoea, in 1771 I UUDERDAI.K, Jamkh MaitlanI). Earl II who..TnLr"'"" ""•' <"'"«««'« atateaman, Whole opinions were at one time deemed to iaSdhv*';."' *"'«»"•»'""• by hi. own party I and by hiaoppoiunta, w«a born In 17,V». In ji 1780 he was returned to parliament for New- port, in Cornwall, and aubaequently for Malmeabury. Asa member of the iLwr &a?dV"r' ""-'. P-^y "' hi.'friend Mr fvorlh „. '?^"" iutlTcpart in opp„«inKthe I India^MM " l!'r'^""""' •"PPortod^'kr Fox'^ ' jnaia i.iii, and wan one of the manairer. nf I .0 impcarhmcnt of Warren Hr,tnKsi,f ! 'S9b« succeeded to the title, and waili; ft. 1=:;= ~i::5'5 t"mination«f .K^M"!".? r«''«:<'- Of the m i^etp «nibvaiiu;r taer,igUeatunaUo'n Nrotland In lfl70 he waa oncof ■the'Vivm! bera of the fam')ua Cabal minlatry. Died, n^A^V.lV'"^' ""T"'' KOXKNT, n celebrat. e. Auatr anj,encr.il, wnn born atToixen. In M»< nia In 171.1. He dlaplaycd Rreat lalenfi made a major general, and Inveated with th« order of Maria Thereaa. Tho victor le. iL i.T^'"'"'*"'"' K"'""''-»'lo''«T. I.an.t.hut; and Oluti! were auch proofa of hia akill and talour that Frederick the Oreat uaedto o^^^J there waa nob<,dy he fe.ired ao much aa Lau- dohn On the coneluaion of peace he waa created a baron of the empire ; in 17fl8. no- mlX'-lM" """'"\'''"nt'llcri and. in im. ^a.« n.» il. "i."*!"'' "« "•"" commanded K?«t" itd^"-:!:;.' """'■ '" »'"«• '-^ ««'■ \'AtNKY.HKRN.\li„nfiNijntrRDA!f DK laat Rorernorof the Itaatile in l':.rU. which JuTr 7i%t '" ''''^'•"'•■'. «"«» J.'.,royed July 14. 17H9. He waa a aun of the former RoTcrnor. and hlaofHclnl life had given to InfJexibil ty of temper, which proved tho cauae of hia own deatructlon. Fifteen day. before the priaon w«. attacked, three men abowed they had popular Intereat. came to the prNon. and u.ked the Rovernor how he purposed to act in c.ae of nn attacic " Mv conduct Is rcKulated by mv duty; I .hall aolved to do ao, and r.ithcr to »et lire to the yield to thedeaire of the people He exe- «"„'r . " '"'r''"<»n " l-'HK n» he could, but waa at IcuRth brouRht out by the populace ' and murdered in a moat cruel and Inhuman' nianner. tuauch'.i'"' ^"^^'^ "'■ ""''■ ^^^^- ^^^• r cim atateaman, born at Ch.irle.ton. Pouth arollna. In 1 24^ He wa. cho.en prealdent of the Council of .Safety in 1774 ; elected a delcRato to conRrea.a. and aoon after taklnr hi. aeat, wa* made president of that bol«-nlP<'tPntlarvto Holland und on hia way thither, beinir l^nl'n'*,*'? •"" """•»«. wa, carried tS i-ondon, and committed to tiie Tower. HI. mo,f.h?H"'. •""^. '•"■ '"°'« 'han fourteen •l"?!!!'^":'"*:'!'"'" t'™". varlou. effort. oi.VI«id" u"'"''!^' "'• cor.staiicy,but with- ^ !^ 8o«'>*fterhi»ndea.e,herec«lred wmmm % j^eb) (!ftniu-rsal li)iogrnoI)t). [lav I a commission from congress to be oiicof >hoir ministers for rcgotlating a peace witli Great Britain, and, having repaired to farif 'VS signed the preliminaries of the treaty. Died, 1792 LAURISTON, JAMES ALKXANRER BKR- NAUD Id a commissary, and, finally, director-genera) of the post offi< e and counsellor of state. After Napcleon became emperor, in l»y3,hc was appointed a count of the empire. In lull he was re- moved from the post-office ; but on the 20th of March, 1815, by virtue of orders from Na- poleon, who entered J'arisin the evening, he resumed his forcicr duties, and gave notice to fctop the denarture of the journals, de spatehes, and irav.lling post horses without I orders. At the snnie time, he de spall heCt ;;;!rii:r tu Nnp-jiv „.,..ii the actual condition of the capital. On the 2nd of June he was nominated a peer. On thi second restoration, in July, 1813, he was e7« deprived of his functions, arrested by the sub-prefect of police, I^ocazes, and con- demned to death as an accomplice in Kuo- nnparte's treason against the royal author- ity. An appeal having been rejected, and Madame Lavalelte's anplicatiou for par- don bring declined, his execution wasflxod for the aist December. On the evening of the 20th, his wife, her daughter, twolve years old, and her governess, presented themselves t\ t the prison door, and wer» ad- mitted by the gaolers as usual. A short time after the daughter and governess re- appeared, supporting Madame Lavalette, apparently in great affliction. They were scarce / gone when the turnkey appeared in bis oell, and Lavalette was not to be r.)und — his wife, Madame Lavalette, had taken his place. The alarm was given, the carriage which brought the visitors was overt-ken, but only the daughter found in it. Orders were given to close the harriers, and descriptions of the person of the fugi- tive were despatched in all directions. Mean- while Lavalette was occupied with the care of quitting Paris, and passing the frontiers. The means of doing so were supplied by Sir 11. 'NVilson and Messrs liruce and Hutchin- son. Dressed is an English officer, he went to their quarters, and started at seven in the morning with .Sir 11. Wil-son in a cabriolet. He passed the barriers without being recoR- niJted, and arrived at Mens, where he ob- tained permission to settle ut Munich. Tive years after, a royal ordinance revoked the sentence of death, and permitted him to re- join his family in I'rnnce. On thi- escape of Lavalette being known, his wife was arrest- ed, and tried, with her governess, Sir Kobert Wilson, and Messrs Hutchinson and liruce, by the Cour Rt,yale. The latter were con- demned to a short imprisonment, the wife and the governess acquitted ; but Madame Lavalette never recovered the shock caused to her nerves andcoiistitutioubytherisksto which her noble fidelity had exposed her. A fixed mental alienation succeeded. iJied, 1830. 1..VVATER, JonANN 0A8PAR, the cele- brated physiognomist, was boinutZurich.in 1741. He became pastor of the principal church of St Peter ut his native platband was distinguished by bis unwearied /ealm behalf of practical Christianity. "c'l'Mi'' 1801, in consequence of a wound which ne received in 179;», when the Trench troops und.r Massena took Zurich by «torm. He was tb' author of iho " Journ.il of a bell- Observer," " Jesus the Messiah. '»yo'«;; "Spiritual Hymns." ".««"»? I'»>'',*.Uwn the work by which lie is universal j known, and which once was "i«">y„P"P"'f '.''.„ " Physiognomic rragments," which «a8fir»i published in 177.5. and has been trans ated into most European lanjjuatjes. U«k was pious, but credulous , enthusiastic, but " "rvolRIEU, ANTOiXK LAvnm acele- brated French chemist, was born at Par ; ■wholly" te' the Sciences, but "'"'^ P"':^^ lT.r!y to chemistry. T'"';""^'"^:;': -'e tot Cavendish, and Priestley, relative to ■I|i:t}!':-:*ij:ifci!i Mb LAV/] % iScto Sanibersal 13iogrn|j^n. nature of clastic Uuids or gABca, having at- tracted his notice, he entered on the same field of inquiry, with all his characteristic ardour, iu the cause of science ; and, possess- ing the advantage of a considerable fortune, he conducted his experiments on n large acale, and obtained highly interesting re- sults. His new theory of chemistry was re- ceived with applause in Germany and France, though strenuously opposed by I)r Priestley, whose phlogistic hypothesis it tended tu overthrow. In 1789 he published his " Kle- ments of Chemistry," a work of (jreat merit and importance. He succeeded liullbn and Tillet as treasurer of the Academy, and be- came also farmer- general ; but notwith- standing his talents and virtues, he was co'idcmucd to death by the revolutionary tribunal of Paris, ou the frivolous charge of having adulterated the tobacco with ingre- dients obnoxious to the health of the citi- zens, and was guillotined in 1794. Ucsides his Elements, he wrote " Chemical and Phi- losophical Miscellanies," 2 vols. ; " Report of the Commissioners charged to examine Animal Magnetism," " lustructions for making Nitre," &c. LAW, Edmunu, a learned prelate, was bom atCartmel.iu Lancashire, iu 1703; re- ceived his education at St John's College, Cambridge; and, after obtaining various church preferments, was raised to the see of Carlisle in 17G9. Ue was the author of many able theological works ; among which are Considerations on the Theory of lleligiou ■' "Reflections on the Life and Character of Christ,' an "Enquiry into the Ideas of Space, Time," &c. He also wrote a Life, and edited the works, of John Ucke. Die.l i;87 LAW, EliWARl.. [ liLLKNUOUU U U il ! Lord.] ' LAW, JOHN, a colcbratcd financial pro- jector was born, in ir.Hl. at KdinburL'h. where his lather, a goldsmith, resided, llj was bred to no profession, but studied the mathematics, and particularly excelled as an accountant. For the purpose of remedy- igthedetioicncy of a circulating medium h projected the establishment of u Cnk] r, P?Pn }.''"^''' *" l''" "">""" t of the vaue of all the lands in the kingdom but this scheme was rejected. Having snluced ajou„fj luay in KnKland, he killfU h'r b other in a duel, and was obligtU to k-a e forenrichinrthoM.h ''•','' '"""""" '^'^'bt.and eonve ted ,U, " M ^n","",'' "'"? ^'^^^^^ "»«■ I [law ■ ""f! ,' hp <.V 11,1,1AM, a pious English divine, was born at King s Cliflfe, Northampton"* »h re, in 1686 ; was educated at Eminuel College, Cambridge ; and lived for the most fr*". * «n !'■'''* "^*-' "* "'« l>°"»e of Mr. Hester Gibbon, aunt of the celebrated his- torian, to whom he had been tutor. He wrote against Uishop Hoadly, and was also the author of some voluable practical books, as ^ A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life " A Treatise on Christian Perfictlon," &c In his latter days ho fell into the mystic reveries of Jacob Uehmen, whoso work* he intended to publish. Died, 1761. LtVWES, Henkv, an odmirable musical ??,"?P*'*«/ of «'»" I'lh century, was born in lt.00. He was the son of a musician of Salis- bury, and at the age of 25 entered the service or CharUs I., in which ho remained till the kings dentil. He wu.i the intimate friend of Milton, whose " C'omus " he set to music and who addressed to him one of bsexnui- site sonnets. He was also the friend of >\ aller, Herrick, and other poets of his day and composed music for their songs A large collection of his compositions, entitled Ayres and Dialogues," appeared in three seu in bis life-time. Lawes re-entered the royal service at the Itestoration. as gentle- man of the Chapel-ltoyal. and died in 1662 He was honoured with u burial in West- t'I'xv^'!. Abbey. -His brother, William LA.V, hs, yr-as also a good musician and com- poser. He served in the royal army in the civil war. and was killed at the siege of Chester in 1645. ^ LAW HENCE, Sir Hkniiy MONTOOMERV brother of Sir John I,;iwrence, whose name will descend to posterity as the saviour of the Ilritibh dominion in India, was born in ( eylon in ISoti.iduiated at Addlscombe. and entered the Ka-t India Company's service in 1M21. as a cal t in the Hengal Artillery I He soon acquin a the reputation of being ■ most able and intelligent officer, and gradually rose through the various milita- v ranks till the close of the campaign on the huilej. when he attained the rank of lieut - colonel, and was appointed resident at I-ahoro in Ihk: Vot his administration o* this important ofJice he was made a K.C.H. m 1HJ8; and his administrative powers were still further displayed on his appointment to the superintendeuce, flr»t, of the Punjaub and afterwards of the U;ijp<.ot States. On the annexation of the kingdom of Oude to the liritlsh dominions, he was selected to be the governor of the new province. On the breakingoutof the formidable insurrection in 1H57, he long held his mutinous regiments to their allegiance by the force of his character and when Anally the torrent of disartec- tlon (.wept them away also, he retired into the Uesideniy, which he had hastily fortifled with a handful of brave Europeans, soldiers and civilians, and there maintained his grtiund against the hesiejrers with a courage a devotion, and solf-sacriflce. almost with- out a paiall.'l in history. He died from the etlects of t»\*) bursting of a. .hrll .ThIv a li>o7. In recognition of hU important services his eldest son was created a tmronet. A statue has been erected to hi* memory in 8t Paul's. «? If! j h |i 1 4 I ( ' ■|. 1 1 % l| i 1 'kill I m I law] ^ ^tto anibtraal ISiogtap!)?. [leb LAWRENCE, STBINUKa, «»" ^"""'^"^ general, in the tervice of the Ewt India ComMny He was born in 1697 ; was em- nlo^ed during a period of 20 yoar. on the ?St of CoVon,and7l. where he addod greatly to the Uritish powessions ; and died "» l/^ft. The Company erected a tine monu„,cnt to hl8 mi-niory in Westminster Abbey. LAWRENCE, Sir THOMAS, the most cele- brated portrait painter of his nRo. was born .^1^69^ Br stol. where his father kep an inn He early exhibited proofs of his talent for ihe art?ha^inK, it is said, l^otched por^ French constituted his whole education. Younc irwrence, however, had access to ?he glllcHM of some of the neighhour.ng Lcnt?v in which he employed lunisrlf In Copying historical nn.l other pieces^ 1 ?-«•; hii fa»hc" who had btcu unsuccessful in bus ness rJnioved to Hath, where his son las much employed in taking portraits m Tr^yo" ; and hating made * copy of the Transfiguration by Uaphael the Society for the Encouragement of Arts bestowed on htm their prire of five guineas and a »'"'" P"^" rtte In 1787 the family removed to Ix,ndon. and^Jiwrence was admitted a student at the Koyal^ AVademy. His subsequent career waJsuccessful and brilliant. He wa. eUcted Toya associate In 1791, and on the death of «' t '^^o^^.te^tg"' Vle^ Tas^noTr^S l^fh theVr-nal ?fiendship of the i;rlnce of Wales (afterwards George IV , who sa ?o him for several portraits, at.d '-eMow^d on him the order of knighthood. After he ^ace of 1814 he painted the PO^","'" f .^^^ ^lied sovereign., and the ^{'■"7'''» "'y^.*^*! ' Platoff and Wellington ; also I-ouis X\m Tnd Charles X. of France . besides n»mer.)u. others, consisting of the principal "<> '"»? oj England, the Vope, Cardinal (Jonsalvl. and many other distlnguish.d porsona^e, on the Continent. On the death of Mr West 'n IS20 Sir T. Lawrence was cUcted pnsidmt of the Uoyal Academy. No artist ever pos- ted in I higher degree the merit of ,.re^ servlnu exquisiti- likenesses, while at the S Ume he heightened 'f>^^. »>*•«"' y„«"^ aiaractenstlc exprcsMon f^^is originuls. In early life he was remarkably handsome, and he retained nuuh of personal f^-""'? 'o the last He obtained high pri. es for his uroductions, and his in.omehas been esti- Laied at f^on, £U..fHK) to £15^X)0 a year, m so profusely lilH-ral was he, partic. • larlT in the purchase of scarce and vhIu- able work, of art, that he dud l.i en.bar- ?a Ld TrTunmanc.;. though the collect-on whkh he left ofdra«tngs.tchlngs.&c ,wa» . Tahud at i4..,iXH). He ditd, and was buri-d in St I'aul » cathedral, 1^30. IFACH Wll.l.lAM IM.KORU. an eminent Eniush uaturalul. was iM.rn at I'ly'"""'" in 1790. He studied medicine at Mt II ir- j* . _.- «f,s.""ai i-"n<»cip. under Aher- ncthy, and at Edinburgh, wh^re he gradu- ated M D. In 1811. He was then appointed keeper of the Natural History Uepartmrnt of the British Museum . and in thla ofllce Be »7S rendered great services to science by hij researches and discoveries. He undertook a great work on the History of the llritiih Crustacea, of which only seventeen partt were published. He edited for three yean the " Zoologist's Miscellany," contributed to the French " Dictionnaire des Sciencti Saturelles," and the " Melanges Zoologi- ques," suggested a better arrangement of the Crustacea, and wrote many memoirs for the transactions of various scientific societies, ot which he was a fellow. Failing health com- pelled him to resign his post at the British Museum about 1H18, and swme yearn later he went to Italy, where he died in 1836. LEAKE, Kir JOHN, the son of Kichard I.eake, who was master-gunner of England, and one of the bravest men that ever serrfd in the British navy, was a gallant and sue. cessful English admiral, born In 1656. He was dietinguished by many p-cat actioni; but chiefly by his relief and preservation of Gibraltar from the French and Spaniards in : 1705. He also took Carthagona and Mi- j! norca ; and afterwards, as coinmander-in-h chief of the fleet, greatly signalued himjelij in the Mediterranean. Died, 1720. i LEAKE, WILUAM M.AKTIS, was born in j 1777 He entered the Uoyal Artillery, and,; during the early part of hismilitarylife,8ome I special missions on which he was sent toj Asia Minora* well as European Turkey gare; a permanent direction to his studies, which were henceforth devoted to the illustration of Greek topography and antiquities. These' subjects he has treated with great earning and accuracy, ill his" Kcs. arcliesinCreece, n published in 1814, and In nis-'Topographyo i Athens," and " Journal of a NUr m Asii, Minor,- published In l>*il and 18i4. Thc« were foUowed by "Travels in Northenih Greece," " reloponneslaca," and Numi^H maiira Hcllenlca/' He died January 6, 1660, "*! EBHVN.CH ARLK?, a celebrated painter, wSrn at i'aris, in 1618^ JXThtrS Vouet and I'oussin ; «"'* V«/ " ]"/' Jf"" • from Home, was made president of the new Ko^al Academy of I'ainti.iR and Sculptare. FrJm 1««1 he was Prit^cipally emp loj^d^ embellishing the residences o I^ms^Xa „„d his noble, with works £,^.«,,^ eustoms. Uewroteatreati*eonthep»suon^|| and another on V^y^'^!^''-XLcm^ duke o( LE » R V N , CH A RU-> i-.^-^,;\«?" ,Bre^. it rUcentia, was lM>'n in I ' »»• '^^ ^^^e t* V- Normandy; c.ime »»/" '," ^, ^ ,,e ,a«i-:, and being nominated ^'P" ^ ^ ''^^„ri„, general In '•«''.• ^'" ''","' '^ffpoice.fin.nce. the session, wit.i "'^^"^V" ^ in ITS'} l* and domestic admin.^ira i"" . f „j^,.i was elected to the coinid of ^ja-s came presided '" >' k^, i-w iioimn.-i-^! third. on»ul in pt;"''""^J' ini's^m »ni).i« arch-trea.urer of the ''"'I '^ "^ * andd.k.;: IHO.V governor-general «' |;'j;;\^^,^„utn-|i tion that recalled «he house oJBo'.r^^ throne, he was crated a peo>,^! the king, and.m the beginninfO^_^ science by lii» I. He undertook ' iry of the llritith | seventeen paru ' id for three yean 1 y," contributed to , ire des Sciencti \ ilelangei Zoologi- .rranKcmentof the ' ly memoin for the cntiflc societies, ot , ailing health com- \ ost at the British | swme yearH later le died in lf)36. ic son of Hicharcl unncr of Englaad, ■n that ever sertfd a gallant and sue- born in 1656. He » celebrated painter, I 8. He studied under; 1(1, after his retnra'! (resident of the new! itiiiR and Sculptor*, icipally employed IB, ncea of Lou'" ^^Ji orks of art, and it' iant spec taclcsof the, I^brunpoiSfSKd*; which was culti«tM; rhistorTftndnationili| ttti*eonthep»swo'*||j r.omy ,lj FRA.vQOlS. duke « i:39,tttCout«nce>.:' n iarlya.'etoPa' leputv to the «'3«'- ,pkd bimsrlf./""" ;, „f police. n«.^ ;ration. In !■!'»«, Kil of elders, and te He wjiiipP«""'5 brr KW. nomina'f I o'f Li^uriaand " ,^.««d ihecoBStitn-ii] ,u,^ of Bourbon to iMu «peerofFr«nMj2 ' leb] ^ S-cbi Bnibcvsal ©iograpfjti. [leg appointed prcsiJeutof the first liurrau of the Chamber of Peers. After the return of Na- poleon, he accepted the peerage from hlra, and likewise the placo of grand-master of the uniTersity, a proetuding which rendered him incapable of sitting in the new Chamber of Peers, formed in August, 1815. In the ! early part of his life he translated the IliaU ' and Odyssey, and Tasso's Jerusaleoi. J)icd, 1824. i LKHUTJN.PIG.WLT, an eminent French novelist, who for humour, truth to nature, and graphic powers of description, particu- larly in scenes of low life, may bo regarded as the Fielding of France, was bom in 1742, and died at Paris, in 1833. { LEBKUN, PoNCF. Dknis ftcoicnARD.a French poet, who for a time obtained the appellation of the French Pindar, was born in 1729; became secretary to the prince of Conti, and early (!i!>tingui.shod himself as a ; writer of elegant lyrics. At the commente- imentofthe revolution, he celebrated the ; birth of freedom in odes, epigrams, and I songs; but, like many others, he saw, ere Hong, sufficient reason to deplore the fate of iliis unhappy country, crushed hciicath the foot of anarchy. "When the academical establishments were reorganized, Lebrun became a member of the Institute ; and he received from Buonaparte, when first fon- 5ul, a pension of fanX) francs. Died, 1807. LECCE, Mattko 1).\, Italian painter, nourished under the pontificate of (iregory XIII. He was one of tho anatomical imita- tors of Michael Anprlo, and was chosen to paint in the Kistine Chapel, the Fall of the Hebcl Angels. He afterwards painted at Madrid and Seville, went to Holland, and hence to the Indies. AVhether he returned I to Europe or died in the iast, and when, i« ■unknown. wf^>,"^'^-'°T*^'^'^ A^'™^''0' »n Italian : Jesuit, bom in 1702, was an excellent ma- I hcmatician, and published several clover i treatises on hydrostatics, navigable canals, geometry, trigonometry, conic sections, &c. Hewa, professor of mathematics at the umversay of Pavia for more than 20 yeanT nd was afterwards court-mathematician « Clement xm' \'^ ^'^'^ l--" wasappo.r,". oy iiement Mil. director of the survey and 5"XTi7^^^'^"^''''-°'-"^ Sew ^at'A^'^'^-; ''" ^'''"^^"^t"^. and ir'fi ^' " ^'n'«"dam. Where he di -d In ;„V;,°"lr'".*>^'» •i-R-utizcand IC 1717 1,„ tranche Cornt* in I72n in ••■"ed w'th the H. V •■'"P""'-. afterward. KB9,wen;7„l!'.!j"''«.°f "rleans. and. in "■e schoolsof thi • ' "''^•'"•'^ director of """™<^'l to France, and pubUihed his Hisloire Pkysique, Morale, Civile, et Politique de la Russie," 6 vols. 4to ; for which the French government rewarded him with a patent of nobility and a pension of »>(H)0 llvres ; he also published many other works, medical and historical. He was de- Vrived of his pension by the revolution, and died in 1798. LECLKRC, Skbastien, an eminent French designer and engraver. The patron- age of Colbert procured him a pension, and the professorship of perspective and geo- metry in the Academy ofPaintlngand Sculp turc. Hesides his numerous engravings of I which there are said to Jw no fewer than 300<>, ho left a treatise " On Architecture " and some other works of the like nature I, KOLERC, CHARLES Kmanukl, a French general, was born nt Pontoise, in 177'J, entered the army as a volunteer In KtM ■ and, haTinj? distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon, was promoted to be major. He was attached to the army of Italy, under tho command of Huonapartc, in 1796; was made general of brigade in 1797; married one of the sisters of Uuonapnrte ; nnd in 1799, was placed at the head of the arinv' of the Khine. In December, IhOI, he sailed from Hrest, on an rxp French and KHJ.OOO Sepoys, the Hr'itish force consisting of only Sixi Europeans and nm natives. After losing 5oo men in killed and Wounded, they surrcndeved , and, with the other subaltern ollicers.he was marched naked and fettered, 150 miles up the coun- try. The general and all lii» captains were poisoned ; the lieutenants. Ac., w. re threat- ened with a similar duiim,anew onsider him as a rmy.audhewas hy of a generous r of liurgoync; exchanged. He issessed military I It he was jealous ton; and at the r«. he disobeyed! tliishe wastrlta icndcdforayear. lee] He then retired from the serrice, and died In 1782. LEE, Hknry, an Amprlcan general, wni born in the State of VirKinia, in 1756. He commenced his military career as captain of one of the six companies of cavalry raised by Virginia, after she had thrown off the authorityofthe mother country; and having shown much skill and energy on several occasions, was rai.«ed to the rank of major, and intrusted with the command of a separ- ate corps. In the famous retreat of Greene, before Comwallis, into Virginia, Lee's legion formed the rear-guard of the American army, and repelled every attempt of the enemy to Impede its march. From that time to the termination of the vrar, General Lee was constantly engaged, and performed many valuable services to the republic. When the independence of the United States was ratified, he was appointed a member of the house of delegates, was made governor of Virginia in 1792, chosen a member of congress in 1799, and retained his seat till the accession of Mr Jefferson to the presi- dent's chair, when he retired into private life. Died, 1818. i"'*""- I.EE, NATHANIEL, an Knglish dramatic writer, was born at Hatfield, in Hertford- shire; and was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Heing disappointed of a f llowship, he made II '■"ri'V'"'' '" '''^"'' '"" '^•'"">"t success i on which he turned his attention to dra- mat,ceoniposition,ana in 1675 produced the n ? ^/ 'K '^""•" "« "fterwards became insane, and was confined in Hedlam for 2 years, and died in 1692, in consr^uence Of some injury received in a drunken frolic Hewte 11 l;ragedies,of which ''The Krai wsappronti ml to a .nl ' "^''-' "' *'' >'''«" % i^tp anfbersal 3Piograpf)L>. [lep '"estof theTaaerVhlti"'^'' """""K" '»>e ii: '"■'fot.ndati;Ts,Vo„,T,fM"'''P"^ ■neanwliiie pro-ecute, ,i l"'?''"''^ • ''"' 8"»8",andnVde , 'iin'' *'"^'' "' '««• f,f"ian, and "the Fas^ter^r'''"" '" ^"^^i'-". "i"with Pronoh f " '""Kungcs, toRe- '«'3heeJitS;'uern's7'oii"'''' '"""'"• I" ".■•f^ he graduM^r.? S°"!'K''- ^'smbridge. l.ft!J!.'"',«'''"'u»ted ii.A T.nHr ^ "'"""ORe- JWerffards he was elr .?, H I' ' "^o >'«•'"•» IK and in 1831 i?.^ .""^ P/of''8sor of Ara- h ">e same iinh- sC ^''^'r' «^ "''»''«"' l^nsconferred nnn I ?^' .^''* ''«'K'"ee of u 1) fiL?i.^i'^^mor o.b'r'li^^^- "'• work. iTMious Eastern lancun,^^ '^'^^"Ptures into n ""'er pamphlet,^""';;^ ' V°"'foversial p •- pmets, Iranslation of the slderahle tasVe „d Ve un^^w ".."';' *^**"- 79, in 1H2H ''""'^' "« «l'cd. aged gpne.-al of division in i?.? Jl ''""* ""«* » distinfful.hJV.u!.":,,l"- f""? «'"'t year i.e ffSl "J f tE, Sophia, the daughter of nn «i.i„ In 1<80 she produced the comedv of " T»,o Chapter of Accidents. " which ^«.« Zt es'^ablfsh'^VIf P™«'« ont cn,u ca'he'r"'o establish a ladies' school at Hath whirh »,. conducted by herself and s S f^r «evrr»? near Hristol, in 1H<4 ^ "^ Clifton, aruft*wi'.'l''""^ V'" admirable "Punch- and in that field he wo ke3 wUh ^.V*'"'; ' nent success till hi, dea^»^ S "^as"?. r" endless' vL etv "v^kTi'*' '" ''''' »"" friend In a 1 Pncii.). ^^'^ ■'." P'''-«onnl gotten. Ho wns a hard wnrkoi ... i probably ruined his hrnHSK '.""'* *""»* '7 iHc! «.?/k *"*"' '""'■•' "uddenly, Oc ober I J : ''-iffl I ! ! ! ■• it) 1 ' 1 J , 1 1 i 1 y 1 i ' ift"' fe 1; 1 I 1 1' t-'\ f 1 1' 1'^ iL UUi^ '9 a« I! V I! .1 11 1 II 1 ill i.l lef] m i^b) Stnibersal ISiogropty?. [ill he assisted Buonaparte In teizinK the su- preme power, and was rewarded ^T "»«» with the dlKiiltics of senator, marshal of the empire, and grand cross of the Legion of Hono-. At the batUc of Jenn he command- ed the imperial guard , but his greatest ex- ploit was the taking of Pantzic, ^\'r 'f*> 1807 ; after which he was raised to the dig- nity of a dulic. He subscijuently command- ed in Spain and Germany , and he contributed ereatly to the success of the French at fcck- miihl and Wngram. After the restoration of royalty he was made a peer, and died at Paris', in 1820. , ^ ■„_ v LKFEVKE, KOBKRT, an eminent French artist, distinguished chiefly as a portrait painter. He also produced seTcral historical pieces of great merit. Died, 1831. 1,K1-0UT, FnANTls, noted as the favour- ite of I'ete'f the Great, was the son of a merchant at Geneva, where he wras born in 1656. Having nn inclination for a mili- tary life, he entered the French army 'when a mere boy. and afterwards went into that of Holland . which be left to go to Moscow, by the way of Archangel, In 1675. Here he became oecretary to the Danish ambassador ; and a forMnate accident jrave him au op- wortunity to gain the favour of the young C/ar. which he retained till his death. Peter felt that he needed an instructor and assist- ant, and Lefort possessed Ulents fitted for both offices. The first great service which he rendf-red the Czar whs in a rebellion of the 8tr«lit2es(16ft8). Lefort (juelled the in- surrection, and saved the prince from the danger which threatened his life. This ex- ploit gained for him the unbounded confi- dence of the Czar, who was now become the absolute master of Uussla. I^forfs influence increased daily. He established the military system of Kussia.and laid the foundation of her navy, which Peter afterwards carried to such a degree of perfection. Lefort had a comprehensive and cultivated mind, a pene- trating judgment, much courage, and an uncommon knowledge of the resotirccs of the Kussian empire. He died in 1699. LKGENDKE, AUKIEN MAKIH, one of the first malhematiciaiu of his age, filled the professors chair at the military school at Paris was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and a knight of the U-gion of Honour. In 1787 he was employed by the French government to assist Cassinl and others, In obtaining accurate estimates of the relative meridional situations of Paris and Greenwich. He also distinguished him- self by very profound researches concerning the attraction of elliptic spheroids, and was the first who demonstrated that the ellipse is the only figure in which the equilibrium of a homogeneous fluid muss can be preserved under the iufiueiiceof rotatory motion, and that all its component molecules would be uiuiually attractid in the inverse ratio of the squares of their distances. On the form- ation of the Institute he became a member of that body ; and under the Imperial go- vernment he was nominated a counsellor for ;ifc ui trir ^it.tT.ra..- «- ---. — — was made an honorary member of the coun- cil of public Instruction , and In 1816, con- jointly with M. Pi.isson, examiner of cau- dldntes for the Polytechnic School. Among his works are, " El^mens 6o Qiomitrie," "M*molre« sur lei Transccndantcs Ellip. tlques," " Nouvelle Th«orl dcs PwalUles," &c. Died. 1832. LEGENDRE, LouiS, one of the leading French revolutionists, who after having made himself notorious by heading itreet processions, was employed by Marat, Dan- , ton. and other leaders of the popular party,] to forward their schemes; and became one of the chiefs of the Jacobin club. In i:92, he was chosen deputy fnun Paris to the National Convention, and voted for the death of thi" king. For a long time he flgiircd as one of the most violent terrorists under Robespierre ; but he afterwards joined Tal- lien and his party, in the destruction of his former master ; and signalized himself by driving away the members of the Jacobin club, locking up their h.iU, and delivering their keys to the Convention. From this time he pretended to be the frier.u of mo- derate measures, continually declaiming against the sanguinary measures in which he had before participated; and when the Jacobins revolted against the Convcnticr., he put himself at the head of the troops who defended the legislative body, and contributed much to the defeat of his old associates. He ultimately became a mem- ber of the Council of Ancients, anddiedin 1797. LEONANT, Stf.I'UANO Maru, painter, was born at Bologna, in 1660. Hewasthe pupil of Carlo Maratli, and his works are held in much estimation, nicd, 1715. LEIBNITZ, OOTTFKIKU "WILHUM, Baron von, an eminent German philosopher, theologian, and mathematician, was born at Lclpslc In 1646. He was educated at ths university of that city, and early gave cvi- ^ denco of the genius which was to render | him so distinguished. His studies were, very varied, law and mathematics for a tin holding the chief place : »>"t PhJ'^'tJ ".n theology gradually attracted h-m, and en^ gaged his most earnest attention. He fi« appeared at an «"t'«°f «' l'^ V/,^f/ S two years later graduated L.L.D. at Altdorf, whefe he refused the offer of a proft 'o «hip. He then lived for a short time a Nu?nberg. and was secretary to « society o ^chemists. He removed ^^^f^^^l being appointed councillor «> '^fjf '^'^^ I Menu, a post which he beU til lb,., '^^t Ing Paris and Ixjndon in 16. i, >"« ^"^ , Tquainted with the lea^iin« -n-of^^ | of the age, among them ^'^ /'*";, *he„,, Robert Boyle. Henry <^"!'^" '" ^:6"S" Malebranche.and fM.ssini. !« /"'^ J^'J' "en Ixjndon again, having jus P'" »"«;,,, ,, appointed aulic '•"""•^f^.f^^^.p About ! the duke of Wr«n*^'":'''-''""i,Sicaln.a- this period he invented »" «"/'Y\;%itfe,. chine, and made the d'*f'''^'> f ^/period ential Calculus, >^ •'««" "/J'f of &•• inventing his similar ""^'^fhWory of Having underUken '^^^fJX extensile the House of Brunswick he ... e^ ^,,. travels for the purpose <> f«.'[''„'^,} ,»„ijl tcrials, and »''''!' ."""Ji:" in i(i92,LeiD-; historical and H'^'^'^i.'^.'^^^pZt of union nlt» took a leading part in a P <^>^ _| 583 ne of the leading ho after having ay heading jtreet d by Marat, Dan- Ihp popular party, I ; and became one' )in club. In i:92, rofn Paris to the Toted for the death ; time he figured i it terrorists under I rwards joined Tal- destruction of his ' lalized himself bjr era of the Jacobin all, and delWering i ution. From this | the frier.u of mo- ^ lually declaiming j neasures in which , ed ; and when the ' t the Convcnticr., lead of the troops slalive body, and ; defeat of his old ly became a mem- cicnts, and died in 5 Maria, painter,' 1660. Hcwastlie' and his worlis arej Died, 1715. FKIKU 'WILHUM,! erraan philosopher,! uician, wasbornati as educated at thsi and early Rave cvi- 1 liich was to render i Hii studies werej ihematlcsforatime butphilosophyand icted him, and en- ittention. He first t the a(je of 19, and d L.L.P. at Altdorf, ffer of a professor- or a short time at ftarv to ft socifctj ol j ^d 10 Frankfort on,] lor to the elector of : held till ie:'3. ■^■is"-] in 167i. he became ding men of science; I Sir Isaac Newton, Jenhurg, Huyghens, i inlOTShcTisiieil' u'^t previously been: lor and library to t-I.unehurp AW I an arill'-..ietical »«• .ovr.yofthePitfe'; , at the same pcrio,e made eJten=i« e of collecting rav l,rapoJ.ct of union; LKlJ % 0tix> iAnibtxaeil 13iogtapi)t). of the Catholic and Protestant churchei, and bau a corretpoudcnce with lioftuet reapect- ing it. But the ftchcme was found tu be impracticable. Sumo years later he wai called to Ucrtin and named president of the newly-founded Academy of Hcioncci. He was consulted by Peter the Oroiit on his plans for the ad vanrement of civilization in hisempire,and receifed from him a )>en»ion with the title of councillor of state. Similar honours were bestowed on him by the German Emperor Charles VI. Leibnitz passed the last yours of his life at Unnorer. The writings of Leibnitz are very numerous, and treat of a wide raricty cf subjects. The most important are : — In mathematics — "Thcoria .Motus Abstractl et Motus Con- creti," which was writteu oKainst the views I of Descartes ; " IWgles du Calcul I)iff(^r- |enticl," published in 1884 ; In philosophy— !"De Arte Combinatoria; " the " Essai de ! Th^odic^c," in which he builds up his system I of Optimism, maintsininff that tha world as it is constituted is the best of all possible worlds; the " Monadologic," or exposition of hisoriffinal theory of MonaiU, the central point of his system of philosophy; "Prin- cipia Philosophica ; " " Harmonie Tri- «tablie ; " " Nouveaux Kssais sur I'Entende- ment Humain," his answer to Locke's Essay on the same subject ; and " Meditationes de Cognitione, Veritate et Ideis; '■ and in hl.t- tory and law— " Quasstiones Philo»on,and to reconci;.- philosophy ' ?1nn»,nTH'' '■ ""^ "?«^""»'"''J the existence 'our «fn»i/'"' ?"! n'-^Msary truths, and ithou.hheH^ of discovering them; and s^ olro/nK^'"""" .""^ founder of a now scnoolof philosophy, and pave an extra- corn used in the „"ir''''K' ^'"''" ' »" ^^e ed from more favo?re 11 '^°^ ^"' »'"''^»""'- «"ly leases Ll't land,. 1 ''''•'' '' """^ '" »"» ""I sixpence ;.r a" re tT,'? """ '"'.'""•f tnce Hn ..„..!> .'^ , ^'^^^- rnat same Uml I Wheat land 'in''tho',fl"'^.'"""'^' '^'' "'<' Anpst P'wiug Where forn?„T"">'' """^ ^'"■«"'t» -—- !_; '""""ly scarcely a Wad [lei are blade of ff rasi was to be seen ; nar . itis recorded that M'!^T'^"^'^"'^*''• '**■*'' ^his exceUent landlord and sensible man actually stood, with his wife and sons, on board of a vessel then first launched, which was built of oak from acorns which he himself had planted ' While thus trunsforminK the whole face of his estates, and beneUtin»f his tenants, and, by their example, the country nt large Mr Coke wonderfully Increased his own pro- perty ; his rental lieing only H'iiw when he succeeded to the estate, and upwards of £.'0,0(10 in later yearn; during which, indeed, timber has been felled to more than the annual amount of the former whole rent When upwards of H.^ years of age he was raised to the peen,ge. He was twice mar- ried. Hy his first marriage he had three daughters; and by the second, contracted when he was 7o years of age and the bride not 19, five sons and one daughter. He sat iti parliament for many years previous to his elevation to the peerage, and always spoke and voted on the Whig sldo. Died June l8-»2,aged 90. ' LEIOH, (-HARLF.9, physician and natn- rahst, who published the "Natural HistorT of Lancashire, Cheshire, ..nd the Peak In Derbysfcirc," a "History of Virginia," and txercitationesdeAquls Mineralibus." Ho died at the t>eginning of the 18th century. LEIOH, vSir Ei)WAHi>, a learned biblical critic and historian, born at Shuwell, In Leicestershire, in lfio-.>. He was educated at Oxford, studied In the Middle Temple, and afterward": devoted several years to profes- sional dnd literary researches. He was M.P. for «tairord,and a colonel in the parliament- arian army ; was expelled from the House in I«8, along with other presbvterlan mem- bers; and occupied himsrir.after the Restor- ation, In literary pursuits. His most Im- P.??".i,y*""'* *" •'""I'ed " Critica Sacra." J>ied, XfiJX. LKIOHTOV, Al.EXANl>F.n, • Scotch dl- vine and physician, was born at Edinburgh in I56H. He became professor of moral phi- losophy in that university, but afterwarts went to Leyden,and took his doctor's de- gree. He then visited I^mdon, where he had a lectureship, till he was prosecuted In the Star Chamber for publishing two libels one entitled "/ion's Pleu.' and the other The Looking-glass of the Holy War " He was sentenced to stand in the pillory to have his ears cut otr, his nose slit, branded on the cheek, publicly whipped, and impri Boned in the Fleet, where he remnined II years, and died insane. In IC^-I. LEIOHTON.UoHERT, archbishop of Glas- gow, son of the preceding, was born in Lors- don.In ltil3; he received his eitueation at Edinburgh ; and In ltM3 settled as minister of Ncwbottle, near that ci>f. He then quitted the presbyterian church for the episcopal, was successively pr(nclp:il of Ldinburgh University, bishop of Dumblane ?i'u< «'J=»"»i«hop of Glasgow ; and died In it-H4. lie was a good theologian, an elo- quent preacher, and a pious and dlsinter- es.!-.. r.i:;- \\\i fr-jras h.-iTo rnjoyeU con- siderable popularity and are still read. Most or the aphorisms In Coleridge's " Aids to KeflecUon " aro aelected from Lelghton. M3 I. 14 1' i.f, f:' I. i ! I M' i\ I i I 1 1 ){1 il 1 l! i; ! . '(1 ■'I r 4 l"ll i\ i i 5 *f LEJ] TSL iScto ©niberaal 13(ograp^p. IjE JAV, out MICHEL, nn adrocato In the parlinmcnt of I'nrls, pmlnont n« a hlhllcnl crlUc, and who rendered himself remark- able by printing, at hl« own expense, a PolyRlot Bible. Ho rcfnued to •uffor It to appear under the name of C'nrdinnl lliche- lieu, thnuffh he had neplected his profesaion, and Impoverished himself by the undertnk- infr- He afterwards became nn ecclesiastic, and obtained the deanery of Yexelai, and the rank of a counsellor of stnt.'. Died, 1B7S. LE KErX,JoilN, a Uistlntfuished Kng- Hsh cnirraTer, was bom in London, in 17K4, and became a pupil of Hasire. He applied himself to anhltocturnl enffravinff. and especially excelled in cnRravinRS of (#othie architecture. He was employed on the illus- trations to seteral of the large and import- ant works of Britton and Vugin, on Noale b " Westminster Abbey," and more recently on tht- " Memorials " of Oxford ond Cam- bridge. Died, 1816. LELAND, JOHN, an English antiquary, was bom in Ix)ndon,about the end of Henry the ScTcnth's reign ; was educated at St Paul's School, Christ's College, Cambridge, and All Souls, Oxford ; and was made chap- lain and librarian to Henry VIII., who also appointed him his antiquary, with a commis- sion to examine nil the libraries of thecathc- drals, abbeys, and colleges in the kingdom. He spent six years in travelling to collect materials for the history and antiquities of England and "Wales ; and retired to his house in London, Co arrange and methodiio the stores of information which he had collected; but, after about two years, he died insane In 1652, without having completed his under- taking. The great bulk of his collections, after passing through vnrious hands, wns placed In the Bodleian Library, in an un- finished state. Hcnrne publlnhcd his " Itin- erary " and " Collectanea," and Hall edited his " Commentarii de Scriptorlbus Britan- nicls," 2 vols. . , ^ LELAN'D, JOHN, a dissenting minister ; author of " A View of therrincipal Deist- ical Writers in England," 3 vols.; "The Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Ucvclution," 2 vols. ; and " Kermons," 4 vols. He also wrote against Tindal, Dod- wcU, and Bolingbroke. Born, 1631; died, 17t!6. LELY, Sir PETEli, a celebrated painter, whose family name wns Vander Vues, was bora at Boest,ln Wesiphiilin, in iei7, and wasapupiiof Orebber.of Hnerlem. InKMl he came to i;nglnnil, and from that period he gradually rose in reputPtlon. He painted portraits both of Charles I. and Cromwell, but it was not till the Restoration that ho reached the height of fnnir iind prosperity. He fell in with the voliiptiious tiiste of the new court, in his representation of the beauties who adorned it; and, by the deli Cttcy and grace of his pencil, became the favourite painter, and was knighted by Charles II., who highly esteemed him. Died, 1680. LEMAIRE, JAMF.s, a Dutch navigator of the nth century, was the son of a merchant »# v.»»^/\nf^ in V/j».r>« Holland: He em- barked on an expedition with Cornelius Bchouten, and in HilC discovered the straits [l^ which now bear his name. He also viiitcd some hitherto unexplored Islnndj In the Houth Sen, and died soon after hit return Dec. 31, 1618. "■' LEMOINE, FiiAN^ois, an hlitorirnl painter, born at Paris, in IBSH. Hi, princl- pal work is the ceiling In the Ball of Her- cules, at Versailles, the largest painting in Europe, containing 142 tigures, and beini? «4 feet long and Hi broad, without heinir divided by any nrihitectunil intprruptioni He destroyed himself in a lit of insanity lii 1737. LEMOX,lloiiF.RT,P. S. A., deputy -kropor of his majesty's state p»pcrs; born, 1774; died, 183S. In the duties of his office, Mr Lemon evinced the most praiseworthy zeal; and it has been truly said, that " nearly every recently published historical work bears a testimony to his exertions." LEMONNIEH,PiEnuKCnAiu,K8,ttn emi- nent Trench astronomer, was born at Paris in 1715, and accompanied Maupcrtuis in his expedition to wards the north pole for mea- suring a degree of the meridian. He wrote several works on the science, and hud the honour of numbering among his pupils the celebrated lialande. Died, 1796. LEMONTEY,PlKRUKfti)0l'AUP,a French poet and jurist, was born at Lyoiis, in 1762. In the deliberations on the fate of Louis XVI., and In the other wild and despotic measures of the revolutionists, he advocatcfl the cause of humanity and justice; but he was obliged to save himself ft-ora the fury of the terrorists by precipitately quittini; France for Switzerland, where he resided till after the overthrow of the Mountain party. Deeply affected with the calamity which had involved Lyons, his native cily, in ruin, ho published his beautifu' ode, " I.e8 Kuins de Lyon." He afterwards travelled through Italy, and wrote various oycras, romances, and poems; in 1801 he was appointed one of the censors of the drama , and at the restoration he was in- vested with the order of the Legion of Hon- our, and appointed director-genera; of the book trade. Among his works are the opera of" Palma,ou !e Voyage en Or^ce;'' 'Esiai sur I'Etabllssement Monarchiquc de Louis XIV. ; " and a romance, entitled " La Famine de Jura, ou Irons-nous i P.ins ? " l)ied,l»2e. LEMOT, FttANQOisFufiuRRIC,a iTcncn statuary, was born at Lyons, in 1773. At the age of seventeen ho obtained a prize for a bas-relief, representing "The Judg- ment of Solomon;" was afterwards t.iken as a conscript, and served in the artillery under (Jene/al Pichegru. In 1795 he wa ordered to Paris, to assist intheexecutionof a statue of Henry IV., to be pl^ed on t^ Pont Neuf. Many of his productions adorn the principal buildings of the Ircnch eapi- '1',EMPUimK. .louN, DP . an eminent cla,ssical sch-dnr, was a n-itlve "f J/'^^i received his education at V mchester am P,^broke College, Oxford. Kraau'-'; »' that university , was l"'''''-'"»^'"l^„nhe don grammar school, and aft'-'^^f"'?"/ J' school at Exeter; and, on re^'K" "8,4?* latter, wns presented to ll.<: "^'"f'';;' 'v.,:Z and Newton Petr..ck, in Devonshire, which Ki ^ i^ctD Slnibcrsal 19fogtapf)p. [leo ho held till Ills decraio, In 182J. HU princi- pal works arc, the " llibllothocii Clnssli-n, or ClBSslcal Dictionary," which io long hold Its ground as a popular authority, hut Is now lupersodcd and almost forguttcn, and a " Universal Woftraphy." L'ENCLOS, ANNK, or NINON DK, distin- guished allUc by hrr beauty, wit, and nccom plishmcnts, was born at Paris, In l«l«. She was left at an early ngc the mistress of a good fortune; and, bcinR possessed of the highest personal as well as Intellertunl charms, and givinK free scope to the Indulg- ence of her passions, she drew around hrr a circle of lovers and suitors, diftinKuished either for their rank o- (fallantry. StrnnRO as it may appear to those who have boen bred up in the paths of virtue, this modern Lais was countenanced, eomplimrntcd, and consulted by some of the most eminent writers of the day. Scarron, wc are told, consulted heron his romances, Ht Kvrcmont on his poems, Moli*re on his comedies, Fon- tcndlcon his dialogues, and Uochcfoucnult on his maxims! Nay, her friendship wn» sought by some of the most respectable of her own sex! "The power of her natural beauty," says one of her biographers, " was indeed tragically Illustrated by the often tuld adventure of one of her own sons, who being brought up in Ignorance of his birth. fell desperately in love with his mother, and when she discovered to him the fatal secret, he, in a fit of despair and desperation, stab- bed himself in her presence!" This terri- ble scene was introduced by I* Hago Into hisOil Jilas. She died in 1705, in the 90th year of her age. LENFANT, JACauES, a French Frotcstnnt divine, was born in 16fil, and died In \12H. He was educated iit Saumur and Uencvn, and after being for ii short time chaplain to the elector palatine, he went to }lerlin and was pas'.or there above 40 years. I[o pub- llsheii alstories of the councils of Constiince, lt:»el, and IMsa, very faithfully written. ■'-•^ likewise translated the New Testament ' wilhnotes,in conjunction with j r>v FnES> ay, Nicolas, a " ' "loRlst and mlscelluneous *• ' ■ at Heauvais, in l()74. He ^^8' siastic, and was employed In somo uipio,natic negotiations, but he was 80 much given to satire and politicnl In- iTf' '^.".' '"' "** frequently sent to the Hastiic. His death was occasioned by falling into the lire, in 1755. Among his volumin- ™rt;"i^*"''' "*^' ""• ''^M.Hhode pour Wi " ' "'' o'l-e." «nd " Tablettes Chrono- OKique, de llUstoire Universelle," which LtNOIH alkxandre, founder of the lanrinrnn;- "\'''" educated at the Jiazinn College, and studied painting un- w^^ksof i^'" '""^'^"tion a collcaion and the , n^r ^T "*" <^^»>"^'-»"'» "f Prance i:90 and wL??' monnsterirs was made In « tlni ."''* 'n'rusted to his care. It was aKhTwrV'^ '''''''''' >ton«mert/. "<; alter the Kestoration it w.i« s,ii>.,r„«.„,r l^m Lenoi;""'"" ''''' ri>«t<'rt' 11 it ' ,|f .1 Ii i-i i i 1 I t i S'li' LEO] % £Utsi ^nibersal Idiograpl)^. [leo nn army aKainU the Norman* In Italjr, but was defeated and taken prisoner by their leader, Koby Anastanius II. commander of the Iniperisl forces in Ana- tolia, llefusing, in 717, to acknowle(l|;e Theodoslus III., he marched on Constanti- nople, and w.,4 raised by the army to the Imperial throne. The harncens soon after laid siege to Constantinople, hut they were ultimately defeated by Leo, both by land and sea. He suppressed a revolt in Sicily, and thwarted the attempts of Anasta»ius to recover the crown, and bad him beheaded. After tlie first nine years of his reijtn, in! which he showed himself a great soldier and an able ruler, he involved hlmielf In! theological strife by his attempt to MppieH image-worsbi;*, and thuu began the (tre.it Iconoclast controversy, which lasted ahoTC a hundred years. The common accounts of i Leo are derived from the statements of his' bitter enemies , and they have depicted hira In the blackest colours. His first measures were cautious and moderate ; they were foi- 1 lowed by more decisive ones; ininrrectlons broke out at Constantinople, the patrisrchi (iermanuB being opposed to the emperor;, the pope, Gregory II., condemned his edicts and remonstrated with him in two letl-rs I which are extant; Italy revolted, and was Yirtcully lost to the empire; the sucreedinir pope, Gregory III., had tho Iconoclasts con- demned at the Council of Uome In 732, wnirn provoked retaliatory measures on the part of the emperor; and in the midst of the mo- mentous struggle I^'o died, 711. In the year preceding his death the city was partly ac- htroyed by a great earthuMako, which ex- tended also through Thrace, As-a Minor, and Egypt. „ ,,i. LKO VI.. emoeror of the East, called the I'hllosopher, succeeded his father l.«»i'.'''' MacedonUn, In 886 "» immediately fx- He Immediately &»(i [lio bed men of bit r of Greek and anuicrlpti; r«- y iinJ the greit net- ; yet hn diii •ble politician d of ihow, lur- », ninny of thi-m I not Picape the ' ; hut Indulged iftonlncrlniliml fc and Poniia- ni. )KI,LA Oknoa, t 17«U, and luc- I chair, In \m. .1X01, ai wellail (tiinal attention 1 puhllc Insiltu- ncil the loTe of! iiicd to free the i )bbor« and ban- \ the remaini of' r«'b., 18^9, and I 'aiti|(lionc, who riui died Dec., Cardinal Capd- I«AURMV,em- tire of Isaurla. 10, xoini'd him istlnian 11, and by his courage Anaatanius II. forces in Ana- aclinowle(l|;c 1 on t'onstanti- lie army to the [•on* soon after , but they were , both by land oTolt in Sicily,! if AnastaKiu! to him beheaded. )f his reijtn, in a Rrcat soldier ved himielf In mpt to siippif's t'Kau the (treit ;h lasted ahovc ion accounts of itements of his ve depicted him I first measures ; they were fol- i; inmrrections >, the patrisrch ) the emperor; mni'd his edicts in two letl.TS rcilted, and was the gucceedini: [f onof lasts con- ne In 732, which >son the part of dst of the mo- 41. In the year was partly de- ako, which ex e, ' A«i» Minor, Kast, called the it her llttSii, inc iimediately «• LEO] ^__ Veiled thn patrliirdi I'liotiui, who w«» lili pPMonal enemy. He ninUe w»r ou the Jlul- garlani and HungBriau*. but only to be de- feated, »nd hli whole rulKii wai troubled by Inroadf of the barbarlant, and diigraceful war intri)(UC!s. l.oo dIatinKuUhcd lilinM-lf ai an author, »n( otpeclally by bit trestinc on"Tai"tic«," and by cumplotinu the body of laws entitled "llHuilicn." 1,K(), .loHN, aiirnumed AKliirANt'i*. a tra- veller and gponriiphcr of thn luth century, was born of Moorish parents, at (irannda. In Spain. On that city heInK tnkeii by the Spaniurda, In UU2, he retired to Africa, through various part* of which be after- wards travelled. HavInK been captured by piratei, he was taken to Italy, and proacntcd to I'opc Leo X., who perauaded him to pin- brace Chriatianlty, and Rave him i ». own name on beln(t baptized. At Uonu', he ac- quired a linowledKC of the Italian liinKuufe, into which he translated hia " Ucacriptlon of Africa," originnlly written In Arable. Thla is a very curious and IntereatinK work, com- pri«ini(accounta of acvertil countriea rurcly visited by £uropenna. Died about 1A'J6. LEO, LKONAKHO, nn eminent musician, was born in 1694, at Naples, and it roRurdeU M one of the ((reatcat of the Italian inaaterti. He compascd nineteen operaa, »wo oratorioa, and numerous sacred piecea. Hit operatnre lo.st,but his church music surviTea, and is of a high order. Leo was tlie pupil of Alesaan- dro tScarlatti, and the teacher of Piccini and Jomelli. LEO, of Modena, a learned rabbi of Ve- nice, in the 15th century, who wrote a "Illa- tory of the Jewish llites and Ceremonies , " also a dictionary, Hebrew and ItAliun. Died, 1654. LEON, Fkay LUts I)E, a Spanish poet and ecclesiastic, was l)orn in I5J7, and died in 1591. His ode, entitled " I.a Frofecia- del TaRO," was translated into KnglUh by Mr ^Vitfen, nnd published at the end of hia translation of the poems of vJarciluso de lu Vi'Ka. LEONARDO DA VINCI. [VINCI.T LEONIDAS, the Spartan kin*; and hero, was the son of Kini; Anaxandrldea, untl succeeded his half-bn.t r, Cleonienes. ii c. 4J1 W hen Xerxes, kin^ of Persia, invad.d I'reecc, with an immense nrmv, Leonidat marched to ThermopyUe (n.,-. Vsy), and, on arriving there, posted his army, which, in- cludmg the allies, amounted only to 7WK) men, BO .skilfully, that the enemy, on cominjf i!m ,."""/'"■ P'^*"' I'ecame nwaro of the difflculty of carrying it by force. Xerxes, ofreruiB him the dominion of all Greece. ri,.,lf''''T'u'"''"» '■«'J«'^'««'^» witli scorn, th.' WKe them,' was the hero's reniv Thri.i. .d the Persians advance in Kreifrforce a l OS Mo""" ?";^ '■^"P'""'''' ^»'l'' enormous 108 . Mcunwhilo, u traitorous Oreek. named S"'';.'"' '"'T "f '"« ''netny ' Sri «anedn,l;"'",'*i*-' »'"""'«*"- who thus fharaVw! T\ "^ I'f'>"ldas. He now saw IT"*!'.':"'' '0". but resolved to show, hv « ier'fo"^'"-'^'-';^'"'''^' «"=»t the Oreeks could the cause of their country. K i^(b) Stnibcrsa^ ISiogrnpbn. [leo perform in After a long contest, tho hero fell, siir- ruundod by countlesa ast«IUnti. The gra titudtt of Ureeco raited a splendid monu- ment to the memory uf Leonldai a- ' hU brave aaauclatca, and annually celt .itcd the Kroat event by warlike Ramea and orations. LKOPOLD I , emperor of the West, wat ton of Ferdinand III., and was born In 1640. Destined for the church, he was educated by the Jesuits, and became well versed In metaphysics and theoloKy, but not at all In the art of Kovernment. At the nue of li he was crowned kini; of Hungary, In tho fol- lowinjf year kinn of Hohcmia, and « at elect- ed emperor in Ui58. His lon»{ rel«n of 49 vears is marked by many events of Kuropc-in importJince, but Leopold personally had little influence: he was led by his minlstera. 'I'here were wars with Sweden, withTurkey, with HuUKary, and three with France; and the peace of Oliva, the peace of Niineifuen, the ieuKue of AuttsburK, the (irand Alliance, the peace of Uyswick, and the pence of Car lowitz are landmarks of this period. The severities exercised by the emperor occa- sioned the iunctlon of the Hungarians with the Turks In 1683, and Vienna wua besieged. It wat on this occasion that John Sobleskl, the heroic king of }'oland, Interposed, won a great victory over the Turks, nnd saved tho empire ; for which Leopold gave him very cold thanks. Sobieski withdrew his army, declaring he would still light the Turks, but never the Insurgent Hungarians. Ir» AJf^stn'ler and Ktoolfon. tl r.rfurt. In l»o* ; I'T'd •*>"»«' tlm*' tt r»rit. tnd t»<»ine •ctjttainti- 1 there with many diitinmljhfJ p*noni . and. aCer Mating Mteral year* in compjratlTe ot>- icurity. r#rnter^ th* lluwlan mttIcc Jb 1«13, and had the lommund of a forp* at the battlrfl of I.'itien. llantien, and Ix^ipaic He look part in aerrral »uU<'quent actloBi, •nlerrd I'lrit with the altiea »oTerei»nt, and at-companled them to I>indon '« l^H On thit occasion he mot thi> ITinceM Char lotte. then 18 yean of age. After wrTing tn the anny of the Rhine in the campaljtn of I-'IS he returned to Kngland. and became the arc«ptea iuitor of the heirctt to the throne. «e waa nataraliied In the foUow- Ing year, nude duke of Krndal and general la the armr. and on the 2nd May the mar- riage of rnnce l>eopold with the Frin ee»t Charlotte waa celebrated at Carlton Hoaae. After a little more than a year and a half of aweet hou«ehol3Ut»e, eWcit daughter ' of Loui* Philippe. The *a;ne year the tan- ; out queatlons relating t> the »tatu« and • limlta of the new kingdom were diacnaaed i in a Conference of ihe (irvat Power* held at I>>nion, and a final »ettlement wa« effected ! by Ihe treaty signed 15th XoTember. In t5i<»e negotiation* Lord Palmeraton, then ! seerctary for foreign affain, took a promin i ent part, and to hi* energetic endeatonr* I I wa* largely owing their •uc-e»*ful result. ' Antwerp being itill held by the I>uteh, it wa* be*leged with the •anction of France and England, and in I>ec. 1M3 capitulated From that time Belgium, enjoying a liberal constitution, a wise ruler, and freedom from fuTiiga cmbruusi'eats, a-i'S"*"-. •' jsmaper- Ity ; an army wa* organlaed and well-di»ci- plined i railwaya were con*tracted ; a Na- 869 tional Hank eatablithed . manafacturta aa4 commerce flourithed . and no history ha* to be written of it except a *«lal and pvUt' mentary one TrsBqu.lllty wa* prtt tna 4 >y Ihe prudence of the king during the rerola. llonary rooTem'-nt* of ln4te conflict of the fatboUc tud Proteatant partse* for supremacy; and in his sncreaaful dealing with this ciiflleulty h* especially diapUyed the wisdom and lagariiy of a *ute«man But I^ropoid held a poaiUog in Europe, by hi* character and iBflBeace. far more Important than mere ryyaliy would hare b«>en. Ho wa* g«nor*lly rtcogniMdu the 'ralm, Impartial Judge to who«e dfciiloa gore mment* and king* might always safely appeal : the trusted " Juge de I'lix it I En- rope." His medi.'^tlon wss frequently of th* greatest ralue to France and K.nithnd. Hi« family alliance* with the principal soreres^ hooaea of Europe gare him immecse sd- rantace* In thi* respect. Son-in-law to George IV and to Louis Philippe, tintlt lo Queen Victoria and also to th« Prince Con- sort, he wa* connected by the marrisfe of hUsUter with the reigning hoii»e of Kusj. hi* eldest aon, the duke of lira bant, marriM the Archduche** Maria of Aaitrts , hu daughter the Archduke M*ximU;an, so* emperor of Mexico; and his gr»at-nef>Ji*w Is king of Portugal. After suffering sererelf at InterTal* for sereral years frwm hwrt disease, and a still more diitresaing lealidT, he died at the palace of Laeken. Mk Df ' cember. 1*6$. after a reign of M T«art. Hii, remains were interred at Lat»ei. and Ul were funeral I6th Dec) wa* attended by IM king of Portugal, the prince of Wsl««. tk« crown prince of Prussia. Prince Loan c Heaae, Prince Arthur, Prince de Joiar.U*. the duke of Aumale, the duke of Xem-BM and entot* extraordinary fwm most of li* court* of Europe. H:* son was prt>cU.=el a* Leopold II on the following dsy. Tas Interesting hi»torit.il works on his r»if» hare appeared this year tl^WL one eatiiiri •■ Htstoire Populaire de Kigne de hn>;:- Premier Uol dea Btlge*. ' by Uuis Hjiiunt the other. " I^s Fondateurs de la MoMn.-!u« Beige. • Ac, by Th^od Juste. IKPinVS. M.vBCf* .FJiau«, THT Trum VI R. wa* a member of a di»tin?ftJtli« i patrician family of Kome. In B c_ O t'' ; held the office of prxtor. ar^ fl'^*^. ^ break of the ciril war he joined th* r?«": partr Left pr»ftct of the cnyh"*^; Wa."in Spain he procured the *Pr*'»^«;. ; of C«^r a. dictator He became master^; ' the horae, and in 46 ^o"'"' '»''*; *^',f^i at Kome at the time of the "n";^''"''-' . Utter, and aucceeded him as V°'^^'^'^^^^ mu*. bad the goTernmcnt of >"WSW* Gaul, and Hither f*r«i"- -'"""If'^?/ la waa declared an enemy to h* staw -^ .October. 43. the flrst tnumTirate w« (ci^ and the Koman world was dir.dcd W-«^ , Octarlanu*. Antony, and LeM""; ^V, ,( as-in rnnsul in 4-.'; was made ro"« ,1.^ Africa after the defeat ''J }"''.;;'tl a- aiu* at Phlllppl ; attempted afterw»T«^ [Lir F= ler] B fitta anibcrial Diegrapl^. laftctum ted hitturf ht« • lal and pvlta- . n pr»t«rT»4 by ' n« th« r»T(4a. I Il« ir.n tk« 1 to rtiicn thf It . thf Mtlot li« thoQld kftp ' >e kint Ujr is e CatboUc uid mtcjr; tnd is lU (itffleultr l>( m and uiruitr h<^U a poiitiia anJ iBilBfBc«, ' royalty would 1 Tttofn'ati u IT bote dKiiioB t alwayt iafi. ^ahant. Bxairifd Aattr<.a , tu tximihin. Sv« I fTfatneprir fferin(t teunj in from h«in- reuinf BaladT, aek*n. »tk D«- r M T*ar» Hii ^(kfi, asd kit tend«-d by tfct t of Wa!«. lit i'rinc* Loaiic' c« de JoiBTiUe, ke of >'em«on, Mtn moat of tW wa» pr«o^!4. I^uuHjaua*. de la MoaarckM i:Mair«, TBI r a di«tiBj«i*l><< In B c 4J i-t and at th« oat- ined the popaUr ciiy whil*C*Mf he appcintw*' PC jT.c mafter c »ithCsr«ar: '" ,e murd'»rt<5n<« nfdAnti>ay.«' thtttisf- Is rite wn fc"8«- diTided t««"«« fOidu*. He"** „de roTfrs^f^M i »fterw»ni« aa luccraaftilljr to make bim*«tf indrpeadeol, and loit bu proTiDcra and hit oAce. iMett, B.C. U. LEKMONTOV, MICIUEL ITAXOTICM, » KttiaUa poflBBd norrltat. wu bom in l«l|. 11* tatend tbt anuy, and r<>M> to t>« an uiB- (tt ia tbe Utuurd*. but in 1^)7, for hia porm on tJte diatb of I'uabkto, he wa* caahirrrJ :tod Mnt to tht Caucuu*. wbere be tp«Di ib« reat of bit tif*>. He wat killed to a durl in tMI. An edition of hit po<-mt appeared i<-«n after, and baa been followed by teveral oiher edition*. Lermontov alto wrote a B'.Tei entitled, "A Hero of our own Timet " Ai a poet be bcloogt to the Ityronic acbuul. LK >iAGE. ALAl.v Ri>-i.a dlatioffuuhed rrtBi'h noTfltti and dru:uatiit, wat bom In ' lii*. at Kaneau, in Urituny, and atudied I a: the Jetuita' College at Vannct. In 16»J | it went to Farit, where hia talenu and ' BiBoen procured him admltaion into the belt kKiety.and he s-xm adopted the profet tUBOf an author. He ttudtrd the Mpaniih UB|cua;e, and produced a multitude u( tnntlationi, or imitattont, of I'attiliaa dra mu and romance t. Hit cumedy of " Crispin Ike Riral of bit Matter," flrtt attracted the public notice . tut hit tuccca^i at a noveiiat ' hu moit contributed to make bim known to f.Kisnen. " Le Diable lioiteux," known IB England by the title of " TIu- DeTil upon Two Sticks," became eatremely psi toon after became biahop of Koat and L^U'T'""'- "'^ '"lou'ly defenrdtSe ijPointed commitaionera to mtet at York Mt^.Let ey appeared in behalf of hi* ml.. ^. whoM cau« he pleaded with great ,ftJl "• *'*'' *"*'! many experimenta t= procure her liberty, for which he w.I "aimuted to the Toiir . but a ira h^ i'^ TnT-^^'^Si.'Vtr''^'" parent; IS; lad jettVJ „ i,K ? .'' *■!' 1"""^ Kngland | "e orSr 3h«^f 'if •*** ^"" receirlng I V- wa. .n^ *'t**°' duration, youna Let A^erican-bom arti,tw"f '""^ '^'"'^ t«^«h , » i-nt. W^, .:""l*->*'e ▼eneraMe pre- ! oth. r tide of tht Atlantic than oa thta. The flrit picture whirh taiaed him faac w*« "Anne I'afe and Mender, eihlbltarf at the Hrmah In.tiiution ia 1819. Thla wm followed at the tuccet-dlng .ihibiiioa of tht Hoyal Academy by " 8,r Roger de Cote" l«y going to Church," a work which eicitcd reneral internt and admiration . and front thU time forward hit puturet ttradily dis- played Increa.inf pow.r Mu«t uf hit pro- duitiont are illuttratife of the work, of Shak.peare. Addtton. >i«1din«, G..|dMaith tcrrant... Moli*re. 4c . *c .* but hrhM taken tubjecu tu«gcttcd rather than dc- K-ribed by them . and to ute the word^ of a , contemporary, it may be doubted whether the paiaaget of quaint humour in any of 1-I!!i*"'/"..'*"* •"' ''■pr*»ented with to genial a feeling . to much regard for th* author, and to much respect for the tDe«. ' f'.f. *'" }"-'• ^•''* wat^cted :^^ j>r the Academy . «nd in ls.'«, HA. In liU4 he wat appoint«-d by the Inited States tio- Terninent profeasor of drawing in the Mill- tary Acad.my at Wett Point, which poat. after a trial of fire niontbt. be retigncdT and returned Anally to Kngland. Mr L«-,lie u*e4 with tuccM the p*n aa well at the penc.l. In IMi he publi.heda life of hit friend Con- Im i'v****^ painter. From l-tis to I»J| h« mied the pott of profetaor of pain tin/rat the I^^'vfj"'; i""* **'• '«f<"'i» h»»e been pub' lithed, wlih additiont, aa a • Handbook for Jounif Fain ten. ' At the time of hit death he wat engaged on the '* I ife of Sir Jothaa I KeynolJ*. • which hat been tince puMithed Viil!\m '^'•"'•'^'P «' ^^' Toti Taylor. LESLIE. CHABMii, ton of the biahop of *J of which he bad been a bl.hop). w a. bora ; i^.k!"" "'*V »«"«"^ •« Trinity lollege. ! Dublin, and the Temple, quitted the law for aiYinity. and obtained prefenaent ia Ireland. He wat a realom rrutettani, but refuted to trantfer hit allegiance to the new »o»ernment. by uking the oaths to King i \\ill.am lioth by hU pertonal exertiona and hit wriung*. he endtavoured to promote the intcretta of the eilled family ; and, oa the termination of the rebellion in 1713 he ; accompanied the Pretender into luiy He wrote maay political tracts, against the doc- trine of re.ittante. and in defence of here- duary right, the mott important of which h *'.«,'' •.,*^V' P'P*'' <^»''«* »»>e Re- niarsai. He also wrote tome treatise* **'"?.*l^*'*** *"<* Sociniant, among which are "The Snake in the (5 rats. • and " " DhT 1*72-'? *^*' •^*-*"^ *''*> t«»C Deists." LESLIE, Sir JoHX, a celebrated mathe- matician and tiatural philotopher, wa, born wh^Cf ■ '" .* '"»>»f^. in ••'^S. Hi. father. Who wit a joiner and cabinet-maker In- tended to bring him up to *,me titeful trade ; n,„L . f""**"^ '"' calculation and geo- metrical exercitcs brought him at an early ^„ i..?.f f "•' °.°"^'= "' P^f^-or. Robia- wKi-K •^*^'; "** ^««"'«» f^tewart; and, iT. Mm'-" " -- -^^•-P^'*"" *«:"' »«"»««» »o i ^»,...'^1"**- ^f*" remaining theri •ome time, he removed to that of Edinburgh. M9 ! I M il *liJr i-i ! ■ J . * ! M 1? I -I II LE3] 'a ilietD 5tn(l)trsal ISiogrnpl)??. where lie was mfinscil by Dr Adum Smith to nssist the vtiulii ., of his nephew, rtftcrvTards Lord Ilcston. In ITi'O he proeeeded to Lon- don, with an intention old. livering lectures on natural philosophy; hut heini? disap- pointed In his views, he found if expedient to eommcnee writins for the press as the readiest means of obtaining a subsistence. His first undcrtakinK of any importance was a translation of Hntton's " Nntural History of Hirds," whlih appeared in 1793, in 9 vols. 8vo; and the sum he received for this laid the foundation of that pe.uniary independ- ence, which his prudent habits fortunately enabled him to attain. In 1794, Mr Leslie spent a short time in Holland ; and In I79b he made a tour of (Sermnny and Switzerland with Mr Thomas Wedgwood. In 18(K) he invented that admirable and delicate instru- ment the ditfrrcntia! thermometer; and in 1801 appeared his celebrated " Inquiry into the Nature and Properties c* Heat." For this performance he was honoured by the council of the Itoval Society with the Rum- ford medals; and in 18()5 he was elected to the matheinatieni chair in the university of Kdinburgh, which, in 1819, he exchanged for that of philosophy on the death of Pro- fessor Playfair. Ky th» invention of his hydrometer he succeeded in making the dis- covery of that singularly beautiful process of artificial freezing, or consolidation of Uuids, which enabled him to congeal mer- cury, and convert water into ice by evapor- ation. Early in the year 1832 he was in- vested with the knighthood of the Guelphic order, an honour he was not destined long to enjov, for he uied the s imc year. The chief w'orks of Sir John Leslie are, " An Account of r.xperiments and Instruments depending on the Uelation of Air to Heat and Moisture," the " I'hilosophy of Arith- metic," "Klements of (ie< metry," ' Kle- nunts of Natural I'hilosophy," besides many admirable treatises in Nicholson's Philo- sophical Journal, the Encyclopa-dia Hritan- nica, &c. Died, Nov. 3, 1832. LKSOEUB. iPOKl'R, LK.] LKSHINU, Oorrnoi.K EI'HRAIM, a dis tlnguished German critic, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Kameni, I In Lusace, in 1729. He was educated at the public ichool of Meissen and the university of Lcipsic, and was from the first an ardent and laborious student. He was attracted to till stage, and his first essays In literature were dramatic compositions. After various literary attempts at Berlin he went to Wit- tenberg, where he graduated M.A., and on his return to Hcrlin, in 17.^3, he became the intimate friend and coadjutor of Moses Men- delssohn, and the publisher Nicolal. Under their joint care appeared the Journal enti- tled—'' iiibliothek derichSnen Wlssenschaf ten." Ixsslng remained at Berlin, zealously pursuing his chosen tasks, till 176:sop'8 Fables, He died in I. «• i ESUBUK, Ei:sT.\cnK, a distinguished French painter, was born at P"'". '"'''''■ and obtained from hlscountrymenthen me of" The French Kaphael." ll.sconcep are noble and elevated ; his composit o. . simple, careful, and well '^"•'n?','*' f. drawing is correct. In good taste, and prou his diligent study of the antique and o th Jreat llalian maJtcrs ; but his colouri i deficient in truth and ^iK""/- f ''jJ.XS renders his pictures too uniform. He oiea In his 3Hth year. .^„. ,,.„„,, - French LEsuEUH, JKXM Ff^M"'9- y; j;": musical composer, born in L W. Afte m^o" pleting his studies at An. ens, he obU "^ Parlous appointments. asjlucctor_o« for theatrical compos tion..he^e»lgnM place at Notre Dame in 1.88, anopiw^^ let] % Mtio atn(i)er»al 18(ograp^n. several operas. " Til^maque " was bis first. He afterwards composed " La Caverne," which met with the most brilliant applajsu ; and in 1793 he produced " I'aul et Virginlo," the " Mort d' Adam," and " l*s Burdes." In 1804 he was appointed chapel-master to Napoleon, and in 1813 was admitted to tbe Institute. Died, 1837. LETI, Greoorio, nn Italian historian, was born ill 1630, at Milan, and, after stu- dying at Rome, went to Oenera, where he abjured tho Catholic religion, and after- wards resided in England. While there he was known to be collecting materials for a history of the court of Charles II., and Charles seeing him one day at his let^e. told him to take care that his history did not give offence. To which Leii replied, I will do what I can ; but if a man were i wise as Solomon, he would hardly he able to avoid giving some offence." " Why then," retorted Charles, " be as wise as Solomon; write proverbs, and let history alone." Leti, however, did not take this advice. The history appeared, under the title of "Teatro Uritannico; and the nu- tliur was ordered to quii the kingdom. He then went to Amsterdam, wh<''»"■" »« 'livinesofthotrHU t'h"" "* """ -"''' afc numerous and val ah ^" u'^'"" '""•''• -Hj. and died aJ:StK;,o^„r^;^1-;; ^SS^S^;,-^!?HWEK„OEK. .'"TOsstindmiero.or.nV.";""""". ^'^^en ha- A"l in const 2 '[„'J «/';«« "Putation tor hi.' L____2___^^»«cung microscopes of admir- able delicacy, and afterwards for the numer- ous interesting and important discoveTiw anatomical and physiological, which he made hf« iniJf? °' l*'*""- . ^'"""^ 'he subject, of his laborious investigations were the con- tinuity of the arteries, Teins, and capillary vessel. ; the form of the blood-globule., and the chemical changes of the blood ; the .ub- •tance of tho brain and nerves; the tperma- f^ ifiV,"' *'''' he claimed to have di.covered in 1677, &c. Hi. learning and his critical acumen were not equal to his skill in observ- nr.^."\u "e.'^f* Phosen F.R..S. London, and contributed above a hundred memoir, to the Philosophical Transaction.." He was also a correspondent of the iTencli Academy of ^clence8. He spent his whole life at his native towr, and died there, 1723 naturalist, was born at Paramaribo, in Ouiana, and from childhood .bowed a strong predilection for the study of natural history nf'Vhr"^"""':^ of ornithology, in furtherance of this desire, he undertook to penetrate into r^u.t\":^' of Africa, which he twice accom- I rf ffl^fw'*''"!'/^*' '»nder circumstances of great h f" TrL ,"." P"^''''*'*^ two narratives of his Travels into the Interior of Southern llirH?-. nr"V ^'•''""'■"' "'"'"'•y «^ African Hirds,' of Parrots," and of the rare " Birds of the Indie..' Insurmountable obstacle. »o7.ZT! *"",' ?T P"""'nK his researehe. so far as he wished ; but bis travels are very amusing, and also afford much information He died at .S^.an, in 1824. aged 70 "• LEVASSKtru, jkan CH.MiLKS.a French engraver, born at Abbeville in 17,^l Ho studied at I'aris. and became engraver to he king, and member of the Academy of I aiming. He was the friend of the painter l)i"ed '[si? ^"^f"'*'^ **"*«^^''^> of his works. LBV KSQLR,PiKRRECHAnLK.«. a French historian, was born in 17.16, at Paris, a^id was apprenticeu to an engraver, but was removedand sent to the Ma.arin CoUeire. In l'..« he visit.Avii), a Ix)ndon Jew, of con- siderable acquirement., though of humble birth and occupations. He was first a shoe- w rif'w""''.?^'"^'"'^'"*^' >* hatter, but the r. r," '"' P" 'i'»"ed evinced much study and amiity. In 1 , H7 he eniored into a polemical controversy with Dr Priestley, whose " I^t- lern to the Jews " he answered in two series of epi,tol.,ry essays. Ho was also the ««thor of a volume on the rites and ceremonies of hnghnh Dictionary," 3 vols.; "The Penta- .Vf",h '.". "•■'"■ew and i:ngli,h," a translation or the Hebrew J.ltura^ in « ».,;. . i. ^^. "^"i?- Born. 17*0 , died. 1799. a Vr^lu' ^\^^^^- MARC GASTON. I>uke d«. a French noblemr^n of distinguished talent. Ml :rz:y r: i » » s t, . I ■ : '' * i f ■' •■•;■■ i Mik ■iiM \, m lev] H ^m anibcrsal ^(ograp^s. ^^^■i «■» ■ ;BBw|HK ^^SI ^^K^^^^^^^o > ^^SS^^B^B i^H^^^H HIhi 1 ^^H^^^MB '■^^^■' ' Wll il^H^ : who at the ^e(^innin(^ of thn revolution was chosen deputy to the states-general by the nobility of Dijon ; but, though friendly to a reform of abuses In government, be opposed the destruction of the monarchy , and in 1792 became nn emigrant, and joined the royalist army. Heing wounded in the c ngngeuient at Uiiibcron Bay, he came to England, where he resided till the establishment of the con- sular government, when he returned to I France, but passed his time in retirement I and literary pursuiU. On the restoration of ■ Louis XV 111. he was raised to the peerage, ' und admitted a member of the Academy. 1 His works consist of " Maxims and Keflec- I tlons," "The Travels of Kiinghi, or New 1 Chinese Letters," 2 vols., " Kecollections 'and Tortraits," and " Kngland at the Kc- ginning of the Nineteenth Century." Died, IbSU. LEVIZAC, JEAN ro>S VICTOR LF.COUTZ DK, a French grammarian, wns born at A"'y. iu Languedoc, emigrated to Holland at the beginning of the revolution, and settled in England as a French teacher. He com- menced his literary career as a poet ; but he is best known by his grammars, dictionaries, and other practical works on the French language. Died, 1813. LEWIS, Sir OEOKOE CORNEWAI.L, hart., aa illu»triou8 English statesman, historical critic, and political philosopher, was born in October, ISue. He was of an an- cient and influential family of Kadnorshire, and his father, tsir Thomas Frankland Lewis, bart., was long a member of the House of Commons, and filled several high offices of state. His son was educated at Eton and the university of Oxford, where he graduated HA. in 1S28. He was early introduced to offlcinl life, being a member of the commission appointed in lt*3l, on the Irish church and the condition of the Irish people, and soon after joint coniiui.s»ioner with the great jurist, John Austin, in Malta- In 1839 he succeeded his fatheraschief com- missioner of Foor Laws, and held that ofJlce for eight years, distinguishing himself by great practical sagacity and business habits He was returned to parliament, in 1847, for Herefordshire, and was at once appointed secretary of the Hoard of Control. In the following year he became undersecretary of the Home Department, and in 1850 secretary of the Treasury. Two years later he lost his seat, and did not ag.-»in sit In parliament till ISS.'i, when on his father's death he b< .ame member for the lUidnorshire b«>rough8, and was soon after named by Ixjrd I'almerslon Chancellor of the Exchcciucr. His remark- able quOiiflcntions for this high cfficc soon gained him the confidence both of the House and of the country. After retinraent from office during the Derby administration in 1&58-9, he was appointed home secretary, and applied himself with great earniiilne»8 to his very laborious duties. On the death of Lord Herbert, of Lea, in 1861, Kir George Lewis removed to the Wur Office, and remained in that department till his death. Ta ir.c ni2r:r'=i. r-- — tsuni <••!• .t !••- -•-•• — .-•• he added that <>1 the scholar and author ; the Utter forming indeed his chosen recrea- tion. And the fruits of his labour in this 993 [lew field are so abundant and of such rare value that for most men they alone would haw sufficed for the energy and devotion of a life. His first literary production was the trans- lation, executed in conjunction with H Tufnell, of Ottfried Muller's "Die Dorier," in 1830. Some years later he translated, in conjunction with Dr Donaldson, Muller's " History of the Literature of Ancient Greece," written for t'.;e Library of Useful Knowledge. His most Important work how- ever, and that which has had the most powerful influence, is probably his learned and elaborate " Inquiry into the Credibility of Early Koman History," in which the acuteness of his singularly sceptical intellect is especially shown. It is a merciless demoli- tion of the historical structure so laboriouslj' reared by Nlebuhr. The other principal works of Sir George liCwis are— the " In- fluence of Authority in Matters of Opinion;" ■' Methods of Observation and Reasoning in I'olitics ; " an essay " On the Romance Lan- guage? ; " and his latest work, the " Histor- ical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients." For a short time in 1854-5, he was editor of the " Edinburgh Review." He was throughout life distinguished for his ardent lo\ of knowledge, widcandaccurate scholarship, singular power of marshalling all the authorities on any subject of discus- sion, so a.s to let the conclusion show itself, great capacity of doubt in all fields of in- quiry, and the utmost honesty and fairness He disbelieved the EgyptoloKisis, ridiculed the readings of cuneiform inscriptions, and refused to believe in centenarians. His simple, guileless character charmed all who knew him ; and itlssaid that hencvermade enemy, nor failed to make of every acquaintance a friend. He died, leaving no children, 13th April, 18fi3. A memorial cross, designed by Oibbs, ha.s bem erected to him at New Radnor ; a bronze statue, by liaron Mnrochetti, has been set up in front of the Shire Hall, Hereford; and a bust, by A^cekC8, is placed In Westminster Abbey. Sir G. t. Ix>wis married, in 1841, Udy Theresa Lister, sister of I/ord Clarendon, known as author- ess of " Clarendon and his Contempora- ries ; " as editor of two novels, }he Semi- Detached House," and "The Semi-Attached Couple," and, most recently, of the inter esting "Journals of Miss Kerry. ; Lady Theresa I-cwis.dicdatOxford,9th>ov.m. I LEWIS, JOHN, a learned divine and anti^ , quary. was born at liribtol in l";!*- «{'*')|1?^; at Margate in 1740. He publishfd ™, Life of Wickliffc," •• Wicklille'slran lation of the New Testament," "The History an Antiquities of the Isle of rhanct,- "^^ History of the Abbey Church of icvcrsham, " The Life of William Caxton, ff' , , LEWIS, MATTHKW CiUKGOHY (famnuir .t>lcd "Monk " Lewis, a popular romanc writer and dramatist. «»'*>"-"'" ^° ere' in 1773. and wns the son of 'h^, "'■^.'■{('e . lary at war. He was ^'^ >'«''',f//Je Ued minster School, af''^"'''^l'd Ihile i" on the continent, and '"'*"^''J,,7ou" .nd /! ...V that tHste for the marvellous/^a.^ romantic which charactcri«» uujh ^=_^-",; writing.. His first nov«> ,7»' JJ^Sred , ' r Its talent, but Ju.«iy '■'■" i admired for of such rare value, iilone would have I devotion of a life, on was the trans- junction with H. ■r'g " Die Dorier," r he translated, in snaldson, MUller's iture of Ancient Library of Useful portant work how- has had the most obably his learned nto the Credibility ■y," in which the r sceptical intellect a merciless denioli- cture so laboriously le other principal iwis are— the " In- utters of Opinion;" I and Reasoning in the Komance Lan- *ork, the " Histor- .stronomy of the time in 18M 5, he linburgh Kcview." listinftuishedforhis ?, wide and accurate wcr of marshalling y subject of discus- elusion show itself, In all fields of in- jncsty and fairness ptologis'is, ridiculed m inscriptions, and centenarians. His er charnu'd all who I that hencvermadc to make of every He died, leaving no i. A memorial cross, bi<'n erected to him ze statue, by Baron ; up in front of the dabust.byWcekcs, r Abbey. Sir G. C. jxdy Theresa Lister, i, known as author- J his Contenipora- novels, "The Serai- i 'The Semi-Attached; contly, of the inter-: Whs Kerry." t)ij< •xford.'JthNov. 18t)5, ned divine and anti- , .tolin lti75, and died , He published "The; icklillc's Translation '• "The History and , of Thanet,'! •' The lurch of rcvcrsham, :axton,"*c. •jREGORY(famiUftny a popular romance ,a«bo!n in London,: iKif the under-secre- taucated at A\est- which he travelled d imbibed while in the marvellous^and ictcrizei. most "''",; rel was "The Monk, but Justly censured, lew] ^ ^tio ®nibcrsnl 18iogrnpf)i). [Lie for its licentiousness ; he niso wrote " Feudal TjTants," 4 vols. ; " llomantic Talcs," 4 vols.; "Talcs of Terror," "The Castle Spectre," a drama, and many others. He was a member of parliament, but undistin- guished by any oratorical powers, and he died in 1818. LEWIS, Meriwkthkr, on American officer, born in 1774, and employed by the government of the United States, with Clarke, to make discoveries in the northern parts of the American continent, with a view to the extension of commerce to the Pacific Ocean. In 1805 they undertook a journey for the purpose of discovering the sources of the Missouri ; and they passed the winter in an icy region, fioo leagues beyond its confluence. liCwis was soon after made governor of Louisiana, and Clarke a general of itsmilitia, and agent of the United States for Indian affairs. I«wis died in 1809. LEYBOURN, Wii.LiAM, a mathematical writer, was originally a printer in London. Hebccam" . schoolmaster, and published a number of practical works, which were once popular and of great utility, particularly "A Treatise on Surveying," "A Course of Mathematics," and the " Traders' Sure Guide." He died about 1G96. LEYDEN, JOHN OF, leader of the Ana- baptists of Munstcr, was born at the Hague aboutthe close of the 15th century. Brought up at Leyden to the trade of a tailor, he spent several years in travelling, stayed four years in England, visited Flanders, Portugal Md other countries, and then settled at Leyden as an innkeeper, and married. In his leisure hours he indulged his natural aste for literature, composed verses, played the comedian, and discussed theology. He went to Munster in 1533, and there adopted the opinions of the Anabaptists, and after a hort visit to his own country he returned Munster with Mathison. Crowds flocked to lic« them, and looked on them as pro- '< t'h ""f S'**"""'" ""'* Protestants alike ii!^!i J."*'''"" prince-bishop of Munster m A ."w""'" ^^' '"''* sovereignty hy 1 arms, All who were on his side left the wn, a„ the Anabaptist, were left masters wi m,rti" '''^^ ''*'«''"• 'iKorous defence was made, a government being organised— h 'V/"':.'^"" "' 'he new Israel" with SVb"y thJ solffirs'^^n T *•"">-»" John of Lyden and ^i. ll •'"n.""/. »436, DuhliH„ .iJ..-.' ""^ "'» two friends wer publicly "to'rtnl!!"" 11? '*^" ^"•'"<>» ^f' 'tabbed and mut u*'^ ''.''"'"** ^'""^ hung UD inir^n „ • """^ 'heir bodus church "^ °" *"«" on the tower of a ,.1'EYDEX, Jonv. phvl-'-n »-,-* •^'-.-d-wi'si^rso'i-jr.inSrfSr: pisplaying In early youth an eager desire for acquiring knowledge, his pnrenU sent him to Edinburgh, where he first studied theology, but relinquished it for medicine, and, in addition to the learned languages he acquired French, Spanish, Italian, Ocr-' man, Arabic, and Persian. In 1801 he as- sisted Sir Walter Scott in procuring materials and illustrations for his •' Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," and republished "The Complaynt of Scotland," with a learned pre- liminary dLssertation, notes, and a glossary. Having obtained a doctor's degree, he was appointed assistant surgeon on the Madras establishment; after which he was made professor of the native dialects in the Hongal College; fh)m which situation, however, he removed, to be Judge of the 24 Pergunnahs of Calcutta. His power of acquiring lan- guages was wonderful, and during his resl- dem in India he devotca himself to the stu y of oriental literature; but he did not long survive the inHuence of the climate. flo*, P"f ".<""' Kemalns " were published In lo^l. Died, 1811. LRYDKN, Lucas vav, an early Patch painter and engrnrer. was bom at Leyden in 1494, was a pupil of Kngelbrechtscn, and at a very early age had attained a high reputation both as painter and engraver About 1521 he travelled through the pro- vinces of his native country to study the principal works of art, being accompanied through part of his tour by the painter Mabuse. He was visited at Antwerp by Albert Diirer. His health was ruined by the incessant dissipation in which he In- dulged during his tour, and he died in 1S3.'J. His pictures are now very rart, and his prints fetch high prices. L-liOPITAL. LH6piTAL,MICHEI, DK L'.] LH U\ I), Ki>WARi), an eminent antiquary and naturalist, born about 1670, was a native of Wales ; studied at Jesus College. Oxford, in which university he succeeded Dr riot as keeper of the Ashmolean Museum ; and was the author of a learned and valuable work, entitled "Arcbivologia Hritannica " He also published " I.ithophylacil Hritan- nlci Iconographla;" and left in manuscript an Irish English Dictionary," and other curious .apers on antiquarian subjects. I>ied, 1709. LIBANirS, a celebrated Greek rhetori- cian, born at Antioch In 314. He studied at Athens, and afterwards became famous as a teacher of eloquence at Constantinople, till the Jealousy of the other professors being excited by his success, he was accused of magical practices, and banished. He after- wards became preceptor to Basil and John Chrysostom, so celebrated In the Christian church; and on the accession of Julian he was honoured with his friendship, and is upposed to have assisted the emperor in some of his compositions. Many of his ora- tions and declamations arc extant, but tney arc ver»)ose and pedantic. UCHTENBEttO. GF.ORO Christoph, an eminent natural nhllosouher nn.i mnpati.t wttt born near Uarmstadt, In 174'2 ; studied at (lottingen, where he was appointed pro ressor extraordinary of the physical sciences; and succeeded Erleben, in 1777, «• professor m I i^^gSt/k '■ ■TTT^ i ' r t d ■ ^ i i f i ' i ! I \ i I 1 ti 1 >' i J ; -J i i t I i. ii 3. ■f^.:,, . . Lie] % i^lD ainiucraal 18(o[,raj)l)i). [lil of oxpcrimcntAl philosophy. His a»trono- micKl obsorvntions vrcro oritfinnl »"" »>"; portiint. He indulged much in satire ; and among others, possessing much wit and humour, was an effusion, entitled The I'hyslognomy of Tails," in which Layater and his system were held up to ri-licule. Lichtenberg visited Kngland twice, and on the second occasion made a long stay. He afterwards undertook the composition of his clever " Illustrations of the Engra\;Jngs of Hogarth," but died before he had finished the work. Died, 1799. T^»«.„,r LICHTENSTWN, JOHANN J03ErH, Prince von, Austrian general ""'i^^l'P'o- maUst, was born in Vienna, in 1>. LICHTEN8TEIN, JOSEIMI AN V.SCVfhXVS, Prince of, an Austrian general and diplo- matist, was born at Vienna, K.9ti. He haa the chief command of the Austrian army in Italy, with the title of field-marshal, in 1746, when he gained the victory of Placen- tia. From tiiat time he waschlefly employed in diplomatic affairs, and the duties of his office, as director-general of the artillery. He was a patron of the arU and artists, and founder of the l.ichtcnsteln Gallery at Vienna. Died, l"'i. ,t.^at>tm? LICINIO, GIOVANNI ANTONIO. LPOIIDE- ^'SilUK CAIALS 8TOLO, CAUS, an eminent Koman tribune and consul, lie wascf a plebeian family. was chosen tribune of the people with L. Hextiu*. H.C 3,b. and distinguished himself as author of several laws by which the strife of patrician and plebeian was terminated. He was re elected with his tollcague. L. Hextius. fV"y yf""; till 3fif>, when after a hard contest of ten years his rogations became laws. Uy these it was enacted that consular tribunes should no more be elcrtrd. but that one of the con- suls should be a plebeian : that no one shou d hold more than 50<> acres of the public land ; and that ten men. half of them plebeians, should have the care of the Sibylline Hooks. An arrangement was also made for the relief of debtors. Licinius was consul in 361 and 301 He was gubsetpiently convicted and fined for a breach of his own law respecting the public land. . „ ,i u LUiHTFO«)T, JOHN, a learned English divine, was bora at Stoke-upon Trent, in Staffordshire, in I6't2, and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge. Ho made ex- traordinary advanc.sln the Greek and Latin languages, and applied himself to Hebrew ^^;.ii-^ _i --.-..*_- ..^^i.i.ii* V and succ€*S!i; In !^2^ be printed his first work, entiiiid" Erubhlmj or Miscellanies, Christian and Judalcal." Ho distinguished hlnwclf as a lealous pre 5lK motcr of the Polyglot liiblc, and. at the llcstoration, was appointed one of the as- sistants at the Savoy Conference. He became vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and died in 1675. Tho works of Liglitfoot, who, for biblical learning, has had few equals, were printed In 2 vols, folio, and his"Kemain8" were published by Strype. in 1700. LIOHTFOOT, Jons, a botanist, born at Newcnt, in Gloucestcrsliire, in 1735, was educated at Pembroke College. Oxford, and became, successively, rector of Shelden, in Hampshire, and of Gotham and Sutton, in Nottinghamshire. He was patronized hy the duchess of Portland, and drew up the catalogue of her museum. lie was a fdlow of the Iloyal and Unna-an Societies, and published the " Flora Scotica," 2 vols. He died In 1788, and his Herbarium was pur- chased by George IIL LIONE, CliAKl.KS JOSFPil.Princede.was born at Itrussels, in 173.5 ; entered the Aus- trian army at the age uf 17 ; distinguished himself In the Seven Years' War; was invit- ed to the Fronch court by the Count d'Artois, and admitted into the privacy of the Koyal family ; was sent on a mission to Russia, where his talents and personal accomplish- ments rendered him a great favourite with Catharine, who made him a fleld-marshal, and gave him an estate in the Crimea; and after enjoying great popularity, he dird :n 1814. His knowledge, exporionco, acUvity, and acute observation appear by the numer- ous writings which he puhli.slied; and the information he gives of the leading persons and events of his time, is detailed in a lively and Instructive manner. LlGONIEll, John, Earl of, fleld-marshal of the English army. He s. rved in all the wars of Queen Anne, under the duke of Marlborough, and especially distinguished himself at the battle of lAWfcldt in },h, where he was captured by the French, pre- sented to Louis XV., and soon released. He became ten years later commandcr-m-chlcf. He died In 1770, aged 92. LILIIU KNE, JOHN, un Independent ol the Commonwealth period, and oneortne victims of Star-chamber tyranny, was horn at Durham in 1618. He wa.< apprenticed o a clothier in London. iu;d at the age on was prosecuted for circulating the writing of Prynue and Hastwick, He was whipped from the Fleet to AVestminstcr, se in tM pillory, gagged, fined, and imprisoned, ana, for the'heroism' with which he sufforod,^a named by the admiring F^'^ /'"J/ John " Jleleased bv order uf the long par flament In November, 1640, and awar d indemnity, ■which he jl'^^ «' 'XX at first the fullest co..fl» '" ^j'^'^^^ but aft. rward. '»'^«"'« ''', "Jd Mmph'e'' and for his violent »"'ranRue» wiUpa P^^„ was several times ."»P5'«".".7„' ,«n. Two paid him a visit ''\ \"=|^^'"TVnBl'and'i New Jear. later he P"" '!'!";' ck on CromweU Chains Discovered," an atiacK u" .<'l},v.Ni'^VWt"Vl.i We, and, at the ed one of tlie as- roncc. He became Idge, and died in [Iitfoot, who, for few equals, were i lii9"Hemains" in 1700. botanist, born at ire, iu 1735, was Urge, Oxford, and tor of Shelden, in m and Sutton, in B8 patronized hy and drew up the He was a fullow an Societies, and tica," 2 vols. He rbarium wus pur- Pn,Princede,was entered the Aus- 17 ; distinguished 9' AVar; wasinvit- :he Count d'Artois, Ivacy of the Koyal lussion to Ilussia, •sonal aceomplish- 'at faTouritc with n a fleld-marslial, I the Crimea ; and iilarity, he dif d in perienee, acUvity, jcar by the numer- uhlislied; and the he leading persons detailed in a lively rl of, fleld-marshal > siTved in all the inder the duke of ially distinguished lAWfeldt in 1747, ly the French, prc- boou released. He immandcr-in-chicf. "Independent" of )d, and one of the tyranny, was horn wa« apprenticed to id at the age of 18 luting the writings i He was whipped ninster, set in the| d imprisoned; and,; ih ho suffered, was j g people "Sturdy cr of the long par- 40, and awarded an id not receive, he )uate and dauntless Jill by speech and the parliamentary 1 and at Brentford, oner, and was rande „nel. He professed deneo in Cromwell, bitter against him, Bue» and pamphlet* is" England'! N** rttiackonCromweU lil] % iletD aniij^raal ISiograjp^?. and the Council of 8wte, for which he was committed to the Tower, and after sevon months was tried for high tronoon. Ho so ably defended himself that after three days' trial he was acquitted, but suffered three months' longer inipriiioninent. Ii» I0,'l2 he was sentenced by act of parliumciit to ban- ishment for life, returned the next year, wan again tried, hundred!! attending his trial in arms, resolved to rescue him, nnd was ac- quitted amidst shouts of joy that were heard a mile off. Cromwell had him sent to Jersey, but allowed him to return u few years later, and gave him a pension. Lilburne Joined the Quakers, and died at Elthaiu, in Kent, August, 1057. LILI,(), GEOROK, a tragic writer of the last century, was bom in London, in 1603. He carried on the business of a jeweller many years in ft styleof greatrespectability, and contrived to devote no small portion of his time to dramatic productions. He well knew how to touch the heart, and his pieces, which are subservient to the cause of virtue, are "George Batnwel! • "Fatal Curiosity," and "Arden of Fev sham." He died in i;39. LILLY, or LYLY, JOHN, called the Su- phuist, an English dramatist and miscellane- ous writer of the Ifith century. He was bom in Kent, probably in 1634, and gradu- ated MA. at 0.\ford University in 1875. His play8,nine in number, possess little intrinsic, but much historical, interest, as illustrations of the age. Lvly's chief prose works are those entitled /'Euphues, or the Anatomy of\\U,"and "Euphues and his England," which appeared respectively about 15H0 nnd iMi. Lilly was a favourite .t the court of Queen Elizabeth, and by his writings gave a new one and style of speech to thecourtiers, m, "■"'"'="" ■'•"• ""■^'<-"'ed„ aud which was ridiculed enough afterwards. He ranked hghas a dramatist, and some of hin best P ssages are supposed to have been pnra- rShp'i Shakespeare. His plays were K, •''',7'"' ""'^''' «"'* » memoir, by Im'hSi^r'''- ^^'«-''»— vhen'thii; ^vaSrn'i!!'^''"•^''• "". '"■"»"«'' astrologer. ivln^ „ ^'"'"'""''i'-P. i" HioJ. After tIh * \ «on>nion edcuation, he went to Iu 163 T^ T '**^"' .*"' '"""•''» his widow. stro 11 'r'""" "'" P"P" 0' livans the w ?,?m'"°!^ "'°" excelled his master. He c" 1 wa?''■:^"^ ""'" ""'"■" ''"r "g the consuUedJitL?:! .'"'"•„ -^'''^ ««» certainly eainKH «,„.., '™"'"-'istle. He, however, [LIN R»inod more frnm tu^V ,■ '"■> however, ti" preSmr^n. , P" "l"»<'"t party , an. had a wonrfu, " J?'''f^ '" I'is almanacks andeonun"n"("l,.^'^''!;"J "P"" »'"• »'>ldiers '11681. H Astrology ''l*:!':^ late King of E„,U,i;f a common peoDle Uo hi • ""»"""<•'" 16SL His DHnp n.i .**'*■'' "' "orsham, Astrolog ' ^-T F^ T'-''' "P." Christian a»ii"0l)servn.7, ''''■""" "' Nativities," Charle; a :"J r..'i".J''''.^''f« «'"» l>««th of '"'mat'odiham In u" ''"""';!'*''* "'"""narian, Sciiooi" by Ti;;- ';;,''/, "="fer or St l-auls "ad died of fh >,'"'"' ^^'^ <■"'«'. in 1*12 _ "";a Of the plague in T..,n,i..: s" f .....' th« plague in London, Ui isia! He ii highly praised by Erasmus for his uncommon knowledge of languages and admirable skill In the InstruciiC.i o'f t'out"}, J|e wrote some poems and tracts, but he is chiefly rem.-mbered by the I,atin Grammar w hich bears his name. T.,!;V^"/,!"?"5 *'""''^ ^^'^' « celebrated Dutch theologian, of the sect of Kemon- •trants.bornatAmsterdum.in IC33, chosen professor of divinity there In 1668; and died Ik 't "e was author of " a History of Theology," and other works. LI.VACUE. or LYNACEK. TnoMA8,«di.. tinguished English physician and classical scholar, was born at Canterbury about 1460 uL*h)J*''*** at Oxford University, and In 1484 bcc-ame a fellow of All 8ouU. He con- tinued his studies at Hologna. Padua, Flo- ,.^ u V."""* ^^""V**' P'"»flt'"K by the assistance of Follziano, Chalcondylas, and other emin- entscholars. He afterwards taught Greek at Oxford, and was appointed tutor and physician to Prince Arthur. He enjoyed nil "^ r\ •■«.P"'^'io" «« a physician, and published I^tin translations of a treatise of Paulus ^^.neta and of several works of Galen, of which Erasmus pronounced JilLi* "t,""''^ elegant than the original Greek. Linacre is also considered the of"."hf^h*'h"'* ^^'»f'"i'"'»''K«' of Physicians! of vyhich he was also first president. He was the friend of Dean Colet, William Lily. Grocyii and other scholars, and shares with ^ItuZ^Li ■"''!, ^^ Kreatly promoting the study of classical literature in England. He wasauthor of a learned work " De Emendnta Mtructura Ijitini Sermonis," and of an ele- mentary I^tin Grammar. Linacre entered the churck early in the Kith century, and held several preferments, became prebend- fl\ fw** Preesntor of York Minster, and died in 1521. He was buriei in 8t Paul's, Lon- uon. ..V.^'COLN, ABRAHAM, president of the im'!iin r'fJ' """• '^"■" '" Kentucky, in 1809 His father was a working farmer, and the first occupations of the son were those of a labourer in the bush of Illinois, whither the family had removed, nnd of a common boatman, on the Mississippi, Hut he had a taste for reading, and made up to some ex- tent for the defects of his education At the age of JS, he was chosen a member of the legislature of Illinois, aud three years Inler began to practise at the bar at Spring- field. Iji 1«47, he sat In congress as repre- sentative of his owr district, and was a steady supporter of the \N'hig party, then in opposition. He was several times a can didate for the rank of senator, but without success; and he failed also in the candi- dature for theoflleeof vice-president in iMti He was ihen one of the chiefs of the recently I formed Uepublican party. He was nomin- ated for the presidency by the Chicago Na- tional Republican ConvenUon in June, 18«0. and elected in November, his competitor being his friend Seward. Lincoln had long been known as an uncompromising oppo- nent ii ;! i 't * It' * - r r;? ' M 1 1 I . -i i \ m lin] H i^cto ainibersal 13iogr»"ipI)y. [lIN Union, ana tho «' »\°Pcn "ct of c vil T„r was the attack on and capture of lort Sum tcr Charleston, by a Southern force. The ;"ry of the president'. rcmainlnR year* i* ?he story of the civil war, >vhkh l"»tcd four vcnw and ended with the submission of the ?^ Confederates." President Lincoln had been re elected fn 1864. lived to see the triumph of his Dolicy, and on the evrnlnt? of April ?4 serwhlk. present In Ford's Theatre, at WashlnBTon. ^as shot by Wilkes Hooth. an Tclor'^Ka fanatical -cesslonlst. His death ] took place the next morninK. and the t.m" of it was received with deep sorrow an. dlgnatlon on both sides of tl|C Atla ... President Lincoln, though a man of i ■ more than average ability, and of inmc education, dlscharned the arduous duties of his office with much Rood sense and modera- tton He understood his countrymen and adthclr contldence: and It ^^^^^%\l'«» "l^"' ? appeared There Is a fine portrait of Mr Lincoln by Matthew AVilson. _ ,. , , , ^ LlNDE'sAMVKMlOOVMlL.Pol.shlexifO- cranher. was born of a Swedish fam ly at ffin in 1771. He studied at the unlvers- itr of lilpiic, under the philoloRlst KrnestI, whole friendship he ««'««'>. «'-\}^rough whose Influence he was named. In 1- >-. pro^ fessor of the Polish language and literature there. His studios and intercourse with several eminent Poles excited in hnn the drslre to prepare a complete dictionary of his native tongue. He worked at It almost Incessantly for above twenty years, and the last of the six bulky quartos was published In 1«U. He had long retired from his Ixlp- sic .hair, and after holding the post of li- brarian to Count Ossollnskl. settled at V>aT- saw where he became afterwards librarian 10 the university. He died at "Warsaw, in 'TlNPLKY. JOHN, L.L.n., professor of botany at University College, I^onJon- ^^ born atCatton, near Norwich, In 1,09. He was the son of a gardener, and was thus early led Into the path which he steadily pursued through life. In his twentieth year he began his career as a writer by a trans- lation of Kichard's " Analyse du Vruit," and after publishing several other works he came to London, and was for some time en- Kaged In the heavy task of writing the do- scriptlvc portion of the " Kneyclopadla of Plants," projected by Mr Loudon, which appeared in 1>".J». The same year he was appointed prr.ciisor of botany at the Ixjndon University the duties of which office he _,-_ ••.iccossfullv disoharRed for a long course" of years! He was for home time lecturer on botany at the Uoyal Institution And at tho Chelsea Uotanic Oardfcns. His m services ns secretary to the Horticultural Society were "f great value, many new plants and new methods of cultivation bcini; introiluced under his manngemcnt. Hut it Is as me able and earnest advocate of the natural system of botany, In opposition to the nrtiflclal system of Linnaus, that Dr liindley earned his high reputation. Ks early as 1830 he announced his views of its importance and advantages, in the fssay accomp.-.nying his " Introduction to tliei Natural System of llotany ; " and toestahlish i<:A illuntni'.o it was tlio chief aim of hii His works are very numerous, andj • ng the most Important arc— '■ The Vc- ..tble Kingdom " published in 1846; "Flo- .u Mediea i " "'•ossil Plora of Great Hri- tain," In which he was assisted by Mr! Hutton; " The Genera and Species of Or-! chidaceous Plants," a family in which he took enthusiastic interest ; " Tolia Orchi- dacea ; " and " Theory of Horticulture." From 1841 till his death, Dr Lindley was editor of the "Gardener's Chronicle." He wrote a large number of the botanical arti- cles In the Penny Cydopiedia, and contri- buted to the Potanical Uegistcr, in which he first made known some of our now fami- liar garden flowers : Fuchsias, Verbenas, and Calceolarias. Dr Lindley was a fellow of the Uoyal Society, and received their medal In 1858. for his services to science. He was also a fellow of the LiniiKan and Geological Societies, and member of many forei(;ii scientific societies. Hercceived the degree of Ph.U. from the university of .Munich. Ini 1860, he was appointed examiner in botany in the university of London; but he had to resign his professorship severa yearsi since from Injured health. The last literary work on which he was cuRagcd was tlio " Treasury of Hotanv," recenily publishedas a companion volume to Maunder's Trea- suries. Died at Acton Orcen, near London, 1st November, 18fi5. _ _ I TNnsAY. or LYNDSAY, Sir DAVID, an an.' nt Scottish poet,desrcndedfromanob^e fam . wa^ born at Garmylton, in Haddmg- on. .e, about lli'O, and l)f<^"";^_, P»%f honour to James V , t^^^i'" "^f .'■, J first poetical etfort was the "«"«■';'" which he wrote the ' t^""'P ">•',• "f* ^^l, sented it to the king. In 1531 lie was naugurated Lyon l'i"(.-»V'"-r:'v"'K and sent on a mission to <^'>'" "-f .^ - ^ return from which be occupied limiflfonj drama of a ^inK'.l'.r.kind, ontitlc.l a tJ^ of the Three Lstatis," whuh was fonowca by "The Hist<.ry and ■1'-"'"^"' " ,ff Meldrum," and other r'"'"""- "" ' ^Vr"- regency, he espoused t>.e onu* « /^f ^^^ formers, and e"t"<^'*,; '", ..^I , took place '^'{^«£;:'fTS^a-.nnen,ig r„it..rian divine, was ""■•"'"''- ed at dlewlch,ln Cheshire, and was e" ^ 8t John's college, I'^l^^^jA^- into orders, and held the Y„^^\'^«/nj,ientioas ick, m Yorkshire. wh.ch_from consc^j^^^^.^. scruples hi- ifslgnco, an'-' : "••■•••j'f;4 till iW ciples of Unitarianism. 1/°'" '' j„ Essex he was minister of a congrcgntionm^ LLV] ,^ ifJcU) ainibfrsal IBiogrnpfjy. street, in tlio Strund, and died in 18UJ. Jtc wrote Boveral works on the subject of hio faith; among :vhicharo,his" ApoloKjr," and a " Sequel to tJio Apology," " Considerations on the Divine Government," nn " Ilistorieul View of the Uuituriuu Doctriuu and AVor- sbip," &c. LINOAUD, JOHN, the Roman Catholic his- torian of England, was born at AViuchester, in 1771. He was educated at the college of Douay.and on its removal to KnglanU during the French revolution, accompanied it thi- ther. He comnienced his laborious literary careerin 1805, by a seriesof Letters on Catho- licLoyalty, contributed to a north of Dngland newspaper. The work on which his fame rests ii his "History of England, from the Urst Invasion by tlio Uomans, to the Accession of William and Mary, in lti88 ; " the first edi- tion of which appeared between 18l!»— 1824. It was subsequently considerably enlarged, and has now passed through six editions, haviriK deservedly attained the rank of a standard work. Hascd for the most part on original researches ; abounding in solid learning and acute suggestion; written in alucid,manly,unafrected style, it is esteemed oneof ttie ben text-books on our history yet written. While looking at ecclesiastical affairs and persons from the Uonianist point ofview.Ur Lingard has the merit of not ovcrpassnig the limits of fairness and moder- ation m hia treatment of controverted mat- ters. He waaauthoralso of the " History and Antiquities of the Anglo-.Saxon Church." a work charged by Southey with much sophis- try and misrepresentation. The dignity of carinal was offered to Dr Linga?d, and I dined. Died at Hornby, where he ad l'vedsmcel8!l,iu July.lb,)!. He was in [lin Ing tho purchase of Drury I^ano Theatre Linleybecaino Joint patentee with him a^d conducted the musical deparlmen" 1 coi June on with his 8..n, whose professiona abilities were of a high order, he coinpo ed {llli\!^ui ? '^'"^"^ •'*'"™- A melancholy 1 7Hfl rJiu^ ""-' >■«?"«" I'lnlt-y. In August, 1-88, while on a visit, with his sisters at Grlmsthorpc, the seat of the duke of An caster, he went on board « pleasure-boat "n the canal, with three other young men when, through some mismanagement the boat upset; hi., companionssaTeathemsHvei by clinging to the keel, but he sank 1, ,i. endeavours to reach the shore. On the lelligence being conveyed to his father he was se./ed will. « brain fever.nnd tho gh he ived til the yea. 1793, he never reco^errd gifted 'son "'"••■'} '"^'"'" "' "" f«vounte and gittnu Son occasioned. CA^fi^ vfw^^' "■■' '"'."•c properly. LINNfi, CAUI. >QN,ono of tho most celebrated of modern naturalists, and the founder of tl^e botanic system named after him, was born I. 1707, at na.shult,in Sweden. From his infancy ho discovered a piopensitV to tii« cK.rM'i's''":*' vr"'''''"y«'' '•"'-' -^^ Se withdrew hi.i attention from theological studies, and his destination was changed for "« ;i^;:^'"j' ,''.':"^r»i."!\.^vhiie at th'e unf gpt of a pension of dw u year from the UxbuET, SiMo.v NicuLAK llFMii a wrtt ui'' •"'" .'"^•^"~ -Vt'er" TODomat Kheims, in 173ti. Knrlv in lifp entered the army, and served us aide-de mp to tnc Prince de Heauvau, in J'ortWui balerwards studied the law. nd became a vueatc; but being expelled from', ^e r, m consequence of some dispute with Str'f^'?"^''"'-''''^*'''-'''>'''"'-Soliica 'in uw rs J::'*' "''"' "'f"'^'-' t" tbe rut 8 puwirs, was sent to the ILimiio i\„ PuWished his •' Ann . '".''**'• a'"! there vhich . u., -^""nlii i'oliti(iues," for Hotin et 1 jf.'^r''''"' "^ >'•<"• ^"««ts. ""tintherevolml' ""f'V. '^ "" "^'''^0 '«"■ The elKectiv'.l'f r '""''• f""""'^ «"J '"™ under Chillcni, m " """*''■''" "-"''uca- a,„i „„J?i"7).'^''" conducted tho oratorios ll'f concerts Yii that ll^'-^hters becanl Ml" J^""ed, the ce^'e Joi "'"l HUbsequen . l^''«''laa;ando„n.nf ^'.^'^ard Hrinsley li.ty. One of his yi'et of ,1 niost ro- tly versities of Lund and Upsal, ho'la'bouTert ness'of hu'r"'?;"'"."'"."''''''' ^^""'the narrow, iipss of his fiither's circumstances ; but tho patronage of Celsius, the theolog cal pro tssor. who was also a naturalist, improved his condition, and he obtained some prhate pupils. It was at this period that he foimed whicli has nnmortali/ed his name. In 1732 ho made a tour ihiough Lipland, and t «it- ..({ he niining district ^oundl^^hiun sketched the system which he afterward; developed in his '•System* Naturav" He next resided for three years in Holland »h.,re he look his doctors degree and was' den at Harte-eamp, near Haerlem. After visiting Lnglaud, in Kas, he made an excur- sion to I'aris, and, towards tho end of that year, relumed to his native country am h.''n'',"?r ''''J-'^'i-" "« StoekhohnVWhere whiH hn w'"""" "/? 1^'Oal Academy, of » ich he was one of the first member- con ributed to the advancement of hi. repuU- t on by he opportunities which it nlTordcd for the display of his abilities. lu 17il ho succeeded to the professorship of medicine U lp,al, to which was added tho sudct- Intendenceof the botanic garden, iu, f^ne and sci'^n^t^r""^ "r "«" ""^ ^-iviliz "l worw! and scientific bodies eagerly enrolled him among their members, in 1747 he was n" minated first physician to the king 1^1753 he wascreated a knight of the I'o ar sta"-an honouruevcr before bestowed on a lit orar? man . yoon afterwirds he was eleva ed to the U.purchasoWV;uir;ndma,;^c:i;'^rHa^! arby.near Upsal, where he ehiefij resided ?!',■•'"« »''e last years of his life. l?e die din !-<». Ihe private character of this great lin] ^ Jteto 2Enit)trsal 131ograpi)t). [uv bounitt U iUlnod by hi. ""•» treatment of hli ton. Hill chief worUi arc the " Sj*""*" Planlarum," " VhilosophlA Hotanica, Ma- teria Mcdica," Ac. ■u„„„ viw n LIN8CUOTKN. JOHN HOOH VAK, a Dutch traveller, of the Ifith century, who wrote narrativea of hi. voyaRej. »" ^he Kast Indies, and a description of the coant* oi Guinea, Congo, and Angola. Born, l.«3 , ""lINT^PKTKR van. an historical and por- trait painter of Antwerp, waa bo.n In lb09. He painted in Italy several ye. r», and re- turned to his own country Increa.ed In wealth and reput«tlon.-A relat on o his. HFNDRIC VAN LINT, was an eminent land •cape painter, and executed some fine views about Uome. „ v«>.i MNWOon, Mlso, whose unique Exhi- bition," in Lcicestrr Square, for so many years attracted public notice, was born In Birmingham in the year 1755. hut when ghe was only six years old her friends re- moved to Leicester, and in that town she continued to reside till her death. Ihe " Kxhibition" was first opened at the Han- over Square Kooms in 1798 ; It was subse- quently removed to Kdinhurgh, r.las(?ow. Dublin, Ac. and was finally located in U>l- ccster Square. Her productions consist of eopies from the paintings of the best ninsters, wrought in worsted. The entire collection comprises nearly IW pictures, the largest of which. "The Judgment upon Cain, was completed in her 75th year; Mio gem of the whole, however, is probablv the ' Salvator Mundl." from the original by Carlo Dolce ; for which, it is said, she refused the oiTer of 3000 guineas. This picture she bequeathed to her Majesty Queen Victoria. Hut it is not only of her peculiar talent that we ought to speak. She was a Jiind and en- couraging patroness of unassuming merit; and her name will long be remembered with affectionate regard by those who knew lier moral worth and her disinterested benevo- lence. Died in the 90th yiar of her age, March J. IMS- Her collection was after- wards sold by public auction, and realixed but a very trifling sum. Lll'Pl FKA Flufi'O, one of the greatest Italian painters, was the son of Tommaso LippI, a butther of Florence, where he was born about M12. Early left an orphan, he was placed in the monastery of the Carmine in 1420. and lived there twelve years. He showed great taste for drawing, and pro- bably studied the great works of Masacclo in the BrancaccI chapel. He Is said to have painted In the cloister a companion fresco to one of Masacclos. but whatever he did there has since perished. The usual story of his life is that be left the monastery In l43oand went to Ancona ; was there captured by pirates and sent as a slave to Africa ; by his skill in drawing obtained his liberty in 1435, and went to Naples, and shortly after re- turned to Florence ; that he executed great works at Florence. Are«o, I'ralo. and Spoleto ; that at Prato he seduced a youiig maiden. Lucrezia Butl, who was being edu- cated in the convent, and sat to him for a Madonna, and carried her off; that this 598 brought him Into «iidl«H trouble, and that at last he was poisoned. Considsrable doubt is now thrown upon uuiny of the gravest points of this ttory. It U certain that Fra Fllippo did not leave the Carmelite monastery till 1432. and that throughout his life ho retainod the appellation of Fra or Frater; his capture is believed tobcaiuyth; there Is no evidence of his living at Aucont or at Naples , the tale of the seduction reita solely on the testimony of Vasarl.asdoei that of the poisoning. It U certain that although he had more commltsiona aa « painter than hecould execute. be waaalDiott consuntly struggling with poverty In ton sequence of having a number of female relatives dependent on him. In 1542 he wm appointed chaplain to the convent of Kaii Giovannlno at Florence, and flvo years Inter rector of Han Quirico at I^CKnaiu. As an artist he belongs to the tchool of Maaoliiio, Angelico.and Masacclo, and his works show that he was Incessantly active and progress- ive to the last. Among his most famous works are the altarpiece of the Harbadori chapel ; a Coronation of the Virgin, painted in 1441, and now in the Academy of Arti, Florence ; frescoes of scenes from the lives of 8t Stephen and .John the Ikptist in the Duomo of Prato, painted In 1456-65; the Transit of St Bernard, In the same church; and frescoes in the cathedral of Spoleto, There are many fine pictures of Fra Filippo In the galleries of Florence, Munich, and Berlin ; and our own Nationiil Gallery has five works attributed to him. Died at Spoleto, 1469. A monument was there erected to him by Filippino Lippi, his re- puted son by Lucreila Buti, at the expense of Lorenio the Mogniticent. , , I IPPI FIMIPINO, a very distinguishes Italian painter, respectin;,' whose parentage, time of birth, and works, there is consider- able uncertainty. He i\".''"V'L'^i'ilu the son of Fra Filippo L.ppI by Iwmii Butl, and to have been born at t orence in f460 But there is very slight evidence fo ,he.e statements. The style o his pa. ng. marks hiiu out as a scholar of Frft/»'PP;' and his name Filippino "^Y '»"';, ",7 ' that relation. There ere « *« f "' '"^/of semblance between some of the Plf'""'" ^Upp no and Botticelli, f^PPOf' .^,,^' asscriion that he was a pup «' «°J '„"' : probably between ''•**i;-'"„/st pcter and St the crucifixion of St i*'; f'^f 'p^Xtisit to Paul before the Proconsul, bt ram St Peter in pr»-«"- "ylrWnJ'sSoVbegun of the Hcsurrectionof the King ho^._^^»^^ by Masnccio. '-''P"»r',!!^„« was adopted from of the prea-bing at Athens vrM""!- ,j l-ilippfno's d. r'ontiderable pon uiunjr of the iTj. It li certain ave the Carmelite lat throtiKhouthis nation of Fra or BVC'l to be a myth; liviDK at Anconn he neduetion reau | of Vasari, aadoea It is certain that conimitsions aa « ' ute,he waaalniott h poverty In con- lumber of female m. In 1S42 he viu c convent of Kau nd five years Inter I.eKnaia. As an : ;hool of Masoliiio, | nd his worlds show ! dive and progress- liis most famous of the llarbadori he Virgin, painted Academy of Arts, I nea from the lives ^he HaptUt in the d in 1456-6S; the j I tlie same church ; j hedral of 8polcto, : iires of Fra Filippo | pnce, Munich, and itional Gallery has to him. Died at umeut was there pino Lippi, his re- : uti, at the expense j nt. ^ I very distinguished | ■^ whose parentage, ! *, there is consider- usually Mid to be I I.ippi by Ltiercjiaj iMirn ut Florence in I slight evidence for vie of his painting! I liar of Fra Filippo, ij may merely denote . also points of re- ' . of the pictures of | li, supporting the , pupil of Botticelli; ! their common re- ppo. His earlicrf 'llne"Vi§ionof M t Florence, executed ved to complete the i chapel at Florence 0. There he pain«o« iter.StrctcrandM ,1, St Paul's TisiM pjrt of the plctiin ,e King's Son.begun ;il'HUllnthecarto()a ns was adopted frotn Uit of that apostle lip] % iifU) Slnibcrsnl 10iogrnpl)y. [lit nt Rome; altarpiecc of San Donato oS Florence in 141)6; and the frcicoa in the 8trozJ!i chiipel of Santa Maria Novella at Florence, which by their extravn^ance, carelessness, and bad taste reveal tho decline of the great artist. There nrc three picturn by Filippino in the Nutlonal Gallery. Died nt Florence, 1505. LIPl'I, LORENZO, an Italian painter and poet, was born at Florence In HidO, and died in 1664. He executed maiiy fine pictures for the chapels and convent* of his native city. As a poet he Is known hf a. burle» '' *" "f ""^'^""y h« i'"'n- nuttcd suicide, IMG, in the 57th year of hU LI8TA Y AEAGON, Alhehto a cele- ^''^J.fpanish poet. mathemalielaS.'f.'n'-d at Seville in K-.V He was bred a silkweaver ImtTJl^TV^^' \K«''«^Va» to teach mathe- '«v?. ;.""''!f'^"f '•'•'' university of his na- , tlvc city, and m IHOC was made professor of C2^ 'r'^-'*^' ^'''""'K ""d" POPU- vedrl"^ ^T""^ the Peninsular War, he tns„™° "''f '" '"'^'^"> ye'^r". returninK !?M-»f..> I?' ."« c'stablUheda eoCo whohAPnti!" f'*" auiuug his pupils several Staled bin? "'"' rj!: ^"""'■•"l ho'l'l'ty ^^^|^J«a_»"m to quit his country, and he Uvcd for some tlmoatKayonnennd at Paris, Tlsltlng England in 1833. He was soon after recalled, and undertook the editorship of the " Madrid Gazette ; " waH called to the chair of mathcniatiot at Madrid, and died profess- or of uiathematiei at Seville In 1818. The noems of LIstu first appeared in 18^2. Hi« 'Treatise on Mathenuitlcs " beeiinio tho standard work of it* class. Among: his other wriliuKS are " Lectures on Spanish Drama- tie Literature," " lis.say*, Literary :ind Cri- tical," and various political tractates. Ifu was the intimate friend of the writrr known In Kngland as Hlunto White, and dedicated his poems to him. I.ISTON, John, a very popular actor of low comedy, whose natural humour and pe- culiar drolleries afforded many u rich treat to the playgoer* of London, was born in St .\nne'» parish, Soho.and in the early period of his life was engaged as teacher in u day- school, rursaklng the school room, and fancying he possessed tho necessary qualities for the stage, he formed an aeciuaintaiue with, and often exhibited ns an amateur performer on tho same boards as C. .Mat thews. Having made several provincial tour^,he was nt length seen at Newcastle by C. Kemble, who recommended him to Col- niun, and he appeared in 1805 before n Lon- don audience at toe Haytnarket. He also obtained an engagement at Covent Garden, where he remained, increasing in public favour, till 18j;i, when Klliston having of- fered him £10 a week, he transferred his serv- ice* to Drury L.ine, and continued there till 1831 ; l)Ut tho enormous salary of lloo a week tempted him to enlist under Madame Vestris at tho Olympic Theatre, where he performed six seasons, and may be said to have closed his theatrical career. He died rich, March 22, 1810, aged B9. I.ISTON, UoiiKRT, a surgeon of great celebrity, was born at F.eclesmachan, near Linlithgow, of which p.nrish his father was minister. In 17!>4. At the termination of his professional studies he tlxed hi* residence in the Scottish metropolis, where he spv edily rose to the highest eminence both as a lec- turer and operator. In 1834 he was ap- pointed surgeon to the North London Hos- pital i and he subsequently became professor of clinical surgery In University College, and continued until hi* death one of the brightest ornaments of that institution. In 1M6 he was appointed one of the examinent of the lloyal College of Surgeons. Hi* prac- tice had become very extensive, and was steadily increasing; his name was lamiliar in every medical school throughout the world ; a rich harvest of honour and wealth lay before him ; but, in tho tenitU of his manhood and his reputation, he was struck down by sudden death. Hi* chief work wa* his " Principle* of Surgery," the first edition of which appeared In 1833; but hi.n fame, like that of .Sir Astley Cooper .rest* mainly on his accurate anatomical knowledge, nnd the extraordinary facility with which he per- formed the most difllcult operations. • l>icd. 1S47 i.lTHOOW. William, travellef, was a native of Scotland, who In the reign of Oueen Eli.iabeth travelled on foot through varl- i'J'i K. f'i \ jHr I ' I ( 1 { ) 1 if ;i t :f 'il I ! ; r-t: 1 ( t !. I i ! I t, \ i I 1 -I I a ail: B i I out countries in Kuropi-, Asia, and America, over a Ulstancu uf moro than 3(>,(HKi utilrs : (luring which he encountered many hard- ships, and was ut length thrown into the prisons of the In(|uisition in Hpain, and so cruelly tortured as to be deprived of the use of his iiiulis. On rcgaininK his liberty, and coining to Knglund.he publisliednn account of his adventures, which he presented to Jnuus I. He alto wrote a narrative of the siego of Hreda. Died, 1640. MTTLi;, William, an ancient English historian, known also by the name of Uu lielmus Ncubrigensis, or ■\Vllllttm of New- bury, was born, it is said, at llridiington, in Yorkshire, in 113fi,and educated at the abbey of Nowborough, in the sanu county. In hisadvauced years he composed % iHstory of Kngland, in 5 books, from the Norman conquest to lia', which is esteemed for vera- city and purity of language. He sharply crilicixod the tales of Oeoffrey of Monmouth, His Chronicle form* part of Ilcarno's Col- lection. Ue is said to have been living la 1220. LITTLETON,' ADAM, a learned divine, was born at Hales Owen, in Shropshire, in 16i7, and educated at Westminster Hchool, from whence he was elected student of Christehurcl;, '>«ford, but was ejected by the parliamentary visitors in 164S. He then became usher to l)r Lusby, and in 1658 was appointed undcr-ma-tter. In 1074, being U.n., he obtained the living of Chelsea, and a prebend of Westminster. He was the au- thor of" KlemenU Ueligionls,' a Jjitin and English Dictionary, several sermons, and other works. Died, 1694. LITTLETON, or lATTLETON, THOMAS, a celebrated English judge, and writer ou law, was born at Fraukley, In Worcester- shire. He studied at the Temple, was ap- pointed one of the judges of the Common I'leas, In 14G6, and continued to enjoy the esteem of his sovereign, Edward IV., and the nation, until his death, at an advanced age, in 1481. The memory of Judge Little- ton is preserved by his celebrated treatise on "Tenures," which is written in Norman French, and is esteemed the principal author- ity for the law of real property in Englund. Tills work has been commented on by Coke, Sir M. Hale, Ixird Chancellor Notliugham, and other eminent lawyers. LlTl'LETON, EUWAUL, an able English judge, was of the same family as the pre ceding, and born at Henley, in Shropshire, in 1589. In 1639 he was made chief justice of the Common ricas.and the year following lord keeper of the great seal, at which time ho was created a peer by the title of Lord Littleton. He died at Oxford In 1645. LIUDPUANU. bishop of Cremona in the lOtb century, is distinguished as a diplomat- ist and historian. Ho was sent on two embassies to Constantinople ; ftrsl in 946 by Berengarius, then regent of Italy, and again , in 969, by the Emperor Olho I. to the usurpw Phocas. He was also employed by Otho in 962 on a mission to the pope, John XXL, and assisted at the council of Home, at which John was deposed. Liudprand was one of the most learned men ot tils time, and has left a very amutiug narrative of his em- MO bassy to the East, besides a history of th« Emperor Otho the Orcat, and a liljtorr or Italy between 862—964. Dlod at Cremona ' probably about 97('. The works of Miidpranii form part of the great series of I'crti, en- titled " Monumcnta Oerm.inia> llistorl'ea" and have been recently rcpubllnhed in a separate form. They are our chief aullioritr for the period they treat of. LIVEUPOOL,CllAUI,K!ljKNKlN80N,F..irl of, eldest son of Colonel Jcnkiuson, was born in 1727, and was educated at the Clinrtcr- house, and at Uaivcrslty College, Oxford. He entered parliament in 1781, and soon took office as Under-Secretary of state ; in 1766 hu was made a lord of the admiralty; in 1772, Tice-trcasurcr of Ircliud; in K's, iecreUiry at war; and, in 1784, president of the Hoard of Trade. He wus a great favour Ite of George HI, and was often accused of being one of his secret advisers. In 17S6 he wus created Haron Hawkosbury; in 1798, carl of Liverpool , and he died in 1808, LIVEUPOOL, ROUKKT HANKS JKXKIN- RON, Earl of, prime minister of Kngland, son of the preceding, was born in l"0, nnd received his education at the same semin- aries of learning as his fattier. On quit- ting college, he spent some time in foreign travel ; was in Paris during the siege of the Hostile, and rendered himself useful at thatperiod to the English government by his communications to Mr Pitt. At the gpiicnil election in 1790, Mr Jrnkinson was returned member for Uyc; and, as ho wanted twelve months of his majority, before which he could not sit iu parliament, he spent that time In acquiring further information re- specting continental affairs. His maiden speech in 1792 indicated his future eminence as an orator, and as a nieiubcr of the cabinet. In 179o, his father being created earl of Liverpool , he becimc ImtiI Ha wkesbury, ,ind was made a commissioner of Indian alTairi.' In 1801 he was appointed secretary of sLilC; for foreign affairs ; which office, four years after, he exchanged for that of the home department. This he resigned on the dis- solution of the Addlngton administration; and, at the death of Mr i'itt, succeeded hini as lord warden of the Cinque Ports Iu W, he was again minister for the home depart- ment ; and on the death of his father, in tlie year following, succeeded to the title of carl ^ of Liverpool. At the death of Mr I'crccval, in 1812, his lordship was raised »'> "><• r«>v mlership. nnd he held that elevated statioa, till 1827, when an apoplectic and m^^r^^ attack rendered him incapable of public business. He died in 1828. „„,;„„„.: LIVINGSTONE, KOliK.KT. 0"/""";"' American politician, was born at ^f*}"^;', in 1746 ; in which city he practised the law with great success. He was one of the com- m tee to prepare the Declaration of Ind;^ pendcnce; was appointed ff^^ta^o'f' Jeign airairs in 1780; and, ."f""B^°"L'Sy wa? of the revolution, slgnalued himself ly his xeal and efficiency in the cause. Hewa^ afterwards chancellor of the State of >ew, York . and, in 1«01. was appoint db^^^ lorn ; anu, lu jovi, "••--•■r--^ ;,... iq dent JeiTerson, minister plenJpotenUarno France, wli«-i' years, he was ^^''"'=*'' ""*""■ SedV^h' marked atwn- il tion by Uuonapartp, who, on hli quittlnK Pari!, preitiitcd to him a »pl(iim e I.ivy churms us by his dear, tlow inir nd beautiful style, and while we f 'ol that ''nluabT?,'" *'i' """"'* ""'^ "' «"o m„" !Sf !?;!L:!.".'7.r'' «.^P'«^••'^•«> 'i^''. hi. ilties iTiA'uil'""-^^ ^'"' *^"(«"'ul author- ' ""• '"''^ hi» unciulcal habit of mind, are very •eriiiut drawbacks from his character as historian. Llvjr retired tu hi* native town and died therein. C. 17. An Kngliih trans- lation of Livjr li included lu Uubu'i ClaMicul Library. M.oKENTK, DON Ji'AN Antonio, a Spaulth historian and ecclesiastic, born in I7»fl. Hu wa* secretary-general to the In- nulsition, of which court he published a '' Critical History." He was also the author of " Meuiolri relative to the History of the Spanish Ucvolution," "I'oliticai Furtruils of the I'opes," and other works. Having accepted a situation under Joseph liuona- parte, and written in hit favour, he wiw compelled to quit Spain on the restoration of Ferdinand VII. In 1814. Died, t8.!3. LI,(»YI>, David, a biographical writer of the 17th century, was born in Merioneth- shire, in 1623 ; was educBted at Oxford , became render at tho C'hurter-house , sub- sequently obtained a prebend ut St Asapli , and died In IfitU. Ills principal works are, " Memoirs of the Statesmen and Favourites of Kngland," "Memoirs of Fersons who suf- fered for their Loyalty," a " Life of (ienerui Monk," and a " Hijtory of I'iota and Con- spiracies." LLOYD, Hknry, an eminent military ofticer and writer on tactics, was born in Wales, in 172'J. He served wiih great re- putation ill the Austrian, I'russiaii, and ilussiiiu armies, and rose to the rank of general On his return to Fngland he sur- veyed tho coasts, wrote u memoir on the " Invasion and Defence of Ureat ilritain,' " The History of tho Seven Years' War, ' und other military treatises. Died, 1783. LLOVl), W1I.I.IA.M, a learned Knglish prelate, was born, in 1C27, tit Tilehurst, in Herkshirc; was educated ut Oxford; ob tained a prebend in the collegiate church of Uipon, soon after the Uestonition ; wai appointed chaplain to the king in liiiib ; and eollateil to u prebend in Salisbury the year following. Oihe.- church preferments fol- lowed , and, ill 1680, l.e was raised to the bishopric of St Asaph, when he joined Arch- bishop Suncroft and other prelates in present- ing a petUion to James II. deprecating his assumed ,>iiniel'i Prophecy of the Seventy VVeeks," "An Account of the Life of Fythagoras, Ihe History of the Government of the ( hurch," &c. LOIIAU, fount, marshal of Fraace, whose family-name was Moi ro.v, was, at the breakiii!? out of the revolution, employed as a journeyman baker in his native ivwn. '"hHlsburg, in the Meurthe. Itut on entering the army he signalixcd himself by acts of bravery, which were rewarded by promotion, until, in 1mo4. vtt the canm of itoulogne, Napoleon, amid the applause of the whole army , made him his nlde-dti-camp, 001 lob] % iHciu Sti\ib(t»al i)iog(A|)f)t>. [loc! and «•▼<* >)''" ^h' coniniand of the third r»Klmi>nt of thn llnr. In the campalRn of imuft hli KBllantry ohuincd him thi< rank of general of brlnadc. and In IH07 that of irpncriil of dlvl»lon. In thp cimpalan of IIMW lie dpf*'n>l)'d \hv Jlttlr Inland of )A)h«u (fnnn which hf tiKik hli an bnni •>«'••* "*'••) •«•'"•* tho Atutilan*. complcicly l>eui thoni off, and took hlftrooim.t«r»tlv<'ljr unhurt, acToM the Danubf. In IKli hf wH»niadP nldc ninjor of IhP lni|nrl»l guard , In 1«13, lomniiuidor of tho Writt corpii of the (jrand army, and. In lHU,(hcTallpri.f Ht UiuU. DurinR tlir momorahio " llumlr.d Pnya " hp $tu\v hli aupport to NapoU'or. «nd wnt made torn inand.u»t of the tlmt iiilllinry dlvUlon, and « mrmlJor of the Chamber of I'eeri. In the brief eainpalKii of IHIft, ho eoni- nmnded the fcixth rorpn <>( tho army of the north. He (jave tho Pru^^tllln» a wvore de- feat on the «th of June In that year, hut waa wounded and urn* pf i»..ner to Kngland from that burial pliiro i»d, 1677. l.OCKE, John, ono of thp most dnlafM nhllosuphers of modern limes, was born it WrInRion, In Komemetshlre, In IfiJi )|, was educated at Wostmimter Rcliool iind (^hrlstchun h rollego, Oxford, wlicr« hp distlnKUlshod li'nmelf by hi* Koncral pro ficloncy , and finally nppllttl to the itudynt medlclnp In the year 1H«(| he was intro- duced to l^rd Ashley, iiflrrwards the eel* hruted earl of Hhafloitlmry, to whom hp b«'camo serviceable in bin nictlinil ciipmiiy, and who formed a high nplnidn of hi* kimi- oral ability, and Introduced lilm to tho (lukc of Ilucklngham, the earl of Halifax, iinil other dlstinguish(d men. He alio cuii- fided to him the supi'rlnteiulrnceof hl«ion'« education ; and when, in 1«7:', I/irdShaftM bury was appointed lord { liuncollur, he made I.ocke secretary of prcnonlatloin, onil, at a later period, secretary to the Himnl of Trade. »)n his patron retiring to Holl.iml, to avoid n state proKeciition, I/Mke accom- panied him, and remained there tcveral years. Ho obnoxious wiih he to Jsmci't (fo- verninent, that the Knglish envoy dctnnndi'd Mr Uwke of the Stales, en siupicion of hii ix'lng concenied in Moninouth'i rot^'lllon, which necessitated his temporary cdiin'al- ( inent. At the revolution he retnrnca to England, and was made a commlsiioner of! appeals, and in IfiliS a conimiimionerof irnde and pluntatloni. Ho reitided the la*t few years of his life with his fiiondi, tho Mat- hams, at Ontes, In Essex, and there he died, 2Hth ()ctol)or, 17t>4. As philosophrr, I-ocVc stands at the head of whitt is railed the Hen»ational School, In England. HiiRriat work is the " (Usay on the Human Under- standing," In which he endcavourn toihow that all our Ideas aredfrivcd from eiperl- ence, that Is, through the Hcnses, and reflec- tion on what they reve.il to w. lie alio investigates tho general chnracfor of ideaj, the association of ideas, the reality, liniiw, and uses of knowledge, the influence of language, and the nbusei! to which It ii liable. This Essay was first publinhcd In ir.flt*, and became Immedintily popular. It passed through numerous editions In rapid succession, and was trnnslatid Into French and Latin. Whatever may be tliought of Locke's theories, his Essay has n lolid and permanent worth, and will not cease to attract and charm inquiirs and loTerioi truth. Ills other works arc the "Treatise on Civil Uovemment," " Leticru on Tolera- tion," " i'n the C'ondnct of the I'ndcritand- inif " " Vindication of the ReasonablcncMOf Christianity," Ac. The grave of Locke.m the parish of H igh Laver, in which the man- sion of Oates Is, after long lying neglcctt'd;'"' In decnv, was repaired and restored in l*'- AnionglhP eminent men who contributeoio tho cost of thiK genial tribute to hif nonio T wore Victor Cousin and HarthHcmy St.H' ■ olro. The portrait of l.ocl Oraiid Junc- tion Mnu ; liisiklll niid icduomy in which Ivi to hli bcliiK iiiKMtd In maiijr othrr new lIlU'll, cuntinent both In Clri'iit Krituiu and un I(7, iiuw calli-d •'l/ockc Fiirk," hut b«>«n given to the inha bitanti of that town ait u plucn of public ri>- creation, by his widow , und a vlatue of Mr Locke hot been erected In tho park (Jan. 1666). Uii Life but been written hy Jukepti Dercr- LOCKHABT, JOHN OIIihon. who»c name MfilUorof the "(iiiarterly llevii'w," iia ou- ttiorofdueeoMful workiof variuunkindi.and asion-lii-law ol'.SIr Walter Soott, will al ways be connected with the literary history of thi) country, wua born in I'ys, hin father bciuK the ilev. I)r John Lock hart, the minister nf tlie parish of Caiubuiinrthan, and artrrwardii of the ColleKe Church, (ilat- gow. Froui Olasjtow I'nivcrsity, whore hi' itudieil for three year*, hi- wat on iliied, l>y the acquliitiun of one of tho Hnell liurtarlea, to proceed to Ilaliol College, Oxford, and at both of these ient» of academical learning he coDiiderably dintinKitinhcd hiinsrlf as it atttdent. On concluding hiii collrgo course he settled in Kdiuburi{h, and ttudicd for the bar, to which he was called in IBIC. The legal profeMion, however. had fewattractiuus iforhirn. On tho eiitabli»hnu'nt of'Ulack- I woods Magazine " in 1«17, he becamo < ,.of 'ill principal contributori, and waa unJer- j itoud to be the author of tome of iht* moat ao- iVcreand unsparing articles and irlticiimain tliat periodical. Itetwccii this time and tho I year ISW.whcn he wont to Ix)ndon u« editor of (the "Quarterly," Mr I.<)cWhnrt publiahedthc ifour novels throuK'b which hia name ia atill counted among our modern romanciata," Va- lerius," " Adum Hlair,' " KeKinald Dalton," and "Matthew Wald;" \ih biographiea of Burns and Napoleon ; hia" Peter h I.ettera to m Kinsfolk ; " and his admirable t ranalation of the "Spanish Halluda." He married [l*ir Walter 8cotfa eldcat daughter hi 1820 jWdon Sir Walter's death In 1h:I2 wna left \ his sole literary eiecutor, the result of which I rust was his well-known Ijfy of Hcott in nine volumes, completed in lHa9, and nee revised and published in an abridged 1^1". 'U **." *"lu'ne«. In \m, he waa ap- I pointed auditor nf the Duchy of I,«nc«.ter, ha nV? "^ ''l'^*^ ?■''*"• '" »«", after ;,w,?^*" fditorof the "Quarterly Ke- laly in search of health; but ho aoou re- idi d a, Abbot^ford, November iJJth, mi I Mr Wkharl was xvill loved bv those th .f . newhi,.,,,,, : ,ut the sharjness of, ' / I wanroTL"'' '" r'-'-^.'-n-lities. and a cor ain Ijwant of goMcrositv iu i-nnirov»«^ ..„i»..j lSdnoT,vT "'■""."^ '''•"oP^nVufsTa'nS i»;«ur," Ac, Ac , beaidea aoiitc ilabornlo und erudite papers lu Hio Cluarterly UcTiew. Horn, 17i« : died, 1H3!I. I.ODOK. TlioUAM, an Kngliah drnmatiat nnd misiollaueoua writer, who died In l>-ii. Ho wrote " The W.mnda of Civil War," a tragedy ; " Uuiking glaaa for l.undoD uud KnKlttnd," a tragi comedy, uud " Uuaalynde," a novel. He alsnanaiated Robert Circuuc In writing aoiiio of hia worka. I.()Kn",CArKi., barrister, and mlacellane- ous writer, waa born in I^ndon in 17,M. He was educated nt Kton and Cambridge, und was called to the bar in 177.V On auccoeiiing to the Cupel estates, In 17HI, he removed to Troslon, in Suffolk, and became an active magistrate of tho county till IHoo ; when, for having tmml»«,lon. Mr lAitfl waa a contributor to moat of the niaguiiiiea of the day , he waa the friend of Henry Kirko White , nnd It w.is to hia active patronage that the public waa indebted for the publication of the " Farmer's Hoy," nnd other povmi of llobcrt lUoomflelJ. Died, 1824. I.OOAN, John, a Scottiah poet nnd proao writer, waa born in 174M. Having atudied for thj church, hli eloijuence and obility procured for him the living of .South l.eith. In 1773. Hut hia conduct having rendered him unpopular with his parishioncra, he re- signed hia charge ; and be then proceeded to London, where he became connected with the prea* i and, among other productions, wrote a pamphlet, entitled " A Uevlc.v of the principal Charges against Mr Warren Hastings," which led to tho proaecutlon of the publisher, Mr Stockdalc, who, however, waa ac(juitted. T.ugans poema, uaually printed with those of Michael Hruce, whose uteriu he waa the first to make known, arc chleQy lyrical ; but he also wrote " Uuuny- mede," a tragedy ; und " Elements of the fhiloaophy of Hiatory," under the pseu- donym of Uutherford ; becldia a volume of aermona, publishod poathumously, which enjoyed great popularity. Died, i:«8. lAUiUAN, David, an eminent designer and engraver of the 17th century, wna a native of Prussia. He was born at Dantxlc about lt;3t>, became a pupil of Simon Paasp, and of Hondiua, and after apcuding some yeara in Holland, aettled In Knglund. He drew and engraved a largo number of por- traits uf the mast distinguiiihcd personi of the time, and uI.ho executed set* of print* of tho colleges of Oxford nnd Cambridge, nnd eo3 n riB :m ^ T [it n I i ( -i \A 1 ' ■ !■ .1 I «. i . , r ■ i \ ' 4 iii I. i%» m M i I' lok] 'a iJicto ©niUctsal iSiograpijp. of the academical dresses of Oxford. Died at London, Iti»3. LOKMAX, sumamod AT. HAKIM, or tiik Wise, an eastern plulosophcr and fabulist, who by some is supposed to have been an Abyssinian, and by others an Arabian, is said to have been contemporary with David, and to have embraced the Jewish faith ; but neither the age in which ho lived, nor the country which gave him birth, are linown. His fables were published at Loyden, by Erponius, in Arabic and Latin, in lii(i during the summer lie acted as military commissioner to the armies of the aliiM sovereigns, and was especially charged » the supervision of Hf-niadotte, the Swediih king, wiiii iiiui ttJiiii Pi-'vy »enl rl, nf'.rV""" "f"-''" "Pl'«'"""> one of te ant nil K^''!''''■"■"■y '" *'"•' '"rJlieu- >«ni.teilM,";, ■.•'.;:'„ '.i-".'"Vi".'""~ ■'nd iiis (iiiPi ».7r. 1' ■" '■' "^"'"nrrrn, «• 'in 10 Ills resignation. In 1812 he '"weeded he M„ ;•'',."'"• '" 1»12 he ___™ncMar(iui, Wellesley ns foreign secretary (which ofllcc ho held till his de- cease), and the following year proceeded to the continent, to assist in negotiating a general peace. In 1814 he was plenipoten- tiary extraordinary nt the peace of Paris, and, towards the close of the same year, at the congress of Vienna, lor these services he received the thanks of parliament, and was honoured with the order of the Garter On the death of his father. In 1821, he suc- ceeded to the title of marquis of Ix)ndon- derry ; but he did not long enjoy It, for In a fit of Insanity, brought on by excessive mental and bodily exertion In attending to his public duties, he put an end to his exist- ence by severing the carotid artery with a penknife. This event took place on the 12th of August, 1822; and, on the 20th, his remains were Interred In Westminster Abbey LONO. EDWARD, on English historian, was born In 1734, nt 8t Itlaizo, Cornwall. He was brought up to the law, and became Judge of the vice-admiralty court In Jamaica, where his father possessed estates, and of which Island his brother In-law, Sir Henry Moore, was lieutenant-governor. Ilclng obliged to return to England for the restora- tion of his health. In 17G'J, he devoted his time to literary pursuits, and wrote a " His- tory of Janiaica," 3 vols. ; " Letters on the Colonies," Ac. Died, IKI.I. LONO, KooEU, on English divlnp, emi- nent as on astronomer and a mathematician was born in 1679, In Norfolk ; was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, of which college he became master In 1733; was chosen Lowndes" professor of astronomy • held livings In Huntingdonshire and Essex, and died In 1770. Pr Long was the author of a valuable "Treatise on A.stronomy.'and constructed, at Pembroke Hall, a hollow sphere, IS feet in diameter, on the Interior surface of which were represented the stars constellations, &c., the whole being moved by means of machinery. LONO, ST JOHN, was bom nt Xewcnstle, In Limerick, in 17'J8. Tho name of his father was John I.ong, whose vocations were no less numerous than those of Caleb Uuotem himself. John Inherited the genius of his sire, and was considered a prodigy in painting, glaring, and basket-making; and a certain lady, pleased with his at- tempts at drawing, had a subscription raised for him and sent him to Dublin for two years ; during which period he attended the school of painting attached to the Dublin Society. Having made some progress in the art, he returned to Limerick, started as drawing master, and adopting the maiden name of his mother (St John), he set out, In 1822, to seek his fortune in London with some of his own pictures, a light purse, and n good share of e.infldence. His genius as a painter w:is,howcvcr, not so highly apprecl nted In London as he had expected ; and he resolved to turn doctor. Ho proclaimed his competency to cure consumption, rheu- matism, and all other diseases. He mn.li> his professional debut In Howland Street. Here business Increased so rapidly, that In the following year he was settled in Harley Street, Cavendish Square, In an elegantly- 000 «■' Jfl f PI h^ ill f; 1 .! f 'f lil t ' t ' i'llil:l:Lit!1< ii f ; { S 1 1 I* 1 ' i ' M t : 'i > ] > . B V i "' f il|| m Li^LL |ttl| mtt ■ lon] % £lt\3i SKnibersal %iograp{)p. [lon furnished house, with servants in attend- | anco to usher in his patients, who were not only numerous, but of tho highest rank. After two jenrs a temporary check was given to his success, in consequence of a youni? lady havinR died through the effects of his nostrums, for which he was tried, and found guilty of manslaughter. In the fol- lowing year, 1831, another lady died under tho same mode of treatment, and he was again tried, but acquitted. On the first of tiiese trials, no less than 63 of his patients, who were all persons of rnnk and wealth, appeared in his favour ! He died, July 2, 1834. . , ^ J, ON OH I. GIVSKI'PK, a distinguished Italian engraver, was born in ITGO. He was a pupil of Vangdisti, professor of en- graving at Milan, and also studied at Koine. He acquired a very high reputation both as a designer and engraver, was appointed professor at the Academy of tho Urera, Milan, and was chosen member of the Insti- tute of France, and of the Academies of Berlin, Vienna, Ac. Among the prinripal works engraved by him are Kaphacl's Mar- riage of the Virgin, Vision of K/.eltiel, and a Holy Family ; a Magdalene by Correggio, some of Hembrandfs works for the " Mus^e Fran^ais," and Michael Angelo s Last Judg- ment, l^nghi wrote a treat ISC on engraving and some minor works. IMed at Florence, 1831. LONOINU8, DlONYSIVS, A celebrated Oreok critic and philosopher of the third century ; but whether born at Athens, or in Syria, is uncertain. In his youth he travel- led for impruvement to Koine, Athens, and Alexandria, and attended all the eminent masters in eloquence and philosophy. At length he settled at Athens, where be taught philosophy, and wherv he al»o published Ills inimitable '• Treatise on the Sublime." His knowledge was so extensive, that he was called "the living library;" and his fame having reaelud the ears of the cele- brated Zenobia, queen of I'almyra, she invited him to her court, intrustetl to him the education of her two sons, and took his advice on political affairs. Hut this distinc- tion proved fatal to him ; for, after the sur- render of I'almyra, Aureli.m basely put him to death, for havin< advised Zenobia to resist the Koi.^a^is, and for being the real aathor of the spirited letter which the cjuM-n addressed to the Koman monarch. His death took place in '.^73. He met his fate wifh calmness and fortitude, saying to his friends " The world is but a prison ; happy therefore is he who gets soonest out of it, and gains his liberty." LONOIANIi, or LANGELANI>E, Ko- BEHT, an old Knglish poet, was born in Shropshire. He waHafcllowofOrld College, Oxford, and a secular priest, but cspou*ed the doctrines of Wiikliffe. He is Relieved to have been the author of the " Vlsionr of Piers rirtWKian," a curious poem, contain- ing severe refteetions on the clergy, end exhibiting a curious picture of the times. I/)ngland lived in the Uth century. The most recent edition of " I'lers i'iowman '' ia that of Mr Thomas Wright, F.H.A. LONGMAN, TUOMA8 :» first mentioned as a painter at Sienna, in I.'IOS; Ambrogio, not till 1324. They often worked together, were distinguished for a grand and manly style, and of all the Sicnncso school most nearly approached the standard of Giotto. Many of their works have perished or are seriously injured. Among the best works of Pietro are, an alUrpiecc in the church of San Ansano, Sienna, painted 1329; a "Nativity," 1342; the altarplece in the Pieve of Arezzo, still in pretty good preservation; and a series of frescos In the church of San Francisco, Assisi. Among the works of Ambrogio are, frescos In the church of San Francisco of Sienna, of which only fragments remain ; and three large fres- cos in the palace of Sienna, executed 1337-39 ; the first an allegory of peace, the second and third of good and bad government. The first 15 in good preservation. It appears probable that both the brothers niav have died of the plague in the year 1348, LORENZO I)E Mi-;i)icr. LMEDICI.l l.ORRAINK, Cardinal of. [GUISE.] LORRAINE, CH.\Hl,K.s of. tMAYKNNE.] LORRAINE, KoiiKUT LE, an eminent trench sculptor, was born at Paris, in ictis ■ studied under Girardon.and nftcrwar.ls in 1 taly; and on his return, in Kul, produced he most beautiful of his works, the "Ga- '^^'''.^'V"^'' " °"*'*' procured hit ndmis- lon into the society of which ho eventuallr !wame the president. Died. 1743 ^ ofSJ,^'^^"''"^^"^- '"■■' "» I-'^ench poet Romance of the Hose," a composition in whLT''""^"^''*'* ^" of U,vo, and Which during the Middle Ages had a great Ssiu. 1 */"'* ^'"'"«' ""'^ ''■" his work nfimslied ; but it was completed, about th luthn.^ •'r'"''^ ^''••"»- '*'■" known a. works nnTV'^ """"y '"■»"tif»l «nd popular 'Ster ThnJ: '"'i.flT'^"""''. >»»» the 1800 AfJL.""'"'^''"""' ""'l ''n* born in imhxir fnnna'v''"'''.'/ *"yo'T«J that his herown «1h"'*'/ '"''"^'y dependent ""own exertions for support. In 182« on she came up to London and wrote "The Mummy," a remarkable work of fiction which passed through several editions and not only secured the young authoress a name, but by various stientiflc Improve- ments mentioned in it as having tak^n place in the year 2126 (the period in which the story was laid) attracted the attention of the well-known botanist, Mr Loudon, and led to an acquaintance which ended in their mir- riage. During the first years of her married life, Mrs Loudon assisted her husband in his various publications, but wrote but little on her own account : when, however, the whole profit of her husband's publications was ab- sorbed in paying the debt of the "Arboretum et Fruticetum Biitannicum," a most ex- pensive work, which ho had published on his own account, Mrs Loudon once more put forth her energy and talents, and for many years supported her own family en- tirely by her own writings. Her works w«re chiefly on botanical subjects, of wnich "The Ladies' Flower-Garden" in 81.x quarto volumes, "The Amateur Gar- dener's Calendar," "The Ladies' Country Companion," "Botany P?x Ladles," "Gar- dening for Ladies," " British Wild Flowers," and The Ladies' Companion to the Flower Garden, " were the principal. Died, 1858. LOUDON, JouN CLAi'Diu.s, long known as a distinguished writer on horticultural subjects, was bom at Cambuslang, in Lanark- shire, in 1783, and brought up as a landscape gardener. Coming to England in 1803, with numerous letters of introduction to some of the first landed proprietors in the kingdom, and displaying considerable taste as well as industry, he obtained much lucrative em- ployment, and afterwards took a large farm at lew, in Oxfordshire, where he greatly improved his circumstances. In the years 1813, 1814, 1815, he made the tour of northern Europe, traversing Sweden, Russia, Poland, and Austriu; and an it was undertaken Just after the close of the French disasters in their retreat from Moscow, iimny of the incidents he met with created no common interest in the mind of so Intelligent and observing a traveller. In 181'J he travelled through Italy ; and, iu 1828, thruugh France and (icrmany But though Mr I^judon occasionally grati- fied his inclination for foreign travel, his literary labours were during nearly 40 years almost unceasing. " No man," savs one of his biographers, •' has ever written "so much under such adverse circumstances, as Mr Loudon. Many years ago, when he first came to England (in ls03), he had n severe attack of inflammatory rheumatism, which disabled him for two years, and ended in an anchylost'd knee and a contracted left arm. In the year 1820, whilst compiling the " En- cyclopojdia of Gardening," he had another severeattackofrheumatism; and the follow- ing year, being retummendcd logo to Brlch- . ton to get shampooed in Mahomet's baths, his right arm was there broken near the shoulder, and It never properly united. Not- withstanding this, he continued to write with his right hnnii till IU25. wher. thi; v.rrr v.^: broken a second time, and he was then obliged to have it amputated, but not before a general breaking up of Uie frame had com- «07 tl i,ou] H JtctD Stnibrrsal lStograpi)T>. [lou roonced, and the thumb and two flnfjprs of | the left hand hail bron rcndcrcU u»rlr*«. Hp aftorwards »uircrc(l frequently from ill health, till his eonstitutlon wat finally un- dermined by the anxiety aft«>nding on that most costly and laborious of all his works — the " Arboretum Britannlcum." His works were both importaut and numerous ; amonft the principal were the "Arboretum Britan- nicum.'the" Encyclopaedia of Agriculture," the " Encyclopa-dia of Gardening," " Hints on the Formation of Gardens," the" F.ncy- clopacKlia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Archi- tecture," the " Suburban Horticulturist," and the " EncTclopa?dia of Trees and Shrubs," besides which he latterly edited the Gardener's and ARricultural Magar.ines, and contributed to other publications. Died, Dec. 14. 1813. LOUGHBOROIGH. Ixjrd. [ROSSLYX, Farl of T LOui'a VII.. called LE JKVNK, kini? of France, was son of Louis VI., and was born in 1120. He succeeded his father In 1137, havinjT the same year married Eleanor, heir- ess of William, duke of Aquhaine. A quar- rel with rope Innocent H. in 1142 brought an interdict on his kingdom, and led to a war with Thlbaut, count of Champagne. Louis took and pillaged Vitrl, and burnt a church in which 1300 persons had taken refuse; and for this sacrilege he resolred, by the adrice of St Bernard, but against the counsel of his able minister, the abbd Suger, to go to the Holy I^ind. He received the cross at the hands of St Bernard, at Vezelai, in 1146, and the next year set out at the head of a large host, his queen accompany- ing him. Well recelTed by Manuel, emperor of the F.a«t, he lost a large part of his forces before he reached Antioch, in March, 1148. He joined the Emperor Conrad at Jerusalem, and with him began the siege of Damascus, but failing In this, he returned to France, end of 1149. Hedirorced his Queen Eleanor in 1153, for her licentious conduct in th'? East, and the next year married Constance of Castile. He married, for his third wife, Alice, daughter of the count of Champagne, in ll«Ju. Eleanor married, immediately after herdiTorce, Henry, dukeof Normandy, after- wards Henry II of England, who thus be came posses.sed of Guienne, the lamousin, and Pc-tou, the three fairest proTinces of France. In llCt I»ui* received the fugitive Bccket, and resolutely protected him. Ijiter he also received the sons of Henry II.. and encouraged them in their revolt against their father. A war between England and Franre followed, which lasted several years. In 1179 Ix)ulB visited the tomb of Bccket to pray for the restoration of his son Philip, then dangerously ill. Died at Faris, llhO. LOUIS VIII., THF. I.IOS. king of France, was l>om In 1187. He was son of Philip Augustus and his queen, I»at)ella of Hain- aolt. In 1'216 he accepted the call of the barons of England, provoked to revolt by the tyranny and treachery of King John, and, though prohibited by the papal legate, •ent them aid, and Stxsn after landed In Eng- land hitnsc'if. He took iujchrstrr and "Win Chester, besieged Dover unsucceskfully, and received the homage of the barons at Lon- 90» don; 1 , after the death of John, wasabin- doned by most of his adherents, and was' excommunicated by the legate; his troop. were defeated by the earl of Pembroke at " The Fair " of Lincoln ; and Ix)ui8, besieged in Ix)ndon, made terms with Pembrolip, and withdrew to France in September, 1217. He succeeded his father in 1223, and in the fol- lowing year recovered most of the Engliih possessions in France, in spite of papal m- communications. In 1226 he undertook i crusade against Kaymond, count of foulouw, and the Albigenses ; took Avijfnon after a three months' siege; overran Languedoc; and died in Auvergne. November of the same year. Louis VIII. had married, in 1200, Blanche of Castile, by whom he had seven sons and one daughter. LOUIS IX., or ST LOUIS, king of France, was bom in 1214. and succeeded his father, liOuis VIIL, in 12'.'6. Being then only in his 12th year, he was placed under the guardianship of liis mother, lUanciic of Cas- tile, who was made regent of the kingdom, He was declared of age in 1236. \ sererc struggle was going on between the crown and some of the great feudal nobles, in which the latter were assistoil by Henry 111. of England. In 1243 I^uis defeated the Eng- lish in several engagements, and a truce for five years was concluded. Having made a vow. In the event of recovering from a dan- , geroas disease, to marc!i against the infidels i in the Holy Jjxnd, he made jireparationi for doing so, and, in 124S, embarked at Aigues- ' Mortes, with an army of SO.Ckmj men, accom- panied by his queen, his brothers, and almost i all the chivalry of France. The particular? '< of his disastrous campaign, which led to his surrender, and that of the remains of his } army, cannot be recorded bore: but we may remark, that a greater union of fortitude, punctilious honour, humanity, and personalji bravery, has seldom been witnessed in the conduct of a prince than was displayed pt,, Louis throughout this expedition. Thei! town of Damietta. which had been Uken, by the French, was demanded as the price of the monarch's freedom, and a vast ransom was also claimed for his followers. These i terms being fulfilled, I-ouis embarked with about 6(K<0 men, tlie nolc remains of hisnne armv, for Acre, and spent four Jf" f"^ in Palestine. On his return to Iran";" applied to the government, of his kingdoni ' • • ' ligence, and ruled witli and moderation. Xotwith with exemplary diligence, and ruled with impartiality and moderation. >o'*''°. Handing the dis.tsters of his crusade undertook a new one. ""•„o''J^<^' "^ ^X"! was the conquest both uf ^fr^'^fj^^^f tine. Tunis, however, was the flrst ^int o attack; but while engaged at «>>eiie?eo' ?h«t place, a P^'^tilence broke out amon^ the French troops, »"''• '^f;"'™, pencil. his sons, and a great part of h«sarmy.P"i he was himself one of i'V^'V fvVS 21. 1270. Ix.uis was cancniied '^T ««"'''^^, VIII m 1297. -nd his Life was written hy his friend, the . -re 'l"\J'""!'"^-.,,hc»so( LOUIS XI., kingof Fran eja»thCio die fatber, of whose ministers anu m>^ of John,waiab«n- I lheront«, and wu^ Ifffatp; his t^oo^, ■I of Pembroke at nd l/ouis, \KMffi itiirembrolip, and ptember,12i:. He 23, and in the fol- Bst of the Engliih fpite of papal oi. 6 he undertook i count of 'foulonw, k Ariftnon after a E-rran Lan|?uedoc; November of the . had married, in by whom he had ter. IS, king of France,' ceeded his father,^ eing then only in placed under the er, Illanciic of Cas- ' It of the kingdom. in 1236. A severe ctween the crown lal nobles, in which by Henry III. of defeated the Eng- Its, and a truce for I. Having made a vering from a dan- against the infidels I Ic preparations for barked at Aigues- ' 50,fK«J mcn.accom- rothers, and almost j \ The particular? '< n, which led to his he remains of his ! here: but we may 111 ion of fortitude, inity, and personal i I witnessed in the 1 was displayed by expedition. The! h had been Ukeni indcd as the prieeJ' and a vast ransom j! fuUowers. These:! lis embarked with; remains of his fine It four years more urn to Fnnce, he nt. of his kingdom ■e, and ruled with ration. Notwith- ,f his crusade, he le object of which r Egypt and Pales- as the first point of ed at the liege <>': liroke out among ifter seeing one of 9f his army, periih. ts victims, -W" ,ni„d by Koniface ife was written by ,nce,wasthesoso' liourges, mn.y „ir. he was mall I iisposedbut i='"' i,tmandmi»«r««'j |Lor] Agnei Sorel, he soon ihowed himself a de- cided enemy. In lUO he left the court, and put himself at the head of an insurrec- tion. Charles defeated the rebels, and exe- cuted some, but pardoned his son, whom Le even trusted with a comnaand ai^iost the English and Swiss. Ix)ul3 conducted him- self with valour and prudence, and his father became entirely reconciled to hiin ; but hav- ing soon entered into new conspinacies, he was obliged to take refuge first in Dauphinr and afterwards in Hurgu'ndy, and lived there flveyearsin a dependent condition. On the death of his father, in U61, he dismissed the former ministers, and filled their places with obscure men without character or talents to , recommend thera. Insurrections broke out in various parts of his dominions; but they were soon quelled, and followed by many executions. In everything he did, his [Crooked policy and sinister views were cvl- ; dent. Whilst he pretended to reconcile con- tending parties, he secretly instigated them against each other; and when he had a ne- gotiation with a foreign prince, ho corrupted his courtiers by bribes.and esUblished secret corr.spondenccs with them. He becamcln- Tohed in a war with Charles the Hold, duke of Burgundy, which lasted from 1463 to 1472 In the course of the war Louis, having re- quested a passport from the duke, went to ijisit him at Pcronne, though he had just be- i ore secretly instigated the people of Li«Ve !io rise, and promised them aid. Charles having discovered this act of treachery wm furious with rage, and hesitated three da« dunn^ which he kept the kin^ in prUonf C , What course he should adopt Nothing b^ h^'nn fh""* ^"'**^*' persistency In false hood on the part of the latter, who asserted "almoVtTmLsJhin^^ """'''■^' »*"' '' his cbaracT s.^ .'° ^"^''"^ " J"« "«>* of lqMliiier"i7e'w«at"?h«'*'"''"^ *"* *'» XI- *as th?fir />; "'f "»'' ""«^'- I-oui* ofCharle\SvfeuaL"'"^^/>!:" *»'«' «>« Onascendn^fh^.V '*^*'*"'''»nj in 1462 *''"'■ "Thekin»nf V "•"* ^"^"'^ »»" acces- not revenge the ?niu,,?."f' "^'* «»<^' " ">«'« Orleans.'' Hi, '^i""«'» <*one to the duke of f ««f»re he?oL.T.!* "/™."'»"*«1 »cene tT'- 'ol N-.plea 'Tft** ^^^ Milanew., I'»T for IJ vear,Th • i,L". «"" WTaglng % iSfbi Qntbgr aal 13iograp^p. [lou I'^^t^'^ 'iominions rht wwoWiged vf f r ^'k"'"'* Prlncew Mary , sister of Henrr ^ III. She was his third wife, and after h^ death was married to her first over. Chlrle! Brandon, duke of Suffolk, I^uis XII ^! tessed many of the qualities of a good ru^J- he was honest, kind-hearted, and K Inim -' ous; he was also a friend to science ind I I ranee enjoyed under him a hJgS d^^cJ of prosperity and security. * "CRTce LOUIS XIII., king of France was »h« son Of Henry IV.. ani bom in f6,^,.''*^e ing fhi^."^"*" IT* *"'' " »»'«' «>«'«»»' o' his father tJu.tef ,"„' h'" ''"'^^^ '^' "'"KJom was in.' trusted to his mother, Mary de Medicls during the early part of hi. reign France Ma'^h^i'^r a""^^ °' "'/'' f the Huguenots, revolted, and was •"PP<>«P<» by Kngland. The kingd?ovcThl &^l^r ,"!' *"'"' <^°"1>«'red the Lllnd of .Suined.*n h^K**^^ Hothelle, Which had sustained all the horrors of a siege for twelve months and cost the crown 40 million irvre. After thi. event, to fatal to the Protesiant uiterest in France. Loui. assisted t"e duke of Mantua against the emperor, and entered •K ""'. ^"'Pa'i?" in person. In which he showed skin and bravery. I„ 1631 a treatv ;r™edT'".t'*' ""' ^^'ich the duke wal con^ firmed in his esutes. The year folloi. ioff Oaston of Orleans, only brother of the kin,' rero Ited. out of dislike to Uichelieu and wf.' «Misted by the duke de Montmorency. vTh" be ng .wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Caslelnaudari. in 163i.>. was be- headed at Toulouse. Louis and the Tardinn were attacked with a mortal dise^"S at the same time ; the latter died in I)eccm- f OlIs xiV^L''"^* i°?'»y folloVi!:"" "(Vr^ni X. ••''"* "' France, called the Grand Monarque," son of the preceding was only five years old on the deklh of hf.* father, the regency being in the hands of vho^l.^M"""?'*'"' ^"^"^ Austria, under . whom Maiarin acted as prime minister The "pl^n\:r,h'**° "'"*''**'^ "» * war with 1 taine^l w ■ih*'"i ^"'P^'-"'- '*»"ch was main- j S. tr,.'" f'"'^ '° 'be French arms br ien„rY*.°',^""'** •»'* tbe famou. Tu^ 1,^ w',"*. a'tbough Louis was successful abroad, hi, kingdom was distracted by infer Ma'a7i'„'*""^,l*''=^'«'"'-»««''"*'*'«'«»««"'nlt Jiazarin and the queen, took up arms and the king, his mother, and the cirdin^l 'were obliged to fly. The Spaniards. profltinTbT these trouble., made «veraJ co^ue.t? ij Champagne. Lorraine »".• i.-"- ^ V* .-I? «rl«'rlf '"»'>n'^'» 'be governni^m. bul ul' the c[vUwi?i" '**"'" "'" '"' following. h.!.i **' ^"* renewed. On the vrar breaking out between Knglrnd and UcS^ M» land. Louis Joined with the la"";}*"* *"" a fewnaral actions, tho peace of "'p^" J" concluded in 16«7. In lfi72 the French kii^ made an attack on Holland. •"* r<'0«'.«;* some of the provinces in a few weeks. Thlj invasion produced a new ••""^^^^'f^^ »«?'[L** Louis, between the emperor. Kpnin, and the elector of Bran-lenburff. in which all the ■Hies were unsuccessful, and whicn ler- m natedrin 1678. l.y the treaty of Nimeguen Amidst all hi! R'.ory, Louis committed an act of imponic cruelty, by the revocation, in 168S of the Edict of Nantes, granted by Henry IV. In favour of the Protestants-, measure which drove from France a va.t number of Ingenious "jechanlc. and others, who settled m England and Holland. About this time another league was fo«-"\fd against France by the prince of Orange the diiko of Savoy! and the eiectorsof Havaria «nd «ran. denhiirg. To this league were aft'-'^*'^' added the German emperor and the king of Soain. The dauphin had the command of the French army, and he opened the cam- paign by taking Phllipsburg in ,»ctober 1688 but he was soon forced to rctre-t he 'ore a superior force. It was on this occasion that iZis and his first minister. Louvois, dis- graced themselves hy ordering the devasta- fion of the palatinate by «-;« »"*^ •^^'^i In 1«90 Luxembourg gained the battle or Fleurus.nnd Ontinat took NIS'''u"'l''t !.» a victory over the troops of the duke of Ravoy ; this was followed ^ytl'C taking of Mons^nFlanders.ValencIa in Catalonia C*^ ma^nola.and Montmellnn in ^^a^oy. Thew auccesses were counterhalnncrd by the de- feat of Tourvllle's squadron off La Hogue, by Admirnl Hussell. June 2. 1602. 1/)U is In person took Namur.and Luxembourg gained the battles cf 8 teenk irk and Neerwlnden. In IBHB, Bavoy made a separate peace with France which was followed by a general oneatkylwlck.ln 1007. The tranqalllity of Europe, however, was again broken by the death of Charles 11.. king of Spain, in *.«^^ He left his crown to Fhilip "', J""^^!,^ "^ of Anlou, who assumed the titleof F»>i»P /• In opposition to him the Archduke Charles laid claim to the throne ; and »'« T^" ""P* Doried by the emperor. Holland, and F.ng- land. PHnce Eugene had the command of the Imperial forces, with which he took Cremona. In 1704. Eugene and Marlborough giined the great battle of H'»jh«-t.or Mlen- he.in ; the year following. Nice and \ma- Franca were taken by the French, who lilv) gained a dear victory at Cassano over Eugene; on the othor hand. Barcelona sur- ren.lered to the archduke, nnd (iironne de- clared in his favour ; the battle of Ramilles was gained by the duke of Marlborough, and I'rince Eugene saved Turin by defeating the duke of Orleans. In 17"H. Lille was re- taken by the alHes, who also gained the battle of Ondenarrte, and the ImperlalisU made themselves mnstere of Naples, ine yenrfollowin,' the French lost Tournay.and 8uir.>red a great defeat at Malplaquet. In 17l;i a treaty of pence was signed at Utrecht I hy France, Hpain.England.Kavoy, Portugal FriinBia, and iiciiartu ; nud th? -<=«* 7^ pence was concluded with the emperor at Radstadt. Ij' ''P'4f' ' Orleans. Louis was crowned in 1.2^ ana declared of age the '""owing ym. The beginning of his reign was rendered dlMS trou" by the Mississippi scheme of U,Tth famous financier, which fuiued thousand „n the death of the la«t-men«i nedmo^ ^^^ On the death of the 'w»;"X election of his in 1733, Louis supported 'he eim'™ , father-in-law Stanislaus.sRamsnhetto^^^ of Saxony, which "<•«'«»' '"^'.^J,C how- Franco and the emp<'ro';,.«"";'he throne; ever, was forced to abandon ne J ^ but tho French were succwful i" I^J'^ ^,^ a peace was concluded n'3».^^^^ of the Emperor t'I",V"'»"C of Austria was The succession '^^ ""•„'^.''"'_d Louis declared disputed by fo"r person', nnd ^""iite, of hlriself against Maria ahere.a,««^ K^ ^„. the late empen.r, eont.ary to „„,ions gagements, He supported tee P^ ^^, "f ih« elector of Bavari»,_ wM w^ ^^^^^^ ielf Charles VU — • ™ - - ' - 610 •awe, great-grand- prt'ceding.watbom {. dying when he f, the kingdom wai ■ of Philip, duke of wned in 1T22, and lowing year. The; ¥»s rendered dlMS-' scheme of Uw, the; ruined thousands: th of the duke otj succeeded a« prime ; Jtourbon,vfhowai| was suo«eeded ij^ nme year the king; the kinf; of Poland,! nentioned monarch,, the election of nis; .against the elector j medawarhetweeai ■ Btanialaus, how-| indon the throne ;| c,.,«ful in Italy, and n 173«. Thodeata, ,penedanew9cene.i ,U of Austria wa«i and Louis declared here.a,d«"Khte'^ , .yy to his own en I /d^he preten.ion»! .who called him- i king of Bohemia,, LOU] ?t i^eto ©nibfraal ISIograp^p. but in 1742 that city was retnk.'n, and the alliea, with the king of Orent iiritaln at their head, gained the battle of Dettingen. In 1744, Loiiia tiok the fleld in p<*r8on, and captured Courtray. Menin, and Yprcs; he was also present at tlie hnttles of Fontenoy and Lawfeld. ThcaesdTnntagea were acrona- panied by the taking of Ghent, Oatend, Brussels, HerKPnop-Zoom, and other place*. On the other hand, the troops of the duke of Saxony, and of the queen of Hungary, ravaged Frovenee, and the Kngtish com- pletely ruined the French commerce at sea, and negotiation* were opened which ended in the peace of AJx-la-Chapelle, in 1748. In 1755 a new war l)roke out between France and England, in which tlie latter power had Prussia for nn ally, while Austria lea- gued with France. At first the French were successful, taking I'ort Mahon, defeating the duke of Cumberland at Hastinbeck, and forcing the English general and his army to capitulate at Cloater Seven. The electorate of Hanover was conquered ; but in 1747 the French and Austriuns were defeated by rrederick the Great at Rossbach ; this was followed by other leases both by land and lea, particularly by the conquest of Canada by the English, and I.ouis, humiliated, de- spised by his subjects, given up to the grosa- est immoralities, with his miatresses, and his "Pare aux Cerfs," died in 1774. He was polite, affable, and naturally humnne ; but want of strength of character, and sen- sual indulgences, degradea him equally as a monarch and H man. The storm, which burst on the head of his devoted successor, was fully expected by him j but he selfishly con- gratulated himself, that, bad as thlnas were they would last his time, ' LOUIS XVI., king of France, son of Louis hedaiiphm.andof Maria Josephine, daugh- ter of Frederic Augustua, king of Poland, ruJS'",'"^'''"'* ''n'n«"<«»ely created n ■« ?'k'* "" '^^ ''•''»''' "' his father. and in 1770 he married Marie Antoinette, an .„„ ■',"!! P*"'"""' "f Ki-eat beauty and nc- omplishments. In 1774 he succeeded to t hoTflnf'""'"' '"" *" » deplorable hPrt^rf' ."'•''! '"^'^ '""""y Pximustcd, her trade dimini.shert, her navy destroyed the nation groaned under a weSft of looked M,',"' """^ "f "'""f« «he people MUedto the yoiniff king to recover their o« greatness, and ho seconded S hope. b ailing around him those persons whom thought most likely to redeem ?h" 7rroS dir,i«,"""J''?"°"- «« those Tur" Hi flr.,1, ''"'"'' '"' his first mlnistera " h thec„r''"y P"""'" ; hedisp..„.rd «tth bVg nnro'/'/.r'' "^ the 'people 1774 th. „» V. ^ "' '^"'■y new reiffn In % to'ass "net" f ""''' '''"'''''• '"d "ff«l« itunatelv Z %T'^^'^' ""P"^''' «hen. »»y«Jealon -.If kL/*'",'''' R»vernmont, al- ''^olted AmerLfln^'""'!' •""" P"" '^'th the »«d betweTth" fZ*^ ^ """""» *«' -"- ""•"Rh it terminated " .V'""""""' = '*'hlch, »l«totheES k'" "r '"»" °"he colo- '"o'ution f:l>a,;c';''''?heT'" ' "'"•"^^ S«elye,haurd%nVL:?rr.'L*:i! "^^°*""mn7«. Hemad"e7uch [loit practical reforma ai he could, but waa dla- mlaaed In 17M. The .anguine c.lonne took the po»t, and .trove r* vainly aKainst the overwhelming embarraaament of the itoTem. ment; and the Cardinal de Hrlenne. who succeeded Calonne, laid .uch Intolerable burdens upon the people, that the parlla- I lament refused to regitttr ihem. For this the membens were exiled toTroyea.but wer« afterward, recalled by Iance, especiaUy with PictJgru. Being inTiied to Russia by the Emperor Paul, he took up his residence for a while in the ducal castle of Mituu, in Courland. The Tcrsatility of his new ally, however, soon put an end to his continuance there, and he received peremp- tory orders to quit Russia in a week. The Russian government then allowed him to reside at Warsaw; and while there, in l»o3, Buon.ipart«, at that time first consul, at- tempted to induce him to renounce his claims to the throne. To which he replied, " 1 do not confound M. Buonaparte with his predec«ssors ; I esteem his valour and his millury taienu, and thank him fur all the good he has done my people. But faithful to the rank iu wkiih I v«a« Imta, I khaii nerer give up any rights. Though in chains. I shall still esteem myself the deKendsntof 8t Ixjuis. As »'"cce»sor of Fiancis the fint I will at least say like him—' We hareloit all except our honour.'" In 1W5, Louu with the consent of the Emperor Alexander' returned to Mittau ; but the peace of Tiliii obliged him to leave the continent, and, m a last resource, he took refuffe iu England. Here he was hospitably received ; and Hirt- well. In Buckinghamshire, a seat belonginj to the marquis of Buckingham, was SMigotd as his residence, w here he remained till the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, drew him from hU retreat to reaKend the throne of his ances- tors. On the 3rd of May he made hit entry Into Paris ; on the 3(^ith he caused a consti- tution to be drawn up; on the 4ih of June it was formally accepted ; and the Chamber of Deputies, which was tsttoblished by this Instrument, requestcvl the kioj; to take the surname of " The Desired," Louit U Dnir4. But the disgrace which the French armi had received was too deeply felt by the soldiers who had fought under Xapoleoa to make them satisfied with the Bourbons, and i the prevalence of ultra-liberal opinions ren- 1 dered a great portion of the people disaffcct- < ed to the monarchy ; and when Napoleon ' made his appearance in France, March I, 1815, his presence roused every latent feel- ing, and inspired his former fulluwen with tenfold courage and enthusiasm. Louis was' compelled to flee from Paris on the 2Uth,aiid seek refuge in Belgium. The dake and duchess of Orleans, the old prince ofCond^ the count d'Artois. and the duke de Beni, also hastily left Paris ; and proceeding to U Vendtc and the south of France, they en' dcavoured to awaken popular sympathy in favour of the royal cause. The minister!, together with several officers of distinction, followed the kir.g , and Talleyrand, in par- ticular, was actively engaged in his cause «i Vienna. Great events now followed in rapid succession. The battle of Waterloo, fcu?hl on the I8th of June, broke the power of >i- noleon, and dissolved the charm of his «iip- posed inTincibility ; Wellington and Wucher marched to Paris ; and Fouch4, who had ; already Induced the emperortoleave France, put a stop to the shedding of blo«»'""■: and another, dated July 2i, "Clud "? & » : the general amnesty those who *e«^ « . denominated •'rebel.,' and wh/^Sr'' ment for the most part consisted i^'^,, deeradation from the P**"?*' *" '1„ rf ' ratlins of Napoleon "'"c. under pmrf, death, banished f'"^ »"" *; "h oS .hose who had voted ^o;.'^" „dM h o^^^.^^^ I 612 XVI., ana iu» to hini»flf to appear ff.ore the Committee of Publi.- Safet/ Me injuntlyflea to thcFrench frontier eia^' mo the Austrian territories, and refusing n .nTuation to enter into that servlcepro* vrh . h? ^""'!" »°^"'^» Swit^er Und. and M,f '"",'* 'th Mi sister Adelaide lIuU Phx' "^f ^- T*"* w..ndering^ g rr Cnm l''PxP* '" Switzerland, Hun- 1-,, * * H*" often narrated and willX «tionm take unil'"' '■*^"**'* '""»' '""• on the 24?h o?l*™* ??*1°" ^'^n^"* ' and. 'i>e E b^ o,7JT-; >■''«. he sailed from : "rived in Mfetv^na'* ^""^•' '''"''^ "«• by« brother, Vn"f '*"• *°"" »ft«Noined H.^ resM ; '•and"tS's'' in^A »*«"J-'«'«- tinned until 18W) i^ .k J? ° America con- y^^ he ari red ; F,Y *^»'"'""ouls Philippe returned Days, when he repaired to Prance, and en- tered into a'l the honour^due to his rank A CO dne** which arose between him and the administration led to his temporary retire- ment to England; but In 1917 he took up hUperrnanent abode In tVance, and. while abstaining from politic*. deToted himself to the education of hi* family and th<- patron- age of literature and the art*, until the re- Yolution of July. 1830, and the deposition of Charle. X. placed him on the throne The erenu of that period and hi* ,ubse- quent relgti belong more to history than year* after his acceaalon were *pent in re- pressing the republican spirit that still lin- gered among the deacendant* of the Jl,,t French reTolntloni*t«. and in conaolidaUng h«!i. "^H^ -"'^" ■ P"'"'''' con.titutional -^, J . . ^V^^*** conspiracies that were entered Into for orerthrowing his goTcrn- meat were detected and *uppre*»cd : re- Pf«ted attempu to a*.as*lnate the king himself had proTed abortire; and thespecu- ator on probabilitie* might harejuauyan- ticipated that Louis Philippe would hare »pent the remainder of hi. day. in peace, and have bequeathed hi* kingdom to hi* family But thi* was not to be. The clo«e of 1847 and the begmningof 1M8 had been •Ignaliied in rnnte by .trenuou. eflforU. on the part of the opposition . to wrest from the goretiiment ameaaure of " electoral reform." Hut the Ouiiot adraini«tratlon tun.od a deaf ear to their appeal*, and went so far a* to Interdics a banquet, which had been fixed to be held Feb ^rVJs a'*1?"k,"' thi* moTement.on Feb. 21. IMS. A slight not. which took place on that day, »oon awelled into a formidable Murrection In Tain the king now offered to change hi* ministry, and to yield to the popular demand*. Eren hi* atiiication in favour of hi* grand.on, on February 23rd. toZAT «'*';.,'"' '"r himself confpeU^' to flight. Hastily quitting Pari, with the queen, who had shared with him .o many whTrv''* """^ hi* way to the aea-.hore. whence he e*caped, in di.gui*e. for England fia^Lnl Jww" '"^^ "P hi. residet... at CTaremont. with an occasional sojourn at ^„^r"!?1 "JL**' '^""d*. and for a tima appeared to bear up manfully under the dia- a*ier* which had befallen him. imt. in the oSer"?, *" i?*"' * '»'""«•' •"<»«'"'" came over him ; hi* naturally itrong con*tltuiloa fpw^'mi'Lf rf *'' • ""'*• ""^f 'inhering • exnir^a .1 r " '''■*'''* Phy*lcal debility, he expired at Claremont. Anguat 26th. Hij 6U 'ill f r = r. -5 fSrr ™| h' -i •■' .' t>; . ' t* : 4 •■-! 1 m Jv*. J ^i iBplllj "ff Mk mAi^Mist ! 1 ■ 5 n \ ■ , i u \ t i ^I . i h !" JJl LOU] % i^tD finibccBal 33iograpi)Q. [lov nmalna w«ro tlrponUtd in the vault of u chap«i at 'WeybrlilKe. which he had b«en In th« h»bU of attendInK ; thrre to repoaf. unul, accordinic to the inacription ou hia torn*., "Id pairiam a»iu»a Inter clnerca Deo adiuv tMo lran«f< his religious duties he Joined the practice of medicine; and not being sufficiently provided with European remedies, he was induced to collect and ex- amine the planu of China, Malabar, and other parts, whence he procured a large and valuable store. On his return Ui Portugal, after 38 years' al>scnce, he published tho result of hi< botanical rest-arches in a work, entitled " Flora Cochlnchinensia," two vols. Born, 1715; died, 17»6. LOUTH EHHOL'ttO. IMIILIP JAUKH, an eminent lap'tacApe painter, wu bum at Strasburg.in 17idi studied under Tihchbein and C'lisanova ; and displayed great talent in his deliuaatioa of battles, bunting pieces, 614 Ac. He came to London In 1771, and while there contrived an cxhlbitiun, caltsd tkt Kiilophusikon, somewhiit uu tiie plan of the Diorama. He was a member uf the Aca- demy uf Painting at Paris arid a royal ics- demician of KngUiid. Among hli belt pic- tures are "Lord Howe's Victory, lit inn* 17M," " Htormlng of Valentiennei," andihi " Destruction uf the hpaniih Armadn. " Died, IHI'i. • LO UV£L, PIEHU£ Luuiii, the HMauinof the Due 3. Ue was by trade a saddler, iind worlied in tho stables of the Lmperur Napuleon mil the French king, Louis Will. Hii dlt- position waK gloomy, and hn appt-arcd to dwell intently ou what he Imd heard re- specting the cuunes uf the French revolu- tion, until ha felt u rooted hatred to- wards the Bourbons. During it\x years he ruminated in silence on their deitruotlon, and began with the youuKcit, ai he after- wards acknowledged, fruui !i wish to ex- terminate their race ; having reiulved to omit no opportunity of killing the uihen. Louvel perpetrated the fatal deed on the 13th February, 18i0. He conducted himself with flrmneaa during his long examinatiuD, and appeared culm throughout, even in hii last moments, poiltivcly dpilaring that lie had no accomplice. L0UV018, FRANCOIS MiCatL ISlUr LIKU, Marquis of, tiiinistcr of war to Louii XIV., was bora iit Paris, in Itill. After 1C66, he had the whole management of the minii- try of war. and soon exercised a despoticj control over tho king and the army. Hi»| extensive km wledgc, his dccisiun.aelivitf,! industry, and talents, rendered hiinanable^ minister; but he was rcgardlewofllienghtj! of human nature, hiviih of the bluo.l andi trr>asure of France, and too much of a '''J*;* and afterwards went '<>, l""»«v";/,/„u"' embraced the fathol.cfaith He «a»sj^^t mi. by Prince James t-d*a''j'-'''''V f^l. "r, to excite a rising in his ^Xl\ot\ land, but ho betrayed the icbe me and on his rt English government, and on hU return Ml France suffered an liastiie for hi* treacUery release on c „ dilion of becoming a pr'f'J "lie opposed the Pretender '" '''';,'^,»[,\e're' .„d captured I»);V"«f'. f't and » Kraut celved the title of Lord Lovat.an uf the forfeited '■«'«««•.*',,, TLs. Ue Quently nauicd Kovcrnoroir iii>^ p,etender, favoured liic- c»uic "' ;="^-'7 jfj not s*'*' in the rebellion of »^*'u^"' arrested and neraonally. Ho was, however, ari personally. [lov >n In 1771, and whU« iliibitiuQ, called tkt lit un the plan of tb« iienibcr uf the Aci- iria and a royal tea- AmotiK hit belt pic- 'a Victory, lit ,;iin* ilenciennet," andiht Hpaniih Armada." ouig, the aaiauinof born Ht VertaiUes, in , Mtddler. iind worked nperur Napuieon ind ia XVIII. Hiidit- nnd lift «pp<>arcd to at he Imd lieard re- the French revoln- rooted hatred to- UurliiK u\x years he m their destruction, iitiUKeit, at he ufter- fruui !i wish to ex- hariiiK reiulved to f killing the uihen. 10 fatal deed on the lie cumliicted himself ila luuK examlnBtiun, ouKhoiit, even in hii ly dPi'laring that he! IS MicatL LEWt-j l»ter of war to Louiij n.iii Itill. After IC66, iKement of the mioit- exercised a dcspoticj : and the urniy. Hiij hit dccisiun, activity,! rendered him un able egardlesioflheriKhUl 'Uh of the bluoil ami tooaiuchotadispol.j ion of a great lUte*- ,f Colbert, in 1683, of; enemy, his inttuence' and one of its mostj vocation of the Etiicn the consequent fligliti id industriuust-'al""-; ruellics to the Pro-i all, the two dcTastt- ,le under his orden,, 3 with infamy. Die^ LOV] % illcii) eDn{i)(r«al ISiograp^p. ImprUoncd In the Tower, and lu 1747 tried, conrlcted, and b«hoiided. LOVK, OHKlHTuniEK, an eminent Prre- bytorian divine, was l>orn at CardiflT, in 1U18 He tludieU at Uxford, and entered into orders; but refusing lu aubacribn to the canons enjoined by Archbiahop Laud, he was expelled the cunKreKutlou of niuAtcra, and repaired to London. He was one uf the commlsslonert for the purliameut at the treaty of Uxbrid^c ; hu was hIho one of the asuembly of dlYines, and chosen minister of 8t Uiwrenco Jewry ; yet he »i)inea. both lon,^bllUv^'h^''''" •"!'""«''«» •enso of t. fa tof .h^ ^'"'' "'"" »««'•'' «''«> from ",; ,".'*■ .the peace of Europe— nay of the drivelling OM^'n^"""''-'""' " «• """e Wins IL »,?! ?° ,*""■»«. to contend eito us that mo-t ni^ J ''f ''''^'''"' "PP*""- were unworfM?^ ' Napoleone complaint* Prevenied-but o^iv h"" ^.*'' ""«»" ''»*« w■ isi->,aged 7" Staia Vom .?„''"r"''''y "^ Naporeonut Sif H. lo;e" ' ''^ L"'"» ""«t .lournaUof I'l'MAU.Coi' tr,i".'''''«=« *"'Kt.KlCii WUL- [low 1713; but entered the Danish aerylce durin* tho w«r with Hweden. He afterward, served Id HunKary with Kreist /W««, and next took part in the war* of Napleaand HIcily. He returned to I'oiand in I7iil. and waa made colonel of infantry and commander of the royal horw-guarda. UurInK the peace he etudled Kunnery and engineering, and wai maile Held miirxhal and inspector general oi tho Haxon Infmitry In the itervice of Angus. tue, kln^ of I'.dand. In 17;iJ and I7ai he wn* in the Austrian eervlee , and he lutxn- quently entered liuo that of HuksIo. Ho . accepted the comniiaslon of lieutenant- , Kenoral in the Fiench army in 1743 and ' diatlngulshed himself at the sieirei of Menin ' Ypree, Friburg. Ac., and also at the bottle of Fontenoy. In 1747 he took Hergen-op Zoom by etorni. which, till then, had been deemed impregnable , for which and hit othfr acrv Ice* he W8» created a marshal of irance His knowledge of engineering and military tactics in general was of the Hrtt-rate order he spoke all the Kuropean languairea with fluency . and with these accomplishments he comhined modesty and amiable manners. Died, nfiH LOWUY. WiijioN, F.U.S., an eminent KngUah engraver, wa* born in 17(i:', at Whitehaven, where his father. Mr Strick- land Lowry. was a portrait painter. He wan the inventor of a ruling machine, poisesaing the property of ruling »ucc^^»lveli^eB,elther equidistant or in just gra.laiiunt, from the greatest required width to the nearest pos- sible approximation ; also of one capable of drawing lines to a point, and of forminii concentric circles; he likewise introduced the use of diamond points for etching, and many other useful improvements in the art • and was the «rat who succeeded in what is technically termed " biting in " well upon steel. For 30 years before his death he was engaKod by eminent publishers on their most extensively illustruted works, and hiving attained to the highest rapk in his peculiar branch of the art, h is services were thorough- ly appreciated. Died, lUio. LOWTH, WiM.iAM. nn eminent divine was born in London, in ItiGl. and was edu- cated at Oxford. Ueing recommended by his worth and learning, he became chaplain to Dr Mew. bishop of Winchester, and was provided with a prebendal stall in his cathe dral and the living of Huriton. He was an exceHent clasiical scholar and critic, and the author of «..verul thcologicul works of merit. Died. 1732. LOWTH, l{t)iii.:!rr, son of the preceding, and a distlnguislud Knglish prelate, was born at Uuriton, in 1710, received his edu cation at Winchester, and at New Colle«, Oxford ; In which university he was elected professor of poetry, in 1741. He accom- panied Mr Legge on an embassy to Hcrlln. and was subsequently travelling tutor to the sons of tho duke ■•f Devonshire. In 1753 he published his • DeHocra Foesi Hehra'o- rum Frwlectiones Academlcan" in 1758. the .. ty*' "' ^'"''«m of Wykeham ; " in 17ti2, a hhort Introduction to English Urainiuar " and In i?ij,i kn .. 11.. 1 . . * , . ^•-r; "' 'T!!f-!, ;- a nsasicny and unanswerable style, to some acrimonious remarks of Warburton, who thought Dr .i \< I*" I 90i t" ' li i tiU .1 , 1 •it I 'IH » s i \ffi tn-i \ loy] % iflctu ^nibersnl ISiogrnp!)?. [ixc lAiwth had aimed at hi* IMrlno I^>giitlnn of Mnact In the " rnclcctlonpi." Aftir having enjoyed tome Tnliiahle prrferment*. ho wai miard to the a.'O ot 8t David'i In 178a ; wa» tranilated to Oxford In '.'le aanie ycnr; and, In 1777, rcmoTPd to the diocfte of London. In 1778 ho publlihod hit "TranMiitlon of Italah." Tho arcliblxhopric of rnntorhury wniofTvrcd him. on tho doath of l>r ("orn wiUlU, hut he (Ircllni'd tho prlmnoy, and died In 1787, «Bpa 77. .... LOYOLA, loNATIl'S, founder of the Bo- cloty of Jriultf, wnt born In UftI, clRht yeari after tho birth of Luther, of a noble family, In the 8p«nl»h provhuo of (iulpua coa. He wft» at tlmt In the army , and »crTed wlthdlttinBulithpa hr;»TiTT ; but hnvlng been •erercly wounded nt the •loRcof I'ampiluna. he boBuilcd hU time with book*, and on readlnK Xiw LUea of the S:»lnti, Jiln imanlnu- tlon became highly excited, and he deter- mined to doTolc himself from that time to worki of pietv. He began by making a pilgrimage to Jerumilem i not from a mere wl»h to »ce those plnceii, which hiid been hallowed by the preiienco of our l»rd, but in the hope of converting the InfldtU, who were mnstcrt of the Holy lj»nd, or of gain- ing the piilm of martyrdom in the attempt. Having nccomplixhed thl« painful and peril- ou» Journey, he returned to Spain, more un- provided even than he had left it. Jn IVje he went to the university of Alcala, where he found »omo udherenta; but the Inquisi- tion Imprisoned him for hl» conduct, which appeared strange, and rendered him inspect- ed of witchcraft. He was not delivered from the prison of the holy office until 13'i8, when he went to Tarls to continue his studlet. Here ho became aenualnted with several Bpanlardi and Frenchmen, who were after- wards noted as his followers. They were IMerrc Pavre, Francis Xavler, Ijilner, Kal- meron, Hobadllh,and Uodriguex. They con- ceived the plan of an order for the conversion of heathens and sinners, and, on Ascension Day, In 1534, they solemnly pledged them- selves to thU great work In the suhtcrrnneftn chapel of the abbey of Montmartre. They met again in isao, at Venice, whence they proceeded to Home, and received the con- firmation of their fraternity from Pope Paul ill., as "Clerks of the Society of Jesus." In 1541 Ignatius waa chosen general of the •oclety ; invested with absolute authority, and subject only to the pope ; continued his abstinence and penances during life, and died in 1566. Loyola waa In person of a middle stature, of an olive complexion, with a bald head, eyes full uf fire, and nn nqulllne nose. His fanaticism was certainly dignified by sincerity, and he doubtless believed, as ho taught, that tho Hociety of Jesus was the re- sult of an immediate inspiration from hea- ven. He was cunonixed, in IGTi, by (Jregory XV. A "Life of Ignatius Ix)yola" was among the later works of Mr Isaac Taylor. LUltlJOCK, Hir JOHN William, bart., an eminent mathematician and astronomer, vice-president of the Koyol Boclety, was born at liOndon, in l«0.3. He was educated tti Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. In 1825. He was chosen P. U. H. In 1829, and luv »!ttitr: t tt*tt*? » ,*•.. president, an ofHce which he Ailed for muij years. Ho contributed many valusbld mt- thematleal papers to tho '* I'hlloinphlol Tran-.ac tlons," besides some separate wotin Among the latter are his " CUsnlflcstlon uf the different brnnchrt of llumm Know ledge," published In 183H; " On IheThrorr of the Moon and on the Pcrlurbatioin of the Planets," 1833; " Klementary Trcaiiw on the Tides," and "On the HpbI of Va pours and on Astronomical Uefrsclloni ' Died at his seat In Kent, ioth June, Ida. LUIIIKNIKTHKI, HTA.nihlai's, a cplc brated Hoclnlan minister, was horn nt Cra- cow, In Poland, In 1623. On the hrnilihrnpnt of Ills sect, he went to Ilnnihtirg, wIhtc lio was poisoned with his twodaughtin.lnie'J His principal work Is entitled "Thrntriim Cometlcum," a curious work, coniainlnir letters from many eminent scientific mrn respecting certain comets, a history of nil the cornet! which had up to that tlmf up peared, and a theory an to the pruplirUo sUnillcance of these bodies ; hut, ot thp time of his decease, he was engaged in writInK an account of the rise and prugrcii of the Ueformatlon In Pol.tnd. LCCANCS, Maucis Ann.eus, « cclc- nrated Unman poet, was born at Corduba, In Hpain, A. l>. 37. He was a nephew of Scni'ca; and being taken early to Uiiine,hp studied there -tinder tho best inaHtcm. I'oforc he Was of the legal age he wax madca qu!r»tor; and he was also admitted into the coIIck*' of augurt. He excited the anger of Noro for having had the c ffrontery to rrciti' one of his compositions, in a public asicmbl)-, Id competition with the emperor, and was ordered never more to recite in public. Thii Induced I.uean to Join I'iso and others In a conspiracy against the tyrant, for which he •uflTered death, A. 1). 65. Ills " !'har$,ilia," a poem in ten hooks on the civil war between Cwsar and Pompey, conmins pussaffi'i' of great beauty, but also much that is (.trained and artificial. There arc several Iii:gli»li tranalatlonit of the " Pharsalia." LUCAS, I'At'L, a Kremli fravollcr, wns born at Uouen, In Normuniiy, in \66i- He made trading voyages to the U'vant.Oreece, Alia Minor, and Africa ; and having brought home medals and other curiositiei for w king's cabinet, he was made one of the royal antiquaries. During one of his voyages he entered into the Venetian army, and lerrea at the siege of Negropont. llistraTcU.wnic" abound In romantic and improbable itoriM, form 7 vols. He died In 1737. LUCCHK.SINI, OIUOI.VMO. MarqnH of was born at Lucca, of a noble family, m 1752, and became Prussian mininter orstaie He was tho literary friend of Frederick li.. and first received a diplomatic appomtmen under his succewor. being sent to the council of state at Warsaw, in ITBS.and ultimaier brought about an allianco between 1 «««'« and Poland. From that time ho *«» J bussador on all great occasions, at uen". at Pari., and .«ilan. He M\omv<^^Mm king to the battle of Jena, then .Uf^ed W armistice with Napoleon at harlottenburt. of which , however, the kingd.d not appwe. In consequence of which, os ''C J^'^Y; I himsplf Ut have lost •h'' favour of tneiiini!i 010 n^mi [ixc 'f!'*f| i he filled for inwiy nany T»lu«bl« ni»- 10 '' I'hllninphlcil mr separate wotln " CItjilflcdtlon of >f Human Know • i " On the Thcorr ! I'crlurbatlonn of t'lnontarjr Trcatiw n the Henl of Va Iciil llofraclloni " 'ioth June, 18U5. kNIULAl'S, a CPlC- ', wai born at C'r«- l)n the hiinlihment nnihiirsf, where ho )dnu(fhti'n,lnl67J iitltli'd "Thrntrum work, conlalnlnir I'nt iclcntittc mrn t«, n hlntory of all p to that tlmf lip I to the pruplioiic [•»; but, at thptimc nKagcd in writing nd prugrpii of the Ann.ei's, a cplc- born At Corduba, In int'phcwofSoni'ca; ) Home, he studied inntiTs. Pcforc he ranmadeaqusrstor; I into the coIIik*' of ! nnK'T of NiTo for ry to rrciti' one of lublic asscmbl)', In LMiiperor, and was ;ite in public. Thii 'iao and othon In a rrnnt, for which he llis"l'harsalia,"a 5 civil war between ntains piissaK''' <" uch that istitriineJ re Rovoral iii:gli»li rsalia." Mich fravcller, was andy, in 1664. He theU'vant.Ureece, ind having brouitht curiosities fof ""* adc one of the rojal c of his Toyacestie n armv. and serred . Histravcls, which improbable itoricii 1737. I,.vMO. Marqnu of a noble family, I" in minister of state, nd of Fredcricli II.. imatic appointment K sent to the council I7»8.and ultimatejr ice between I'russia t time ho wa» •">• pcasioni, at yienna, le accompunled tne ena. tlien signed an I at Charlottcnburj, IngdidnotapproTe' ch! «. he belie»«l favour of the im> LCO] H i^tD Sn(bfrfal ISIograp^v. he took hli dlsmltial. He wiia aftflrwarda chamberlain to Napolcon'a slater, thnprln- CCS.1 of Lucca, and nceompanied her to I*arl» on the occasion of her brother's locond mar- riage. He WAS active, sagacious, and xralous, combining the quulltle* uf an exprrlrnrcd courtier with the priictlcal knowledge of • itatesman, Died, IH2.). LUCIANUH,a cdebrntod Greek author, distinguished for his InKenuity and wit, was burn at Saniosnta, the capital of (.'ommaKene, during the reign of Trajan. He was of humble origin, and was placed, while jnung, with an uncle, to Ktudy statuary ; but beinit unsuccessful In his first attempts, lie went to Antloch, and devoted himself to II terntiiro and forensic rhetoric. In the relffn of Mar- cus Aurellus, he was miido procurator of the province of Kgypt, and died when H(> or 90 years old. The works of I.uclan, of which many have come down to us, are mostly in the form of dialogues ; but none are so popular as those in which lie ridicules the pagan mythology and plillosophlcsl sects Many of them, however, though written in an elegant style, and ahoundinn wiili witticisms, are tainted with profnnitr and indecency. Ll'ClLIUS, CAirs, ft Roman satirist, who served under Scipio in his expedition against the Numantlanj. Ho has been called the first Roman Mtlriit, which probably means that he first gave satire the form adopted by the great writers of a later iv^e, who were much mdcbtcd to him. Numerous fragments re- TcAoL *■" *"'"■ "® ''"'** " ''•'"''•• LUCUETIUS, Tm-S CARtfl, one of the pea est Horaan poets, was born, occordinir to Clinton. B. C. 95, and died B. c. 53. He Is alleged to have committed suicide, He was Mthor of the poem entitled, "Do lierum ' Higious doctrines of the philosoi>hr of the worl!l'e'??'"« l':""" co'nclusio'n 'that me word exists, and things go on without ny divine guidance or InterposUlon ThU dTdir"fjr'*'"« ^"••« poet he iS h! '" ,'""'''"» attract ve, lnter«iM«r»lni» e o,po,i,|o„ of doctrine. wUh*Tan? ""«u?and commander ''''!V''' '' «»•""" [lud u^V'il HD'* r?'.'"'' ?' h>« Commentaries. In M.(. 74 he obtained the eontulahip and th^n f "';^, •"'""• w«^^upatlon. of acultivated Miind. Died, about II. c. S7 ii,.i'y V'M^^' »'"»"^'''*"». •«> eminent repub- wTi?-'?"''f^*'^ horn at Maiden Bradley. Abm.lii*h« '''*"'*:• '""* "'her battle.. .hir« In .1 , *"»i'ho«en member for Wllt- vi^irrn^ M " '""*"','•' hi. father. Ho took up Ter Tr fhl'^r^P"''*' '•'""'• "««* ^" " mem- ber of the high court of Justice for the trial reVan.i'7 ' . ^""""''"•J B-neral of horil In Ire and. he Joined the army under Ireton Whe^J'n^ «"«»• Kreat rlgo'ur and ability: When Cromwell wni declared protector L"«lZ r** "" "'• '"«'"'"«^'' With the armr "Kalnst him. on which account ho waa recalled and put under arrest; but ho avowed his republican princlples.and. refus- ihfn ™?r,7/'.";°;.*'"*''«'"'"^"' '**' •"htm.. until 7h/i '"11" *^/*"' '^hi-re he remained ui \} i*^ "^^'"'h "' »''e protector. When Ulchard Cromwell succeeded, he joined the army party at WulllOKford Hou.i., and vra. instrumental in the restoration of tho lonir parliament, in which he took hi. seat. The Hestoration wa. now rapidly approachlnfr. and flndinu the rcpuldlcan* unable to resist iC, he quitted the country, and proceeded to tieneva, whence ho afterwards, with manv more fuKltlvcs of the party, took refuge at l^usanne. After the revolution he ventured to appear In lA)ndon. which gave such offence that an address wa. presented to King NVilllam, by tho House of Commons, praying hi. nijOe.ty to issue a proclamation for apprehend ng him. On this. Ludlow went back to ^evay, in Switzerland, where he died iu 1693. He wa« one of the pure. t and most honourable character, on the republican .Ide, free from fanatlcl.m or hypocrisy. HI. "Memoir." are Iniere.t it "^le*" *"■'"•"* '** * """'y »'«* unaflectcd LUDOLPH, JOB, a learned oricntall.t, wa« born at trfurt, In Thurlngla, In 1624 ; studied ?: V«T.l w" ' ""'' hecamo a trarelllng tutor. In 1M9 he went to Home on a literary com- il.!!! ".'.w'"* *hlle there formed an acquaint- ance with .ome Abyssinian., from whom he acquired a perfect knowledge of the Kthl- -pn. Language. In i65i he was made aulic counwllor to the duke of gaxe Uotha, and «17 1^' I |W^ t : f h. , i! • « 1 m i : ■- I ; ! < ' i : ] -^^ ■ i:?}f»" Tp^T"^^W. Lt'l] ^ i^ctD anibcraal ISiograp^s. [lut Boveruor to the vouiig princo». Aim n){ his work* are, " A History of Ethiopia," anU yarioun lexicons ami grammars of the Ethi- opian dlalecu. Died, 1704. LUINI. or LOVINl, HkknarDINO, a celebratfd Italian painter, the- jtreatest of the scholars or Imitators of Leonardo du Vinci, was born at I.uino about U6i). He painted both in fresco and in oil, and bo closely followed in the track of Leonardo that his works have. In some cases, passed for those of his master. Some of his later paintings resemble in style those of Uaphael. Among Hie i>est works of Luinl arc the " Magdalene " and " St John," in the Am- brosian library, the " Madonna Enthroned," the " Drunkenness of Noah," and others In the Hrera. .Milan; frescoes in the nii.nastery of Saint Maurice, In the church of Saronno, and in the convent of Lugano; and others in the galleries of Vienna, llerlin, and Flor- ence. He exeellid in painting women, and showed great masury of colouring, and of light and shade,. and his pictures are ex- qiiiHitely finished. Luinl was still living in LULLI, or LULLY, .TKAN HAPTI8TK. a muMcal compo^er. was born of obscure parents, at l-li.rence, in 1034. UavlUK dis- covered a p-issionate fondness for music when quite a child, he was sent to l'«ns in his 12th or 14lh year, to be page to Mdlle Montpensier. He rose rap'dly, till he ob- tained the appointment of musician to the court; and, in 1070, was made joint director of the French opera, which situation be fllkd till his decease.' Lully contributed miuh to the iiuproveinetit of French music, composed 19 operas, and was much admitcd by his contemporaries. Died, 16n7. LULLY, KAYMKNXi.a distinguished phi- losopher and scholar of the Llth century. iKjrp at ralma.in Majorca. In his youth he jhad bten a soldier; but he became a re- ligious ascetic, and travelled into Africa and the East, for the purpose of converting the MahoKietans to Christianity. He suflered tortures and Imprisonment at funis ; but was released by some Genoese merchants, and died on his voyage home, m 1315. He wrote on divinity, nie.!irii « LUMSDEN, MatthkwM.L.D., professor of Fersian and Arabic in the college of Fort i William, Calcutta , author of grammars of I those languages. In M' li he resigned the I service of the East India Company, came to : England, and died In na.l, aged 5B. LtTHEU, MaKTJN, the great reformer, was bora in Uh3, at Eisleben. In Lower Haxony. Hi» father. Hans Luther, was a : poor miner, and soon after his son .Martin s 1 birth settled with hts pious am' .ndusirious ' wife. Margaret, at Munsftl-' At the age of ' |4 he was sent to the scl.ool of Maudeburg. from iiovcd to i'liipnach, and ;rfurt, where, I'n 1603, he received his first degree, and. thence to the university of Ei two years later, having obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy , he dellTered lectures on the physics and ethics of Aristotle. He was destined by his father for the legal pro- fession ; but the Impression produced on him by the fate of his friend Alexis, who was struck dead by lightning while wnlking b; his Bide on their road from Munstield to Erfurt, uniting with the effect of his earlsr religious education, induced him to devote himself to the monastic life, and he entered the monastery of the Augustines, in 16U3, submitting patiently to all the penances and humiliations which the superior of the order imposed upon novices. During his resi- dence in the monastery he studied witli great enthusiasm the writings of St Au- gustine, and passed OirougU severe mental contlicls, seeking vainly guidance or ccn- sol.ttion. In 13u7 he was ordained priest, and in 1608 he was made professor of phi- losophy in the new university of Wittenberg. In this sphere of action liis powerful mind soon showed Itself; he threw oif the fetters of the scholastic philosophy, asserted the rights of reason, and attracted a hirge num- ber of disciples. He was called by the Senate to preach, and it was with very great reluctance and timidity that he made his first attempts in the pulpit, But it was not long before the conviction began to be uttered that he was the man to reform the church. In 1510 he visited the court of I'ope .Leo X,, at Home ; a journey which re- vealed to him the irrcligiou and corruption of the clergy, and dcttioyed his reverence for the sanctity of the luipe. After his return, In 1''12, be was niiidc doctor in theology. His profound Uarniug, his in- timate Bcouaintance with the liiDle, to- gether with the fame of his eloquence, soon made Luther known to the prmcipal scholars, and esteemed as a powerful advo- cate of (he new light which was breaking upon the world, tireat, therefore, was the ttltention excited by his 95 propositions, aJfixed to the church of AVutenberg «t , Oct 31. 1517, and Intended to put an end to U.e sale of Indulgences by the Dominican Tct/el. They were condemned ashcrcticai and burnt; Kut neither menaces nor pema .ions could Induce him to recan .and ti^ maintained the invalidity <'f ''f„7, ?r":| anddcnad the papal ''"P'-.''"'"':^,, ''VTand ther had a controversy with U";^'" E^^-SJ the same year met the «-''"\'"«';'^,f £& ut Augsburg. In »*'^''I;"^'>'-'V'"hl wrS were ^-xcommunicaled, '""^ ,^'' J^ '"l burnt at Home, Cologne, ami l;?"'»'"j;„ ,„ dlgnau-. at this open act of >'''»'' •/•';,'i,,^e burned the bull of "^»'»""'^'?nTby m»nj papal decrewls. Ueing caU^J "P"" 2X,i of the tJerman ""''"'jy *^.,'^Sle ietof .IOC trine, he presented him elf at the Worms, April. 15'^l.*'i:f"'*.'''rS We« a va.taUeiublage of the Pnn esand pre , of (iermuny. He there "'" '« ^ ''^ords : defence, and concluded 'l.^-ith h jej^"^ ^y '« Let me then bo refuted and >"«",^J th. testimony of tl'" f';;'P.'f '• ^ot and dearest arguments, oherw.st J ^^^^ will not recant, for 't " n^ier,, ,. Here I expcQienl to act against Lu.f- , f„„e,»u take my stand; I c"",,'^" "Vf "vorms.i" help me O-d! Amen. "^^_ ';„ nmnifeit fact, a conqueror; but it «j^» CM of Aristotle. He for the legal pro- [) produced on him Alexis, who was while wnlking by rum Munstield to ffect of his early ed him to devote fe, and he entered KU8tiues, in 15U3, 1 the penances and periorof the order During his resl- lie studied with ritings of 8t Au- gh severe mental guidance or ccn- i ordained priest, professor of phi- lity of Wittenberg, lis powerrul mind rew oif the fetters phy, uisorted the jctcd a Inrge num- as called by the i as with very great r that he made hisj It. But it was not ion began to be man to reforni the ; ited the court of : journey which re- : tin and corruption ; ived his reverence 'pope. After his i s made doctor in : learning, his in- 1 th the liible, to- ! lis eloquence, soon to the principal \ a powerful advo- hich was breaking therefore, was the is 95 propositions, "VVittenberg castle, d to put an end to by the DomiuicaUj lemncd as heretical II lenaces nor persua- j to recant, and he ty of indulgences,] emacy. Inl318Lu-| th Doctor Eck, and linal-lcgateCaletan ; .her and his friends and his writings; and Louvain. in- : uf hostility, Lulhff : municationandtlie , ailed upon by many to defend the new ^ imselfatthedietor re the emperor, wd - irinces and prelates, made an clabora e | with these words^ a and convinced b ripturcs.orbytM Lei cannot an U neither w^ no ,0 nootherwi>e,»" ,„ left worm, in it was 80 ""«"'"' lut] H i^in Slntbersal ISiograp^^). [lyc that his enemies were determined upon his destruction, that the elector of Saxouy con- veyed him to the castle of Wurtburg:, to ' save his life. In this Putmos, as he culled lit, Luther remained ten mouths, spendinif I his days in laborious studies, and in curry- 1 ing on the fight of faith by numerous writ- ings, and then returned to AVittenbcrx, i where he published a sharp reply to Henry ; VIII., who had written a book aKainst him, on the seven sacraments. Luther bImo printed, in 1622, a trauslittion of the New j Testament, which greatly alarmed the j Romanists, and severe edicts were issued against the reading of it by the princes uf that communion. In 152d he married Cathe- rine de Bora, who had been a nun, and by I whom he had three sons. In lAiU the I emperor assembled another diet at 8pires, to check the progri'iss of the new upiiiiun.s; and hero it was that the name of J'roletl- \ aiitt first arose, protest beint; made on the Ipart of the electoral princes, who were for j the Reformation, against the rigorous im- positions brought forward iu this assembly. I After this, the protesting princes Ueter- I mined to have a common coufuksiun uf fuith jdriwn up; which was accordingly pre- pared by Melancthon, and being presented at the diet of Augsburg, in 1A;IU, was culled "The Confession of Augsburg." In 1334, Luther's translation of the whole Bible was published; and the same year he printed u book against the service of the muss. At length, worn out, more by labour than by age, this brave man died at his native place, Feb. 18, 1546; h'tving lived to see ihut his doctrines bad taken such deep root, that no earthly power could eradicate them. Lu- ther's works are very numerous. From his well-known " Table Talk," Michclet extracted the substance of his very interest- ing "Life of Luther." It has been recently (1865) determined to erect & monument to Luther at Worms. LUTTI, Bknkuktto, an eminent Italian painter, on whom the emperor conferred tho honour of knighthood, was born at llor- ence,in 16Gti. He resided at Home, whert- ne was president of tho Academy of St i n? /■„",'* paintings are rare and valuable. Died, 1724. I LUTTKELL, Hknhv, a great conversa- ■ iional wit, and known a.i tho friend and com- .panion of Jekyll, Mackintosh, Jetfrey, Al- jvanley, Sydney Hmith. liogcrs, Moore, and ! others of that brilliant school. An ardent admirer of Horace, he had caught much of line racmess and elassicality of his favourite \v^l\^, '",'"'""• He charmed especially by I »he playfulness and elegance of his wit. u-v- propriateness and felicity of illustration, the , Shrewdness of his remarks, and the epigram- TILT"' "^ "'* <-'"-'versation. Liveliness "L!*!"^^ **.« tempere.l in him with good breediii and h? . "1 ?'•■'"* •""''""" "' «li»Posiiiun , oSt wounrfin'^'L"' J"", P""*'*"^ •ullies. with- linduTrnV'':' ''■■«'»'"«* "f«'>y one by the indulgence of bitterness nnd ill.nJu™ Earl tJ ^V,'*^" uf Thomas Moore," edited by oWis^vT "DiiJii'^'fa';. """'^"'^'"'' '"•'""-' IJ-UXEMBOURQ, i?KANgoi8 HKNlll DE MONTMoitKNCi, Duke of, a famous general and marshal of France, born In 1628. wa« the posthumous son of the Count fle Boutc- viUe, who was beheaded iu the reign of Louis XIII. for fighting a duel. He served i when young under the prince of Condi ; I was made a duke and peer of France, In 1662 ; was a lieutenant general at the taking of Franche-Conui, in UiCS; commanded I during the Invasion of Holland, in 1672, i and having gained the battle of Senef. in' 1674, was created a marshal. He subse- quently distinguished himself at the battles of Fleurus, Leuze, Stcenkirk, &c. ; and died in 1695. LUVNE.S, CHAULEa D'Al,BEUT,Dukc de, constable of France and first minister to Louis XIII. , was born in 1578. Introduced at the court of Henry IV'., he was attached to the person of the dauphin, Louis, became his favourite, and on the accession of I.oui» to the throne was named tlrst gentleman of his chamber. He procured the exile of the Uueen, Mary of Medicis, and roused a revolt by his counsi to besiege her in the ch.Ucau to which she tiud retired. In 1621 he was named Constable, but his arrogance and avarice made his administration at length intolerable even to the king. Died, 1621. LYCorilUON, a Greek poet, was born at Chulcis, in Eubopa. He flourished in the age of Vtolemy I'liiladelphus. and was one of the seven poets included in the so-railed I'leiad. He wrote tragedies, a satirical drama, and other works ; but his only extant production is a poem relating to the predic- tions of Cassandra, daughter of I'riam.kiuK Of Troy. ■ LYCUU0U8, the celebrated Spartan legis- lator, whose existence, however, like that of Homer, is doubled by some modern critic.t, and whose story must be read as mythical or semi mythical, is usually said to he the son of Kunomus, king of Spurtu. and to have lived in the !»ih century Ji. c. His elder brother, PolydeiUes, who succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, soon after died, and left the kingdom to him; but Ly- ciirgus forbore to assume tho sceptre ; and fultlllcd the olHce of guardian to the post- humous child of his brother. He travelled! for the purpose of invcstigatiiig the institu- j tions of other lunds, returned to his own i country, und established those laws by which ' Sparta was so long governed. Having bound the king, senate, and people, by a solemn oath, not to alter any of the laws he hud made until his return, he left Sparta with i the avowed intention of visiting the oracle '< of Delphi, but he secretly determined never ; to see it again. Plutarch utUrms, that he put himself voluntarily to death by starva- tion, while Luclau asserts that he died na- turally, Bt the age of M. The legislation of Lyi urgus was inlendea to make public prin- ciple predominate over private inteiosts and affections. Children were not to be the pro- i perly of their parents, but of the state;! which directed their education, end even! .l*.f f.,>,ki i .....I .v.. at...:.. I : r.. .._ .1 — • t. '■.!-. "* -^ • •• "-^ r...-ti liir ..-r tir:iiu. i lie . , severest penalties were imposed on debauch- ery and intemperance; and it was en'oined that the people should take their meals In : public, 'rhey were allowed to possess nei- ' Gl» n I .1 t 1-1 ; f IM-M 1 :l V. u r. \imm ! ■ ,'' ^^g^^^^B Hmfw^^fpssi'n is i - U |>l!^ r 1 1 ■■i ', ; i" :i If 1 ^ In ..iM LYO] % i^tto ®nibcrsal ISlograpljw. [lyn ther Rold nor silver ; Iron was used for money ; the theatres were abolished; and nothing but the most indispensable knowledRO was allowed to be acquired; in short, all that tended to soften and humanize mankind was prohibited, while everything that could promote a hardy life and personal brarery was encouraged. The Bpartans, under the laws of Lycurgus, consequently btcsme a nation of warriors, who, for ages, proved the bulwark of their frienUs, and the dread of t^elr foes. , , _ lA'CUUOUS, an At'-.onian orator, of a noble family, was born about B. C. 395. He is said to have been instructed by Plato and Isocrates. Ho took a prominent part in the opposition headed by Demosthenes to the ambitious schemes of Philip of Macedonia, and had the honour of being one of the statesmen subsequently demanded to be given up to Alexander the Great. His abil- ity, especially as a financier, and his rare integrity gained him the unbounded confi- dence of his countrymen, and he was three times oppolnted troasurer of the public revenue. Lycurgus procured a decree for the erection of bron/e statues to .'^:»chylus, Sophocles, and Kurlpldcs, and for the public preservation of their works. Only one of his orations is now extant. Died, B. C. 3JJ. A statue was erected to him some years after his death. ^ ^ , . . „ LYDOATE, Jons, one of the oldest Eng- lish pocu, was a lloncdietine monk of llury 8t Edmund's. He was educated at Oxford, travelled in France and Italy, opened a school on his return for the tuition of the young nobility, and died about 14G0. His " Biege of Troy " is very scarce. LYDIADAS, sovereign of Megalopolis. He rose from the lower ranks of the citizens to be their chief by his suptrior ability, and after ruling for ten years resigned his power, B C 231 After Megalopolis had been ad- mitted to th<' Achujau league, l.ydladas was several times chosen pra:!tor or general of the League. He took part In the Cleomenlc war. and fell in the field, B. c. 2iG. LYDIAT, TUOMA.S, a chronological and mathematical writer, was born In »672, at Okerton,ln Oxfordshire, received his edu- cation at Winchester School, and New Col- lege Oxford ; and became rector of his native place. He was reduced to poverty by being security for a friend, and afterwards suflfered greatly for his loyalty to Charles I. This In- dustrious and able scholar died In indigence and obscurity, in lOl'J- LYK, Edwaud, a learned antiquary, was born at Tolness, In Devonshire, in nm ; and he died, rector of Yardley, in North- amptonshire, in 1T«7. He was well versed in the Anglo Saxon language and history; and was the author of an " Anglo-Saxon and Gothic Dictionary," i vols., with a grammar of the two languages. He w:vs also the editor of Junlus's Etymologicon AngUcanum. LYELL, CliART-KH, well known In the scientific and literary world, whs born in v«.'-.k.i «•*«•* 1?.l../.n*o/l nartW af Ht An- dreWs, and partly at Cambridge, he returned to .-Is paternal estate of Klnnordy, where he passed his whole time In th(»e pursulU e20 which have gained him a distinguished place among men of science. He was the discoverer of many British plants previously unknown ; and his translation of the lyrical poems of Dante, with his Illustrative notes, ■hows a profound knowledge of medifeval Italian history and literature. Sir Charles Lyell, the distinguished geologist, is his son. Died, 1849. LYI-Y, JOHN. [LILLY.! LYNACER, THOMAS. [LINACRK] LYNDHURST, JOHN SINGLETON Cop- ley, Haron, lord chancellor of England, wa8 born at Hoston, U. 8., May 21, 1772. He was the son of the painter, John Singleton Cop- Icy, whose father had emigrated from Ire- land ; and when only two ycnrs of age he was brought by his father to Kngland. He was at flrct destined for a painter, and he attended the lectures of Reynolds and Harry. In 1791 he entered the university of Cam- bridge, where he gradurtted II. A. in 1791 and M. A. in 1797. In the period between these two dates he visitadthe United States, In company with the traveller Volney, and spent a week with Washington at Mount Vernon. Mr Copley distinguished himself early as a mathematical scholar, and as a most ardent student of physical science ; and the fruits of this intellectual discipline were apparent throughout his long career. He became a fellow of Trinity Collc;?c, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1804, having previously been a pupil o( the special pleader, Tidd. In 1S17 he was appointed chief Justice of Chester, and in the following year he entered parliament n.s membor for Yarmouth? In the Isle of Wiijht, which he soon exchanged for A^hburton. He was named solicitor general in 181!t, and received the honour of knightlwod. In the following year he gal. ed higherdistinction by hiscon- duct of the prosecution of Thistlewood and others for the Cato-Street conspiracy, and still more by his masterly yet .lelicatc treat- ment of the case of Uueen Caroline before the House of I^)rds. In 18'J3 he succeeded to the postof attorney-general, and three years! later became Master of the Uolls, being. elected about the same time to represent, with I^rd I'almerston, the university of Cambridge. Sir John Copley i^'tf'^.^" surprise by his great •Pi'^.'^h.iK'ftinstU li»iic Eraancipition. delivered in March, 18 7 and | which could not have been an"^'lP''.''=,'i,('''"i his earlier liberal opinions. I" AP™J^ ing he was appointed to succeed l.ord Eldon Its chancellor, and raised to the pecraR », Haron Lyndhurst of Lyndhurst. He d tin , guished himself greatly in l-";';.''? " fl and became the close ally ^r '»>«/• \Vri Wellington. During the nj n'\%«/:; ^ Orey (1^30-34) Ix)rd Lyndhursl he.d tne olllee of chief baron of the Kxcheque na^^ gave proof of his rare J"J'ci''l ?1"'"'^' J fhe great judgment whi-h he del vo ed i the case of Small ^■^^^"""tJ^tlheV fearless and formidable "PP»"^" ."/.'o ,he form Hill, and a trusted 'of^f "^^^ c king, in 1834 he was a »'''""'' "^fj" he: chancellor, but retired fr»m oftice witn_^i^^ Peel ministry »n ti"'''""."'^''"''* '"' „d morei Ing thenceforth '" P""'*'^' C^hc Mun'- sel. He sealously opposed tne »« from Peel. lyn] ^ ^m Bnibctsal IStograp^Q. [lyo clpal Corporations Ilil!, and by his cncrfry and ability In the stnipgle became virtually leader of the Tory party in the House of Lords. On the return of Peel to power in September, 1841, Lord Lyndhurst was for the third time raised to the woolsack, and only retired in 1846. lie was not a member of the first cabinet of Ix)rd Derby in 1852, but he gave him his warm support. During his latter years he held a peculiar and very high place in parliament ; " u more than judicial eminence," a character more stately than the mere partisan. And the growing infirmities of age left his powerful under- standing unaffected and his noblest sympa- thies unchilled. Some of his latest speeches are amongst his best, and among the great- en specimens of true eloquence. Clearness, simplicity, singular accuracy of expression, distinctness and melody of voice, aud the most consummate ease, these were the strik- ing characteristics of his oratory. Lord Ljrndhurst was twice married ; first in 1819, and the second time in 1837, aud had chil- dren by both marriages. He died at London, October 12, 18i>3, iu the niacty-secoud year of bis age. LYNDSAY. [LINDSAY.! LYNEDOCH, THOMAS ORAHAU, Lord, , an illustrious British genera., was born at Balgowan, in Perthshire, in 1750, but did not enter the army until he was In his 45th year. The loss of a beloved wife imparted almost a romantic character to the tenor of his life. To alleviate his grief and restore his health, he was recommended to travel j and it was during his sojourn at Gibraltar that he fell into the society of the officers of the garrison, and thenceforth determined on I devoting himself to the profession of arms. He first served as a volunteer at the siege of Toulon, under Lord Mulgrave, and on his return he raised from among his country- men a battalion of the 9oth regiment, of which he was appointed colonel-command- ant. He then accompanied his regiment to Gibraltar ; but soon growing tired of the iiMeness inseparable from garrison duty, he obiiimed permission to join the Austri.nn army, where he was enabled to take advant- age of his position in sending to the Uritish government intelligence of the military operations and diplomatic measures adopted Dy the commanders and sovereigns of the continent. In I7i»7 he returned to England. «nd having joined his regiment, he was ap- red ction of the island of Minorca, after Which he was employed two years In the Uari L °^'' •^^"•"■^ ^° Sweden, and after- I ttards served m Spain with that gallant i fh rh l"rf *'"■ '''"^ I'cninsular canfpa gn Neil v„ r^'V" ^"'' debarkation at Corunna. divUiiL*„t',H *'"!''■"* "'■''**'''" commanded a ""Vision at the siege of Flushijie in 1810 hn ammandedtboH?itishtroops7tC<;Si!*and "tteonwr '"'**' T} ^"" ♦''« memo'ral.le W llin/to f «n f • ^"" '"'" he joined I^rd Ciudart ..n ' ?"'' T"' Pf^'^'^M at the siege of .i!:r.''-"°<'"80; but ill-health render.!..! if shortTeriort'' "p" /" '".""^ Jingland for a imurned o.'hoi?"? '",•'"3. however, he I jwnea to the Peninsula, led the left Wing atthe battle of Vittoria, reduced the town and citadel of St Sebastian, cr.)»,(.d the Hidassoa, and, after a severe contest estab- lished the Itritish army on the territory of France. On the 3rd of May, 1814, General Sir Thomas Graham was created a peer of the empire, by the title of Baron Lynedoch, of Dalgowan, on which occasion he nobly re- fused a grant of £2000 per annum, to himself and heirs, which was intended to accompany his elevation. In 1826 he was appointed to the governorship of Dumbarton Castle Never," said Mr Sheridan, "was there seated a loftier spirit in a braver heart." This gallant officer and excellent man died Dec. I«, 1843, at the advanced age of 03. LYON, Gkoruk Fkancis, an enterprising traveller, and a captain in the British navy was born at Chichester in 1795, and entered' the service iu 18(J9 ; from which period up to the battle of Algiers, where he was present, he was continually engaged in the active duties of his profession. In 1818 he was employed, under Mr Uitchle, on a mission to the interior of Africa. Of this expedition Mr Lyon published his journal, under the title of" A Narrative of Travels in Northern Africa, accompanied by Geographical No- tices of Soudan, and of the Course of the Niger." A more disastrous undertaking has been seldom known ; the travellers suffered every kind of privation, were attacked with the most alarming disorders, and Mr Ritchie fell a martyr to extreme suffering and dis- appointment while at Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan,from which place Mr Lyon re- turned. In 1821 he was appointed to the command of the Hcda, one of the ships belonging to Captain Parry'^ expedition to the Polar Seas ; of which he also pulished 'A Private Journal." In 1823 he was raissed to the rank of post captain, and appointed to the command of the Griper gun-brig, then fitting out for another voyage of discovery in the icy regions. Here he and his gallant crew encountered frightful perils, but re- turned to England, though without effect- ing their object. He afterwards went to Mexico as one of the commissioners of the Heal del Monte Mining Company, and was wrecked on his return, near Holyhiad, in 1827. He again visited South America, but died on his passage home, October, 1832, aged 37 ; thus terminating a life of adven- tures and misfortunes not often paralleled, LYONNET, PKTKR.an eminent naturalist, was born at Maestricht, in 1707. Being bred to the law. he became one of the secretaries to the stales of Holland, and their translator from Ijitin and French. In his latter years he applied to the study of natural history, particularly Insects; on which subject he wrote several esteemed books, the most im- portant of which is, " Trail* Anatomifiue do la Chenille qui rongo le Bois de Saule." Died, 1789. LYONS, EDMUND, Lord, a distinguished naval officer, was the son of Mr John Lyons, who possessed properly in Antigua, and was born at Burton, near Christchurch, in 1790. At t K.k nraA ..r aIaw.^.. 1.^ .. A »„ 1 ■ _j, 1. rr-ii iitr rrt-ill IV 3ca VIX UUSTU the " lloyal Charlotte " yacht ; and after cruising some time in the Mediterranean, he took part in the daring enterprise of Admiral 631 ' 1 L\0] '^ JUbD Stnibcrsal ISiograpf)^. [lys Duckworth against Conntantinoplo in the 8tralu of the Dardanelles, and the demoli- tion of a redoubt dltuated near Cape Pe»qull«. To ward* the close of 1807 he waa aent to the natal station In India, and the followli.K year was appointed first lieutenant of the brig " Horracouta." In these waters he distln- Bulshed himself hy his Intrepidity In bMng one of the foremost In the escalade of Jort BelgIca, which protected the I>utch colony of Handa-Nclra.and he repeated this gallant feat of arms on the coast of Jara, where, in the night of the 30th July, ISll.hc took pos- session with thirty flre men of the fort, of Marrack, which was defended by 800 men and flfiy-four pieces of ordnance In the operations which followed he had the com- mand of a flotilla of gun-boaU,and took the fort of Cornells hy assault. Worn out by fatigue, he was obliged to «t«™ J',f"lf,> ""^ received commanders rank In 1812; but in April. 1813, with his indomitable ncal. he applied for employment, and was appointed to the " Rlnaldo." on the Downs »t«»lon. where he served under H.RH. the duke of Clarence, who with his squadron escorted Louis XVIII to France, and the soTereigns of Russia and Prussia to England. For the next fourteen . years he continued on shore, but in ieJ8, he became captain of the " Hlonde." and was appointed to co operate in the i^oremcnt of the allied fleet against the Turks. In 1MJ», after having for some time blockaded the port of Natarino In con- junction with the French fleet, he procrodcd to the attack of the Moron, and took a bril- liant part in the operations which preceded the capitulation of the last stronghold of I Turkey in (irecce. As a reward for his Kallantry on this occasion ho rcceiyed the orders of knighthood of St lx)nls and the Redeemer. At a later period he was present at the bombardment of St Jean dAcre^ by Ibrahim Fasha, and when peace was defini- tively concluded, heconveyed King Otho and the Bavarian regency ftom Trieste to Athens, In 1H33. Created K.C.H. in 18.19, 8ir Kd- mund Lvons abandoned his naval career for that of Uiplomacv.and for twenty years his services were accepted by the various govern- ments which succeeded each other InKngland. For fourteen vcars he niled the office of am- bassador at the court of Greece, with jfreat prudence and skill. From February, 181ft, to January, 1H51, he presided over the mission at Herne.and from that period till October, IKW, he resided as minister at Htockholm. In 18,^3, when hostilities appeared imminent In the Kast, he was recalled to active service, and was sent as second in command to the Hlack 8ea,took an active part in the conveyance of the army to the Crimeu, and conducted all the operations of the landing, and the subse- quent events of the war; and among others he planned the expedition which destroyed all the Russian (»tahl|i>hmcnts in the Hea of A/off. Ii> June, IHSd, h<> was appointed to the chUf command, and after the fall of Hebas- topol, he cont'nued to cruise In the Mlack Kea.asd occupiea the Isle of Herpents, which he refn»«-d toquit until the frontiers between Turkey and ii.u*«ii» had been definitively fl«ed. For all these distinguished servlti* he waa created Baron Lyons of Chrlstcharch in «aa 18S«,andvarlonBotherwell-merltodhononn were conferred on him. Died, 1868. A statue of Lord Lyons, by Noble, has been set up in 8t Paul's. LYONS, isnAKL.an astronomer, botanist, and mathesiatlclan.bomin 1739, was the son of a Polish Jew, who was a Hebrew teacher at Cambridge. He was Blr Joseph Banks's Instructor in botany, and accompanied Captain PhiUpps, afterwards Lord Mulgnve, as astronomer, in bis voyage towards the North Pole. He was one of the calculators of the " Nautical Almanack," wrote a " Treatise on Fluxions," and other works, and lectured on botany. Died, 1776. LVRA, NICHOLAS UK, a converted Jew of the 14lh century, was bora at Lyre, in Nor- mandy. He assumed the tonsure, and was remarkable for his ceal in defence of the religion he had embraced. He professed theology In a convent of the Cordeliers at Paris, and published an edition of the Bible, with notes and interpretations, in S vols. folio, which has been many tlnres repub- lished. Died, 1340. LYSANDER, a celebrated SpartaB naval and military commander, lived in the 4ih century B.C. He had the command, B.C. 407, of the Sptrtan fleet off the coast of Asia Minor, where he defeated the Athe- nians under Antiochns, and gained great influence both among the Oreelis and the Persians. His great exploits weic the vic- tory of >-,gos-Potaml, in 405, which virtually closed the Pcloponnesi.in war ; tiie capture of Athens m the following year, and the estahllshmentthereofthegovernmentofthe Thirty Tyrants ; and securing the succession of Agesilaus to the Spartan kinudom, in 397. The new king, ^^oy,<'''^r,»\\giMi hm,9.n\ crossed his plans. Lyiander fell at the bat- tle of Hallartus. 39S. LYSIA8, a celebrated Greek orator, was the son of a Kyrucusan, and ''a* born at Athena, «. C 468. He was one of the Atne- nun cilonlsu sent to Tl.urlum in south Italy, in 44:<, and he did not return to Athens lU 4 He was banishe.t and his property was confiscated by the Thirty T>Tants.nd he assisted Thrasybulus and his f?''"":""^^ in their patriotic •'"^''^P^f^i^^'l* {'„" he ship of Athens was granted h'ni. bu ton^ne pretext of an Informality was wi""'"''''' ?l"'S^nt the rest of hi. "fe »t Aj^hen . an died, 373. He wrote, It is •«'d^^'7J!' " , but of these we posM-ss only ^^^ }^l*'l^i of Lyslas is admired for "» ^ ff™ "° elegance, and his language for its P"' '>' , "AsiMACHUH, one of the «e nerals^n successors of Alexander '^e Orca^ «^ Macedonian of low origin, »■«' 'J 'f.'""", ,he for physical strengin »nu "-"-,;;,■ ^ and death of Alexander, «c^fj-'' 'ethesbare the neighbouring '•«""'"7^,^'*'"^„„y years „f Lvsimachus, but it cost •"•« '"J'^^/gion, of hard tightioK to ^^'Vi;' '"i/Xc"^. HenomlnHllyjoinedwithPtol my,»e ,^ and Cassander against Anu«o " . bu ^^ not actively co-operate «''^ ' f^' V everal when he invaded Asia, a-'j.'^fP'sXcw. "e towns, in «'«nj"n'^''r' '^"tf Ipsus over K.lned in 301 the r^<;}ojfJ>,[XttieM Antigonus, wno was f "vT* "■ p,.iyed s F'" of whoae dominions he then receivei-^ for physical strength and couraKt. [lY8 merltPdhonouM l.lBftB. A statue 18 been let up In nomeT, botanist, 1 739, wai the son Hebrew teacher Joseph Banks's d •ccompanied I Lord Muljnive, Lge towards the r the calculator! ack," wrote a id other works, led, 1776. onverted Jew of at Lyre, In Nor- onsure.and was defence of the He professed he Cordeliers at ion of the Bible, tions, in S vols, ly tinrci repub- 1 BpartsB nayal lived in the 4ih command, B.C. off the coast of fb-ted the Athe- nd gained great Greeks and the its were the tIc- 1, which virtually ■ar ; the capture g year, and the Bvemmentof the ng the succession kinKdom, in397> lighted him, and er fell at the bat- reek orator, was ind was bom at one of the Athe- urlum in south return to Athens and his property Iriy Tyrants, and i I his fellow-exiles le. The citizen- 1 1 him. but on the i was withdrawn. I, re at Athens, and laid, *W oratiuns, ; ly 3.i. The style its clearness and for its putity. the gencr.ils ana he Orcat, was a early remarkalile courage. Outhe 3'>;i, Thrace and ilxicamethesharc him many yea" I. his possession. tolcmy.SeleucMs, ,tigonu», but 111 ,h them till 30i. I ,«pturea several ith Sdeucus, ne L,hrsiflcation and replete with delicate sen ti- 1 mciits; nor are his miscellanies in prose devoid of good taste end refinement. Died. 1773. A portrait of George, Lord Lyttleton. has been presented to the National Portrait Gallery. A. odntt.h " MAKS, NICOLAS, adistingnlsh- fi Dutch painter, horn at Dort in 1«;« He ;"V°Pi''>f Kembrandt.and in his first «n£ liesTnrthrj.''''"'"^''''^'''"'""'-"^^ "as born i HMO A? vu^""*"' diplomatics. which are, " DeReDlplomatica," the " Mu- aa'u.n Itulictim." 2 vols., and Annals of the Order of St Benedict. Died, 17t»7. MARLY. (JABRiKL BONNKT »F, a French . 'b*. eminent as a ivlitical and historical writer, was the brother of CondillHC, and born at Grenoble, in 1709. He wns educated ay the Jismts at Lyonn, but soon abandoned thpoloitical studies tor Thucydldcs, IMiilaroh iind I.ivy. His works include " I'urulldle des Uomnins et dps Franijois," " Le Droit public ••OK "''*''" "' *J*"'«''"v«tions sur le» Grecs," ....a!TV:sru.r,5s"ur Ira Hnni.-.ins," " UDBerva- flonisurlHistoire de la Prance," " Sur les Constitutions des Etau Unisde TAm^rique. • 633 1^ I) M lAli mab] % Jtcb) ^nibcrsal 13iograpi)p« [mac &c., forming altogether 15 \oU. He died In 1785. , ^ MABUSK, or MAtniKUZE, who«? real nnnio wan J AN GossAKKT, an eminent painter, was born atMaubcuze, in Hainault, in 1499. Very little is cerUinly known of his life, except that he indulged in the grossest Tices. It is said that he visited Italy, and after his return to Holland lived first at Utrecht and then at Mlddolburg. Having obtained considerable reputation, ho visited EnKland, and resided some tlnio at the court of Henry VIII. He painted the portraits of the royal family, as well as of many of the nobiliW. Hi» masterpiece was probably the altarpiccc at Middelburg, representing the descent from the cross, which has unfortunately perished. Several works of Mabuse were exhibited at the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition, and nmoiiK them the fine " Offering of the \\ isc Men," belonging to the earl of Carlisle. As an example of his marvellous skill and finish we may i. .ration, that having once received .•\ piece of brocade for a dress, to appear be- fore the Emperor Charles V., he sold the stuff at a tavern, and painted a paper dress so like it, tbiit t!in difference could not be distinguished, ■fed, 1562. MACADAM, Jt)UN LOUDON, known as the introducer of the system of road-making, which bears his name, was descended from an ancient and respectable family In Kirk- cudbright, Scotland, where he was born in 1756. Ho was a man of science generally, and in the course of his active services as a magistrate and trustee of roads, his atten- tion was first attracted to the want of scientific principles in the construction of roads. At that time he was in his 6(ith year, and the subject continued to occupy his leisure till he finally effected what may fairly be termed a national good, (iovern- men: appreciating the vast utility of his plans, rewarded him by twogranls,amount- Ing together to £10,000. and he was offered the honour of knighthood, which, however, he declined, in consequence of his advanced aire and it was conferred on his son. Sir James Nicoll M'Adam. He died in Novem- ber, 1836, aged 80. , . . , MACAKICS, ST (the elder), a celebrated anchoret of the 4th century, who p.-iSKcd eo years in a monastery on Mount Sccla, In Kgypt, and died, 387. HT MACAUli s (the younger), and a contemporary of the pre- ceding, was a monk of Alexandria, who being persecuted by the Arians.and baninhed to an Island, converted its Inhabitants to Christianity. Died, 395. MACAUTNEY, OEOIIOE. Earl of, was born near Helfast, in 1737 ; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and afterwards travelled on the continent. In 1769 he was appointed chief secretary for Ireland, and after holding several other offices in success- ion, was made j-jvirnor of Granada in 1775. He was govern* r oi Madras about five years, returning to Enclund in 1786. Kix years later he was employed as ambassador to the enspernr "f China, with a view to extend our commerce there. He conducted himneir with great address on that occasion ; anJ an account of the mission waa published by Sir George Staunton, who acted as hia secre- tary. The embassy returned in I'lil, and the earl was next sent to Louis XVlll, then Monsieur, at Verona; after that, lie wus appointed governor of the Cupe of Good Hope, which post he was compelled, from ill health, to resign. During his retirement in Surrey, he wrote "The State of Kussiain 1767," and " The State of Ireland in 1773," As a writer he is candid and modest; the Life of Earl Macartney has been pubiinhed in 2 vols. Died, 1800. MACAULAY, CATHAUINE, historian, was born in Kent in 1730. Her niaiden name was Sawbridge. In 1760 she married Dr George Macuiilay. a pliysiciim in London; and niter his death she married, in 1778, Mr Graham, a clergyman, ond brother to the noted empiric of that name. In 1785 she went to America, for the purpose of visiting General Washington, with wliom she main- tained a correspondence during her life. She died In 1791. Her chief work is, "The History of England from James I. to the Accession of the House of Hanover," after- wards continued from the Ucvolution to her own time. The spirit in which it is written Is almost purely reputilican. Tlie History had a short run of popularity, but is now neglected. MACAVLAY,ZACHARY,F.a.8.,aieal0'18 co-operator with Mr AVilberforcc and other distinguished philanthropists ni the aboli- tion of slavery in the Uriti.sh colonies; to which end he devoted his eminent talents nr.d best energies for upwards of forty years. He was the father of tlic dist inguished his- torian, T. llabington Macuulay, noticed be- low. Died, May 13, 1838, aged 70. MACAU LAY,TUOMAS llABINOTOS (Lord MACAfl.AY). one of the most cminciit of English historians and critics, was bom at Uothley Temple, in I'Cicestersbire, Oc- tober 25, 1800. He was tlic sou of Zw^aj Macaulay. whose name is associated with ihose of ivilberforce and Clarksonm o. lalwurs for the abolition of the si ^ trade. He graduated at CmbriaKC^nh great distin. lion, was elected to tht Cra ven Scholarship in 1821, and tccame ^^ low of Trinity College in »8'^2. Two je " later he xvus called to the b" «' J n coln-s mn. In the same y^"^' "'"•",„'. sertion of his article on >>'■'" ■.''Vhich menced that cai.'er as an essayist in flnici he U perhaps unrivalled, ami «rta..ay ha» ;r^^;^;=tn^air?{H ministr/ln the '^J'>;f ",Xt^?ve PpSlt hi 1834 an Inipfr'"'"' '^•'"'* ;„„ hi« scat for in India cr.-a him to res^^;^,,„ ,ht borougn ot i'^;;^ '»"7Sran hlsemcnt. fleilM sb'u ly after ''*"V',,gnd legal His mi'Mon to India "' '\-^" P'^^*' „ nraw .ulvi-i (,f ^he Supreme Coiinui wa ix. ,.p „ new code ond.:,na^^^^^^^^^ i;{i:,^^.ietwen.y;.ixd.ap.er..;^^ :K':;j:;;ulo'Ei.gi;ndin^^^ 1 Indian iojtajc :uo to be attriouw tf21 clei contributed to the " EdlnburRh Ke- \lew " on Lord Olive and Warren HastinK*. -two of lii» most famous essays. Nothing less than n personal residence could have given him so intimate a knowIcdRe of Eng- lish policy in India ; and certainly nothing less could have enabled him to exhibit with such marvellous power the charactrristics of Indian society, life, and thought. In 1839 he was made secretary of war, and was elected MP. for Edinburgh in 1840. Two years afterwards he published his "Lays of Ancient Rome," which were soon followed by a collected edition of his essays. These had been for some time reprinted in America. His second article on I-ord Chatham closed, in 18(4, the most brilliant series of articles which have been contributed by a single writer to any review. In 1846 he was ap- pointed paymaster to the forces, with a seat in the cabinet, but lost his scat for Edin- burgh in 1847, for his opinions on the sub- ject of the grant to May nooth. Hut hi* con- stituents showed their resret for his k ss by returuinK him free of expense in I85Z, and he continued their member until he was raised to the peerage in 1857, under the title of Baron Macaulay of Kothley. The state of his health, however, forbade the excitement of speaking, and he was not permitted to employ in the House of Lords those powers which had won for him so great a name as an orator in the House of Commons. Hence- forth his time was mainly devoted to the great work on which he had been already labouring for many years, and which he hoped to be able to complete. Four volumes of his "History of England" appeared during his life ; a fifth, which had not re- ceived the full benefit of his final revision. has been published since his death, which took place in his liOth year, Bee. 28, 1859. But a sketch of his life (brief as this must necessarily be) would bo incomplete with- out some remarks on the writings of a man to whom English literature owes a debt the greatness of which can hardly bo exag- gerated. Much has been said of the decay of the English lanp-uage, and of our present lack of great writers. Such fears have, pro- bably, no good foundation ; but although he poverty so complaincdof is imaginary.' there U no doubt that the present condition of i.ngli8h writing is not one of unmingled encouragement. The pretence of knowledge without the reality isenablcd to clothe itself with a l^tal facility in forms of expression Which threaten to destroy the genuine cha- racter of the language, and furnish a dis- guise for weakness or want of thought under an mbiguous or unintelligible style. Against h 3 spunous literature of the present cen- n pi,^*^'"^'""'y''' ^''"nR". whether as mtlir u °' »» '"^tto-ian, are a standing dear » 1,^ single sentence which is not as mlvpi .''"t?,?']*'*^ "•'• *'>»» ''« has never hafh^oho* '"""^ °^ unmeaning phrase. word? whl\"'''" ""'^•'^ »'"' moaning in worm which can convey to the reader anv !;.fJ,?.'"^'"i *>?««•• "Is sentences are nev^r I wSh hl'oK "'* '""Kuage exhibits a purity j wiilchhas been guarded by an Instinctive j Jealousy. Foreign* Idlcms, or even foreign words, which come naturally to the pen* of other writcrt, are by him most carefully eschewed ; not a phrase which is not tho- roughly English can be found throughout hit volumes. Yet with these (elf-imposed limits, which other* would feel as trammels, he ha* displayed n vigour of thought and brilliance of imagination which never fails or flags. Lifelike images of men and things arc embodied in the simplest and the shortest word*. A machinery, which other* might reject au inadequate, is employed to convey a depth of thought and force of feeling which gives to hi* writings a constant and per- "%r charm. We »ce everywhere the re«>; . f consummate art worked out with un wt .. ...d care ; but that care was to him no elTori and the art wa* prrhap* exercised unconsciously. He had made up his mind what English ought to be, and all that he wrote enabled him to realize more fully the ideal of his earlier years. A letter has been publiahed, written by Lord Urougham to hi* father, Znchnry Macaulay, when his son wa* commencing his career at Caml.ridge. In that letter, with much valuable advice on his education, he suggests special models for the formation of his English style, foremost among these being the great orator of the Koman republic. It is quite certain that Macaulay studied the subject of style with untiring diligence; but it it no matter for refret that he made no efforts to form that style on the long and sounding period* of Cicero. Hi* word* are ' as clear a* hi* thoughts and conclusion* are t definite. Never halting between two opin- ions, he realized with a singularly graphic power every historical period or character with which he had to deal. The men of other age* and oihcr lands were for him no abstraction*. To him they were a* real as if they had been his contemporaries ; and he i.i as earnest in their favour or dispraise as if they still lived and moved before him. The power of vivid description, which waa the result of this, has subjected him to charges of partiality, and even of unfairness ; but it may well be questioned whether real historical truth is better attained by the cold statements of general proposition* than by the instinct which invests with life the smallest, or, as it might seem, the most in- signiflcant,dctails. It is to this power, which none ever possessed in a greater degree, that we owe a series of portraits matchless in their life-like vigour, while they are not lbs* truthful or more partial than the 1' :* ani- mated narrative* of other historian*. Never disavowing his own sympathies, or qualify- ing his own political creed, he realised con- ditions of thought and feeling the most opposite and distant to each other and to his own. Ho has done equal Justice ;to the Papist and to the Puritan; but his stern condemnation is reserved for wilful oppresa- ion and misrule, for studied violation of truth, for the deba.^ement (as in Lord Uacon) of the loftiest intellect to the meanest poli- tical and selfish purpose*. And if wo cannot expect always to find in him that absolute iin'^artiaiitv which Ik the s'^ecl^l fh^mctfr- istlc of Henry Hallani, yet his vivid de- scriptions carry with them, in the very 'W •; i ',' •i s 6H '■' MAC] H i^cto ®n(ber8al 13iogrnpF)i). [mac abundanca and furcc uf their detail*, the •Tidanca from which may b« drawn cuu- clualoni different from hi* own. Ui» death haa Ifeft unflniahed a " Ulatory of EuKlund," aa Kenerally faithful aa It ia throughout brilliant; iu completion would have secured to ua, perhaps, the t(rcate»t work in our lan- guatte, but with the greatuea* which be boa already attained, it could acarcily have added w the splendour of hi* name. A '• Memoir of Lord Macaulay " has been writ- ten by Dean Mii&van, and a worli entitled "The Vublic Life of Lord Macaulay," by Ker. F. Arnold. A uniform edition of hi* Complete Worka, edited by hi* *l*ter, I^dy Trevelyan. ha* Ju*t appeared (Feb. 186«). MACHUIUE, Daviu, a celebrated phy»i- clan, wa* born at Halljniony, in the county of Antrim, in 1727. lie wus a aurgeon in the nary until 1749, when he acttled in Dublin, where bii industry and genius were directed to medical reaearcbes, and were productive of di*coTerte* which will trana- mit hia name with honour to posterity. He published his " Experimental Essays " in 176i, which work immediately attracted the attention of the faculty, and procured fur the author a doctor's degree from the uni- rersity of Qlaagow ; but his most extensive publication waaa " Methodical Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Medicine," a valuable work which afforded a concise and connected view of the principles and practices of the healing art, aa best esub- iiahed by aound reason, and conflrroed by accurate observation. This work, which waa highly appreciated by Dr Cullen, was trans- lated Into LHtin,ind published at Utrecht. He died in 1778. MAC CUIE, THOMAS, D.D., waa a native of Scotland, and received his education at the university of Edinburgh. In 1(H)6 he separated from the General Associate Synod, and became one of the founder* of the Con- stitutional Associate Presbytery. He waa the author of the Lives of " Knox," "Mcl- vllle," Ac. ; and a " History of the Progress and Suppression of the Ueformation in Italy, in the 16th Century." Died, aged «3, In 1835. ' MAC CUL1X)CH, JOHN, M.D., was born in 1773, at Guernsey, and evinced great pre- cocity of intellect. He was tlmi pSaced at the f rammar school of Lostwithiel, i<> Corn wall, from thence, in I7»0, he wm put to Edinburgh to study medicine ; and, at the very early age of 18, he received the diploma of a physician, being the youngest student who had ever passed the required examina- tion. He, however, thought himself too young to succeed as a private practitioner ; and, after remaining at Edinburgh dve years, he entered Into the artillery as ansistant- aurgeon, and became chemist to the Hoard of Ordnance in 1803. He was afterwards en- gaged by government in the surveys of Scot- land ; and his mineralogical and geological survey of that portion of the kingdom ia deemed hia moat important public work. In 1833 his able map of it was completed, and he received from government the sum of £tW\i. lia airo wrote many scicntinc works. His studiea, or pursuits, were innumerable; and ho is said to have excelled iu all, how- u ^| appointed to the command of tne aru., ^ held the iltuationof i i*c.,intheEajtlD(lii lent at AddiicomU. i 82nd year of liljage,' eona visit towmenf lornwttll, he had the *noutof a chaiM,by liredunoof hitlegiu 1 indispensable. He i th flrnincss, and eren I ctlonf to the turgeon ' but all attempts to rtive. AniOHK hit ou- | name the "Highland! cotlaua," his valuable i: and on "Hemlttent ' aaei/'anda "8':tem , August, 183J. UN UAMSAY, political L'ian, wusborninWIg- ieCAmc, In 1H17, a con- man," and was for two 28 he was appointed economy in London led that chair only a he was made comp- lionery Office, and re- till his death. Hit the " Statistical Ac- nipire," tlrst published I and several times re- tionary o( Commerce Kation," annually re- aphlcal Dictionary;" lilical Economy i" and , in to Property vacant , ibuted to the "Ency- 1 ' iMid to various pe- iblislied a work on the Liil economy. He wai lute of France. Jied , 1864. i iliN. a mlscelUneoni i 1779, at Weem, in \ I Edinbureh, and, on became editor of tlie ; He published " An Item of Miiiury De- ; Inquiry into the N'«- llary Subordination," I U Statesmen." Weili I EriKNNB JACaHMJ :, duke of Tarentum, | arsbal of France, wu uerre, in France, I'M- i ich family, wh'tl' 1;"' e after the suppreiiion; itland in 174J, he en-., f in 1784, and embrac- 1 cause, served on the <. Jemappe8,and(fre««T in the campaign in dor General Fichegru.; division, he took th»|; oftheKhine;hethen;, aiy, where he b«^«;^j, >d having soon afMh „st Naples, hiMkifu^ euch army fr"") «« hit was menaced br I i,« i«th Brumaire.iiei lies." In l»w''"=Ji!fi mand of the army laj UAO] H i^iM anibcrsfti Utograpl^y. [mac gwltserland, and immortalized hit name in military annals by his telcbrated pasaaRe of the Splugen. lu 1**2 he was appointed French ambassador at the court of Copen- hagen ; and on his return to Parii, Napo- leon marked bis displeasure at some ex- pressions he had made use of In reference to his treatment of Moreau, by wiihdra'^ing him from active service. But In 1809 he took part in the Italian campaign, shared the glories of the victories at Laybach, Uaab, and Wagrani, his gallant conduct in the last earning for him a marshal's baton at the emperor's hands, and was appointed govern- or of Oriiti, where his humanity Rained him "golden opinions from all ranka of people." In 1810 he was created duke of Tarentum, and appointed to command ia Catalonia, where, contrary to his wont, he displayed great inhumanity. He subsequently shared in the Kussian campalKn, and distinguishcU himieir in the hnttlea of Bautzen and I.iit- zenibutmet with a severe reverse at Katz- bach, where he had imprudently engaged Marshal lUucher with a greatly inferior force. After the fall of Napoleon, he was called to the Chamber of Peers, and made chancellor of the Legion of Honour; but he look little or no part in politics, and bis lost years were spent in domestic qutot. Died. 1840. ' MACDONALD, Fi.oRA, the courugeoua young Scotchwoman, who, after the defeat of the young pretender, Prince Charles Kd- ward,at Culloden, in April, 1746, risked her own life that she might aid his escape from his pursuers. She had the prince dressed at a woman, and giving him out as her maid- lervant, succeeded in conveying him safely to the Isle of Skye, whence, after many wanderings, perils, and hardships, he ulti- mately escaped to France. Flora waa after- wards Imprisoned for a short time ia the Tower. She died in 1790. MACDONALD, John, F.R.8., only son of hecclebrated Flora Macdonald, was born in I i 5* P*"*"* """"y >'**" *•» 'he service Of the East India Company, and, on hit re- turn home, was appointed lieutenant-colonel ot the royal Clanalplne regiment, and com- mandant of the royal Edinburgh artillery. |iiit It is as a writer on military tactics, and Ma man of science, that Colonel Macdor-:d ''especially entitled to our notice. His pro- FZr,*I\""''''y translution. from the ul T'';r^l" •>* produced, in 1808. a " Treat- la^liur? ''!?Pil''; ^^"'"'nunioation. Naval, Military, and Political, •• «nd. In 1816 IJod^l*''?*'"?'"'""'""''" "tending to in»Z u^'"' phrases, and sentences. Dur- wltl'^P"'"^**'" "fe he resided at MACPmr? •'"''''''•''«*''* '2, In 1831. mse DOM :.'^}'f AuosTiNHo 1.K, a Portu- iSn/nVH? v**^""^^ * "'»'''' of the Augus- lZZr^• ^"' '°"" ""'"ed It. He wa, muM pamphlets, and edited in succession '% ver«i n"''-''*'' " "*'«'«l Gazette," ld"A.''"?.«' "Trumpet of the Laat i'''Mediuti'nn-."u. '"t'S.^"*"" •• entitled lu.iTd »,?H , • "'* ""''* witiclsm of the \^i, aud his attempt to rival Camoena In the poem entitled" Oama" (afterward* " The East "), offended many of hit country- men. Macedo wrote also a poem In praise of Newton, a translntion of Horace, and a volume of lyrics. Died ut Lisbon, 1H31. MACOILLlVKAY,UrWii.i.iAM, the well- known author of the " History of liritish Birds," and various other works on natural history, was professor of natural history in Marischal College. Aberdeen, from which univeraity he received the honorary degree of LL.D., after having been for some time Curator of the Kuyal College of Surgeons at Kdlnburgh. Harely has any naturalist so combined the love of nature with close study of book*. His constitution was naturally delicate, and for a long time his health had been declining ; hut he lived to complete his " History of British Birds," the last page of which contains a touching allusion to bis own approaching end. Three volumes of this work were pubiished in 1840, the re- maining two Juat previoualy to his death. In 1862. MACHIAVELM, Nice OLO, the celebrated Florentine statesman and historian, was born of an ancient family in Utii). As se- cretary of the council named "The Ten." a pott which he held for fourteen yeart, 1498 — 1312, he watnneof the most prominent actort in the foreign and diplomatic alTairt of the republic during that period. The great capacity for busini-sa and diplomacy which Ue showed led to hit being employed on a fi'eat number of political misaiona, the moat Lnportant of which were those to the king of France, to whom ho was tent on four occations i to the Popes Piua III. and Juliua II. ; to Cirsar Borgia, In whose cump he passed three months; and to he Km peror Maximilian. On the restoration of the Medici, in 1412, Machiavelii waa banish- ed, and in the following year he w as arrested and subjected to the torture on the charge of conspiracy against the Medici, but was toon pardoned and liberated. The next eight yearn he spent in retirement and literary labours, was then again employed at ambassador, and died at Florence, 2'Jnd June, IS'il. The principal works of Ma- chiavelii are, "Del Principe," the famous treatise in which are expounded the ob- Doxiout principles and aystem of policy ever since designated " Machiavellian." and which was probably written to gratify the Medici, It was published in \iSi ; " Storie Fiorentine," " Diwourscs on the tlrat decade of Titus Liviua," "Seven books on the Art of War," and valuable Keporia of his nego- tiations. Letters. Comedies, and other writ- ingt complete the 6 vols. 4to of hia wrurkt, whith. both in point of matter and of style, ttand iu the highetl rank of Italian litera- ture. MACHIN, JOHN, an English astronomer of the 18th century , author of a treatise on the " Laws of the Moon's Motions," pub- lished with Newton's Priucipla, and other works. He waa professor of aKtronomy at Oresham College, and secretary to the Itnygl MijcletT. MACK, Chabl|'U<, Baron von, an Aut- trlan general, notorious for his ill-concerted mlhtary operations, waa born in 17fl'2. at 6'i7 i"! i.) "i -i Ltii^tf 'M 'li; , ' 1 ! ) '' ;; I ti . y mac] ISl ifkbD etnibcrsal 19tograp!)p. Nrti«Unf(cn. In Fram-onI*. He entered the arn-.y a» a prltatc 4n « rrnlmmt of dracoont. hut (fr^du.iUy ro«e till he boiame aitl* de- camp to General I>audohn, who atroBtly recommended him to th" emperor. At quartermaster M-rnirui y<> !^<• army of the prince of Cobut,., t.f :irwt(-.l '.'le operation* of thecampilstf. "if K4. . 'ntl wai afterwanla employed m nefotiauug with Pumourler^ At that lime the plana and proposalt of Mack were *o much extolled, that he waa •ent to lx)ndon to concert meaiurea with thcEnnlinhmiiiisteri. Oeorge III (tayehlm a iword ornamented with diamonia; and Mr Pitt 10 wholly approTed of hU proposl- tlona, thathc haatcned hU return, f" "rrto- that the allied army nil^ht bcru^'v oj- ua plant. In 1798 he commanded the Neapolitan troopa, liut wat to out-ueneralled, that he retigned the command, and turrendered him- telf a priioncr of war. Muonaparte, then contul, allowed him to retUie at ParU, on hit parole ; upon which Mack requetted per mitalon to BO to Vienna, that he might pre- Tall upon the emperor to exchange him for Ueneralt Pcrignon and (Jrouchy ; a requeat which the court of Vienna refuted. Mack then tecretlT formed a plan of etcape, which he effected, and took with him at companion of hit flight from Parit, In April, lWK),Mdllc Louite, a courtrtan of tome celebrity. Ar- rlred in Auttria. he pertuaded hit country- men that hit ill tuccct* had ariten tolcly from the cowardice and ditorderly conduct of the Neapolit.int. The Kmperor Franci* belicTed hit aatertlon, and confided to him, in 1804, the command of hit troopt In the Tyrol, rtalmatia, and Italy, and in the fol- lowing year made him pretident of the coun- cil of war. In September, 1805, Marthal Soult defeated Mack at Memmingen ; he quailed before Napoleon, who forced him to retreat beyond the imnube; and in October he turrendered at llm, and 28,000 of the Auttriant became prisoners. Mack once more pn tented hlmteli at Vienna, but he wat tubjected to a court martial, and wat tentenced to death, which the emperor com- muted to perpetual imprltoiimcnt, and even from that he wan releated at the end of one year. Died in i8i9. „ ^ MACKENZIK,CiF.OROE. author of "The I.i»et and C'haractert of the mott Eminent Writcrtof the .Scottish Natl.n," Ac, a work of contldcrable research and authority. He practised at a phyticlan at Edinburgh, in the 17th century. MACKENZIE, Sir Gr.oROF., an Ingenlont Scotch lawyer and writer, was l>orn at Dun- dee, in 1636, became an eminent advocate, and gained from the Corenantcrt the appich he Md t^ his death. lor highly-wrought scenei of pathot, and for the graces of «tK. »« kenrie ha* but few rivals : hu "f-; ^' "['J;, and ettayt can never fail to I'lf*"- !"'; hUdr^iatic^rlt.ngtaredeflaentno,«^ In hit earliest. youth he had mmf. quainted with Hume, ^"'J^^' ^^^^^ Hiair and others, who then '0™f" |" m^r'aVy'SJlaxy of Kainburjth; an O. «^ being protracted to "^ hj* '^y ".d ^g;. ^, reminlsccncet of the f?^*^ roc" had to long survived were h ghly mterc. ing. He died in IMl. aftfd »'.„„, . b,i.i MACKINNON. I'^^i^'l'lt W g J"' lant Hritith soldier. ""^ neph w o w^ , Mackinnon, who was ^"^ ..JftheiroT o( Ciudad Rodrigo. He "f **;"»„ im at the early age of ^'>f »«°; '"Uhag". medlatelv sent to the •lege of CopeiMI meuuieiy »i"i '" "■- rr''-. .esr to t« then to Bremen, and the n"y^„ „,„!? Peninsula, where he ^,''» "J^J^dV^^g, ei- .11 .•.« »r..i.l hattk'S. hu COOl 0" ^i<^. traoVdin'ary «^-tl;:.''J^ /"" SltrouW tion rendering him an cspetwi _^ fM 'CltWj diitiDKuiihnti , and lH>r«m« f^n < irntl^ deilroai c a lout life, he aci r, 3lthop o( NlUI, llr [■a ai liiiarcbdMcoD,! jr year*. In 1819 he | , and wu at mti ead in the propoMd to Southern Centnll , 18(10, he tailed fnaj rrlval he wai cot! trttInK out with Dri t abode at Migomcro rt half- year after hit died of the Afrlcu whither he had goi( one. An Interciting 1 mliiionarjr wai p«l>- in In IBM. IKNBT, eiuyitt anH of an eminent phT- ind bom in 1745. He ication ; and, in K6i the Scottish court of production wai "The li aiquiredunhounded allowed by " The Mm Julia df Roubiifn*." n with other writen, i:»sayi, under the title nd afterwardi "Tlie! butcd many excellent! ictiona of the Royili and of the Highl»iiil| ich he waiamemter! naiitof twotragedifi,^ li" and "The Ship-| medii'i,"TheForceot! V^hltc Hypocrite " Hij •ftl tract, entitled "Asi ^edlnga of the Pariii'. It the commenceio'ct] lution he pnblisN| he Tiew of counteract-; of drmocrstic prinf, introduced himtoiiKi ind some years after nptrollcr of the tasM :e which he held tik ly-wrought tcenei ot| zracti of «tjle, M«-i rala : his notds. ial«,^ r fail 10 i.lf*"','"" I are deficient in fore* , he had l-ecomeac- riio then formed «" inburgh;andhi«da?^ a healthy old Hge.t', ereat men whom w ; _-.» MohiT intorcii- % i^ris Snibersal Idiogrop!)!;. He wti alio at the battle of AVaterloo, where he eminently dittinguiihrd hlnurlf. lie wrote the " UUtory of the Coldttrram Qoardi," a work contalninK much Intereat- iog information. Died, 1M6, uRcd 46. MACKINTOSH, 8ir JamK!I, a celebrated Britiih itateiinan and hlituriaa, waa born in InTcrneaa, in 1786. Hia father, Captain Mackintoih, intended him fur the medical profcuion.and conferred on hiui an excel- lent education. In 1787, after taking hia degree of M. !)■ at Edinburgh, he TiiiteU the rontlnent. Ho I pn fcrrrd, howeu-r, the itudy of law to that of mrdii inc , and, after the death of hit father, devu'ed hlmaelf en- tirely to itudy for the bar. The frtnch reTolution,whi(h had Juit then commenced, gareanew impulse to his mind, and politica and legislation became the paramount ob- jects of hii attention. In conjunction with other ' partisans of reform, he publiahed [leTcrsl worki in advot y of tliii cauae, especially his " VindiciJ lallicic," or de- fence of the French rcvui-jtion, agalnit the itriciures and accusatiuni of KUmund Durkc. In 1799 he was appointed lecturer of Lin coins Inn, where, in hii splrndid course of lectures on the Law of Naturt and Naiioni, heeihibited himself as an uncompromi.iiriK censor of the doctrine* he had approved in |tht ■• Vindicite Oallica?." It waa Sir Jaraes Mackintosh who undertook the defence of the emigrant, M. Peltier, for a libel on Huonaparte in the Ambinu ; and his addre»i, jeloqucnce, and profound knowledge of the law contributed greatly to lighten the penalty imposed on hia client Shortly )ifter this, in 1803, he was appointed re- torder of Bombay; and his administration there rendered him highly popular, espe- cially his abk- protection of the righla of latire and British iubject.s. He aI»o estab- shed a Literary Society there, and became Its preiident. On rcturuin^ to England he ■» elected member of parliament for ^'™' ""J. from this time, co-operated 'tMhe popular party. In 181G 17, he op- wd the green bag and spy lyaten:— ton- :«mi with Urd M.lton in a motion Z ^auL.ng the army - voted with Lord Al Zl ?^M"'"i'"= **■""'■' f«'»»riotion» of the "enaill, and against Lord ( ^itlereagh'a le surfs generally. In 1818 he made hi* TiL ,'■*'*'' "°"°" ^""f amending the r ?„•'•'";, ''"""K ^^^ Cauntnl ad- rasbort time.but went ,t on its diwolu- i«». and, on the fall ot the Welliniflon 2.'«1^^30. joined Lord Orey . «'h ch iTiL. u \""i'C'* OftUira-," Sir James aUntosh published ■' The Kegeney qT. .;,,„/?, ^?° Nations," and a " Historv of aunued by -Wallace and Hell It f,,rnjs 10 ^nZitttr''! '""'Z' '■>^"'P««li« The •WMpara^eirSm^" ^*'^" «*''''■ MAT KLIN, CllABLK.n, a celebrated aetor'Rnd dramatist, whoae rral name was Mac Ijkughlin, was bom In the county 'Wettmeath, Ireland, in 1690. llo rame to I^>ndon, and appeared at the theatre In Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 172.5 , but It wa* not till 1741 that lie established hi* reputation, bjr his admirable performance of Hhylock. He continut-d on the stage until 1789 ; but during the l.iit years of his life, his under ■Unding became Impaired, and he died in i:'J7, at the patriarchal age uf Iu7. Ilia " Man of the World," a comedy, exposes mcMuneM, sycophancy, and political srrr- i llity.with con»idirablc»kill. and hi*"Ix)Tol i la Mode," wa* a very poj.uJar farce. l)nr- 1 Ing hi* long continuance ( -i the %tag« he ' experienced the usual Ticl»«.itudes of thea- ' trical life ; but he was a lealoussupp rterof the rights of hi* profe**ional brcthn n, and, though dictatorial and Irascible, a most en- lertaininK companion, and a atcmly friend • MACKMOIIT. JAMES, a learned Scottish diTino, wnsbornin 1721, at Irvine, In Argyle- »hue; and was ordaimd minister of May bole, where he composed hi* " Harnmny of the .Gospels " and hi* " New Translation of the Epistles ■' In 177_, he became one of the minister* of Edinlurgh, and was cm- ployed nesrly 30 ycors in th.' execution of his last and greatest work, yi*. " >ew Translation from the Oreck of all the Apo- stolical Kpistles," with commentarica and notes. I>ird, 1B(>0. MACLAINE, ARCHIBALD, a learned di- vine, born at M'lnnghnn.in Ireland, where his father was a dissenting minister, is ad- vantageously known by his " Ix?ttcra to Soame Jcnyns on his View of the In- terna! Evidence of Christianity, ■ his triins- latlon of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, and a volunio of sermons. Died, 18m. MACLArillN, Cul.lN, an eminent ma- thematician, who was born at Kilmoddan, in Scotland, in I6U8, and educated at the university of (ila»gow, where ho applied himself assiduously to the study of the mo- thematics. In 1717 he obtained the mathe- matical pnifessorship hi the MariK-hal Col- lege of Aberdeen, and in 1721 waa elected assistant professor of m.itlumatics at Edin- burgh. Ill 1734 he enten I the lists against Ilerkeley , and produced his excellent "^Trea- tise on Fluxions." He also wrote several papers in the Philosophical Transactions ; a treatise, lentitled " lieometria Organica," another on "Algebra." and "An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Fhilosophical Dis- coveries." In the rebellion of 1745 he took so active a part in fortifying Edinburgh, that when the Pretender approached with his forces, Mr Maclaurln deemed it prudent to retire to York, where he was entertained by Archbishop Herring, in whos« palace he died, in 1740 MACLEAN, L. E. [LANDON, L. E.] M'NICOL. Dr DONALii,aCeltic antiquary, well known as the author of " Uemarks on Johnson'! Journey to the Hebrides,"' was born at the farm of Sococh, in the parish ol Clachandysart, in 1733 He was minister of nadllAl nnil ULiitnAca *.*«*.;...... a^ «.;^ • _. . . «.j ,.., - t-- »..- Ttn:i3- laiion to Lism. and Appin, to which united parishes he wa» admitted minister ou tho ei» •n '■|/^ i i .'■ ''I 1 ■ 'it \i ill Mil A'rhm Wi i i M ■••i mag] 11 £lt\si fSLnibtxual 18iograp!)t). [mad IBth July, 17fl« Pr M'NIcol wm deeply TPrtrd Jn(»a»'i(o literature •nd •ntlqultiM, M hU " Upmarli« " to amply teitlfy. Th« (TTi-at retfarrh and thorough knowlcdni. of hU •uhjpit, addpd to the keen ipirlt of •atlre whirh pervatlet e»pry line, rendered him a match ^r the "lltcrrtry Colowui," I>r John- son, whone otherwise ylgoroua IntellMt w«» obscured by the niUts of prejudice and a totil Ignorance of 8cotland and the Hcotch. MACNISH, ROBRRT. il I>. *nd LLI) . better known an" the modern Pythagorean (the name affixed to mont of hU contribution* to maga/lnes), waa born in (Jlasgow, 1802. ThouKh enjoying conilderiible practice at a phTilclan. he found Iclnure to engage In lllirary pnrauUa ; and his " Anatomy of Drunkenness,"" Vhllosophy of Sleep,"' Me- tempsychosis. ' and " Hook of Aphorlams. gained for him a hUh place nmong the thouKhtful writers of his age. Hied, 1837. MAC'IMIEKSON.JAMM. distinguished for his translntlons or Imitations of ancient tiaelic poems, was horn at Klngcuale, In In- verness, in 173S. llaT'.i.d. In 17C0, produced " ITagments of Anci nt Poetry, translated from the (Jnclic or Ei-e Ijinguage," they were so well recelTed, that a subscription was formed to enable the author to collect addltioniil specimens of national poetry. The result of his researches was " Fingal. an Antlent Kplc Po«;m,ln six books," togc ther with several other poems (professedly translated from originals), by Ossian, the aon of Fingal, a 0;\ellc prince of the 8rd century, and his contempornrles. Hr -lohn- son treated himasan Impostor, anda violent controversy ensued concerning their au- thenticity. From the evidence of the con- tending parties, U may be concluded, that Miicpliernons prose epics were founded on tradiiional narratives current among the HlgiilMiders, but the date of the oldest of their lays Is comparatively modem ; and It is now Impossible to ascertain the precise ex- tent of his obligations to the Gaelic bards of former ages, in 17«4 he accompanied do- verno' Johnstone to Florida, as secretary. After hU return he translated the Iliad Into Ossianic prose . wrote a " History of «)rcat Urltatn, from the Uestoration to the Accet- sion of the House of Hanover." nnd also employed his peu In vliidir:\ting the mea- sures of government during the American war. He w« afterwards appointed agent to the nabob of Arcol, became a member of parliament, and died in 1796. MACKOHIUH, AUKKI.IVS AMBROSIl'B TliK.(>i) ; f '7' '':\ MADISON, .UMKS. 4th Pr«l^;"\»' t §l£iUo"U!r?ora.i.nehedev^^^^^^^^ sWf t.. the study of the >f 'J J ^IJ^iic e»- ",»'•■" !:„^'?n"^hl.';;"c•.o:'d;^n;lM ployment, in wnuii n^ , .hinn- and m » lilmself by his ^<'«> «";' »^ '' Jed for member ot congress, h<"^" "^^y' , ;,,„,. l,ia fluency and «''"''1"?:'^,,S of''^ aelttoJefftrson he t.ec«me secretary , under that w.-eslden. i «"■;•?" d to .u.ceed Jefferson In l««.^<^'"«»fP, ,ad^^^^ him, he made «" i"^" """'' "ZT J' f" % JUtu ^Knibtraal ISiogra^Iin. [51 A • rtTuked their order* In council •nd Berlin deoreei. At tlie ««me tlm^, ho took off thi* fmbwaolnl'l on all foreign TcMeU hut thnw of Eiifrlund and Fruiicc.and took mcnturpi tomakethoAm^rlonnflftif rcir^Pfd. tYance compiled, but KnKl^nd did not: frultlPM ncKdtlttlonfi followrd , till, In IHll.a IIHtlih frigate attacked un Amcrlrun frlKnto on the cooit of the Unlti'd 8t(it«'ii, and war broke out between the contending partlra In l«rj. In ISIS, Congres!! re iippolntcd Mr Madlann to the presidency, and approred hia miii- •ureiwlth regnrd tn Knirlnnd. Hu*ala oflTered hermodlatiun between tho bolllnertnta ; but the rlKht of aenrch, the abandonment of which wat claimed hf Amerlcn, and rehiaed bjr England, was a conatant uhatdcln. At longih,on the fall of Napoleon, In IHU, Mr Madlion,con«idcrlnfrthat KiiKlnnd.ttrenRth- cnedbjrthateTcnt, would be leaa likely thiin ertr to lacriHce the point, declined to preaa it •• a tint qua non. NeKotlatlona were (ipcned at Ohent, and cloaed afrain in con- jequcnre 'if the American envoy ((Jallatin) declaring the cunditloni deniand;'d by KnK- land humilLttlng. The war waa resumed ; the British Heet scound the Amerlrnn f otuta, niadv (li'irents in vnrioua placea, nnd took and burned Wnahlni{ton, rhe capital. Not- wi'hutanding these oiiafortunea, and the alacrity of the Fedeniltata, he retained the presidency till 1817, when peace waa for- mally concluded uml ratiHed with Kngland. He then retired fTom office with a high re- putation for ability and inteerltr Died. June, 1838. MADQX, Thomas, » le((al antiquary and historiographer, who publlihcd, in mn, "A Collection of Cliartera taki-n from th« Originals," with the title of " KormuUre Anglicanum." In 1711 appeared " The Hli- tory and Antlquitiea of the Kxchoquer," folio, which waa followed b" hia " Firma Burgi, or Uiitorical Esany concerning the utiei. Towns, and Horouxln of l^nKland." Aftfr his death, a collection of hia manu- scripts, occupying 9(ivolumea, wea preaented by his widow to the Ilritlah Museum. M.1'.C1:NAS, CAlfS ClLNlim, tht! friend and minister of Augustua, and the patron or ^ irgil and Horace, wua a Ron.au ki.lKht. F^?„ ""'?.'"'' K*"«'«'"Ky from the nnclunl Etrurian kings. He i,a. been deacrllM-d aa Z. r" "''*'"* political virtue, nnd a moat « n Tous patron of the aclencea. Though b Iness, and well understood how to em- d^l!fn'°"'^•'f '""""«'■ "»"y ?'•"«•«"< ™ e f a''""'"'''"' •'"*"«''* """the con- n »l,i ." ■^'"'"'''"»' *•'" employed him in A iu U 'i* "'"'•*■'' *'"» .. ► n,. terary genius. th;it the °' -^iH-HAKL, a celebrated Orrman aatronomer, waa born In the du. hy of Wurtemherir, about IMS. H« went to Italy, whero he became Intlmata with Oa- llleo ; and on hia return to Germany hn waa choaen professor of matheniatlca at Tttbln- ir«n, wher*> he had Kepler for a pupil. He published many mathematical and aatrono- miral works, and died In l.1«o MAFFKr, Phanciuco HriPiONi.Marqnli, an eminent Italian writer, was bom In 1878, at Verona ; and was educated at thu colleKc of nobles at Parma. He entrred the army, and distinguished himself aa a Tolunt>'«>r at the battle of Iionauwert, In 1704 ; hut, at the end of the campalKU, quitted the aervlre, and deT0t«>d himself to literature. In 173;i he aet out on a tour throush France, Eng land, Holland, and Oermary, returning to Verona In 1737. While in England he wna admitted to the Royal Society. Among Ml works are, the tragedy of " Merope." a " History of Mplomaey," " Mnavum Vero- nense," and " Verona lllustrata " Maffei took a leading part In eatablUhlnir the ' Olornalo del Letteratl." Died, 17,^5. There were seTeral other learned Italians of the name of MnlTei, but belter known by their Ijitin denomination of MAPP^etra. Vkuio, a native of I,odl; author of " Epl- grama," " Eaaaya," and a " Ktipplement to Virgil," which he called the IStUbook of the .«neld. Juliua Rcallgnr and Oerard Voaaiua declared him a great poet. Horn, Mn7. dted, U59. Hkknarixno, a learned cardinal, who died at Home, In IMS, aged 40. He wrote a" Commentary on CIcero'a Epistles," and a" Treatise on Medals and Inscrlptlona." OtOVANNi Pi KKO, a learned Jetult, Traa born at Bergamo In 1836, and died at Tivoll In 1803. He wrote the " Life oC Ignatius Ix)yola," a "History of the Indies," and othrfr works. In the purest I/fltln. MAUALHAKNH. (MAGELLAN.] MAGKF, Wii.i lAM, a learned Irish pre- late and a theological writer, wan born In humble life, nnd admitted as sliar at Dublin university. He was soon distingulahed for hia scholastic attainments; and in 1808, be- came a senior fellow of Trinity College, and professor of mathematics. In IHOI be pub- lished his celebrated " Dlscoursea on the Hcriptural Uoctrlnca of the Atonement and Sacrlflce," 2 vols. , a work directed against the tenets of the Unitarians. Hy ihtsheadded much to his former reputation ; and he waa, in !8IH, advanced to the deanery of Cork ; In 181'J ho waa constcrated bishop of Ra phoe ; and, in 18-2'i, translated to the tee of Dublin. Died, 1H»1 . aged ti8. MAGELLAN, or MAUALHAENS, Fkr DINANI), a celebrntcd Portuguese navlii ,t- or, who, in 18l!i. dUcovercd and passed the straits which have since bf'en called by hia name. Hia servicea not being valued by hia own country, he offered them to Charles V. of Spain, who intrusted him with a Meet de- (ilined to attempt a westward paaaage to the Moluccas : hence hia discovery. He wrn* slam in 19:^1, in a skirmish with the natives of one of the Philippine Islands. MaoENDIE, FHAN90IIS, an eminent French physician, waa born at Hordeaux In 1783. H*i wfiM A nnnii nf Mia anatomist Hovf^r, but subsequently devoted his attenilon esi i MAO] la Jtcto ©nibcraal 13iograpl)B. [mah chiefly to medicine and physiology. About 1804 he wns appointed demonstrator of ana- tomy at the Faculty of Medicine, and luter, physician to the ilotd Dieu. He contri- buted greatly to the progress of pliysiology by his numerous and laborious experiments ; investigating the functions of the brain and special nerves, the absorption and action of* poisons, the properties of certain kinds of food, absorbing po»vcrof the veins, &c. ; and making some important discoveries. Ho practised vivisection to a great extent, and was restrained by the French government. Among his works are—" Forraulalro pour la Preparation et Emploi de plusieurs Nou- veaux MedieamciUs ; " " E16mcns de Physi- ologic ; " " l.eqons curies Ph^nomenes Phy- siques de la Vie ; " " Lccjons sur le Sang," &c. He was chosen professor of aniUouiy at the College of France iu 18.^1 ; was also a mem- ber of the Academy of Sciences and a com- mander of the Legion of Honour. He was founder and editor of the " Journal de Phy- siologic Expf^rimentale," and contributed to various medical and other diclionari' j. Died, 1855. MAQINN, Wii.Lt.\M, LL.D., one of the mcit fertile and versatile writera of modern times, was born ut ( ork, in 1703. I'ndi r the cat«ful tuition of his father, ho made such rapid progress thai he was enabled to enter Trinity College, Dublin, when only 10 years of age ! Oiftcd with a fertile fancy, snd great classical learning, ho made literature his profession, and having contributed vari- ous papers to the Literary Gazette, and, under a feigned name, to lilai k wood's Maga- line, he settled for nearly throe year* in Edinburgh , and lUack wood s Magaiincowed much of its wit, eloquence, learning, and fun to " 8ir Morgan O Doherly . ' He visited London for the Jirst time in IbM, and .settling there, wrote so much, and for such a variety of works, that the attempt to enumerate all of them would bo hopeless. In spite of the harassing demands upon hiui as a periodical contributor, he at this time wrote the strik- ing romance entitled "Whitehall." About the year 1829, l)r Maginn became sub editor of the Standard, in which his profoum', va rious, and ever-ready learning made him a formidable opponent to the Liberals and 11- tra-liberals, and gave the paper a propor- tionate degree of power anil inllucncc. While thus engaged, and while writing a multitude of light papers for a bo«tof minor publications, he also contributed to Eraser's Magazine. »!ere he wrote a caustic review of a " faohlonablo " novel, entitled Herkely Castle. The author took offence, and, in company with a friend, committed a most mereiiess assault upon Mr Eraser. Aroused by this ill-treatment of his friend and pub- lisher, I)r Maginn instantly offered the offended author satisfattlun, and a hoHtilo meelin,? took place. The iluel proved a bloodless one, but it was vtv near having a dlffereni rciult, the doctor being hit on the heel of his boot, and his opponent on the collar of his c<;ftt. To vast learning, elo- quence, fancy, and wit, the doetoi ailded a perfectly boyish good humour and Joviality. His btiudii had 10 r£gm that in hi> caic, a* in so many other cases, worldly coKimou sense was not added to genius, yet it it but right to say that the principal cause of th» pecuniary embarrassment wliich embittered the last years of his life arose, not from self- indulgence, but from his indiscriminate kindness to others. Learned amont; the learned, witty among the witty, gentle aad u.iassuming as a thild among men of leu ability,, he was crushing in his sarcastic scorn agalnbt ail whom he deemed enemiei of the altar and the throne. Died, AuguM, 184'2, aged 19. i MAOLIAHECCHI, ANTONIO, a learned critic, whose eccentric habits were almost a* extraordinary as his varied erudition, was boni at Florence, in 1633. He was placed, when a boy, as servant to a dealer in fruit, or, as others say, with a goldsmith,! in which situation he discovered w^i a propensity to letters, that a bookseller tookj him into his employment, where hi.s talents' and memory made him so much talked of, that the grand-duke, Cosmo III., appointed him his librarian. His attention was wholly absorbed by his books ; among them he took \ his rest and meals; nor could be be per- 1 suaded to leave his old ap.irtment for one' more commodious which the duke had pro- j vidrd for him. A tlireadbare cloak served; him fur a garment by a.iy, and a covering at | night i he had one straw chair for his table,! another to sleep on, and the only luxury inj which he indulged was smokini;. He left ao literary work deserving of particularnotice; but he freely afforded information to those authors who sought his advice or assistance. He bequeathed the valuable library which he had formed to the city of Florence, where it still perpetuates his name. Died, 1714, aged Hi. MAON.V.US, Akna.s, Icelnndieliistonan and antiquary, whs born in 16S3, aiid at the age of 20 was sent to study at the university of Copenhagen. He afterwards visitcd-N'or- way, and spent two years at Leipsic; wm named keeper of the archives at Copenhagen, , in 1710- and soon uft.r professor of history, j Ho collected a valuable library, cspcciall! of i manuscripts illu^trating Scandinavian nls-j torv, most of which were burnt in the great| Arc of 1728. He had before that period beeu appointed assistant librarian to the univers- ity. Died, 1730. , ,. . T. „„k MAUNA.V, D., an accomplished Frencn antiquary and numismatist; born in 1(31. died in IHOO, His" Vilie de Ko.ne,'4Ml.. folio, with 4'.;5 plates, is a super.- work. V.\GN1;NTIU«, a lierman, who row, from being a private soldier^to t he flfl employments in tliv empire, jhe Erapcro' Constans had a great esteem f"'.h ",«"« in a mutiny among the troops del wed him from the fury of the «'"'»'««, ^„Vm^-i ing him with his robe. MfK°''"/'"' '""^ dered his benefactor in 350, a^^f^, «f"7 the title of emperor; but fon.Htantius a avenged the death of his t^rothcr a « ". a bloody battle took Masncntiusp issuer, and put him to death at H^n?- '";". ,^,. MAHMOUI) II., sultan <>' T^^y-'.r ceeded to the imprrial '''""^ » '^ofh , lHO«,on the "^r^^r-'jV'v''rCmii^'^f\ [^aU:H^:fim;res:,;dM;hmoudwithap.B-i 083 genius, yet it ia but •inclpal cause of the nt which embittered arose, not from self- his indiscrimisate Learned amont; the he witty, gentle aad among men of leu ng iu his sarcastic he deemed enemiei rone. Died, Auguit, habits were almost! is varied erudition,! , ill 1633. He wasj servant to a denier! y, with a goldsmith, j discovered w.U a< i&t a bouliseller took j It, where his talents 1 so much talked of, jsnio III., appointed! ittention was wholly! among them he took ! ir could he be per- 1 I apartment for onej h the duke had pro- j adbare cloak served; «y, and a covering at j V chair for bis table,! 1 tlio only luxury in! mioking. HelcftaOi ofparticularnotice; n formation to those] advice or assistance.! uablc library which! y of Florence, where I name. Died, 17H, , Icelandic historian n in 16(>3, aiid at the idy at the universily er wards visited Xor- ars at Leipsic ; wsi lives at Copenhagen,, professor of history, j library, cspcciall! of i { Scandinavian his-j re burnt in the great! fore that period beeu: arianto tbeuniverj-j ;oomplished French; atist; born in 1731. e de Uo.ne,"4Y0li.; a super J #ork. j iernian, who roie,i soldier, to the flnt pi re. The Emperor: stcem for.him, «nd le troops delivered .e soldiers by cover- Magncnfius mur- I 350, aad assumed but t'onstantius II. s brother, and after I ftgiientius prisouer, Lyons, in 3M' . „,; of Turkey, luc- throne in the ye" lhejani;r.Me8,ofhl», IV The murder 01 1 ihmoudwithapi>iB-j 11 i^eto Janfbersal 19(ograp^p, [mai f^l sense of the Incnmpatlbilitjr of his own safety with the existence of the Janizaries ; and one of bis first acts was to put his own brother to death, to deprive that body, and the scarcely less formidable priests, of a pretext for open rebellion. The Janizaries were cut off to a man, Mah;)'oud himself standing within the railing of the mosque of Sultan Achmet on the hippodrome, directing as well as witnessing that most frightful massacre. Daring, subtle, allow- ing 00 moral considerations to weigh against political expediency, be subducc* his rebel- lious pachas by force or fraud, as he found mostconvenient. If some distant and secure fastness rendered it next to impossible to make force available, honours were heaped upon the inter, led victim ; and it was only when he reached Constantinople, and the fatal bowstring was at his throat, that he learned that Mnhmoud's smile could be as deadly as his frown. Though successful to an extent that could scarcely have bc«n an- ticipated, in bringing about internal changes in his empire, he was externally far less for- tunate. His war with Kussla, fiom 1809 to 1812, cost him Bessarabia, and no small part of Moldavia. The Oreck revolution still further diminished his empire, and still further increased the confidence of his tur- bulent vassal of tgvpt, who, if European policy had not brought European friend.* to the sultan's side, would not merely h;ive converted his pachalic Into an independent monarchy, but have been in a condition to dictate further concessions to the ton of Mahmoud the Ilcformer. Died, iMO. M.\HOMET. [.MOHAMMED.] MAHOMET (MOHAMMED) 11., sultan of the Ottomans, and conqueror of Constanti- nople, was son of Amurath II., and was bom about 1130. He was proclaimed sultan on his father's retirement. In l44f, but in a few months the sceptre was resumed by .Vmurath. He succeeded to the throne on ti.e death of his father, in USl, and in the third voar of ms reign undertook the siege of Constanti- nople, which he took by storm on the a-Jth May, 1453, after fifty-eight idays of open trenches; thus overthrowing the empire of vr^T ,,; J'"' .'"" emperor, Constantine MI, fel bravely In the breach, and waa I buried with imperial honours, ihroe dav. Li'i '!i^" ^''•'" "P '° <*"' horrors of pi'l- e^hu.^T'T'''" *"* *''<'" t»>e conqueror Bp7.^.^® ""1"*-fi"J freedom of worship. He had the great church of Santa Sonhia iSwp'''"'°''"'°T''- ThraceandMace , aoma were soon subdued. In Albania he lifcanderhr'"'"'. "r''** ^^ the famous rsietert « T^i "",1" »•-^K>•a'l^ which he be- ju'fnse loss by Huniades. He made thp rWeb?'' 'r''V" >^»«'o™S em £ 'Ml i?"ufi,'""'''i "^ '"^r ^•"""'«''" rCaiin«ni»'„i. v^' "f'^waf*. l.eMK», 'S th.: n' ^^Kropont. In 1476 he con- liof thex'''" F''™1'^ ""1 appointed a khan i Ks tiw„, M'i'''''>' "P<">li(i<'n against il lind b!!l;.'i'?J;''M^y the knight,, of «t John. :^c;^ductedbf't,;^Sd-my;L;'XA:. busson, was heroic, and the siege was raiicd In August. Mahomet II, died In Uithyni.T, In May, U8I. " This prince," says a French historian, " the terror of Europe, overthrew two empires, conquered twelve kingdoms, and took from the Christians more than two hundred towns. He had received from na- ture excellent qualities, a robust constitu- tion, a quick intellect, fertile in resource and apt for studies ; but never prince was more lacking in the qualitiesof a good man. He knew neither f,iith nor law, cared nothing for integrity, and laughed at all religions, not excepting that of the prophet." MAHOMET (MOHAMMED) IV., sultan of the Ottomans, succeeded to the throne on the murder of his fulher, Ibrahim, in 1C19. He was but seven years old, and for some years anarchy prevailed ; but order w.as re- stored on the appointment of Kioprili to the post of grand vizir. Ills greater son, Ach- met Kioprili, filled the same po.st after him ; and under them the Turkish orms were mostly victorious. The sultan gave him- self up to a life of idle pleasure, and neglected public aJfuirs. The leading events of his reign were the battle of 8t Gothard, at which the Turks were defeated by Monto- cucull ; the termination of the siege of Can- dia; war with Poland, in which Sobieski won several victories over the Turks ; and In 1683 the siege of Vienna by the grand vizir Kara Mustaplta and its dcliverawe by Sobieski and the duke of Lorraine. In ieST general discontent led to the deposition of Mahomet IV., who, after five years of con- finement, died, in 1693. MAI, ANOEi.o.Cirdlnal, librarian of the Vatican, and one of the most distinguished scholars of the age, wcs bom In 1782. He was a native of Hergamo, and at the age of 17 entered the Society of Jcsuitu, afterwards became a priest, and in 1S08 settled at Milan, where he obtained a post in the celebrated Ambroalan I Ibrary. He there applied him- self with singular zenl and patience to the deciphemicnt and publication of the pahmp- ftst (erased and rewritten) manuscripts. Among the works he recovered were some fragments of thr Orations of Cicero ; letters of Ironto, the teacher of the Emperor Mar- cus Aurelius; writings of Philo, Porphyry, &c. In 1819 Mai was called to Home, and appointed chief librarian of the Vatican, where he continued his important and un- wearied labours. He held the office of se cretary of the Propaganda from 1S33— 183», was then created cardinal, and >iad after- wards several other high olHces, among f hem, that of librarian of the Uonian church. The principal publications of this laboriousseho- larare-the ".Ucpublic " of Cicero, with a commentary; a vast collection of ancient writers from the codices of the Vatican, in 10 vols. 4to ; another, of classical authors, in 10 vols Hvo; K third, of Woman writers, of equal ext> lit ; and a fourth, of the Fathers, In 6 vols. 4to. The test of the precious Va- tican Codex of the Hible was printed under his superintendence, I ut he died before its publication, in September, 18M. MAIANO, ItKNKL'KTTO !).» . a ;!!s!!.!"!!!ih- ed Italian sculptor uirtt architect, was born at Florence in 1442. ;e was the son of a 639 1 r 'r 1 1 ■ ■J i h> < rs.fl MAl] in ^to SRntbtrsal 13iograpI)ij. mnson, and at first worked in wooden mo- talc. He madp two cabinets for Matthias CoFTinus, kiiift of Hungary, and on present- Intt them In person found they hud fallen to pieces from the damp. This decided him to work thenceforth in more durable material, and he applied himself to sculpture and architecture. He designed the Palaxro StrcMi, which was begun in UM. In the next year be went to Naples, and was cm- ployed bv the duke of Calabria and the Count di Tcrranuova, for the latter of whom heexecutcdabas-rclicfof the Annunciation. Among his best works are the pulpit of Santa Croce at Florence, the altar of San Bavino at Faeuza, the monument to Fllippo Strozii at Florence, and the shrine of San Bartolo at San Oimii^nano, Hied, 14!»7. MAIASO.On i.^\NO, Italian sculptor and architect, w " «-'.de» brother of the preceding, and wp 't Florence in H32. He en- tered , 'ce of the duke of Calabria, afterv; ds Alfonso XI., and lived for the most pari, at Naples, where he built the Porta Capuana, and the palace of Voggio Rcale. He assisted Benedetto in some of his works, and was employed at Home, Florence, and other cities. Died, U!K). MAIONAN, Emanvf.i., an eminent ma- thcmatician and philosopher, was born at Toulouse, in 1601. He entered into the society of Minims, and acquired such cele- brity as a raathematician, that his superiors called him to Rome, to take upon him a professonthip. in 1636. He returned, in If-SO, to Toulouse, where he iM-cnme protihclal of his order, and rcfuwd all higher preferments. Ue wrote " De I'erspictiva Horaria," and " A Course of Phila.ophy," 4 Tols. Died, lt576. MAILLAUD, OLIVER, was an eccentric French ecclesiastic, of the 15th century. His sermons were distinguished by their gross and ridiculous denunciations against those who might happen to offend him. Having glanced in one of them at some traits in the character of I.ouis XT., the king, who had ju»t tstublished the post in France, sent him word that he would have him thrown into the Seine. "The king Is master," he replied . " but tell him that I shall get to heaven by water sooner than he will by his post-horses." Died, lVi2. MAILLElltJlS, JkaN HAiniSTE F'RAN- oois Dt>MAKET.s, Maniuis of, marshal of France, was born at Funs in 16H2. He was grandstjn of the great minister, Colbirt. He entered the army at 'Jl, and served under Marshal Villars, distinguished himself at the siege of Lille, and was named lieutenant- general in 1731. In 1739 he subdued Cor- sica, and two years later was rre.-ited mar- shal. He was afterwards employed in H«ly ; became governor of Alsace in 174H, and died at I'aris in 17ii2. MAILLKT, HK.VKniCT I)E, a whimsical but ingenious Freiuh writer, born at Lor raine, in IG.VI He successively bt came con- I tul in Kgypl and at l^-ghorn, and died in i73M IIU principal work, " Ti'lliained " (the anagram of his name), contains a singular syst''m of cosmogony, in which he mainiains that ail the land of the globe was originally j coTcred with water, and that ercry species 634 [m .\I of animal, man Included, owes its orlirin to the sea. M A 1 M B O U R O, L0VI8, a cplebrnted French ecclesiastical historian, was bom at Nancy, In Lorraine, In 1620. He entered Into the Society of Jesuits; hut having writ- 'I ten a treatise in defence of the rights of the! Galilean church against the see of Rome, he was expelled the order. Louis XIV., how- ever , made him ample amends by giving hini j | a pension. His chief works arc," A HintoryM of Arianlsm," 2 vols. ; "A History of the it Iconoclasts," " A History of the Crusades," ; and Histories of Calvinism and Lutheran ' ism. Died, 1686. j MAIMONIDES, cr BEN MAIMON, Mo- 1 SKf», one of the most, celebrated of the Jew- i Ish rabbis, called by the Jews the " ea!?le of i the doctors," and the " lamp of Israel," was j| bom, in 1131, at Cordova ; became thepupillj and the friend of the famous Avcrroes; wasj profoundly versed in all the learning of thej! nge, became chief physician to the sultan of!' Egypt, imd died In 1204. His chief wort h'\ the '* Moreh Ncvochira," or "Ouideof the i Perplexed," originally written in Arabic, ] andcontniningesplanationsofobscureplaces ; in Scripture. It has been translated into Hebrew, lintin, French, and Knglish. M.\INTEN()N, FRANCKB D'AlBIGNi, Marchioness of, who rose to share the throne of France, was born In the prison of N'iori,' where her father, Constans d'Aubign*, was confined, In 1633. On his release he went with his family to Martinico, and died there ; in 1646, leaving his widow so poor, that she | returned to Europe without this child, who' wns sent after her to France, and there taken \ under the protection of her aunt, Madame ' Vlllette, who brought her up In the Protest- ; ant persuasion; from which, owing to the Interference of her mother, a strict Catholic, she was afterwards converted. Suliseqnentlj being left In very reduced circumstancei, she married the celebrated poet and novelist, Scarron. On his death, in h'.SO. she obtained! the continuance of his pension, through the interest of Madame de Montcspan. who also appointed her governess of the children i which she had by I^uis XIV. Thiscon-i nectlon brought her under the observation of the monarch, who increased her pension; and in lR79changed hername toMaintenon, giving her an estate with that titlo. Be- < coming fond of her society, he eradnallri| passed from Intimacy to love, MoiitC!p«n - wa, supplantrd; and La Chaise. I'j' ""; j feasor, having advised him to sinclion hi wishes by a secret but formal niarrugc. it was solemnized In inK.-i. After her eHT,iti^n she lived In a sort of reiirement from w i world. Ix)ui8 visited her «<'\fr«l timf» > ■ day . and transacted business withhismmis- teni In her apartments, «hUe "he read or otherwise employed horself. Ih';,^'"?'''; ; sometimes teased her ^'th his .ihu'n "^ endeavoured to atone .or this by pn> ■• "> his esteem such as he had .lever »h«^n « any other woman. But she 'J-"'''^''^, '" l^'^^^; the notice of the nation, and y-^'"^ "^, ^ nothing more than the '•»t'»^.^'*'f •^''"'?,' it., : with a pension of 4»,r. f',' .'"/.f^ ; i cation of poor girls ul gooi wa:::.-i - , owes its orlftin to I viH, a cplebrBtedl orlan, wag born at 1620. Hp entered I ; hut having writ- i I f the rights of the i ie see of Rome, he' Louis XIV., how- j >nd«bygivlnghinil| sare," AHi»torxi| A History of the!' of the Crusades," i m and Lutheran'' 'i N MAIMOX, Mo-h irated of the Jew-ii ews the "easjleof i up of Israel," was i I became the pupil I j )us Avcrroes; wnsj lie learning of thej! an to the sultan of H His chief vrorkis'l or " Guide of the i rrittcn in Arabic, ; ns of obscure places ; »n translated into ,nd Knglish. CK8 D'Al'BIGNi, to share the throne ' he prison of N'iori,' ns d'Aubign*, was s release he went ico, and died there; V so poor, that she ' ut this child, who' cc, and there taken ^ lier aunt, Madame'; up In the Protest-: lich, owing to the; r, a strict Catholic,' rted. Suliseqnentlj ?ed circumstancei, 1 poet and noTelist, liiBO, she obtained;! nslon, through the ! [iiitespan, who also ; J of the children ! s XIV. This con-! er the obserratlon •eased her pension; lame to Maintenon, th that tit!.>. Be- . iety, he eniduallr;! , love. >'.-ntnpan » Chaise, his con- 1 lin to s.inclion his ' ornial marriage, it After her eKratinn lirement from the I ( 1(1 never sh-iw" '^ he feared to attRCt and would receive ; ,tateofMalnt.iion, , :h) Uvres. Hatinf It ryr. f 'r the cdu- ; MAl] ?l iatto ©'''.bnaal 13fograpf)p. tired to It, after the death of the king, and there passed the remainder of her life. Rbe died, generally respected, in 1719. Her Me- moirs and Correspondence have been printed, the former in three volumes, the latter in nine. MAINZER, Dr JosKPH, waa bom at Treves, 1801. After a careful and liberal edu- cation in the college of Tr*ve», he entered on his apprenticeship in the coal-fleldi of Dutweiler and Hultzbach as a mining en- gineer. But the latour vrai too severe for bis strength, and he waa obliged to return home and abandon the career of a practical engineer. From his earliest childhood he had exhibited a marked predilection for music, aud had during his college life stu- died the science with great assiduity, and he decided upon following it as a profession. He studied with success under Kinck, organ- I Ist to the grand-duke of Darmstadt, scholar of Kittel, the last pupil of Sebastian Bach. He afterwards proceeded to Munich and Vienna, where he exercised himself under the two celebrated composers, the Chevalier Seyfried and the Abb* Stadler. At Rome he was admitted to the school of the Abb* Baini, the director of the rontiflcal chapel. After an absence of two years, he returned to his native place, and turned his attention to the development of his new system of teaching music, which he had long since conceived, and which now began to attract attention in Cermany. In 1830 he went to Piiris, where he soon found a field for his plan of teaching and popularizing music ; hut the police became jealous of his ascend- ancy,and invited him to close his singing school in the Place de I'Estrapade-an In- vit.ition which he was not free to refuse. During his residence in Paris, Maimer wai i reau ar contributor to the " Hevue des Deux Monde.'.," the " R.-vup du Nord," " U Jalance," published by Hoerne, and for six years he was the rfdnrteiir of the musical depart„,e„t of the " National," Hrcon- InZZ A ^''™«"y. «n, of Ix-thinttton. the eldest son of Sir Richard, was niaUt' s. oretary of state to Mary queen of Scots. He soon, however. Joined the reformers, nn;l was appointed a lord of session in 1566. John MaitLanp second son of Sir Richard, succeeded his' father In the office of lord privy seal, and l»st it through his attaihmtnt to the in- terests of the queen. He wms afterwards secretary to James VI., and at length ch.in cellor of Scotland. In 1489 he attended the king on his voyage to Norwav. where his bride, the pniuess of nenmaVk, was de- vained by contrary winds The marriage was Immediately consummated ; and they returned with the queen to Copenhagen, where they spent the ensuing winter. In ISUO he was created lA)rd Maitland.of Thirl- stune. Toward* the end of the year 1.W2, the chancellor Incurred the queen's dis- pleasure, for rifusing to relinquish his lord- ship of Musselburgh, which she claimed as ix'ing a part of that of nunfermllne. He absented himself for some time from court ; but was at length restored to favour and died in \Mi. Hesides his Scottish poetry in the Maltland collection, he wrote several • S-ru rf-igrsn;*. sc , to tic fouliu in thf- D«- Ucin Poetarm* Scotorum. !h Hi ni' '!■ Hi \ '{ i * ■ . ; i ( i ^ 'i MAl] -a i^cto aniberaal ISiogtap^ [mal >IA1TI-AND. Rear-admiral Sir FRKDR- RICK LKWI8, the thirdsonof a rear admiral. ■WM born in 1779, and oommcnced his naval career at a very early age. Lcaring the narration of hit flr«t exploits, we come to the period of the expedition to Kgypt In I801, when wo flndCaptaiu Moitland commanding the armed Invnchcs employed to coTcr the landing of Sir Kalph Abercromhie's n/my. for which he rcceired the thank* of the naral and military commandcrs-in chief. His Hubsequeni Bucce«»e« while cruizing in the Mediterranean as captain of the Loire, of 4C guns, brought him into general notice, and in 1813 he was appointed to the com- mand of the GoUath , and subsequently to the Bcllerophonof 74 guns, in which ship he was sent to watch that part of the Froneh coast off Kocliefort. It was there that he happily frustrated the hopes of escape which >«P0- leon,after the events of the battle of Wa- terloo. had indulged in, by refusing to grant him terms of any sort ; and the fugitive at length resolved to throw himself on the ge- neroMty of " the most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of his enemies." He accordingly surrendered un- conditionally to Captain Moitland on the 15th of July. The Ueilerophon arrived in nine days after Buonaparte's surrender, and from thence proceeded to Plymouth, off which port he was removed to the North- umberland on the 7th of August, having pre- Tiously proposed to present Captain Mail land with his portrait set with diamonds, of the value of 3000 guineni, which offer was politely declined. He was afterwards ap- pointed to the command of the .Vcngeur, of 74 guns, subsequently attained the rank of rear admiral ; aid on the 30th of December, 1839, died in the East Indies, of which sta- tion he had for several year* been com- mander-in-chief. . ..„ MAITLANI). JOHN. [LAUDERDALE, DukeoM ^, , . MAITLAND, ^V^.T-I.^M, historian and to'KJgrapher, was born about i6i>3, at Hre- ch'in, in Forfarshire. He was originally a travelling hair-menhant. but turned h.s Ulents to literature, gained a competent fortune, and became a member of the Hoyal and Antiquarian So » " ,. . ■ v ^ MALCOLM, Kir JOHN, a distinguished military officer and -diplomatist, was brn near Langholm, Scotland, in 1769. At the age of 14 he wvnl out as a cadet to India; and, being placed under the care of his ma- ternal uncle, Dr I'aisley, he soon acquired an intimate acquaintance with the manners of the natives, and with the Persian lan- guage. The first service of any importnnco in which he was engaged, was the siege of Seringapaum, in 179-2, where he attracted, the notice of I«rd Cornwallis. In 1,94, the state of his health requiring n change of; climate and a temporary relaxation from the active duties of his profession, he revisited his native country ; but he returned to India the following year, and having shown great skill in minor situations of responsibility, he was not only appointed to the commnnd of the regular troops belonging to the Niiam, but had the charge of all the sup- plies from the Deccan. After the terraina- tion of the Mysore war, Captain Malcolm was sent on a micsi m to I'ersia, and con- cluded an important commercial i-d p-.U.icai treaty with that .t.urt. In 1J04 he con- eluded a treaty of alliamo with U".Tlah Rao Kcindia , and coutinued to display great Judgment as the diplomatic agent of tnc 1 rifih government in India ^r severa iubUu'u years.. In 1«<^. ^f ^ havlna been received *hat tne fremu M.liolm (11.™ « '"■•••»"''*"'1„ 1. P.Tsla He had now attained the raan i Kadier"general and - ^»>iJ/,^r«r f Eneland, in 1812, he received the "O"""' Shthood. m IM7 he again went o"o India : and in the war that follo_weu the_^u^_ undaunted gal ... ndirtirable tac he"d7spiaVed"l«"theMil,se.iuen;n.-golia.^o'i^ obtained the highest I"-»;»'^.,f ^Vof Hastinun, and_wns_^«niver,£^^,,„^ c'ction o t • pci»h,ra, his undaunted a^ ledged at home, and imp';rtai.i •<'7;'''* ';':""';;',', Vc" auiuea formed by thi« able V"' "'/'"h » .iclcr- It... theatre of action in l^-i/i- '^'J"^" lifcin luination to spend tin evmini, years of hidife. nmentarieSiboth and a " Hittory had among hit I and historian, 3r. Died, 1550. VAiEKiis, em- d to the throne in the Vandals with from Italy, Hut prepared for the I t by the Vandals. I r and prudence, 1 might probably il of the western eposcd and mur- of less than four a distinguished natist, was brn in 1709. At the I cadet to India ; ic care of his ma- j he soon acquired with the manners the I'ersian Ian- )f any importance was the siege of Sere he attracted | lUis. In 1794, the ' ring a change of; daxation from the «ion,he revisited returned to India Ting shown great of responsibility, 1 to the command selonging to the KC of all the »up- Jter the terraina- Captain Maholm ) I'ersia, and con- crciali-dp-.li'.ical 111 1804 he con- with 1)0 Tlah Rao to display groat atic agent of the India for several 18(t7, intelligence that the French I thfounU Persia, nuntcoloncl) was iitiary powirs in ulf and TurkifV h'.it time unable to! : his mission; and^ I he succeeded in i polit;fi(landcom-| 1 -lis country and! tained the rank of, on his return to; ivcd the honour 01; iigain went out 10 at followed the de- 1 lis undaunted gaH the ndinlrable tact luentnegoliatioiH;! raise from Lord| ivcrsally ackno>T- linUiniii exploits; „Ui„uedtobepcM cPr.tiU heaui'f': iwr2,withadcict-, cning f. ,■ mal] ?l iStto c^nitjcraiil 13iogrnpf)i). [mal his native country ; but by the enrnest solicitations of the Court of Directors and his majesty's ministers, in IH'27, he once more resumed his duties, accepting; the high and responsible situation of ^covernor of Boiti- bay, which po.st he continued to fill till 1831, when he finally returned to Knglnnd, ond sat in parliament for the borough of I^iun- ceston. As an author, Pir John Malcolm also attained considerable celebrity, by hi» "History of Persia," a very valuable work, based on original Persian authorities, and the author's personal observation, " Sketches of Persia," "Me-noirs of Central India," "The Administration of British India," &c. He died in 183.3. A monument was erected to him in Westminster Abbey. His ",I.ife a-.l Correspondence" has been published by J. W. Kaye. MALEBRANCIIF XlCOLA.s, a celebrated French philosopher, s born at Paris, in 1C36; and at the age of twenty-two, being determined to embrace the monastic life, was admitted into the congregation of the Oratory. His attention was first directed to metaphysics by perusing Descartes' Treatise on Man, and he immediately became a devoted partisan of the Cartesiati philosophy. His famous Treatise " On the Search after Truth," was first printed in 1G73, and is principally distinguished by the mainten- imce of a mysterious union between (Sod and the soul of man, and the doctrine that the hu.ninn mind imraediatply perceives Ood, and sees all thinj-'s in him. Malebranchc also wrote several other works, among _whlchare,a"TreatiseonNatuifiandOracc," 'Christian Conversations," and " Dialogues on Metaphysics and Religion." He was highly veneriited for his elevated genl'is and nothing could be more amiable aiid simple than bis conversation and manners. Died, 1715. MALKSHERBES, CuKfiriKN Ouiv LAUME i)K Lamoignon dk, an eminent i'rench statesman, was bom at Paris, in 1721 He succeeded his father as president of the Wurt of Alls; b;-8ides which he had the •uperintendence of the press, in which ofHce headed with great Icnitv and justice. In vli«?" .''"^ •^b''"'«'on of the parliaments, Maesherbes was banished to his country - l„V "•'"' "*■"* '•et'al'ea three years after- mfnr.t'/'''!!"'"''* ■* president, and made minis cr of state, which post he soon ro- .pod.and then went to Switzerland. In ;8. he was again called to the councils of us bovereign, Louis XVI., when he drew up womoinoirs " On the Calamities of K anc"s dvire »''•'"'• "^ repairing them." but his advice was rejected nnd ho retii^d to h t ountry-housr. where h. . . ^^ h m»elf iron'r;;' •""""'"• ^'^ -'-ererhas . ,f 1 1 ' ***" nccori., to «... Id the cause faiion . ^'"* K'^n^rnu* attR.-hmcnt to a sClvaf cThi"""'/""*'** "'* """ruction. Madame 1 1 i ' "'"J" "-^mc.his daughter, Carre e/"*;"'''",i ""'* ^''' "u.band hi. t.1 '""'* *-'onducted to Paris: and »o(u lollowed. Almost hit whole family were extirpated by the merciless proscription of his prrKPCutors. Malesherbe* was beheaded, >prn 22, 1794, and bore his lufferlngs with a spirit worthy of his vir- tuous and honourable life. He was ad- mitted to he Academy of Kcicneos in 17Jo later to the Academy of Inscriptions, and In 177a to the French Academy. He left several works on l.iplcs of the time, on agri- culture and natural history. MAMIEHUE, FHANvoi.s i)E, a French poet, was born at Caen, about 15.M; bore arms in the troops of the I.eague, was pen- sioned by Henry iV.,8nd died in J628. His works consist of paraphrases •» the Psalms, sonnets, odes, and epigrams. He also trans- lated some of Seneca's letters ; and may be considered as one of the first w ho gave to French poetry its polish and regularity ; but he was as las in morals and religLin as he was rigid in his zeal for the purity of the French langvage. MALIHRAN DE REUIOT, MARIA FE- LICITA, a celebrated singer, was the eld?»t daughter of Manuel Garcia, a well known tenor singer of the Italian Opera, and was bom in Paris, in 18u8. She was brought to lx)ndon by her parents when e! ht year* old, and made music her unceasing study. Being sustained by a temperament of singular energy and vivacity, she was enabled, at the early age of K!, to make her aibui as prima donna at the opera. This was in 18J5. During the following year she accompanied her father to America, where her unicn wit h.M.Malihran, an elderly French merc'iunt at New York, took place. Shortly aft) r th«ir marriage, er husband failed, and ivas thrown into prison; tnd Madame Malibran, believing she had been deceive-.', separated from him, and volun- tarily giving into the hands of his creditors her marriage settlemcnt,returncd to Europe. Intense study, the love of :,er art, and the motives she had for exertion, had already made her a performer of unrivalled excel- lence. The I'arislan audiences were per fectly enrapturt .1, and .very night she con eluded hcrperfomiaiucH nmit jt a thunder of applause and n shower of (lowers. From Paris she came to London, where she shone with inc. eased lustre, through the brilliant season of If.'S, in the characters of Rosinn. Tanertdi. De$dr)nonn, Stmiramide. Zerlina, and A't»i#«/{le with expiring nature i and man) lO were present de- clared that they found in Malibrau's pealing melody a pothos superior to what they had ever before heard from her. She- was Im- mediately bled, and removed to her apart ments , but notwithsianJing she had the best medical attendance in Manchester, and tha' of her o'rtn physician, l)r Hclluomini, the homoeopatUi*!, who was iuunediatrly sent for from London, the breathed her last on the 23rd of Heptember, 1836, aged 2H. There were many noble traits in the cha- racter of this acconipli>licd voiallst. Her generosity was unbounded .so that,no! with- st.indiJig the immense sum* she received, her liberality absorbed all. Of her genius, energy, industry, uut! liiKh auainmenis, it is difficult to speak wilbout appearing too eulogistic. In the H(jrds of an eminent critic, "she had ah Hm- cnauwnient, all the acquisitions, and, aliovel>oth, all t he devction and concentration of mind, common to thoM' strong and gifted ii.ilividimls who rise to pre-eminence, whatever the nature of thei.- piirsuits," MAI. LET, D.wiD, whose r.al name wui« Malloch, poet and miscellaneous writer, was born about 1700, at Crief, in Perthshire. He was tutor to the sons of the duke of Montrose; and, having made llic tour of Europe, settled in I.(jndon, where be altered his name to Mailet, and acquired literary reputation. His first publication wa» the ballad of " William and Margaret," which was followed by " The Excursion," a poem, and, in 1731, he produced the tragedy of '• Eurvdice. ' Hoon after this, he formed an icqua'intance with I'ope, who Introduced hiiu to llolingbroke i and about the same time he was appoir.ted undersecretary to the prince of Wales In 1731> hU play of ("Mustapha" was performed with success, i and itie next year i»t- wn'><:,Ui Coiijunction j with Thomson, the masque of " Alfred." He also published a " Life of Lord Bacon" and the works of Uolingbrokc, who left them to him as a legacy, nn^,^ whose seep-! ticl*m he parthlpated. He died In I7(i5. I MALLKT 1)U VAN, JAcaUES, political i writer, was bem at Geneva, In 1749. AftTi Ailing the professorship of belles Icttrcs st I Cassel with great reputation, he engaged in politics, and continued at Geneva,' but under a new title, the " Annales Poli tlques" of I-inguet. He afterwards went, to Paris, and there conducted the political part of the " Mercure de I'rance." When ' the revolution broke out, he espoused thfj royal cause, and defended it at the risk of his life. Being driven from his country, he | came to I/ondon, where he published hisj " Mercure UriUmnlque," and was patronized by government. He also wrote a discourse on the " Influence of Letters upon Philo- sophy," and another " On Eloquence and Political Systems," " Considerations upon the Erench Revolution," " Correspondence for a History of French Hcpubllcanism," and other works of a similar clots. Died, 18lK). MALLET, PAUL Hknui, historian and antiquary, was born at Geneva, in 1'30; was successively professor of belles lettres at Ci)penbagen and at Geneva, llcing deprived of his fortune during the first revolutionary war, he for some time received pensions from the landgrave of Hense and the duke of Hrunawick, of which he was deprived by the later war His merit as an anti''.uarjr was very great. Among his works are, Histories of Denmark, Hesse, the Swiss, the Hanseatic Ix^aguf, and the House of llruns- wick, and a work entitled " Edda," on the mythology of the Celts, which Dr Percy i translated, under the title of "Northern: Antiquities." This translation forms p.irt of Hohns Antiquarian l.il>rary. Died, ISO". MALMLShl'IlY,WiLl.lAM0i-.nnBn({li8h historian, who flourished in the Uth century,, was born in Somersetshire, hccamc a itoic-i dictiue monk of Malniest)ury, ami WHSclict | ed librarian of the monastery His writingsj were verv numerous, and his veracity asaj chronicler is rat.d liiKh. His most im-i portant w..rks are the "He Oesti-s Ucgura Anglorum," a general history cftngland, in Ave books, from the arrival of the Sasons,, in 449, to the 2tith Henry 1.. in irifi, a con-; iinuation of that wmk eiititl.Hl listom NovelliP." to the year lU-' •'"', ,."f„^[ .'," Pontiflcum AuKlorui..." 'r""; .''"''?! '",; Among his other H^rks a-e '""Kraph »« I.unstan, St Patrick. Si '^V"'!;'"' *'> Fn« 1143. His Chronicle of tl'e K'n? ofJ-"f land, translated by Sharpe, is iiuhlii.Ued m liohn's Antiquarian Library. MAL>.iESllUKY,.lA.VIKsH.^RKIS.I:af'M| u d stinguisbed diplomatist, the o^l "O" f the author of " Hermes," «■'» 'Xa '0' bury, 174';. After a careful education a Winchester and <^''f"f'>. ''^.S^ .^ur time at l.eyden, and in a contmentajour .„d commeiiced, l..s^dipU.na.ic^care,r.a, Herche'di»playea such talent and ^firmneM secretary "f embassy Here he displayed sue. '"""> IVVpnHiiand Si^i ml.li:t^ aVuie'^urt of iieriiu^ 638 of Lord Bacon" , critic and miscella- neous writer, was the son ofan Irish judire [man CnmbrldKC lie was appointed, about IBOa' professor of hi.tory aXpolitk.a Snomy .K "*> '"J^xx-y, and continued to ho d that situation till his death, wh"ch oc curred in hi., 7()th year. l£i, beTt known work, he • Kssay on the Principle of Pop I . ion." which Kavc rise to so much discus- sion, and excited so much ignorant Indi^na- \Z ""u'"" ''• .""'""'• ""' «PP'-area in 17»8. It was sub8c „„ , ., , — ••••-" "■■ iiiciiypoincs h, and born at Dublin, in 1741 Ko stu i "j at whiir„^r!!vu °" '""oases In a Reometrical Trinity College and the Inner T.n.p i a.fd me cufrlt , T?'/ '""'"'* '" "" "'''"' in 1767 WES called to the Irish b..r . i.ui i ..i„„ ,?^ Lvi « n. Proposes to remedy or alleviate the tonsecjuent evils and mi^erie, '.f poverty by a "preventive check in 1767 was called to the Irisli bur . hut being possessed of an independent fortune, he re- tired from the profession, and devoted him- self to literature. In 1780 he pubiishe.i two supplementary Tolumes to Steevens • Shake- speare, and in 1790 appeared his own edi tion of Shakespeare; in 1795 he exposed the imposture of the .relauds. As a comment- ator on Shakespeare, Maioiie is happily dis- tinguished by good sense, respect for the early texts, and caution in conjecture and alteration. He also published a " Life of Sir Jo.«hua Keynolds," preflxed to his writ- ings; a "Life of Dry den," and e "Hi,, graphical Sketch of the Kight Hon. William of Malonc by Sir James Pr>or. Itali:^n^nH^"^' ^^^^^^i-0. an eminent ?« H- ^•"i^'r"", "'"^ anatomist ; born, 1*28; died, 1691. He was professor of me- pnys uan to Pope Innocent XII. in l«.ji H^ discoveries in anatomy were co Jdor •"">sei?r;;^':^t^';^:;{'t[[;?.;'<'-l-o.ed nbetrtf^ '"^ -i't,-S'i'.ffa"r?f time at SU), k ^i, . ' '"'*'"« '''"'''''■J ^^ a voU.Svo thoflr. ?V'^'-'^' -I'iverscll,.,- h '?29. The first s XV, h! "'•"' '"» ''^■'»''' '«» lod In ctwj,,,,,;. ;,*'.'Kr«Phie .Math«- 1<> Vols. niatique, Physlyue ■,,. V- i'^""""- «»'»•«- iP"' Died, iH-e ^''j'ltKme,- Ki vols. reason and reflection , and a.ihered to by deliberate and benevolent choice. Malthus was author also of an important " Iimu rv into the Nature and ProifrLs of Uen '^ ".'5 numerouHuth.T works. Died, at Hath, when on vi«;t to his relatives. 1833. "'"'"^'''•° MALU8. Ehknnk Louis, a French ma- U.emutician and experimental phil M^plu" in the Polytechnic .School , and subsequently served as an ollicer of euKineers, 'on "he Ivvn^ '"h ''"V "'"* ""•''"' Huonapnrto in s'lP ifY '"m '"; "'"'■'' '"*«'nK"ished him »UI. After this he entered on a course of experiments on the phenomena of doub e refracdon, and ultimately discovered the polarisation of li^ht. This discovery, t le greatest sinee that of the achromatic tele- scope, gained him admission into the In- the K ,)al hocicty of London, and honoui» flowed in upon him from all <,u:,rier«. h" ded in 181 ..and was at the time of his dea h director of the Polyt-chnic Sehool.andsu J>.Nrint.naent of lonidtutions. He left a doln' *1i''f ''"!''"^'' ""^ '''* "Thiorio de la uou(i,<- Ucfraction. n..^^'^''^;""'''''^'-"'' '*^'- " ''"tt-h historical and portiau p .i,„er. lion,, iti^l . die.l, l7o2 MA.Nh ., CK.lUiK \Vll..lA.M iC.ptin,, Dorn in 1,6.5. 11,. s.rved u short time in the army, in which he had the rank of c ipta n ut hu name will be rememt.ercd as the , .ventor of the apparatus lor saving he I live, of shipwrecked seamen. Hi* method tons..,., of throwing, by means of a mor «r to the wrecked vessel, and it was flrst suc- Muth L^ ""'* i"' *'''■"' ^^"•""••th in Ibis. M'lth gen.ral intere.-.t wasixcited by the I'vent.on. ..nd in the course of a few years the apjuralus was lurnishtd to above fifty •lutons en the coasts of Gnat Ilritai i uX hfv'f" ■' was author of several it h"r useful inventions, was rewarded by Dublii- HO dl: Vli ''"W"""' "' ''''■'-'' ' o/erSn's^. MANrHrRrlu^"i: "'•'•'• ^ ^'""""th. 18:,4. lo'^TAi '^'' "*:!• ^"'" ^" '"<•■- He waselde«» r*rrV.f J'r.;:r.';. «:,rV--' -' Manchester. Kdu'- |coro^oa-or«.Sey:r.:[:^'i^1^^;,rc| I parliament, was several time<, re elected, "J ■M i ' i ■'4 i : ^» i I •M ! i i i 1 t ^i' b'3u man] -a ^\si ®nil)fraal ISiocirnpbD. [max and wa» (ifterwarU* raited to the pecnRe by the title of I»rd Kiml)oUon. At the commencement of the cl»il war he Joined the popular purty, an.l by hi« frankness and Ul»cramy made hlm»clf a general favourite. He took a command In the parlianicnury army, and fo.ifrht at Edge- Hill In 1642. On the death of hit father the fcime year he •ucceeded to the earldom, and In 1643 wa» one of the keeper* of the Great Seal. He wat placed at the head of the confederation of the Eattem Countici, with Cromwell a* Itcutenant-Rcneral.and defeated the royal- ists at Horncastle. He contributed to the ureat Tlctory of Marston Moor, and Imme- diately avterward* beflefted and took York. In October ,)f the same year (1644) he fought the second battle of Newbury, the Inde- elslTC result of which occasioned general dissatisfaction, and Cromwell gave voice to It III parliament ; severely blaming the earl. From that time Manchester leaned more to the king's side, resigned his commission the day before the Sclf-denytng Ordinance was passed, was made speaker of the House of Lords, and opposed the trial of the king. He lived unnoticed during the Common- wealth, and contributed to the restoration of Charles H , who made him lord chamber- lain and K.O., and rwtored him to the Chancellorship of Cambridge university, of which Cromwell had deprived him. Died, 1671. masked." In 1711 appeared his trestiM on " Hypochondria and Hysteric Paaloni;" but the work by which he Is most known is his " Fable of the Ilees, or Private Vicn made Public Benellts." He was alw the author of ' An Inquiry Into the Orixia of Honour," " Free Thoughu on Keligion," &c. Died, 1733. MANES, or. MAMCH.TirS, the founder of a Christian sect, called, after him, Mani- chipans, was a native of Persia, and bom early in the 3rd century. He was Initructcd in the Christian religion, and aftcrwardi distinguished himself by attempting to com- bine Its doctrines with those of the Magi. The leading idea of his system is the cxi«t- ence of two creative powers, one good, the other evil. He rejected the Old Testament, and taught that Christ had come to mtc mankind, and that he himself w.is the P:ra- ; clete ;announced In the New Tesument. ; He aiso pretended to the gift of healing ; but falling to cure the son of the king of Persia, he was flayed alive, and his bod]r| given to the dogs, a.d. 274. MANETHO, an ancient Egyptian histo- rian, who was high priest of Heliopolis, in the reign of Ptolemy Philaddphui, about 280 n. 1-. He wrote the history of his coun- try in Greek. 'and professed to have deriTcJ it from ancient sacred inscriptions. His work Is no longer extant, but fragments of It are preserved by other writers, from ,,- 11 are preservea oy omci -..«.., ..— Miv-niTi rnKOPrntr »>om In 1759, was which we learn the n.imes of the J--«yP"»? **'^^^J^^•I"!^X".!r7:•. ^?f M,i Pr^ncb kir« and the length of their reigns through one of the most enthusiastic <>f the French revolutionists, and as romarkable for hi. sonorous and powerful eloquence ai for his small frame, which he told the Emperor Alexander was like a tpirk. He had the courage to seek Potion, and the leading Jaco- bins at Damon's house, during the massacre of September. 179'2, and state, that he would propose a dlcutorship next day to the Con- vention, to prevent the further horrible effualon of blood. He produced a number of able w-.i^ks : " I-e G«nie des Sl*clc-8, " La Cit* des Rages." " Des Insurrections," and numerous political brochures and transla- tions frne. He quelled the re^o " »""!^. up in Apulia by Pope '"""J^^"'"' *J; "v bitter enem>' of his father, and on the de th of Conrad, in 12i4, arain b«ame regen during the infancy of Conradmo. Another i general revolt broke out, but la the coune ??the two folio wing T'-'rs Manfred roco><>r^ , hi* power: and in 1258. on a report of tue death of Conradino. he had l.'n-.»elf c 'wn'd kins at Palermo. He would not reiittn tne ?roSn Vn^'lc^ning that f^e y-vng pnn j \lTcr\n\. of Si.ily to various pr'nc,^ I , was accepted by Charles of Anjou.an^ , pope proclaimed a crusade agains^ Ma" Charles was "o«ned |..nga Rome^ .^,,,! uary,12i;6,aDd immediately inTadM- y the decisive battle was foughn,^^^^^ vento. and Manfred, through m ^^^ of hi* Apulian troops, was acieai . killed. 26t h Fi'hniary . . ! j MANICH^:VS. >'-^f.f;„„_i,hedIliliaii I MANIN, DANlEI.E.adi»tingulsi|W» __^^_ patriot, w'as born at Venice ';/^'g„at &7'.e:n:d rn"Yo"naon";rth:-'be"gTnnlng of ;?.ted for the bar, and ^I'^X.^oUn* distinction as I p!f The ardour of hi 1 marked him out u, ^MA*.-] ^ £lti3i Slnibersal Idiograjpf^D. ircd hit treatiw tteric Putloni ; " c li most known or PriTate Vici lie wu aiio the ito the OriKin of u on Religion," SV9, the founder after him, Maoi- Pertiia, and born He was tnitructcd , and afterwardi ttempting toccm- liose of the Magi. 8tem i« the cxiti'd twtlve months, { Manin wasat the head of the civil govern- ment, and to his counsels and patriotic spirit it was mainly owin? th.tt the Venetians maintained so lung and brilliant a defence. : After the capitulation Manin retired to ' Paris, where he maintained himself by giving lessons in Italian, and continued in variou* j pamphlets and through the press to adrocate I Ike cause of Italian independence. Died, Ills.;:. I MAM.F.Y, M.iKY 1>E r,A RiVlERK.was ; thfdausjhtcr of .Sir Roger Manley, governor llofGuernH'T, whosuffered much for his ad- I hercnce to Charles I. 8ho was left to the care of a cousin, who seduced and then , abandoned her. lleing thus dependent on her own exertions for support, she wos a ^ short time in the service of the duchess of j Cleveland,and afterwards became a dramatic , .ind political writer. She wrote, first, " The ! Royal Mistress" a very licentious but suc- ccsjful tM?edy, which made her the centre ! of a throng of the wits and rou<'» of the day. i, She lost her reputation complttely, and .ifter ritiring into the country, wrutt; her " Me- moirs and Manners of several Persons of Quality of both Sexes. I'rom the New Ata- lantis, an Island in the Mediterranean." It IS a curious allcRorical picture of tome fea- ^ tures and persons of her times, with scandal- uus filthy details. For the libels contained in this work she nas.irrested.but afterward* admiucd to bail ; and a Tory administration i .'Utccc.iing, she lived in high reputation I andga.cty. She was alsoemployed in writ- I i mjfor Queen Anne's ministry , and when ^«ift relinquished the Examiner, she con- :,imued It foracon.siJrrrl)letime with great I spirit. SIR. became the mistresa of s.veral ! profligates in succession, and was authoress ! , of several other works now forgotten. Died, j li I ,-^?,^?'"^'^'^' ^'AK"''.surnamed Capito- ' L MS, one of the heroes of early Roman i lurf^. n-'"'""^ the close of the ith ccn- I oubt liu i? ''"7 "involved in much I oouDt. itut It IS dear that he Kained dl». I S"of'tL^'r"f th^' Capitoram 'tie auackof the (.ault, lie. 3W. Although a i K'wh'' "•^'^ '"" f^-ourite Of the'^ple ocians, whose interests he appears to have ■ wr ^T'"''^- "<^ was 8ubs!-qucnur eS.w'" '"■^-'""•■'blt' intentions, was amimt «"■"*' unfavourable verdict (,,'v?" ?«;■'« just or unju.st. : '''™' ^^<^ Gauls, ux: 36K accented ?. rhsj- [man lengc given by one of the enemy, and havinu slain him, took his collar from his neck, on which account he ataumed the name of Torquatu*. heing consul B.C. Mo. he com- manded in the Ijiiin war, and lost his popu- larity b/ a Judicial act of great tcverily. Contrary to his order, that no Homan thould engage In combat out of the ranks, hit ton accepted a challenge from one ofthornemr He came oflT victorious, and laid hit trophic* at his fathers feel. Hut the consul imme- diately ordered his tont execution for dit- obedicnce. Trom thit example of teveritr, all edict* of extreme rigour were called .Manliana edicta." MASNERT, CONnAD, • dittingulthed Oemian historian and geographer, was t>oTu atAltdorl.,n Havaria, I75fi, held professor ships at Nurnbtrg, Altdorf, and Ijindshut, and wat at length appointed professor of history in Munich Univertity, where he died in IMI. His chief title to fame resit upon his elabftrate" Geography of the fireekt and Romans," which hat gone tArough several editions. MANNI,DoMKSico MAKiA.an eminent Italian printer and antiquary, wa.« born at Horcnce, In 1690 ; and died in KtW. rfi* principal works are, " A Series of lloren- tiue Senators," a vols folio ; " Dp JTorcn- tinit Inventis Conimentarium," " Illustra- tions of the Decameron of Boccaccio " Observations on the feal* of the Lower Age," 311 vols. 4to, Ac. .MANNIN(i, OWKN.an English antiquary and topographer, was a native of North- amptonshire . was educated at Queen s Col- lege, Cambridge; entered into orders, and became a preb<^ndary of Lincoln, and vicar ofUodalming. His principal literary labour* are, an e-iition of Kdward Lye » Anglo- Saxon and tSothio Dictionary,' in 2 volt folio, and the " History and Antiquities of Surrey,'" published after his death, in 3 , vols, folio. He died, aged 80, in 18«)1. MANSART, FKANi;oii«, a French archi- tect, bom, liiW ; died, 1666. He built sever- [ al churches, and other public edifice* at Paris. — Hit nephew, Jvi.Kji-HAHDorisr Maksaut, born 1«>45, was also an excellent architect, and the superintendent of the royal edifices. He built the palaces of Ver- sailles, Marly, and the (i real Trianon ; the Hospital of the Invalides, Ac. Died, 1708. MANSFF.I.D, Khnst, covnt vox, a celebrated soldier of fortune, who distin- guinhed himself in the Thirty Year*" War, wat bom at Mechlin, in M'ii. In ItilH, he' took part with the Roheniians in revolt against the 1 mptror Ferdinand, and pro- moted the (lection of Frederick, elector- palatine, as king. He held out some time at Pilton, and after the lo«» of that town en- listed n new army, made a skilful rctre.it I>eforeTiIly into the Lower PiUatina'.e '1621), and then maint.iined his troops bv plunder and contributions in Alsace. He subse- quently entered into the service of the Dutch, defeated the Spaniards at Fleurus, and compelled them to raise the siege of Rergen op Zoom. He obtained for the elect- or auxiliary force* from England, and had the command of them . but was defeated by ^Va!lrn5tetri, lu i-^J5. He soca after rcsigiieu •# f. I . \l r 6il I \-' 1 I' man] H iHeto 9tn(brrsnl 19(ogrnpl)|). I hit commnnd In (lormany, and not out for Venice, hut ilird on tho way. In Itutnia, 16^6. M.VNSFIKLD, WltLIAM Mt'IlRAT, F,«t1 of, lord chief Juitlce of KnKland, wa» the fourth Bon of Lord Sturniont, and wa» born at iVrth.ln 1705. Kducatod at Wcstmlniter Kchool,nnd tho univomlty of <»«ford, whoro he icruduated M.A., he wa» cirua to the bur at Llni'oln't Inn, in 1731. lli> rupldly made way in hi« profesulori, wn.n nKiUc »olJi itor- Kcnenil in 1743, and the *auie year entered parliament. In 1731 he became attorney- Kenerul, and two years later wb» raised to tho bench as chief Ju»lieo of Entt'imd, and created u peer. For a short tiiue ho also held the oflke of chancellor of the exchequer. Lord Munstleld wu« a very able Jud^e, but he Incurred much popular dislike l>y the doctrines he laid down on some important trials touching the liberty of tho press, particularly in the affair of "SVilket : and Junius in his letters assailed him with much bitterness. During tho riots in London, In 17H0, his house was attacked by the anti- catholic mob, and his books and manuHt ripts were liurnt with It. He was created earl of Mansfield, in 1776, retired from the bench in 17«H, and died in 1793. Though in politics Lord Manntield leaned towards Toryism, hu ever firmly mainulned the principle of religious toleration . and he left behind him the reputation of a great lawyer, an upright n»an, a respectable scholar, and a sincere Christian. The fine portraltof thli eminent Judge, by t'opley, is now In the NatK/nal Portrait Uallcry. MAN8I, (HOVANNI DoMKNico, a learned Italian prelate, and an indefatigable !intt- (juary, was horn at Lucca, in l«'.i2. He was several years professor of divinity at Naples, and in I7ti5 was made archbishop of Lucca, where he died in 1769. His princip.il works are, a I^tin translation of Calmel's " History of tha Hible," with additions ; " Do Veterl et Nova F-ccleslas Discipllna," "Comment- aries on the Itible," 17 vols, i an edition of the "Annals" of Uaronius, 30 vols, folio, another of tho " Councils," 30 vols. ; an edi- tion of the " Orations" of Apneas HylviuH, 'i vols. ; and one the " Itibliotheca I«itina MediiD et lutlmsB ^1-^tatls"of Fabricius, 6 vols. 4to. MANT, lUCHARI), bisliop of Down, Con- nor, and I'roiuore, was born at ."Southamp- ton, where his father was rector of the cliurch of AH Haints, 1776. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford, where he guided the chancellor's prize for an Knglish essay "On Commerce," I7l>l»; and, after taking his degree of M. A., ho travelled for some time on the continent ; on his return from which he became successively curate at Uuriton, and bparsholt, in Hampshire. In Ihio he was presented to the vicarage of Ureat Cog- geshall, in Ksscx ; and the sermons which he preached at the Hampton Lecture, in lbl2, having attracted general attention, he rose rapidly la the church, lu 1815, ho became rector of tit Uotolph's, KishopHgute Street, and, three years later, vicar of East Uorsley, Surrey. In 1820 he wa« consecrated bishop of Kilialoe, and translated to the see ! of Dowa and Connor in 1823 ; the care, of 612 [man •he .Hoc. .e of I'roiiioiedevulvlng upon him in 1W2, on the death of the lan blshon Ijr iJiurle. During his long ,' Dt MKrtwai constantly nngagcd In authorshlp.chitfly on subjects Connected with \\h jirofeisionil duties. A mere ctuJoguc ut hii varlom scnnons, tracts, and charges, occuplesnearlj four lolumns of the OenlUinHii's Magajlni for January 1M9 ; l,ut perhHj.s those which have galnid him gn .itcsl ceh ' rity arc, the edition of the nililc with note* and com mcnturles.whichhe pre "ired in conjunction with Dr D'OvU r, and an oral tracU printcti by the Society f)r pn ntoting Christian Knowledge, iU( h ,»"A Step in the Tem- ple," *c., " Romanism and Holy Scripture compared," "The Churrhea uf Home and England ompared." Died, 1818. MANTl.*t John the Haptiat. and the Magdalen." Dicd.lM", MAN iKLL, GlIiKON A., LL.D., F.U.9., the popular writer on geology, was born at Lewes in 1790. At an early age he evinced a great aptitude for knowledge; and after the usu.il elciMcntary education at a private s<:bool, he nhowed a predilection for the medical profession, the practice of which he efitered upon ami continui d with great success till 1H35, when he removed, first to lirighton, then to Clnphani, and lastly to London. Hut it is chic lly as a student of Natural History, and as a gi dogist, that Dr Manlcll is rei.iembered. ]l,s " nryanic Uemainsofa former World,"" The Wonders of Oeology," "The Medals of Creation," " Thoughts on a Pebble," aud nnny other work.* on his favourite sciencis, will showat once the extent of hi:, acquirements and his assiduous application. Dr Maiitell was also highly esteemed as a 1- ..arer. He disposed of liis geological (' ..ectlon to the llritish Museum for i;.V''^,and in 1351 he received a pension fro"-, ihe crown. Died, 1852. MAN-r.vANO. [OHISIl M '..>UEL C0MNI:NVS, emperor of the East, born 1120, wa.s the younger son of tee Emperor John Comiienus, whom he suc- ceeded to the prejudice of hi.s brother Isaac, In 1113. His long reign was aim*"' "f"". tlnual succession of wars He obtam d several victories over the Sultaii of Iconlut^ in the year of his accession ; the next year carried on war with llayn'«n'^^ P.VT.h. Antioch . and in 1 1 17, on the »" val"f ™ c.-usaders at Constanlinope. under th Em ,H.-ror Conrad, and Louis Ml. -' -^»°«^'' , charged with having fl^""';^ J^eMU, mans with promise., and by treacberow guides led the..i on to .^"'f"«"°''„.,„" French were received «Uh great honow^ H«"!-r II., kins: of .Siiily. having inwcu lU'volvluguponbIm r the Ian bijhop, Dr man] Ml ij (ticMO urid ritrrif'd olf iiiiiiu'nw< upon, Mnn- 1 ut'l made *' r on him, uiul took Corfu. He- ll volts of tlu' .•^crvliin!! iiml lluni^arians uflcr- ; I wnnH iii'cuploil hliii.nml In llfJH. hw iimdi' lian ui >uci «»ful oxpoilitlon to KRjrjit. In 1175, h w:i ngu'm (it wiir with tlm 'I'urkH, withftliirn. defeat nii(t victory. I)|p(l, I iHo. Like lii' "rciii i-csgors, Miiiiicl iisnuiiu'il to Ih> ittrbltci 111 tlicolnglral coiitr'Vcriilr*, nnd depoiltion or cxlli' wan the common pen i!ty f)f resislfince to his will. i MAMi.l. I'AL.'KOI.OOl.'S. oinprror of the Kast, scci'rul ton of the llmpfrur Julin I'alictiloifus I., wa» horn In I.'Uh, wn»a».-i>- j ciited with hi* father in tht< cmplrt' in 137.1, jiindat thfl tiino of h\n iicrs death. In 1 1391, was a hostage at the ? nf the Miii.in |l)iV)aiel. Ho niado his esieapc, and was re- , reived as eniptror at ronstantlnoplp. lia- Ijiizftsoon after besirgrd that lity, but was I compelled to retire. He lienleKod it atfaiii tin I3'i7, and in the follijwiiiK year Marshal I lloucicmlt iinivi d witli a i'rrnch fleet tu I succour tlie (.h ■ iv emperor. At the close of I IJ'!), terms were agreed on between Mantu iind lla.jazet: tut llie former refimed to kce, tliem, , 1 the latter prepared for a third .■•i^jc, «iOii the pro«re(w of TuMwrlan(> tailed him to aiiothfr seine of war. In 1400 Manuel, as a lust re.>uurce, visited the W(Rt,in thehopf of ol)tainlnK eftkient aid iic.iliiiit the Turks. He was received with the highest honours and a respectful pity in the principal cities of Italy, was w.i- corned at Paris h\ Charles VI., his princes iind nobles, chancellor and parliament « u.s lodpedin th( l.ouvre.and allowed freedom of worship after the rites of the Orcck clmt-th. rrom 1-rance he passed over to i-nginnd, where he was entertaintd by the tiionks of Canterbury, was met by Hcnry n. on Hlackheath.and remained in London some days. He return, d tli rough France .ermany and Italy, oflendins the pope by HSlccting the Jubilee and its plenary in- J"l?cnce, and arrived in lireece In U02 hl« m>m' having completely failed. A treaty Miynftin I, was observed by the two nrit ucc«„rsofSolyman;hut 1„ 1 j^^ ?'n % i/ifto (IHniUfrsnl lUiogrnphn. [map same w.havinK retired Into a inonaM erv „nd en the habi, of a n.onk two da/ 'before Saw T, . '°^"''''' \' I"'"'''' t»'f army, R/i,'"'«'*'''--Sterr,t'r"uaLr SS KLn r 'f ' "' ^'"P"''- ■ ' "«' for the if isor w "^'=°"°"»'y contended elect.A ii?" .1"' ''I** son- In 1818 he wa. ^^^^^^ « ti't- Chamber of Dep-7: i t e» by two departnienu, and become one of th« rnont formidable opponents of the mini*- teri. He wiu iirdeni in the cause of the party io which he hml itttaehed hlniscif- but havhiffu»eod stories.an.iabusy inaiMif the world. Friend of Hecki't an. I (Hr.ildus rambrensis, assist ant probably ,,f (icotfrey of Monmouth in c.dlectinjf and preserving the <.ld legends of theKyiiiry (whence liewascalled OeotfreyV familiar ". he is even believed by recent critlis to have contributed to the Arthur!. in cycle of UoiiKincc the romances of the duct of the .Saint f.iaal, of Lancelot, an.' the Mort Artus. M p was author of a curious book entitled* l>e NuKlsCurlaliuni," ft note book of events of the day," says Mr Morley, " th it were discussed amontr the courtiers' • * the Kosslp of the court, ns It passed through the head of the best man at the court, and e.ime out blended with his "w.i right touches of satire or reflection " It was edited by Mr Thomas Wright for the <'..mden Society in IS.V). T.j Map a.e also attributed Kome Utin pt)em8. which have aisn been published by the Camden Society under the same editorship. Among the most remarkable are the satirical "Apocalypse." and ■ Confessi.m," of Hishop (iolias. The famous drink InK-sonjf, so generally inlsuu- — "r—~h «>•••> t.-f ;;cc::3:;:r. oi a raliu Con- ception of Map's character, forms part of 643 If' •■Pl' ■ ffr f 1 i M ■1 I 9 1 •1 j . I m ■ 'j^ f I K.i .1 ^"^^W ^ v*". .^a IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /ML// ^£^ ^ 1.0 150 "^™ I.I 1.25 2.5 2.2 20 y_ 11 1.6 1^ 1^ us — 6" Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STkEET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4r K O \ 4^ O^ ^ i 1' I I' i ^t' theCunfcssion. Thcporinslncltidca rhyimJ ilescription uf Wales. The most rci rnt nc- count of tliis rnnaikaMf man , is In Morlcy's " EiiKlish Writers ; tlic Writers before Chaueer," Itk 1. eh. xvi. MAKA, r.I.IZ.VUKTU, a celelrUeJ 8in;;cr, wliCHC niaiileii name was .Sclinulling, >va» born in 17.H), at L'a.vjei, in Ceniian)-. f^lic conunenreil lier musical ctlueation byplay ing on tlie violin, but a.s she ki"CW up, she i cullivateJ Ikt voeal talents, and attained an almost unrivalled dcRree of exevllencc. On her arrival at Iterlin she sang before , Prederifk vhe Great, and eharined him, ! though he l.ad previously declared that he ' should as soon expect pleasure from the I neighing of a ".lorse as from a German singer. She afterwards visited Italy, Switzerland, Knijlaud, France, and Kussia. MadanieMara left Kugland in IhuU, and went to reside in llussia , and when that country was invaded I by Napoleon in lHrj,»he 1 >U her property i at the rouIla;,'rati(>n "f Moscow. About the ' beginning of lf*iO she revisited tngland, ' and gave a concert at the I'pera House ; j but age had weakened her powcr». Bhe ! died at Uevel, in IW.I, aged 82. j MAKAT, Jkan Paii,, one of the chiefs of I the Trench revolution, was ()orn in 1744, at iHaudrv. in the province of Neufchatcl, In Switzerland In his youth he applied him- self to the .study of medicine and anatomy ; and staling in Paris, attracted notice as an empiric and vi udor of medicines. Hut his ambition led him to desire a more extensive popularity, and he wrote a work. In 1775, which had for its title, " Man, or the Prin- ciples and I-iws of the Inttucnce o^ the Soul and the Itody on each other." W hen the revolution began he savagely ^upported it, deuuuucing aristurrats t.nd preaching mas- sacre, lie joined Dantons Club of the C >r- dcliers, and publi.^lied a d.iily papei, called " 1/Ami du Peujile," in xvhirh he disnem inuted hishatred to« ardsroyalty. andinsult- ed the nobility and the mo.tt distinguished , memlK-rsof the National Assembly. Ho was I chosen deputy to the National Convention, where his vioiciicc and extravagance led to hi* arrest, but he was acquitted. He was , also president of the Jacobin Club, and tirst ! fcuggested the crc alion of the committee of j Public Safety and the piS5ihi< of the law of j the " suspects." He Jeiiounctd the generals of the Prnich army a» traitors to their country, and put the members of the Con- viMitiou under arrest. The fall of the (iiron- disw* was a triumph for him and his friends, but it led quickly to liisown end. It was at ! this time that Charlotte Cor lay resolved to \ rid the world of this monster, and he was I stabbed by her, JUlr, 1793 See ChUDaV. MAK.Vni, or MAUAITA, CAKU>, an I eminent Italian painter, was born iu 11.^5, ! at Camerino, in the papal territory. He i early became a pupil of Andrea Sacchi ; i and on account of his numerous lovely Ma ! donnax, was named by S.ilvator Uosa, Cnrlo deit* ilndonnr. He was also n good architect and an engraver , w.vs patronized by six ! popei, was knighted by Clemejit XI , who ! employed him in restoring Uaphaels fret, I cws, and gave him a pensi-in. Uied in 1713. j — Hi» daughter Makia, who married 15. Zappi,was also a good artlM nn,i poetess. '"^' "OilJ M AUIiECK. Jo.iN, a musician of the ici, century, supposed to have been tlic liAt , . poser of the cathedral service oftlic(,,t of r.ngl..nd. He was organist a s'ro'i^^^ Chapel, AAindsor;and author of i-'rv* cordanee of the Hiblc," "The liv,. nf ,h Saints, Prophets, and Patriarch. '1 v t^ as condemned «ith several friend,' as 1' heretic and favourer of ihc Keformutioii bu his musical renown saved his life ' MAUCELLINUS, Ammi.^.ms." [ammi. MAUCKI.LO, IJENKDnTO, son of a Vcnp tian senator, was born in liiSG.aad became a great prollcient in the science of niusic Ilit "Psalms," an elaborate work, in s vol folio, first appeared in 17;;4 una i7)f; ,; wa» reprinted with an Knglish transl.ition about the close of the lath cuaturv DirH In 1739. '' ^'" MAUCEI.LUS,M.Ci.Avmi-9, Roman consul and conqueror of Syracuse, was of a plebeian family, and after holding scvcnl public oflices was created consul n c '>" The same year he won a victory over Vh'i' Insnbres, then menacing central Italv, tool; theircapital, Mcdiolanum (Milan),nnd killed with his own hand, their king, Viridomarus' thereby obtaining the spolta opima. In the following year he liau the honour of a tri- umph. Sent as praitor to Sicily, in 216, he was recalled after the defeat of the llomant at Cannir, .ind opposed Hannibal iu Apulia Named consul a second time in 215, and the third time in 214, he was aijain sent to Sicilj and undertook the siege of S>yracusc. The city, defi nded by the science of Archimedes, was only taken nftcr three years, its t;reat mathematician and engineer was among the slain, and many of the works of art' were carried oflf by Marccllus: a b.\rbarou8 example afterwards too frequently followed. Mnreellus was consul again in 210 and 208, was opposed to Hannibal on several occa- sions, and in the latter year was killed in nn ambuscade near Venu^ia. He was then about fi" ytars of age, and was surnamed for his daring courage " The Sword of Rome." M.VUCKT, JANK, miscellaneous writer, wife of lir Miircet, an eminent physician and natural philosopher, was bori: in Lon- don In 17»>». Her father, F. A. Haldimaud, was of Kwis* origin, and an eminent mer- chant in the city. At nn early age she mani- fested a great inclination for scientific pur- suits, and in the course of her loni; life published, in the form of conversations for the instruction of young persons, works on chemistry, political ceonomy, natural phi- losophy, and vegetable physiology, as well as several bojks for children, all of which were eminently successful. l)r Whately, archbishop of Dublin, was once heard to say that thire were only two persons in Eng- land who could write conversations, vii., himself and Mrs Marcet and Professor Faraday, wh ■»■ taste for chemistry wu de- rived from her elementary work on thit science, paid her the graceful conipliment L-ribmg on the first put-e of several of .1.1.^ !.•• k.innealf of insc is pUbiK uiiuiii, 1... ." From her faithful pupil. his publications, presmlpd to her by liimself, ., ..'' . - ,.^,.. — :i ,. jier racial ■My mar] H if5fU) eimUcrssnl 13logrnpI)i). qualities were of a hifjh order, and she was distinguished for benevolence and good sense, simplicity of character, nnd c.ainest- ness of purpose. I>icd, 1838, in her Onth year. MARC'IOS, an illnstrious (Jnostic teacher cf tlie ind century, was bom nt 8inope, in Pontiis. If'' appears to have received the Clirislian fiiitli at an early ago, but whether his parents were C'hristians is not known. Hecive lip to the cliurcli most of hi< wealth andentcreil upon an ascetic life. Excom- municated from tlic church at s:nope, pro- bably on account of his peculi.ir dogmatic teniloncies. ccr'.ainly not for iincha«tity as allrjed i'y his theological adversaries, he went to Koine, whtTO he expoctcd that n better reception would be given to liis view*. But there .igain he was r.Tcoiuinunicated, anJ nothing was left for liiin but to stand alone and gather disiiples « lieiiCf he might. lleissniJ to have attaclied himself at Itonic to the Gniislie tcaeher Ccnlo of Antioch, and tn have ailoptrd many of his opinions. It is aUo alleged that he nt last regrett>'d harinsr occasioned a schism, and sought re- admis-ion to the eliurch. The starting-point of Mareirn's sys^tcm was his profound con- Tiction of the wholly new and divine truth of Christianity. His aim at slartir,;; w.is to restore Christian faith and worsliip to their first purity. He sought to take his stand on the Tory words of Christ and his genuine disciples, considered I'aul the only true apostle ; rejected traditions, a-sserted that the received Christiai. records were falsified and corrupted, opposed nil Judaizing and hierarchical tendencies, and rejected the allegorical interpretation of the Seripturen. Tcliismind there seemed so sharp a contrast between the Old and New Testaments that he maintained the existence of two go'">'"'''• »"«« wife of Henry M., king of KnglanJ, was an ambi tioHs, enterprising, courageous woman Hrnn"Vr^ Im n"'-'' """ '''" •"«rrir7t"o .■ P J u 1" '^•^' •'"^ marriage being iieiro- l.nted by the earl of .Suffolk It was very om-ns.ve to the duko of filoucester or o „f because it w.i. aeeoinpnnied by the g vi,,J up of the i:nglish possessions^ I. Frnnet^ Jhe k.ng falling into a state of imbeeim;; to f. n 'TT "•;" .'." ^^^'^^roV» han.U.an, to t. II her story fully woubl he to give in preat part the history of the civil war which soon broke out letwe.-n the rival bouses of iork and I„anea.stor Intrcpi.l in he field she Mgnali.ed hervlf by heading her troops n severa battles ; and if .he had noU^?n the occasion of her husbands misfortunei ll^unee^""'"'"' '"^' •''''<-.f<''o"cste ) Ills uncle, h.-r name would have bc-n iin' mortali/ed for the fortitude, activity and polH-y- with Which she supporl'ed t e i^hts" f her hust.nnd nn,l son. The r.tal de flat at rewkesbury. In 1171. however, put „„ end lein" ":'"*'"'^n>ri,es; she with ,he king being taken prisoner, and I'riiue IMward their only son, being killrd. Margaret w.ni ransomed by I.nuis XI. in Mrs, fur 50,(HH) crowns, and died in Anjou. !<>*'■' MAU(;a1!KT or ru.VNcK. ritieen of in"l?P''n*'r"'"'r^ r Henry n'.. Z.'l,^ In I.,.)j, nnd ranked as on,- of thtr cr.it..s,t heautie3of hernge. with tnlentJ u/a "o n r ne«, ;i «-"rr..sp„n,ling „> the charms of icr person. She married in i:,:> Uonrr hen prince of Jtearn. hut afterward, ir?nr^-' celebration of this nu.rriage at I'aris that the massacre of .st Bartholomew was ner- PO.ratcd. and Margaret «"row7y Tscai^d ./..r"**? """■•■'nP<^"^P"licy..ind i.otuf affec- tion,a.idon Jlenrys accession to the throne which she consented. on condition of rV-civ- "«»;"'"•?.'•''• r""*"" • '•••". K.'ving returned nat. n :• II ".' ^'r' 'r'-"'""randdissi. pation till l„.r de.ith. in l.;i,'5.at the a?e of W. Some V( ry nirreeabb- pornis by her are extanj. and her - M.^noir.'. • are extreme^; MAUOAUKT OP VATOIS. nueen 'of Navarre, nnd sister to Iranei; V. king of Irancr. w..s xuv daughter of fbarle, of ,n.r"i" ' "''f "J Anvoul^me, «nd born in \m. In 1^.^.. she nuirried Charles, duke of Alenq-n. who died in 1.V..5. H.-r nVxt huJ ba.ul was Henry dAlhref. king of Navarre by whonishe bad Jeanne dAlbret.t.otber of Henry 1\ . She was a beautiful woman, and themo,t accomplished princess of her age and was employed by IVancis in some I in ' sS,Mv '""i';"""""*- ."""''' "'"^ n>--»naged skilfully. .Mm. wasautbore«of»ouu. poems, and of a tr.ct.cn.iUed "Tho Mirror. «f the Kitiful .voul.- whieK was condemned as b.reiiial by the Sorbonne, A T.dume of tales. ..uti.led " Hep.am.ron. ou "sept Journt'es de la it.yne de Nav.irTe. " which were written by her during the gaiety of of 1 iV.T f" '"■'.'" ""■"■ «'""'>'"<-y »» those. ^L. ."''"' ""•* '* f'-'-tainly. at the pre- «entday, oppeart somewhat extraordinary. ti MAU] 91 iJieb) StniUcvaal 13iogiftpI)ij. that a princess so pious uml conterapliitno ns Msirgurot of \aUna sliould have been Hieir author. Dird, 154!). MAUGAUITONK, an early Italian painter, ■culptor, and itrchitcct, was born at Aroz/.o In IJiiO. Ho belonged to what !• called the Hyzantine school of paintinK, and lived to ■on th.. triumnh of the nobler art of Clmahui> Bce the triumph of the nobler and (ilotto. Very few of hU pictures ure now extan*. One of the best Is his Mrsm and Child with Scenes from the Lives of the Saints," formerly In the church of St Mar- garet at Are/zo, and now in the National (JuUery. His best worlt as sculptor h tlic monument to Oregory X. ut Arezzo. He was employed as archifect at Home, Arc/.ro. and Ancona. Died at Arezzo, 131o. MAUOUAAF, ANDMKW SKMSMINI., an eminentchemist.anddircttorof the Academy of Horlin, was born in that city in 17oy. He applied iis»i), de- cl.ircd himself absolute king of I'ortugal, and forbade the queen to land. She was now compelled to come to Kngland, where she was received by the court as lawful queen of lortugal, but found no actual support, the ministry of the day secretly fa- vouring the usurper. In 1M2'J she returned toUi".' '"iiio, wahAmcllaofU-uchtenlHTg, her subsequent stepmother, and lived there until IH31, when h.r father found himself compelled to resign the crown of Hraxil to his son I'edro 11. She thtii resiiled in Paris while her f.itber waged war for her rights Jn Portugal, and after the taking of Lisbon In September, IH33, she made her entry Into ! that city. Pedro now administered the government as regent and guardian of his daughter. Hi* power, however, was soon exhausted, and when, on the ixth of Sep- tember, I h:U, he announced to the Cortes that he was no longer able to tcrduct the govern- ment, that al^^embly decla.-ed the queen of full age, by » hich means the intrigues of the compel i'-ors for the Itegeney were d-feated. In lH3t she was married to Duke Cliarles- Auguste-Kug^ne- Najioleon. of lAUchten- berg, who was niadc commanderof the army, and was lik< ly to l>ecoine popular, when he died suJdenlv, March JH, iH.l.V On the !»lh of April, iHiiu, she was married a second time, to Duke Verdinand, son of Firdinand of 8axo-Cobur«. who, upon th« birth of » ftM [mabI crown prince, was named king. i„ ,\,..\ course of the next ten years ilic corruption.! of the government, which had falltn into' the hands of the Cabrals, the suppression of the liberty of the press, and the increase of taxes. Irritated a large portion of the nntion In May. IHIC, civil war broke out in the Upper Mlnho, and was only finally sup- pressed by the intervention of the British fleet. In IMl , wlien the Duke de Saldanhai carrii d out a military revolution, Donna Maria yielded with a very bad grace to thcii necessities of her position. Though of the! royal blood of I'ortugal, she never secureil ! the affections of her people, and hcrtroiblcd : career wtis an unremitting scene of paltry j intrigues at court, and of discontent risins into rebellion throughout thecountrv. Dkd ' ld.W. '! MAUIA LOl'ISA, ex-emprcss of thel! French, wife of Napoleon lluonapaite,T»a» I the eldest daughter of Ffftncis I., emperor of Austria, and of his second wife, MariaTheiesa of Naples, and was burn 17!tl. Inl810shewas luarried to the enipcror, then in the zenith of his power ; in ISII she presented her hus- band with a son— afterwards called king of Itome— to the great joy of the French ra- tion ; and, in 1h|3, on his departure to the army, she was nominated regent. In 18U she refused to accompany Napoleon to Elba on the plea <'f ill-h'-alth ; and hiiving oh- taltied, by treaty with the allied powers, the duchies of I'urma and I'lacentiii, &c., she repaired thither with her chauiberlaiii,I| Count Neipper«, for whom she had con-|i ceived an attachment, and whom she 6ub{| seciuentiy married. Maria Louisa was en- jj dowed with cmisiderable talents, which she Ij had cultivated with some care. Her niar-i| riage with Naptdeon being purely convett-;| tional, it is not surprising that, with his' well-known domestic (lualities, he failed to elicit either her alt'ection or her esteem; but the impartial biographer must still cbarge her with a !>ell;>hne.ss of churacternnd cold- ness of be.iri, \»liich the difficulties of her position may perhaps extenuate, but cannot juslifv. Diel, Deci inlier IB, lolT. M.v'uiA TilLUllSA, queen of Hungarj and Itohemia, nrchduehe-s of Austria, and empress of the West, daiighta of the Em-: peror (.'harles VI., was born at Vienna, UK, and. In 1730, man led Puku Francis Stephen of Lorraine, who, in 1737, heciimc (frand;! duke of Tuscany. Thcdny after her fatheri , death. In 17-10, she asceudtd the throne oi. Hungary, Itohemia, and Austria, and de-j dared her husband joint ruler. The elector,, Charles Alb.-rt of Itavaria, supported bfl France, laid claim to the Austrian hereditarj;! territories, and the elector of Cologne ani the deetor-palatine would liliewise not ai- knowledge her succession, ller states wer^ invaded at the same time by Frederickt (ireat and by the ehctor of '•'^■'™';"'' being compelled to (ty to Vrwl^ufS; *^ "° voked the diet and there threw htn^l "P;", the sympathy ■ f her H'i«Kf''^".;,;f^3l| to whom.-acr..rdim; to ''''• ^i'^" '^^ ^an ,tory universally circulated for no ethan»,| century, but now, 'il'^\ f'', "'f jjt ^ proved to be a "0 talents, which shell omo cure. Her niar-i being purely conven-^| •ising that, with his|; (|iialitii's, he fnilcilto j on or her esteem ; but luT must still cluirge,! ufehuracter and cold- i thu ditiiculticsof liet'j extenuate, but cannot jl IT 18, lo47. ., queen of Hungary ehess of Austria, anJ diiiightaof the Em- iKim at Vienna, in;, l»uke Francis Stephen i 1737, became erand-,! ednv after her father >, iceniltd the throne oi ind Austria, and de- nt ruler. The elector,;! avaria, supported bTjl u' Austrian bereditarj I lector of Cologne mi\ ivould likewise not at- 1 slun. Her states wcrtl time by Frederick the i L-tur of lla\;ivia, m. ■ to Fresburs, she eon- L.re threw herselfupon | Hungarian subjeois; to the beautiful poetic ulated for more than II ike so numy otheri,! -with her child in het I ,is pathetic mlilrey;; " Aban.loned by my friends, r"«'''"''-'« ''X Jycmuies, nttackPd by my nrarrst rolu- Hnns I havo no other rrsoarcc thiin in your flriitv your courngo, nnil your con.stancy ; I comniit to your Hands the child of your kin?" The youth, the beauty, and the misfortunes of the queen made a deep Im- nression. The magnates drew their sabrei, and exclaimed, " Moriamur pro rego no.tro MiriaTheresia." Till then she had pre«erTcd Tealm, ma.iestic demeanour ; but their fldel- itv and courage overcame her feeling*, and she gave way to them in tears. Such is the well-known tale; and though it can no loneer pass, as it standB, for tntth, yet the main statement is true, that the queen did mecttheHungarian Diet— that her baby was brought in— and that the Insurrection in her favour was voted with enthusiasm, and be- cam' fact. The troops furnished by Hun- gary by their mode of warfare and their ferocity, spread terror at first through the German and French armies. In the mean time the allies (luarrelled among themselves, and the king of I'russia made a Bcpamte peace with the queen. The general opinion that the bahmce of Kuropc depended upon the continuance of the house of Austria, in- duced England to arm for Maria Theresa ; Holland paid her subsidies ; and after the death of Cardinal Fleury, in 174.3, the cause of Austrii' triumphed throughout Kurope. Reverses, however, followed; and all the belligerents having become desirous of peace, the treaty of Aix-liiChapelle was concluded hi 1718, by which Maria Theresa was secur'-d in her rights. In 175*) this calm was dis- turbed by the king of Frussia, who, hnr'r - discovered that secret plans were beii'.; formed for a combined attack on him, re- solved to be beforehand with his foes, and marched into Saxony and Itohcniia, and b«- gan the Seven Years' War. In 17'i5 the Km- peror Francis died, which caused the em- { press deep and lasting distress. In 1772 she joined the king of Frussia and the Empress (Catharine in the dismemberment of I'oland. Hy the death of Maximilian Joseph, elector of Bavaria, in 1777, war was rekindled be- tween Austria and Frussia, but was termin- ated in 177;», by the peace of Tcschcn, which ! added to the former state a small portion of Bavaria. Maria Theresa founded and im- ! proved schools, untversitieH, and academies, and granted prizes to th« students. She re- warded, also, those who made any import- ant improvements in the arts, and turued her attention particularly to agrirulture. She also reformed many abuses In the church ; suppressed tlie Inquisition at Milan , ;sboli»hed the order of Jesuits, and prohibited 'the admission of individuals of both sexes as , members of convents before the age of as i rears. She also abolished the rack in all her :sute8,and died in 1780, aged 6H, with a just claim to the reputation of many royal and domestic virtues. MARIANA, Juan DE, a celebrated Span- ish historian, was born at Talavera, in 1M8, entered the society of Jesuits, and was suc- cessively professor of theology in their cot- leges at Home and at Faris. In 1571 he re- tired to Toledo, and there devoted himself to literary labours. His chief work,'* lllsturie 11 i^ctD ^nibersal i9tograpf)p. [mah Cti Rebus Hlspanlae," in thirty books, was written in Latin ond ofttrwnrds translated into Spani «h by the author. 1 1 was published In 1592, and established his reputation. For veracity, lucid narration, and bold exposure of the crimes of ^reat persons, it deservedly holds a high place. 8even years later ap- peared his treatise, " De Urge," In which he maintains the justice of killinK a tyrant. It excited great clamour, and after the assassin- ation of Henry IV. of Franee, in Kilo, was fublicly burnt by order of the parliament of 'aris. Mariana wrote other learned works, some of which brought on him a judicial persecution. Died, lfi24. MAKIl-: ANTOINKITE, archduchess of Austria and queen of France, born at Vienna, Nov. 2, 17J.'5, was the daughter tf •' -y Km- peror Francis I. and the celebr -• 'Taria Theresa. Too beautiful person, .. iltl- vuted mind.ahe added the charmj of gi.itle- ness and feminine grace ; not, however, without tt large niearure of courage and de- cisive energy, making her the worthy daugh- ter of her imperial mother ; and when she left Vienna for Versailles, in 1770, when only 13 years of age, to give her hand to the young duke of Herri, afterwards Louis XVI. of France, the capital of her native land was tilled with sorruw. When her husband ascended the throne, in 1774, she gained the atfections of the people by repeated acts of generosity It was, however, soon observed that hei natural liveliness ond freedom of manner brought upon her the scandal of her enemies about the court. An extraor- dinary occurrence added fresh force to ca- lumny, and tai.iished the fair namo of the queen. This was the atfair of the diamond necklace, in which the Cardinal Louis de Uohan, tht great quack Cagliostro, and « certain Countess do l4imotte were the chief actors. The Jewellers demanded the pay- ment of an immense price for the necklace, which had been purchased in the name of the queen. In the examination which she demanded, it was proved that she had never ordered It. A lady of her sixe and complex- on had passed herself off for the queen, and at midnight had A meeting with the cardi- nal in the park of V..>r»ailles. »Notwith- standing this, the enemies of the queen succeeded in casting a stigma on her ; and the credulous pooplc laid every pub- lic disaster to her charge. It was certain that she had great Influence over the king, and that she constantly opposed such mea- sures of reform us had been proposed. Her unpopularity increased, and the general in- dignation was raii>«d to the highest pitch by the enthusiastic reception given her at the guards' ball on the 1st Oct., 17«9, where the white Iloutbun cockades were worn, and the national cockade was trampled under foot. The insurrection of women and the attack on Versailles followed in a few days. To put a stop to the scene of outrage, the king and queen showed themselves, with btiih their children, in the balcony. This spectacle made a momentary impression , but soon the cry resounded, Nochililren ! the ipieen —the queen alone ! " She instantly put her son and daughter into the arms of the king, and returned to the balcony alone. This 647 if t MV ';! . i ■ '. 1 J i iii -a i^cto anltjcraal ISiograpbu. [mau' unexpected courage pacified the mob and , their threats were followed by fchout. of " ViTC la Heine :•• It was the queen who , «dTi«ed Iho tlight of the royal family from i I'arii in June, ITOl , which ended in their , i Jap ure and return. At len.-th e.me ho faul 10th o' August, 1792. rrepared for the \ wor.t. the queen exerted a 1 her power o , Induce the kinR to meet «»Mth sword n | hand , but he thought ro«.«tance wa. .n , Yalu, and was led, with ht» <:"°*°"- '^"'^'S 1 the Legislative Assembly, where »hc heard hli deposition announced, and J^en accom- panied him to the prison of the Temple. &e, dcpriTed of erery »«'n>b»a°" . «' royalty. aad bereft of cirery comfort, she dis- played' the magnanimity of a herome a„c the patient endurance of a "^"'J'- /" January. 1T93, she had the parting In- tc""ew with her husband, on whom .en I Unce of death was passed by the Conren- j lion In August following she was remored o ^he Conciergerie. and J" V''''''v',Hbnr^l' brouaht before the reTolutionary tribunal. She was charged with having dissipated the finances, exhausted the public treasury, cor- responded with the foreign enemies of France, and favoured its domestic foes. She reolicd with firmness and decision, and a Jutt indignation . and the heard her sentence pronounced with perfect calmuess. On the foUowir.g morning, when she ascended the cart which conveyed her to the staflTold, t was observed that grief had distorted her features, and in the damp, unwholesome prison, she had almost lost one of her eyes. Troops lined the road, a priest accompanied her. but she spoke little. There were shou s of "Vive la Hcpublique," av.d A ba» la tvrannie," but she was unmoved. A glimpse of the Tullerifs, however, keenly touched her Her head was quickly severed by the guiilotine and shown to 'he people, who re- doubled their diaWical shouts of exulution. Thus perished Marie Antoinette, in the 38th Tear of her age. t)ct. 16. ):»3. Collectioni 01' her letters have been recently publi»hcd by the tomte de Hunolstein. and M ieull- Ict de Conches. Hut their genuineness hts been vigorously Impugned by \on Sybe and others, and a warm controversy Is still going on (Feb. 1»66) It app< art certain that many of the letters Included In these col- lections are forgeries. „„„„... MAKKiNANO, OlorAN.^ii JACOPO MKDI- cniNO Marquis de, a celebrated commander, was born at Milan, In the beginning of the 16th century. 1-rancisco Hfor«a, duke of Milan, employed him and another officer to murder Visconti. a Milanese nobleman , after which he determined to tarnfice the two inatruments. le»t he should be discovered at the author of the assassination. The one perished, but Medichino escaptd, »n iniit stoiirmasoti lirought a trowd of piljfrin;, to the spot ; Imuses were built to rcccirp them , an Independent community was ' formed , and thus rose into existence the re- public of San Marino, which is the smallesi state in V.urope. MAUIoriK, FnMF. a French mathemati. clan and experimental philosopher, born at Dijon ; became a member of the AtaJeniyof Sciences at Taris, In 166G , and died in isji. He was a great experiinenta'.ist on the mo- tion of fluids, the nature of vision, and the constitution of tho air. Among his worki are, '• An lU.^ay on I'hyaics," treatises on "The Vressure and Motion of Fluids," the " Movement of renduluiiis," ie. His name Is attached to one of the laws of elastic fluids, discovered by him. MAUIUS, CAli», a celebrated Roman general and popular leader, who was seven times consul. He was b rn ij. c. 15:, and first distinguished hiir.sfU at the siege of Numantia; was tribune of the people B.C. 119, and ten years afterwards went to Africa as lieutenant to the consul Mctcllus; supfr. teded his commander, and obt.xinfdihcccn. sulshlp himself, when ho subdued Ju;!urtha, king of Numidia, and conducted him in triumph to Uome. When Italy wasthrest- rned soon after by the CimhriandTeutonw, Marius wa.s chosen consul ns the tr;in ni»t capable ('■ successfully resisting them. The danger w as, however, postponed for several years, and when, in !•.. c. lOJ, the conflict took place, Marius defeated and, indeed, de., stroyid the host of the Teutones at Aqat Se\ti-B , where th" mayutratc, after some delil>eration, resolved toohevthf orders of the Senate and of Sulla. Hui the Clmbrian slave, to whom the execution w». Intrusted, awed by the look »nd wwds of Marius, dropoed his sword, and the people of MiuturnK, moved with compassion, con- ducted him to the coast, whence a vessel conveyed him to Africa He landed at nr- thage but, hiJ party once more triumphmr In Italy, he was recalled by Cinna indser- torlus, who making t'lemstlvos masters cl Home, a terrible proscription LX-kpIiM. Marlu* enjoyed the dignity of eoasu forU« seventh time. B. c. h^, and died 'hon'r/f «| the ferocious character of his father Ht (ing boon notice ij , he was made i ! > an hrrmiugeoE ied. Thp miraclM toml)of thi«fi.rf<. 4iTowdofpil|trin;, ■c built to rccciTp i community was 1 to existence the re- : licii is the smalleit f'rench mathemati- lilosopher, born at of the AtJiileni}- o( , and died in hjj. 'nta'.ist on the mo- • of Vision, and the Among his worki lies," treatises on ion of I'luids," the lis," ic. Hliname he laws of elastic ?l if!fto Qnibcisnl 13iogmpfn>. [mar usurprd the ron«ul«r diKnlfr B. c 8.' but was defeated by Sulla, and alew himself at ^m"k' VAIX. riKRRK CARtrr DE CHAM BHIV 1»K, dramatist and noTelUt, was born at I'aris, in Ifis^. His father, who was director of the mint at Kiom.>,'aTr him an cxcdlont education, and hUown talent* and soi'ial merits pained him many friends. The drama first attracted his attention, and he was the author of about 30 pi.cci . but it is u a novelist that he is chiefly known. Of his works, " I.e I'aysan rarvonu," " Mari- anne," and " Lc I'hilosophe ludiftente," are accounted the principal. He alto 1 1 wrote " Lc jipecutcur Francjois," &c. Died, I MARKUAM, GEUTASK, an Knglish au- 1 thor, who lived in the rei(fn*of Janu* I. and Charles I., and who served as a ciptain in 'the royal army during the civil wars. He 'was bom at Oothani, in N'ottinifharashire, : : but the exact time of his birth and death i* I unknown. He wrote "Herod and Anti- I I pater." a tragedy, besides feveral poems; ■ but he was chiefly noted for his treatises on h hawkinir, husbandry, horsemanship, the dit- '! eases of cattle, &c. Med. about 16jO. ji MAKKLAND, JKliKMiAll, an eminent I critic and classical scholar, was born at Childwall,in Lancashire, in 16S.1; was edu- j cated at Christ's Hospital, and I'eter House, ■ Cambridge ; and di(d near Dorking, Surrey, in 1776. His principal works are, an cditiun of thc"'Sjlvs" of fSt.itius, and " Uemarks ■on the Epi«iles of Ciciro to Hrutus, and of i. Brutus to Cicero." !' MAianoKoicir, Jonx rninmiu., ; Duke of. one of tlie greate.-.t gtneralt and : diplomatists of England, bom at Ashe, in ! Dtvonshire, in lo.k". He was the »on of .Sir Winston Churchill, a devoted adherent of Ch.ules L After receiving a defective edu- cation he was placed, at the age of l:i,aa pa^e in the household of the duke of York. : His passion for the life of a soldier was not ; long in showing icse If, and in the defence of ' Tangier apainst the Moors, he had the tint opportunity of diitinguishing himself. The Juchpjs of Cleveland it said to have con- ceived a passion for him, and to have pre- sented him with £5ooi>. During the lire Tcirs, from 16:2-77, Churchill terved in the auxiliary force sent by Charles II. to IXAii* XIV, and so greatly distinguished himself, een displaced at court. Ke' turning in 1 7 U, George I. restonnl him to his ofHeet, hut he was soon after conipe! d by an attack of apoplexy to withdraw fr .in public life, and he died at Windsor I>odge in 172.'. The character of MnrllKiroush pre- sents a perplt-xing combination of noble and base qualiti-s, which have served as the groundwork of extravagant eulogy and flerce invective. His rare ability as a genera), his skill and success ax a diplo- matist, arc uniiuestiouable. No less so are his vast nmliitlon, his avarice, and hit treachery. There are numerous .Memoirs of Marlbortleon in Fgypt, and after the coup d(tnt of the IHth Hrumaire he was appointed a councillor of state, and conimand»nt In chief of the reserve of the artillery. He was with N.ipoleon In some of his most brilliant actions, and his name is especially connected with the victory of Marengo. He commandi d in Holland, In 1H06, with the rank of Injpi'Ctor general of artillery; and he soon afterwards rereived the title of duke of Uaeusa us a reward for tho successful occupation of the Hagusan republic. He was present at Wngram, Liit- «en. Kautzen, and Drenden ; and after the emperor's disastrous retreat from Ix^ipsic, he exhibited unrivalled military skill in the I manner in whidi he protected Paris from ' the advancing armies of Uussia and Austria, i After the treaty of Paris, he swore allegiance I to I/>uis XVlli., but unlike most of Nnpo i Icon's gcneruls.hekept his oath when Napo Icon returned from Klba. In IMO he ad vised Charles X. not to publish his fatal ordinances. He retired into voluntary exile after the expulsion of that monarch, and his name was struck out of the li«,t of marshals by liouis Philippe. Died, )S5:J. MAUMUNTEK, JKAS FRANCOIS, a dis- tinguished French writer, borii In 1723, In the Limousin, was educated at the Jesuits' coll j(e at Mauriac. He first settled at Tou- louiie, but being persuaded by Voltaire to try hit fortune at Paris, he went there In 1745. «y his tragedies of " Dionyslus" and " Arihtoraenes, " and other works, ho soon gained reputation , and being patron- [mar i»ed by Madame dp Pompadour, he rpcciTM •he appointment of secretary to the rotai buildings. Soon after, he beoamc conncrt- cd with D'Alembert and lildcrot in the preparation of the EHi-ydop(,Ui. He ab had a share In the Mtrcurt h'raneoit in which his " Tales " first appoarod ; but hav Ing written a satire on tho Duke d'Aumont he was mni to the Jt istillu ; from whic'n' however, he was liberated in n few daii' and In I7«3 he obtained a pluio in the Aca- demy, of which he afur wards became Mr petual secretary. He survived the horron of the revolu:lon, having retired to a cot tage In Normandy. In 1797 hi was chojen deputy to the National Ansembly ; but hU election being declared null, he again retired to his cottage, where he died of apoplexy in 099, aged 7«. His " Moral Tales," "Be- llsarius, I'he Incas," his own "Memoirs" and " Elements of Literature," are his most esteemed works. MAROT, CLKMKNT, an eminent French poet, was born at Cahors, In 1195. HaTing accompanied the duke of Alenijoti to Italy, he was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of I'aviu ; was afterwards periecuted for hi* attachment to the Protestant religion; was a favourite companion of Diana of Poitiers, and afterwards of Miirgartt, queen of Navarre, but fell into disgrace with both ; pasted through many vicissitudes of fortune, and died In 1.'>II. MAKO/lA,a Roman lady of extraordi- nary beauty, nnd of infamoui character, married, about 9(Mi, Alberico, marquis of Camerlno. Left a widow soon after, she, with her sister Theodora, acquired imnienic wealth, palaces, castles, nnd territory, br prostitution. She carried on her intrigues with the principal barons, andcTen,itis said, vrith Pope Sergius 111., was for some time .mintress of Rome, and occupied the castle of San Angelo She married for her second husband (Sui'lo, dulje of Tuscany; catised I'ope John X., who owed his elera- tlon to the influence of Tlieodora, to be strangled in prison, and made two of her creatures successively popes. Widow a second time, she made one of her sons pope, John XL in 931 ; and the next year married Hugh, king of Hurgundy, who at the nup- tial feast struck AllM-rico. her son by her first marriage, and thus occasioned .i revolution Alberico compelled Hugh to fly, imprisonoJ Maroxia and the pope, her son, in San Angelo, and possessed himself of thesupren..- power, which be held for '20 years. Marozui died. It Is said. In a convent. Her son (John XI.),Krand8on (John XII.}, andgrcat- grandson were raised to the chmr of M .MaRPRLLATK, MAKTIN. [I'KNR^, John.) MARPURO, FniV.DitlCH AVanKLM, an eminent German musician, born m l.K. He was the author of many valuablo works on musical science, among which are a Handbook of Harmony and Composition, and a Treatise on the Fugue and Counter- point. Dlcd.l79,^ „.Vrenrh MAR HAST, AnM.\Mt, an eminent Frencn Jour^ali.t,wasbominlH02. He .erO«J Pari! at the aga of 23, and soon attr.uiea eiu lUTIN. [I'KNRY, tttlontlon ..(• pol.tit«l imnipl l.-wr. .tartcd the liberal piiper.tho Iribunp," In l,s3() una wa» s-vc.mI tlnu'S prosecuted for h'isKOTrrroriticUiim on the Rovfrnmrnt of Imiis riiilippe. H'- became u contributor to the "Niitionnl," of which he waa ap- puiutcd editor in IHlfl. On the outbreak of the rcvJlulion of February, 1848, Mitrriut beciinio gocretary to the provUional novern- mcnt, and wiw several times chonen pre*i- dcnt of flie Nntional Annembly. Ho retired from pulilio life outhe full of Lamurtlne.and died in 1H5J. MAKUY.Vr, Captain FKRDKUICK, n..N., the most popular of Knglundi naval novel- isU. wa» 1)0111 in 1786. Knterinji the navy at an early a\fO, he served In the Imp*rieu«o under L' rdCiK'hrnne.took part in theatturk on the I'rcncli lliet in Aix Uoad», ami in the Wukhircn expedition in 1ho9; and in 1814, when lieutenant of the Newcastle, gained great distinction by tuttinff out four veweU in Doston Hay. For hi* lervices during the Burmeio war he was promoted to the rank of captain, and he was subnequenlly made a C. 11., with a good scrTlce pension of £1.10 a year. Captain Morryat commenced hia liter- ary carutr as » iniitrlbutor to the Metro- politan Magazine, of which he aftcrward.i became the editor . and in its pages several of his most successful stories appeared. Ills first work, In three volumes, was the" Naval Officer," published in \H1'J. This was fol- lowed in 18;iO by the " King's Own , " and in 1632 appeared " Newton Foster," a gniit improvement on the two former works, and "Fetor Simple," which is generally con sidered to be the best and most amusini; of all his publications. From this period Cap tain Marryat's industry kept pace with his success; and among the numerous works, which flowed from his pen in an uninicr- riijited stream, may be enumerated, " .Jacob Faithful," "Mr Midshipman I'.a.Hy," " .Mas- tcrman Heady, I'be I'ucha of many Talcs." " Jnphet in search of a Father," "Poor Jack, i'hc I'irato and Three Cut- tors,""Snarleyow,""rerclval Keene, 'Ac. ; bpsidenth*'' Phantom Ship," originuily con- tril)uted to the New Monthly Ma»{'axlne, and "Joseph Uuslibrook," which tlrit ap- peared ill the En, a London newkpuper. Ill 1H37 he paid a visit to the linited States, and on Iiis return hr published his'' Diary in America," which reflected somewhat severely on the national character of the Americans. This was followed by three ad- ditional volumes, and by his " Tr iveU of Monsieur Violet," supposed tu be founded on the adventures of (.'hateaul>riaud in the woods of the New World. Few men have written so much and so well as Captain Marryat. To the last, his literary power* remained unabated, and by common con- sent he is fiiciU pritufpi among the de- lineators of naval character and naval life. Died, Aug. P, 1848. MAHS, Mademoiselle, a great Fren- h comedian, was born In 1779. She made her ilfbut ut the early age of m, and enjoyed the r.irc privilege of retaining the public favour till an advanced age, having kept the boards of the Th*iUre Francais at I'arfs whereshohadgained Innumerable triumphs, till 1841, When aho retired year. MAUSDEN, WlLMAM, D.C.L., F.U.8. Ac, orlenUliit and antiquary, was twm In 17A4, In Ireland, and went to India at ap early age. Ho contributed many Intereat Ing papers to the I'hilosophlcal Transac- tions and thn Archacologla, upon subjects connected with the history and literature of Asiatic nation* ; and among the separate works ho published are. " A History of the Island of Kumatra," a" Dictionary and Grain- mar of the Malayan Language," " Numia* niata Orlcntalia Illustrata, ' a translation of "The Travels of Marco I'olo," 4c. In 1795 ho was appointed second secretary to the admiralty, and, some years before his death h(! voluntarily resigned a pension of £1500 a year, which had been bestowed on him as a reward for his public services. He also pre- sented his valuahlo collection of oriental coins to the Itrltish Museum, and his ex- tensive librnry to King's Collogc, London He died, aged hj, in October, 1836. MAU8H, Hkkbkbt, n.I)., bishop of Peterborough. Kmlncnt both as a scholar and a divine, this prelate Is chiefly known as the translator of the profound and ela »M)rate work of Michaelis on the New Tet- tanient. For this work he waj. perhops better (junlitled than any English clergymaii of his day, for, after tlni^hing his classical studies nt .st John's College, Canib-ldgc. ho resided for m.iny years at OOttingcn. where he acquired an Intimate acquaiutancp with the German language. ()•< the invaaion of Germany, by the French, he returned to Cambriilge and took his 11. 1), degree, and in '""- he was elected Ijidy Margaret's pro 1807 fes-iorot divinity. In this important s'itu atloii he made a most useful change. Up to his eiection thr lectures of the Ijidy Mar- garet's professor had always been delivered in Latin, but ho delivered his In English, and us he did so from the university pulpits, all ranks flocked to hear him. iJesidca several translations from the German, and a long list of controversial pamphlets, he published "A Course of lectures, con •nlnlng a Description and Systematic Ar riuigement of the several llranches of Di- vinity," Ac, " A History of the Translations which have been made from the Scriptures," and " Honr Felasgicae." In iHOti, Mr Marsh Wttscreattd D.D , by royal mandate , in 1816 be was m.idu bishop of LLuidatt'; and, three years Liter, translated to the ste of Peter borough. FUninent as were his t.ilents, and unwearied as was hi* teal as a divine, he probably owed much of his success in life to some Important information on public affairs, which ho transmitted to the English government during his residence In Ger- many, and which Mr Pitt considered to be so Important, that be rewarded It with a pension. Horn, 1738 , died, 1838. MAHSHALL, JOHN, a distinguished American judge, was a native of Virginia, and was born in 1753. He served in the army during the first year* of the American wai. and afterwards entered the legal pro- fcHsion. He became a member of the legis- lature of his native Sttte, member of con- gress In 179tf, und in the following year Ml h MAU] fL fitiD JUntfaersnl ISIogrnpfm. •ecretnry of itatp. In IHO| hi' wa« appoint- cd chief juitiro of the I'liltrd Htiit(». it po^t *»hlch ho flllca with uriMt nbilily iiiid honrtty till hl« drath Hi* dcrininn* hnvo iy,'oii highly rtiloKlFcd hjr Storjr. Judjfo Mur •hall wiimiulhtirdf n " Idfcof WaMiltiKton," and a " llintory of tht< Amrrirnn <'nli>ni<"," and ho wa* n ciirronpiindciit <>f tho Inotitiito of Franco. l>lod at rhilailtlphla. 1h;iV MAUSHAM.Hir John, a Irarnid writor on anoiont hiitory and ihionology. wni tho ton of a Ixintlon aldorman, and horn in Imn ; wai cducalod at \Vr*tniin»tor,and St John'« ColloRP, Oxfonl ; and wa* made ono of tho nix f lork« In chancoiy, which placo ho lon of Charlo«II.,howPTor he rorovorod hit olBco, wa« kiiiKhtod, l>otamo M.I". for l!opho»tor, iind wa» afterward* created a haronot. Hi* principal work, "Canon chronicu* -I'gyp- tiacui. i:braicu», Grxcu«," display! much erudition and InRonuity. Died, l"'>'<5. MAUsllMAN, I>r Jo-'HfA, an eminent naptUt missionary In tho I'.ast Indies, wis the last surviTor of those zealous men who were eniiacc.l in tho S<is •ertation on tho Char.ictorH and Sounds of the Chinese I-ansuage," "(lavis Pinica," and a translation of the works of Confurius. Ho was horn at Wostbury I-eish, in Wilt •hire, in Kf.S, and died at Soranipore, Dec. JM7. MAriSIOT.I. T.flfil FKli III NANDO, nn Italian writer, was born In li"..\8of a noble family, at Itolocna. Ho served with groat reputati'in In tho imperial army, but was taken prisoner at the pasoaco of the Kaab, and sent to Ito^nia. Tho year following he was ransonied, obtained a colonels conimis tion, and was afterwards advanced to tho rank of marshal . but when tho Count d'Arco was condemned for (divine up tho fortress of Hrisach to the duke of llurgundy, Marsigli, who commanded under him, was dismissed the service. He then retired to llolo^rna, where lie formed a museum, and founded the Institute. Hi* most Important work is entitled " Danubius Tannonieo Mysicus," 7 roU. f'dio . he also wrote ' A I'hysiral Ills lory of the Sra," and " The Military State of the Ottoman i:mpiro." Died. i:;!o. MAUSTON, John, an Knglish dramatist, who lived ill the ri ijjns of i:ii/abeth aiTd James I., and was upon terms of intimacy with Hen Jonson. He was eduiatod at Oxford, became l>i Hirer at tho .Mlddlo Tern- pie, and died afli r I '■:.'«. He wrote eight plays, and tluee books of satires, c:illed the " Scourge of Villauy." M.»UTKI,, CII.\UI.KS. (CHAUI.r.S MAU- TKI. ! MARTF.NS, DUnnicu.ono of the earliest Dutch printers, wan born at Alost, about Ul". He Tas at one time the axsoeiate of John of Weilpbalia ; [ .inted at Antwerp In 1476, being the tlrit wlio practised the art there; afterwards worked at 1.4)uvain, at eta Antwerp aarain, at Alosi, and attain at Uu vain. In Win ho retired to n nionastorv li bis native town, end died there in ij.ii MAUTKNS. Wlt.llFT.M Fitm.itini voy a di»ilngui«hcd diplomatist, was born it Hamburg 17.',fl. He was professor of i,„hi p 1.1 w at (Jilttingen ; an.l.aiiKmg v ni.ia, iiiirh omees which ho held in sii. ces.ion lie «ai appointed secretary of tho coniirc, of Vienna in IHII. and reprosentativp of jiin over in tho lierman Diet in IMn ii^ " l'r#f is du Droit des Oens do IKurope " lUi " Cours do Diplomatie," and his " UcVuoil don I'rincipaux Traill's do l'aix,"*c. witji Its Tarious supplomentu), are qiiotcil gj authorities hy all who make diploniiu v th. ir •tudy. Died.lHil. ' " MAUTHA.-isTK.n.— ANNKlUfu-.T.linown HI SIMKU Mautiia, had. previous to 179' M>ent many yeart i;i a convent at Itesancon' at porlre«s, and at that tiiip retired oii a poniion of \X\ francs, and, wiiU another woman, devoted her time to tlip want* of the necessitous. They sought tlio woiitiiliil after an eiig.igoment, and by their humane exertions, saved numerous lives. The Span- ish prisoners partook lirgely ofthrlrchariiy; and whefi they quitted llesiinQcn tlic Kn^-lith troops succeeded them in the care and atten- tions of tho Kond tlster Martha , who df elarej that the unhappy oi all countries were ]ier frii-ndt. In the campaign of Is It, thou(fh Mar- tha was nearly 7oyears of aBO,yctliorenprjfy and acti vit y Mcemed to receive a now im|uilje, and tho powerful assistance slic rendercdthc wounded rrench and allied soldiers caused tho duke of Ueggio to lay to her, " Sister Martha, I was made ac(|uainteil with jour character on tho field of battle, for there I continually hoard tho woundedr xeliini,' If the good sister Martha were lure, oiirsulfer- ings would bo relieved,' wliile Messing., follow«'d the name." When iho allied wve reigns met in I'aris.onch was desirous to nee this extraordinary woman ; nor did they foriret to reward her vlrtuei. 'Iho rmper'ir of llusvia gave her a vtilii.ible jiold medal, and a sum of money ; tho eniiierorof Austri.i gave her tho eross with the oiderof Merit, and 2000 francs , and the kings vf I'ranceanil Spain also sent her nwdaN, and cacii added n present of money. Mirtba had no other ambition than that of doing goud , but the rejoiced In her fortune, as it gave her more ample means to i-xercise her ch..rilalde dis- |V)filtion ; and •he died, regretlcU and ei- teemeil, at Ilesanqon, in IM'.M. MAUTIAI.IS, MaK( IS VAi.rKll", arele- tirated llonian poet, was born at Hill'ilis (Itilltao). in Spain. A !>. •It At the;ineofJ3 he went to Homo, where hi< talents S'ln gained him distinction. II" enjoyed the f.ivourof the Kmpcror Domiiian, who loaded him with honouM, whiih be repaid wilh tli:* most proiligal flattery and lervility. Among the friends of Martial "ere I'liny the youn,^'('r, tDiiii'"b>>". Juvenal, and other lllenirv men. After tliirty-flve yea.-s' reki- dence "at l!omo he returned at the close of loo to liilbiliH, where be lived eii theclatf of his wife. Marcclla. It is not known whin he married her. His works .oiiM>t of f'lUf t. -n books of thoit metrical coiniMjsitiuM, entitled "Y.pigrauimala,' distinguished fui UAUj ^ i^ru) fflnlbcrsal IJiograpI)!}. tlii'ir wit, rxi|iil«Uo Ulillon, mid nUo, in iiiiuiy liuinnii!". hjr .itxmilnahlr liul^cncy, Mirtial Mui itill living at Jlilltilit, A. D MAUI'IN'. AlMK.a iliitlnnuithcd French wriliT mill iriilc, wn» fMirn iit I.yon», IThii. Atniiiarly u^i' lie ri'|)airc>l to I'.irU, wIutc liv tuun K'>iii('t' n livt'lilidud hy lii* |)iii,at one lime Mritin^ In llir ciiluuinii of Ihi- Journal del P^lutt, lit iinutliiT, editing tlie works iif L:\ liiicliefiiiieniild, Itaviiic, and tYu^lon ; ttiid lie at lunt bt'cime profrHior of belles Icttres iil the I'tilylerlinic School, and litirarian at Sainte (i^n-'lny phenomena of nature which when successfully described are most Kratifvini? to the senses. They were always more uRreeable ns enffraviii/s than a, pictures, first, in conse«imncc of a ma ked mannerism in execution. andsccond- Pn^'''"!'"' ''rV='"««"'»''<"» "' colour. Like r\^t' ""'■'^ •^^"•'"•'y upon a hiKhiT arged maKination. and n^Ture torWv. m His aim was alwavs sublimity but «ut.limaywa,„otihere.dlt:heoftta'ti:.k the one step which lends risewhither. He left unfinished threo lnrff.> works, "The j\ il. ment. • " I he tireat Day of Wrath." and" T f o Vlaiiis of Heaven." On the U,„ „r N„vp, ," -er. lH.i.l while painting. h« was luddenly paialysed, losing the power of speech and the use ,■( his riKht hand. From the first little hope 1- ns entertained of his reeoverr ' iind he Kr.ulu ly sank, and expired in the Isle of Man in I ebruarr, iMil. ||i, ^rave is in the charmingly seciuJea churchyard of Kirk liradd.in. MAlMTN. SAKAii. whose pious nnd phil.in- throplcla ...urs have linked her name with those of Howard. Iluxlon, and Mrs Fry. was iHirnneartirrat Yarmouth. in ITwl. Deprived of her parents when very young, her educa- tion was merely such as could he obtained at a village school. At 11 she learned the business of dress making ; and she pursued her humble avocation for atwut U years when desiring to obtain admission to the lail to read ,|,e Scriptures to the prisoners, her wishes were gratified, and her visits were fn^'l-'il"! """.'" ''•?'••■««•■'•. Juring such short ntervals as she could spare from her daily labours. At first she merely ad to the prisoners, familiarity with theii wants and sphere of her tuition, and she began to in- struct them in reading and writing. After three years' persevernnee she began to In- irodiice employment, firsl for the female prisoners and then for the male ; and after another interv.il she formed a fund for the furnishing of work for prisoners upon their discharge. 1 or many years she read printed sermons on Sundays to the prisoners; but about 1S,1.' she began to write her own ser mons, and after continuing this course for five years she was enabled, she says," by the neip or (lod, to address the prisoners with- out writing »H-forchaud. simply from the Holy Seripturts." Her addresses were ad- mirably suited to the circumstances and comprehension of her audience , and there is reason to believe that her appeals, urged with kindly, warm hearted sincerity, were eminently successful. Meanwhile her cus tomers began to fall off, and she saw herself on the verge of destitution. Still she never paused in her coume, and not only did she continue her prison instructions, but she organized and superintended a large school at the workhouse, and devoted her snare time to visiting the sick and other works of charity. Hut such unremitting labours of lore proved too severe for a constitution naturally delicate, and, after a few weeks of poignant suffering, her pure spirit passed to U reward. October 12, liS43. Shewasburi«d in the churchyard of Caister, where a »imnle monument records her name, she left a small Volume of poems, many of which breathe the true poetic spirit. in*'.^"'.' ^i'V'y""! ^"' "' '"'»»»>t'n parents, in Jltt. at Sabaria, In Fannonia, now Hun- gary He served in the army some years but b«-ing converted to t'hrisiianity, he em- braced a religious life, and appeared as the model of all virtue. In 371 he was made b shop of Fours, but still retained the sim- Plicity and austerity of the recluse. Ke erected the monastery of Marmonlicr, and «M mar] % i^eU) ®nibcr»Bl ISlogrrtpby. [mak U contldered m tbc npuatlu u( tho (Uuli. I)l«>d, 397. MAIITIN.TIIOMAI*. «nI'n|jlUh«ntlK I.AUOSA, Spanish slates- I man and jumi, was born ut Oranada In 17»». lie was iiiilvely employed In the patriot cause during the peninsular war, and was Kent on a political mission to I.ondou about 1»10. Three years later he was < hosen de- puty to tht fortes, and greatly distinguished himself a» nn orator. On the restoration of Ferdinand VII., In 18U, he was sentenced to ten years' Imprisonment In Morocco, but obtained h's release In IHiO. lie was again exiled In 1823, and ^5>cnt some years In France, oct'ipying himself chit tly with lite- rary tasks. He was recalhtl to power after the death (/ Ferdinand, in IKW, and waa made prune mlnisK r. His measures, how- ever, made him unpopular, his life was on one occasion threatened by the populace, and iu 1836 he resigned, t'niler the ministry of NartaeJ! he was sent ambassador to I'arls, and afterwards to Home, where he was lire fctnt at the commencement of the revolutions of IMH 9. He subsegraphlque, Hlstoriqiii', et I'ritinuc," in 10 vuis. folio. Died, 171.). M A UTOH, Ivan I'ki itdvuii, bu emi- nent llusslan sculptor, wlio was for many yi'ars director of the Ac 'demy of line ArtJ, St I'etemburg. died. A| .1 17, 1n3.^ nKca62. He had attained the highest cxccllt'ucc lu his art, rlmlling CauDVu in his drupcriej, and in subjects of bas relief being luperiuc to any of his contenipuraiics. Amung liii bist worKS many be reckniiid the colunsal group in bronisi of Minin and ruzhursliy, at Moscow , the Kmperor Alexander, at iu|:au- rog , the duke of Iliclu'licu, at l)Ji'ti>D,&c. MAKTYN. JtillN. FU.H.a skilful lola. nlst and learned writer, was bum, in liiW, at I.ondun. For nearly tiiirt) yean liu wan professor of botany at funiljriilne, wrute many workit, and died in 17'iH. iteiidcshis botanical production*, he published " The (irub Street Journal," 2 \iiU. ; "Virgil* (ii orgies," .» " Dissertatimi i/ii the il^^neid," and assisted In the abiidgnicnt uf the I'lii- lusophlcal Transactions. MAUTVN, Thomas, F.K.S., an eminent antiquarian and natural pliilotopher, the son I'f the preceding, was born at Cliolitea, in i::i<'. , wai educated at I ambrid((e, and, on hisfathcr'srcsignation, in i:til,»uai'i«Kd to the botanical profensorship, Mfhich lie held for 64 yeaia, durin^f which lime he obtained valuable church preferment, and died in IM25. The writings by which he is niostadvuntagcou»l> known arc," I'lanta; Cantabrigienses," " llrrbalioiu'S Cauiabri- gienscH, • •' The Fngliih (.'onnoisscur," "The Antiquities of lleuulaneuiu, ' " Elementi of Natural History," " Flora Ku»tica,"and an enlarged edition of " Millers Gardiner « Dictionary." , v . j i- MAllTYN, HKNKY, the celebrated mli- slonary , was bom in Cornwall, In KHl; w«» educated at St John's College, Cambridge , and in IW'5 went to Did as a chaplain to tho Eaat India Company. Whi-n he arrived iri' ait Hilar piece ;h»irlnp, m Vlw, ■• In tlu'clmpdof tin- chufiiiii anj >f tl.f p»|i(Mi, »nj Iriil, III Avigii,,!,, mm, Lilt in 133s *lw'r.! lie Iwamc , mill hiH Uiira, I . All Inliruiing lint fotiiul In thi' I lii'-tiiiiti, Liver- wii« rciiiiukttliji. I ami fKiuliiip tain to thiu unit, im which (iiitiii. ivlt,iion,13l». — i>( (ilovanua, Si-' tiDKuUhi'd paint- il with Sinionuiu lit'd In 1316. lOINV: AVGIKTIN cli niUit'ltuiicuui ■, in 1C6,!; HuilleU •ivcljr paiiuniziit •• klMK of Nttplc, , and the kinguf KfoKrniihcr. Ills ■d '' Dictlunniilre , ft aitiquo," in I uovK'ii, an (mi- ho wai for tnany ii'iii) of I'iiic Arts, i 17, IH35, aKcdfel lent C'XcClll'UCe iu in hia draperies, k'f bi'ing luptriur irii'si. Amunx hit koni'd tliv coluHtal and I'oithursky.at 'xandi'r.ttt iuiiuu- Ml, at OJi'DKa.&c H.,it bkllful lula- wat botn, in lii'.i'J, lirty yean lie wat ('iiiiitiridf{e, nrute IT'iH. iteiidcshii i> publinhed " The : \ols. i " Vir((ir» 111 oil the i^^neid," iKnitnt i)t the I'hl- 'U.S., an eminent 1 philotoplier, the » bora at Cheliea, t C'uinbridKe, and, , iu l7til,iiucteeJid lomliip, which he \g which time he h preferment, and [inn» bjr which he nown nre,"l'lanta! tiatioiii's Caniabri- 'oiinoi»»cur,""The leuiu," "Elemcnti lo.-a lUitica," and Millers Uardcnet'i le celebrated mil- iwall, InKHl; w" ollcgc, Cambridge,; ' aa a chaplain to ^Yhen he arrived MAUj It ^tto ainibertal ViogrApljo. he proreciled lu rer«la,Mnd there tr«nilat(>(l thu New Ti'ntaiiK'nt iiilo the IVrnlKn liinKUv, held irveral tonferrnn:. with the learned MohaniniedaiH, niid rtinTtTted antiH' In ChrUtinnlly. I'lid.on hit way lo i:ii|{lun{l fur the rcniiiratioii of hit henlth, at Tukni, in Ai.a Minor, IH|2. MAKTV"., I'KTKK.u riU'bratcU I'rotrat- ant reformer, wlioac fniiilly nniiiu wit» \ku- MIOLI, wan born nt Flonnee, In IfltKi. |||> will uriKinally an AnviMtlnu monk, and liicami' iin eiiiliirnt preacher, and prior of HI Fridlan'it at I.iicdt ; but hiiviiiK read the writing! of I.uther, /uiiiKliui, nnd other re furmer*, he reiiounei-d the Uoiiilah fnith, and found il neeeanary to (|Ult hi« nntive ciiuntry. lie theji, on the InvitnClon uf Kd ward VI., caiiii) to liiiKlarid, and wni niudu prufenaor of divinity at 'ix. ird, and eniion of Chrittchiirch. lint In the tuetei'dliiK iri'iirn he w.is oblJk'id to leave tho kliit(doiii ; Ion which he went to Hwltzcrlond, uiid died at Zurich, in l.'ili'J. Ilia wife, who had been a nun, diet iit Oxford, and In the reiirn of Mary lier rriiiaina were taken up and burled beneath a duiiKhill, but when Uueen Elizabeth came to the thrun<> thev were re-lnterrcil in eonsicrated Kround. Peter Martyr was the author of ninny worki on dirinity, Including eoiiinienturlet on some partaof the Old and New Teatuiiienl. Iliipcraonul character hua also been rcnre- nented BH extremely .uniuble MAUVKLL, ANDiiKW, di>tinjjuUhed by hii intoKtity at a fcenator, and by hi* wit a* apolitical writer, waa born at KlnKSton- upon-lluil, in liijo, und uas edurated at I Trinity ColloKe. CambridKe. On the death iOfliij father, ho spent aeveral yeara in fo reicii travel , was appointed aeerelnry to the llrilish IrKatiou at Conntariiinople , and on his return, in I(i57,he beeanio naxlatant to Miltun, aa Latin aeeref'iry. At the liealor- ati.in he was elected into parliament for hi* native place, with a aaliiry from his con •tituentai and ho obtained a hlKh eharueter for diligence, ability, and inteRrity . He had he character of bcinif tho wittie.t man of tin time, and wrote a ni ;nb€r of poema, both humorous and Katiricul, which were hlKhly ntKlcd " \n Account of the Growth of &'""i*"'^"'^''y<^*"^^'"""'nt In Knif- land, on the appearance of which a reward jWa, offered for a diacoverv of the writ er and printer. But though Marve Iw^a oC ox.ouato the minlMr;, he w«. .omewhat mm in his eonversntion. One dav the ord treasurer I.anby waa .ent to fin J ij^ tslodifinga, which were up two pair of airs in a court in the Strand .and when 5 lordship opened the door, the 0.^0* iS 'hH^". '"f"''*'-^' t"'J hln*^? •' he wa t!,i t n "* "'»«'""'« hia way ;•• but C"tj '^^ 'f' """ '"^ '"«"« from "he «neniin? to which Marvell replied, that him nient [MAn »-.rd Danl.jr, fi.idlnn that no ar»u • ".ild prevail up.m him to accept » ;^!^^!££^£iEi^Ei^ 6M J place, contluaed by m,i„„, „,„, .. ^^,„ ^,^ lad M.|.t hlin » th<.u»«nd imiuida. a. « „.„"? of I.U prir-te oateem.' t/iI. «Uo he refuted without hetltatlon . though ho watobllKeU I on the dejmrturo cf he courtier, to tend to a fri. Md /or the loon of a guinea. He «,f. fere, I much from the nialkc of oowerful em Milea durlnjf the latter vear» of hli !lfo and died in |87h Marvell Wrote aomeplect' aitaln.t Parker, bi.hop of tuford, be.ldel ».-veral mlacellnneout poepi. «nd tract., Hen«\ I H '"''". "'••"«'""«». 'lanKhter of H.nry Mil. nnd hit (,iuen. Katharine of ArjKon. was born ut (ir.enwich. In I eb- ruury, laifi. Hhe wai toon declared prIncoM ' f \\a\v» and waa tettled with a numerou. ouaehold at I.ndlow, where the wa. urVde? Jrouhht UD In the Catholic f.ilth.ahc took the part ol^her mother In the dUpnte. re her'..' 7fr*':'' '."^'r;- "•"' V^'^'^'y «»tr«nKea htracif from her father. W«ny tchemot for her mnrrluKe were projecte.l. but th,!? came to nothlnK. After the execution of Queen Anne In IMfi. Mary wn. Induced U. nc knowledge the king aa head of the chunh In K««Iand, to .onre^, that her n.othej', marrlMKe w.t unlawful, and to expna, he? torrow for her re.lttunee to h ' iwa anJ wan then reitored to hit favour ^he yielded f«n outward conformity to the aurceMlve chanKet In reilKlon during U.nry". rHgn^ nnd the Huceewlon wa. aeeured to her by Alt of I'urllttment paated in 1S|4. During the reign of her brothe.-. Kdward VI ,hi »teudily refuted conformity to the I'rotett lint religion, which led to the attempt to make t4idy Jane (irey queen Inatead of her. rhia attempt failed, although Lady Jane waa actually pro. lalmed on tho d 'ith of Kdward. 6th July.l3i3. and Mary entered London in triumph. She Immediately ,et heraelf to the tn»k of undoing the work of he piTcedliig reign, and re-eatubllthlng the t .tho ,c faith She lilH-rated thelmpri.on .a atholic bi.hop*. imprisoned Cranmer l4iUmer. and other leading I'roteatanta. had I.udy June Grey ami her huaband put to death on the charge of treason, and on the Inttigtt ion of Gardiner procured the repcil of .11 tho Uwt of Henry Mil. and Kdward ^I. retpccting religion. An Uiaurrcctlon which waa provoked tiy the proposal of her marrlaRc «Uh I'hillp of Spall,, and w^ headed by Mr Thoma. AVyatt. vwi. Immcdl a ely tuppreaaed. and the marriage t.K)K place at Vlncheater, In July, im. Her ■ hUfadviaert were Cardinal I'oleund liiahop (.ardiner, and the re.t of her reign la niled wUh the relentlcM perteeutlon If jhc id. lerenta of reform. The number of viclirat it varloualy catimated, but at the loweat it wa. about three hundred. Honner. biahop of I-ondon.capecially dl.tinguiahed hlmw-If at a promoter of thi. peniecutlon. In 1557 war waa renewed between tVanceand Spain and Mary took part with Spain ; loalngVoon after the town of Calaia, a blow felt at keenly by the .jueen ai by the natltm! : II !■ !! t«# D 1: irr ■• ^^ 1 i it 1 |! '1 .1 . I II 1 1 [: , 1 i i , , 1 '■'! i- ■ . 1 . - -3- * 'j::/- '^U; ^.'•;/;'MM ^•: i. «^^ ■ ■ -.V . ' ♦ . 'y . \ t ■ ' \' . \ k ' .': f^ a" .■ ^* •'f/^i-..-- .: ,s-;7^^ \ ' mar] % iJ5cto ®niucjsal ^logtapl)?. b'lrioa in AVpRtminstrr Abl)ey. The popular CBtimatc of Uuee" Mn>y '* oxprcssod by tho cpithvt " moody ; " but while the ♦itncss of the tirm to characterize her reign is ac- knowl'jdged, it is necessary, if we ^ouhl be just, to consider many things besides tlic fact of her persecutions, and to nia^c large allowance for her. She numt at least be i credited with sincerity in her attachment to the frith of her mother, and in her en- deavour to establish it by perseeut ng its enemies, she t.harcd the spirit and followed ' the eiample of all dominant enunhes of the ; age. With Uucen M;.ry the last hope of a ! triumph of llonanism in Kiiglaud d.rd out ' MAllV II., uucen of Tngland. the wife of , William 11 1., was the daughi-T of .James 11. •„y Anne Hyde, daughter of the e..rl 3f Clarendon. At the age of 15 she wa .uar- ricd to Williaiii. prince of Orange, whom she followed to Kngl.md in 16h9. The*""?'; year parliament having declared the cro«i vacant by the abdication of James.conferred it upon William and Mary. She diod of th-; »mall-pox, in 16!»5, aged 3J. MARY STUAUT, Uucen of Scots, famou • for her beauty, her wit. her learning, and her fate, was daughter of Jnmcs ■\ .>'n^ «/ Scotland, and succeeded her lather in 154., eidht days after her birth. In the following Tt-arshe was crowned by Archbishop i.ea- toun.and before she was six years o'^ *»>« was sent to the (ourt of trance. In 155» •he marric'l Irancis. daupl...., and. in the nest year, king of France. This monar. h dviuK in 1500, lihc iitunud into Scotland, where during Iht absence Knox had preach- ed and thereformationbadbcen established. She had an inverview with Knox soon after her arrival. After rejecting several pro- posals of marriage, she >">'"''•'' ♦'.T *'u"T,rj Henry Stuart, Ixjrd Harnley, In 150.V Uelng excluded frum any share of the government (as he sucpected) by the advice of Kij/io, an Italian musician, her favourite and secre- tary, the VlnK,by the coun«el and assistance of simeof ti.e principal nobility, suddenly surprised them together, and Uiwlo was ■lain, in the queens presence, in 3506. An ioparcnt recoadliation afurwanls took place, a new favourite of the queen appeared in the carl of I'othw. II, and early in 150. DArnlev, who had continued to reside separ- ately from the queen, was aasaasinated, anu the house he oicupied was blown up «ilU gunpowder. This murder was but very Im- D-rfectly Investigated ; and in the mouth of kay following. Mary w. dded the earl of Bothwell, who w.is openly accused us the murderer of the late ling. Scotland soon became a scene of confusion and t.vU dis- cord. Uothwe'.l.n fugitive and an outlaw, lock lifugc in Denmark . and Mary.mauc a captive, was treated with imult and con- teaipt and committed to custody m the castle of l^>ch l.even. After some mohlhs- iconftucment she eflfecttd her escape, and, tisi3t*u by the few friends who still re^ muDCd utlached to her, made an etfort for I the rccove»y o^ her power. She wasopposed iby the rail of Murray, ihr hatUisl ~-Vx -f ' James v., who had obtained the regency In the minority of her son. The battle of Langslde ln»urcd the 'rlunipb of her cnc [m as 1 1 niles; and, to avoid falling agoin Intotlci^ ■ power, she fled to England, and sought the protection "f Queen Kli/.abeth ; but that princess treated her as a personal and po \ litlcal rival, and kept her in safe custoJv ! For a period of 18 years was the queen of Scotland a staio prisoner; and, during the whole of that long term, she was recognized as the head of the Popish pnrty.who wishid to sec a princess of their persuasion on the throne of England. Mary, despairing of re- , covering that of Scotland, countenanced," she was not directly concerned in, thei I plots. She was accordingly tried for i conspiracy against the life of the queen c Kngland, condemned, and ouTcrcd decapiu,- ! tion, Feb. 8, 1587, in the castle of I'other-i ingay, where she had been long confined.! Her body was Interred, with great pomp, in I'eterborough Cathedral, but subseq-iently removed by her son, Jnmes I., to Henry the Seventh's Chapel, Westniinstcr Abbey. where a magnificent monument was creeled to her me.aory. The character and con- duct of Mary, queen of Scots, have been mad? tb; sub.icct of much controversy; but tbe fact of her marrying Dothwell, " stained as he was by universal suspicion of Darnley's murder, is a spot upon her character for which we in vain seek an api^logy." Among recent Memoirs of Mary, may be named those of Mignct,I.amartine,! ana Miss Stri'.kland. A new work has just appeared, enlilled " Mory Stuart, hci GuiU or Innocence. An Kuquiry into the Secret History of her Time." Hy .\. M'Niel t'uird. The celebrated FraserTytler I'oriraitof this; Queen has been purchased forlhe National Collection. MAUY OF MF.I>1CI, Queen of Henry IV. i of France, was daaghter uf Francis, giuiid i duke of Tuscany, and was born at Florence i in 15T3. She was married to Henry IV. at' Lyons In looo, but the union was an un' happy one. She was rrowucd at St l)cnis,| 13th May, 1310, and ihe next day tbekingj was assiissinated. Named regent during i the minority of l/)uis XIII , she reversedi the pidicy of Henry, formed a new minis- 1 try, and by her tyiunuy caused a civil wu.j I-ouis was d.elared of a:;e by the parliament! of I'arls in Kill, and Mary a intluence -ad-! ually declinril. She was exiled to Bloisin; lH17,and wu» afterwards confined at Com-! piigne. whence she escaped to Biussels She was reduced to want, and died in a aarret at Cologne in IW2. Cardinal Ilicht-j lieu was ber bUt,-. enemy. Faris owed to. her its first uciueducts, the palace of the Luxembourg, and the promen.ide called the | ■ Coi.rs dP la Heine. ' Mary of Medid wui mother of Henrietta %aria, queen of Chailej I. of Kngland. MAUY OF OUI.KANS, duchess of \V«r- • cmburg.dlslinKulshcd for b^T ovc of art, ;^a. the daughter of F-mis I'h-l'PF;^"';,' of Orleans, afterwards king of fe 1 ^'"'^hj and was born In iHi:); She «'';,:'/«''?' Ary Scheffer in painting, and .;f • ■ ^-J^^ In sculpture. Her most admired « k . .1.- ..,..,« ,A Joan of Arc. bhe dud « riha'in"lH39, having heeu marrud io mc iuke of Wurlcmlmrg less than t«o y "• MASACCIO, one of the greatest Italian CM Iff agpin Into their I nU.and sought the ' izabeth ; but that I personal and po. ! er in safe custody, ! was the queen of! r; and, during thei she was recognized pnrty, who wished ' persuasion on the y, despairing of ro- d, countenanced, " onccrned in, thei i lingly tried for ,■ '< ife of the queen c d ouTcrcd decapitii- 3 cuiitle of I'other- ! )orn long confined. I iTith great pomp, in i , but subseq-iently fames I., to Henry Vestminster Abbey, nument wns erected character and con- f Scots, have been mu(h controversy; narrying Dothwtll, universal suspicion ■, 8 a spot upon heri e in vain seek ani lit Memoirs of Mary I Mignct,ljimarline,! k. new work has just! ry Stuart, her Guilt ,uirv into the Secret «y A. M'Xcel t'uirdJ ytlir rurtraitofthisi »cd for the Katioual Queen of Henry IV. er of Francis, grand vivS born at Florence •ltd to Henry IV. at I union was an ua- towucd at St Denis,! c next day the king mied regent during! XIII , she reversed i brnu'd a new minis- j I caused a civil wir. ^c liy the parliament ■ ary's influence ••ad-; M exiled to nioisin; d« confined at Corn- escaped to Biussels ivant, and died in a;, Hi. Cardinal Ilicht-i, eaiy. I'aris owed to 8. the palace of the promen.ide called the, Mary of Medici wasi aria, queen of Charlcj mas] naintrrs, whose real nnmo wnsToMMASO I'l Tan OioVANNi, was born In 111.2 He l« believed to hive stuilied under Mnsolino, and went while very young to U>me, where Lnainted in the church of Sn.i <'leniente ft remarkablo series of frescoes, the finest of which represents Ht Catherine nnd the doctors before Ma.xentius. In 1421 he wns admitted into the guild of the Rpeziall nt Florence. The greatest works of Mu.saielo are the famous frescoes in the Iiraneaeei c'lnpcl 01 the Cnnnine, nmonj? which iire the Expulsion from I'nradise, St Peter's sermon, the Tribiite, the grandest eomposi- tion in the series, St I'eter hapti/ing, nnd the Kesuscitation of the King s Son, the last of which w.is partly painted by Filip- piiio. Mas:iceio by his bold rejection of conventionalism, nnd his independent study of nature, gave a powerful inipul.so to the art of painting, and made an epoch in its progress. He introduced tb.o s.tiiic plastic boldness into painting which Donatello did into sculpture, and ws a great master of perspective and of ccl, .ir. A niy«tery hnnpa over his last days, but it is known that he (lied at Uome about 1-121). MASANIKLLO, or AMF.I.LO, T<)M.\so, a fisherman of Naples, born HI2;!, when that kinf,'dom was subject to the king of Spain, and governed by a viceroy. The people had borne the yoke with great patience until 1617, in which year a new and oppressive tax upon all kinds of fruit being imposed, occasioned general discontent. At this time, Masanicllo, then in his 21th year, earned his livelihood by fishing; and observing the niurmuri.ig.i that prevailed, he began to en- tertain an idea of redressing the grierance. He accordingly imparted his design to some companions, who laughed at him , but, when he assuicd them he was in earnest, they readily promised him their assistance. A riot ensue', in the month of July, in eonse- (|uence of the shopkeepers refusing to trade with the country people ; a.ui an ollleer wa.s sent by the regent to (iu«ll the tumult. The multitude, however, grew nuire incensed at his appearance, and Masaiiiello, by his harangues, intlamed them to acts of mon- daring violence. After burning th(> toll- houses, they ni.irched to the pjilaee of the viceroy, which they entered and rifled ; the governor himself escaped with ditlUulty, and the prince of HiMgnann, to whom the people were much attached, quitted the city. Thus left without a hi'ail, the mul- titude chose Masanlrllo for their leader; a sta;,'!' wns erected in the market pl.iee, on which this new ruler sat to give niidicnee and to administer justice, which he did with equal gravity and impartiality. 1.V),(mmi men obeyed his orders, an.! an Ineredibli- number of women, armed like .Vnuizons, were enrolled in the same c,iu«e. In thin state of things, the vicerov applied to the- archbishop, whose mild jiiTsuaslons had nearly snceeded in restoring order, when an attempt being made to «»sas<.Hiate the new chief, the negotiation was broken oil, redoubled fury. Masan.ello, however, wan preTailed up,,„ to renew the trenty. and » viilt the palace, which he did with un- ?l j^cto 2anibcrs.ll 13iograpI)i>. [MA8 common pomp, moiintid on hor«ebnc): (Iresned in cloth of 'liver, i plume of feathers' in his hiif , and n draw n swonl in his hand nttended by 5(i,0t the earth by the descent of bodies. The invention, how- ever, which has rendered his nnmo con- spicuous, wns his e( Ifhruted " fieometry of the Compass." He died, at Paris, in IMOO. .MASDKl', n<)N JiAN FR.AN'K.^ro. a Spanish historian, born i;4o, was a native of Itareelonn.and mem her of the order of the Jesuits; author of " Historid Critica de r.spnna, y de la Ciilturn Kspnnola en todo genero." 20 vols. Died, 1H17. •MASKUKS. FKASds, lawyer nnd mathc- nujtiiian, was horn In London in 17;tl ; wasidueated nt Claio Hall, ( ambridgo, and afterwards studied at the T. mple. Jloing called to the liar, he obtained the situation of attorney general of (Juebee, nnd on his return to Kngland, was made eursitor baron of thee\eheiitnr. lie published a ecdieetion of the "Scriptoris l.og.iritlimiei," in « vols Ito ; a " Tnutise on I, if,- Annuities," " Ki,.- ments of Plane Trigononu try, " \c. Died lH2l,age'l !•:». .MASKKI.YXr, :.i;vil., mmhematielan nnd jistroMonier, was b.irn in I.iiudun in 17o2 , received his e.lniinster and Cambridge; became a ft How of Iriiuly (V'lege, and took the di-ne of 1), I' in 1777. Hting chosen a fdh.w of Iht; Uoyal Society, he was appointed, in I7r,l, to go to St Hibn.i to otisiTve the lr;in»it of Venus, and during the voyav'e he diter mined the liulhod of lliidmg tlio longitude at Kea l>y Inn ir observations. In I7t;;j he uiKtertook another voyag<'. to Karbaiiois, to as. crtain the lont'itndi- of that i^lalul, as well as to prove thf ueeuraey of Harri«on'* time keeper, with other objects of practical selenre On his r.turn he sueeieded .Mr HIiss as royal astronomer, and in 17(;7 eommeneed the pul.lication of "The Nau- tieui .\iiiiaiiaek,' of wtiii li hi> edited 1!> vo- lumes. l)r Maskelyne was also the author of " The Itritish Mariner s (i aide " nnd " A', tronomieal Observ.itioiis," in 4 vols, folio. W7 !1ilfli1'| i mi i ! t . I ' ! i ! I I r ! ! El . !■ !. J 1 ' 1 w ' i. 1 '-I.:-: . 1 i n ^|m • ■ ■ I 1 , ^ ^'] 1 ' ' i ' 4 i-J ™ \ i f r 1 i ,i < i 1 ] l^Jfl > .* ; 1 Ml liplil : li... ,„ii;.i «k 1 m 1 •- vvU/_ II, mas] ^ i?lcto Slnibcrsal i3iograpl)y. besides many valnalile papers in the 1 lillo- sophicnl Transactions. Of Maskelvno s , Oh- scrvalions," Del.unbre says, in lils Ai.<\ h iom- MASO VI CiiisTOFORO liNS, a (treat Italian painter, was born at l-loience in 138.K Ho was probably a pupil of (iherardo Stamina and after obtaininK admission to the RUlU of the t*peziall in his native »<>«;". h»\«';^n* to Hungary, and was employed by 1 Ippo Spuni, ffovernor .^f Temeswa; , who erected churches and other buildinRS, and 1>^« >":«"> riorentine artists to decorate them. On the death of Pippo. in 1427, MasoUno undertook a eommlsMon to paint a series of frescots in the church of CaMiRlione di Oluna, ami m the adjoining baptistery. Tliesp pictures. which repres.nt scenes from the lives of the Virgin. St Lawrence. St Stephen, and si .lohn, were only discovered and freed from whitewash in 1843. Some of the frescoes m the Urancacci chapel at Florence have been attributed to Masolino ; but, according to the judgment of the authors of the >ew History of IMintinRin Italy. ' who have set his life and w. : Us in a new light, erro- neouslv. Masnimo is said to have been the master of his ,:r the living of Aston, and appointid the king's chaplains, and in 17i>2 tained the precentorship o( York, ranonry annexed. On the commencement of the American war, he became so acUvo an advocate for freedom as to give oJIence at couit, and was consequently dismissed f^nm the chaplainnhlp : but. like many other eager devotee^s at the'shrineof liberty, whm the French revolution iToke out. he became alarmed, and his «eal considerably abated. I'SIKH Hesides the tragedies of "Klfrida" and " Caractneus," he wrote " The English Gar- den, " a poem ; " Memoirs of Oniy," the poet So. Died, 17!I7. Mason was also author of the " Heroic Epistle to Sir AV. chambers" and other satirical pieces, putili.shcd under the signature of Mac Oregor. MASQUE DE FKK, or the ' hnn Mask " the name of an unknown person in France who was conveyed in the most secret man ner to the castle of Fignerol, from whence lie was transferred to the isle of St Mar gueritc. He was a man taller than ordi- nary, extremely well made, and was veryi attentive to his whole personal appearance '' His education appeared to have been care i fully attended to, and he amused himself by rending, and playing upon the guitar. He always wore a mask with steel springs which was so constructed as to allow him free liberty to eat and drink. His keepers treated him with the greatest respect. At I'ignerol he was Intrusted to the charge of an officer named St Mars, on whose ap- pointment as lieutenant of the isles, this unknown personage accompanied him, as he finally did to the Hastilo, where he died in 1703, and was buried under the name of Marchiali. Conjecture has exhausted itself one of ho ob- wjth a to discover who this mysterious personage might be. Voltaire ohsorves, that at the period when the prisoner was confined, no person of importance disappeared from Europe ; and yet it cannot be doubted that he mu.st have been one. Lnliorde, first v,ilet de chambre of I^ouis XV.. and who had re- ceived from this prince many proofs of con- lidi^nce, showed a desire to discover him. The king replied, " 1 pity him, but his de- tention injures only himself, and has pre- vented great misfortunes ; y i hi cannot kno^ him." The author of " Secret Memoirs," published in 174.5, pretends that it was the count of Vermandois, who uas arrested, it was iMiid, for having civen a blow to the d.kuphin. Lagrange Cliancil, in a letter to Ireron, attempts to prove that the prisoner was the duke of Heaufort, and that he was falsely reported to have been killed at the i Mcgc of Candia. St Foix, in 176S, wished' to prove that he wai '.tie diilic of Munmouth.! who was said to have been beheaded in; London, but who had been withdrawn from j punishment. In a dissertation which pre! cedes the romance of "The Man with the; Iron M-i-'k," by Kegnault Warin, the author endeavours to prove that this mysterious personagi- was the son of the duke of Buck- ingham and Anne (.f Austria, and goes so far as to give the portrait of the prisoner. l!ul still no satisfactory evidence has yet been given to establish any one of the hf pothescs, and the secret history of ''Masque dc Fer ■ is, perhaps lv)r ever, hidden bcneatn an Impeneti able veil. MASSE.SA, A.NiiKfe, a French genm. created prince of Lssling, duke o ™ and m.irshal of France, was born at>'",m 1738. He weni through the regular grada- tions in an Italian regiment, conomcni nS bis military career at the af « of 1, ■ ^Auet 14 Mttvs' service he ir:-:air--=-! ''""■•;-;-';•■ but, .n 1792, the revoltition presen cdancn viable field for the display of military taienu, \ m^^i % ^m ^nibcrsal ISiograjp^M. [mat and )ii8 natural «cntimcnt» In farour of liberty caused liim to enter the service of the French republic, and he obtained rapid pro- motion. Napoleon, who was quick to dls- pover (renins, formed an intimate friendship with Massena; and, after the successful battle ofRoTcrcdo, in 1796, against Bcaulleu, called him " the favoured child of victory." He had the chief command In Switzerland in 17'''' when he finished the campaign by compV tely '■""'tinstlK' Austro-Russi.in army under the Archduke Charles and Oeneral Korsakoff. In IPOO he commanded in Italy, but with less success than in his formercam- oaiKHS Ho was, however, again successful in the carapaiRns of 18o.) and ISdfi, taking possession of Naples, and signalizing him- self in the campaign of I'oland, which ter- minated by the treaty of Tilsit. He was afterwards employed in Germany, and emi- nently distinsuished himself in the memor- able battles of Essliug and AVngram. Ills subsequent conduct in Spain, when advanc- iug against AVellingtnn, was equally skilful ; but the prudence and superior tactics of his adversary prevented him from gaining fresh laurels; and the liritish general having talcen up a strong position at Torres Vedraa, Massena was at length compelled to retire. At the landing of Napoleon from Elba, In 1815, he swore allegiance to him, was made peer, and commander of the national guard at Paris, and contributed much to the pre- servation of tranquillity In that city during the turbulent period which preceded the return of the king. He lived afterwards In retirement, and died In 1817. MASSILLON, JKAN HAPTI9TK, an emi- nent French preacher, was born in 1C63, at Hi^res, in I'rovence. He entered Into the congregation of the Oratory, and became so celebratedfor his eloquence, that the general of his order called him to Paris, where he drew crowds of hearers. I^)ui8 XIV., who knew the value of a kingly compliment, and seldom passed a bad one, observed to him, " When I hcAr other preachers. I go away much pleased with them ; but when I hear you, I go away displeased with myself." In 1717 he was made bishop of Clerraont, was admitted two years later to the French Aca- demy, and he died in 1"4'J. His discourses were published In 14 vols. 8v<), and are dis- tinguished for simplicity, a graceful flow of eloquence, great knowledge of the human heart, and a richness of ideas. M.ASSlN(iEU, riiiMl', a distinguished English dramatist, vas born at Salisbury, In 15S.5. He studied at Oxford, but quitted the university without taking a degree, in con- lequence, it is supposed, of having become a Uoman Catholic. Little is known of his personal history, yet he appears to have been Intimately connect>^d with the wits and poets of his time, and died in IG3;i. In tragedy he is rather eloquent and forcible than pa- thetic; and, in richness and variety of humour, his comedy can by no means vie with that of his great master. Only eighteen of his plays are extant, among which &t« , The Virgin Martyr. Ihc Duke of Milan." The Maid of ilonnur " " A Voi» ■«•»» .- Pay Old DebU," " The City Woman," ic. '" MASUDl, a very celebrated AxabioQ tx« vellcr, historian, and geographer was b/.rn at Haghdad In the latter part of fhe 9th cen tury Eager for knowledge nnd laborious In »tudy, he undertook extensive travels and In A. i). yi5 visited India and China; In the following years travelled In the prin- cipal countries of the East, and afterwards went as far west ns Spain and Morocco. He was author of an immense numl)er of works on nn extraordinary vnrb ty of subJeeLs The most known of his writings is the work entitled " Meadows of Gold, and Mines of Oems:" a kind of cyclopspdla of history, geography, politics, Ac, of all the nations he had visited. It Is however merely a selec- tion, with some additions, from two very voluminous works, entitled " History of the Times," and " Hook of the Middle." }iis works arc little known to Europeans. Died In Egypt, A. I). 9,56. A complete edition of the Meadows of Gold," with a Erench trans- lation, Is undertaken by the Asiatic Society of I'arls. ' MATHER, INCKKASK, I) D., one of the early presidents of Harv.-ird College, was '""■" n« Dorchester, Massachusetts, In ir,.i<>. Ills learning, zeal, and general abilities were ofgreat service to the institution over which he presided, and he was a skilful and efficient servant of the Commonwealth. In 16H.5 h > was deputed to England as agent of the province, to procure redress of grievances. ^>hen James II. published his decl.iration for liberty of conscience, Dr Mather was again sent to England with an address of thanks to the king; but, before his return the revolution occurred, nnd he obtained' from William a new charter for the colony of Massachusetts. He was the author of " A History of the War with the Indians." "An Essay on remarkabl*; I'rovidcnces," and some other works. Died, 1723. MATHEU, CoiTON, son of the preceding was born at Hoston In HiW, studied nt Har- v:ird Vnlverslty. and nt the age of 20 was appointed co-pastor with his father at Hos- ton. He was a zealous minister, a volu- minous writer, and a courageous opponent of the despotic measures of Charles II. and James II. In the colony of New England. He made himself especially notorious as a believer In witchcraft, and by his intlnence caused a fearful persecution of those charged with It. Enormous excitement was occa- sioned, especially at Salem, a village near Iloston, numerous trials were had, nnd a large number of persons were put to death; while many more lay In prison. At last the terrible aJTnlr produced u reaction in p )pular feeling, the trials were discontinued, and the prisoners liberated. Mather lost his Influence from that time. Among the most note- worthy of his thvee or four hundred work* are—" Memorable I'rovidences rel.tting to Witchcraft nnd I'ossessions ," " The Won- ders of the Invisible W orld , or, OlM«rv»- tions \\\wn the Nature, the Number, and the Operations of the Devils ;" " Magnolia t:hrl«. tl Americana," au important though Inv methodical contrtbatlon to the Ecclesiastical W|»<<'fy of New England ; " and " Curlosa -A ritrt-csria," Trhirh jrair.cd faim ndmlMiOU, lA 1713, to the Hoyal Society of litmdon. Cot- ton Mather wm the friend, in hli old age, of 66» mat] ^ i)2ciu ^Sntbcrsal ^laqrapl)!). Ucnjamln rrnnklin. who ncknowlodRes hi» ohliKationa to •ome of his writlnRS. Diril, '"lATlIEW. TlIF.OHAI.n (FATIIKU MA- THKW), Aposxle of TeiHpcranco, ^a* »J';"V,p Thomnslowii Housp, Tippprary. »"''•'•' '^ was of a Kooil family of \Npl.sh out; n. «.is remarkable in childhood for ,^o«uty a u sweetness of disposition, ""'','^y "'""""l word of hi» mother was d*'/"'"'"^/ ^'' devotion to the prieMly oflice. ."e,^?* sent to Maynoo.h but ">ft ,V",S;' f,o, 180S, and joined the V'^"' 'L",n^V Aft.T Hnd in 18U he was ordained priest. Aitir a short residence at Kilkenny, where, as preacher fn the Vri.ry church, he became very popular, he settled at Cork as coadjutor ^omh?r Donovan, and with Krcat carm-s - ness and faithfulness devoted hm.self to his work especially showing himself the fncnd Tnd counsellor of the poor. The daily sinh ts and sounds of the streets of Cork, and tJu. fearful prevalence of drunkenness deeply moved his compassionate heart, and ano her chance word, spoken by a Quaker, sutlleed 'o make him Ihe Apostle of Tomperame. lie applied himself to the task about m, . toiled for a year and a half Iw-fore any Im- pression seemed to»>e made on the enormous hiass of evil and misery, and then success Kn and lapidly rose to a full tide and thTnAmc «nd%ame of this bf^" * \;;*'^. rator' spread over the world. The most overpowerinK enthusiasm attended him In all the towns he visited, and from twenty to forty thousand persons arc said to ha\e pledBcd themselves to abstinence in a day. He extended his mission with like sucecssto tbo principal towns of Kn^land and to the , Vinted Stales, and throughout his life he ' worked unweariedly In his chosen field. He waJi of a most catholic spirit, utterly dis- interested, and a thotouRli ({entleman. His thouKhtless liberality involved him in pecu- niary difflculties, which threw a shadow over his life. DurinK his latter years he re- ceived a pension ..f £^00 from the RoTern- ment. Died at tlueenstown, DecenilKT H. 18^7 A statue has been erected to him at Cork, and his " IiioKniphy " has been gc nially written by Mr MaKUire. MKTHKWS, CUAUI.KH, a comedian of tran'scendant ability, and one who was lonR reaarded as the master mind of the mimic art. was born in 1"«. He was the son of a l«K,kselUr In the Strand, att.iched to the Wesleyan connection, and who had placea him in Merchant Taylors' school, and ap- prenticed him to learn his own businesi. The itajie, liowe\ . r, provlnt? more attractive to youni? Mathews than the shop of his father, the latter nave him twenty guineas and his in.hntures, with a permission to follow the bent of his inclinations ; and a promise of twenty jfuineas more if h'- would ab.-.ndon histrionics, and " turn to an honest eallinu " Like most other actors while iii their novitiate, he rambled about with pro vlnclal companies for a time, but the great versatility of talent he possessed soon placed him at the top of his profession, and rendered him » Kt-h. r.»i uvr.uritc with the puMlr I'" [mat fell. .its metropolitan enga«ement grew iv . .le, and ho was determined to '• set up for himself," and to depend sulcly on his own exertions. For sixteen years pre. vious to his death, he «a8 accustomed to en- tertain audiences by his sinxle efforts, in - - '■■" of entertainment entiUpd " Ma- a specii's ews at crowds more thews at Home;" and never were admir od 1 nessing the vivid portraits which hcsoaccur « -..^....^ f ,.-.« ..v., v. "^lu iiuiiurini? more highly dcliRhtod than in wit. „ the vivid portraits which hcsoaccur- atcly drew. The " At Homes " of Mathews were not only well received throughout (Jreat Hritain and Ireland, but also in Ame- rica, where some of his most felicitous por- traitures were sketched. NVhilo on his pas- sage from that country he was taken ill, and on arr'ving at Liverpool his malady rapidly ; increased. He expired on his birthday, June 2hth, iH;t5. He was twice umrricd, and had one child only, Charles Mathews, also celebrated as a comedian. i M.\THL\S, THOMAS JAMEi*, theroputod' author of that powerful satire, "The Pur- suits of Literature," was educated at Eton.' and Trinity ColleKe.CambridKC, During a j long life, spent in literary avocations, he i naturally produced much that bore the mnrli' of his superior talents ; but though he wrote numerous satires, and displayed an extra- 1 ordinary knowledge of Italian in the vari-| ous poems he composed in that harmonious! language, it was to the erudite and caustic! notes which are scattered with an unsparing | hand throughout " The Pursuits of Litera- ! ture," that he attained his chief celebrity;! but for obvious reasons of a personal nature he never owned the authorship. Died, at ^ Naples, 1835. I MATILDA, wifeofWillinm the Conqncrorj was the daughter of Haldwin IV., count of; Flanders, and of Adela, princess of France.! She was married to William while duke of Normandy, in lo54, crowned queen ot| Kngland in lo6(4, and died in l(iS3, Of her; eleven children, the best known are Robert,! who became duke of Normandy, William! llufus, and Henry Ikauderc, both of whom succeeded to the Lnj.'Usli crown. She had great Influence with her husband, and^ lirought about a reconciliation between him and iis son Uobert, who had taken up ami!i against him. To her is attributed the ctle-i brated tapestry, preserved at liayeux, re presenting the chief incidents in the con- quest of Kngland. MATILDA, or MA I'D, daughter of ncnry L, king of Kngland, and wife of Henry V., the emperor. On his death, in UiT, Jlie! married Oeotfrev riuntapeiu t.earl of Anjou,^ by whom she had a son. afterward* Hmy II king of Kngland. She was nominated in 'u;t5 successor to tb.' Knglish throne by her father, but in hi r alisencc Stephen usurped the title. Arriviiit: in l-^nf'-'""!"'''' a large army In lU'J, she .l.feaied .Mephen, und was acknowledged omen in a synod held in I HI. Stephen afterwards defeat '>1 »^''''''!\ .»■'' "^ f .A*" leave the kingdom. Matilda died m \H "^'maTSYS. QfiNTTS, an eminent painter, : -»:K^.n«t' Antwerp, in U.in. Hewasori- mill • H.-"- •.-••". . • , was, however, no stranger to the despotic rule of managers, or the envlout rivalry of i gVnariy"a'braekMiiith", but turned i''P*5;;=5 ^ fo win the hand of a painU-r . daughtcr.and lolllan engagement Tag Uetcnnlried to to depcnu solely on Bixti'en years pre Bnccustompd toen- s singlt' elTorU, in i ?ni fntiUed "Ma- vcr were aclmirini; i ;?litotl than in wit. s whichhcsoaccur-! )mc8" of Mathews ccived throughout il, but also in Ame- 1 iiost felicitous por- AVhilo on his pas- e was taken ill, and his malady rapidly ; 1 his birtlulay, June wicc married, and irles Maihews, also 1. I J AMES, the reputed' 1 satire, " The Pur- it educated at Eton. > iihridge. During a { rary avocations, he \ 1 that bore the mark! jut though he wrote displayed an extra- 1 Italian in the vari-j in that harmonious! erudite and caustic! d with an unsparing [ Pursuits of Liters- 1 his chief celebrity;! of a personal nature ■ uthor?hip. Died, at! I lUinm the Conqueror,! ildwin IV., count of; , princess of France.! William while duke , crowned queen ofj lied in im. Of her; It known are Robert,! Normandy, William! irloro, both of whom isli crown. She had her husband, and' illation between him ^ lo had taken up arm? \ It attributed the ctle-i rvcd at Hayeux, re- ncidcnti in the con- D, daughter of ncnry I nd wife of Henry V.,i death, in Ui:, Jhej a!:fntt,carlof.\njou,' in, afterward* HtnrT i She was nominated ic K.nglish throne by iiir absence Stephen Ivincin Knglandwilli he (Ufeated ."Stephen, ■d (jiiccn in a syod mat] % iJfto ainibtraal ISfograpfji). succeeded both In art and in lovo. Ilii greatest work U thu " Descent froni the Cross," now at Antwerp. One of his best pictures is that of the Two Misers, in the Koyal Collection at "Windsor. His pictures arc all rcniarkablo for V'.'ry careful tlnish. Hedicdin 13:i9.— Jlis son, J.VN M.VTSYS, was also a painter of considerable merit. MATTHESON, Jon.ANN, an eminent musical coniposer and performer, was born at Hamburg, in 1(J81 ; and gave such early indications of talent, that at nine years of iigc he was able to perform compositions of hisown on the or^jan. }{e composed music for the church and for the theatre, and was always present at the performance of it. Xotwithstanding he gave up so much time ! to the pursuit of his favourite science, pro- iduciug operas, iinthemg, and treatises on music, he held the otlice of secretary to tlic English resident in Hamburg for several ' years, and was intiusted with the conduct of various important negotiations. Died, i:ii4. JUTTULW rAIUS,a nenedictinc monk of St Albnn's, who flourished in the reign of Henry III. He is said to have enjoyed the favour of the ki-ig, and to have been sent on a mission to Norway by I'ope Inno- cent IV. He was a mathematician, poet, divine, and historian; a njan of great ac- complishments and of rare integrity. Kis principal work is the " Hi.storia Major," a history of England from IOG(!, the period of the Xorman Conquest, to i....'" the year iu [which he died. }Ie also wrote u epitome lof this work, and the Lives of the Abbots of St Al ban's, MATTHEW of M'rstminster, an English historian of the Uth century. He was a Benedictine monk if the abbey of AVc.st- minster, and is highly esteemed for his vera- city, acuteness, and diligence. The " Klorcs Historiarum "is a kind of Iniversal History !begip.iing at the creation, and coming down to the year iau7. Its authorship is how- ever very uncertain. M.^TTHIAS, emperor of the West, ion of .Maximilian II., was born in ISiT. At the K.e u!'>\ he was sent by the Kmpcror Uu- dolph II. to take the government of the Low Countries then in revolt against Hpaln mthewas unequal to the task, and in a ow years returned. In 1,W2, he conimandeJ the army against the Turks iu lIurigarT and three years later bera-ue heir presumn-' tive by the death of hi, brother Kr. ••,' \'L was elected king of Hungarv in InMTti,,,. ofRohemii in IBll, a„d on the d.-.ti, of [mau tUosen lludolph 11) the following vear he was emperor, lie re^igiud ihe crown of Jio- hemia to his cousin IVrdinand. in IBir, nnd the persecution of the I'rotestants in th it country by the latter occasioned tie Th.ny e«■\^^r. .Matthias died, brow, -a do w,^ MATruissuN, IKIKDRICH .-ov a cele ce«rofT ''• «"'"'"P'' '-d (he prin- -hotel'" :r':::^i?^.:;.-«^"- "Iranan at s'lutti; ir,!""*,'.." ';-\'*5'P"'"tvd ^t^round";i;^'[ie^-r-i:;i.i:;;j^^ wJiU h, as set to music by Hecthoven l» >riii MAI nUhU, VlEHUK.a French hlntni-iu™ dieS ^""l6"/'^f T'"' "^ «asle jVllK^d died iu I6J1. He became an advocate at l-jons. and was made liistoriographer of t/."'?.'^!';. ",•-' *«•<"« "itistories of Henry thn'/.^^r'*^,''" »"«* "«* Louis." also Im fjulsiade," a tragedy. I MATLIIIX, UoiJKiiT CiiA«i,K.s, an Irish I dramatist and miscelLmeous writer, was born at Dublin, nnd educated in Td.m/ Co lege, of thar eity ; and, on entering it'o orders obf uned the curacy of .St ivie ■" church, "iiertran,." a wild but powerful tragedy, was the firs', production which, by its singular success, brought him into no ice as an author. Th.s playVas performed n? Drury Lane through the in.luence of ord will either succeed greatly or be damned gloriously, for its merits are marked deeo and striking, and its faults of a nature o,^.' h^s^rsou'r ""'^'^'"'V"' ""^*"K nntieipated w« . ii"-'*/ ^*"»'""t contemplating the possibility of a f.Uure, he eon ractcd cn- e irnrfr'e r- '',?':' **'"" »'« '»="» seldom ntlrely free. Hut .le «tiu prosecuted his literary pursuits, and .vrote several . "pular novels, the first tbre- of which, •'Th, Fatal Hevenge. • The Wild Irish Ik.;." ad " The Milesian Chief," were published under the assumed name of Dernis Jasper Murphy He was nlso the author of " Melmoth "and ^\oman ; • "The Ini verso." a poem ; and he tragedie,, of - Manuel " a„d " Frc dolpho^ Maturin w.is a most eloquent and energetic prcMcher; and six 'Controversial Sernio,,,,.. which he published in 18-1. ex hibit hini as a well-read scholar and an acute ren.soner. Died, l(*.'5. «»ua«.uie rrlVle'^iiL^' "'"'.•;"■•"" «^"''"">t physician. crltR, and miscellaneous writer, born in Holland in the year ITIS. but k-ttled in II : !"J • ^'^"■•' '"^ »>«'ianic secretary to the riM»h M."'^' »"J P^'^^'P"! librarian of the uritish Museum. Died. I77t!. inlVy^*.'"'^^ V "» -^"V, son'of the preced- ing, was born in 1743. He was appointed one of the librarians of the Uritiih Mu- seum, and, in I77><, a secretary of the Uoval ''oc.ety ; but, in 17.SI. when there weregrea divisions in the society, occasioned by the di»missaJ of Dr Hutton from the po,t o f f^ Died! ITS?''"''' ^*' ^"^^ resigned his place. M.VlVKUTr I.s, I'lKituK I.ons M<.UKAi- ILVr ::'»'";•"' "''«thematici..n and astro- nomer was born at St Mrtlo. in Wm. Hf iwrli „ .°. .»'";. '•""•'•f'' «' I'l Marchr, at oft.V* ,'" "'-? '^"» "Jniilted a member whih ?,'■"'*' "^ ^^•'^•"<^^». »'e memoirs of Which contain many of his communications, th.. iT >''■?'"!'•"•'■ ho was chosen ftll.M of the Hoyal society of London. In 173ti he ..r,le*',' «*"' "" «»Pi'JiH»'« to the polar rtle, to ascertain the figure of the earth by me surementof an arc of the meridian l' l«<0 he was Invited to li.riiu ►>» n... 1, . . lowed to llie field, and w«s present at the b*ttle of Mollwitx, where he was madj ill fi61 i'M 'i^'h -1 , 1 H I 3 i * 'IJ '. \\\ 1 II m .liii ! t i; i! -> d:U- ,;|(- MAU] H i^tD ainiberanl ISiogropl)!), sonor.nnd carried to Vienna. On regaining his liberty, ho marrkd and nettled at Uer- lin, and wa« appointed president of the Uoyal Academy of Sciences. In this office, howcTcr, ho became involved in a quarrel with Voltaire, which embittered his latter days, from the sarcnsm with which the lat- ter continued to assail him. The enormous vanity of Maupertuls nilKht Justify rnurU laughter and sarcasm. The works of Muu pertuis form 4 vols. Died, at IJasel, 175«. MAUU, ftT, or MAUUL'S, the favourite disciple of St Henedict, was one of the young nobles who.curly in the sixth century, were attracted by his fame, and Joined him in his wild retreat at Kublaco. llo followed him to Monte Casino, and shared in the reputation of his master both for holiness and power of working miracles. Hefore the death of 8t Uenedlet Maurus left Italy and settled In Franco; and founded the first Henedict ine mouustcry in that country at (ilanfeuUle on the Loire. " Th» name of St Maur/' says Deiin Milman, " is dear to let- ters." The reformed order of llenedlctines, known OS the "Congregation of St Maur," was founded in 1618, and amon« its members have been some of the greatest scholars of France. MAUKEPA8, JEAN FKfiDilUC rilKLir- PKAUX, Count de, a French statesman, born in 1701. He was made minister of marine at the age of "24, and was afterwards at the head of the foreign department. He was hasty in his decisions, amiable in manners, quick in conception, artful, and penetrating; but being accused in 174'J of writing an epigram on Madame do Fonipadoiir, he was banished from court. After a lap!>e of 25 ytars, he was placed at the head of the ministry by Louis XVI. , but he was found incapable of performing its dulns, and quite destitute of the vigour necessary to avert the troubles which then threatened the kingdom. Died, 1701. M.VIUICK, emperor of the F.ast, was born in Cappadoeia, A.i). 6.'i9. He rendered great services to the '.■mpire under Justin and Tiberius, cupecially in his four cam paigns in l'ersia,57» — SBl . and on his return to Constantinople, in 58i, was d< clared Ca'*ar,and soon after crowned emperor, and married the daughter of TilMirius. His reign of 20 years was occupied almost con- stantly with wars; wars with the I'ersians, terminated by the defeatof llahram.and the restoration of C houn-es in 5'Jl ; and wars with the Avars, which lasted from 5'.I2— 39'J. These were, however, niontly carried on by his generals. In WJ Connntiolis was defeated, and an Immense number of his troops captured by the Avars, wliO. on the refusal of Maurice to ransuui them, put them all to death. During the rei^n of Maurice, John, patriarch of Constantinople, at*sunu'd the title of Iniversal lUsliop, with the sanction or connivance of the emperor ; and in 695 the pop*-, Gregory the lireat, inUlgnant el this claim of supremacy, « rot*' letters of remonstrance to the euipcror and empress, who, however, only treated him wilii conleiupt. Jiciiitr tijc tiiUiiiph Of Gregory in the fall of the emperor and hU shameful ilattcry of the tyrant I'hutas. In eea [mau 602 a mutiny broke out In the arniT^lTthr Danube, Fhocas was proelaimea emDcrnr and Maurice with his Ave sons was murder/H atChalccdon. Tl' ee years later his wife and daughters were put to death by I'hociw MAUUICK OP NASSAU, prince of Orange, one of the most famous generals (t modern times, was the youngest son bv n second marriage, of AVilliam I., prince . Orange, was born at Dillenburg, 1567 and was studying at Ixjyden, in iSbl, when his father was assassinated. The provinces of Holland and Zealand, and, soon after Utrecht, ln>mediately elected the youn« prlnco stadtholdcr ; and three years after wards he was appointed cnptaiii-general of the United I'rovinccs. His task waste con- quer the Spaniards, and recover from them the large portion they still occupied of the I.OW Countries. I'revious to the truce of l' years, concluded in l''>iJ'J,about40 townsand several fortresses had fallen into his hands His life was an ulnidst unbroken series of battles, sieges, and victories. He had foes worthy of him in the celebrated duke of I'urma, and the Italian Ocneral Spinola. Like Montccuculi, he possessed the rare art of conducting a march and pit<:hingacamp like Vauban, the genius of .''ortiflcation and defence ; like Eugene, the skill to support the most numerous armies in the most un- productive and exhausted country; like Cond*, that unerring coup dctil which de- termines the issue of a battle ; like Charles XII., the power of rendering the troops in- sensible to cold, hunt;er, and suflfcrinKSilike Turenne, that of sparing human life. In the opinion of Foiard, Maurice was the greatest infantry general that had existed since the time of the Koinans. The mural qualities of Maurice were not worthy of his renown as a soldier. And most of all is his name stained by his base treatment of the noble old pensionary Itarueveldt, who saw and fearlessly opposed the eelfish aims of Maurice. Maurice ayain took part in the war in lti:il, and diid in 1025. He was suc- ceeded by his brother Frederick Henry. MAU KICK of Saxony. [S.VXK, Marshal.] MAUUICK, TlioMA.s, a learned oriental scholar and historian, was born at Hertford, In 1754; was educated by l)r I'arr, and at St John's and University I'ljUcgcs, Oxford. In 1791, he published the fhht two volumesof his " Indian .\utiijuiti( s , " which were suc- ceeded, at intervals, by tive nuirc. In 1795, appeared the tlrst volume of llie " Hist vuf Hindostan," which wa.n completed in a Hard volume, in 1799. Abdut tlie same time he obtained the post iff a^oislant librarian at the Itritish MuM'uni. In 1H02, he produced the first volume »>f the " Modern nisluryof Hindoslan ; " and in IWM the second volume. lichides tha works above mentioned, Mr Maurice wrote " I'oems," " Sermons," his own "Memoirs," Ac, in all of which arc dis- covend spirit, elegance, and perspicuity. Died, IH24. MAUllO, Fit A, a celebrated matheina- titlan and cosFUograplier, of the 15th cen- tury, was a nii'nk of the order of Cauialdules ml me monasury of Ht MiciKtr!,n"sr Venue. He was chosen, iu UH, ineinl>tr of a com- mission to improve tte course of tho rmr ■.Pill li'S I MAU] ^ iSeto ^Snibtrsnl ISiogrnp^^. [max Hrentn, and to direct the works on the I^- ^nons Hctwi'cn 1457-39, he constructed a Ld of the world, which it still proservod in the lil)rnry of his monustery. He np- npars to have Imd nomc able dcslKners to assist him in his labours, and to have formed a sort of sehiiol. The dates of his birth and death arc unknown. MAUllY, JKAN SM'FKKIN, a French car- dinal, was born in 171«; studied at Lyons ; and, on entering into orders, hccnine a ctlo- biatcd preacher at I'arls, was iulinittrd in 1785 to the Academy, and Dbtained an abbey. Wnen the revolution broke out, he was chosen one of the representatives of the cliigy in the statesRcncral, where he din tiuifulshcd himself by his eloquence in behuir of his order, and also in defence of royalty. On the dissolution of the < :onstituent Asjem- bly, he went to Italy, was nominated l)ishop of Nica-a, and, in 17!»1, made a cardinal ; and in 1808 Napoleon Rave him the arehbishoivr Ic of Paris, but in IHU he was obliged to quit the archicpiscupal palace, and retire to Home. He was not only a great orator, but a man of ready wit. On one occasion, when a furious mob was following him with cries iif " A la laiiti 1 lie I'AblK' Maury" he turned rmnid, and coolly said," Do you think you sliould see clearer if I were there? " which well timed joke saved his life. He was the author of several works, the best of which i9hi8"Kssai snr I'Eloquence de la Chaire." Died, 1817. MAYOR, "SVlbl.lAM, LL.I)., was a native of Aberdeenshire, and born in 175H. He came to England early in life, and after being engaged as assistant in a school at liurford, established hinifclf as school- mastcrat AVoodstock, where lie gained the patronage of the duke of Marlborough, en- tered into holy orders, and was presented to the vicarage of Hurley, in Berkshire. liut it is as author and compiler of useful books that l)r Mavor is chielly remembered. .Vmonghis literary labours are a " Universal History," in 25 small volumes ; a collection of "Voyages and Travels," also in 25 vo- lumes; "The Uritisli Tourist," ti vols.; " The .Modern Traveller," 4 vols.; Histories of (ireise, Itouie, and England ; Ac. Died, December 2tt, ln.-i?. .MAWK, JosKi'ii, an eminent mineralogist andconchologist, was born about 1755, tra- velled in various parts of South America, and published numerous worLs on the sub- ject of his researches. Among them are, "Travels in the Interior of )lr;uil," a ' Trea- tiseon Diamonds and I'rcciousStoaes.' " Fa- miliar Lessons on Mineralogv and (Jeology " and " The Mineralogy of Derbyshire." lie died in b29. MAXKNTllS, MaucI'S Ai UKi.iis Y.v- UUIis, lloman emperor, was the son of Maxmiianus Hcrculius, and declared him- Hlf emperor in mi He was opposed by dalerms Maximi.mus, who was defeated Md slew himself Maxentius then marched into Africa, where he became odious by his |TUcltU'8. Constantlne afterw.irds defeated mmin Italy, und he was druwued In cruss- iiiK the Tiber, in ;il2. MAXJMIANUS, O.VLKIUI'H Vai.KUUH emperor of tho East, was originally a slirp- I herd In Daela, afterwards a soldior.and v^as raised to the imperial dignity by Diocletian, who itUo gave hini his daughter in marriage.' In 305 he conipc lied Diocletian to abdicate the throne; but big cruelty soon rendered him odious to tlie Uoninns, who raised Max- entius to the throne. Died, 311. MAXIMIAM H, MAKCt'H AUKKMUH Va- LKRil'H, suriianied HKHCii.iuH, Human cm peror, who, from being a common soldier, was associated in the government by Dio- cletian. When that emperor abdicated the crown in 301, ho compelled Maximi.inus, snuch against his will, to do tho same; but about a year afterwards the latter resumed the dignity, and opposed hisson .Maxentius. The troops, however, mutinied against .Maxi- mianus, who fied into (laul, where he was put to death by order of Constanline, in 3io. aged 60. ' MAXIMILIAN I., emperor of the West, son of Frederick III., was born In U.59. At the ago of IM hv married Mary, Jieirt.HS of Charles the Hold, duke of Ilurgundy. and was Involved in ii war with France. Marv dying in 14».', he obtained the promise of the hand of Anne, heiress of Hrlt!anv, but she was nftcruards married to Charle.s'viII of Fr.mce. In HMB Maximilian was elected kingof theUomans.und in 149'J he succeeded his father in the empire. Ho was the first who took the title of emperor witho\it In-ing crowned ut Uone. For the sake of a large dowry he married lUanche, daughter of I.odo- vico.sfo:/a, whom he made duke of Milan ; andsooif after marricdhis son I'hilip to Joan- na, daughter of Fi rdin:,nd and Isabella, and thus brought Spain into the power of the H<;uve of Hapsburg. He invaded Uurgumly, but was abandoned by the Swlvi who formed part of bis army . he then made war on the Swiss, but was several times defeat. d, and had to mike pe.ue with them. In 15o>» he set out for Home, was refused a pas,-.age through the Venetiar territories, and, ,it tempting to force his way, was defeated The same year ho Joined in the famous league of Cambray against the Venetians, from which he withdrew in 1513, and forni.d another league against France. He served in tho English army as a voluntter nt the siege of Terouenne. and contributed to the vi, tory of (hiinegate. In l.',l»! he made on unsuct essful attempt on the .Milanese. Two years later he assembled the diet of Augs- burg, at which Luther. Just commencing his great task, appeared on citation, and appealed to the pope. Maximilian was not only ambitious of dominion, and successful in his schemes of aggrandl/ement. but he h.id the desire to be pope and to be canon- ized. Died in Junuarv. 15l!». .MAXIMI.MS, (Aivs Jii.ns VKKts. Uoman emperor, was of barbarian origin, and was at tlrst a shepherd in Thrace He was a monster la ii«e, strength, vorneity. and ferocity, and when at>out 2o years of age became a soldier in the Uoman armies. II is capacity for fighting procured hini rapid advancement, and under Alexander Severus he had the command t,f a legion, with which hr served un thr Kiiil.e. iu A. l>. 2oJ he took part in a conspiracy against .\lexander, and on his murder by ilu Mjldicrs, was pro- 663 It' u -1 ; n t I A 1 u } ,1'l: ^ i i . ,1 i I I ■m 1 max] HL iHet) Stnibcrsnl )3iograpl)t). claimed ctnporor. Jlu rontliiiiod the wiir in (ijiinany, and dovantated n large tract of cuuiitry. Tlie (iordiani liavlnx tx-en pro- daiiucd in Africa, Maxiinimm hastrnrd to Italy, mill laid sipgu to A(|ull(>ia, which made heroic retiiNlaiu'c to the hated tyranU lie ViUH there murdered hy his soldierR, together with his ton, TM. It is said that Maxiiiiiiini was eiKht feet hiKl>. tliat he could eat 40 poundit of meat a-d.iy , aud could breali the leg of a horoe with a kick. IMAXIMUS, l'AUlf8. Ll'AHIUS MAX- IM IS.) MAXIMI'8, MAGNi'rt, llomnn emperor, n Spaniard, was xi'inral of the Koinaii army in Ilrilaiii, when he proclaimed hiiiiM If em- peror, in 3s:i. Uratiun marched axainst him, hut was defeated, and asNatisinated. Max- inuis having; made himself master of (iaul, llrilain, and Spain, tlxed the seat uf his empire at Treves, lie next marched into Italy, where he committed dreadful cruel- tics, hut was at la^t besicKcd In AquileiA, hy the Dmpcror Tlieodusius. Ills soldiers delivered him up to Theodobius, who caused him to he tielieaded, in 3sS. MAXIMIS IVUIUS, a celebrated phi- losopher of the 2nd century, was n native of Tyre, in I'lnenicia, whence h" took his name. It in f{<''ieially supposed that hu llourinhed under the Anloniues. Jle appears to have adopted the principles of the I'la- t(uiic mehool, and left 41 dis<^ertations on various philosophical topics, which urc still extant. MAY, TlKiM.VS, poet and historian, was born in Su.'isex, in I6!)4, and educated at Caml>ridKe , after which he entered of Uray's Inn. where he wmteiiome plays and trans- lated several authors, particularly I.uean. Charles I. emplojed him in wnlin^' tvto his- torical poems, one on the life of Henry II., and llie other on the riik-n of I'.dward III. Hut in the civil war ilay joined the popular party, and wa:: appointed secret.iryaiid hinto- riu;:rapher to tin- pailiami.-nt. He puhlished the " History of the i'.iili.iment wliich l>eKaik in l<>|o," and an ul^ir.u-t of the same en- tilled a " llreviaiy of the History of the I'ar- liameiit of l.ii^l.md," a work n hich was extremely olinoxiou.t to the rojul party. After the liesloralion, .May's remains ««re removed frmu ^Ve^tminl>l^ r AMu-y, and his monument destroxed. Iiied, lii.)0. M.VYKN.Ni;, t UAUI.K.H UK I.dltUAlNK, Duke of, t.econd son of Francis of Lorraine, duke of (iuisc, was born in 1661. Ho dis- played great courage ;it the sieges of I'oitiers and Uoehelle, .iiid at the battle of Moncon- tour. He also defeated the I'rolestanta in (jiiiennennd l>au])hiny. In ISNi he entered I'aris, and, ;.s head of the famous League, exercised almost sovereign power for a time, with the title of lieutenant-general of the state and (town of Trance. He carried on war with Henry IV , and was defealtd by him at the battles of Aniuis and Ivry. l>iii;ippoin;ed in his hojte uf being elected king in 1.V.I3, and seeing I'aris reduced, he kept lip his i^'sistunce for luuie time in llur- gundy, and at last made his peace with lleiiiy in lil'ti. l»ied, Itill. .M.V\KU. .Sl.Mcj.NK. (ieniian muiiiral cinii poser, wua botu iu iiataria, about Kiiu. He studied and chienr lived in ituiv ..i " devoted himself to «,u'r«tic nxl[l "'r"''« his best operas arc " McSea '' and tl.o ■• m^ teri Kleu.sinl," ^hieh with oh. "'of ^i. works gave an impulse to tl... r,, '"" the an by their no? d rici ne s ..nf.rr ''' M A M.U , •! ( 1 1, 1 A.S, a celebrated a^ • •„,;,,, was horn at Marbnch, in the due . f "n ' temhurg, in 17i3. He taught hiinsnif „„,,"" matics, and at the age of I le i al m chineK and instruments with uJltZ't dexterity and accuracy. His var ,„. , ' procured him an invitation ^^Sr as prole^snr of mathematics, in 17 rand Ibe Aeauemy of Sciences chose L? member. About this time aTrono er^ were employed in endeavours to so eT problrm of llnding the longituU. ai «"' Mayer overcame all dilllculties, and liil tlwt ory of the moon, and a^troiioinical tVb l, and precepts, were rewarded, ty the i.m,ii' h b<.ar.l of longitude, with i:iOu.' ^^ ,i uS; was ,.aul to his widow ; for, exhaust a ? his incessant labours, this ustionomer died in l.(,j, at the early ago „f ;„,. Muje „.' vented the repealing circle, which was in- proved by liorda. His works uro numerous and valuable. -MAVNAIU), Kir JoH.N.iin i:nj:lii,li slates- man and lawyer, was born at 'I'avisioik in Devonshire, about imi. After liiviiaf studu'd at Lxeter College, Oxford, he cii tered at the Middle Temple, aiul was in due course call.d to the bar. In the liinL'piir- liament he distingui.sjifd hiiiivlf as one uf the pro.Miiitors of htralford and laud; but afterwards he opposed the violent proceed- ings of the army, and tlie measures uft'iom- well, for which he was twice sent to the Tower. After the Hesti.ialiun, lie was knighted, but refu.ied the honour of beiii^'a judge. At the revolution lie displayed ((real talent in the coiifiTcnce luiuicii tlie Lords and Commons, on the i|U(\stioii of the abdi- cation of till' throne by J.iim .>. 1 1 ,aiid warnilv advocated that measuie. M hen Milliaiii lil., ill allusion to Serjeant M.i)iiards);rcat age, remarkid that be must have outlived uil the lawyirs of his time, Sir Joliu happily replied, " Vet , and if yuur liiKhiie>s had not come over to our as.-istaiue, I should have outlived the law too." He was apimiiued one of the comiiil!,sioncrs of the great seal, in l*liire,iind received hiscilucatiuu at Weslniin-tcr Sehoid, and ClirLstchureli, O.i- fold, «hi re lie took the degree of I).l).,and entered into holy orders. His nttaehinont to tlie royal c.iuse eiposed liim to ^utfering during tlie civil war , biit,a(lcr Ilie Kestora' lion, lie ro»e to be archdt aeon of ChichestiT. His dramatic productions display mueb broad huiiKjur , and he gave an odd iiistiiiu'C of his fondiHSs for a joke even in his will, by having an old trunk to his man siTvant, saying, that he would Jliul in it sonielhini,' to make him drink. A\ hen the funeral was over, the pjor fellow haslened to enjoy hil trtasure, and, on opining the truuk, found II rill hririoij! Ilu.d, lliT-'- .MAZAKl.N, J11.KS, cirdiDAj and Urtt \tiMb.ii anil tint MAZ] ^ i^t» anibtrsal Idiograpf;^. I isterof I-oiils XIV., was born of n noblo lly, ill Itiilr, in I(i0'.>. He Rtiiilled nt Aiciiia, ill Spuiii, afirr which he 'vnit to Koiiit', Hiiil bt'fmiic alt.ii'hfil to tho gcrvico I of fardiiial Maohi-tti, whom ho ni'rotiipiUilcU on a mission i"'<> ''"'"'""■''y- Mii/anii rrii [mcc mill fniiii . Alcaia, in joiiKht refuge .t Ucnder, whcre-hu died I0 on 11 iiiiooiwii .•.».' .- -^ (Icroil important nsaistanco In the lU'Koliii- tiiiiis whiili i'/li'»trd a peace bftwccii the I'rcncli und Spaniards. 'I'lii* procured him tlic esti'viu of tlie Cardinals KIchclieu niid Harbiriiii, by the latl'T of whom he wai ri'i'uiumt'niii'd to tlu' |iopc, who «rnt him, iu 1634, as nuniio-cxtraurdjnary to llip court of IraiiiT. Ueialit'd two years later, he tntcrtil the service of the Trench kiiiK In lt)3!), und wait sunt umliuHsador to Turin. In liill he was made a c.ii'diiial, and on the death of Uicliflieu, at the end of the follow- iii|» year, succeedid him ax prime minister. At lirst lie was rather popular, but in a short time calials were formed against him, and ho was di»mi>sed from the royal presence, ziiria contrived to dispel tlie lilorin ; and ho even returned to court, in 16J.I, with iii- crMsed ^clat, and held the reins of power till hi.s decease, in l(!(il. 'lliit Kreat niini.tter had u leadiiiK part in the treaty of ^Ve!lt■ plinlia, and has alone tho honour of iieK'oti- iilinu: llie treaty of tho ryreiiee-t. As a lulitieian he disjilayed ureat talent*; as a man he pussesM'd few virtues, hin policy was characterized rather by Jliics.te and for- titar.ince, than by force; und his adminis- Irution is marked by many Krav<' faults. On Ills death bed he eiuloHed the college wlik'h bears hi.s iiai'e. .MAZKPI'A, John, hettman of tho Cos- sinks, whom I,ord llyron has made the hero I iif a poem, was born aliout the luhUile of the inti century, in I'odoli.i, of a poor but nol]|e rulish family, and became jiage to John Oisiinir, kinjj of I'olaiid. In this situation, Jlazeppa had an oijponuniiy of aeijuirinK various useful aeeoinplishments; but an iii- Irittue was the foundation of his future ele valion. APoli.shuoblenum, haviuk'surprised .Mazcppa with his wife, ordered 'him to be tied nuked upoii a wild horse, and committed to Ills fate. The nniinal had been bred in tiift I kraine, ;ind directed his course thither wlifre .some poor pe.isiiiits ' dead, and look care of him. Their warlike ruvin;'|ifc suited his disposition; he made liiinst If conspicuous und beloved by his de.x- tmly, bodily sirenKth, and coiiri.Ke , his tnowlcdK'.' and saBaeity procured him the postofsecretary and adjutant to the hettman iSamoilowitu; and, in Kw;, he was elected in I us place. Ho gained theconlldence of l',.ter |l he Great, who luaded him with honours jiand he was finally made prince of the Tk- :| "Ive to throw off the yoke ,.f subordination II joined with Charles Xll, who had jt "".'tion. Ioralon« tin-.e the intriirues of ^«q.paaj,.,ii„st I'eter wrv disi eU v .d by ;l;;;l:U.er,tM.tatlen,,hheopenl'ri:iS ^^u.hrih;;-;;.^r^;--',«!;;-^^,'--^;K;; MA/ZHINOI, JoHKi-M, Count a iiuiin >fulshedcompo.er. w«, i'.,, di«cendaiit ' f -„ cinlnent Tu»en„ fan.llr, but wai born "C KnKland, and of i.ii l-UKlish mother, le was very early „„tea for hit musical nbilitv and so lneeM.'.,tly were hi*. ..udles pu,s,„.d' nnd .0 ably ,.-eetea by hi. p.eceptirs, I at he W1-, considered .,ualifled for the dilfleu , post of diieetor of tho opera house when he I he theatre bein« destroyed by lire in ITMj amouK the valuable property ihat was l,,,, opera, i,u l.ocauda," and Mu/./hinKi re ,, Ihe Itlina (Jirl," the "Turnpike (;«te •" Mul and VirKinla,- and a Iouk ll,t .,f o her once popular pieces, were from hi J ;;d';:;u.;;;::iicdio leaVe via. i;.n;d:m." i;j; i ast;S iZJ^^r ' :l 'p^l^K ''LS'' IV jv tlioiiKh a price was set upon his head, .Ma- ugcd W». lomy. una, INU, JlltrV'^-^^b '"'x^v.co, an Italian palnt(r, born at Kerrara about IHI. He i* sometime, call.,! Lodovico IVrrarese, and Horn >asariii sliKht mention of him by a atSJe'i"'," '' H ""^"^r'^'vc. be. n sometime attributed to other art sis. He ,.\eelled !■• Pictures of Muall .i/e. to which he J, ei hi«h flnlsh. and in which he usually painted architectural backgr,.„„ds. He w„^s^ '.' /, of .orenzo Costa. Th. re are three of his pictures in the National (iulUrr, eon, d.r ed J{o.H examples of his .tyle. His best ^orV Christ disputing with the Doctors."!, in .MA//ICHI.I.I.I, OtA.MMUlIA, Count u \enelian nobleman, was born nt Itreseia in 1.1'.. became keeper of the public iil.rary there and died in Kr.V He early projec ed u series of bioKraphics of all the \ mi, en wrifrs of Italy, and devoted his Hlv to he necomplishment of the task. His^reat work » entitled "(ill .scriitori ditalia." a dU n . -Ho? ';"' 1 . ''" '^" '"^">' ''"^''» '« «>an« s^rip , besides a very voluminous corn;. spondence. ^■^•^^. .MA/Zl OI.I, ruA.NCK.sto, a celebrated pninter,knownby thenameofl'AH.Mi(,UN„ «l,fre somc'poor pe,-.V.ints'h;u\";i°ViurhVin .u-'mah^^^^^^^ '" '*'*■ . "'' ^' ^•""'^• dead, and took care of him. Their warli^^f p:Vk'!'anl H/l'l^.r^lV .ril^^l^tij^^ he studied the works of .Michael .\n«clo and aphael,and was employed in the Vatican He narrowly esc ,.ped with his life at the sack of Home by the Con.stable de llourbon, when he was rinishiii^ the line picture now in the .National Uallory entitled " l he \ isioii of .St Jerome •• o,,., ^f his most f.imous frescoes is MosesbreakiniftheTaliKsofther^w "In 'i ch.irch nt I'arma. Hi, reputation is « painter was very jtreat. but in his last rears be wasted his enerK.es in the delusive labour, ofalcbeiny. Died, IJ^O. MiC.UI., Al.K\AM.Kl;. DD, a distin- Kuished church of KiiKland divine and He- bn w ana Itabbinical scholar, was born at J'ublin, May !<;. 17;,',.. He entered Trinity "'.'■*"■•.'.'"''''"-'" "^n.»;radu..t.d II A. in !H J. i.„d !«-. rur,*- tuivf to the ear: of Koss,,. ouue cuuiiciit as u^tiouomer and mathc Juatlclan. After a short vi.it to I'uUnd as W 1)^ !• i i . w Ui iluiiin •fl i i t Ifl ; I I » I 1 Ml' l»! 1 '' ; 11 1. ■I 1 '' ' '1" ! 1. t J Si I lit I 1L 1 1 ' t J i i ' 1 h'W 1 ili I i 1^ C J 1 i'W - i l'"P 1 A ' E-'t s liJ kuM mca] ^ iflco) SlnibcrtBl 19iogrnp{)t>. mlitionary to the Jewi, he wa* ordained in 1S22 ; wont ioon HftiT to Ht I'ttrrstiurn and obtPlnod from the Knipcror AU-xiindcr pro- tection fur thii ntlkiiiou til I'oliind , and tn 183'i bocunio a home inisiionarjr of the Lon- don Jews Hoclety. Mo nshiKtrJ in the trani- lation of the Now Trstnnu-nt nnd the An Rllcan I.iturK)' Into Hobrrw. and wni iroiitcd P.I), honorti fiiuia bv tlie univirsl'y of Dublin, in 1837. Thr«(> yearn Inter bo wn« nnnicd princlpnl of thr Hebrew Collcgo for MUilonnrr ntudontii, \\n* noon after cnlled tothcchairof Hebrew nnd UiibbinlrnI Liter- ature at Klng'ii College. London, and In IMS to the chair of Divinity. Dr Mcl'uul was ori'cred the bishopric of .lerusalcm, and aUo hli choice of the colonial «eei of Melbourne, Adelaide, Nowra»tle, and Capetown. He bc- cnine rector of St Jnnies, l)uke« I'lace, Lon- don, in 1S43, rector of Wt Magnus, l^ondon Hrldge, in 18ii», and on the reyiyal of fonvo- cntlon W2? "'■ ■ ' '."roctor for the diocese of I/ondon, niiuh office he llllel at the time of hit decease. Among the numerous writings ; of Dr McCauI the most noteworthy are— •'The Old ratlin," " Sketchei* of Judaism," " Kinichis Commentary on Zechariah trnns- Lited," "NVarburtonlan L«ctures, IJoyle Lec- tures, and " An Kxamination of Illshop Colenso s Dillliultles." Of the last, his latist work, IM.OW copies were »old in a few months. l»r Mt Caul contributed the essays on " Prophecy •' and "The Mosaic llecords of Creation" to the volume entitled " Aids tolalth." Died, November 13,1 m;.'). A " Me- morial Sketch" by bis eldest son, the Ucv. Joseph II. McCaul, appeared the same year. MKAl), UK IIAHU, an eminent physician, was born at Stepney, in IfiT.^; studied jil Utrecht, Lcyden.and I'adun, where he totik his doctor's dcgri o , and, on his return to Kngland, was appointed physician to ft Thomas's Hospital- He l)ecanie very dii.- tingulshed In his profession, was vice-pro- sidint of the Uoyal Koilety, censor of the tollcge of l'b\*icians, nml physician to (ieorge II. He" int'-rokted hlmi»elf much in the introduction of Inoculation for the small- pox, and assisted in the prillmlnary experi- ments made on criminals. His norks con- sist of " A Mechunical At < mint of I'oisons," a " Discourse loncirning I'l stilcnlial Con- tagion," " l>c Imperils S(;i)iB ANHHi.a French abtronumcr and geometrician, »w»s born at Laon, in 17<4. on s^-tiling at I'arls in 1772, he was favourably received ty 1^- iande, who procured for him an apixdntment in the dep6l of marine charts. He calcu- lated the orbit if the comet of 1774, and dis- covered that of 17»1. in 17K3 he was ad- mitted to tb'.r Academy of Sciences, and was tubseiiuenlly employed I" tlie measurement of an arc of the meridian In France and npaii:- rlrrM't*-\i t*i' *^ -....«^«.,. 4.,.,^.. from 1706 to 17»4. Died, 1»05. 66« [hed MKCHITA II, an Armenian monk fn„.j~ of the order of Mochltari'u ^Ts'S"," -- Ho.spent his youth In •si^il'y.tn.i 1676 a priest, but hooii passed fn.m ti,,. c™, church into the church of It'm, L ?^ involved thenceforth in a l' « .md L' / ous (onfllct. Desirous of vi^itlnK ii„„r set out but by weather and iu'l^'^K compelled to return. Uitu » ),,, fni followers, organized at Vera , Ku 'i^"' ' tied in the Morea two )eaM hter ^i founded a convent. 'Ilie cmoucst .,V .1, Morea by the Turks disturlw d ti:,'"', na , I' escaped to Nenice ; the law of 11,,. tate ,. Tented their settling within il,e cilv hnt the small island of San L.'./zai,. was given ' hem There a convent was l.ullt, which has f ..urishi d ever since , ana from the printing-press establish, ,| j,, n a larffonum her of .\rmenian works liave issued Mrchi t.ir was author of a (irai.imarand Dictiunarv of the Armenian language, and of other works. Died, I74!t. M I:DK, JdHKPH, a learned divine, lorn In \r,m, ni Horden, in l>scx ; author of tl'e Clavls Apocalyptica," which is considered by biblical eritics as one of the aWrst ex- positions of the obticure priiphecies to which it refers. Died, l(i38. MKDici, Cathiuinf. UK. fcvTiir J ItlNi: ] n-.vini, j MKDICI, CoH,MO liv.an ilhistrions Pionii ' tine, (.urnanicd ' Father of his Coiintrv " was the son of Oiovanni do Midic;, and wiis born in I3H9. He early took part in the im- portant commercial concerns of his father, and also in the government of tlic Kcpul lie He attended Halthasar Cossa, elected pope ns John XXIII. to the council of Constanre In 1414; and Cossa being there deprived of the papal dignity, found a home at I'loreiKc In \iX\ Ulnaldo de Albizzl, head of a p.iriv opposed to til! Medici, obtained the ehii'f maglstnicy, and Cosmo was banished for ten years. He settled at Venice, and there founded the library in the monastery of SI (ieorge. After one year he was recalled, and his life was thenceforth peaeef\il ami prosperous. As chief iiLiu-Utrale Comho acted with consummate prudence; ahvays aiming to rule without seeniiiii? tu dn so. He employed his inftiK nee and WMlth in the patronage of liti r.iture and art, and h.id among his friends the inii'»>•••» -i-.i.v- by calling in debts from these two otates, and so Incapacitating them for making war. He assisted F.dward IV of England with a larw loan during the SVars of the Uo»es. In hi« latter years Im' applied himself I" stuily, especially of the I'latonic philosophy,. iiiJto farming. Died, aged 71, Anmist 1, U6I. MKDICI, OI.V.N (ilAioMO. 1.M.VIUG- NANO.) Mr.DICI.OtoVASNI. 'LEO XI MKDICI, LORKNZO DK', usually styled a itl-i H iHtto an(brr««l IBiogrnpfjp. Tfi0 Mii(/n{/lffHf, ruler of Flori-ncp, w«i born Januiuy I, IMH ^it> was son of I'lrrodo Medici, wui» curtfiilly educated, and onrly Initiated in iituto Hffairii. In U«fl Uo vlniiod the court of Uonic, and afterwardi tln« pi in- dpul itutf s of North Italy, thu» foririnn re- lation* nfterwards of Iniportnncc to liiiii. At the ago of '21 he married Cl.irico, i» iiuMo lady of tho Or«lnl f«inlly, and tho iaiiin ynir, US9, •ueoreded lil« fitthcr ns heod of tlie I'lorrntino repuMlc. Ml* policy, ploiiucncp, and fusclnatlrig monnrrii iucceodrd, whcro ambition loss nrtfully '. •''" '""temporary writers. Ho died at Careggl. April H it'i> I^renzo mys author of numerous lyri.-;i and other shart poems, many of them of u Ucen tious (Jiaracter, and some devotional. I , Life by Uoscoe is well known ; and is ad! raitu'd now to be far to,, eul.gl" c „nd therefore untrustworthy as a hio .V, -i-k °I'°" "'."'" '" I-orenzo's sons' X., and (ilu QioTanni became pope as Leo liano married France. wJiuir'" ^'-^''Y DK. [MAUY.l MF.IIKMKT ALI, pocha of J „ypt anion., of the most remarkaCle nun of1[,c .«" wa^ born at Chv.IIu, in Uoumelia, In 17?» ' The same year that witne^.d the birth of N.^! eon J uonaparte and th« duke ..f AVeffi ton. Ho commenced life as u tobarcon Is? but afterwards volunteered Into the a,,!,' to Which hi. taste wa, more "m^e la" T^,' hi. new career he soon obtained hiKh f avo ," with the Kovernor of fjivnila. In 17'j- thB period of tho Frrnch Invasion of KKvpi ho raised a larKO body of men for tho st^vlcc of the sultan . and Kave such proofs „r 1,1, mil tary capacity, as led to I.I. elevation to a hijfher command, liy Intriiruo ei m».in. i r„ab/!;V'"^^^"''"»'°'huVol,owe»K wo. then prepared to set tho sultan at d- fl«ncc,h«d the latt.r attempted to overthrow ■ him. Hut thosultan resolrVd to eompVomlsT iil7."„'n"^f M"n ""■""."' '^"""'' fron> K et n thu . "'^°"«''«'<'Kn"-ntof his subjection In this arrangement, which virtu iii»-,^,>r. 'V\l^•'^^^'>•:'»<^' AM the indep." de ,t ruler nJV^ll ^^ '"I" "'^' I'^udenco to acquieuc .n.M^'i'"""^/lH himself steadily to tho con tustracted by Invasion, and at l>est loosoi* {foTcrnod. One great obst.icle to h . beconi! iiK the golo ruler and regenerator of thP country, lay in the presence of th„ Mamo when a^v«; .h^ "!'''■ ';'""'*>■ ^'"- "volution , wntn H waa threatened. He wan resolved that cost whatit might, this barrier should m„d.r,n"'*- ^^ ""' '*"'' ""«' '■" rtrstt h d moderate measures, by offering the Mamc luke. an asylum in a remote p.frt f his do ' min.on.and failing In that, he adopted the i sanjrulnary expedient of decoying the.e ' the w^rk""; r !'/"•.""" '""' comm,.nin»i the work of indlscriminato slaunhter So stern were his measures, that th i .ection of ' the Mamel.ik... were comple ely exUr, ated I rhl.took place in I8U, It wa.aVeed ,ihK' oe Tit wed with horror ; but it answered thi aim of It. author, and ho contln ued" Vu o hoX'"'ov.''r'\-"^'r'*^- ^^''-'-l"'* '"* "i inonty over Nubia, DongoK-.. and Kor dofan. and defeatinjr the Muhabee. in an I arduou. and . ingulnary can pa Un lie assisted the sult.^ in the war of he Oreek i "ootK or the allied n.ivy In the battle «fl hlCfi".? '" ''-/• '**"^'' ^^-'l nigh anni I s ?o .! 'I"""*' P"'*" "' •^''•hon.et .Ml at h s adveriitv if. "■'^'•""- ^^t«lth.tand ng in w», . f' '' • P"^'" n» a ruler of Kgypt ^ <>iJd1n '■"""'•i/'T '•« '""« ""^ this po, se».^ed an army disciplined after the Furo peun fashion. In IMI. -Mehemet .Ml entered CMionof'sv;' ^".^ ''"' """tanforthi'po,^ stsaion of hyria. when the superioritv of hi. ..rmy hu, .Usclplined b.came'^iery,, mnifes,' — • -'r,„a,.rf3, cr.mmrtiid.d the arm* <.>»» against Syria ; and such wa. the vigou? w h HLich ho a..salled tho forces of tho" uhin. 1 13 i I Jl Ji: !lg }*! .'.!! ! I I ' i 1 f ' , .! t i| I 1 m MEIl] K ifl(t» ^Iniucrsal 13i9^rnpl)t). LL. th«t, In autumn Ihuj, ho hud carrM bli vlrUirloui ariiii within a fvw dajr*' march uf Coniliinllnuph'. Fur aoTrn yfurn lubito- qui-ntly, Mvhrnict All riMiiuinitl uiutlitiirlx'd by war, durlHK wliuli hi* active mind was atcadlly directed to the inturnal improTcmcn t of hU kluKdoMi. liut la Ih;|'.>, tho cultan rraolvcd tu have another trial of ttrrnKth with his rclH'lllouii vumnl, and dcipittchcd an army Into Nyrla. AKitln wiit Ibnililm ▼ Ictoriuus on hind, and thu sullnn fuund hinucir deprived of lils niivy, which was delivered Into the hiinda uf Mrhemet All by a tnacheroui admiral. Kngland and the afliut (exccptuiK Vrance) rcaolvcd a tecond time to throw their thield over tho lultiin, and the KiiKli*h ticet, under AJmlral Ntop- furd and HIr ChurlciNnpler, having hattered down and wrenched Itcyruul, Acre, and Siiioa from his Rrusp, Mehemet Ali was compelled torcslKuNyrluto the sultun In 1H4(). During the proKrckS of this war, Mehcinet All exlil- bited un instance of maKnanlinily that is scarcely tu he fuund in tho ann.iU of »ar. At that period Ihetiverland mull wiisns now carried across hiit dominions, wlien, Instead of suipcndinu Its transit, In retaliation for what he must have deeuud an iiKKCcssloa ngainst himself, he commanded that every facility and protection should he Riven to those engaged in tho duly. To raise K^ypt, not only in her armaments but internal re- source s, to the scale of civili/ed Kurope, was his rulinft passion ; nnd In this pursuit he shunned no means likely to prove succcsuful. lie had wars iiith the semibarbaroustrilM's on his own frontiers, who had little chance with his disciplined and well-armed troops, and these coniiuesis served to establish hU power, but he had also to measure his strength with very dUIereut foes, and whom ho Could nover dream of conquirlnR: yet even those collisions with the powers of Kurope did not khake his Kovcrnmcnt, so I broad was the basis on which he had placed I it, and so enliKhtened the views which con- stantly directed his policy. He found Kgypt a pachalicof tho I'orte, abandoned to a rude lyid care!f*s sway, the cflect of which was seen in the neglected state uf cultivation, and the prcvaillnif poverty uf thu inhabit- ants, lie has handed it down to his suc- cessors a powerful kingdom, with ample resources, and, above alt, with order and security prevullinK ; so much so, that fu- reiitnors can travel as safely w llhiu Its limits as in the must clvilited country. Mehemet Ali enjoyed robust health till nearly the close of his life. Hut, alxiut two years before his death, his intellect U-cume clouded, and in Beptember, IHIM, his sceptre passid to the hands uf his stepson. Ibrahim I'asha, on whose de.'Uh, ten months afterwards, it devolved on his grandson. Abbas i'asha, who has since died. Died at Alexandria, August 2, 1M9. MKIII'L, firiK.NNK Hr.sitl, a I eminent ntusical cumpos<>r, was born at Uivet, in Frame, in 1703 ; and 'vas un excellent or- ganist when only lu years old. He settled at Paris in IT*!', where he studied with great advantage under (jluck , beiame inspector at t'.!-- Conservatory of MuhIc , professor uf ;;irj3iitui: ai u:» iiuyai Hwauu:, :::cn:bcrox [mei tho Academy and Institute the I,egion of Honour. me i,egion or Honour. He nnwi. " ' "' operas of " Htratonlce," '• Iraij ■• .-"j '"' l."* " Cora et Alon/o ," «,. Jm.,i,i,., '.u .•'"•'•Ph." '•The Judgment' o^l.kHs;■^•S.t''J«'»' Andromeda," Ae. MKIIIOM Died, Inn. urieus subjects, and a " Mfe of Mac •"«, ' in,"!'"' -IIKINIIH II MK.IUO.M, his ,, n wJ V^""- ment, ho took his degree of .M I) ,i,„ii,- professor of medicine, to which S""« Improve 'CIlliK tdiica tho chairs of history u„J p..etry„,H ',,!;' stadl vvherehediedlnlT.... Il^l',:" PUbiishca forio"^'"''* ""'"" """'•»'^«f""'," a vol.'' MKIHOM, Mako, In Utin MKIiioMiin a Ocrman philologist, was horn In Kohh..' wigjiolstein In l«30. He lived .",,« i ' at the court of Christina, ,,«,.«„ ^r ^I j' ' who gave him a pension, wasupnilbn' rian to Frederick III. of Denmark, and ,, f.^Hor n L pnal university, and then prof4„r of belles lettresatAmsteriu,. Ho ,i. tn l_;nglHndlnl«74 andlei..,,,rmi. 'l^ till r;il. when he • II.., - . ■ ''ft-' ,, .• '"''*^ «t I'trcclit. Amoiii, his works are, a Dialogue on I'roportiun a collecti.in of seven Ureek and latin writi'ti on Music, and aa edition of DioKinw La ertiuB. MKINKUS, CI»U18T()I'II, a German \m torian and miscellaneous writer, was hum in 1,17. at Warstade, Hanover; itmlicj at tidltingen, where he became professor of philosophy, and died in l«10. pro-rector of that university. Among his numeroimvorlii are, " A History of the Origin nnd I'mnrtsi of I'hilosophy among the Greeks," " Hisinrj of the Origin, I'rogreiis, nnd Decline ol the Sciences uinoiig the (ircelts and llomans " and others on kindred siilijects. MKISSNKU, At iiisr GiniMKB, a Ger- man romance writer and driinintist, win born at Hautzen, in I.usntia.in ITi:, studied at l-»>ip»ic and Witteabers,', and was suc- cessively keeper of the archives at Dresden, professor of belles lettrcs ut I'Mgue, and director of the superior schools at Fulda. Uesldes writing a number of hislorieal ro- mances and other works, he traiisliiitd and abridged Huiues History of Kuiiland. Died, ltio7. Mi:i.A, roMl'ONiVS, a Ijitin geographer, who Jived in the 1st century of tlicthristlan era. His treatise, in three books, " De Mitu Urliis," contains o cunclse account of n ■ ifaii'of f.'o world us far us it wiis known to till i;oiii.. as. lly soni" authors hr issuii- r"i;ii,Hl ij hi ■ ! been relsit'd to Seneca and T.l. •*.!. MfcLAXCTHON, rHII.irr,con(lJulorwith I.uther In the Ueformatiun, and one of the wisest and greatest men of his age, was born at Ilretten, in the palatinate of the Uliine, in U!»7. His family ntune was"' bchwar/- erde," of whiih •' Melancthon " l» intemted to be the Greek e(iulvaUnt. Whilestudving at I'fortsheiin he bceanie aci|uainted with the great scholar. Jobann Ucuchliit, whore Qiaincd hsB friisu. lie sczt studie-i :1\ m In MKIlioMlUS. • V"fn In H,:hlci lived .CIO ,i„n^, . wasupTt librn' i'"nmrk,andpii, "idthenprofeMor '"'>■ Hodsitfrt ,»iiy rc»U(;M life L'treclit, AmoiiK on I'roportiuii, a lUd Latin writcn of biogi'iics La '.coadjutor with and one uf the ilmiKe, wnsborn c of the Uliino, was"' Ki'hwaH- on " l» intenitod Whilestuilviiig i('i|uaint('(l with LMii'liliit.whorc- icxt atadicu a? ifltto Sln(t)rrsnl 19fogr(ipf)t). Ih(< dl»pu -- -- .«.,.-. Their ptmoniil otinrnctiTii, huwi-vcr, were widely different i Mflanrtlion tM-Ing ni re tnarkahle for fiimvlty -if nuinncr* an I.iithrr wimfnr Imprtiiiinltx ami iiiilx ndinit flrmnrM. MelAni'thon'» JudKnin ripened by claai ical itiiHy, hi« neiimrti i4 a philutopher and critle, the iincniiiinon dintlneinrai and ordi-r of hl^ Idem, th^• ciuitlon with which hn ad- vanced from doul)t to cerlnlnJy, and the •tedfait iieni with which he held and di>- fended the truth when found, — thin com- bination nf (treat (|imlltlei ami inrrltn, nt all timcirare, tontrihuted (treally to the pro grcii and lucceaa nf the Kerorniation. I'he AiiKihurif ConfeRtilon waa drawn up by [mm, Mflancthon m 1.M0, and, under ihe annc from his poljtleal onnonrnil iUt ll«ll» »•■"•• •■• ■■'•■', w...., .■>.>•. ■ ...1. wiaia^ tlon of the elector of Kaxony, ho aided In framing a code of eecleaiaatieal eonatltu- tiont. He wrote numcroui thenloKlenl treatlies, Latin poemt, worka on history, phlloiophy, *c., and died at ^Vlttenb^r(^, In 1360. His Life wn« written by hli friend Camcrnrlui. A monument to hli memory «ai " inauffurated " at AVIttcnberir In the preiencc of the kin); of I'ruaala nnd a dli- llngulahed aasemblajfe, Noy. I, \Hbli. meliiouum:, mii.mam lamb, vu- count, prime miniater of KiiRland, wai the lecond ion of the llrat I^ord Mellwurne, and was born, March 15th, 177!). He waa edit catfd at Kton, rnmbridRc, and (Jlaajfow, and, on the completion of hia academlral course, he atudied for the bar, and became n member of Lincoln* Inn. ]iut having be- , come, on the death of hla elder briUhcr in HSnj, the reprcsentatire of hli family, he was brought Into the House of Commona, where he Joined the AVhitt party, and gn- dually rose to great distinction for hia llher- allt), talent, and Independence. He married Lady Caroline Ponaonby, daughter of the earl of Hcsborough, celebrated for her literary talent nnd her masculine Inter- ference In political affairs. In IH'27 he b«>- cameiecretiiry for Ireland ; but in IHJH he reslfrned ofBce, and the same year he was called up to the House of Lords by the death of his father. On the formation of Lord (ireys administration. In 1830, he was ap- pointed secretary of the home department »nd the latent eneriry of hia character was then rcTcaled by his able administration ilurinif a period of violence and lawlessness such as has been rarely witnessed In the tnglish annals. In March. 1834, on the re Iremcnt of Urd Orey, l^rd Melbourne succeeded to the premiership ; hut in the autumn of the same year. l^)rd Althorpe's removal from the leadership of the House of lommons was thought to hare so weakened Ihe Kovemment, that William IV. some- what summarily dismissed It, iind called to Robm" P • l^' i^}" "' Wellington and Hi? fot. I, *■'■' ^^\ •<«"'inl«'-ation then iefaiigablolndusVr^orHl'Xo^rt •peel' '"" I ua , --.--,.. --|'|"-a(« •■««•, Jill I n«ll/ I IIP government havinir had only a majority of 4 resl^Ser.'C'""*.'""'':"""- '"'•' ^•"'''•rn^ reslgnetl ; but a misunderstanding respectlnir the appointment of the ladies of the bed- chamt,er prevented the formation of a new ministry under Kir Holvrt I'eel.and he onee more returned to ofHce. m iWl after f •frenuous but vain elTort to efTe'ct some m.Hl.ti.atlon in the corn lows, he finally ?i Ired from hi. hl^h post, and (thougJ. he for jome time afterwards went down to the U Ife. I nder the veil of good-humoured IndiiTcrence and careless ease, ford Mel- bourne concealed many of the best qualltlci or a statesman . a cool and courageous tem- perament a dispassionate and unprejudiced ?o.i!T"" '"'rrovedby lncrs«,nt. thoi^gh not n,a^ hi.'"?!!' «''«•'''"'»''" "Kreeable gentle- n^^^^ * ,*'"' P""**"'"' generation can re- member. In some parts of his character he resembled the JovlaL good humoured. Jrac! leal Sir H Walp,.le . in other., the studZs. I'led at his family seat, Hrocket Hall, Hert- fordshire, Nov. -24, IH4M MKLCHTHAI,. AUNOI.n OK (so called from the Place of hi. residence in Ihcc.nt'm of Interwalden). was the son of a rich Farmer, who havlnir been cruelly treated br A.f.f^'"?"' ?^""' ^'"«''i'«. ""'Icr AllK-rt .if Austria, Arnold conspired with two friend., i-urst and Htaufl'acher, to effect the de- «17?".? "V*"''" <-«»"«'y.«n«l to thephin which they formed, in I307. wasHwitnerland freedom """ "••tomtion of It. anS j«*if"'l;'!.*?¥' I*'. «'^''"*»^t-. the learned Jewish high rabbi of the chief synagogue h„«i * ■"•^' '*." •'«"'•'•'"' «• » profound theologian and philosopher. At an early age he published an intcrestlnR work. called Korban Mlnha." a literary ^ommint on reau in every synagogue on the fast day of fni^ri^HM^'" 'J'-"' " *""' "' ""••' ""P""- ■nee, entitled " Hunat iii>f.ni». •• t,..\,,.j in i»a«. "t--^:ca MELKNDEZ-VALDEZ. Don Juam, u parliamentary leader; for In the Rnrln* »r [h;.S he resigned office, and U.rd Melh SrVe Who. ,>n . the m i'- Ik !c ; i MwUKk Hi 1 '^-T - i 'Mim m mel] % £lm Stniucrsal 13io«rni)!)B- eminent Spani^b pocV, wn» born in 1754, r>t llibera. He wro.o three volumes of poems, which arc rtistinRuisheil for their graceful harmony, elegant diction, and riih imagery. He became councillor o. state, and direc'or of public instruction during the rule of Joseph Huonaparto, and left Spain on tlio rctrcatof the French. HcdiidatMontpcHer, 1817 MELI, GIOVANNI, a Sicilian poet, was born at ralermo, in 1740, and ('estine \ for the medical profession. His poetical works arc of various, kinds, but the most admired are his Idylls and his love songs. Died, 1815. MKl-ITO, bishop of Sardis, flourished about A. I>. 160— 17.'. He was author of main works, now known only by their title* and a fragment or two preserved by other wiitera. His " Catalogue of tlie Hooks of the Old Tes- anient.' however, is extant, and is the earliest list of them found i Christian literature. Melito addresseu an Aporne by Angels." is considered his finest piece. IMed at Paris, 16H8. MKl-LON, Hauuikt, duchess of St Al- bans, was born al>out the year 1775, and was the po^lliumcus daughter of a Mr Matthew Mdlon, whose widow married a Mr Kntwistli-, a musician. Mrs Kutwislle, who was an acoompiished woman, went on the stage; and the child early followed hi r example. .\t Ungth, while playing at Staf- ford, in Stanton's c<»mpany, she was intro- duced to lllihard Hrinsley Sheridan, and under his patronage she made her d«but at Hrury Lane, in January, 1795, as I ydia Langulch, in the Uivals ; and although she attracted but little notice at flrst, she graduallv rose in public estimation. Foe several vear* Thomas Coutts, K»q , the wealthy "bankir, had evinced for her a strong degree of friendship , and he married htr almo'.t immediately after the death of his wife, which happened in 1H14. In 18'.>2 he died, appointing his widow uni- versal legatee, and iM'queathing to her his ghare in the Imnking-bouse and business in the Strand, and all benefit and Interest to arise therefrom. After her marriage she had to endure every species of slander and detrsction, but she wisely bore it in silence ; and when assailed by a hont of unprincipled scribblers, who thought that by vile threats they could extort brilMS for silence, »he had flrmness and spirit enough to re»i»t them. In June, 1h27, she married William, duke of St Alban'B, then in the 27th year of his age. She died, Aug. 6, 1837. The »^ul'',,"_f li*""" iirimcnsc property, sachidi::;; iSic haif-^-r ■•"?* of the banking-house, the mansion in Strat- tou Street, and all her moveablei, plate, [me l I diamonds, &c. , she bequeathed to Mlsi Aneph Hurdett, youv.geat daughter of sir Francis Hurdctt, and grand-dnughter uf Mr Coutts who in eonsciiuence took the name of Coutta' MKLMOTH, \ViU.i\M, an emiiiont >,d"o cate and miscellaneous writer, was born In 1666. He was a bencher of Lincoln's Inn and in conjunction with I'ccre Williams' edited Vernon's Ueports, but he wascliipfly known as the author of a book entitled " Ttie Great Importance of a Ucllgious Life" which has gone through numerous editions and is forgotten. Died, 1743. ' MiaiMOTH, William, son of the pre- ceding, was born in 1710. He published ex- cellent trans'iations of Pliny's and ('icero's Epistles. He wr.s also the author of tl'e " Letters," which bear the name of Sir Thomas Fitzosbornc ; some poems in Dods- ley's collection, and memoirs of hi.x father. He wr.8 brought up to the law, became a commissionerof bankrupts, and died in 1799 MELOZ/0 1)V FOlil.I, a celebrated Ita- lian painter, was born about U.'S. His biography is involved in obscurity, but it is pretty certain that his style was formed after that of IMcro delln Kraneesca. He obtained the favour of I'opo sixtus IV., was one of the tlrst members of the Academy of St Luke, and was emplnjed to paint a fresco in commemoration of the restoration of the Vatican Library. This occupied him from 1475 — 1480. He hiid previously decor- ated the tribune of the Church of the Apo- stles for Cardinal UiarJo. Mclozzn wasthe friend of (iiovannl Santi.thc father of Ra- phael, and there are Interesting traces in his works of Santi's influence on him Many paintings which have been attributed to Melozjio are now believed to be the works of his scholar I'aln-.e7./,ano. Died, 1194. MELVIL, f'ir JAMKS.a Scottish statesman and historian, was the son of Ix>rd Keith, and born in 1.530. He became page to Mary, queen of Scots; afterwards he entered into the service of the duke of Montmorency. t)tt his return to Scotland, In 1561, he was appointed privy-councillor, and gentleman of the iM'dcbaraber to Uueen Mary, and con- tinued her confldcntinl servant until her| confinement In Lochleven Castle. HediodI in 16o«i ; but his" Memoirs, containin? the, most remarkable Aff.iirsof State, ' by lon|?; unknown in the castle of Kdinburgh, andl were not published till 1683. j M I:LVI LLE, A N nUK.w, a learned Scottish professor and promoter of the lieformation, was born In 1545. At the age of U he went to the university of St Andrew's, and after smd:;ing there five years, completed hn education at I'arls and Poitiers. He next lived at (icncva, where he held the chair of Humanity, nnd enjoyed the friendship of IK'Ka, and > imr leading reformers. Return- ing to Scotland. i;i 1574, l.e was chosen prin- cipal of (ilasgow College, and rendrn>d (m- purtant services to the cau.e of education and literature, both by his noble enthusiasm and personal Influence, and by the reforms he Introduced. After six ye.ars he was called to St Andrew's to fill the o«>^^« .» P' "Xd ../ u. «.,«•. r"„ih-LM.. He distinguished nlm'sclf by his xeal and courage, in oppujing 0.C arbltmry meMurcs of the court, and m biel] ^ iSctP ^niiJtrsal 13fogrnpf)r). promotiiifr the establishment of tbo prcsby- teriiin form of church government, and, In 1.582, was prosecuted «nd Imprisontd. He escaped, however, and for a time took refua>c in EnglaiKl ; resuniins his professorship In IJSS.and pursuing the same course in public affairs as l)cfore. James I. called him to London, the year after his accession to the ttirono of Kngland, and, in 1607, he was im- prisoned by a sentence of the privy council. After several years' continement he was al- lowed to Ko abroad, and accepted a chair In tlic university of Sedan, where he died in 1622. An interostinj? " Life of Andrew Mel- ville " has been written by Dr M'Crie. MELVILLE, Hknuy Dundas, V'jcount, the son of Lord Arnistonc, a Scotch Jtidgo, was born in 1740 ; received his education ut tlieanivcrsity of Edinburgh . in 1773 became solioitor-general ; and s.jon after was ap- pointed to the offices of lord advocate, and joint keeper of the signet fi)r .Scotland. In i;wiie was made privycounrillor and trea- I surer of the navy ; and from that time ho I took a hading part in all the measures of the Pitt administration. He was appointed president of the Hoard of Control, at its formation ; in 1791, made secretary for the Hnm2 Department ; and, in 179J, secretary of ^Var, which latter post he held till Mr Pitts retirement from ofHcc. Ho was then created a viscount ; and when Mr Pitt again became premier, ho was niacio first lord of the Admiralty, itut a variety of charges had been pot up against him by the oppo- sition, and in 18(1.5 he was impeached by the Commons; though ho was acquitted of the alleged malver,sation.s, and only p-oved to have been negligent of hU duty with respect to his agents, he took no further part in public affairs, and died in IHll. Tor many years his inlluence in Scotland was supreme I and his countrymen, to mark their gratitude' tor his services, ertited a monument to Us niomory in the Scotch metropolis. .MK.MLINC, H.\N.s, one of the best paint- ersof the 1.5th century. Hid name haiN-en spelt in an intinite variety of ways, most commonly PS MKMl.i.Sdor Hkmling i,„t recent mvestigations b\ Mr W. H. w'calo ,,MK.MI,I.S( The place and date both of his Hbi th and death are unknown, but he is ij lelieved to hiive paintea from 147o— U'ti He was ft pupil „f u,,^,,,^ ,,.,„ j,.^ ^v-.,■Uo..■ Ij I IS certain also that he was a rich anil h"-' Mfluent.al Citizen of liruges in U?!). and that I many of his tl„e,t works were executed ,, , to city. He i,,,idto havevi.iedllHly ! (.erinaDy..ind Spain, and to have been in the' rth:«''"'""l':' t"« "old. dunng hi war «1th the SwH, Cantons. In tb<. hospital of ' .10" ^h '7'"' ■."''*'' "ChAsse de Ste ^r s'dp he legendary gfory of St Vrsull ,pa mtedon the compartment, o, a beaSl [men I »""»" examples of this master one f.f i^^ recently presented by the Queen mk™ works attributed to Memllnc "re icnt^^r^H through various Kuropean gallerfe. The admirable triptych by him IntheAcidemv of Bruges, has been this year (McoiJeoiT sSy" '^'^'•""'""'''"S'-aphV hy'.hc iruSdei SInAo'/!^,Vt v« ^^^'\^^'^^^h SIMONE.] MfcNAOIv, (.IM,KS, r. distinguished man Of letters, was born in 1013, at An -er^ whrrn his father was kings advocate fed"dSted himself solely to literary pursuits a^d being received into the hoJsc' of C r.irnal .fe lietz, soon made himself known by hVs 'v ? and interesting work. "veiy MKNANDEU, one of the most celebrated of the (,reek comic poets, was born .t Athens .If. „. r. . and is said to have drowned ivarr'h;;em*"r';r "( ^""^ ""«-- "rhis [iih... I ■ ''.^''"'*'<'' "omc accounts at- ),l K*- K '* '■''"**' *« accident, li. c Tl in the harbour of the rineus. Ho conrSieS comed.es; but there are only a fcvr 108 fragments remaining of them Mnn«r.,in. was the disciple of TheophmTtu. anT ifke him excelled in the delineation c7chan,'ct?r p^i^ifr^.eX?S^^rS^l -MenaX.''"" '"''"''''' "' translaunrivom MENDELSSOHN-, MosEs, a celebrated >-MK rates of the Jews," was bora of an He wL^h' "i"^' '""'ily.atDessau n n's He was bred to merchandise, but deToied himself to literature, in which he acSd 4 dUtingu.Hhed reputation. In l74>he«eN Iled at Herlin. where subsequen iV he en oyed the friendship of Lessi,,^ ^n n?3 e pubhshed his first piece, entifled"poS •in Metuphysiker." it was written incoh Junction with I^ssi, g. His be.. L„n»n worii i» tiio >• Tit... 1 .. . * *' Known worn IS tne rhwdon," a IMscourse on th« Immortality of the Soul. He also wroto - Uriefe ueber die Kmpfl.idung.n.'- ' MoTgen^ stunden." "Jerusalem." .v,!' At one time he wa. associated with Lessing. Uamlcr Abbot, and Mcol..i. in conducting a per od leal work entitled •• Hibliothek der Schflnen th.t."?^'^"';i':" ;■ "** ^O" remarkibetW 1 for ,T'""''\', '"^'•'""•"f hisdispnsi.io,^' ani for th.- excellence of his charac rtuh„ n.an ut genius, and it IsVehite.l ;;f h m that he ,VH» i„ the habit of ,ny ng J hen I was a boy p....,„e used to .^11 "fe 'he son. and now they call n,- ..,c father, of «n I the ffrnat McndoUsolin." Thn prrrooify of his son's inuKiciil tftlcnt surpfisscil even tlii\t of Mozart. Hi-foro lie was ri){lit yearn of ajfo, tl\o accuracy of hi* car, the strmnth of hitt memory, nnream," which produced an elec- trical eflTect. llMvinR now resolved to tievote himself exclusively to the artist life, he was appointed, in IS."?.!, to the directorship of the concerts and theatre of Diisseldorf, where, in IB35, he produced his great oratorio of "Paulus;" and 10 years afterwards he ac- cepted the same office at I,eipsie, whither young men of talent flocked from all parts of Kurope, as well to seek the acfpinint- ance of the leading professor of the day, as to submit their own productions to his Judgment. He afterwards accepted the njusical directorship at Merlin, at tlieearnest entreaty of the king of rrussia.btit resigned it after a short time, nng remembered. Hut alniut ihs time his health bi gan to fail, his strength lH>ing exhausted by fatlpue iind escitemi'nt ; and tlie sudden death of a favouriti' sister at tills periiMl inflicted upon his nt-rvoiis sys- tem a blow from which it never fully reco vered. After trying to recruit his henlth and spirits amidst the scenery of the Alps, he returni'il to his home apparently in better health, but It again gave way, and on the Hih November, IhiT, the great muster and noble artist ceased tr, bresithe. As a com- poser, Mendelssohn travclleil over a wide fleld of art. liut his genius as it reacheii maturity l>ecamc more and more profound and lofty ; and his twocratorios, " Tauliis " »nd " KMjah," will i'jiit't hi^ ititrSt riidtifiit^ monuments. His symphonies are ranked only aecond to those of Haydn, Moxart, and llee hovcn. The dramatic rharactorof 1,1, genhis is evinced, not only by hUv'mV opera above memmned, but by bis .leii "" music to the Midsu.iiuier Night's ] ronm by his -First AVnlpurgis Ni'h t," ^ ;, powerful choruses for " Antigone " " u lie," and "(Kclliuis." Ti,,. (..w'so,,., t wrote, and more especially the " 1,1, dc,-ol, A\orfe," show that as a grnceful and i" pressive melodist he has no superior M..., delRsohn was singularly happy in rvorv character and relation of lif,.. n,,r„ ,„ ,„ , / cnce and case, he pursup.l art with an ,irdo iir and activity scarcely ever paralleknl; Z his artist life was an unbiokeu career nf' triumph. As a num, he enjoved the lovei and esteem of every one who knew iiin,.! that it would scarcely be too much to sav" that he had not i\n enciiiy in the worl,l. a,,' Hnglish translation of the Letters of .Men delssohn, by Lady Wallace, has lately been published. '' MKNDKZ-PINTO. FF.itiiiNMNn. a cele , brated traveller, was Imrn in I'oita-al of a respectable fimily. lie depfirtcl for the I Indies in 1537, and, on the vov.nj?e, the shipi was taken by the Moors, wlioVarrled her to * Mocha, where he was sold for a slave; Initi after some adventures he arrived at Oririiz and afterwards pursued his oiifinal olijpct' In 1558 he returned to his native eouniryi and published a very curious, but roinnntio,' relation of his voyii;;rs, wliieh was trans- lated into French and Kngllsh. i-Vom )iis excessive credulity. Mendez-l'into has been classed with Sir John Mandeville ; and for extravagant fictions his name has becomea by- word. MF.NDOZA, DlEfiO HtnT.\DO, a distin- guished Spanish statesman, soldier, and his- torian, was bora at (Jranada in 150.), After studying at the universities of (iranndannd | SAlainanca he entered the siivieeof tlicEm- I peror Charles V., and \v,is eiiipJDTcd inltiilyi! both as diplomatist and general.'witli eqiiiil -I success. He at last fell under lliedispjoiisuiej of I'hilip n. of Spain, and in 1,^(17 was hiii. ished. He spent his last years in litprarr I lalHiurs, forming a valuable library iiiijj writing Ins gnat work, the " (iuerni dc | (iranada contra los Morisoos," the noble i truth and fearless Impartiality of which prevented its publication for many yo.irs. i Mendcixa was aiithnr of m;:ny poems, some i of which were publislud in liilii, theyearin which his History first appearedi Died at Madrid, 157'^ M KN KN 1 1'S I ANATIIS, AfinirP.V.consul] of Hume, II. r. .'>(i:t. He is celebrated for hisj successful inter ventioii on occasion of the; secession of the plet)eians to the Sarred Mount, when he is said to have nlatedthe fatde of the belly and the mcni!«rs, and died at an advamed a^e, \eiy poor, hut universally esteemed fur his wisdom and integrity. . : MKNti.s, Anton it UMi.vKi.,adi«tin?iii»nv ed painter, who has been eallid thelfaphacl of liermany, was born ut Aiissig, in lleho-j mla, in 17'JH He studied under bis father,! who was painter to Ausjiistus Hi .UnifOfi »> i__ 1 -r... ._!.:. .u I.. I i.n 11, mil' where he was patronized bv (barbs lIl.,l4inK0i Spain, for whom he executed a number ofj |t,i.:,-i #:3 II I 1 1 l.i 1!. ' men] ^ £lcfs> BnHittsal ISCograpfjj). pictures. 'I'lie most ci'Ichriitcd of tlicso la tlie "Apotheosis of Tnijaii," in tlic royal palace of Miidriil. Tlie Uiic eojiy of Ha- pliael's " Seliool of Athens, " now ut North- uuiberlaiid Jlouse, is the work of AteiiKit.and tlicro is ail altar piece of his at All Souls' C'ollojfp, Oxford. MeiiKs wrote several works on his art, wliieli .vere traiKslateil jiUo Jiiig- li».|i, and (lied, at lioine, in 177!). MKM.NyKl, or .Mi:.\I\. I'lt.VN^ois MKS- (iMJ:N, a learned orientalist, was i)orn, in 1623, in J.orraine ; htudied at Konip ; aceom- paiiieil the I'olisli anibastiador to Constanti- nople, ill liij-', and ac'jiiired the Turkish iunguasfo; became principal interpreter of llie oriental lanKiiaKis at Vienn.i, and was intrusted with .several important eonnnis sions. His principal work is a Turkish, Arabic, and I'ersiau Dictionary. Died' 1(11)8 ' cLikutr grasped, with a „ "hand tho r. r of Rovernnient; but wi,,... i!i ' "*- '""» raised to its highest „7.ti^ P"**'"*" *»"» •e/zled a sun. of inoney ,",■,,//,:''''' •'"'■ intended for his sister ),V.. '^•"P'Tor to perpetual ciile 'to'sitr r„rd''hi:''''^"'' menso estate was conll,,citc ' i. ", ,'"'- (lied at Oldcslo, near llamhnrg, in l,5(il ME.NOU, J.AHU K.s I"it.VN(,-(ii.-i, Huron de Frcuch Kcneral, wa.s horn in Touraine in 1(50. He was a deputy of thoiwhlnst to the statcs-Rcnerai in 17HU, joined the rj «f/„< and took an active part on the popular .side without acquiiin- the eonlideace of the leaders. He was employed in the Vendean war, led the attack on the laubnurir Saint Antumc in .May, 17:)u, and was named by tl„. Convention general of th.^ army of the inte- f'?hrw".""; ?■""">' "^ ""-' '•' Vend-nniaire (jth OcbibeiV, he Iv!^l^ed to attack the se. tioiiLepellefer, for which he was arrested and tried, lu.t obtained an acciuiltal It . aoconipMucd Napoleon in the ..xpedition o ■If pt.niarnedthere.and professed himself a lohamnudan, asMimin;- the name A(h1. 1 ah yiMiauKd commander-in-chiefon the .It a .' of Kieber, was defeated by Ab.reron.bvu 11.0 battle of Alexandria, and afterwards be » .. ^ J'l'-ian statesman and irrneril Mew "■: U 'T'''' "">' '■-""'-' -i«;of ;!j;:Lt!!;i:';;i;..'ir'i:^,,^j! ';'' "'"' iliHernin:; his j-reat oowcV 1^ »'h the companion uf I'eter in hu ./ . I ugiotiuirpro ^r!r:!iT--r«''ii.H"";o;:u;^!£Sk//' '»i"ion to take the air occasion •''' '"''■ also relieved of the h. .v ■ ' '"' ""* J"i-1 worn niany ,.a" H V"'."'''^'' ''<■' "'■•ny Jiars. He dud in i7yo^ and I Iho dea had worn av d 7(» years. -:d^:^r::;^i;,tj'r;V7V^^;;i.,js protector in C rd u , lib '[""',','' •'V'"'"'^'- ..,........,,,....„■„,, ■•:-,';; iS'L- to the r.ink of uobilitv i,v r , i . ruiscd .'..u „f ■,„.,.i',"™"',;7 ;;, ; ;".."J."„„d. »'S" (S'J.'Sk •" ""■■»•• ttiu liiki'titor of " treatise, and other iX 673 'IJI ■5..: «t il mer] % ^m SRntbersnl ISiograp^p. [mer sented by strniRht lines, wliieh nas the effrct of eiilnrKing the dcKreeg of latitude as they recede from the equator. Died, Ift'M. MKUCATUK, NICHOLAS, an eminent ma- theniulieian, was born in llolstein, about IGIO. Ho settled in Kntfland, where he be- came fellow of the Uoyal fiociety ; and died about ir.lM). Ills works are " Cosmogra- T)hia," " Itationes ^lathematieii'," " Hypo- thesis Astronomioa," " l.oftarithiuotechnla," an exposition of u new and InRrnious me- thod of eonstructinK loRarithms, &c. MKUCIKU, liAUTHfil.i MI. a learned I'reneh bihllojjraplier, known by the name of the Abbi' tic St I.ojf' r, was born at Lyons, Hi 17:U. He enttnil into the icliRious so "iefy of St (ii'n^vit^ve, of « hich he became librarian, l-ouls XV. gave him tt.c abbey of St .'.ewer of Solssons, of which he was de- jirived and reduced to indigence at the re- volution. He died in 17!»i). MKUCIKH. 1,011s SKHAS'niN.a French miscellaneous writer, was born at I'aris, in 1740. He I'onniienced liis literary career as .1 poet, but soon renounced poetry for criti- cism. He attacked the reputation of Cor- iieille, Haelne, and Voltaire, in his " Kssal snr r.\rt Dramati'iue," and published a vio- lent philippic against the comedians for pay- ing no attention to his remarks. In 17H1 ho published, anonymously, the first volume of his " Tableau de Paris;" after which be re- moved to Switzerland, and printed at Neuf- chatel ten more volumes of that work. Ke- lurning home at the beginning of the revolution, he declared himself a friend to liberty, and in inniiTt w ith I'ana he publish- ed " l.cs Annalcs l'olitl«iurs." and "Chron- ique du Mills," two Journals, displaying both nioderalion and spirit, ilti was a mem- ber of the Convention, and voted for the de- ii'iiUon, instead of the death, of the king. Died, isu. MKHl.W, JOHANN ItKi.NAun, perpetual >.' crctary to the Uoyal .\<-,i.!eiiiy of sciences ,.t lie-'m, wMs a native of i.eich«tul, near Mas(>l, iind wa* invited from Holland to lierlin. in 17io, on the reconiiuendation of Maui)crtuis. He enriched the Memoirs of tlie Herlin Academy with numenxiii paper* I'U mathematical and philosophical stibjecli, 'Hie (if the mo^t important of which is a |i.irallel between the philo-iophy of Ix^ibniti and that of Kant. He also published ft tier- ii\an traiislition of the Kssays of David Hume. Died, lWi7. MKIIIAN, MArrilKW, Swiss painter and < ngruver, w.is the son of an eminent en- ^•raYer, and « as born at Basel in 16JI. He studied under Sandrart and other eminent masters, was in high repute as a portrait • painter, siiccerdi h7. MUlllAN, .Maui \ SiuYi.J.A.an ingenious artist, was tlie sitter of the preceding, and w.is born at I'raiikf'irt, in 1017. She uuder- tiiok a Toyasft to Surinam to draw the in- sects a:ul n-ptilt « peculiar to that country, of which, on her return, she published a de- scription with coloured plates, in 'i vols. 4to. V.-r d.~.!!?h!er who .".eec.mpsnicd her to Surinam, added a third volume to thi* work. 'i he mother also published a diwertation on 67* the Generation and TransformationTTrZ Insects of Surinam. Died, 1717 ' ^^^ MKHIVALF, JOHN' llKRMAV nn nmi lawyer and IktVratcur, y^asCnZvt''^ in 1779. lie «tudied'at CanZ^H,,^*""; called to the bar and In 18,31 wafSoinT^i Commissioner of Bankruptcy, a nost whl he held till his death. H^, ed'ltedT,cK Ch|.ncery Ueports, and wrote several rnm phlefs on h'gal subjects. In liicratur„ 1 1 madi' himself known chiefly as a trnnsi ,tnr i contributing to HIand's oU IXoC'' and translating some of Schiller's mS poems. He wrote some original Dopm, DTed'. mf"''" '" *"' "''"''^ P"'"'''*'*: MIUIKIOK, .lAMKS, a divine .mi nocf was horn at Heading in Win- was educated "!.''"'"'!y «,"llf>'c. Oxford; nnrt uicl n 1,0'i. His principal works ,ire, " Pot-ms on Sacred Subjects." " Annotation, on the Psalms," and on the " (lo^pel of St John " ' A metrical version of the Psalms" and a translation of Tryphiodorus. ' MKUSCH, .lOIIN ANDHKW VVN DER leader of the llrabant patiiots in 1780, was born at Meiiin, and eniend the I'rVnch service, in which he Kreativ distintjuishcd himself during the Si>vcn Years' War and acquired the title of "The llrave ricminit" He rose to the rank of lieutciiantcoloncl and afterxvards served in the Austrian .irmv.' When the insurrection was oiRanizi'il in the Netherlands against the .Austrian go- vernment, Vander Mersch was chosen com- mander. Jly a series of Mueeiisfiil operations a^-ainsl the imperial tniops in the Nether- lands. Cilient and Itnisseljfrll into his hands. Through pirty intrigue, however, he w.is renijved from his coinm.'.ad, ana thrown into prison, where he remained till the .\us- trians recovered pos.session of the country. Died. 1792. MFUSKNNF, MAltl.v. a rrench philo- sopher, was born at Oyse, in the province of Maine, in l.^SH. After studying at the eidlege of I.;i Fli'i'lie, at the s.mietime with Descartes, he entered the society of Minims, and became an eminent teacher of philoso- phy anrd; and died in rks ,irc, " I'ocms on niiotations on the :'"*P<'I of St John." f tlie I'salins," and idonis. ;Uiiotsin 1780, was III (red the I'rench really distintjuished en Years' War, and he llrave Fleming," r lieutenant-colonel, 1 the Austrian army. I was organizcil in it the .Austrian go- •h was chosen com- ■iieeessful operations inps in the Nether- I>fill into his hands. \ howi ver, he was ni.'.ad. and thrown niained till tlie .\uj- «ion of the country. <, a Trench philo- ifc, in the province ;cr studyins at the thi' s.mie time with icsoeiely of Minims, teacher of philoso- convent of Xcvcrs. •d to Descartes, and >t of the scientific He wrote a variety liieli the best known, iri(i\is, is his "Har- i died in ItWS. OK, a learned and tie i:ith century, and ■tiich bears his name Merton, in Surrey, iivent of that place. preferments, he be- l'i58 ; was deprived r by the barons, bnt ill I'iiil. and in I'iTl of Rochester. AVal- I hospital at liasiiig- rs r.nd' decayed rain- atioii he took always I Ule^e at Oxford was; : eainc the archetype ' lently founded. Itsi '' was that it was a rdotal institution." MESJ %Meb) ganfbgrg al Iffiograp^pr _ _ , — ^ ixatri' The students were not to bo monks. Tf'o on his death in itit • . ' — sexcentenary of this yenerablo college w«» estate. The ycmnJ IaJ,^ ?'''" '»'» whole fayonrite study, and unrtrr ti. ^"."' **'• of the celebrated "iWrM..^V"-''''''<=e («ft.Tward« liu^are rcVoat/J".. "'""^ Italian opera. Charip. vr ! .*''V"°'lern Vienna in 17'9 and^nVi *."^*'*"** '''"> to] MESMKR, FiUKniiiCH ANTON, a German physician, author of the famous doctrine of animal niagneti.sm, also culled Mcsnierifini, was born in 1731, at Mcrsburjf, in Huabia. He first made his doctrines known to the world in 1"6(), by u work on planetary inllu- ence, published at Vienna, in which he con- tended that the heavenly bodies diffuse throuf^h the universe a subtle fluid, which acts on the nervous system of animated beings. He quitted A'ienna for I'aris, in 1778; gained a number of proselytes, and received a subscription of 3-10,000 livres Government at length appointed a com- mittee of physicians and ntenibers of the Academy of Sciences, anions whom was Franklin, to investigate his pretensions ; and the result of their ■ • ■ ^eiovcu;his'/if^KentSr r= -' for half a centurv ,lMH„'' «cahn u„,,^^^j retained the favouV of Z ^ ■""'""' ^^ "'Hliminished hu oxtr^L r ""'"' '"»""'y |'Hn« admirably s.conde7br'th?t '"'•'"''' considerable attention MESSALA C0KA1M;s, M. Valkuivs Roman consul, orator, and historian, was the friend of Urutus nnd Cn.s»ius, and fought on their side at I'hilippi, it. r. 42. He after- wards attached himself successively to An- tony and Oetaviu.s, served at the battle of .Vctium, .i^and the same year was chosen consul. Ue subdued Aquitania, of which he was made proconsul, and was honoured with .1 triumph. For a short time he held the ■»lfice of prefect of Kome, •.'«. but the same year retired, continuing, however, to hold the ortice of angur. .Messala was the friend of Horace and Tibullus, of Mavcnas and .Vsmius I'olho, and other distinguished men of the age; was the zealous patron of hter- •■mireand art; and one of the most eminerit M'r^.", r i;'"/. ^'''-''^ probably about », ,-." MEnsIFK, ciiAiu.Ks, a French astrun,, |n>n.wasboruinl7;un'„t l,,,do„v?,u; ; I.«n-,oue. For a considerable period he «,is assistant to D.disle, but afterwar s Hcame astronomer to the navy iiu „t <>'"lion was particularly directed to the .-ntin.ent': Te'd'^d l'^ ';7i'"''' ""*' '^'«"'«1 I.orV:';i^dSguS;e*d'"offlcer''!'„'\^^"'^'^''- H'Tvice of his countrv _ •''Jn »he civil HiM, llerks In 178f ^AfTn' "•"■" »* ^•*"» to take cli.iriro r^r » t'^ , ' ^'Ord Minto court of 1. r^^'." f .'«'^"" ""^i"n to the t:^..^'""V'' ?'"' in f'at he was ciimientlysucee.vsful. Died, In 17 .MKM'O.N, Wii,LiA.M, a burle»,,no poet and educated at Aber' 'VM born in ICih. ;-, after Which he-V.--;ru:t<^tC'^!e boua^. carl marshal and bis brother and i] f t i" 1:15, t>y Joining Ih ! i'n'e mu "" /,',': i„ • ^"' '"■ '* '■omembercd cbieflv Si:?:s:ff'-,f-7--uied-^::[£ m, born arA^ML ' «««""C.'h?'J'""r' ommon soldier, named Trnl , *" V,'^ " ne Was onlv In ,-..«« „/ •■•'P'H'tl. >> hen f-ucmpori.ing n'^^se nr'i'r;;'-, ":" .""•-""' "^ of the eelebrat ,1 V'lf .^""""•'' l>'e notice i*w;;;,;;'.;;;i,,r;r5',,r„','';,,;'';'':4''": I^rd Auckland', irHva" -7 ''" '"'','* """' R. j'uring nils short nerioH hi. ..>r„ .. > BovernorofJ..n.i.. ' "" "Ppointed «i->t ho was compelled to reniirn I. «..' ;;rf^''"'''"»rr;s.";:r'Kri r,;;.;.'r.,ri,'!'-i;,Tv;^',>'j';'''i':'',,"^i ' ' "" ""'- "^ '""-ou MetciUfe. I>ied, Bept ia[ 675 IVEift \ I Bill' 11 ! tti" TI met] 11 i^ctQ Slnibersal 13iogrnpf)i). 1846, aged Bl. The " Life ami Corrospond once of I/onl Metcalfe" lias been publislicd by J. W. Kayo. METKLLl, AdosTiNO, on eminent paint er, was born at Uologna, in IGdi). He ex- celled in painting and architecture ; and, in conjunction with Michael Angclo C'olonna, produced scTcral great works. Metclli died at Madrid in ir.60. MKTKLLUS, Q. CKCUM'H, sumntned MACEOONirt's, lioman consul, was born of a distinguished plebeian fan\ily, and while prnptor, H. C. U8, defeated and took prisoner Andriscus, the pretender to the throne of Macedonia. He then commanded against the Achorans.and had nearly closed the war before the arrival of Mumniius. On his re- turn to Home ho had a triumph, rcccired the surname Maccdonicus, and, in 143, was chosen consul. The same year he waa sent to Spain as proconsul, and carried on the Celtiberian AVar, which was finished by U. Pompcius. He was afterwards censor, and died, full of honours, 115. MKTKI.Lrs, (i. CKiMMic. sumamed NfMiniCfs, lioman consul, was nephew of the preceding, and was educated at Athens. After holding various public offices, he was chosen consul, ii. c. 110, and was charged with the conduct of the war against Ju- gurtha, king of Nuniidia. He had virtually brought it to a close when, by an intrigue of his ambitious legate, Caius Marius, he was superseded in c.immand by the latter. He was well received at Home, lo7, both by senate and people, and rcceivisl a triumph. He became one of the firmest supporters of the aristocratic party, was censor in 102, and, through the infiuence of Marius, was exiled two years later. To prevent civil strife and bloodshed on his account, he quietly left Uome and went to Khodes ; whence he was recalled within a year. His eloquence is highly spoken of. MKTKMA'H, U. I'AXU.Uf, surn.imcd Pll'S, Uoman consul, son of the preceding, contributed by hii earnest periiuatiidiis to the recall of his father from exile, lie. !•;>, and thus aequi"ed his honourable surname. He served in tin Social and Samnite NN ars, and Joined the purty of Sulla against Ma- rius, winning s<'ve.Ml great victories. He was chosen consul for ho, and then fur some years commanded against Sertoriusin Spain, I'onipey being associated with him fmin TO. After the ucath of Sertoriun, Metelhis re- turned to Uome, and, with Toinpey, had the honour of a triumph. Metellus was pontifcx maximus, and died probably in C;i. MKTll S, Jamf's, a native of Alkmaar, iu Holland, who has the repute of having Invented refracting t<'le«coi>es about I'loH. It was on the mere report of this invention that Galileo, in the following yi ir, con- structed his first telescope.— His brother, AliUIAN, was professor of mathematics and medicine at I'r.iiuUer, where he died in ItKlii. MKToN, a (ireck muthi'iiintician, wlio (lourisibed iA2 u. c. In the fimt yc.ir of the 87th Olympiad, he oboerved the solnliic at Athens, and invente-'. the cy«le of i'j years, eorrirsponding f>r: ,(y nerirly to J.'ii lunatioivs. Thin »= t.tiirKl thtr 0»iir1rD Niiint^-f, fcuiu its great U6« iu the calendar. 670 Ml/rTEUNICH, CLEMKNTTp^irr-r one of the most eminent statismpn „?,"• dern times, was born av CoK in r-t Kducated at Strasburg, he ear » ol •"^' information regarding' Jul.r'aS''^ travels in (Jermany, Holla-id nmi r ' Uritain ; and having soon UtwldA,,^™.' the diplomatic service, acu'd a^s e'a ?» the (.'ongress of lladstadt, in 1799 w >,„,/,■ ' abilities at onco attracted no ice „^X '." his being appointed secretary of ti'.eTurln" etnbassy at St Petersburg, m 1802, Tn/S trian ambassador, in succession at the coum of Dresden, in 1803, and «edin,in S05 I' ter the peace of I'rcsburg, he ^as ppoinM tinibassador at Pari,, i„ isofi; and in ?hat dc.licato situation, though rcpnsontinr vanquished monarch, he succeeded in L ciliat.ng all who came in contact with him by the urbanity of his manners, and tlieskm with which he maintained hi,' difflcuU a Important position, h, I80:.he wasappointoS chancellor of stale, upon the rosiRnS nf Count Stadion. nndcr whose auspin he had risen to eminence, and whose known ho, tility to France compelled hi, miremcnt after the peace ot Sdionbrunn ; and fornearlv forty years from that period, he exercised almost without control, thehi^licst authority m the Austrian empire. One of his firs' aiiTis after entering on his hish office was to bring about a marriage between Napoleon and an Austrian archduchess, us a means of purchasing a respite for the empire. The negotiations for this purpose he conducted ^ with Champagny, and after Napoleon was di-' vorced from .losepliine, Metternich escorted' Maria I.oulsa to Paris. liiit this expedient' vf a humiliating sacrifice could not be per-' manent; and in IH13, after the ^rcat rrenih disasters in Uussia, war, at the instigation of .Milt'Tnich, wasaguin formally dedarcd by Austria against I'runce. In tlie autumn of that year the (irand Alliance was siRnod at TiH'pIitz, and on the field of I,cipsic,i Metternich was raised to the dignity of ai prince of the empire. In the subsequent: treaties and conferences the newly created' prince took a very prominent part, and he! signed the treaty of I'.iris on behalf ofl Austria. Soon afterwards he paid a visit to this country, and received the honour of ai doctors liood frnni the iiniversitvof Oxford,! In iHli he prcsulid over the Oonjtress o( Vienna, and tmiU a proiiiiiunt part in Ihc variiivis congresses that were held in sue-: ces«ii>ii at I'aiis, ,\ix l:i-Cliapelie, ('arl8bad,| l4iybaib, anil \i :011a; in( uleitinj.' on alli occasions, as far a.« in him lay, the pnnciplej, of the diyine right of kiiifjs, and repressinjj every aspir.itum of the people after oifil,| political, and religious liberty. lni»19hc| wos conii)cIled to flee from Vienna, but he, returned in l^Jl.aiul thou^'h he never aptinl assuniid ottiee, his counsels are saidtohayel swayed the eiiip<'ror down to the mumeutol his de.ilh. Hied, IhJii M KTiUIi:, Jil.lhN AFIltAV hE U, rrench physivi.in, philnsophieal and mis- I illaneoiM v rit'r, was l>orn at St .Mulu, in 17o!l. 11: Ktudied under llnerbaave, and smied lit Puris, servt d as arinj surijeon at ihv baiiif uf i-'>!i!!tn»j , tnt OT tbe pub- lication of his " Histuire ualurelledeLime," ijiiif^l^iiUi; met] % i^fto ganibfran! ^3too[rnpf)». I)uuk, by order of tlie pnrlliiiiMiil, was burnt by the common Ji(inf{ninn. Driven soon from Holland for other offensive writings, (ittncks both on the Sorboiine and the Ta- culty of Mcdifinc, he was invited to Herlln by rrcdcrlik II. in 17>iH, and made render I to the kinff, nnd member of the Aeadenir. Irredcrick is said to liave likeil him ns "a tjcster and in^fcnious madeap, out of nhoni a groat deal of merriment could be liad." Jic did not rest in his new pf)sition, and wnsspckiiig permission to return to I'aris, when he died of a fever broujfht on by ov(>r-' eating, in November, 1751. The most no- torious of his other works was " L'llomnic Machine," which was burnt by the common hanifman at Leyden. His philosophical works, which belong to the materialist and atheistic school, have been several times re- published. Frederick II. read an i:io(;f of La Mctlrie at the Academv. which says Carlylc, might as well have been spared in 1746, he was compelled to withdraw from I of Kloouenrn fi.n T ' France, and take refuge in Holland, and the of Dante ie ' ■"^'nc'' Knniug, the c.iunl book, bv order of the parlhiment. wnu hiirnf MI'UUMIIts t ,„^ . states removed to the pro- fes,sorship of hlstorr^n,!. '.*',?!' *** »''«' P"-"- ]>enmark. wh re alt? C '''''" "^ ^""' '" historiographer roy.' in. *"* "PPointed are chielly \., At ?ennn hi ,"'"'''''• ^^ieh nrrs. form ll vol , I. -S^.r^ «"•' man- which all ^vhoCvesin.'wrlM ''""'"'»'■' »« "uhject have b'ei i, .K,!^j''':«"P«»t»'at ^'>'k- Meursius died in Di'ao' " \? ""'''« tre.itun. »<->crai Miluable antiquarian tor drawings of the 1627. METZU, GAliRiEL, n celebrated Dutch painter, born at Leyden, in UJl.'S, who took Gerard Douw. Terburg, and Micris for his modPls, but adopted a less finished style A lady turning her lute, and another washini: her hands m a silver basin held by her ffoman, aie among his best pieces He tr'jftjri^r/. "' ^"'^'"''"">' «""■ «i'o'> MKULKN, Anton Vh.kss van dvu Iwas born at Itrussels. in \m. «y hi ta ' icnts as a painter of battle-pieces he Ja- recommended to Louis XIV., who always i ook h,m on his expeditions Tnd pol^?,^ I out the subjocts Which he desired 1,1 in represent -he painter had ,i ,„„„", la^ opportunities of perfecting himself in th?i about 1 '.50 l?v 1 r ,. ',''""f *""■ '"'f. :«.rai works ,Vi,; ^'^^"' <•'" mitlior of wpiin by tion ponii llie wliijip fputation man authors livinT In hi. » '".'"'^ "' f'« M i;yi:u fh , ? „ H" V"'**- '" '^ ^ou. born in 1m3 1 '.';„f„.^,J'", P»'nter. w.. after nature in Italy and R«T ^"" ""-"'*• died In 1713. ^ "" Switzerland, ana hil'Sn\Vf"r^'?nd"Vhe"rr?l''"''"'"*""«» "oHho, was boVn il 1 ^''^^L^ '''."'•* «' ^'^.;^^^]:!:x!:r{^"Si';?'^s.;: s^:St:^tiJ^HK^;:Ka"3 was author of a - o?.,chi^), "*>'^'''.:"""' »«"» Ktuiste bei d.nf -,!'''"' •*'"'" ^ildenden in 1H24. Me;erwa;^dr^^^^ of line Am at WHn,l^, '°T°r ""^' ■^'••'»J«'my ior to th./c^;rV'' Dn,'',:'-.^ titular council! '-"rLVear*,-,^^,?^:;?' rn'ril"':'' '"r"''""' *«« died in l'.,5-.. H.^i" «■,'••"■ '" iOl.nua «l«rs. and a work o . ''T'"''*"'^ I'''"> w^^;:^i'lt'^^;:;:i?^;^!'i-i^.;v-f«-'"ter. fminent Paint -r iiMna >i .'; '''"'''• t''" passed i,im - '• •"" *"" *""" •— tiav J •■'>«)«r. and ho was afterward* gained mey] ISL iHclM atnibtraal 13iogrnphn. that at yrars of bko he played at a concert, and at !t wim one of the host plnninlo at llcrlin. He wiiH lau|?ht nftcrwurdn by ( le- nienti and the Al)l>(> VokIit at D.iriiiatadt. He ul'terwarilN visited Italy, and fell under the influence of Koisinl, in Imltulion of whose gtyle ho composed ieveral opera*. Tlie tir«t worlt which nmde him a niiin of mark wusthe"(;rociatoin K(tlllo,"in which he uiloptcd an cdectic ityle in which the Uerinan and Italian were blended. It was produced at Venice in IM.'l.und at Paris two years later. Meyerbeer bcciinie the favour- ite composer of the I'arisian public, wh«»c taste he satisfied by the popular works which followed the " <;roci.Uo," and which are now well known ihrouKh lOurope. " Hu- bert lu Diahle" was prodncwl at the operaof I'aris In 1»;)1 ; " I.es Huguenots ", In IH.13 ; " I,e Troph^te," I84'C, " I/Kioile du Nord," 1SA4, and " Dirorah." or "The I'ardoii of IMoerniel," In IM59. He left the manuscript of another gre.it opera, " LAfricaine," which was produced in London In the sum- mer of 181)5. H<'sides his operas Meyer- beer wrote a Staliiit, a Miserere, a 'I'e Deuin, an oratorio, cantata!*, and many snnirs. He had, says a contemporary critic, the inHtinct of the stage, and knew well how to {ratify and retain his juiblic. He was supreme in the French Opira for more than 30 years, was asso( late of the InsUtute, and officer of the Li'Kion of Hunour, member of the Aca tloniy of Fine Art.s at llerlin, and chiipel- moster to the kinj? of I'russia. Hut he w rote no (treat orchestral niunic, nor added one original n\elody to the world's store of sontf. Died at Farih, Ut May, IHCl. His remains were removed with great ceremony to llerlin. MKVKU:K,.Sir .samiki. Uisn,an eml nent antiriuary, was ijorn at London, MHi. After taking iiis dcirrce of H .V. at Oxford, he bcKrarae an advocate in the eccleslaxtlcal and admiralty courts, and soon iM-gan to vary hi« profesKioLnl avix-ations with thone archirological studies which formed the chief l>oast and oci.!< DK, a French histdri.tn, m :ift tmrn in l.'iwer Nor- mandy, in IClo, and educated at the univer- sity of ("aen ; on leaving » Inch he obtained •nilitary emiili>yiii< iit, ami servcNl two or three caiiipaigtm in I'l.iiidris. Having left the army, he proji'ctcd his "Hittory of trance," in writing which lu' was lilicrally encouraged by Cardinal Ki< I" lieu, and after its Completion, in lli.')l,he oliiuintd a pen- sion fi'om the king. In l>>iia he pulillshed an "Abridgment" of his Hiniory. and by the freedom of some of his aiiiiii.idviTsiotiH in it he ilisplcased Colbirt.aiid wasdcpnved of his pension. He died in Ich;!. Jtc-ildrs hit " History of Fratiee, " he wrote • " Trea- tise On the Or:;; uf Ihf rrt-iifh. •' Continuation of the History of the Turks. As an historian, ho is conslderod more hflii than accurate, with a style l,„r,h nndlnSr reel, hut clear, energetic. ..id ncoMi,,„,ii. exhibiting a vigorous coi, ,cneM '"? MI-./,/,()KANTI, Cardinal OirsPr.pp celebrated linguist, was born nt HflLn,',* 1774. He first discovered his extraimMnV" power of acniring foreign lang CthJ attending the wounded Holdi.„ of Nan leoii s armies in the hospital of IloloRmu" which he was chap aln. There h.. i-,,... , tiiiiH3i.bavingb!:enapp:;;;,[:.a';s^^ Greek and Oriental liin^MiaKi, i n 1 1 e im . versity and one of the librarians. After Th. troubles which arose out of the rm,h occupation of Anconn,hc was sent with ™ deputation to Home, where he attracted the notice, and secured the regard, of I'nm; Uiegory XVI. m 18;.;, he Weeded g famous Angclo Mai as prefect of the VatiMii — was made a cardinal on the 13th of FpV ruary, lH;i8-and died on the Ifith of March Hi!)— his death being hastened by theihoclt of the revolution, and the exile of his pro tector, the pope. HyroiisaysofMcz7.,fanii Ho is a walking I'olynlott, and oucht to' have existed at the time of the Tower of liabel as universal interpreter. I tried him in all the tongues of which I knew a single oath, aiKl egad ! he astounded nic-evcn°to my Knglish." In fact, tb.re was scarcelv any Kuropeaii dialect tliat he did notgpealt" During the latter years of Mozzofanti'slifc a bight of the highest interest was annu.i!lv to be witnessed in Home. At the examina- tion of the pupils of the College of the Pro- i p.'iganda, it is custouuiry for each of thci young missionaries of various cmintrioj to| deliver an oration in his own language. Atj these meeting" .Mc//ofanti used to attend andconverM' withalmust all of the scholars- passing with ei)ual flurncy fromtho dialects of the extreme Wes'. to thoseof the extreme Kasl— from Irish, whiili lie spol a^tel Tuscany, Bth March, li?.'!. i.... whose original suriuaiie was Can' III Id a high position in Morcnce lu, than two centuries. His passion for dru. showed itself at a very tarly luc, and lie tiecame the pupil of Htmienic'i (ihirl,ind.ijo At Seventeen he allrncted the notice of. I.i'ren/o de Medici, who employed liim in;| his palace. He vv.is present at the df.nth of 1 oren/o, and iiCtirwards took refuge at Vfiuce and lt.>l -na, hut returned to Flo fence in U!M. He su-m after >Mnt to Home, whithi-r his r' iiowii as sculptor of the " Sleeping Cupid ' li.id jirrccdcMl him. Hc there «xe' iited bis ftiii<>u« i'lc/f}, or Virijin weeping ovi-r the dead Christ. Forthcnext thirty vcars be lived mostly at Florence, but was frequeiitiv i ailed to Hume. .Vliout 1505 Ur tlfrw !::3 ^irjisn ^^r thf dcroratioBOf the council hall of Florence, the " Cartoon •78 MIc] n iStto ©niberaal ISioginpbij. of Pisa," n» it ii vtxUoii. From IrtOH till 1812 he wns enKn)(c in th<- j finest deUiils is unsurpassed by any arti.^t. I lie was also a poet, and the few poems he ' has left are sufficient to show what heights : he could have reached in that sphere. As i I in his face, so in the whole man and his j 11 deeds, there is visible a vast power, with I i I calmness and sadness, lie was greatly loved ' Hand also feared. He was never married, but I j is said to have been once in love. He died pat Rome, on the Isth IVbruary, l.Kii, and jiWfts buried at Fl .rence. A new " I.ifo of !; Jlichaelanijelo," translated from the (iernian I of Herman tlrimm, li;i» rccentlr IHii.'S; np I pearcd. There is a remarkably ^uod account of this great artist iu Mr I'erkiass " Tuse in I Sculptors." MICHAELIS,.I(.iiANN lUviD.a learned orientalist and biblical critic, was l,orn «t I Halle, in Saxony, in 1717, and there edu- cated. He visited i;nj{land about 17io, „„d (for a lime was preacher at the (ierman chapel, M Jami .>'s I'alace, and on his return to Germany was made professor of theoloity jindoricnta literature at (iottinRen. wai honoured with the order of the IVlar Star rom rred on him by the kinjr of Sweden ^uid was made an aulic councillor of Han- over. Ainong the most valuable and best , the ,\ew ristament.' translated into :l.ngl.sh by Jtishop M.irsh.nnd his • (\ „ "'MinuFrr'i''' '-r "f •'•"»•■*■• »'•-'. '"" : ; MlCilAM.IS, JOHANN HKINUKH it I Omnan divine, was born at Ket'en burK" in PHohenstein.in IGCH. n.. „as educated u I 1.0 ipse and Halle, where ho tauiht re'k and Hebrew. In \m he succeeded Fran eke ' Halir , : r. ''*'"'"'^"' •" ""• ""iversity I 01 italic. He afterwards became professor ^rammty and the oriental lanKua,|es"'Df;:i hl?"^!!^','.!'.' .•["^^•'•» r«^NCrn ni ! ,.noi.^„r^^Uu. ,U.veticSoeic.,;\;''WS: ^washj.„„tFiore,.c,.i.A^i,:;^;;:;,K-iv^ !.-t«hllshedasocie,V of Na, ral i 'tory a Horenc... He published •' Nov., Van ,™ Mirii -rr./x;" m". •"•"" '-'''•-'-" worr br.ued Italian sc:ulp't'„"i.;.r^ ,,;,'», ^;'„^; l>oru at Florence iu Idw. iu- was a n.Tnil of Donatello. and assisted hi. in the noZ rn'oi" :nd"'H;rt"';" -^^"' .« -diliii's: cncci, and Hartolomeo Ara«a//i. He i. dlilinRuished a. one of the revivcrsof . I J leal architecture in Italv.l\; built the Medici palace, went into exile wi h lis patron v,mn„ de Medid In H:'a,,^ ,, /£ library of S..n tiiorRio Ma^Rlore k Venice and restor, d the Falaacxo \ Isn.ara at .M U ^' After his r.turn to Florence in U3J u re' « ..red the l-.thu,,, Veeehio. huill the ViHa b:.riVd'in7h.T:;^;...!.r-'» " '*''• -"^ -» Lithuania in I7!»s, H,. ^a, ,..i„,..,,", '/,k ""iversity of Wilna.iuHTpVb h iuVi'; poems while professor of classi.:^ /,'. afu^D „,. „ , *■' ■*■'""■ •'-•'"n anioiiij tuseuuntrv- WI..U. in the foHo.ring year. hi. known MIC] 1^ i^cb) Stnibrrsnl 19iogrnpi)9. putriotUm iind frlrii(l«lil|) wlili fotno loiullnx pnlriotK Icil to liii nrri'ftf luitl liiiprlMUUi'ont. N'litoiico of rxii(> for lilt', lu ii inciiilMT of Kct-rrt soriotim, nnn paNttcil on liiin in INJI. Koiirypnr^latrrlic luililUlinl lilnpocm" Witl- li'urod," ami noon iiUrr wt'iit to Italy, vUit- iiiK (iocllic on hit way. Ho nuliM'tiucntly livrrf»ilon ami at I'nrin, whi'rc, In IHlo, he wan appoiiitrd prolcHaor of Scln- vonic litrratiiii' at tln> coIIcko of rranco. Thi> fanntii'lHiii iiii I i xtravav.uK'c in «lilrh III' liit'l for Honir iinii' iiiilul»;)'il iii IiIh Irctiiro* nt'ccHKitatrd liisilKnii!>nal Iron) tlii> profcxtui' Hhip in iHli. Till' most ndmlred pornit of Mn'kli'wicz aio III!' " (irazynn," '* AncPi- tom," " Sir 'I liii'Mi'Uk," and " Wnllrnrod." IIIH workM have |';i!t>>i>l tlirouKh ninny odi- tionn.nnd liavj' lucn tratiolatrd Into l-'rcnch. 'I'he " Wallniri'd' has Ihtii tr.milntcd nUo into Knglish. Died ut Conntniitiiiuplo, 'JTth Novciiilii'r, ISVV MUKM;. Wm.t.iam Jri.tis, port, wn» born In 17ill, in DiiiiifricKHliiie. In 1711.5 lu> wan rnipliivi d as currrctor at tlir Clarrndon press at Oxfi'rd, where In- puMiKlied » poem, enlled •'The Conruliine," In iiiiltatinn of Mpriiser, uliich he iifierwnrdt repiiMished under llu' title of " Sir Maitvii." lli!> prin- eipal prodiielioil, the IraiioJalion of " The I.UHiad " of ('anioiMiii,appear( d In 1775, pre- flxed to nhieh i^ n hl^turiial and rritienl Intrudnetion. with n Life of Catnoi-nii. He waa alio tin' author of many of tin- flneit pieeod in I'.vaiiH's Old llalladn. Kieil in 17'*n. MIl>l>LKTO.\, liiNYl lis, a celehrated divine and eritie, was horn at York in l«N;t, and ediunted at Trinity ('olleK*', fanihridge, of whieh III' lieeaiiiea fi'llow. In 1717 he was Treated li.l) hy matulaiiius, on whiihoec.i- •Ion he nsisted therlaimof Itr llrntli y, then regiiis prnfi snor, to exorl'itant i»-e«. 'Jliin occatiiincd n lawsuit, in which Middleton triumphed. A persniial enmity was the <'on- •cquenee of this affair, and nhrn Kciulry printcil his proposaU l>ir .i new edition of the Uieek Tei. His iiio-t iiiiportanl work is the " Doctrine of the (ireck Article, a|)|iliid to the fnticism and Illustralioii of thi .Ntw Ti'sianu nt." He fur some time edited tlic new seiieBof "The llrilish Cntlo." MILL, J\S, known iiUo from Ms lonit residence in Italy hy the Italian name uf (ilitvAN.M DKI i.d VifK, WHS nu eminent painter. He was Lorn in 1 landiisin IJ.W.ami having made soim- protjrcs* in liis art, went to Italy, where lie iinproNcd liimseif hy tlio study of the works of Ciprnifi;io and the Caracei. He excelled In siiiali liitliiriiiuf familiar ciiintry scenes, and i -pici.illy in the delineation of aniii.als. In ilicsc lie imi- tated the i.t>l.' of llamlioccio. .e»t paintiiik's 111 corated tlie !niiUiiiif-><'atuf ihe duke of Savoy, who named luiii his first p.iintcr, and knliihtnl him. liied, WA. MILULVKLT, ir .\l IKl.VLI.T, .MKIIAKL J.\>./K.v, Dutch painter, was the sun uf a gid'tsniith at Dell'l, and w.s lioni in ISiiS. He hecamc Very distimjiiislied as a portrait- painter, and painted many of ilie sovereigns und eminent jiersons of liis iniie. hied, D'll.— His eldist son was nl.so a porltiiit- painter. .Ml LUIS, FliANS, a celctirafea r^int"' born at I^-yden In IlM, and died in lii»*l. lie wag a pupii of tirrard Duuw, whose ear , ^Wfiii* JV Mii:] ?t iHclu ?!lntUfrsal 13iograpl^p. (Icllcfttr (liil»li he rlvdllPd.and whosiTolour- SOU", Jan iind Wii.r.KM, Ix th of «»lioiii poi irssc'd coMHltlcriilile tjilcnt,nnilii(l(iptc(l tlit'lr fiitlu'r't Mtylo. MIKItIs, I'ltANH, Dutch hlitorlnn ntid nn- tlrimirv, wnn born at Lryilcn in KiUfl. Up win mm brosr, lldeRuiidn, t'ondemnatiou of a Tem- plar, &c. MKiNAnn, riKKHE, snmmncd tho Ito- man, a histmical and portrait painter, « as liiirii at Tioyes, in ChanipaKne, In IBIii. lie studied at Itoiiie, and, dnrini; his re.iidoncc tlipreof 21' years, enjoyed Rrcat favour fri I'arJs, appointed him his principal painter, and directur of the porcelain and tapestry iniinufactories of Sevres and the { Oobelins, any them for his social disposition. Plrd, lti!i5. MIONON, AiiitAli VM, a painter of Frank- fort, was born in ICifi, and died in lar- |lianient as mcinbi r (Ir-t for l'etorl.oroiiirh I nnd afterwards for the countvof NorlhaiiiD- ton; and by l:li/abeth, he Was appointed he hel, f„r 2;t years, and dis.harced with ml and unpaMialitv Ilr «:,s a ITufeMant «n,l probably a, Heart a .'urltan 1 ';' ,' i[_'i;^^|^^^ 177,. ■lu.flrst [mil cnmr to I.ondon na tutor in tho familr of HIr' John Hiuart hut r«TO up that po,, ,^nd de-^ Y.ifod himself entirely to literary p n, .fu In » H he puhlUhed hi. admlrahl, ■^luZr, o irltlsh India; •• „ work of KP-at "ITvl and powerfnl reasoning. Uv also produced several valuahlu works on leKlshillon and moral., vl/. hi. - Kl.nionts of i'.diiici Mind at.d I'r,,, „snnd I'rison Ulscipii,,,.. (olonies, Uwsof Nations, and Iviuction " He was also the eontrit.iitor of m.nnv ex- cellent articles to tho Kneyc|„p„,,iin Itri- tann ea and the IMInhurKh. Westminster, and London Itcvlews. In morals and leRi,. laflon he was the powerful auxiliary of Jeromr Ih'ntham ; In political economy, the ally of Adam Smith and Jtlcardo; and in philosophy ho WIS a f.dlower of liacon and Locke. Ho held tho ottlce of chief examln. r to tho Last India Company. Died. |K1« Jatne, Mill w..., the father%,f the diitit jftil-hod philosophPr, John Stuart Mill, riiiri'.;' '•''•." •'••"■"'■'' «l'vino and hihll- hmd in icVr ^""'."^ ■^'"'''' '" ^V,..tmore. w,:„ "„';'^' '••'•••'»«•'« »'•« educati.,n at Queen H f.,||,.«P. Oxford: hecame rector of (•'.n.'nl '"""'""' "\ •"'^"•••'^'■i' I', prebendary of ( hartes 11 Uc was employed .10 year. In preparing his vnluahic edition of the (ir,.,'k restament. with various rcudin«s, amount iuif to upward, of ;)(i,.mh>. This in.porta, t work appeared In 17o7. IMed In I7U7 MII.l.AU, John, n l.nrncd writer. wa« I'orn at .sh„tts. in I^u.arkshire. in 17.15 and est of I ord Kaime.H. In whoso family he had been a tutor he cbtained, in 1701. U.e pro fessorship of law. which he hold for nearU „f .^k""".*.-- ."'" W"" tl'c author of "The OriKln of the Distinction of Uank. in Society 'an m^nt •• "'" '* "' ""' "■'"«""'' '"» n.. was the •01^ of a paviour at Norw.eh. and bred to he.ame hnslne.g . but having a dislike to 1 , he absconded, and l.t.ame a pupil of Dr lurnoy who w.,s then r. siden't ^t Lynn In l,.5rt he Im eame orcani^t of the ehur. h of /.."^Ko- ''■;,'"Mm'"' ^••■""""•'l "" ''i' loath. fM ..^.V?""'"^ published -Institute* of Music. I ho i:ienuMit.„f riioroiiL.h Mass and (ornposition. iho I'snims of David set o Music, and «rran^•cd lor every Suiulav in the \ci.r.' and 'Thf History and Anti' quitiesof Doncnster.' M I LI. I ; It, Ht (iii.onoof iJip most remark able men that Heoilaiid has produc.d. was horn In Cromarty, in isi.-. When he wn. five years old. his father, the owner of some small vessels employed in thecoiistinK trade perished at sea. and his mother was left dependent for her own support andtheedu- cation of her family „n the generosity of her kindred. At the parish m hool ho was no othcrwiso diHiinRni^he.l than as a harum- .cariim b..y, with a .urn for any literature but that whi.h belonjred to school-i, reader of straoKo books, n teller of nueer storic. a leader in expeditions amontt the caves nnu precipice, of the neijjhbourin^ coast, in his i.thyiMrhr 'rM'tiiiiir u masons apprentice and goon after hi. apprenticMhip expired he '! » 10 I* 1 i v * III f^ 1 t r:! i f I < • ri f H 3 ( . ' . ^ .-|:i )• ( ^1' 'I ' U J. :. . i i ( 1 i! n rri _ j'.i 1 'il I CO I ii < mil] H £Uixi Stntbrrsal ISiogr.ipinj wrnt to Killnburtfli n* a (tonpcuttcr, wurk- Inir with n nqii.iil of Willi (llMipAtPil iiinioni, but Pin|)lo)ln|( hi* liUun* linun In porinit over the Brest clnxnlr nrltcrinf KiikIIiH litcratiirp, and xttiriiiK lii* ininti with the lrrn«nr«'ii thojr cdninin Kvturnlnir to bin native town with iiiipnlrtil hmlth, hp uppiit ■nino of tbo followiiiit )'<':ir« In tho llxblcr work «)f 111* pr<)fr»!»iiiii, mull nil fho prppiirn- tint) of tonibilcincs III tb)> (■(iiiiitrjr rliurch yariU of Cromnrty nnil Hot*. In Ih.'h lir rppalrr«l Id IiiviTiirn*, hIi'Tp hp pulillolird n Toliinie of " I'ormii by ;k Htiinp inasoii," wbli'h Ird to IiIk liclni; rinploycU an mm oi- pnxloiiiil ciintril'iitiir ti> Hip " Iiivitih iw ("ourlrr," on iiilijfit* nf lo( nl tntcmt, tiiul pvpnttially tohi« InlnK nppolntpd ari'ount ant In a brancli liitiik that bad Ihcii ppr n^ tb(> oritan of thiir vIpwh, and appniiiti'd Mr Milh'r tbp Pilllxr. I'ndtr bU Riildancp tlip " Wltnpnn" 'Of wbirh be ultiiiiatf ly bpcanip tlip proprlptiir' iDntlnupil to advocalp with nblllty tbp opiniiOioof tlip I'm' (Ininii , and in thit Journal. Ix-Mdc* nmny oicatlonal ron- tributiunion litprar,urpandi«ipnrp,he wrolp in iucppiksion tbp »prli'« of pappr», whub when aftprward* publiiibpd lollci-tlvply as " Thp Old llPil Sand»tonp/ " Hr«l ItnprpM ion<« of Kngland and Itt I'poplp," and " My SohooUand Sthoolinai.tpr«," not only ranked blin anionK the chlpf KPoloi;l»ti of the agP. but havp tpcurpd him an rndurInK f4mp ni an Kn^lisb author for ihp beauty and purity of their Dtyle. In IKI!* hp publlihed bit "Footprinln of thp Creator," o'le of tbp many answer* < ailed fond by the '• Vpitl|tP* of the Natural Hiktory of Creation," and la »omP rcipeets the muit lytteniatie at well a» the modt el thp miccph* of wbicb, It i* (aid. hU humour greatly eon trlbuted Up died in ITJm The (oniplla- tion railed " J.;e Maiti » Jtntn " wa« tin- work of John Motley 'I lie n«nM> hai, bow ever, noi only been umd to \\Asn otT the original »tock, but tbounand* of othpr Joke* and witticiim*, manufnciurid lonij since the biino* of J'.** Wert' d"P'j§!ted in the churrh- yard of Ht I'lPrnpnti, in thu Htrand Vh^ • atone *tlll exi.t*. with an enltaDh w 1.,? by hi* friend. Htepben l.uck "^ '"'" Mll.I,KU.l'HII,li' KardeMer.nidhot.nl,. la.born in U-M. U, .ucrecUed hi, fuC * KiirdPner to thp Company of Ap„tl>..;" ,1 t t b..l.ea . and .oon di*tinKui.h,.,i 1, , 'V, by hi. knowiedKe of piani,;,""if;";;,;;;,t;",-" CtttPd •om« paper* to tl... Uoyul N,„ loi, if which bn Jx-came a nieniber ; niul in rmi„ p»bll.hed"A (■at«I..Ku«of'Tr.':"K 'laiit*, and 1- lower, in the (Janleii, nm London." Thl» wa* fcdlowed l.y |,|»"(i.r denpr'. Dletlonary ; " a work which lihiKhh eul.iKliPd by Mnnieui. and throuith wlii.i, ll« author ohtainid fr..m foreixner, tlii« nn pellatlon of Uorlutnuorum I'nucein J)'. tween 174J-71 appeared" FlKurcK,! I'lant, adapted to thp Dictionary, In ■> vol. full.') MU other work* are, the" (fardenori K.d(ii' are vpry numerous: among tlu-mtljo princi- pal are, " ^>lcilonnaire des Iteaiix Arts "and! '.tialrrie .M) tlioluKiiiue. ' His kituri'J,| which Were fasliionubly attended, contri- 1 buted, with hU «orU», to diffuse a taste for' the study of antiquities in France, liitd,' MII.MNtiKN, Jamkh, classical arcliieulo- j pi»t, wa* the *on of a Imtih nicrchaiyt ,it ' I.ondoii, and '-Ta» born In 1774. He wascJu-l eated at Westminster Schncjl, liecami' ai banker at I'.iri*, but applied himself ciosfly; to IiIh favourite studU'S. About l(*il he « nit to Italy, where he spent the rest of his lift' Among hi* nioit important wurki an- "Hecneil de i|uel(|uei M^dailte* (ireciiucs int'ilitet , " "' I'eintiires aiitii|iit's inWitPs dc \ a»e» (irets,"' " Ancu-nt Coins of (irci'li Citie* and King*. '"Ac. Dtcd at Kiurencc, IMA MILI.td. Cl-AiaiK FJCINQOI!* X.UIKB,*; French historian, was born at lUsanijun in i 17"-'H. He entered into Hie tocicty of Jtmiiu, liut «iuitted it in consei|ueuce of hi'wi illi- berally treated, and ottMalcd as a preacher at Vemaille* and I.uneville. Fur some time be held the prof.sMiriihipof h'story at I'arnia; but reliui|ui*ned it to Ix i onie prPieplDfto the Duke a Knghien In 1777 he « as ad- mitted to the French Academy. Hiiprinci- e82 [Nil, « »n ••pitaph w.ilten l)ii( It. *i-'l"iiir itiul hotanlii •iinciUi'.! hli fttthor P»ny..fApotli..c,irl... llHtlllKUl.hfd lli|,l,«lf liiiilH. He roimnuiil ;li<- Uoyiil S(„|(.|,,,,f I'llx-r; niulln i:;miH "0 of Trn'i,, shrubs •' tlu' Cliiriliiu near illow.Ml l)y lilii"(i«r. work whi.hij highly ana throUKh wlikli 111 forciKn. r» tlic an- ■ t'iKurt'iof i'ia„„ .. »fy. ill i vol.. foiiu. i • (iardcneri K.ilcii. it's and I'loristii Die- »MiAii, an Y.nulhh •"rn,i:ia.di(ii,irt(f "nl.undlinaiiu'doan of thoSoclityof Aii-I in the C'liattcrtoiiiun liod the whole ufthi'i ni, wilhaKluhMiry. I lAKI.KS IIUUHU, II ' It AMifwllc, in Vi'iJ iilintHutaTcryiaiij' ■t», partlciiLiiiy i;i, ri' niarkcd by (fnat urity. liiid, Ihlti. I I'H, an eminent arl Ht.Wics burn at I'lirisi f Napoleon lie made; L'yn thruUKh France! red reniaini which |! irlookcd. He edit! I ji :loptMiinie " ne,ii;y,j one (if the fuiaiderj'; ufl'aru. His work* I i ondthemtheprinti-l lenlteaux Arts "and! e." His leiturcJ, j jf attended, contri- j :o ditTuse a taste ft.r s ill France. I'ltd, , claiidieal arthieulO' | Imtch nurehim; ,:t ' 1774. He waseiJi' S( hncil, liecanif ii plied himielfeluirly About IHil he « (lit ; the rest of his lilV rtant worki an- Mi'dallle* (irecqucs iitii|iifs ini^diles de nt t'luns of (ireek l»i(d ut Flureiicc, i)rn nt lu janijon in I i le toeiety of Jemiitl, i ueuee of l(in< illi- | lilted 8» a preacher I lie. For some time 1 1 ofh'storyatl'arniii: \ citinir preieptar i" a 1777 he ««« ad- < i)j<-!!!y. Hiiprinci-|; mil] pal worku art', " Klciiionl* of thr HUtor/ of France," 8 vula. ; " Klemcnt* of the Hlotory of KniflnntI," 3 voU. , Kleiiientnof t'lilTernnl HiKtory," I> void., " History of ttio Tnmlia- doiiri," .1 voli. , nnil " I'olltlol nnd MIlliBrT Memoirs towarda th«' HIMury of Loula XIV. and I.oiila XV.," 8 *ola. MII.I.H, ciiAKi.KM, hiitnrliin, wan bnrn at Oreenwich, in I7HH. Ho aerred hli tiino n« clerk to it aulleitor, but rclliiquUliid hit IcKiil puriult* for other* nioro 4'onKt'niiit to his taitten. In IH19, hi> piihllnhi'd hU " Ilia tory of MohiitnmednniHiii," which waaaiie- ceeded by the " History of the Cruaade*," till' " Travel.H of Theodoro Diieas," niid the " Hhlory of Chivalry " Died, lni.% MII..N'K, Coi.IN, divino nnd iiatiiriUUt, WM born at Aberdeen, nnd odurated nt the MnrUelial CullPKe. Il.ivinft born tutor to Lord AlKernon Percy, he obtained, through the interent of the Northumberland family, the rectory of North Chapel, In Kaaev, KU works are n " liotanirni Dictionary," " lii- dlKcnous Uotany, • and " InMitutlona of Ilotany." Died, 1813. MI I,NE,.Io.sici;a, author of the celebrated "Treatiseon Annulllp«nndA»»urance»," w«« clerk in the bankintt-liousc of the Meaar* Ciirrie prevlotia to his betomlnjj ronneeted with the Sun Adduraiiee Company, to which he performed the duties of actuary for up wards of M years. Ho eoutribiitcd Tanoiu memoirs of ((reat practical value on the sub- ject of ninrtality to the Kneyclopiiulla Hrl tnnniea; but his chief work is thi> Trentlso tf) which we hafe already adveriid. ThU, althmiKh published so loni{ nun n» the yeai- 181,5, and notwIthst.indlnR the disndvniitaKc of an Involved and awkward notation, still maintains its place as the most satisfHi tory nnd complete treatise on the subjeet. To Mr Milne the community Is indebt.'d for f he construction of the table* founded """" '•^''■'••''^"'tical a«tl,,u ies anJ t •<-loKy. was born in London h. hii. lie (inished his studies at Douay. In I ivU'V'"^ 7""""'' f'^'""'- »"J '■•""n.enced hapel, Winehoster. In i:m5 ,„. nubli,he.i I 't ;7'" '" "»• Author of a Hook' ailed Candid and Impartial .Sk.-teh of the I.lf, and •lovirnment of Pop,, cLment XIV " Dr at;eMlveobservatiS'c!r';he",^m!:l^^,^!i" inoiic aniKiui V with mi,i..i. «• i tnr.. Vi ,' '" '••"*■ '"' Pul'Iixhed his " Hi. "■•■•' -"t'<.-«l«cntiy, » -. TreaUM on the EcVi;: 1 ^itp mnfbfrta! Vlograpl^n. , t ' ' 1!^ '1 , 1 r N i 1 i • , ' I i , 1 \' I Mi ■I:- i . i mil] fftilecl, Miltindcs Mas sovcrcly woundod, nnrt oil his niurn to AtlionR vrm prosp- outod and imprisoned for dcrcivini^ the pcoplo. His death took place in prison soon after. MILTON, John, the ^rrat Knglish port and illuatrio\is stAtrsmnn, was horn in lin-ad Street, lx)ndon, l)ceenil)rr 9, ICoM. Ilig father, a notary, was a nia,^ of eultiynted mind, and cspeeinlly skilled in niusie ; and Rave him n eareful eduiation, wliieh m.is continued at St I'auls Seliool and the uni- versity of Camhridfte. He entered the latter in 1024, and quitted it in Ifi;)!. without taking his depree of MA. He diftin- BUished himself at CanibridRe hy the ox- ccllence of )iig Latin poenis. The next few years he spent at his father's house In Jtuikinnhamshtre, devoting himself with stieh earnestness as only genius can to study and self-cultivation. Some of his minor poems were probably writtrn during this period. In ic;i7 he set out for Italy, and visiting I'arisonhis wiiy.nuideaccniaintance with (irotiiis. At Tlorenoe he visited the ORcd Galileo in his prison, and at Home Car- dinal Itarlierini received him kindly. After three years' absence news reached him of the politicn'. troiibles wliich were hcRinninR inEnRland, and. passionate lover of liberty «I9 he was, he ha-tened home, to take what part he, as thinker or actcopn< y," and other tractates appeared the »ame year. In 16t:t he married Miss I'owell, datij;hter of an Oxfor.lhhire gentleman attached to the royal cause. She very soon returned to her fath( r'» house, and for her desertion was repudiated hy Milton, who soon after published sue- cessively his several tre.itises . ii divorce. i About the ranie time he passed to the side of i the Independents, and wrote the " Arcopa- gitica," one of tlie most magnificent and I wonderful of his prose works. A reconcili- ation with his wife was brought alnjut by i friendly intervention, and she rt turned to I him In February, IM'.t, he was appointed I Ijitin werctary to the Council of Stale , and . among the dutus assigned to liim were those j of writing n refutation of the sophistienl ; " Kikon Hasilike, " th< n attributed to ("hiirlei i I , and a reply to the viol, nl work of Suin a- i sins in defence of the king and the monarchy. Hence li.e masterly " Kikonoclastes,'- and the noble "lufenre of the People of Kng i land. ■ On the estal li^htnent of the I'ro- tectoratf Milton hecime secretary to Crom- well, and remained S(i till tlu- death of the latter in lOJH. Scvv linement was liberated Th'' " """'' ^""' 'vith its gaieties ani'deb Ju ^ ;;'" "'■•,'' on puritan poet wrote '' I'ar li,,. t ' '^I^''^' I'i'J lost his first wife amln J""'- "■- innrrie.l a third in IG o." nltVo'r'\ """ whom he hml taught to read ('In t""'^'"''"' brew, were his r.. or. „ ,*^^'''' "'"' He- Music, too! lent iV „ othinl "•""""^•nsrs. sweeten hi's l^t ".■ j^^/,^ '^ 'f "'^H'c to finished in lfifi.Vand tl e nm ve'-t' ""'' tbepl.igup of London MilN.Vr ' '''"'"'I' (^imlfont, in lluck ngha m^e '"r^'V'' great poem he could hardly An 1 a n, biLh'''' and he received for it ' '"" *• P"''lishor, pounds. With ^coXil:^^::::^^^ readers. MilSc'onti^tV :%Srfi poems and prose works,„nd on tl,o ui "' on, it 11 said, of his friend Lll v;".? n Quaker, wrote " I'aradise Hegai, od • i, has been unfairlv depreciit. 1 '■'*;'' Agoni.tes." „ grnn.l^^ra'' c dram.; "T" Greek nu.dels appeared ab^ut ,£an o tS Among 1„« other poems are the mask ''ct "TAlWro" '• I,"\'^^' -'.uisiteToitioS: J, Allegro, H I'enseroso." " i.vcid ,« " Sonnets " and Latin and Itali.in p em's AnH.ng the prose works not already mZl are- • Reason of Church Governmm " Apology for Rmectymnuus ; ••" frcntloon Lducation ; " " Tenure of Kings and M. gh rates." "History of Lngland." down ,o tor> of that eaily period derived from tlir Saxon ( hronicles.as Milton was also the first of our historians who had a 7.r,.,(.rfchron - cle of the period (Wheloc's ; treatise "of True Religion , Heresy, Schism," &c. ; " Kow I to remove Hirelings out of tlie Church"' Letters of State, &e. Milton wrote nIsoV Ijitin work on Christian noctrine, thei manuscript of which was discovered Korp-^ cently as 1KJ3, in the State-l'aporOflico. and: whuh was published under tlie care of Hishop Sumner. Milton died at bis Iiouse in Lunhill Uow, I^ndon, November 8, \i]U,' and his remains were buried in ilie parish cburc h of Kt Giles, Crlpple-iate. where there ii n monument to his memory. Annthtr 1 monument was subseciuentiv eruted to him i in Mestniiiister Abbey, a' more endurins ' one Is built up in tb.' hearts of all lovers of truth and freedom, not bis own countrvmrij alone, tut men of all lands am! times. Time has reversed and almost olliieratril the verdict of the enemies of Milton, ami ho is for all of us a man vvliose language wc no aip proud to call our own, great amont; th(> greatest, nnd goijd among the best, Wonls- worth In his sublime Sonnet, Macaulay ia his brilliant lUsay, and I.andorin his vehe- ment traelnte on I'opery, have given words to the verdiet of mankind, nnd J(ihn«on'» tingry abuse, and Charles II. 's prodaniation for the burning of the " Defence ' and the " llikonoelastes " '.\ugu«t 13, IKW , and the pettier hate of the ovfoni bigots, who in ltiH3 burnt some proposiiiims selected from ill* works, are all over and well nigh tor- gotten. I'rofessor David Masson has pub •H mm mimJ ^ £tebi mni\jcxsa\ 13(ogrnpFi%. lished the first volumu of ft very elaborate "Lifcof Milton. " jriMNKKMUS, ft CJroek amatory popt of the 7th century U. C, who i.s said to have in- vented the pentameter measure ; but only a few fruKnieiils of his poems are in existence. MINA, Don I'ltANCisco Ksroz y, n dis- tinguished Spanish general, who, for a long time, was commander-in-ehief of the t'ata- loiiian army, was a native of Navarre, and born in 1782, at Ydocin, near I'anipeluna. He Hrst distinguished himself in guerilla war/arc, in whieh he displayed incessant activity and admirable presence of mind. Having CO operated in the blockade of I'am- peluna, and recovered Saragossa and several Jl'-'f?''. *'"""' ''«^^' one of 11, [mik other places, he had the mortification to find tliat, at the general peace in 18M, h« had been labouring only to re-establish the despotic policy of Ferdinand VII., and ho made an ineffectual effort in the cause of freedom to gain over the garrison of Pampe- luna. He then sought an asylum in France ; but whilst resident in the French capitnl,he was arrested by ft commissary of police, em- ployed by the Spanish nmba»sador. On this occasion the conduct of Louis XVIII. was most honourable; he dismissed the com- missary, insisted upon the ambassador being recalled, and not only released Mina, but granted him a pension of 1000 francs. "When the army of Cadiz, in 182'.', utifurlcd the .standard of freedom, by proclaiming the con- stitution of 1(<12, Mina hastened to Navarre and was advancing against I'ampeluna at the lirad of a few hundreds of followers when he was informed that the king had accepted the constitution. He was sub- sequently appointed captain -general of the three armies of Navarre, Catalonin, and .Aragon; but when, by the intervention of France, Ferdinand was again enabled to discard his pnifessed adherence to the can stitution, Mina left Si)ain for Knglund and arrived at Flymouth, Nov. 30, 1hj3. After the accession of Christina, ho took an active part against Don Carlos ; but many of his ireasurcs partook of the general sanguinary character of this unnatural warfare and tended to tarnish the laurels he had formerly 80 nobly won. Died, 18?<; ' MIXCCIUS Fi:UX,M.AUcrs, a rhetori- cian and writer of the lird century, who is said to have been a native of Africa, and a lawyer by profession. He lived at Home where be wrote a dialogue in defenee ..f Christianity, entitled "(.etavius,' which possesses con.siderable merit, an.t was long ascribed to Arnohius, till Jlaudouin dU covered the r.-al author in 15«.. Another .reat.se, " Do Fa.o." has also been as" rlb^.d MlU.\llK.\C,Vl(TOUUiafKTTr, Maroni. dc dcaeendcl from an ancient f.n uri? Irovence. but originally of Naplei I wa.,onouf the principal propagators of the doctrines of the French polit.ni^"ono mil, and wro e several hooks in support of i, *m' L,, ^''"■''""' 'le Mlrftbeau was the father ot th.- ^rreat Mirah.:,!! the ,tih ir-r f "•"o'vlng memoir, lio^ii, Ki5^ died! 1118 17MJ, MUUDEAl', Ho.Noui GABltlKL bratedcharacterso n'el^enc n? '"''^ was the 8on of ihf irecediZ.n ..''""""' Hignon.in I'rov ut' [» I'l.f' ,7' ^""' "' «.:hool,heen,ered7i:;,! ItaryJ';,:"^;!";! his intercourse with vouni.' .,„) ,ii • ' "** officer n.miihu;i.ed bi^rw^,;''tr;ri?i;;;!:f His active mind, howtver . oni,! .,►.-* i«llo and ho read all the V.^^Ss which T ;-ould on the military art. I e nls^ L „ <>ve, and l.ig passion was marked bv ni »i nnpetuosity of a strong anrwild e ,m eter His father, who systenliitically Iwart "d , f, inclinations, procured hi.s eoiiflneinent In „ !for ress on the island of Kh- After his of 1 rovence as deputy to the states general Iputv'oMho'M '"r -^'^ """ M^rs^neJai ers he was termed the plebeian eountn, luem-e''^hi?r'r"^' ^'' ^'^traordina y elo ;?rh.;i^;?eiii;;i^e;:'::!gK!,sr,r' and rendered hin, the idol of he p,' ^ t. !'■ h :r "' 'rJ'^' thenceforti woma' Le th.' history of the assembly, of whiU. hi prelidZ' n "'^"'" "P!^"''"'' ^^ c>,osi'„' ^0.000 franesa nc.^..IXZtrJ^ZZ.''u r,v - n.,M •."'*-■ .'■•"«"'«a»'l'shment of the ceded n ,."'.'"'• """''■ ''*'"""J* «"''« con' ions nto effect, a sudden illnes.^ • ^i'^^ ,'a w«. hI'V'^*'. "'"' "'^' K^*"" cnator^iUnself works of^anrabcau havu been wvcral time, j ti8i H^ Mrl'l ■ ],r ■ 1 1' 8- • i m • '1 ! 1- 1 1 ■Ml\ ! 1 ' W\ mir] ^ £Utii Qnibcrsal 19(ograpf)p. ropuhllshed. His life and elinrncler are diRougsed in an elaborate Kssuy hy Carlvle. MIHAHEAU, HoNiFACK HHiiKTTl/Via- count, yoiintfpr brother of the preceding', was born in 1754 ; served in the French arniy agninst the Kn^lish in America, but did not imbibe revolutionary principles tberefrom. lUing chosen deputy to the sfatci-gencral from the nobility of Limousin, he constantly resisted the reunion of the three orders, defended the rights of the clergy, and op- posed the progress of the revolution. In 17»0 he emigrated to Oerinany.and raising a legion of loyalists, he joined the prince of Cond*"', and served under liinj with great reputation ; but lie was uneciual to the fatigues to which he was exposed, and died in 1792. MIKANPA, Don Fk.\ncis(0, a general in the service of the French republic, and the earliest martyr in the cause of freedom in South America, was born at Caraeca't, of an ancient tipanish family. He presented to i diffenarches to the progress both nf botany and vegetable phyliology H ° i Im^^^ "^ Kl^mcnts de la Physiolo"ie V* I g^table," and one of the eollaborateurs in ^ the continuation of Huffon's " Histoirc U turelle.- He also assisted Lamarck, ntl^ preparation of the " Histoire Naturelle l^s Plantes" and wrote several separate me moirs of great value. Died 18.54 wfl^^^y^'^^"^' ^'- ^ (^MIKUKVELT.l MITAN, JAMKs, an historical enrnver dled^Tn'lza^^ ^ ^^" *""° '" I-o^don, 1776; MITCHELL, Sir ANDUKW, a liritish ad- miral, boru in Scotland alioiit 1757 In rrs he accompanied Sir Edward Vernon to India as a midshipman ; and while there his serv- ices were :such that he was rapi.lly advanced to the rank of post-captain. On the com- mencement of hostilities with the French republic, he was appointed to the command of the Asia, of (i4 guns, and next to the Im- pregnable, of <.K>. In 1795 he was mado rear- admiral ; and, in 1799, soon after hiii promo- tion as vice admiral of the White, he joined Lord Duncan oJT the coast of lIo!I;uid,and entering the Texel, the Dutch fleet surren- dered to him without flrina a shot. He was now created a knight of the Hath ; In isnj he was appointed coniniaiuler in-chief o!f the coast of America , and he died, at licr- muda, in iHOfi. MITCH ELI,, Sir Dav! II,, m eminent naval commander in the reiunof William III., was •iewcnded from a respectable family in Scot- land. He commanded the i:iizahcth,of 70 guns, at the battle off lleachy Htad, where he behaved with great g,illantry. In 1693, he was made rear admiral of the Klue.and in l<>!>4 had the honour of kniehthond con- ferred upon him. He was employed in brine- ing over to England and carrying back, Peter the tireaf , and was also sent on a iliiilomatic mission to Holland. He died in 17n<. MITCHELL, Thomah, a diiitineuighed philologist, was born in Ixmdon.in 1783, and educated at Christ's Hospital and at Cam- bridge, and subsequently devoted himself chiefly to private tuition and authorship. | Ho contributed several excellent papers toj the Uuiirterty, upon Greek aiannen and literature , and occaiionally superintended! the classical works that emanated from the Claiendun press ; but his chief title to fame reatii uiuiii liia lulminililr trunslaliiin of the I'lays of Aristophanes into Knglish vertc. Died, IMS. I f;1 mitJ ^ MttD Bnibtxsal l^mtuDhn. an impulsive and foNtprod the Kmtproa the i)r..,„.7t urp ,^,n„ '*' '"""• ^»ho ^vealth and taste co,. U furnii.f^'K""'" '""» rewularifies plunged him in ' *?"' '"'» '"•- '"•.ich his daughter «ha?Pdi„V''"''''''^'''. repining ^Pirit^ Whon «ho w,^** V'"'' ""' years of uev -he L-a nl! ,*"'','^'»» about ten twenty th!!;.;ipS' whiT? "'."=•' «^ soon m|tmiidf.red Vi..i i' "^'''^" ''" father I""^.- of I terary enth n'i!!'' '" "."'""« *'" ueared n. ...I. iLr""'"?''''"!. she first ap- MITCHELL, Sir i JiOMAs Livingstone, a (listingiiished Australian explorer, wag a native of Stirlingshire, and was born in 1792. Ho entered tlie army at the age of 1»?, and served in the I'eninsular war, after which he was employed by the Kngllsh government 10 make surveys and maps of the battle- fields in the IVninsula. He was appointed, I in IHJr, deputy surveyor general of New I .South Wales, a post which pave him oppor- tunity for nialung exploration* of ihat un- known land, whieli his energy and Kagacity I enabled him to turn to the best account. [His iirst throe expeditions were made be- tween 1831— lH3(i, and led to tlie discovery of the Kcd Iliver and of Australia Feli,x and to an accurate knowleilge of the course' of the Darling lUvcr. The fourth was un- dertaken In 1HI,5 6, and though its main object was not accomplished, important ad- ditions were made to the knowledge of the I interior. Sir T. .Mitchell published accounts I of these explorations in two separate works 'in ISliS and 1848. He visited Knpland in 183D and 1833, and on the first occasion was I knishted, and made D.C.I,. Oxford Jle was I also chosen F.Il.S. and RU.O.S., London j Died, near Sydney, 18.).3. MITCHELL, Sir Anduew, British diplo- matist, born at Edinburgh, about the close of the 17th cen* — profession of tinue his stud _ ^ „. „„.„„, of his wife in 1719, and the p'f"ret,7e^;;;/,;j brought him. He spent some years in trivel i-'Vlt'Clcd edition of her work. " aTk lin,. especially cu'ltivafn, 'th. " ociH/ of ar^'uo'^'-'.r^ ',' ''"^""'"Ot^.n^of a Liter" superior men ; studied mathematics under M rr,,,, ,1 "'.''• "^'■^ i^!!!?"'y\;. -!'''•««" '■'M-''ti™Uare.^aJ I to^n!i::!l!.'L.^^ "n eminent hi,. w<>re collected in the vni... * " ' '"tf^^'ne " .Village," in ,„,-." hn h r";-' '"""•^'' " "'" li-'lHd. l-Vomthi;,„;if.,, ''"'c w'«s estnb- t- I.er fellow-eom , '.! '•"'•V"""«<'. not only of literatu^ n IHI rh'„"' ''"' ''"'•''" '°''«^« from the "neen M..-,A^LV''^''';'''<' " P«^nsion horw-erarVpurMuu wi,,' ' *"" "'"''•"^""^J >»>"lity. As earl V ,s h' 'I!'"' '"^""fy and «'"' tragedT .d" •' Ju i'„, - l!!"' '"'' Published ;!;r;:v':;^^h;^';'r'Sa;,eri":?^'.^'v:i-tpro. ,t Edinburgh, about the close ,.ll of th en. bi'V . .^■'"'^'«''I-."a'ui"Ki. n/ "- ' mtiiry, was intended for the i , ,lh ,i '•''''^ '''''^'''■it«'al comnosii f„'. : the law, but had to dlscl.i^" .n"^^ aU"";';;"^ ""* •''•"ved s"; c4?,l i I lies m consequence of the loss s>. ii..^ „ ? ^^^^''' """"-■ years snent in ' ins. and the deep sorrow U /.':"• «^•• "«'','" came be'fore'tirwL ^ I post with rare good sense, manly spirif"";u,d (moderation, contributed to detach l'rii«» and there died. 28 Januarv 1--1 ti f ^ "'"• »';r,;'' '"S" isf '"^^^^^^^^^^ IS^i^^iSSJ^ illustr.1t REDKS- lin;; the period they refer to ^^MlTFOK„,Jo.fN''S^S.AN. ^;£f?'S'l«i^^^^^ -. •.. ...„„v ,.,.,.i.,.._. "' '" '""'• ' ilLJV •!\"«» Venial | ^^^Z^^rof^ ""l?'''' «"<« l^^^i^M^h He iH.e/J^,?.^r•■!: ''■•'« 'wenty InnKua, He wai l>rofes;;;,r'of"an,'.l''.L"'. """ ^'''""f* Miiiiu „t „„' i „rt;™"!'..^-?,''"'»'"iy ""' 11.. HI„o„ .,r fffi t Cnr.r '«"";; ?,"• ?." History Of (ireccc i. »,i,. , . Mitford's antip.ithy toTmoenu-v 1"^ '' ''' '? ^'"'''"t "'"J dull in narrat 1 1^',,'? '"','"'' '" "^^e, P«rseded. Iljed lia"' ""** '"" '""K been .u- j «n*d'i^»««\'.^,''^^,,;;--ed Kf....on.! •'l'<-«t H. V. 131 H,. ^ 'L^°«'"»' »"« f'om aates Euergetes w«, »,""w'"" "' ^ithrj. «nddl.pi«yTdTn%,7s _,, W' "f' "' •*''"°P*. «l«ring and t«. twhh,' *"" "■""'"'""«'•/ ' hb are '"PWts.wasbornat A es/orH?„T" ♦^•'"'»' I '"'c ty languageii, ". and bis | mother and I ^ f :n t .« I t ' >if 'iF «87 1 ! a mit] ^ iUcb) ©nlfacrsal 13icgrnpl)|). Iiis t)rolli couiiuesi.s anil hit fleet, and pay a hc.ivy contribution to the Komans. More ll).'litinK took placi' in h3 and H2, between Mithridatcs and the Uoman commander Murena , and on the death of Nicomedes, Kins of lllthynia, in 7 J, the possession of his kingdom was disputed, and waraKain broke out Mithndates invaded liithynia, defeated the llomans .it Chalcedon, and bcsioKcd C'yzicus. I.uciiUus soon compelled him to raise the si(«e, defeated him in I'oiitus, and drove him into Armenia, where lie obtained the aid of Tigrancs, his son in law. I.ucul- lus, however, defe.ited the .lUied sovereigns a;;ain and aKain, and but for a mutiny of his troojis, which compelled him to retire, would probably have ended the war. Ajfain the tide turned, and Mithridatc* recovered a larKc part of his dominions. In tu;, I'ompey was tent to carry on the war. and deflated him near the Kuphrates, so that he b.id no elioiie but to retire into the kijit;d ye.irs, took poison to end liis life. It was ineffectual, from the frci|uent I use he had made of puisoiis and antidntes, I and he was put to death by a faithful tJaul I in his service, ii ( . (i3. His rimains were I laid with those of his predecessors, at Sinope. I MrrsCHKKI.ltH, i:il.\i;I), an eminent ' German chemist, was l>oru in Kast Frienlaiul, 1 in 17'.M,aiid was educated nt the universities of Heidelberi:, I'aris, «nd tMittin^en. Hoon after he applied himself to the study of chemistry, and made the discovery of the • Itcautiful law of " isomorphism." In l»;io, i he vi»ited Iier/elius, at Stockholm, and .for : about a year pursued the study of clnniistry i under his direction. In \n:i, he was called i to the chair of chemistry at the university j of llcrlin , was chosen forelKn feUow of the Koval Society of I/mdon In 1(i2h, in the ! foUowlnjr year received the Ko)al Medal, I and, in Ihj'j, was name«l foreiKti associaie of the French Institute. He was author of a I hiifhlv esteemid Handbook of Chemistry, frequintlv repuldlshed Hied, iwi.t. MITZLKU 1>K KULOF.Ujue.nzCAUI., a 608 [moe (ierman musical composer, wa.s born iiAVVt telsheim, in 1711 ; received his education nt the university of Leipsic, wUrre ho nut on Iv perfected himself ,n musical science, but made a consid,rable proliciencv in nnih' matics and natural philosophy' Kc nftor wards settled at Warsaw, where he bccim,, so Kreat u favourite at the court, nstoobtain from the kin^f a patent of nobility, ml principal works are, " A Mu,,ical l.ibnrv' Ka:s'^ ^Xl^ ^'"'""'^ "^ '^""^°"^" MOAWIYAII, sixth caliph, fi.-st of tlin dynasty of the Oiumyadcs, was the .son of Abu Soflan. one of the chiefs of the ICoieish ites and the bitterest foe of .Muhamincd and Was born about (iUi. After the ton' (luest of Mecca by the prophet, Moawiyah with his father, embraced Islamisin. lip' became secretary to MohaiunuHl, ami in (ill was made governor of Syria. Hu coniiuerfcl the islandsof Cyprus and Khodcs.anaon the murder of theCaliph l)thniau,6jj, refused to recognize All, his successor; and alter a campaign of several months on tlie Eu- phrates, defeated him. His life was attempt- ed by a Charexite in tii.i), hut he escaped with a serious wound ; and .Mi bciiiK ass;is- sinated about the same time, Mumvijah procured the abdication of Has.san, son of Ali,and became umlisputcd soverci^'n. Civil war ceasing, the caliph extended his domin- ions by conquests both in tho east and the west. In t)orn in 17'.M. His lieliaviour at tn.- nmui of Mollwltz and Kuto\vit?,inthetirst mIc slan war, having aitraeilio I'ssor; and alter a nonths on the Eu- 1 in life was attempt- i»'0, but he escaped uiU All beiuK assiis- iw. time, Moawiyah 1 of Hassan, soii of ited sovcrei;,'n. Civil .'xtended his doiuin- in the east and the 'ok the siege of Cdi). Ii'iiipt, which was to ly others, and only mies to be crowuiil l>h's Sun, Ycziil, ;ic- ihi' operations were IS, and the troops re- ■yzlcns. Theattad xt six suninieri, aiij losses, the Moslems e peace. Moawiyah lie laliph.ite heifili- "as proclaimed liiii lit Damascus, GMi. iY( y, Polish patriot ative of dalieia.anil ilc a student at the )ie was arrested ami ) of beint? a nieiuber he took a prominent I of 1H30. He risked npusition to the ii'.'.i- .il Kovernment then iiiu' time liad to re lie retired to I'laiiic is countryiiiui, and (.ceniber,' bU. He u' and lively nam- ellon of the I'oHsli ise "Un Polish Lite- irv." Itll IIAKI) JilArillM , A I'rnsjian ^ttneral, .iviour at the h;itllcl I it J!, in the tirst Mie- ■acted the notice of • accompanied thillier luted to a company (■ a cidonel in Vi'jl ^it ncral, an--: i" i^'" uriug the dissrateful moh] dismemberment of Poland, in 179;i, lie corn niandcd tlic I'riisshm troop", nnd did pvcry- thinj,' in his i>owcr to nllcviiito the inin- fortunc3of thn I'oles. On liiH ri'turn Jionio he was ereated a field marshal nnd jfovornor of South I'riisain; nnd iuceccdcd the dnko of Drunswick in the coniiiiand of the Prussian I army on thelthine, in 17IU, when li>' gained the victory of KnlsTrslaiitcrn. JIi- was present at the battlcsof Jena nnd Anerufndt, where he was wounded ; and lie died in Ihlti. MUHAMMKI), AHUI.KASKMlHN AllliAI,- LAII, the Arabian prophet and ilic founder of Islam, was born at Mecca, a. i>. ftro or ,571. lie was thn only «on of Abdnllah nnd Amina, his father, celebrated for his sin- (jular beauty, beinp of the family of Ilnshem, the most illustrious in tlic noble tribe of Koreish, princes of Mecca nnd gv^.o during the 21 years of their marriage ""',I<'"','nfa l"s love, nnd had no rival. The death of Abu Taleh took place about t le same time; and soon after the Koreishltt ^ Mc\jo mnibevsal ISfojrnpfjtn ;.ded by Abu Sophian.'Vescd ed to pu't' u'e prophet to death, lie fied from Mec-cu 1, d With his only companion, Ahubekcr with hTr Jl^'^'r ''»"•" *^«»^'» Valr'h"' vlon^ nnf JS^V *'?!""'""^*» iomnienee; the era of the Htgtra (IB Julr BJ» ii„ ...« i public entry f„to YatreK d n tl e S.^i welcomes of the citizens, and at once aJ •umcd the offlces of king and Drin.t ?i aUo there married hi^.n'!.?-:,?'!^*.*; _ "« I'T"! Ayesha, daughter of" Ab'u'irjkerwh" I I long survived him.'' He had.ho^w'; Jer'.'ml'; | narratives nnd ensteni leirend* (.n.i«.„„i with poetic Imagination. anXelng. wUh « clearness of spiritual vision nt that tin.o peculiar to himself, the first truth and eternal ground of all religion. The nn nouncement of this with « prophet", en?n ORtness and persistency, and the nceom- panying denouncement of the worldwide lies and idolatries of his age, gave him th" {treat place he holds In tho'hi.Iory of the human race. The Koran, or Mohammedan Hi hie, is composed of the various fragment prophet from time to time as circumstances made them needful. They were for* time preserved orally, or written on palm leave. but were collected two vear. after the death of Ao,a,„„u,l by his friend and successor ^h "/1*m"w ^\'*« ^""'ection was rev Iwd by' b! .""?'' 9'*""""' "» '^"^ thirtieth Tear of the Hegira («32. a. !. ). The En»n.h',." .." iaiK.ii by Kaio is well known. A~good "Ufe ^n mH^'^ATf •" "'. ^' ""«"' Muir''. appeared in I83». An Important work on hU l.ife an4 :;.' rz';r;:,',';;:, .vri °» '»■■« -s " ,1"!™,',",';'"' ""T."'" ""i ;,'„ kSi muZ'Vr? """^'« "Jf«'n»t hii ^oT^i '; ene- mies, performed the pilgrimaire «ifh th^ custojnary observances, purified the i/laba r,!'„1 ''""'Typ'' '«<• three hundred and sUtr si^trhiii^^i^^^/'^^L-^ihS'^irr wiin nrro(,'ant claims were sent tn tho vJ. empire w„/ begun ; nu'exTedit o,° orthe conquest of Syria was prepired ; when Mo^ buried inn simple tomb on the im<,» -i, he died. The history of this c,J?aord^n": man has been, as was natural. overSan'J obscured by an immense mass of fa schoodi and exaggerations; invention, to m,Sfv him on the part of his follower, and in na« '?,r/.? ".T""'""'' "'^cre.lU^lm on t?e part of (.'hri.ttian writers Thn i ! I 1 ; • ,, f ill 1 if! . i ' 1 ' I % I If i |; 1 iilLi I PI MOl] ^ iBciu Clnibersal ISIooirnpbn. Dortrlnp, baited on original rosoarrhPH, by A. SpiriiKcr, wns publishca in IrtOS, iit Hirlin. About tbc ganu' tiin<> nppviirpd a I'ollcction of EHHays, by H.irth^lcmi St Hilniro, pnlillod " Mabonict et 1p Cornn," and n Icnrnrd work on the sunie »ubjpct by Dr l)o«y, of l.cydcn. MOIU, David Ma( hi tii, poet and inis- ccllanoous writor, tbe wrll-known " Dp'.i.i " of " Hlackwood'* MiiRazinp," wan b(>ri\ at MiiSKClburKh, in 1798, at which plaro, aftrr pnsgintf throuKh tho iiirdirui ilnKHPtiof the university of KJinburKh, he prnctiiicd ns a (surgeon. Wlien he was l!),hc ooniinittrd IiIk flrst verses to the press, and liaving once established hi* pluie in " Klarkwood," un- der tho siKnatnre of Delta, he continued, for more than .'»<) years, to enrich its papes with n series of poems, remarliabb' at once for Kreat command of li«nifun(te and nui'.bers, a delicate andgract.'i' '- ; 7 n.id a pure vein of tenderness and ■£,*■ 'lie liiat of his compositions, " The .\. ■ of Selim,'' left his hand a little more V . fortniKht »'tfo»p his death. To the same MnKO'-ine he ..in- trihuted also one of the most laughable em- bodiments of Scottish humour — "Tho Life of Mansie "NVauch," be^un in October, IH'JJ ; and four or five years later the autobiography of the Dalkeith Tailor was issued in a vidume by Itself, and obtained great success. In 1831, Mr Moir published his " Outlines of the Ancient History of Medicine, being a view of the progress of the healing art atnong the Kgyptians, (Jreeks, Homnns, and Arabians." The list of his works closes with " Sketches of the Toetical Literature of the past Unlf- Century, in six lectures," delivered at the Edinburgh rhilosophicnl Institution Died, IH.M. A monument has since been erected to hit memory in his native town. MOITTE, Jka.v (itil.i.AiMK, French sculptor, wai born at I'aris in 1747. He was the son of an engraver, and became the pupil, first of IMgnlle, and afterwards of I,e moync. He obtained the grand prize of the Academy, and wns sent to study at Home, whence he returned In 177:). He wns ad- mitted to the Acji !, my in 17»»:i, and died In 1810. Among hii works arc — " David car- rying the head of Ooliath ;" has reliefs of the barriers of Taris, colossal figures of Hrittany and Normandy ; a bronco eated them a multitude of ene mies, and at length I'hilippe le Hr|, king of France, and Pope Clement V., formed a plan for their extermination. They wire accused of heresy. Impltty, and various crl-nes re Toltiug to human nature In October, 1307, ail the Tcffipiars tfaruughout naiiCu were arretted at the ume hour, and they were [mol tried and convicted Koiri> »•, .1. • ~" ~" could be procured » the imprisonu-ent of shared their fate at I'.iris in itii , ,-— "' the innocence ..flH,o;r;:,,:,tr''"''^ Moi.ft, Count 1.0, IS M.vniiR- 1 p „ ,. tlnguished l-rench Males. ,,n,o'." ''"• President Mol^ ,vlio cii ' .': '.^ «»» of FnM,chrev,dution,w;sbill.,;\:KS,;;',t After living «onuMlnie with hi/, 10 h' ?' Switzerland and England he ret r„ 7'" 1-rance. in Kl'^N I^Ms^cd iu %7u 'oT v,,'h great zeal at the XroU TV,, ?,,,//„;,!,''' s,,bse.,uently converted ittS;;:;:' n c School, and in iHOGaltractd the .lo- tion ..f Napolcn, by a volnn.e of '<", !,'',: Morale et de Politique." „hieh cam ,11! opinions of a highly absolutist ZlmJ *iH)m this time bis rise was rapid.andS bo wa.s appointed minister of usti.o,, reoeiv.^d the title of co, nt. oV t 'ft.u'f Napoleon he was made a peer of Franc- L, n 1HI7 filled the ofllceof .,rinlster' , ■„ under the duke of Uichclini, but quitted tins pos when some of his coIleaKu^crdV played thivse reactionary tondeneiea whi , ended in the expulsion of Charles X. frm the throne. After the revolution of 1630 he held for a brh>f period the office of niinistCT of foreign affairs; and in \m he was e e- vated to the post of prime ministcr.of which he was dispossessed in IH.IS by the famous coalition of Thiers and (iulzot. After the revolution of l!i»«, tbouph elected both to he Constituent and tl.e Legislative Assom- Idles, he took little part in politit;il affiiirs but remained stanch to his conservative views, and after Uw mup d'ttnt ufhei; 1851 against which he protested, he retired into' private life. Died, IH.55. MOI.E JOHN, an Englishman, who was eminent for his skill nod knowledge in the science of algebra. Jiorn of poor hut re- spectable parr'nts, he was seemingly indebt- ed to chance for the discovery of histalcet, Having, when a fariiurs serv.int, hccnsent to a carpenter's shop for a hi.id of timber, a workman asked him whether he could tell how many cubical i|>"arters of inches e"'' '" orffoV V.^ *i; ''"' "^'''''" ''''-^ imnulled in l(!fi8 ' ;fre''"i^''"'."',"""..'"''"'''^''' »"^'>" "f «"•'•»•;.; «re I, i-.cole lies I'cmmis," " lartnflrf I « M.sant hropc." «' Les Feimiies .Savantes'," " Le M<^dcciii i„algr(' hii," and " L.-^ Malade Ima- ?iwed"fr '" ''"'"'-\'>^»'-'>nH.dies"he'b^o?- wrTter. ,..':"'■'"'"•'*"'''""' ^"'ti" comic writers, ami in sonic the Italian and Spanish Among these imitations, arc " L'Avare '" Amphitryon," and " Les Fourberies d'e ^cap.ur „ut i„ „.,. delineation of cha actor ^ .,a. . '^'""•-''•'' is thoroughly ori- Kinal ; and whatever materials lie n,a/ have appropriated from earlier writers ^hlo reafe.1 them as to m.-ike the r. suit en rely hisown. He i.^called by Voltaire the Father of French Come.ly. and alone among lYeS comic writers is elassic.il. Whil-. he ti.^it« •omo subjects with c.x.,uisite nUiieme t h* Indulges too fre.iuently in exag«er.i ion ' coarseness, nnd mere butfoonery. His », rks ! |t 1. said have been more fr.V,uentIy Xb.' ^ author. In lb, 3, he took part in the ore- ' of helm ;. "J?'^'''* ""' time seriously out or health ; the ellort was too much for him ' and he died the same night. 17th IVbru ary' » e was buried without the usual relig m, rites, through the induence of the S, . who hated him. though they co.ild "^^^ lege t nothing again.st bis character. His profo.! i sum excluded him from the I , emh Academy l>ut a century after his death, hi., bust wai i fct up in the hall with this inscript Ln-i , .^'"f'-"*'- JACtji'KS, usually called IHmou- h n'-^.- '■ h"""'' K''"''^ Pl'ysician. was born I V'V'i bfcume chief physician to the army Catalonia. « the age of ■'« ; and on his re- tiou by bis cure of the princoof Cond/ In ' his medical practice he was so partial to' V. nesectlon that it is supposed Le .Sage (in '' Oil Lias; intended to satiri/o him under the 'inwVv- "J \" ^«"*'''-'« '-'• l>itd, 1 7.-.5. ; .».:.!i . ' ^V- " ^V'^ni»h Jesuit and t».eologian was born at Cuenza, in 1.135 . was and died in 1601. Ho was author of a\r." use on rro will, entitled " |)e «oncordla to luch a furious contest belwceu the Do. 1 I mol] ^ ificlu Stnibcrsnl ISiojrnpf)!). iiilnlrnns niul tlip .tfKiiil*. tlint tlio ])op(',f'lo nii'iil \\ il.,!(j>iiiiiiitc(l ;i coil lii cent ion lolirvir till' iiiattcrdiM'iissi'il, ami Ins micicuHor, I'liul v., proliilnicil till! rontiiiiiiiiU'c of Ihc ton- trovcrsy. Mdl.iNF.T. Ci.AJiiK nr, ranon ri'd"'"" !\n^\ procmator-Ki'nrral of ili<> conercKntion of St (Ji^ni'vii'vc, wns lioni iit (.'IiAIoiin hut M.iinc, ill liijo, aiitl iliccl in IiisT. Up was it Iciii'iird nr('li:i«t iind iiiiniismutixt, iiiiil wliilc lilir;iri:iii of St (ii'n(^vi('V4>, ln> fornud tli(M':il>iiift of ("urionitii'ii of Hiiiih lie also pul)li«)i<'(l a tlrxcriiition. lie wiis iiuUi'ir of n History i.f tlic I'opcs from Martin V. to Innocent XI., illustratcil tiy tlicir colnn, and otlirr worUs on ccclcsiiistical nntinuitics. MOI.INOS, Mi'JlKl,, a Sp.ini»li tlico- logian, and founder of tlic sect called Quirt- ls^^, w^t^ liorn in IflJT, near SaraRossa, liut pa«seiftlic jrrrMtiT part of his life nt Itoine. Tliero, in li>T.'>, lie puldislud his celelirntrd "Splritnal (Juiile," which wa« comlomnod hy Iho Inquisition 10 years after its llrvt appearance, aii9'2. In this year he returned to I>uhlin, niid w.is thosen one of the repre- ientatives for that city, llesides the nttove, he wrote" SclotherlcumTelescopium ; "also, "The Case of Ireland staled, in relation to |t« beiiijr hound by Acts of Parliament made in DnL'Jaiid;" and nome pajiers in the Philosophical Transaetions. Died, Ir,!)*i. KAMiKt, Mi>l.YMix. his son, was born nt Chettrr, in I<;»*9 ; liecaiiie sei lelary to (ieorge II., when i)rincp of Wjihs, and wasdi^tin KUi»hcd by his nkill in astronomy. M<>NAUI>I:m, Ni( iKinx. a Spanish phy- tieian, w.is born at Seville, and educated at Alcala; after which he sc tiled in hi* native place, and died there in !5T'<. His works are, " l)e Kosa, et I'artihus ejus," " I>os I.ibros de his rosas que se traen de l.is Indins «)eci- dcntnles, que gjiven ul Uso de Medlcina," &c. This l.ist work has lieen translated into 1 dtln, French, Iinlinn, and Knulish , and the name of Mtmanles Is (lerpetunted in that of the liotanieal (•eniis Monardn, in the claw Dinndria of I.inna-u». MONCKV, AliliiKN, duke of ConeRllano and niar«bal of France, was born at liesan- (Jon, in I'M. ThouKh he entered the army ul IS year« of age, he did not become a captain till ITSI, and in Ks."!, hnvinir iK'en BCnt to the ryrenecii at the head of th; '• f ha«rurs ( anUr.rcs,' r.P sr. tii^tiiijjuUfieil himtelf by his Ki»llantry, that in a il.ort [«0N lime he became «urcesslvelv"i;,.nZr;7T7 Bade and Reneral of division n.-o *"'■ ITlHihen.adeamostsn.c!^^' ;,'"''•'.' ™l Spain and Italy; and. after ,,n ,"'""" ^'M,,'vill,^he^v;.sMppo•i„nVi ;,?r^^^ eral of the Rcndanne, ie ; i„ win I. L*- ''■ bere,,den.dsmhinip.,rt;n,tHe ot';;!> polenn that he was made „„e of , ^', Miaishals in Hoi, and soun ,f, "' •Tcaled d„ke of (•one«Ma m,'" ^^^f once more took part in the war «iil s„ ^ and cunlril.uted to tl,e capiuic . "In' "' la '«''!'. '-ut. during theSasi'r^r'n;: ••nipii':. be ceased to fake part i. im ,. ' hi nil not reappear till 1h1 l/ ^'i/;; '•, ;^ major Reneral of the naii„nal l. , -i .Icf.'nd the walls of I'ari, 1?'''''., anns only after the capilulai;,:^^'^"' After the" Hundred Davs," l,o r rnt.^ preside at the council of War np, ,a '' try Marshal N^.y; and for this S^h', be was Imprisoned in the fortn.s, of V , for three months. d,.privc,l of uH i,i, f „ " ions, and expelled from tl„. Chnmb. nf ■eers.to which, however, he wa, Zm inlHl!). In lSj;nie joined tl.rl.ur'T' Roulenio in bis invasion of Snaiii n, i tlnished l.i«.n.ilita.y career with' ,;," worthy of his first exploit,. He wns af ,r wards nominated governor of tlm Hotel do, InvalidcB and in this capacity reccivej the ashes of Napoleon in lH4i). ]) .j, is4 ) MO.\(!i:, (UsPAiii), a celebnitrd rrcnrh mnthematician and natural philosoplirr Mas born at lleaune, in 17l«; taught phuies nnr lii< return from i;il);i, to (.-n se^iii5es, in ri'achiiiff \icnn.i,niul was very m:ir :u'- eomplisbinK his purpose, when the Aiiilrim police pot information of the plan, and , .Monge was compelled to lly. He got b.irkli to France, and fought bravely at the luiilc'j of Waterloo; hut was ev(lly rcdufcd tO;| such distrc-s ai to work as a common la- |i Itourer, and died in the hospital of .St I.oui«,i| in \H>H. I M(»NK, OKOKfiK, duke of Albcmarip, ai| J!»;in|fUished military commnndcr.and tho;| Krettt prtjiiioler of liie lesIniiUioii o! '"-harir || 11., WK» the lun of Sir Thomas Monk, of]. vn ""•"•■•'--fij! .•„„■,■'■'•''""' "'iiii I 1111 lai^i, III 'lo; ilMVl,i,l, ci,p„,,i,, "ifnnt s,.rvi,rs |„ .\./ i'>.'|'l<- one of lii, lii^t "»> (."Oil nftcnv.inis "■«','"""• '" ISOH I,,. i> ilic w.irwiil, S|.i,in PO|>turoofSani,,ssn ''' last yciir, „f (|,J «;'Ko |wrt iiiniilitaivl •iK.ippniVrd, HiUl (liil ! '. wlK'ii lie irici II, •■ naiimial pnanl, tn nfis. liiyinif (liiwii hi,' ipitiiliitum was sinned l''i.v«i," lip refused to "I war appointcil t„ Iforthis^H'mTousanl 1 the fortress of Ilami ^inved of all his Um, ' fi'>iii tlo' Chamber of vcr, he wasreadniitte,! oiiied the I)iike d'\ii '•■'i'ln of Spain, aiM cire. r with a siicec*, ploits. III. was after- iTiiorof tho lintel (les I'.'ipaeity received the lH-»i». 1) d, h42. I, !i rolobrated I'renrhi tiiriil pliilosopher, Mas 1710; taught physics; :ln' military sehnol nfi ( tuber of the Aeademv; was made minister of' ami was one of th/ Tliuio School. InK'jtii 1 to fto tu Italy, and! f art and science frimii ■dhy the I'rench ; and, iriicd Ituonaparte to; 'liosen provident of the I ipolodM whencmiiinir; created him count uf' 111 an csiair in West I y a inesent of L'lH.DiHij n of the ItmirlwiH lie| lin otlii'cs and eiiiiilu-i I InlH. His principal; vo (icon'etry, rhe! lis to the (ieomctryefi atise on Statics." I at -colonel, a I'rench; N«pr lii*' 'u secretly to Vienna, iiiisa and her son to , by v;K'io««>li?i;iii5es,:| ml was very near ;u'-'j M', when the Anslri.in ! Ill of the plan, anil j to lly. He (fot back I bravely at the lutile j eventually rcdnccd to I nrli as a coinmon la- ; hospital of St Louis,:! I'otherldKC, iiearTorriiixton, in Dcvoimhlro, and born in KiOH. llciiiK n yoiiii;,'er hoii, lit' entered the army as a viiliiiKccr, and .tcrvcil under liis relation Sir lUchanl Circnvilli', in nn expe north. When the Iri^.!i rebellion hcKaii in pill, his services tliei-e were so iiiipurtant, that the lords Justices appoiiitrd him no- veiiior of Dublin. eiit to the Tower, where lie remained till UiHl 'Hie royal cause hein^ ruined, he obtained his liberty on condition uf taking,' a coniiiKiiid in Ireland, eoiicliided a peace with the rebels, whieh di^|)leaseJ the parliament, and had a vole of cen.siiri' passed upon him for it. Cioiinvell, how- ever, who Ilioii;,'lit hi.;hly of his niili- Inry talents, iiuub! him lieiiieiiant-i;en- rial, and pave him the thief eomniaml in ,>icoll,iiid. Monk di.»liiif,'uislied himself at ilie batlle of Dunbar, an,'e Monk, who is said tu lie In wait there to introduce Charles Stum t ■ I pray you nsc your diliu'ciu e to apprehend liiiii and send him op to me." On the de- cease of the protector, the resiirnatlon of puwer by his son, and the contest of parties wliuh Mibsequeiitly took place, he availed iiii!.-elt of ibecommandinK situation which lieoeupied, to crush the repiiblieans and piuinele the recall and restoration of the Minrtf.,inily^tothethro,,e,inIhe,,ersonof Cliarlesll. As the reward of his h.y.ilty h," «as created duKe of Al iiurle. \iih a pen-siono ilwmayear.madeaprivy-coun nllcr.and invested with the or.ler of I e iL , ■'" .'■""J""'tion with I'rinee vuport, and in l.it,i; obtained a ereat vie tory oyer the Dutch, in a battle which asVe,l ;-;£r/ris\:r''''' "'■''■'■ '"•''- -.■..;av,;';r,r;'ri'.''':: ■•''■"■'' •Jitnehuise h,>' ..... — '••"«• i!i;isttr n £lciii Bnibttsal 13i09rnj)f)». 1 1 if. . of the dukp of York fr.un th.. ,., 1 1.. I.ein« „r«ed to the net y s m " nV/j*"''"' tisan.s, he left J.ullan.l .ui.Ua.dedL. '"'''■ Hm-Ii hutT;'^ " hnndreVfo;;:;';:'.rV .it^' IbH.,), hut theirnunihers were soon lurr,.,. i a.ul he assunu.,1, at Taiinln , f, ir,' r hi'rtl/ "'n ""^"'V'i ""• '">'"ini«. y or ,,?; rth. I he royal forces were sent nAin,? ilni, and an enKMKenient took pl.ico ,.t S d!, "oor. near JlrldKewater. on "he »' •'^^hool which be" d'bv t{!«'^f cH,.,„,.ted. This was fo. lowta by thfl foundation of an Infirm irv where ho delivered clinical lecture"; am he also formed a society for collectiinr and ,,, simig profewlonal papers; the r su of i which appeared in six volumes of ■• M, ,," ■I'-ays," and two more on 'Mnivsici ..nr Literary Subjects." liesides tl e . ,.«eon I tainedin these volunies, the doctor pubuZd ' a work, entitled " OsteoloKy . " d " n '' Ac S'"r'^"''''™""i™'- .^ «on, i)r i.o.N.u.i, m'.'n p,y ;!?.-;^:;.-" »a\^v"J "■ "■'• """y ■"..<« wrote "".ybM^llIli^Hu'olJ lit the M...1I. ,.r "'"'k "l'^ervatlons oi "Hrs, . vols. , and a Treatise on Medical 699 HS'< f i ! i ' i 1 i I i| 1 ! 5 % m h-iiyi ■ ' ■ i ' i -rat j rm - 1 vM ■ ll^i 111 M H mon] nnd rhnrmaccutlcal Chcmlitry," 4 to1». Dii'd, 1N(I2. MO.NRDi:, Ja.Mi:s, fliU |)rt«lrii,in 1751, in AVcut inoriliiiul iDdiit). Viiuiiiiii. He entered llio rovolulioiiary imii.v iim a tadrt, iiiul, bcliiK noun afiiT upptiiiitril II llcuicnnnt, niiirthid to New York, wlioii' lie joiiu d the nriiiy uii- diT ^Vu^lunKl<|||. lit" wn» cniraKCd in the batlli' of JliuU-m llriKtitu, in thnt of White I'liiiii*. in the retient lIuouKh the Jer*ej», and in ti.e attack on In ndm. In the laRt he was 111 tlie Viini;ii.ird, and received 11 hall throimh liiN Icfi hliniilili r. Tor hli eondiui ill thin lu'tiiiu 111' wui promoted to a cap lulncy. Suhsetiuently he \\u» ottaihed to the maff of Keniral Lord Slirlins. with the rank of major, and he fuiiKJii liy the side of Lafayette, when that olllicr was wounded nt the battle of Hraiidy wine, lli' w,i» after- ward* |)roinoted to the rank of eolnncl ; and at the end of the i(>iite»t, in \'M, he wa» elected a ineiKlier of t«. In May,lT'.i|, he was iippcinlt'd ininiiiter iilenipotcntiary to Trance, hut lecalli d Inmi iliix iiUMiion in 17!'(1, by I'remdent ^Va^hin)ft^.ll, with utroiifr marks of dissatisfai tion, for having nuc ciinihcd too much lo the over-bc,iriii« policy of the Trench l»inctury. He went, however, to I.13. MONSTUKLKT. KnuVKHIIAND l.K, a Trench chronicler of the lith century, born about I.VKi, and died in U.Vl. Ho was pro- vost of Cambray, and bailiff uf Wulincourt ; and wrote a < hrouicU of J. vents, from the year liwuo 1453, the year in whtih he died An T.n«lish translation uf this (. hronicle was published in Ihlo. MOMAGl", Ham I.. UC, the learned editor of Lord Hacon • Works, and the friend of t'oleri.tKe, was the son of l^rd Sandwich by the unfortunate Miss Ituy, the lady who was killi d in the Viiiitu of tovent (iarden, in till )iar 177!t, by the Uev Mr liackman, in a fit of frantic jealousy Mr MontaKU waa a member of (iray's Inn He was called to the liar in 17U9, but he nc\cr distingui.iied hiiiistlf eithor on circuit or in Westminster Hall, though he published some valuable treatises on the law of bankrupny, the ru- putation of v< bich gained lain a cuiuuiiksiuu- ersbip. Willi UomiUv and Maekie.Jsssh f-.s Worked diliKciitly for the miii|4atJon of th« * ifteto 8ln(btr«nl 18(09rrtp!)p. [mon severity of the DcnalrnHn- «., i ' ment. i.e wrofo reve^trn mnf ''.''P""'''' attracted m-ji h public m..'^?.'' '''''• "hloh aUo. •• Selection,7rom T«y 0? •in r"'"^"^" and Hacon," Hut the wnrL V""'""". reputation chie.ly rest. Ts IH.riiM'"^", '"' con'. Works, with an orU inai ' " "/""" the Kreat philosopher. 1 i • at ,''''1'''''^ "' l.i^imrtieularatte.itlont the. ilvT''' nilholoKy and eoncholoKy, and « '^i"' "'' ihor of •• .\n DrniiholoKlca l" ctio ,'., ' ""■ •• Testaeea llritannlc«: or N it 71 i ,""'' of llritl.sh Shells." 1 icd at K !vi '"""^ KiuKsbridKe. Hevon, \m "'"'' "''"' MONTAOr, Lady M.\"uv Womiw lady di.tinKui.hed for liV litmr ' ;?^. « i««.'i.ts. was the eldest du«, •/;''■"»■ duko«fKi„Ks,on,andl,o:?;: K^ I horesby in NotllnKhiuu»|,ir,.. i, |;7' "' married Kdward Wortlry Montaiu «\„L she accompunied in I7l,i In', ' , .^^ ..nrtantinople, from wlild, place ho wrnp •Wx3neis"tolV,po,Ad.liMu.,.',ulXrHi,^ entliterat oftheti.ne.whichHrcrr, , estiiiK, and contain many .uiii.us f, , , ',. .pectiiiK the manners uf the Turks, s 1 c also Hrs in rodue.^1 the practice of inocu li Hon into this country, she closed a 1 ,• marked by a great variety of aUvciiturcs.in 1.1... Her collected works have been pub- lished in six volumes; ami her "U'tt'u" certainly place her at the licad uf female epistolary writers in (ireut ilriiain MtiNTAtil-, Ki.WAKi, WoinriY, son of the precedniK. was borii at Wlianiilillc Lodge, in ^ol•k8hire, nhout I7U, He re- ceived hi. education nt Westminbter.'^cliool whence hi- lun away, and became a ihinincv- sweep. His family had Riven him up (or lost, when a Ki;ntlemnn recnKni/ml liim in the street, and took him honie to hisfatbtr. Ho escaped a second time. and riij{a(ffdwiili a master of a tlshlng smack ; after which he shipped himself on board a vessel bomul to Spain, where he served a muleteer. In this situation he was di.scovered, nnil cunvcyeil home to his friends, who placed him under a tutor, with whom he travelled abroad, HuriUK 'lis absence from Kngland he pub lishcd a book, eiuitled "ohMrvatlon^onlhe KiseawU Tall of Am ieiit Iteiiiildut," On his return to Kngland, he obiaiiied a seat in the House of Commons, where he sat in two successive parliaments. His future conduct was marked by eccentriiiiirs imt less ixtra- ordinary than those by which he had bten distinguished in the early part uf his life. He went to Italy, where he professi'd the Uonian Catholic religiun.and from that he apostatized to Mahniiutuiiisin. AfKr pass- ing many years in Kgypt.andother countries on the Medlterrancun coasts, he died as he Was about to return tu Kiiglaoil, at I'adua, in 1776. MiiNTAUt, EUWABI). [SANDAVICH, Karl of. 1 MONTAOL'E, KLIZAUKTH, miscellaneous writer, was born in Yorkshire, la 17'iO. She studied under Conyers Miadletoil, tu whom -ki. .« .. ^ ..-.. I... I.I.. l..,l..l.*...l r.^ flip tinr'tliro of leatuing which so remarkably iullm need un. iSANDVlCH, ,UK-Ul,niisctllaucou»; rk»liire,iiil7M. Slie| MiilUletoil.towliumj iiuirkabl) iullmocedj bion] % £lm Bni\Jtt%al laiogrnpbi). her charnctrr unci nmniicM. Aliout 1712 ilio married Kdwiird McininKiK*. ft tiM from his rradle.ainl till he was six years of nj;p was not permitted to heitr iiny other laiitJiiiiKe. He was then sent to thf colli (TO of (iiiienno nt Honle.iux, wliero he remained seven years, having In that time «ono throuKh the whole eolletjo eoiirso. AiiionK his teaehers there, was (ieorKO Huclianan, the ^reat Scottish pr)et niul his- torian. In I'l.U he was appointed a jud^re In ,tlu' parliament of llordeaiix, and nhout that I time ho gained the esteem of the ehaneellor |],'IIi'iI)ilal and the warm friendship of Klicnne Ilo(?tie, a felIow-Jud({P. In I.*!*!;) he 'married, more to please custom nnil hU fiieiuU, he says, than himself. Ho had several ehildren, who died in Infaney, and one diiujflili r, Leonora, who survived him. Durinjf the (ivil wars which desolated his country, lie livid in retirement on his own IjiKtate; profoundly nfllieted liy the ({ene'nl psufferinif, and especiully l>y the ninssncre of ! St ll.irtholomew. Jn I4H0 HI he travelled In , (icrmany, Switzerland, and Italy, visited 1 1 Home, and waspreiiented to the pope. AVhile ', : lit Venice he was eli'ted mayor of llordpaux, : iinil he held that office four years. The pestl- I k'liie and the war of the Ix-aRup drove him 'fiuni hiscli'iteau In ISHB, and he did not re- turn for aliove two years. It was during this period that his friendship with Marie ilo (iournay hi'tjan. She was attracted to him by his writin^rs, and visited him at Paris »iih her nuithcr: a mutual nttadiment wag the rcbult, and Monlaisne called her his : adopted ilauKhter. The hJKhesteem in whIeJi .MontaiuMi' nvui held Is sliown particularly In hisboinx chosen, when at Hlols, In 19M8, to 111'1,'otlatean arrangement hef.vecn Henrv of Navarre and the dukeof Ouiie. DurinR'the last fi w years of his life he Buffered from most painful diseases, and, like his father ;;randfathcr, and (treat grandfather, who nil livid to a (jreat ajje, he would have nothinir to do with doctors or drutis. He died while muss was hein^' said in his bedroom, and In t he attitude of prayer, Keptemlier 13, 13!e» He was buried at Hordeuux, where his wife and daughter erected a monument to his nicnmry. Montaiifne's" Kssays 'TankamonK he few preat hooks of the world, Pervaded by a philosophical scepticism, which thcT more than any book contributed to popu- arize in France : di.stin«ui>hed especiully for their masculine t;ood !.en.se, uhiindance of learning, knowlcdKe of man and the woH.l -rniss and simplicity or style, und com- i plete sineeritv. ther wnrn nr.t , fir 'I,, r.r." 7,:. ";:;';•;•'.!:,;; throuKh about elKhty edliions In Kurone rhe subjects of the Ks.ay, „re Immense ; various, nnd cvervthlnR I. discussed I the freest manner. MontnlKne- thinks aloud In then, and has no reserve. Occasionally the freedotn passes Into KrossnPs., but there I. no evil Intention In It; It Is more symp tom.i Ic of the manner, of his age than of mora fault n the author. The hook was at one timeea led the breviary of freethinker; .inlltls.till froms..meofltseh«racteristlc« chiefly read by men- Wits, courtiers, soldier. Philosoplii.. thinkers, men of the world 7t Shakcspenre-s library ; the copy of Florlo's ranslat on with Shakespeare's autograph In^ the I.ssnys in 157a ; the (Irst edition ap. penred In I.^Ho. a second considerably en- Wd in ISHH, and a third under the care or .Mademoiselle ,io (Journay in 1,5!),^ The e;"H! In V,""'l'yi"" ''y *'"""" ''•'» Put'iished early In the iH.h century. An InterestlnR lioKraphy of MontaiKue was recently pub- lished by Mr Mavie Ht John. MONTAl.KMHKUT. Makk R^nI Mar- ''."'! ''•'• ".i:""''"^'' K'n«-r«' was born In 17M at AnKouMme. entered t. e army eariy in life ; was admitted to the Aeai>my of Science" •n 1747 ; and In the Heven Year.' War waS" tacheW to the Starr of the annlc. of Uussio arid Sweden, and garc an account of their Me n.yj!irrH"*'""* *2 "'• *'""'•" ntlnl.try He published n work on fortification en- ..led " Kortlflcation perpend.cuulre." '"n M vol.. Uo. besides three volume, of corre- spondenee on military subject.; and paper. MmvTaT rS *" '.^f A<-«1'J Soon after his conversion to ChrlstlanrtT the rnental peruliarlties of his coun ^^men showed tftemselve. strikingly In his way of oppropriHtlng and earrying out the ideas of the (hristian system. He .ei/ed especially on the supernatural side of thlngV^ gave himself out for a prophet, fell Into ecitacie. and saw visions, announced the near ao- proach of the mlllennluin. and fostered the fanatical craving for martyrdom. He had nssociated with him two women, Prlwa or 1 riseillrt. and Maximilla. who aUo set uii a« prophetesses. He maintained that -hilo doctrine was immutable, church instituiioni were to be oltered iiccording to the need of the times by the instruction. of the Paraclete He made prominent the Idea of the prlestlr and potential prophetic dignity of all Chris- tians. commended celibacy; allowed no second marriage ; established additional and more rigorous fasts; made penances more strict, and refused to receive to church com- munion those who committed iiny crime. Some of the follower, of Montanus became Sabellians. The system of doctrines was however, not completed bv Montanus. but railed I ataphrygtans. from the country, auU 6W ■1 'I ) 1 f ' ! 1: - r ■ 1 ;.■! r ;! f 1 1 I I ! i :T il H p 1 I . . 1 4i mon] » Htm gtntlxrgnl ISiogrnpljD. IVpytlMiit.fronH M(>ntnnuit ttKctl un i Dial kiriRdom. MONTAN UH, HKNKJUr r AuUK.n Spnnlnh uriiMitiiU*(, wn» boni ill I'roxiiU'l, in h«lro- mailuia.ln IAi7,iiiia(>ilui'iitraiit Aleiiln llo wai pri'tciit At the couiull of Trent, und, on hiR return to Hpain, wn* eniployiil tn cilidnK the fnnioun I'oljrKlott Ilililr iimially i.illctl the Antwirp rolynloit. llo loinplitiM it In 1572, nntl for hit laliourt on it rciitvi'tl front I'htlip II. a pcniion of JiKNiiliitiitM. Ilv Mraa aftrrwHriU nimlo Ubrurinnnf the hNfur- iai. llo was oneuf the moiit learned divine* of the luth century, und died at Moville, lu 1398. MONTHr.lLrAUD.i'mi.iiiKin u\n- NKAV, a dUtiuKUiithed Kreiich ita'.urulUt, ^orn at Reinu in 1720, lie olititined Kro;it raputation In thetclcntille nurld,by hlitcun- tlDuatlon of the " ( ollet tioii Aeudi'niiiiue," a work coniptled front the ineniuirs of the U'Hrned • MONTCALM DK h.klNT \ 111 VV, I,(ii m JUHKPU, MArqult of, Krvnch generul. Him born near Nitincs in 1712. lie entered the army early, lerred In the ricdmontew! and Iliillan cainpuiKnt, became ntar^chiil de camp in 1750, and the «unie year wiiu. named commander of th« French force* in" North America. Ho obtained ai'vernl victories over tho Kn^llkh, fortified Uuebi>c, and beinK nttnrked there by the KnKli*h undi-r Ueneral Wolfe, wui defeated aud niortally wounded, 14th September, 17i'.t. He died two day* later. Montcalm wa« a man of ffreat political iAKaclty, nnd foretold, dis- tinctly, the American War a» the certain ■equel to tho i:ni{tli>h conc|Ueit of C'anniU. MONTEAQLK, Tlli)MA.>< hi'iUNO-UK f. Toration Acts, the Koman Catholic Kmam !|vation and Ueforui Act*. In \H'l7 he wa* made under secretary of state for the home department, in IWo •ccreury of the treatury , in 1«34 lecretary for the colonic* and prlTy^ouncillor . and in April, 1835. chancellor of the extheejucr. Tho latter post he (tiled nearly Are year*, and wa* the subject of much criticised and ridicule. Ho failed as a financier to co|>u with the dlfllculiltt* of the time, wa* not a Kood *p<'aker, and was accused of Jobbiu^- The satirist* of the day, " H. It," eipeclally, made much of hi* *hort *tature. It i« not to be doubted, however, that a* thu advo- cate oflilH'ral ineiuures.and one of the lead- in|r friend* of Ireland, ho did nooii svrvice. la Heptcnibt-r, lH3a,hn rssi-:!!';! !h«= ^ hsncel- MonteaKlo wa.afellowof the U,r»;,H a tru.iec of the National (iull "? ' ^ of thu Henatoof London Lnlver,!?" the tlmuM.;.L„lver.lty|„ ,;;,.;]''• l*ra Socii'ly, 'iiember , '. und of '"J. mill fro quenily ...ton '")al comiui„i,„„„„ ,„^,. , of art. He married a ■• .,.'""" '"•"forii hi. «r*t Wife havi;\.:v;''Hr', ?'.•«'• I«i« .cat, near Ll.n.rick, I 1 . i i,. ''^'l'' »' Hi. elde*t .on having .,.„', '7,^,; ^'!'«' )car, ho i. .uccccded in the p • r,.«o bv h," M()NTi:ni;LL(). Duke of. i LaNnis i MONTKCUrui.I. U.VY.M0Nn ,)K a ci ' hratcd Kcneral, wa, born ii, \m lt\ , tinKUi.hed family In tho%l ■ ' * *"' entered into the scrvleo of tin ItilH, ut the head of ..'(kio hot lo.iKM) Hwedes, and artillery ; but he 'ilciii'iio, and " "'for. In took the. t),iKK,mcai)d _, . — . .— .w, .,«■•*, Ill kvti} iina ifjTfi ii,> commanded on the Uhino. and fulled , ', ctTorlH „f 1 uremic i.„>| th,. p,i„p^ „f ,., "^ by hi* nia*t. riy maua'uvi;,.'"!'i,"",);;,;"'!^, m. Montecuculi wrote ,omo exa' In Memoir*" on tho militnry ort.uud a t .,7 i»e on the " Art of UeiKi.iMK " ' "^•"' MONTKLll'O. U.\KKAKI,I,.. Hl.NIDUm DA, Italian sculptor, hii* I.oih near I'lorci'icc about 1>,03. He l.arnt the K.>l,i,mith', art and then stndicd uculpturc under his father worked at I'arrara. Lu.ea.aiul Kcmio, Mrti' he became a pupil and nsslsl.int of lorcii. /etto ; »crvcd u« bomtiarUier in San Anuclo in l.^J7,un.l thence went to auist in makiiii' the ba* relief* in the Holy llousouf Lorttto Ho soon after »culptured a »tutut' of .Si ' Damiaiio at Klorenee, after a dc»ii?ii hy Michael Annelo, und in l.VJi! ho w.is nn- ployed first at Kome, mul lUen at I'loroiice to make colossal utalues for the oannion of the emperor* visit*. Ho wusaKuinassistaDt to Michael An){elo,:ind wan appointed arilii- tcct of the cautle of San Anijelii, wliiro ho executed a marble auKil mij an ilfli;)' of I^'o X. Hi* niDiuiuient to ItaMaswrcTuriiii at I'tocin i» coimidcrcd his best work. lli» la»t year* were spent ut Orvietn, whiTu he wa. named architect of the Duumo. Ditdat tJrvieto. alMiut l.Ko. .M()NTK.M.V.YoU, OKoiKiK DK.n fastilian poet, was born in 15iO, and lonk his name from tho place of hin birth. After serviiiif in tlie army, he wa* eniplnyod at the cuurt of Thillp II., where he died in IJti2. He Wiote " Diana," a paittunil rcpMiauce, which wa* continued by Uaspar I'dlo. MONTHS, DiKTiticir, tierman paintur. was born at I)u»«eldorf in K'I'J. Ho studiiil at the ueadeniy of hi* native city, and then at Munich, where ho n.iiisted Cornelius In the decoration of tho HufKaricn with frcs- coe», anil wa» afterwards employed l>y the kin;;, I.udwiK I. .Monten diatintcuishcd him- self by his l>attle pieces, which he ilesigi td and executed with >.'r<»i spirit. Anions nis priiulpal Works are tlie)>attlc»of .'^aarbruck. I.Mtzeti, and Ncrrwinden, (he stvrming of «M •«of- 'UNNl;8i ^VMoNn m:, „ ctlc- f "» W)H, of a dis. ' "f tlf .. .., ror. In "';;'' .«urprlud » >'>t'" •'.IKKflKC Mid •uon oftcr (kfeaiwl, '» l«37 la. Uifwucd •<»»») Ivania; ill lom L-Kjry over the Turk) I IB. J and me,, h^. K'. and fulled 1,11 ,|,|, :l'i' piiiipp (,f f„niu ■ItVICS. III.. ,)l,.d ill oto t(iiiie excellent '■iry art, uudatrc.it- tiiiiff." •AKI.I.O HI.S'II).U,I)| « lioi'H iii'ar rioniia' till' K'lliismitlri art, ire under his father, u.and Homo, Miere nssislaiit of I.urcn- •iliiT ill San Anuelo to assist in making ly House of lAintto, red a statue of Si after a di'siifii by 1 l.Vii; hu Was em- d ihiii at rioronco for the occnsion of wasaKainassistiiDt 'aHappointi'dardii- 1 AiiKilii, where hp I'l and an (Ifliiy of llalilassari'Turiiii lis best work. lli» Orvicto, whi'ri; he lie Duumo. Died at iKiK DK.nrastilian ind took Ills name rth. After M'rvini; loyod at the cuurt died in 1402. He al romance, which l'(d(). Uorman paintur, 1 Kii'j, He studied live city, and then i isted CorneliuH in fjtartcn with frcs- eiiiployed l>y the distinKUislicd hiui- wliieli he desigtcd ipirit. Anionirnis tiles of Saarbruek, , t!i6 BtvFDiing of! ia ilfU) Clnibersnl laiogrnpf)!). heTurklith works ut IlplKradu by tho JIu- varlaro.,Ae Hied, l8^.'l. MOMKSJ'AN, KliAN^OIsK ArilUNAIHK, ... .!„ !...«•! In lilll Uli» •»... Maroulse de, was horn In l«ll. Hho wat il.iuKhlerof the hrsl iliikeof Mortrniart, ond niarried in liiii'l die iiiari|iiU u( Montcapnn. Sooiiaftir wliieli «he appeiireil nt the eourt of l.ouls XIV., mid attaehing hertdf to the iliH'lir>s de la Vallierc, then the farnurito nililress of the kiiifr, shi* nitnieted hi* iid- iniroti')ii,and supplHiited tlie tliichemi. Hhc had several children hy I.oiiii, *»h<» werp ultimately deelared li'KlllniHte. 8lu« w.i» in turn iiippl.inled hy Mad.inie de Main tfiioii, niid III KiHtl iH'InK eoinnmndetl hy llie kiii;{ to iiuit the court, kho passed her lust years in devotlniial retlnuiiiMit and litncvolcnt .•itientiiiiis to the pnur. Hhe wui hirtured hy remorse for her ({ulltjr llfo, (dfered ti) return to her hiishund, «rho re- fused to receive her, and died In 17<»7. MO.NTK.'^Ul'ir.l', CIIAKI.KS UK HKCOS- liAi', Haroii de, was horn nt the camle uf llr^de, near llordeaii.x, In Ii!h:i, and In I71(i hcciinc presidi'Mt of ttie parliament of lliir- ileaux. The piihlicatiou of the " I'ersian Letters "tli'st made hi in faiiions as iiu author. It is a vigorous yet delicate pii lure of the iiiiiniiir^, Inljirs, and vices of his country- men, iiiier.-'iii r-nd with liiniliioiis passM|;ea (Ml ({raver nialtirs, and eitjovi d an Ininienso IKipularity. In I7:'H he was iiduilited to the Vivncli Academy, on which occasion he delivered an elo(|iunt dlscour.se. lluvinK given up his civil cniployiiienis, he went un his travels, and reiiiuiiied in KnKlund two years, » here hu was chosen a fellow of the Uojal Society. After his ref.irn ho re- tired tu his estate, and there completed Ills work" nil the Causes of the (irundeur and Di'clensi.'ii of the lloniaiis," which was pub- lished In 17:il. His Kretttest work, however, is the •' Spirit of Laws," which occupied him fur twenty years, was pnldished in 174M, and secured to him a very hixh place amouK writers on political scii'nce. Ills other works are, " i ' e Temple of (nidus," a piece called " LysiiiLuhus." and an " Kssay on Taste." Hurke charncteri/f» him as "a Kcniiis not horn in (very country, or cTery time.-with a Herculean rohustnesiof mind, and nerves nut to be broken with labour.'' He died in 17.V^. MONTEZr.MA II .surnamed Xocojotzin or the YouuRer, ninth kinjf of Mexico, was liorn about UTt;, and was elected on the death of his jtiaiidfather in 15<}j. He had dbtiiiRuished himself us n Reneral, and at ho tune of his election held the ofllee of liiRh priest. Iledroj.ped the mask of moucra- umandhumility, was crowned with more Ihau usual pomp, and had an extraordinary number uf human victims, prisoners tnkeii in W!ir for the purpose, sacrificed on the ocmion He dismissed from his court and palace all plebeians, and gave their employ ,,L "'^i '.".'"■'■ •■'•■■■"l-'ant measures the ffect ions of his subjects. Ho carried on almost continual wars with the nelKhhour- s:rat;:r"::;;:^';ar ^t -«» "•"« >"• [SION sup..r.titlous. The npp„rltlon of a c„,„-, ;;Tan.fnr' ': rr "• "" ■?"""'"'» """" ivi, 1111,1 the astroIoRrr* c.uld not interor. t ti meanlnK. A nelKhhouriiiK kli.« ,ki led I" dhlnatlon, afllrmed that It f^rih„ .j disasters from the arrival of forelunVri » warnlnKsoon eoi.rirmed. Montezuma. hoW ever, sill extended his empire, and i, tho Mime lime Increased the number of isaf feeted sul.|rct.s In I.Msi Corte/ and the Hp,inl.uds invaded theempireand npproac i- ed the capital; Monte/uma sent 'pVesen t. was In the utmost terror. II.. m u-nmh >*ent with ma^'oiflecnt eort.'Ke to meet forte,, and cond ., ted him Into the "|ty where, after eiKht days of ceremoni(,us civ il- Itles. ( ortej! ma. He remained InMexlhlc In the matter of of Al'^nr '-^'"hy •■"'•'•'.'-' IS^^lneharKo of Aharado. and a small body of Spuiiiaids w. n'r T"''}' "•".'' '•'^'■•' '" ""• ^i'r Wh eh Her. nnewed on the return of (ortez. The •Mexlians assaulted the city on the "7th t walls „, Ills royal robes exhorting hi. •ubjects to submit to their en.niies w'« wounded by Mexican arrows! ad b^ Tl'^" blow .,f a stone, before the Spaniards Jo |.^ f » IT. "i"; *"'."' ""''^ "'""••• He refused .'uil Jun.'.' r,Sr" ''' '"• **"""^''' ""^ -'^"l , MOVriArc..N'. liKUN.uti) vr, a cele- brated Irench critic and nntl.iti.iry, was' born at the castl.. of ^on\,>,v, in Lin^Jcll.e! | n l|.55, became a llcnedinine mouk.aftei^I ,V,"i enpKed In the mililnr ' service i sett|,.dnl I'arisin V.h: -, visit, d Uome.and Ha,r.T.-ived Hith distinction by Top.' I„- noc,nt M , was a •mitf.d to the Academy of Inscriptions in I7ll»,and died in 1741 He I was a volumln,..us writer ; but the most im- portant of hi, works, all of which aruniTn ' learninjt. is that treasure of dassi.,,! :,rchx«- oloK-y. entitbd •' L'Autl,,uil6 expliqu^o ct rX)''^'"*'''' '" ^'''f""*'" '«"»'»» 14 Yola.lu j MONTFOUT. SIMON m:, the fourth count. eoun of (hampujfne. In ll-ej. n,. ,ub.e- i .luently becim.. pos*ess..d of larp- estate, in I K iiKlaiid and was mud.- earl of Leicester bv .^. w'^.rf "r .V" ""■ P""'^'>""tlon by Inn,;, lent III. of the crusade ai?ainst the Albl- Kcnses, He Montfort was chosen lea.lcr of the crusaders, ami took several t.,wus. In . .n. fV'"'.'''""* ^'f'"* »K«i"^t haymond, count of loulouse, ai„l after a lonij series of successes, obtained a ^reat victory over the forces of Kaymond. at Muret. in l.'ia. Two yeari laf.r he Was invested by the louncil of he I..trran with the county of Toulouse 1 an.l the con(|uests <.f the crusiule.-s. I,, 1 '17 ay,v.,„d r.c.vered Toulouse, and was the i beM.«,d by 1)« Montfort. who was killed' before the walls, in June. l.-lM . •J"*^''»'^""'.'*'>"»-N »K.earloff,,.ircster. son of the preee.li,,^. „„, ,,„rn j,, ,.,.,„ue an.l retired to Kntclan,! in IMI .... ...'!..!; i f mWM ii s ) 1 ; ! , i I M' i i I'M. i'\ : 1 < s l; 1.11 t i ! i'l I I i , ! i ' ' t 1 i « ir '1? I 1-. m J JiJ^ 1 i' i t'' ill a ^ MtiJi ain(Ufn. Thekinu refusinff to abide by the Provisions, a civil war broke out, which ended in the triumi)h of the barons at the battle of I*wes, iu May, 126t. In January of the following year De Montfort carried out the first of the Provikions by summoning knights of shires and burgesses to the parliament, lie thus becsnie tlie founder of the Knglish House of Commons. In the same year a powerful party was raised up ag:i list him amcii^- the barons. and soon aft<-r tlic battle of Kvcsbam was fought, in which the royal forces were led by Prince Kdward,and there. in attempt- ing to rally hi* troojjs, by rushing into the midst of the enemy, De Montfort was sur- rounded and slain. MONT(iOI,Fn:H,J.i(ai;KHKTiK.\NK,tlie inventor of air-balloims, was born in 1745, , nt Vidalon-lcs-Aiinonai. In conjunction I with an elder brothtr, he devoted himself to scientific pursuits, and was the first who I nianufaclured the vellum paper, still so much admired for Its beauty. The origin of liip invention of the balloon has been, as usual in such (um-s, variously related. A work of I'riestley's is said to have suggested to the brothers the idea of using a g.j.s lighter than air to ascend in the atmosphere. It is also narrated that one day while Ivoiling water iu a coffee pot, the top of wliich was Co\ered with p.ipncc of the royal family atid a vast concounw- of spectators. Jacques died in 17yi>. Ills bro ther, Joseph Michel, before mentioned, wlio was the inventor of a hydraulic machine, called the water ram, was born in 1740, and died ir. Inlo. MO.NTtiOMEHY, JamK"!, a dlitlnguishtd poet wail)orn. Novemlier 4, 1771, at Irvine, In Ayrshire. II i« fatlicr was a Moravian niis*ionarr, who, leaving his son in Vork- shirt* to be educated, went to thu AVest Indit'S. where he asid thi* ■uis t'i i:::tth:-" !u;i'- died. When onl.» twelve yi'ars old, he com- puted »' for the metropolis in the hono nf « ^^J *'"' publisher for Ills verses Thoh""?'"« " who refused his Poems made him l?•.''^'="^' man. In 1792 he iraini.,i .. Vv„ . '"* ^''op- master had to fly from Pimlin, r ^'":'" ""s ' articles too Hbe'ralTr S'g„ve nS'lh'^' young poet became the editor and mo^i'^'"' I of the paper, the nam.- of wffiL 1 ' 'l' to Hheftield Iris. Soon nftcrw^.rl ^''«'''' prosecuted, fined, and imp s^on S t^i printing a song c-.mmemorating ''VcVn m : ' of ri^x^^^^ ^iiurcS" " ''^«^'- i not crush his love' of just^oT'Jn'^nff Ica.so he went en advocatim? tho ,i„ » • "" of freedom as hefore in his pa„or „nH "Y-H books. In the long i.it '^^K.^.-^S times and the present, the opinio ;„'£ James Montgomery early pioneered in En land have obuiued g.-neral rocoK'nition "„. ' as men became more liberal in i inlr tlcal views, he KraduallvroTo i o .^^0; ' In 18C)5, the " Ocean ; " in ISOti, the "Wan derer in Switzerland ; '• in iKOi), "The Ct the llood. ■ «y these works, despite advr criticiem in the Edinburgh Aeview hp established his right to rank as a poeT' In 1819 appeared " Greenland," a Cm ," five cantos; and in IH-s, " Tlie iviica Island, and other Poems." in 1836 ap-l' peared the first edition of his collected 1? poetical works, in three volumes: these '^ were followed, in 1841, by another edition, '^ in four volumes, embellished with por-'j traits and vignettes ; and lastly, in 1850 the' entire collection of his poems appeared inH a single volume. His latest contrilnition to I i religious literature wasavDlunioof-'UrlKin- I al Hymns." In IMSSir UutiertPccleonferredll on him a well merited pension of £150 a i year. Montgomery was a frrvent haterof " oppression and injustice. He was full of generous impulses, w.irm ufrections, and earnest longings after the welfare of his fellow-creatures. His religion was of no gloomy or sectarian character, but (tcnial, 1 broad, and healthy. His " Memoirs" luTCil b«-en putilished in 7 vr)ls. Died, l((54. i! MONTOOMKKY, Ui.iiKUi, an eloquent i preacher and popular pott, was bom at Hath in 1(M)7. Owing to the disastrous specula- tions of his father, his early life was « scene of iKTsevering struggles afjalnst narruw means. At first he was intended for the la« , but the casual perusalof some boolisof theology kbvc a fresh Lent to his mind, and he resolved to obtain a universily education. He had already shown a turn fiir poetry, and the great success w''ich fuUowed the publication of hi* poem, on "The Omiiipre •cnce of the Deity," enabled birn to enter his nSii'Tr SS a vuii:'i;-J!!t-r rf LiiU'uiU Cuiirgr, Oxford, where he (iruduatcd 11 A. in IWl.in matheiuataal honours. In Mi he \iM MOX] ^ i^fto anifaersal IBiogrnp^w. ordained a clergyman of the Established Cliurcli. His fli'-''t splierc of duty was at fercy Cliapcl, Fitzroysquare, but he subsc- Queiitly removed to Olasgow, whore he became incumbent of an Episcopal chapel. Keliffious antafiniiisin between him and his Presbyterian neij.'hbour» led to his return L^ to iiOiidon, where bo resumed his minis terial labours in Tcrcy-street Chapel, and drew a lurgo consroRation, among whom were many distinguished in science, art, and literature. His cliicf poetical works arc, "The Omniprescnccof the Deity,"" Satan," "Luther," "The Messiah," " Sacred Medita- tions," "The Christian Life," " I.yra Cliris- tiana," and " The Sanctuary," pulilisliod in 1851— 18.». In spite of Lord M.icaulay's castigation in tlie " Ldinburjfh Uevicw," the poems of Ilobert Montgomery are still popular with certain classes, and though disfigured by bad taste, bordering occasion- ally on the profane, display great imagina- tive and descriptive power. Died, 1W5. MONTHOI.ON, General Count, distin- guished for Mis long fidelity to Napoleon liuonaparte in every phase of his fortunos, < was born in Paris in 1771). Entering the army at the age of fifteen, he attraetcl the notice of Napoleon, by the courage and by the devotion M-hiili be displayed on occasion of tlic revolution of the istb Hrumaire, and from that day his fortunes were closely con- nected with those of his nuister. Appointed aldc-dc-eamp to Marshal liertbier in 18(>(>, he served in that cajiiicity in alt the subse- quent campaigns, and took pji.rt in the battles of Austerlitz, AVagrai.., Jena, and Friedland. He subsequently became one of the chamberlains of the emperor, during the Hundred Days he held the rank of gen- eral; and after the battle of Waterloo, to- gether with liis wife .mil oliildrt.i,hc shared voluntarily the emperors exile to St Helena, ivhere he remained till his decease. Died! 1853. ^ MONTI, VINCKNZO, one of the most cele- jbratcd poets of modern Italy, W'ls born at 'Fusign.ino, near Kerrara, in 17.1.1, and be- : caine as notorious for the versatility of his ; political principles as for his poetic talents. i Ho commenced his career as secretary to I Luigi Hrasdii, nephew of Pope Pius VI., 'and 1 wa.s then a violent enemy of the French , he afterwards becime a republican, next u i panegyrist of Napoleon, and ended by eulo- U'lzinitthcemptror of Austria. His " llasvil- I liana," written on the n.arder of Hugo ; Ilassevillcthe Frrm h amb.isiador at Homo, : IS in form a close imitation of Dante, and gained him a high reputation. His other chief works were," Hardo della Selva Nera," an unlinislied eulogy of Nupolcou, "Can- tica,"anotlier political poem, and a transla- tion of Homers Iliad; and his dramatic writiags are the tragedies of" Oaleotti M»n- frcdi." " Aristoderao," and " Calo (Jraeco " He was successively appointed nrofcsor of he belles letfres at Milan, and 'of rhetoric in the university of Pavia , and historiogra- pher of tne kingdom of Italy , and. after the destruction of that state, he was f..rtuni.t.. rnougii to i.rcMrve his place and pension 2nM ,V'17 R?^*'™'"''"'- "<• was also a inight of the Legion of Honour, and » [mon Died, member of many learned societies. MONTMORENCY, ANNE i,k, peer mar shal, and constable of France, born iA una was one of the greatest generals of the 16th century. He distinguished himself under Irancis I., in the wars against Charles V and was m.'ido prisoner nt the battle of 1 avia, which was fought against hisadTice He zealously endeavoured to procure the release of his sovereign, also captured, ond WIS rewarded by being made governor of I. mguedoe, and grand ma.ster of France In 1> J8 he was made constable, but three years afterwards fell into disgrace, and was exile I Kestored to his ofHce at the accession of Henry II., he suppressed with great severity the revolt which hod broken out in Guienne He was .igain taken prisoner at the siege of St Uiientiii.and in L5.5!) concluded the peace of Cateau Cambresis. Owing to the hatred of ( atherine do Medici, ho lost his Influence during the reign of Francis II.; but the ri.sing of the Huguennts occasioned his re- call to the court of Charles IX., and he joined the duke of Guise, in opposition to t ond(», who was at the he.ad of the Protest ants. In the battleof Dreux. Montmorency was made prisoner by the Huguenots, and 9 he gamed decided advantages over the Dukede Kolum. lender <•( the Huguenots. In lfi.10 be held the chief command in Piedmont, and defeated the Spaniards under Doria. His services were at length rewarded with a marNhal'g baton ; and being jealous of the influence of Cardinal Kicbelieu, he, with (taston duke of Orleans, raised the itandardl of rebollu.n in Ijinguedoc, where, being op- posed by Marshal de la Force and Sehom berg, be was wounded, and made pri-oner at the combat of Castelnaudari, 1st September If..jJ. All Fiance, mindful of his nervices, his virtues, and his victories, defired that the rigour of the laws might be softeneii in nls favour ; but Uicheliea was resolved to make an example of so powerful un enemy, and the marshal was condemned to death by the parliament of Toulouse, and executed. ■I'lth Oct., 161'.'. MONTUKSOLI, FHA (ilOVAN ANOKI.O Italian sculptor, wa» born at Montorsoll! near Horencc, atwut 13(H). After studying at Hesole, under Andna Fcrrueel. ho wis .•tnployed at Home. Perugia, and Volterra, and then under Michael Angelo.at San lor- en/o, Florence. After the troubles of 1 V.>7. be became a monk. In 1530. he was called to Rome, and employed by Clement VI I. to reitore some ancient statues. He again as- sisted Michael Angelo at Florence, and In and thi n returned to Italy. At Naples he exixuted the tomb of the poet Sanna//an. ; at Genoa the itatue of Audrea lioria, and 699 m^i^iM ' lli ,( mon] ^ iRcto SluiDcrsal 30iogrnpI)i). many works In the cliuroh of San Muttro ; at Messina, tho fountuiu in tlio I'ia/za.coiii- pletlng iilsu llie fai'adc of thi- tailicilral ; and nt Holoi?na several statues ami bas reliefs in the clmrcli of the Servitcs. Died at riorence, 1563. MOXTl'KNSIKH, ANNK MAIlIK T.oiISK. of Orleans, better known as Matleinuisclle lie Moutpensier. born at I'aris, in Iti'JT, was the ilauy;liter of (iaston, duke of Orleans, and the nioco of I.ouis XIII. In the eivil eontcsts w hieli distinguished tho niinoriiy of Louis XIV., she was a zealous partiban of Condii ; and, in fact, her whole life «as a scone of restless ambition and intrigue. A cry numerous projects of marria};e were en- tertained for her and abandoned, and at last bhc was privately married to fount I.auzun, and brotiKlit him a fortune of :;o,ihhi,(iwi francs, four duchies, the seigneury of Dom- bes,and the palace oC I,\ixenibouri{ , l.auznn was imprisoned for 10 years, and on his re- lease, which he owed to his wife'.s devotion, he treatid her with a hauteur which she could not brook, and *ho at length forbade h' «»ver to appear acain in her prtsence. 1\ hat time she lived in retiren\cnt, and dim in l<;;ia. Her " Memoirs," which form 8 Volumes, are interc.ttinf;. MUNTKOSK, Jamks ukaham, Maniuis of, n disiiuKUished royalist leader under Charles 1., was the son of the earl of Mont- rose, and was born at KdinburKh in Hii:). lie received an excellent education, which was j improved by n residence in I'rance, where he j held a eoiumission in the Scotch guards, on j his return home he experienced such neglect through the jealousy of the marquis of Ha- milton, as induct d hin\ to join the Coxe- nanters.but he afterwards took a yery active part on tlu- side of the king, was created a aiari|uis, and in a few months gained the battles of I'erth, Abi rdeen, and luverlocby. In Kil^ his fortune changed ; and alter suf- ferin(f a defeat from I^sley, at I'hiliphaugli, near H«lkirk. he was ooligud to leave the kin^'dum , in IWJ, he 'andcd in Orkney with « few followers, but was soon overpowend, eonvejed to Kdiuburgh, uud there hung and qtiartered. .Mo. NT ICC I, ANTONIO, a learned Chinese kcholar. Was born at Sienna, in 17(i^,and stu- died at the uuiversity there, devutiUK him- self to the living languages with almost incredible application. In ITfi he was ap- pointed professor of Knglish tit thelohiuiel college i and, in ITs'J.accomp.iniid .Mr ^V^dg- wood (>) Kngland us Italian teacher in hit faniiiy. lleinK in I.»y to China, Montucel took the op portuitity of obtaining iMsistance from nome Chiiicsi- youths attached to the embasiiy, in acquiring ihrtr language. The result was, that he proji'i ted u Chinese dietionury, the prospectus of which heforwurdid to siveral prine«s and ai.taiiiiits in Kiirope In l»f, an English, truveller, was a native of Lancashire, and I was educated as a surgi'on, at l.lverpoul, I In IHOB he entered the service of the Kaist India Company, una went to Idnijal asin-l speetor of the military studs, lie Has soon I after. sent on a difticult jounii'v Irjund the! Himala>a. In iHpj he set out on iinothtr course oftravel.throu^'hthr Punjab, Thibet, Cashnieer, to hotindour and l:.)kliaia, iind after CMurageou.>ly f.uing tin' j;rav( >t dilH- eulliis and nart'iwly cHMping ^'rcat perils, he fell sick of fever at a small lown in Huk- hara, and died llicre in b'^JS. His lonib wiis visited by Ilunies in his memorable journey from Ijihore to liukhara, h.il a,); anil a narrative of his expedition Wiis edited, from his papers, by \\ ilson, in Ihh .MOOUi;, Lkwakii, an 1 !i;.'li,h poet iinl drnmatic wrll' r, was tlo' s'>ii ot a ilisseiitini,' miuisterat .Vbiii|,'don,in licrkslnre, and born therein 171'.'. Ur w.is broiiu'lit up as a lineii- drajH-r in I-i'iilon, but iimitrd biLsiness for iitiraiy pUi>iii!'>. ill i7ii JM' piililislx'ii lii.i " I'nbles for the l-'eiiiah' .^e\," wliieh became deservedly popular, and procured biiii friends i^jiipi IKNNK,0IIC of tin, 1> «iiatli..|„ati,:a„8 ■5- Aftor studyiuK ■le.andatthcuni. tll.<"l at ]'aris, a„d "7uto of ],,l;„u!e, 'Hi other »„.„„„' I'aturtMiidboioiicc "t i'Pl>oiiitiii('iit at s later was mmU to llK' expedition lor 'i mid astroiioiuer d 111 17'.),aiidloij., l«rk of the trown '"-•>'• roval, iiiit at 'nvedaiidreiiiK-ed "ink is tlie"jijs. "'iHvols. lto,tln. '''' 111 K.JK.ainliin, f also wrote "Jlii,. I.i Quadrature du """'s " Miitlieina- "as a member of sciences. Died at J KAN li.U'TIsrK 0. rretuh phflan^ "■is, in 17a;, m, llie government, \ il'ition.and lived li'in of the Dour- iiienibered m the ' irtue, und for the i L»od niorais, in tlie ■ my. He was also' of temporary in- : moo] anions tliP prrat, partiriilfirly Lord T.yttlc- tun, whom he nftrrwnrds foniplimcntod in a pioco, entitled " Th« Trial of Seliin." Aftrr two attempts nt dniinntic composition, in the comedies of the " KoiindlinK '• and " Gil Idas," ho snccecdcd coiiiplctply in tlie tra- fredy of " Tito (iamcstor." J(c nnxt bpcnme the nlitorof a perioilieal pnpor, called "Thp World," ill which lio was assisted liy liOnU I.yltleton and ('heslcrtiold, and other men of rank and talent. Dicul, 17.57. MdOHK. John, pliysician, and miscellane- ous writer, was born In 173(i, nt Stirlinjf ; n Mm aintbersal 13(ogrnpf)y. [moo lerod tlioooiintry. The House of CommonM m-n a monument to lu, ..reeled to Hn. n t:, , '"?: cathedral ; an.l (ila.gow. hi" m" e eitj n"l 'in Moore' Iso Ine ode is well uun uiivv*. .-•.'. • -.-.-, ... ■ ......,^ , Studied medicine and Biirpcry at Ola.sRow ; and was successively a surgeon's mate in the Xethcrlands, and siirscon to the Kn>?liNh am- bassador at I'aris. In 177'-' betook liisdegree as physician, and became the partner of Dr Gordon, an eminent practitioner at (Wasjrow. After this lie spent (ivo years in travellinfi: upon the continent with the duke of Ha- milton ; and on his return be settled in Lon- don. In 1773, be published the fruits of his travels in "A View of Society and Manners in Frince, Sn itzcrland, and (jerniany." This work was so well received, that, in 1781, he published " A View of Society and Manners in Italy. ' After this, appeared hi8"Medi- Ml Skeiclies." His next performance was n novel, entitled "Zeluco," which abounds with incident, and affords strikiiifr illustra- tions of Italian character and manners. In 1795 he published " A View of the Causes and Prourcss of the French Ilevolution," (loscribin? scenes which he had witnessed durini; his residence at I'aris. Died, 1802. MOOUi;, .Sir John, a distinpuished mili- tary commander, was the eldest son of J)r Jolin -Moore, and was born at (ilasgow, in 1701. lieinjf destined for the military profes- sion, he was educated ehicfly on the conti- nent; and whilst his father was abroad with the duke of Hamilton be entered tb(. army, attheasoof 1.5, as ensign in the .'dst refri-' nicntof foot; of which, in 1790, he beeauie liiHiteiiant colonel. and served with bis corps in Corsic.i, where he was woundc January loth, Iwifl. HU ^wthexclted a great sensation throughoilt on the " Hiirial of Sir J .^^''^•{"T'.fi'- Jonas, mathematician was His"skiM 'i„"'-'"vl'' ''''""^'•' '" '■«-'""«l. re His sk I in mnthematieal learning reeo m mended him to Charles II.. by whotn be w , employed in several work,, and made s^r veyor-Reneral of the or.lnaneo. He wa, also one of the governors of Christ's Hospital Z n-T?" ""^ •""'•■'pal means of proeir L' e endowments of a niathematica scbgo n at semmnry. H,. compiled, for the use of bat institution, a " General System of M^. Hshed after his death. In itiHl. * Monin;, Thomas, Ireland's national poet the poet of nil circles," as livron emnha icai y sty ed him. " and 'the idoi of his own •• was I'orn in Aun,.ope it may be said that ho lisped i„ numbers; for in his thirteenth year he was n contributor to the " AntholoKia/' a Du , Iin Magazine. This turn for versifyhV "a, eonpled wi.hjfrcftt aptittidc for si'Saml nctinp for which tab nts tho social ha bits of his na, ye city afforded frequent opportun"- «..."•''''>■ ' '^■''"'" nt ''«nio, to use his own words, "a most amiable father, and a n of her such as in heart and bead has raVe y bet" equalled, furnished him with that pures" stimulus to exertion,-thc desire to please I ecf •r'',7," ''" »' ""« "'«*t lovo and re" ,. A. ,,l^^»V''rf.'nt»y.cvellom^,x Catholics. 1.. nJ r" ^''P'".'^*^''.'' '-y Pinnl enactments Hut parliament having, in 17'J3, opened the oT'm ^ "' ""•'"" »" "«'"«" t'an«ollcs^ i JoiinB Moore was gent to College, where he soon distinBuisbcd himself by his classical a nimucnt-s. In 17i»9, when i„ hi.s nine ' tiuith year he proceode.l to London with the \icw of keeping bis terms in the Middle l.>mple and publishing by subscription a translation of Anacrenn. The translation appeared in Is.K). and throuRh the pood ofli, es of the earl of Mnira was dedicated to the prince of Wales. At a subsequent p.riod Moore was amonst the keenest satirists of this prince, for which he has been accused of inKratiiude; but he himself has stated tint the whole amount of his obligations to iiisuoyal HiKhnes. wnsthehonourofdininir twice at ( arlton House, and l>ein« admitted to !\ Kian.l UHv civen by the prince, in LSI I on b.s Imiuk made HeRoiK. Hi* next publi- cation-a biilllant but somewhat licentious etnision-was enlitlcd " The I'oeticnl Works of the lute Thomas Little," printed in IHU2 With the Horaiian motto," I.usisse pu.1ct '" Meanwhile tho earl of Moira. in l«o;i. oh- t.-ilned for him a Kovernment appointment in Hei mnda, whither he proceeded, but speedily left his duties to be performed by a deputr and visited the Inlted States. This visit abated the admiration with which he had previously reifurded "American Institu- tions." It was followed hv lbi. nnt.il..,.ti...j 111 i^Ki, of two volumes of Odes and Kplsties'. Which were the occasion of a bitter critici«m »n the ' Kdinburjth Heview." In conse- quence of that article. Jt tfrey and Moore mi I 701 r i: [\ 1 i t r < ! ( ! !•■ 1 ^ > 1 1 ■ 1 - »ioo] ^ i5ct» ©nibtraal 19iograpI)i). [mob ax dmilists nt Chalk Farm ; Iml no liann wasiliino.and they subsctiiicntly bocnnic fust friends. A rcporl gcttlnK spread about that Mooru and Jffl'rey fmiKht witli unloaded pistols, Hyron coninicniorBtcd tli" event In liis •' I'.iiKlish Hards and Scotch Hi wcrs ; " and Moore followed up his Chalk . arm ad- venture by sending a tliallenge to Hyron. The I Uallongc, however, led, as with Jeffrey, to a sincere friendship between the two rival poets. In IHU he married Miss «es«y l>yke, an alliance which aikled materially to his happiness ; and for some time after he resided in Uury Street, 8t James's, and l>ecanie a frequent guest at the tables of the WhiK aristocracy, enjoying the friend- ship of Lords I^ansdowne and Holland. In 1N1;J lie removed to MaytleUl Cottage, near .Vshbourne, in Iierbyshire, and there com- menced his patriotic task of wedding new words to the most exquisite of the Irish airs, and which resulted In the far-famed " Irish Melodies" At Ashbourne he also wrote his "Intercepted letters; or the Twopenny l*08t-l)ng," one of the airiest of his satires, and his " Sacred Songs," and commenced his Oriental Romance," I-allallookh." Through the friendly oftice* of Mr I'erry, the copy- right of that poem wat secured to Messrs Ixingman's house for the sum of 3000 guinsas. The work wa« hailed with a burst of admira- tion. Kastern travellers and t)riental scho lam hare l)ttrne testimony to the singular accuracy of Moore's descriptions ; and, trans- lated into TersLin, this poem has even be- come a favourite with the Oriental* them- aelves. Fl«j»hed with the success of" 1-alla Uookh," Moore, with his friend Uogers, visited Paris, where he collected materials for his most humorous publication. "The Fudge Family in I'uris." He nest removed to Sloperton Coctage, near Howood, the re- sidence of 1-ord l.iinsdowne ; but ho had scarcely settled there when he received the painful news that his deputy at Kermuda had Involved him to the amount of some £fi0, and that he must be ready at once with a sum to stop proceedings against him. At this p<'rlod he had many offers of pecuni- ary assistance, but, feeling conftdeiice in his own genitis, he looked mainly to his pen. Me.ifiwhlle, a trip to the continent was pro- jected ; and Moore, accompanied ly I»rd John Uussell, proceeded tol>aris,and thence into Italy, w here he paid a visit to his friend I-orU Hyron at Venice. On his return from this tour he took up his aboile in I'aris, where he resided till the end of 182'J, when it was Intimated to him by Mcxsrs l,ongmau that a tinal arrangement had been completed with his creditors, and that be might now safely return to Fn^land. During his ftay In I'aris, he had published "The Fudge Family in I'aris," under the name of Thomas Ilrowii the Younger, " Uhyuie* on the Iload, ' and " The I-ovesof the Angels , ' the former the reoult of Ins visit to Italy, and the latter founded on an Fadteni story. He now turned his attention to prose. He had already published " Memoirt of ( aptaln Kock," and the " Travels of an IrUh Oentle- man inSrr.rch.ifa iiriigiun , :ai r.is rrpu: atlon was greatly Imreased by his "Life r' BhPfidan, ' which he published in 1H2&. Thtk 703 was followed in 1827 by ''Tlic llpk^,:^ a prose tale, dedicated to Lord .lol n luj ",'l n IH.io he produced "Tlu. Life of L rt Hyron m two volumes ,,M.no. Fur m« work he received from M,inay.!000 guinea His next works were, the '• life of Inn! r,f' ward Fit/gerald," in twovolsTvo isj ''h?,; the " History of Irel.-id," writ ten or fnrrt ner'sCyclopa^dia. ^Vhen ilio Whits ret.imn^" to oftlce in the spring of iHi^^Moun. reS d a pension of £300 a year, the reward of cood service done to the AVhig cause by his satiH cal and humorous poems. With the cxccn tion of writing short prefaces to the collcc cd '■'"J'rP,?'.'!'* I'««"cttl works printed in 1841 and 181'i, his career as an author terminated with his " History of Ireland." liuTat'. years were clouded by n loss of memory and in IMS he fell into a state of se.ondd.ildliood and the name of Thomas Moore was added tn the sad list which includes the n.iines of Swiff, Scott, and Southcy. li„t oven tl^' day before his death he " waibled " as Mrs Moore beautifully expressed it ; and a love of music never left him but with life iii,,,] I February, mi. His " Memoirs, Juurnals' and Correspondence," pul.Ii.,licd under ilu'i editorship of his attached friend Lord John ^ Jtussell.are fullof interest, rafleeting, as thev ! do (to use the noble editor's own words) "liis virtues and his failings, his happiness and his alHictions, his popularity as un author his succcks in .society, bis attachmr.it as a friend, and his love as a.son and a hushand.'^ A portrait -bust of Moore is in tlio National j Portrait Oallery. His w iUow survived him neatly U years, and died at Sloperton Cot- i tage ith Sept., ISG.5, aged tl». Mt)H ALLS, A.MbH()M(), .Spanish historian ' and topographical antiquary, was the son of a physician and professor at Cordova, wlirrc he was born in 1.M3. His fervent piety kd him to become a monk, but circums'.antcs afterwards induced Iwui to live as a srcular priest, and he became lli^tl)riogl•aph(r to Fhilip II., and professor of belles letlresj at the universit) of Alcala. Hewruica' c uutinuatlon of the " ('(ironiea (.'encnil de i Kspana,' begun by Ocainpo , " .Xntiijiiitics of the Cities of Spain, ' Ac. His aeiount of ' a Journey made by order of the kinj; through i the kingdoms of l^eiui, (i.ilieia, and the .\s- j tunas, was only puMislieJ in 17lJ5. Died,! IS'.I. I MiiU.M r>. I lis, liurnameJ Kl. I)1V1.N0,| • Spanish ji.iiulir, was Iwrii at lladajoj, alKiut I5(»9. He was a pupil of I'ii iru Cam- : pana, and ae(|Uired his surname iiuinbis! choiee i.f saereil siibjeels alone. Ho was called to the Km urial by l''ii;lip 11 , lut was soon dismissed, and in bis old a|.'i> received a pension from bun. Ihere art iiianyof the works of Morales in various pailt ot Spain. He di>'d, I5h)>. MOU.VNT, I'lill.ir. antiiiiiary nul divine, was burn In the i'tluiid of Jeri>ey,aiid edu- cated at I'embroke College, iixfird. He edited several works, and wrote a " History of Colchester,' • History of KsiM, ' 4i Horn, 17(10 , died, 1770 MOUATIN, MClKil.AS I'KUNAN'UES, a .-ipariiin poet, Was nun: ;-.! .tj.tjm'J iH >•— • He prsctised the law there, and succaJcd I Ayala as professor of poetry. The reform ■', l^t1^1#= ^ Mtixi Bnibtxinl ISiograp^j). imeiitaK's ■ (irivon irom tiie 8tage. His Letters, and some of hlg prose writings, are lost. Died, 178(i. MOKATIN, LKANDRO I'KRNANDKJ! I)K, dramatic poet, son of tlic prcrodinjf, was born about 1760. lie was patronized by the minister Godoy, who tnablcd him to Tisit [tlie priucipal theatres of Kngiand, France, and Italy, at the royal expense; and on his return hoiiic,apj)()intrd liim to tlio .sittintion of principal secretary interpreter. Under t!ie government of Joxeph liuonaparte he Mas made royal librarian ; but he was sub- sfiqueutly obliged to unit Spain, and died at Paris, in 1H28. lie took Moliire for his model ; and amone his dramatic etforts nro tlie comedies of" );i Cafe," " El Haron," &c. MOKDAUNT, Cil.\ULKa, fnrl of I'eter- borouKh, was born about 1«38, and succeeded his father, John, I-ord Mordaunt, in 1675. He entered into the navy, and distinguished liimself at Tangier wlicn it wa» besieged by tlie Moors. He was a distinguished opponent of the tyrannical measures of James II,, and cooperated in the llevolution. In ISiir, on the death of his uncle, he succeeded to'the earldom of I'.torborough ; was employed in the war of the Spanish Succession, as com- niandor of the Knglish arr.y In Spain ; and gruatly distinguished himself bv his couraKo and a series of brilliant achievements His offensive arrogance, however, marred the reputation he earned. He took part in the intrigues and political contests of Queen Anne's reign, enjoyed the friendship of the loiiding authors and wits, and died 1735 MOUE, Sir ANTO.W, a celel)rnled portrait ipaimer bornat Itrccht.in 15.!,';. Ife studied laKtunder Jan Schoorcl.nnd early entered . he service of Charles V. He came to Knit i and in the reign of (iueen Mary, on whose death he neeompaiu.d Philip II. to Spain ibutprtsuiningtoo much on his famillaritv he incurred the displeasure of the kinir RnH ^jimttcd ,he country, lie then entered'l","^ he service of the duke of Alva, by nhJm k wa, made reenvergenoral of ,,,e r^ : cnues of A est >lan,lcrs Thus patronised ie was enabled to live in a style of aani ' I tonceduring the remainder of hiiffi i Diid at Antwerp, l.'SHl. '"*'• j MUHE, H.ANNAii. moralist and mlscel .n.cflre,aught%s'of'a*it.,ag',:o:d„rer' T hcrary abilities of Hannah earlvt racted notice, and asiibscrintlon was form, i 111111773 Mv.i.i'^' '*'""«•> not published lihil;. -.^.U.''" ,en«:OUragen.eni oiQ^rn.v ^^ll^^lL'^-'VPr'nted in nSl'/^'ker lit moit popuUr of her Loiidc plays, was brouabt nut in PTh „,."! — ' nights successively ; and her 1,^/''. "" '^ 'The I-'utnl Fals,h„"d'' wa, nr .''"^f''^' 177!>. Shortly after lor nnini '"^"^i'l'tJ in theatres underwent' a chaSe .'nH"^''"'"'«= not consider the stage in k^ .'., "'"' ^''' n* "becoming the •LppeaJanc'^Bor"' ""'"• tcnance of a Christian." EaHr in i.r ""."" was honoured bv the inHm»,„ '^ '"^^ *''« of Johnson and Hurke of i*"."'"'*.'!'*""'"" various works laving or S^?u'T .''^ roligious Impr'oveme.'ft'o'f ma kini^'S er first prose publbvuion was "Thoughts „f the Manners of tiio r!...~. ,, '",""«"'» on 8t Vau'^.""„a''^.^M„"rarsl*:t? W"»'' "' vailing >r,ni„ns'[,urM?„ . r; Vr, eign S ion ?• ''• 'T '" ««'«^'c«'ons on Pr yer •■ The 8TO. She died at Hifton. in September i«n' "rhe^'wHtiZ -"'•-" up,;a''nrs"oVl3o;;!f^ l.^nu:.s^rabouri;,o".V'"''^'"» '" ^•'""•''"'"^" refused the highest eccUsi mti.- ii V,, r jnnn. and died, uui versall/b ;'| reis- er.'' Itl'.'-.r'n " *""" '"'.•''^'■"' »>•'•'-'-;,'" vtt eru,iitlon there can be no doubt but l.i, opinions were singular, and deeply tiio tured with enthusiasm. The most admlrJ;« and Divine Dialogues " '•""•■um lan.V'L'*'"' M *■■ '''"""^-.'''aneellor of Kng- ?. k?« ."V; """. "' '"' •'""" More, Judge Sf <80. He was educated at rhrlHtchurch .VJ;.'"."*' *'}^^ .^''f'^^»'. thai it was refu....l h^ le ai>P. Uy tlic inti'iist of Wo! hcy he obininorniined. He re- 8l);ned the seal;*, because he could not con- scientiously lend his support to the divorce of tiueen Catharine ; and he was eventually committed to the Tower for refusing the oath of supremacy. After an imprisonment of 12 months he was brought to tri.il in the court of KlnK'«Ilench. where, notwithstand- ing his el(i(i«cnt defence, he was found i;uilty of treason, and sentenced to be beheaded. His behaviour, in the interval, corresponded with the uniform tenor of his life; and, on July 6, IS.i.l, he ascended the scaffold, with his characteristic pleasantry, saying to the lieutenant of the lower, " I pray yon sec me safe up, and as fnr my coniiiig down, let me shift for myself. In the same spirit, when he laid nis head on the block, he told the executioner to wait till he hud removed his beard, " For that," said he, " hath com- mitted no treason." Thus fell this illus- trious Kngllshman. whose intesrity and dis- interestedness were on a jiar with his leariiins, and whose manly piety, penial wisdom, and tender kindness in his private relations, made him beloved of all who knew h I m . MOUr..vr,jF,.\N MlCiiKf.. an eminent de- signer and engraver, was born at Turis, i:i\. He was a man of extensive Information on works of art, and his industry «a« truly surprising. In ITTS he was made number of the Ai adeniy of I'alntinp, and draughtsman of the royal cabinet. liesuli s what he com- pleted as royal dniughtsman, he prepared 100 plates of the History of France, »0 for the New Testament, Ctt fur tJi sners works, upwards of Ux' for edni..;:* of Voltaire and Moliere, and an immense number more for the illustration of the »tan(l:ird works of an cient and modern authors. He beeanie pro- fessor at the Central Sihools in 17;i7. liied. lHi4. MnUKAL', JK.VN Vi( Ton. one of the most celebrated generals of the Frem h republic, was born at Morlaix, in ITi.t. Though des tincd for the law, he abruptly lift his studies, and enlisted in a regiment, before lie had attained his l.'-ih year, but his father pro cured hjs discharge. The revolution, how- ever, enalded him to gratify his w-tshes, and he becsme 'ommander of the first battalion of rolunteers raised in the department of Morbihan,ai the head of which he joined the army of the riorth. Having greatly dis tlnguished himself, I'ichegru, under whom he serveJ, did all he could to l>efriend him , and. In l"tt«, being made general of division, he wai iniruttcU with a ntparutc force, to act In Handera, where ho took m.iny towns. chief of the nrmv of trKhC'"«"''"-'°- the fi„„o,„ (a,„p„iKn Of I7M ":•,",'' ^«'^ "innHMlin the skilful retren 'fron J. '"'"■ tremity of tJermany to ihn iL u ,"" f"- Meant.'me, the repu'^, j" ZinJZ"^ 'TS'"' testine dissensions, he, for*, h"V""""- from active service; bu Vis ';/"'"'" general again brought him forw '^ ' "' » llmmapartc having Vt,rn^/f?"'l' ^i"! and b,!ing now lirsto .„;,."'" ''«^1"' with the command of t,"o' "■■"*""" *>"» Danube and the lUiinr armies of fho tory_ofHohenlini;;i;-e^,.^^,S!S;£- Having some time suhs'enuen'tV.'!!''"".^''' plicated with lMchegru,oS^"i7 T" royalists, in a plot agaiim ,*;' eo uia?/: vernment, he was brought to tr?al w i, h^^ other persons, dec'ared ui>i\tT ,1 ,.' *^ eviden'ce, and" Hcntenced'lf t^o ^nr,'''^''' prisonmenf. This was howrvn, , """ to « sort of voluntarv^.a.Snra'^li'f'' retired to North America, w "o hV hoLt nn estate near Morrisville,«n thonniw^ ' He there resided some v.C n tl o on"'' mont of trnnquillity, unt.l lis e„lng ZZ inT.tntion of the alii,.,. „nd more rLciaav of llussia. he embarked for riirono in j,^ / IHi:.. At Fragno he found the Ko^ J; Austria and Uus.ia, with thekingXmsi/ a I of whoM> received him with gre.n cor- diality; and he was imtuced to aid in , he direction of the allied armies against Ms countrymen. So.m after his arrival, while conversing with the Kmprror Alexan lor on horseback in the battle before Dresden S cannon ban fractured his right knee and leg. Amputation was immediatelv perform- ed, but the wound proved mortid, and he died on the Isl of September, 1813. Moreau was brave, generous, and humane; possess- ing rare merits as a 8,THi)MAS, on eminent critic and loxieosraphcr, was born ut JHon, in 17(i3. IIo jiuhlislird ikmv rditiniig of Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary, and Ilcdcric's (ircck I,exi con, and was author of "Annotations on printers' guild. The business wag Riven jp to liim in l(il7, and he was named printer to , .... uu„,„u , when It wnn «■-.,- . ;r "■" ,1,0 kins i" lfi:ia- Ho published tine editions Morerl. it cm«i,,cdi,fonef,.io'l" ''''''*''' ^^ of St Ha.>il, St Cyril, St (irrgory of Nazinn- tin- additions „,ado to if i.v "''{.'"* • ^"' /,.s. &c. Died, I(ii6.-CHAKI.K8, son of I writers have extended It to fo.f •"''»<'1"cut MOUKTO Y CAHAnA. DON Auotsnv an ennnent Spanish dramatic poet of the 1-th century, who. after writing 200 Dlnvl became un ecclesiastic, lie wa* rnn 2* ' by"7.Kii:'l'v T"'""', »" " -arp^tnSd Molilre.'^ '^- "" "'"^ ^' ^""•^'l '"e Spanish MOIUJAOM, OlOVANNr IlATTISfA on em.nent physl, ian and anatomist w«,bo?S VaK 'A"at'HT'^""' '" '?^ ••"'•"eS'uSrr a, at noloKna : and in I7n i.« C?/?!- «^"l-'" '"•' at I'tdua.^'V.; Tr^^re con, iirui "lis iiuinui ipi niiiiiiiiiiiDiiH on ! Locke's Kssay on the Human Understand- I inz" He edited the plays of Kuripideg and .lisi'liylus.tran.slated the Kpistlcs of Seneca; assisted Hogarth in writing his Analysis i)f lleauty ; and selected the p.issages of Scripture for ilandel's Oratorios. Died, .MOIIELLKT. Andrk. a celebrated abb#, born at Lyons, in 1727. He wrote some works on political economy and statistics; hived in habits of friendship with the most I fiiiincnt of his countrymen ; visited V.Hg- land in 177:^, and became acquainted with some of the leading politicians, and with lienj- '- "---' '■■ '■- ... the the «ras appointed to the first anatomic, pro" volum,. folio, and arc held 7nT.S*eSa* "nU 'k'"'"" "npo'tnnt is that entUled I'cSedihusetCiusis Morborum oerAn. tonun Indagalis " ti!« " i i„ P*"' Ana- to.n..^.J,-.;^?,,-versan^A.a- ^de^"^^;.!!!"'-^«^'«cele,.ratedeotn le of the leading politicians, and with mander oV hi'irr„.?i'''^"^'.V'*''""'»*cd cona- Uamin Tranklin. He was admitted to was the 8o„ "f ?^V-*,'1I l^'" '"''' century, French Academy in 17«l. and wa.s one of I'orto llello nn I pJV "'^ ^"•''"f «•• Ho took collal)orateur8 of the famous dictionarv. and for s ven """'"* '•""i" ^''"^ Spaniards, 1792 he became director of th.. Academy ; himself arwTi ' /m"'"'* <'0"'inucd to enrich In 1792 he became director of th" Academy • wrote ninny political brochures during the rerolution ; and died in 1819. Ho publislud "Literary and Philosophical Mi.scellanies of the liighteenth Century," and his" Memoirs on the Eighteenth Century " appeared after bis death. .MORKIJ.I.CosiMO, Italian architect, was a native of Imula. Ho was born in 17;i> obtained the patronuge of I'ope Pius Vl7 and built the cathedrals of Imola and Mace ' rata, the theatres of Imola and J'errara and many churches and palaces in various cities of Italy. Died, luij. AIOKELU.OiAcoMo.a celebrated Italian biblioRiapher, was born at Venice in 1745 He entered the church nnd was ordained tncst.dcvotmg himself withardourtostudv and the acquisition of hlstoricBl. literary' and antiquarian knowledge. In 177H he wa* chosen Ijbranan of Si Mark's, Venice, and applied himself to the task of enriching perfecting, and arranging that v.Uuable eol- t^T- V'l' ^''""'"' "'»'''^' "<-• was c4n. jpelled in I7»7, nnd the following years to give up many of its printed and manuscript treasures to bo carried to I'arls. He hefd his post successively „nder French and Austrian rule, and was no less dUing mh U or his kindliness and modesty han f r is ! yarning. He „as author of , C talogue of : t'efarsettimanu.HTipts.historic.i diWrta , i^ns on the libraries of St Mark's and ,,f 'ionary- which 1/. ,' „"'*'""'•" ^'''■- inProvcnce in ifin i'" "'.""'"• ***» »«'" the .iJ,,"'''J" 'A'-V *«» educated amonir ili'Shopof Ant -Mni', IT?!"*. "'"'""«"«■ '" tlic i*i»!:is.'";\'»,r-iij,rs:: t«.ne. ao s.ttlcd at Jamaica, of which island -nd'^'^s'iiS/:^ «--- ^y ^^^Z no^l/^^^Uj^^'S-f^ti^uished ?/-'££'E5- ■■■■'■■ -j-^s Jz, '^""'•^* Morgan, an em iient phvsician afurwa?u*'7'"' S'^^-^'t'T and taste were urttrwards .hown in the " Hook without « Jomu; T r!"" T'''* which they wrn2 jouitlj. lUgid.s tho long list of n.7v.."i. "iaids^ojis ;-n;Ka lis: severe attacks from the Torv w'r te.^ o? 'h of k.^' *""■''' >■'■"" *»"^ fOoyed a pennlon of^iaoo frju,num. conferred J„ hereby S published V- iiii,':"'..^'^""^ '•" '''•«"» •»»• 700 I85a. MciuoiM of her life hare since been puhUohed. MOKdAX, WiM.lAM, nn eminent AVelsh prelate, who took a leudlnjr part in the trans- lation of the llihle into Welsh, printed lirst in \MH. He (Ut'd In 16(v|. MOUOH KN, llAPii AKi., a Tery celebrat'4 Itnlliin enpnivcr, was born at Klorenee in 175H. He reeelted his tint Instrurtioni in his art from his father, an engiarer of Naples, and when about twenty years of age became the pupil of the illstlngulshed Koman enprnver, Volpnto. He made bril- liant proRri'ss, and soon asxisied his master In important works. and married his daugh- ter. Invited in 1792 to tlie court of Naples, he preferred to settle at Florence, whither he was called by the irrnnd-duke of Tus- cany. There he spent the rest of his life, and executed most of his great works. Of these, the chief are his print of the " Ijist 8upper," after Lionardo da Vinel : the " Transflgurat ion," after Kaphael (both , how- crer, executed from drawings by other art- ists, not from the oriKlnals) ; the " Aurora," after (iuido . the" Madonna della Segslola," ofter Uaphael, Ac. He also engraved many admirable portraits. Died at Florence, April 8, 1833. This artist was an aasociato of the French Institute. MOllHOK, DaNIKL OkOHOK, a learned Ocrman author, bom at 'Wlsmar, In Meck- lenburg, In 16.19; was educated at Htettln and llostock ; was successively professor of poetry and professor of history at the I'nl- versity of Kiel ; came twice to Kngland.and resided for a time at Oxford. His principal work, entiilid " Tolyhistor, sivc dc Nolftla Auctorum et Uerum Commentaril," It a laborious compilation of m.iterlals for a grneral history of literature. Pled, IG91 MOUIKU, Jamks, whose novels, descrip tlve of eastrrn life and manners, enjoyed at one time sireat popularity both at home and abroail, was l>onj In 1780, "\Vhen still very young, he m:ule an extensive iour through the r.ast, the main Incidents of which he descrilxd in hi", "Travels through Tersia, Armenia, Asia Minor, to Constautinoplc." In ISIO he was appointed Itrltish envoy to the court of I'ersia, where he remained till 1816, and soon after his return he published "A Second Journey thrungh rer»ia," Ac. During hist stay in the K.'ist, he made good use of his opportunity of studying the cha ractcr of the people , and the knowledge thus acinnii>i...» .....1 .•■".""' 'lis ilistoru I'laniarum Ix>ndon. in 17«4 ' He ^^ in^Vril^^^ father, who employed him constantly i„ making drawings fur sale. Ijy m.ZJn. he aciuired a wonderful facility of invcS' and rapidity of execution. Ho S'Z gre.,t skill as a faithful copier of na trc nj In xhe early part of his career confined him self to the deli-ration of picturcs°"c £ S! scapes . hut having contracted irr.KuUr habitM, and a partiality for the lK.ttlo • ,1 h'w company, he forsook the woods a fleM. for the ule-houso ; and stagc-cZhm" ' postilions, and drovers drinklug,heoameihe favour to subjects of his pencU. Some of his best pieces exhibit farmyards .an.l stabli'g with dogs, horses, pigs, and cattle ; or «concs at the door of the village ale-house, designed with all the truth and fueling which com- municate a charm to the mcaecst ohjects and proclaim the genius of the artist. Many were painted in spunginghouscs to clear him from arrest, or in puhlli -houses to dis- charge his r. ckoniiig. In a spunging-hoiwc he died, In 1804, aged 40, a melaucholy ex- ample of irregular and debasing habits His wife survlveilhim only two days. MOULAM), Sir SAMVij., mechanician, was .a native of Iterksliire, and bum about 1(12.5 He was employed ou some diplomatic mlwionsby Cromwell, and afterwards ren- dered considerable service to CharUs II., for which, at the Restoration, he was wade a baronet. Among his inventions are reckoned the speaking trumpet, an arithmetical ma- chine, the fire-engine, and tlie capstan; but of some of tlie.-e he was rather the irnpruTcr than tlic original discoverer, lie expended a considerable fortune in the prosecution of his favourite speculations, and, hke maiiT other projectors, was a benefactor to tlie public to the detriment of his private con- cerns. I)ied, 1C96. MOIU.KY, THOMAS, an eminent Englisli musician in the reign of l.li/.ibeth. He viai distinguished both .is a peri'ormer and a com- poser , and among liis works arc canzonets, madrigals, ballets, and church music. His chief Work is entitled, " A plaine and ea«ie Intruduttlon to rr.iclical Musiikc." Died, about I'iOi. MOIIX.W, riui.ii- i)K, .Sieur du Plessis Moniay, a celebrated French statesminand writer, was born at I !uhi, Normandy, iul.M3. He was a I'roiestant, and alter the massacre of St llarlholoniew's he left his country, and travelled in many parts of the conti- nent, visiting Kiigland also, where he was received by Queen Elizabeth with dislin- guisiied marks of fuvoui. in im ^^ ^•''' tered Into the service of the kingof Xavarre, afterwards Henry IV., whom for 30 years he 70« t hi, „■ went to Prance. rtor',degri.u,an(lwa the royal garden a i^rncd to i:nKland,and 'i'"Uo Charlc, Ii.^Sd otany „t Oxford! In » l'ra>ludium liota. 'rtiouofl,i,..,n„;,^ )l i l>"t lii, death, in from tinlsliinx It, an 8 pubiiilied by I)ut,art • K «n OMiinrnt painter low life, was born ia was Instructed by his '*l nim ciinstantly in Bak' liy this mean, ul facility of inTcntion, cution. He had also U copier of nature, and 8 career confined him- II of plctures(nie land- con tractod irregular ity lor the buttle imd r«ook the woods and ■ ; ana »tiigc-eoachmen, sUrmking.heoameihe us pencil. Some of his armyards and stables, 8. and cattle; or scenes ii?e ale-house, designed d fcellnK which com- thc incat'cst objects, us of the artist. Many nging. houses to clear > puhllehouses todis- In a spunging-housc I 4(1, a melancholy ex- il debasing habits. His ly two days. .\Mfj:i., mechanician, sliire, and bum about cd on sonic diplomatic , and afterwards ten- vice to CharUsH.,for aiion, he was wade a ivcntions are reckoned , an arithmetical uia- , and the capstan , but us rather the hnpruTcr ovcrer. lie expeniieJ f in the prosecution of lions, and, like nianr 1 a benefactor to the at of hij private con- ), an eminent Knglish of I'.li^.ibcth. Ue Has ;i periurnarandacom- 1 Works arc canzonets, d church music. His 1, " A plaine and casie jcul Musickc." liicJ, I)K, Sieur du Plcssis French statesman and ihi, Normandy, ill IMi». and alter the massacre he left his country, ly parts of the toni;- d ulso, where he was liiubeth with dislin- lUUt'. lii ioio I*C CIl" jf thckingofXavarre, , whom for 30 years he jjor] ?l ilicU) Stnibcrsnl UiogmpOn. served in the cabinet and the Held with the utmost leal and tldclity. After Hi-nry tiud reconciled hiniself to the church of Komc, De Mornay sent in his rmiKniition, and, re- tiring from a public upherc, UovotcU the re- mainder of hi.s life to literary purNuitit, ad- vocating with his pen the causn which he had defended with hli »word. Hiii tirnt work, a " Treatise on the Church," appcarod In 1578, and was followed the succcedinK ytar by another, entitled, "Thu Truth of Christ- ianity." Hut lii.s most cdebrnted one wa§ a Ticatiso on the " Institution of the Eu- charist," in wliiih ho opposed the doctrine of transubstnntiation. 8o great was hia learning, and such wag hi* infjucncc over the Huguenots, that ho acquired the iippellutioi) of the Protestant pope; while his ci — and unblemished character obtuinei spcet even of his opponentg. Died, MOKNINGTON. OaHRI T W'KI 1 [mok of the Protestant pope; while his t'onHlaiicy and unblemished character obtained the rc- icet even of his opponent*. Died, 16^3. MOKNINGTO.V. OAHRI T W'KI LF.SI.KY, Earl of, musical composer, was born in Ire- 'land, about I7:'0. A fondness for music I; showed itself in him from his earliest years, ' and at IShchadiiualiticdhimaelf for the post Ijoforganistin hi.s father's chapel. Anions his : I most admired compositions, nrc the kIcch— i|"Herc In cool grot," " hird of eve," and |!" Gently hear me, charming maid." He !| wrote also some church music, an'"'- "»""" or tno Acw Test.iment, which were a'ler- V„.t 7*";"";^.' "•■ ^"^ "PPointed by the ■!nH.J""''' ^'""P^'-y «h''ir correspondent and interpreter but never lost sight gfhJ chief object of his toil, namely, to complete a Chinese translation of the Hi hie and conferred upon him by ,i,o universi y "f Olasgowr. and in the s.ime y.-.-ir he actom H'in' n7A.,-?""^' *" his'%mba«;""o , i J"* ^ '''"'»<■ l!'ble, the first Dortion "m! n^ "''••'■^'a'-ds pnyecteU an Anglo- l hlnesecolleee at Malacca, of which ho was a Mberal patron until hi, death, wh eh took S-'MortfrtT"''""'' '" him was 10 tt «h. world the greatest Chinese scholar Fu- r 'o'/r^^s'ttr '• ""' ""'' "' ^'^ --' "'S- MOUTlf;U,T:r)niAui.Aln)i,pnKCA«lltTR ^VJ^ rTnL-rr -pS. i^nVC/i.!; S' :ial: t!*:!"!."-'.'.- -.:.'-• '>it "i^ iidiKKir. In tho iMiii|i^iiKi>>< "f IKOJ and Irtdii (icurr.il Mortlcr lienactl uni* of the ilivl>ion» iif thi< »rf'»'id nrmy, lom- niauilcd In I'hiof by Niipnli'iin In j>ori«.>"ted Napoleon in his exp'ditlon to Uusititt , and to liini was intrusted the blowinK up ""■ Kremlin at Moscow. On the restoration of I., when he was appointed to the command of the 11th military division, at Itouen. lie was afterwards elected a member of the chamber of Itcputies, in which he sat till IHin, when be was restored to the peer.iKe. In IH.14, 1a)uI« Thilippe pre- vailed on him to accept ofllhal Koult, but he >(>on after resigned, lirini; on the stair of the kin)? and prince sat the review at I'aris, on the '.Jhth of July,lH3^,lt was the f.iie of this brave officer to be one of the victims of the assas- sin, ricschi, who^e "infernal macbini'," sparinj: the kin? and princes, took deadly effect on M.tr^h.il .Morlier, and on several who were ne.ir Inm. MOUTIMKH, IliKiKii, carl of March, an rnglish baron of th<' 11th century, was born at>oiit liHT, and on the diath of his fatl-.er, in the Welsh wars in A-M, was made the ward of I'iers (iaveston. He served uni'.er FdwardI, in the Scottish war, in 13oC 7, and durinK the tlr>t fourtn n years of the rei^n of ];dwar.l II. was employed in Scotland. Ireland, and Trance, and «n« ii;ipoinied lieu- tenant in Ireland in 1.117. Three yearn later he joined the barons In revolt to banish the king's favourites, tho Spencers, but was taken and imprisoned in the Tower Having escaped tu Trance, lie allied himself with Isabella, (jueen of i;d«.!r.l II , and the barons who shared her disconienl. The queen accepted him as her paramour, and having obtained aid from the count of Hainault. they came to Kujil and in \32>J, de- posed and imprison' d the kln^;, and kov< rned the kingdom at their w 111 The young prim e was proclaime't (Tdward III), Mortimer was created earl of M.irch, and took a Ur^'e ahare of the estates of the Speiicem , the d< posed king was shamefully murdered by his orders ; and at List Kdwarl. weary of •ubji-ction to this ins,u1,m » received a liberal education, and w'u some time vice-consul in tho Xcth His principal works are. "The Itritisli'i tareh,"0 vols. ; a " Dictionary of f r,i,lc , Commerce," and -The l.lumenlH of C, meree. Politics, and Finances. Died l8u MORTON. [l»()l,'(iI,AS.] for •'I'l.iiidj. II- and (in- Died, 18D9. to him on the death of hji faihiT-ln- I.1W, ill 1,M3. He favoured the Ucforinatidn though not at fln.t very Ix.iaiy, imd whs made lord high chantollur of Scoilan l in 1563. Three years later he tonk part in the murder of Uizeio, and lied to Knijland he •oim, however, obtained the (lucrn'n parJun through tbe influence of Hi.thwcll ii,. formed of tho plot atfain^t Darnlcy, ho re- fused to share in it, but did not rcvMil It. He was one of the leading opponents of Hoth- welt, was again made chancellor, and in 1")72 wan appointed regent of the kingdom. His ndniinistration was arbitrary and bur- dcniome, and having made himself odious to the prople, he resigned in I.'j:;. Kefunnd means of recovering his hlRh oflice soon afterwards, but in IWI he was char„'cd as accessory to the murder of Darnl.y, tried, condemned, and beheaded, 3rd June. Il('i died with great calmness, firmly maintain- ing his innocence. MOUTON, Jouy, nrchMshop of Canter bury ami cardinal, w.ts born in Ulo, at here, in Dorsetobire. Tfp received liisedu- I at ion at llaliol ('...h'f^, ■, Oxford ; a(!( r wl.'ch he became principal of I'tckwater Inn.rnw niirged in ('hri»lchuroh In 117! he «ai nppi>intid Master of the Kolls, in which situation he adhi rtd faithfully to Henry VI ; iiotwithstundir.s which i:dward JV. made him biahopof Ely, and lord chancellor. in 147n. Uichaid III , however, eommitti'd him to tho costudy of the duke of llucklnj!- ham, who confined lum in Ids castle of Itreckiiock ; from which fortri •» hcescjpcd , tu L.ly.und nvxt to the continent, where he i joined the earl of Uichinond. In llSfihe' was made archbUliop uf ( aiuatmry, and, the next year lord chancellor ; in ll'i!, he I was crialed a c.irdinal ; in Il'Jl, elected I chancellor of the univirsity of Oxrird, and he died, aped 'J<\ in I'M). The "cut" in the ,1 liedf«! its name from this prelate, hy wliom;t was) exccuti'd. MORTON, Samih. (iKOROK, American ; physician and ethnologist, was born ati Thiladelphla in 179!). He siu.lied medicine j at his native city tnd nt the uulveriity of lAiiriDui'tin, gr^ui! nnd in 1821 sett ;s.M i>, in Mhr'-^f". ... .„ lea at I'hiladelphla, where 1 he not only practised his profrssion,butdis- 1 'i*A .|.^#S=1 tat Kiuihoiirnp.inBuj.ll i» fur 11 short time tht' illin'iimp ti„. uivnd of I »• In i77'J III' wiu np. f a royiil ncailfmU.ii,„. )'<-!ir. Ilu I'xcdM In M\(i fantaitic siilijeci, riioMAS, mi»,..li,in(.ou, I I I he escaped , I he continent, where hci :ilchtiiond. In UM he; op of Caiittrtmry, and | ihiineellor; in 1 I'll, he I inal; lu llUl, elected I versity of Oxf'ird, and Mn>. l'he"cui"inthC|| 1 Morton ■« I.eanietikisl! relate, hy whom:t yiasi- mokJ ^J/lftu anibfraal laiogrnufty. Ilnffuished liiinscif n» nn anient Ktuifcnt of phynleal selenee. A member of the I'hila del'phia Aendeinyof Seieiieei fromhlilwen ty-tirit ye»r,h(? wud chosen proft Kiior ofnna tomylii iH'i:'. J;thnoIo|fy nt lon(;th bccamt tomylii iH'i:'. J;thnoIo|fy nt lon(;th became his chief study, and as u bu»i» for lnrr»tl)fii lion of dilfcrencc* In the structure of the ; skull in tliidinereut raeegof men, he formed ail liniiK use collection of y," and ! "IllU'.trati.'nsof I'ulmonary toununiptlon." 'Died at I'hiladelphia, 1K.-,1. MORTON, TiKiMAS, (Iramallgl, wn» born In Durliiim, 111 I7(il. He entered as n olu- jdeut at I,iMC(dir» Inn, hut bi< tuNtc for theatricals caused liiiii to ab.uidon Iiim pro- fession, and lie soon gave proofs of bih talents as a uranintie writer. Some of his pieces stil.' keep poasetslon of the stage. They consist of " The Way to get Married," " Town and Country," " Speed the I'lougb," "Secret.* Worth Knowing, 1 he Sejiool of Uefiirin,"''TheKehool for Grown Children " "A HdUiiul foriin OHver," &c. l)|ed, 1h:jh! M(),>iC'IIlS,a (ireek pastoral poet, a n.i- jtiveof Syracuse, who flourished, with liU I friend Hlon, about '.'.50 ji. (-. I MOSKK, (iK.oiKii: Micn.VKi,. painter and )!iildehaser, was a native of SehafTliausen and was born in 1701, He settled in Lon- don about 17:i; ; condueted a jirivate sebool ; of painting; distinguished Iiiniself as na ;rr.,iinelliT,and w is employed by (ieorgt III iiml was nude in 17(;n keeper of the new lieyd AcadeM:y. Among bis associates and friends were Hogarth, Uoubiliae, Sir Josliuu Keynold.s, anilotherartisls. Died at Umdon irw. — M\u\ Mo.xKli. bis daughter, wrn.' I n good (lower painter, and was admitted R A. She was born 1741, and died iHi-i MltSHi;iM, JOIIAN.N l.OUKNZ VON a learned (icrnian theologian, was born 'at I.Mh(ek,in l(i:U , beeanie a member of th. fiuultyuf philosophy at Kiel, and was ai. pointed in 1717 pr.jfessor of thrology and chamellor of the univemitv of (iCttlngen inhere he remained till bis'd.'aih, in J7A5' {['.s principal work is the " In.stiiuti..nes Ilistoria< l:eelesia»tieie," written in l-itin . hut afterwardstranslaled into (;.rniati with jidditions; nhso into I'.nglish bv Dr 'm-u- hiiee There are also I-n „eh and Duieh Mnslations The l-arniMK- and gen."u fairness of this well know,, History haJlv compensate for its great faults of ar„ u'^, and ,;nphil.«ophi,,,i plan, entire w: , «f P-rm«lity,au.| general dullness of /rru lion. Among hi, other numerous writings "C'DcleiMischristianorun. an e C n antinu., Ma.num (■..innient.ini.^' , "V ?e ihinin.,! „......'.,',• ""1 When a youth within a fen- K« of bu d^w.,?"""""'' "" published ,1 very Inter., tl2' ..'" "*"''« ImlUds. entitled'" m.h.Vh,'^. aI'T""" "^ Modern ," and b^ was «rl„^' ' '*?''''''" """' pathos nod an Intensity of fee „., m 1.,, - surpassed. Died m,)' "^""l^ ""l «f'«n ,b,';r„','ii';i;, :",;,:;" .;■„"; .;i,"-':i •"■• took the degree of M D »i, „ ... '^'''" • works are, "De Jure et I'ne.'ant « r-"i. * corum Medi,-ament,.r,m"' ,7, ."^J *''■?'• •lue Medieinairs ■• •■ v - I'l^toJO' quin- "'li'HiK.ruiu Aninulium The iruV, ,' 1'*' , <'f v,bieh ,av.. tlieaut.o "„"!.'";,, ';;'7' i«niong.ntomol()gi,tH. ' "''"' '^'""'' ' MOIM.N, ClIMtllH III- jurist was bon,:r;;:i, ';.;,---",( ■meed the I'rotestant reliu.,., .nd lAV. I having atiaeked the autlioriiv .?..,. »" I was eumpelled ,., s,.ek «, sVl m 'r^ '^L'!,^' •"•".V. On his return to Franee e ,„«•"; \ Imprisonment at the Inst L . i,.„ "'7' "^ '' J-uits.nnd c.uld n.,t rrZ"'Z HuX w ithout pledging bimsHf to pri . Vo 7,' II he bad o|,tui„..d the roy; 1 per,n?s, ^^'^ I <• a terwards reeonell.d b,msVl? ,o "' >i''«; lie studied tlrst nt Sedi and l-ii nt Cambridge, from which nire?sit» h. rrmoved to I.eyden. where be IH.i „' ,t' fessorshlp of |,!«'.!.!«.>ub" ~- ■ ■ P'" ..V "'Si' a" ^0 ohtainid a^Uiiat^on Inlh- ^tX^i:^ \ ^^^^.^^'^ ^'iSilil.F ^'S' aiuMii»i„aiion .1, I i I i i i \ , i '' IS \i ii 1 , '< !■ I * i i J .3 .iriii M 4 s) ! I. ? .1 'fit- it i % iflctt) filnibrrial 19iograpfn}. upon the Jt'MiitK.whlrh protluoi'd » violent controTcriT ln'twrrn thrn\ . untt. In K'l'^. I>'' Titltr.l KniJUmI on the Invitation of J«inr» I., who (juTo hlin » prchpnd In Canterhiiry CathPdrnl. Ht< dlJ not rontlnun long In Knitlnnd, but ttftcr nfuilnn th*- dlvliiliy profcukomhlp fit l^ydpn.tw Uniilly •fttlpdnl Sodun, of which pUio he licrBmctho p«»tiir, fllllnK •! thi< iftmc time the tho.)lo«hi«l rhiiir lh<>r. . AiiKinK hU wrltlnK* "ro. " Dp Mon ■rchia t( mporiill pontlflcUllomanl," "Nou vrnilt<» do riiplMiu"," Ar Dlrd. IftflH— — Pir.UKR DU Moi'i.iN, hliinon. wa» horn In I60O, Rt I'arli, and (rraduatrd at U-ydrn ; butcomlnK aftcrwnr(U to Kngland.ohtainpd, like hit father, a prchend at Cantt rhury.and wan chaplain toCharlei 11. He wa« author ofTIaiiior lleijll HanguInU," whlrh, heliiu «nonyniou«, wan attri»»utea, by Milton, to Alexaiulrr More, and " A Defence of the Prote«tant llclldlon."— Loi'ia nt Mon. IN, hit brother, l>< came an Independent, and wrote " l'arirnr»l»ad .V.dlflciitorca Imperii," deilicated to Oliver Cromwell; and " I'a- tronun Itortir Kidel." a fierce InTtctlve ■gainKt the Church of Enaland. Died. ir.HU. Mot'MKU, .IK.\N Josv.ni.adlatlnKulih- ed menihrrof the utate* generalof 17KH, wa» born at lirmnhle. In ITM; wa» brought up to theli'RHl proftnilon . and wa»inccpi«»i»ely adTOcate of the piirllament of Grenoble and Judge royal. WhIlf ho wan a member of the National Atseml'ly he exerted all his Inllu- rncc to promote the entahlinhnient In France of a limited monarchy , but llndlnR hit elTorti Tain, he nlired flrtl to hln native place, and afterward* removed to (ieneva, where he publUhed " Kecherrheo »ur let Cbum>« ijul ont emp^ch* le» Vr.intjaU de dc- venirUhret." He»uh«e»iuently viaited Knjt- land, but rr»ided chietly In Hwltierland, lUly, or (iermany, till 1M»1. when he re- turned to France. In IMX he wai nominated a counaellor of utate, and dlwl In ImW.. MOfS'MOKT, W1I.I.IAM. an Kngliih actor and dramatic writer, wn» iMirn In suf- fordthiri'. In IfiW He wai an e«cellent comic p. rformer , and being in the flower of hii age, and one of the hand»ome»t men on the board*, the part* of l'>ver» were u»u- ally allotted to him He fell a virtim to the Jealou«vof a rival in love, one Ciiptaiii Hill, who, in company with l/)rd Mohun, way- laid Mountfort one night. In the winter of lfi92. In Norfolk Kireet, strand, and killed him on the ipot. Hill made hit encape to the continent, and .lx)rd Muhun wa.* tried by hi» peer* for the murder, but, for the want of iiuni< lent < vidence, was ucme •evere (Onunt* with Uiiinel lliy and the TurUUh gfiv«rnm>'iit. who tried to di»p<)»»eM them, they (ontrivcil to Weep When lluona- parte inva'ied K-Kj^pt, .Mo»« a int French with great vigour , but he wu» at 710 Mountfort wa» the famou* Mameluke [m oz length iihllgpd to retreat to Ipper Ij/vnt He lulHiequentty entered Into a treaty J, h tJeneral Kleher. and acreptcd tl.r utie"i prince of AMouan and JirKoli, under thi. protectbm of Trance. He Ulej of the plaguo in IBOl. •"•ice, MODUADdV.A DOHHHON, lONATlls an Armenian by deicent, wan horn at Con' atantinople, In 1740, At the age of tw(>ni» fonr he underitood most of tlm orientil language!; and, from having hern tciTPtarv and ttml Interpreter to the Hwedi.h emh.imy w»» eventually appointed mlnl»terof 8wo' dcii to the I'orte. Died, IHOT. He win thp author of two valuable work*, " A Ofnernl View of the Ottoman l'.mpire"and»n "Hli torlcal View of the i;a»t." MOZAUT.JOIIANN CUUTaOHTOM WOI.F UANO AMAiiK.i"*, one of the moii eminent muRlcal componera, wa» the son of Leopold Mo«art, aub chupelmasti r of Halxburg He wa* born in 175ii , and the precocity ol his musical talent uas i xtr.iordinary. Hit in ther could not fall to olmerve his genius, and he gave him every advantage, so that, before the child waa four year* old, h« could play on the harpsichord with correctness and tB»te, In his fifth year he wrote a con- certo for the harpsichord. In hi* sixth year, his father took him and hissis'ter Maria Anna, Willi wu* uIho a musical Kea'a*, to Munirh' atid Vlinna, where the little artists were In trodiiced to the Imperial court, and the un e(|ualled execution of the boy excited uni vers.tl surprise. In 17tiM, when yoiinRMonart wai si'veii years old, he wa* taken to I'aris, where he remained six months, and was overwhelmed with attention and spplame. Here he published his first sonntai. In 1764, the family proceeded to KnKland.snd performed at court, the son playing on the king's organ with great luccets, At a pub- lic concert, symphonies of his composition only were performed. Here, as well a.t in Taris, c•' »''■»'•"'' "' lutlon : he wna »Mwl with repeated fnlntinff Bts. brou({ht on by hi» extreme aMnidulty In wrllhiK, In onoof which heexpir«d. Pee. A, I7Ua. An KiiKlinh tran»latlon of hlN I,rtler«, by Lady WiiUace, from the Oillection of I,udwlg Nolil, appeared in IMiU. 'I hew iottera, writ- ten In a frimk conftdentlal mood, potnteita grcut Interest, thowInK >" the moxt itrlklnfC Miannrrhow thu Kf'at nrtlKt lived and la- boured, cnjuyed and suffered. MUDOK, John, an KnulUh phyali Ian and an excellent ineclmnlclan, wim the aon of Zaeliary MikIkc vicar of Mt Aiidrew'a, jriymouth, author of a rolumr of «eniiont I and an inijcnloiia eaaiiy fur a new veraion of tho I'Kalin!!, I>r .lohn MudKC settled a* a phynioian at riyiiiouth, where h« wrote a ! triMtlne " On the Cutarrhoui CoukH." He i impruved the coniilrui'tloi) of rettectlnn telo- ' scopes, and died In I7:j;i. HU brother TiiuMAH, buru In \7\li, wua an excellent trutc'luuukcr.and made f^reat Improvementa in ihronoinctcri, for which he received a parliaoifintary reward. l)|ftd, 17;»*. Wil- liam Mi;i>OK, a nephew of the KiaI men- tiuned, was bora lu 17t>2,itt I'lymouth , rote to the rank of mBjor-«eneral In the army ; and died in IWo. He superintended tho execution of the ffrnnd trlnononietrlcnl tur« Tcyof KnKlttiid and Wales, niul wrote an ' account uf the operations. He wah a fellow of the Koyal Society, and of the Hoclety of .\nti((uark>!t, a correspondent of the French Institute, and a member of the Academy of Scieiires of C'openhaKcn. MUDIK, UOHKur, an industrious lltt'ra- lenr, was born in Korfurshlre, in 1777. In 1S02 he was appointed Gaelic profesitor and teacher of drawing in the Inverness Acad- emy. He subaequently filled olhersltuatlona ofalilic nature, Lut nt hnftth turneil hit altciitinn exclusively to auihorHhlp, and (ummeneed his career witha novel, entitled ■'Olenferxus," In 3 vols. He then for a while souKht employment an n reporter for the London ncwspupcrs. und hi* literary elforts were unceasing Independently of hi* contributions to periodicals, upwards 111 H" volumes from his pen were In rapid succession brought before the public, of tlic«e tho m(),,t proiulneiit w.ro : " Mna„ra i Athens (a description of Kdlnburgh) ■ don ▼<> Islandt," a voN , '•('onversutlont'in Moral hllosophy.- J v.ds. i '■ Tho Klemunts: th» Heayens the I.:nrth. the Air, th^> «„,•.; volt, ; Man, In his J'hy»i.«| ^<>lar nnd historian, was born in l,»7,ut llrleor.ln Slletla. He studied at Hret Inuand Herlln.and became. In Min,profrsHor of arcbnvdoKy in the university of (JoitluKen and dist.nKulsbed himself by his rescurches Into Gn-ek mytholoKy and hUtory Ho visited France and Kngland In IH.'J, but his life Is marked by few Incidents. While tra- velllnn In (Jreree. with a view to the corn- men. enient of an elaborate work on the history of that country, be was taken ill and died at Athens, Aug. 1, iHio. His most Important work-, are, - l>le Dorler," whl. h was translated into Kngllsh by Sir (1 C l-ewls," I'rolejfoniena to a .Scimtitlo Myth oloKy.- • 1)1,. Ktrusker," " Handbuch der Archa-oloKle der Kunst," and a " Histnry of llreeU Uteruture,- which hcdlduol live to complete MtLl.KU, OKHAiin FutKnnirn, a Oer man historian and mUcellaneous writer born In Westphalia, in 1703, After ttudyinu Htl^lnsir he went to Kussla, became mem- ber of the Academy of M IVtersburif. and took part in several sclentlllc expeditions He wiu afterwards made counsellor of state and on account of bit important services in' literature and science wua chosen F.U S London, and correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of Paris Amonshis works are a ( (diection for the Hl»tory of Uu«Hia " in (jennan, "OrU'lnes (ientis et Nomini.n lus»orum.' and " Hlstolre des Voyaae. et n^couvertcs des Kusses.' I)i,d in IH'14, aK"d 7o He was the author of a " View of the War* of Frederick the (i:iat ■■ and "'I?' '^'T''? '''"''"R •" '*'•'' military art. hnfren in 17M. He was frnmT^ "^ a close and accurate o,s?rv"V'" nT^ ^''^^ by the Immense and patient i/i.^^"'"' »"'' ,„„, . .,- . '-""'inostrac.i • " "r Inseetorum Viiedric'isdali'iM-. 'n . ..^""'"a Fricdrichs.laliana." llr nroi'oV.oa"' '"'"^^ 1' ved to bepin the great •' ^04^/, '"•""'■*■ and was enn>loTi-d no r „.- " •'^'''""'■■>." '• Flora Dnnica.'' Most o? {,'!"''"■■ "^ "''• written in Latin. D "d rs< * '''''^' '"■^ MILLKU. l-n-Kii 'iu'mi-, tm Zealand, Der.mark, a distil' ',-,;, ^.''"P "f quary, was born m p„J„..u> "'*''":'' ■mti _ £''*'i''KiiislicJ After studyiii); at tiiV' he visited (ierm.i became professor of thrt dlj rland. be visited'c ^^;;!;"^:-fi>-Si. workof saxotirammau;.;;;';;;:;':";^"^''^ torieal and critical treatises « ,i ' '"*• IheoloRical works. H . w'V u "^l^:"'':^" 2.i years of one of ,hr lev .V itr^ ! i"' ^"' als ofDenmark. I)i,.,i. m',"'' '""^'"^J J""""- MLLLKK, Mil, I. MM .jd'nv „_ _ ,. painter, wai „ natAe of Iri",',. "an?""" born in Ihl'.. at wbuh ti,.;. ^ f ,r': (iermnn. was curator of the Mtis ,„, ,' city. After study, ngalvlluo'l CM.; u'^: travelled on the continnit, niul n "s 5 visited (Ueece and r.-vi.t br L ,. , ' many excellent |.ietur;-s\; , K,;,' "^"^ nature. He accompu.ied Sir Cl.i I , r, ' lowesto I.yciain 1 41,'!, and n >"""' ^'■' tions to his sketches and st: in thf Last .■ilclarscaildi. stay in the Last. The-pic,i,i,'rho'^^i{^S at the UoyalA.ademy after l,i, ret" r unfavourably huiip. and .1;.| „,t attr,.<- tic attention they deserved Amon, I si"; work, «re-"Athcn,, fro,,, the road L Marathon," " .Memnon," " luirial r.v.mi htnyrna," 'Turkish Mc rcb.ints with Cv mel». ■ •• Convent, Hay of Naples," *c Dinl at Hristol. \>M!i ' ' "^"' MCLUKADV, Wll.i.iAM, a (iistiiuMil.shrd painter, was born in Liinis, cduniy (i ,«. April 1, I7l»fi. When about five years old lie was taken to London, his father, a Inlhrr breeches maker, removinir thither wiihhi* family. His early skill in Urav.ini,' iittractoj attention, and be became a pnpil and pni t^K* of Hanks the seulplor, who surcivdi'd In qualifyinK hlni for mtinissicm im,) tiio •ehool of the Hoyal Acadciiy in 1>>"(!1 11,. earned his l,vlny for a tiiiie hy d,8!eniiii; book illustrations am) by scene p.iin(in;', and in |hoi married a sister of the [Miiitfr Varli'V 'iiie union turned otit iinhappv, and the younc couple afler a few veirs wtri' »«p.-»rated. Main ndy IrieJ liis hn'nd tir^t in the (rrand style, " U\.^u art," li'itSfjinMi.-tlj' i look to litndn'.ipes and the j/co-c ,in,| Im- ! morous class of subjects In wlin li lie attain- 1 ed so (jreat a mastery. He lir.>t i .vhi! iird at ' distiti- j ilie Koyal Acu.lemy In lsii(, wm.s cliosen i i '^"""^'^ ^ """"- -»«-,iut. boru-.t d^u- i x:u.a; 1^ Wii:;„aia ik, ti;yn:;;iu' 719 mum] a iQelD anibcrsnl 13iograpftn. Up was at one period a diliRent atudcnt of series of nd [mun the Uiitcli masters, and the frii study appi-arod in the lonff »e mirabic flj;uro-pictnres wliicli lie produced from 1810 till Mis death. From about 1821 1,P jiinipd at preatcr freedom in drawinj? and riclincsa of eolouriiiar, and lie was rewarded for lii8 piiiidit hiinilile studies and prr- sistpnco with a (,'lorious success. Ho re- maincil a student tlirouRh life, and was in the Life School of the Academy only a day or two before his death. Ainon,i{ his numer- ous pictures we ciin only name a few of the most nilmired: "The I'iKht Interrupted," 1815; "Idle lioys," 1KI.5; "Wolf and the Lamb,"18J0; "The Last In," ls;j.5, now in the National Gallery ; " First l,ove," lh3it ; "Train up aChilil," 1811 ;" The \Vliistonian Controversy," 1813; "ChoosinR the Wedding Gown," lf>15; "Women liathiiiKi" 181U ; " The Dathcrs," l!-l!i ; and " The Toy-Seller," left uiitinishcd, 1861. Mulready was chosen to design ilULstralions for the new edition of the" Vicar of Wakefield," which appear- ed in ISlO; and several of these lie after- wards painted. His pictures, drawinRs, and skcti'lics, were exhibited at the Society of Arts in 1848, and a>,'ain after lilsdeuth nt the South Kensington Museum. Mulready died at liayswater, where l-.e had lived so many yrars.July 7, isC'i.and was buried at Kt Msal Green. The National (iailery has fo of Mulroady's works, which formed part of the Vernon collection . nn(! many others are in- cluded ill the collection presented condition- ally to the nation by John Sheepshank-, in iSM. The story of the early life of this ad- mirable artist and Rcnial man is told in one of William Uodivins' childreiiH' books, enti- tled "liOokiiij; tilass, or True History of the Karly Years of hi; .Vrtist." i(y The'ojiliilus M.irelill'e, published in I8o5. MlM.MUvS, Liens, a Uoman eoniul, who after servinR as pra'tor in Spain, dis- tinguished himself in u. c. Uii, by the eon- quest of (.recce. He took, burnt, and pil- laged Corinth, an^l sent the finest works of :^rt found there to Home. To Mummius was then intrusted the task of ODjanizInfj the new province of Achai i. He was honoured with a triumph, and tli(> surname of Aehai- rus. He afterwards held the oIHce of cen- sor. ,, MUKCHHArSKN, Jkromk ClIARt.KH FreiiF.ric von, -vas u CJerman offloer in the ;i Kussian service, who served in several cam- li paipis against the Turks. He was a passlon- i ale lover of horses and houn.is ; of which, j and of his adventures nmon^ the Turks, he I toIJ the most extravagant stories, till his fancy lo completely cot the better of liis ; memory, that he really believed bis most : Mtrav,ijfant fiction- and felt very much uf fended if any doiiht was expressed on the suliject. T!;.vin(? become nciiuajnted with i .."rpratl'ynnont, and related these waklnu' dMmstohim.the poet published them In : i.!|,,ivith his (iwn Imp.-ovements, under the |IitlPof Wunderlare Abentheuer und Uei- I sen des llerrn vi.n .Mnnchhausen." The wit :and humour of the work ^av.. if ^reat suc- :crs.,nul,twa. tr.n.l.t.,MniQ ScVcfai fo- ire:>:n lanRuat'cs. IMed, 1797 1^ MLNDAY, ANiiK.NY, n dramatic poet of l^nl ^^. •^«'"t'"-y "0 was the author of the I City Pageants," enlarged Stowc's Hurrer of London, and died In Mm ourrey MUNNICll, Ili:iiciiARi> CiinisTOPH ( onnt. a military otflcer, was born in Olden- burg, .n I(;h;j. After distin«uisbinff himself in the Oerman wars, he entered into the Itussian service, and rose to the rank of marshal ; but in 1711 the i;mpre8s Klizabrth condemned bim to perpetual exilein Siberia He was, however, recalled from banishment on the accession of I'eter III. and, on his arrival at court, made his appearance before the emperor in the sheepskin dress which ho had worn during his captivity. Died 1767 MLNSTKU, GKOUOK I-ITZri,An'ENCE! l-.url of, was the eldest son of the duke of Clarence u.fterwards William IV.) and the eelebrated Mrs Jordan. He was born Jan. -.1, 1< J4, and after receiving the elements of instruction nt Sunbury. under Dr Moore was at twelve years of age received into the Uoyal Military follege at Marlow ; and when scarcely nftP(.„ he commenced actual service In the I'eninsubi as cornet in the prince of A\ ales's hussars, and became aide- de-camp to (Jeneral siade. On the dii- nstrous teriuination of Sir John Moore's expedition he returned to Kngland for a few weeks, and then started to join the army in I'ortugal as aide de camp to Lord Londonderry, then SirChnrles Stewart, with whom the young soldier (now a captain) .L"'i'rn„ "i."'''"*' ""<'"«ir Arthur Wellesley in Ihog. trom ihis period to the conclusion of the war, he served on the statT at head- quarters, and was jirosent nt twelve general engagements , and on some of those occa- sions, but especially at the battle of Fuentes U Onoro, his condut t was marked by extra- ordinary skill and presence of mind. At Toulouse he was severely wounded in lead- 'i-f«"/."r*'r "?"'"" (-nvalry. In January, l«i5, Captain titzelarence sailed for India asaide^de camp to Lord Hastings, and while there he closely studied the Oriental Ian- wlT? nnJliterature. Luring the Mahratta war or iHi,, iip hud several opportunities of distinguishing himself. ,)„ Vhe conclusion -1. {!*".'!.'■''. '**"', •'''•'"'»'«h, be was intrusted withtheha/ardousdutyofcarryinghomethe overlan-.' despatches from Imljn ; and in IMl') he published his " Overland Tour." At the reeommendati.,n of his friend the duke of Wellington, he ireelved the brevet of licu- «r''"w"'"".''' • '"""after which he married Miss Mary Wvndham, a natural daughter of the ear of Kgren-ont, and had seven children Fre his royal father had been a ye ir on the throne, he created his eldest son earl of Munster, Viscount Fit/elannce, and arun Tewkesbury. " No person," say, Mr IJodd in his Annual Ohiiuarr. "who has oloerved the care.r of Lord Munster, can ov.rlook the f.ut, that he felt hiiiiM-lf con- inu-.lly „ru-ed. by bis peculiar position, to tH'th mental and physical exertions, which were perhaps beyond his strength. The ill consequences of every temporary Indisposi- tion were agyravat.d by his sensibility " and on the .venliiK of the lioih of March tWi, hi- aiiut hill .4<-ir. Ml NSTFU, Count, a Hanoverian stales man. in iHoti, Hanover being Invadid by !■ I i-iaani ii 719 il i I i W*' 1 ^ffiSSl I, ^1 wmm I 1 I Wl ' 'f',.w mun] ?l iacto Slnibtrsnl 13iogr.ip!)t). the Prussians, he entered a spirited protest and retired to Knglnnd, whrre, on uccomit chiefljrof that vrotest, he was so jjroat a court favourite, that when the nientnl malady of George III. was past all doubt, the count was one of the commissioners ap pointed to protect and administer his prt- vate property. Bnt he is ehirfly known for the part he took In the lonRress of Vlennn, 18U,and the declaration of 1815. hy which Napoleon was put out of the pale of the law. Died, W\6. MVNSTEB,SkbastiaN, a fJermnn divine, was bom at InRelhelm. in H89, entered into the order of Oordoliers, hut left them to join Luther. He then settled at Hasel, where he succeeded I'elicanus in the Hebrew professor- ship He published a l.atln version of the lUbJe, from the Hebrew, with notes ; " Ini- veri.il Cosmoijraphy," whieh was translated Into the principal European lanpnages, and ia noteworthy .is the first of modern general geogr.iphies ;'a Treatise on Piallinp, a l,atin translation of Josephus, and several mathe- matical works. Hied, l.'i.'i'.'. Mf NZEK, a fanatic. Mho, In the early part of the 16th century, rendered himself for awhile extremely formidable in Oer- many, where he preached einialiiy and the coniniunity of property, and lolleitcd (o/hmi followers, who committed many enormities. He was at length defeated by the l.indgravc of Hesse, with the los* of :0(H> of his deluded followers, and being chased to Franchaiisen, wa« taken prisoner, and exccnfeil at Mnl- iMiusen, in l.V.'.^. ^^'K.^T, .Ii»A(IIIM, one of the most In trepid of the French m;vrshals.and placed on the throne of Naples by Napoleon Xuona- parti , was the son of an innkeeper at Cahors, where he was born in 1771. He was Intended for the church, but escaping from the college of Toulouse, he enli^tol as a chasseur, but was shortly after disinlsved for Insniwrdin- ation. On the formation of the constitu- tional guard, he entered it, and displaying an active «eal for revnlutionary principlei, he was §o<»n advanced to the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel The overthrow of the Ter rorlsts checked his p^ll^■re'.s fur a lime, hut the Directory made him chief of brigade, and in I'yfi he accoiispanied lluonaparte to Italy as his aide de camp Here he distin- gui-'lied himself as a cavalry ofllier, by hit impetuous cour.ige, and was employed as a diplomatist at Turin and at Uenoa. He fol lowed Napoleon to K»fypt. where he decided the victory over the lurks at Aboukir, and returned as general of divinlon. In l»is> he married Marie Caroline, the younger sister of hi* patron, who wa» then first consul ; and, in IHiM, he wa* made marshal, grand admiral, and prince ui ibe I'reni-h empire Hi* servueii in the camp.ilgn of I►l0^ a»;ainst Austria, during whii h he enten-d Vienna at the bead of the army. Were rewardvd with the urandduchy of Herg He eonlinueil to sli.'tre the victories of his ni;i,'; field against him, and he was soon'riw, "** a fugitive Into Prance, Afte? heovp Ih"" "/^;«P "'-" "« -"caped, in the ml eYKc? tlnual d.ingers to Corsica, l^om which l?n saied with a few adherents, to rcToTerh lost throne. A gale off the coast of r°i "J?. dispersed lii> vessel •astof Calabria, to go on shore. JseU, bat Mnrnt determined He was seized, and outtIca and carried in chains to Pirzo, brought before a court- martial, and comlenined to ho sho Thi^ sentence was executed Oct. 13 isis who„ '"MTHTTm^^'"T^'"* tindaunted courage Ml HATOltl, I.VDOVICO .\NTO\io an eminent IfMliim historian and antiouanr was born in ir.7.J at Vignola, in the Moaen- ese ; was made keeper or the AmhiosCn library at Milan, and, suhseoupntlv libm rlun and archivist to the duke of Modena His literary productions are numerous and valuable, but his fame ehieflv rests on his great historical collection, entitled " Rerum Italicarum Seriptores, ab anno Xn Chris tianir," 2!t vcds. folio; in addition to which his '• Antlquitates Italici-, Mcdii JPM" d vols, folio; '■ Anecdota I.ntina," 4 vols 4to 'i.^^Tf "*'^ Oneca.- » vols 4to; " Annali d Italia," IH vols. 8vo ; with many other works, attest the magnitude of his literarr labours Died, 1750. " | Ml'KK, Wii.i.iAM.of CnUlwoIKwasbomil In 17S9, and W!is educated at AVrstiflinster j and the university of Kdinburgh. He studied ! subsequently in (icrmany, thus streiijiihen- I lug If not acquiring that ta.*te for critijisra i which has won for hi m a wide reputation! amongst European scnolsrs. HewasMT. i| for Henfrewshirc from 1M« to l»55,andLorili' Hector of the university of Olasijow duringll the years 1847, 184S. His chief work, "All Critical History of the IjtnguniteandT.iter.i 1 ture of Ancient Greece," was b'ft unfinished; j but the several portions of It, on the epi( i and lyric poets, and the historians, may be j regarded as separate works The first two t Volumes are almost wholly devoted to an examination of the Iliad and ddyssey, in ' sihich he endeavours to prove the es.^onlial unity of botli these pur m», ti'jjether Hiththc' identity of tlieir authorship , in oppositioni to the theury which rojjards them as col- j lections of n.'itional songs composed lij differ-! ent author*, and possibly at diffiTint llimn. ' He died April 1 , l-ow, aged fil. | Ml UIM.u, HAinoi.dMKO E.^TKBAN, one^ of the greatest of the Si.anish paintirs, waj Ixjrn, in ItilH, near Seville He aequircdthe' rudiments of art from his uncle, .liiaii del; Castlllii, and beinj,' eneourajted to visit Ma- drid, be aequired the countenance and pa-, • ..^.M MM,. ,.f 1 1,1. ^i.i.;i; >iatnter Velaz^'oei. il't^a : In the heijfht of his reputation. He after- 1 putallon. Ho uflcr ^ ^etit ^nibttml ISiograp^n. wnrdj returned to Seville, ana here founded rAesdemy of I'alntin(?, and ..amed by hii faboursnn imperishal.le fame. While paint- nff the admired picture of 8t Catherine, in he church of the Ciipuchin* at Cadiz, he w;frointhesoairold,and diedin consequence nf the injuries he rcceirrd, in 1682. One of hslast works was the " Holy Family." now in thfl National Gallery, which has also two other interesting pictures l>y this master. MUKPHY, AUTHUU, a drimatic and niis- ocilaneous writer, was born at llosconinion, I in 1730,and educated at fit Omer's. At the age I of 18 he returned to Ireland, and soon came to London, and tried his dramatic powers in the farce of "The Apprentice," which was goon followed by " The Upholsterer." He then produced the "Orphan of China," a tragedy, whidi was well received. He also wrotea weel4ly p.iper, called the " Oray's Inn Journal i" and two others, in defence of ro- vernmcnt, entitled the" Test" and the " Au- ditor." In these, however, he failed ; and some ludicrous mistakes exposed him to ridicule. Havlnj; studied the law, he was called to the bar by the society of Lincoln's Inn, but never had much practice. His plays of the " Greci.in DauRhter," "All In the Wrong," " The Way to Kctp Him," and the "Citiicn," had great success. He acquired considerable reputation by his " Ks.say on the Life and Genius of I)r Johnson," puli- lishcd in 1792 ; as well as by his traniiIation» 'of Tacitus and Sallust, and the " I.ifo of ' Garrick." He was zealous in defence of the ! govorniucnt measures, and during his latter years he obtained the appointment of a com- missioner of bankrupts, and a pension of £20() per annum. He died in 1805, agi-d 77. His portrait, by Uance, is in the National Portrait flallery. MURPHY, JA.MKS Cavanah, an eminent architect, antiquary, and traveller, was a iialive of Ireland. He published his " Tra vels in Portugal, in 178y and 1790," an ela- borate work, with plates, entitled, " Arabian .\nti(iuitle8 in Bpnin," and "Plans. Kleva- tioni, Sections, and Views of the Church of liatalba.in Portugal." Hied, 1816. MURPHY, KOBKHT, a distingui-shed ma- thomaticinn, was born of poor p;irints at Mallow, in Ireland, in IKO«>. Disabled by an aw'idint from manual labour, he applied to j study, and soon showed such an extraordin- ary genius for mathematical science, that in j 18:>3 he obtained admission to C'alus College, jrambridge. He graduated HA., and wns j chosen fellow of his college in IS'i't. At the close of 18,12, in consequence of his indul- gence in dissipation, he had to leave the University, and his fellowship was seques- itrated. A few years later he settled in Ix)ndon, and employed himself in author ship. He also obtained the appointment of txaniincr in niuthematios ami natural philo- s'jpliyat the London University. His works aro~" Elementary Principles of the Theory of Klectriclty ; Preatise on the Theory "f .Ugi'hraical Kquations," prepared for the I .^pful Knowledge Society , and various siientifif memoirs contributed to the Thilo- siiphkal Transactions, thn CBmhri.ji/.. im.ii.. •ophicai Iransaitions, *c. Died, rK43 MURRAY, ALEXANDKR, a Self taught [mur linguist, wui born in 1775, at KltterlcV in Galloway ; and his father be"lng a Vheplfe'rd he also was employed, at the ago of lo. as a shepherd's boy. Hy extraordinary applica- tion he made himself master of the l,atln Greek, Hebrew, and French languages nud when, in 1794, the fame of his acquirements gained him admission to the university of Kdinburgh, ho made a rapid progress also In the oriental languages. In I80fi he became assisUnt to Dr Muirhead, minister of the parish of Urr.and soon afterwards succeeded nlm In his pastoral charge ; but in 18l'> he wa« called from thence to fill the chair of oriental languages at Edinburgh, and at the same time received the degree of IJ.I). He left a "History of the European Languages." which was printed, with his Life prefixed. In 2 vols. Died, 1813. ^ "»'-u,in Ml HRAY,Uightnon.SirOKOltGE,agnl. lunt llriti-,h general, governor of the Uoyal Mihtarj' f;ollege at Woolwich, &c., wan born at the family seat, in Perthshire, in 1772. was c.lucated at the high school and university of Edinburgh, and entered the army in 178!), and gained great distinction in almost every quarter of the globe for his military achieve- ments, and more especially for the skill and ability with which he discharged In the Pe- ninsular war the difficult office of quarter- master general. In 1812 he was appointed to the government of the Canadas ; but on hearing that Napnlron had escaped from Elba, he obtained his release from the gov ernorship of Canada, and joined the English army in France On his return to England he was appointed governor of Edinburgh ,.*'"^ •w,".'* *" ••'•^ 'he governorship of the Koya Military College was given him. In 1H2J lie became lieutenant general of the ordnance, was soon aftt r elected M.P. for Perthshire, and in IH»8 took office as secre- tary of state for the colonies. In Sir R Peels administration of 1834-5 hv filled the offlic of master general of the ordnance; but lost his seat for Perthshire. At the Westminster election In 18.17 he opposed and was defeated V ^l}f^^ ''" Evans and Mr leader. When the W higs resigned in 184 1 . Sir George again received the appointment of master-general of the ordnance. Sir George Murray came before the public as the editor of "Marl- boroughs Dispatches," 5 vols. . but it is not necessary to speak of him in any other ca- pacity than that of a gallant and successful soldier and an able minister. He died,^uly 28, 1846, aged 74 Ml'RUAY. Hiuii, a most voluminous and successful writer on geography and kindred subjects, was bom at the manse of North Her wiek. 1779. the living of which his ancestor, had held uninterruptedly from the p«>riod of the revolution till the di-ath of the last In cunibent. his elder brother, in l^H. At an early age he became n clerk in the excise oftire n tUinburgli, where hi* official dutlini leav ing him coniidt-rable leisure, he cultivated a taste for literature with rare and Indefntlga- hle anlour. In the early part of his career he .(tlted the Scot.' Magniine, thrn in the ♦ ""r*."'.'^'' <'<">»«"ble. and contributed to "" I "\"""yi:«w3icttcfr, and (.ublmhiMl suc- cessively di»coveries and travels in Africa Asia, and Amcrua.all of which acquired for u ') of Welles- ley at that period had issued a procliiniatlon recalling all Hritish subjects froni the service of the native princes, but this order could not extend to Murray, as beina: an American. He was treated by the llritish commander with great consideration, and was employed in niany danperoiisand important services, still retainintr the cummand of the cavalry which ho had brnujjht with him. At the sie^e of Phurtpore, where the liritish arniy lost nearly 1o,(mio men. In four attempts to take the fort by storm, he was in continual action, and att.Tinrd the charaeterof bcinft the be?t partisan officer in the army. Died, 1ho7. .M V UUAY, J AM IS Sti'AKT, Karl of, reffent of Scotland, wat the natural son of James V. by l.'idy Margaret. (lauj;litcrof Lord I'rsklne, and was probably born soon after \y.\o. At fiVe years of age his fathei n>«de him prior of 8t Andrews, and he w.is lontf known by that title He accompanied his sister, the Trincess Marv,t<> I'rance, was present at her marriaRc with the dauphin, and was fre- quently passing to and fro lM>,c I'l enilinnre as a h'Cturtr in natural philo.tniiby, rlti'Mil'ilrr, lhi> iiiBleria wedica, and pharmacy. He was the author of " Llements of Chcmiilry," " F.lcmenis of 7l« ' Materia McdIca and Pharmacy,"" a RrTT" of rhemistry,"&c. Died, 1K20. * ^'^"^"' MUKUAY, John, f.s.a tho «m- ptiblisher, known wherever the Fn •""''"' guaRP is known, was born in' 177, .. Murray was a man of ,....>.i.. — ..".'. ■ Mr iiRlisliian- •onsiderableiitprary ness and sound JudKnuntiMs'"'"''''"' "''"<'• -sometimes even dnublinR it' pht adduce several instances' our space permit : Ave shall concluJe bV ^rvinp, that as ho was one of the most acquirements ; and while his sinL-m 1 ness and sound JudRment insured his .„; cess as a man of business, hi, tuJnt 1% store of anecdote, and a torfii i?7' ■ ' humour, closely allied to m- ' j 7c.?h'"' an agreeable companion f..r sucii LlJ " Scott , Hyron , Moore, Southev, iTkhart n.''^ a number of other celel.ratVd writer ',2 ''' were at various times his quests and .^'n times from their first a '.uainl, n^ , i him, his fast friends. In llu-lr cie, i„ifs . h him, iterary men were soon co, • n f^V "^t no paltry attempts would be made to > .nr ciate real merit, or to depress below .-"fai; remuuerat MR standard the w.u'es duTMoi, tellectual labour : nay. so Kenrrouswcro 1 .mpulses. that If he fouml ^ work profltablP o him beyond what he Imdcaleula ed upon he irequenlly added to the stipulated 5i« of cop) rinht— """"••> ■ ...'^"'^ Of this we nii did obse successful pul.llsher.s so he hiRhlV diVrveil success, were it only for his wise and eon sisteut liberality. Died, June 27, 1643,,igcd MI-UKAY LiM.i.KY, the mmmntm, was born in 174.\ of Quaker p.irents.nt iSwa tara, near Lancaster, in I'enngylvania He was originally destined foratnenantile life- but having been .(cverely ch.nstiscd for a breach of doiDestic discipline, he left Ms father, who was then residiriRat Now York and, takini? up his abode in a school at Bur- lington, New Jersey, he there contriiciod a love of books and study. He afterwards studied the law, and practised ns a b,nrristpr; but in course of liuie he quitted the bar for the counting house, and having mVncA a competenry, he came, in 17^4, to Knzland nnd settled at Ilnldi;ate, near York. Hiii " KnKlisli (iranimar." which so long held its Rround and has passed thronuh an iinmcni.e number of « ditions, .-ippeared in 1795. He soon after publisli.'d til"" Knu'lisliKxerciscs"! and " Key." Tlirse were follnwed by manyj ason were master- pieces of wit and humour. Died, liiM. umacy,"" A System '••SA., the rminent ever the KiiRli,!,,,;: ''O'n In 177M. j,. ••onsidornblP literary IfhisMiipiiarncuie int insured his sue- iP!>s. his Hurney, h:, n iPriiiiii dry quiet to wit, rendered hi,n "> for such men as "tliry,I,ockhart,aiid (•hraied writers, who I'l-U'iiMts, and at all iuf|uaintan>'e win, ^ "if.Tdcalin(!swith s'lou convinced tliat I'll be made to deprc- •Ipprcss below a fair the wacesduetohi- 60 Kctierous were his ml a W(.rk profitable had calculated upon tbo Btipulated priij c8 even doubling it' ce several instances ive shall conclude by vns one of the most u he hiphly deserved )r his wise und con- I, June 2:, 1643, aged V, the pramniarian, ikrr parents, at Kwa I rcnnsylvaiiia He fora mercantile life; rrly chastised for a tcipline, he left his 'sidincat New York, I e in a >chool at l!ur- s there contracted a 4, to Knzland, te, near York. His hlch so long held its lhronj,'h an linmeni.c peared in KM. lie! " KnitlisliKjcrcises"! re followed by many; I si'veral moral trea| ras a.H amiable ns his! ducatioii anil niornls! cd in l'>J(;,a;:fd61. , an eminent Scottish ! He made bisflrsli i'cnth year.iitCoTcntj iice« (if Mr Kcmble. ' tiled in I'dinbursh.i ytwo years nsnitiT that p» riod, besides M'njovfd the respect friendship of Scoll, , and other leading I Athens.'' Mr Mur- versatile actors ever I were few whocosldl le a ranjTc of charac- 1 the- be;;innin!.' and leason were master -J! ur. Died, lliJ2. j 51 UB] ^ £lm JRnibfraal ISfogrnpI)!?. [myl MUKUAY, W'lUAMl fMANSriKLD, VAN.'', a ML'UKAY, -VVi I.I.I AM VAN.", a distiii- .uishea American diplomatist, wns horn in KlanJ. n"'""' I-''-'- He studied the law I.' ."land, practised it 111 his native coun- n and btTan.c a senator of tl.o United StVtes As mini.stcr nt the llaKue he sue- eccdcd in prescrvini; harmony between the American and liatavian repulilies ; and tiie reconciliation between the I'nitcd States ind France was eirected ehieHy throiiKh hi.s igencyas envoy extraordinary to the l-'rcncli republic Died, lHo:i. MUS-Kl'.S, JollANN KAItr AU(itST. nn eminent German writer, born nt Jena, in 1735 He was educated at the university, and became a tutor, and then professor, at the (iyranasiuM\ of Weimar. His most ad- mired work is the " Volksniaiehender Deuts- chcn," ii collection of popular G( riuan tales and legends, gathered from the lip.s of the people, and told in the most simple and fiiscinat in? style. The first edition appeared , in 5 vols, in 17H.'; later editions were eon- i siilci-ably enlarged. AmoiiK his other work.s |a"re— "Orandison der /wi'ite," a satirical limitation of the " Sir Charles (irandison," lofllichardson;" l'liysiof;nonii5che Uei.sen," 5ugi,'estcd by Lav. iter's tre.itise and the ex- tiavaRant admiration it excited ; " Straus.*- fidcrn," a scries fifshurt tales ; and" I'reund Ileitis Krscheinuii^'en," his last »"ork. Mu- suiis, who for his quiet, kindly character and life was called " the (!ood." died, 17«7. Ml'SGUAVi;, NVil.llAM, physician and antiquary, \\a» born at Charlton, in Somer- setshire, "in 1(;.J7, ami educated at \Vin( hester School, and New t'ille«e, O.xford. He be- came a fellow of the royal eulleKe of phygi- icians, and also of the Koyal Society; to I which last learned body lie acted as seere- I biry. In 1G91 he settlcdat K.xeter.and there jdicil in 17'.'1. Jttsides some i.aiin tracts on ihc pout, ho pullished four volumes of di.i- sertalious on Komau and liritish Antiqui- ties. .ML'SS,CilAtii.F.s,an inRenious painter in enamel, whose " Holy I'amily," after i'ar. iiiiljiano, is said to be the largest piece of i enamel ever painted. Died, 1824- ML'SiSATO, Ai.liKim.vo, historian nnd ! poet, was iMjrn in I'adua, in l'J61. He rose I from a state of iudiKence to public employ- j raents In his native city ; but notwithsiand- jinp; bis services, he tH'came an object of po- ij pularfii'y ; and in 1314 an attempt wo» made ij to murder hit.'. The ringlendefs in this ton- |iSpiracy were put to I'eath ; but Mussnto wa« afterwards banishc. f Chlozzo. where he ilicJ in i;!30. In his exiU he wrote a history of the Kinperor Henry Vll ,and a narrative of the affairs of Italy after the death of that emperor. MUSSCHKMUIOKK, riK.TKli VA?J, a cele- brated Dutch natural philosopher and ma- ll ihcmaticlan, wa.s horn at l.eyden, in Jfi'JJ. ijlleapplied himself Chi. y to natural phllo- ,»o|)by; held professorships at Duisburg and lUrecht. and tinnlly, In 1740. lieeame pro- : frv New (iranada, and spent nearly half a century in South America, contributing greally to the spread of science and the arts of civilization in that country. On his re- turn to liurope ho was appointed keeper of the royal garden nt Madrid. He wns the first botanist that distinRUishrd the various species of cinchona. Died, 1808. MU/.IANO. (iiuor.AMo, Italian painter, born mar Hrescia in 1528 or l.ViO. After studying at Hrescia, he improved himself at Venice, and went, in 1550, to Home, where he hoon distingui.shed hiin.scif, executed many works, and enjoyed the patronage of j the pope, Oregory XIII. His most cele- brated picture, now lost, was a " Kesurrec- tion of Lazarus," painted in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore. Ho painted the line picture of 'Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet," In Kheims cathedral. Muziano was a good portrait painter, greatly improTcd the art of working in mosaic, distinguiahed himself also as an architect, and had the chief part in founding the Academy of St l.uke at Uome. He was emploved to hnish the dr.n\ ings, begun by (iiulio Uomano, from the has reliefs of the Trajan Column. Died at Home, l.ViOor 15^2. MVCONIIS, FUKDKHir, a German divine, originally a Franciscan monk, was born at Liclitenfelt, in Franconia, in 1491. When Luther declared against indulgences, Myco- nius opposed him, but soon changed his sen- timents, nnd became a missionary for the propagation of the principles of the Keform- aiion. In 1538 he accompanied the chancel- lor of Weimar in an embassy to England; and, while here, held a disputation with some bishops and other divines. On his re- turmhe wasemployed to reform thechurche* of Thuringia ; but he protested strongly against the alienation of the ecclesiastical and monastic revenues to secular purooses Died. 1546. ^ *^ .MVCOMl'S, OSWALD, or (U.LSSHAISKK. a reformer, born at Lucerne, in Switzerland. In 1488. Ue studied at Uasel, under Kras- mus and Olareanui. after which he Kcanie successively mantor of the schools of St Theodore and St I'eter. He next removed to Zurich, where he held the oflice of regent of the college three y«ar«, after which he returned to Itusel, olituiiied the head pastor- ship of the church. and was chosen professoi of theology. He wrote severaleommentarici on the Scripture, a L.'Um version of the Cute- chism of (Kcotainpadius, >ui' a " Narrative of the Life and Death of /. ."rlnsll." Di».i 135.'. " -MVLNF. UoiiKKT, architect, was Nirti at Kdinburgh.inKJI. While studvine t Rome, lit-(ci»ined the chief architectural ps i/e at the Academy of St Luke , of which academv, as well as of those of Florence and UoloKna, he 717 M' f? ?'. 'I : ' ■li p^ Tm n m PI \w 'J h\S'. '1 f. 1 1 , ! .M • jl t ! iS ; '■ ]\\',W ' 'i m I : I I I I ( *'l 'i M MYU] H iHcto ainibcrsnl 13logtapl)i). wa.stt inoial)i.'r. Ho wiisthe builder of Itlm-k- friiirsHritiKO.Mrhioh wu« conur.oiitod in 1760, anil completed in 1770. I( wiis thcflrsl work of the kind executed in KnKlund. in which arches approiuhing to the form of un ellipsis were substituted for semicircle* Mylne's bridge, havinj? fallen into decay, was Uken downin 18t>4. He obtained the appointment of surveyor of St I'aul » cathedral, and was employed to erect many private edifices in Tarious parts of the kluKdom. lUed. IHIl. MYUON, a very celebrated Greek sculptor, boruutElcuthera>,in Uiootia, about U.f. 480 He was u pupil of Ageladas and the rival of Polycletus. He worked In marble, wood, and metal, and especially distinRuifched himself by his skilful representation of animals. His most admired work was the bronze figure of a " t"ow lowing," which was still extant at Athens in the time of Cicero. Another very celebrated work was the sta- tue called the " l)is<'obolus," or Uuoit- Ihrower, of which the marble so called In the llriUsh Museum is supposed to be a copy. [nan It was found at Hadrian's villa nciirTiTTr in 17U1. Though a largo number '^^S by Myron are mentioned by uucieiUwHl not one of them Is now known to be?,,.!' bornatHrussels,i„ 1541 He paiS e^e?,! pictures for churches in Itary jtddildin MYTENH, Daniei,, an eminent D„,.h portrait painter, born at the H.Buonhl,^ im. He came to Kngland in tlT e S James 1 and was named painter to Charic, 1. on his accession to ti,,. throne. Mu-l several years' enjoyment of royal and mmI patronage he declined in favour before Vhn rising Vandyke, and went back to Ho amf Saf.e;^^r'^''^'"•^■»'"-p«-^i• MYTKNH, Mautin, a HwcUisU painter was born at Stockholm, in 1695. HeZ/n his residence at Vienna, and was KresiJv esteemed by the Emperor Charles VI. ml 17M. "' N. NABI8. t7rant of Wparu, who com- mcaced his reign »lK)Ut the year :.'05 h. c He was surrounded by an armed guard, had a number of secret spies in his service, put to death or banished every suspected person, and indulged in the exercise nf evury sp<'Cles of cruelty. Me contrivtd an instrument of torture iu the form of his own wife, whose rUU d^e^s concealed a nimbi rof iron spikes in her bosom and arms Ke plundc-ed Mes- senu and Argcs. and would have continued to exu-nd bis dominion still wideroverl'«lop«n- uesus, h.id not iln llomans, in alliance with the Achaaiis, de«lnred war against him. He pursued the war, ana wa» fur a lime succcsa- ful , but was at length defeated by I'hilopo!- men, at the head of the army of the Acbamn lea«ue,aod was killed while attem:>Uug to escape, l».< 192. N.\lHUSHAH,kiuKofl'er»ia, first known as Tli.vMAf* KiU KHAN, was a native of Khorassan , and wns Injrn ui Itntt. He was of low origin, and began his niUlUry career as a brigand llecoming chief of a band, he gtadually acquired considerable i>owcr, and at leuglh resolved to deliver I'ersiafrom the Aflghans who had comiu« red it. In this he succeeded, took Ispahan, and restored the legilimaU' monarch, the real power howler remaining wiUi himself- in 1734 b" wa» formally invested with the' sovereigns) , in- •Istiug at the aame lime on a Ter» nr*»l 1 ItaMtf e iu li*6 rtiig^i^n li* *»*t ;;van*rj, inv eiiimUon of the uio»i InfiuenUal j-i I He Qoadc war ou the Affghaos, inv'. l<*uiii r«iui»' bar; Invaded Hindustan, and took Delhi where he ordered a massacre of the inhabit- ants . and then extended his conquests to the luirtli of I'ersin. He httd fre((ucnt war? Willi ihcTurk»,and won many victorii-soter thi tn Hut thctixcessesof Jealousy, crutliy, and tyranny in which hcinnuli-ed'm thcla't- Hryeamofhisreiicnniadehimuuiversallyde- tested, and a conspiracy w.is formed ai;ainit him by some of his generals who anticipated proscription. He was asiassinated in his tent in the night, IS'Jj June, 1717. TlieLife of this extraordinary man wai written in Persian by Mohammed Mahudi Khan, bis secretary N4-;vit'S, ('>Kii», a celebrated early lloman poet, born probably in Campania,! but resident at Home for the greater part of his life He wrote a poem onthe llrstl'unicl War, iu which he had personally serfed,and j from this poem Virgil adopted tome pauagci ; iu the .laieid. Ns'viut wrote alto (erml coiiiedli't, and by the fn'odoni of hljati.iiks on leading men, subjected himself to impri- i suumeut, and afterwards lo exile. Died at i 1,'tica, about B.C. 'A*! Some fragments oil his writings are ext.mt. I NAHI., JiiHANM Avru'sr, an emiiienti Prussian siralptor, bora at Berlin, in 1710. i He executed the admirable coloMxl tUtuei of the landgrave Frederick, which sUndi in ; FTederlck'sfitiuare. Inl74Shewu*ppointed :-• *r!i =! Cs; ^ , and died there In 17I>1. | k- 1 NANI, OlovAhM BATTI8TA, a Yenetiwj 71t PJI'4»»K.. [na\ >"'» villa, nfiirTiToli rKo numher Of work, '■J by aiideiit writers a Uutch painter, was In Italy; unddiedin , an eminent Dutch "t the IIuBu.! about iBl.ina in tlif reJKnof led painter to Charles the throne. Aftfr snt of royal and noble 1 In favour before the fint baek to Holland, ire at Hampton Court. . a Swedish painter m, in 1695. He fixed ma, and was greaUv ror Charles YI. Died, tan, and took Delhi, iissacrc of the inhabit- ided his conquests to He httd frenucnt Man LMi many victories uTtr es of Jealousy, cruelly, licinouluedinthela't- idfhiniuuiversallyde- L-y w.is formed against Dcnils who anticipated s assassinated in his J Juno, 1717. Tlu'Life man wai written in Oil Mahadi Khan, bis I, a celebrated early rubably in Campania, for the (creater part of joem on the lirstl'unic! personally served, and j adopted tome passages I us wrote also jereral j fr<'(>doni (if hisatl.ni'ks cted hiniwlf to impri- 1 irds 10 exile. Died at i Some fragments of I It. I ^L'fiLsr, an eminent! ra at B«rlia, in 1710. j iiirablc colossal sUtuS; eru'k, which stanifi in : il7aShewu»iipointed BATTI8TA. B VettetiMj ^ £Ltta Slnibtrsal 19iograpl^j>. historian, whs born in li!t«. Ho distlii niSlUll"". .,K..„„ ..l,.i. f.^. > in LVi.iixl ."uishcd liiniiflf us amhas^ador to tlio !• ruiich court,a post which ho held f-r W years. He was afterwards employt-a In othcrmisslons of importance, for which nc was made |)roc- tor of St Mark. He was author of Istoria della Kepublica Vcneta," and was hLstorio- eriphcr and keeper of the archives of the re- nu'blic. Died, 167H. N\NEK. or NANLK.a iintlTf of Hindus m and founder of the sect of Sikhs, which has'irrown into a powerful nation. He was born at Talwendy, in I.ahoro, in Ufiu ; pro- pagated his doctrines with Kreat success, and died in 1. Ml). ' NANNI>0I0VA.VXI. [UDINE, GIOVANNI ! NANTEUIL, ItODKKT.an eminent I'rench i cnewver, was born at llhciins, in 163(i. Ills i merit obtained him the place of desl(?iuT and cabinet enifiaver to Louis XIV., with a .'nensioa. Died, 1'I78. XAl'IEU, or NErEK, JOHN, lord of Mer- icliiston. In Scotland, n celebrated inathe- jmatician, was born in ISjn, and educated ut I thcunivcrsity of .St Andrew's. After having i travelled iu France, luly, and (iernuuiy, he I returned to ^i» native country, where he wholly devot 4 himself to the study of ina- tlieniatics ani iheoloiry, Hcinx much at- tached to astronomy aud spherical trigono- metry, he wished to And out a short method of calculating triangles, sines, tangents, &c. . hence, hisadmirablo invention of loKarithms, first made public in liiU, and w hich has iiu- mortaliiied his name The Napier " bone.s," or "rods, "for multiplying: and dividiug, were invented by him. He also made several im- provcmeDts in spherical trigununietry, tuid was regarded by the ci hbrated Kepler lus ono of the greatest men of the age. Died, 1617. XAPIEU, Vice-Aduiiral Sir CUARI.K.S, K.C.B., was born .March C. 17SC, and entered as a volunteer on board the .Martin sloop ofwarin 171)0, ami became lieutenant in IWiS. In 1?09 he aided in the reduction of M.-irtl- nirpie, where he scaled one of the forts accom - panied by only five men. In the same year he was appointed by Sir Ale.xanJi'r (,'oehrane t(icummamltli« En nch frigate D'llautpoult, which, having been taken chiefly liy Na- pier s elTorts, was added to tin- Hritish navy under the name of the Abercromby. Ou receiving his promotion as a post captain, I he served ashor" with his ctuisins, Lit-orge, ' Charles, and 'W'ilam .N'upler, iu the Pcniu- 'siih, aud was wounded at Husaco. In 181 1 he W.-IS appointed to the Thames, a Si-gun frigate, and was mainly instrumental iw pre venting the enemy from eoii.structlng a Heet in the Mediterranean. Iklnf? sent to Ame- rica in 18U. he led the way in the ascent and descent of the I'otomae.uiul took part in the operations against H.iltimore. In the follow ing year his offer to organize a naval brigade toservc on the French coast was accepted by the government, but rendered unnecessary by the battle of AVaterloo. He now received the decoration of C.H., and being pl.iced on half-pay, remained out of aedve »ervie« fur fourteen years His marriage took pluco iu spent In travelling with his family through Burope, where he amaastd a vast store of military observations, embodied in a valua- ble MH. volume of pb.iis.indstiiti.iUcii, which may probably be published. Settllugatrarii hoeitabllshedthe first steamers on the 8el 'c' nnd ventured to cross the Channel In one of them iu iHil, although these lioat* were scarcely seaworthy. Jleing appointed to the Oalatta in IH.'O, ho idaplcd to this vessel paddle wheels worked by manual labour, and thu.s urged on the adoption of better mean.s of propulsion In the navy. AVhilo employed on the coast of Portugal, he ac- I ecpted from Doni I'edro the command of the I constitutional fleet. With this llr.t of ill- paid, ill-manned, and weak vei.»eU he sailed I in search of lliu»li»inger licet of Doni .Miguel, ' and, engaging at the gieatest odds, totuJIy ' (.efeated it after an obstinate engagement which concluded the war and settled Dona Maria o:i the t' c For thi» great service I)om I'edro c I hini Viscount Capo St V uicent, assign .ng him a pension of jttkK) a year with tUe )» -aud cross of all the I'ortu- guese orders. Hit oflice of admiral iu-ehief gave him the nominal control of tho I'ortu- guese navy, which he found utterly mis- managed. His attempts to improve it were met by an amount of ungry oppie still retained loo.ooo tuea employed in guarding St relersburg who wouldoihrrwlse have been sent to the jeatof ' war In the south. It was objected that the ' capture of Honiamund had been «ieompa«hed with so little loss of life, and as he r»-fused to bear the blame for the inefllclency which he m.iintalned wa« eauied by tho Admir*Ity, he was dismissed from hi»tomui4iid. He refused , the (irand Cross of the Uath when off«r^.i t.. : Uiui by Loru .\berdeeut succewor in oflice. i and aMigned his reaeons for »o doing In « letter to Prmce Albert. In 18M he wm r« i t 71» ! M i I 1 ' 11 1.1 ^ J I >! 1 \ iil ■It ■ i ,. t 1 t 45 i . 1 n i li I' t. «i 1 1 li ^ ■ if' Put-lWaal nap] ^ iflctD Stnibcrsal 19iograp!)t). [nap turned lis Ml*, for Soiithwnrk, niiil spt-oilily Mui'rcd.-a in compl.'tcly JuHtlfyliiK lil» own conduit tliroUKli'iut lii» HiiHic ianip;uKn , and the nm;\iiuU'r of Uis life wan M>»'"t "> leftlouslv i>romotin« tl»e interest* of tlie sen men.lni'nipn.vintrthenmnaKcmentordrecn- wich Hospital, mid in other Iniportnnt naviil measures. IMilnrc of health und strength at lost compelled him to retire, and he dieil. Bfterii short attaek of dysentery, November 9. IHOiVnuear-i. TlienuTiitiveof his .Na^al CampaiKU in the Haliie " lias since l.cen pub lishcd Uis" Life and Corrrspondenre has been edited bv Major Oenrral K Napiej. NAl'IKU. (irneral Kir til vltl.t.-* .Iamk.^*, one of the most pallant ioidirrs of his age. ,1 brother of the distiiiRulshed historian. Mr NVillinm Napier, and eou^in of the well- known ndmirnl of the same .■.^r-", was born in London, in ITSJ. His father, n thoroughly competent nmn, charged himself with )us education, and in January. 1791, before he W3» twelve rears old. obtained for him a commission in the ;Wrd reuimenf. Histlrst service* to the country were rendered in the supprrsston of the Irish rebellion in I.HH, during which he was aidc-dc camp to Kir J .mes DulT. In lHo4 he became a major in the 50th rcRimrnt. which lo- commanded throuiihHlrJohn Moores retreat toCorunnn, ns well OS at the battle. I'ierced in the back with a bayonet, struck with a sabre on the skull, ond about to lie despatched, he was saved by the intervention of a drumiiier named (iibert. and was taken to the rear as a prisoner, where be was received by Sou t with kindness, and as scon ns he was siittl- ciently recovered siilfered to go to Knglaiid on parole. On the Cua. Napier was aKnIn to lie found ll»{htini» as a volunteer. I wo horses were here hhot under him, and at llusaco he was shot throuRh the face , but recoven-d in time to be at the siejte of Fuentes. ar.d in the second siesj" of lladajoi. In IHlJ hcserved in the expedition tothcChesapeake. havlnff a year b< fore been made liouienant colonel. He w as not called to take any part in the battle of Waterloo, he. nevertheless, made all haste to join the army as a volun- teer, but arriTfd on the field early on the morning of the lath. H? accompanied tl/e English nmiy to I'aris, and was at the stor. • I Ingoffnmbray. In iHil. having Iteen .i year on the Ionian staff, he was appointed lieu- i tenant governor 0, and defeated It. with a loss of iO offlcem and ilii rink and file, while the enemy lost &kri. At the battle of Hyderabad he broke the power of the Ameera of hclnde , und on Ixlng ap pointed governor of the newly acquired ter- ritory, abolished slavery, the suttee, and Iii6 pr.ic;iv4,' of ir.fa:jt:riur, opr^rie-J csnsls, and direcliMl commerce and industry into new channiU. In the spring of 1W9, when the disasters of the Kik.i campui^Mi had awakened the anxieties of ih- p.^upip 'J|J Kngland. all eyes were direetcl to ihl. i,,,,,, of Hcinde, und by the advice of iho (i„ke nf Wellington Napier was uppointcil to th^ command of the Indian niiuy. o,, ti,e ,,' ,, of March, IHII), he set out for India "b , when he arrived there the olijiit of the »■ r had been u^.ained. He, however ex('ri("il himself in reforming abuses whiti, iv,d grown up In the aiiay, especially amonj. li," offlcers. Having remained in India uhout two years, he resigned his command and re turned to Kngland. In the army SirCharles will he remembered as the sternest of re formers; his own simple manner of life Riy log him power to enfurco (uder, whieh a more luxurious commander could scnrceiv haveacciuired. He was the author of sevenl volumes ; among which may ho mentiimed his "Lights and Shades ofMiliiary Life" and" Indian Mis»'overnment,"apo5lhumou8 publication. Died at OaklanOs, near I'orts. mouth, IH.VJ. A statue, by Adams, iserected to his honour in St Tauls. Mcmnirs of liis Mfe, and a History of his Administration in Hcinde, were written by his brother Sir William Napier. ' NArir.U,MACVi.Y, whose name will long be iiiemorable in connection with the Edin- burgh Ueviewand the l'.ncyclopiPdialtrit;m- nica, was professor of conveyancing in the university of Kdinburph, and one of the principal clerks of the court of session. He passed as o writer to the signet in K')!); but he Boon displayed a decided bias fur liteinry pursuits ; and his various aciiuirements, lite- rary and legal, his prufound erudition, and his sound judgment, found ample scope for ; their development in the preparation of a new edition of the F.ncyclopa'dia Hritanniii, I of which he became the editor. Inl»;9he I succeeded Mr (afterwardtUird; Jeffrey inthe j editorship of the Hdinburgh llevicw;aiidit ; is no light pre.isn to say that, under hit j manugemen', which embraced a period of ! IT years, that leading organ of constitu- tional and liberal doctrines, and of manly and enlightened criticism, suffered no decay. Died. 1M7. N A r I K U, Sir Wii.M.\M ya.^NclJ rATBK'K.was born in IT.s.i. Heontercdllic army when ftfte- 7iW tlf» of 11,3 p,up|, „f ri- (Iwetcl to ihc. iu,f„ ailvleeof the duke of ivas appointed to the an nnny. o,, the 2)tli sit out for India, but oihcol.Ji(t.)fti,ew,r He, liDwcver, vwrui g abusi's whiii, had I', t'spocially ainoni-ihe mined in India uhout J liis I'oMiniand and rc- Iiitlie iirniy SirCharlos as the sternest of re- iplr manner of life (.iy. nfurco (ir.liT, whieh a niander could scarcely as the author uf several ich may he mentioned ades of Miliinry Life," ■rnment,"apo5thumou8 t Daklanils, near I'orts- i'\ hy Adams, is erected ;'iiul». Mcmiiirs of his if his Administration in ^u by his brother, Sir r, whose name will long nrttion with the Edin- icl'.neyelopiPdialiritiin- it conveyancing in tlie hurph, and one of the 10 court of session. He ) thp signet in i:ii!);but U'cidcd bias fnr literary rious acquirements, lite- irufound erudition, and , found ample scope for in the preparation of a ncyclopu'dia Hritanniii, 1 the editor. In l»:9he rnrds l,«rd; Jeffrey in the .InburKh Ucview;aiidit to say that, unild his h embraced a period of inu orftan of conbiitu- loetrines, and of manly icism, suffered no decay. r VlLLUM FBANCI! in ITM,^. He entered llic rears old. and bets not only on iiititary birvices, but on » are nil ehiiracteriiedby p. i.mnent nnm.lnritv. H i' pergonal feelint;* and ..pin \Z ^^■en'Mum : l'"t he never allowed them tniiterfeie with the accurate and Impartial ?a temont of historical facts, while thii. very "nthusinsm has imparted a ♦(raphic nn.l llf.- ikenower to his descriptions, of which even he minute features appear rather to be drawn from memory than einbellishe.l by iheartoftbehistoiian. This vivid eloquence nf narrative, joined with his preeminent ' ■ ■ - >>•■•■:■■- iias caused Ih er more professedly popular. He died nt tho Me of 71, Febniniy 1:', MiO. A statue of Sir AV Napier, bv Adunis, hns been set up in St Paul's. His Life, with his Letters and Jour- n.ils, has appeared, edited by li. A. llrucc, M !'• N^riKIl.AVn.I.lAM JoitN.I.ord.nHritish naval officer, was born nt Kinsalc, In 17H7. He entered the service at the age of IP, and was a midshipman on board the Detlnnce nt the b.ittle of TrafalKnr. In 1h:13 ho was appointed superintendent of the trade nnd interests of ti.e llritish nation in China, and he arrived at Macao, in July, IH34. Here, however, the object of his voyajje was frus- trated by the governor of Canton, who up- peared anxious that his lordsliip should not reaeh tbat place until notice should have been sent to the coift of I'ekin, nnd tho iiinwerof the emperor bo made known upon the subject. Lord Napier wns not inclined to delay, nnd, KC'ting into his l)oat on the 21tb of July, sailed up the Canton river, and arrived at tlie factory (Canton) on the m-xt morninit. The orders of tlie governor, that he should return to Mncno, were replied to by him in terms of positive rrfiiKal ; coin- nioriial transactions between thellritiih nnd C'liiiiese merchants wi re prohibited by the governor; and Lord Napier sent tho Inio pone and Andromai lie fritjatcs up the Hoy no river, which were tired at liy the furts, nnd which, in return, battered the forts about the ears of theCliini.se soldiers. This (U'curred on the 7th of September; but, owing to c;ilms, the ships were obliged to como to anchor for several days. On the llth of the same month I.oid Napier became seriously indisposed; and tb:it the interwti of the British merclinntsiiiiijht not be iojured by n farther fuspcnsion ol their nrranKiiiients, the menof-vvar were orderect to " move 7 he was appointed master of the choristers of the chupol royal. Iir Nnres published soma notdo anthem* and a Colleition of glees which are marked t.y jjreal Kenius and a thorouKh knowledjte of the stienco, scTcnil books of in»triictions, nnd aeonipo.ition en titled "The Uoyiil Tastiiral " liied, I7HJ NAIirs, ItoiiKitr. a learned critic nnd theoloKian, was the son of the proiedinjf, and received his e.lucallon it Westminster School, anil Christclnirch ColleRO, tixford After entering into holy orders he was pre- sented to the rectory of Sharnford, hi I/>ier»- tershire ; he was nlso chosen preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and ohtaiit.d tho olllce of assistunt librarian at the Hrltish Museum. He was afterwards a prpl)ondary of Lincoln nnd nt the lime of his death, lu l^a!l, he was archdeacon of StalTurd, canon of l.lchBeld and rector of Allliallows, London. Dr Nares' in conjunction viith Mr lieloo, established and eonduct'd the liritisU Critic, a hiuh church lii.erarv r;'V!..kv _ ....ji .,(..;...._ j...- "_ parato works are. ' i;i, inents oforthoepy/' " A tilossary of Words, I'linuei, Jtc , lu the m ■ I V ' lu ■■i l^ ' i ( t ,M!'J ' ) t JTTr^ 1 i t : !''i I '■ I '■ J ii,,' 1 . >' i:' n ; * i I t 1 M 4 ' U'.f ' tfl 1 I *'■ <■ rf 11 Ii $m i •■■ i ■'' ■ i 1- i'il-S iiJ 1 ' iil^ I . nar] ^ ilcU) Ctnibersal 13iograpI;<). [nai ' WorVt of KnutlHli • Jiirpn KllriituMli, \ii'lior» of tho Agp of ^ , A t'lironoliiRlcnl Vk-w oV'thc rrt)Vl»'<^'''9 «■«>'«""« '" ''*" ^^''f'**'"" Church," Ac. . . NAUSKS, a cclphriitctl eunuch, who en- trriHl into the »prTli'P of the Kinpi-ror Ju«lln- inn nt the court of I'onMai.ilnoplc, rote by hit nirrlt to the hi)rho«t «li(inillos of tho stato, and dlntlnKuishrd him.elf by ml itnry pxplolti. After viinqHiMhlnxIotlln th'" «'«>'. hi . , ircil Home . ffucu.-d Itiily from Iht- r.,t',i»i.K, n nallYO of Vulli«dolid. In Hpiiln. who wont to America noon after iii diwovery. and vru« appointed commander of the expedition aKalntt t'oit. z by IHi-Ko do Veladqiii*. Korenior of tuba He saiUd. in 1J2«, with J'xt men. intendlnn to e»tabliHh a '-l..!,) a l '. ridn ; diHcoTorcU the bay of l. .i»nroia ; and. havinif marched Into the countrv. wa» never heard of more nakvs7,j:wicz. aham wianisi.auh, an eminent hUtorian and p»et of I'oland. who, having made an excellent translation of the work* of the great Uoiuiin hitlorian, obuined tho uppelUtion of the I'oliih Tad- tun ; but hi« f.iiiio chielly re»t» on hl« elabor- ate " lllitury of I'oland.' which ho left un- flnlHhed at hUdeath.in 17HC NA.su. John, architect, wa« one of the architectnof the board of work»,andamBi«»ed m larRc fortune by the extensive upeculations in which he engaKod for the improveuu nt of the metropolis llCRenl street, Waterloo l»Uce. the KeBent's and 8t Janui't I'arki, nnd nearly all the importaut chanRO* in the architecture of Umdou (w^ttward), aro due to him. He aUo built Huck Ingham I'ulace. the llaymarket Theatre, All Houla' Church. Ac. Died, aged 8'i. IH34. NAHH, RirilAKi), commonly called B*,iu Saih the ouce celebrated arbiter of fathion at Hath, was born in U.'i, at Swauaea, in Glamorganshire. He wan originally intended for the law, but entered the army. whH'h, howrver.he soon quitte.l, and took chanii r» in the Temple Her* ho devoted himself cntiiely to plen»ore and fashion , nnd when King William Tisii' e ; and as he drew the whole heau monil« to Math, he waa regard^ as a public benefactor there. While in the plenitude of his power and popularity, Nash lived in the most splendid style, supporting his expanses by a luaff rua of success at tho gaming tsbl*. Ml« dresa WAS covered with expensive lace, and he wore a large white cocked hat. Tiie chariot la which ho rode was drawn by alx grey U2 horses, and attended by a long rotlnu."^ servants, some on horses, others on foot while his progress through thn itree t. Vr made known by a band of French horns and other Instruments. His common title wn. tho*.r.,; 0/ Batkj m: his reign cent inuod with undimlnishc.l "plcndour, for more tW nfty yeai;.^ Mi. ) alth then Uv.ZVT. cllnc, and his resources grow Icia plentiful As tho change in his spirits and circum- stances became more evident, his former nc qualntanccs gradually forn(.olt liim, nnd he died, in comparative Indigeiueanasolituj,. in 17111 His rcmniiis, however, were hon' oured with iisploudid funeral, nt the expense of tho city ; and an appropriute epitan'i written br Dr Harrington, in placed over hii tomb in tho abbey church. NASH, THOMAS, a satirist and drsmatic writer, was born at Lowestoft, in Suffolk about l.Vli ; cdurnlcd nt St John's College' t.'ambridge ; and settled In London, where ho died In 1601. He wn.te three dram.itie pieces, but wnscUicHy distinRulshedbythe virulence and scurrility of hit pamphleti against Gabriel llarvty and the puritan I'enry, who nssuraed the title of .\lanin Marprelatc. His principal performance is " rierco l'ennlle»!i," published in la(*ii. NAMH, Trkadw.vy Urs.f Wor ester- shire," % vols, folio ; a splendid edition of Hudibrns, 3 vols. 4tu, and some papers in the Archirologia. NAKMITH, DAVID, a Heottish philanthro- pist, was born at Glasgow, in 17'J9. Attbe age of 'i2 he became secretary to the united benevolent societies of his iiuiive town, in which capacity he gained the knowledge and ex [K'rionce which were of somuch value to him in bin fiibseqiient lahouri. lli«naiiie will be remcmliered with honour as the ori- ginator of" City Missicns," the lint of which ho sutceeiled in i utablisliiiiK nt (il.isgow, in IH'JH. After retinug from liiH scereiarTship t wo years later he devote 1 himself exclusife- ly to the propagation I'f his favourite views, and the establishment ..f town niimioni. Not only in his own eouniry, hut in Irelaud,iD the United Mates of Norih America, .ind is Canada, and at lust in LnRlaiid, he carried on hischo»en tank witli succey. Ucfuunded tho I/mdoii City .Mi»«iim,in \M'). Died at (iuildford.. November 17, l-'^'j, and was buried In Hunhlll lield*. I/>ndun. NAHMVTH, Ai.KXANDK.n, a celebrated painter, whose talents gave so «tran|[ an impj-tiis to the art In Scotland, that he is not undeservedly called the father of the Scottish SI h .ol of landscape paiutin);. HJ was a pupil of his countryni.in, Allan Kaa- say, nnd studied for some time in lialj He painted portraiti at flrnt. and one of hii most valued worksis the portrait olTtobcrtiiuras, now in the NaUonal I'ortrait (iallfry. Hii Undscam-s aro numerous and pleasind. O* soraetluH^ ttave hi- ^'J.^jfe '" '."H^^fK uruiiilj, "Bvi to ih.-.; 3-iTivc tr- •"■-•"'■., bUity and gentry owe some of the nufc««i I by a lon« rcHnue of KTHcs, othiTs on foot uoniju the itreeti wai' ndofPrpnehhomMnd Hli tommon title wai -, bin rt'lun continueil plcndour, for more tlian ilth th«n licKan to dr. [••'» Krow IciH plentiful il« spirits and circum- ! evldoiit, his former nc ily formiolt liini.iind he ' IndidnuiiaiiasolituJc 11, however, were hon- 1 funeral, nt the expense n uppropriitte epitaph, nKton,iH placed over hii liurch. i satirist and dramatic Lowestoft, in Suffolk, d nt St John's College, tiled 111 London, where s wmic three dram.iiie ?fty didtiMKnishedbyihc lility of hilt pamphlets irvey and the purii.ui I'd the title of Martin rincipiil performance i> ' pvUilishod in la8!i. VY UiKSKi,, an Enxllsh y, WHS educated at Wor- ord, where he took hit 17S8. He was a man of . hill seat in Worcester- H7. l)r Naih published Histoi) >'{ Wor.'ijter- ; a spleiulid edition of to , and some papers io D.aHcottishphilanthro- llasRow, In 17'J9. At the I) swretary to the united 8 of his iiuiive town, in Itainod the kuowled);e ch were of so much value iliient lalHiuri. Hibiiaiiie 1 with honour as the ori- 1 ssions,' ' the (intt of whitli \ aUli»hiiiti at (ila!gow,iii K from hi» secretaryship evole I himself exclusive- m (if his favourite views,; •nt of townmisiioni. Notj un'try, hut in Ireland, in )f Norlti America, and ial t in l'.nt(laiid, he carried | vith»ucce>s. Hcfoundedj lisninn. Ill 1M5. Dled»t| erl'.bS'J.andwasburitii i/>ndun. ' KXANDK.n, a celebrate I lent* gave so strong in L In Sfotland, tliat heir railed the father of thei landwapi' painting. Hl| eoiiiifrym.m, Allan Ram- rioriie'timein Italj He tfirHt.andoneofhismott • portrait oi Kobe rtBuTMil al Portrait (iailerv. Hu! neroua and pleasing. Hei s advice in landscape gw-i >_!-- fk- c««/^trlfth no* I )we aomeof the flutitof. ^ ^(\ii lhn\)Ct»!i\ Diograpfjij. [nea like' „c niitive J" dlcloiis ' - *"** buildlni endnent landscape pninter, son Kc of twenty he removed to I^Mi.lon when his talents noon atlraetrd nofe. and rcured him the appellation of the ■.n«ll.h Hnhhlma His works are deservedly in hlRh ^nrfince in KnuUind whi.h do nut . ontain So them. TWO of his small landsoapcf, oniing part of thoAVrnon nuieetion, arc Ke National nailery This artist use. to Mint with his left hand, his right having bcon injured In early lifP- D'"'', "t IJ»nit.eth, '%SV,MAi'ni('K OP. [MAI- KICK.! NATHAN,lHAAi ,orMoniirCAl,« lenrnrtl Jeirish rahM, who. ahmit th- middle cf the IMh century, piil'lished the first llehrevsr concordance of the old Testament Thii work, with considernlde additions, has hern (pvcral times reprinted; hut little or no- hing is known of the personal history of it* ."iglnal author. NAt'nfl, OABKirr,, a Froneh physlelnn and man of letters, was I orn nt I'arls, In 1600; studied medicine at I'adua ; and, after t ( msidernbic stay in Italy, returned to Parii, and hecnnic llhrnrinn to Cardinal Mnzarin; but when that minister was hnn- iihpd, Naudfi went to Sweden as librarian to Queen (Christina. He was the author of "liililiographis PoUtlea," " An Apology for the fircat Men who have hpcn nocusert of Magic," a work on the Hoalrructani, 4c. 'Died, lfi53. i XAUDRT, Thomas CnAni.r.s, a Freneh llandscape painter, born at Paris, In 1771; idled, ISIO He left a collection of near threw owand designs, eomprehi ndlnif the most antiful viewt, and the finest monuments if ancient and modern times on tho rontl- iCnt. NATVTON', Sir Uohkht. nn Engllah tesni.in, was horn In Hulftdk, and edn- i»tctl.itCamhridf,'e After havinj; boenem- iloToil on Tariniis diplomatie missions In otland and France, he returned to the iversity,and in 1601 w.is rleeted putdle mtor, In which capacity he uttraeied the loiioe of James I , who made him master of e nnuests, surveyor of the court of wards, id in IDIK secretary nf state. His " Frajr- unla Regalia " contains many eurious par- cularsof the court of (iuein Kliznl.eth. NAVAkElTA, Fkrnanhkz, a Spanish '"innirv, who went to China In Id Vi, and ixpi'llcd nt the time when tho p4>r»eeu I tlnre took place He was afterwanls Dsecrated archhlshop of 8t Domlnt'o, anti ied in liM He wa.s author of an account If the poliiieal and religious condition of « Chinese. NAVARKKTR.MUinvFKnNANI.PZiiK Spanish naval offlc, r and learn<'d hi»- Tian, was horn in 17.;'), and was admitted Ms infancy iiMu tho order of St John of ifnisalem At the ase of 15 he entered the rvrd in ,i nine y,.|,rs, when ill health led lo his ritlrf mont. Ite serveil nualn for a short time n fevr yenrj later hut in I7«7 Anally retired, urceptinir an ofllee under the K<>vernment at Madrid lie wai afterwards hydroRmpher to the Admiralty, and member nf the Spanish Aeademy, and the Aendeiii|i<( of llliiorjr and the Fine Arts. In iHii he was crenten a pi'cr. The work on whirh hi* reputation ehli ily re^ts ll the vojumlnoua" Colleetion of A'»y:i|{ei and ^f.irltiiiie Dtacorerles nindi- by the Sp.mlardu «lnee the r lose of tho l.Mli Ci-n- tury." Nnvairete, early known as asrholar, reeelved the royal eommlHalon to form such a tolleetlon in 17H!>, and the fin portion waa published In 1825. Tho coli tion tllli seven yoU. Ito, and is of imniens. value na materials for history. Navarrete wroti-nlso a full " Life of Cervnntea," nnd a " lu-.iserf- ntlon on the lllatoryof tho Nautli il and Malbematlenl Selrnees In Hpain," an I eom- menr. d the important " Collection nf In- publlntod Documents for the Iliittory of Spain,' which was continued tiv his colln iHirateurs nfter his death. This learned and hnrd working inTeitigator died at Ma- drid In H44, NAVI-dIt, JAMK9, a leader amonff the early (iuakera, wai Nirn In ItiK!, at Ardeoley, in Yorkshire. He served eight year» In the parliamentary army, and on his return home, in Kiftl, became converted lo (lunkerism by tho preacbinff of (icrKO F.)t; though at a future period. In conse- (I'onee of his extrarngunt conduct, the MocKty wero le.l to disown him. Misled »>y iteattinatv inspiration, he aoon dintlnguisli- ed himself arnonic those of kindnd senti- ments, both In London and other places, until. In l)i.M. he was committed to I \eier gaol, for propagating hi* opinions. (»n hli release from imprisonment, he repaired to llristol, wliere hi* J'ollowert formed a pro- cession, and le«l him Into that city In a manner which they Intended to rt»eiubl« the entntnce of Christ into Jerusalem. He was deel.ired guilty of tda»phemy by par lianient, and barbarmuly »««ntenced to a double whlpplntf at different times, brand log, iKirinif of the tnnifiie with n hot Iron, and Imprisonment and hard labour during pleasure. This atnciou* wntince, though llletful. WB« fully Intluted upon the unhappy man, who, when the delirium of fan itleism w:i« over, humbly acknowled»fed nd la- mented the delusion umler which ne had lal or. I , and died in Ituio N VI,, Daniki., an eminent dissenting divine, was iMim in London, in l»;7H, and was educated at the university of I treeht On his return he be^tn to oJtlclate a« a preacher, and, in 17"ti. succeeded Dr Siniflc- ton as minister of a congregation In .Aldera- gate Street, in which ofhce ho continm-d for 36 yi-nn Although assiduous as a niin- Isfer, he found leisure for literary laltours, and published, among other work*, the well-known "History of the I'uritan*," 4 vols. ; and a " History of New ingland," 3 vols l>ied, at Hath, 1743. NHANl)KK,JOH4.\S AVOt'XT Wir nKLM. one of the must dUllnguished ecclesl.tstual historian* of inod^rti ti!!ie£. was tn^m a* (J«itiugen, 17H9. HU partnU were Jewi' in 'i i : ? IV'- I ' k :i ^ ! i ^kmim < i . 'ii li l\ f' i: IN H il^ctD Ctn(l)fr«nl Ifliogtnpfjn. ur.Ml purl of lu» .'am-iitlou. In I « l"«» to|)i.-.pl.iloi.o|)hy,doc ,r nr hVtory.b.ldU-lcriikiiin.or th.« num trinr.nipi j. j,^.r,„a„y, Kngland. and [nee itorlci, odd " |{ur««p« at truth," ami ihf ninny l.lti of InforniiUlon It nmtnlnii on ni». dlirtnl lire, mnniiPM, nnd opinions NwkBni ulio wroti* n work in TiTir, rntltlpil " lif l.iudlbii* DIvlnm Hiiplcntlir," wtilch hb ponri lo bp niorrly ii pnrnphrm. nf th, fornitT. TboHc two wnrln witc riniihll,h('il ciirpfully cdltnl by Mr Thomas Wriirht lii |m;:». I)l.-d. 1'J17. " '" NKrKKU.jAfHji'VS.thPcclohratoilFronfh ■tutrsman,nilnl«ti'rnf flnnn('oti)l,iiul«XVI wn« the «on of Charlti rrciU He Ncckpr nr(> ft'Morof civil law at nmfvu.nnd Imrn there In i::»J. At the apo of 15 hi' wan fheei Im bankiuR hou»r at I'aris, nfter whiih hp bt caiup iiurlnnr with ThrlluMon, on whow death ho cstablliihcd a hmni' of his own in conjunction with hiHhrothirandiwootti ITS UnvinK di»tinKUtnhi'd hlinnclf hy hl« trca- tl»r, entitled " Hur la I>Kl»lution p* la Com- merce dri (iralni," and niquirod grrat rrputation rii n flnanrlor. he wni, In I'Tfl, appointed dirtctor. nnd, noon after, conip- tri.llcr R.-niTttl of the myal trennury llcirij refused ndmlwlon into the council on the icore of hii. rellnion.ni he wai aC'ulviniit, he thre.itened to ie»lKn hU odiilal litua- tlon. He wrt* In ci);n((|iii'iice r('mnTod,anJ ;;;[;?:''tlut'W'uncUh::r-U.>profou.de.t C-arnlnR. nor ino.t *i«or..u. Intellect, nor „,o"t fe?;id eUMiuence. but ;' K^'"* '^^^ I""! fuelt theolu«um;-'- i«„i« »'!' l',' i'J'./^' , mike* the theolucian " Died, July U, l-'W X flr. volume of Nea.uler . Kr.a work tlie •' Hi.tory ..f the Chri.tiin U.h^l-n and lionn and hlchly enteeiii.-d N J- \U' H I!*, one of the ({enerala of Al.x and. r tli.' Ureal, who wat employed In e.;n 'uclin« bi. I'eel fr..m ^^'^^^'^r '^^r^Xe Xhv I'erM.n uu'.f FraRmenUof a nnrr.tl>e by tUi. early voya;r.r are extant, and K.rm n Lurliuii and rnluable record NKIKAM NKUfAM.. AI...X AN.>K... a learned monk. »)orn at St Albans, In Uj.. wa« f..,t.r brother to Itlrbard f.eur de iMjrn the »nmc day, and II< I. ion. Ix'ilitt hit PHtlur bemK nur»e .-.Uo to ih^ou'iir prince After beiuK educated at the Abbey >" J"; "^ hl» native town, be became mailer of I lun .UbleH.h.M,l. and, »oon affr. IIW, wn. pro- fe«.or at the uulveriltyof I'.irlv He en- tered the AuKU.tin.i.rder, and became albot of Cirence.i.r. Neckam v»a» wel ^'r.ed in the lenrning of hU ace. and wa« wUf enuuuii ! not to think u^> biffhly of It. He wrotr a i work, entitl. d " l»e Naturi. Iterum. which ■ »},, . J- . f '.{I'lf' vs!!:e f!;r the §t'jd<'nt or *tl- I enccf iV in'tVre'.t'i nit'enoug hfcr iu curioui the whhof the nation. He was also ia favour of the double rtpresentatlon of the third e«tate. When the ffovernment deter- mined to take mennureg a(?ainstthi> inrrea!- InK trouhleH, Necker, who opp<)sed thi adoption of thone measures, was di'mlswd, and ordered to Irave the kinftdom within 2t hours No itooner was his rrmoval Vnown, than all I'ari* was in a ferment. The storm- in|{ ff the llaatille followed, and the lymp- toma of popular violence hecame so alarm- Ina, that the king; found himself compelW to recall the banuhid iiiinistcr. Necker'i return lo I'aria renenihlej a triumphal pro- cea^ion ; yet «ueh U the uncertain tenure of pcipularity, that he ioon tu-came asmuchu obleel of antipathy to the people a» he iiai !«•< n of thrlr idolatry, nnd in ITM he left Trance for ever. He died at t'opct, in Swit- rerland, iu lHii4. Madame do Stael was tlit daUKbter of Necker. NKCKF.U, Si;s.\.NVK, wife of the ymei- Init, and who«e maiden name was C'hurchod, wio.' the (lauKtiter of a tUTKyman in th( canton of Heme, and in Iut youth w;istM oldect of the attachment of "iibbon llie hu- torian. She r.^ceived an o%<' ".ent education; nor wat her heart lens cnMiilly cultiT»IM than her mind , and, on her husbandiele vat.on,»he "'^"'•■""•••'f"'',"'""'"!"* fortun- only f.>r purpose, of hf" " ^ She erected an hospital in the "• iKl't""!;''™ of ra.M.nl her o«n expense, and. cotei to it her ,H.r»onal care. She wf"",, ^^j^ liona on Divorce," and other works. M, I Tut' NEF.DHAM, iOttH TVEEKRVI!! E.S« Kfl iH ^ £lm Slnibrrsnl 13io(|vnpI)t). [ni:l 'VR.thPcolcliratnlFrfnfh rnf flniin(oti)I,iiul»XVI rlti I'tcilf Tic Nrrkor, pro! It Kl»lntion p' la Com- I," niul niquiroii grrul In.inrlor. he wni, In ITTfi, r. mid, noon aftrr, conip- thi- niynl tronnurjr lioinj » Into the ((luncll uu ihc ion.M hp wai a I'alviniit, i if»\gn kli official liua- con«<'(iiii;nce remnTcd.nnJ to hi» country-neat. After wltzerlnnd, where hcpur^ J of Oopct.nnd publiihed iilKtratlon de* Financeide oU. 8vo, of which 80,000 inafowdny«. Hewajre- comptroller-general, whoa ed him tn support the con- it.-itesnenoral, which wai j nution. He was also in i (uble representation of tli« | hen the goTernnient deter- i I'liMireg against the inrrcas- icrkcr, who oppfisej the " mcasurpii, was dl«misicd,|i •nvo thckinKdom within 2t|j rr wa» hi* removal known, [\!iln n ferment. Thesiorm- Ho followed, and the lymp- ' Tiolcncc hecame lo alarm- itr foiiml himielf fompelliti nuhcd i.iininter. Necker'i re«emld<'d a triumphal pro-i h U the tinciTtain tenure o({|| lie aoiin became as much an j; ithy to the people as he uadji .ohitry, and in ITM he loft HfdiedutCopet.inSwit-] . Madame do Stael was tbfj i?lcer. I X.4NNK, wife of the preced- maiden name was t'tiurcliod, ter of a clergyman in tbi e,niul in her youth wai Oh tiuhment of 'iitibon Ihehn- iMTed an fxc "■cntedufaiion i.arlle«H rnMuliycultivati; mid, on her husband* ' d.' use of his intluenio ,r;,; or piirpoiirs of hencTolmrt io!in|talinthenii«lilK'u: . '•. r own expense, and ilcTothj lul care. She wrutc Kcll«- cp," and other works. Dim.! JoaNTVEEERVIM.E.: I .„ fiitholic divine and natural phlloio- Tr w ""rM in t.ondo.. iu .713. r.nd r. .led at Kouay, where hu .iilcrfd !nt.> r Her. He aied r dor of Iho Acud.my of 1 order.. '".."',„,,,,_ ,„ ,7^1, He w«. lll.H, lT,.n,lun ami iiMoeiate of the I'reiich Am- If science, i.e made l.lmM.lf know., .1 »ruiuthor by " .New i:ni|Uiri.^ upon Ml- ^0 callH.covcri....an.ltho(ieneratli,.. ()r/ani«ed Jlodies," " Knijulr e» concern- n« Nature and Urligion." &c. "'' " •" ^^-n tributcd some microscopical obncrvullona to Uulfon'i) Natunil History. NIKDMAM. MAUCiiMKNT.nn active par- tisan mid political writer. wii» l«)rn at Hur- ford In Osford-hiic, in l'"'«t""'P"''""''"'it lindafterw.irdii atfainst the kinK. »o Ihiit nt Ithcllestorationheolit,iiii''d his pardon svith Idithoulty. He conducted periodical. journiils, lomcwiwt in ih,- manlier of iieH>p;ipcr», the ItitNof which were, Merciirius ilrltamiii u.h, iMmiiriuj 1'ragni.iticiis, and .Men uriuii li'olititus. The l.i.'-t, after heinK continued I for eleven years, was kupprensed in Kii.o. hvhfn politiis no longer iilforded him ( m- Iployniciit, lie practised a« u physician. He Ipulili'hed a singular hook, cntitlcU " Medelu hlodioina'." Wed, 1C7H. m;i;1'S, rKiKii, the elder, n piilnlrr of Ian lutcctural subjects, wu.t born at Antwerp, |iii r,;ii, and died iu ic'il. He ntudiea under |HiiirvStecnwn'k.aiidlii«favoiiritei.ubJect» Iwiri' views of the interior of cliurilu .*,iiin- iTiiu-.r'i'''*-''"'*'^""'"'*""' '^"""" "* >'"""* S'l'cfsfi'llfwed the same branch of art as hi* lilJKT, but was inferior to him. NKKI.K, Hk.nuv, poet and niiscellaneous irriltr, born in K'.i.'), wan the sun of an en- jravir in the Stnmd, and was (diuated for Iho pnifusion of un attorney, wliicli he prac- Eisitlwiih reputation in the nietropulis till Vi death, lie was a yount; man of amiable lisposition and inotfeii.site ii'.aiineris, and bad.iiiik'idcd ta.^te tor literary piirkuits ; but &ij iiiteo.se application to Ktiidy produced a It if insanity, and he put an end to his ex Bti nee. February 7, If.'H. He was the author fcf" I'lieins," " Dramatic Scenes," the " Ito- BaiMMif History," 3 vols. ; and " I.iltrary Hoinaias," pulilislied after his d"cea.s('. M:KH, A.\in, ur AHTiiiK VA.Mit.u, an ninent painter, was born almut lOl'.i. He Ixcfllcd in painting co;'»t scenery, llsher- V" ■> liuts, and moonlight aceiu s. Died, IfterloH The National Calliry lia« a hue fCinul Scene " and two other win ks uf tliiit st-IIis wn, Ki.i.DN Hi;Ni(iiiiK, «as an listor.cal and poraait painter. Horn, l«i;t , litd, i:ii:i. , -Mil.SO.V, Hou.VTlo, Viscount, duke of poMK,&c.,i:ngland>greatest naval hero, M< the fourth son of lalmtind NeUon, rector |f li'irnliam Thorpe, in Norfolk, and I'orn litre, .Sopt. •J!), I7;,,s. ll^. was educated tlrst |l.N"rwich,and next at North WaKhani , (It III bis lilth year he hecaiiie a niidsliipinaii ir bis uncle, Captain .Suckliiu', of the aisuiinable. !«CMin after this he sailed to the »_i»i Indies in a merchant ship, and on his Tiis acriiitt.a oil board liie ( .1 neof llie vessels tent on the North I'olf, umlrr thponlen i/f C.iptuin riiipp*. Ho went next to tho Kant Indim. In 1777 hu ublained tiir runk of lieia. inmt, and In 177;» that of poit caplnln. when ho wai appointed to the conimnml of the Hin chinbroke, in wliiili »hip liu nailed to Iho \Ve»t Jndlen, wlu re he distinguished hlinsi If in an enterpilne on the .''|>anlsh main. After the peace of I'M, he « nnimnnded the llnrem frigate, utati'ined for the proteetinn of trade lit the I.eeWttril l»ilanddy of SI Mioen, as he afterw.inU did at Calvi . and while eniployod before that place lie isiiaid to have loat an eye, A remark- abl.' narr.itive has l.itely appeared in the iieiitltmaiii J/i i NEl] -a ^io ©nlbcrsal i3iograp!)\*. [nep a maniruvrc of ciual l-oianc* '"'f f |'\«>j- .ailed between the «-•'»'•")• »«^ The u»uU ^ll the rren/h vcMeU, «itU the except on of ?wo men of war and two friKatc*. were taken o7 destroyed. This achievement waa re warded with tbe tilJc ot lU^ron >oU« T rkiili Bulun. Soon aft. r lUU he sailed for Si\w and from thence to NapUs. wh.ro ho neiw" rebellion and restored the klng^ 1 av nK performed these and other In.porUnt 8e?v cA U>rd Nelson returned to hugland Bnd was received with enlhusiasticjoy— And he ewe arc compelled to record the fact.th^ durlnTtbo adn.inUsstay at N;«ple», ho fell und "r the fascination of Lady Hamilton the w fe of the i:u«h.sh ambassad.-r .allowed her ^lexerctse a most pernicious influence over m that he lived publicly with her after 1 "death of her husband . and. ..s a natur.il conscnuVnce. that it produced a separation between huu and Lady NeU'.n on h.s return^ _l!ut to resume our narrative of his naval Rlonev A ct.nfeder.:;)- of the northern Jowers hating "''"^'V'^^f '"'v'Z't w^. Was employed 'o ivsolve it. A 'l'<^^ >^»« fitted out in 1801. the command of which wa Kivcn to Admiral Sir Hyde I'arker as^ slsted by lA.rd '.Selson. On the,r arrival off ! he Ca.U gat. and beinK refused « passage, u'rd Ncl.un offered his ,^jrv.ceH for condua- Ing the attack on the Danuh fo/ce. «h ch «as stationed to oPPo^e an entrance. Ibis bemtr accepted, he shifted bn tUg to the hie- 1 ph ft, and parsed the Sound with l.ttle loss 'oi .>udof April, the action commenced 'at 'u o clock, .nd after a sharp c. nihct. iK-venteea sail of the Dane* were .unk. ibuint, or taken. A nepotiation was then itn eri-'l i»t.' iKiw.eu bis lordship and he lc".w« prin.e. in cnse.iuence uf « '1^»' "'« !«dmira went ashore, und an ariuistlee was 1 MI led. He next obuined from the Swedish government an order for t..kinB olf the em- bargo on l.n«l.»h »h.pMn the lUltu Having ' . compli*hed the... great ..bJecU, he return- ! Pd to Kngland, and was created a vl..,c..un . ' In August, W'l, be bombard, d th- enemy s i flotilla of gun boats at iU-uh-gne but wsth out anv material . ff.ct. A treaty be.ug sud^ denlvc..ncluded, N.'.sou retired to his i.-at 41 M'.rton.ln Rorrey . but hostillti.s recom ^ en. ing. he sailed for the Medit. rrnn.an and in Manh. Ib03 t.>ok the conin>«"otwith- .t.ndingall hi. vigilance, the ' "'tie" ««;'^ f .cai.. d from Toulon, and vu* Joined by that of Cadi* . of which being npprUed. he ptir ,ued them to the We.t Indie, with a far luferl.r furce. The combined S'|uadn.ns. however, struck with terror, returned wmv out effecting an.Mhing. ar.d after « partial action with Sir ItoUert Calder.off lerrol. re eni.red I'.idl/- Admiral N. Uon returned to Kngtand.but s-on sit sail to join ".fleet off < «di. The Jteach.und.r A tmiral Ml Ipneuve, and the Spaniards. unJcr «.r..>ina. »cntur.-d out with a number "' J'-' 'P' "•) bo«rd.iKt IJ. IH.V aiiJ on the -i'st, L»H)m nwin, the «ctiun Uegan off Capv Trafaigw Lord Nelson ordered hisship, the Victory to bo carried alongside his old antauoni^ th„ ugsidc his old antagonist the Santlssima Trinldada, where he w.-is exposed to a severe fire of musketry . and not t.{kin» the precaution to cover his coat, wliich wm »...u J-. ^..»..b.v.. v^x•w,VA illO\.Uak. ^ decorated with hi.s star .ind other badeesTf distinction , he became an object for the rifle- men placed purposely in the tops of the l)u centaur, which lay on his quarter In the middle of the engagement, a muslict-bali struck him on the left shoulder, and passim ^ ' through the spine, lodged in the iimsclcjot'i hi8 back. He lived just i.ing enough to bt ^ acquainted with the number of ships that'^ had been captured, and his last words were ' " 1 have done my duty, I praise Ood for it!''i The signal wliicli he hoisted on comuicncinst I this action, was—" Kngland expects that I every man will do his duty! "—a sentence' that testified the pure .''parian love of coun- 1 try which animated his own breast. His' remains vrere brouglit bi this country, and! buried with unprerei'.enied honours in St 1 Paul's cathearal, where a suitable monu-' ment was erected to his memory. There is a popular ." Life of Nelson " by Southev. A portrait, painted at Vienna in 1800, is now in tlie National Collection, The" Death of NeUon " is the subject of one of the mag- nificent wall paintings by Mr Maclisc in the Uoyal Gallery, Mcstminstcr I'alace.— His brother, Wii,m\m, D.l) .Ac., succeeded to' the titles and lioii.iurs enjoyed by the Hero! of Trafalgar, His deatli iKCurred on the 2'^tli of Keb, \>si^. in the 7^ih year of his age, I The titles, Ac. descended toThomas Bolton, | of Wells. Norfolk. whowaslhesonofThoniiui llolton, and Sti-annali -eldest child of Ed-! nuind Nelson, father of tlic admiral: .but he dying, m his .')Utii year, in the Noveraberfol- lowing, they descended to his son Horatio, b.irnlnlH'j3,and (iraiul- nephew in the female line to the naval hiro, NKLSON, Uni'.KHT, a pious and learned writer, was born in London, in liiSti ; and recoiv(?d ills ediu ition at St Paul's School, and at Trinity Colli ijc, Cambridge. Hewu strongly attaeded xo James II , and he con- tinued to comniciiicatc with the nonjurors till the death oi I'ishop Ddyd.when here- turned to the rstablished church, HcliTed on terms of intimacy with Archbishop Til- lotsun. and was the zealous promoter of sU works of eharitv, havini: the abihtv as well as tbe Jisposltii.ii to give what irui." bene- volence prompted, lit w.i« the author o( maiiv popular w.trts ; among which are, " The Practice of True Devotion. ' " A Com- panion to the Festivals and Va.its of the Church of l-:nKlana,'"Th.- Whole Dutyol • Christian, rhotireit imty of Frequent- ing the Christian Siorince,"*.'. Dim. I.U. NKl'OS CoiiNKLlt'C, a Uoman historian who lived'in the U.H years of the republic and dl. d In the r. ign of Auguitus. He wai the friend and eorresp.mdent of ticero.and of oth.'r eminent men. and *f«'^..'"/;"^ hut..r!.al and bl.>graphica! ^'-f^'^^^'f? " row K.,,t. It is not known whethe Nepoi wasauth.)roftb,.-'Vita-KxcelhntlumIm. tvrratorum," which hii u»ii.illTP>»»'^''f ^fj C name, 'it is now thought ,« bcproba an ahrldgm.nt byanotherhaudof anongmai *'jrk by Nepos neb] ^ j^dxi BniiitxsRl ISiogrnpf^p. [net MFKI ST PHILIP »K> fOUIldlT of the COIl- „„tinn Of tl.o oratory in Italy, was born ««*-«-'i'^Va noble family at Florence and in 1515, ( died at Komo m UW ed its name His order obtain- '"from the place of its original J^tablVhmcnt which was an oratory of St ^Tho u"m's"l)OMmrs, called after his CLAiiiiVS IMUSi'S, Koman NEBO: adoption wastliosouofCneius Homitius em ,\he- daURhter of £S;niXa^^oS^..3:;hadthe Jh[l080pher Seneca for his tea.her ; «a. adopted by Claudius, A. i)..W, ana. ??.T.,„.,.ppd..d him on tlie thixiie 50, and four yc ars JfterVucccededhim vii tlie thixne. At the fommGncementef hiKrei.-n his conduct -x tdgreat hope, in th.' Uonjaus ; he appear- d just, liberal, art-able and PoLshed , Ini hi wis a mask which soon fell off. H. auscd his mother to be iissassinated, and V ndkutcd the unnatural act to the senate on the ground that Agrippina had plotted Igainst him. He divorced his « ife .. njl Ir. 1 most shameless and abandoned 1 1 fe. In t.i Rome was burnt, and poi)ular suspicion Minted to Nero as the nuthor of the con- flamtion. He charged the Christians with it and commeuced a dreadful persecution of them His cruelties, extravagance, and de- bauchery at lennth roused the public re- sentment, i'iso foiuied a consjuracy aKainst the tyrant, but it was discovcrtJd and de- feated. That of (ialba, however, proved more successful ; and Nero, beingabaiidoned by his flatterers, put an end to his existence, A. D. 68. NERVA, MaRCVs CnCCKUf, Roman em- peror, who succeeded Doiiiitian, A. D. 86, at the age of (>4; and died after a rei(fn of two years.duriiig which his virtues did honour to the throne. XES8EI.U0I1E. CAIII. HoiiERT, Count von, a celebrated Uus.-ian statesman and diplomatist, born !»t Lisbon in KTO or ITho He early entered the dip'.i niatio service, in which his father was als.)en^Mi;ed. and after various subordin..te employments, w,i» made eounrillorof the Ku.ssian cnib.issy at I'aris iiilSiC. He became a great favourite with Xapoleon, 5'kceeded in detaching Uussia from the Austrinn alliance, and was present at the important conferences between the Emperors Napoieoii and .Mexander at Kr- furth in 1808. He gained inuneiise Induence over Alexander s mind, w;«s made chancellor of the empire, mid diitated his forei;:n policy, folUiwi'd him to rrance in HU, and signed the (iuailruple Alliance , tnok part iu the ''oBgre.ss of Vienna, and in the tiisniem- bemient (if I'oland. At that roiiKreiw Nes sdrodes'.ared with Metterniili and Talley- rand the chief direction of .iffairn ; and while l.is master sat at the fi et of the uivntic Madame KruJeuer,he managed to make her Im instrument. He was the chief contriver of the" Holy Alliance," which made Uuiwiu virtually supreme in Kurope,and Ness.Irode supreme in Kussia. The count took a lead inifpntatthet'ungrchsesof Aix-l.l-^hapelle inlS18, andof Veronain \s:i. Nes'»ilrode> influence was considerably lr>- :.■.■■.> under i the Kmperor Nicholas, und" he Ion. Hfrt the threatened war Willi ih accession of Alexander II. Count Neuclrodc retired from his office of chancellor of the llusslan empire, and died at 8t I'etcrsburK March 23, lHe2. NKSTOHIU8, n celebrated patriarch of Constantinople, fronu whom originated the sect of Ne.storians, was born in Hyria.ln the .5th century. On entering into the priest- hood he becanip so popular for his eloquence, that Theodosius nominated him, in 429, to the archbishopric of Constantinople ; in which station he displayed gre,it zeal ut-ainst the Arians and Novutians. He ut length fell under censure himself for alJirming: th.it the Virgin Mary is not the mother of (lod ; for which he was condenintd in the council of Kphesus, deprived of his see, und banished. He died heforo 451, but hi.s follower.^* con- tinue to be numerous In the Ivist.and arc organized under a patriarch. NEIHCHKU, CASfAU, a celebrated paint er. was born at Heidellx rg, in IGM. Heing left destitute by his father, he w,i» taken under the protection of a physician at Am heim, who, perteivinghisgeiiius. placed him with an artist named Terburg. Ilis subjects are conversation pieers and portraits; the velvet and H;iiin draperies are exquisitely managed, and the whole fliiished with neat- ness und brilliancy. He died in IbW — His sons, THionoHK and Constamink, were both /,'ood portrait painteo. The first died in 17.12, and his brother in 1722. NKUHOFK, TiiKoiioKK STKriiKN, llaron von, the son of a Westpbalian noble, was born at Melz. alH>ut 1690. While a student at C'oli>gne. lie killed a young man of rank in a duel, and fled to the Hague. Kut through the mediation of the Kpanith minis- ter he re<-eivtd a lieutenancy in a Spanish regiment destined to serve aguln.M the Moors in Afriea. and, on aeemint of his good be- hnyiour. wa* promoted to a captaincy. When the Corsieans. after several unsucosAful attempts to free themselves from the opprcs- \ siyns of Oenoa. resolved, in 1733. to form a i g tvernnient of their own, NeuhoJ! wat | crowni d king, had silver and copper coin* strui k, und established an order. of knight- hood, under the name of the orderof deliver- ance He, however, could not maintain himself against the iienotNXAii.%, Duke of. t\ ilisiingui«hed French military commander. «.nson of I'rederuk 11 , duke of Mantua, and was bom =»bout liiJ Hrought up at (rove to i the court of J^ance, he was captured by thu western | hpauiauls at the buttle of ,st (juentin, and power*, which broke out in I'.-.J After th» I In !3tii became duke of Never* by marriage :l • ' !. 1' ^ii m hi I ,«jt w .1 !j 0^^* W NEV] % :^m Slnibersal ISiograjp^i). with the heiress of that duchy. He took part in the civil war against the Trotost- »nt8, distiiiKulshinK himself at the sieReg of MiVcon and Uochclle, and in 1S88 took several towns in Voitou. He espoused the cause of Henry IV., and Joined him with a troop of gentlemen at the battle of Ivry. Henry sent him ambussador to Kome to neiioliate his reconciliation with the holy ste, but the pope refused him nn aiulience. He was th« n made ftovcrnor of Champagne, and died at Nesle in 1.W5. N KVlLK.or NKVIl-T.K, HVNRY, a repub- lican writer, was born in Iterkshiro, in ItiUO, and educated at Merton CollcRe. Oxford. In the rebellion he took the side of parliament, and was elected a member of the council of state ; but on the establishment of the I'ro- tectorate of Cromwell be Kave up his seat. He died in lOi'J. He publishcil Machlavellis works, and a piece entitled " I'lato Uedi- vivvis, cT a Dialogue concerning Govern- menf ." NKMLLK.llICUARD. [WAllAVlCK, Earl of! NEWCASTI.K. [CAVENDISH. 1 NKWCAHII.E, THOMAS HoI.l.KS rKI.- HAM, Duke of, prime minister of England, was eldest sun uf Sir Thomas IN lliam, and was born in H^'.tS. He inherit' l immense wcillh both from his uncle, the duke of Ne<»:astle, and from his father, and Iniame a great favourite with (ieorge I. He was educated at Cambridge, marriid the daugh terof the carl of (iodolphin, and was made in 1717 a privvcouncillor, and the next yiar Knight i>( the tiarter. He sigmd the treaty of allianic between tlie king of England, the king of 1 ranee and rheempcror in 171H . and was oui- of the lord s justices chnrged with the administration of »hi- kingdtim during the al)^c!lce of tlic king. In 17^4 he w;.» named one of thi' s< > r« tarit s uf slate, and on the death of his brother, Henry I'el- hani, in 1754, w.is named first lord of the treasury. His ambition was oiualled by his vanity and his iiuoiupctt lice , instead of statesmanship llure were mist ratde in- triguis, I'orl Mahuii was lost loilif I'niuh, and Ailinirul 11) ng failed to rrmvi r it , the admiittl was sairitlred to the popular inUig- nalion. and Newiastle h:id to resign in No \eiiilK:r, 175(1. In the following year he again t >ok oflii< , I'llt Uing snretary of slate with thf ihuf power, and on the ap- pointment of I.oid Ilute in 17t;j he again re- signed. He was afterwards for a short time kteper of the pnvy seal, and died in Noviin her. J7».8. NEWCASTLE, HK.MiV I'KI.HAM FiKN NKt* I'H.HAM Cl.tNTUN. DuKe of. the »on of the third dukf, by the (iflh daughter of the seeoud earl of Harrington, was born on the 30ih Janu.iiy, i:-i, and suecftdtd to the family honi.urs n» the fourth duke mi tho death of his fat»i< r in IT'.t.V At an iiirly ii«e he was M'Ut to Eton, white he remiiiixd lor seven year*. Aflrr having attained the dis- tinctions of that cilelraUd Siliool, he no lompaniedf'nii'UKii.beisofhis fiinily to the I'ontineiit. wh< r«', in consiijii' tut of the war, he. with his lelames. w,.» dilaimd a pri soni r for stmic yeais. Although his name is [new the boldest and most consistent opponci^ that mer.surc-and although he win tor membcred as a prominent sufferer ill be I amongst those whose firm hostility to ^n.„^n; """ drew upon them the extremes o the Donn'r wrath-hls life, in the main!^^?:, ' J domestie privacy and retirement; hi, noli tical feelings more frequently flnd n- ex pression in published letters to his fricnf,' with occasional addresses toth fricmi ecomninnityi than in the arena of parliament. As Ion lieutenant of Noitinghamshire, he refus ■It to itisert the name of a B'enVleman7n"tlic commission of the peace on account of i, not being a member of the establish^ church. Eord ( otlenham, then lord d , cellor. remon.st rated with the duke, wo however rr). led by a stern refusal and warin avowal of his reasons; and the rts 1 was Ins removal from the lord-lieutenantcy in which post lie was succeeded by the onri of Scarborough. Died, Ihjl. ^ ""• i'"' NEWCASTLE, Hknuy I'KI.h.AM I'ikn NKS n-.I.HAM CLINTON, fifth duke of, was born in London in IHll. lie was educated at Eton and Oxford, having anioni? bis university InendsSidneylln'liort (rordlIi.T- bert) and Mr (.hulstone. lie entaed par- liament as r.iemtier fur .^^outti NouinRham- shire in IfiVi, Joining the new consirvalivo party under Sir Kubert I'.el. In b:!l lord Lincoln ithe title by which lie \v;is then known) held for a short time tlie odia-of a lord of the treasury, and in 1841 was n.iincd by Sir Itobert I'eel Eirst Commissioner of Woods and I'orest.s. This post bo bcid till January, 1H|«, when ho was appointed cbief secretary for Ireland. In conscnuciuc of his alterid political oj)inioiis, tspicially bisi adoption of the principle gf free trade, he | lost his seat for Nottinghamshire a niontlil later, but was soon aftrr elected by thel'al-; kirk lioroughs. lie succtcded to tbc duke- j dom in li<:>l, ana two years later was np- 1 pointed secretary of state for tbe loloiiii's, - in the .Mierdeen adniini^tration. On ihc! j breakiii;; out of the Ciimcan «ar bo was, chargcj with the arduous dutiis of bead of' ' the war department, and iioiHiibstaiKiiag ; his ll^l\il)ll^ and unerasing endtavouri !oi I secure a nuod wurkim; of tbe departniont, | he wa« Mverely attacked and 1 lamed firtlic s>tle was again appointed colonial secretary in IH'iii, and di^cbarRcd tbe duties of that oflice till .\pril, Wi, wben failing hi-alih coiii|)tlli(l hini to ntire. He ncconi- panlfd tlii' vr'ni-e of Wabs on bis tour through (anstdaand tbe United Staten in IMio, nnil duriiig his last illness was visited by the tiunii and the prim e of Wales, lii'd at ''UiiiilMr I'ark, Ott^bir b, IskI. Il.e duke marrird, in \>'Si, the only dauijbur uf the iliiki' of Hamilton, by «bom bebndllve cbildirn Jiut the marriage was mibappy, and cndfil in a divorce | NEWCoMi;, \Vlt,i.l\M, nribbisliop oii Armasjli.a learned and eiempl.iry prel.ite,i was lH,rii,ln 17'."',at I'.arton Ic il.y, in lied- : foid»hire. He icmph ted biJ btudies at Vm- ■ broke C'dltge, tUfoid; wa» siiae^sively asioclatcd with the grt-al tra of refoim.as i bish..p of Droinore.OMorj,uHd '>'^_»y'^''^ lU w-ia raised to the archbisJiopric of AnnnRh, in 1-95 and died in 18«0. His principal vvnrks are, " A Hormony of tlic (ionpi'lit," ■^in Ili" toVical Vie* -f the English Itiblical Translations," and Attempts towards an improved Version of Kzukicl and the Minor ^NEWCOMKN, THOMAS, a locksmith at mrtmouth, in Devonshire, who, towards the close of the 17th century, enKaged in ' ientiflc researches, and to whom bclonK* the merit of the tirst sreat improvement In steam-engines by forminK u vacuum under the piston, after it had been raised by the expansive force of the elastic vapour, and thus bringing into action the atmospheric ^'nK\V»IGATK, Sir ROGKR, bart., a muni- flccnt patron of Icarninfr, was born at Ar- bury in Warwiclisliire, in 1719. He was first placed in ^Vestminstcr School, whence hercmovi'd to Oxford, nstt gentleman com- moner of I'niversityC'ollecc. He represented the university in pailianunt for many years, wasa liberal benefactor to it, and bequcatlied the sum of illOUO to furnish an annual prize fortlic best Kn{.'lish poem on some subject connected with the lino arts, to be written by annnJer-Kraduate. Died, 180(i. NKWl'OUT, OKOlUii;, comparati' ana- tomist and entomologist, was born JH.)3. Aftcrlillind the post of keeper of i,.,. v'an- torbury Museum of Natural History, he studied medicine, but he devoted liis time and attention sul)se(iuently to his favourite sticnccs, and did not practise as a »urK<'on. lie was chosen I'.H.S. and K.L S., became a iiiembci of the councils of buth of those iMfiu'd bodies, and contribute! many mo- iiioirs.coutaininB the important fruits of his ' iTsearclics, to tlie. " 'I'ransuctions." Ho was I also a member of the i;ntomol()j;ieal Society, I and was twice chosen president. Among the subjects of his investigations, arc— the teraporature and resi)iratiou of insects ; the structun; of their nervous system; the re- proi'.iiclion of limbs, and the development of ova in different species of animals. Uied in ; lS54,haviiij,' enjoyed fur some years a go- vernment pen.^iun if floo. NEWTON, Mrs (ll.ViaF,^ TnoM.SS (ANN M.UtY .SKVKKNj, an uceomplished Knglijh artist, was born in lt^:j;i. She was the i!au;;hter of the painter, Joseph Severn, »he friend of John Keats, and displaying re» markable taste and skill in drawing, ut .in early Bse w.is placed under the instruction of Mr (icorge Uichnioiid. Siie ili.stinguinlied herself especially in portr.iit and figure ilraxini;, :ind by her copies in waar colour from the works of the old masters. In l»«l she married Mr ('. T. Niwton, superintend- ent of Greek and Itoman antjtiuities at the Kritish Mi>cuin, and ticcame the eiithusi- aslic and devoted cunipanioii of his labours Shecxceutedmanyadmiralde drawings from sculptures and vase paintings in the Mu seum.aiidalso from the sculptuiesilistovered Ijy Mr Newiiin at Iludruni and fnidos. Her lli:urcsof" i:iaiiie " and " Sebasto "—a iu>». Ileal Christ child, fr,.m life, attracted greit admir:itio;i. Tur l.eretianiiing aimpli>itv of cliaractir and grace of m.iin.r nhe was as warraly biloved as for her singular inielli genec and artistic power she was admired and praised. Two of her latest skt-tr les ^Levantine I^dy," and a •' .Jowss Jf Smyrna," were exhibited at the Dudley Oallcry in Feb., IhHB. Diod „t Lond,,,,; and January, 1866. Mrs Newton's two brotlnrs Mr Walter and Mr Arthur Severn, are also well known artists. NEWTON, UIJ.HKKT STirAUT, painter of considerable merit, was born at Halifax Nova Scotia, in I7UI ; yisitcd Italy, about IHjn ; and on his return to England, entered himself n student of the Koyal Academy He confined himself chiefly to small pictures and illustrated many bubjects in the "An- nuals," and other elegant publications, in a highly creditable manner. Ilis female figures are strikingly expressive of innocence as well as beauty, liied, 1S35. NEWTON, Sir Isaac, the most distin guished natural philosopher, mathematician, and ustronomer of modern times, was horn at Woolsthorpe, in Lincolnshire, on flirist- mas day, lOU. Losing his father in hit childhood, the care (.f him devolved on his mother, who gave him an excellent educa tion. In ICjl he was gent to (jranthani hthool, and at the ago of IH removed to Iriiuiy College, CamhridKe, where he had the learned Isaac Harrow for his tutor. After going through Euclid's Elements, he pro- ceeded to the study of Descartes' (ieometry with Oughtredstlavis ami Kepiers Optics in all of which he made luargiiial iiute.i It was in this early course that he invented the method of fluxions, which he afirrwards brought to perfection, thouxh his claim to the discovery was unjustly contesred by 1-eibnitz. At the ago of 22 Newton took his degree of bachelor of arts, and about the same time he applied himself to the grinding of object glasses for telescopes ; and having procured a glass prism in order to investi- gate the phenomena of colours discovered by (irimaldi, the result of his observations was his new theory of light and colours. It w.is not long after this, that ho made his grand discovery of the law of gravitation but It was not till ItiST th.u the Newtoni.m hvstem was tlr^t publish.d in his great work, the " I'hilosophix- Naturalis Prin- cipia Malhematiea ■ On his return to the university, in U,*,:, he wai chi.M-n fellow of his college, and took his degree of master of arts. Two years alterwanis he succeeded Dr Harrow in the mathematical professor- ship, on which occasion h<" read a course of optical Iccturts in l.atiii. Hi., had not finish- ed thtni in 1U7I. when he was chosen fellow of the Uoyal Societr. to whic.i learned body he communicated his theory of light and colours, with an account of a new telescope invented by him. uiul otb.r interesting pap.rs. When the privil,.,'es of the uni- versity ofcambridge wire attacked by James II . Newton was apiKiliited to appear as one of the delegates Ln the high commission court. He was next cIiom ii a member of the lonveniion p.irliament. in which he sat till It was dissolv.d. In it.iii |,e Has made warden of the mint, and aftti wards master which pl.ice he h.ll «uh the greatest honour till his death tin his l.i-.t promo . ..>..,„», i.ii III. main tin his I.i-,t promo i tlun he noiuiiiiiied Mr \\ liuion to fill hie d' ,1' 1 5*1 * 1 J' i \ 1 . ! 1 I ;i '? I ■ I ^ new] % iStto aniberaal 18(ograpl)p. chair at Cambridge, assigning to Iiim the profits of the plnrc, and resigned it entirely to him in ITO;). During the same year he was chosen president of the Hoy al Society, In Which Blatiun he continued 2f) years. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences I at Paris, having been chosen in 1699. In I 17(>4 he published bis trentine on " Optics ;" t but the whole merit of this extraordinary I Work was not at first appreciated. In 1709 I he received the honour of knighthood from j Queen Anne; and he died, March 2t>, 1727. I On the 28th his body lay in state in the j Jerusulem chaml>er, from whence it was I conveyed to Westminster Abbey, the pall being borne by the lord chancellor, two dukes, and three earls. A monument was afterwards erected to his memory ; and his statue, by Roubilllac, has been placed In Trinity CoUeKC, Cambridge. He enjoyed his faculties to the close of his long "• i Ilia temper, aUo, was remarkably even, . I he had the humility which always accom- paniesrcal greatness. Thecomraon estimate, however, of his almost superhuman calmness and freedom frtiin self-love, U contradicted by the stories of his dispute with I^ibnitz. and his unjust treatment of Flamstecd. Newton was not only a philosopher, but a Christian, and spent much of his time in elucidating the sacred Scriptures. When his friends expressed their admiration of hie discoveries, be said, "To myself 1 seem to have been as a child playing on the se«-shore, while the Immense ocean of truth lay unexplored be- fore me." The following it I*ope> well- known epitaph on this prince of philoso phera — " Isaacus Ktwton hie jacet, Uuem immortalem crrli. natura, Tempus oitendunt, Mortalem hoc marmor fatetur. Nature and all her works lay hid in night ; titjd said, 1a-i Newton be, — and all was light." The fullest account of Newton is to be found in Sir 1). llrewster's " Memoirs of the I.ife, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton," published In IMJ. NKWTON. John, a church of Kngland divlue, wac born in I.uudan in 173.). He did not enjoy the advantages of a regular educa- tion, haviiiK been breoth serious and studious, lly indefatiKable diligence he at tained a knoWl>-d|{e of th«- Ijitin and (ireek languages, and in 1764 was ordained to the curacy of lilney , in Huckltighainshire, w hcr« he became Intimately acquainted with (ow- per the poet, conjointly with whom hi* produced the "(Huey Hymns " la 17T!«, Mr Newton obtained the rectory of St Mary Woolouth, I>ondott, which he hild till his d<-Kth in IWC He was the author of sci^era! Works, ai.iong whliharea" Ilii'View of Kccle- •iastical History, '" Cardiphonia, or the l.t- terance of the .Meart," " The Mt-uial., a rie- riea cf Discourses," 4c .fomiing a!t»igether 6 vols . 8*0 NBw'liKN, i iioM.v^, .in Knglish prelati-, was bom at I.lchfleld In 1704 Ing his education at Westm'ininn, 1. elected to Trinity College Cam' i/' •"" *" he obtained a fellowshfj^S ^ f,^J' "here presented to the rectory of^" xti , ""^ "^i" 1 Cheapside. In 1 749 he nnhii J. f ^•'^'J'o^'. of Milton's Paradise irt,;',';:-",^''''''""'' the Life of the Autl...r "h r 1 lu°/n ' """' by the •' Paradise UoKa , 'j - .f''"''"*^'! form. Ilut his ; oputation rests 1 i' "."',"" sertatlons on ti.e Prophrcie^ •• ,.?" '",' ^'*' 1748. He was made a prcbCularv'itu '" minster in 1737, and so in . ftrr nr ^^"f" York; both Which pre rmcnts'^Tr'''""' In 1761, on his rromotir to n.„""«''''' KSa^da!'^:r--^-'o?^! JVancc, and one of her grertcs? ,n rf "^ heroes, was born atSarrc-l'o iS, "s"'^^^ early years were devoted to the tu fnf n,^ law, but disliking the conlincmem ^e „ tered the army, a., a private lui8 ™ n irsT His Intrepid courage rendered him "; i '' gulshed m the tirst years of the r voS" ary war, when serving with the amu of " Hh.ne and In 1796 ho rose to the anko br gadier-gencral. (i„ his m.irriaire with Mile Angus*, the fried of Hononsc , Heauharnois, Napoleon presented Mm with: a magniflcent Kgyptian sabre, ami named!, him h.s envoy and minister plenipotontiiryi to the Helvetian republic; but in l^o^hc' was recalled to take tlic command of thei amy Intended to m.ike a descent upon En"-il land. In the following ycar.whiu Napoleon ■ received the title of emperor, he resolved on ; restoring titles and decorations. Xcy nas' then created a marshal, and also received I other distinctions, whilst he was with one i accord denominated by the army, "the' bravest of the brave." After a succession of victories, during which Ney never rela.\ed ^ in his exertions, he obtained the additional'^ title of prince of the Mosk wa , and in Juno, lsl4,he was invested with the dignity of a peer of Pr.inc-. He n-tired to his seat in I the country, frf)m wliuh he was nailed ' in March, 1<115, by inlu.inatiun that Napo-j Icon hadquitted Klba. Hitherto nneniotive, alone, the love of country, inipellid his every ' action , per-nnal ir family interest had never appeared thniu»;huut hii conduit , he woiilJ haveconsiderea a bare attempt at deception degrading. He thouglit the return ot Napo- leon wouM prove injurious to Franco, and maintain 'd that tlie mischief oujiht to be prevented. (-1 taking leaveof I.ouisXVIH. i he therefon- made many protestations of his ^ seal and fideiity to the king, snd expressed his determln.'-.tton to stay the pro^ressof the Invader. Arrived ut liesanijOn, the inar.rch- liglit in Santa Croce, the whoic municipal body and the presiJi'nt, professor*:, and mem- bers of the Academy forming part of :tic immense procession. Niccolini wrote dur ing his latter years a " History of the House of Hapsburg," bat it ha» not yit appeared, wo believe. Mt'ERON, JEAN PiKRKK.au c>ajinent biopraph.:?r, was l)..rn at I'uris la l«s5. He entered into the idigious order of the Hur- nabilcs, and became a celebrated preacher. He was also successively professor of rlie- !ind La'tn, and librarian to his society !"!;i. His principal w .ik is entitled, ioires pour servir i lUisteJre dis .;s llluhtres de la K^pubiiuue de» Ui- " ,' &c.,U \:>\». MCIiOIAS V , Pope, TOMMASO 1>A 8aU ZANA, was a native «.f Tn.scany, became carUinal-archbishop of Kologiia.uiid la NI7 was elected pope on the dc4lh of tugentu* ^ ^ttii Bnititxzal 13(ograpI)B. [NIC tO! "SJ H 'Xj. ".f *'*'*}*>« happiness of procuring the abdication of the antl-oope Felix In IU9 and thus putting an end to the long schism in the western church. He proclaimed a jubilee for the following year , reeeived an embassy from the emperor <•' the East, im- plurlng aid against the Turk., In response to which he urged the union of the two churches ; crowned Frederick III. king of Eombardy and einpertr in 1451!, and the same year discovered and defeated a con- spiracy toassa-SHinate him formed by Porearo a Itoman noble. Nicholas V. wu» a s!ealou.s friend to letters, ai'd offered an asylum at Home to the (ireek scholars driven from their country by the advance of Turkisli conquest. He is reckoned the founder of thf Library of the Vatican, which he enriched with a great number of precious manuscrip's, tireek and Hebrew, and had man'- of these translated into Latin. Home owed to him th(; erection or restoration of many nobis building' both secular and eeelesiuitical. The capture of Constantinople by the Mos- lems in U53 affected him keenly, und pro- bably hastened his death, which took phue in U«. ' NU'H()L,VS 1., emperor of all theUu».sia«, the third son of P:.jl I,, who was murdered by his officers in 18ol, was born in WJC. His early education was superintended by his mother, at whose dcire he was erpecially instructed in mo." rn languages, music, and the art. of war, towards all of which ho I showed a great predispcsition. On the i »<':;orul peace in 18U, the Grand ')uke Nicholas started on a foreign tour, visiting the courts of Herlin, Vienna, iind St James's, though he remained but a short time in England, Shortly after his return to llussio, In 1816, he married Princess Charlotte, sister of Frederick William IV. , king of Prussia, and fn \ tbi«t period his time was divided between his donitstic duties and the life of the camp, in which he took great delight. On December 1st, 1825, his eldest brother, the Kinperor Ale.vander, died at Taganrog. The Orand Duke Nichol.is hastened to take the oath of fidelity to his elder brother Con- stantine, then governor ,jf I'l i md. though he wos well aware th^i the couki il of the empire was in possessionof a sealed packet, intrust- ed to them by the l.itc emperor, w liicli con- tainer the uiuunuueaient that his brother fonstantii.e having voluntarily renounced all preteuMons to the empire, the ijrand Duke Nicholas wai" to be his successor. After an interregnum of three weeks, on the 2Uh of December, Nicholas was at last proclaimed emperor. Hut he was scarcely seated on the throne, when a conspiracy, which had ?><;en brewing fi.r years, and had darkened the last weeks of AJexander s life, I burst over hi>, h. ad. Intelligence of it hav- ! lug reuihed him, he resolved to receive the oath of alleglaiiee from the restiments separ- ately rather thai, collectively, as usual, in the Champ Je Mars. The household troops , and many jr all hit successors. Hut the various wars and ricgoliations into which be entered belong i;i;ili it occasioned the Crimean war and the lall of Sebastopol. The death of the ctnperor took pl'tce in >'!»rch, 1^55, during the pru,;ri ss of the »i ;c, which did n"t end till the fulluwing September Nitliolas pos^ s>cd some rare qualities adapting him fur the htation be filled. A fr.inw which seemed insensitde to fatigue, and a t.iind of ne.ulv equal vigour, enabled him to tupp<'rt the l.iliour of not merely reigning ov. r, but of governing, hi« almost lK>undlc>« doni.nions.am! to the takU of maintaining strict military oriirr through- out hit empire, nnd cf devising and nia turing de.h piiysician, was burn, in London, in Ki'j'.t. lie was educated at West- minster School, whence he removed to Christchureb, Onford, where ho took hi* degrees, and bi-came rendt r of anatomy. On leaving the univi-rnity he settled in lAi.idon, and in 1743 he married a >].tughter of I)r Mead- He luct ceded Sir Mans Slonne its physician to (Seur{e U., an aceount uf whose death he publi^hld in the I'biloso- phical Tran«aetioii« Iiiid,l77'J. His v«orks are, " J»e Anima M<'dica," " I'e Mortu (''jr- diit et Sanguinis," &c. , and a tr.icl agaiukt ninn-midMif) ry. NICHOLS, Ji, printer, antiijuary, and B»i»cellani'>iuti writer, ivbo fnr iii-.irly lulf 4 century coiiilucted tlie dentleman* .^t itf.i- itne, was born at Islington in 17i). Haung 7^ — -— m ttcd into partnership wit ?3r"''- whose death he succeeded to he n ./'"" ment of one of the first typogVphicTSh" lisbments in London. Among hi n ,,o''''" publications are." The History" dw'""' tics of Leicestershire," *\VnccdotoV ' 'T,'- liam Itowyer,' " Literirv \.,. . . °' ^^'l- LightcentU'entur;."' ;'.,'""£""[.'''« of the Literature of the Li'gh " i?'/.'^"' tiiry .■ ■ G vols. Hi, personal cm' t 'L w?,; as hi.i pen were fie(iuenllv usecl n n, *" charitable purp,.ses\ and I hi »oinr.r'' the gratillcation of heing able tVa ,, I'l": indigent sons of genius in I i^o oTr, !''i trir of the Literary i.-,„ul. Dio" 1>?.h"^* ! NICHOLS, .loiiN llowvi ..'„„■• I printer and inuii.uarj'.ZVf'li.^^Sr! was born at London in 177;i. He «■. ,?^'' ca.cdatSti^lul•. Sehooi,„„i'^;;;,'|,i father in bu.siness m i:%. ji,. ■vsi.t, ,11 • - in :the editorship of the •' i'A', '""': Maga/in." " became proprietor of iti.i'i'Mi'j and transferred it to.r. H.l'arker ofiwfnr ' i..l8,5«, MrNichoUvva,oneoni,eS 'i of the vote., and piocecdinK.^of 11,,. ll„useaf lommons, printer to th,. corpor.ition i Ixjndon, mast, r of the St.itiurers' Coimmiiv ' arid one of the registrars of the linv.ii Literary 'I'un.l. He was chosen IM s :' i iHIi l-.SA.ln ISIH, and bna-no primer to' the Society of Antbiuaries in IhJI s.'mc Ir the most magnitleent works of Couniy lijs ' tory were printed at his press, .imoiiKtlKm Orinerod-s History of Cheshire, llaireV History of South AVili.shJro, and Surtm' ' History of Durham, Among his own litnriry works are," A brief .\ccoiiiit of ihc (Juild ' ball of the City of i.oiulon," Anicilotes of William Hogarth, with Iv,savs anJ Criii- ^ cisins, :tnd a fatal .gue of hif Works, "Hi,, i torieal Not,, ■ s of l-.,ntt:i!| ALbey," A.c. He ^ also completed his fathers" IllustritioiHnf the Llte>ary Ifistory of the Ihth Ccninv • Died at Laliiig, MiddUux, I'Jth OauUr lH''.:i. ' NICHOLSON, Wii.iixn, a writfr on ehemistry and mitiaal phiLi-i.-iliy, wiisl.om : in Lrtiiiloii in 17'i'', and went to India at an i early age in the maritiuic service. In irro, he became agent, on the eoiitiiieiit, fjr .Mr Wedgwood, and afierward.s setilel in the metropolis as a mathematical teiuluT. He puliliilud an " Introduction to Nanirairi;; buopiiy." a ■' liK lii.iiiiry of t'hemi-try, " Juuriuil of Natural I'laloviphy.Ch niisirj-, and the Arts," which was cuntiiiucJ fur ! several years, and various valuaMe ('"iiipi!,! ! ti'>iis. He aUo took u it pat' nts lor M'\ir.ii I inveniiotis , but be was unfurlunate in lus ] spi culations, and died po.jr ie 1''I5. I :•; UlAS, a distinguished Athen:ar.)[er.fTaI, I who took a promiiieiit part in the iM^pon- ! nesian war. He was a wi althy ciliiin 1 and a stieci s»fiil general, caution hein? Iiis leading ( haraeteristic On tlio Jiilth of ( leon, whom he had Steadily opposed, hi , iHgotiated the tre.ity Called tli.' Peace of ! Nicias Jl.c. 4il ,b¥ which tlic A!tii'l)i.in.< i ind Spartans a^rei d to .t truii' of 30 ycarv In -Jl"', the peaie being aliiiokt a dead j leltir, Nicias was joined with AlciWades ■^^k^U^A ^t' 1*': ntion.lK. became ap. ^;»lh his master. o„ <:poKrapl,icalostab. AlUH-llotOS of Wii i "•)■ AMcNotcsoftiici ,vuls.," Illustrations' u'lalcMTtionaaswell ">• iisj'd to promote "I h." had 8omf times: "B :il)l(! to assist tlic ' ""liisotllcoofred^ '"!■ lJie(l,l82H. I UWVKU, an eminent M>nofil.t.i.rcceJi„g,! '';•'• lie was dJu '""1, nnd joirie.l nis •'•'^ llfasM-teiUiim: of 30 jiarv iiiK uliiiiist A (lead jeU Hith AlciWades NIC] Z^fuinachttn in comninnd of the oxpflition to Sicily, of which, howpvcr, he wholly .lis- nnnrovrd. After tcniponuy gurroR.s tho ildp was turned by the arrival of Spartan nuxili- arr forcosnt Syraeiiso, to meet which Atlio- ni'in reinforcements wnrc sent under l)o- mosthene.s and Ktirymeilon; but after more than two years' clfort* the Atheniaun liuU to raise the sioRO and roflro. An eclipse of the moon took place ot the time fixed for their secret departure, and Nicias, a iupor- Btitious man, deferred the retreat ; the Athenians were completely overthrown, and Nicias with his coUcatjuc put to dratli, 413. NICOLAI, CHHISIOPH I'llIKDUICII, ft German author and book.seller of some note in the hi.itory of Oermun literature, was born at llerlin, in 1733. After studyinK Bt ihe university of Trankfo. ., to which city he was first sent, in order to learn the book trade, he returned to Merlin, an I \rrote hix " Letters on the Vresent State of Hello* Let- trcs,"inl756. With the aid of other literati, he produced his" Letters on Modern Litera ture," and in 17fi5 established the " (ienerni German lihrary" (AllKemciije Deutsche Hih- liotheki.a work which wn» continued 40 years, though he ceased to edit it at the end of the U)7th voUime, in 179'J. Amonjj his other numerous works are, " The Life and Opinions of Sebaldus Nothanker," a "Tour in Germany and Switzerland," Characteristic Anccilotes of Frederick II.," &c. His criticisms were often sovcre, and not always just; hence he was frequently involved -n disputes with his literary bre- thren, by some of whom he was treatvil very unceremoniously. Died, 1811. MCO liAS, Sir MciK II. AH HAliniH, an emi- nent antiquary, was born in Cornwall, WU'J. At an early ape he enterei" the nary, and re- ceiT«d his commission as lieutenant In 181.^, after an active and adventurous service on thecoastof 1,'alabria. Hut he appears to have grown tired of the sea, for ho wan called to the bar in IH2.i. Shortly afterwards he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ; and he thenceforward devoted himself almost entirely to antiquarian literature, particu- l.irly in the department" of (fenealo«y and history; and the works which he produced in rapid succession bors witne«« at once to his critical arumen and hi* i'ln,ii)st unparal- leled industry. Almost all hl« v. .»rk» have a siihstantial historical value; «v,;-,s, for in- stance, as his •■ History of tho iiiUile of Agitj- I'oiirt," the memoirs in " The SioK* <>f Car- laverock," and the " Scrope and tirosrcnor i Koll,' ;he " I'roceedlMRs of the I'rivy Coun- cil,' his "Life of Mutton,' and his " De- spatches of Lord Nelson." but tho most use- ful perhaps is his well-known " Chronology of History." Ht>sides prodiicir.pr those sub- (tantial works, he wa.i a frequent corre- spondi nt '•( the (irnilemun's Ma«a/.ine ; in IH.'f; he (..'cume CO editor of the Hetrospe. t- TC Review; ind ho subseiiuently cuntri- buied oeca»ioilally to the Athenn-um, Spec tator, and Quarterly Heview. In Ibai he received the honour of knighthood ; a year later h- was nominated chnnoell„r. and, in 1»« 1 grand cross of the ord. r of St Mich^. 1 md Kt (i. orge. Sir Harris prosecuted his favourite studies almost to his latest hour. ^ iP.ctD atniUcrsitl 13iofrrnpI)p. The lost works .,n which he was enBaved were a ''History of the Navy," „„,i the edit ng of the papers of Sir Hudson Lowe. NI(;<)Li;, riKHKK, nn eminent French divine and moralist, was bom at Chartres in \ir.HWi nie] TSL i^eto Stnibersnl Idiograpbt). [nie to the •tiidy of the niRthrmntlc^ at (iBttln- Kon. Count lUinstorff, tlu* Hiinish nilnimrr, liBvinK ilc'trrmlnod to scml ii s» i< ntiflc oxpc- anion for thr purponf of explorinc Aruliiii, Nlcbuhr aci'ompnnicd it iin k< oKr:ipl>or, in Miiroh.nfil, luul.nftiT toiuliinRnt Constnn- tinoplo, procpcdoU to I'.Kypt. Horo tlicy rpmained a yoar, and reached Yrmcn. tli.-lr pnlntof dostlnation.in I7i12. fil Scptrinhi r, 17«3,hB anilod for Homhiiy.iind In Dcicnihrr, ITM.set out on his return overland, through IVntia and Turkey. He arrived at Copen- ha|?eu in Noveuiber, 17b7. and i.iid the fruiu of hilt redonrehen before the world in h « "Description of Arabia ' and hi* "Travels in Arabia," which have been tranilatcd Into Ttrlous lanKunitei.. He wa» the only one that returned from the inisnion. was lit)erally rewarded by the Danish monarch, and died in 1815. (Uirsten Niebuhr was father of the great historian. (See following memoir.) NIKHl'HH, Itviniioi.li (JKoiut, the oreat Cierman hl'^toriau and philologiiit, was son of the preceding, and was born at Copen- hagen, in 1778. He was brought up at Mel dorf InHolsteln.whitherhisfatherremoved, and at the age of IH was sent to the univer- sity of Kiel, where he studUd two years. After holding situations In a ({ovrrnmenl office at Copenhagen nnd in the Uojal library, he vihited Kngland. and studied a short time at Jdlnburgh. Ho accepted an- other official appointment In IsoO, and the same year married Amalle, the sister of ins friend, Madsme Uensler. In !S0.» he was Invited to Merlin, and entered the service of the Wing of I'russla, whose confidence he long enjoyed, and who charged huu with Imporunt diplomatic negotiations, and made him privr councillor. < n the eslnhlinhment of tlie «niven.lty of >ierlin, Niebuhr was Chosen lifturer cm Uoman history , and the , lectures then delivered formed the basis of the great work br which hit name Is immur talUed. He oefved iu the campaign, of IK13-i4, and was sent nmbasaador to the , court of Home in Iwlb, having married a second time shortly b»'fore He succeeded in negotiating ii concordat w ith the holy see in lH'.il Willie at Uoine he was the friend and a»s<->iate of the learned Mai, librarian of the Vatican, and disputes sul-seouenlly arose between them as to certain literary discoveries. Niebuhr visited Verona, and there after paiient searching, discover, d the fmunienti. of the work of the great jurist fialus. liuilting Rome in l»il, he was ap- pointed adjunct pnifeuor at lh<- new uni versity of Itonn He mcupitd himself with the trcpanttion of a new edition of hisfreat work, and with a republication of the Jiy- lantine historians . but his labours were in U rrupted and his health and spiriti broken by the French rev ;'• "dcpro m< Fonteloct Uabirlo," " Corpus Sirintorn, Historiie ll>/,uitinie Ancient I.ihnography," by Schmitz ' letters of H. (J. Niebuhr were edited MatUmie Hensler, and translated into K lish by .Miss Winkworlh, with additions ever, has not been alik cent criticism ; and of all his critics The molit f<'rmidable is Sir O.orge l.ewis. Nicbu^ well Hi) pio '"■pus Siriptorum r , .'■-.-,■■, -~,- ""J" Kleior liistu. riKche nnd philologischo Sihriftcn." The Hiitory of Home was translated into Fiiir lish by Hare and Thlrlwall , nial sunio " Lectures on Uoman Hlsti.ry," nnd on The hy -•I'K- - - - - - additions hv the Chevalier llunsen. ' NIEl.I), JAMK!«, a man who. like the phi lanthropist Howard, devoted a great part of his life to the relief of liuiiiaii wrelchednoM was born at Knut.sford, in Cheshire, In i:u| nnd, coming to London as an apprentice to a goldsmith, realized a fortune in that busi- ness. In 1773, by his exertions, a sociofT was formed in the metropolis, having for its object the relief nnd discharge of persons contined for small debts. Of this benevolent Institution Mr Nield was chosen treasurer and he continued to hold thatotllce fhrouch life. He travelled not as must ilu. for plea- sure or profit, but to gaujje IU( depths of liuiuan misery, nnd to alleviate the suffer- ings of his frllow men. it was his constant practice in his prison excursions, as he called them, during thir'y years, to wait upon the magistrates In cities and borounhs, and re- spectfully to represent what he saw amiss in their gaols, lly these, means he was the Instrument of producing many substantial improvements, and of I'.iiTusing a kindred spirit of iM'nellcence far and wide, so that it would be difficult to estimate the extent of his services in the humane cause to which hi' cheerfully and perseveringly devoted his time nnd fortune. He died, universally la- mented, in iHli. i NIKMCEWICZ, Jil.lAS IHSIN, a distin- guished I'olish statesman, poet, iind mistel- 1 I laneous writer, wa« horn in Lithuania, in | 17-57. He served a ^hort time in the army, | and Ijecnme aci|ii:iiiited with Kosciusko; 1 was a leading meinlur of the cnnstitulionni Itiet of 17»H — 17'ei , served the populurcause , at the same time by several piitriotic dramas, j and wni aide de-t amp to Kosciusko in the I f.»tal camp lign of 17(ti. Afur two years' ini I prisonment at St IV-lersburg, he was re- ' leased liy the Kiuperur I'aul, and with his friend Kosciusko «. -lit to .Xuicrica. Tliere he married, and iiaid a long visit to Wash- ingion at Mount V-rnon. He came hacli tu I i;uroi>e In Iwi^.but sosm quitted it aK-iinfor i .Vnierita. once more reluming aftir the; trraty of Tiisit and the iitahlishnient cf| the granJducliy "f Warsaw. He was then n.im«-d secretary of the senate, and made, a memlx-r of the Council of Vuldic Instriic- , tion. He ussisled. after the Con?re^- ofj Vienna, in drawing uparioiher conlUtutioni for Poland , was dismissed from the Coun , cil of Kducatlon in iHJl, and lost h.BS.ere-i taryship after the failure of the in8urnTti(>rf of iM.^ii :il, which he supported, lie ipeni part of his exile in England, and then »dU»u ," I iNtnndthetun.frc- 1 lilncriliiii the tnont Ko l.rwiK. Nicbuhr 1 pliiloloKl,t as well hrd.bMUli'Hhlsiii,. iula>;" ■•Cicero pio ' t'orpuB Siriptorum and " KlciQc liistu- >o Siliriftcii." The translatcil intc) V.na. lilrlWMll, nial nunic HiRti.ry," iind on •." Iiy Schmitz. The iihr wcr(! edited liy tninsliitcd into Kng- h, with additions liy in who, like the plil- ■voted a (freat part of lumaii wruiehednoM, , in Cheshire, in VH, as an apprentice to a 'orttine in that biisi- I'xertioni, a Boeiofy •opnlis, having for its dischftrRc of persong s. Of ttiis benevolent • an fhDsen treasurer, Id that orttce throURh a» most do, for plea- Raujte lUc depths of alleviate the suffer- It wan his eonstant leursions, as he called ars, to wait upon tlic rid boroui?h8, and re- wliat he ia«- amiss in « means he was the ng many substantial ' I'.ilTiisiiiB; a kindred r and wide, 80 that it ttiniaic the extent of mane cause to which everinnly devoted his [' died, universally la- • IAN I'HSlN.a distin- I lan, poet, and mittcl- i torn in Lithuania, in irt time in the arniy,ii :i'il with Kosciusko; | (if the constitutional; ved the popular cause 1 1 eral patriotic dramas, ji I to Kosciusko in the . After two years' ira tiTsburtf, he was re- ir I'aul, and with his t to America. There A long visit to Wash- , on. He came hack tu i on quitted it again for , return iuB after the | the cituMishliient of i .arsttw. He was then ; he senate, and madei, leit of Vuldic Inslrut-|| ifter the ConfrrcM ofii |i another con«itution|i lissed from the Coun-ji :1, and lost h.BSCcrt-i! UP' of theinsurrcftinrfi: supported, llcipenlil Ifland, and then setUw;; NIEJ 'a Montmorency, near J'nrU. The moit nnnular of his poetical works nro the HIs- S JtallttdsV- which, like the •• Irish Melodies" of Moore, wroro set to minic. AinoiKf his other poems nro a collection ^ iaeto ainibersiil 19(ograp^t). [nob Anioii(f his of l-'aldes, soy and eral tragedies nnd comedies, ind translations from popular KnglUh noeiiis. NIcmccwicz p'ihli»hed nlno Memoirs of his own Times, a Scries of Memoirs on Ancient Poland, an account of his visit to WashinRton, and Bcveral Novels. He left many manuscripts unpublished. Died, nt Montmorency, IH41. NIEMi;YER,Ar(H SI IlKRMANN.Oeminn thcoloRian nnd miscellaneous writer, was bom at Ilalle, in ir.)4, nnd died there in Ifl'S. He first bcKnn to give lectures in the universitv of Hnllc In 1777, was appointed profcssorof theology in 1780, and continued to receive various appointments till IHOH, when he was made n member of the estates of the kingdom of Westphalia, chancellor, and rector of the university, 'a 1813 the university was abolished by Napoleon , but when the Prussian Bovcrnment restored it, he was reappointed. Ho produced a great number of works, particnlarly on the sub- ject of education, the bare titles of which would occupy a very considerable space, be- sides others on theology, ethics, history, Ac Died, \m. NIKKKMBERO, JOHM KU8KBIU8, a uelo- brated Spanish Jesuit, nnd a distinguished naturalist. He was born at Madrid, in IS'JO, took the habit of St Ignatius, applied him- self to the study of natural history, and was appointed professor at Madrid, In which office he remained 14 years. His works are numerous. Died, 165.S. MEUWENTYT, IIKKNAKI), an eminent Dutch philosopher and mathematician, was bornatWastgraafdyck, in North Holland, in VM, and died in I" IH. He wrote a work on nitural theology, entitled " The True Vte of the Oontemplaticm of the UnlTcrse," pub- lished in 1715, which was translated about three years later Into Knglisli, and has been shown to have been Tory freely used by Paley in writing his " N.itural Thoolnxy." NKVON'in-; I/EMCI,()S. [I/KNCU)S.] N'lVKRNOlS, r,()tis JUT.1.M H*uit()N Mancini Mazahim, Dnke de, was born at Paris, In I71(i. He was successively am. bassador nt Rome, Herlin, and London, In j which latter city he negotiated the peace of 1763. On his return to France he published >onic poetical imitations, or translations, of Virgil, Horace, Titmllus, Ovid, Arlosfo, and Milton. He also wrote " Dialogues of the Dead," " Reflections on. the Genius of Horace, I!oileau,and Rousseau;" "Fables in Verie," Ac. He wa^ a member of fie French Academy and of the Academy of In scriptions; was imprisoned by the repub- licms in 1793, and died in 1798. NIZAM AL Ml'I.tK, a celebrated grand ^m. "f.^*""'"' ''"™ '" Kh«f«>"'n about i"l,,nnd by sueceisive steps rose from ob- ^euntytohevizi.T to the Sultan AlpArslan in 1064. He filled that oOiee nearly M) yearn 'I'lrnig which he showed himself an able ^i:icsman and general; but. above all, a /oalons patron of learning, having founded »na endowed the famous college of Hug t dad, and numerous other ..eminuries, while hii palace was alwaysopen to men of genius many of whom he pensioned. He was also distinguished as the historian of his own times. In Um he mot his death from the hind of an assassin, while reading a petition which his treacherous foe had Just presented to him. NIZAMI, or NinilAMI, a celebrated Per- slan poet, author of some esteemed poems among which Is " The I.oves of UUa and Mejnoun." Died, 1180. NoAILLKH, I.ouiH Antoink I)B, car- dinal and archbishop of i'arls, was the son of the lUike of Noailles, and born In lfi«l. Ho studied nt the Sorbonne ; and, in U.Oli obtained theatchblshopricof I'nris.in which' office he distinguished hlmi.elf by his zeal "«''','"''' the Quletisu ind j>»nsenists, for which, In 17tj AiiKu.m, 17.S9, resolved to divest theniM'lves of their exclu- sive privileges, and sit with the tier-s «tat. After the dissolution of the ( onstituent Assembly, he went into t!ie army, and was killed in IWM, while withdrawing from St Dwiiilngo, in an anion with an F.nglish fri- gate oft" Cuba His son, ALKXI.4, count of Noailles, figured Itoth in the armvnnJtho cabinet. Tho princes of the house of Hour- bon sent him on Important missions to the continental court., after which he n paired to the residenie of I.,)ui» .Will., at Hart- welLIn Kngland. He accompanied the iUltet< army to France, was the plenipotentiary of Louis XVIII to th<» congress of Vienna, and afterwards held office as a iMinister. Died, I 1834. j NOHM-;, Mark, historianand biographer, was a clergyman of the church of Lnglaud, I and was presented to the rectory of Harm- I Ing, In Kent, in l7Ht. at which place he I died in l«-i7 He wu* author of " Memoira i of the Protectorate House of froi n»ill, i J 7^ ■ i i i S SI ! \ '■I III: ts -m Afcsssi f. . i fti i: ■! '. ( ! I .Ati ■mr^'r y^at^vn nod] {91 ilciu flniucrsnl BiogrnpI)ij. To1» ; "Mfnu.imof the lllii»lrlou« llmuo of Mrdlrt, wlili Oi-nniloRUnl Tiil>li>». flip l.lvfs of l»\i< K.iiRll«h lliRii 1li U wroti' •C»cr;il ptip""'"'' '» ""' ^^' liwoloKiu, and «iu y.S.A. l^iulon nnU Killiiinirgli. NODIKK, lilAUiH*, Ironch port nnrt litterateur, was born at J<.nnii(;oii in 17H3^ He went to rnriii un(trr the piitiunage nf I'uhcRru In !:;»«, »)"t rrt\irnpd to Hc«an»;oii in ITUH. When nillifnry ro«»'r hognn to bo i.reaoniinant nn■ ''^ '"'"Pn"'"'"; "' protest for freea..m, in Jii» \M'm, cuUlM ^' l4» NnpoK^one. ■ He conieuM d hiniMlf the mtthor. and was nrreM.d and lmprl». nid. Allowed to T'Murtj to hi» native iny.he « »■» placed und^ tlio »urvn mice of the poli... , e«caped. however, and lived in the .1 ira , WB* .'t««iii arrenled on •iii.pl( !■ '» of con- »piracr. and m.\* m>erated hy the jwnvintry , l/.na ledareUlfM life, following vaiiou* oc- eupatli.nn for bread, and employlnu hinmdf In tuch studies as he eoul ' l-y the aid of moniiRlic libraries. until in : -U he returned to I'aris and beeame Ji'"" ''•"»"'' "^ }t "Journal des l)#bats." Aft. r distloKuish inif him»elf for ninny yean as journalist and niiscellanious writer, he obtalne.l the post of librarian to the Arsenal at I'aris, which he h< Id tiUhls death. Nodier taoa nrolihc writer on a great variety oi sub- jects , and amonK his wi>rks we may nntnc Ihc " Hictionnaire des OnoniatonCes, ' the noTels •' Jean 8ho({ar. tYxtrCs^ V".!'/;';''" and" FranciscusCi.lonna .'an.! the Mildio th^Que i:ntomol.>Bi»iue." He was a memiHr of the riench A.ademy and of thr L( »lon of Honour, and a . ontrlbutor to the Hio KraphlP iniverselle " I'icd, IhU. N<)EHl)BN,o N.-ehden published his " (ierman and Kngllnh (iraminar." He was ;.n excellent BunilKmali»t, and some years before h'^ death Jxeame head of the dcpartroe'-. of coins in the Hriti«h Museuin I' tlied In Wi« leaving unflnUhed his " '.jay on the Norihwlik Coins ,•• an " '.itroductlon to Numismatology," &r NOOAHKT, Wii.t.iAM OF. chancellor of Philip the I'air, king of France, was born in the diocese of Toulouse, of a race whos*' blood had been shed by the Inciulsltion He had become a distinguished professor of civil law in the university of Mont- p*lller, judge of Hciiueaire, and a de toted servant of the kinK He is remem- bered for the part he touk in the fanioiw quanvl »)etween I'hilip and I'ope Honifaco Vlll., which began In i: [nol yill. Which began In i;iiii by the Dnhll« tlon of the bull '-AUMulla, fUl' fuif; arrogance and unjustitlabl,. xxmmJo^ and which was burnt bj the kini the parlinmrnt of ParU, (,.1,1 in \u,:l: i:i(.:».- William of NV.Ka'r'',''lrl"rntr"., formal complaint and nccimatlcm htnino the pope, which ho off. red to prove li. -,. a Ku. r.-»l council. His cl.atKd wero 1 iterated nt a second parliamoir nt Parii in June , and lloiiiface, who w( t ,,, ,«'! lo Anngnl, published several Im, selfdefcnc e, others against the pn i the universities of Iriinre, and ll;i to cxrommunlcatc the king luia hit subjects from their nllculance. face rta.son the pnlntof V lilii.liiiiK thisei c Fiumunicatlon, when William of N, ,|.,,( who had been s.nt secrcilv from Paris had been joined by Hciarra (mIoiihi, and'hwi I.I, .„ 'II lira ijinlvc I'onl- u» . ii ju.ii.u 1.; i-vuuirt viiioiiii.i, and huii hired troops, attacked the pupei pnlace and that of his nephew, tlie marnms of tiaetani. arrested him Tth ScptomlKr ami kfpt hlin In ( lose custody till tlip '.»tji i-i the inhabitant!* of the Inwn dsc acniiist French and rescued him. The popow Immediately to Home, and died nlmn ptemlK r, and hon I the ly to Home, and died \\hm a month later. His captor was Hip only pir- son of those concerned who was excepted from the absoliiti m granted by WncAo XI. in 1.104. Thrn vcurs later he wat ab- solved by (lenient \ on condition of siih- mitting to a certain penance. Hi ndcrcd further important services lo tin „in|t in the seizure of the >li wr, the (untlscation of their property, ind their expuisinn from France . in the ..crusationnf the 'I'enipl.irj i at the great meeting "f Pnitiers in liiu;, mid In the proseciition (if tlw memory of lidni- ' face at the CcmsUti'ry of Aviifnon in Uii). At this court William of Niigiirct w;issfn tonccd to serve for life in the next trusaJe I which ne\er was nmlcrtakcn). and iiican- time to make certain pilzrim.iKes to holy i shrines He died nt l'ari«, in 1.(14. , NO! AN, ('apt. I.KWIH |.i)\VAi:i), adislin- gulshid siddiiT. was born in MT. His' father, who w.n llrilish viop-ion>ul at Milan, having prm iircd him a roniinissiun i In th( \0Ktrian aniiy, he served for some : time ill lliiiignry unit i ni:tk.' himself thnrouKhlv acquainted hiIU the Kaitcm , military svstems. In lM5i he returned to Ku- j rope, and made a lengthened tourinRuMia, I and soon after i;nk!land(U'tlarid«ar«|tainst llusnia, he was selected to proceed to Tur- key, to make Brr»ngement» for the recep- tion of the civ.ilry. and the purchase of horses. When the expcaitioii to iheCrimca ,| was resolved on. he v<,i» pl„cfd on thejialf ;^ (if the quarter numler Rineral; and fill at :, HalaklavB.Oct. i.Mh, 1n'»I, in the niniuM- h ble cavalry charge, alinust imMiedialclyafie' '■ having delivered I..ra llaKlan 8 written | orae: .o Ixird I.ucan, of which he had been , •m lit In 131.1 hnhcpnb|Tc7 AUMu la, fill,, fmi „, IllStltlllMr lUMlmptlo.. •lilt li) till' killK I'liri^ li.l.l in Mi,r,, N'lKari't prc^onici niKl noniKatliin r i • I iiffirid t(i prove I. > ,, lii» vlKir«ci were r,.^ nil pnrlianif'iir nt r.irji >rr, wild wet Hj,|, I'll sovtral Im, ,' ,, ;„ nRaliist Uifpifi;,to«i.Rj rranrp, and llii,-,ui'tie,| I the kinR ana ,,1mo1vo llioir nllcflnnip. jtom. lit of I" i'li»liiiisihisex. i ; and he availed himself , udia, to niako himself i inicrt with the Kasfm | In lH5a he returned to Ku- 1 "nffthenedtourinRuHia,! land declared war iiitainst ecli'd to proceed to 'fur ngements for the rccep- ry, and the purchase ofj exjxditiou tolheCrimra 10 wa« pliicedon the Half isier general; and Ml at iih, lN'>l, in ilii' niiiiwra- .. .almost iniMii'diatcly aft" I^ird lliiKlans written an, of which he had been a % £it\x> lX\\iti(Vfis,i 13io9rapI)t). [Non , Mirer C.ipt. N«'l"«" *VI" ""■ """'"I" "f "" rkoli t'c"«>rK"->'", th- sculptor,on Icuv.mk whom kn .e t to I! 1 .and ctudu-il ihi-ro •ome " ml. (iivctli. Whik. at Uome. llr P in i"2. ^I'lIP""''' '""' Architfctiiix- ; uud ,^h s reinni to KiiK'lanil. in I77ii. l.o iMxanio .'v.i.ic.ideiiiician, executed many work» It bcaiity, and was i>o rxteiisively ,„,nioMil, P-'il'^ "!•"''>' *"' >'U»ls. that ho ffi a fortune of l>oo,,m. Nol ok. n» " ,,. ,,rcat favouritu willi (icor«o III., and nossiUed manv |Hrullaritie.t of character, of which his inordinate love of numoy was notlluliMSt. Hull. It*-;'- Hi. portrait, by L. I'. Ahholt, is m the Naliooal I'orlralt 'N(iL],r.'r,.IKAs NTOiNK, a Fri'nch na- tural philOM.plu r, >*ai* born in 17l>0, nt I'iniprc, near Noyon. He applied hliuK'lf especially til 'he scieiici' of electricity, anil conductco many iiiiporlant experiment*. In i;;U he "a.H in l.n«lniid, and was chosen j F.U.S. lie iva.s nci'ived at the Academy of silences in 17:i'.i. He niM.ited hit lectures ^ one.\periiiieiitalphilosupliy I .lore the duke i of Savov, and afterwards bet.:. Iho royal family of Iraiice. In i;.'>'> he w .i- appolnlcl toa profcs>orsliip of pli>sm in th" collem! of Nav.irie at I'.iris.aiid aftervvar U held a similar po«t in the School of Artilhry. He iiruli' " Lcjoiit de I'liykique l.xpi^rlmen- tal.,"'' vols.; besides Mime works on I'lee- trii'ity and other scicntil! ■ suhjccta. Died, i7:o. NOODl', (iKii.vitii, ft famous civilian, was iborn ill li.l7. at Niiiietjuen. He afterwurdi jsollled at l.eyden as profosor of law, be- j fame rector of the university, and died in I I'lS. He puMiNlnd a eollectioii of his works ia 171;!, whuh arc whully on siibjeet* of I jurisprudence, and are esleemid of 'iitSh au- ithoritv. NoUlillI'.lKi, (IKiii,..! , Swelish his- tori^iii, burn in l<>77. He .o eniop.inied the army under I'liaili'!! XII. in its vauouscaai- paitfiis from l7o.; — ITo.i, lUst as almoner, and tiien as chaplini to the kin;;, and Was captured at the lutile of I'ultawa, and kept prisoner ill KussiatiM 171 J. Uuriiit; the re>t ofhislifi' he HIS iuiin>iir of one of the par ishe.sof Stu m.ikn dniwinK* and o)i- servationsof ihc ancient nionumentsof that eoui.try. 'I liesc he executed with ^reat ildclity, and hi* " 'i'rtivels in I'.ttypi mid Nubi,»," with plutfs, wiMci-plpndldly printed in .! vols, folio, lleinn elected a member of the lloyal .Sue let y of Iximlim, lie pri'sented to that leariiett body his drawinK* of ruins and eoloNsal ktatues ut Thebes, of wliicb he al»«> published 11 tiicinoir. Uieil. I7ti. NoUOKN. JuilX.nn old EnKlish writer, who is conjectured by Wood to havo lieen a native of Wilts. Me rerelved his educa- tion at Oxford, and wrote soiuo str.iuKe books in divinity, with very whimsical titles, as "The Sinful Man»S..laee," " Ami thiitis, or rontrarieiy U'twe. ii the Wicked and (iodly set forth in a 1' lir of Olovcs tit for every .Man to wear,"A.c. Ho was also the author of the " Surveyor's Dialouuo," " Uibynnth of Man's Life, " a poem, " Knii land.c.'r a liuulo for Travellers," and " lopo- Krapliical Descriptions of .Middlesex, Hert- fordshire, and Cornwall." He wa.« surveyor of the kliiK'8 lands, and died about ll on failure of the male line of the earls of Pembroke, VUi. NOUl'OMv, lloum luiitiii. Furl of, mar- shal of l'.ni{land, neplu.vv of the pri'cedini,', inherited the marshaUliip in r.'7o. lie dis- tinKUishi d himself in the wars with Llewel- lyn, prince of Wales, and was for some time Kuvcrnor of Hristol and NoiliiiKham castiea. In l."J7 be JO lied thu earl of Hereford in op IMjsing th.- exactions of Ildw.ird 1., ri fusinx to discharge the dtitlcsof hisotlice,or to serve in tic French w.ir till MaKiin Cliarta was cuiuirmid, which thu kiiik;, in the folliiwin)( year, was compelled to no. lie aflerw aids Kave up to the kintt his estates and his iiHtcc, receiving Icom him a pciisiou. Died, i.lu7. NUUFOLK, TIIOMAH MoWUllAT, Dukp of, was known as e.ul of Nottinxbam till 13'.»7. He was one of the most powerful supporters of the kintJ. Hichard 11., in the proccedinKs taken in that year uxninst the duke of (ilouccster, who li.ul been head of the council of rcK ncy, and bis asMK lates, the earls of Arundel and \N.irwick. He was iininedi.itely rewarded with the title of duke of Norfolk. In the folluwint; year occurred his memorable quarrel with tlio duke of Hereford 1 1! lingbruke), to settle which a trial by combat was arranjted to take place at Hereford. The combat was however pie vented by the Vinu, and Norfolk was ban ished for life Dud, 13y9. .NOUFOI.K.TiioMA'* HowAUi', Duke of eldest son of John Howard, duke of Nor folk, who fell, flghtiUB on the side of Richard rJ7 !■ 1 f \- 1 ."! t ! ); i i ! 't i ' 1 '\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) "w 6> ^ ^'. ^f 1.0 I.I 1.25 us lU IIIIIM 12^ ^ lis M 6" IM 116 ^ /} ^m •' .1^ > •a 1/ / Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 8724503 A « \ \ :\ o^ ^ ^ •^^"^■^^ •«5y" , ^mP 1^ • o^ ^ nob] ?l iJicto JBnibcrsnl 18iograpl)p. Ill, at tlio Tiattlc of llosworth, was created oarl of Sumy in U83. Tiikeii prisoner at j lioswortli, two years later, he was im- i prisoned in tlie Towir, l)y Henry VII , till I \iHH, when he restorrd to him his title and I his freedom. He was employed against tlie ' in.surxeuts in the north, and against the [Scots; was made lord-treasurer in 1501; I ncROtiated In 1502 the treaty with the kinif of Scotland, for his uiairiaKe with Margaret, dauKhter of Henry Vll.,and the next year conducted the princess to her spouse. Surrey ; retained his ottice under Henry VIII., was ; made privy rouncillor, and charsed with iniportnnt negotiations ; but his iiitluencc declined as that of ^V(llsey rose. In 1.'jI3 he (gained over the Scots the nieniorable victory i)f I'loddcn, at which the kiuR of Scotland, his son, and the fitiwerof his nobility per- ished. He was soon after created duke of Norfolk. In 1514 he concluded a peace with France, hy which the niarriajje of I-ouis XII. with the I'riniess M;'.ry, sister of Henry VIII., was agreed on, and he conducted the vounK bride to Ahbcville the same year, ihe duke of Norfolk presided at the trial of HucMngham, and, with deep emotion, had to pass sentence of death on him. Died at his seat at FramlinRhatn, 1524, haviuR re- signed his office of lordtreas\»rer in 1522. NOUFOLK, TlTOMAf HoWAlUi. Duke of, son Henry VIII. Hut he was a steady oppon- ent of the Itcforniation, anil looked on a^ bead of the llomish party. He presided at the trial of Anne lli)Iejn,aud pronounced the ientencc of death on 111 r. O:- he break- ing out of the Insurrection in Yorkshire, known as the I'ilKrimaRe of (ire. le, in 1530, Norfolk was charped with its suppression, and he sucect ded by negotiation in dispers- ing the insurpents. It was renewed the lollowinp year, hut was quickly suppressed, Ihe meri iU'ss law called the Act of the Six Articles was promoted by the influence of the duke of Norfolk, who also, through his iiieee, Catherine Howard, then (lucen, urged the king on in the path if persecution, and procured thearrtsi and execution of Thonia* rromwell. He was again employed in Scot- hind and In France, and then becoming an object of the king s suspicion, be was sud- denly arrested with his son, the earl of Surrey, and committed to the Tower, De- cenil)er, 1546 Surrey was condcwned and executed, and the duke waa also sentenced to death , but the kingdiad at the »ery time, [nor and he was left in prison tin »i,o of Queen Mary, who restored him .^l^!-'^*'"" ! nilies and estates. Died at V„ " *"' "lis- ' Norfolk, l«th July, l,!5r'''^""'"'K''all,ini NOHl-DJ.K, THOMAS HOWAIin n,,. ! grandson ol the preceding nnH^' "''«"'. accomplished earl of'Ky "'eemnf "'^ before the death of Henrv Vlit"^'' J"''' about 153.;. He had for \u uC"' ^"'" house of his aunt, Marv count.i!. 'A" "^^' mond,.I„hn Vose t u ,' mv?olnl "' '''^'' in l..ter life he -shorn f^?;,? »'«*''<•'' pranted a pension. -" ^'"''""' •'.88 of Uitl,. tist.towhniii . kindnfiss, an,l dukedom and the marsh.Mslliroa'iL''! ""^^ of his grandfather, and w.' '"^.ade K :? Queen Klizal.eth in 155». He »\, i^ ''';i the commissioners sent to York inWe- f^ inquire into the guilt of \inri ''''"ito Scots hut ho hac^i::a-x%s :fi marrying her himself, and untfa--', T ^1 respondence with her. f,, ^^Sll?'^\ sent to the Tower in l.%!t. lu icLo.1 „ ?.' following year, he pledged hiS, "/„••;' respond no more Willi Maiy.audw; to live at his seat in Noifnik. a'HHn l,-,:i was .-..ain sent he soon violated to th(- Tower, and guilty of treason, queen, after long i-s allowed i This pledge I .. -fas again sent ' '"■"■■K tried an.l found '" January, 15;2, ,1,5 , .,. ■ iicsitatiDn, siL'ncd thp order for his execution, which took olacenn Tower Hill, 2nd June of that y, ar i i,T markablo that this noble man remained t Protestant by profession throughout hi. life, notwithstanding his intrigues with thJ queen of Scots and the Uomish partv NOUGATK, Kl)WARii,an English artisf was born atfambridpe, where his father wm master of llene't Collepe. He was employed! by the earl of Arundel to purchase picture«i In Italy ; but not being supplied with re.' mittaiices, he was compelled to return with-' out exeeutinp his co.nniissioiis ; [and was afterwards made one of the clerks of the signet, and 'NVindsorheruld. He died in 16:9 ! and was considered one of the finest illV minators of liis ape. NOUIS, Hknkico, c.nrdinal,a learned Italian iTitlc and theoli);;iaii. was horn at \eiona in l(i!l, and liecuiii- an Augustine monk. He ftiuplit tlmjlDU'v in smrai houses of liisoiMcr, was appuiatea professor of ecclesiastical history at I'isa, was em- plovid by I'opc Innocent XII. in the Vati- can Library, and in l(i;i) was ^rented car- dinal. Died at Home, 1704. Hisworks.in 5 vols, folio, were published after hisJcath. NdUMANHV, lONSIANTl.SK HEXEI IMlirift, Marquis of, liritish statesman and diplomatist, was eldest son of Uenr^glrit l-:url Mulprave,and was boru in 1797. He WM educated at Harrow School and the uni- versity of Cambridge, where he graduated M. A. In IMIH. He soon after entered par- liament a* nienilx r for Scarborough, but re ' signed his seat in a short time, and went to ; Italy. He again sat iu the House otCom- ; uiont as a liberal fnmi lti22 till 1^32. when | he succ»«'ded his lather as Kail Miiigrate, ' and was named govcrnorof Jamaica. In- d«r the ministry of lord Melbourne he wsi : made lord privy ical, and in 1835 lord- , lieutenant of Ireland. Thros years later : he was creattd iu.irqui8 of Normanby, and oarly In 1M9 was appointed culouial iccre- 738 "•'son till the accoMinnil IAS HOWAnD.Dukpwi; l'ry,count..88ofiu; i ••'■fl.vroloKist.towin' orn„a the p,oj,,, , If. ami ung:igp,ii„t ", 0, „l,ichhewa, Pl^Js.'U himself ,0 eo" I 1 Mary aud WHS allowed! iNoynlk. This pledge '"'ir.K tried ami found '" January, 1572, ,|,ji iiesitatiDi), si;>ncd the! I'll which took place on I fiofthaty.ar. Itisre- nohlo man remained a ■ ression throughout his^ K his intrigues with the lie Uomish party. i ARii.an Enslish artist ' K<', where his fatherwaii lege. He was employed Icl to purchase pictures iciiiK supplied with re. mpelled to return with- ^ conimissions; [and wasl 10 of the dorks of the herald. He died in 16:0,! ' one of the finest illu. :o, cnrdinal.a learned' licol();;ian, was bom at I Ix'ianif an Augustine t tli(;oli)i.'y in spverai; ■was appointed professor | 2 till bSJ.ffhen ither as Kail Miilgrave, ernorof Jamaica. In- lord Melbourne he W81 ,eal, and in 1835 lord- nd. Thrc« years later ' rquis of Normanby, and ppointed colonial sccre- nob] ^ £Lm Bniijctsal ^ioQxa^l)^!. taryof state, an ottlte which lie changed for that "f ..- . - 0011 „ W.V.. of home secretary. 1841, he retired. Ho filled at Paris from [nob and James I.f was ?he Kf ^'"'"" "' last.mentioned'l.ord l)udley'xor?h' an. i""' born in l(i37 Affi.i. ac.-i. I ' ^^""^'"tand was and th" Miidl Acmpt i'^be'lU'r'"'';^"'?'" caned toU,obar,.egi^ckr«StVrr3 in Ifi7i, when ho rcceiTod Hm i,,.- i Jen^:r^^'"?^ '" '"••'he wa's nJrde'aTto^n'e; pointed lord-kocpe?f J5 raSd' o the"pee?: age. Soon after the accession of James II he was succeeded in his office by the notori Phllo'so hicai "'' '^"' "'"' '*'""°' "? " A Henry, first I-ord Norris, and was sent to I lfi8,r-"sir D"unL^T.CR^'!f'h^^^^ ic'irn he art of war in France '"'Jer Ad- lord-keeper, cngaifed In ^^^^^^^ °' J*>e uralColigny. He serred in Ireland and in and beca.no an^SntS^v*!^"""''*. .i..T„mPnnnfrip«: took n.'irt iiniipr thp <>nri 11- ._„o .r. ^"iiuiui I urncy merchant- I September , DOSt of ambassador ui iunu iium ion, mi 1852 and a similar post at Florence from 1834 iilll'858 Lord Normanby disapproved the recognition by the government of Lord Pal- merstonof the French Uepublic of 1H48, and lifter his return to England he remained ii constant opponent of the policy of Lord pilmerston. He was a privy councillor, knight of the Hanoverian Ouclphic Order, K.O.C.H., and K.O. Oicd at Kensington, 28'th'july, 1863. NORKIS, JOU> commander of the Kith century, v Henry, first I-ord Norris, and wi un English military was son of niiral Coliguy. the low Countries; took part under the earl of Leicester in the expeditinn gent to suc- cour Antwerp in 158.5 ; was afterwards head of the council in the province of Munster; and in 1592 had the comiiiand of the au*!- liary forcessent to Henry IV. of France. On his return he resumed his old post in Ire- land, where he had to oppose the earl of Tyrone, and died about 15l(h. NORKIS, Sir John, a brave naval officer, who served his country nearly sixtj years, commencing in ItiSH, and terminating, with his life, in I'li*. The frequent accidents and misfortunes which befell the ships and squadrons under his command, and which could not be warded off by any human pru- dence or sagacity, procured him the appel- lation of " Foul-weather Jack , " yet in the duties of his profession nomar. could be more assiduous ; and so well did he second the exertions of his friend Sir Cloudesly Shovel in the Mediterranean, that the queen knighted him, ami otherwise handsomely rewarded him. NORRIS, John, an eminent divine and riatonist, was horn in 1(J57, at CoUinghourne Kiugs;on, in Wiltshire ; was educated at Winchester School, and at E.xeter College, Oxford; and became rector of Jiemerton, near Salisbury, where he died iu 1711. ilc ranks as one of the iiiost cniiiicnt of the j English Platonists, and was ii good man, though a visionary. Among Iirs works are, "The Theory and Hef,'ulation of Love," I "Reflections upon the Conduct of Human Life," "Practical Discourses," 4 vols., "An Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World/and " I'hilosophiral Discourse concerning the Natural Immor- lality of the Soul " NORTH, Sir EDWAUD, an eminent law- yer in the reigns of Henry VIII. and Queen Mary, by the latter of whom he was cre- ated Baron North of Catlidgcln Cambridae- •hire. " NORTH, UUDLKY, Ix)rd, great grandson of the preceding, was horn in 1581, «nd suc- ceeded to the title in Kioo. In the civil war Je espoused the cause of the pnrlliiment.and died in 16«6 His son, of the same name ^rote a History of the Life of Edward lord North," 4c., and is classed by Walpole among the -Royal and Noble Authors." lie left four sons, aU of whom attained P«llUcal or literary enunence. (See betiw.) He was afterwards one of the I'orrt.Af".^" qmry into th. Credit and Veraeitv of « ..In" 5^cd to beuig K^ii^r^Hi^^^;^- Ihe Examen," obviously wfitten in de fence of the Stuarts, abounds with curiou. information and anecdote curious NOUTH.FUEUKKiCK.earl of Guildford !>elter known as Lord North wa, nf .h»' in 1 32. Ho was educated at Eton an'vith impeachment, m. his resignation of ottlce.bowt'ver in 17y in .teaa of instituting against him that" i: ' pchnicnt which they had .o longthrea- en.d. .1 c.a ition was formed between him and the Whigs; but this heteroKe".eo.u administration lasted only u few month" after winch Lord North held no respon" M^: position in the state. He was distinguished for urbanity of manners and a turn for re par ec^ lor several yenrs previous to his SJ ''" "^^'^'^ ^'^'^ blindnew. Died! NOUTHAMPTOX, SpencKR J08HUA ln^''Y-9^^''*'>T';'!"'»^'^ "'•''"' ""'° Jan. J 1,90. Educated at Trinity ColWe Cambridge, he there acquired and cultivated he taste Which distinguished him in af e? life, ior a short period he sat in the House of tornmons for hisnative county. but beini? defeated at one election, he waV never in duced again to enter on the field of politics. .^^LrV'*"^ *''"''*' *" '•'«' """^e «' Lords after he succeeded his father in the mar- quisate in May. 1828. but he was i"ya. r ably present at all important divisions, voting for Catholic emancipation, reform the repeal of the corn laws, &c. In 1»38 739 ^ifli kor] ^ i^to QniDcrsal 13iograpf)o. when the duko of Sussex rpsigncd the pre- sidency of the Koyal Society, the fclJons immediately solicited tlie noble inarqui* to become the successor to the royal duke. His attention at the general meetings, and his hrMliant r^-unions of distinguished men in seience, literature, and art, at his mansion in riccadilly,nre well known ; and when he retired in MiiS, it was with the unanimous regret of not only the fellows of the Koyal Society, but a large circle of literary friends. Shortly before he died, he resigned the pre- sidency of the Uoyal Society of Literature. Died, 1851. NOIITIICOTE. JAMKS, an eminent por- trait and historical painter, was born in 1746, nt riymouth, where his father wa^ a watchmaker. Having a taste for the tine arts, he pursued the practice of drawing and painting with so much a^iduity, that Dr Mudge, a physician of IMymouth, recom- mended him as a scholar to Sir Joshua Ucynclds, with whom be remained fire yeaiY ; hnd on leaving that great artist he Commenced business on bis owa acccunt, with great success, as a portrait pain'er. Aspiring, however, to the loftier, though less lucrative department of historical painting, he Tislted Italy in 1777, and remaining there three years, he returned to London with a Tastly increased reputation. In 1787 he be- came a royal academician ; and for a period of 30 years his productions formed a con- spicuous part of the exhibitions Pt Someriiet House. He studied deeply, was an acute observer of human nature, and possessed a sound judgmint, a quirk perception, and great conversational powers. He wrote" The Life of Sir Joshua Keynolds," also " Fables," " Conversations," and " The Life of Titian," in all of which he was assisted by yir Haz- litt. He amassed a large fortune by his profession, and his habits were too penuri- ous to dissipate it. He died, aged ^J, in 1831. His portrait, painted by himself, is in the National Collection. >'outhi'mhi:hl.\nt», he-vhy peecy. Earl of, distinguished himself in the French wart of Kd ward III., who made him marshal of Kngland. He received the title of carl of Northumberland frtim Kichard IL, during whose reign he took part in the Scottish war and look Berwick, and wa» also em- ployed in diplomatic negotiations with France. He afterwards took part with Henry of Lancaster, and chiefly cuntributru to his elevation to the throne. In 1102, with his gallant son, Hotupur, he won the victory of Homildon over the Scots, and took Douglas prisoner , but soon aft( r he engaged in a re- bellion against Henry IV ,anJ was defeated at the battle of Shrewsbury. The king par- douea him, but he aguin rebelled, and fill •t the latlle of l!iamham Moor, in UuH. K O KT M r .M II i; U LA N D, A: .fiKUNOX Pkbcv, fourth dukeof Northumberland, was bom DcccmlK-r IJ, 17'J"i. He was educated at Kton, and at the ago of 13 entered the navy, in whi. h he served ti;i lh!5 lathe following ye.ir he was raised to the i>eeras;e by the title of liaroo I'rudhoe, of I'rudhot Castle, Xorthuuiberbud, and by that title he was known till his brother s death in l(jt7, whcD he suiceeded to the dukedom. He 740 especlhl »^,'tiioii) in inc east. cono,.»!V '•"'ii historical relics, -sculpture, "on "a^/^ioui urosvcnor, daughter 1^12 Lady EU^oo, JVestmi„.u.r7;ho \'ur? vcd hiS"**?-'' "' ■ Lord Derby. Qdministrat on in lo^l'l" I duke of Northumberland wi, LI ^■' ""! the Admiralty, and la d il,T f "■' '"^^ «M our steam navV. HU Igfee ^nd '^ ?' ' wealth were devoted t,. .i,„l I, Pnacet i -the pro:notio""Jf 'r ,! ^^a'n^/;'^"'' ! by founding and endow ^ ?hurhn.""™ schools; the patronaue of nrt „"'-"" and ' ture, and archaoWy and Jh^'"""' "'"• ' c..aritabl.instituti^s:^^;^i2;;-^.: his name s» the works which wiu'illuMprto^'hk !'''"''''■«''>« umberland. In 1833 he vra, l;,'"?''- ^ knight of the Garter Thouftof h.t^ "' orary offices he held is too 1 ng for rC.p on?e'prVMden\''oV^h ^XrlnT '''^'' Died at Alnwick Castl^!l2 h^F bruar^'"' and after lying in stale there and aPw' ^i^li^eJ';:^^:;:,^^"'^-'-'^^ [in-i.S''-^^'^"^^^-^-^'^ke«f. NOI'AVOOD, Richard, an English ceo-' metrician of the i:th century, ras the fim person who measured a degree of the me 'i.'i'^^i'* l^'>Sl="?J- This was executed in 1G35, the operations being carried on U tween London and York. He wrote trea- tis*;s on navigation, trit,">nomctrT, and for- tiflcation , but no particulars of hisUfeare recorded. NOSTUAD.\MrS, MICHEL, a celebrated astrologer and empiric of the ICthceniurr was born in 15«3, at St Itemy, in ProTenc'! After graduating in niedicineat Muntpdicr, in l.V."J, he aciiuired the reputation of a skilful physician by successfully arresting the progress of a jicstileuiial disease. Kul he aiua'd at the charae'er of an astrologer and adept in the occult sciences, and publish-' ed a volume of oliscure metrical rhapsodas in l.')55, under the title of "Prophetical Centuries." Though some persons ntariii-d these with contempt, and the author as sn impostor, there were not wanting persons of distinctiou who had faith in these prci;- i nostics , cme of "Inch bore so remarkable! an allusion to the death of Henry 11, that' Nosiradanxis reeeived many presents, andj w.is appointed first physician to Charles IX., j who came Limself in person to Salon,* here i Nostradamus then re^ided, for the purpose! of visiting him. Died, IKfi. NuTf, Jc»u>', Ml)., poet and oricntal'i seliulur, was born at M'orcesier, in irol.j After studying surgery at l!inr,inglia::-,he| visited I'ar.s, and subsequently went to; China, as sur.'con in the Last Iniiiaman. In| 17tM4 he graduated in nudiciue, and soon! after attended the duchess ef Devotshirej to the continent, in the quality of family | il RLAND, Duke not] ^ jf^ciu ainibcrsnl laiogrnpFjD. phTsician; in i:»3 he rrturncd to Enplnnd, and settled at Clifton, where he continued to reside till his death, in 1HJ6. AmonK his numerous writings are, ' Alonzo, a poetic Tale," "I'oeais from the Italian of I'e- trarc'h;" translations of the Odes of Haflz ; an edition of " Catullus," with the I«itin text rendered Into English verse; " The Odes of Horaee," 4c. He also published "A Chemical Dissertation on the SprinRsof Pisa and Asoiano," " A Xosologic nl Com- panion to the I/ondon rharniaeopa>ia," iStc. NOTT, Major-general Sir Wim.iam, one of tlie successful heroes of the Alfghan war, was the son of an ex tensi re mail contractor aiid proprietor of the Ivy-bush hotel at Cirmurtiien," here the distinpuished soldier was bom in VS2. I'rom his earliest youth lie liad sliov a strong predilection for rhe j profe.'.-ioaoli:rms,and he went out to India as a cadet in 1800; but although his talents and gallantry ivere will known he was un- I patronized, and he only arrived at a nin- !jorityafterascivieeof2fi years. His health [at that time beinj; seriously affected, he re- ituroedto Knpland, visited his native place, and there purchased the seat called " Joh'g Wrll," where he resided a few years. The failurenfthe Calcutta bank, in which he had invested thejrcater part of his savings, hav- | in? rendered it necessary for him to resume | his active duties as a soldier, he, at 50 years of age, returned to India. "To relate 'the ' moving accidents by flood and field ' throui;h which this p;;llant officer led the troops under his command, would be to write a volume. By an exercise of skill, judinnent, and valour, not often equalled, he extricated our array from ditticulties by which they were surrounded in Affghanistan, and suc- ceeded in conveying them, and the cap- tives whom he released, across the frontier, bringingihem with perfect safety, and with- out any loss of honour, withi" the limits of her majesty's dominions. The victories which he achieved in Candahar closed the .tffghan war, and drew forth the gratitude and applause of the whole British empire ; even the duke of AVdlington departed from that peculiar severity of taste which marks his generally sparing eulogium.and with a ftrvourunusualtohim.he— the best possible jmiireof Indian warfare— pronounced in i. m.inDer the most cn.pliatic his unqualilied idmiMtion of General Nott. The crown of Murje, lost no time in conferring on him the highest military distinction— that of a Xmght (irand Cross of the Itath nei. ther was parliament slow to give expression to the national sentiment." The AfTghnn wjr concluded, Sir William hastened to re- lam to 1-^igland, the hardships of a military life and the insalubrity of an Indian climate Kemm? to ren.fer repose ah^jlutely neces- llhfiuh; but he hiid not long revisifd his Mlire town w-hcn the unfavourable symn- •VOrnxOHA.M. 'FINCH ] i/pe'^'V-lr^''^' "*-,'-^-»"™amed Rn»s l!t".T,mlMl. He took Orleans in, i^7. and [NOV hnd a principal share in the batiiTTTT in 1569. His left arm 1, n,,„* "'''"""•<= eonsequenee ofT nZn Z\o7:^,T:Air capture of Fontenoy, he had an ,fh«., """ structed of .ron. « benee he dertm^h?, m'^' name. In 1571 he surprised Varenc^enne.' and on his return f^ie kinir ir«vo h 1 .1 ' in the Low Countries, where he took ih-! Count Egmont prisoner; but he wa, Iknn himself in 158ro snd saint NOVA LIS. HICH VON.] bra ed heres.nrch of the .Ird century founder of the sect named after him. He adopted he doc rine taught by the presbyter Watus onr. \' *"»'"'".» to admit person, who had n?a.,i?n'' '" ^'"'"'^'^ »" communion; a prattice then un.versal in the church This produced a schism, in which Novatian had n^any part sans. In 251 Noratlan got him Mlf elected bishop of ilume, in oppo.iUonio (HAUDKNHEKO, Fbied- I! :fi I ••' H i \ :' I J ,!■; I: (III I'll ■!} i NOV] ^ iicfiD StnlOcranl 13iogrnpl)y. Cornrliusi but his <'lociiou wan noon an- nulled. HU 8cct, after tho council of Nice, fell into disrHputo in the VVpntcrn empire, thouxlt it continued to prevail for a much longer period in the Kast. NOVKKUK, J KAN UKOHOR, a .Tfcnt mas- ter of the art of danciuK. wan born at I'ari*, in 1727. He was destined by hii father for the military profcsilon ; but biH taste led him to prefer the bullet. In ni6 he composed for the comic opera his Chinese ballet, which made an extraordinary sensation ; and ho acquired so much celebrity, that Oarrick in- vited him to KnKlaud. lie afterwards en- tered into the service of Marie Antoinette, who appointed him chief ballet-master of the royal academy of music ; but he suffered greatly at the revolution, and passed the lat- ter years of his life in narrow circumstances. In his " Lettres sur la Dansc " ho proposed a radical reformation of his art; and at the time of his death he waseuKaged on a " Dic- tionary of the Art of DancinR." Died, ISlO NOY, William, a celebrated lawyer of the 17th century, who may be considered as one of the main authors of the civil war l>e- tween Charles and his dubjects, inasmuch as the fatal project of attempting to raise sup- plies by what was called Bhip-monuy,is said 10 have been advised by him. He had ori finally laboured to abridge the royal prero- ftativo ; butbeinK made attomcy-Keneral.he suddenly veered about, and became its mo.st strenuous supporter. Died, 1031. AmoiiR his works are, " A Treatise on the Orounds and Maxims of the Law of Knicland," " The Perfect Conveyancer," and " fho Complete Ijawyer" NUCK, Antoki, a Dutch anatomist, who was professor of anatomy, and president of the college of surgeons, at l.eyden, wljere he died in lf>;»2. He was the iliscovcrer of a new salivai duct, of the communieaticm be- t"»een the glands and the lymphniics, and of ;; .node of making preparations! of the lungs by int'ation. His principal works are, " De Vasis nquosis Oculi," " I>e Ductu Halivali novo," and " Operationes et Kxperimenta Chirurglca." NUOENT, OEOlioF OUK.NVII.LK, Ix)rd, second son of the marquis of lluckinghnm, and brother of the duke, wan Imrn, I7H!». In his younger days he was k iwn as Ix)rd ttcorgo Orenville; under wlncii name he published a long poem on that p'irtion of the I'eninsular war of which I'ortugal was the scene. In Ii9l2 he surceedcd to an Irish barony on the death of bis niDther, who had been created a baroness in |wki, with re- mainder to her second son. During four parliaments previous to the reform bill, he sat in the House of Commons fur Aylesbury, displaying great ardour a«i a puliticiaii, and taking an active part in proinotlng parlia- mentary reform, ard all the libcriit measures of the day. On the accession of the Whigs to office in the year IHSO.he was appointed a Junior lord of the treasury, and iii that ca- pacity ho introduced the only legislative measure with which bis natne was con- neei"d — a bill for the abolition of certain oaths, which it was formerly necessary to take for the most ordinary objects connected with the revenue laws, and itie substitution of ~ 742 [num simple declarations in thciTTiZTTT" he vacated his scat in par linmont „ V^^' appointed lord high conm.i ,i X" of ?ho''?'''« ian Islands, which office ho Cii ""''"'i- llo was recalled during ?he ,t,?"'" '«5. tratlon of sir Uohcrt I'eel n„H I ''"^"''"'«- unsuccessful canditate for Arin.v, *"" "» general elections of '37 nmi^mo"? ?"''<' cceded in getting returned ?n 847' ""tT the piiem above mentioned. Lord n,?'''" was the author of several othVrT ,^"«'''" "Memorials of HatnX Imf h."'''; «'s published in IHSl.wasfavoun blv n T'^'''" the Minburgb lU>view by %",:';"'' 'l in^;j^e^':i:jv^cJ'^Vi'ui,r;n/tr"^"' general in the British armV^^swl'T'- illustrious family i„ Sd? ^1-"°'^ went to Austria at the age of twelT»".„j '.' seventeen entered the Austrian »;.!•*"*''' Hbility and services procure 1 h?n> r^/ h "'' motion and r^ououl ZlnZ'^^^f ^Z made majorgenernl. Soon afior nnmli cond plenipotentiary at tho'onRrcS'',; preceded the ,„arrin«e of nS^^ Maria Ix.uisa, he refused to sign the eo^id Uons ms.sted on by X«poleon,Ld r'tu el o Knglam. He was made major-genora i in the Uritish army, «„d aftcrwa dslicmcn ' ant-general. After heinKcmpioyod on evml diplomatic missions, he rosumpd active leri ice as a soldier 111 Uli, drove the French oiit of lllyria, with Admiral Fromantle to t Trieste, and Mgaged the French in several actions, till peace was proclaimed in 1811 He contributed tothedofeatufMuratinlSls' was afterwards captain-general of the .Nea' politaii army, and in is^o re-entered* tho Austrian service, was made general in isao conimanded in Italy and Hungary in ISlti 9' and received the baton of tleldmarshal, Ht took part in the war with Sardinia under Iladetzky, and in the war with France and' Sardinia in 1H60, He was a Roman prince .Magnate of Hungary, Knight Grand Crossj r.fthe Oolden Klrere, and Knight uf many other orders. Died in Croatia, AuL-ust,' 18C2. ' . NUOKNT, THOMAS, miscellaneous writer,! was ft native of Ireland, but settled in Lon- don, where he produced numerous works. He " ) Ml LLI). and F.S.A. ; and occupied: bin in writing and compiling a virietyl of publications. Among them are, "A' French and Knglif.h Dictionary," which haj been often reprinted; "Travels throngh Germany," •> vols. ; translations of Condi! lac's Ilssay on the Origin of Human Know ledge, rresldentHiSnault'sHiitory of France, Ac. Died, 1772. NUMA I'OMl'II.IUS, second mythical king of Rome, a .'^abine by birth, and elected, according to the legends, after the death of Komulus. Wise, devout, and peace-loving, lie reigned about 4'i years, and, inspired by the nyrfiph Kgeria, bo K»»e the Romans all the institutions of their religion. The founda- tion of the g.iteway bearing the name of Janus was attributed to him, and the passage was elodcd throu({liout hie reign. It is » common error tocall this gateway the "tem- ple of Janus." About « c. 180 a pretended feivliii'4i#H''. 8h army was born of an in Ireland in i;;;. „^ thoageo twelTe.anda tho Austrian army. Hi 'procured him rapid pro irs nndin i. .,9 ho was 'I- >;"on after named sc ry at the eonKress which rin^e of Napoloon wit), •<>fusrrt to sign the Condi i r.Nupolron, and returned! icas niade major-general i 'MiiHl afterwards lieuten-i l)einKempioycd on several I she resumed active serT- 1 ' l*\^'^: Jri've the French! Admiral Fremantle tooli I ed the French in several was proclaimed in 181i hedefeatofMuratinl815, itain-Rcneralof the.Nea- in isn) re-entered the rnsniade Kencral in 1S38, y and Hungary in 13i8 9, itonoftleldmarshal, Ht var with Sardinia under he war with France and' He was a Roman princf, iry, Knight Grind Cross [ ■ee, and Knight of many ; I'd lu Croatia, Auiiust, i AS, miscellaneous writer, land, but settled InLon- duood numerous works, j nd F.8.A. ; and occupiedj and compiling a variety Among them are, "A I Dictionary," which has lied ; "Travels through ; translations of Gondii- Origin of Human Know- niiult's History of France, MU8, second mythical line by birth, and elected, ■gcnds, after the death of f nut , and peace-loving, he ■ars, and,in.spiredbythe (,';iTe the Romans all the r religion. The founda- ay bearing the name of ■d to him, and the passage liout hie reign. It is « II this gateway the "tea- 3Ut H. c. 180 a pretended num] ^ i^ciu Stnibersal )3iograpI)t). [OBE discovery was made of the sacred books of '^NUMERIANUS, MARCUS AUUEUVS, Ro- min emperor, who succeeded to the throne oii the death of Curus, his fiither, a. I». 282 ; hut was murdered by hln fiither-in-Iaw, after a rei»;n of s months. He displayed con- siderable talent Mih as a writer and an '"^NUNEZ ALVAllKZ PEUKIUA, a distin- (Tu'isheJ rortugursc commander of the Ilth century, was born about 1560. In the tioublcs which followed the death of King Tcrdinand in 1383, he took the side of Don John, elected regent of the kingdom, and was made one of his councillors of state. Kiincz served him faithfully, and was engaged in the war with the king of Castillo for about 2.5 years ; his principal exploits being tho brilliant victor- ies of Atolciror in l.Wi.of Aljubarota in Au- gust, 1583, and of Valvcrde in October of the same year. The king inado him constable, and gave liini the duchy of llraganza; and his only daughter and lieiress, in MH, married Hon Alfonso, and thus gave origin to the royal house of Hraganza. Nunez took part with distinction in the expedition against Ceuta in iilfi, retired to a monastery about U22, and there spent tho last nine years of his life in the exercises of devotion and charity. NUXEZ, PEUNAN DK OUZMAN, a knight and commander of tho order of St Jago, in the 16th century, was born at Vallatlolid, studied at Holojjna, and on his return lionio \vai*ppointed Greek professor at the uni- versity of Alcala, by .'ts founder, Curdinal Ximcnes, who also employed him on his celebrated Polyglott. He afterwards re moved to 8alamancn, where he was also np pointed Greek profes.sor ; and died in 15o;t on the works of Seneca, Pliny, and other classic anthori. /. ""u omer NUVOLONE, v;aiit,o PnANr^aco aepln- brated painter, horn In Ifios, at ^flinn", where his father was an eminent artist, and directed his studies with great success. Ho adopted Quido 8 style, and his Madonnas were hiil.lv valued. Died, 1G3I. -His brother, OFrs/rpJ NuvoLONK, also executed several fine nic- tures, particularly one of St Dominic niising a dead man to Hfe. He diid,agcdHJ, in 1703 n .V,^¥' ***•""• commonly called Mario K ^■'"'•i' a i'«'^'«*»>rated flower-painter, was born in IfinS, .-it l>enna, in the kingdom of Naples. His pictures W( re highly esteemed, and he was chosen a member of the Academy of St Luke. Died, 1()73. ^ ,ii^.n?'A/Vi"o'"*"" •^^'"'"•^nt Nonconformist divine of the Commonwealth, was horn of a good family In Sussex about 1.5!)i; }\o gradu- ated M. A. at Oxford, entered the church and after offlciatlng three years in a London paris.i he had to flee int., Holland, to escape persecution, llcturning in Kilo, he was pre sen tod by the earl of Manchester to the living of Kiinbolton, in Jluiitingdonshire. llo ac" tively promoted the taking of the Solemn I..'ai;ue and Covenant, sat in the AssemWvof Divines, and ofHciated in St Marpar'efs Uurch, Westminster, on occasion 7,f the taking of the Covenant by the two Houses of Parliament and the Assembly. Por his services he was presented to the rectory of Acton, near London. Nye took part in vari- ous other political affairs, was named one of the tryers" for examining ministers, and was one of the leaders in the assembly of Con- gregational churches at the Savoy in 1«58 Deprived of his living after the Kcstoration' he spent tho rest of his life in retirement' i, .., u„ ■ . . '"* ^'■'i» ""Ihor of numerous works niosilv His writings chiefly consist of annotations of temporary interest. Died at London, 1 "72 o. 0ATE8,Tm'S,the contriver of the lopith Plot, born about 161!t, was the son of an Anabaptist preacher ; received his education at Merchant Taylors' School, and at Cura- brldge; and afterwards entered into holy orders. In 1677 he pretended to be a convert to the Roman Catholic religion, and was ad- mitted into the society of Jesuits; but sub- s-qiiently declared himself a Protestant, and. m conjunction with one Dr Tongue gave information of a pretended popish plot for tho overthrow of the Protestant faith : falsely accused several Catholic lords, and other pi'rsons of quality, f being concerned in h,i,° I . i'*^'!''i ''^' "^ " P^PUIsf ferment. brought Lord Staff ,d, among other inno cent men, to the Bcaffold. Such was the credulity of the times, that he was rewarded with a pension of £1200 per annum, and lodged for safety at the palace of Whitehall. On the areesslon of James 11. , however, he was thrown into prison, and indicted for perjury ; and, being convicted, was sen- tenced to stand in the pillory five times a year during his life, and to be whipped from Aldgatc to Newgate, and thence to Tyburn. Though the whipping was very severely In- flicted, ho recovered from Its effects ; and, In the reign of William HI., this execrable tool of faction obtained his liberty and a pension of £400 a year. He died In 170.1. OHEllLIN, Jkkemias Jacoii, a Oemian 743 *; . "5' '11 I ,,r :i ' i [ 1 i 1 I « 1 ; 'itti 1^1 yi IF III! I obk] a iJlcU) aniutrsnl Biogrnpl)!). iintlqunrjr and phiUilnKlHt, wn« born nf Struhhurif, In 173.1. U<' brgtxn hU «:ir»Tr r» ttiu'lipr ill tlie Kynn>«»lf lilii native plHiT, nnii ftftir lu« hail cxtc ndcil lii^ know W'dS*' and rrputallon by )ii<< truvcln, ho win tr(i;isfcrnd to tho unlvrrnlty , In 1;hj ho oli- taiiird the cliair of loalc and nii'l^iplijiiicR ; to which, In IT**!, wiin ndded the oniic ofdi- rortor of tho crn)n:illNliod valuable rditlons of TacltiiK, Cu'sar, Ovid, and Horace ; and pro- duced scMTal works on arcbiroloKTt itatis- tiC!«, &f. ])M'd, l.SIMi. OIIKllI.I.N, JiAN rntDfilUC, Protestant pastor of the l!an de la Uorlic, was a brother of the preccdinij', and was born at Siratburif, in 1741). Ho wilt educated at the university of his n:itive city, and under the Intluence of deep reli^'ioii* inipre,>sions, entered the clmnh. Aficr bein); cnKMRcd honie ye.irsas private tul'>r he settled, in 17'j7, at WaM- bach, one of the villa^eH of the Han de la Itoehe, as pastor of the Han. He carried on with tlio utmost 7cal, discretion, nnd pi'r- severance the arduous task becun by his predecessor in that ottlce, of civili/iiiir, hu- manizini;, nnd (~hristlanizinR the half-bar- barous people of his dl.strict. lload-niakliiK, plantin); of timber nnd fruit trees, a^ricul- turo, and various ninniifacturinK employ- ments were introduced by his inlluencc and example. Opposition of Ijjnorance and stu- pidity gave way before ilio mild force of his teachinft and deeds, nnd the waste became fruitful, and the people industrious nnd in- structed. He did all nnd t'Ot all done rcli- Ciously ; enibodyiiiK in his life the truth that "work is woridiip." His services were re- warded With the nflTection and K'^ititude of his pj'oplo ; nnd also with honoursof another kind— the cross of the l.e^ion of Honour, nnd a ft'dd meiinl of the Itoynl A..'ricultural Society of I'aris. Oberlln married in the year after his settlement In the Han, had a Ini.re family, nnd lost his wife in \'^i ; when liOulsa Schepler, his servant and one o' his school-teachers, became his housekj'opfr. She, too, was distinguished for her piety and philanthropy. Oherlin died, June 1, Ihjk. O'HIMKN, WII.I.I.\M S.Mrill, one of the most noted leaders of the so called Natior.al Party of Ireland, wasof nn Illustrious family whose descent is tniced back to Itrian Ho roihme, the kinx of Ireland, who fell at the battle of Clontarf, in lull. He was born in 1803, received his education at Harrow School and Trinity ('olleffe,(;ambridKe, nnd in 182B he was elected member of parlia- ment for Knnit. In lH;i3, he bcc.ime member lor Limerick, nnd sat for that town thirteen yenrs. Although he started on his political life as a Tory, nnd distinKuisheU hi^nself ns the opponent of Daniel O'Connell, at the famous el( tion for Clare, he passed Kra- dually OTi 1 . • the "extreme left," and wnsthe associate and zealous supporter of" Youiik Ireland." He was one of the deputation fW)m the Irish Confederation to the Uepub- lican guTernmenl of France, in IttlS; vehe- mently opposed in the H^lii;j;"^77Z;;: pnssinn of a Coercion 111 nmi „J^ """" "'" arrest by the lord llemenL, " ^ '''^"M "f an insurrection, by ^" ,', [,1''^ '''"J''l Dublin. In Julv under l. V ^ 'l"'"ii'« insurrcctionbeiVnatMul in. "''""''''' tl.e...thtaok,!^:,ce^he'i^C^^^^^^ he widow Cormac'H n,Z7i>M ;'''!'' nsurKentsattackin«therotrRo^'^.r^^^ il he cablMKoscarrylnK on ir eV; „ beslcKod. Ollrlei. Med, hi, e , : " ' "' pcrscd, wounded, or kll ...I ami hoi ''"• tlon was over. 'After lii.li, ,'. .r^^''^- nmonK the mountains, Ollri, ««!.«,.;.""; atThurl..srailway.staii,m v^, f' i''*''''' ot Dublin, and In Septen. ktw. , .f,?""^''' Mra«her and Mac .>Ianus,,.;'i; ;;■;'••' mission. They were c.uWc cd S '"• son, nnd the usual sonteiuiM « pt t,^^^* thein tobeh;.n«ed.dr:uvn,an,;«'^.Zi ut it was coininute.l to tninsnc r -iiim life. In Van Dieni.-ns I and M • • I "' displayolhi.,,n,.hfulandi;o„iM r racter In tlrst refusinR to promise ■, , would not try to escape, an.lafiorw ,r 1 ,„ Kmadesuehftpro■„iM^lnf,,■,h,■„|,U ; H.-f, and afier travelling for a timo, h r turned to Iicland. He died at llanVr n„ the iHth June, 1H(;1, and Ids rcn aiH wm. removed to his ii,,f ivo conntrv OCCAM, or OCKHAM, Wiu.u.M.nnrni-. lish monk and scidasiic philo.sopheruf tho nth century was n native of ijckhnm, in Surrey; studied nt Meiton CollfRc, Oxford under tlie celebrated Duns Scutiis; and oh' taiurd the name of" tho invincililc doctor " He wrote nuainst Pope John XXlI.,wtioln i he treated as a heretic, nml joined the ami- i' pope, Nicholas V., set up 1-y tlie Kinporor!| Ix.uU of Havaria. For this he Man e\com-i! municated, nnd ho died in |;U7. As a philo 'I sopher Occam opposed the doctrinci of his i master, Scotus, and becanic liie licail of the ' so-called Nominalists. Anioii« liis worksisH a " Siimina totius I.oKicie." I OCHINCS, or (K.'IIINO, liF.RNARmNO.'i nn Italian monk, was born at Sicnn.i, in ' HS7. His ehKiuc'iice was bo much adniirr(|,|j that Pope Paul III. m.nde him hi.sconfesMir. | Ochinus, however, emiiraced the doclrinos I i of I.uther, and went tlist to Geneva, aiijji next to liiiKland, where he obtained a pre- bend in Canterliury e.itiiedral ; hut on the accession of (lneeii .Mary ho retired tn Str.is- burp, whence ho n'moyid to Zurich, and he- came minister of the Italian (hurchjiut was hnnishc' in I'li.:), for writinsf his dialo- Kues in defence of polyifamy. He then went to Moravia, where he joined the Soiinians, but died of the plague the year foUowinir He wrote the " Imajtc of Antiehrist," and several other controversial boiiks, OCHS, Pktku, chancellor and (trand tri- bune of the canton of lla»fl, was Imrn in 1740; and haviii); tiiiishrd his aendeniiral studies, was soon dIstiiiKuished for his Icital and political knowiediic. In 17!»'i ho was chosen to assist in vaiious important nct'O- tintionsiind in or^faiiizini.' n constitution fur Knsel, undir the intluence of 1 ranee. Ho wns a mcintier .. n.MV Hclvrtic I vrrnmont.whi.'h suhdUtrd till tl..' return nf (he JloiirboMS In M I. Me was nutlior of -' llistoire (Ic In Vllle et ^ V.1..1. ».. .■■. ■■, lijjnity of baronet, and a pension of ipcranmiMi. Died, 1H2.?. UuKllAM, AVn-MAM. [OCCAM. 1 OC'KLKV, Sl.MON, a learned divine nnd oiiinciit orientalist, was born at JOxcter, in lt'i;»,and ediiciilid nt dueen's CoIleKO, Cani- liiiilgf. Ill 1"('5 he wa.s in-esentod to the viear.iRe of Swavesey, in famhridKeshire ; in 1711 he was ( hosen profe.'.sor of Arable ; and died in inditfciice, in 172i'. His most important work i.s the well known " History of the Sarnconn," wliich appinred In 2 vols., in 1708 and 171H. His other works are, " In- troductio ad Mntfuas Orientnles, I'he Im- provement of lliiinan Iteason.or the Life of H,ii Klin Vok'dliani," translated from the Arabic, &c. O'CO.VNKI.L, 7)ANrKr„ of Derrynnnn Ab- ])i>y, the (jrcat Irish " Agitator," or " Mber- ator.'ns bo deliijhted to stylo himself, was the son of a small landed proprietor In the county of Kerry, where he was born, Auff. (J, 1"5. Ediieated at the Catholic College of St Omer, nnd at the Irish seminary nt Douny, heat tirst intended to enter the church, but after the repeal of the act which prohibited Roman Catholics from practising at the bar, he became a student of Lincoln's Innin 17m, was admitted a barrister In l";t8, and soon .icqiiircd a large practice, which yielded him a handsome income. In IHo'j he became con- nected with the associations which had the emancipation of the Catholics for their ob- ject, anil the powers of ehxiuencc, together with the boundless zeal which ho displayed i in this cause, soon made him the Idol of his i Catholic, and the dreiul of his I'rotostant, tuuntrymen. The vehemence with which lie denounced the wrongs of his country nnd Il its so-called "oppressors" frequently in- j Tolved him in personal rencontres with his ; political opponents. In 1H15, havlni? applied i the epithet "beggarly " to the Dublin cor- Iporation, bo was challenged by Alderman d'Esterre, who icM'iitcd it as n personal in- sult. The chalJeugowas nc;epted, but the iMcrmin fell. The same year Mr O'Con- iiiicll ruieived a hostile messa^-e from Mr lirccl,tlien gecretary for Ireland; but their i'mcetinK was prevented bv the police who had htained knowledge of ibe affair ; nnd MrO(onnell s(^on niterwards resolved that lie would theiiceforward neither send nor i '"?."* f'.">"'"Bo fur any injurv that he Sh ."./"/'"'''''■• " "-csolntion to which he stedfastly adhered. Several vear« elapsed before Mr (.'Connells co„tiniied effort* for the enfrunehl^ement of the lrl«h Cntholle, were fojloxved by any adeouate rc- Hhpll. he founded a new Catholic n,srela- tion. which soon extend.-d over the wUolo of Ireland, and from that period down to his decease, hl» personal history U l.lentl ned with that of Ireland. In isjH.stlmulntrd by his friends, nnd "encouraged by the strongest assurances of support, Mr O'Con- nell resolved, notwiihstandinir that ex|«tlnff disabilities precluded all hopes of legal suc- cess, to become a candidate for a se.it In parliament ; nnd a vacancy having occurred In the representation of the county of CI irc ho was nominated in opposition to Mrfafter- wnrdi Lord) Fitzgerald, who had represent- ed that county for many years. A most vio- ent contest ensued, perhaps unparallelea In the history of electioneering. Hut Mr Fitzgerald's own connections, the Influence of the government, and the power of the getitry, were unavailing against the ardour anddoterin nation of Mr O'Connell'g f,i,.nds; and on the ,Mh of July, lH2H.hc was returned el rtors. He lost no time in presenting him- self at the table of the House of Common, and expressed his willingness to take theoatli of anegiance ; but. refusing the other oath.s. in tlTe nr:":r'*,*° "'"""'^'^v. mscussion in the House and arguments at tho bar en- sued ; the speedy clo.se of tho session, how- ever precluded any practical result. Apifa- tlon throughout every part of Ireland now assumed so formidable a character, that mln- .si>.r. apprehended a civil war, and early In he next session the lloman Catholic Kellef 111 was introduced and carried. Mr O'Con ?': , ''•'■"'; therefore, in the moath of April. IH >'j, enabled to sit for Clare without taking the objectionable oath.s; but itwasmces^ sary that a now writ should issue, under which he was immediately re-elected At the death of George IV., Mr O'ConneU with- drowfn.m the representation of t'larc, nnd was returned to the new parliament for the county of Waterford. In the House of Coi^ mons elect d m lH31,he sat for his nXo county (Kerry). Duldin. the city in wl .h thegrea er part of his life was spent, enjoyed mi«,7''''r '"''•"•<'P'-f'«>"tativo Iron. 1H32 till IK.IO. when he was petitioned nsainst nnd uiisented. after a long contest, before a com- mittee of the Housi- of Commons. He then for some time represented Kilkenny; but at the general election in 1m;. he was once more returned for tho city of Dublin, and in had thus a seat In tho House of Commons fur IS years. In , several parliaments, and for .. diirerenl constituencies. In IHJI he was elected lord mayor of Dublin. The return of the conservatives to power in the autumn of that year was the signal for renewed ngi- tation in Ireland. In the following ye.ir a repeal of the union was demanded by every parish and hamlet in Ireland; and in lW;j .'■',?"?'.';,'■ '"••t'"'iKs'were held on the royal' r^ ..".r xr';,"'\""' t-"'"-'-'"!' "I" KiUlare. the rnth of Mullaghmast, and other renowned localities. A meeting for Cloiitarf was fixed for the Hth of Oct., when the government'ln- icrrerod, and prosecutions were commenced Ui " ' ml i I • oco] ofp((.o «„,! ,., ,„. l.ni.rUonr.l for u yvnr. n.li j,„lKinriu wan i.fti'i«ur.U n'V.rwd by tli.« Home of l,onU. but Uic pro.ofmion JiKl anitw.Tcil iiN pur|)o»f,oroiincir» credit as n politiolim wan In.puircHl.nnd the co»ti of hi* . pfenco hiul nci-rl) .'xh.iu.tcU tlio fund* ?! I'..'. ,"'••'«"»' VHMxiatl.Mi. Tiw rotuin of the W hiK* lo puwoi- In iMiii. niid Mr o <'on nrlli avowed adhrrt me to llii'm.lntro.lueed diMoniilon amoiijj thorn- with whom, for .Vi rrnrn, he had iiossosMa ' a voice potrntiaj ' llje oppo»ition which aforetime he could put down with It Jem, or nwe Into illence with a frown, now Irrli itcl and nubdued hint Me retired from tlie iirenn of strife, and coin nicnccd a pllgrlmaxr in 1H17, more for devo lion Ihnn forhcalili. towards Home, but he had proc< edi'd no farther than (lenoa, when with lomparalively little sufTerinif, he ex' plred, in his 72nd year. Ilii heart wan em- balmed, and carried forward to Itome, and hU body was brought to Ireland f.ir Inter- ment. " To (Trent abilities, niurvellous ac tlvlty and eneriry, and nn extr i .rdinary nifl of popular eUxiuence, he united a thorouuh kniMvledKe of and identitlcatin i with the Irisih character. Ily tbe*e tiualiile.M, and by lonn service on behalf of the riKhts of h\» }loman Catholic fellow-cillzen,), he obtained and nearly to the last retained, an almost supor-huninn power over the great body of the Irish people. Itut even If we should .id- iiilt that he wa-. a patriot at heart, and thai he had noble .lesires for hlfi country's welfare it ft but too inanlfc5t that ho was altoKciher c.ireleshasto the means for accomplishing his ends. 111! political life was tiUKeu throuKh- out with the policy thai distinguUhed that danRerous ordt r in which his rellKion has found at times her ablest but ino-t nnscru- ^ iHcto etnib crsM Dtoornp^iB. prerented fle»h clyll vJZ "; --—^ ""lIVrinK. of 11. v|c,rmr"i^'''^'*l^iUe.iipt and ••riielty, .',,'.'",'*'« *ltli «--n,panyhlm.-yh.:;:;-^t,«|jM.<.,o '•ihrouKhtupttllir^, miserable end,an„ •Iren as her own. T ad ■ III* rhil- tiren as hcrown. To jiii i. . ,P '"""» ihi|. »u.i.'<^ar the name of h e U ""pn/,""' '*'""'l Ji'Hl.ii.r. II. ""^"^ 'on mentioned, shc Prinecthe In.sband of Sn i?.!l u"'"'" "overeUn .f IVilniyrn „?/;?''•''"'' calls., of tlie lloinan; „ »i, i' '^''"'"*"'' "'i' I'crsla; di.featc I Napor '"''""''»" *ilh ».y tJnllienu., to partripuct;"' "'''"'"''' authority. I|,. »ias S! „ '"^ '"'P'"''''' ^,.MMOH..vLc,ii, ;;;^^Si^';iS. "o-l fortune to uU ..''•7'"^'' •>'' ''""■ was br.>therb: rope' n.::,S\r?h^„o."" •; '""» many hi„h diRiiiti.' i„ t-heS'^^ ";^:.'h!::i:i;Sf!^"r'ji;:!?-r^N;o: diMrrentnatlonH,th,'e vrr/mnn!'',''"''^"f hu house into an ho.p|,..l {.AllrTc^t pulou. Champions: The l-MV^nof biHm: ' t'nZiTum\:i^'Z''''r'r ''^" were frittered away in the pursuit of au im- ' ber"f tailors Zntai^Wir"^ ndhlslast moment, were I for t h. ) " ?. V.^^" ?V''y 'n making elotho practicable object; and his last moments wen embittered by the spectacle of his unhappy country torn by political dihsennlons which he had mainly (ostcred, and KroaniiiK under a load of pestilence and famine. The only substantial literary achievement with wbicb his name w.is connected are his " .Uenu.irs of Ireland." Died, 1M7. A statue of O Con nell, by Foley, is to be erected in DuliUn OCONNdK, CllAKi.Krt, a learned Catholic elerjcyman, who for many years was a resi dent in the family of the duke of Jlucklng ham, at (Stowo, as librarian lo that noble man. He was the nuthorof " The letters of Columbanus." 2 vids. , a ' Narrative of the most Interesting Kvents In Modern Irish History, " and a collection of the ancir-nt Irish Chronicles ; his studies having been chiefly directed to the elucidation of the history ond antiquities of Ireland He died in 182M, at IlalllnaBar, the seat of his bro- ther, th<« O'Connor Don. OCTAVIA, sister of Augustus, renowned for her beauty, purity of character, and practical wisdom. Hbo was first tnarried to Marcellus, a noble It, man of consular dig nity, and soon after his deaih, H r. 40, to Mark Antony. This marriage, it was hoped, would strengthen thenci- alliance between OctaTlus, her brother, and Antony, her hus- band ; and her influence more than once tor the objects of bis bounty. If in'iiiVnA.' hecJ.„nced,oob,,.rvo«fo'J„'^.S r he would stop, take him into his canS' and .onvy l.iin to bi. n,«n,ion. Ah,' ileal h, in 11,70, i„, left all his property to the support of the ho«pltal. ui)i:.srA I.CHI, T..MASO, another ma, ber of the same family, who was almoner to I'ope Inno.cnt XI. In imitation of ii,p preccdiuK, be gave hinisolf up to w„iu! "/ 1 ',':'^^ '■•''■'•'''ving that in the hospital or M (.all there were a number of ehiMnu destitute ofcducai' >u, he conceived the idea! of ( recting an asylum for their reeeption ; i which be .'arrled into execution, beginuinj with 3H children, who were Instructed, .ind ' brought up to industry. The number soon I; increased, through the liberality of I'opc In- p nocent, to 70; and. in Kihd, 'ihoinas Odes- ■ calchi laid the foundation of a larjic lioj- i pital for the education and emplopuentof ^ poor children in weaving doth. This pious li prelate died in Itj'ji, and left considerable ij funds for the support of his insiitution.to I, which he gave the name of fit Michael de • llipogrande. (•Itr.VAl'.UK, JosKPHfs DiONlsius, a distinguished Ilelalan painter, horn at Hru/i-fcs In 177M. He utiidied in the Academy of i>-'jge«, becainu afterwards a pupil of Darid at I'aris, won the grand pri?e in 1801, 74« "k, wlio devoted his Um po nn.,n,uXI.,whaoff 1' JiRnltie, in the ch> .■, iK'iiKli Komo contniiK'd so-' 'r the relief of the poor of I ^tlTie were many strangers ;•";;)•"". in any of thorn I ;^' to take shelter in the !<"*. the porticos of palaces insofthecity.hDconvcrteJ I hospital f.,r the reception I i without distinction. Here I licds, and employed a num- i Mtuiitly m niakinif clothe) I Ills bounty. Ifinhisri.lM '«!rvo ft forlorn wanderer iikr him into his carriiife, 'f y> lii« mansion. At his ■ left all his property to the ■ »pitnl. i , To.MASo. another mei.i liimlly, who was almoner ; XI. In imitation of the < ivn himself up to Wdiul ■ivinK that in the hospital fere a number of chil.lnn ' I ni, he conceived the iilea! ylurii for their reception ; into execution, beginnin;' : who were instructed, and' lustry. The number soon I; 1 the liberality of I'opcln-Jl il. ill Kihd, Thomas Odes-:' uiiilation of a larfjc his- 1 •ation and employment of; I ■eavinR cloth. This pious ii «■-', and left considerable i| port of his institution, to I, le name of St Michael deij OPiJ ^ P.cbi Stn^Ucrsnl ISIogrnjjl)^, .1 A win lent to RoniP, " lirri' h<> spent rldht He w.UHfterwiirJ.inaini'il pnlntcr to \VilIiam I , klnu of the Nt-thcrlniidi, and I kniifl't of the Mon of the NrtherlaniU. AmonK hln moit celuhrntrd pftlntlnK* nrr— the Death of I'hoilon, the Coronntlon of ChurlcmaKiiP. Hramnnto liitrodueiiijf llnf fnellc to Julius 11., Ilottio of Nlpiiport, TrliLTiph of Clmabne, Ac. DIod, IH.'tO. ODINOTON, Wai.tf.I1, eallcd Walter of I J'lTCsham, Wft" a monk of that monastery In I Worcesterihlrr, and lived in the reign of Henry HI. He wnn im nNtrononier, inn- themnticlan, nnd niUBiclan ; on cneh of which subjects he wrote trentlscn. "l)o Motlbus Planefarum etde Mutatlone Ai'rla" is attributed to him , nnd I)r Ilnrney oh- servcs of hli treatise entitli'd " f)f the Spe- culation of Music," which It pr«>»('rvea In the library of llene'i ColleRe, CnnihrldRe, "that if all other muiienl triu'ts from the 'timeofHoethius to Franco and John Cotton were lost, with this MP. our knowledge would not be much diminished." 01)0, 8t, a celebrated abbot of Clujfni, in France, was born at Tours, in 879, and died about 943. He introdnced the most rigorous discipline into his order, ob?aiii"d a hlKli reputation for sanctity and wisdom, nnd wrote several books. ODO, archbishop of Canterbury In tho inth century, was the son of n Ilnnlsh chief- tain, who took part in the invasion of Knif- land in 870. Converted to Christianity and i pcr>ecutPd by his father, he was adopt(' t ''II li t .1 i. . OEO] Wire to rule Jolntl*. Odonrrr wm ii.M..rnntcd by lila con.iuon'r' tR iflciD Ihxiiit Hut »rttr K few diijri Marrh, 4!»3 trlou«(icrmiiiir.f<.rniir.,wiMbi:u,(ii„u,;r.(iiui!,TiAN.nnrmlnrnt phytliliin and botunUf, wa* born at Am- pach, ill i:iH. uo studlod at «;attln»ron undor Hall.r. by whoM. Int.n st he broaino profoMor of botany ut CoponhaRon ; but. on account of Ills Intimacy with tho unfortu- nnic 8trucn»rp, he wni oblJRod to retiro to Oldrnburif, where bo dlod in 1791. Hit principal work is," ilora I)anlca,"3 toU. J*K"J'^?'f^"^"^^"'-"' ^"AM.tbe mo.t criebratrd dramatic poet of Kcandlnaviu wat Imni r.t Cop* .ihaKon, 1777. When ttlll ■ child ho evincrd jfrcat i>kill In wrltlnir irorici; and oven in his !»th year ho wrote •hort romodies for private tbiatrlcaU in which the chief perlorniors were liimsolf, bii sister, and a friend. Those and sltiiilur I attempts created tho wish to go upon the stage; and when he was In his 17t:i j year he put his design in execution. Hut , ho soon found that the Mnge was not in ' unison with his inclinaiiims . .ind hoaban- i dolled it Wrht fur the Mudy of law.nnd after- j wards for general literature. In Ihoj be I left Copenhagen with a stipend from the Danish government on a lengthened tour through (Jormany and Italy, and on bit ri'turn.ln iHln. be was appointed to the chair of Hi.thetle« in the university of Conen- ha^en, where be laboured assiduously till hU death. His earli. .-t works were "com p, Hans (•iihI'^tian. the dis- coverer of electro magnetism, wjs born in Uenmark, in 1777. When twelve yeura of '"'•works wl.lei;.r;t ,1 :".''':' "'" ""•" covory of ele.tr ng , sin '' ," «^""<1 1'l' honourable l-'sUmoiii, u .,rL' "?"«" nnj hini from ev, ry s lie m'?,""""''* '» upon H.'rted him „J tle|V'n?^j,,7"7'''Kiori,.: dal.and tho Institute of '.,,! ^"'''''y -Me !:!v:r'')!!!''-y"^>-'«>cd;nie.;;::i!!.-.'« land, and at the meetJiiLr„f ,i, o ,','"' '■"(? •■'"""•» l-ld at Nm. ammo /'''''^"«• N r .lohn Herschel. in i"C e 'o ?' '""■ dlHCovery. used these worri'- t ' '''I'"'' trie telegraph, and othr - ■ ^'"' '^'^ this prophetic anticipation ImZ roJ^M iMi'i in ,55. He made wjir on Krnt and ^\ essex Invailed Wales, and in 77^ ,"j Z 0(il,, a Creole of St Domingo, who at the CommeneeiiM.nt of tlie Irencli revolution an-.iirs, was there admitted into tlip society of Amis des Noirs, or rrirndsof tho Svgtm r»"o ^""•'y,""''-'"'!. though inc.ff.Tttially,' ,. r„.!l"., "f ' A«"enil.|y to grant to nic-n of olour the rights of e.iuality. UcturninKto his native Island in 1730, with a (lelcrmina- i.on to elTeet by force what was denied to his solicitations, he issued a proclaniaiion, inviting nil the people of colour, 3^ well as the negro slaves, to join him. .\t first tlie nsurgenti demandiU nothing but what wai | Just,— freedom and political cqualitv; but' their cause was soon dis:.'riired l>y criiiicHof ' the most atrocious deitcriiitiun. These, how- ever, wore not attiilmialile so mueh to Ou*, as to his lieutenant, Cliavannes, a lan- (fulnary wretch, who deligliied in deeds of violence. At length they wercovernowered by tho regular troops sent ngains. them 741 '"'I 111 i:ii '•*'>'> """•"■•l toil ,h'^" '■■■'"'«••-'"= «•'■'« «ave to tho nln rllllnntcaroer ,r?'l ,Many|n„rnedi, ;:: '"''";" tho oopiom;' '"Kn'fnt,prp,o„,,,d,,7„; '' '"^'i ».(«vi,i,,,rK I; rfffroncctohUKrimi "T «on,lor, of,,,. «' ore cffirveOTne,, ^ 'Icrprrcondltedi,. ^ I'm lihriaiPd, „„j '"■'."'"■"•""Vh.; If wire to cliar.it If' iiilvuiitane of ocr«. "''« ,ff«"-'l lilin ni a •''•"litiM fom hcavrn fifw ( lop, deiightfm' (f to the heart." How ''""';■" 'wnrcalizcil On lilH return to C). •'J to labour in hi, rifd with cxcursiong I illlici anil literature I "kplaeeinlHJi. hj, bi'tn trantlutcd into in.hucoee-led Kthel- ' war on Kent and t, unit in 7:;i |i;n| ,1^, 'laik I leeda In tho hollow ol liU liali.l, aii.l i kvi'ivU I them Willi 11 »'"•'" •I'lwi't"*' wlil'li «*iru white, ho then ^lll)ok them tont-tlKT, and the former reniainlnif iippenii.""!, lie tx- cLiimed to hl« JiidKi'i". ' A ..en; ui'i' thtt while*?"— nil Inijiri'rtlvu ulIrK'iry, whicli wa« filially verlMcii In tho »ulmiiui'nt rcvo- luilnnln that colon). (KJdlONK, or I'UfJIONK, MAKCO l>A. Kalian painter, !ioiii uhout 1 170. IIu In now cliledy remeiiilicred for his copy of tlic "I.ait Hupper" of Leonardo dit Vhul, of whom he wa« one of tho niotl diiitlnKUi»tii'd pupiU. In eoiueijiieiife of tho dceoy of llio oriKlnnl picture, tiii» copy li of Kr«'»t viilup. I It wuaexucuted fiiraconvi ntnt I'uvin iiliout 131(1, whilu the pulnJliiK wan itilt lUTfeot, I and it now In the Uoyul Aeadpniy, (.ondon. Ogglunc worked both iu franco iind in oil, and wui mteenii'd onn of the bcit of thu Mllaneic p.ilnteri!. Died, IWO. OOILltY, Joil.v, minccllanioui writer, wat burn at KdinburKh, iu l)i(iu. Ho ho- came « teacher of daneiUK, in tho iiractlic of which he contracted a lanu iieii«. On k'*- ing to Ireland with tho earl of Hirufford, he was made deputy niaitcr of tho revtlt in tbut kingdom, and he built a theatre at Dublin; but in tho civil war he lost all his property. After sutrerinKKrentvleUHltudii, he returned to l^OKland, and letllcd itt CombridKC, where he publithcd a trunila- tion of Virnil. At tho uko of ii he leariit Greek, and publinhed in KifiO u trunsluiiim of tho Iliud, which wai followed by tho Oilysscy in ItiOV While at CinibrldKo, ho edited a superb ImprcBtion of the Hiblo, for which be was remunerated by the Kouge of Lords, and, In 16tll, ho was appointed to conduct the poetical part of the ooronntioii pajteantry. He was also restored to hit place lufmasterof the revels in Ireland, where ho i anain built a theatre. In London, after the [great lire, ho erected a printluK ollico, uiid I was appointed kind's tcimoKrapher ; in [which capacity he published several volumes juf»lar(fe atlas, and nn account of the jjieat 'and crobs roads of thu khiKdom, from his own actual survey. Hied, lOTO 1 OGLKTHOlll'i;, JA.MK8 KnvAUl), an I Knglish general, was the sot. of Ki.- Theophl- jlui Oglethorpe, of aodaliuing, Surrey, and iwaiborr, in Loudon in 16'.iH. lie served ; under Prince iCugeni-, and, in 173,1, distiii iguished himself by Iiih exertions to found the colony of UeorKia, lor which he obtained the royal charter. In 1745 lie was promoted lotherunkof maiur-general, and was sent awinst the Hcottish rebels, but did not over- mke them, for which ho was brought to ii I courtinarlial, but was honourably ac.^'"*."nd wasut w...., .7," •""'"'^•'"<' 'lis an unuer Mel h or at Frankenthal.ho spenttwoye rs "> Italy, studyinjj ,he remain, of a.u-ien" OJedii and Vespucci mail.- n second voyoue together, but on reaching the gulf of iJuha a mutiny broke out, and OJeda wat put in V,T- "" "''"• ''■" '" «"M".niola. l^ut n I. on was uKa.n called into servlio by the wUb .'.ho '"Vi"' •'^'0'"''"" ^'""^ associated ni„ / ." ''y. ""'••»'»rds separated, and tj eda founded tho town of St Sibas iu \>uut of provisions compelled hin to em-' burk for liispuniola. and soon after wo •„ died'thero'"'''''"'''' ""'^ ^'""I'Poiutme.it, Lc OKi;i:i'i:,.loiiM,a eelebrated dramatist was born at Dublin. In 17.H, and w«* "rigi , ally intended for the profession of u pnlnTer but his taste for theatrical amusements In- terfered with hi. studies, and he obtain d an engagement ut the Dublin theatre lie continued to perform in that city and In tho prov.ncla towns, for l> years, asucomedlan, with consideruMe sue. .ss. Hi, ambition to figure us an author led |,i„, „t the age of 1 j o attempt a comedy iu tlve acts. Among his e.irly produeiions wata kindof hisii i„nle monologue. ealUd "Tony Lumpkin's Ituii- I. .. through Dublin." which airorde.l I in abundant scope for tho exhibition of I, toad humour, and was received with api.l.iu.se not only in Dut.lin. but at the lluyi.uke ■M,'""';i ';?''"!'• ''" '''f' '^•■'«"'« '«l"'i 1.80. with tho view of obtaining an engaHc- ment in London ; but, as he did not suiTtn-d he applied himself to dramatic c<.mi.osition and between I7HI and 171)8 ho .rodueed mZI* f;«";">-edie,, comic operas, and farce. Many of these aciuired a tlrttterin({ popu- larlty, and some still keep possession of tiie stage, among them are " Wild Oat.s," the fastle of Andalusia." the " Agreeabl > 8ur^ prise." the " I'oor Soldier." " I'eepi g Tom " the •• Young Quaker," Ae! In iZZSe who wa. then blind, and had been reduced stage to deliver u poetical uddressof hisowii composition, in which humour and pathos were very happily blended. Ilesubsequently published his " Kecolle-tlons. • or Autoblo- graphy; and died, at Southampton, in hit ll\^J'?\- ''i '*'''^- A portrait of OKeefe. ?.?.'"•/■'*?„'•'•"'<■''»''"' *» '" «•«" Natio.ia I ortrait (ialUry. 7M '«l^H! : ' . f ■ I t M • f : i !i 1 1 1 : oke] OKKN, LoRKNv;, a distinguished Swiss physioloRist and naturalist, born in 1773, was educated at tlie unlvirsity of Otlttingcn, and after tvaehin;; medicine a short time at .lena, was appointed professor of natural history nt Ziirieh. In philosophy hi" was a trnnscendontrtllst of the school of Sehellinu, and he wes Kuided by the principles of that philosophy in all his studies and observa- tions of nature. The worli on wiiich his re- putati:)n mainly rests is the " Elements of IMiyslo-l'hiloiophy," as the Kiigltgh trans- lation published by the Hay Society is en- titled, or " l.ehrbnch der Nutur-l'luloso- phie," according to the original title. To an observation and suggestion of Okcnls owing the origination of the theory of " Unity of Organic (Composition," which was worked out to such grand resiilts by (Jeoffroy Saint- HUalre, and Professor Owen. To Okeu iil. beiongs the merit 'if the first buggestion of the Uevelopaie'it of animal forms by cell- growth, licsidcs the work above-named he was author of a treatise on Generation, and editor of" Isis," a journal of natural history, for thirty years. Died at Zurich, August II, 1851. OLAF8EN, EaoKiiT, a learned Icelander, who ftudird at Copenhagen, after which he returned to his native island, wliii li he tra- velled over repeatedly in company with his fellow-student Itiarne V.iulsen. The result of their observations wa.-. printed at Copen hagen in 2 vols. 4to, 177J. »)laf8en was then appointed a niagistn'te in Iceland -here he devoted much nf '.lis time to natural history and poetry ; but, about four years before his death, he applied almost wholly to the study of the Scriptures. He was drowned with his wife in crossing the >lreidafiord in 177(5. o LAV IDES, r.wi, ANTONIO Jose, Count de, was born in 172.^, at Lima, in Peru, but was edurated at M.iurid. Charles III. created bim a eottnt, and appointed him in- tendatU of the province of Andalesia. He undertook the great work of frrtilizing the Sierrii Morena, ■><• the lllack Mountain ; and by his p<"r»everanie, an.l the eoloniesof tier- mans In' brought thither, il became the sent of aKrieullural and commercial industry. Notwitustanding the benefits which this worth.v man hud thust rendered his country, he fell'into diHgraet , WHS charged with he n >y, triea b) the merciless tribunal of t lie In(iui»itiun, and condemned (o eight years' iDiprisonmeut in a mon.iNtery, and to be incapable of all public employment ever after. He ^lontrived to escape from the eon- vent, and took refuge in I'rance, whither monasllc hate pursued hii.i, and he wax forced to seek an asylum at (icaeva After the death of Charles III. ho wa< ptrmilteu to return to I'rance. He resided there at thcri'volution ; nnd, undo the Ueign of Ter- ror, he was imprisoned at Orleans, hut. wts released after the fall of lluN'S'plerre. He employed t>ie period of his confinement, and his iubsequent leisure, in writing a wi.rk, entitled " The Triumph of the (lospel ; " and the lealots who had persecuted the author, assuiMing the merit of bt;vlng < onverted .Mm, obtained hi* reiai! to ; r if. fif sir W.ilfpr Ualoiffh." mlllV works, 01 Wnicii mi; luii'r .. ...,, ...v v.... Spal : "the Life of Sir Walter llalci^h," ''The British Librariau," a useful coiif^.bu- tion to bibliography, and more valued now t an formerly, "The Universal bpectator , " besides several Lives in the HioRraphia «ri- tinniea, Ueneral Dictionary, Ac. omKIl'S. or (KLSCIILAKOKR, Adam, •in eminent traveller, was lioin in 1599, at Ascher'^Iehcn, in Anhult. He received his p^ucationat Leipsic ; after which ho became secretary to an embassy sent to Uussia and Persia by the duke of Holstein. On his return' the prince made him his librarian and keeper of his museum. He was an able mathematician; wrote an account cf his "Travels," a " Chronicle of Holstein," and other works Died, 1671. OLIVA, GIOVANNI, an eminent antiquary, was born in 1689, at Kovigo, in the state of Venice. He became, successively, professor of ethics at Azzolo, socretarv to tho con- clave at Kome, and librari- to Cardinal (icKohan, at Paris, where he died in KflT. Ho published a treatise "On the Study of Medals," and another " On the Progress and liciiyof Learninj,' among the Kouiaiis," Ac. vLIYAllEZ, UA.srA;i Uuz.MAN, Count, ];uke of, an eminent Spanish statesman, »;is born, about 1.587, at Homo, whither hi.s father had been sent on an embassy to Pope Si.'ctus V. AVhen I'hilip IV. succeeded to the crown, the management of public affairs was intrusted wholly tu 01iv.,rez, and he enjoyed, (luring a period of'.':' years, almost uiibounded authority. The domestic atfairs of the kingdom he conducted with much success; but in foreign aflairi he wa.s con- stantly thwarted by the boldergenius of tho French miui.'iter Kichelieu, and had the mortilieation to witness the separation of I'ortu^'al from the crown of Sjiain, and the lo>s uf liia/il and other foreign colonics, whicii fell into the hands of the J)uf''h. In conseiiuinic of these mislortiinc.i the king was p>luctantly forced to di.sniiss hii.i in i6i3, and he died .soon after. A tlno portrait of Olivarez, by Vol,i/(iU(/, was exhibited at the hrilish Institution in I8t!|. OLIVKK, UKOU<,K, ]).!)., a learned and diligeiu antiquarian, born February '.), 17K1, «;is educated at Sed^lt y Park and Stony- hur>t t'olhge, and admitt;il into h >ly orders •I the church of Kome in I806. In the fol- |''i«i;;f;ycar he was appointed to the Uomun jt'.itliolicmis.sion in thccitv of Kxcver, where ^ lie continued to lesiUe for ttlty-Ilve years lii^'hly esteemed by his IVUow eiti/eii.s. In aJdition to the duties of his office, he was niilefatif?able in studying the history and .i!iii(|uiiirs of Lxeter and Devon. His ■ Historical CollectionH relating to the Mon- Mteries cf Devon," pi.blished in Ih'iO. was Mlott-ed by the " History of Kxeter," and luaiiy other works, iiui the work by which lio IS most widely known is the " Moiias t.wn l:^iocesis Lxoniensis," published in H, and to which a supplement was printed 1 „„.r„ . 'i'. .". ' "»''s''-l »■! wruina 111 uty of Lxeter, and the first portion compr,.Mng the " I.ives of tho lilshopsund* [OLY HLstory of the Cathedral of P etcr " an reared shortly before his l.-ath ; tl e ''• Civil H.stn.y of the City " remains'to be ,. ,b lished as a companion volume He Vii.H March 23, 1861, ««ed 80. "" '''^'^ born in 1856. He was a pupil of Hilliard and was employed to paint the portraits of nuany royal and noble persons of his time His m niaturcs were painted in a style of exquisite beauty, and are very highly valued and ho also executed some good historical pictures. Died. I617.-His son, PktfA OLi VKit, who died about 1664. was also an ad- mirable portrait painter, and, like his father executed also some historical pieces Ho wa.i much employed by Charles I ' OLIVET JosKruTiiOLi.iKU )V, a learned eritie, was born at .Salins, in Prance, in 1682 He entered into the society of .lesutts. Lt left them to lead n retired lifoat Paris whern h.' ^ya.s admitted a member of the French Academy, and was employed to write a con- is"rif;:ntif„"f r-^'"''^. "'* ^'-^^^-^ ^""^ Abb.^ Olive also published translations froni C cero and Demosthenes, executed in a spirit ed and elegant manner. Died, 1768. <»Ll\LrAN, PiKiu:KH'»uKrtr, a French refornier, who translated the Scriptures into 1 nmch immediately, he professed, fr< m "he r r'T»f"A^'''*'''- '^""'« ^vriters however! .'Uege. that he made his version from that of bt JerouiLN others say that he merely re nmchcl the version of Lefivre d'Estapler I o !%"!':;" T"' '"]'' ^'*'^'"- ^»'° >^«» re- lated to Ohvetan, polished and revised the whole work, which was printed at Neuf chatcl ,„ lM5,but is now exceedingly ra?t- It 1.S called the lilble of the .Sword, on ac eount of that emblem being adopted by the printer. (Jlivetan being banished fronf Ge "cva, wont to Italy, where he died, as is supposed, of poison, in 15;);) ' OLIVP.VKA, FUAMI.s,,) XAVIKU I)E, a loitugnese Knight, and gentleman of the bousehol, to the king, was born at Lisbon! . ' , -, '" «"'"'f ^" '^■*''""='- "■•* secretary to h, eit t.assy, be became a convert to the I'lo- U^tai.t l^.iith ; and came to Knglanu in I74ii. He published '• Memoirs of his Travels " lami lar letters, Phe Chevalier d'Oli veyra burnt in Kfflgyasea Heretic, why and wherefore?" &c. . and he left at his iieatb, which took place at Hackney, in 1781 a great number of MS.S.. including ''oiivey.' nana, or Memoirs, historical and literary " -. vols. il>. ' ' OUVIPK Oi'ii.LAUMK AN lotNE, an emi- nent i-rench naturalist and traveller, was l'orninl,5(i,atrrejus. He made botany and •■ntomology his especial studies, went on a s.ientifle mission U, Persia in 1792, returned with a valuable collection after an absence I of six years, and died In I8U. He published i ne result of his researches in the Kast.undl r ! thy title of \ oyages dans I'Kmpire Ottoman, I ILgypt, et la Perse," 3 vols 4to. with an i atlas and plates ; also, a " Natural History i of Coleopterous Insects." Jte. I OLYMPIA8, wife of Philip, king of Ma- i cedonia, and mother of Alexander the Great was the daughter of Neoptolemus. king of! Lpirus. Her haughtiness, and, more pro- 741 i.f Mi. \ t » •> i '«!.', ! ! . Ml . 1 • i I i ,f 1 iil ii- 1 ^ ill 1 i . ^» n\ 1 h ■1 i .. i :1 ■ f '1 f 1\ fl •1 1 ■ :|, H »!■' jl dim 'wJ \k ■ i. i 1 oma] % £lt\xi atnlUcrsnl 11)iogrnpI)n. balily. Imt inliilclity, iiuliupa I'liilip to rcpu- diiUt'lirr; jiiul as Philip's iiuirdcr soon fol- iDWcd Iliis (li>Kruc(',!>i)iiu-liavi' iittributoil it to >i("r iiiirijims. AiitiinUer.tlu' suiTessoiof Alexander on llie Macedonian throne, lift the udnuni.stration of the rounfry to I'oly- sperchon, who.tofonfirni hiii power, ri lUed Dlynipin.s from Kpirus, whither slie had (led, .\nd conlldeil to her the Ruardianship of tlie young son of Alexander. She now cruelly put to death AiTliida.'us,bon of I'hilip, with his wife Kurydice, as also Nieanor, tlie brother of Ca^snnde^, with UK) leudinv; men of Macedonia, who were inimical to lier in- terest. Hut such barharitios did not lon({ remain unpunished. Cassander besieged her in rydn.i. wliither she had retired with her family ; and being obliged to nurrendrr, after an obstinate siege, she was putto deaih, ii. c. 315. ()M.\U I., caliph of the Raraccns, was the successor of Al)ul)i'ker, and father-in law of Mohammed. He be;;.iii liisrei;;n A.D.hJI, and is conspicuous among the coiKiuerors who chielly contribute, to the spread of lalamisnt. H is generals, K hall il and Abut) beidah.diove tlie i;reeks out of Syria and I'hivnicia, and the caliph himself took possession of Jeru- salem in (..'IH, which city remained in the hands of the infidels till it was reconquered by (iodfrcy of Houillon, at the end of the 11th century. Amru, one of his general.s, defeated the truups of lleradius, near An- tioch, ill till ; Memphis and Alexandria sur- rendered ; all Ki-'ypt and a part of Libya were comiuered from the Komaiis, and the I famous library, which had been founded at Alexandria by I'tolemy I'liiladelphus, is said to have been burnt by the express order of Omar. Having fixed liisresideme at Medina, he was there assassinated by a I'ersian slave, In the Huh year of his reign, A. ii. (i4:t. He n-fused to appoint u successor, and thus the caliphate became elective. The era of the Hegira was established in the time of this caliph, who also introduced the system of standing armies, and a pulicc force. Omar Was highly distinguished for his impartial ildministration of justice. o.MKAKA, Haiu!Y l;iJ\VAiti), the confl- diMitial medical attendant of the Kmpcror Napoh on in his last days, and author of " A Voice from St Helena, " was a nutiv<' i.f Ire- land, and bori: about I77M He was orjjfin.iUy a surgeon in the liiitish navy, and was on board the Ilclh niphun in th.it cap. icity, on the Tth of August, Isli, when Najvoli .)u uenl on board. Napdeon havaig observed l)r O'.Mcara s bUiU and his knowledge of Italian, made overtures to him, on being iransd rnd to the Northumberland, to acroniiiany him 10 St Helena as his surgeon. Having otitain- «"d Adiiural Keith's permission, I)r O'Mcara as-ented, and reinuineU wiili the ex-emperor till July, l^H, when he was recalled and de- prived of his rank. He «a» latterly an ac- tive partisan of o'Connell's, at one of whose agitation meetings he is said It, have caught the illness wiiich terminated fatally, June ,1, Ih:i(j. In the following month a sale of his effects took plan' , when a few lines in the handwriting of the l-r>nch emperor sold for 11 guineas, and lock of hi« hair. IJ los. , one of hii teeth,: guineas and a half, and the " 783 3 SS^ ""' '^ "'*'-- ^"^ "tracUngit 'aster of Ituhens. 1 c w , ' ^° '^^ "» «rsi fi-rp.in 1557. and died t 'e 'n i;'.^"'- was ixn intemperate man, ,a tv7„ "i"- "» i'l which ho indulged, (Mtnn-r ''"''' ha frieiwl« ,.n,i 1. !..„„.;*" •'"KC'l from him b( ni we Lis friends and his^pupiir Troiu hi^TtuiJi: first I ut- ile 'sr>8 ■om him lluhens passed: to"tlm«n,it^'v!;!,'l''""'^'° daughter of Dr Alderson , „ ' ^'^^ » siciaa of Norwicd . w .e'c's o"v!,??'''''^- 1771. From her earliest ve .»,"'"'"'' tinguished for her wi n„n ^ ''"^ ""'dis- i;oetical pow'rr^he .^ ,S;;;"£ »nd i"£^Jf'wo;L^^r£--,S S ^^s::^^ii^-^u;iik^3~^ iiU''iSv;.^-\-:-^a^ e.irs afterwards she joined tlic Soci ty f 11 lends; and as the rules of tlut s two^ scribe lection she turned her talcm, in7 ! ancw(d,annel,andp,^Hl„ceUtwomoi"m. tises, lielractiun displayed traiions of Lying. . . . and "iiiiis- ,, •. " '^'"'^vurksofMrsdnie were thrown into the shade by tho brilliant llctioiis of Scott, the tales of Miss S worth, and othercontemporaiv writers- but hey mark an era in Kn.-lis!, literaturo.'a d i\?Wil"r"','''"""""'''^' "•"» profit Died 1,H,,,!. A voluir.e of " Momoriuls" of tier Life has since been published. OI'IK, John, an eminent bijtorical painter was horn, in l:.;i, at St Au'iu's, ncir Truro' in torn wall At the a^-e of 12, he had ma..-'' tered Luehd, and coaiiiu'iitca teacher to tlie peasants in his iuuiiediate iici(?hbo»rhooJ. Ills fathir, who was a t"ii-peuter, sa\f his dwr.ling house huui; with likenesses and slictches of laiKUcapes with nn;'er, at what he thought a mere idle pr.i|)(.ii>ity ; butliis uncle witiies,rd these clfuits of earlvpcniusi withplea-ure. His talents at IcnRlha'tlracted! the notice of Dr \Vol((jt, ihe satirist, wlwsei lastruclions frculy snvod him. He com- 1 menccd as a p^.i.i.ut p.iiiiter, and after fair success in t h.' conn tiy he removed to London,! and was intn, iuced toSirJ. Uevnolds. Wol-| >nt was impatienl toseehis progress; and as his fame Ii.ul preci'ded liim.thel.oiiioutim- noisseurs were eai-er tu behold the Cornish Wonder, lie was then Uo ye.irs of age, peo- ple of distiiieti. a crowded his door, and it became the faslii. n to Mt to him, but as the novtdty wore otf, so did tlie fashion ; ami, by the time he was lo, tliou-h he ^'ivolually im- proved, he was eoiiip.irativrly deserted.' The first specimen he gave of his literary alility was in a Mfi- of .Sir Ji^shna IteynoKb.inDr Wolcofs filitioii of i'ilkin^ton's Diaioll- ary. He then published " .\ii Kn(|uiry into 111'' lojiiisiie rultivution ef ilie Av!*"f De- sign in ICiighind, " ai.d lit delivtiiillicturesj at the Uoyai Institution, tin Fiiselis death, he was appointed tu succeed himas profissoti a il. , ^ t.. ♦ VAN, Dutch painter rnm„ ;owa,vo,.Us\h.S'ta.- '\ Ai.i.Kusox, Mrs vl a AUU'rson,;.,, eminent phy, tl'. Where .1,0 was born in' I'arl.est years slic was di, hie removed tu London in K tliowifeof the artist Jolm ■ncneed her literary ;,rt 'pi'bhciuionufhcrpathet f.rtere.ror,s;and^ri-- of t ction, most of «hich popular, proceeded from lier ho principal ,vere,"SimE ' ' "••■'' l-'f^' and "Tales ^Upi-rtraitures of domestic e lu'came a widow. A few s«'ej„ined the Society of s the rules of that sect pro- ^ H' turned her talents into ml produced two moral trea- 1 on displayed," and "lHus-i ;'■•' 'i'lHMvcrksofMrsOpiel o the shade hy the brilliant' . the tales of MissEdse-l •eonteiiiporary writers I but 3. Ill Kn;,'lish literature, and il with interest and profit. ■oluiKC of "Memorials" of, heen published. :icmineiithi,torica! painter,: 1, at St .Vu'ues, near Truro' ; thPa;.'eof 12, he had mas- i I'l'uiiiu'utedicaehcrtothe iuuiiediate neighbourhood, was a carpenter, sa\f his huu:; with likenesses and' scapes with an;'cr,at what ri' idle pr(i|nn>ity ; butliis thesedt'mis of earlvpcniusi is talents allcnRlh attracted! \Volc(jt, the satirist, wliusei Illy s('i\,-d him. He com-l i.ut p.iinli r, and al'ler fiir iitiy lirn lui.vcdtol.ondon.j ed loMrJ.Ueynolds. Wol-j 1 to .orchis i)ro;.'ress ; and as , ciMled liini,tliel.on'ioutim-i :ii.'er to leliold the Coruishi » then 20 years of age, peu-: I crowded his duor, and it| I'll to sit to liini, hut as (he: .so did the fashion ;,iiul,byl 10, thou;;li he ^'railually ira-; i!!iparativi'ly deserted. Tlie^ save of his literary alilitj-; .Sir Joshua lleynold^,inD^| I of i'ilkin(!ion's Piaion-I iblishcd " .\ii Kn(|uiry iuto| tivution ef (lie ArHnf De-! " ai.d liedclivercillAturesI :itution. On I'liselis death, . to succeed liini as professor , on] % iJctu aniljcrsal 13(ogrnpf)p. nf naiiitiuff to the Hoyal Academy. Ho died - and wa.s interred near Hir Joshua - His wife, [ORD Silesia, iu 1597. He studied nt sevpi-al uni- versities and led a very restless life, hnvinp a ttreat passion for travcllinif. In Holland he made acqunintanec with Vos.siu,s and Heinsius; and at I'r.vis with (irc.tiiis. He spent the last years of hi.s life nt Dantzic, and was appointed hi.storiofrrapher to the liini? of Poland, Lndi.slans IV. The (front merit of Opitz was that ho dilijrently culti- vated and greatly refined the Herman lan- cua?o, as pioneer preparing the way for the great writers of the luth century. His aim was early announced in his I.ntin disserta- tion entitled " Aristarehus, si vo de contenip- tu linpufc Tcufonicne." Hi.s countrymen nanifii him the '• father " and " restorer " of their poetry, liesides his original poems, ho was author of a metrical version of the Psalms and of a pood translation of the "Argenis"of Barclay. Died of the pluKup at Dantzic, 1(:39. OllANGK, WH.MAM OF Nass.\u, PiiiKC of, surmmed, for his singular dis- cretion and reticence, "the Silent," found- er of the Hutch republic, was horn nt the chateau of I'illenburg, in Nassau, 1A;)3. He succeeded his cousin licnf- as prince of Oranse, in 1 JU, and was l)roHKht up nt the court of Charles V, who highly esteemed and placed (treat confidence in him. I'hilip II., however, distrusted and hated the prince ; who afterthe death of Charles emliracod the reformed faith, and took part with the Dutch in resisting the estahlishment of the Inqui sition in the Netherlands, and the cruel tyranny of the duke of .\Iva. He was named iladlholderof Holland and Zealand; carried ontherevoltagainst Alva and his successors, Don John of Austria and the duke of I'arma, and though seldom victorious in hntlle, gra- dually became so in council ; till at last, in Urs, iio procured the famous treaty known as the Union of I'trecht, the foundation of llie Dutch republic. Philip soon set a price on his head, and he was aH>assinateth July, 1 JHli The most diverse estimates have been formed of his character by historians. Motley s view, which avoids extremes, is probably f.iir. A nen German work, ly Klr)se, on the Life and Times of this great man, was published in \m. OKAXOi:, FnKIIKUICrv IlKNKY OF NAR- S.\l , Prince of, stadtholder of Holland, was (fto'ui son of the prece(iing, nn. Ihreeyears later the states denrlv., the stadtholder of the conwnnnn tKV rison of the Hague, and suspended him fnuii his ofllce of captain-general. He re red to N iinrguen ; obtained the aid of Frederick li of 1 russut, whose niece he married in 1767 V^VuM'u V^^''''""^ I'y a l-r..ssiftnarmy: In the following year treaties were concluded with Oreut Hritninan.l I'rnssia.for tZnn „- tenance of the hereditary ofl ce of Stadt ho der in the Nassau family. in\-., K'^^ thelrench revolutionary war in Holland nnd two years later the prince of orange and took refuge in Kngland. where he wa, received with kindness ; but nothhVefrm- ual was done for his restoration. DW at Hrunsw.ek, 1806. Hj, «„„ b^,.,„„, '*"'*"» n77* v',':?/'^?/'!"'"'""'' «• ^Villiam i. '^' kini'onSamrr'^ "'• ^^^'^^MAM III.. OUCAtJNA ANDRKA, one of the ereatest «nn» nf?.'"' ''"H'?," P"'"*^"' >*'» onC of the enen^?.. ""'^' " ^ ''»•*""«' ne goldsmith. " Or- cagna is a corruption of " I/Arcagnolo •• his life. He was first taught by the ureat sculptor Andrea Pisano. disciple and fS nor nV" • "".' '^ '[' *"•' '?^''»' Ifs-'onsof the Horentine school he learnt also the softer mnx.m.s of the Siennese, and eombint^d „ his works a, had never been done before he seventy and grandeur of Giotto, with he softness and tenderness of Simon'e and the I,orenzptti. He was great also as a sculptor nnd architect. Few of his frest'oe. have escaped the ravages of time and the re 8 oror, so that they have now little attrac- tion except for art students. His greaJest works wvre the frescoes In the choir of Santa Maria Novella, hopelessly damaged soon ftft or their completion ; frescoes of the I jst , hlf "i"'"V ^'-''^J""---"'! "til in the Stro/" cbnpel; altar piece in the same chapel exe cuted in 13,57 ; and as sculptor nnd architect the Tabernacle of the chunh of Or San Mi chele, completed in 1359. orcagna executed a immaic for the cathedral of Urviefo In the fi)IIo wing year. The great frescoes of " The Triumph of Death," '• The Lust Judgment " and Hell." In theOampo Santo of I'isa are nttributed to him by Vasnri. whose assertion s stoutly controverted on internal evidence by recent critics. Died at Florence, in or be- fore 137(;. I,, theNatiwal Oallery is a larue altar-piece by Orcagna. nnd nine separate pictures once portions of it ; but they have been much altered by restoration, and do not uuiy represent the master's stvle ()U!.F.ItI(r>4.viTAi.is. an^arlyKngli.h histori.in , was horn near Shre w»l)ury .in lu75 and was ea»ly sent to Normandy, where he became a monk. He spent his w hole life in his monastery, and died probably before 1 1.W His chronicle, entitlid " Histuri.!' 'Vf'!-! asiicn-, ■ IS In thr. e parU. audeMinds'f'rom the creation down (o the year lHi>. TheJatt part of the work i, of great interest, ton- talning much authentic information on the 7W ! : i M ill n i i 1 i I.;;- lit 'f ' 'I I: i. i i, 1! M I H - I : il ■! I Mi oiik] ^ illflu CtniUcrsal ^'"--rnyi)!,. i history and manners of Western I'.nropo in I the 11th jinil IJtU centuries. An Knjjlish tr.msl.ition of this work is included in Hohn's I Antiqiinrinn Library. I O'UKIMiY, Al,KXANi)KK,ft native of Ire I !nnd, who entered into the Spanish army, I where ho ohtained the fa vonr of Charles III., and was raised to tlie highest military rank for his eminent services. Born, 1735 ; died, irni. OUEILTA'.ANnUKW, Count, a Rcneral of cavalry in the Austrian service, wasa native of Ireland. He wasa brave and skilful officer, and filled in succession all the military f;rades in the Austrian army, with th(> exception of that of field marshal. At the battle of Aua- terlitz, so fatal to their cause, the- remnant of the army was preserved from destruction by his courage and skill; and when, in IHo;), he held the post of governor of Vienna, the difficult task of making an hnnouraWo capi- tulation with the l-'rench emperor devolved on him. He died in the nist year of his age. OUKMjANA , FHANCISCO, horn at Truxillo, in Spain, early in the 16th century, accom- panied rizarro to I'cru, in l.'iitl. Ambitious of adventure, he set out to explore the con- tinent of South America, eastward from I'cru; passed down a branch of the Ama/ons into that vast river, and thence to the sea ; thus heinpr the first Kuropean ravig.itor of the Amazons. His accounts of the marvellous country he had crossed induced Charles V. t'' authorize him to settle colonies there, and he returned for that purpose in 1540, but died hcion after his arrival. ORVILA, Matiiiku Josktu Hosavkn- Tt'nK.the roost distinguished toxicologist of his age, was born at Mahon, in Jf inorca, in ITST, Ktudied at Valencia and llarcelona, and in SHOT repaired to I'aris, where he graduated In medicine ; and after supporting himself for some years by public lectures, was ap- pointed to the chair of chemistry, in IS'2.1. During thereign of Louis rhilippe,M. Orflla j was made I>oan of the Faculty <>f Medicine ; but after the revolution of Fehruarv, Iftis, the provisional government revoked his functions. His scientillc reputation chiefly rests on the " Trait** de M-^ilccine I.^'gale," which appeared between IS.tS and 1N7; but there is scarcely a department of Medical Jurisprudence which he has not profoundly Investigated, and ihc treatises which he published, on these and analogous subjects, have given him a world-wide reputation Died, 18.M. OUKOKO. (KT'SSKM and WAT.rOLK.] OKlllASIl'S.rin eminent C.reek physician of the 4th century, was a pupil of Zeno of Cyprus, and became the physician and in- timate friend of Julian, afterwards Iloman emperor. He cccomp.inled Julian Into fJatil, was afterwards fjua'stor of Constantinople, accompanied the emperor into I'ersia, and was attending him when he died. Oribasius was banished by the succeeding emperors, and took refuge among the " barbarians," ' but he was soon recalled, and lived In wealth I and honours to a great age. He was author ' or compiier of numerous medical works. mttst of which are lost. The most important of thotc extant Is the "Collectanea Artis Medicos," itself, how( I only partof arery 784 ex(e„ coverii'S OUKJKN' of was horn at AlexandrL, i" ' '"' r""V tinn parents, who carh' „ , "' "^ thrii.' , religious knoNvledgo ami i , ' 5 '"' '''°> « the age of 17 he lot, isVaw'^^^^^^^ headed for his profess!. „'X'"''"''«-i' Origen had now recourse „L^ '"."'"" '' grammar for the support . f I l!,7 '"'' «' ther, and brothers , but tliUnno'^' '"""«• relinquished, on he ng annolnr'''''''"'' "« or hea.l of the Christi^ "^fpwr ,'''''^''''«. ^ia,Inth,ssituatiJ^tai«:^W 'f*: i nnd taldn. '■iR'd sense, lie of the >ospei,--VTro e';:rsot'wVT«' made themselves eunuch f„ttVn° 1''^, .oftheHebrewWl.lowifhfl'L I Mfhythe„usteVu;„/i;u;^^' the Scripture In the miist ripM";: """"« went so far as to put inpr-.- '-*'*• ™'''' ''« 're I) heaven." "He' 'sVbsenn^nm' ''''.'''"«"^°'^^^ the literal accept, ;,rof"ths ^ Si''' mistake. Krnm a i„v„^ ".:.".* ^''J'"? to be a where edition versions of it. A, the coinm'anTof hisblZ he returned to Mexandria •m.i J„. , ' ""P lenco and in a coundl assembled in 31 i was decreed that Orignn should des'n frnm preaching, and quit tne city CtJisT went to Ca-sarea, whom he waswel r , hy the biMiop, nn.l permitted to preach H Mas consulted in soveral episcoral sTaod. hu, in the persecution un,ll:r&Tei hrown i"topri8nn,an,iputtothetotuT Isterial labours, and to writing. HMiedin «?,■... .Hi" ^'"'^'"^'''taries he indulged too much the fancy for alleirory ; and in liisother works he advanced notions more ametole to the IMatonic philosophy than to the Scrip. turcs. ro Ms contemporaries the most offen- sive of his doctrines Mcrethoseof tliepre- existence of souls, nnd the finite duration of future punishment OULAV, liKiiNAiiii VON, or liernardof Ilrussels, a celebrated Dutch painter, bom about 1170 He went to Kome, became » pupil of Haphael.nnd direcfed in conjunc- tion with Coxcia the preparation of Ihctapej. tries from his mastnr's lartonna. Ho wai subse(|ueiitly named painter to Margaret, re.»ent of the Netherlands, and to the Em- peror Charles V. Amona' his works verei " LuHt Judgnieiif," at Antwerp; scTcnd hunting jiieccs with portraits of Charles V. and lii'« courtiiTS; a Vir^rin and Infant Christ, now in Kntfland, Ac. In the \,itional (iallery is his "Magdalen Heading." Died at Itrussels, l.'ill, OHI.KAN,'^, ciiAi'.T.Ks. Duke of, w,.8made prisoner at the battle of AKincourt,in 1115. He remaini'd in Kngland 2") ycnr«,andon his return to Trance he undertook the con- <|iiet.t of the duchy of Milan, To which he cotiO'ived hini«(!f entitled in right of hi! mother. He was not, however, successful In this enterprise , and died in U'i5 Ultl.KANS. JKA.V H.iPTISTE (i.^STO.N, Duke of, third son of Henry IV.of France, and his queen, Mary of Medici, was bom in ±1 ii^iii.. ?li uatnmy. """"^ several dj^li i father of thp <.hm.^K , I ^IwanUria, a. i,. 1m of '^'! >vlu) early instruc i^ i, ''"'■ •iP lost hisfutlwo. Z\T At'. situation hoOistZul '\?- isterityoflUslifefX «■ J in thn ni.,st riRid sen.f S* ' to put in praeti-^^V/y; '. I'lPf*^ lip some who Z ivr8cunu,.h.f,,rthekingd ; ','?), landinlTOl became duke of Orleans by the Idcath of his father. He had already heeoine Inotoriousforhis licentious hat:;ts, and the se ■went on growing worse and worse till he Ireached an almost unparalleled depth of ■foulness and shamele^sncss. In 170(; he com- Imandcdthearmyofllalyand was dcfcited , Ithenext year he was sent into Spriin, where Ihe took several important places. I.onis X I V. J showed great distrust and snspicior; of the Iduke, and very grave siisiiicions anise lamong the people when the daupliin, the Iduke and duchess of Hurgnndy, .ind their leldest iOn all died almost suddenly, and ■ within a year. I'liilip'slife was endangered, landthe public excitement was unbounded. |0nthedcatliofI.ouisXIV.,in 171-i, the duko lof Orleans had himself proclaimed regent Iwithabsolu'f lower, and at once adopted a Ipolicy in most respects the reverse (if that lofLouis. Heprotected the Jansenists, aban- Jdoncd the cause of the Stuarts, niaintained Ipeacc, and reformed the flnnnccs, adoptintj Ithe schemes of the Scotchman Law. I'lois Iwere formed aiiain^t the regent in which Icardinal Alberoni took ii Iradiiig part, but Ithey were foiled ; and in 171!' war was de- Jclared on Spain, which was soon closed by ■in advantageous peace. IVniice, liowcver, ■was distracted with doinesfie disqiiietulrg land calamities, and the ex.irnple if the re- Igent hastened the dei-line of religion and Ithe corruption of morals. The inlluence of [Dubois as first minister was supreme, and [the '•■■gent sacrificed everything to hini.' In ji:23,the young king, Louis \V, tame of age J land assumed the governmeni ; liinking tUe I Idukt of Orleans his prime minister. Hut I Ithe duke died suddenly, exhiiiisfed by liis ' I debaucheries, 'J.5th December of tin- si.-';- I year. I ORLEANS, Lovis, Duke of, was the son lot Fhihp, the regent of Prance, and 0{,rn at Iversaillcs, in 1703. In study, devotior. nnd lactsof charity he spent his iife. u r .1.3 j„. I^J^ed numbers from perishinc by fa ,-. In J!j^Ori-,-.nnnis , f.s he ag.iin did tlirougliout ItTancc, in the dearth o' 17-(o. He also ex- Itendedhis brnevolenco to distnnt eoiintrieH ; plulo in his own he founded school*, pro- [ORL fe.ssorships, hospitals, and eolleKcs. Hut hu charitable occupations did not draw him "*."" ^'■"'",.';i» studies, which hi- pursn., with siieh diligence as to become master of the orioiital languages, and most of the sciences. He died in 17,VJ, leaving m.n^ works in manuscript, the chief of whicfi were " Commentaries 011 the Scriptures " <)ULKA\H, Louis .JosFl'II PuiMPPE, Duke of (better known by his republican appellation of FgaUt^), was the cousin of LouiiXVI..andfatherofIouisPhJlippp,kinB of the Ireneli. II,. wn. born at St Cloud. II 1,17; married the d.uighterof thodukeof I cnthLWre, grand admiral of riimce in ' ? •- .?'"," '','■'"" ''•'* >■"""' ^^"''<.*■ "f the most unbridled licentiousness ; and nequired a base notoriety by his conduct during the Ireneh revolution. After the death of his father, in I7H.^, ho became possessed of the hereditary title and estates; and, havine indulge, to Mitiety in all sensual pleasures he found a new kind of excitonicnt for his palled appetites in the storms of the revolu- tion, nnd a new source of pleasure in the gratifications of revenge. He had entered the navy, nnd was entitled by his birth to the place of prnnd-admir.il , but h.iviiu- becii ae.iised of cow:.rdieo w.'iile in com- mand of a divi.^ion of the fleet n-ainst Kro- pel in the action off fshant. in 177^ instead of receiving promotion in the navv, the post of colonel-general of the huss,ii-i was (.-reated ,and bestowed on liim. Prom this time mav be dated his hatred of Louis .\VI. ■ and he subsequently adopted every method to ob- tain popularity, with a view to p(ditical power. In the disputes between the court nnd the parliament, he constantly opposed the royal authority. His object evidently was to reduce the king ton state of tutelage, and to procure for himself the Ibrmi'lnble onice of lieutenant general of the kingdom He caused scandalous lihcN against the queen, whom he pursued with the most bitter hatred, to be distributed ; and his bust wasearHid in triumph throtigh the stretts by the populace. He was d; htr. » n-ember of the National Convention. TltJl Marat, Manton.andUi.bespierre.in Septz-mber, I7!i'' at which time the commune of Paris author-' ized him to adopt for himself and his de- scendants the appellation of Kiralitt^, in- stead of the name and titles of bis f.imily ■ iind he not only votdlfor the death of the King, but was present at his execution. Hut he«as notqualirted to profit by the eommo- fions he had promoted ; he was as weak as he was wicked, as inde( isive as lie wus am bitious. The Jacobins had no loni;er any ■ ccasion for bini; he wag struck from theiV rolls, and included in the general proscrip- tion of the I'oiirbons; nnd was committed to prison at. Manteillis, with otlier members of the family. H.ing brought before tlie criminal tribunal of the department, he was declared .innocent of the charges of conspir- acy that were preferred against him; but the Committee of Public Safety forbade his liberntion ; innj, !lftJ.r^i• r5.....t(..>;i,..„j,,i..„ he was transferred to Paris, tri-d, ami con- demned to sutter by the guillotine , to which he submitted with firmness nnd courage, on the same day, Not. J, I7it3. His widow ro- m T1 ,r blLUi^, Hsi k' ; '- ! I r ir.i . ! ,1' ' -i I I ! t i iM i Ht- I ! ! i ohl] ^_iJ5cto2tml3crsjil 13io5r.ipl)n. turned ti> Tiiris nfter the Ucstor.ition, itiul iXivA thoie in IHJl. <)KI,i,.\Ns,i"iiM)iNANi>rnir.!prKLori«, lltike of, priuco-royiil of rriiue, wan born at r;ili lino in IHld.uml w:\<( the olilest diild of I.onis I'hilippo, then duke of Oilcans, and afterwards kin»f of the Irendi, by Muriii Anieli.t, daugliter of Ferdinand, kiiijr •)f the Two Sieilios. The prince served wiU» pv^at distinrtion with the I'reneh army at ihe siei-p of Antwerp and in the African war ; and his liorsc was wonnded at the time of the ninrdcrons attempt upon the life of bin royal failicr in ls:i.). Younp, popular, a patron of the arts and literature, and de- votedly nttaebcd to bis profession, evrry- tliinst si'enied to promise to this prince a career glorious to hinuelf and nsefiil to bis country, when he was tinfortunatily thrown from his earriaKe, and lie died on the spot, July i;t, isii, upcd 32, leaving a widow and two sons. OULV.ANS, MARIF., Princcssof. dnuRhter of I,o\iis I'bilippe, ex-king of the I'rencb, was born at Talermo, 1M.1. I'rom berearliest years she evine(>d a remarkable love of the tine arts, and more especially of sculpture, which she ctiltivaled with a zeal and as- siduity that soon gave her a prominent place among t»io most diMingnishrd artists of her time. Her in.irvi ll«u> statue of Joan of Arc, in the ninscuin of Ver»ailles, was finished before slie had reached her "ioth year ; and besides this she produced nu- merous lias-reliefs, busts, and statuettes, of rare beauty and rxrcdlence. In 18.J7, she married Alexander, duke of AVurtemberg ; a union rich in promises of earthly )iap|ii- ncs.s ; but she was prem.^turely cut olf by consumption in Islo, to the inexpressible grief of her family and the friends of art. This gifted woman was the favourite pupil and attached friend of Ary .SLbiflVr, the distinguished I'rench painter. OKI.ori, (il(K(.(WiY, a favourite of Ca- therine II. of Hiissia. He had a princip.il share in the rf volutbtn that placed liis mis- I trciis on the tlirone of lUissia, after wliich I ho was iiiade g-and-master of the artillery, i and raised to the tlr^t dignities in the state, j and was .nllowed to wear ita picture of the [empress in his button hole. His ambition prompted him to aim at sharinij the throne ! with the empri »s,« ho would liavcsubmiitcd j to a private mnrria(:e. Tlus he in\prudently refused to ac lept, and lie was Mipplante.t by ja new f.ivoutiti. He was th> n orilercd to ! travel, but "us nr.itiliul with magnificent ' prcfCuts, and rercircd the title of prince of I the ticrman en\pire, which t'athcrino pro- cured for hitn. Died, l'^:\. OKLOl I", AMXI**, brother of the pre- ceding, was remarkable for hit giijantic stature and Hi rculean strength. He was one of the chief jnsfrumenth in iiriftinij the revolution th.it ended in the minder of I'eter III., and is said to have been the person who strangled him in prison. H'' rose to high dignitii s in the army ; and, In 176H, was made ailmiral to the Uu>sian fleet in the Archipi lairo. with iiiiUinitcil power, agnintt the Turks, whom he defeated olf Ttchcsine , for which exploit he was called T$chetmftukot. On the acceMion of I'lul I. he w)isdis(»raced.andlmni,i„.,i i>ut, after the death of th„ „, """"'U'sia; turned to Moscow, ami '.i?,"'"''^"'"* » 728 a, Anjei,,.o, in the S'', ,? "«"' i« h.s father was a phYsici'ir"- service. He was educated tamed a civil '' l.cc„„,p,„y,, tamed a civil appointnieiu in 1, luT' '''' H mentber of the\.ouncil «Vi#,'^«'''e and wa,. a commissary and ml»l '""«': >..Tal. In 17.'.H ho returned to, ''■?«'■ employed himself ,n writin?- ft'''"^ '<• Military TransanioUf on!:' '';"<"y in Himlostan," the Hr. !, i? ' "'''ish „i.hii«i,„a 1. -,15''' : ''"me of «i,i,h of th 1 was published in 17(i:i was puhiished in 17(i:i, and ti„ .I ,"" 1V7S. The author coaptwiKo ?"''''' entitled "Historical 1>-.m ,„,;„.," *™fk. Kn,plre,theMahn,t,a,'^T^t&' ominent statesman. J;;:,; 'f [«'.»" I.o.Hlon. and suctecdrd to tl c "lul '", ormond in l»;;t2. Durin- tho r,r . "' (•harlc, I. ami the pa.li.mom "•'""'^" ously laboured, t'ou^;''^.7hV ;'"?• quate force, to uphold the in.'s I, :*• i" Ireland; and o„ tlu- r, i7o .fS .•ause. lie retired to the continent in'' erted himself ,o pn.n.otc t rr ;; ; ^l ment of monarchy in KnL-lanii Afo ' I restoration of fharlcs II. irw'i/o l?' duke, and wns twice appo.'n I'S ™ tenant of Irchnd. In 1.170 homtml escaped with his life from a plot o„u uZm ^^ "" ^'"'"•'""'^ ^'"''■'^■' S « iu'mon'd, JAMKS nvTLEn, dcoondDake of, was grandson of the prccedinfr, and w born at Duhlin, in mi. ]ic wasbiouRhtup lory, but he joined the prince of Oranee on his arrival in Knglan.l, hccume hisintiuiaie friend, and served umlor liini inlielandand in Flanders. Me w:..s in favour wiiliQucen Anne, and in IToJ took part «ith Sir I (lecuge Uooke in the unsuccessful nttack on Cadiz, and in the reduction of Vijo 'Ihe next year he was appointed lord lim. tenant of Ireland; was r. culled after some years, and again appointed to the same office in 17011. After the disgrace of the duke of Marlhoroucli Ormond was named eoninunil- er-inchicf, but with orders tu unture neither siege nor battle. On tlic accession of (ieorge i. the Ciiiniiiand was roMoreilto Marlborough, and (tr:uund was impeached and attainted. He cscapid to France sjlli Lord Itollti«Iiidl>e, and lived at Avignon, in clo'-e relations with the rretendT. Died, 174',and was buried at W( .tminsler. His portrait, by Dahl, is in the NationaH'or- trait (iailery. OHOltld, HAMitASAn, a Spanish Jew, who became pn.fcssor of nietapliysicj at Salamanca, and nfii rwards a plijsicianal Seville, where his fainily were nomiiiallr t'hristians. orohio at l.Vst fell under ilie suspicion of the hilly oHice, and «as tor- tured and impri>oii(il. At thecxpir.itionof thiee years he olilaiiied lii> release, and then went to Toulouse; from which place he re- moved to All!' tcriliiii, where he made ani open nrofcssioii nf Jiulaisnriuhiiatledtothei riieof cireunu'iSion, took tlienameof Isujc, and practised as a physician. He wrote a [ book arainit Hpinoza, entitled "Certaiufn I 7«« % jflm ainfUcrsnl ^Siogrnp^y. >vaH r,lucat...l nt ',5^',' l''PPOMUm..iuinin, at''' "tl.or ro,„pii,Hi also " 1'' ■1- Dining the wars betHeen - the paMianiom he s re „ ''1. tlioi.Kh with vervinad, ana 0,, the ruin'of 1 ro "•r.l to tliP contiaont, an,l I to promote the re-establisl,. •■Tchy in |.„^,Un,. ^^f ^ Miarlcs II. howascrcaNal IS twice appointed lorj-iitn. i 'laiul In 1,170 honarrowiT his if,- from aplotfurniod y the ilespcraao Colonel Blood. Jamks ni'TLEii, second Doke I son of the preceding, and wiJ MiilMij. Howasbi-ouRhtnpi i oineUlhr prince of Oranse on j I-.nKlaml, hccame his intiuiaie rvra under him in Ireland anil lie was in favour Willi Quten n 17(12 took part uith Sit p in the unsuccessful attack il in the reduction of Viso, r he was appointed lord lim. land ; was recalled after some iin appointed to the saiiicoflicc r the dis^'race of the duke of Orinond was named commanil- lit with orders to nmn nor hat tie. On the accession he eomniand was rfitoreiliol and orioonil was impeached He escaped to France njlli ■olic, and lived at Avignon, ii s Willi tlic I'retcndKr. Jiiw, buried at Ur.tminslrr, His i alil, is in the National Per- lAl.iilASAH, a Spani-h Jew, pti.fessnr of iiiilapliysic; at 1(1 nfierwards a phjsician at " his f.iiiiily were nomiiiallr robio at last fell under llie ;lie holy otlicc, and was tor- risoned. At theexpiratiunof i obtained hisrelcase.aniitlien I iiisp ; from which place tie re- I rterd;iiii, where be made an i| of J od:ii«nr kubnattrd lothe II ■iSioii, took the name of Isaac, j n» a jihTsician. He wrote i I Splnoia", entitled " Cerlaiiifn I ji'DSophicuni." I.luiborch hml I e ifer- ce with liim 0" ""■ "»''-'•'; '"f ""•' '''"•; .ireliKion.and published an account of '"tilled " Aniica Coll.itio cum crudilo ciitillcJ , . ,_ tj,,,,, " Died about lObi. lnii)SirS,I'At'l,us, a Spanish presbyter Id historian of the 6th century. He wa» a fctiveof Tarragona, spent some tunc with ri.'ii5lincatIMrP'>. ami went thence into fclesline lit' took a zealous part in oppos- fl'cliKius.iiiiJ "»!»'" visited Aii^-Ustine. BWiutea book eiitilb'.l " llistoriariim ad- Irsus rasaiios libii \ il.," for the purpo-e Tdefcudiiic the fliristian religion a^'ainst lecharfjcuf biiuK the cause of the evils Well oppressed the Koman empire. For lenmst part it is a compilation, but the her portion euntains an inlercstini; iiarra- KcofcoutcmiK'rary events, especially of the UofUomebv Alaric It has lieen trans- fed into most Kuropean lai>(,MiiiKes, uinl jpijiicitly lepiihlislied. Alfred the Ureal Miniated it into Anglo-Saxon. KlKUKUV, Karl iif- iliOVI,K.] loKTi;, Viscount d', whoso nniiie de- lves to he recorded as an instance of manly Ke'rityand true bonoiii , was Koveriior of IjouncMt the lime of the atrocious mas- jcrcof St l!artholoniew. HaviiiK received lorder from Charles IX. to put to death jibe I'lolcstanls in his government, ho kiliedin the folluwiiis; words, " Sire, I have Liiir.nnicalcd your Majesty's lettiT to the (rrisonaul inhabitants of this city. I have jndpnlyhravc soldiers and good citizens, Id not a single e.vi cutioiier." lORTKLI,, or OHTKLIl'S, AitUAHAM, a Irncd geographer, born at Antwerp, in P7. After tiavelliiigoii the continent and Great Kritaiii, he puldished an Atlas, kleli !,'aiiu'd for him tlie appointment of bgrapbcr to I'liilip II. of iSpaiii. His prin- y work, the great All, is, is entitled Shealruni Orbis 'I'errarnni." l)i, d, l.JJts. MTO.V, Joi), an eiiiini ntdiisentiiig niin- )tr, was born at Shrewsbury, in 1717. Ho mbo author of a "Life of l')r Doddridge," lacranientiil Meditations,"'' lliscour.^e!lon jristian Worship,' " Discourses on rracli- IS'abjeets," Ac. After his death, which jppencd in 178.!, was printed liis " Tracti- 1 Exposition of the Old Testament," G It. 8vo. JDSBOUXE, Sni THOJIAB. [DAX15V, jrl of.l l)SUM>i;n, ANDitKAS, a celebrated fier- In Protestant theologian, was born at nizenhauHn, in I'raneonia, in ICj'i. He W; adopted the opinions of l.ialier, and ikan active part in pn paring the Con- Tlion of Augsburg , became minister and Kessor at Konigsberg, in I'tussia, and W in 1.M2. He was tlie author of " Ilar- aiaiKvaiigelica-."— There weru several ttr Protestant divines of this family, all |il"lr distinguished. pS.M().NI), sr, bishop of Salisbury in tin- » century, accompanied William the gQiicrortoKngland, lO(;(i,and wasnot less »iii«uished for military renown in the W' part of his life, ihnn fcr his h-arnin' ipifly at a siih,e(iuent period!' H,.'erec't'ed NllieralatOldSarum, inwhieh he was ferred,but his aslu'swsreafterwards taken [0.ST up and enshrined, jlo wrotp a " Missal " nr sorviccbook, which became the most popular niamial of public devotion amoiiR the K a ish cl.r^y. and h,i8 principally contributed to hand down his name to posteritv Dii-i 109!(; and was canonized in U.58. ' OSSIAX, a mythical Uaelic hero and bard » said to have lived in the Urd century, and o have been the son of 1-ingal, a Caledonian hero, whom he accompanied in various milil.iry expeditions. His name hag derived its celebrity from the publieaiions of Mae- phcr.soii, who, ab.iut irtio, ^ave to the world as the I'oenis of Osslan," a remarkable se- ries of ballad,s, on the deliverance of i:rin from the h.-iughty Kwaran. king of I.ocMin by lingal. Ihey have been tiaii elated into all the l.uropean lanKuag.s, and please by their delineation of the scenery of the Highlands picturesque cxpression.s, bold, but lovelv' images and comparisons, and tender, melaii- choly tone. These poems, savs a "ccei t critic, took the world by storm, and tilled the hearts of their n ader.-i with their own sentiment. Jlut the great poetic pei.iiis of their author was forgotten in the tumult of the controversy whici ,g raged respecting heir geiiuineiuM. They no doubt contri" billed powerfully to the growth of the now OSSOI.I. MAlUi.MtKT I-'ILLKR, Mar- chiouessol.a distinguish. dAmerican author- ess, was born at Cambridge I'ort, Massachu- setts ,n 181(1. Herfather. who was a hn y " a politician, and a scholar, gave her the edu- cation of a boy. Mho was instructed simul- taneously in the Latin and English grammar and at six years of age began to read Latin works. Iho sudden death of her fatjier, in lHo5, reduced her to poverty ; hut she strug glcd against Its trials w if haspirit and energy that have seldom been surpassed. In lflnter of the I lemish school, was born at Lubi-ek, in I>;I0 and studied under I'rancis Hals. His pic- tures are characterized by an exact imitation of nature, and usually consi-t of alehouse interiors, with Dutch peasants smoking, quarrelling, or drinking. His colourini? U ruhaiin licai, his touch spirited and free. U^5 **"*''"* *"'■' '''*'*'^ ttuished. hitd, OSTAUE, Isaac van, brother of the pre- :« ' ; I l* ! r ■ i (•■$ : I i i ! ; i If; 1 j 'Il 1 ,1 ■J i 1 1 i i ■ if i : 1 : i ' II 1 , i i 1 i 1 ri ' I ! i h i 1 'i' • 1 i n f 1 1 1 ( 1 4 ; 1 i: Ik II )8T] ^ il^ cua ainibcrsal ^tojjrnpj)^. I'ciliii);, «ii» lioni .11 I.uluik, in IBl'i. lie w.is tiu-lit liy Adrian, vniiitnl tho shiiip (l;»-s nf Milijict!., ati.l wild no loss ablllt> Soni.' of hi!* lie*' |i|iriH Mri- in the lloynl col- Irition .11 Winilst)!'. niitl iu the Ixmvre. Died, 1G7I. OSTKHVAl.I), John raUDKHICK, b 8\viss I'roiistunl divini', mis horn at Ni'ufchutol, in lOfia ; liciMiiio piiHtor of Ihcchurcli in that pliu'i iu \Mt'J . iiiul diod in 1747. His chipf woiKs iiri., Ills Trench traii! niinie . " .\ Cateelii.«*n»," " Trcathe a«ain-l t ni leaniie>s, I'rentiso on the Suiiree* of t'oniiulion anioiiB Christiung,' .Ve. (».>r th(> uio»t eilchrated ilower-palnters, >»a* bora lit Nootdorp, near Delft, in lt.;tO, and dieil in 161),'}. She was p.ilronizcd hy Ihc ICinperor Leopold, William III., and I.ouis XIV.; and her pictures wer(- eaiferly •»ou>;ht after, and ndniilied into the choicest collections. OSWALD, kin;; of Northunihrin, was obliifed, after thi' death of Llhtlfrith, his f.itlier, in (il7, to i.iKe refute in Irel.md, lii< luiile, IMwin, li.iNJn;; usurped tli(> throne. lie became n Christian in IiIk retreat, and retuininw t.) hiso«n lountry, after IMwin's d.ath, defeated and bhw the two usurpers of hi» kinudoin. O.swuld reunited the two kinKdonis of Deira and Kernicin; but was .slain in i> battle with I't ndu, king of Mercia, In f<42. OTH.MAN, third of the Caliphs, waH cou- sin of A'Ui Soiiaii and one of the earliest di«- eijiles of Mohaniiiied. He wan one of those driven h\ jicrMciition into Abyssinia, be eaiiie &eiietary to the prophet at Medina, and iii.irried (.lU'cessively two of his daugh- ters On the death of Culiph t)iiiar, in A. D. i;t4, Othinan was elected to succeed him. The Mussulman arms made j;reat progres-s during' his rei^'n, but the lu w eunqursis wer • ''hielly made by his generals. Othman niadi .'.im.self odious hy his pride, arroKi'.nce, and favouritism, and he was assassinated, after bciuK a month besicKed in his palace, in r,Sii OTIIMAN, or OTTOMAN I., founder of the Turkish empire, was one of the emirs who on the destruction of the empire of the Seljucidrs, became independent chiefs. Joined hy other emirs, he invaded the liast- crn empire in I'i'J'J, and made himself master of Nica-a, Iconium, and other towns, lie took no other title than Kiiiir, but ruled with absolute power, not without justice and niodrration Jdel at a Kreal »^!^^, 13;J0. (»TMo,.MaU( US SAl.Vlis.Koman emper- or, was born at Home, A. I>. 32. After N'ero's death he uttaclied himself to Ualba, but that emperor liavinx adopted I'iso as his heir, Otho excited an insurrection, murdered (ialba and I'iso, and ascended the throne in 69. Ife wa« opposed by Vltrllius, >? ho was supported by the Uermanariiiy,and,in a bat tie between the two rivals near liedriacum, Otho was defeated, on which he slew him- self, after rei|{ninK three month). OTIiO. lOTl'U. 1 OTTLKY, Wm. Y<)lN(i, r JC.S , l-.HA oad keeper uf the prints iu the Itritisb Mu •eum "ttloyd?v"c;,&h£UVoV«r'''^^'^ was known as nn artist a '""' "" author. ^" - ' * ^oH-lo^S author. When snircelV ^ii .»''•'""'' ""^ «' proceeded to Italy w£rf IZ',''*'^^ at.on of the endk^i trea uro7o? ," f^'' t-mployed his own t!;'„"J.:'".'''enoi a only talents 's own talent "'crs.in taking con,, , * most ut tll« of th( of others most I'steenit whatever appeared valuable. There ho remai;edXmi':?/"^ and on his return to KuKland ho „r ' "' series of facsimiles of the iril.,? ,''''""''« of the best ii.a,sters. unMo , / "';'''«'l "Italian Rehn,.i .,f n"".,,, „""^ "'I'' uf |)ie, ,?'»"■ ""other I lie iiuiK, consisiiii^' principal works School," the 8-1 are. studied at Iterliu, and L'aiiicil oon,i,in,,;'r reputation by tho thratrcM.ni i * ^ which he erected there lin „ L "t studied in Italy. HisVrinci I : S^:!' arelm.ct was the ma«ninc,.nni,.Tp ;" of Itruiiswick, completed in i»37. It, bunu down, 'jard February, m. VcS^ Orro I., einperorof the M'ct, called the Great, was tlio eldest son of Henry the Fowl er, and crowned kinR of Germany, in 036 at' the age of 1 1. lie carried on wi'.r wiih the Huns and drove thorn from tlio Vie^i ■ nm, Hohemni his tributary ; deprived tho duke of Havana of Ins estates, and then had to encounter the resistance of the groat rhief- tains of the empire, aided bv the kiiigof France. He afterwurds aided the same kini apainst his revolted vassal, HuKhtheGrest, defeated tho Danes, and njfnin inTnifed Bo- heinitt. He was tl.cn eng,ij;ed for ten foan in war with the Hungarianj, and finally de- feated thciu at Leek. Dcrenger hiivinj ■isurped the title of emperor inltaly.Otto entered Home, where he was crowned em- peror hy John XII. That pontiff .iftenranli leagued with llercnger, on which Otto caused him to be deposed, and put I.i o Mil. in Ills place In 0(i3. On theemperor'srctuni to Oerinany, the llomans revolted and im- prisoned Leo ; for which Otto ajaln visited Home, which he besiexed, and restored Lo. He next turned his arms nRainstNiccphoruj, eiiipiror of the East, whoso army hcdefiaied. J(din /.imisces, the sut'cessor of N'icephorui, made peace with Otto, whii dioil in 9: OTTO in., emperor of the AVrit, 81)11 of Otto II., was burn "n 9ho, and waschoeiiM succeed his father in 983. He w.is suon after carried off by the uuko of Itavaria to M.i? deburK, l>iit was restored to his mother, t.'ie Linpress Theophania, U> whom, with his (frnndmother, the regency was intrusted. otto had for his tutors (!>t) liemard, then bishop of Hildesheiin, and tho Hcbnted (ierbert. In 096 he was frowned kinc of, lx)inbardy,and then went toltometoreciye the imperial crown from I'opp Gregory V., his furnier chaplain, liriiiiii- Un his return to (Jermany iu' rccu'vcred the -arnraviaie of liraudeuburg from the Sclaves, who m 798 > n» an artiM, a coll. .'""'•'"" t« Italy, where Wrl„, ' ""«'" 'y«Hl hU own tacnu -'Jr?"' others, in taking .Z . "'* 1 ppearod most Inifrcs i ""! l''«.'ri-l. His principal work as an M the maKni(lccntl{„v:,i Palace ek, completed in 1»37. It wal I. 23ra February, my D? [■mperor of the West, called the the eldest son of Henry the Fowl- viied king of Germany, in (I3ii,at! I. He carried on wi'.nviih tliel rove them from tlio Vicn ; made' N tributary ; deprived the duiie' of his estates, and then had to :u' resistance of the great ehiet- : empire, aided by the kin? o( • afterwards aided the same liitg revolted vassal, Hush the Great, Danes, and ajfiiin inva'ipil was then ens.inea for ten yean tlie HunKariuns, and finally de- I at Leek. Heren^'er havinj title of emperor in Italy, Otto \c, where he was crowned em- m XII. That pontiff afterwardi h llerenger, on which Dtio :o be deposed, and put I.i o Mil. In 963. On the emperor's return the llomans revolted and im- I ; for which Otto afiain visited "i he lifsioKed, and restored L'o. leU his arms aRainstXiccphoru), ic Fast, whose army hedefmted. i'S, the successor of Xieephorui, ivith Otto, whddioilins: ., emperor of the AVcgt, son of I born 'n 9ho, and was chosen to ather in 983. He was soon after r the uuke of Itavaria to Mag wa.s restored to his mother, the cophanirt, to whom, with hii , the regency was intrusted. his tutors (!>t) Demard, then ildesheini, and the (clcbrated 991! he was crowned king of, id then went toltonietoreceive crown from I'ope Gregory V., laplain. Iinnio. Un his return hi" recovered the -arcraviaie irg from the Sclaves, who hid ^ i^ctu Slnibtrsal 19iograpl)t). i^edif in IWH restored (Jregory, who had S dr ven from Uom« I'X IJreseent.us. to iDapil chair, and having got possession 1 rnTentluH by promising him his life, put Mmlodtath (mthe d.athof (iregory V.. ,' had ills noble friend (ierhert cl.o.sen 11,. who took the name of Silvester II. , nmde a pilgrimage ... the year 11.00 to rtomb of the martyred Adalbert upostle I lohemia, hi.n early ir.end, aj.d founded I e archbishopric of (inesi.e, ... I'oland. He nL visited the tomb of t'harien.agne, took i r. ross of gold olf the neck of hi,s f;reot pre ■ I rssor, and pa-t of his dress a. ,d l...d the Itombdosed again. Otto was full of n vision- arv ambition, hoping to restore Rome to her fiirnicr greatness as the seat of empire. He returned to Italy iu U'Ul, mid at Home was fiscinutcd by the beauty of Htephaula, ifidow of t're.scentius; who, to avenge her 'msbaiids iniirdcr. a.nl her own ubaiidon- ment to the lust of Otto's sold.e.-8, drew the young emperor to her as (i mistress, and then gave him a subtle poison, of which, soon after leaving Home, he died, at Puterno, in Campania, loe:'. OTTO OF I'UKISI.NOKN, a distinguished German chronicler of the \2l\\ century, was the son of St Leopold, margrave of Austria, and of Agnes, daughter of the Kmperor Henry IV. His high birth, tl..e abilities, and careful education might have obtained for him the highest otiiees, but his ambition did not lead him that way. He studinl at the university of Paris, became a Ci.stercian monk in Il'.'li, and entered the abtii'y of Morimond, in liurgundy, was chosen abbot in 1131, and in 1137 was appoi.i ted bishop of yreisiugcn. He took an active part in the church affairs of his time, and died at Mori- niond,ini5eptember, 1158. His" ("hronicon " extends from the creation (as usual) down to the year lilt), and the books which treat ofcontcmporary events are highly esteemed. Soalsoi8hi8"l)eOest.sFred( riei I. Ca-sarU .\ugusti." Hoth works have been freiniently reprinted. A good account of ( >tto, his Life ,ind Works, by 'Wieden.ann, appeared in 1819. OirO, LOUIS Ovii.i.tAi'MK, count de Mosloy, an eminent French diplomatist, was born in Daden, in 1751, and educated in the university of Rtrasburg. He was employed in 1779, secretary of embassy and chari]^ d'ajaires to the I'nited States of America, where he remained till \l'.f>. He was thrn employed by the Commit tee of I'uhlic Safety in the foreign di-part- mcnt of the state; hut on the fall of (he Girondists, he was sent to the Luxembourg prison, where he remained till the revolu- tion of the 9th Ther.nidor. In 1^00 he was sent to Knglanu, and he remained there, us minister-plenipotentiary, till thi- peace of .luiiens, when he was succeeded by CJeneral .lndr^o,ssy. In IHi)9 he was sent ambassador to Vienna, where he negotiated the marriage ofBuonaparte with Mari;. Louisa, the arch- duchess; and remained there till iHLi, when on his return to Paris, he became minister of State. At thcKestoration.in isll. he was sntUipioyed, and iu 1»|3, during the lluii- drcd Days, was made secretary for foreign affairs. He was, after the battle of Water [orjD loo, employed by Napoleon to negotiate for h.i pe.-.onnl security with the Fnglinh iro verument, but ll... object failed, through his not reee.vi.ig passports. Di.-d ihi7 orrovKNiUH. ,vi;nii;s,o.j OTWAY THi.M.v.-. an Kagllsh dramatic poet, wag born in Kid', at Trotten, !n Hus- sex; was educated t AVinehester, and Chrstchurch t'ollege, O.xford ; nnd after having made some uttemplg as an lu tor he became a writer for the stage. In Uili he produced hU first trttgedy of " Aleiblndes," and the following year appeared his" iJon tiirlus," which provi d extremely successful His reputation procured him the patronage of the ea>l of Plymouth, a natural »oa of i,harleg II., who gave him a cornetey in a regiment of cavalry, destined for Flanders J 1 which country he served a short time and then returned, pursued by habitual poverty He rontinued to write for the stage, but died, during KJH.'i. i„ i,i.s 3Hh year, at a pub- lic J.ouso on 'lower Hill, where he had se- creted himself from hig creditors, in a state of great destitution. As a tragic writer he stands high, and no one has touched scenes of domestic distress with more force nnd feeling. His tragedy of" Venice Preserved " founded on thestory of Hedmar's Conspiracy and p.()duced in 1G82, is his best work Among the others are the " Orphan," " Caius Mnrius," &e. i,i.!w.V'''*"'''' V"'^'"'^-'* ^''f"I'A8, Uukc of Uhuciio, marshal of France, was the son of a mc/chant, and born in I7ti7. He entered the army early, and in 1791 was captain of the ,trd battalion of volunteers who served in the department of the Meuse. Distin- guishing himself by |,is courage and mili- tary skill, he attained the rank of general of division, anil was placed on the stuflf of Massena, whom he accompanied into Italy, in 1799, nnd by his courageous conduct dur.ng the siege of Genoa, l.i going twice throuKh the Fn«lish lleet to lomniunicate with Ocneral Suchet, saved the French troops from becoming the victims of famine. In IKOO he joined General Hrune's army in Italy, where he gained fresh laurels in forc- ing the Austrians to repass the Adige ; and when war again broke out between Franc(> and Austria, in 1805, Napoleon confided an honourable station to ;Jeneral Oudinot who appeared covered with glory in the field of Austerlit*. in iSOti he was sent to take pos- session of Neufchatel, where Oudinot con- ducted himself with so .nuch disinterested- ness, as to gain the esteem of iu inhabitants, who, in token thereof, presented him with the freedom of their city. He assisted at the siege of I)antzic;and uftor the battle of Wagrain. Napoleon made him marshal of the empire, and created him duke of lleggio In IHlOhe went to Holland to take possession of the country, which l.ouis Huon:' parte had OUitted in disgust. He ufterwaii.s shared in the disastrous invasion of Russia, and was there seriously Wounded. In IHU he was again called into action, and again was dis- tinguished for hiscourage, bis great militarv t.-ilf>nfw It '.va- nc-vtr ni.shed by the slightest acius.ition of humanit>. On the eapitulaii March 31, 1811, the di.k (U of Y ar.s, i.ke agreed to the de- rfu 1 u !- 1 , . .. n ' M '1 iiiliiJi :■i^ t l'.\A-'\ I > i I; I • - w ill 1 11 . ^l u\ t\ ! 1 1 ^ if I OUDj trrmlnntlon <,f tlio provltlonal »fovi>rnmcnt • nd did not lec Napoli-on ufnT lli.u day. on the mum of NapoL-on from Klhn, )u- plaird himiic'ifnl thn head of tlip (frrnudl.rn . but nndliiK it impi.Mlhle to get u re thi-ir tlUclity «o till- coum- of lA.ui* XVIH ,1h- rt-tiri-d to nm M'at at Montnioroiul. fit' iubinqufiitly rccelvod tJio commniul of the niuioinil uuard ut rari« , « ii» niado a peer of Inincf and a minister of utiiip; und diiiinu the «ar with Hpain. In isj.i, hi- entered Madrid, of which he retain(d tlie iiituation i>f jrovernor a few inonlhk, ,ind then returned to I'arls. In Ih.to he adhered to the new dyniinly ; and in \Hii turcredi d M,^r^llal Moiieey as governor of the " Inv.ilidei." Died, 1N7. Ot'DUY, Jt.AN llAi'iiHTK. a French por- trait and historical painter. Horn, XHHH ; be- eamc a member of the Academy In 1717, and died In \'i^. OUOHTHKI). WiiMAM, an KnRlinh dl- Tbie and m)i'... .oatician, was born In 1574, at Kton, wai> edur.ited there, .ind at KiUK's College, Ciuubrldne , obtnlned the UvIuk of Nhalford, In Surrey, which he exchauRrd for that of Albury, and died in Ifido, aa It is enid, of Joy, at henrlnK of thnrles'a reatora tion. Though a if found mutliematlclan, his method of treatuij; lii^ sul.)( i ts u.m hotli dry and obscure. He wrote treatises on trlKonometry, arithmetic, conic sections, Ac. OUTUAM, Sir a.VMK.t, a distinKuishcd liritish general, one of the noblest of the heroes of our Indian enipi:e, was »•■ >-n in Derbyshire, in 1H03. Uft fatherless in in- fancy, he was educated at Marischal ColleKe, Aberdeen, where ho attained marked dis tinction, and went to Ilombuy as a cadet in ISlit. He served for sevtii years in Candilsb, bec.inio aide decamp to Lord Ktane in \Mh', and took part in the ciipture of Hhu/nee. He displayed Kreat aliility and vlRour as political ajfent at Ou/irat, comniihsary in the Upper Scinde, and resident at Ilydi-r- abad, Saltara, and Lucknow. Hi» employ, ment as eomnii»»lon"r to nrjcotiate with the Ameer of Kcinde in |h4.' k-il to a serious quarrel with Sir Charles Napier, whose e.m- duct he severely criticised. Ho visited Kntfland in the following year, had soon after a command in the Mabratta country, and In 1H17 was appointed resident at Xaroda' and also at Ilombay, in which capacity he contributed, by courajjeous exposure of official venality, to purify the administra- tion. In lh56 he was named chief commis- sioner of Oude, took part the next year in the war with 1'eri.ia, and was created lieu- tenant (feneral and C H. He succeeded Kir Henry l,awrence as resident at I.ucknow and played an important and most noble part in the suppressiun of the great mutiny He lay for weeks at Alumb«Bh, with 4imhi men entrenched. Immoveable by all the fierce atta( ks of the rebel force*. And be crowned all bis cour.iRc and wisdom and (rentleness with an ai t of "he most touihing and sublime un«ein»!ine«s , the surrender of the lead to which \:ts siiiioiily entitled him to (ieneral Haveluck when marchiiiff to the relief of I.ucknow He was aft- rwards made a Iiaronet and (; ('. H. , relumed to Knifland ^ i^ c to gtnibcrg al 13logrnp!)j). friends than that «■! «< Mill , t>lVUAUD,Jir.li.N w„.K 1" 177'.',and was a S.^r .Mf" "' ^'""K revolution, iicing ,„, , x, , '." '™ «' "i«i «"'■ ..f Kreat «ddr?s:;'.„\r,S'; ;;"lcul«.or! II., ._"'"'»iiie joon made a rapi.l fortune. H,. „„. „ ■ •- -^q under the republiian, tleimli ?""'''«« restored Itou'rbon r.^l ■ P '';'■ !">'» 'he vi«i..nl.i« of ,|,c forcf^'nnX ',:'''''•• Pro- oecupalion of France by tli „:i; /'"* "^i' iNl'i, and of the Vr\,, u "' '^■"' "'"Wniii InK the war in IH:^^'' !','"'/'" '"jP^lndur for his contracts i\u VtVl!^! f^'^^^^i PM-npedtbeKUillotln 1,7; r "'';,'". MJ loivin concealing him i ,,';.*, '"'""»' Nantes. I'nder the ^^e ' ivrr/'""*" »' owed many an escape 'tio'jVV^''''^''- ho friend louche In iHio e wl ' -n?""' secret mission by the latter to I ■ , ^2' "" " N^'l'"lfon also sent a i »in^ ^"Kl''nd, while with iimkiii beallii in 1 ni'O, and died at was m I'au.llth March, lh(.3. The (juality which 760 ~~ •ut he lived Insane ;t;3„'=''^ff''l''. .. prison, that h credU r^h m'iV"''''^ fined there for a loni; t n u (ir . , ''""" w.Tc made In the Cl.amb.r , f "'"P''''"'* lH2»,of the in r KiicV v,r^ ^''''""« '» t;;na,d.^„HenS:i'::;i,i^:^;s?j:-:;- ; ;;i:rii-;^;.js^;;.^K?t;-u: of authority, as no in.p.iry in , t oXa? cia operations was n.aae.' Hos, , ",. OM.ltJU'.LCk, IIO.SAVK.NTIIIA VW TO r'..Mter was bora at Amsterdam in' li'M). He stiuli, d at U,.Mir, and on Lis r^. urn to Holland liv.d for iome , 'U^ I.aire^^e. who bad been big master. 11," led a rcstlesb and dissipated lift-, alternately >leldinK to and fleeinK from tlie soduciio , 1 If '"■"\'^' ■""'»■ »t,ll"U'i'. now at Aiiistordan, tlun at ScbeveninK. Died, iniB. Aftorliis death appeared the work hy which his name is reo.eiobered, " lteli(iiu.e Antinu.u IrMs Komas" with 150 plates, engraved bj-hiin- uVi;itHrUY, Sir T110.MAS, an Kns-li«h Kentleman, principally known by the tni-ie cireuiustunces .ua(le bis friend fnim niarryinit the di- vorced <()iintes "• his hi": »-'''^-''''t.'rtoK,«,a ';"»! 0, ambassador, cou„C , ; '"•'■an, a trap-fh,-v«; i ;'»l'..,rrci>„n,K,u,|,, I such extraordinary lu,„rj ! "» croditurs held f,i,„ ,"[,! j "HK time. (;riatcu!npl„ii,„ ' <.uy, ,;xtravaKan«'anama" "tif his contract fur supply. 'fnj- in Spain ; hut it , a, ! protected l.yth,,8tronK arm I loitKimry into those finan- ' as made. He siihscqucutlr I ml, wlicie he died, 1817 i lH'.S.WK.NTinA V,\N I rus bora at Amsterdam in il at Ui)me, and on his re- I lived for some time with I i well liig master, llui ho dissipated life, alternately eeiiiK from tht kedueiions Home, nowatAnistonlam, n*. Died, iruB. After liis e work liy which liis name iteli(|ui.i' Antiqux' IrMs > plates, engraved by him- '^ir Thomas, an Kndi«h pally known by the tragic his death, was born at itrwickshirc, in IWl, and n's Cullcifc, Oxford, after a student of the Middle tlmacy vthieh he formed , the wnrtliless favourite land by James I, and who rl of Somerset, proved his I ' Was kniirhted, and his| leof lhe.)iid(;(sforValel,!l iTbury, iiy venturing toil I from marryinit the di- Kssex , provoked the anger itrh tlieir eoulriv^inoc he ■ 'wcr, 'vhere he was pui-Ji 3. This iniiiuitous dtcdji OVi] ?l ifltto aUnfberanl 13iogrnpf)ij. [own not discovered until two yciM ofter- | fldi-llly. At tlfty yriiri of i.j,,. h noi "•=>•'.. ,, ,.i II,,,, •„■,„,,> I i,i,„„„ii' •.. ..:i ...I...', . . ". " ;;?>!, when Sir Uervn.c i;iwuy», lieutenant ft. Tower, and some others, were tiled d exen.'eJi '"" ''"^^ p.ineipalH. to tl.o „al (listtraee of th.' kin_K, »|e_r(- p irdone.l. [iliiistir to oil iml'iit'liiH-, niiVl lu"ror('."hu'J|,' ruth liiia executed above four Ittiiidrcd pictures He was aNo nii adiiiliable et< her. and twii ba-i«"«''''' eanse that will not add ''I Ittnomlnyof the proceedii.K. Mr ._ ^ Tlioinas Overbiiiy wrote_ n poijn, tMititled | |nan, wltligomc (■hai-mliii{ Illustration "The Wife," which, with hU piece eallud j Klveii In the Art .lonrnaj. No. ;ft, .March "Ch.iractcis,' went throuKhm.iny editions. I Ititi.i. Mr Owta died at Chclteiihaui, 15th His nephew. Sir Tiio.M.VH ()vt;uiii IIY, : July, l.sii.i. mildi»hed"An Account of the Irial of .loan OWKN. IIknuy. a lenriied divine of the vrry and her two Huns for the Murder of cliureh of IvuBhuid, w.is born In M.-niiiouth- uilliamHarri.Htn;"ainoslreinarkaldecase, j shire, in I71(;.aiid edui.ited llfNt at Itutliin rtics who were executed having con *- ' • ■ . - fissedtlicmsilvcsKuilly of the murder, al thouKh innocent, " Uueiic.s on rcrsitution in lU'Hxion," \c. OVID (OVIDI l>i), I'l iii.ius N.\Rit. a eclu- brated Uomaii I'oet of the AuKUStali a^;v, was of the e(|"cslriaii order, and horn at Siilmo, I'C- ■!•'• "'•' "inilied the l.iw. and is snid'to have pleaded with eloquence in the court of the centumviii , lie was also con- stituted Olio of the triumviri, whose au thority extended to the trial of capital cause.H; bnt his decided predilection for polite literature, and iiartieiilarly poetry, led lilii, to nei;lect M'Venr studies, and on suc- cee>liii({ •'> "'•' I'tcriial i ?>tate, he (|uitted the bar fur poelry and plia.'iuie. llorate and I'rupertius wi re lii.i friends, and Au- nistusw.is a liberal patron to liiii . u, » he- at K'nptli fell under the displea- .re oi the cmperur, who, fur some tau.»'. never ex plained, banished him from Home, and sent hini to live umoi)-' the Oeta-, or (ioth-<, on theKuxine. Itis|)r(ibable that the political intri^tuisof the liiiipress I.ivi.i and her son I Tiberius contributed to the removal of the poet; wliile the liceiitioiisiiess of his writ- ings, and the irregularities of his life, af forded plausible pretext.! for the inlliction of this punisliinciit. His chief v>oiks are, the " Amore.s,' " De .Arte .Vmaiidi," the "fasti," and " .Mel.imui piloses." lie In ! rain solicited hisrec.ill to ICuaie, and died at Tumi, A. II. IH. I ovir.Do Y VAi.Drs, r.oxz.vr.vo in-.u- JNANliKZ I>K, a Sp,iiu>h military orticer, who ^was inlendant or inspector Keiieral of com- meree in .Vinirica, in tlie reik'n of the i;m peror Charles V. He wrote a complete "History of the West Indies;" from which succeeding; writers have drawn much of their inforinaiion ri l.itive to the intercourse of tlie Spaniar.is »itli America. OWK.N, i:ii\VAKi> ritvt K, an ndinirablc artist, painter, and etcher, whose name was almost unknown till the time of his death. was son of MukIi Owen. areluleiconof. Salop,' and -.vjs born about I7>7. He was educated at .Shrewsbury Urammar School and Cam .bridge University, where lie (jraduated .M A. in 1828. He entered the church, and after being a preacher in London forsevenil years .became vicar of AN eliiu-ton, and rector of Kylon, Salop, in IH.M Uu re»l«ned this hvingin IMO. lie was an ardent lover of nature and student of art from his youth, i'"..:."'' """'f.,'luri"K several tours on the 'o-itiiies!, :i:i mnr.uiv l.iioiiierof drawiii(;s and sketches, of a ^reat variety of subjects all treated with singular case, vigour, uud School, and next at Jcmis ('olle«e, O.xford where he took his dcKree of M.K ,hut after- wards entered into orders, and obtaiin d tho rectory of Sf oi.ne, Hart Street, mid In 17 vols.; Hnd"(ritiea Sucra, or an IntioUiic- tioii to Hebrew Critici.^ni. • OWICN, John, „» epifframniatlst, was m.rn n CaerMurvoiishire , was educated nt ^\ inehestcr, am. New Colhire. Oxford, after Which he became iii.tsterof Warwick School, and died In Hi.".'. His Latin epigrams pos- sess >:reat point. OWLN.JollN, lVI).,a learned Indent nd divine, was horn nt Stadham, lu ent fordshire,ln liilii.und educated at Queen' tollege. In the civil w.us he was a zealou Ox- H advocate for the parliament 'aga'iir>t"""t'he kii.if, and the day after the exi cation of ( harles I. he preache.l a sermon I efoiv the parliament, in which he showed himself to of such a tine and t'dt r.int spirit, that be (.romwell made liiin chaplain, and the par- liament soon after jjave him the deanery of (•hristchurch. Oxford, where he servid'the otllce of vicechancellor in lii.VJ. At the He- stoialion he was deprived of his deanery ; on which he retired to his estate in Lssex. He died in ItiKI. I'rowen wasavcry voluminouii writer. His principal works are, "An Kx- p-)»llloli of tl,e Lpistle to the Hebrews," 4 vols, a "Discourse coneerniiiK the Holy spirit,' a Treatise on Indwellinir Sin. \indiciiL' llvangelice, tracts and Ser moiis," Ac. There is a portrait of Dr Owen in the National Collection. OWLN, UoiiKiii, the phil.inthroplst and socialist, was born at .Newton, In Mont- gonieryHhlre. in 1771. His p.uei.ts beitij; poor, his education was scaiitv, mnl after assisting- in an ehim laarv school in hi« native toun, and In a tH.^per's shop at St.uiiford, where he reui.iined four year^. he wtiit to I.oniloii, where he was oil. red a partner>bip, with the promise of the whole conieinand adequate capital after a time hut he d-clined,aiid at ei^'hteen became a partner in a cotton spinniii),' factory. Ad- vanciii',' in prosperity, he commenced the thorllon Mills, near Manchester, and sell. iik thobe, took with his partners tli(< New Lanark .Mills, in Se,,!!;i!i.j.i ot 1.-.0 acres, and upwards of •JtHio"inliabi't- ants. New Lanark had b i commenced in 1<»1 by Mr Dale, whose daughter .Mr Owen ;tji ■il r ■ lit f ' •I Mi t •^ .U ! • I •'} w f I i"u a» ap pointed principal portrait painter to the princo reKent, who olfered to kiiiKht him but he modestly declined the honour. Hi' executed portraits of Ul*tinKuUhed states men, &c., and also employed himself occa •lonally on historical subjc. u. Horn. 17(iy died, 1H2I. ' OWKX GM-XDOWEU. [OLENDOW- EU. I UX EN8TIEKX. AxKL, Count, an eminent Swedish •fste»man, distloKtiUtted for pro ^„^','P''''"'ill«U." "'' ;-nu:n;a;i:i,.::\i:';;;;-;'ni^;.uS 1««0, Hew.i,educa.en 't|"!''''"l'»«.ln! <'•' the death of |,u fa I r 1 ""''■ ''"I ^ •clene,.* was for manj- y ",„ ', "-'y »' il..' wrotenKHMt number ofu.cW'' "' ' primipal of whui, are ''i)?,,y' *"'''.»"■ ' Malh**mallquc»," "Cours ".i«."w""!'""'«» ivrspeciive iue».".\ vtds. • •l niysi(,ues, ■ i volN., "li, n.*ori.iueeirratl.,u..,"4o «..d was intendeil n ■' h^Jharch wh,^'* "' fexHion he deelin,.,!, atu ,E i^^'''' •''''" ofauditor-Keneraloftl::/ ; ; 'f,^^^^^^^^ ">">ofMThoma.s',II„s iui ','"''^l' works aiT translation, f?', „,['!""''■" Italian, and Hpanll , IdT "'^'■f'''«h. in he drew a coinparison 4tll Jj. '"'™; himself, of courscl ver "unfarorm:",:: lorm.T, with reifard tnth. IrL-m.^,. and p.M.taaUeuia.,. 1, d^f''' ''""'"» VI. ,1, a celebrated UuBsian traji'' l"' wasbon. in 1770; entrred tlu" ariuy in X ,' heaiu.ned the rank of major-R^n ?aT aflerward. obtained a civil upf^iS", He wrot.. the traKi'dic* of " rii,^7 ' K: trii I onskoi," " tEdlpus," aud •' Polvx nT" «bith exhibit beauties of a hixh order ho «l»« wrotB tome lyric poems. Died, 1816 P. PAAW, riKTRR, an eminent Du ch phy- siclan and Imtanlst, born at Amsterdam, in 1.W4 He wa* appointed professor of lui-di- cine at I^eyden, where he founded the bo- tanical garden, and published si viral work* or. analomiettland botanical subjicu, which, ] Ji JUKhaurpaMedbysubseiiuint i>roduction», ' ar« itili 'jiteemeU. Died. !6!T. I'jVSX'A, Caraiual, was l>oriial lieneveutu, I74C. After rising throuRh llic usual ecd^ siastital dfuree-f, and discliarginjt the office of nuncio at vcrious courts, hiTcccivid from j, I'ope I'iu* Vn. the cardinal's hat In 1!>"1,I| drew up the famous bull whicli cicommunl- 1 cated Nap i quencc imprisoned at Fc'iestrclla. In 1813 he rrjtrii:i-d r:ua \ii. ut h.ntaincbicaB, where ho induced himio withdrair tlieion- ""'<-'• "f useful Url', ^ ;li nil' " iii„.i_"".'"''''t' tiiiui\"4(.. .ft ini>a.i|„„i,ou, wrK ?;'"'l, ofa French to ,. <'r the church, whte' i'Kt;n.^.he^a >n "f consuminat nnllr '' ;'>'".", '••"tranrdinaryaii; K'. with hi, name, 1,, a ".ri«on between IVpeal^O I very uiifuvourahletotho! ratiithiirjtPiiiralh'arniDj I.AI.|S|,AS AuxANuno. I "■a KuBnittn tragic poet ' 'ntrrrdthi'uriuy.inwlikli' i uikof majur-Rcncrttl, and ii'U a civil uppointmcfli, 'tlit»of"l'iiiKal,— i)eM(. i:*llpu8,"aua"l'olvxnja,i utlciof ahJKhordir.ho ' Tic poems. Uicd, 1816. ' FAfl] H ilcut aiuUdSAl iJ(ograyf)),). ^»uiiini a ihort time privlouily cutnbllilicil ■Ti Vara,! ■en t>v a I'oiifordat. roturm-d to Su «'•''''''• 'T'. '".'"' V'"''.""';'''''- . rt'd from olhcc In IHKi. afltT havliiK n-- c ifll)Il.h.«a the order of tho .U.ulU. I)U-.I. I8JI Hl«lntirr«tlnK"Mimolr»' have been rai..h.tnllntui:M«lUhl.yHirU. Hcftil. rAOCHrAUoni, JAcoro, mi imly Ita- II in paliiler, burn at Kicnntt in U74. His Drluclpal worlt» wireexci uted in hi» niitlTe Pitv and line of the W»t Is the fresco In the church of i^t Catherln f the Vlitit of Nt fatherine to Uie body of M Agnes of Monti- nulclBno, portions of which are liy some 'riticstiiouKht worthy of Kaplmel. I'ncchin nittl lias bei M supposed to be a pupil or iiiii- tatorof I'eruKlMO, to whom some of his bent pictures .lave liceii ascribed. In 13.1^ this master was implicated in ft coii-iplrncy and (led to I'nime, returninu, however, soon after. Four years later be was exiled and imtlawed, but soon obtained piirdnn. Me was llvlni,' in IW. ''"wo beautiful easel pie- turcsby I'acchiarotti are in the Munich (iai Icryianda Mudonun and (!hild in the Na- tional (iailery J'AOF, IIKIIAKP, a learned and eloi|ueiit divine and stntesiiian, was born in Mani])- shire, in 148:>, studied at I'adua, and on his return became a uuiiiber of (Jiiecn's College, oifiird, but soon afterwards aeeonipuiUed i Cardinal HamliridKe t.i Home. In 141.^ be I was sent to the court of Vienna, anil in 152'.' wasmade dean of Kxeter. He wa.s uKo d< an uf )>t Paul's i but falling under the displcn- I sure of 'NVolsey, ho lost his prefcrinenis, and 'retired to Stepney, where he died in 15;iJ. He wrote a book on the luwfulne»suf Henry ■VIII.'s niarriiiKc with Catherine of Aragon, JI'DeFructu Scientiaruui," Ac ; and been- I'juyed the friendship of Kras'iius, Sir 'Ihoinas i; More, and Cardinal Pole. || PACHKCO, l'KA.Nt:Ksco, Hpimisb painter and writer on art, was born at Seville, in 1571. Ho worked at first ns a decorative painter, but was cominiMioned with Aloiucj Va!i(iue)!,ln 16(X),to paint ast'ritsof six lar^'c pictures of scenes from the Life of Kt Jtay- iiiund. After becominff acquainted with the ^'reat works of earlier masters at Madrid and the Escurial, he opened at Seville n ichool I uf painting, and aiiioUR bis pupils was Vc- liisquez, who also became his son-in-law. , I'acheco was afterwards appointed eousur of paintinffs sold at Seville with strict charge 1 10 prohibit nude tlKures. His best and nl- inust all his works are nt Seville ; nmonif iliem ate particularly esteemed a " Last , .ladgiuent and " si Michael expelliiiBSatan ' from Paradise." I'aehex'o was sometimes j iiiiployid to I iiluiir statues, lie was author I iif an cleiiientary work entitled—" Arto dc I'intura," published, KM'J. Died «t Seville, 11)51. PACIAVDI, I'AOl.olMAUrA, nn Italinn fcrlesiastic, antiquary, and historian, wa» born at Turin, in ITlo He studied at Ho- l"i;na, became professor of philosophy at (.( iioa, but ab.indoned his chair, and devoted Imnsclf for ten years to prcachlnn in the principal cities of Italy. Compelled by ill health to relinquish this task, he •itfL.d »t KuMir. and became in 1761 librarian tc the grand duke of Parma, who also appointed [PAO ilm hi. antlqu.ry and director of some i,uf>. lie work. ; br.l^..« which he was liUi„riuirn^ Pher of the order of Malta He .ill' %". H is princ pal works nie, '< A Series of Medal, representing the most remarkable Kventi . f the Oovernment of Malta," "Mon.imrnta I'e oponneslacn," a vols. 4to. and ' Memoir, of the Orand Muster, of the Order of Hi John of Jeiiisrtli m," ;« vols. JI. at the niv^e of .Montanbun. After this be " -' dIstinKulshcd himself on several - sions, particularly at the passaKCof the Alps and the barricade of Su/a, where he was the first toleadtheway oreradanKerou, heiKlit In 1C42 he lost his slKht entirely ; notwith standing which he pursued his military studies, and in 1(H5 published an excel- lent work , entitled " Trait* de Kortiflcation ' Died, Kiti.'i. I'AtiAMM, Nicoi.o, the inimitable vio- linist, was born nt Oenoa, 17St. His father who was ft coiiMiiisslon-broker by trade, but a great musical amateur, Initiated him In the principle, of music from his earliest year, , and the progress thu, made under parental care was still further increased bv subsequent instructions from Costa. Holla and I'aer. His first public engaKPrnent was at l.ucca. Here he found a zealous patroneas jn the I'rlneess llacdochi, sister of Napo- leon ; but in 181) he left Lucca for Milan, and three year, later bis reputation bad so spread abroad, that the Lelpsic Musical (ia- sfttff, r." itt-sn authuriSy at that tiinc, ino- n.iunced him the first viollf ist in the world irom tUi, epoch date, hi, wondrous per. 763 II! ' '11* 'I f ' i ) it i IH'iioa (Mlk-a forth sii-'li Imistsof nppliiusi' i-nuion, imu Kiiglanil. In Ks^.s hr \isii(d ^ifiina, Mlui" li(. mri nitli an riitluisins(ic i.ooption. ■n.ci.CfJu'vi.iU'Jthcchi.fcilicN of l.i-nnanj , aiul ii; in:;i i„. ,.,j„,e ;, ,„„.si,„i lour lliroi'-li liancf aiul Kiicland, wlitrr lip H'alca'il .iu..in.iu» hums, wliich. lunvtvir, the KaiuMm!,' tablesu all(,wed up, fiToucntlv ovfii With Kiiiitcr r.ipidty tliaii hi- «aiii.-;i Ihrni. His last yoais \V( iv spirt at hu villa l>a.ioii.i. iH'ar J'anna , and lie died ut Niii- IS4M. The ,„„st ahsiird slurjos wcr<' ciim lalfd rfiiariliiif- )'iii,-aiiiiii duriiij; Iiis lifrt iiiic nor did thry rrasc ivon with liig death! (•rimi8of thr (Ici'pist ilyc ^cic iiupuiid to liimMithoiil I vrMijri of tmindaf ion , thuiit;li ^ It MUM lu' iKhiiitti'd that the oinfjular cast .of lus countrnanio, his rrservid chaiaiMir i Ills sudden hmstsof passion, and the mjs' , tiTious veil vvhieh he Mas fond of throw in I around alt his proeeei!inf;s, were will llitni I to n«aken pul lie curiosity, with it- umiuI ud.|Unr. /xeessive credulitv. I I'Atil I'll luiK M VHIi; rHANCOI^ Vis- ;countdc... f< 1. t ralid I'lenih navigator was :born at n.uiouse, in 174 ^. II,. sail.d from Cape I'ramjois, in St iM.nMnKO.in ITit;, vMtli a view toe.\ploie the Indian Seas, and travel throUKli Chinu and Tartary to the Northern Oeean; Inii on arrivinw; "t the I'liilippine IshmdH in OHohi r, ITiin, and finding- it ini ! possible to penetrate China, lie went hy s. a j to llahsora.r.iid travellinK fliroutrh the d'esi rt 'lo_Syria, he re,uh(d I'ranee in Dee. niler il(;reat woik on llrroniu,'»,and »a» theuiiihor of a history of the popes, general eouneils, niid some i e- elesiftstiial rite* and untiquitii s, under the title of "llievi.irum llistoru o-t hronoloijico- critieuin" Ae, 4 vols. I>ied, 1721. I'AG.MM), Sa.Mi;, a Koininiean friar born at l.ucea, in UnO. He was un able' chissiial and oriental lirholur, and was em- ployed •J.S years in translatiiiK the Scriptures, Uo X. fuinishinvr liiin with all ncdss.iry' cxpenkes He was also the author of u " Helirew U xiioii and (;ianiniar. ' 1'AH1,1;N, I'n f.K, Count, desti ndrd fionv n noble l.ivonian family, won born, 17(,u. He WHS appointed military Koveriior of I'e- liT»hur« by the huiperor I'aiil , hut leuriiiK ?.. full a ViCtiMi to the =:;pr!r><*MS di-|r;-:i::i;, ■^j^ftB Slnifacrstil 13io9inj)f)n. [PAI procIainiodliissonAlcx.,,,",.,,,,:, ^ """ "" ' l",.::"""™ »' v: V,V,' ; ;:■ "■ bri,UKht up his »on to it "'"'>cr. and. ne,iio\vovcr MMi'iently beeMiue an exei^rVr"'''''-^''!'- I'.vniKat Lewes, in S ,vsr, ,"""; '""1 wn, MU.ation in consc.in.T •;;;'' ".'' '"^t hi, I'aeeonisfs shop, wl'i, , \,"I '•'"« " to- compatible « i,";; his u ic "Tn"^,"" "'• ■''"'""■'* liMviiiR appear, 1 i,,o "* '''''''ary ttie n. cess.ty ot adv a u ,! " ''i"".I""''t o S:^.Jiu!lh::ii:^-|;r'iE?-^^^^^^^^^ rceoneiliation. V t 4 ,n '''''•''''^f'«"' •"ula.'ilre^sed to a 1 i 1 ,.v . ' *',''"' ^'^""-^ iti.aiia,,rodij;o;;s.:::l:'^.:::.^:i:;^''";i"""tion;; cell rated fthattleopii', he fotini'd .-li.ioussaie;;.;,:,,;;^;: ;r:?' .•nVMns,lvaniavi??edrmt,!:^S:^^7 terwarusa so nwardi.l Mill, . '"• "''-^.if- ^uis,eametoi:,,,i,u,d,withaviinv ? Pioseiiuionofa pioieel for il-,. ,.„,,' '"• .^;M. i.•onb^id.l.,,rhi^':,:';^ ^^:'-i Uotherham.in VoiKshiie. Tliis s,l, !;"' : <.lvedbu;,.„eonsideraMed,.t,enl. 1 , i l'^^>^rnir.--.inwhiihhef,m.toM,,,v at i reeoi.,nH_iou.d.th,.chaM::et|..atwa^ai-,, h "'^- >'. ITaiue, biou;;l,r him a s ; , , ,f mon.r. "nthenppearan.eonJuiloVjt leit.,,i,soMlhelVenehlUvehn,n„,l„Mwu, the fust partol hisirhbialed " hi'-lHs ^ Man, laaiiMur to that work. The s.voi J p..it was published , ally in 17x': aiiU Miv ' the -St. Ill that year, « i.rodam.uioi; hVs issued aK.nnst wicked and sedilimis puLliM'. ■ lions, evid. ntlN alluding t-.. ihoujih it did ' not name, the "nights of >i,,n." (m ihe ' »ame day, the attnimy i;,ner.il niiiiu.cnad a prosdution ai,-aiii>t I'aine. as IIk iiuihor ofthat woik. While Ihe dial h,i, peiiuini. he was ehoMii liu mber ol the Natioiiiil Ciiii' '■ vention for the dep;,rlmeiii u( Ciihiis, and, niakinj,' his e»i.ipi-,h,- s. i (,tn,,r l'r,inn',aiid' ' nriived thiie in .septc n , r, Kij. iia. pr ris.'ii at C.ilais were umlir ii.'nis to riccin' i this "friend of liberty," the triiolinind lockade w..» preseiued to him by thciiia\ur, ' and the hands. imcst wom.in in liii't'iHu'ivih ' selected to plaie it in his hat. Mfaiiliiiir Taiiie had bi( n deeland in I'aris wciiliy „l the honours of eitiziiisliip, and he iiruat'did tnai.ti, while III- WHu nuiMii wiiiicviiv liiiu, ieon»|iiriu)rtKainst demonsiraiion of extia^aL-aiit jov cauKU him to bo •iruiigU-rt in Ihol, and | trial of I ouis \V1. i Oil the 10 >otLd iii,'iiin,>t Ihesi'ii- 7 64 ^ iJ5eto aJnibcrsal 1;3iogrnp^n. [pal Z LmI war nnll His bnnishmrnt nftor- .. m i. This conduct offcMuIrd the Jaoobins. £on.om tile convention, on t.,0 .round ofhisboinsn foreigner nnd immpdiaicly after committed lijs contineinc r ftlioughiiatiir.ili/P(l; >r lie wiiu iirrt'Htod, and !nn,m'i'tte;i toVhe Luxenibo.ir!,'. Just before ,i, c n ii e . cnt ho bad llnlsbe.l the first n rt i work, entitled the " Afjo of Kca- hi" friend Joel Unrlow, it was publisbrd. On c fall of Kol'e^Tic''^ ''« was rrleasod In "i, lie published tbe second j.art of his "a'c of Jton^on ;•• and, in Ma.v,17fm. ho ad- ,irprscd to tbo Council of I'ivo Iliindrod a s\"tcm of rinanco in Knpland,' and nl>o miblisl.od his pamphlet, ontitled " ARranan y ' ticc " Fearful of bcinp captured by Kn?- liOi cruisers, he remained In Trance till \ii"iist 1802. when he enibarUed for Anieri- M ''and reached lialtimoro the following oVtohcr. His subsequent life was by no means happy ; for. allbousli occupied in va- rious mechanical and literary pursuits, and Dosspwd of decent competence, h'" "• ■- iinon ruliijion had narrowed hisei his attacks rclo of uc- (nnintaiue, and his habitual inteniporance tended to the injury of his health, and the nroduction of a complication of disorders, t;) Ivhich he fell a victim in 1809. The Quiikorg refused to admit his remains nmon^ their dead and he was buried on his own farm. ■ Col)ii'ett boasted of bavins disinterred him in 1817. and brouRht his body to Kn^land ; many, however, asserted, that C'>bi)ett did not take that 'rouble, but brought over from America the reniainsof a criminal, who had ibccn executed. Tom Tninc published a third part of the " Ace of Keasoii " in 1807. The flrft part of this remarkable book is a coarse attack on the popular scheme of (Tiristian thooloffy; tlie second and third parts consist of a savape and ignorant tirade aj^ainst the llihlc; yet nevertheless starting questions which are still un.ier controversy, thou«h of a very diflVreiit kind. Ulshop Watson's famous " Apolofjy for the llibli; " was writ nn as a rcplv to the " Age oi lleason." r.USllvI.T.O. C.iovANNl.a celebrated singer diul cuiiiposrr. was the son of a vete- rinary surgeon of Tnrento, in Italy, and jJiorn i'l 1711. He was put under the care of I tlio celclirated Itiirnnte, and, In 17(1;), p»"; (Inrcil his first opera. " I, a I'apilla," with ■sreat applause, at the Marsigli Theatre, in ilDlojjna. From this period commenced n lonff career of success ; and his works were i not only applauded in Italy, but over the I whole cnnlineut. In 17l(fi be was induced to enter the service of fathinine II. of Uussia. who settled upon him a pension of 4000 roubles, and he remained there nine (Tears. He next settled at Naples; and, on the rrench revolution cJtiendinK to that country, lie icceived from the republican government the appointment of composer to the nation. In IHol be wont to Paris at the request of Iluonaparte ; hut. after hav- inK occn there three years, he returned to N'sples. where he died in IKUi. His operas, lerious And comic, exceed 70, and he wrote besides a great variety of ballet*, i-antatai, Xe. Pimplicity, olef?anpe, and correctncsB are tlie characteristics of his style. PA.IOI,, CLAIM. K Pii;uiu;, a distiii- RUished Trench soldier, was horn at «o- s,in<}on, 1772. KnteriuK the army In 17<»l he served in all the campaigns of the Uepuhlic and the Kmpire, and grailually roao to the hi;;hest military honours. No- minated general of division in 1812, he commandeU the vanguard ci the army of Davoust in the Hussian campaign, when ho took Minsk and some other towns ; was left for dead at the battle of Lcipsic in IKI.'I, recaptured Montcroau from the allies in lKI4,and had gained possession of Xamur at the moment when the battle of Waterloo' decided the fate of Prance. He then retired from tbearmy.butre-entereditin 1830, when the revolution of July broke out, and directed the attack cf the Parisians upon Kambou- illet, which led to the tlight of Charles X. Por these services he was made a peer of Prance. Died, 18U. I'AJOU, AiiasTiN, an eminent French sculptor, was born at I'aris, in 17:t(>; gained the prize at the academy when IH years of age ; studied 0.1 n,to go to Home to seek aid against li jm frum the pope, but he gc nothing bet.i than promises. At Venice he was detalneu by his creditors, till his son Manuel paid his debts for him. A conspiracy against him was formed by his son Amlronlcus, who on its discovery was imprisoned. Two years later .\ndronictis was liberated by the (Jcs noese, made himself master of t'onstantl- nople, and Imprisoned his father; who in his turn escaped, took refuge wiih Il.i 1 1 Jjl 1 ,i i ',mi 3 i jJJ |l J/ u J 1 ;! i| pal] nndlmvlnjr ontored the military sprvicp of t»I':iin !it an cnrly age, ai.ompiuiicd IVnli- naiul \ It. to Tiayonno, in I8()H; i,ut, on the roslfjnation of that monarch, he rriiirned to Ar.iKun.and lived in retirement at a sliort ilistanee from SaraKossa. I'roelainM d, in May, povernor of Sarajfossa hy the peo- ple, who saw thPTORelves menaced on nil sides by the armies of Frame, he took ins'ant ineasnres to sustain a sleKo; ami such was the effect of his intelllRence and determin- ation, that with a handful of men. the city resisted an overwhelming force, and at Jentfth compelled the I'remh peneral tore- treat, after a siogc of (il ,iavs and the loss of thousands of his men. Hut the reduction of Sarauo«a was of loo >:reat importance to the Irench for them not to strain everv nerve to accomplish It; and Marshals Mortier and Monccy marched in NovemLer of the g.imc year, at the he. i of a larfze army, to reeoni- inencc the siece. After sulTorinM' two defeats before Sarajfossa, I'alafux once more retired within its walls, and commenced the s.mie viRorous course of action which had been 1 already crowned with success; but on this I occasion all his efforts were in vain th<^ besietrerg were backed l.y a force more ierri- hle than themselves , an epidemic fever was raginRin the garrison. and I'alafox, who was attacked by it, was obliged to rcMgn the com- mand on the "JOih FebruHrv,18();), to (ieneral St Mare, who signed the capitulation on tlu- following day. I'alafox was now sent into trance, and remained a ch)se prisoner at 'Vincenneg,till the restoration of Ftrdinand by whom he was sent on a secret mission to' Madrid. In June, 1811, ho was appointed captain-jjeneral of Aragon , but, f„r neirlv 30 years before his death, he took no pari in puMic affairs. Horn, 17H0. Died at Madri.k I'ALKfJTUINA, (ilov.vNNi PiKUH i,,i Va. one of the tnost illustrious Italian nuini- ^"i!../"T,P"*r"' '^"» ''""' " I'alestrina in 1521. Ue became chapel master to I'one Julius III. in 1551. was dismissed four years lifter, and after hohliuK various othrr an poiniments, was restored to that post in 13< I. One of his mon famous wurks Is that kiiownasthe Mass of I'ope .Marcllu* which was composed in conseiiuence of I'lu. dis- cussions on chunhnHmic in the Cotincil of Trent. Most of his compositions are Mured ; and are distinguished by their profoundly I wientiflc harmonies He wrotp also nmnv madriitals This " Musics I'rinc. ps," as he was styled, died at Home in l.V'l.andwns buried in S; I'eter's. I'ALKV, WiM.iAM, II n.,an eminent di Tine of the KnKlish i hunh, was born at I'e terlH.routfh, in 174,1 . and wasedu< ,,t.d as a sl/ar at ( hrisfsr.dlcpe. Cambridge, of Hbbh he b. came a fdlow in 17*^0. F,,r ten .uh se<|uent years he nsided at the nniversiiv but in 1776 he obtained the vicnraijes of l>al»toii, in Cumberland, and Apidebv in Westmoreland. In 17-«(» he was coll.itVd to a prebend in the cathedral of ("arll..le <,f which diocese he became archdeacon in I7-*,' and Jn 1785 he was appointed chancellor! The l.lenient*of M.^rnl and I'olltiral I'hl- lotophy," In 1 vol. Ho His next pnblica- ^ J^clu aiiubcrsnl i3fogrnpI)n. tion was tin vacated l.alsto"'r,S^';:r," ■"IT.^I, vicarage of Stanwix ic , i^r?'*^' to II, year fonowIn«ap,,,,:^^;;',<-'/;^. and t,;: ; "-^^ uf the .Imtors dcRree on hf>!n„ ' "" ' 'Vin.' "f Jlishop'A7,^„^';;^«''tr.l,o,,,^ «roie his last wo?k, entUW '' v;/^''"'' ''^ l"Ky. or Kvidcncei of t ,c i-> '*"'••" rheo. Attributes of the Deity /''"ft^nce anj, 'l'»t in the composition , f i ?o '? '"'""■ii I «^rk, I'aley made ralur ml ,.'' '''"'^''I <>f fi work of the I) it,h iyP"'''»5usc Niouwentyt, w ."ch wa, t';'"';""'"'^''^". ' J HKlish under the title "f •' t1'-''»'''" into I'hilosnnher.. Hesia,, ,t aS -''''"''"'' ' Sir rn in l.ondon,Jui/'|?^'';^ 'i"^^^" ^.., .Iisfath;r. Si;^!^,f^^hp.- FAI-OHAVK, born rents,. ,i,„ muier, Mr Mevrr r^h" lontf known as •! we, ti,t '^ , ''"• «■■!« «tock Kxchanpe. lut o7,h"?'"T '^ "«' of the war with France in iHnl*?'''';^'^"' ""istained heavy Ingsc «■?,!? ''"' f*"'" ^issonthcMccc^sty rWorkilf'''"'!!'''™ ""vi!'j:actcdasn,a\,;4re ft' ';•'''«• te;?ci^:Ki;an:si^[ £f S "f Mr Dawson "^ rmV of r ,f t''""'^'''^^ and obtained Porm." Lmlo'; f' 'J™-'''- from Cohen to raUrave , , ,f h • ""^" maiden n,.m,. -.f his wi^mXr «' "'' called to fl,r |,,,r in id" L ^^ "'•'« n.r several y.::;r;" VL^L^^^ S:'"' ir'-f""; '-'- '-fore tlu'^nous'o Id" of the I.nnhsh Commune calth," and" serratmrs on the Frinciplos, &c. of Vw .M,in,c,palC..rporatlo„..-.',,'th,,„,,-;',^ 'i- was kn,?l,t,-d in acknowLHlpnon of ; cnntribut,..„s to constitutional ;uul pari mentary history • ■ - '''" t" the post o Deputy Keeper of ZT- . .1 ? '''■^•'"■''••' •••" "fflcc winch he retained ..-■.. ..'•'■ AmoiiK his minieroiis works 1 he Merchant ;.i,d lb. IVi,ir." an ininginarv' h.oryof Marco |. and Friar ijen. is well known, a. also ,nr his " ll,,n,|l,„ok for Irav.ller,),, North, rn Italy," nnd),is" His- tory of l.n»rl.in,l and Nnriii„„o- ■ This last work IS only a Tratfrnent. Tli.' first volunio appeared In H",!, ,i,e lerimd in 1S57 tlii> fourth volume \«as printed before lii.sde.illi although the third w.m iiuouipUie; liuttlii' work will be brought (l..\vn m the death of Henry I iit least, from materials 1. ft by the author. He contributed, also, a loni; series i of important artidis to tht lidinliursli ' and (luarterly Itevicws With Mr llallain I 'with whom he hid an intimate friendship)! he shares the merit t,f M.i.vin!; f;undfd the! modern school of hist .ric.d cnlici.sm of tke Middle Ai?fs , while his nervicesin the Ue- cord OfHee have had th6 effect of sttractiiig 769 " •'•'in^' pros..,, 1 ..''"'' . ". was transUtwl ; 'N litlPof "Tho I(, ; • '"m f>''»thPal,ov,Mjrrr|; ^^'.••^vorksiandavoiu r 'MfiPr his death,, vh' r, IS in the National Pufh r Francis, kh «■, i Mr Mryor Cohen, was ut on the br^iking ' "nciMn 1803, his fatho ■ '"7. ^^I'iel. entailed 0, ' "nuin- clerk :o Mrssrs '""■'tors, in JiasinRhall >>»";rs,ntheTe,nplei„ ;V'' '""'" "le Record ' tie married a daughter T- uf ' his" lland:.u()k for). I Italy," andhis"I!is-r ■ "rniinuly." This last j nt. Th" first volunu' ' "ccond ill 1S57, tlicj' nted before his death, j, t iiKouipleti.'; hutliiC'l' ili'wn to ihi' death cfl I materials hft by tlic J ed, ftlji), a hini; series ■ ■ to the i;dinl,ur({li : 1 NVith Mr Ilallauiii 1 intimate friendship;!' ' tiaviujz f'j'jnded ihs ric.il criticism of tke i« Bf'rvici'«.ln the Ue- e effect of attractii; rccorils, and iiiKur- oiir own history, ly fi, IMfil, ngcd 1'AL] ^;^^;;i^n to our ancient r<'( ^inga real knowledge of o- Hcdied.at Hiimpstead, Ju.,, .-, ..., ..^^ It'J MrT T TalKM^*', *''f '"''""'"I''''*''*'*' '""^ critic and MrAV. (i. ralgnivc, author of thp remarkable book of " Travels in Central and Eastern Arabia," are tho sons of Sir F. Pal- ^PALISSOT VE HEAUVOIS, AMBU0I8E MARIK FRANCOIS JOSKPH, an eminent naturalist, was born at Arras, in tho Frnnch Netherlands, in 1752. After studying nt the College Harcourt, at Paris, he wa 1772, admitted advocate to tlic parlia of that city ; and subsequently becanu. . ceiver-gencral of territorial imposts, till t suppression of that office in 1777. He th 'a iicto 2ln(l)crsnl 13iogrnp!)n. [pal he was, In - - parliament of that city; and subsequently became re- ■ " • • ■ - - till the ^,.,_,..„ _ en devoteil himself to the study of natural his- tory, and undertook a voyage to the coast of ■ Guinea, with an intention to travel across the African continent to Egypt, but being unable to execute tliat design, he sailed for St Domingo, in 178S, and there occupied some official situations. Having opposed the revolutionary attempts of the negroes, he with difficulty elTeptcd his escape to America, purposing to return to Trance, when he learnt that he had been proscribed as an emigrant. He occupied himself while in America as a teacher of languages, and as a musician, but he did not neglect his f.i- vourite pursuits ; and on hearing that his name had been erased from tho proscribod list, he returned to his native country, taking with him the rich collection of natural curiosities which he had formea. He died in 1820. Among his works arc, •'Fioie d'Ownre et de Hcnin," " Insects re- cueilliu en Afrique ct en Ameri(iue, ' &c. PALISSOT DK MOXTKNOY, Chaui.KS, a French dramatist, born at Nancy, in 1730. Having given great offence to the philoso- phical party of the French literati, by ridi- culing llo\isseau, he was engaged in a series of controversies, and in 17G4 he published I his" Duneiade," in imitation of tho satire of jl'ope. He wrote " I.e Cercle," " Les I'hilo- lsopht8,"and some other comedies , besides |'M5moircs pour servir A I'Histolre de la I.itt^rature Francaise, ' Ac., and died in IsU. rALISi^Y, HkknauI), tho brave French potter and naturalist, was born at Agen about 1508. From his boyhood he showed an ardent desire fur knowledge, an enthusi- astic love of natiiii', and a courageous ad- hesion to truth. With the most limited leducation, and some skill in drawing and paintingon glass, he set out in his twentieth year on a long course of travels, visiting all |,part! of France, the Ntiherlands, and Oer- riiiany. He made large inerea.se of his know- ledge of the facts and varieties of nature I and of the arts of life, practised painting on jKlass, portrait-painting, surveying, and niip- I making, and examined the monuments of ! intiquity In 15:iH he was settled and mar- , rifd at the town of Salutes, when the future I «mrse of his life was decided bv the Intense :,.■■„ .■ ■ • ••!• ••■ it;t!ian manuraiture. I Knowing nothing of the art of pottery ""'"mg clays, he resolved to find out the I lecret , and make enamelled vases. Hy the most heroic Rtr«g-le, continued for sixteen years, ho conquered the secret of the whit enamel, and his ware became the nocess.rv ornament of the maiisionsof nobles, and the palaces of princes. He called himself" Ouv ricr de ferre et invonteur dcsrustiques (ieu- lincs: •• reproducing on his ware the forms and colours of plants and animals which he so warmly loved, and with the most minute truth to nature. Hernard Falissy was a man of deep religious feeling, a reverent student of tho l»ible, and a leader among the Huguenots. He was foremost of the small band who established the reformed worship at Saintes, and was imprisoned at Bordeaux to await execution. Hut his art saved him. He was liberated by the highest authority, and attached to the court by royal warrant and there he lived, worked, and tatight for nearly th rty years. He was known as Master Hernard of the Tuileries." Ho formed a museum of Natural History, gave lectures and held discussions, publShed several book.s. and continued to avow his irotestant opinions to the last. In his seventy sixth year the heroic old man was sent to the Hast lie, and after four years' im- pnsonment, died there, 1589. The writinKS nf Hernnrd Falissy are of great Interest both (or the facts and truths and far sighted sug- gestions on many matters contained in them. nll^^ffn ? f'"" ""' <=j'«"nint? simplicity and unaffected grace of their style, remarkable for the period in which they appeared The best account of Falissy and his works is the very full and most fascinating life of him by Mr Morley. published in 1852. Durinjr some excavations in the Place du Carrousel in August, 1865, some interesting relics of lalissy were discovered: consisting of a potter's oven, and numerous large moulds and fragments of enamelled ware believed to have been used by him in making the grotto in the garden of the Tuileries for Catherine df Medici about 1570. two years before the .Massacre of St liartholomew. lALLAIHO, AN I) UK A. a very celebrated italUn architect, born at Vicenza in 151H. in his early studies he was aided by the learning and friendly offices of his country- man Trissino, with whom he visited Konie and studied the works of ancient art. He owed his first reputation to his successful rewnstruction of the Palazzo della Kagione in hisnative town.and from that time he was fully employed in building mansions, palaces and occasionally churches in various parts of Italy. Among his most celebrated works are the diurchcs of St Ocorge and the Ke- deemer at Venice, both examples of the ( oriiithian order of architecture. He left a Iheatreat Vicenza unfinished at his death Ihe name of Palladio became almost a sym iiol for his art, and his works have served as models of domestic architecture in all Kuropean countries. His "Treatise on Architecture" appeared in 1,570, and has been fre.juently republished. Died at Mcenza, 1380. PAM.A.S, Fkteu Rimov n ooleh-nf..,! tJerman traveller and naturalist, was "b..rn at Herlin in 1741. He studied at Halle. UOttlngen, and U>yden. and after making a long visit to England, everywhere applying w i _ i. 1 i 'HI 11 i> '11 val] Uluwif to Lis f„v,ninl.- sricnco, zo' losv.li.. »r .; • ''•';-,':i'"'""' S'i<'"ti«c works. 1,<. cr no 1 " '"' '" ^' l''-'<'>sl>.UR by Call, onno II niul named profrssor of lutural I'i-tory in the Acudcmy. In the follouintr year he net out with the expedition sent to f^iUeriii to observe the transit of Venns penetrated to the borders of China, and after Breat hardshipo and fatijfues and tlie lo>8 of' most of his eompanions, he returned to St letersburi; in 1774. There he Jived for nearly 20 years, loaded with honours, made tutor to the tiranddukes Alexander and Omstantine. and very busily enRaged in lilt -ary labour. ]ty his own desire lie after- wn^•d^ «etilcd in the Crimea, the empress Rivini? him n tine house and a pood inconu- Hut in l>>l(ihe returned to Iterlin, and died th.re tie following' year. The principal worksof thislalioriousobservcr are—" I'len- cluis Zoophyforiim ; " " Spieilepia Zoolo- Kiea ; " " observations on the Konnation of Mountains,- "History of the MonK;;S-^- ««S remembered ous "liioJraiilVic'.Y'nTV'' *" ""-' ^"'"'"in- and It was ovvin^ to his Hid nn.l coSi hat the (iuccn I,.„„a Maria was i,ul"b tf in a j-reat measure, for lif r ostaolishmcn ! on the throne of her ancestors in rat ' consulerab le p.irt of his life w.is dedicHol to he diplomatic service of hi., countiv,! which he represented at the congress o \ lenna and in London, In 1820 ho madr ' fruitier* voyage to Hr.izil, to panfy ihc re- volution which had burst forth. Jle m-is also silectea lo attend at the coron.dionof Uueen \ ictoria , and his great wealth en nbled him (o vie nn that occasion with the representatives ot the nthor courts of lu- { rope. He was several lin;cs called on to I om-r a., vice to his suvcreiRji, tut onl)- kid j ofllre fur a liiiiitev thejitri' near WeUi lohe .'^.iiii.ir." '.".r w!ii:!i a licencu couKl not be (dtained; imd his carver was closed by a tragi catastrophe. 7M •i|i*W>fir '""y "re found &"«''' of Eurono n '''^P'■i>l■; is the " St linrh""" Of liis ''■•>. the yi'x '7, '?«■ •" «t Ven,Vo!'i " sr^lf > ^, Psal, and coniributod '»i"tl,o literature of i ;S»ecIn, the works of ,h^ '"O's- He isnowchicflv 't; I"<,,c,.tor ana on f tnuu.,rstotl,evolunu' 11 I'K tionary of rniinent "l«asiuuli()rcfa"Hand '"'H'olitioalGeosraph" "1 novels, and some tian. ; poets He was also edit- ■■"•}• journals, and a r,ro- versity of Upsal. u.^l uke of, a distinijuishrdi 'iiinn, was liorii in irsi i ■ I'iirt in all tlic political '.try (iurinp,30or4»v(.ars;' I" his aid and counscls'j ntia Maria was imleblej I e, for her estaolishmcnt | iier ancestors in IKf.l a :>( his life was dtdicalp'd ' service of his cninitryj ited at the congress of I Jon, ]n 1820 he made a i Hr.izil.to pacify there- II Kl Imrft forth. He Mas I I'nd at the coron.itionof^ ml liis great wealth rn ! I that occasion with the i the i.ther courts of I:ii. I era] tin;es called on to' hovcrripn, lilt only held I HTird. Dicd.lSJi). I ', nn eminent Ilnclish London, ahout lUl. and' irance in the niitropolisl riieatrc. Ho was after j liiirrick at liniry laiio.i lo eminence in liis pro i niedy and tr,i(,'eui Jli'; ved himself ir. ficat pe-| , hy hiiildini' a luw: !!)^!• Sijiiar!', r^r w!;i:!ii ; be obtained; iiiid his! J a tragi catastrophe' ^^;;^;;;;7^^^^^mini i\w principal chnraftcr ■ 'Th Sinuii-cr," at Liverpool, Aiitf. 'J, -.,8 hi fdl on the sta«e iu u state of ex- 'nJt inn and almost iiiiuieiliiitely txpireil, ll'''v,.i'.s exclaimed, in the worUs of the 'j;;V,ir''Thi^t. h another und a better "SLmKH, JOHN, the first projector of ,„a, CO. ches, was a native of Hath nl.cre f as brought up as n brewer, but suDm- Vntly solicited and obtauuHl a patent f..r l?theilre in his native city, winch proved .Minently successful under his nKinnf,'enient. 1 'ii Bin the hal.il of travelling tmni place place, for U'e PU'PO.^e of securinK r.M.ig icrforiiicrs, the idea occurred to hini that a Iter mode of conveying the mails was „ osl desirable, tmd he aecordinf;ly matured he Dlan of transmitting letters by coaelas with guards. He succeeded in liis object, thou'il not without great opposition ; but the utility of the plan soon became manifest, and he was made coniptroller- cciieral of the post-office, with a salary of ilJOO a jear. Some disputes, however, oocuiTin?!he lost his situation iu KlU ; and ,],oii"h lie afterwards. thruUKh petitions, 1V1S "reimbursed by iiarliameiit, the eom- nensation was very inadeiiuate to the per tent;m'e he was to liave received, iu case Uis Dlan siicceedcd. l>ied, IHIH. rALM];i{,f'-^Mii;i.,au Knglish printer of considerable eminence, author of a " (ieii- eral History of Printing " and a " I'rinttr's (iramniar." Died, 1"3'J. PAI.MDUS roN, Lord, IfKNliY JOHN TKMri.i . third \ l^(■^lllllt l'.\i.Mi;usriiN, prime minister of i:iif,'land, was born at Westminster on the tlOih Dctober, IThlj The Temple family trace their dt.-etnt as far back as the peiiod of the rNoriiiaii CoiKiuest. One of its most disiiiif;uislu'd lucnibers ^vas Sir William Temple, friend of A\ illiam III., and iminent as a dij)loiuati.-^t and man of letters. It was from Sir ■\ViHiam's brother, Sir John Temple, that Lord I'almerston was descended. He was educated at llar- ,ro>v School at the same time as Lorils jAbcrdeen and Itipon, Sir liobert I'eel. and iLord liyron ; then at the university of j Edinburgh under Du^uld .'(ar before he went to rambrid.uc, he sueu'ided to the title by the death of hi.s father. Like so many of his family before him, he chose .i politiial ca- reer, and liavin;; graduated >LA. in l.->iiti, he olTered himself as a candidate for tin spoke in tlu of hisoUlee,aiid t 111 Xapoleon ,, . , - seldom House I'xcopt on the business >t JiisoUiee,aiid on that only when eompcllet o do so. 'J he llrst tew years of liis appoint iient wire Hkim; df |io last great wars wai < :\lM\\i^i\i\ • (iiiit »........ ;._ i.iiv *. . -I-ord I'almerston was one of the contributors to t'le satire on the Lilieral party, entiikd " 'Ihc New Vhig (Juidc '• the other writers being i^^ir iUil crt I'eel and \\iIson C'ruker. In the latur years of the Liverpool government, I'almerston ovem uign Whig ministry was formed, and ralmerstoii beea repre- sentation of Cainbridi,'!' liuvi'r.'<;ly, but lie wasdefeated, his opponent bein Lord Henry I'etty, aftemards ni.;r((uis of i.an&dowiic. Ilerene«ea tli;-* al'.eiupt in ISOT, and again in ltll,aii(l on the l,'i>t occasion was e-leetcd, and for the !ie.\t twenty J(MI.^ s.it in pnrli.i- iiient forthe uni^eraity'. 'lie had, however, Inn returned for the poi kft-buiougli of Kletdiingley. in biO;, and afterwards for Newport, in the Lsle of \\ ight. It was not UjbeforelH'iiiterid uiiouottiei.il life, being namedalurd ofthe adniir.ilty in IH07, under tlieTi'ry ad!nin!>:raiion of ih;' i:!d;;!i-!!t ^iiid ineapableduke.d' I'l.rll.iiHl, In I.m.i, under the ministry of I'uet \al, he wui api.ointed jSccretary at war.a post which did not give power, knowledge sitinetsof the 1 freedom. the and noble in- es sitinetsof the Lnglish nation. The principles of his foreign pipliey were the subject of fro- •lueiit and vehement debates, his greatest ri- val being Lord Aberdeen. The results of his IS •<'t high importance. Among the priiuipal were tbeestabli^hment of the king- the Uuadriiplo .Vlliance for policy Wen priiu ipal « doni of llelgiuiii pposi- gn secretary again on the i.uu , uvi.iiiie iiireign secretary again on the formation of the >Vhig n-.inistry uiuier Lord John K!i^-,eH i and held that uitUu till iriji. ; Uuring this period ho had to cope w itU many hard and perplexing foreign question* ; the Swi«s diflleulty respecting the expulsion of 30 760 \ i . i ;! i • f ; 1 -K}, Mi i t ■ ■; 1:. ,n| i 1 - ,! ; I i I- I , I ■ i ]:'i i: pal] the Josmls. tl,o affair ,.f tlu- Spanish mar- rlaKfs. m which L„uis I'hilippJ ha.l an an- paront but hricf triun.pU : ami th.n tVl"" - tmrntal rovolntlons .,f ism. with tho wars \J,\vT'^' »""'"«>>■• t'ln.UKhout which I.onll'almoistan fiiithiully fprcs.-ntrd both I tho Ryniputhirs of j;n«lishini>n with tho nn- Itions who 8ouffht :mtoii hastilv and without eonsultin« hi.. . olleaxuos in tlie' t abinct, pronounced in favour ..f Louis Na- poleon and the.-,.,/, ,l/t„t by which he made I himself absolute master of irance. and he h.id to resixii. In twelve months th- Whiir ministry was broken up, the Derby ministry look its p ace, but was almost imme.liafelv succeeded by the Coalition minisirv of l.ord Aberdeen in wln.h Lord l-almerston nc- cep ed the post of home socretarr. Ho applied himself zealously to his novel'duties but tho Crimean war broke out, ami the dis- asters nrisii.K' from the ii.iscoiiduet of tlic operatioub occasioned great popular dlss-itis- taction, and dissensions in the Cabinet In 1-e .ruary. 18.51. the Coalition was diss.dved, and ralmeistun was called to th.- hiKhest oilieo in he state. As prime minister ho •uece-sfully carried out the policy of alliance with Irance and the war with Kussia, which ended with the fall of Sebastopol. in Sen- einlH.r. IH.-.,-,. Vcbly Hupporte.l. however by his colle.iKues, he lost strrnKth in the House, and in the Important debate on the war with China, the Kovernm.nt was in the minority. AlthouKh on an appeal to the country h,. received enthusiastic support ra,? '.' .'"'V '"'" " ■""J"^i'y. from yVrunli causes he Inst it once more, and bein« de- feated on the question of the c;..nerKy and vivacitv ' ndustry an.l tact, alm.,st unabated bv uu'v I .he f t''^'*"'", finest work is a \ro i? "' ^"ftu. ill i'-.ua, raii.u./KS;r/i!!?^^"^.« hii-Ke numlier of his «„Vi. ."■'^-I'"0. a ti'redthio,,,0,tt alS">oi'".eH.f was livinjj i„ ,.,3;j,^ ■iZ'^'^'^^'i: He ;;.ia_';2)ep..ition''bMhi^';"r'^*y ti'red throuftli fh w ■■ ■ IMrt' of an 'altar pi,e7 i^l"? lilf'^S'^'"""!; i'.'ili. '"•'•'■ '" "'C cathedral of 'liMiuiuisl,ed"him's,'If hL;; ir*'"" • ■■""l he "-rk on the th< J ';, ^ S^'^-^'' ""^'. with the l.iv,,; ,f ho"•'-"/l'»i'lt• :'>;tisis, entitled 'll ,S'^!^*^™od I hw. whvTo he signed t in l,',;i t„ „,,,.,''"• '"^' re- •'.' '!'- '"■ retanied t., }'a,l : '-idesacS^,:;:.^,;;;;c':sS' venl,ons, which are lost "'"' '"'^'"""i- I'VNCKncCKi:, (it Mars lowmr he n, . ""?■ '"■'^^""^'•"■".octod ,rith "•Kuitlcentworlvs. H.' .v,.bli.sli,.d[l,e.Mom. r, pnj,,cted tiK. Kiicvc!,,,,],.!!,. .Mo,i,„ . uuc.and w«s Mii,„.lf the ai.lhor .if "I)e 1 J .»n,n,e et de la iteproductio,, ,!,■, I)iff,>r- ents ludividus," and other woiks. I>ii-d, 1 ''i^'"^ 'V ,'^;^'' '•"■'"""'> was sent ti I,.!?- >mi 111 1.' II. ill .(.iisequencpof tho (inamd bet wen KiiiB Joh„ and th-- pope, ami for nio purp.,,.. „r makiii- p.-;,rehctirp;i, tiieni. .>ot siicce.'dimj, the poi).".,un after ali.-olved tiiesuhj, cfMil ,h.•ki(l^' i>om their all(>ri;ince. tn May, I2l:i,l"andulf received the hvuiaseof John to till' p.rpe u Dover, and sulmii>.ioD iH'iiiK Ihui !;:;.ue. thi>i.,,i!i!try was ri litveJof liie inierdivt and the km:; o'f his e.\iommu- niiation. la the Great Charter, granted in 770 ^- vi.it. .""'■viveshi,"',, "f'"'-" erston, to l,e ere, ,,rf ,"'$'"»? ""y "ttril'Muj"'^!^'^! .'■■'» 'itlircl.ur(..l,ofs.,,r.'''?W tho])uonu,of Crr- ' « Miuiiinna ami f -M^'" I'd '^'•If also as an author, by. 'V.V, ''[ ""■ »'wt celebrated i.l .Mu,fo Pic;oritu,; '&c Ouiim ancmiMcntitaii,,,, '"••' I'lf-'^'lo, 111 1,523, },, l^'t -)t liutnat, laiv, bu, r' ' . '" Ko I" Turin, wheri. I'l-ofcssorship uf civil 1;,,^ '""■'I to i-a,!,,,,, ^i,^/;';- i'vinir mvi.„ to thi. MurlJ t "crks oil .jurispriitluice ttrratis.'oiitlu'ancioatin' lire lost. l;- ('" )':i-':^ .losKrtr, an bookHcllrr.aiidmanofH- > '■■i'<, at I.illc, ivhfri'liis <■d imuiy ■■»• l'iM-!.ii,ii.sii,.(ithf.Moiii- lio i:iievi!(ii,l,;,li,. Motlidd. iiisi'lf liio auihur v! "De ifeproduetiou (l('s Differ- and other works. Wed, iiliiial, was sent t) liii?- onsequcncpof the (piamd bii ami tli>-. pope, and for kiiiK lie:ir<'ljettre;iit!iera, 10 poiie«„un after ab.-olvid l>ioi{I>omtlieirall(xi.ini.e. lulfreceiveiltlieliviiiai'eof ".1. Dover, and suliiiii>sion !ht' iKiuilrv Has relieved of K.e kiiu' uf his e.ii'oiiimu- Great Charter, granted in s that IPAV] r r.. tlin naiiio.s of tliosc by ^ Ldvice the k "K I' ,f lord the pope'M gub- WT^t'^tX^Ton^lo a« one of the IP*"''""/"? Henry 'III.; was appnintrd ffop'of Norwich about the same time, and ^'gS^m^-'' LIU^CCADKLLI. AN- ' f *i?.'nV' 1 1' \8UUALK i)K, n Cofsican patriot ^^"^ '.. : «m of Oincinto do raoli, was i;"''CS a «tro'ta. in Corsica, fol- """mu fuhcr into exile; and wi.Hedu- '"fed . the .' uits- college, at Naples. In 2 2L couiitrvDicn havi.i« -leeted Mm ;!f;feierali88imo, he returned to ( ..rsica, ''VIL he acted with sueh vi;,'our ni:ainst be ^herelicacua .^ ^^^^.^ ,i„„union ' „v limits of the fortiflrc- exerted hiniiclf in pro ^ jgcto 2aiuUcr«nl 13io9rapI)i). [pah S'ihc';^.r;ow Tiniits of the fbrtiflod S5;^:;Jobi<^^.'a. were best ealeulated fo c" the independence of Uie republic. h. fleinese, however, havniR made a ranser of the island to I'ranc.NM.eh an over- elmin« force wa. sent ac..inst the patriot* ile ; and, embark - whelminK iiiiitl'aolnvasapiiin ancM ton board an Kn«lish vessel, eanie to l.np- relieohtained from the );overnnient In I'H'i the inland laiul.whe '" :' |,,,,of £l'.;tii' avear. In 17>^'i me i' was appointed professor of phvsie and sui;,'ery in the university of llastl, and there set the example of lecturing in the vulpar tongue. l!ut his arroKiince, coarse nes.s of lanf,'uai;e, and habits of drunkenness and debauchery soon destroyed his fame and influence, and he lost his professorship, and left Haselat the end of IV.';. I'he rest of liis life was spent in roviii>; from place to pl.ice, practlRinKiuedieine, indu1»fin); in lowliabits, and writing his books, which were published in 10 vols. 4to. Notwithstandinff all his f.nilts, eri-ors, and absurdities, Paracelsus K'ave a new direction to medical science, by his doctrine that the true use of chemistry is not to make (jold, but to prepare medicines ; anl ;il II ' 1. • 1 t 1 i i 1 • '1 1 1 si ikU \ < I'Alt] M..U." ,;■.,^°T■" '■"">,"'■ '"•'" I" lAKf.. AMituoiSK, railed tl.o f;, 1 or . r »'o ,o«,„„,n« „f ,1,.. Kith cntury! ii7w . I' Ul i.M.l M..c.»,ful oprrator, imrUoulnl^ v • Il.f liarlfs IX., unci ll.nry ii,'^ '„' "j la ..1 u.to tlu. ,,.u.n,.al Kun.iH-a./la «„„ "^^ ami fr,,,u(.iitly i-.p-ji.iiHiiril ""«""(,«* lit iiiiM o, ill iii,,i II,. ,,.-...;i ;•.,'" Mivi... of the pop,-, a,„i i„ iV',!, ,,'','[ Willi distill, 1„|, 1„ ,),„ , crli,, '"« and i.M.yii.L. h,- »v,.,i,. i.„f ...'.', ^^^^^^rsnnsfograpf^tn "'".'•.HI. , .,,,ja ainuM'd inins.lfin draw- « a..d ..,py.,:>c i.u «ork,, l.ut m or tl y for f.Hr..f «.vinK..ffcnc... ).,uiip IV. kL? N'ain. coiii.i.K „„o d..y to vUit VolagViurz' tu ,,„ ,„ „„y,,vali Whirl, l,iM,iaJ,.s,y wa, -Mu.M.ly pl,.a.Md. Tl„. ►l.iv, th.n f-ll on n...M.T to foiKivc luin. i'liilip not only did f.i.ll|ful l-arcja would .,ot,,„ii V, la^„,w.. , ,, i::d';nt,.^''»'-'-'^"'— ^"-'iii! £'^'i'i.p- r'i^':;;vs:;:^ !:-;::: IH iHcan.s of Mipport for l.iu.s.if a„d li, Wolowrd inolh.i-, l„a 1.,. »,a» .!> ,1 . , arug«i.; „.rou,,i, ,H...riy 2u y^;. ':;f'.'Krit;' I f>.K. l.-ttrcH.Ho.,.H n.c.niid tli.. (in,. aV / "f I Milan, and du'd in !7y;», j,i, ,,.„,'",*' vols. hvo. ""^^^ ^"'""» •^ ^ KAUIS, MAniiKW. [MAITIIKW I'A. I'AUmoT, nr NuKIlFUr, I'llitiu n C, I ml ;.f k" r.''"' ^'^ " "'*"i"";ir)- «-. h ' r i^t .""."•'•^■ir into no, ;"'•.."";' »P^'t'>Hly t S? ""'r.ne ii.Miran, , J" "'"lantiie .,»"*; 'ontinu... T A tl ',? .'"'t^^i"'' « ? pSiirM'Kir^?!:?;:^: ••sx ndiiiiiai.io u.; ''"'''' ''''"«lf a •■K.Uwork«fwli'^;V,'''''''li'ioa 0, ••^••nMrnrnt ,,f \,,/i j ^^M't on of ,i,e ,i ii.Mr .S<.iurk. .Srot lin .l ' " ^""W'Uls VV•'''^•>H'^■«> .rof.2r„'' 3. ■.:''*-•''' "P^ •> voyasc to II:.. i.;.„i I , ,.."'""""*-' «c »li' arrivi-d on ti„. ... . "^ .^7'^^ "f "ii; Xv^t, i::o,andi,i,H^':;;,;r-^|K;.aiinj;;: . on till' (i.llnl.i ,l'.'"^';illM flulll l.j,, '''•^o.Hht.:.uiu.o V 11,, i,';'r''' •''''''• «'Klif of ii„; long !,ou«ht r 1. "''''■'■''"^''" «huM.tliadlu.,.nrVCd ,^'''''•'™ i:"«.andatt\i:^S.!':^ ^^^'^-il-'-/. « houtany.„,..iii,,„,,, i,,:,,^^;;,,; ^^ ' ' , ; 1, ' •'A"' '""^"^1, r (,vho lK,d been Ni^ .r w ".'"' ^'"""""•>i''"i""s from il, >'Ker , wag despatched to pmcuic iulonui him ri^ivi'd aJourn:,l,cc.i.t.iiiinK';,,,;,v;.;;; r 'II Jiliiiif. and wl '"" Whni raised , ""'"'f- • jiltluc Ji, .... . '."'*"faim vliich wo hav •"KM wohavcniLd,.,, ■""•' Isllifl, "'"■ale int,, ,', /'.'"■ -^fnan ''L> >'oasts of Sonr- ,,,''' !.ouKhuiver; ;;;'.'";''' "'; Mat,, of destitution ,„ •x- (oa*t,an.lamvpri„' 'n rpiluicd I'avfls II, the Iiitori..rff '"> rttiiinnl lo H ■"■um,'h(,ii 'iMn iiittrproier, jiidirom' "al.eciiitaimusaiiareouct II «liieh it api.iMffd tlial tarkiil li_v the n:itivis at I'd «!!h !!:.MV(-plJv!ior (•(.■oiiiit was Milwiiuentlyj pertun and the Landers, ^ fltia 1, wa« cdiieated iit Canihridfje, and entered the fhiireh. He adopted the views of the re- formers; liccanie cli.iplain to Anne Ilolpyn, lUiddeanoftheColleRe of Stoke flare; nftrr "iiR"""'- , , Elizniieth, the year niter her neeession, up- pointed hliii archbishop of Canterhury. He Itlled this oflice with much dijjnit.", and by his wiiiloni and moderation eoiitributrd to tlic orderly cstahli.shnietit of tin? refort.ied oliiinh. The" llishops' liihle " was prepared nnderhisdirortinn.and he pnhlislied editions of several early Kii^lish historians, lie was also principal author of the tri'atise " I)e.\n- tiquitatelh'itannicir ICcelesiav" Died, May 17, 1575, and was bnried at Lambeth. Hl« remains, disinterred during the civil war of the 17th century, were ro-intcrred by Arch- bishop Sheldon. PAKKEU.S.UII'HL, bl-shop of Oxford in thcreiifn of ilaincs II., was born at North- ampton, in irilil. He was educated at Wad- ham ('olle?o, Oxford, from whence lie re- moved to Trinity College. In l()(l.)hebeeani(.' nf.Hoivof the Koyal .Society, niid piit)lished .awoik in Latin, rntitU'd "Tentauiina IMiy- ' sicoTheolORica de Deo ; " for which Arch- hiOiop Sheldon made liini one of his ehnp- liiiiis, and gave him tlie ardidcaconry of CiUiterhury. He also obtained a prebend in tliat rhtireh, and other prefi'rnients ; in re- turn for which he disi)layed his zeal liy «ritinj; against the Nonconformists, in ii "Diseourspof I'cclesiastical I'ldity." At tlie "onimenoemcnt of the next reifjn lie wns • lade bishop o' (ixfonl, and constituted by naiiJamup pns .lent of Magdalen ('ollegp, ' -d. He wrote many works, iimon;; ut, a "Demonstration of the Divine An" (hority of the Law of Nature and the ("hrls- ti;mUeli);ion ;" hutthouf,'li he was n prelate of considerahle Icariiinir, he was contenipt- ilile from hi.s versatility and time serving disposition. Died, 1(;n7. I'.VUKKIt, TuKonour, a distln?nished .Morican theolo;,'iaii, philoMiphcr, -i,,,! g„. |Cial reformer, was horn at Lexinston near toston, ■.'111, Au;:nst, 1810. He en'terei:tl he entered the TheoloKieal Sohoiil, the professors at which belonaed to tllPtlien rjcii,,^.lj> • - ., - ... ._'*'" '" place J iRt previously. He had there leisure lorptudy and road extensively. enJoviniMw Hoeiety of Dr ('hnnnlnR. 1 Is .ie7. ,r • ■hristlanity had direrged'consid .n .[yVV, the M.indnrd of hin M-et.nnd Rront exe It" nient was oeea.ioned by hU sermon '•„ he Ir.insient and IVrmanent in Chris lanity." prenehedin iSM. Wearied with the bitterness and opposition of his adversaries against him led t.o his (|nitlin>f West itox- iMiry. and settling at ii„ston In iHlfi L Ii ;;'V7 "' '"%'''w'-.ity.ei,.hth t-on.Jrega tional society. In the following year he be- orthi"''\V,::'''T^'^''^ «:n.erso„ ;nd rZt Vr • .,'^'"«.^"l"i'^''tl'' Quarterly Ueview " He distinguished him.elf „s the f, , rless opponent of the Fn-ltivo Slave Law ,n,l she tered slaves in his own hou'; '.C withstanding his failing health he was very "c ivc ns « public leeturer on various p7 litleal and soelal topies, and was the cor- respondent of many eminent m.n ; nmong hem Charles .'iumner. Mr I!-,:Me, IT fTssor (ierv nus,\e. Karly in IH.Vi he wa i-om p.lled to relln,,uish his duties .-wwl se k health in France nnd Italy, It was in vain and bo died nt l-loreneJ. 10th M„ " ih o' His earliest published work was the '• 1)1 oour.so of Matters p.Ttaining to Ueligio, • which appeared in Isi;. i„ this work a nc 1.0 exhibits Ins fundamental principles , a systematic form. It has passed thro • several cdltl.,ns, ba, been wid, ly read i Knropo as well as in America, and is one of the most important nnd interesting of reeent contributions to religious pbilos.Vphy . o e of the books which are worth rcidin™ for their honesty, earnestness, nnd be.uitv whether we ngicc or disagree with their conclusions. Among his other works of which.i collected Pditlon has been published l-y Miss Cobbe, are -Critical and Miscel- L.tieous A^ritlngs,•• "Theism. Atheism, and . ,.., T".'": """"'"RV." " Diseour.,es of ,,'•..,''■, '■^PfTienec as a Minister." ,te Mis Life nnd Correspondeiue.- edited by Jobn «eiss, appeared in •_' vols, in IS'i't i-Io^'W''*' \: ^^" ^''■. ch.n.ist. was born in l-.Vi, nt vStourbridge. in Worcestershire and was educated at Market Harborough, under DrAddington. He was eminent as an ex perimental chemist, beloiig.d to .several literary and philosophical institutions and was the atithor of some useful works, vi/ ■, Chemical Catechism," " Hudiments of Chemistry," an " INsay on the Itility of ( hemistry in the Arts and Manufactities " and "Chemical i;ssays." He died in IH'.'i ' I'AUKHiriiST.. John, a learned divine was born at Catesby. in Northami)tonshire' nnd educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge H,.' published n"(ireek and English Lexicon ' also a " Hebrew and Knglish Lexicon, ■once In high repute, but long superse.Ud. and a tract In defence of the Divinity of Jesus Christ Though ho was in holy orders, he held no preferment ; nnd being "possessed of an independent fortune, he devoted liimseli entirely to literary pursuits. H» died at ■m |.;r t, I fi 1 .;-' !iM ■' i 1:1 J i ! I !■; 'I 'i if If II 11 ■;: W,\U^ > 1:1^ m If a.il; I'AUj I'..\"^'''l'. .'•""'* '*'''» n"«>«'r of It book.en- tt l.«d 1 ara.llil in ».,1.-. rarudUu. u>r.T»- iru. A (liol.-e frard.n of nil m.rtn ..f run st .in.u'''?'. *"'''■'! "l'P"''»-«'d ill l«i!l, and Hii. Ifili) hp puhliMird liiN priniipnl work- tlip llKiilruin )l.,t.inipum,a folio of I7»B i.iikim. Willi innuincralilp woodiutH. It wu» in Honour of tlii« liotanist that IMumipr named t h.'^pci.'s" I'arklnNonift.' Tlie" Tli.alruin lotaniciini •• of l'arklnr*on and the " llprb 01 •• of (iiranl.- w.tp long tin- chief botanical nuthorltir* in Knuland. The tinip of I'ark- Innon'ii death !• not known. I'AIIKINSON, I'uoxiAS, an pmin. nt nia thcinatli'ian, was Imrn at KIrkhani. in I an ca^liirc, in 17».\, and pdu.atpd at chrihts «jdl.'«P, Cainl.riM^t.. 11,. bciainc n-clor of KpRWort"!, arihdi-acon of I.CKoi,i,.r, than cpllor of rh.st.T, and a prel.endarr of St laiil». I.on.lon In ITHit he published " \ .System of MeehunlcH and Mydrosiatle*.' a work of «reat value , and. while at coUeij.. IP wan employrd by the Hoard of l.oi.uituUe in tlie laborious ealeulallon of tables of the "*'II?,I wH"^i'""' ""^ ri'frnclion. Died, IH.lo 1 AUMA. I'nnco of. (FAUNKKK, Al.KX- ANi>KU. J ..^"'^m'^'''^ "*'-'*' •"» ^'"^'^'^ phlUwopher of the Kleatie nchool, in the 6th cemury li c He was the teach, i and friend of Zeno' wrote a poem on Nature, of whieh »ome rraRmcnts remain, and was highly esteemed not nu-rely as a ^^>.•eulative philosopher, but as the wisp lawKivt r of l;ieu. rAUMLNlON, a aibtintfuished Marcdo man K<'"PraI of the Ith e. iitury ii c He WIS Ion K ill the keiviec of I'hilip 11., and of Ins son, Alexander the tireat. and acconi panied the latter in bis expi'dition into Ahia He held hiKh eoiiiniaiul. iind Kreatly eontril.ute,! to the viituries of the (Jranli us I»»u»,nndtiauKamola Arbela , and reiiiftined in Media wh.ii Alexander >M'nt in pursuit of Durius. He was thero sbaniefully mur- dered by order of his inast>r and friend Alexander, on the Kroundle8> «u»pleion of beiiifj Impli.ated in an alle«( d eoniipiraey H < . 3.to. His ton IMub.tas «a, previously •toned to df ath on the same eharue I'AIfMUilANO lMAZ/(.()l.l, FllAN- CKsro 1 I'.VUNKI.I,, TUDM.vs. ;, poet and divine, "as born in Dublin, iu i,,rn, edueated at Trinity Collejfe, and, in Ku.'i, presented to Ihe archdeaconry of ( loj{her Mr was con- nected with Addison, Conjjreve, Steele and other Whljfs in power , but later In life he W.1S the friend of Swift .Tnd Tope, the latter of whom irave iIk works of l-«rnell to the press His poems are pleasing, spr,Kliily, and harmonioui>, while in sentinuiit tliey are elejfant and 'lure in nioraN He ob tained a preben.l in Dublin cathedral and the TlcaraKP of J-iUKlass. Died, 1717 I'A KODI.DoMKNUo, Italian pain t.r, was the son of o fcculptor of (iirfioa, and >va» born there In DihH. He studied at Venice, and copied some of the works of the jfreat mas ters, iiiiitutinK also their variouh styles He "■^ ' i r- ='■ iiaij of tr.c .S.ffroni ""' ' eno ■ • a £leiii glniticisal B(o{;rnu^" llvlnjf. ut thei.„ of l\2 yeuri an opened by In internal in I'ar the astoniKliini'iit of the e Meiii ere excited Krnver Jlaphael His p.iiiitiiiKof Ht Iiancisde Hales was Kreatly ,„lmlred "'•"Iptor. Di,d,174o l«.'«Mheea;i:/,S;,;;f|u;al.lwwK court of Charles T. ,"d ,' n\''''" '» h t ToUKh the . !.,„,; ' of ,ir '' 1' '« "'• llarvev Who ''"'''"a* '«rks of d..ay-A ''"*r'l"» »;;;•-. id. o have dieiliA^jl wi^t^yH^irv'^iyrMlr:'^"*-^'"- bim in 1,513, hViMK Mt 111 t .Tm! ?.'''"'<''' '« of lord Latimer sh, , ' "'."'""''low «'"' «li-'d in 16J7, ,Z T^i':^ ""■ k% "..i;;ipdSirTho„; 's', ,»'77,ife' of I'.HKland, who i, «„id ,«;!,"' "'■'"'«' soillthafshPdiiMlii v'L'lT'"'^''''''" wrote " ITayers-'M.. I .,'""*'"«• She reliuious pieces •^'^'"'""""V andother p.-ofoii"'c;^::!^;:i':;,,;:,'-::^V"r,""^ at llnrrow-on-iheHiMirn "">'"'■«. S;^;;;;;x;;,;;:,?zJ ' ;3i removed to that of Xurwid,.' , :; obtuine. the perpetual .uraey of Hat to 'l \\arwickshire,andap|.el,emlins i"; fo tt're., :,''r^i*'r^''^'"i'"'""''^^^^^ tor the rei tory of Wadenluii", in Xonh.li amptonshire tlmuKh he Mill coniinued lo live at the former place, to which he to 'i'l'l I ')"'■' '■''; "'"' ^'"" !'"!«'' I'l'irthol Which he ^'reatly oinaiMentod. In l802 Sir Irancis Hurdett (fRve him the rectory of (ira?1-h..m,in the county of HiiiitinKdon.and tins compb led tlio <eof his(hurchprc ferment. As an elcKMnt thissieal scholar Hr I'arr bi(;.„l pre >i,iinent anionp his contpm- pornries . his proiligjous nienmrj-amlextcii; of rese;irch reiulired lijui ustonisliiii.'lv. (uwirfu; 111 cunvers.ition; hut he wasiiuj ii.enM'ly v.iiii, peiulant.and unfair in con! troversy . :ii,,! n i. to be iipntled thut the ^■reater p.ii i nf hi< writinifi hftd reference to topics whiih Were of temporarj; interest, and thercbnr, ihoiifTh written wiih vigour, are fast siiikiiii; into oblivion. Ho died in l^in A portrait nf I)r Parr, hv (i. Dawci! in the National I'.irlruit y.iU(ry. rAUUHASlL'S, one of the most famoui (ireek painters, was a native of Kphesui, liiouKb otliiTs Sly he w;is a nativouf Alhini,| wiiere he nourished in the lime of .SocratMij; fciid Willi liie rival of Zeuxis. He reudeitJi the (ffc'it iervice to art of flxinira standardj; of proportion wliich w,is Rencrallj accepted, j and the title of le(!if.lBtoi' was f^ivcn toliiiii.i; "i '"18 '"' ""'rrkMa w h7- '™ '"' ""rvcv. Who ''"''""" "•1^^ of .ll.'.ay-A'?*?'^''" ' «•> lw»v.. died in Sh,?!?" "f AillAlUNI;, the niv.l, I ^^:;:;f.-.Me.m«,i„„,..':'',X:! *MIKI., a lenrneil divine i.n,f ! <1" k'laMinur school of thaP tK"a,n>rl College, (v,,n,,ir; thr Ml uiitioM„f„si„r „,]»,■ : If »'*nc,wuli,i,.tc„,,|.,i„. '"'l mho,.,.ue.cesH. ,l,.firs,.„Sl| It Stanniori., which conimencfo, piommnK appciraiu-cs, butl^ atelyfailinK,hcpavPupini;:sl .l.MiT^ whence, in |"s,i,e, lliat of Norwich. In i:«^ i,! PfrpctUftl curacy of nation, in I ■t'. niul ;» prehcnd in st PauH I '" '■'!" •'« t'schangcd Hationi "•>■ of Wadenhiii', in Xonh. i, thouKh he still coniimied 10 i ormer place, to which he wai ! I'd, find the parish dmrch off ally ornaniented. In l8i)2,8irli leof his(llurchp^c•F a^ cleKMnf classical scholar Prl <• 'iiiincnt anionphis contoni! prodigio\is nicMmryaiulfxIcii! reruk red him uslonisliiD;(ly , I'onveritation ; hut he wasim- ! , petulant, and unfair in con- 1 1 it I- to lie npntU'd that the | 'f lii> writiiiifi hftil reference to \ Were of temporary interest, | , UioUiih writti Ji with vigour, ' Uii inio idilivion. He liiedin rait ;)f I)r I'arr, hy li Hawo, i) ; Hi I'lirlruit y.ilk'ry. IL'S, one of the most famow rs, w.is a native of K|ihesii!,| 1 fAS lie was a nativeof Alheiii,i I riihed in the lime of .SgcratM, ; irni of Zcuxis. lie reudeitd ; ice to art of flxin^a standard i which w,i9 generally accepted, j )( U'giilatoi' was given to hin, | par] "^ jficto aUuUeisnl 13iogrnpl)ij. [pas as Ke wrts (.0 exoMnlvely vnin , „' m.lil mill Io carry a Htnll "':r!.,?,;.rii;iolndi.al,. ..mthr Many of li of llie niiiHt u(l- to Weill- a K'utldrd p Win tho g Works nre ^ith Kol'l "«""' '" , princM.f paliitirx. ? ;„entum.Ht by l'liny_. inlrcil . i!ii,.iif !■ It S., D.C.I.., «S;t" . was llir 1 Vhrri;owa.l.ornlnl7l.o. lloentom len'ryln lH''■■'.''"'''^>r''•■''''''''■'''^"^ L r hn lioss as Kci'ond in ((•inmiiml, t(i afl 1 V. i" an expedition for lljo .11«- "vm of 11... North-west I'assape. 'I hiH rx- neli i 111 ri'turnia to Knclaiul «ns..r..e!.».f.il. C u' vcar f..l!..wii.K M.-i'. ^^rry wusnp- in dtothe..oMiniand of tl... H.'clii and , ri r f.ir a similar ol.J.'it ; an.l ll.is yoyuKO , lledinthodiseovcry ofiKonsdera.U. !rit'.riu«ntM.lvillplsla,ul. n.pt. I'arry ifcrwards e.innnan.led ivo other expiM l■ l ioiiH ofa similar kind, but th.ii,af..rPoftlic lie on both .H-easions oliUgeU 'ho nliipH to ^return m l''^' 'i<' ">-'''" fommaiiil.'.l tlio llledu in an attempt to reaeh tho North I Pole. The .slilp was left at Hpitzbersrn. nn.l il'irivwith his boats su.'eoeded in reaehln;,' tlio hiKlirst latitude ever uttaiiie.l, viz. Hz' ;«' hut the soutli.rly drift of tho Ice ron- der'cil further advance imposslhlc. He was kiiinlil'..! 1" l^-'J- "'"' ^••'"" '"■'"' '" '"■■'■' lived at I'lU't Stephens, in New Sonlli W ales, as commissioner .if the Aiistr.ilian AKrietil- tural Company. The nrnleeted state ol tho colonv rendered Sir Kdwards task no easy one, but his judRnieiit and (irmnrss tri- uniplied over all olislaeles Aid(.d by his wife, he succeeded in establishing sehoolH, and Imildins a .hureli, having previously conducted divine worship hiniM If in a i ur- penter's shop. On his r..turii to I'.nj;! ind ho lieldsuicessivcly tli.' |iost of nsHi!.tant eom- ndssioner of poor law in Norfolk , eoniptrollr.r of sti>am macliiiiery :it the admir.illy, e.ip- tain-superiiitendent of lliisl.ir lln^piinl, and lifut.-povernor of (liTcnwieh llospitnl. He I published a small v.diiino enlilleil "Tho ! Parental Charaete.- of (iod." and a hetiiro, delivered at Soutbaiiipton, on Ilic Char.ieter jaiid llespnnsibilities of Seaniiii. l>iid nt iKnis, in (iermany.iii IH'i.'), and was Iniried |!in the mau- ileum at Greeiiwieh. " Mo- niiiirs of fit I ward Tarry " h.ivc lu'cii pub- llishfd by hi> t.on. I'AliS'oNS, J.\MKS. an eminent Knuli^h I physician and niedieal writer, was hoiii at jliarnstaple. in Df.yonshire. in 1705. I'hysir, Innalomy, natural history, »nti(|uities, Ai' , larp Jnilelitid to his skill and industry for Imany important disioveries He was a 'fi'lluw of the Hoyal Society, and of tho j^oeietyof Antiiiuarii* His niosi reniurk- alile produclion is his " Keinains of Japhet," I'l.iii!,' historical inquiries into tlio nttinitien land oriitin of the j;uro]U'aii laiiL'uuL'os ! Died, 17711. ]| I'AUl TA, I'AOI.O, an Italian historian |,aiid diplomalisl. was a native of Voniee, and i!«as born in l.ilo. He held various public iillicc s ill the rejniblie, and m l.i'.r.' was neni on an I'mbassy to Uoiiie. AshislorioKrapher to the republic he wrote his " Isioriu Vonc- xlana," In continuation of the work of Con- tarini Ho wiis alio author of a history of tho war In Cyprus in 1570-71 ; of " Dlicorst I'Dlltlcl," nnil a troutlso " Dpiia pprfozione dolla Vlt:i I'olltlca." His liUtorlrs nnd po- litical clisooursos aro ostoonipd for thrlr Im- partiality, truthfulness, and dlKnity of style. Dlid at Vonlco, Hecenihcr, ' ''is, having hern shortly before iiiado n knij; nid proctor of St Mark. PASCAL, llr.,vi> unp(|ulvocally invited him, and Ihonceforward divotod himself to thcolouy and polemics, and to tho promotion of tho spiritual and temporal welfare of hl« follow loon. After a »h.>rt interval spent at I'aris, he retired to I'ort Uoyal in lt;.V4, where be spent tho remainder < ' his days. The two works for which he is best known in K.iiKland are, his " rrovi'icial Letters," a caustic satire \ipon tho .lesuits, published in lii.W, under tho name I. .mis do Moiitalte, and his posthtimotis "' IN-nsiies,"' which have always been roKurdcd as nmoii); the richest repositories of cl.xiiienl thou^jht and pro- found tbeoloKy. Died. ICi'.-.'. An excellent translniiiin of nearly tho whole of rastal's works (oxcluslve of tliose strictly scientific) was puldishedby Mr I'earco from the edition of I'aut'i^ro in |h|'.i and IS.'.i). VAsrilAI, II., I'opo, H.\iMKHi. was a native of Hloda, in Tuscany, and became a monk of Cluni. Sent to Koine, he was cre- ated a cardinal by fireitory VI I., about lii76, and on the deatli of I'rbaii II., in lOiMt, was elected a(rninst his will to succec P»po. Afi.-r two iiK.nih, |„. h„i nl. imr.l coiiicd.jl 11,0 riKl.i (,r InvcKtitur... an,l crowiiPil ll.nijr nniuTiir. Ho rcv.iUo.l iho conciH,»l,>ii In .1 roun.il of Dm f<,ll,.wlna >n li.imo 'tIio |)"P<' II.,|. mill ilio .inp.nir h.t.i hlniHcir nKnIn .ruwn. ,i in tlu' clmn h of tho Vati.^ ,n HiMn.liiloiii ic.non took i>In. «• about i|,(> Mino tinu. on o.on»ioi, of u.o ointion of a chlrf inaKl»:rat»< of Itomc. Tho iiopo r,. tiirnr.l to Jtome in Ill7,,u..l .!ioU tl cro in RUW.-.I KuMlan K<-niTal an.l Mate ninnn, wan b.rnat IMl.owa In 17h... At an larly n«.' ho .;i.l.'r..l tho ,„rp« of i.a;,o, an.l aft.r haviM|,'.liH|in«.it(;n an captain in nn nuxlliarv corpn, which »va* MMit to il.o n»*li.iaiuo of ti,c cniporor ..f Aiixlria nirnln^t tho Fnnch. In iMKi ),o Mnc.l nBaiii<.t Turkoy. nn.l throuirh tho w iol.| time ..ccupi,.d l.y that oxpc.lition- '.r;',. ' r *'-''!' «■«»'"•*<'>> Krrat military tl lento. Il;o princo wa« nov.ral fiinmoiii- ploy.'.l in iiiisMoni toronMantinoplo. When lioMiliticH «ith Turkey < on*, .1 i„ IhI.', and »vnr hroko out l.,tw.>. n Krnnro an.l Uu.sia III.' jtran.l army .,f Nap„l.-.m a.lvanc.l Into th.- h..art of tho C/ar-. .loniinloiii,. «i.-nrrnl l.«kiov.ch MSi appointed to the c.niinnn.l of Uio jtith divi.lon of infantry, whic'i , formod part of tho c..rp« of I'rincc Jioprnti.in ■ and wan prcucnt at tho hattlcnof li/ichkofkn' ! Soultaiiolka. Sniol. n,k.., an.l tho Mo«kowa' In IH.l ho wuH at tho hattlc ..f l»ro»don wh. re ho f..niniftndp advanced Kiiard' and th' II at I^i|i»ic. w iirc hi. cn.luct pro' cured hM pn.in..tlon to tho rank of li.u. tinant-jfonoral. ilo wan «iil...-.iii,.ntlv om- ploy.^d .iucr..,.lvely in tho M,„ ka.lo* .,f ! MaK.l.l.urK mii,| llaMil.urtf, In lsi| hp wi* .intrusted with tho command ..f iho Und I division of jrrona.licr*. tlon in lianeo and I I at tho hattle of Anil »ur AuI.e ho had a hor»o I I n 7l •"'f,':*'''"- .'" "^'" >"• """mpani.d I Iho (Jinnd Duko Mu ha.l .,n hi* tour throuith OerMmny. Holland, and Italy. and on r.a.h- li'K homo, in isjo. ho wan appointed chief I of a .livii.ion of the imperial ^-unr.l. When I in IH.'O, ivar l.n.ko out l,etH..n l{ii«,ia and'' ler»ia. ra».kie\i.h «vaii nominaio.l necml i n eomniand of the army of the CaucaHU., at theiipf.clHlre.|Uo«tof (i.noral Vermalotr iho I Keneral in chief Her." ho render.-.| «uch im |>«.rtni.t«ervi.-,.M. particularly at i;ii.avet ..!.... ..^ ..... . !-htt:> by tnc i.i.ip.ioi- -> icholai with a »wora laounted in dlanioudn. nnd h..nrlnir ih» lni.crli,fir . ;:;;'';-•;.;.;■ .■on.:;:,':" -,;;.». c,, "Hill ho I,. I,, 1,1, j ,11 >'uir dinininnj III 111.' M:ir will, ra»klovii h ■''"'■'^'T'wiiich";"'"^ •'"''■• ' • PI iiiTdWa, "'"'"'■' • 'ol.n |,„,| Hu- ll., I llldl 111,, - .... , .,,. i.i iMir.. Wii,,,,,., ' ""III,. n1,i,hho>va,n,|,,,.,,;/ ;7--n^^ of VN arsaw. |„ ih|., |„. ' '' . "'Pf'nic «'.rv ,o,uppr..Mtl,..i;C.;i: n'''"''"- MM ho ua, Idaccl in ..,>,.." "'"i' In '•f n,e lianiiVo V,'i r Hnn -''V''^""' Jv-.-mHed at tho slcp eof s |l' ,^,"'^';)'i «;,; /•'it'idkttii. "' tU' linvai «i:(i'(s« ii, liii, ta«k..f hlowiii« uptlio wie, ieorKo at .Sp,lh..a,|. jn, l"nKandtedi..i„o.ciinatioii u'r," '" ""» over ihr. .< y,.,„, ini.l. I,' '''''""''''''J "f th.. galvanic I ,;' , '';.;[r"'""""" P'-««»;an.l under li s ,,,.;, .^'T"- I""" llouii.lli.nvnw.sr. ,„,"."'::'""!'« P'om for the smiuikImc, :;*;;;"''!' invented iir.nic ri.;iw„vii,i, ,, • "''I 'Military liiMrueii,,,, ' am l''i "" <"t.;repu,a.ion,'.;;;: v!:;:;^:^;;^ nj.M ...t th.. .i.^iiiN ,,.f„,o t 'ii » n hi, ,vnti,„» 1.1,0 1,0 pr.,v...lM,f formi.iahio H.lv,.rsary of that rmrnir ° order. ra..,ui.rh,Md ,!,.., lu.pJfXS* Kenen,lt..lh.Mhaml,rt.d..H(Vn,ptoKc,t „ ni" d. Ifli y "'■^•''< >•'>"■' «ur la Irml. ■ \ VAsmun. P.nrnsr. Dk.vis, i)„kr a I roneh Mai.-MMiui, who loMl. a mor.. „r I,' His l.iih.T, a .()Uii«e:i(.ri,f ili.Mvirlia- nirnt of I'.iiiH. was j!'iill.iiii„ ,i i„ i:!,' j.,j th.'soi, nair.iwly . >, ,,p,.,i a(,,il, f„r |,k ,.,. I ettionu to ^avo him, 11. h.ij provwuslj i heeomo counsellor of the par|j«ii,..|)t, ,vjj appoint.Mlniast,rofrc(|U('>IsiiilHii(,rr,.|,ivfa the litle.if h.ironof tlMMiii|)iro,aiiJili,MTW of the I..'i;i,)ii nf II, ,11. Mir in bi", .iiidin iho li'lliMvInK .^ear »viis .■,p|M.iiii,,| l,y Niipoleon profo.t of p.ilico. It H:is.luri!ii;'liislriiiire of this offl-e th.it the M.ill.'t plot win fdirieJ, ••in.l l'a«i.|iii..r wasM-i/.MJ lit llie n,n«piraMr« iiii'l Imprisoiicl. hut on the d.fii.iiif ilipiilijt »»as .'.iiiiinu.'d in his omei'. Ua tliiMKivance of the allies to I'arii, in IHU, I'Mqiiicr to I 776 It lull' iiii'd iphn. . — ____^ [l-AR "Vr.i,„„ „i ,,;„,J^« "'"Con, '" 'I'n rlilof ! " ""■ ''!'«'MVMrr,vi,i,;,„/J/'''''i''ii, "' »'i'n,li,,iv »,„''■'''''><• "«io.i on « I, «'";•'» il,f "••iMir si: on '••■'i-'i''Mi,:7i,;i7:rf''' '«''Hn.M,MM,,a,Ml,V ;'J'' nprnIsirriiAn[i:vWin,n, ''•' April l!i,ih,;i ,,-,:'"• M.'lHMva,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, -• •'•■till «iiii ''iity 1)11 .1 '/ "H I'.i 1(1) („r .xpl.^ive ,,„r. ^'^r..,„ov.-.l„tl.„v,.r,on, '"'pnivcmoMi, i„ p;,„, ;•» iiutlior .,r a iro,;ti>,. "'','•,""". '/'"'l an " i;^s„v (,„ 'Wi aiulIiistituti,„i8Qf|i,e bTlKNNK.nnrminrntFroncli ■'•"■' ''^y.ttlioriMn.so ""^ l„ f,,,v the rnrliiimci' I i'Nk 111- proved hiniMf „ •r->:..-v nf th:it riuroarliinj r hi'l.l tlici.lliiTofadvoMtc- iamlirL'd<'ii('(,niplr'§ri(;|ii,|,„ '■'■ in I'"X lli.H principal U'clKTi 111'!) sur la iMiicf, ■ fM-lKNNE Dk.vis, liiikP, a II, «li(i (oipI, :i inoro (,r htj in piihlic niniir« for n.ne t'iry, \va'< l^.rn ii! l':iri, in ', ii i(tuii«i'Ili.ri,f 111,. pariia- as miillcitiiird in i:;it, .1,1(1 ' ts.april (icaii, fur i,!^ j,. liiiii III li.iU proviouilj iir cif ili(. parluiiii'nt, k;h iifri'iiuisiHin IMit.rfcpivfJ of tlir I'lnpiro.anJihiMTW lliiii'i!ir ill bi"', and in ihc •!l» iippdililnl l,y Niipoleon It w:isiliiri!ii;lii8lrniire till- Mallet plutHiufdlTieil, I M-i/i'd III tlic rirn«pint(ir! lilt (III till' di'Tiat o'll!? "kit Ins onk'i'. Oil tliiMidvaiice »rii, in Mi, F'asqiiiir in! % Jtfto atnfbcrsnl ISiogrnpfiij. [pat hcnt f"^' ^"l; „, ,)„, royalists ho ''^'';''?.nt jK"v<- I I- ".It" -.ion to tho Tri' . '''"•''••^' Af''- "'v •'•"""' rj, ', "• "a.Ha iiiniibrrnf n.-urly .VTy Ife.ytni.ili 1" , f,,^ „ ji,„rt time, (m '''"ill Inn of .lulV, IHilO.H.lh.'IT.l to IIW . r .nmliTof IV.rH, u P^sf «lil.'l. Ih> » "'mI ! H "" H with Kreat .l.K"lly. •;'l'"y. "'•',"• 11 III Imp'rl'i'''-"''''' ••'^■'- '" I'"*''' «'•'• 1" i ty f .I'anci'lli.r of ITa.uo wus rov v.-jl Hlnl'vI."»l--l'l'iliPP''.'''''''''7''','''li'''' „■ , vvrrilv ridi.Mili'd hy I'mioo l.ouls Nn- I ,!■ Ill a m'«M)nprr artl.'lo of tlio tlmo. tofp nlHll h.<«'aHciTatr.l.l.ikol.yhis 01 oxproHS (loslrc. 'llm r"l'"« farrcr of DukP rasqiiiof, a most skilful nn.l siir- .fill timc-srrvrr, vmlvA with tho rrvo u- oiiof I'Vliiimry.l^H; l»itlilsJ. paintiiiif his professlim. lie stiidieil at Varls under I'avicl and itaron (iro", and then at Itoiuc, wliero ho heoaine the iissoeiain of t'lirnflius.Overheek.andotlirr rlsinjt artists of the (lerman roniantie s hool. lie jiuh- lisliod, in l*l», n defeiiee of their prtiieiiik-s, inn wiirk entitled" Ansieliten uber die hil- dondcn Kimste." As artist ho Kalnod repu- tation liy his " Drsiniis for Tomlis," nnd a portrait of tlio rmperor Henry 11. at Vraiik- furt. His most important works ns art- critic are, " Kuiistrelso durih I'.niiland und Hclcirn," nnd " Itiifael voii I'rhino iiiul sein VaiertiiovannI Santi." lie wrote aNo " Die cliiistlichc Kunst in Spanien," and coiitrl- butoil liiany valiialde papers on the e.iily (lerman, I'll ini>li, and liali.iii piiinteis to the "Kiiiistblatt." I'assavant lonj; held the ofllre iif direetor of the St idel liistiiiite at rrankfort, where he died, Au^Mlst \>, ISlll. rAS.SKUI, (iiiiVANNi HATilsiA, all Ita- lian painter and poet, w.is the friend nf I)oiiiciiii:hini). He wrote " Lives of the I'ainiers. Siiilptiirs, aid Architeets" of lils time, liidl. It)7',i. l'AS.m()M:i, DoMi'.Nico, cnrdinalnnd 11- lirarian of ilie Yatiiaii, < as horn at l-'os- ioiiihrone.in the duihy of I rhino, in It.M-J ; and studied in the I'lciiientiiic l'i)lle;;e at U'lnie. In Kmi he went with Oualterio, the numiii, t'l I'ari-, , and In KuH, he heeanie a seeiit aRent for the pupe in Holland. lie wasalso employed on several other missions, jwrtlniliiriy in Sivlt/ti-aiul, of >Thieh he published an neemint, entitled " Aeta I.OKa- tionis Hclveiiea," folio. Iiinoeent XUl. I made hint nrehliUliii|i of I'Iphesiii, Clemrnt XII rnl«ei| lilin |.> th« purple, anj licneidrt XIV. nppoinieil him llhrnrlan of the Vntl- ciiii ; in M'lileh Kitiialliin he promoted |)r Keiinlenlt's Kriat (indertakinff, hy eiiUKinir the Hehretr iiianuseripts to ho eoiluleil for his nie. Died, 17)11. I'ASHWAN otlMHr.OMMAN.nrolehrafed TiirMsh retiel, wa* horn In MM, nt W iddin, In ItiilKnria. Ills f.itlier having hern put to death hy the I'orte, I'asswnn took rofiiKo In the mount'iins, and Kalliered round hint n ennsiilerahle liody of p.irtisaiis ; and ImvinK seized npon ^Villdln, he hel,', the fortress for several years, In spite of all Ihectl'orts which were made to disposseH^ him, m that the sultan nt length felt It necessary to rnnflrn) him In the Kovernment. l>led, |Mo7. I'ASTA, Jt'DITll, a celehrated sinsrr, wn* horn ill Italy, In 17'e.t. Hhe was n Jewess hy hlrth,nni' Iiernme a pupil a*, the Conserva- tory of .Milan In IHl t. Slio appeared on the Paris stage in Hj|, and she sutcceded In wlnniuK II :ir*t lite reputation. She llrsi distintruished liervilf in thoopirnsof Itos »iiil,"'ralicredi,"" l.a Donna del I.aKo,"Jtc., and later In llilllni's " Norm.i " nnd " Som namhnla," l'aeiiii'.s " Niolip " (the la.it three hcinKrompi)S(dtorhrr),and" Anna Holrna.' She retired to her Conio villa alMuit iM.t.l, and died there, I April, \M!i. " The extent of her voice w.as reniarknhlo. In her prime she Is said to have had the full range of two and a half octaves." V A T K U C V I, V S. ('.Kits VKI.T.F.IfR, n lloman historian, was horn In the year It.r l!» , served loiiR In the nrmy, and especially under ■Iiiierlus In Germany, as eommander of the cavalry ; nnd, in the'tlrst year of that emperor's rei^n, was nomiiiated pru'tor. Ho died proliahly In his •^oll^ year, leavln)( an nhrldKment of Uoiiian history in 2 houks, of which part is lost. l'ATi:US()N,SAMiFl,,hibll.i(;raphpr,wns born in London, in 17'JH. He hecainenn or- phan at the n^i-' of I'J years, nnd was first a bookseller in London, then an auctioneer; and in 1737 he sold tho manuscript collec tions of Sir Julius (';esar, which circum- stance hroiiKht him into notice, nnd lie was employed in the preparation of cataloKucs and the sale of lilirarics. His principal per- formance in this line is the '• llihliotheca riiiversalis Sdecta." He also wrote " Cur- sory Kemarks on a Journey through the Ne- therlands, hy ', oriat. Junior." Died, 1S02. r.Vir.USdN, AVti.i.lAM, oriu'inaior of the II ink of KuRland, nnd projector of the D.irieii expedition, was lioin in Sfotl.ind, prohatdy al'otit ItitJi). He tr.ivelled exten- sively, nnd w.is represented hy some as a missionary, hy others ns n pirate. He com- municated his scheme for a ^rt it hank to the merchants of London, and it became the basis of the constitution of the hank of Kn^- land, which was estalilinhed in Iti'.M. The same year he circulated his proposal for a settlement in Daricn, which he anticipated niifjht be made the !;reat emporium of the world. His couiitryir.en entered enthusias- tically into the scheme, immense funds were j raised, .ii;;: ,1 coiiip.iiiy was incorpor.itrd in j lt!il5, by act of the Scottish parli.inicnt, fori carryiiit? It out. Jealously watched and op- 777 U l : I : ( ■ f ' ' i' ! i ! I i 1 i AV . ill !^:1 t J ,.«... .«r- I'atJ I, .lU . 1 ^>.^»«''«'> «nd I>"ti-h merchants, nn.l : "l«o by the Ensli.h Kovoriuncni. the plAt KHovousIy fuil.-a , quarrtLs, fovcr, i.n.i A. 1 "'>nie ruiurd tho coloni,ts, and the f.Mv sur- j yivors of the several expeditions were forc- iiily expelled hy the Spaniards in IToo iaterson was one of those who Rot baek to 'Gotland, and in 171.) some eonipensatlon was proposed to be granted him hv the «o- vt rnment for his immense losses and suffer- 1"KS. The bill, however, was not passed and I'atcrson died in obscurity Bonie years' I later. I rATKl'I., John Ukinuoi.ii, Count, a i-ivonian who endeavoured to shake off the Swedish yoke ; but, bein},' unsuccessful, wmt to Saxony, where he was made privy-coun- eillor, and employed on a mission to the court of Uussia. He entered the service of I'eter tho (Jreat, first ns diplomatist, and afterwards as lieutenant ireiioral in the war with Kwoden. On beinw dclivend up to Charles XII., he was executed on thechart'o of treason, in 1707. rATHICK. Sr. the apostle or patron saint of Ireland, is supposed by M.ine to have hecn a native of Cornwall, whose /e:,] prompted him to cross the chanm 1 for tU- .onversion of the pagan Irish. liy ..tlu rs h,- is «iiid 'o have been a native of Kirkpntrn k, on the Clyde, and that his name wjs .Sactuthus I until changed by I'ope Celestine, others' { ajtain assert, th it he was born in liritt.inv j and larried by ^ome freebooters to IreliiuV I where he wag at rirst unployed in keepinjj' nheep. His arrival in Ireland took place piol)ably betwet n 41.i-J(;o. His ende.ivours were crowned wiih lt, at .success, and he Ofct iblish<'d there a iiuint.er of schools and monasteries. Nennius states tha! his nii.s •ions continued 4it years, and various miri- cles arc attributed to him. particularlj the expulsion of uH venomous creatures frciin Ireland. He died at an a ivancc .1 ajfe Hin works, or at l.ast thoM' a.scribed to him were published, with remarks, by Sir J uius \\Hre. in 1G,W. There ia a le.rned an.l va" luable work on " The I.ife and Mission of l,ooior! mineral,! Histoire! I'.VUI. I '"•■'• V»s born in ' and his He lost He marn. d tl,c Prince j'Jif'^''" '>«^in: berg, m I7r,!,i,ut .iij fof/.^ "^ Vur,e„,; solitude an.l riyoruus t !f., '''"''•"' from hisi death Of catl.;r[,;"^^r™f '!''"»•' tt claimed emp,n,r. Tho ^ '"^ '"'Pro-: some li he,.., I "."• "uri's OXI>it»,l u_ joined the v.:co,^Si;;;,"r^''^He|i |«ndUussianar,„iesnS;.^l'"|J^^^^^^^ Suwarrof,in Swit^erl .n .? f J''^''''"*" but he afterwarii withdrew?n '''•''''"^"''; ' trredlntofrie„,„v,v ,1, f^ i'Mfen-i kniKhts of .Malta am 11,; 1 "1 "'''l"'^ "'^l' ion of tlu> islaif ,:";,''''?'''' P«wss.;| and all his eon 1, ... J ,'"'""'• «'» ™le ' K.Ierable. s, " 2' n" ,'^' Z' f^ ^'""' '«• «'>''.nt icn,nhrooi l';^'«;^^^^^^^^^ "K.'iinst hiiM. Mith Count I ,M„n . ■ ^°"''^"' PAri.in.,Pope,Al.KSSANi)RoFlHVP«.. horn in UOO, held seven bisl oorif* fn ' c-simi, was created canlS?;'!^;^^^^^^^^^^^ y, became dean of the sucitJ co™n w a, ch,_.en pope after the drathorci; >n., I.-.il. lie had sever.il children hv r ".Triage eonir.iitia l.cforc he entered th^ church, nnd he made one of hi,,onsMe,r aru,a,andhisKr,.n,iso,ul„k,.ofc™S'i. nerornM'i.n and the Kfaeral dOMre for a ' t letime.aiM ■auinij,,danir;ervie,rX h Kmpen.rC'hHrlcsV.tvspoctin^themi , ■ . -V •V""''' ^^''av « oouncil ivas lived tobeheldutMann,a.llu.„:,tVic.iiM,.inJ finally ,t was convoked at Trent, ,i„d, net here in Deeeniber, 1515. Vau! had pre- Mously. \.,:.H. published a bull, cwnnimini- cai iiiK Hud ih posiiiK' Henry Vlll. of Knjland ttmseompletinif the separation of thp.An"li- -.ui.hmeh. Iiir.l7.itul,ei-i>!hthse.<,iono(' the (.-rrat council, the pope decreed its re- i moval to lloK'^-na.anaitwassion.'.fterfiis. ! pended. It was tliU jiope who apprerei! thf order of .Tesuit.s; published the .iiros.intbull' nanieil " In Ca>na Domini;" niade 'the cele- brated Sadoleto cardinal, and oUVrcd the same di)fnity to rrasniu!.; und eiitablishfd ^ the Inquisition at Naples, liied. 1.5l'i PA I I,, I AUIKll. SAlin^ PAL'I.Tlli: Dl-ACO.N.nrl'AIl.tSM.V COM's, Mas a native of Kriull.and anuuik ' in the abbey of .Monte fassino, «her.>hi' 778 'titution, of >v hi,,, ""fwincral,! Jfs Minrr:, ix .. ■ ".^ Histoire' ''famous cathorine ■',/,"■ fM his : i..u,,.„„, ',,Jf";«iMb,J t- 111' made a conmi , „ "' "■ "i^'ration.huS :^*n|j ^••Ha and tl.ou claimed Uc^i .^land from Jinpland, iK : ,;'"'l"ct;nvvv,„oreand ; ' ;;i-a,n.fact,,hatcfamad; . I'll n oonsinracv wna rJ. 1 'ura,T.dinl,ish,d-roomijS.: crcatra<.ardinaibyAi„,J. ■-'Poaft.TihcdfathofCtac", '," ''•" ^■^■'■'••''1 >'liilJren hv ,v! ir.und Icforc he entered 'the: liomadiMmoofliissonsdukeof' ii-.Ki-.iiuis3nduk(.ofCaniffiDo': and tl.r nfiicral desire for a ' I. I'l'lTl ''!'"''"- '"''.i«'s of' Jauini.li.idainnt.Tvieirffirt llmrles V, rcspcaini; tlicm in nuch tlelayaeouncilwaslistd Mantua, ilua at Vicdi/a.aM > I'onvDkrd at Trent, and' in: ■ member, 1515. Vaid had prt- puWishi'da bull, excnmniuii K'siiii.'H>niyVin.,ifi.:ni;i;,i„i, iitf lli"M pa^nIil,^()ftlloAnJtli• n I 'ii:, III tlieciglithH.oiuncji iH'iI, the pope deerceJiisrc '!,'na, anditwassionaftorfiis IS this pope Mho approved th( l.s; published the .iirojiantbiili I'nii Domini;" made the cilf- •to enrdinni, and offered tli- to rrasnnis; and establislifii n at Naples. Died. 1.51'i II KH. :S.\1{PI1 l>i:.VCoN,nrl'An,lSMA I native of Krlull.andanioiik of .Monte ra!i,slnii, «lier(> hi % Jl(b) Slnii)(rsal Biograpf)t). [pax Died, wrote ft " Wiswj u. t- '^Piiil OF SAMOSATA, 80 named from the i^onf his birth, flourished in the third place of '»« ^'" j' ,yftg ehosen blsliop of '"''^'l- but havinK pri'achrd aKuiiiHt the ^"'■"' I'nf CI rtt he «.ig deposed in 270. ?;rouLn Zenoba took his part, but the Plaor Aurelian expelled him fromAntioci ? ,71 and what became of him afterwiirds ■ n'known His followers were ealled i ^ nUt, for a long time after his death. ^SuLlsfviNCKNT «K. IVIN-CKNTDK 'muS Sni W. r WINCH ESTKK, ^'ffllf TK ST UAUTHKLKMI, or inHiNN PIIILIPl" AVEllDIN, was a monk f .hP rarmelite order, born in Austria, in J J"md baviM« studied the ori.MUnl Urn- BiaKes, went as a missionary to the l.ast In- S where be passed 14 years and was honmircd with the title of apostolic visitor HeTasthen recalled to Home, to Riv. an fccount of the eastern missions, and to cor- It the catechisms, Ac, then printing for the use of the missionaries. A\ hen the Trench invaded Italy in 1798, he ren.oved to Vienna; but he returned to Home in 1800 ; was patronized by I'iusVlI.; wrote an ne- couut of his travels, and the state of Chris- tianity in India, published a grammar of llic Sanskrit lanfiuage, and died in IbW). PAULINU'^. patriarch of Aciuilcia, in the Sth century, was born near Kriuli, in 71C<. He was a zealous defender of the doctrine of the Trinity, and died in 804.— Another PAL'LlNt i'. born at Bordeaux, in 353, hav- ing married a Spanish lady, who converted hnu, settled at Nola, of wliich he became bishop, and died in 43'.). He was ft learned and liberal man, much esteemed by his con- temporaries. I'AUU.NUS SUETONU'S. [SUETON- IIS.J I'AL'LMV, MAUC ANTOINK IIK.NK liK I i VoYi:it,. Marquis de, minister of biute, ami ■ a mcmbei if the French Academy, was born 'at Valeneirnncs, in 172J. Me coUeeted one i I of the most luagniHocnt libraries in Europe, | !' whichwassold totlie('ountd'Artois,brotlier i ^;io Louis XVI. M. de Taulmy put)li»hed j I " .Mi^hinges d'une grande llit)lioth*ijue," 69 i'vols. 8vo, and a work entitled " Ehsuys in ' theStyleof tho!.eof Montaigne," 9 vols. 8vo. ' Died, 17S7. I'.vril'SiJ-XilNETA !i 1>aU1,1:S .EMILIUS. {.EGINETA.j U'EMIMI S.J I I inn I I .la^iiiiaiu.'v iiu ttiio imhi , .. — , ! llniperor Alexander Severus reealU'd him, 'I raised him to the consular dignity, and ap l| pointed him prietoriun prefect, nftfr the Jl death of Ulpian. U I'AULUS, riKTEU, a celebrated Dutch I BtaltMiiuu, Was bum iu 1754. As niiiiinleruf 1 tho marine department, he displayed great I activity and intelligence; but be was dis ij placed in 17ft7, and retired into France, ! whence be afterwards returned, uud was chosen president of the first National Con- vention, March, 1790. Died, 1796. He wrote a " Commentary on the Treaty of Utrecht," 3 vols., and a " Memoir on the Equality of Mankind." I'AUSANIAH, the son of Cleorabrotus, king of Sparta, Kovcrned the kingdom for his cousin Pleistarchus, son of Leonidas, during bis minority, and commanded the allied Greeks at the battle of Plataea. After- wards being discontented with his country, he entered into a secret treaty with the king of Persia ; but this being discovered by the cphori, to avoid the punishment due to his treason, he fled into the temple of Minerva, which being held sacred, the I.acediPinonians blocked it up with stones, the first of which was placed by Puusanius's mother. He was there starved to death, IJ. C. 471. I'AUSANIA.S, a Greek traveller and topo- graphical writer, who flourished during tho reigns of Hadrian and the Antonines. He taught at Athens, and afterwards at Home, where he died. His Itinerary of Greece, in which he describes everything remarkable in Greece, is still extant, and is a valuable work for the antiquary. I'AUSIAS, a painter of Slcyon, and the disciple of Taraphilus, flourished about 350 H. C. He was the first who applied colours to wood and ivory by tire, a process now called encaustic painting. PAUW, COUNKi.iLrt UK, a Dutch miscel- laneous writer, was born at Amsterdam, in 1739. He was an ecclesiastic, and had a canonry in Cleves, where he died in 1799. He was uncle to the famous Anacharsis ClootJS, and bi.s opinions were in some n-- spvcts as singular. His principal work is entitled " lleoherelies l'liilosophi(|iies, sur les (irees, les Anirricains, Ics Fgyptiens, et les Chinois," 7 vols. 8vo. PAYNE, John Howauk, an American actor and dramatist, was born at New York in 1792. From childhood he was a prodigy. In his Kith year he was a writer for the press, and editor of the " Thes- pian Mirror." At 16, he appeared as Xor- III/ in '■ Douglas," at the Park Theatre, New York. .Vt Hoston he appeared, among other characters, in those ti( Hastmyi, Itnlla , £diiar, and Hatnltt. In lsl2 he came to England, and made his dtbut at Drury f.ane, in his '2Ut year. In 18-28 ho edited a Loudon dramatic paper called '' The Opera-Glass." A great number of dramas were prepared by him when on the London stage, chiefly adaptations from the French, and in some of them ('harles Kcmblo appeared. The air of " Hoi-.;i', Sweet Home," flrxt appeared in Howard l'ayiir> " Clari, the Maid of Milan." Iu his lailiT years he occupied the post of Consul of the United Statesat Tunis, where he died, I'^.Vj. PAXTON, .>^ir JdxF.i'il, an eminent land- scape gardener, and dehigner of the " Crystal Palace 'of l.H'il, was liornof a humble family near Wobiirn, in Itcdfordshire, in 1803. Wiiiii' .iiiii jiiiiimiie entered into llii" siTV- lee of the Itoyal Horticultural Sneiety, and having attraeietl the attention of the duke of Devonshire, was «'mplo)ed by him at Chutswurlh, uud becunie at length director of 77!) I 1 ! I ;f V' t| i i 1 I I i: ■ K ■ \ k i ,'li' 1 j i 1 r T 1 f j ! '' 1 , i 1 i i 1 ' ■ I ' u ^i ^ ;-sc,np|,.ye..,o.';;^.;i:;rA^;;;ir:-';\^! gio luls. Sir ,j„s(.,,i, ,f,m oLctol nicmhorof a.,uorsof,hisf^;i,y:^l^?i,,;:;:,-;^;'reM7oi.e M' "liei by I'ope sixtiis I\ >n,i I IIS noi..r>v.C,r,iinal Ui.'.rio 11 e (V.ck ; was made on I^,r,.n/o and his br , her (; , I I.ano. u. the cl.nreh of the lUpara duV 1 i Mlivine service. :'(!ih April; the later w, «^M.ss,nafed by rrancesro de l-az.i bl i ; Loren/o es.aped with asli^Mit wound At 1 1, ; ^nme time Jaeopo de' I'az/i Was en eav , ir np to rouse the ,.i,„ens to rev, It I u ,he frirnds of the Medici were the stro Ls, nnd the conspirators were seize ^^,^1^, J' nshelmo de- V,,ri, who h, . n,a rkd iTv,'/;: ■^''''''•'- ""» •"■» 'vr saved "'"• « ... I . '■/•^'"•^"V. bishopofUochesfer n pr. ate of great learning and piety "a," I'orn in I.on,!on. in IM... . was educated ^ainbridiro ; became, fcuccessivety; vicar of Ht Mar nnsinjhe.IicidH. d.an of Wi„ -he' i tor. b.Mop of !.,.n«or.and bishopo 1 ; .:." rr Hi, pnncip.,1 worUs are. edition, of I l-ong.nns and Cicero " de Oratorc ' n " It, on the four Kvan^jelisis," ,«c , :; vols ,,,,1 ! elnriM.r'i" ' "'•'' »'- left. 'amo„i, '.the | rhanialde be.,.,( st,, t"„HK, t,. ,»„. c,dlc«e for olHruyimn , »],'.,« s at Itromlcv " ' I I Vhsov, (;k..!..,. mi,; K,{^ „. a n.iive of U- iherh.nn. in Vorksl ,,e ' II Htu.l.ed medicine in london. f- , ,,,r, ^n-l I-«-yden . «,„ .,„.. „f ,i„. pi, '" "'^»''' St (.eorKe s H..«p|,;.| , ,,n,l reml.n d es,en- ti.il service i„ t!„. |,.v ;. of ehemisfrv b, h u ♦'»P^r-,f'''; ''""eru ' ••ontroveisv betw,., „ ,*'?"•' ^^""lifd the ''."«l>.,p of St Asaph in liVn, '""•■'*'"* 'ime 1). I). Thi, e v,",r ; ",'■ •'" ""' Mmo,' traor,li„aryV:ci,,,,^t|,'r^ "'■-''"•' pri-ach, .1 at I'auls c .. "^ " *'''''""n l^' r.'n....l ,.n,.ronmis ofVrtjn ,;"■''■ ''^'■'''• HiK of bishops, th, ir n, > """ Pfon.h- papal I'Ulls o rovisi?m V: ?i'!''""""^'i translated to tb. l.e "c. "'"''«' '"s »0'nalterlo,t 1, n-.ns ;?','■'■• ''"'1'^' f..lkandtbehisl,,,n', C;,i '^?^'"''' di^KUxc at curt ,,'''■•""' f'" in'" ' -.dbc.n„c,.n.,cnn:::;^,:,,J;;-™;l;«^ .:...an:ofip;rc.!;;a;:rr-- »"nd,e,s.wv, .,';,'"'■•'')• 'I'""- I ,p..bu;ir.:;;,t^l'^.Sbr;:ii':i prisoner but n.a,le hi, . „s,^ i.„X t/i, I and lie ':i',V..iV:r:;;,^?' •'''-'. '■'"''''''-r,! ':--^;i''is;;:^--li<:;i pec] ^ Jlcti^ 3tniUcisal 13iogrnpl)y. [pee Notliiiiy fiiilluT is kiiinwi of Ilia f.r' Most of liis writing's liavc ptrished. vmoii" those extant arc, •' Tlio I onot (or ^niiar"), " Tl'e Vollowrr to the Donet," lie last is the luust important, and was tirst ,,r ntcd ill IWW, under tlio direction of the K hellolls an.l edited |'y.(;i|urchill « b iiKton, Ji. I). Its full title IS " '1 he Ite- or,s u? of overnuieli hlamin,- of . lie Clergy " nndiis ol.jcct is the defence of the church f Fnalaiul as it then was iiKainst the ut- taclls of the Lollards. It has Kreat histori- a value, and isdistin^'uished hy "fulness of lau-'uagc, pliancy of expression, arKunienta- )iaailies)iij~'aii" Lilt i>, ..^ ,.^.«v--. J pirty which he defended, and also to iLiimea as a friend hy the party tigai ivc sauadty, extensive learninir, and eriti ril skill. I'ccoek maintained the .supremacy of reason as well as the infallihiliiy of the ,,„i)c; advocated religious toleration , and natliesinjruliii fate to be persecuted by the ' ' ' ' •■' " to be inst Hiiic'h his whole eiici^tics Mere directed. Ills inlliicnte doubtless contrilmted mate liullytothe reformation, which took place iu the fuUoniiiK century. I'ECQL'liT, JKAN, a celebratec! anatiinii.it ,md physician, was Imrn at Dieppe, a ^ l died atl'arisin l(i71. lie liiseovered tlie thoracic iluct and the receptacle of the chyle, and traced the rrogiess of the chyle into the left subclavian vein, lie wrote" Kxperiinenta Xova .Vnatoniien," and other works. ri;DItOl.,ANT()M() JOSKD'AIX'.VNTAUA, Pon, cx-ciiiperor of Urazil, was the eldest sun of John VI., kinj? of I'ortiiKal, elder brotlier of Don MiKiiel, and nephew to Fer- dinand YII-, kin^' of Spain, lie was born in i;a3, nndwiis taken in isi*, with the rest of the royal family, to iira/il. In 1H17 he married Maria Leojiuldina. archduchess of Austria, daughter of the lOmpcror rraneis I,, bywhoii. he had live children, iiiiion),' wiiuin wasthe Qui'en, Uuna Maria da Glurid. Lioiioldina died in l»2il ; and in IhL'U he married Amelia, princess of Leuehtenber^j, tliedaughtcrof Liigtiio Iteaiihariiois. i)n ue- ccunt of tlie events which led to I'edro's ab- dication of the crow 11 of IJra/.il, in favour of hisson, I'eJro ll.,lie embarked on board an I ];u;'l)^li^hip of w ar fur lairupc, iu the spring [of b;il, and arrived in London iu July us u private (rcutlemaii, bearinj; the title of the bukt'of liraK'anza. (Jpcrations iiiiniediately comaiciiced fur displacing' liis brother, Don Miguel, from tlie throne of I'ortUKal, and many severe conllicts touk place , at length, in July, Iti'ii, the licet of I'edro, under th coiiimaiul of Admiral Napier, siKiially de- feated that of Miguel; which event, "with other successes of the I'cdro party, led to his brother's aliandonnieiit of the '.hnnu', and the accession u' Dona Maria. Dua I'cdro (lied in 1K;||. riCKI,, Sir UoiiKUT, barf., third son of Mr I'eel, vf Peel fti'Ss, Lancashire, and fathcrof the prime niinisicruf Knttlaiul who inherited his title, was born in ITJO. lli'cvia- cod lit a very early a^-e the quickness v( per- ception ami spirit ofciiterpri.se wliuh distin- fai-.hfiihim IhruU^ihiifc. lie d, ■. ud much tiniciutho improvement of in.i. i.inery, em- barked in the cotton trade In J, and ear- ned ona mauuf.ictur) at llury w all trrcnt suc- cess. In polities he adopted the senlinicntsof Mr I'itt, and was a strenuous supporter of every measure which had for its object the commercial prosperity, or the internal pfacc of the country. He was created a baronet in Ihol. In the following year he broughta bill into parliament for ameliorating tlie condition of apprentices employed in the cotton and woollen trades. .Sir Itobert tilled the olllci- of vice-president of the Literary I'uiid,and wasji j^nveriior of Christ's Hospi- tal. He dii d at hi.s seat, Drayton Manor Stallurdshire, in IHM. ' I'KKL, .sii UoDKiiT, bart., prime minister of KiiKland, the eldest son of the preceding and the most distinijuished KiiKlish states' man of his ukc. was born leb. ,5, K88. Des- tined by his father for a political life, he was educated tirst at Harrow, and ufter- waids at O.vford, at both of which places he distinguished himself by his patient dili- gence, his correct taste, and his scholarly achievements. At Oxford he took a first- class degree both in cl,i.ssics and mathemat- ics. No sooner was this accomplished, than Ins father, in D^(i!», had him brought into parliament as nn.iiber for C'a.shel ; and the House of Comnuiiis became thenceforward the arena of his life. He had not sat longin it before he proved liim.self an able speaker and a laliorious and sagacious worker. This led to his speedily llndlng his way to office. In iNll he was appointed under-.seeretary of state for the colonies, under tlie Tcrcivalad- ministration. In IKL," he was n-ade chief secretary for Ireland— an olHce which he held with much advantage to the country till IHIM. In lH\: he was elected one of the memliersforthe university of Oxford. After remaining out of otlko for nearly I years, winch, however, were signalized by his carrying through his famous currency mea- sure, and many other useful acts, he in 181'2 became secretary of state for the home de- partment. Among many other useful mea- sures identified with Ills name, during this period of his career, maybe mentioned his admirable plan for the reform of the cri- minal code, which he brought forward anil carried in Lsji!. on the accession of Can- ning to the premiership in lH'i7, he refused to take oflici! under that distinguished states man, but he retunud iu ISj« to the office of home secretary under the duke of "Wel- lington, and held that post during the diffi cult times which preceded the di.osolution of the Tory goveruuient in Isau. Hitherto, his political career had borne the aspect of di'votcd ndhereiue- to'ioryism, but, on ue- lepting office under the duke of Wellington, he tillered upon a cour.se in which the in- fluence of a dilfereul set of principles came to be apparent, for he but feelily opposed the bill of Lord John liussell fur the rejjeal of the test and corporati'Mi acts, and himself iiitroduteil.and carried through in ISJ'J, the bill for the removal of ( alholic disabili- ties, to which he had previously been op- posed. The change iu his opinions upon Catholie emancipation having exeited streat dissatist'aciiun among his tunslituent.s, he resolved li) give them an opportunity of recording their Mntimenis, by resigning his seat , he was opposed and beaten by Sir 781 ™ p if' ; • r i i . n i , ;M j ■ ii|i :1 ! ; ." 1 : ! i 1 , r . C 1 1 i r I ' , j ■f ivl ' It '■ I il' ^ 'J Ih 111 811 'i i pek] K-.bort H. luKlis, l.ut round his wav back to Piirhainont for t lie Mi.mll horouifh of AVcst- fathn in the Imronfloy, ,u,,i also H8 ineinber : Ji'.'IlT'."'"'' '"■''''■'' '"' i'o.itimu',1 to rct>r»>- «Pnt ti!I his acuth. Tho Hccssicn of ,\ 11- ..1.? ' V;."''P ?*■"" known to bp attached to liberal opinions, toffcthor with thcalinost slnuiltanpous outl)rrak nf flic Knnch revo- lunon.hiivinKMTivon an irnsistiblo impulse to tho cause of reform in KnK'land, the Wel- lington administration resign, d in Novem- Der, 1830, after its defeat on the civil list ■ I and Sir Uobert Pee; offered to the reform' , bill of the tfrey administration a perseverinif iand able, though not factious, onpositi.in On the passing of that hill, however, he im- mediately accepted it as irrevocable, and set himself to reconstruct his partv on the basis of the altere.l constitution of the House of Commons The death of Karl Spencer in 1H;u, havintr afforded the king a pretext , for di.MiiissinghisWIiisf ministers, Sir Uobert I reel was siiinmon-J from Home, whitlier he had goncMiih his f,.mily,ni the course of a coruineiual tour, and requested to form nn administration. He had no» reached the sumnut of poliiical power, and the same ab hii.s which had displ.ivcd tl.i'ui- selves whil.st he wa.s In subordinate oftitcs shone forth with inenasing brilliancy now' hat he h.ul the chief control of affairs. Hut his position in the House was not sulMciently .-trongto eiialde hiui to ret,,in his place, an.l the gov. rnnunt being beuten «»n more Ihau one (juotion. .,ii the nth of April, IH,!-,, they leslmicd. and the WhiL-s ,once more ntuni.d to omie. In Is^t) i,e Iwa-sagaiii J'rime miuist.T for a still shorter period, the famous " Hed.hamber plot "as it was called, having et.i„p,.||,.d him to relin- quish the le.ns al'iiost as soon as he had grasped them. In the mean time, however circumstances were gradually rip.ning t,,' rend.r his accession to p.nu'r inevitable Justly or unjustly, a general impression had gone abr.iad unfavourable to the Whi- ad I ministration ; it was accused of adminlstra- I tive incapacity , and, in the summerof imi i Mr Uobert I'eel led on an attack w hie h ended' 111 the resignation of Lord M. Ibouriie and placed him once mor.- at the h.ad of affairs Meanwhile, too, tho conservative party had been busy in the registration court, and on the dissolution of parliament In the au- j luimi of that >ear, a new election returned l'> til.- h.-u-e a large majority prepared to support the I'eel administration. Sir llo bert « power was Mow as real as his position Has digiiUled. In 1.H.2 he propose.! one of the moM extensive alterations in the tariff of the country that had ever been efleete.l Hundreds of Imposts-many of them insiit- ; niflcant, but all ..f the,., vexatlous-wen- J swept away. The conHd. n.-e .,f the protec •hdken, and the*r ciTiplaints of being duoed by him were loud and clamorous. Hut In losing their eonfldenr. , he gain.-u that of the opr»isite party, «ho began to look upon him M the man de.tined to realize all their hop*.* lu the autumn of 181^ the famine whieh incn tr.rcutcnea lo sweep over the country roiued a unlvemi •jfiution, free from .11 ^ i^cto ganibnsal 13(oar.iMlm strife split ll ^ Johnllus^eratl^SiV'^^^fii! vernment, but was nl,,^'^ '"'"" f'Tnui! disputes, '.na\Zl Zl"T' "^ ''^"^^ abandoned tho task ,, ,i « '", '""'^'. 1 was again reinstatod «,^'^"«>^"l K opening of the so fou of si;'^ "'"'' th nmiounced, to tho ZmJ^fl^ ^™ll' of thousands, and the raLo «ni "' "'" '"'I^ party, his intention noN.f f„^5'"""ayofhi, entirely repeali„rt'ir;^,lT'^^ 'n became the ohj^ t of he nT; ^"'''""l ■"vective, unceasing a ik ?,']?«" ni-....,.K <■_.- . * "'•'•"^Ki and bittir proach from tluKo uii.r"' """"'""■ le- huvii^ deceive,! the,u!'5,;j«''im Of ■"""* "eceived them. All thi7C, "" "' irmness and equa .it m 'w '"'""^"'"> tliat no other plan would mcetM ""'"'"■" that no the country, aiid he opposition strong, bitter nwi;" "'"'"■' .m "it nn uws "-ereabolishrdii, J , 'isV '"i'?™ trade proclaimed as ti„. , ' '^''*"'' ^cc of the coun r S n . ,':'™"^''^' Nicy passing of thii ,aS: ^Tl'' ,"■'■'' '''^ resigned oWice, a coa io,, nf ^\v "' ''''■' I'rotectionists having 1 „" V""' "id Iii.«'h coercion bill iv ,m ,h i'''V''' '"i^ ♦^'j'vea Kc.,u,-a!sM;p,,t ? ,;;'\p"r','''' ilariii;; that he had ii,i «i i, . '"'^'' ''f' desiiiutc of power fori,.v„. ,' ''^""S'Wt l.is.ntlue„c.^,veMl,'X"i^;':^f'« wL'hT„^^!,A- s£ r^ r "P-mhim. H.wasconve iSa neucal attendants were i.i'stanthwit Ihi! bu he grew gradu.Uly wors,., ,,U pft •' ) -', to the great legr.t of all cla«c o th.it of a statesman of a high Drdcr, ii rrca financier nn excellent admiaistratu "S '" "pright and truth! .vin« man 1 ..nalmo.,unientwasvo,odtolii"„,;LA t hv h 'Vi? ^; ''a^eiied to evince her s,n,fa- lin. '' ';'''•'*■""■" '"" "'^'i"" haj sus- tained, by offering to confer on hu ImiW the honours ..f th" ,„..T,m'e ; and the popu- Ur e,t,.em for him was Mill further increased, Hheu It became known that the great snies- innn had "Herdicted his family from awpt- iiig any honours .or s. rvieea which hemiiiht have rendered to hi, coimtrv AVu believe 'hat in avowing the conviction, that iliis louiitry owes to him iisdecp a ilebtoi"i;rati- tudc as to any statesman that has ever pre- sided over h.r destinies, we are onlv ijiving utteran.e to an opinion whioli pos'teritv.a tribunal to which Mir Kohert Peel was fond of appealing, will amply conttrm. There- ■y- "•■ • !j:!:i;i.ii t'JUf, thi- inir.-uUtTr of an cfTeetive system of police, the founder of ft »jrit«m of cturency, which has beet; I MBHMH and iiH'otiii h«PorU,t,T;", •'''-' ""media,,,, ^t was preventoVh '"'■""' «"■ i after somo J, 1 "L^^^ODal -- somo Vain .V'".'™"'" "p '««><. '"Hi Sir ,{2?;''' I'o session of tllLT' ''^ u tl.o surpriso of .,i ,f ™»"r and tho r ,L'i- and i ' "'" '"W I'l^'u would meet tin """""■'' S':;^£^unS,2^™ >» 'neaM,r... ,ir i^„,, ",5 '; a coalition of \Vl,i,., an ";;v;n« ;U.fo:.u^ „i„;t; ' """• Irom that period hp ■lyuln()«i.i,(„,,..Mimeollic: ■'^titi.t,. of office, lie wiisnoi wer for never, porhapZi thii 'J.inn« the four j,a„ I lu^ retirement. Tlie h< , ■i) of the governm.nt. Oi, >'f the folloHinK day, whil "veritH head, falling i„,viij *»a.s conveyed home, and hi, mts were instantly with bini -adually uorse, nnd expired rcat leKret of all clasi,os of , who mourned his loss as "ail of a high order, a creat «cce in isjs. There is a scarce book still e.\ taut, en tit led "The Merry comeiied Jests of Ucorge I'eele," &c. He died about la98. PKOai;, S.VMli I„ L.L I)., an eminent di- vine aadantiquary, was born at('he.stertleld, in 1704, and educated at St John's tVdlcgc, Cambridge. Hcsidrs other chur^di profer- mont, he eblaiiied two prebends, one in Lichfield cathedral, and the otlier in Lin- coln. His princijial works are, " Dissert.i- tions on Anglo .s.ixoii Kemains," "'('he Life of Kol'Crt Caosseteste, Jiishop of Lincoln," ".inonymiana; or Ten Cenlurirs of oi)serv- ations." He also contributed luimerous papers to the Archa'ologia and the Cientle- ijian'8 .Magazine. Died, IT'.io. I'KIUK.sc, Mcoi.As fi.Ai hi: 1'aiiui i,k, a learned Frenchman, was born at Heaugeii- sier, in 1,'SSO, and displayed extraordinary abilities, while at the Jesuits' college, at .Ui?non. lie afterwan'.s lived at Tadiia, .nndmadc himself master of the niatheniat- ics,aiid of the Hebrew, Samaritan, Syriac, and Arabic language,.^. He also dislinauished himself by the study of autitiuities. In l«i5 ho visited Kngland, was iiresented at eouit, and became ae(iuainted with Camden and other English literati aJmittcd In loo; he wns iJmittcd a senator at Aix, luid iu Itilrt he "..•.ii.cu ii;e abucy of liuuiies, iu Guienne, where he employed himself m literary and scientitie pursuits till his death, lu 1037 "i'di^'"^° '*"* written by his friend Cms- l'KJ-AGlUS,aii eminent (hureh tencherof the 5th century, author of the system of doctrines called I'elagianism, w.is prolmblv ii native of Hritain. Jle became a monk and went to Uonie, where, about 4(i!l, CddoKtius who had been an advocate, attached him- self to him. I'ela-iiis appears to have bo- coiiK' aeriuainted with St Augustine, who expressed the highest esteem and afleetion for him. He begun to publish his doetiines about -Jia, having previously visited Car- thage with C(eleslius. In 41.? he went to I'alestiiie, where .lerome, s»ill livin-nt Heth Ichem, wrote ngainHt him, and the younjr Orosius attacked him, but unsuceessfuMy at the synod of Jerusalem. Another svnod was held at Diospolis. by which I'ela'gius was recogni/cd as a member of the catholic church. His doctrine was soon after con- demned by two North African synods by Innocent I., bishop of Koine, and his sue ce.ssor Zosimus ; the latter having once de- clared it orthodox. In US it wis again condemned by a council of Carthage and th-ough the intluence of Augustine several iin|>erial edicts were afterwards published against IVlagius and his adherents. Many bishops of the West were deprived for re- fu.sing to subscribe t:.e condemnation. I'el »- gius wiisa man of cold temperament, with a sober, clear understanding, with no capa- city for such profound spiritual conflKts and ' xperiences as those of his great ad- versary, with limited speculative power but of «eiiuiiie piety and spotlos character' His system of doctrine is a protest against tlieextreineviewsof Augustine, and includes deiiiul of the hereditary depravitv of man, of absolute predestination to salvation, and of irresistible Krace. Led by a strong practical interest, he sought to guard against what he considered errors dangerous to morality. He Kave prominence to the freedom of the will and the natur.il power of men to f.dlow the divine commands; appealing to the exam- ples of goodness among the heathen. 'Ihe controversy to which his views gave rise was long continued, and numerous councils pronounced his condemnation Mere frag- ment.s of his wrlting-i are now extant. It is not known when (.r where IVlagius died I'LLHAM, Sir H KMtY, prime' minister of l.ngland, was born in ictit;. After serving a short time in the army, during whien he took part in the battleof I'leston, he entered parliament in 171s, and was appointed sec- retary of state for war in 17'.M. Six years Liter he was made paymaster general of the forciH. In conjunction with his brother, the duke of Newcastle, nnd the partv of the opposition, ho succeeded in overthrowing the udmini-'tration of WaIi>ol(>, and in 17-13 b<"came first lord of tlie treasury. The same year he was also named chancellor of the exche| i i' |l ,1 'i, .'1 ' >"ad(. various ^iTIZT-: ■ i!* Ho P"l>lie in tlu.'V.mrl,'' /■''"'"'"'''wie,!'''^"''" M hicli ),.. w ,« .1 '"' "' ^'iilun • '" "le " 11 . "''" "'«' IMiiiiii,.,! '"uiorr ,( M.-.iioirog Pt <),'.r!.'-''''"'"iuuo V ^''To puliii,!,,,,, .,f, .""'i^'iK de hi ."" ns P incip.il hccrilaiy; and tllloU tlio b „„ utpirtiiioiit. On rosiu'iiinn this ..lliio he >viih nado chancellor of the ilud.y of lanc.shr H« bccan.o carl of ChichcsuJ on th" death "a.^a ^ Una!;Wi:::n;rJ1n'':^'r"-'"""'"^ l-""'-)"*^'" ""^^■^«^- ti^^^MuiTir v „_ (olhiTl nnanccs in i,;f,j iiicd, 1711 " '" (iiX.Mai.„,,vi, countj ^^^'i-^^VAuu i;i;i.issii:i{. aima. - -, juorm Juke of MalakhoU. uu- , ran,^ „ " ' born near lUnun in I?!., . onl^oiu',! aruij- at th.- «kp of l;.. mm , ^ in Sna n a ,V in Orceec., and in 1,m\ took part i the .'i Pi^dit.on to AlKicrs. He hu« agai , ', u fo Afnca in 1-10. and in IMj he Ui.gra , U , n. tr .».^^k"V"- "!;'.»^^'^'^' "f one of'the Ka J It tribe*, by kinaiintj Wn.s at the entrun.es i.. he caves in which they had take . r efuK . He was created lientenant-Kcnera i„ li^V Uie trlnu:i un.ur (m neral Lanrobert , wh,.i I in M.on supers ded a. cnunand.r i. -H i ." atta, k on Kerieh. in the battle of the Tel.i.r !:;7,::""''.»l-v.' all in the .torn.i'i« f. ' Tj ! K s\V W " ■■ •" ^'^'""P"'. «.-pte.nber ' ", I^Sj. He was soon after eroate.l mai>li«l and duke of Malakhotf. m IHM 1 ! ^S ambassador to London . wa, •.ub^eonc, tly 2i:':rK-Vi;;';r'i-:r-^"^^'«-''''-' lie ;•?;';;• """■^' 'r «'«j"«ted ma. itivLa . 4,L ;L * \'"^"f'"*"''"' mathematie. at the ,n, capacity. H. «a, aftirvrardrfor > the Pro?,'"/ 'V •"^" *-"^'''*" Kovern.nen? aV ,•""'""" ''•""">■• of Swit/eiland I After hu return to i:n«l..nd. >„ It„i«, ,., e ter- jed the chureh, hehl »e»eral livin s „..- jinadechaphiin to the prunate.but f.^ ', ne" j leet of h., arra.ri k-I into debt, a.-ul . a Tn KAiiK d eonsi.i, ,.,...1.', ',. '/.*'''• Ill Oiirlv lift 1,5 nH,''.? ,""'•. "Hie •'rniictsc '"tercsi, family jFc:u;:;"r,:;;:"-)-.,„is^;^ MM/eU ana (Nn-h,,naroi,;''H ''''■''•''««■" Milan, and eonthud in l f m,,^^"""'"" « '•I'l'K for ten years ■.■,"'"*"'' l^Piel- hi.fan.ere.stsVte :..i''^^„!"'"»'';o,,«ri his fani iiient. .^ork. '*',"'>' V^'""^ ''^*'^'' •"athen.atual nork». and left an ininMn^e nuinb,r of l>KO y ^"'^** ^'^ HOI.OUNA. ;ilHAL. wh'o'''w„f l"'"^" •'."'^ '•"' » '>•'"« h anli.iuary, io.„„ * comn.l.sviry -^-eneral and . lerk uf j the niarine at l-ar.». wh. re he died at tia ' .^f,"' ";'• "» '>-'■ He applied hln,^elf , e i »tudy of numismatic, and formed a cab, . t ' jof medalH. jvhul. hu, one of the rieht. „ - Europe, and wai purchased by the kmij of traneo He published •■ U. eueil deM 'da tu. ' '^-""" '---.an/pti^inlbSiv.:;: by inbalint; oxy '[/^■■•-ts, tells tlfoTtorvy^^^^ . . „ Hks treatment w."„"/,";.""l'ri» hy tin- must terrible • ,V. ''""*'''''«lio' "^ '«'.■ a- librarian i,. ,"'"'"''' ^^ ™l'lo.vc i I'aroli until 1. 'a , , ""': "^ "'<■ >Iurchi,a| ruined his 1 ea I M ""P'"'^«"'""n hnd j part in polit s'.'n'''^ '"'"'' "ofWhcr •iioberti de cauc one .VVl' ^"^''•°"^"' "the first of I a iann.r ?''".?''*',«•''"'.»« AlUrt be.>to»ea "'V ' ,'[ "'V ■""' ^'''»'i« •Maurn e. l.h.j l^"-,, "" ^'"•' '''■'^""'^'Jn ofSt jatthlMiKco ■, 1", J, illeS'v ','"'"'■'""''■ U"theinst,tuu;lf^;::;;i,;^;-~r I bceaine sertet.irv 1.1 ihn n,. ^"'W- ne pilifis, H.n<,,„.t, appu,„„..| hi,n m,.icr JZjl ■-untsatMontpelier,lM.tuheni,t au* u line \,tf T'''- ''•''■'""'' '^^'^^™''^^ "a.tllle, M hr,,. lie r, ,„.,i,|,.,, ^ rs'h?"':.^\''\''''''.'.V,l...a.,e,,,.;a,l,eki" itstani reliKion. enlerr.l ,hi„ ordw, and obU,„ed wveral ben- (i.cs. Ho «:, the uiithorof-'IUM.Mn.acl.o,,uvuv. .',ii"!| loire de la CoiKii,,-!,, ,1,. 1,., }.',..,u^.i„, (..^j^ ,. ! lulkMon.* sur kf. UilTcrciids en Matiurcde UeliKi<.n ,•■ ami mher wurlis Did, wn. I'tLLOUTIUt. aiuo was born at l-arinnV^'^^otli quay nt I'^r / «h-^{ ""J Hero ^- "'"' his ira«.r- •*""'" "'•')• sliU be rta,l .;i,i, '^""sw .ra Turin, and was^iS: |alll. an, i,etook„of,nhe ;'• ;'"""■ "'IS not forgoiteii .;t. a om- of his books to hi aluw. patriots ;-n,d CI I v^'roNT.vMEn, nil, ,„ 'I; lii.storian,wasbornat]i,. UtMva,,hrt.dtotlie!uH-,an(i, ; •»"i'"^l";J"ACo.nmi;tao' '^■'"'' Ju^liiiian." lalC5ne -[0- to Uie kinj,-, auj in tlie '"blislad the "History of ilic '') , • w 111, h jirocurc;! Iiim ii,c Jioiioiir (,f bcinj; admitifd a Ut-arnud My.tjiou^-liatilic | s 111. vacancy. 'Jho minisicr luicl him master of tlic ao- IH'hcr , but "hcniiiatstati* lit' runaintd four vcirs. On 'I'l'it.v.b.'aticn.u.JiiieUng iHr.iii hisi AjuMlilion^ifljInsl r thi-i he al-jurod the I'ro- 'ii I'lilt r, il .:,t,i urdi'is, and -il bin. !i,,>. He H;,s tiic loir,' dt J,ouisV|v.' ■■Jli>- ui'tc di- la Kiaii'.hr Ci!!:!;'.' ■|(» UilTi:rnu:jcnMati>.TCile| III hfr works Die,!, iDJo. li, .51M0.N, histuriau, wa- ^ jllctP einifacrsal Biogrnpin). [I'KV up bpcamp |>nstor ,,,„,aIxlpsio,i" !«;;•• Y,,,,i„,.,,,.ns.ll,.r .i,n ronsi.'tory, «"^;,^,|.,. ....piem with rc- ■L,„.cli,oiit 1''^' ''' t ,„„i patriotic in<- fcan?enoral.»asUi.Mi^,^ victories. NVI.en |an ?enorai, " "" • ^ , j^ victories. \\ nen La the ''^'''^: ; '.'rc Ttiebrs. I'clupidas LpnttoAtliens," ^^^ returnrd, C.j.,niintrvmcii • «"" "■ ,,,„, ,,,„ I,,. |lc.i I'O""'''^"!;:," \,;V' ana'exi>ellc.l tlio in- Coniiuis at Topyra, niid shared with l«i;i.i"" „ ,i,,> "victory of I.cuctni. I'elu- lessen '"^''^^•- •" ''•'''"'"• Ipidas thrown into pri- lil,o tyrant "^ ' " "^L, ' ,j,„,c of l-.paininondas I.™; l''>t.«»'' -^^ : " II.- wVnt next to Iho o''"""!' cr ia ami. alter his rrturn, I,„e cour of icr^.a a , ^^ ^,,0 relief of r^^?-^iii^S m-NUV.'a'learnPd phy- I .^ n,r r.O cmatician, was born in l.on s can an lalhc i,„<.,haa vo, nt f.vd n :;.i.e "timately acuaintrd with i? "u Ncvton and other eminent men L 1 w-ish msolf much distinBUl^hed for h.H I' i, ifir acnuiremonts. He heeamc pro- y Sir oil riu-^iolojy," hcMv^ >.>H'>«<;i" presented to .1 „"i>„vil SneietV. Pied, liil- '\'.n uiiKK, AVII-T.I.VM llK.t1>KUT. Knrl nfadKtinRuishrd soldier and stalesn.nii of ,'o 1 11 e^tury. wa. the ohlest son of Mr Riohar,! Herbert of Kwyas. and the first of S ..oofearlsof IVnibn.ke He was irly inllie scrviceof Henry A 11 1. ; marnea Co. "he sister of Qu i Catherine IMrr ; fml roccived from the kin^' many valuable 1 (s and largo srants of lands. In 1314, ";^rnamed captain of the eastlo and o., to hii tliiolie. The conspiracy was discovered, and Tem- hrokc was banished from the court and con- Died at Hampton of. [SIDNEY, finefl to Ills own house C,)urt, in IST" I'KMHllOKi;, Countess MAUYj. I'KNN, Sir WiT.l.IAM.nn English admiral. wa8boritiit Hristol.in lii'JI. lie < oi'iuKuided the licet, and Venables the laml forces, at the taking of .lamaiea in Ki.V). .\fter the restora- tion he served under the duke of York, in the successful battle with the Duidi lb I't in l(;i;4. fi;r which he was kniijhtid. He died at Wanstead. in llssex, in liiTu. I'KNN, \VlI,t,I.\M. the founder nnd lefjis- lalor of I'eniisylvania, was the son of the preccdiuK.nnd born in I.omloii.in HUl. He was educated at Chrisichurch (.'ollej;e, 0.\- ford. and there imbibed the princijih'S of tiunkeristn, which he afterwards publicly professed. This was considered by Sir Wil- liam ns n heinous offi'iiee ; and lliuiiiiK his son infiexibly adhered to that plainness of speech nnd deportment which arc the dis- tinKuishinK characteristics of the sect, he on two occasions drove him from his family; yet, nfter awhile, becominsr convinced of Ijis inte(?r'ty,he permitted him to leturn, though ho never openly countenanced liiin, neither would he U8e his interest to eethiiu released when Imprisoned f,ir his attemlance at re- ligious meetinjts. In the :iaii year of his ntte, I'enn first appeared as u minister nnd an author; nnd it was on nccoiint of his second essay, entitled the "Sandy Founda- tion Shaken." tlinl he was imprisoned in the Tower, where he remained 7 months. during which time he wrote his most celebrated work. " No Cross, no (.'rown," and finally obtained his release from confinement hy an exculpatory vindication, under the tiilo of " Innocency with her ojieii luce." In l(;7(i Sir William died, fully rcconeiled to his son. nnd leavint; him a plentiful estate, renii now devoted himself to the propagation of his opinions; and from that time published a Rreat variety of tracts. an,l travelli-d in Holland anil tiermany to support the cause of (iuukerism. In ItlHl Charle« II . in coli- sidevation of the services of his fatliir. and sumlry debts due to him from the crown at the time of his decease. Kraiiteil Mr I'enn and his heirs, by letters patent, the province lyluK oil the west si,!e of ilii' river Iielnware, in North .\merica, and made them absolute proprietors ami (joveriiors of that eoiintry. The name, too, was changed ill honour of I't Mil, from the New Nelherl.inds to I'eiinsyl vania. V'pon tliis he published " .V I'.rief Acitjunt of the rroviiuecif rennsylvania." proposini;a.'i e.isy purchase of lands ami Kood terms of settlement to such as were iiuliued to remove thither. In liisj he embarked for his new colony; in the loUowin,- year he founded riiihi'ielphia ; .id revisited lOii!; land in IMt. The cuiirt f.ivtuir wbicli I'cnn enjoyed during the leiitn of James II. na- turally exposeit him to popular dislike and suspicion. I'hartfcs of a very Kr,ive sort are brought asainst him by Lord Macaulay, which have bieii ze.ilously controverted by other writers. The cu">e is not .so clear that we can come to any positive conclusion re- .spt I tin>; iTiin'.s >jui;t or iiiii, cr nee. iic was deprived of his kdvi rniucnt of I'ennsylvania by William III., but h.id it restored to him, M 788 ; :lf|i ; 1 S I ^1' r I r I i| -Hi ,'l I , I » i I I I I ) i ; ) liM I-' •'f pen] 5j^ciuaimUcranl Uiog I ana III IfiU!) he worn thoro ngiiin. He re ia-t yiar, woro lull of i.u,. niul troul.Io , i„. ,n ?. nT'^'"*:;* "■"*» "-'"'-'"'." '"Hi .l|,.,| \xi.! J''*''''^ '* "" intrrrMinjr " I,if,. „f 1. 'vv-ir""" ''y ^''" '■'•P"">ili Dixon. i ^■^^A^T, Thomas, nntunilistniul antl- qiiurv, was born at l)ownin»f, th.> f,.niily sent In ll.ntshin', in 172f!. Ho c.rly MiowAlth.. passion for natural history whi^h rvilrd him Uiroujth If,., and after rompIrtinK his stmlirs at ()xfor.lhl•tra^•r■ll.ain(•o^nvallandoIh,.r PilrtH of LnKlaiiil, purHnintf his favonriK- r.' Kpan lies. Hi> sul.M.qu.'ntly Irav.'llo.l on thi. [continent, ami boninir a( (lualnt-.l with lliif- fon Huller. and I'allas; and twice vi.itcd Sroiland. KiK principal work* arc the " Urit l»li/.ooloKy,"c,„nmfni'.(l in 17(il , " Hinlorv Synopsis) of duadrup. ,1s," inibliihed in I'.l; and "Antic Zoology," 17h4_i-s- Ho was also author of a '• \ iow of Himlog- tan." ''Tour in Wales," "History of Lon- don, &c. IVnnnnt was the friend and i(,r- renpondont of White of Srlhorne who addressed to him a larjje proportion of the letters which compose the " Natural Ilistorv of ■''I'll-orne." He also assisted I.iRhtfoot in his llori .•scotica.' Pennant was an I eccentric man of senius, who hail Krcat re I piitation and inllucnce in his day. His Mir quartos were served up in small portions in the tna(;a/.lnes. which were then chietlv made up of extr.ict*. and the account of his touri in Scotland contributed tn the rise of the passion for Highland scenerv. Miinv odd fctorie* are told iliustruinK I'onnant's hatred of the fashion of wigs On the re cornnu ndation of I.inn.cus Pennant was chosen a nieuibor of the Koval ho( ietv of I'psal. Died at Downini;. in ir'.m. Vi'.SSl.i.i.Ks lUANCKxo.nurnanied Ii. rAiToriK, Italian painter, was horn at Flor- ence in Ur^H lie entered into the service of Itapli Idas •' fatlore ' (factor, or house -stew nrd . but showing (jn it skill in paintiuK he became his scholar and assiitant. n,< cxp. CUtfd portions of the faiiioii.< Cartoons, and Of the frescoes in the Vatican, an. 1 Itailhael turned him bi» coheir with C.iuli,. Uomano Aft( r his (frrat mauler » death, I'eimi settled at Naples, and died tliere, 1 V.>H. 1'i;niiv. jumn, „r ArnrvuY. tiu Hrownist. known also by his nssumi-d name of MMtriN Mau I'KKi.MK, Was i«,rn in Hreeknoikshire about l.'iV.t He studied both atfambildKeandat t)i(rord,(rra(tuated M A at the latter uniTersitv, and entered the church. After preachinir b< fore the univer- I sities and in Wales, he published a pamphlet ;; on the necessity of relijjiou* reformation in itie principality, and an address to the go- vernors and i>eople of Wales on the same subject. In 15;»0 appeared his famous tract j entitled'" Martin Mar-Trelate, • und a sp( clal I warrant w«» Usued for his »ei/uie ; to avoid whirh he rf tircuinto Nc otland.and remained j there three yearf HavinK' prepared notes , of a petition or aildress to the queen on j church abuies and attains, he came to L,t f..r Jus (irinted works, but for mere note* found on him and hMlUy hung in May, 1593. Hit sentence was '"'th unjust --vedtwoye.iV:;iSva/"^"''^'^H: yrKani/ed a conspinuyT. ■:'''•';,"''''• '* n...or«hiclihe^as"j;,^':.,f!«ina„d ''-"-^:;!:i-3apw iiient for lift '"■ served under hin,, anaTf,''"?''!'''''''"*, ,>I"rat,andcontinuedintt"fc«'«^er' iceafter the rcstora i , nf Vi ,'''P"''''''i*;rT !><-"• nn,l isji he w ,o',^:''"«'><'ns. IB '''•i''"'"\vparty,wl c rx nw?''''^'"o• tionfroll. IVrdn. 1 '„;?"''' '''"""i'"- '>«-'>l of the consiit 1 i,n 1 f '"^^'"Hn- Naples .luly «, 18;- 1 ," ! 'J"^^;«»; entered ,,m;,, „,i,,u,i'^f '"'<'''• ^inJ re- i"« Which pe,^;Hn;c,!;:;;;;|''j ^'^L'''^ ;n;i^postiie,,e,d,S.i£a,^3^ inj; the lonnsiece of tlieiitv i„. .i _ , '. ' •.-oi..aiiyl;o,di;,^::^;ui:^£^SJ^';;{^^ me,iM,.|t niedefenciMifVenicewasPpti.'.! ; n.wnKK- achievement, and tliertWh, loHK and chcpiered eulitary , r ™ ll Wnicehewent,„l.,.,,s.a„,ln)ntin,edS side there until lhvc.w,uUint of Doc in «-ben he ,i„aiiyr,,„„,v,a and settled inS mont. Died IH-.V In December, Isca, he remains of this i.utliiul patriot were trans cried, according, to his u>vn express desire to Naples and interred in the Campo.W! with the biirhest honour, bis liberatedooun'i »''-l'lN l-i: ..!f niasteref AustrusiainCiKi' [He (.u-iieil (.11 w:ir with Thierrv, kin? of Neu.slria and IhiiKundy, and in C>T defeated and made hini priMin. r ; tlius virtuaNvput- tiiiK .-HI eiul ti>tli.- .MerovjnKlalulvll,l^ty,and iH'cominj; s..le ruler ef IraiHT. "I'epin was master of Austiusia for .SI years, and cf all Kranee for 27 year,i, uudi'r four nominal kinjrs He was a successful soldier, a wi»e Koveriior, and a proiiioter of relipion He sent Willibrurd t.i preach ('hristi.init!r in lYiesland, and fouuded for him the see of I'trecht. I'epin uied 7U. leavinir his son Cbnri"s Martel successor ti) his pmver. I'Kl'lN THK KHOllT, kiii|,'ofFriince,flnt of the (.'urioviiigian race, was second son of im - [pep |'"l'la.i lii..i.',ion ,,.,?:''' PWfl il'',onuc.oiuit(,fhl; 'l'™nl■ Ht.sc.u.dl,vJo ,u,"''''P*n■ r-torntionofthe a;r/- ' '"•"••'•^ the loader oft!. '" »■"nMituti,"l'L.f""■«'"• It to ('.•ntral Italy iiBai" a '»• At Ho ORllu IP r,^.„;„ J urn,,v,nclH/,.eAi/,;7,^ the.oinnmndofthearmyand t.of he i;,p„ua, ,,,^, ;°' liLclucf „f ihe land for™ '■I'l. with hi«luli8tincti„n,du' '•R"oftlHM'it5-l.ytheAu*trian JniX out till Au;;ust, KM!Uhr 'v.M-failiuK capitulation wj iitMl.'fcncc of \ onice wasPeWi I it'vcmi'iit, and there ended hisl mer.Hl T'.ilitary.aroer. Prom It" 1 avisanileontiniiedtorc- 11 ihv c,>„,,,i^li,t ,,f Dec., 18.11 lyreiiK.veil and settled in Picd'l ISVV In December, hoa, the I s laitliful patriot were trans-! !iu' to his uivn express desire niterndiii the Caiiipo Santo,' •^t honour^ his liberated ooun- l\V. JliOS.url'KPIVDKHERIS- II of I'ranee, hut without the; a- u'lMiulsouof lYpintheOld,! "It iiwi-terof AustrasiainCSO. war with TliiiTry, kin? of JurKundy.and in C>7 defeated priMiiu r i tlius virtu.iNyput. ihi- .MerovinKiandyn.iit'y.and ruler v{ I'ranee. I'epin was rusiu for .'SI years, and cf all year,-, ui;der four nominal 1 a successful soldier, a wi«e rt promoter of relipion He I to preach Christianity in founded for him the see of n uied TM. leavini! his son successor to his power. SHOUT, kini;ofFrance,flrrt Ifian race, was second son of ■^ jjjcto Jltnibcrsal iUiogrnpl v.). 14. On the me ni.iyor uiuler II iiDiiiinal I .xfnricl ami waslioni iii/l- '' ,,.,. 'aiiverrik'n, under n f?. /tu ; n;.aiun^undy;andont|H, ■""' npntof his brother Carlonian, in ,47, fJlCo I'>-52hoh«.iauld^ricIII. P "^.M ki I'at Soissoiis by St Itoniracc. r 1 ,ier 1 e was crowned a second t '"'Cl n 1 . who declared hin. and hi. ''''rrVpatiei.nsofJtoiuP. Vepin tlwn Two Imp by fill ■ '"' otcd'hito'naiy to '"^i'-tth':'!"'"^,"!?^''!''. nani m- , I „. l-icL'of the r.oiiiliards , drlcitec'. te S;^.---clia,eofUaven„aand Iri.'Slct tailed the l-entapolls, and niado |,l,edi.>irKtt,,,^.^ f,rritory to the H.dy S.'o. I'litof the toHiporul ■arried on wars ipow - . K|,ij,vastheeomnieiicenieni Ksaxti;;ruJaiCls,andtheduUe lofSnia. Died at St ])enis. TCS. . Icompos"" and writer on the art, was born ,.t liiH for mu.sie. After obtaininj,' cons.der- fwc reputation in hi^ native pLirc, ho eanio (nVii-'land about lG:)8,and wa.s very success- ful aery amii<:inK and instructive " Diary," which, besides eihibitini? his own prudent and wary cha- racter, his vanity and sensuality, with ex- treme fidelity and naVvetiS atl'ord.s a most curious and instructive picture of the court of Charles II., and tin; habits, manners, and conduct of the people :it large. He died in m. PEnCT.VAI,, the Uitjht Hon. SfF.NCKR, prime niiiii>ter of Kntrlatul, second son of John, earl of lA'inont, Lord I.ovel and Hol- lind, was born in 17W, was educated at Har- row- and Trinity ('(dlcKe, (\inibri(li;e, prnc- iiscdas a caaiKory b.in 1,-trr, aiui »lli»clu-d liimsclf at the outset of his political life to rui, v,!io, in ITlKi, broupht him Into parlia- mentforNorthninpton. Mr Perceval'* know- [PEKl ledge of flnance opened to him a Held for I promotion ; be was appointed one of the counsellors for th( i rown, and soon became ' gollcitor-Roneral, and, in 180-.', attorney -kow- ' criil. }le ad vocatcd tlic union of Ireland with I KnKlnnd, but was opposed to concession to the Catholics ; in short, lie was a firm sup- porter of tlie measures of ministers during i the life of ritt,iindof the opposition during; tlie adniinistrationof Pox, at whose decease, In 1807, he obtainodaplnce in the (' ibinc t ni ' chancellor of the excheiiiicr, and also that I of chancellorof the duchy uf Lancaster. Ho ' wa,s supposed to have the lead In the Cabinet, I allhouKli he did not then hold the ortiee I of first lord of the treasury, Imt to this; he succeeded at the death of the duke of I'ortland in IHO'.i. It w-is K<'neially con- sidered that he held the offlce pro tem/mrg, until the Maniuls WclleHlpy should return from his embassy to Spain ; but when the latter did return. Mr I'erceval .siill manngid to retain his pl.icc. AVhcn the prince recent took the reins of K"vcrnnient into his own hands, he eontlrnied Mr I'erceval in his ofllce, and the .Maniuis Wellesley resJKned that of secrct.iry for foreijju affairs, tplllng the prince he would willinjtly net icifA Per- ceval, but not under him. Mr Perceval kept his hitrh offlee only a short perio.l, for on the nth of May, IHI'2, he was shot on entering the lobby of the wouse of Commons, by a man named liellin(;ham, who avowed that his purpose was to kill Lord I.oveson (iower, late ambassador to the court of St I'eters- burR. Tt;.> assa.ssin was found Kuilly. and executed on tho 18th of the same month. Phe portrait of Perceval in tlie National Portr.iit Oallery was painted from a mask taken after death by Nollekens. l'i:U(ll'.K, t'liAlU.Ks, French architect, born :it Paris, in 17(i4. He was the friend and professional associate of tho architect Fontaine, with whom he first became ne- o extensive restorations and itn- proveinents in the l.ouvre and theTuileries. Percier was named by Napoleon dievalier of , the etupiri' and member of the l,e«ion of Honour. He wasjointauthor with Fontaine and llernier of-" I'alais, Maisons et autresl Kditlccs niod( rues, dessin<'s i Home." and with Fontaine, of— ' Uccueil ile Decorations Intiricurc s pour tool 'i- .niieoncerne I'ameu- bleiiient," >Vi'. Die-t, !><:'>,'<. PF.KCl VAL, T'lloM-XN, an eminent phy- sician and miscellaneous writer, was born at Warrinptiin, in Lancashire, in 174o. After fitudyini; at F.dinburKh and Ley den, he set- tled at .Manchester, and there founded n literary and philosophical society, of which he was cho-ien president. .Vnionj? his works are," llss.iys, .Medical and Kxperimental," " MediCixl Kthlcs, ' " Moral and Literary l>i«- seitations." &e. l>ied, 1S(V4. PKUCY, Hkmcv. iNUK'lHliMHKK- LAND, i:arl of.! PLKCY.HKNKY,surnamed for his dashing courage HuTsl'l'U, was son of Henry Percy, 787 i ' '/ ; i rEKj Pnrl of NortliiimlxTlniitl, wiih wlioin lu' MTVodoi, tli.>!)<)r(l<>M. M..nft..r>var(|.fK,ivc.| m Iraiui'. Ui-f.iiir.l tlio Niiiiii, ami killed I'luiKlat at llio l.milr nf ott.rliiirii (Ch. vy ChaM) ill I3HH; and in Uxv follow itiij ynr wan in l.ancc nuaiii AVith hi, "Tlio Hermit of Warkworlh," n pnoin ; " The Ke' li'iuci of J'.ncli' h I'octry," his lust known Work and fn-qiui.tiy reprinted, a trainlation of Mallet'n Northern Antiiinities, »^c. rKUDlCCAS, recent of .Macrdoiiia, wan one of the KtneraU ot Alexander the (Jreat and served in the Asiatic canipai^{ns,and in the Indian expedition. To him Alexander presented hii riiiK wrhm ':icnc7r^^'^fh^r7iT~Z -L!! "•'•Itro. an ind(.fa'ti..„ ,.""' ""f't for v.:!' ><^, hi' i.ecaiue a member of the CdleKe of Surgeons, m. eeedrd l>r ( lutterhuek as a lecturer on ehemistry , in H.l,;, was elected to the chair of chemiotry, in the l^mdon Hospital, which h" h. Id till \>-ir,, and. In IHU, he liecaniea full phvsician at the 1 on don Hospital. His professional advancement had been (ntiiely owing to the woikii which had emanated from hi* pen. Among thee may be mentioned hi* translation of the ' I'harmncop.iia • for |s.-|, ■• a (;eneral Table of Ato'i.ie \utnbers,ic.," "A Treatise on lood and l)iet, his contributions to the IMiarmaeeiiticl .lournal and Tiansactioiis and above ail his" llenients of Materia Me ' dica and I herapeuties,' to which lir l\ reira gave the Ik st years of liis lifi.. ntwj ^thit!-. i^ considered to i.e one of the most elaborate thoroughly worked out productions of rae to others Kcir age <''»''-m£.arii;s:t^f-"«i« practised in rra„eo 11:70?'""""'^ «l'>arand dumb. Hi, L,"?']''''"-'''!!!? the was d ifferen t fr..n L c^''n "^f '^^S hilt it was coi'sideie u r "''•"* I'Kn*. brstowedonw '^ t;ir;!'"';i-°"S: ;^-;;-;-.r.Ai^^rKs_He of state to Charle., V n mi i k e' ?'""' succeeded his lather in ?l at im'P' '""J Joyed for some time "l, . c, '5''' "ecu- king, and was r,„p ,j. , ' h^hin,'"","^ "" procure the murder of l-sLjl"""'"' '» '" "on John of Austria n,"'/'"«"y promoter of the nnihitioui i,^ • '" "*'"" latter. Soon after ivroTw I*""" " '"« traitor for communion.fnr ''"•'"^'' "» «"<• princess ..f i; tu 7hom ir'' '» r.ian,«ured.and„as onto ^^'"»''« imprisonment. Ho cscnmTfrl [ " ^™"' ""'<1 went to SariRossrAr, V'"''''"'"" I'^K^illy .ei.ed a ripS:, ••;:;''"• rescued by the in.llenaiu . fb, ' ' "" HKa.n arristed on fc"" ar' n' ""'", eonflned in the d > icon of ., '"^■' '"^^ Ag.iin the Cili/en, ro,e , ,,J '"'l'''''''™' ese.q.edinto HYance,;i„u joined ,'iv if the war with the lea^-i.e ; visitc l „i ' and was warmly received hv ( , Vn 7^ ' iH-th and the l.:„mi,h iiiinisto of h : returned to IVan.e, narro^vly -" ,ip „? ' at laris, t.lt,. i(p ,,,.,a published his" R.. "v;'iM:rh::;;''n'"'''?f'''^"''*f''"''°«« ..^igi^lllni"?''"'"'^''"'''^""'^-"''' M:i{(ioi,r.si, Giovanni liuTisTi.adij. in^Miislied musical c.nipnsir, was horn in the kingdom ef Naples, euily in ii,e ijth eenturj, and died in 1:37. lie isoallodthe l)omciiichinoofimHio,aml,acrniJiiigiotbe opinion of his countrymen, no one cvcfei- celled htm in mu-ieal expreswm. \moti hi- most c. I. hmted works are, tho"Stabat Mater," " Olimpi.uie." an opera, "Orfeo t Lundice," and " Salve l:.-iiia' I'l-.UlAMiLU, lyraiit of Corinth, and i-eiinted by some among tlir Seven Sagfj of tirei ce, »uccec irr..,K,ii I,. .'""'ouMcdin. wth yea, 0, |,j| ••"t from tha of ,,„ ^'"'''•I'fiion 5 ''liarlcs V. and Vhii '?'■'''"? soilip t ,110 til,. pn„«, "SCI- to .Saragossa, wliciv ho w, T '"•J ,»n.l imprison,.! bVi H;'I on the charge of horo'v'l >« nm. At iho dose of i' r i nr ml r.T..jvi.d hy (iurrn Kliza.' '": '-"i-'lisli imnistors of stai.- u ran,.,., narrowly osciping «' ipH to avsas,sin,itchim,,iDd(iW 'I''- lie had piililishc(l)ii8"Re. >n ;"fouiitof hismisforiimesja as lift much obscurity overihe ii'ni. .l'SI,(iI(lVANXIIlATTISTA,adi!. miisical conipoM r, w;is born in m i.| .\ai)l(.s. oaiiy ,„ nip |g,|, ililK'il in 1737. llei^oallodtlie H) ol miHic,and,acfnrJiii){totbe Iiit ("iintrymcn, no one ever ex- in niiiMcal cxpresMon. Among I' liriitcd worliH arp,tho"Stabat "linipiadi'." an opera. "Orfrn» ind" Salve l:i I'l.U, lyrant Orfeo e ilia " of Corinth, and Noiiii' anionir tlir Seven Sagfsof I'pftUil his father, ('ypseliis.D.C. aird Ji) ytari). lli»as the friend ilus, tyrant of Miletus, through si'l hi' i» said to liiivc made his niorp despotic ami oppresiiTe. [l*0-lf IllXtatnr lit l-'nia*iiiriis anA ii!"olf niasle fr.-.ni/i-;! ji!jtK;.u[ihtT'( a;:i lilc' lul aftrr .siifferinK much unhap- Is family rclalionn, |':irtly the \m] % iScto ainilicrsnl 13(ogrnpI)i). [per «„,e.iUfnc.'oriil.-Mvnr...>l.um.'>«dcruHly, 'VlilUcS"'o"i;;'.rAthrnl,.MMa..,. 1.1,11111,1 . r , ^iiij, „,.„|ihy S:iv";i'-lv^i«.ann..o....n..ionfro... tlo^i oininnit trarh.^.. ttidttnco of Anaxa^oru^ 11(1 iipplii'tl ililVof pliiloitopliy iindirtho who liml n I'lo"! iiml rtniiiiiud e sures piissi'il for tli. ir Krutilliatiol.. Hf SnKroat change in the constitution he ArcopaRUS.tho Mron^-hold of t ho urU- ' ',lc pa IJ-, by whii'h its authority was in,itcd,aiul(iinon,th.- head of that ,ry,««8iinni'HlintelyoHtrafii',t-a I'.Tielr* « great as a «('noral. and ho displayfd lVor.lii.ary valour at the Imitl.. of lan^ „, hecouimandodthorxpiHlilion nKuinft Lo'n and Aoarnania ; rtcovired Delphi 1 the Spartans, and ii,\sia was only Jived hy the must earnest intercession of Ihcrl'islmnd. rericlesdireiicd Athens diir- Jln|!th.- Ilist two years of the reloiniiinesian jtrar, in the second year of which the pliii.;ue Ibroke out at Alliens, and the popul.irdi.scon- Itent vinteJ itMif in the prosectitinn nf the Igreat ruler. Hi' was tined, butsoon re:,Miiied Jhis influence. The pl.i^-ii.- enrrhil "tV many lot his friends and nl.itiM^, and, 1 i^t nf all, Ihis favourite »oi\ I'aralns. 'I'his ii'shroko Jhis heart, and after a liiu:erinsf illmss he Mifd.Il. f J'.'Ii. He left a son hy Aspasi.i, wlio IlooUiisfathers name, and was lef,'itii-iated |by the people. [ASl'ASIA 1 PElUi;U, CASlMIli, a celebrated I'rench Ibanker and statesman, was horn at (irenolde lin 1777. He at first entered the army, and lierTCd Willi reputation in the campaiKnii of lllaly (179D and iMKr.but on the death of his Ifather, R respectable merchant, ahaiiUoned Ithe profession of arms for commereial (nisl- hess. !u 1802 h" established a hiuikiiiK- |house in company with his brother, Scipio Iferirr. in the iikiii;ii.'i.>I!{i which h tion fif Ih;|(i he took n dreldrd part In tnrour of the national llhertli», wan iiuhse(|tiPiit|y ( lumeii president of thcChamberof l»epuii,.|, mill linally forineil one of the flint ('•hinetof thu new kin>f,I.oiilii I'liilippe, without holil- iiij^ the portfolio of any department. In March, 1h;ii, he Miceerihd Laflltte nn pn ol- (leiit of tho council, and Ulcd, of chukru, in May, 1h:I2. I'KUIKU, JAKJIKH C'ONKTANTIN and CiiAia.iis, brothem, two eminent I'nnch mechanics. They were natives of Taris; ami heiiKf en;'.iired in hydraulic inventions, the fitriiier liiailc repeated visits to KiiKland to r\aniiiic the liteiiiiicii«ine» and other imi>Mrlaiit iiiiehineH invented or Improved ill this country, I)iiriii(f tho revolutionary war, I'JOO pieces of (aiiuon were eatt at their cstahlishnieiit at Cliaillot, under the direc- tion of MoiiK*-; they also erected u foundry of cmiion for the navy, nt l.iiKc ; nnd at oiip piriod no less than 'Xl cstaldlsliiucnt* were owned by them. They were the Kfcnt- o«t manufacturers in I'rance, particularly of dtcaiii rnKiiiesi and .1. C. I'erier, who was a iiientbcr of tho Academy, wrote nn " r.ssay on Slcain-i;nginc». " Jlc died in IblH. I'KUKJNON, DOMIMQfi: ("ATIIKI.INE DK, a peer and marshal of Franc e, was b. ervice of his country. In 17hi he commanded nn expe- dition against the llritish settlements in Hudson's Hay. and destroyed tho trading' establishments there. The'French govern- ment havinpr resolved on the prosecution of 11 voya(,'e of discovery, fitted out two vessels i for that purpose, and, in 17.H.^, M. do lu ! I't^rouse proi ceded with them to the South i Sea; and in March, 17»M, he sent home an i account of his pro(?res«. From tliat period, however, !iothinj{ more was heard of liim, thou;.'h (Very pains was taken to fruin some - . , . . . "'■!»!!-■ Caur-^ t!w>y !i:,.! »:iken.ai!a. if ,, iqmred an intimate aciimiintance with the j possible, what catiistiophe h.id bcfullen the I imost dilfleult and important (juesli-ms of i ships and their crews. Till Is'.'H the whole ji ipublic credit and finance. At the rcvol.i- 1 vw.s a perfctl mystery ; but it then became i 199 1' 1 r I ; i ■'mm ill;: \ I 'i ! I I I I ' ! r'\ !! I 1 !i I ir n:A\ i :1 ' -/ ' t '] . i 1 , S i 1 , 1 ■; r 1* ? •...1 i' UU ■fS 1 ] PCtt] enl I.IuihU „r u... Now H.hrldri, «n.l that ctcry Moiil on Ixmr-l iwrlshcil. i.v''.!''^'^ '?/''''• '"'A' I'*-. '» < fa«;.tdi' oi tlii> I.ouvrf. H<. pntill!»hi'd a translation of Vitruviiis. with iiotc«; II Work" (tn the live onUTnof Anlil tJ'cturc," " Mcilioal i;»»ayi,' and " Mi'Miolrn of thu Natural Hlitory of .VtilnuiU." Du-d. IT.UUAIIT. ciiAKi.Ks. l.roth.r of the pm.-dln»r.Mai. Ix.rn in I.i:,M llr r„r M.mc time practUrd n« a tmrrlntrr, lint aftrrwanlji >.'Vft|iie comptr ,llrr KfuiTal of fhf royal building*. In which Mtuation h.' . ontribiit.d to the foundaiion of lh<« Acadt-my of I'aint In^. Soulpturi', and Architecture. He w u admitted Into the French Aciid. mv In 1U71 •oon aftci whi.h he had a faiiiou* contro- vpr»y with lloileau. n spectlnK "le conipur ntlve nieriti. of the ancient* and modcnji I errault malntalninK the supermiity of the Hlt«r and lloileau ai vi>f.,rou^ly anitrrlln« thai of the former. lhi»di,pui( wan car ri.d on with Kreat aspi rity and permuial rudene** on Iwi h »iden. The « ork by which • I'errault in bent known, i<. entitled " i:ioi{. h I dci HommcH iimntretdu ITo *i. dc.' Di.d, I ri;UUIi:u, ru.VJt^ois.a t-rench painter! and cnt{ravcr. < elebrat.d for hi* enKravinifti i of antique «uiiuei and bafrollefi*. Died l64o. ' I'llKUDNKT, Jka.n Il(iiiot,i'iiF.,,iircctor j of the Mhool of bridKCi and ro.idn of Irunce, wan born in 17uh. and died at I'aris in Kyj I To him Franco i* indebted for tin con.truc ^ t ou of m.iiiy noble bricl^'en. particularly tho»e of Neuilly. .\em..urv Tout Ste Max- ence.and I'ont l^ui» XVI. at l'ari» ; and, while under his ruanaKeiiient, the roads and canali of France wereaUo greatly imi.roved. I'KUUOT. NKmI.ak, ileur d Ahlancourt. celebrated for his aKiecablv written but unfaithful tranHlationn into French of the Oreek and l-itin cl;ui*ic<. Jloru. U,"6 , died. 1664. I'EUttY, J.VMKs, un able political writer known for many year» ai editor ami pro- prietor of the Morniujj Chronicle, wan born at AtMfdcen, in Kj(i. and educated at the hiKh-M-huol and unlvcr-tity of that city He came to lyondon in 1:77, and was en BHKed as a writer in the t.cueral Advertiser and U)nd(m i;»eiiinK l'i"*t. In 17h.' he pro jected.and for a time edited, ihe Kuroptan MaKazino, but tliia he ((uitted for the Ua- Ketleer, with an expre** »tipulation that he wai to be left to iho freee*erci»e of hit own JUdifiiient and political opinion* in con ductuiK it. fp to thi» period it had been the tu»toni f..r a kinKle persion lo fuiiiish an abstract of the niK-hlly parliamc iitary de- bau-»; but .Mr I'erry iiuploycd a »utc«.«riion of reporter* for that purpo»r, and tliun in- troduced the practice whicli i» at present Adopted. He »ub-.eoueiilU b- 'i"'" sdI" ij editor ami proprietor of the .MornuiKChroi'i- 11 WU', which he conducted in such u luauncr, 799 ^ Mtts gat .Mr Pitt una r r~~~~~— ~^ . ntake UM^.^^ltJ,";^^ ;»t m parliamen,, Till^^-''-^^ hi,;j ''It however r"" "• "Jit hf;""'^ |:usedhiM.faiH.v;:H;;;;.;;;;;;;rtriu,,b„,^. ,, ,.,, ''ythe,o,„rdof,, '"^^■''" -it I ydna by r,. .Ijiuij,,, ,,' , Ui l;," Hoiimn provimc •'"'""«"'«" I'lJlSILs, Fl.ACds AiTic Hatirical port, wa, I,,,,,, a u )l 'oV'l"'"'"' ^'>l-truri..anddicd,n.ri'a;?r'^^^^^^ Satires," which iirr«..»» 1 , ■ """I ■n.ey luve Imcu f n^u"!'" ''''r'f 'one. prenticed to a t'ooliscH,,, ,, , ■ 'P" public alTalM , fcllin.vewir "'"''''''" ,r. . . \*' '"-' '"''''""c •'•s'istant to . I publisher at llainlMirK, where thre mn «ter he bcKan Ixisinc^'on hisoJna « " n partnemhi,. with S,s.i,, „,,o ^It partnir The bumnoss was M-riously in- jured by the I ,-..„ci, occupation of H.nulnirj and I'erthes, a 1. arles, and ^..^lous pairiut m.Mle iimscli ol.nnxiuus to the Frtndi, and! in M.t, ha.l to Hy from the town. llisnoMe and devoted wife, Ciirolin.', diiufjhuruf ihe pioun Claudius of \V,ma!it)Ock, hud iirivi- ou»ly be.ii sent w^th their children lu her fat.'ers Ii')ii..c. ihiy returned in UH I'erthes settlcj in Ih^.' at doiha, wlicre hii uncle had carricdou thebusinei-nofabooli- selUr, and was there the puMisher of man; important bi.»t(iri'»l bis lirst wife fdur joars bcforoiand di.d near (ioiha. Hi:!. An Knglish miiisia- tu.n of the Memoirs of this nobleman ap- |>eariii in ls.)i; rKUfdl.NO, li., a olrbratod lulian pain'vf. \~j:it :;; •'.;;i u^iia i'itTC about 1410. His r.,1 UM.,1 was PltTKO Vi- M'CCI, but becuminK a citizen of Perugia, vAi.il, mmm t4 'Itt nna I,()rilKiw,Ii~~~~~-~-J '»'">-"• I'hllinv'it '""'*'* "•«Utlw.lu,tlU*ull'''''''''"'W ■'»»i«»MiiatHi ■ , ^'■•''"'l«t• '7 /■• -l^iniliuH !•„ „ "^ ,'■ Ho W.U I.OW«v " an'!",""' '"'tyfiirs at Alba 1 ""^ '» iimti proviiuc "'■"'*'« to '•' f'i-rin.u. Looksnior and L ,'';"•'; /'t liuaolfstaJtin B b-l"sth.,f:uluTj,evvaXo„ht H;l.-an,lat,h,.a,oon5S: '"t iK.d a rival in his fdiow-a * >;.*^i« . and bocami. aajuainti^i •-.,i V"7' ""'* »"'" »>™ of I 1. M, lio l>ccame assistant to s I ' t 1 ainhiirK, wluTi' three ycart :an ImsincMon his own account 111' with .\MsiK, who soun re- laU afterwards iJMscr f..r hn ini' buiiino>s was Mriouslf in- • l'i'''nchoci'upationofll:imlniri; i, a fiarlcs^ and zealous pairiul! II ohmmuus to thoKrcncli.aod toHy from the town. llisnoWe I vvif.', Caroline, daughttrufilie litis of AVaiidHt)otk, had i.nvi. H'lit wih their children lu her iM'. ihiy returned in UH. led in ISTi at tioiha, wliere hi( arried ou thcbusincMtofalwok- ras there the puliiisherofman; istorieal and theological works u second lime in Ifi.'J, having it wife four years before: and itha. HM, An Kaghsh trjiisla- .Meiiioir!! uf this noble man au- iti. SO, II.. a e.lrbrated llal a at C^lii iiciia ritrc abou! •eal naiiie was PlETKO VA- Dt'couiing u citizen of Perugia, |pEll] ^ iflctD Stnibersal ISiogmpbt?. [I'KT I (he name I>y whirlilu; iii be»t ,on attalnH"«n'«t (""tliHtlon im a pulnti r ?*„^"'HUiurfl^l;;.jV>']l -d the Stnn/e Ireiurn to ivru«i« opened ILrdidaiulrrcentrlc man . ndhr nil by hlft rich enlourlnK J df or ten yn" in the Sl,llnn fhn{.el I'";'''." , 'uf theVaticnn. and on liU I u Mcliool, and had I'eruKlno will* ercd obitl- 10 llli-- "I ' fOMIlS of Cfttenth eenlury, and in Ills latter years I; ducpd many work* unworthy of l.lr,, l?n iraln. Ills chef d'.i'UM" Is the I'ietii in IJhe I'lttI I'alace. AmoiiK III* bcNt work* lire an" Ascension," nt Lyons, the " Infant ■ udoredl«ytheyir«iii,'tttltump,"Mii Idonna Unthroned," at lloloKnn, on.l the Ifresco of the "llaptism" in the Slstlno Ichnpel Two «^f '■'■' ri'''"!"''" '"■"' '" ^f"" iKati'nial Oallery ; one of whieh-tlu' j' Vir- liin ndorlnif the Inlaiit Christ," is lioliivcd tobiT;""y t'"' work of llnphael. Died iif Ca^telloiti VontiKiiano, 1521. i'FU'V.ZI, li.U.iiAs.xAUi:, Italian painter, hut more celebrated ns nn nrehlteet, was Iborn near Sienna, in lIHl. lie first painted l,tVulterra,andafl(rwardsnt Home; when- Iwiaer the ri>"'""''K'' "f AKoMino ChiKi he liiNilied hinitelf t" architecture lie built Itlii' larneMiia and the I'lilaee Musdinii, Isij.vcidcd Itapli'K las architect of St Peter's, land was afterwards architect to the city of Lienna. He excelled as a painter of nra- Ibesiiues and architectur.il ilccorations. h'eraz/i Install lie posbe.s.sed at the nack of IHoine.iii I'-'- I''f<' "' Uonie, by poison, jit is said, in 1"(!. There is a drawing of Ihisin the National (lalb-ry. pi;sARi;si;. 11. .^CANTAUINI, Simon F..1 I'ESCliNMl'S M(ii;U, CAlls, Uoiiian Icmrfror, was u native of Aquino. He was Inppointed jjovernorof .'^yriu,and coniniand- Icrof the legions in Asia, by Coniniodus , and lonihc death of I'ertinax, in lli.T, the troops |cf Pe'cenniits appointed liiiii emperor. lie Iwns defeated at l.ssii.t. In l!';'), lud was Killiil (bj some soldiers, while on 1, llight to the ll'arthian dominions. ri:STAliOZZI, .lllltANN Hkinukji, Iccli'lirated for having introduced anew ine- IlliHil i)f (ducation. was born at Zurich, in Lswit/erland, in 174(1. After hating studied (theology and jurisprudence, lie reliniiuished IhisTicwswitli respeitto the church and the Jbar, and adopted from inclination the employ- Iment of a teacher. IlaviuK bci onieneijuuin:- Itdffiththenioral wretclu'dness of the lowest Iclaisi's he began a can cr of instruct ion by tlie ladmis5i"nof the children of paupers into his lliouse; aiul.in IT!!.*!, the Directory of Swit (lirland invited him to esfaldi.'.h a house of leducation at Htaiiz, where he liecanic tlie ■kind and attentive instructor uf Ho poor Ichildren. War destroyed this establishment, land Pestald/zi then took charge of ii school litBnrgdorf, where he also rc-eeivod pupils, [who paid for their instruction, so that he Icould employ able assistants. This institu- Itinn flourished, and, in IKOI, he removed It Ito Yverdun, where he occupied the ca.slle [given to him by Kovornnient. l'e»tiilii//i.s liiidhud is based on the principle of coni- Imimicating all instruction by imtnertiate ad- Idrossto the senses and the understandinfr, and effecting the eompleio education inx) development of the child by Krndually eiillln v all his pf.wers Into e»erel»e. He eomnosca several works IIIUHtratlve of hi* plans, nnd closed a lon»f life of labours for the benefit of ioeiety, In Ihj7. I'Kl'AI', lH-;Nirt, in I.atln rr.TAVIl'S n learned rntiehehronolonlst, horn at Orleans in IBh;) He entered the order of Jesuir* In 1(105, and sixteen years later was appointed profeMor of theology In the eolleui' of ( hr- inont 01 I'arli, where lie spent the rest of hU studious life His (jreat work is entithd " »p Doctrlna Teniporuni," and thst appi ar ed In 2 Tols. folio, in 1027. He iit.rwiirds published an abridgment of it .nder the title of " Uatlonnriuni Teniporuiu,' which has been very frequently reprinted. He wrote nnd edited several other works, nnd died at I'arls in h>,V.>. rETKU. or I'KDllO. Iir.kintf of Aragon, was son of James I. He was born in 123!* married Constance, dauKhter of Manfred' king of Hiclljr,and sueceeded his father Iri 1278. Ho aspired to the crown of Kieily and promoted, it issaid, tlienmssiere known' as the "Kielllan Vespers." He Ian. led in the Island and was crowned king, defeoting the fleet of Charles of Anjou at Messina, Hut the pope, Martin IV., excommunicated IVdro, and laid an interdict on the kiuRdom of AraKoii. It was nicreed to decide the dis- pute by tt single combat of the two kiuKS at llordeaux, but Pedro did not appear. His admiral, Uo^er de I,oria, deft ated the lleot of Charles near Naples; the pope proclaim- ed a crusade a^Mlnst Pedro, and the French invaded Arnifon ; but their fleet was de stroyed by de I.oria, and the arn>y with- drew. Pedro (lied. Ijm.V PKTi;U, or Pi;i)U(), THE rm-Kf,, king of Castilh', was born in 1331. He wis son of Alfonso XI , ,ind succeeded his lather in I3,')0, under the regency of his mother and Albuqueniue, his tutor. He earned his title of the Cruel by a long series of atrocious cruelties, hcKinning with the assassination of Kleoiiora do Guzman, his father's favour ite mistrf »•. He married HIanehe of Hour- bon, abandoned her In three days, and after- waids had her secretly murdered. "Wives, mistresses, brothers, cousins, swell the list of his victims, besides a ^reat number of nobles killed i ) his orders. At last, in 1366. a rev(dt broke out, headed by Henry of Trastttiiian , his natural brother, and sup- ported by Ireiich tioojis under llertrand du (iuesdin Pcilro was defeated and expelled, but l)y the aid of the lllack I'rince, who won the victory of Najara, and took Hertrand prisoner in 13»i7, he was re established on the throne. On the withdrawal of the prince of Wales, who was ungraciously neatcd, Pedro indulKcd his revenue, and a f:esh re- volt took place. Pedro was defeMed by Henry at Montiel, and was killed l>^ him in tlie tent of I)u Gur ,Min, Man-h, l.i;x. pe- dro had some good qualities, but b.s train- ing under Albuquerque was of t!ie wont kind. PKTF.U Al.KX!!'.V!rH,".is!!n!!v ^tvir-i Tf- 1 Kit THKfiUK.\T,C/ar tif It ussia , was born in I'ir-J; and in 1B»9 he obi.iined the sole author- ity, on the retirement of his brother Jvan. 791 ISf ?' ■H:i l\: I 1 : ,: I ]'-' }j ' "■■ . I !'■! ! if j: f i 1 '' '' ' ! ! i ■ { ' ■ 1 ; 't ': i ; 1 > iii! H' 111 If !" PETJ % £it\)i ganib«8al ^iogrnpl^p. with whom he had boon boforo nssociutoil in the Roveriimcut of tlio enipirc. After hnviiig suppressed a conspiraoy of the KtrcliUcs nKaiiist his life, in which he displayed much piTsonal courage, he travelled in foreiKn countries, not in the character of Czar, but as niemlier of an rmbassy. At Amsterdam he woiked, iticognUo, in a shipyard, went to the villaKe of iriiiardam, where he cau>ed himself to be enrolled anions the workmen, under the name of I'eter Miehaolotf. Here he lived in a little hut for 7 weeks, made his own bed, and prepared his own food, cor- responded with bis ministers at home, and laboured at the same time in ship-buildiii^v Induced, by his love for the sea, to aici pt the invitation of AVilli.im III. to visit Lou- don, be spent some weeks there, keenly ob- serviufs' and loaminj^ nil tliat he ccmld of trade, iiKinul'aetures, and the arts. Having proceeded to Vienna, he there received in- telliKence ofn new rebellion of theStrclitzes, on which he returned home, crushed tl:e in- surrection, and vi^ited the rebels with fear- ful stverily. In 17iK) bo entered upon a war with Sweden, which hivtid till 17J1. lie WHS defeated by his ^reat rival t'hailcs XII. at the liattle of N.irva, and tl,e war went on with various rcsiilt.s till ITuO, when he com- pletely defeated Cbarlisat I'liltawa. In the followiuK yciir the sultan declared war on him, and he narrowly escaped capture by tlie Turks, in the campaign of 1711. This war ended in 1713. Not satislled with his immense power as fiar, I't ter had suppressed the patriarchate, and made himself bead of the ciiurch as well as of the state. In 1703 he founded !>t reicrsburff, und boftan the fortifieaiions of Cronstudt. Three years later he privately married Catherine, a girl of low origin and immoral cb.ir.icter ; mar- lieii her pubiidy in 1710, and liad l.er crowned in llil. Tet'T exti ndcd tin- liitiits of llio enipiro lM)tb in l^urope and Asia, changed the face of ICii.ssia by his zealous promotion of trade, naNigatiou, manufac- tures, and eilucation , I il'ected an imnunse chan;;e in the manners aiid custums of the IvUksi.ins ; and ailer tlie conclusion of peate with Sweden, nceivid the title of i;iiipi-nir of all the Ku.^M.ts and V'.itlier of his coun- try. Ueforming titliers, he faib d to reform himself, but remiined i.j the l.i«t tin inimr ant.eonrite, brul.il suva.e, indii!;;!!!;,' in the lowest vices, and tcloa'.int: ovi r hcenes of cruel lufrcrlu):. He would kumetimes put his victims to the turture, play judge and fxt eutioncr too, and drunk with wine, strike off twenty lit'.iilt in siuiesaion, proud of his horrid dexlcril). itis state policy h.is bei n adhered to by his »ute( »»ors I'ctt'r I. dlvd at St I'eli i)>!iurK, atlei \ery sevtre sutfcring, January Ji 17.''>. riiTKlt OI" 11 1 ()!.><, ».i named fiom the place of his Idrlh, was a learned ecclesi.islic of the j:.'tli century, who, sitiiiiig in Ktig- Innd in the reign of Iloiiry II , obtained the •rehd< aeonry of ll.ilb, and aflirwards '.hat of London. His woiks, in one Vol. folio, consist of let tell, scrtuuns. and treatises tiled, Ijijo. I'LILlt «)F ( LI «i.N V, i>o(u,. tiling t.t)lid J'Kl>.li 111): A i.M.H V 1.1.1 , Irum the (;niniy of his dt-purlinent, was a French luunk, who 7M in ll'JS became aMini „f m '— -^ alfordedshelieAo ,"..oT,r7^ and by bis interpo i u ^f^ ""»"= Wd vented the exocutioi. o ' he u^ ,?« '"^ P«' whKh^ljad been I-roiJ^^-^-J rLTKHTIIEHKltMiT ti,„ leader of tl,o tirst mSe «'''''''''" 'nd military onicer, of A. ens ^l^n" " '''^'"'fc "'ilitary pn.fe.ssion.iS'a'' .^"'"'Slhe the Holy Land about 1 03 ',"•"■"=" '» the dirtlculties and danKm'i,. "f'^^)' affoiicd 'liaiis ■'■'iiie, principal cm.utHeV",;fS!i''°7'? crnest and i-esistle.s.scloqucn p'n?l i J"* crusade for the reeovcr?of p, ,c ™;''';^ » the inlldcl.s. i>cter himsHf i^i '"^ '""^ thelir.tiriv«nl..rbai ul™»r'of ing to iibout lui.,OOOmcn,i,"a rf,?;'''"»"."'- (Jermany , and v:Ko,m^; . smJ?'"^ unec in Hungary, rc«clu.^Co^ la ,2'- where be was "olcomud bv ti 1 ""f''' Alexis. He stayed tb^ro^ iir.l'R erusMders passed on t.i frrO, r,„ r ' "^ sufferings.' He was ar,h:",!^l!'i^»"f n 1097, but, despairing of MKctVS the camp, and was brouslit l-rk ,, V Honcco„„.uucdthecru^;K L£ ( 'tv, and nia.le a discourse to IIh.i, 1 . Mount of Olives. Subscqucmlv knownboworwhen,heicturnnllols tive country where 1... f„un,l..l the .Z- of Noir-mouiier, iiiidUititinlll.) ' I'KTKUKIN. ALi:x.KNi,i:i,, an.l.loi„i, ccllaneous writer, was burn ;it MacJuir lianllshiic, of which p:iri»li liis fiiilionvai minister, in 17hl. Vy profewj,,:, a c„lintcr he acled, from IhU to 1821), assheriir-sulW tute of Orkney. In t!ic ca'lcsia:tiMl stru- gles, wbitli icMiiinatcil in ilu'"ilisn:piioii'" of the Scottish .National Church in liH3,he took ail lutivo part :is :i):cnt for the Sfvfn Strathl'o;; ,. cler;;5iiien. He «:is hiij con- nected with the pulilii' prtsi in Stotlanii, advo(:itiiiK the vieiisof a "Whi^Minesj,'' and hi.s deir bifflitidiicss. iictituilc, and kindliniss of heart K'lve liim t;ri:it Mfinlit with his contemporaries, 'llic works utiicii be ar his n:iii.e as .•luiliur in .m)!!;!' usf?,aiid .•IS editor ill .itlii rs, arc. " .\ Itivii'wof llie Life of lliuiis," piciixcil toan tiiitlfinoflhe worksof liiinis ; " Notes on()rkiie.v,""tol- aU of Orkney," " Coinpeiidiuin of the laws of the Ctiurc li of Scotlaiul, " Hecordsofthe Kirk," " Coiislitutioii (jf the CJMiixhofvut- land," aiul the " l'iil\cr5iiil liouke tif ibc Kirki* " !>iid, I'^til. rLTI'.US, Hi'cii.nn Kntllsh fanaiicwa! I'orn at Tuwiy, in Cornwull, in I5'.i|), and 'ducatid iit Trinity t'dllcj.'!', t'aii;liridgf, wlicre be obtained tiic dcKrcc of .\|..\., Iim was exjM-llcd for irrciriilar luliavioiir. Hei artrrw..ri1s wi'iil on the slii^'c, where lieac- ((Uiri'il lliiit I'utlooiicrj Mhii-h Mibswiutiiil; disliiigiiisl.nl hiiii in the pulpit, lie wai for some time kcturcr of St Sipulclirs'i, ■n "." .»■-... c.r.525 -anaal,out liM. ^SZl" 'I's and dangers he ? ", ^'^ '•'"t country ;/e, /!';>: uuutru's of run.no .5 ""^1 tlio veeovcryof Piiicst If! I'etor Imn-sdf lod , ''1 ""l yul oncounUTii,,- severe ^"S . Kary, rcclird Coi.sUntino ''='» "\''c"n>'-'Jbytliel.:n,S ^st;o;tdtl,urcHhiletl,oh" M on t,. frcsl, cunflieis ,d md was l,rou(;lu i„,m;X™ "ucd tlir iTUsailerstotlleHoiv a-.o tt disi'ourso to them on Hit Jlivi's «ubscqucmly, it is no, or wlu'n,li(MC'turn(ili,j||is„.,. y. wIk'itIk f(iiiM,i(.(| thcabljtv 1 iiiiT, iiiul Ukd in 111.) ■OMUAHl). il.OMIlAKDi I lAlflYK [MAUTYIt.: ' DUOUOII, Larl of. ' [MOH- lAUI.KS.i IN, ALi;XAMii:i!, an aMe miv writer, was I'uin ;it MacJuiT ! or_»liich jKirish liis failieniail KhI. l!y profcvMcmacdiiiitdp ; -m lSUlolS2;i,assheriir-sul«i. ny. Ill the (■crlcsia:,tical stru'- icniilnatnl In lhe"(lisn:piioii'" '\>h National Cliiirch in lsl3,he ivc part as ajTcnt for tlic sfvon i-icr-ynu'ii. Ilewas hiijcon-j n-- It' F'V.U »fl^-Ill ti'iiipururics. ilic works ubicli le asi author in mhm' ca4('<,aiid :>lh(rs.ar('," A I!i vn'ivcf ihf 11," prdixfil ti)an iiiiildniiflhe ?l illfto Janibtrsal 13iogrnpI)L). [pet ldon,>vherci.t "^- ;- ^,,,, ,,„ „,tivo 1 the cause of ^ "'f „ ^or th i. he proimHero tl'« I ",^,,J ,,,,, j,,^ regicides. h''''"r'^ Mu of s Discourses, and his kSUcno hii mu«l.ter;- have been '^T^ .uJ"t Chanrbs, was chosen deputy, ''^'''l^; ' ml "a" ••''■'^'^■''- IH-ce.nber. 1790, «™" ,',t the National Assinibly. In '"'" f nw n ' he bcea.uo president of the ^""i,n Itribm 1 of raris, and >vus nttvle criimnal tr m ^^^ i,eea-..ie the lirst prcju<- ' j lousv of Uobehpierre.niid ''"'' dcdii bTpmscriptlon of tho Oi- ,vas,ncludc 1.MU 1 jj^_ csiaped to the de- roiidbb, Ma) ■ g,„„g ii,„j. ;>f,^,r, fi'^n f^S mul in a «ehl. half devoured l;' Su.s,t^nd it was supposed that he hud ^tSx! AL^^i-'K. president uf the ,outh.i parts of the island of Hayt.,.wa» a m la tc. and received his eduealion in the n i? rv' chool of I'aris. BeiuiJ a man of St ?a cd uuderslanding «nd atl'-'t-Vye man UTS, and, moreover, ^ve 1 instructed tn ?"of war, he served in the rre.ieh, and ter vards in the Ilaytian, armies, with suc- nd r putation. He was in hi«h credit a kilful engineer, in which eapatity he rendered tlie most essentia services to lous- s int and Dcssalines; and. assisted by he Edi.h they at length, in 180i, expelled tho Kamh from the island. After a variety ol ^tru""les for superiority between Chnslophe, tlic ficutenant and sueeessor of Dessalines, I'etiuii was elected president in 1807, and re- tained his oftice, in spitr of all opposition, till his ileatli ill M^, when he wai suceeudcU bv (iencral Boycr. ■pjins 1)H I.A CUOIX, FKAN«;i)is, a Fienih orientalist, was born in Iti.Vl- He bo- came secretary, and interpreter of the ori- ental lam,'ua|;es, to the kinj,' of I'ranee. in which otHces he sucie<'ded his lather. He also iiiulertook several voyages into the KasI, and in Ui'.n was made Arable professor in the loyal cuIUkc. He died in 171. '1. His Persian Vales" were first jiublisl. 'd in 171'.', ill a vols His other works are, " The History uf Tiniiu- li.e ; " " 'I'he State of the Oltomall I'.mpire," iV.C. PKUT, .U.AN I.oiis, n distin>;uishud I'reneh surgeon, born at Taris, in Iii7J, was a pu|)il of l.ittre, and bavin;; made rapid Iirogress in his studies, bee.ime, in Iti'J-', sur- ^•eoa in the army. He si ttled at I'aris «ftereiK'htyear.i'herviee,aiuU)pened asehool (jf nnatuniy and surgery, from wliiili went forlh many rmineiit men. I'etit aeiiuired a very hi;,'ii n put.itiou, and by his tiaehings and writin;;s contrilmted to the advance uf Os," and "Traits Ucs Maladies Chlrurgi- cales," the latter an outline of a urcat work which he did not live to complete. I'etit was chosen Direetorof tho Uoyal Academy of Surgery of I'ari.s, in 17;H. He was also I'.K.S., London. Died nt I'aris, 1750. I'l/riT, I'lKUltK, an eminent Freneh ma- theinatieian, was born at Montluijon, in 1.5i)8, and died in Hi77. He was nppoinied Intend- ant of the Fortifleations of l-'ranec, and ■eatiscs " Un the Compass of I'ropor tion," " O'l Sight," " On Comets," &c. wrote treatises I'lOTIT-THOl'AUS, AunKUT l)U. a dis tinKuished Frcnth botanist, born in 17.56 He spent ten years in the Isle of Trance, visited Madagascar, and alter his return to rrancc was for more than 2o years director of the royal nursery of Uoule, member of the In.stitute,&e. He was author of several works on the botany of the regions he had explored, " Melanges de IJotauique," &e. Died, l.H.-il. I'KTITOT, JKAN, an unrivalled painter in enamel, was born at Ueiieva, in 1(J07. He visited lOngland, was jiatroni/ed by Charles I. ; after whose death he went to I'lMnce, and was employed by I.ouis XIV. lle.-sides painting the portraits of many royal persons, ho made eniiks in enamel of works of Vaiiilyek, l.ebrun, and other artists. I'etitot worked always in association with his brotherin-law, Hordier, who added draiicry and baekgrouiuls to his pictures. After tlie revocation of the V;diol of Nantes, he with diliieulty olituined leave to return to Geneva. He died at Vc- vay, H.:tl. I'K'I'IVl'.U, Jami'.s, an Knglish botanist, who was aiiutlieeary to the Charter House, and died in 171b. He was fellow of the Uojal Soeiety, and made so great a eoUeelion of r.ire and curious plants, aniioals, and inseets, that Sir Hans Kloane, who afterwards pur- chased it, oll'ered him In his lifetime JCItHtO for lus euUection. He was the author of several botanical works. l'KT()FI. ALKXANIHP. I'KTbl'I KAN DOU), the Huiigarl.in poet, was born in the county of Icstli, 1 Jan., IK:!'!. He was the son of a pork-butcher, and tliroiu'h his youth and early manhood led a wild and wandering life i"altcniately player, student, soMier, and again student and player. He was very tarly known by his associates as " the poet," but his tlrst publisbe I songs did not appear till 11:13. In the following year appeared his first separate volume of poems, which boeanie immediately jiopular. " He stormed," says Sir .1. llowrin;;," the national enthusiasm. He filled up the void wliieli had been left longing for the Kard of the Fatherland." I'etOU was, of coiitso, a pas slon.ite lover of freedom, and entered with intense e irnesttiess Into the patriotic struff- gle of 181N !). His »on;;s were the most elfective battle cries. He joined the army under tJencral Item, and leiaine hlsaide de- camp ; served in the l.i.st desperate struggle i against the coiiibliied forees of Uu>)sia and lie w.rs t!i '-;-ver. b.!>!!" tif Sch-i 'WT'J. sariieal instruments liesides many valu- I alst .luly, 1H|'>, In the full stiength of hi;; able memoirs, contributed to the Aeademy ] >outh, dis.ippeared. His body was never (jf .Seienir>, of whieli he was a ineiiilier, he I found, nor has he since been heard of; hut pablibhe 1 • I.Art du gueiir les Maladies dis I the .Magyars still sny that their hero-poet is 7W i r I W> . ;t^ 1 .! f - 1 '" ;' 1 1 1 ; 1 i il i J 1 5 n s '» 1 ■) 1 ■ ' 1 .P • i. ^ ■' f J ■. ''■' i pet] tworn 1814 „nd ls,9. bosl^^w it?°^7„ ^^■ monsc number of mhu.r pl.-oos. He w^i well no.nuuatoa with Kn^-IUli literature an.? Moon :'' ^IT " "^ ''>^' **•"'•'"* "f ShakeSar"^ Moore, Shelley, nna others. Specinieni of IVh K.'" " "<^»"eman-8 M««u*i„e o" i'KTKAUCA, ritANPF.SCO (rKTKMuin one of the most illustrious poets and ieholars ol taly.wus horn nt Are/^o, in l.foi. ml e-x.le from Florenee, M'ttle.l afterwards nt A J .,.non. ana l.rought him up to the Ian-, foj Hhi.h he had no relish. He studied nt Montpellier and Hologna, and early nuide ae.,,.a,nt..nce with many entinent and not .. persons. He entered Into the Raieties of he papal court at Avignon, but at thnga,, e time (ontinued his literary studies H , pasMon for the b.autiful Laura, which gave shape and colour to the rest of his lif,. wn« irst k.ndled in 1;.27. a, on the Vth April of that year ..he worshipped beside hin i„ he urch of St Clair. She was the" 1^'. . had been married two years to Hu,.,,... de Sade. Petrarch's love for her T...S true and permanent, but was not re- turned by I.,iLir.»; whose conduct throuch- out was mark, d by purity, kindne/rand ft'"..i sense. To escape or weaken the force ,of las Hopeless p.,8sion he travelled fre- cnty. and lived for some time in the se- cluded rnlley of Vauclusf. H,. took r> irt n, ^- His ! an extraordinary ^iZ' ""^^^ ™"J' ^''"'fcd i pursuits, he w-asp!,-,ceT;uh Mr t""'"'"^ whose medical school he HO ;,K '''?•''"■'"' Admitted to the Mo,l „f a ■ '^'"' ""^fli ' in IH,)H, he bec.tmrsteiSfJ^,"'.^^'"''''''' tary and r L'istrar '"'■'•'^''^'V',')' Iheir secrc- ' were I,r l.m« m.-,,;'S,''^??''r^'«>^'^' the Chevah.r Al lini o7t ''.^"'"'"'ff^ ''"d |: Wilna. He fuun.loi the Phi,""'""^')- ''f through which h.. Ob ,nd /n"'',^""!' ;:t^;^:=;;-i;-£^S ft '.roduced hl,„ ,0 thed, k of it , .',""'■ f";inu.dhl,„hissur.c„n'.nIliSa:"'V;:i; lent in ',," "'■^•^"""""' '«** activ en J ! ..nt in literary pursuits and cMwialliN !: tb..^prop,..rat,„,.ofn.e,p,n,di'a;'„7 tne atalog,,,., a.cMi.p.nicd bv llisloricaP and ll.ograpbical Nut.n.s," of tlieS ' br on wh,.^h «.u pu,,,i,hod in IW i Hosni^; "'V '?'"'."l ^""'"'inf? Sharing ( 0!,: Hospital, of which ho w.is f,,ra time senior •urK..on. con.nl.utcl paprrs to M d liimn"' u,"";' ';"'!""■■" ''^■•^•■" P-'P"l"' J 1 ring th,. ,..t iinrty years ofhi, lif, Jie Uey.ted muUi all,ntl..n to .■intiquarinn sub-i- «ni 1! Mangbs. i)r'i;;;s;;,i''wiiki,;;;,;,ji and l»r U-ung, he was especialiy attracted 1 1 lo the ktudjr of antiquities of Kgypt. Hejl V, .■ " """est "ASM, T'PTt)^. pcanic rcid.r , '"•"i 173c ,, 'c Tsignril hi, "J,"''^^'^ govern. '" ''''l- liUt hn , ''P'""ish. ravourit,. of the • " "''f" ■i""s of the tvraVt ' '""" :»»-'• I'.'li-oniu... "" ^'■»^'' of ■far- AnioiiKhisfiriirf,- r > i> , ''^ ''c '^as iianicii "-\Hoyai Humane Socio yj "' '": ''»ko of Kent. Xhc!^ "'"Jtluho duty of vaccinal.'!; '•; \i;t'.ria. il,, also intre-ji 'll'edukc of Sussex, ,»lu,,mli sur;;,',in and librarian. The'' r.,.itat.d his aetlTc enwRc :' purMi!t<, andc>i)ecial)jN'' "M of I lie splendid work on. i leea Sus.iexiana ; a DfHTip. , ■ia'oni|i:un(d by ilisiurical i II •>olu('>,"oftliediicalcol-| «■a■^ pul.liiihod in lav andi' fticHashusyalsoinhisprj-ii ■t in founding Charing (roil i' I'M »io was f„ra time senior', l)Uted papers to Mfdiwi : I'lished several pamphlets, i thirty years of hi! life he I'liljon to antiquarian sul). :h >i!K frii'rii!^!;i;} with li;i . I»r I.ee. Sir U \Vilkii;,uii, ' he was I'tpfeially aiiracteil antiquities of Kgypt. He I % ^tb> 2antfa«sal 13(ogrnpi;i). pkt] ■ TTiiTfoundorf. of the Urltish Arch [PPE Among U3 n mlica 1^ p^„„iu,„,.. ,,„„. the isasis o; ''f. ^"i^tiiday. " OcncnU Views „shedonhi8l8thb.r Uuiay ^^^^ to Medieal of tbc Appl^a on 7^^';,,ju,H.tion with Al- „ earlier, of a 80U8 mill three fthcApplicatio ,5 " wntti di«'; •■•?''^nr«t°HlwUh Medicine and superstitions tonuecic ,^.^ SurVry-:;. £^^''i.''ilomoir8of Dr r.ett- " ^''""'i^r of th T. n bs'; •' besides very ''^''■'"'"'JvuMrsonlV bated to the .Journal numerous pap(is^".^j dj^j „( ?hSrfeIeW.i years earlier, Setmily I'C left tbree ''"'v^fr'^; niv 1 e -as educated, Having ILieTmSino and anatotny at L.^yden TpariThe took his desree, and was sub- iont iv'niade profos.sor of anatomy, and )oint% physician to tl.o army in Ireland, Secretary to Henry Cromwe I, by whoin vm employed in surveying the forfeited nds for which eharges were alleged til him in the House of (•omn.ot.s and ;: as dismissed from his places. .U the Ltoration he was knighted and made Mir- morgencral of Ireland. He was o,,.- of he first fellows of the Royal Soriety, to hiefheUeutedthetnodelofadoube- mmomed ship, to sail again.t wind and ide He .uflfercd much by the tire of London ; but by marriage, and various speculations, he rcwvcred his loss, and died very rieh, n 1687 Of his works, the " Tolitual .\ritli- inctie," and the " Tolitical Anatomy of Ire- land'' are tlic most imiioitant. PK'ITY, AVILI.I.VM, first niaiqui.'.of 1,.VNS- DOWNE, was a descendant of the preccdini;, and horn in 1737. He succeeded his father ascarlof Sliclburne in lTtil,and in l.C.f vra.s p!;iced at the head of the Hoard of Trade, which he soon quitted to Join Lord C'hatliilin , with whom he came into power, in 17(!t!; but on the ehaniic of ministry, in 17(;h, he became a /.ealous oppositionist, and so con- tinued till I7H'2, when he was appointed secretary of state for the foreign department. When the marquis of Kockingham died, his lordship became the head of the ministry, but was forced to yield to the eoalitiun of Lord Xorth and Mr Tox , after which he was created marquis of Ljvnsdownc. Ho died in 1805. PEYRE, -VNTOTNK ru.\NV'>l'', a Trench painter and architect, burn in IT:t!>. He ho- came a pensionary student at Umiie in 1703, and exeeuted "on!? very brmitiful dcslirns. After his return he was made eomptmller of the riiv;il liu;Miii),'< at I'untainebleau, and then at St Uermains. During the llcigii of Terror he was imprisoned; but beiiif? llber- atod on the death of Ilobcspierrc, he was odmittcd a member of the Institute, of the council of civil architceture,adainita', " which he wrote to support a favourite theory ho entertained respecting the existence of a race of men before Adam. Died.lfiTti. PKYllDN, JKAN riiAN^OIH I'IKHUK, a French historical painter, was born nt Aix, in 1744. He was a member of the Uoyai Acadrmy, and director of the royal manu- facture of the (Jobelins, of which situation he was deprived by tlic revolution. Died, 1B20. I'EYSONNEL, CHAKLF.S DK.nn ingenious anti(iuary, was born in 1700, at Marseilh-s. He was seeretary to the I'rench emba.ssy at Constantinople, and afterwards consul at Smyrna. He travelled over the Rreatcr part of Asia Minor, colleetiiit; rare coins and medals, and putilished the result of his ob- servations on the topography and antiquities of the countries he visited. Died, 1757.— Hi.s son (born at Marseilles, in 1727, sueeeedcd him as consnl, nn•'■; n 41 r ' ' 1 I V :; > f , ! ,,! i I ; f r,! "■ i '] ■ . i. it T I s ■ i , i i ^ 1 •1 , • 1 s - !i { 1 ' '1 f ;; V 1 a,£i,i ! iJ m \l 1 ;4rw- .. rii^] yi>«K inpian Zeus. I.ikAho'Jr,. ,^.'".« of I •^^S& :;T:^'>'."'1'^«">J. was nearly ,^Vm the ■■suf «'t'.ouKh a";;:.;v;^^;:- Ihe greatest productio of ,. — was destroyed l,v i," „ V"'''' ""■ It .whither it had been r.i ,. ""^""•'i"»Pl Theod,.sius. I'hidias w K V'"' '-'"P" r' l-eculatiou, and w ,„^ „ 'X"'''^ «i down, he was .,■■,.„..... ,."; '^ha'ge brok ll'"'')- on 11, w* nceused ground of hav K ounu or haviiii; intr(»in,r,' '' on the inmself and I^.ri.L ,?,,,"'.' P0ftriii;s , AcconlinK to tl^g /^ ^;,ff '''of A,,;:' fount he was thrown /,,„?• '"oiv.a " there, u. ,., 4,(2, ■!"" '"'° P/'^on.anJ '''.'" «s the iriend of iv' icil? w,"' ""'' in eouneitiuii with the tradition of his sjivage cruelty, iind of the brazen bull con struetcd for him by l-eriUus, in whi. h ho burnt his vi.iims. A warm controversy took place in the last century respectiuK the epistles attributed to I'h.ilaris, lioyle main- taining their genuineness, and Heutlty suc- cessfully disproviuK it. I'halaris perished by a juM retribution at the hands of bis subjects. I'HlXIl'I'rAlX, A. Lk I'lCAUi. in:, a Frcuch ollicer of artillery, the fellow-pupil and rival of r.uonapartc, w us b.irn in I7U8 HavinK quitted Ir.nicc in 17:M.hc- made a campaign trie f..ll,.winK year with the corps ofemurants under the Krc nch priiic. .h. In I.J5 he re entered I'r.nue to orRanue a royalis' insunecti.m in the ceiitial pro- vinces . lie. I.iiilo u ccriainly as.crt.iined about lhocin.u.ii»lnncesof his life. He bejjan to dlstinijuish himsiif about I'U, and was em ployed in public works at Athens under the administratiun of (imoii. He was one of the most intimate frien.ls of I'erides under whose rule he w.ij, appointed director of all the great tempi, » and im.nunients which I were to be encted in the city, of these the '< most important were the l-nrthfiiv,, or I temple of Athena, on the Acropoli», and'll.,. ! ''<"Vjl"r till lilt, nor of ihe temi.le with his own hand The well known " H ' Kia Miirbles'uf ilie lirliish Museum were ''■ proficiency in proiiciency in musi.-. "a', 'hr''' """''' ""nh fondness for the j;amc of chr^ i " ''' "P ''•* n passion, in order to n, ,,Km :r''?f''i'''« veiled overpieat rut "f .^1?'^'' ''^ 'f'- JTcry Where with't . bc,tS? J "If ^"'S tniued in i;n:,-iand son,,, i,, ' V"' ^''^^f™- »"■ printed h,s •' a,k -^i' "cf''ri'"^^''«^' was a member of tl c 1, « /i ?S*'' «' and of hisskillasir m-l'f' *' ""^ ^^ )Mrs,| Kiveu than his d,.fS,rndfn ','''' "»' A aspired first to make luiPnlf ,„a , Tf [i the states of (ircece. and then to in L , , eon,|uer I'ersia. Tlic si,-^-e and cintiro f Amphipolis. l-ydna, and Potidua ,oT ' , f 'kh:;MT-''' l'""^ years la...r,l; vra t .r .'','"• ""' '"^'^""'S '■H'"!'!"^". r r , , , 1 !"''^'' '"' "JvamTd tu«„n;8 i.rieie, but his course was staved at Thr- .oopyhe by the .Mhcians. The samo rear orations [Vlul,,pu-,) ai;ain,,t theMacedonia': e,^n<)uen.r. I'hilip touk .-lynthus iu Si" after a war of thn e years , socm after c.jdei peace with the Athenian*, conquered i"io-i CIS, and cl„s<-i„n. and I'hilip h.id to raiiO the siom ill 11... f..n..t, I J... , - ^ ..... ■ ■ ,' '•' •'•" *»'^'K )>.!f. t>i;i ti:e eri.«;.> of (•reek indep.iid, i,, ,■ ^a^* at li.ind, ilic \k-< lor-v of Cha-ion.'a. over tlic ullitd .itiieliiaus atji. Thcbnns, 348, niude I'hilip master of j 7da ^; '«-■ "ccuteO^tl'^^' ,^ « Oljin. '' ''V flip .„ , '^^^'"in, It 1 hidias was £L'''''"»' "'l Wllfll llip 'h"*'''' Will, ■' .««'"H.d „, ! If broke thrown into nVi.n« , «• > woiina indirectly ^''""•- a^'O.wa, bo^n '^^;4f«- ^; '"^fiiH-apaceinilPiV' '"•ehis iL'tl.vc.r ",'7'""«s """>!'■• M ho ;^^"""''l' ■ Analysis of ClipCi •• il- rtslr(HiKiTpro,,feouiam, 1' f>'^;"tin«bUdful.S7, I ''"'•' time hpforolilsdeah "■'Hie was Danida,,. ' k.np,;f.Mac,.douia,f,„iKr„, Orcat.wassoiinrAmviiii h.Uducau.d.^Kp„„i„„„r;;' nirfii after the dcaili.r i, : '•'%•"■ in^W. Ui,|,j;;,, .inhls,iaMNihoiiri.tsn.urt,J ^«-and„rd..rofhi.kii:gd„„,i ■•'^'•■Pl'.u. „f the arnn, and '"""^ l'>n>\„u, which („„.| many .M:iceiloiiinn victories ' >;ist i,dnimw of cuiKiucsl;! make luii-Hlf niasl(rof:i||i fccr.and tlien loinv.iJ.Miiili • The sie^-e and c.\ptiirc ufi Jna, and I'otida'a took place I >«■ Kour years laicr, after' '• ""'' 'iil'duing l.yiupliiuii,! ■ru'. lie advanced tuwanls ' ei.ursp was staved at Tl;cr-i Aiheiiians. The same year! liviTedlhefir>tofhisf.iiiiw: ""■>) nifain.>t the Macedonia': ilip took olynthus iu 3i: ' irce years, soon after cade i Athenians, eniiquercd l'!io-i the Saend War, and vav llie Aiiiphictyonie fnuiui! ■ i.'1'd I'eriiithus and :li(nians, roused by t i.f their Kr.'at orator, aiij s. '■ent an expedition under' lilip had to raise the sif^-es; ■.tr. '■ ' *■- -■ 'liCe was ,ik ii.iiiu, inc »K- I ic allied Alhci;iau8 ' IpHl] '- T TfP«oon after nsseinblra a con^rrss '"/'Snth a.d was named goncrni of the r'pulUP V.fTinff of Macedonia, .on of L^ i H.8 II and prinulson of Ant.Koniis ?'"'',„ wi 10 n B.C. 237, and oan.e to ^ "".', Jmie OT the death of his t.nelo, Antl- "^^ I Boson PC. 220. lie dlstini,n.ish.-a f" Mf isan ado commander in the Social vT i S l>e nicied the Aeha-ans n.ainst ,L .rolinns, profltiiiR by the c.nnsels of Irntns vhon , however, he afterwards Slob poisoned. 1-hiIipaUied himsel vihIannUu.1 against the Uomans; and Uhough he made peace with tliem in '.'O.l, ^ ificto Stnibcranl 13iogrnpf)i}. [piii Ttnmans declared war on him five years ,r a^ rhilip was tinally defeated by the sul rianiininiis. at CynocephaUe, in !'.>.. the later coasul put to death Towards the close of his life he pi 1 isson Demetrius, on a false cliarKe of con- p racy made against him by his "tjier son rerscus which was the occasion of bitter suffering to him. Died, D.C. 179. PHILlP.M.vucfS JI-LIV8, called the ylrnft, •as born of a" obscure family, and liecnme .'common soldier in the Koman army ; but ly his merit he rose to therankof pni'tonnn irefect. In 214 be assassinated the Kmperor was a I'! ni'icfect. .- - ... .u Oordian the voungrr, and seized npon the throne. He pained great popularity at Home by h'S generosity, and by making n canal for siippij'ins 'hP ''■'>■ "''"' ^''^^''^- ^^'^ <^*''''" bniited the secular games with are at pomp, and gave toleration to the Christians. Thilip was slain by his soldiers, near Verona, in 2 >!», after having been defeated by Deeius. His SOB Philip, aeed 12 years, was assassinated inthcariiisof liis mother. PIIII.II' I., King of I'ranee, was bom in 1053, and succeeded his father, Henry I-, in 1060, under the regency, first, of his mother, .and then of liablw in, count of Flanders ; on w'ioscdcath,iii I0fi7, he assumed thegovrrn- ment. He cngagcil in war with Hobert the Frisian, count of Holland, and was defeated hy him near Monteassplin I071. I'mir years later he defeated William I of I'.ngland.nnd compelled him to raise the siege of Pi'de. He afterwards took part with Konert, duke of Xorniandy, against William Itufus, but was brilied to'ahandoii liim, I'tiilip was twice excomiimnicated by Tope Irban II. for put- ting away his wife, and marrying Itcrtrade, wifeof theeuiintof Anjou. He was restored to tlie comnuinlon of the cliurcli tiy I'asehal n. on a priiiiiisr wbiih he did not keep. Philip was naturally indolent, indulged in all sensual excesses, and liad little intlucnco on the alTairsof his time. I'ied at Melun, 1109. PHII.ir II. .usually called I'ilIt.lP.\U0V8- Tl'S, son of I.ouis VII , was born in Ilt;.'S,nnd succeeded his father in llHo, under a n geney, having been crowned in his fathers lifetiino. He suppressed a general revcdt of his princi- pal vassals, persecuted and expelled the .lews from France, andengaged in war with Henry Ii ''f Knsl'.i;.!. Ill H90, he Sit iiut -with Uiehard Copur de Lion on the crusjule, but after the siege of Acre he returned to Frnncf. He invaded Normandy while Uiehard was a prisoner in Oermnny, and carried on the war wit! himtill 110.^; supported for a short time the claim of Prince Arthur to the Kn^lish throne; eonquered Normandy, and most of the Knglish dominions in France ; nt the In- stigation of Cardinal i'andulf prepared to invade Knpland, luit was forbidden to do so on .Tohn's submission to the pope; and in 1214 gained a great victory over the emperor Otto IV. and the Flemings. I'hilipsent his son I.ouis in 121C to England, to assist the barons in revolt against King .John, but after John's death I.ouis waseompelled to return, rhilip died at Mantes in 1223, the forty third year of his reign. He married for a second wife the Frincess Ingeburi;a of Denmark, and having put her away, married Agnes of M^ranie. [INGEUUKOA, A0NE8 OF MS- UANIK] FHII.ir TIT., THE Hni.T), king of France, eldest son of St I.ouis, was born in I'iiH, and wag proclainu'd king in the eamp before Tunis on the death of his father there in 1270. He was crowned nt Hheiins on his re- turn the following year, and made I'ierre dc la Brossc, his barber, grand chamberlain of Franee, who however lost his influence and his life in eonsequciice of bringing on accusation against the queen. In 1279 I'hilip acquired the whole of Normandy by cession from Kdward 1. of England. In 12S.5 he made war on Peter III. of Aragon, who had just instigated the Sicilian Vespers; but his rtect was defeated by Koger dl I.oria, and after a few months he repassed the Pyrenees, and died at Perpiijnan the same year. His first wife was Isabella of Aragon, who died at Cosenza on tlie n-turn from Tunis. His second, Mary of llrabnnt, survived him. PHILIP IV.,TIIK FAIR, king of France, son of Philip III. and Isabella, was born at Fontainebleau in I2fi8. Hi> married. In 1284, Joanna, queen of Navarre, and succeeded Ills father the next year, in consequence of hostilities breaking out between the English and French seamen. Philip cited Edward 1. to Paris to answer for his subjects ; Edward sent his brother Edmund ; but Philip seized all the ICnclish dominions in France, and again cited IMward; on whose mmappear aiiee Philip declared him contumaeiuus.and deprived him of all bis fiefs. Edward de- clared war, and was supported by the Em- peror Adolphiisand tiny, count of Flanders. The war rvascontinue I till 12'.i><, when a truce was concluded for n short time. Philip soon after overran Flanders, but the Flemings revolted, and in 1302 totally defeated the French nt Courtrai. Meanwhile the famous quarrel between I'hilip anegun ; a violent bull had been published by the pope, and burnt by the king; who demanded a council, and was a second time excommunicated; and the pope was in ISo,"! arrested bv order of Philip at Ar-gni. HONIFACE VIII.; NtHiARET. AVli.r.lAM or.] In i;i '7 Philip commenced proceedings against the Kniglits I'eniplars, which resulted in the ^uppres»ion of the order, the exeeutiim of the grand master and tho princip.ii knkiits, and the s. iiuro of their possessions by the king. LMOL.VI, J.MUVKH DK. i It was In this reign that the " tiers >. FlIll.IF VI.. or FllH.U' 1)15 VALOIS, the first Kinjf of France of the collateral branch of Valols, was the son of Charles, count of Valols, brother of Fhilii) the Fair. On the death of Charles the Fair he was named repent, and on failurj- of male issue of Charles, betanie kintr, ia;s, to thcoxelu- iion of Fdward 111. of Knuland.who claim- c:liter of ri.ilip IV. 1" ilip the same year invaded Flanders, and defeate. Fdward did hnmaKC for the duchy of (iuienne, but not lonjc after he assumed the title of kinp of France This produced a clisastrous war, which lasted, with a few Intervals, for many years. In l;i46, Kdward pained tho ftrent battle of Crecy, in which the French lost ni ar lio.iXH) men, and the flower of the nobility This was follow ed by the loss of Calais and oihcr important places. F.d«anl sent a chullentfe to I'hillp to decidt' their pretensi(in» by Moplc' combat, which the latter refused, 'i'hilip di'd in 1350 I'HII.II' OFdUl.KANS. ;()K1,I;ANS , I'HIMF II., kinpof bpain, son of the I m- pcror Charles V. and Klizabeth of 1 orlupal, was born at Vall.iJolid in 15.'7. of a. cold and Klooniy nature, he was tducated by eeclesia-tl< s, who did liu •: '."it to make him both e. bipot and a despot, and bis reign an IneTorable crusade nB«in»t political and re lipious freedom. He married in l.""*.'! hii eoiixln Mary, of Fortu^jal, who became the mothi r <.f lion Curlo>,. and died in \f>i:,. H \Ul.t)S, Hon. In l.^^l he received from his father the kiiiKd'iu of .Sa|>les, .itid the s.ime year, after troublesome negotiations, married Mary, queen of i;nKlBnd He was diiiliked in Fn^'laml, niid soon (|uilted It. His father pave up to him the Nello rlands in October, 155.V and the kingdom of Spain early in the following year He declared war on France, and induced Queen Mary to join hiOT ; won, by Ins troops under the duke of Savoy, the memorable victory of St (im-n- «in over tile Freni li in 1667, and v» as present In person at the tapture of the town, which followed. He vowed never to wilne>.» an other !T.-!t!:r, an;: he ntvcrdid , he vowed ai«u to show his prilitude fur hi* success by building a monastery, which he more than fulflUed iu lh« maguiticent " Fs^urial." A 7m ^ jIlctD gtnilj crgnl 19(ograpT)n. second victory over line ( att eau-Cambiesls. Imm e iu.i '"^ P*Cof! t"rnto.sp,i,H,o,,,.p,,7;'^^^^ y "f •.ereti.s," „nd "cl,ievpXW"'tior •'f.:r..sh,n«thel,en„n,aitS5'' t es and his attempt to esti lL.''!,"'"''^'«- s.t.on there in I5W a, j l' ^, .'''Inqui.: lonp year, of war and Lni. "^' """ «;siablisl.ment of the IhUcI Ko! 'w"' ,'" '^^ tins conflict the .succe s.veS r ''' ""/'"8 Netherlands under 1>1, lip *'",.„?"" "^'e Margaret, duchess of I'amia ,,, , . f *^ AlTa. Don Luis deUequS \tT' " Austria, and Alexander Ki, nose n? ?." "'. ma. [See ALVA, Kl':ttrKs?NN p "'^^.'^f- Ai.KXANDKU.] In 1M5 „, '„'''^-^^'^J-**E, Christian Moors of f r ' , ? I?"'^'' '"e a revolt, which becau ro 'i''''°'"'.l annexed iVt^'S'""* niimenso preparation.s for an Lngland.and attack on ( named with niiuuievinff arroeanro ■'!),„ t v."eit,leAnnada.'saiU.d,>o'^^",3b;n Si a great storm „nd contrary winds hmnl! 'md threw it iiuo disorder a 7,ft arrived ,n the channel, its t^n^.cr tX nerand tliebIes..inf;ortlHM.op ,M ; save it rom the i:„disli lire-.^hipr , fe.At I'hil.p c.arricd on intri,-uos in Franl against Henry III. and Ilonrv IV.burh aini was defeated by th.. conversion of th: latter to the KomlMi faith. HcisbHim^ also to have t liisJnroUi, of his nieasureii v, as tho cxpuLsion of the Moors; industrious farmers and traders , most of Jicin. Vholc provinces were do.:, r-tpT)!?. [phi? Nt-itcd by hi, odi / '": -'•«'>".! ' in 15t uisJHrOui, ,1 re» V, as the expuLsien of the I »trious farmers and traders | I. Whole province* were de.i; ^ £lci)i 2tnil)crsnl IDiogirnjpI)!). [nil ulated Died Kiiil- Corvuntcs flourlsU- ''^'Zine the r-iKH of Philip III. '•'ill' I v' kins of Spain. 8on of Philip „ .i'lnrKarot.wasbomat Valladolia ll ck >i.-irriod IJi/abot i, duuKlUer of ii.nrv iv of ITaiHC, and succeede'd his atl er in 1021. "p ^""S« f'^'' '"^ flr.stininia- c tie count of Oliva.ez, whose- ambitious poi yaiid despotic adnunistration brought rmany calamities on the Itingdom War wa renewed with the Dutch, and only Tn led at the peace of W cslplialia ; wnr with .vn e boKai. in lii;)-- and lasted till 1«S9, when the peace of the I'.vrcnees was con- cluded, and the Infanta Maria Tbcroaa was married to Louis XIV.; and a forniidablo K\M broke out in i;. lie succeeded on the assassination of the duke, his father, 1419, and at once formed an nlliaiice with Henry V. of Kn>,'land, and joined in the treaty of Troyes, which deehirtd Henry re- cent and heir of Prance. He toujfht on the KuKlish side for siiveral years, and pave his sister Anne in marriuKe to the i. .ke of Hed- ford. Hut Jealor.sy and dissension arose, and Philip abandoned the Knclish alliance, and his reconciliation with Charles VII. of France was effected at the jtreat concress of Arras, U.^5, attended by 1< ^ates of the- pope and the council of Hasel.nnd ambassadors from almost all the states of Christendom. He had married, in U.io, for his third wife, Isabella of I'ortuKul, in whose honour he instituted the order of the (iolden Fleece, louK the hiKhest in Christendom. I'hilip ex- tended his dominions by the conquest of Hrabant, Holland, and Hainault, hut rovoltn broke out in several of the sreut towns, which were only suppressed by the most severe measures. The town of Diiiant espe- cially was be»ie(;ed, stormed, burnt to ashes, and all its inhabitants massacred, Philip beinjf present to see this aet of vengeance. He died at HruBos, .June l.'i, 1107, and was succe.'ded by his son, Charii s the Hold. PllIl.ll'S, Amuuosk. p... t and dramatist, was a native of I eicestersbire. He received hiv education at St Johns Colleije, Cam- biul^'e; ami, on comin« to London, asso- ciated with Mcele, Addison, and the literary wits of the day. He was .lutlnu '.f the IraKcdies of the "Distrest Mother. "The Hriton, und " Hiimphrty, Duke of (llouees- te:,' and some p.istoral poems , and was also a contributor to a penoilieal paper called the Fieethinker, thruunh his lonnection with which he was mu'U- registrar of the Irish prer<»Kative court. Died, irp). PHILIPS, John, poet, was born at Hamp- ton, in Oxtordihlre, in ItiTti; was educated at Winchester S'hool, and Christchurch, Oxford , .-isul mat author of "Tii.- .^pieu- did MiillinK," a mock liei-oic composition ; " lllenheim, a poem in honour of Marl- borouK'h's victory; and " Cviler," his prin cipal poem, in wliieh,as in all his works, he •9U f r .. * ' ^ ,n \ . * 'Ur ^ • I I (II phi] ^i^ciu ^liiibfraal 13iogrnp]^n~ imitntpfi the viMsc of Milton* I'nradhc Lost, ninl. ITdM. I'HII.I.irs.r.nwAnM.ononfthp nrphpws of Milton. WHS born in I.oiiilon. in liiiH', iiml was iducaloil liy liin oflilinitcl nnc Ir. lli' wns the iintlior nnil foiM|iili-r (if scvoiiil works, Init lli.it l)y wliith lu- Is best known is till- " Thcalrnni" rortiinini, or ft ionii>lct Collection of thr I'octit." riin,l,II'S,iH(nAHit,lM!.S .nncniini-nt clionilst, wiM liorn in 177(i. lli> first Bftriutcd the ntlpntion of tho ftcionlKle world by tbc publiciition, in IhoI, of "Annly^i-s of tlic Hath Waters;" and tliis was followrd by nnalysrs of onr mineral waters Renernlly, nnd of minerals of n rare kind; these were pnblishi'd in the " AnnaN of riiilosopliy." In 1H17 ho was apjiointed leeturer on che- nYistry at the London Hospital , nnd ho was appointed to delivrr several courses of Irr- tnros at the I.iindon Institution. About this period he was also uppoinied by the govern- ment professor of eheinlstry at the Mili- tary ('olIeKO. Sandhurst; and leeturer on rlu-niistry at Grain-.'or's Sehool of Medicine, in Southwark. In IHil Mr Phillips bccnine sole editor of the " Annals of I'hilosophy ; " in X^iri, ho waselocted a Fellow of the Uoyal Society, niid published a paper in the" Trans- actions," in which his name Was honourably associated with that of Mr I'araday, and he always felt nuieh pride in having been the first to introduce that distinfjuished philo- sopher to the Sociity. In \H-ii Mr I'liillips published liis first translation of the " I'har- niacopa'ia I-ondinensis; " and from the colo- brity which he ftnined as n pharmnceuticnl chemist, ho was consulted by the ('oIlcRe of Physicians with respect to thechemical pro- parationsof the work iMued bv that body in IH36. In lH:t!i Mr I'hillips was appointed fhr 'list and curator of ' Ih> Museum of Prac- tical (icoliigy, then in i li.iRs Court, which office he held at the time of his death. Scat tored through the " 'I'ransactions of the Uoyal Society ' and the pacen of the " Phi- losophical Ma;;a/ine " will t>e found his nu- merous contrilnitions to scii-nce , and all the chemical articli»of the" Penny Cyrlopa-di.i " are from bin pt n He w,is one of the oriffiiial founders of the (le.ilofjical Society, for many years a nicnibi r of the council of tiie Koyiil Society, and for the last two years of his life president of the fhcmical Sucletv. Died, ISJl. PHILLIPS, TiloM v-^, U A . a pnrtrnit painter of coinidet.ii'lc merit, was born at IMidley, in Warwickshire, in l77o. Havini? had iionie practice in the country, he came to I/indon win n he was about '.'o, and found employment at Windsor, under Henjninin Wc;». who was at that time enc'iKed In de- coratinjf St (iei(r;;is Chapel, He had for many years to contend with the supi-rior talents of West, I.iwrence, Hoppner, Ac ; l)ut by nnceaslnif application, he Kaitied so much celebrity, as to number amouK his sit tors some of the most eminent men In the kingdom. He wrote occasional essays on the One arts; "ml. In cooperation with Turner, Cbantrcy, jtobertson, and others, he planned and sm cesstiijiy matured the Artists' (ieneral Itcnevident institution. He died, April 2U, 1843, aged 74. PHILLIPS, Wliiin, ^ «l,t „„ami„cral.,„;,';,,,';/'';'"''''t?colo '";'• ■'••••''rly appiiAiT, ^,^. .''mloni, ••'•Id nssislci i„ esablisl r.i "'^'''~"», M^yyyixn^K, )h- conirihutrd n ,' """"^ ^"','' oxtcndcd cultivation c ?'""'*' mineralogy, „„,! became ,,>,n"'w « U'ic.,l,,„ullatcr 1,0 „'?«' lilt «> the K,io«lc.l„e of M , .^'"'■tion passed tbrouKh scvcMl .;,''' '"'"'I' '•'•l-'cially rich i, c m|^ , rV'"" »« " Outlines of MinmlZ'^te '''''' i" conjunction ^^ i ul (^, ft r'"S"'' of the (i,.„loi,y of L„..|, n 1 nn',1 •■•'"'"" wl"''l« Kiivc a powerful loRical studies. ,,,.,, '"'Piilso to pi "1 .wcxaiKiiia, who was one nf 11,7 " tionscnlby,bo,Ie,vs,o| .,/i JE" "Rainst th', (ireeks of A cxai d f ' "" many -.vorks in lireck, tlie prircinn ,f>vi .^ tre.n of the Holy Sni^C^^ an,l morals. Pliiio w.is ,vcU ^e- i ?^ Pl'il"sophyofnato,a,uls.,'ovc ! ;! harmony with Pditi vols. f„iio ,L published under thceditorsliipof Ma I'HILOLAVS, langeyin I>lhaKorcan philosupiior, wl,o pr„W,| lourmhed about II r.;i70. IIo was m.hab the tlrst who published in ttritin;- ilicJ tnncs of rvthaRorasaiul lie krimie Oflc- bratcd for bis system of nstroiioniy I'llILOpiKMr.N, ei..|u ti.nosOTcriilot the Ach:ran Lcauiie, " last of tlu'CiwJiS" was a nntive of McRalopolis, aiul \v,is ta^ n. r. 2:tl. lie early cliosc the carcorofaniis and took for his nimkl i;pamiiion,l,is, whose niciiiory was .sacred to tlic citizens of Mfu- lopidis. He was thirty years of aje Hhfn hu native city was taken liv Cleiimciips.and in the next jearlir contrihutcil totlicJefeat of Cleoinencs at Sellasia. After scrviii; for some years in the civil wars of Ciete.lie w» appointed, in 'Jin, coinninielfr ef the .\cha>an cavalry, the filie lency of wliich lie increased by iiiiportaiit reforms. Tiriveats later he was clioscn ceiioral of tho tajiie, and at onci' applied himself sure (S'.fully to the intrcdiicticiM of more extensive rffurni! in the army. 'I'be same year he doffaipd the Spartans at Manlinea, ami killed tlioir leader Madnnidas, (ditnlnin;; for (irocce peace for several years, and for hiniielf the hiclH St n nown as protector of (ImiaD I'.bcrty. He siibseiiiiontly reeovrreJMc'srne from Naliis, tyrant of Spuria; rioffatwl Nabis himself near (lythliim, and .isain served fiir smne years in Crete. .\f|er hij return he was atain head of the Irasiie, a(j:iin defeated Naliis. and ill iss mnde him- self master of Sp.irta. when he li.iJ itsivalls ra/ed, exiled the citizens hostile to hiiii, ami abolished the laws nnd diseipline of Lycuririis. While IMiilopicnien «;..* lying sick ol a I'cver al. .\ri.'in, in \'^'. .Mev-inrrr. volted and (lei lared her imli pemlir.fcofthe Ix>aj{uc. He instantly set out for Mcja ,".' ''MahlislUnK tl. ,a "''' I .111 •• II "".''"iSoCflv n P»Nv.'.f,il inipuls, ,„ '"i ';■"• '''""'PS coniminio oj '"' P'-'Prrs to tho (icoiS >.l'.l'S,i.l<,;,rno(lJo,vii,i,„i, «, «l,,.wnsr,ncoftlicto , l',eJ,MV8tolnytluirco,S •■••liKula.A. II. Jl). Hewrnn '"J'rr.k,hoprirnp:„:f::i I " y SiTipturfs, pMiosophv, I'nlo w,„ ,vwi vow'd in iii f 'ato, and strove to 1,1,01V II, ,11 til.. tl.Klks of Mos,,,. if . IS "-orks i« ■• voU. folio, «„ ilrrthotditorsliipofMangeyia I'S. of Crotnna, a ccloliratcd pJuloscMtier, wlio pnilwiily nut H <'.;i70. lie waspmliati; pulilislu'd in «ritiin' ihcdoc tlinfiuras, and lie buMHie ode- ' system nf nstrononiy. ;M1:n, ci-lit times ;;('iicr;d of I.rauMio, " la^t of till' Crocks," of .McRalopolis, aiul was tail I'lirly clioM' tlu'carcorofaniij, his model llpaminomlas, wlujse saered to tlie ritizciisof Mfu- WHS tliirty years of aje «hfn y was taken liy Cleiimcnfs.and ear he contriliiiti'd totJieJtfeai i at Srllasia. After scrviii; for in the civil wars of CiTte.lie ■d. in 'Jlti, coiniiinnilfr of the Iry, the e»Hf lency of wliich he important reforms. Tffiveats ehoseii ceneral of the League, ipplied himself nice (■S'.fully to ion of more extensive rffornis Tho same year he (Iffoalpd at Manlinea, and killed their anulas, (dite'nin^ f»r (iroece I'ral years, and for himiclf the iwn as protector of (Imiaii ahse(|iienlly recovered Mf'sene tyrant of Sparta; detiatnl If near (lytluum, and asain nu' yrars in Crete. Aflir his as atain head of the l.rasiie, '""■' 'n con idled to tak.- poison. Jlis |„sscnc,» Uomp ( ,,^. Achaa--vcllo.ig Life of ApoUonius TV, na, which he wrote at the cmmaiid the Iinpi-''^^ •'""•^ Domna. and of the V 8 of the Sophists, lie was living in WO VHOCAS, emperor of the Kast. was at ir«t a centurion in the army of the Kmperor (n .rice In 602 ho took udvantase of the ,r evanc'es and discontent of the boldiers to K himself elected emperor; a revolt a Constantinople f.illowwd, and Maurice and Lis live sons were murdere.l nt C'h.ilcedon, wliithcr they had fled. I'hoeas was of low MiKin, and of equally lownature; isnorant, koivardlv, and cruel, with no ambition ns Lereiijn, but to indulge the more freely iln lust and drunkenness. The Kmpross IConstantina, accused of conspiracy, was tortured, and with her three dauj-hters be- headtdatChalccdun ; and numberless meaner Tictiius perished withc.it trial, and ami.lst Ireflnemciits of cruelty and torture. Yet ipiiocas was acknowledged both in the Kast jiid West, and his ima^'o with that of Iiis IwlfeU'ontia were set up in the I.ateran by Pope Gregory, who stooped basely to flatter ihim. t'hosiocs, kin;,' of I'crsia, declared war on liitn and conquered several provinces of ithi. empire, and at len«th the tyrant was ioverlluoiva and the empire delivered by Hcrailius, son of the exarcii of Africa, who led an expedition to Constantinople in Clo. Pliocas was seized, put in chains, tortured, ind beheaded, and liis body burnt, lie is described ns small and ueformed, with red hair, close shajigy eyebrows, and cheek dis- llfiured by a preat scar. PHOCION, a celebrated Athenian general and statesman, was born about 11. ('. 4i'o. lie wasa disei|)le of I'lalo and XetUH rates, •crved under (habrias at the naval battle of [Kasos,andbciaiiie seVscqiiently head of tho ipeace party at Athens, steadily opposing Demosthenes and all bold patriots who were ready to lii;l't for ilie indepemleiice of their country n;;ainst the Macedonian invaders. He was a brav.. and successful soldier, and was 4) times appoii.li'd ;;eneral ; his privat.:. cliaracicr was above suspicion, and that ftlone saves him from the infamy which his piJitical course descrv.d. He was twice scat on embassies to Alexander the fJreat, and acquired his friendship. He is said to have advised that Demosthenes i.nd other leading men should be given up to the Mace- liofiiaiis. 'Whcti Athcn.s wa.i ocrupied by Pol.vspcrchon, Phoeion fell one of the first Tictiuis to the enemies of his country whom be had aided. He was tried and sentenceil todcaih,andiuet his end with philosophic 3V composure, II. c. 317. Uln bones were pub- licly interred ut Athens, and a stuluc erected to him. rUOHMIOX, Athenian general, who suc- ceeded Callias, 11. C. 4d'.', uikI c.mipleted tho investment .if I'utidn'a. He ravaged (.'hal- eidice.and to.'k several of the smaller towns. In 4;iO he assisted the Argives to recover their city, from which they had been driven by the Ambracian st.ttler.s. JIui his most celebrated exploits were two naval vic- tories with greatly inferior forces over the Spartans in the (.'orinthian Oulf, ii. c. lUD. After securing Athenian interests in Acar- iiania, lie returned with his prisoners and prizex to Athens. IMIOTirs, patriarch of Constantinople in the 9th tentuiy, was ii native of that city, lie rose to the highest offices of the state before he entered into orders, which took place on the d'-position of Ignatius in 8,57. I'hotius was deprived in his turn by llasilius in 8«i7, but after living in e.xile II years, he forcibly r..gaiiied his s(.at, which he kept till 886, and was th.'n deprived by the Kmperor Ii«u, who s(.iit him into Armenia, where he died. His" llibliotheca" contains the sub- stance of near 300 an'jirnt authors. He had great talents, but was fond of intriguing, and it was principally through lii.s conduct that tho separation of the eastern aud western churches tock place. rnUYMCHt'S, a Greek tragic poet, nourished at Athens, U.C 311 — »7(>. He was a disciple of Thespis, and mad.' i.nportant improvements in the character of '.ho drama, intruducing graver subjects, serious music, and female part.s. The invention of the dialogue, liowever, xvas ri. served for .T.schy- lus, with whom I'hiynichus was for many years contemporary. Tlie works of thiss poet are not extant. I'lAZKTTA, Giovanni H.vthsta. n cele- brated painter of Venice, was born in lt>82, and dii.d in 17VJ. He formed his style chiefly on that of Uiicrcino, proiluciiig powerful ell'eets by the contrast of light anil sh.ule. I'l.VZ/I, (niSi;l'l'K, a celebrated Italian astronoiiK.r, was born in 17 Id. at I'onti', In the Valteline; entered into the order of tho Theatiiies; and, after having been a professor at Cenoa, Malta, llavenna, and I'Mlermo, was in 1787 ma.le director of the observatory founded in the latter city. About this timi) he visited I'aris and London, and entered into a correspondence with tlie moj't cele- brated I'.uropean astronomers. In I80l lie discovered a new planet, which he named Ceres I'erdiiiatulea, the first known of the now numerous asti.roids, ami in 18U5 he made a new cat.ilogue of 7iiHi fixed stars. This distinguished astronomer produced v.i rious tr.atises and memoirs of great iuiport- aiire to the science, and was a member of many learned institutions. H.- was chosen 1' U.S., London, in 18UI. Died, l8Jii. I'IC.VKl), JKAN, Trench mathematician and astronomer, born at I.a I'leche in U'lTJ. He observed the solaroclipse of .Vuiiust, ltil5, i:i I oHJ line I ion with Oiisseiuli, a ml succeeded him t<.ii yi.ars later in the chair of astro- nomy at the College of Trance. He measured an arc of tho meridian of I'aris , was the first to apply the telescope lo the measure- I 8 1 ■'tllil 1 t fl ri.; _ks: !'.! If^l »i , It: 5 r i ;: 1 !;l i 'i ! • i'' t 1 . t I t in M a,-ii. vie] 1.^1J ■'.",".• """ '" ""'■ "'•' l"'«-lMluii. in MlmnomlfiUo!-srrv:»ti..im, vlslnd Unmion- borif to ii.rortnln the cx.ict position of tin. obi.Tvatory of Tyrlio liriih... an.l nlniinril Uiji ohhrrviitory ..f V,\r\». \U liiid llio i,i..r uiuauon to »fi' I'lissiiii nppolntnl iliri'ctor i>r 11,1111(1 hu owti propoK.ls Hlijfhtcd. Hi- !iiil<'» innniilrs tontributcd t>i llu; Acvidnny of Hiionecs. of whii li lu< hud oih- of the flrnt incnihrri., he wn.io — "I.ii M.'uur.' dt- Ju MMio," niid " V.ijnKc di' ri'miilciiliorK," and oriKinatfd tlw pcrlddiciil work intillod, Ij»Conn;«iiiMiin('cdt'(iT( nipi. '• MiMilisirv.i lion* win- piililitlir-d liy l.iinonnii i in 1741, nndir the title of ■ llimoiic (Vlcmi I'iiard died ut Tiiris about Il'^J I'll AUI, ItK.iiNAUi'.niicniincnt tiiRravor, wim l.orn at I'arii* in H.r.i.nmi diid in IT.ij. riCl'lNI. Ni((»i.((,ii lelchratid niuso Ian (van liorn at Uari, in the kingdom of Naplt>8. Having' obtained Kreat npuiation at NnpliD, lie was called to Uome al»out Ktin, and uprnt n jroar» thorc. I>nrinK Hii* period he pro duccd his loliliraied operas ' I,ii it eihin.i, " •tnd " dlimplade." After a itl.ort ntay at NaploH, he went, in l"7fi, to I'aris. tJluck wait thrn in the zenith of his reputation, and a pplritrd eontDit was ni.iintained l>e- twcen I'ieoini niid him , an. I all Tarls was lor a lime IntereMed in it At the revolu tion I'iieini returned to Naphu, where he WHS »u>|ie( ted of Immik n Jacoldn ; on whieli lie went aK.iin to I'ranee. and died at I'asiiy, in 1H(U, ani'd '2. rucini wa» a most indus- triouK and ori>rin.il jornponer, more than .ioo operas, hcBiden nunierou« oralorlon, can- lat«R,&c., h.ivini,' lieen pro,|ii ed Iiy him ]'1( (uI.o.MlM.di lAVKi. ,1 .li^tuuriiished Italian K h-Tn in I V."i. After bervintt in Hie >p,iiiiiih army in Italy he enti red the Mrvae of lerdinand II. , tonU part in the battle of I.ut/en.con Irihuted to the viit'.ry of Noidlinweii, over I. Ml Sii.ibia and rranconi.i. lompelled the lifinh to f,ii»e the met;.- of Ihionvllle, MiiJ saved Auxtria from tlu' threatened s.vidiiih invasion. He Mm defeated by loiRtensnn at the battle of l,eii)M, (or Hrci- linfild, ill l<;jj,und .n tht lollowini; yi'.ir I iilered the ^ervivas .Htili ,i„„! , ; ' " If «l,ilc it' ArboiH. 1„ .M;,rch ',-,:''' ''*'»'^'"«r d-piity from the denartnl,',, nf ,?' ,"">"'" tbe council olMve II ,"\''«'''|r^i I" tamed his ortice till t c i ', f " ""'>'"' when a new rev.d.i ,o,u,i , /'P'r''"''' one of the sixty fiv cT .mi ^ ^'"''''''■"« "itb rarnot aLnlate ;;r:^'^;r directors, were dccliir.l i,., i •-' ""■ KUilty of a ro!,| 'V .Itv";;!^""" «'•■"""■•' to cl.'portatio, "?,,;, f :"• others M.isscinto (•,„■,..,„.. ..1 ' ""' {;-'-PMoi.,.i!.;;:,'"::;,;,'\;;j^^;ja. became ai (iiia nled with (■„„. V^ '"* land.d on the l-reiu'li c mst ,w r ,™ Wn.h,.inJanuar;,K,;-^„ rffl: "I.I \cn.lean I'^iUers. thrv r..pairei n f ..ble ., their Views , t,,it tl„. Hi/c (aZ l;on.h.. discovered ,ho ,,i„!, and K |ieorj,.s and I'icheitru wrrc irreMcd Tlif latter «,scunll„cd in II,. TimploandapM '•ess ci.mmenced ni.'aiiist him; but '/was loundone niornin(tstraiu'lcdiiiiiri«(,i, \riri| I^'<'t.th.lv,u. Inthis,ount,Tit«-,.,b.l.',N that his death was by diret't coiimiaiid ol Huon.ipartr ; but there ii no positirc cti dcllrl , I'lfHI.llK (Al'.oi.isi , , one of til: iiosi prolitii- writers that CermanvhasprodaffJ was born at Vii'iiria. 17f.!). llfrmaiilfnnjiiie wag (in iner. Her f.itliir lidil ,-i hikiiposj. tion at the court nf Vi. mia , ani ]Mhm was loni; eelcbrat.t; f„r its rounioiu ufall that w.is most ilistinuuislicd In ihatnifiro- pidiH for rank, fashion, and t'cniiii, Shere- cencd a tlrsi rate education, und.slioivediii early prcdilci tiiiii for literary f.ursmts; bat it was not till after she had .uiaincdlierM vear that she appeared as an authortsJ.hrt flrst work, railed the "{ilciclmissc," Mnjt published in I7;i'.t. This was followed from •=!?;-• t" tim- >>y V^riou- -thrr ncrksOfeOE siderable merit , but thcsf were all thrown into the shade by hi r " Afrathoclps," whichl appeared in l«o8, an.l was written with tie M k^ft. "..„d8HISMB*»fc^iM M *fc K^ M -r ''''"'•'ftlu.Hrmyof, '*"'"•' '!»'■ "^''^cloftheurmvo >1J'«» l'ai.l,«u,^/V,/S','"'.in>«r. ri't-irntd .„ . '"'""fffiht Prinn.of,.., ',"Watlo„, ""'"' "f tlu. l^, ,;?■'"«« in > *l''P"rtatioM 1-1,1, , «o .iiflaiul; iiiid «vhile there li "f I •• •■imKrants t.. oft,, ,|,f ;;' "•'"'"l.arlP. iuv,„5b,, '"' '•■•'•'"'"' ^'''.-ist ny fap,ai„ .»nuar)MN,>,,,vi,i,5„v„ai;t,i; '" '•/"'':••''■ tl"'y r.'pairfd in diV ' ■■'"'I'l'irti'fir.laparlyfaw •"■ Mfws Mit tl„. police (anilor iM'|.v.T.,l the ,,1,,,, and boih J 1 uhvuTU Wire .irro-Uil, Tlie cuiilliM'd in II,.. •!•,„, [ileandap;^. I'lK-rd ni.'aitKt him; hut !ip ».is ">niiii(fi«tr,ini.-lcU ill privM., April i I"hiiiii, and frcniih. Sherp- »t-riiti' education, and .showed an <■< ti(in for literary pursuits; but ill lift. ri.he had attalncdherJiilll If appeared as an authores»,liet railed the ">y VSri'JU- •;ihfr nurkU-feOB- (Tit; hut ilii»e were all thrown iile hy IjiT " Asathocles." which 1M8, and wan written with tie ^'"'•"^In hwS romattre.; of which '*T ""^^ toned the " Orufen vo.i H-hrn- •"^ *.'i KorunK \Viou'» von UM," ^'' S,,n (Vfen •' " Honrifttf von i:iiK- feKK^'ANUHiw!"a mLcllnneou. IV.r wnn b Vru at I'aiMcy, in Seotloii.l. in t' Aft r SO""' "n8UCcr»Hful atfinptn of a r' „«dalimiure,he eiifeie.l on a litiTiiry r"' hv ™Sinh jury. As niany exairfcrated ru jouuhad pi' ceded ll.ecidonel to Knirlaiid, Imw trial was (jiaiitcd. and thoiiiih he was ■quitted of iiie/-«( ytiilt, the deed threw u |aJe over his career. However, in 1M''.i he b -:aiii employed for his country, lie ; the sicxe of rUishinf?, and on it-. Iplure was appointed governor. I'roiii iu^llill(; he returned to l.tiu'land an In- idiii, but was soon ajjaln in the tield. His Itiiageand intrepidity shone on every occu- tn, ever foremost in the tlKht.iie wan a Ictuiions lender nt lladajo/, at Vlttoria, 1 Citidad llodriiro, &c. At the close of [ I'ininsular War he received the thanks t'i- ''-'Uie of Cuiiiuiens fur the -fVehth Be, June, 181i, and was made K.C.ll. At ehattlc of Waterloo, I'^lh June, iHl.^.Oen- •1 I'icton command. d the 5th division % j^U) mniueraa! 13(o8rnpt)». [ml of the army, and fell there, h.jviiig Just repiilned ono of the most serious attucki made by the enemy. A inunument to his memory was voted by parllunient, and erected in Kt rnuls cathedral. The por- trnit of Hlr T I'icton. painted by HIr M. A. Hheo, Is in tho Nntloiutl I'ortruit (Inllery. I'Krrou, I'Aiiiits. iJAHius ru r<»u.i I'IKUCK, Kdwaui), an llnKllsh painter In the rel|;vis of Charles I. and II. He was eminent lu history and landscape; but as his works chietly consiNte.l of altar-piecei and celllnK* of churches, th» re are few of his pictures in existence, most of them '..iving been destroyed In the fire of London. — One of his (tons WHS an excellent sculptor, and executed the stalueu of Hir Thomus UreNham and Kdward III., which ornamented the Itoyal I'lxchnnKC before it was destroyed by flie, .Ian. 10, IH.'IH. IMi:u.«AKlNI,(m:HKPPK, Italian archl- t"ct, horn ut l-'oliKnu in 17:)i. He was u pu- pil and assistant of Van vitel II. and about I7fi9 settled nt Milan, where he was appointed architect to the archduke, .iiid subsequently professor of architecture at the Acinh'my of the itrern. He built the theatre DellaScala, and many other public buildings and private mansions and villas at Milan, and died at I'olitfno in 1W)«. I'UlAl,!.!:, JKAN llAi'ilwiK, an eminent sculptor, was born at I'uris, in 1711. He studied in Italy, and on his return to France became sculptor to the kin*;, chancellor of the Academy of rain tinK.an<>ned him for tlve years, during whiili period he wrote his " Lives of the I'aiiiters." He wasalso the authorof •' I)ia- lotfuis on the KnowledKO of I'uintinff," " A Dissertation on the Works of famous I'aint- ers," iV:c Died, 17o'.t. riHiN, {iKK.MAlN, tt celebrated French sculptor, born at I.ouf^, near Mans. He set- tled at I'aris nb.)ut IS.'.o, was employed by Henry II. and bis tiueen, and died probably aliout l.'iiKi. AmoiiK his most admired works are— the (iroup of the (iraces, now in the l.ouvn- ; the bronze statues of Henry II. nndCatlirTine de' Medici, fo'.'miuK part nf the monument to Henry at St Denis; the i-uiu- h. ileum of Du llellny, &c., I'ilon worked in bronze and alabaster as well as nuirble. I'll.l'AY, or HIDI'AI, reputed author of a very ancient nnd widely circulated collec- tion of Indian tales or fables. Nothing what- ;-.rr in K::"Wit uf h::::, rr ftf ihi- pf-Hutt in whii'h he lived. The Fables found their way into Furope probably about the 12thcenttiry, when thev were translated from the Arabic MH L n I. : T' ii I'! ■ I! } ! I t ;i! ' 11 1 m i " '1 ■; r i ^ .,-il: ■1 i .i fi u iii i \ i V U U> i nahhV? '•.'• "•■n.M.Ham, h.t,. ii, i.r.w i,. lUbbl JoH «nd »,K,ii afUT l.uo l.«ti„. •,• f. from * iImv? ''"* ."'"'*^' '" ''"^^ «'" ^"'""'•y i IM)AU. tho unat (ircrk Ivric poot wm B. c. &n. He wan of a „„|,i,. f,,n,iiy . »„|,| ' hare N-on .kinod ,„ „,„,,,. „„a „,, ,V., *„',,;' fath.r . art of Ihite pl.i) in^. At All cnt ho wa.a ,.u„il „f l^,„.of Ii..rmU,nr..., i o" ,,|i return „. w..» «,Mii..a by tho «avic« of u rinna. who wcro aUo hit comw-tltori fro *al» I in.lar made portry and mutlc tho bUiUlCM of hi« life. «„.l compoMul rhor * ,„n«^ for prince, and .uir» in all p„rt, of re "e for which n.wa» .he ru.tom, he re.'elved money ,u,.| Kifu ^ct he did not heco, no „ mere hireling hut maintained »uch diKulfled , position an iHttticd l.ini as port and man an. 1 i .poke truth fearlcMly ,o „l|. H,,' ,!"„",• ';*" •t couru nor take part in putdie HfTuir, Pindar excelled in all Tarie'tic. of ""lorai poetry, hymn, to tho ^od.. paa, ,, , dr, for proccMion.. drinkinK ...nK.. V* uj the only poem, of hi, „„w extant are tho Sp'I'k.a or rr,umph.,l M,,, con,p",cd in Unily. and hi. »tate are intermixed uiih mythu al narrative, and .ententiou. nuxini. and admonition. . and the odc»,,ublime " hu.ia.tic. and full of lofty thouKht and .en- T.T.v" oV.,"!"'""'. "^ "" 'xtraordim ry Tariety of .tyle and expre«»ion. No iwo ?h-'i .'"h "^ ''" *"'"•' ""■•'•^■- ''""l''r attained the hi«he.t renown in hi. o^n nKe. and a. yrieal poet ha. no rival. When Theb . w'* ^Lr^T'l'" A"-/,""^^'^' ""• •'""l-'-r-.r bade HMIKMu.Srh, HllloMTd, (oiuit an rnrrrai';'!"'; ''^"■'•.""" •-"• «» "en.."-" m 1,53, and di.tinKuuhed hlm.ilf at a yerv trlJu^^i^V''*, '>^'"'' '•"inpo.ition,. 1 e mill li '? ^:"Kl««J. ITance, Holl„„j. a,r. I many, *c.. forming acciuaintanic w itl. .min- , ent men.and obtainuiK the e.teemof all who I '"'.mT^''"- '"*''*■ »' Verona, 1n-h. born ^„i rim" ■"*'/.". V"'"'"' tnsraver. wa. born In 16'Jrt. and died in I7,W )ic .-x. ruled •ome larwe plah. of the taiK-.try l.anK.uK. In the l«ou.e of lx>rd«. whi.h were »o a,,- proved, that parliament pa»„.d an act o i ^IT u '"I" ""' ••""•'""'•"' «ri.inK' f om and the Hueollc» ..nd (ieorKic. of VirKil II '"t rj'i;^ * t" «<•"'» «nd Im^-reliefH ^ ' phyMcinn particularly di.tinKuii.hed fur ihe mportant iuipr.,v, nu nu he intr,>duc.d in h« treatment „f p.iiicn.. labouring under ln*i.n y. Amonn hi. work, arc, '• A Mcdi to philowphicl IrealiM. „n Mental Alien Clinical Medicine •• i|,. praciiJd with Kreat .uccew al I'ari v « here he ..!m. >.,..,.■ i.,..i eolour*. ' y'«" Hid, aw?,""","?'*'!. Sme;':f^-,;-i9' ;.5, .Dithyrambl'. ,).|,J;.. a^J.VI.'^t,. I"-'?"; "e Wiuedu'catei and nerved H yea, "•■t; after wliicii lii. i,,.|,i,, •Ifvoted th - ' ture. volume, of " DithyrambJc o.i,.- .. an(l"i"i t"'i'^K .»l«; aUo produced two v"i„n3 5"'^''«'" Ancient Scottish I'o,^ , "' '/ P'-'^ded >'o uuuuier of Clut cr " , andT'^'"'" •■terature." under theai^ ,''"'"»»» Uolicrt Heron, in «i h h?n "''"'« »' Kree ofiuipudent mdl.rv f"PMade. of Horace ^Valn„l,. ,7'?'"''"'"'"% &o..hepubii.h^;v, ., Sv^^^^^^^^^^^ <'ca«e, under the tin, ■• u ,*^'''' '"' lie- bare en.,.!, ;.■.," "' . ^^ 'I'poliana." » bare cataloKii, ir.uiij pi » ' lid till a coiisic.erable n.e TrcHMiryof \Vit •■ iT'^r "■*■• J<''»-clionofx;ya,c/anaCclV",r leonoKr.iphia s.oiica " 2 v> 'V ',' .';^Hlt;:ii;:,i;;;,!;;i,St.-j2i tine ehapel. ,.fier« ar.l^,lrcorat..d bvihcm^l freM.,e,,,fMichaelAnKeloanaotlril Kul.hed juint. rv I'mtelli uh„ wcted7e' H.urehe, of isanla Maria del r„;S At.>M.m..and,,tlH.rs,tl.el'unle>.,;o,a.,d' , .1 .'"".'"'■">■ "'■ "'"«f!.rwd» npwje.lat t ibinr.. Tiic tiuieaudplaceot 111' dealh are unknown I'lNlo. mi:mi|;/i.into, I'l.VlI'ltUclllo, a dibUnuuhhidlialiaii punter, iH.in.it I'rriii;ia,inll5l. IlisMh- Iiirile was I!J UN.UililNO Di ijmu llei! »ii||||"»ea to have studied imda' Tmsm, « horn be acenmpanied to Home and assuied 111 Home of Ills wi.rkn. 'riie ilicfd aurruof ■ till* master is the series of (rrsms itsimm, illuKlratintf the life .f I'np,. I'ius II , in Wbirii ihv ;:i:i;^- i;apha,i g.iVc |uui.j,uif He painted in the churcli of aria del I'op-iloHt Home, and in tbo ihm.^ ''I.I. JUllTouiT^ , ->, «l'i- romaiiulor of hi lir^"'""" '" i-i'^aii »,.*;„,'""'"•■ "f poetry, entit >d ■ L'"^"' u 05..,., ana Travel." 1,5 '•''■'■■'. '-'vols, land "Wot l||..krrtuun.,iaeaat]'ari.,S| .'. UUIIAKI). il'YNSON" I • •'. U.ua,,, Italian ar'chitrct >'<"t H.l, and «ascniploTMlbri It '>-ti>ilt,it'naiullmiUtiieSi|. l.i|fl.'r«|.r,lMlrcurai,.dl,yihcfrwll Micnacl AnnHii and otlitrdiiiin-' intirv I'mtWli alw irocted the I if ^aiiia Maria del I'upolo, Sant' ! md (itlirrs, till' I'unle N»to,aiNl I 11 I.il'Mry. II,. was afl.rwdj It I rliino. 'Jiie time and place of' rr iiMkiiown. :mkmii;/I'into.; :U'CH1{), a diliiinKUiihfdIiali.iii in at I'rriiiiia, in II5|, llislmh- lUUN.uiiUNo 1)1 limu llei! I I) liavc stiidicj iindoi- Pcrusino, I .•(•'Uiiranicd ti) Home and assiiifd j ins wvrli. Tiio clicfdffiiiroof I is I hi; ••rrit'scif frfscoi's'itSic'DnJ, ' the life r.f i'„p^ I'ius :i, in ■ ytauio' iiaphdti g.iVf lnui mi.t He painted in the churcli I'f I di I rop•'• ir''1,rr^S ''M"dor,na and Child' Inan in of rolumt.ui on hi. flrM voyaK.'. ?i^w V ' ft rich •■lll>!Cii of I'aloi. llr wii« "d c i ai" "'"> p"'" "' Vv: ,'''"■■;"" 1 nidby hlscontuel Induced V.l.i-nhuH. hi I all October, to chanKO hl« <-ou.iO 1 dstlie (...uth we.t. In eon«e!el>aHtiano pciHod in pi)i traits, two of his finest being hose of Andrea lioria uud Oiulia (ionzagit. Died, 1.517. I'lOZZI, IlF.sTFR Lynch, bom In IMO, iras the daughter of John .Salisbury, I'.sn., iRcntlcman of Carnarvonshire. Karly iu Bfc she was distinguished by her beauty knd accomplishments, and, in 17113. mar- ried Mr Thrale, a rich hri'xver in South irarit, which horoiigli ho tlien represented Pn parliament. Souu after commenced her Mquainta.ice with l)r Johnson, of whom, in 17f*fl, she publlthi d " Aneedutci," in one 8vo volume. On the death of Mr Thrali', In 1781, she had retired to Hath, where iiho married I'io/itl, nn Itnll.m musle mamer, with whom ulio went to I'loreme. Her nub' ie(|uent piiblicalioin are, " ()b»er»ailon«.ind Itellections made In n Journrr throu^'h Frnnce, Italy, and (lermnny ;■• '^'The Klor ence Mltcellany ; " " Hritish Synonymy;" and "The UetroKpect." Hut she Is rhiedy remembered as nn nuthoroMii for her Inge- nious tale of " The Three Warnings" On thodeathof her second husband, Mrs I'inz/I returned to Kngland, and died at Cliflon in iH'il. Ui-r " Autiiblogr.iiliy " has been edit- ed by A. Ha v ward. IMI'lT. HIIIMOllOM/VNO ] I'lUAM'.Sl, (ilOVANNI I'.ATIIHTV, nn eminent engraver, architect, and antiquary . was born at Venice, nlmut 17'.'i», but lived prinilpally at Home, (if which city, with its models of r.ncient nnd modern art, he w.-ixan enthusiastic udmlrer. He was one of the most indefntigalile of nrtl..iti, and his talent* were equal to bin industry ; bis works form 2)» atlas fol. vols., and ili liiieate, In tho most spirited manner, most of the reinarkubli- ancient edUlees and works of art In tho I'apal States, togotherwith iiiiiiioroug views and modern buildings, liied, 177'<. I'lUANl'SI, liiANClsco, son of tho pre ceding, and, like him, nn artist of great talent, was born nt Homo, in 171H. He com pleted many of the magnifleent works begun by bis fatlur. and executed many others of equal magnitude ; In which be xvas nssinted by his brother I'iero and bit hlsler Laura. Hnvlng taken an active pnrt in the rovolii tion, he ultimately found it necesMiry to quit his native country ; nnd be continued to reside at I'aris from that time till hix death, in I8l(). I'lllON, Al.KXIS, n lYeneh poet and drn- matlNt, was born at I>ijon, in IfiWf. Having for a while earned a scanty subsistnnee at I'nris as a copyi»t. be turned his thoughts to dramatic composition, nnd produced a piece for the comic opera, entitled "Arleqiiiii Deucalion." Thl< succeeding, ho was eii- cournged to persevere, nnd L'Kcolo des IVres. ' a comedy ; nnd the tragedies of " Calllsthdne" nnd " (iustave Vnsa " fol- lowed. It was not, however, till 1T;18 that he gamed a place among the highest class of dramatists, by his admirable con-.cuy of " M*tromanle," xvhicb I.aharpe cbarneter- izes as excelling In plot, style, humour, oneS vivacity almost every other composition of the kind. Hi»"Hon« Mots," " Poi^sies Di- verse*," and " I'luys," form 7 vols. Died, 177.r IMSANO, ANDURA, a celebrated early Italian sculptor and architect, was born in 1:.'70. Ho was n pupil of (ilovnnnl I'isano, and having attained great reputation as a bronze ca.stor, was charged to make the gates for the Ilaptistery nt Florence. The modelling was tlnished In LUO, and nine years was then occupied In the casting and completion. AVhen they were sot up the Sii/nory went iii fttJite tr> thank Audrea. and made him n citi/en of l-'lorence. Andrea was the intimate friend of (iiotto. and assisted Mm in the sculptures of the Duomo and eoj s: I 5 ' t i^ t ! ■i 1! I ■' ■ ' ! « ' i iW i i i '-^ ..-^-Jula.^ \\i i I ?! ;,' i: ■ f 1; I \ i ' > ! V ■I I » il 1 i l" ji .ij; rn! i ■ ■\i^' . iih'i ifl i 1 1 • 1 i 1 i iLLl-!^ iPISj ^M.'Tvl''- "*-' f^rlilled the I'alaz2o V.-c- castles in lu8cany. Died nt Florence. 1345 t)rca na *"** ^''" ^''^ '"""*''■ °*' '^"'''■•-•* M^' '-'.'. *",*''^" "■■*' '""^ "f t'H' 1-Hl. cen- iur.T, iho facts I nd dironoloRv of his life nre very obscure, and there is hut one work '*hichi8 certainly known to he hig, the cru- nnx of .St Kainen e I^onardo at I'isa He ' 18 said to have painted in the upper elnirch <>f A«Ms| after 122(i. Art was then at the I i^'j;;^*/,';'' "' ^''''''.''ua <.iuma did nothing I *\l^^^?' ,^'aple» about ten year... he was calhnl to : 1 adua to design a basilica in honour of St j Anthony. His tirst known sculpture is a . relief of the "Deposition," executed at il.ucea about lji|, still preserved. In I'lS i he was at Florence, employed by the (ilii- ;bel inc party to destroy the Haptistery, in ' ,''■''''•'' ««'«'* »•<■ I'lppily failed. He e'tab lished his fame as an architect during the following years by building many churches and p.ilaces. and in l.;f;o executed the noble pulpit in the llaptistery of I'isa. which I placed him in the lirst ftink as a sculptor His next work was the sculptured sarco- phagus for the remains of .St Dominic at Hologna, in which he was asMsted by his scholar, Fra (iugliclmo Agnelli. In lUK Niccol.1 Mcnt to Sienna, to construct a pul- pit for the Duomo. one of his tinest works lie was afterwards emphned t,v charUs of Anjou to build an .ibbi y ,iiid convent (o commenioraie his victorv of Tauliaco^/o and his last work was the beautiful foun- tain in the pla/za of I'eruuiu. parilv e\e eutcd by his son (.i..vanni. The seriiics rendered to art by Nireola Fisuio are thus summed up l)y a ^nent critic •' lie gave the deathblow to Hjrantinism and liarbar ; Ism ; established new anhitcctural princi- ples ; founded a new scIi.miI of sculpture in Italy; and hold.s the Kmw r. laiiou to Italian nrt which DaiHc Ik.M, to Italian I literature' Died, nt J'lsa, 1 .'Tn A ciM of I the famous I'lsan pulpit is placed in the ' Smith Kensington .^Iiisi urn. l'IS.\N(>.(,i,,v.\NM. ;i (,|,|,r,,ti.,j Italian sculptir and architect, koii of the prer.-ding was born at I'isa about 12(o. h.. ;.»h1.,,,,,| his father in » x.-cuting the pulpit at sienna was employed for homic xcars at Naples and then f.t I'eruKia atmut the fountain of the pla«»a. Dn his fithers death he selllrd at I'isa, and there built the chun h of S Mi,ri i della (spina, the first (iothic building in Italy, and thi' Nautiful lamp., Saiilo, in which I: • also executed sevi r.il works (\f •culptur. . In Uh,; („. |„.^;,m ,|„. f„^,„i,. „f the Duomo at Hienna, and among his sulise nuent works are the shrine of San Donato at Are»/o. the pulpit in th"- ciiurth ^ Mtbi anibcrsal ^g (oara^ftp" ""urped ,iie 8ovoro1gnUnn?"^'''«"l a descendant of (vJ ' °' '"scounti... °' '''»f''''nM Hi;.s^,''""^iniS^^^^ was ainbiUous clonufm '"^^ fwune b" * u ceded in democr.ces In ''''*» «ftei the hnver classes nf t ic cinV *?'"'^ «« l">'»y and iinboundca lil^ T' ''>''i>aff Solon, but conftrmea ,n l ""' '«8 nutl.ori.y, anaiiZu;M;i'"'™'i'<'thc polled, lu. rcuMincd .h« ^''* Wee e continued to .>.;;i|L..u%o?a?,r'^'« r. but as the father of hu '"''''»«• died .)J7 ii.c.,h.avi„ 'u . ' "^'"""ry, v. andl.ipparchu. !T,£Vttr''%S c ablished a public i rv ?aT"' "« *-'o lectcd and arrangca tho ni^'?™'' and I'lTCAIHNE, AK lu r^°""« poem, P».y».nan. born at ^1^ ™'''^"' After receiving his c.bi ",. ! ^"' '" 1652. city and ut^4i",^e''"V?':'"^^^^^ professor of medicine a tirvi„ *'"'" ''M "ally M.ttlcd at K,Jin„'S?'"'?''^"ent. works are. •' DisputaS'vi''''"* ""^ i:i''nienta Jlcdicinifi i ir^''"^*'" ^^i\ Ilea." Died, 1713 * ^''5^«'«-matlienia.l '-Id',u!':;sr^t"';^f""'*'^^ : l!Iandf,,r,i i.f >.^1°' ''""sliurninieM. Annrea, I'istota, and the nionniiH nt of I'op.- Jti'nedlct X jacbolnni was trxs at I'eriitfia l.dre.i I'maiio Among Ins iM.d at I'isa, m atHiandfoni,TM'i';.;j;^;';;:'';;"^»ini6», at \\ inchcster .ind at Nrw eli "*»W «"'l Laving ob,ai,Pa'',,r2f;"""^' l'in.p..-n,>, he there passca hi ' if "°^°' Pcrforni.ince of his dor o d ,i , ' '5 ">« cultivation of ,i,,.ra7et'" 1-^^ ^•"->11.ann£:',S[; I'lTT. Thomas, the founder o( an ilin, ^nl n';"■^T''''''i"*\!'*'^•"^■'^£■ rd in Km,!. lowards the end ofthatcen- ury he «ent to the i;.xst Indie,, as so'ra, v.nrl' l' "-r''''^''""h"«idedM. years and re.d.zed a large fortune; par cularly by a diamond , called .-.ftP I A. '.401, and sold to thekiii^'ofFranc^fV somewhat more than the times tiiat sun A ruin.ejr having prevailed in tnj:land,thai the governor gained this JHWciunfairicMd I ope havin- most un»»-:UTaiiiald)- (riven He slaiid.'r currency, by a sort of pociical aiiop. tion of ;t m the following couplet- '• Asleep and naked as an Indian lay, .\n honest factor stole a gem away, he published a nanalive eontalnins a fait statement of ili.- trinsactioii, wliioh coni' pb tcly icfr'ed ilic c.iliimny. in ins. Mr I'iit w.it iiiadi' i;"vcriiiir of J.imaloa.buldiiii not hold that Miiiaiioii aliove a year He! sat ill fonr pivrlianicnts, f.jr old Sarumand Thirsk; died in 172(;, and was buried in liluniltord chiircli, where a inonuracnt wai <-r;-c!.td {:> hjj ij.,.;>.,,fy ItoHnu' I'lfr. of linconiiue, who died in 1727, was the father of tllf f.mt Loni I'halham -I *""» the poll. v;.h"i'»''"'«eo^ '1-t to nbolish tie ■ "'"'i! ut conftrmea an J '*V**« of ■• '"'J thouBh ■", w ™f ^Mr e nK.ii.u.l the soTcre 'r 1 to cxcTcis,.. it not n. M^ '^' « s the father of K"^»ess. ^f^'l'us, t,. inherit hi8»„:"W« ■*' !i public library it /,?"• "« •■""' '"TanK,.,! the h1 '^™S' and ''Vi".« |.iM.hK.atio t'ti'," f "I I'aris, be waii fn, i J ""'"e [•. •'I'.sputatloi^f MedS^Wj '•'i Medicina; I'livii;. '. ^^^ . ho there passed his iifp ^ ceof„,,,,rie,d duties; 1 "f literature, bolored and rX ln'*Mmv„yofn,annorsa e •>olene,.. His poems have co ""•ft. and his translations oft aml-Vi,la'sArtofIvC. ri'l and barmouioug. Hedjedii .HOMAS. the founder of an ,„„v lb, was born ntStMarvV Bland. '■<• '"^vardsthecndofthatcen. nt to the Kast Indies, as weraor (.enr«e, where he resided niatj realized a larfte fortune; m y a diamond leallrd after him amond • which lie purchased for d hM to thekiiiKofFrancefor more than the times that suin lavini; pri'vailed in tnj;land,thsl )r Rained this JHwelunfairly.iiid ;; nidst tiim-arranialilj-civentlie rency, by a sort of poetical ac the following couplct- and naked as an Indian lar, est factor stole a gem awjT," d a ttarialive contalnins a fait if 111'- transaction, which com- 'ted till' eahimny. in TIS, Mr nil' (.'ovcrnnr of ,)amaiea,tiuldid lat Miiiaiioii above a year He parliaiiiciii^, for (lid Sarumaiid d in 172i;, and was buried in ■hiiich, where a inonuracnt wai his mt-rritify.— H;i f'Mnt Hi, [TT, of liiicunuue, who died in till' father of the great Lord ^ iiftD anibergal ^iograp^g. "■"^The sewmUon of the earl of Chat- ,.,„,,, was the seconu ^, ^^ ^^ ham, and born "8^ ; ' „„. rudiments of i„Kcnt. ,f\""/^,o\u, under the s.iperi.i- '>^'^'*"?nf his fathc '" ^vas sent to I'o.n- ''"f'Mdfcambriasi', where his tt.tor was broke Hall, tarn uiuh. univer- 1), Prctyman; andj n ,,B ^ „„a („ sityhewa center at' ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ,^ lliieeypars «as i.mtu >" .__ ^ ui„hn 7'':inerslu rly to niove in a higher univ ; ?2t dl;lin«uisnea opponent, -f the i'inistry. fn 1782 he ""'•ftnframbridKe.hut was unsueeess- '■'r''^5n?ho«ever,of Sir James I.ow- ..^f„™ ar^eS for the bon.u«h of- broui! . „ l.'i« HDDOinted chancellor of the : ehfau r A .^neral peace soon followed. Sbe"is m.v\e the ground ol censure by a 8 ron- oirp(.sition, the cabinet was dis- olvl^and the Fox and North coalition nn its Place, on his retirement from fflee Mr P t resumed his ertorts for a re- 0* 'i parliament, and Bubmitted hroc PC fie niotions on the subject, which al- hough supported by Mr Fox, then secretary state, were rejected. On the fa. ure of ■U's India bill,«hich produced the d...,- missal of the coalition. I'ltt, althouKh at that time onlv in his 2Uh year, assuined the station of prime minister, by ncceptinK the united posts of hr^t lord of the treasury and chancellor of the excheciuer. Althouyli 8trcr.sly supported by the sovereipn. he stood opposed to a lar-e majority of the Ho'jsc of Commons, and a dissolution took place in March, 17Hii. At the general rb'C- tion which followed, the voice of tin- nation appeared decidedly in his favour, and some of the strongest aristocrutical interests in the country were defeated, I'itt himself be- ini; returned by theuniversity of r;iml>iid«i'. His first measure wan the passing of his India hill, establishing' the Hoard of Con- trol, which was followed t'y tlscal and liiiaiu'ial regulations, whi h Rave Mnt to Iheearly period of his adiniiiistratioii. One of the most niomeutous periods in mo- dern history had now arrived. The l-reneh levoliition broke out, and produced aKita- tion ill every neiijhbourip^' stite. War iijjainst free prineiph's was declared on the (iucside,hv which all amelioration was op- ' posed, wliile on the other, the friends of rational rcformatior. I'oiiiul themselves eon- founded with i«noraut and hiated men. who espoused some of the wildest and most visionary iiinuvatious. I iidtT this state of thin«3 a vigilant eye and a steady li.ind were obviously necessiiiy to steer the vessel of state; and whatever opinions may be formed by .iiifrrciu p;ir;irs. in rfapfr: to lavishly heaped upon him. or whether lie was entitled to the gratitude of his country, as ' the pilot that weathered the storm," — certain it Is, that he disjilayed talents, rn- erpy,and perseverance, almost uniiariiUeled in the world's history. At length he ac- ceded to the wish that an experiment for peace should be tried, which took place In 1801, under Mr Addin«ton ; but the event proved how fallacious were the hopes of the people , and, in 1801, IMtt once more resumed his post at the treasury, lleturninn to power us a war minister, he exerted all the energy of his character to render the contest successful, and found means to ennaRC the two great military powers of Russia and Austria in a new coalition against Napoleon, which w;(s dis.solved by the battle of Austerlitz. Hut his health was now in a very precarious state, and an here- ditary nout. afrgravated by public cares and ;i too liberal use of wine, by way of stimu- lant, completely undermined his constitu- tion ; and he died Jan. 23, 18(it!. I'itt was a i)uriic obtaiueu im I ■ ^^ ^^^,^^^ minister of commanding powers, liotli as a treasury; ana -nri ".I, fluancier and an onitor ; his eloquence. financier and an onitor; his ekxiuence, though not so imaginative as that of liurke, i or so captivating as that of his father, was niore uniformly just and imiiressive than ' either; while the indignant severity audi keenn'ss of his sarcasm were uiieinialled. i A pu ic funeral was decreed to his honour I by parliament, as also a crant of £Hi,tioii, to I pay his debts, for although his whole Hie | was devoted to the service of his country, j such was his disinterestedness in pecuniary ] matters, that he never received one shilling | of the ptitilic money beyond his fair eniolu- j ments of otltce, to supply the occasional great : expenses to which he was put as prime j minister. A Life of I'itt, with Kxtnicts! from his MS. papers, has been piitdislud by K.»rl Stanhope, in 4 voN. His bust, by Nol- lekens. is in the National I'ortiait (iallery I'lTTACUS, one of Ibe seven s;iges of (ireece, was born at MityUne, in the island of Icsbos, about G'lO lie Me v\ms a warrior as well as ii philosopher , ex|>elli'd the t} in lit Melancthus from I.esbos; and on becoming its sovereign. ll.C 'I'Jo, he discharged the duties of his station In the mo-t exemplary manner; retired i-.fter a leigii of 10 jears, and died li. c. ."iTO. I'll IS, Wii.t.iAM, an l.iiglish sculptor, was born at London in 17!)o. He was pas- sionately fond of bis art, in which ho dis- played an exquisite fancy and grace, and great power of execution. At one time he wasassistant tol'laxman. Among his works „f,._nOSi,i, Id of 1 neas," bas-n liefs of the '• Uapeof I'ros.Tpino " and the " Marriage of Velrlthous," the " Shield of Her. uli s," lias- reliefs in the drawing rooms at liucking- ham I'alaee. »Vc. He committed suicide in April, ISIO. I'lrs 11 , I'opc, .T.NVA-sSYI.VIlrt Vll'fO I.OMINI, was born in 'lusciiny in IIU.^, of an aiu'iint and illustrious family. In UIU he assisted at the Council of I'.asel as secretary , wiis ufterwanls secretary to the aiiti pope Friis V ,Hnd t!-!!; fo !h<- Impcror Frederick .„.,..., , ,i!nd '!■•!'!■, f:'. the neeessilv of our' interfereuce. "or the HI , who sent him on various embassies, | measures adopted bv the minister--«liether ' and •-■nvt him the poetic .rowii. l.iiu'eni ■ be deserved the censures which were to 1 Us IV. chose liim for apostolic secretury. | Ho 7 ' ! ? 1 I Nioholas V. mndo liitn n \,Mu,n, -md »,.„, ^..« as nunrio ,o Itohonnn, M o . v a," nal I'.ccolom ni iwul l,y ,|.is tin,,. «iv. ., lio more liLcral opinions on cl.urr "attrrs with which ho «t:.r(o.l. «, h^ oromoa .,ons of note re- T.ved the obnoxious bull "In c.rnam Domini," l,ut found it Impossible to in it ni executi. n, enfor.ed strictly the nu- thnrity of the Index i;xpurtr.itorius , and oxpelled the Jews from the States of the lburch,exc.ptinir only the cities of K„me and .\ne.,na. In |,',7o 1... put lishid a bull of • xeommuhhation a« nmst Uueen Kli/alK-th h.iv.nsf previously s. nt ..«enI»fo Knijland to' carry ,m intn^-ues ayainst her . and IVIton who p;h treas.,n and executed I'lus soon after suppressed the order o( the f"i,;oi/, on i account of their scandalous ironioralitic!, '■ and disoMers, and their attempt to assassin at- St ( haric, li.oromeo. anhbishop of I Milan, the pop, « most intimate friend Ihr K.eal victory over the lurks at I.epanto was the nsiilt in Ko„d part of the eriorts of ' Iius \. Hi, ,),.;„},, ,„ May, 1. ',:-■. w.,» a ni-itierofBcn,ralr,'joicin(r,N.ul w.is pul.lidy ' celebr.itid al Constantinople Uurina three days. » »• m j l«.!7,',M ^''' T"''*'' "'"^AXNI AN.ifl.o! HUA^f HI. *:!« Nrn as fi-^^-,,^ i„ j-^ I and Sucre, del ( buient XIV,' In ifrj" ' His ftrit act wut to make a reform in the iH.use.,„eMccs .,['L!„'i:''.."l'l'--''l'en.iv°,;;^ iHmsp.iueiiccs of Mid. ■, ■,' '""Ve i;.'.-son to Vienna ,"i','!";'«'J^e.M„„i„ "ash.mouraldyrcceiv, , I'. '"">Kh "■ere inencctu',1. , , ' '.. ^ f ','-''"onstr , ;;';\;-v"r.wasof„,; ^j^;"^hrcv„,„; ' !!'<■ papal see. The ,1T, ^"'^'mnt ;!;t'cal,erri,.n^v.inrco [;;''.'« cool »>'••<.<■ .1 pea,-u by a com f , • '"''""opur- ■'nn,,uis,and,l,r,|vr' »'»nofscv , 'f ivm.tingan,, sen nu ''t>'''»'k i»n sent as ,,,voy f o , t,/^*"'"« W, l^>me. where h,. b, I,,, h J ' '"^Public to J'J "nco. that th.. people, '".' '""'"^''i • ,;»;). (ieneral Dm, ,Sn. f '.'"'''"''"lirain liis troo.w ,„ J,„.'''"'"'/''f'--'ithcciiy K -.-:uvMch«aspi,.x..^^'7,r;:'''''^'"ft |'« "■.-.s carri,.,| ,. v 1, .//"""'"^ P™' l'urri,.d over the .Vln?, V ' '"''"'«' ""J «■«•"'• " "•■■"Hii..tio ,u,r'v;"'^-'^^- ''■"■.linal in Ks,-,, an.l af ,, ' ^'\w™W ""• <''»»(-lave.to,,ccJ ':■-''''''"''' ^' 1"' IlH- folio vin«y,,,r ''"' ^'^'«'1M^'". i>ancewas,.on,l^d^d":, ..^ -;fl':;|^ pope went to I'ari, an,l .■ u .'j v'n V''' '■»ip<.ror. rclurninu b. It on? ,, V''''t"' «o,.naf,,.rAn...Ma«as i ci'n^T''*,'' and tl„. ureat oo'irr, i i . ■ "' '""'■li.! "'Hituep.'p.. Li;' '"'"''^V^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Cliurcht,.thel.rc.uhc,,,p,,.;,f;|?, ^' pope Du ilishiil '. I ,,ii ,!'•"" "iiHIi the I M . I h- coni.rr..s of V „,„,., rostunj i|, i P..M Kim.if ti,..,,..,n,r,i,\,r:a:r! ' rov I,.. ho»,'V,r. r.-pMailisludilie Jf ' |jsan.l,b..,„.„U.i,i,„. ■nH.chara.Jof ■'M. sympa i,y of men .,| ;.:; .iiurvhesand ! »'<-ts Dud, '.M, .\„.„,,js.,3 ""V J'lZ.VIilttM.KAS.i>,o, thecctiquororof; IVru, wustlo. ill,-;:i.im:,tco,m,.fa|!.nlle'' ""llruxi.lo.an.l b.i,,,- left , .mire!; Je. '^ III pen, hat on his mother, a pi'.issnt (tiri, he received no e.luc;i|j,,ii, ami »,h, in liisfariy years, emp!,,y,.d as a sh in, liiTil. (iuitlin? tills iiiKbuious oiLup:ni.)n,lii. ciiiharkt'd.iii nit), with Mime other ii,hviiiurfr«, fur Anierica. ami, in i;:M. .ifii r liavin? & tin«ui»hed himself umlir Nunez Jc lUltao^ on many occasions, he lujnciiitPd at Pa-j •01 < d:\l ' P"P''^- -When ■'"'■*' ani •'''■'•V'-J tliat all , ' 'y"" !\."">"inion, 'voro'V'"^'™' ■<"■"• -IlJ ' ,'7«,^:n,oe '* <"■ 'l'<,r,. s,.ri, n,' ""'"''"n, ''^v.<«n,loon,p",n '>"*i. r I'J;/^ f''n.rirufc!°f"'- ' '■"vxy fro. thi '""'««« I>"1><' liri^uneri, , V^.^'J'' '"" ""^'.v In 1,"' Iff P""- -^i. :in.l after ihodiMthnf" ■inarn;. U.t>v,o,, X,,:l^|i An.-.Iom isns „,, f„|,„; ,! ^.tHm „f ,1,0 Siatc, of 1^1 V"!''','''"Pii<';f,is„„,| f'ti'iii M Italy lili Janum i.'ii"(0, the cMiquerorof;' ill<'«iliiiiati> s.in of a gintle-, ), ana li.iii.' IcftcRiireljde. 1 niinluT, a pcassnt (tirl, he ic:ili(iii,anil »,h, in liisfjrif 1 an a sHindienl. (iuillin? | <>tiuii:nion, hiM'iiiliarkcil.iii ' me other nilvfiiiurfrs, fur \ in IJii, altir havin? rfis- j «flf uiiUir Nunez lie llallao'' lionit, he Mjnciated it P»-ii ■^ ;0ctit 2ttn(bcrsnl ISiograpI)!). [PLA — "; ,„ith meso do AlmaRro und H' ■ """lo, Tucnne .1 pric«t, in an enterprise "'"lifp fresh lisoovcries^. In this voy- """?hrv reacbel the coaRt of Pert,, but fL tJo f"w to make nny nttenipt nt a kpin. too itw I „, t„ Spain, '''."""nn that he p"u"ca "as a power from ToSi 0%'cut. his objeet. How- ' „r havin" raised some money, he was " [:i.rt Si, in 1531, to visit I'eru, wbere r; J V s then r««in,; betwern Huas- ?,r iHofiitimnte n.nnareh.and his half- hothVr Atahualpa,or Atahahpa, as he is ! r oislV callcd,the reiKninRlnca. Pizarrn, ir ncinsto take the part of the attcr, t'^.fpormittod to march into the in enor, Merc I iniKle the nns«spe<>t ng ehief his Lr ,01 or, while partalunR of a friendly ba.i- E vhich he had invited him and his & court; then extorting from him as !h s said, house full of the precious metals 'mhv of ransom, ho liad him tnrd for a Itcndcd conspiracy, and condemned him bo burnt, allowinf,' him first to bo strnn- flcd as a reward for l.ecominR a Christian. In IWJthc conqueror laid the foundation fLima;but,in 1537, a contest arose be- tween him and Almagro, who was defeated and executed. The son and friends of Al- maero, however, avenfjed his death, and on June 26, 1511, after rulinp; despotically for six rears, I'izarro met with the fate he so rii'liiy deserved, beinB assa.ssinated in bis palace nt Lima. PI, UK, l'u.\Knf ,ii native of Dinsdale, in the county of Durham. He was bred to thcl.w.and afterwards expended eonsider- nblcsums in an attempt to make porcelain. He was an excellent painter as well as en- graver, hut executed all liis works for amusement ; and he refu.^ed a pension of £iO(',to draw the royal navy. ]tesides ctch- iiijs of landscapes and birds, he executed portraits in nie//otiiito. Died, 17JM. l'I..\NTA, Jo.si.ril.lilirarian of the Urit- isli Museum, wii'i horn in .'Switzerland in i:tJ, but his father soon after settled in Liindon as pastor of the Oerman rct'ornied clmrch. lie was educated at (iiittinRen, was f(U- twenty years secretary to the Uoyal Society of boiidun, was also attached to the oltice of the secretary of state for foreign iitf.iirs, and, in 17f):i, was nppoiiitetl Hr»t lil)iarian of the liritisli Museum, a post which he tilled till his death, ile was for a sliort time undcr-seeretary of st.ite. Died, isj:. I'l.ANTIV, rillilSToniK., a learned Krcncli printer, Ikuii near 'I'mirs in I'lll. He learnt his art at Caen, visited the prin oip.ll I'reneh priiitin;? eslaldislimentM, and settled at .\ntwerp. lie had the assistance of several lea riu'il nun, and jfained a f(reat reputation for the necnracv and eU'uance of his worUnianship, llis i litf d'teuvre as printer is his edit ion of the fuiiious I'oly- plult liihle of .Mcila, since called the Aiitwi rp I'olyjilott, which was publiNbed in 8 vols, folio hotween 1 'ii!')— 1.'>7-'. Died, 15^'l, and was Imried in .Vntwerp Cathi-dral ri.ATlNA, lUii itil.oMi ((, III) ii.iiiau liis- :»nan, whose real name was Sacobi, was born in 14-'l. Ilavint; fallen under the dis- pleasure of Pope Pius II., be was imprison- ed and put to tho rack, on a charge of being impllcnted in n conspiracy against him. Ilia suflerings, however, were afterwards recompensed by Sixtus IV., who, in 147,1, made him keeper of the Vatican library. His principal work, composed in oleifjint Latin, is a history of the " Lives of the Koman Vontiffs." Ho also wrote, in Ijitin, a " History of Mantua." Died, 1481. PLATO, the great (Jreek philosopher, was born at Athens or iii yi;Kina,in May, ii. c. 4'.'!», the year in wliich Pericles died. Ho was son of Ariston and Pcrictiono, who boasted of their descent from Cadmus and Polon,nnd he was named AltlSToci.KS. The name Plato was afterwards applied to him in allusion to his broad brow or broad cliest, or fluent speech. Kndowed with a higlily iniaRinative and emotional nature, )ie early began to write poems, but at the same time studied philosophy, and at the ajre of 20 became the disciple of Socrates. He burnt bis poems, remained devotedly attached to Socrates for ten years, attended him on his trial, and was one of the few who li.stened to the final conversation on the immortality of the soul. After the death of Socrates ho went to Meeara to hear Kuelid, thence to Cyrene, and perhaps to Kjiypt and south Italy. On his return he begun to teach at Athens, in tho plane-tne grove of the "Academia;" be tauplit Rratuitously, and had a great number of diNciples, many of whom became eminent teachers. Among them Mas Aristotle, distinguished as the "Mind of the School," and perhaps De- mosthenes. Women are said to have attend- ed. In bis fortieth year Plato visited Sicily, but he ofl'ended the tyrant Dionysius by the political opinions he uttered,' and only escaped death through the influence of his friend Dion. Two later visits to the court of the younger Dionysius were the only interruptions to his calm life as teai her and writer at Athens. I'lato never married, had no children, took no active part in public afl'.iirs, lived absorbed in the pursuit of truth, and was so marked by gravity and melancholy that the saying became com- mon— "as sad as Plato." His works have comedown to us complete, and are chiefly in the form of dialogues; a form of liter- ature in which he is unrivalled. They are singular in their union of the philnsupbic and poetic spirit , the depth of the pbilo sopber and the rigorous exactitude of the logician with the highest splendour of iin- ngination of the poet. In range of specula- tion the Dialogues of Plato are unparalleled. "Out of Plato," says Kmerson, "come all things that are still written and debated amont' men of thouglit." And again, " Plato is philosophy and philosophy I'lato." At- tempts have been made to classify the dia- logues, but without useful result; nnd at- tempts to construct a formal system from them have utterly f.iiled. I'lato did not aim Ht a systi-ni , nor did he even aim so much at teachini: truths as at imparting 1111(1 iUustratint; the method by which each slui'ild seek truth tor hiiusclt. \N e owe to bim the threefold division of philosophy into dialectics, physics, and ethics , the first likclcli of the laws of thought ; the doctrine a>.8 '\i !l i I: 1 I , i » • I Itti i ! til If fi pla] of Meaa'as tlio U> things, iin.l the first attempt to wnnls a liniioiistiMlioii of thp immortality of the 8oul. Ami he proilai.iiH tho hi^liost anU purost dociriiips of moi-.ility with clear- ness, cournKe, nml iinliesitiitinsr authority He adopted as a «rii<r the light tli;it shines on us ( omoii frdin this or that side of the Twin Star, Soerntes ami riato. riatii (lied, in the act of writiiiK, it issaid.in May , :it7 Ii ( . Ills hirtliday was long ohserved as a festival. I'lu're "is an admirahlr Cernian translation of I'lato hy Schleierniaeher, nut complete however; a complete I'renrh line hy Cousin , and Jvp.jjlish translations of sume of the dialogues liv Sydenham : of the whole by Taylor; and of a few by Whewell. Mr (jfoto's new work entitled—" I'lato and the other companions of Socrates" {IHi'iS;, is one of the most im- portant contributions OTcr made to the study of (Ireeit philosiiphy. ri.VTOFl', Count, a celebrate ! hetmnn of the Cossacks, was i)orn in the southern part of Uussia, about 17C;?. He entend younif into the army.distinRuislied himself anainst tho Turks in Moldnvia, and was maih' a gen- eral of cavalry. When the F llussia in lHi2. riatolT. with twenty riifi nicnts of Cossai k>, hara.sseil them in tlnir fliK)>teni fit ihtment of superin ttndent of the tireal .Hlililary Unnd, lile graph Towers, and I'nst office Dipartmi nt l.itween Calcutta and Itenares, was < oiu v"«t '» i«42rk^htoaT7";r — - >" tho outward alp e t '?;, """"^-'C the decayed cty, di'ed uZ ,'„?''" ''^ 'f 1' ..WFAIU, John n. ' , ''"'^■l.l'fil '""ticlan and i atur aUh . l"™' "mk atm.rvie,„oar]Ca^^ -^^ father w.'ia .,,i„:.....„ • '"'ch parish i,,' ufPcct and the fan lainen't father wa^-nih.lsu::^'^';!; lus education i.t St Androw!' "' ""m succeeded to his fatlu r^ iwl^j ?""• "> ^i It some years afterw.rd, „ "?'''""'Mi«DO »"r«h. Where lu be am .p f'^t ,oeV„^ ">""cs. In his latter c'usl , .''^"''^e- Htuily of KHn.loj,'y, Which i.r*''''''''l'«tiie aofatigable ardour; Vin'!^"'' !'"'''" a .iourney to the Alps C oi'"' '""'«ook >>ia U i ng observations o',, tho«> l'"^"'' «f A11.......1.:-. .- ."" ""'*'! mountains iiionuhis worltsare try," " niustralions,;ftheH, o '*°^^'™»«- of the Karth." '• Sv on, 0" ""'''" 'Nry vols. 4lo; and Died, Ihli). ceding, born i, 175i w;^'"™ L"° "'^'P''' jeetorand author. AftcrscVinfn"'""'^™- ticeship to a .nilhvright, he "S"^''?- a Jr:,ughtsn.an at luful nanYwS?: f to ..oudon lu;-ob.!S'SS^£ il^ . - - - „-- , uiventions, and v, srrval in (lie i,2 m Oerniany.after«-ard.stu.camoanadvo(,it/ 1 and was ultimately prnriiratorinSpain {l I an iii.iuinrinto the works of nature hfnj indofatu'iil.le, Mid he lost his lifr in a last ' attnnpt t.i u'lMliiy hi, thirst for knowlete lieing at Miseniiin with a tied wliich he I comnian.ied on the '24th of Ausugt,.\.ii tj I his sister desired him tn ohscrvc a hmark' I able cloud that had just app,'arcd. Plinr I discovering that it proecoded from .Mfnini ' Vesuvius, iirdernl his galleys M sea, loasml the iiiliabitants on the coast, while he him- self hti eri d as near .as pos?,lhle to the 'out of the mount. nn, which now sent forth vast (juantith s of liiirtiing roek and lav.i. I'lint and his companions landed at Sta!ii(t, hat Were Soon ofiligeil to leave the town for the fields, where the danu'cr, howmr, Was ei|UHlly great, from ihe *liij\tcr of tire whii h fill upoi' them. In this stale they m.ide the |ie>t of their Hay to the shore, but I'liny, who was viry eurpalent, fi-11 down dead, siill'oeateil proliablv brthe noxious vapioirs The eruption which caus- ed his death was that in which the citietct Herculaneuiu and I'onipeii wcredfsircjei!, in the first year of the Kinperor Titus, lie wrote several works whieh have pcrishjil. but his name .'imi faiiii' are pri'scrvt".! by his mauler of artillery at Diimduni for thrie years, and al>out Imih returned to Kurope. He M>ttlrd at Ht Andrew*, was named pro •10 great work entitled "Natur.il Ilistory,"iii 37 books, i.neof theiiiost precious nioiiumcnls of anti(|uity evt.int lt« eontenti do Ml ■'inKcxtr.ordi "?,""««.»« tward uspoct and the r-',?™!* •\ni, John, an imin ' •'"'«i. »"J'.atunlphioo;rL"'«fe. "Mrl)undL-e,oiwK'^»*l'orn V''ini^UT, in 1 r^P^'i^hhi, ■"•"at St Andrews'. T.,"'"''''^^ to l,isfathrr'sS.bu ;"■'■■-. ■ars afterwards, a K''l« eolo,y,whichhe X:, ';^,';i.l.e P ardour; and in is?, .'"'"i- to tin. Alp 'for , !.■'""'""»* I'scrvations ;„ Lo'^l'-'P'^eof rn u i:5;i was nn il ■ '"P'■''■ f;ol.o li.rminglu.n,. On ^ he Obtained patents for '. and enuM^'od in many sp r meafiTtilowriteronpoliti „,l "•t;, and diod i„ 1823.T !:^^ , 1 Vx. ■^" '?1"'ry into the SSi:CUNI)US.CAIUS,orPusy ■H, ono of the mnst celebrated incieiu Komc, was born \ n ■" or at Conio, srrv«l in (lie mi V. afterwards liccamoanadvoeate IiMiatidyprnriiratorinSpain. tj • into the worlts of nature hens 'li', and ho lost his life in a last k'ralHy lil:< thirst for knowledje ilispniim with a Hect wMch he 1 on the 24tli of Aufrugt, a.H rs csiri'd him to observe a rimark' that had just appi'arcd. Plinf, ■ that it proecoded from Moiiiit ! irdori'il Ills Kulli-ys to sea, toa^.!^l i lints on the coast, while he him- 1 as ni-ar a'* possible to the 'out of' nn, which now sent forth vaslj 'f hnrninif rock and lava. I'linrl n pan ions landed at Staliio'.hsi ohlincil to leave the town for wht'te the dnnuer, tifiwever, y K'ri"!!- from the «hij\tcr of fill upoi' them. In this state the W>1 of their way to the I'liny, who was v(ry corpalent, oad. Miil'iM'atcd probably brtlie "oir« The eruption which cans- I wan that in which the citietof m and I'oniprii were doslKjed, year of the Kinperor Titus, He al works which have pcritk'd, 1' and fiiiiii' are pri'scrvi'.l byhil! t-ntiilid '• Natural History," in ii ■of tlieiii'i»t precious nioiiumei!tii| f extant 111 (ontpnts ilonotli VLlJ — ~:„, tn its title, but arc immensely viirl- ""cTn ehnraet er It is a laboriouH compila- T f,™n n n ost innumerable source., of '°','^ nbrrvatons, and statements on almost f tf, hel of nalural science on the tine ^ts inventions, and oilier subjects, t "" JnrtMit "iv I'liny did not observe for hun- e wTth the eye of a naturalist, nor make S of his materials with the judgment nf a critic, nor dispose them ni any scicnt - fll order Still we cannot afford to lose such o hook ' It lias been translated into most Furopcan langua^'es, and even into Arabic, Mid has been republished a very great iium- he of times. I'bilemon Holland translated ir into hnKli.sh about ItiOO. p iMUSC^:ci i-ius si;cuNM)i;s,('Aiu^ nr rilNY THK YouNOKU, neplicw of the nreecdina, was born, A. 1). . > became one of the secret. irics of the Royal Society, royal historioxraplier, archivistof the herald's office, &e.; and died in 169(>. His chief works are tlu^ Natural Histories of Oxfordshire and Staflfordshiio. I'LOTIM'S, the celebrated Creek philnso pher. founder of the Nco I'iatonic School, was born, A. 1>. '203, at I.ycopolis, in r.uviit. He was trained in the school of Alexandria under Ammonius Saccas, then visited the East, and about 'IH settled at itome, where he spent the rest of his life as a teacher and writer, enjoying the esteem of the Kinperor Oallienus, :nid of many leading persons. Porphyry, his most eminent disciple, wrote his l.ife and arraiiKcd and published his works, divided into si:: sets of nine books each {I'ltnanh,. I'lotiniis wan a profound thinker and oeeply ndii,'ious man, and his system, a sort of niyst'cai idealism, a com- bination of I'iatonic with oriental notions, has been very attractive ; "iiaiiy great thinkers in ancient and inodeiii times. Died in C'anipaala, '.'To. I'M IVVDK.V, EDMUND, an eminent lawyer, was born in Shropshire, in I MT, and died in 1584. His " Commentaries or Hcport.s " are frreatly esteemed. PLUKKNET, l.KONAUD.nn eminent Kng- lish botanist, was born in IClu' \v practised as an apothecary at Westminster, and formed a small botanic garden there. After the LTeater p.^r! cif bis life p:i>»'jJ in !-.tru!.'!.'!i!ii.' against adversity, he w'as api.ointed super"- intendi nt of t)ie gardens at Hampton Court, and royal profe^sorof botany. He died pro- ^ ^m StniUcrsal ISiograpfjti. [PLU bably about 1706. Ills " Phyfographii " is an honourabloproof of hisnbilitifs. lie also published "Almagestum Hotanicum," " Al- magest! llotnniel Mantissa," and "Anial- theum Hotiinieum." PI.UNKET.AVlT.MAMCONYNOlIAM.Lord riunkct, lord chancellor of Ireland, was the son of Thomas I'lunkct, pastor of a Presbyterian congregation at l.nniskillen, ■where he was born, in I7t!l. Uis father having subsequently removed to Dublin, young I'lunket entered Trinity College, where he obtained a scholarship, graduated with considerable credit, and ae5 he. was ad- vanced to the iirtlce of attorney-general, which he held till 1807. From this period he devoted himself to Chancery practice, appear- ing as leading counsel in every Chancery suit, and, besides increasing fame, «'arniiig an income which averaged JtiiOOO u year. In 181'i he was returned member of par- liament for Dublin rniversity, and his ready, W( iglity, perspieuou.s, and condensed eloquence placed him at once in the fore- most rank of parliamentary orators. In \HTi, though he had been always a keen suiiporter of Itoinan Catholic Kiiiancipation, he was appointed attorney-general for Ire- land, under the Tory administration of Lord Liverpool; but his iippointment, while it raised the hopes of the Uoiiian Catholics, naturally disappointed the Orange party, and, so far from allaying dissensions, it was converted iiiti) a signal for renewed rancour and jealousy. In I'<:;7 he was raised to the peerage, and at the same time appointed chief justice of the Common I'leas in Ire- l.ind , and during the three years that fol- loweil, besides presiding on the bench witli great success, he materially aided the duke of Wellington in earryiiu' tiie Lmancipation liill through the House of Lords. In IMli* he was appointi'd lord ciiaiuellor of Ireland; and, with the exception oftive months be- tween November, IKH, and April, \yjo, he h(ld thisoftice till iHll, at which period liis public life may be said to have terminated. Diid, \>^.'>i. I'LLTAUCH, the celebrated Greek bio- grapher and moralist, was a native ..r chtr- ronra. in Hieotin. In A. I>. l!li be w.,- a pupil of the philosopher Amnionius u- Uclplii. He visited Italy, and si>ent some time at I'.nn-.e^ b-ejsirle.j; thfT*'.-" ph il'-^-'phy .15 t-;irl> as the reign of Domttian . but his name r-i not mentioned by any of the eminent Konian writers, hlsconttunporaries. lie ntunieii to Hll m.m ^ UJt, U. . I poc] h i nni ve town, wlirro he hold various nm- Rlstrncics, and wns nppnintetl priest of Apollo IMutnrch was nmrried happily, and had «ovrral children. He was still living i„ 12 '. l.iit (he time of lils death is not known. HisKreat work isrutitled-" I'arallel Mves," and eonslsts of bioKraphies of 46 eminent urecks and Uoniano, arranged in pairs, each pair aoeompanied by a roniparison of cha- I rooters. They are written with a moral purpo.se, and present not orderly narratives of events, hut portriiitiires of men. drawn with much graphic pouer. with preat cood sense, honesty, and kind heartedness. I'ew books of ancient or modern times have been so widely re:id, so (generally admired, as these Lives." The Knjflish translation liy the I-anKhornes is well known; less known but more Kpiriled, is that by North, made from Amyot's French version, and published in l5r!» ; and nomeof the hives have been trans- lated by Mr George Long. A new edition of the translation eallrd J)rvden's, revised hy (lough, appeared in Ihad. I'lutarch'g 1-ivc.s,' as. tested by modern criticism, are , not historical authorities; they were writ ! ten with a practical, not a critical, aim I I hey set before us the n-.ost famous types of I Greek and Uoman character as understood by I a careful, learned, imaginative, and philoso- ' phical writer of Trajan's time. To Knglish- men, beside their intrinsic value, they possess the special interest of having been Shake- speare s main authority in his great classical ^^•:»!nas. They were accessible to him in ..vuhs version ; and the torregpondcnce between the IMays and the Lives is traceable " in incident upon incident, persdnage after persoiince, and in some places almost line after line and word after word." Most of I'lutarch'g other writings are ethical, and are entitled " Moralia." POrocK, nr KiiWAim, a learned Kngliih critieand commentator, famous for his great skill in oriental languages, was Iwrn at Ox- ford, in 1601 , recei-.ed his education at Mag- dalen and Corpus Christi Tollegcs was named professor of Arabic; twice visited the levant, for the purpose of collecting ancient manuscripts and coins ; was after wards Hebrew pn.fe.sor at Oxford, reetorof Childrey, and eanon of ( hristchurch and died In l(i!)|. Among his works are, "Kneci men Historian Arabum," a Uttin translation of the Oriental History of Abulfaragius a iJitin translation of the Annals of Lutychius "Commentaries on thr Minor Prophets 'Ac' Dr IV.ock also trans!.»ted Into Arabi"'- the treatise of Oroiius " Do Veritate Keligionis Christlsna?." and renM. red valuable assist ance in the prep.ir.iiinn of the Kngli,h I'ulv- glott Hible. Hied. IfJl. ^ rorocK. IsKKc, painter and dramatist, was born at lirl.tol, in ITHJ. Uh tutur distinguished hiiiisolf as a marine pai.it.r and Jiiaac. appearing to have the same go- nius, wa, pla.ed first will. Honiriey, and afterwards under Sir William ll'-eehy He g.ilned tlie first prine given hy the lirit- Ish Iii»titution,fur bis picture of the murder of -Ibomssi It.cket. He afterwards painted m.UT ;-.;r!::r.-=5, ba! t:: c nir.ing sn.li |»-i,.lent, he 8r..„illy rel-,,pd in the prosecution of hU ari-iad retired to -Maidenhead, wl . r ^ ilcto etnifacrsa lJBioctraufin lllfrn.n .. ».- '^"^> Koblnsnn f>... ' "' were Montrose." &c. • ^'"'""'onCru /. I'OCOCKK l(ieTrA„„ ' and traveller, was"or?;t%o,r^" m», 1-01; received hig eduo„in°""l""'P'oi,in school there, of Which hi. f?h "' ""' fr o they then yirtuall/di 'y'or Tr'"' """'' •uccessi vely, prc'cntor of Wi,„^ ?"'.^'"' ''a- dcacon of St I'atrickH h ..."^'^'^"''i'. arch. o/M-th;„nddK;Sh<>P"fOsso^^^ tion of the Ka.t andofso, p,,,, V '''''"'P" appe.nred in 1MI_.1.5 [,, " ? "'"Countries; litt.>rateur, !,„rn nt l.i'rin.''*""'.^ ^^"'"ioan had tin* natur^ 1 t" lei t anT'" '" '«"• 'k "•"cation. lnu.hr;.V;\\S;Tr''''«»«^ tages, and shortened his ifl hiv". '^' an.l drunken .iat.;ts. ioa ilV." '"!""■"' his native city, after .re ''ospital of life, in «>ctoheM"/. ' ' i^' 'r,%^^'"''"i"g ofTalesandoneof Vn ' ;/'"»l"m? tributed to Dcriodicals am^ vhi TT^""- singular powVrof iii.agi'n on !m i ^'^ of the beautiful, mnJl^ CZrZfT'' command of iinpressivc n rt .u ^'™ language. His tiles fun.ish striker*'"' ..es^o^whatisnowcalil^^'SS- i'«)i;i.i;Mm-uo, ronsTm-. . ■ ... I»r„ », f,„..r„. |„ Sf ,\». I al.an sclml.ir. was born at Tcrranuo Tuscany, in l;(Ho. Ik- hrranie unZt Z pupils of Lnianuel (T.rys,,!,, a at rior „?/ and at the age of •-, entered the s' y 'of he pope, lloi.iface IX.. .i, apostolic „ lary. Tliis „t«ee he till,-,! umUr the Z succeeding i>„pes. He attendea tlie Council of f onstanee, and wa.s present at the trial and martyrdom of Jerome of I'raitue of which he wrote an almost syniMthiz'inn nreount. IVggio especially di«Iiiigui$hcd bimself by his persevering anl .«ucmsful resennhes m diff.r.nt countri( s of Europe for manuscripts of the works of ancient au- thors, and among th.,se wljcli lirdiseovcred the Institutions ofCjiiintilian, several V - ■ 'f the Argonfiiitie* of ValcriiinFlaecus, ur-'at philusop)iir [loerti of J.ucretiiis s."- ; ■ al orations of ('i.'eio, Cnhiiiu'lla's work on Agriculture, Ac. About 1417 lie visited Kng- i;'.nd,and was entertained by Cardinal Beau- 013 ') "»fll Doth Ilia « ^~-~ 1 many Uram,, 0";^"''^^''. latcd to the eon r "'• "^ « •J'le «Jeputy-ih" '«'"''«f"M "•'S' lie diP,i 1 "*"' "f til utUorofKutte^^''^i' prratie pieces ni!^'"'''''""'", .-""rat%s;r' ^^'^^^ ' ,V""''tl Coll -to &»''", '\">'e,>va.,oneof{h;'*;^,'.""il ' '"'■'' i" I'M L -r^'"?^ ''""•lofsompothorrJ ''"'P- •t'^nodhisiflbih'.'V''^''- ^nftrra Us ';.?„T'o' • isci II , " ,° wandcrine no.lu.au. „;,.n^i:S"- ''.""'eh humour, a/ >■ Prrssivc and also mus icourapemont from Kubcns- invilcl him to tneianj' frd a mimhcr of bcaiitif,,! ^< U OI.IM. a ,|i,ii„guis|,fd was hornatTerranuova.in w. lie hrramc one of ihf iicl n.rysohiras at riorence, f -'.; ''iitiTod tho sirviccof if-'i' IX,, as apostolic swre- e he fillnl uiultr thcievfn t- He attended the t'ouBcil Id was present at the trial of Jerome of I'raitup, of e an almost synipathizini; especially di«Iiiii(uishcii persevering anl suomsful ITrniit touiilri(sof Eurupt' if the «(}rk8ofanci(nt au- f thii«e wMch hediscovcrtd mil. nsofcjuintilian, several itiiiutie^ofValeriiisFlaeem, i i[))ii(' Jiiirm iif J.ucrPti'JS s."- I ('l.'ero.Cnhiiiu'lla'sworlsoii I About m; he visited Kng- i lorlained by Cardinal beau- j % £i(\3i ^ni^crsnl iSiogrnpI)!). [roL 77;ZZr^fWnchestor. He stayed hero fort, b SHOP o» . ^,,,,3 „f a violent several y^^.t-/, ^^.jyed In (piarrels ^vith 'r,Krary"el."'ars!o.speeiilIy with l-i, f,^! ?nre 7o ValM, and UcorKC of 1 rebi- " a' in "h?ch he displayed the greatest sond, '",; " Muy and licentiousness. The rancour hUinl'ty- an .^ ^.^^^^^^^^ principal " X' %fVi5»entc, a treatise " I)c }„,'• ami various moral treatises or essays. ? in latin. If? »'s" n'"''^' '*''*""' *''''*1''" "".' f .1 Greek authors. He spent liis "JTnr 1 I^orence, where he was cho.sen 'Slor of the r^P'"^'"'- "." VIm^ '" ""■' ' His statue in the cathedral of riorcucc is ihpworkof DonatcUo. ' vOlSSONNIEK.PiKiiHKli^AAC. an rml- .™f ohvsician, was born at Dijon, in 1720. ' K i" i-^". professorof medicine in he folicede rrance, and was the first who •e chemical lectures at IMris In 17o.. h ine first physician to the Irench army, he ^ nt to Itussia, nominally to attend the rmiress Elizabeth in her illness, but in , "litv to conduct some secret political ne'irot ations. In 17« :•* was appointed hx- "Lor-Kcnrral of medic ne in the ports and clnies,and died in IT ^. M. I'oissonnier wrote several practical works, but he is fhieflv known by his method of procuring: fresh from sea water, for which he received a pension of 12,11(10 livrcs. , POLE lU". r grief and atl'ec- tion. Deprived of u mother's care, young Folignae and his two brothers «erc edu- cated in devoted attachment to their reli- gion and the exiled royal f.imily ; and, before reaching manhood, Jules de Folig- nac proceeded to Hussia, then u refuge for the royalists, and shortly afterwards repair- ed to Kdinburgh, where the Count d'ArtoU, afterwards Charles X., resided. Fnder the mingled influences of religion and loyalty, he embarked with his brother Armand in Georges' conspiracy in ISoj against Napo- leon. The conspiracy was detected; the brothers were arrested, tried, and condemn- ed to death ; but, at the intercession of Jo sephino and Madame Murat, the emperor's sister, the sentenco of death was commuted to imprisonment, and the two young men were sent to Vineeniies, where they remain- ed six years. Uu the restoration of I.ouis XVllI. Jules dc Folignac devoted himself heakt and soul to the so-called party of the Congregation, in the interest of the pope, the church, and the Count d'Artois; an I Ins services were rewarded by the pope <-on- ferring on him the title of a Uoman prince, by which he has since been known. In isj3, Frince Folignac was sent as ambassador to London, where he remained six years; and the intrigues of the priest party being tlnally crowned with succes.s, he returned to I'arU in IHJI), to nviume the premiership of the new ministry ; but the nation was loud in its expression of distrust, till ut length the unconstitutional cour.su that lie adopted towards the Chambers was suddenly arrested by the " glorious three d.iys,' wliiih led to his own overthrow, and the dethronement of his sovere.gn. Fi .sued and taken at (Jranvilie, he was tried before the ChamlHT of Feeis, and eoiulemiied , but his life was spared . and, after undergoing a .short ini- pri.soiiment at Ham, he was allowed to go into exile. After some years, spent chieHy nt Munieh, he was allowed to return to France, though not to Faris, but the death of < harles X. and the duke d AiiKoulime gave the lust liiow to n constitution already broken down by many reverses, and he sank into a state of nielaiuholy, frum which he never riiovered. Horn, i7s:j. dud, 1»17. 613 , I I i I' l^ ":il t I ! I f » -\ I I A I 1 1? .I. t* Vi JFOt] B jatto an U>n»«| »WfTipbo. POLIO AC, Miuaiok X.I, a «>»^* StLSJTlSf^** <*• »Si^^ ^'^^''TSt'-' , „ OTi »^ tni> < i ar to piaiMM fomt |tbey#«rc«<^ CtTKlit . •-■* —71 iiiimh- tTJl JAU is iril. Ifsmtf the rt*vM-f be «m ftaalikcii to hiM sMnt. Iwi Aftrrvitrd* l» j wai rKaatt>^ !•• Paa#mac *»» a* »<•<■■: -it f.U»»*« ac^^Ur "•»* IniUaat s.-avcr He w»f a4Uutu4 to utfc* ProBcb A(jkd«BiT IS 1T«*. aa4 value- ffwmUT t« t%t \v*£,t»r «f »a»cM aa« «^ I . IaatTip!M»» Ht wn-.t a I^tux vi. a»4 wa» traakUu^j :i.t<> I JEft|t^s»A fT Mr C«.ai.ssrr,r I,' I-t3L:ZlJLS' i* rx»UTlA> rS. A.'tOtlXs f''aa rzciAti.t italiia ac^'-'Ur. va* t^rs ja '';i«M. at Mix'." Pti4i.iac. is tJie F^cimitiae •.:ii Vy Tiiat c^OM*. tu fatLJy tafce He i'>s-ajE(»«d ii» «-rift^aM.rkI Kih.!. aa4 ac- ; 9«:rfid by kit k.ii\,ii..-} ..^.mt'TU, ibe f«Tj«r ■ of L*>rr*»« lb* M.wr:..t.f--«:, wbo siaAe ki« « ;tb a KiSi-f&ry ji ti*« r»kjp of tbe r«'«k. aii Lat;a Unnu^'t He kxun,&t< . . L<>mijK- cfi bit 6eitb-tie* w.tb fT««: ut jb«&»,'' a Lat^a T«r»i«a: t^ Herodiax. a£4 ; t'WtaraJ Cn*«Tat»;*« oa tbe Grrwk a]i4 . lie«a« WTiteira D»M, 14W. rOIX, iJLM.tx ILSOX. ex |»r»^>4<«f (^f ibe ' I'ajud !»taira o^ A»frjcA, wa* l«>r» ta >'T b»» r.;i|rr<-«». mhtr* ut I as:S iMutsuxr . and after t."'.-.!.* ;a t*-t.jTi«'»» U yeir». T*;. ©f Tbre* rs;» be «xu-s4fi tl»» b<«iiiil*r,e« c' *.:» f. St* try . ht USc>aw**l tr«-a»s.ry :rt t4 tbe ric»a»t!i'st^.3e. a-ai i,E:T>rj6l«re4 :m.'> the fo ! rrr%fbe%x aaty ftuaj.fiv; aad c-<;rsLiSi*rrial ■ iflEj»ro*eiB*i;'.* I>jt4 1M» J*uU_W I '>!>:». AM0>20, lta:!aa f«tiateT ' »6i »icxi}pi,j! . »ai bora at }'•:>»<**♦. ;«»bab!y I ta U?c Ht »a» apfTeatj-reyi to a po^4iaajib. ; aA4 b*i:as.e aai^tux'. to Cibibtrti Kack*^ ' tMfi/tkt tbe l»<-*{ r&idajftilbt a£4 e«.aflteUer» vf bi» '.^ase. be a;'^4^s £.^!D«c:f to f«.>£t;rf . ' a»4 a^ebe^ «iib bi» »ir*tber V-in-r-. a i-^j-m •UM ^W« kilt paiittoif* »ai y^ tjaa '■ v*« bre«»»e ««,p, »»« writer. »w t^^'i' r -."^ "*"^ «^^«.^j ,ta ..; .^* '^t »«x»ke ft!! w:«„. ,^., ; -t '^'"- nr a lATt^kin tbe rf:<«riiato. tf AbtL'-J:!', '*''"''^ * He e.t.ta^^ , tn«.;^^^^'\^^^-"r.' ^*: pan fc..:t p^su. £^.:^tS^^*-'? were ki» fn«,tf,tri -.■ ila w^.l^ "'"■ aii« K-e:. »a» i^-x a- r » f 1^!'^'^ tbwib. be ».. ^n uru,t^^*^ b«as*e f^, awfc :apiun-i Jt Katr .f.h'^ lta.T la tT«, ,o try tiif .-',« uf uaa*^ bst be aai c*Jy ,«<,..a« v> St^'u^utjrja,- wbf-s baf> aaaiaiT .c:.^.!.**.^ .., ^^.^ ZTT ».r-'^]»si.^a,. i.:;- V' r^-r-.Tju,,^ tbef- IS Oh^ f.._.:v:ir -at::, Ea j-^ T*^*^ c--* -.be OiTriixiiri. POULIX. itu: «■. wa» »>:^ -j, ijT,r. j 2*^ . te usffct rtteu«rx »• iti-'iii m,»i, »;-.;.'..iste< jtrtt^,u-f t.? a* Iiwr.e Oa- ttr^a*. f:-r »b'.*e s*» be trtt tr U - -lat. T i » ! < > M viX'C' . tb» ■t'st'.Txxti iTLtijh" -■■ ■ '-» Etsa?, «■»» in fi,:a rf i Taaf^ ■ : , wbo. Wits. Li» hrMl« tiC j««- ; rt-.- -. tbe cc»«r cif Kxiaa -^ r^i: Lte i>f tbe Tanan. Tba pr^'.* '.ijit t^fut »«t«r!ij!ie« tntb tb,i? a£«>a! ■/. iTrngul mid<- !b#sB >;•, «H.hti»a6f!rs i: *j!« pnyt a • fel;?. tt.*y tr^tT^:•;^c j,»ti « £ja!)». imt wnb i«;- tt.«w»sa.-^e«. o6M bom txkc Tarury. «rf<«^!rji»r:«4 H tb* ywat Ka-si.. • b'-> N>-y:< n' fttt t r*»iS«afcf iif ;■ j-eEv ffstuut rfrsrt<<« y- 'jie? 91 ^0! dnibrrsal l?iogiafbp. rpoM .if-a tif i;..r.a»*ip tf 3ct-» • ffiu-, b«:t »s^f» '''^i' ,»^?*'', ;*■ ^.•■",.:1» Ws «u:..»J.<-i ^' r^.-:c<-a- i.T^-a-HOX. Ez.HAtr. iauquArr. ka»- 1,',* •r.v iri 2iiicfii»»*'C « writer t»e tmt- K for- l;^ k ;,iT>^;.ii J& liilS -•'»^- tf and* kl» «"• Tij' Hj^-I.o.'t ti C-'TzmtX,.' TtjI*. «j«, .;e;rji».- ii:^." r3»fK« ;i>r ^■n«"«^-' f-.'.'t j>:«fi'. -■■'■>7rr*, ti"* Gr<-fk fc:»Tcri*a, w« ~ ^^ :!•'. (•■'S t>f Iffc-ruii. » to *.a<"«"f>d*d %r;jf i*i It pr>tur;i:-.£*Ki:.t cf tit Unt-r. frtwu ll.«- •i/iiLixrt'j*" M^*» v'* t!* fr.eai H* »•»» •..L'ti-MMii AfJisf-ia* rjirrif J !3i ItJi;r ..•„:iit liirr* c.f c:>! hitiij; »!ift;iri*-4 ti>< ;;a.a.? if i-trt Pf J*: a> Hf ijTf*d la t^» :a,r.' '.'j«iii :'ft:»4^a Sf:74C . r.-tsrT»-3 »jth ur: >■!-;>;: ''■ tirf •"«••?«' '"^ Ctniijurt » hracf UfTiif-i tiiiji twGrf<«-. *t.ii rfsi«Tr«J ,i.!rivf« u kt c«>aji Vihj* ^: satrr, tlj^a .-.".-•■i tj -^t Ii;«i£t., H;» ffvit work ' 4f!»(.-tl iuHiirr c^ lb* ftSairj of C. rw tg i Bt'LliErf i.-.-ia i. C X2:- tC EC 5«, tJM! i yx:. ;' :i-» £»:] ■.! Cvnttfe. p«£»o«^i br a ' Z.ITT '■:!'"■ v'f <*.%.r E*i«B Mitt^irr. P.Tf ;.l;t c.f ;u^^rrT bx-.k* f.:r b;-» <"x:»s't, r.iK:isw &»r3a«i» »f tto ir«. bat t*:»«ie !La:iLr 'Jt* :i.«t isapi.ruat liifrarr w- : isisqmiJT . for ft.Jtt.sTM t^>ut^ no r..:uic*rci««:4i£»I H- |'w,w«a-t£f s«tx»d2ii-o«.*M»(Jijic:p> o< lu; Ajwi;^ ;c,ta, 4S4 tr Jsttt »ppc4«t«4 ■ fclkJi?? a MLTT«»- He &A^ rtllr T < ■ .BTCTW i l.ti;ii jk- - . ! ti»; :LAt t. ■ ^ ra ntk«7 at >'tj.(ijA» wia« ki« XBCtt £ub<«» «reff]L* me-r* tbe Ztrrjftkcirw. {* f fv^u'-hfiaTa'. M BC'Me «a t4f«j C'f t^ kKsaxfi fifw tiuii it VM B«Ae4 Uie {.«*»•, 0r Rttie of An . »ad ti»« coloaMl «jito* of Ktrm, of ircvrr tad |roM, ftw ker t«-Tr,y.3< Bear Ai«27clnM tf Tii«»t(». U;* l*rcpyl»a. A*., asd at tW Utur is t># t#jt.p!f of Ap;4io. vbere b« yijustf-a masT »<^-f» cf tl*e Troiae war iVlTfsojw !♦ ♦.»y.pc<>cl to bare aettMl at At^E» aba«t » c- ««. asd be wa» Mill l*l'MRAl, r to Loedoa aB4 Vi- ■tr.uk. «,* •*», ia i::>;, ap|>oiat«Hi aMrrtary U.€ Mate fcr f>rf;rB a&ir». aad. ia ITX. , jiTia*- ssin,.MtT Hf istr.'da.-e'd axaar r^-' ^ I forts* aad fi»iEf«^ la iht ro»'ra»«jx* b«t ' »♦ lt;» at 4.mrf» wtre A^ea'* ColU^irf . C»aiJ«idrf AEi c■^tA•;5c■: tiff Uriar cf Maiiit-a He wa» tlw ast-fc^T of •■ Tiie t"i>«»;<*. ■ a poria which - wa» caf* pc.p.ulir . bat owjne ti. aa wjairo- cal paasare tifreiB. Lt C*:«spt. a. Mihop of Ijon-iom, tboajcfet h:aj aafit f;r the clerical ca&ce, aaa rrfafcS'.i to saiBc-t him to aaotAer P'MPAl^nin Jr.A>XK A-VTOIXETT« Foi*.-n3\, Mir,-h':c>Bft» 4*. the siiKreM of Midisie df Ciateaar-oai:, wa» the daa^bter ■: ' a £saisf jfT. i.Bd K.ra :a jract At tiae ape of :i fcfce wai cxsjTSf^J t.> M <• Elk4t-^ . ftr« ittrarte'd the king* sotk-e whsie be was ban till* ia tfc» forest of iVTaart . appeared at c>8rt la l-«5. uaitr the tjtie ©f iBanhi,>»ie« v.f Po=p«4tH4T , a«« djfrS ia 3Tt4. ,^|f^ ^ jrara She cirrtauUy mf««»aadew*c abe po.»*e«ae,d of SUiair the ma«t ia- i J>c»naat oflice* of the »ut» with hrr faroer it«a, wkc«i« aseajsr« were feaeraUy ia R'jrk-a*. both at ko&e aa4 ahrviai. »1$ ii •h an i^ I'^l j f • i ! .. ft • ' 'h- n pom] I'OMPKH S MAONl S, CNHVH, tho Tn umvlr, w;i« !».«ii •)f Cn I'ompcliis Slniho, anj wan born B. c. I(M1, mx yvtxr» before hU Rrcat rival,, lulius Cnjwr. Ut- scrvj-d undi-r IiIr t.t Ihcr In the Italian i'iuiipuiKn<(, and at '.'3 ycur» of Hue, ai an adhm-nt of the urintoiratic party, hi* rained three logions and Joined Sulla, who, fur bin iiuteKiien n;;aimtt the Marian forces, Rrepted him Hiih the tub' of Iniperator. After further nuccriiiieg in sieily and A'' 11 .i,\ received the iturnainr of Mii{i- nn». uiid i(iuipvi!ed Sulla to allow him a tri- Mj'iph. In 77 I'onipey was m-ih to reinforec Meull'i* ' i!/ tfjed in the war with Sertorjus In ^paia; and there be oervcd till 71, wlim, after the murder of Sertorius, the war wan ended. On hi« ninrih hon\eward he cut otf the fugitive Klixliatom, remnantg of the de- feated nrniy of Spartneui. lie w.i-i <.oiin Hfier chosen coniiul with Cmmu*, i.nd ., f:reat nieuitureit of le form carried: the iliief of which were the restoration of the Inbuneitnnd a rbaiiKe iii the constitution of the Iaw Courts. In (i7 he wan Invtstel with the couimaiid of the expedition ntr:un»l the piralen ^^f the .Medl terrunean, and in forty du)« be bad cb.ired the sea wi>t of (Jreece. He pursued and defeated them olfllio coast of t'iliei.i, and the whole campaign was ended by their sub niiwion within three months. I he next year l'omp»'y was appointed to tlu' chief command u^'ainki Mithridates, whom he
  • a Uoman province. He next cun(|uered Syria and Judira, took Jerunalem after a tliiee months' siefje, and intruded into the Holy of Holies. After reKulatiiiK the alfairs of the Kast be returned to Italy, and in f.l liad Uie honour of a third triumph, liy the refu^al of tho Senate to contirm his arran^i inents in the Kast, he was induced to join the party of ('.Tsar.and formed with him and ('ras»u«llie alliance known as the first trainivirate. He also married, fur hiit fourth wife, Julia, Ihe d.iut:bter of I'.riur. In i.< be was attain consul With C'raHsus,and Spain was as»i)(nrd him for hi^ province ; but his poputarilr and influence were wanliitf 'I'lie death of Julia loosened biit nlliame with Cirsar, and by (be death of l'ras!ius the triumvirate was dissolved. I)uriiit; the disorders « Inch fol- lowed the death of I'lodius I'oiiipey was made sole consul , rejoined the nristoeratlc party, and resolved on war with fn-.ir. As Ua-sar udvanted to Home I'oiii|K'y i|'eat nnal rontltct took place uH the plain of i'hanalta, li.C. 4h, when Tompey was ite- feated and fled to Kgypt. He was iiiurdi red by order of the ministers of the youiik' king immcdiutely on bis arrival. His body was left on the sands, ana his bead taken to j I'il'sar, who shed S'une mauly t< ar» at the] klKht and had it Imint with fittiriK honours, i I'DMl'KUS .MAU.MS, SKMi ■*, jouiiitcr | sun of the Triumvir, born u.t: 73. lie was »«nt to I^kbos with Cornelia, his stepmother, during the civil war; accompanied his fa- a £Utx> S nibtraal 13io9rnpI)n. thcrto Kxyptafi saw hiin nmra,';;;i'.''i;' !'"V,'^ »' PharMliT thr.-ompe.an paii^' ri£:,'''Merc,|'*,,, Spain. He ih,*^.,, j^ .J ' '* ,V»^'»N to after who,e deficit ,,, '''' 'I''" brgih.,: K.;UluallyeolL:;::i:^^.^:;;''«Mu„dS: »^7tllnKo(r,l;''M/;te^^^^^^^^ |l'"i;ttstforli,n„e. H,7'u,^^^^^^^^^ l'>w by the trlmiivirH b ; . '"'^""Wf '"'"••'' '" make la. ,vth;i- '"^««■ 1 ompey wus (inaMy defi ,ted i.» f " ''»"" Naulochus. u, ;j« , pu Jo 'i A " "'''f^ "» ''"'i' bj the PPrcwd liy I'aunr hiomUT, in,pris„„,j a„d iiiid many of tlu put to the torture, \m SixinrVv""!"""' tb.'m, and restored ' ^ puuiuV.. v "'^'' fessorsbip. Did " p'^ ''P"""" '« lu» pto- lish astroi,..,,H.r bur ■ •^;,ut IX !f,>- period of .^5v.arsl.ela^i,poV,;u^l'» of astronomer ro^al die,' i hi ,"' *" «.ree„wicb.n,scp,c;nb:;,^6' S': mains we.vuaerr.,1 in tho, umcoH Lie, winch fur '.•3yc,uHhadL'iv..n\,!i ' theashe, ofhi, ef.b „;a\^ "'^^^^^^^^^ mony of s,rllnmphreyl)av;,"C 1: s.as>uwilh«OurhhepurWhisfa; ,e science, an:l the ^neniins of limo, h ' and money that he m-uie in cWqu" ' were,Me,.t nuleed Ah a pruct.ul S' nur I.. I,.,d scarcely any equal, Ins ta!(ni for takniK obv-rvations wa.< quite unique and to bis /e.il uur i,,.ti..iial .>b8m;uorr ii indebtea for m.uiy uf the new insirumeni) which have, i„nfe>Mjly,ri.uJanlitso pre. emini lit and eumpleie ' VOX I A I OW.XK I, SH.Msr,Al>.\lGl5Tr« \\ t'.e last kintc uf I'uiaml. vus tlic son of i" piivale ^reniliman of Lithuania, and wu born in 17:iJ. Having hoi n fgrtunatcfnooib to please th>' Kiaiid-duches,s, aft. rivards Ca- tharine II., he was elected kitiK ui i:f>l, M the comineneeiii.nt of hi» rcijrn he Hve many proofs i.( !i < nuideratioii and luvr it justice, but I..- .i:i .npts to iiitrodiuewme modiUcations into tlie Polish cou«li!ulioa: rallied a powerful p.irty agiinst him. The I'roleslant.s, who wereexdudidfrumapijcei in the diet and fiuiu the ri»;ht of v te!,i i lainied the rthtoratiuii of the triMtv of Kliva.niaile in l(,i;.(. The ministers of Km-; sia, Kiii^lai.il, and I'ru-sia f.murid theiri ilaiiii, and M,iiii»laus was al-o indinfJ to Kr.iat their reinuvt. b'd tl.t Cit hie bi- shops piotested au'ainst tluMwasure. as fa- viiurilij; the eiieiiiu -i uf Die Hal'', r,ii- "nuMy a..fc;.tcd l.» f ''»"° '"W.puJe nior"'''''^"' ^ro.la„!l pu "fet^:" illti.llV ■"" ''^ ibc U. .H , an eminent Int. miN, 1 iiiHT, liurn years 1.1 M the important ofc; I ■".Sfptcmb,T,lKi6,anrh',S •«nfrn,li„,ho.amu,oS forlMy,,.,,haagi»,.„shelte, (.'"■'•''.''■■•' "■J pred«t««, Dr " ','■• ■^^■^■'"■ainif to the[.,;i. r I.impl,reylUvv,..the,„,b.i w iirh ho pursued \m favounie^ I I..; sK'nii.Ts of time, hoalih,, iiiat lie iiuiue in tunscqucme iiuI.tU. Asiiprailiula,tr(i)o.' ' f'i'ri'fly any equal , Ins takni •'"-(•rvaiioiiK wa.i quite m,^^^ 'i'.il (lur ii,.tiiinal .>bsm;uorrii : iii.iiiy of the new insirumenH' ■ miife.-seJly.reuJcriilitsoprs. il iMimplete " | )\VSKI,SrA.MSUl>.Uui'5It!,j IK of I'oland. was the son of i" rilciiian of Lithuania, and wu • llavinK I'cen fgrtunatcfnoonb I' Kraiid-Uucliess, aft> rivards (j. lit' was fleeted kiti|{ ill i:i)i. At ticfiniiit uf his rei(:n he ik« I f'f 11 1 mmieratioii and liiVf ^f ; lu* .itiuupts loiiitrodmeMiiie IS into the I'olish cousli'.ulioi werful p.irty ag.iinst him. The , who wi'reexcludedfrumapiacei aiul from the risht of v,iei,i ' ri-sliiratinii of the tri.!ty of i:i l'.'. ', '1 he luiiilstcr'iufKiis-i ', uiiil I'ru.-sia f.iU'Uri'd thelrj M.iiii»lau.s was al-o inolincd to ri'fiuist . b'lt the Cilhuljc bl-| iteil a:,Minst thenifasure. as fa-j riiciiiHS i,f the slat''. liWJli after appeared at tlie |:;itc5 of lieu the Cathylies formp'J llie| t'mifnier.Ulon of H;ir." ruiiski.i r ehiets, proposed larryinii oi; i I. (id wait for him niartbetoM.i rdvul carriage aj.; roactied, toe the liiii>;. and placed himonoMi t'S. The iiiBht was dark, but tiny { OS] ^ £ltio ?!tniucr»al 13(ogrnpf»}. [PON .,,,| ,hP animal forw.iM until thry wore ih.ujtVd, ihey thfii w..ikr.i, dr.i(rsin(f Itaiii!^ indin;! ijted, I'll) """ ""'""■■' ■■••---■■•" 'nimVith fhoin.hiit nt dawn of day, 7thev had iiiNMMl Iho way, and that .rconlv a short di Uus- ions. under Kosciusko, who K«ve him the bnimand of ft division, at the hc;id of which liediitinsuishcd himself at the two sieRes IV.irsaw. After the surrender of the city, ewcnt to Vienna, and, rejecting the offers f Catharine and Paul, lived in retirement, Bhisretu.'n to I'oland, at his estates near (TarMW. The creation of the duchy of ifapaw rekindled the hopes of tho I'olish ttriots, and I'oniafowski accepted the place tmlnistcr of war ill the new stale. In iMiy » commanded the Polish army against the lipprior Austrian force, which was sent to jtcupy the duchy : conipcllcd It to retire, Ithcr hy skilful niana'uvrc.s than hy force i arms and penitrated into (ialicia. In |e war of I'-IJ, airainst Itussia, he was bin at the head of the I'olish forces, and ttinRiiished himself In all the principal lairs of this chequered caiiipaliin. After Ee liattio of I.eipsic, durii!;; w hieh Napideon Rated him niar-ilial of rr.ince, he was or ■red to cover the retreat of the French imy. The enemy were already in posses- bn of the suhurlis of Lcipsic, and luul ro«n light troops over the Dlster, when (prince arrived, with a few followers, nt (river, the ridge over which had been bwn up by ,e Trench. The brave I'o- idcr, already wounded, plunged with his >rse into the stream, and was drowned, kt. Ill, 1SI3. His body was f^ir I'uKHKitir CwKsnisii, iCI)., a distinguished cavalrv officer and PJ - n' •• .-.ti-ih army, was in.- wndsonof lii,. r,,rl of Hesborouh-h, and Wnin 1783 He was appointed to a cor- I netey in the loth dragoons In lHO»,.nnd nftpr I passing through the Intermedlnte urados of j rank, ohta ned n majority in tho i'rd ll«h draifoon* in lM'i7. During tho I'enln»ular W.11 this »rall,int soldier had frequent oppor- I tunitiei of diitinguUbuig himself, and was ! regarded ns the /.,<,.< <(V.i/ of a cavalry oWlcrr I At Talavera, Itarrosn, Vinilera, »]. I'onsonby, calcuhitlng tho column nt about KKK), exclaimed, "They must not be allowed to come further ' and with his well known " Cmo on I'Jih • " dashed down the tleld, followed by his men At the very moment when they hud driven their opponents back Into the rnemya lines and tho colonel was anxious to draw ofT his coinrades, who were now flghting at fearful odds, ho r. reived a cut on hit right arm, which caused his sword to drop, and imme- diately afterwards ho received another on ...* led, which he raised to protect his head, liy the latter ho l.-t the command of his horse, which gnllopped forward, and Col I'onsonby, unable to defend himself, re- ceived a blow from H sword on hit head, which brought him senseless to the ground There he lay, exposed on the field, during the whole of tli.' ensuing night After be ing wantonly pierced thnJugh the back by a lane, r, plundered by a French tirailleur, rode over by two squadrons of Prussian ca- valry, and encumbered i,.r some hours by a dying soldier lying ncnxs his legs, ho was at length accosted by an F.nglish soldier, whom he pcr»uad'«d to stay bv him until morning, when a cart conveyed him to the village of Waterloo, ile had received seven woundt, but by conitunt attention he at, length reco\. red Colonel I'onsonby w.-it ! one of the br ,i!l test ornaments of th? army ! and a univ. . >| fuvourite. To the most chivalrous bravery ho united military talents of no ordinary cast, which were guided by a I remarkable calmness of Judgment and cool- i nest of decision. No letson of experience wu« ever lost upon him ; and his authority in matters of his profession, particularly the i cavalry service, was regarded with general resp<>ct. He died Jan. 11. 1837; being at the time a major general in the army, K.C II., and colonel of Uio royal dragoons besides enjoying the honour of four for. gn orders of knighthood. A monument to bun, designed by Tlieed, and executed by llaily has iM-en erected in St Faul's. '; I'O.NTF., Jaloiii iiA. IIIASS.VNO I I'oNTIltj, or 1)U PUNT, iMti., a cclp- ' brated Hutch engraver, born at Antwerp 817 IH' i i ' i 1 1 , I- . t ■ ( I ' i \'\M "ii i«)ll] kl at I. iu I about l/SiW He exccuipd m«njr good print* «ftrr llulxnt an*t. He wa» li»inir In l»i.vt, j I'O.MOI'IMDAN. Kkk .a Danlih pr. late. idiatiiiRulilird n» a theologual and hUturioal writer, w.ii tKirn at Aarliu»«, in !«»•«, be tame bUhop of lierg. n In 1746, and died in IT»U. Hla priniipul worWt are " AnnaU of the Hanith I hurch, and the " Nataral Hi* ! tofT of Norway." I'nNZ, AMONlo. Hpaniih painter, tnpo grapher.and writer on an. wii» I orn In Kj^ He itudled paintinu at Madrid and at Home, where he wa« aliKt attrai U'd to the study of •ntlqulti <«. He wa« emplnycd to decorate , the library of tbe (>«-urial with portrait* of , eminent ^pani*h author*, and afterwnrd* travelled throuuh a large part of Spam. rbiefly to ttathrr informalli.n in «r.rlv» of art. The friiif* of ihr«e jouni- t» app<;ire..tt. ! wa* lH»m iTi !».»««. in Uiml>ard Htreet. Urn don. where hi* fither had carried on an ext<-n«iTe butineM a« a linen-draper, aiii! amained a conaidi-raliU- fortune. HI* p.ircnis bi'inif of the Komioh p< r«ua«ion. be was placed at « year* of aj:e under one Tavemcr, a prle«t, who lauRht hun the rudiniint* of 1-atin and (ireek At Ibi- a«<' of 1.; he re tirtd with hi* p-irrnt* t Hinfield. in Wind ' »or Fore*t, when hi* f..thcr had purch.iM>d : a kmall eitate Here ht- wnite hi* "' Otle on Solitude," which apprar* a» the llr»t frui'« l of hi* po<>tic ci-niu». It wa« hcrr alxMhat he flr»t met »iith the wryden . but on |>eru»inK Urydeii i he abandoned the r«-»t. and »tudied biiii a* ' hi* miKli! At the a|{»- of li, iu « rolp hi* "l'a»torali«, ' which pr(>< un a liini thefrund •hip of thf principal wit» of the time Hl» next perfonnance wa* tin ■ I «>»a¥ on f'riti ci»m." putdinhed in 1711 • I he"Me»»iah ' appeared fSrit in the Sp^xtator, and thi* wa» followed ly hi* " Ode on !*t « «cjlia ■ Day ' Atwut Ihi* period aUo he prfMiuctd the " Kape of the I/>xk.' ot«H»i«incd tiy l/>rd I'etre • cuttini; otT a ringlet of Mr* Arabella Krrmor « iiair. He next l"roii}»nt out ni» ^ jlcti) gliubcrstil i iiogrnohn. ■lomple of ia„,p., „„,,, _ »<>?•• ro.w un,l..r,„ok „ u'»^' hm "'•n.and char-. I 1 v u 1 '^ ^T nU^ '•IV After c,m.M,.,i„; ,1:* .!'ao»t< a^ '<'t lie ••'i'lC th<. he obtained a liberaU, ,;;'"' """'•5 however. mat.rl.,iw «.,/,''"""'• He^i hy the IcarnitiV .4, ah 1, '"''*''• '^fi particularly Hr.M.iiie !•!„ ""' "' nk«i •••he reputa'J.on b^ a'^Z^I^d'h' ^^ (.■Ma. „,.|U, „„, nicri ?fM ''^"•We. -redhi,„numer,,u.ei:f/l7,'^;^ o the minor da.,, from- Chi"! "«'«' rlenccl frcjuent ,p|,n%^ *t? K'"^ it would huTP bcenmnr ,', '• ^^'^f> -'•---.no,ic..r,;;.r, t'rpi.'^ reK-ntiiicnt in a nl^? v "*• >'""""'i«-l.' inwl:lh^''*'"'• Trntl.1 hi, eniitl.-,! "1 more than warr.ntaMe tZ^^ . - wa. worse. fxD.>.ed ,n ru.?!',??.'- ^»^. »l>« ou* and him no offence '-P.fxp...e,l to ridir.l, »'■',•"»« respectable ,^. ;'!?"/ »Wt- ■......., Offence. In ir'; L t'^/'''« Wd »'..linKbrok.,he,u™7ah^,^;'««f «a* hi* Kssay on M.in in <.ik ','*"" universal a,h,,iratinr,;!^,'','"»J''< " Imitations of Hora.r „ ''■'"**«ltir '•Prolo«uean, p .^uoTl't^^'' •nd by -Moral 4i.tl«,''; .•'JStli'l him a. a satirist uf the khool .7 iJ??""' In 1737. 1-ope printed Im'-fte/u'^^ l^rlptinn, for which he«lle,fS. 11 that iomc of hi, ep,,,i,, U w.*^. ^ added a fourth book to hi, 'Cf 1 tended to ridicule um;!,.,, aai f,.,;,* then p..et laureate. CiMK.f rualiitfj ^i pamphlet wjiich told M,mcladicn,u «,^' of hi* antaffuni.t. and v, irritatfd thelit» that, in anew M;ition of the " Dunciid W depoK-d Theobald, it, ,,r,giB,i hm Z promoiiM Cil.Nr in hi. place, *ho tltieS a great coxcomb, lould *carcelT h* (|««ii a dunce. An opprescivc asthma te^m to indicate a cniuincTiiin(r d'clitf ai while he «a» rns'iged in prepirmjiMi. pU te ediiicm . f hi« works, he eipif'ei.iiit 30. 17l4.aKid :''. Tlicp creiion and rcMTTe. lietook pariinpablie affair*, did not oppo.c any ftoteniKtat, ul iet did notbiiii.' dishonouraWe. J'UrHA.M,Mr HOMK moCJ. lUTl; c:iii- 'jKpUlle from lauias to AbelarU, ' "Tbe i wander. wa« born at Gibraltar, in IX' H( ''.a^nins and abll , ", >■ ' 'It 'fly l»ri«„,,», Fun ton ' 'i„^'H i"".r cl«»,. from ;?"«"« »mni no notice of, hem. ,''»^ ■P.fxp...e.l ,0 ridin.1.1' '"^••'« rr»p^c,.hle ,!; T;?"y'«rnl. 'ope printed hir-Uu,,,. jif ?• .for*hichhe«lleg.d 'ui'^ f of hi, rp,,,|., had b«„ „";. Pt.l.li.h,a h, tjtnand C» SS r..urth Wok tohii'Dunciai'J: n which healtarkfdCollTCibte ;lauri^.te. CiMxT r^UUiiw h, wjiich tolj Nomc ladicrouHtona a(toniit. and (uj irritatPii the litttr new » union of the " Uusciiil ki Thcobaia, in (iriginji h^ro.'iii Cibttrin hit place, who tlticMi fXcomb, louli! KarcelT be dwili An oppressiv.' asthma t^piMfJ 1' .1 ciiuiinrncinif d'clitf ; ui ».i^ insHgcd ill prepiritjicoi. .1.10 , f hit works, he fipir'ed.iy sKid '; Tlic portrait of Pope, k in th<> Nati mal ColiKtion. Nir llKiMAS »tate»iraii ait li arning, ws» U>rn at Mlm(M, Ishirr, ill li*"", w»i (■dunted ij il, aftir Ktud) ill jf .It Gray 1 1»j, tBi [he bar He wai knigiitfdis IJ^ >uriiius iuipurtant offirej wia II , l.ilward VI , Mary indEIia- • wai the intimate frit nd of Sir M<>r> . to whom, by orsirt o( Iki omni'inieatt'd the »adti4iBjio(Ui execution. In UM he iouM •lb>">, "xforJ: nnd d ed inlSid r l» a rtinarkaMr insur.ceof !!»• lifiiit tmic«, by the prat lae of da- III rfMTTe. He took pa.'! in public i not uppote any fiuTeniKciit, ul ithiiiir ilishonouraWe. ,.M,Mr HOMK Itiocj. nsTUwi- raa born »t Uibnltu, in Til He ).•] % i^rtD Snifxrsnl IBiograpfjfi. I'd roie ., Ildii-'iiint In the Amerlcin i ,e t« the rink cf poM^^captaln war, aoon «rihe comnienc.mrnt of the wsr with lc,h»Tin? rfn.lrr,.,! ea.entii.l »*r».ec * aukeof Vork In H.. land. it.mployed in the Haltlc - HP waa nnd. III IfHk), _«„nifd to .1 command in the llnat Indict P;! he entered the Ited S. », and aettlcd I, int.igcoui form* of lommcrcc for the L.',lii)ur.hant. In bol heeommandrd cmditli'nar"'"" "'P Cavcot (...od hM »hlch lie took, and afterwardi rn- £,d' in an expedition DK-ilnit Iliienod SL, fur which. «« he wa» charsfd with tini without lufficlent authority, he w«« Ml.ia court martial, «nd reprimanded. , jnJllT obtained the »ituatlun of com -jpfln-chief on the Jainalea station , ikjd but just returned to Knglaiid In when he died. Sir Home I'opham was kliowcftlie Koyal Socictr.ond a knight Ithi'Ilitli >orHAM,Sir JollV, an eminent Judire, il-irnin Sonursctthire, in I.53I. Afti r tiins th' ofliiii of attoriipv and nolicltor- Lnl he wai appointed, in 15!<1, ehli f Cticr 'ftheKiniOlench, He died in l«;o7. j Iteporti and (jses," In folio, art" i [if^l. I IruHDKNONE («o called from hi§ birth- | bii true name beinit Cil<>V.\N.M AN- ; b.Mn LUIMO). a piiinter of the Venetian i iVl, anil rital (fTiti.in, n alburn in 14h.1. cxtciited many k're.it W'^rks, both in [POK Hath," 'SuMnnnl.,' and " .Itnone nnd 1 aril. He wa« al..i a portrait I'.ilnter.rtiid hi* p..rtr»it»arc admired for their colotirinu and truth. roltsoN. urcHAiil). an eminent critic and profe»>or of (ireek in the iiiiiTenity of Cambridge, was born In 17. a, at Ka»tllu»t,.n In Norfolk, where he »a%tlr»t inttrurted by hi* fathor, who waa the parluli clerk, and afterward* bjr Mr Norri,', the vhar. Hi. proflrieney in the elauK i wa< »o erent, that Mr NiirrU »e!it him to Kti.n in 1771. and in 1777 he w. lit to Trlnitjr (•..lleKo, Cambridge, where, in I7H.', he waa ebeted to u fellow, •hip In 17»».\ he took hio inaati r a deyree but having an objection to enter the church,' he wa» under the neretsity of rcaiuninK hit fllloWihip, and. In 17'<'I. w.n elected tireek profemor In 17y7 he published the " Hecu- ba " of Kuripidet. which wan follow od by the *' Orentei, the " I'ha'nisviv." and " Medea. ' One of hi* Unt lit> rar) work* w.i, an edition of" .1 ». Iiylun.' lie enjoyed the reputation of belnc one of the bent (ireek »cliolar!i and critic* of tho attc in Knijl.ind, notwith»t and Inff which, he experienced lutle pationa«» — a circuiMi.taiu(' partly attriimtable to hiit In temperate hablU. Towaril^ the bittir pari of hit life h( wa» appoint, d librarian to the Ix)nUon ln»titutlon, with a »alar) of Xjoo a-year. and it wat there he died, in I'ok After hi» death were publi-ihed hi* " Adver- naria.orNoteaand Kmendatimuof the (ireek I'oett." and hU - Traeto and .^li^cellaniet anil oil, for .Mantiin, titnoa, and , There it ii l.ife of Tornon by the Jtev. J k. nue, and died at IVrr.ira, in 1.539. pnuLIEK, Jl'A^' 1»1AZ. .surnamed El. »Kiin'!^nii,aSpani.'»h patriot and ueneral, tH'i), al'OUt 1775, at C'arthnKena, in Bth America, where his fatlur held ahigh iilic "itu.ition. He fir»t entered the raTy, iKircd.u a niii!«hipman at the battle of ifalgjr, but when the I ry of iiidepeudencc tJil tlirouifh the rmiuiiula in Ho^, he *daeMcrilla corps, of whiih he became li.vkr, and Ui^tinzuishcd hiiii!>elf in u ries of brilliant aition*. and effected the llbratcd retreat fr 'm .''antander, duiiily unM br a corps four timet more numer- Ithan ill* own. The n i'l ncy then ap Bted him captain (jeneral of .K»turiat, in Uchst.ition he remained till the n flora- ;of Ferdinand Ml. Harini; un«uice*s By attempted to restore tho cuiittitution Ithp Cortes in I'l.i. he w.u dt livered over Jthe military authorities at C'urunna, con- Bned. and executed. ORPHYUY.or POUPH Vims, a Gnek Uo^iplicr. «hose f ri,:iiial name was .Mai was born at Tyre, in 2.';.t , studied Her Ori.'en and l.« nirinns , afterward.'* be- |f,«Komf adisi jplo of I'lotinuK, whose fehewrote ; and died about ."ioi He wrote Irork ajainst the Chrittiaii fiiili, which |Toked numerous replies. It has not been erred. Amonn thote of bin «riti.ng» extant, are hi* " Life (f I'lotinus," pof I'ythafcoras," •'ATreatine on Ab- sence frtim Animal Food.- and'-tjues- ison Homer.' ORPolt.vrK,rAi,i.o,a celebrated Italian »rer, torn at Tutin in 1741. di.,a thof* |i5io. Among lus cht/Hiruvret are the tittij Girl and the Uog," "l*da at the i)n.i.A. [UAcno Wattoo, .MA. I'OUTA. H.\ccio DEI.LA I'OUTA.' rOUTA. OIOV.VNM H.\TTISTA I)Kl,L\, natural phllotopher and niathematician, waa 1 1 bom at .Nuplet, in 1540. }(,. dovoti d a ijreat I ' part of hit life to the iciencc. established academies for their promotion, and wa» the inventor of the camera ob,cur.>. He wrote i treatitot on natural history, optict. bydrau ' lii<,phy«ioKnomy,an,ldKriculture, and aUo ; produced n leliratetl of hia work* are the; ' Masia' NatiiralitlibrlXX.," fnr.'t whii li appeared in KV.h , a treatise on Sf.jrvt 'Writ- liijr , and •' I>e Hutiiana I'bysioKuonionin, ■ a ' rem.irkable work, frequently republished and | .' Kenerally known by translations. Died at N.iplet. l».I5. I'OUTAMS, Jkan KTiiNNr Makik, a rnnch Mate:4inan, wa» born at !:< .ius»et, in I'rovenee, in 1716 ; and wa-t at the < iiiuiii nce- nient of the revolution one of tlio must dit- tinKuished advoeat. » of the parliament of Aix. Durinjt the tyranny of Uobespierre he was Imprisoned, but subsequently becaiuf pri tident of the t'oumil of Ancients. He was proscribed by tlio Directory, in 1797. for the moderuliou of his principles, and tit d to Holstein , but when Ituonap.i'te became first consul, VorUlis was recalled, and no- minated minister for religious atfairs. and grand cordon of the l.csion of Honour. Died. lfto7. rOUTEU. GKOHOK ltICH.\UD.si>N, joint secretary of the Hoard of Trade, and an able -_...._ , -iati5!f. tti 5t.!entf, Was :;crn in 179J. Hit first connection with the Hoard of Trade wm st the direct request of I^onl ptt of I^onl 819 '^1 ^ 5i^ I : ■ 1 *iii' I il ■ ' i ' i' WW. .4^1 ' ;] it'm I; T'.:'! l;:-^-ifc#: '■^m ^^H 1^1 > ■■ f IB 1 1 R I roR] Ai^ Stuibfrsnl 33iograpI)i). AiKlil in.l. fn lH:vi. whrn ho was nppoiiitr.l ! rmm.i ,. «~"T — ~~ chief of ,h.. st.tisticl .U-rnrfnont' I'n'l'r ^T^v,v>^'" r^'onrtl,. U)ra Dilliousic, the Ruporiiitrn.Ionco of the liirnnv •'• c " '^"iRht o newly fornir.l n.ihv.iy (lei).Mtini>nl wan nUa 'I'l) Ji'irp ', "'''''• '^32. conimitfeil to lii^ eiinv ii.ni. th.,.« ««i»..., _, . "•'''"• •'AM:, sistnr conimitfeil to hU cure, iioih these offlprH , he lllletl iit.ly in IKjc,, till, on the retirement I of Mr Miu-Krepor, he w,m lui^-anred to the post of joint-sieretary. Tlie proater part I of the re-.ull« of his stmly nnil lal>our will h,' found se.ittrri'd thrnii(;iii.nt many ofJlcial ' reports ami jiapers eoiitrihuted by lijm to the ' Sl:iti>tie:il Society, the Hritish Assoeiation, j nnd other pnldie ho.lics. Hut the most last- ' in){ monument of his talem and industry Is his " i'rofjress of the Nation," whieh has gone throuifh several editions. l>ied, \hs>. I'oUrill.Sir ItoiiKUT KH!, l.orn at l>ur- hain. in ITHO— (listinpuidlicd in the arts, in diploinaey.in war, and in literatnrc—Mas'tlie i son of n military oiheer, anl.. and Sweden." J vols. 4t'>," Letters •from I'orlu;;al iiiul Spain.' " A N.irralive of (the late C.uupaii.'n in Uussia, 1 ravds in i {ieorci.i. r.rsia, Arnuriia, ' ic. IMlUTKIt, Anna M \iti \, jouncersisti r of j Miss Jane I'.utei.and if Sir U K I'orter, 1 Was the aauK')iitr of an oflUfr in the army, I who diel a f.»v inimths afler her tiirth' j With her -irphan fanuly. JIt» I'orter relirrd I to I ilinburi-h, where Anna M.iria's er.rlv ! talents, atcouipaiiled hy nn enthusiastic I love for the \h autiful In nature no I the pure I in morals, <)uii-kly devtlopea thcinsdves After a time tht y settled in the nei^fdlMiur ! hood of lyin'.on, the sisters disiinu'uishliiK' themselves in the lilt rary world, w hile tlteir private lives wore models for liiiiiiiiii.n Several admiral le novels Wire produced bv Miss A. M. )'ur«er, besidis poems, in all of « hlch the inciihation of virtnous and heroii •cntimi nts Is Kcadily kept in view Aiiiontf her novels may be menti-ined. " ! he Hun gariau iSrothf n," " Don Sebastian," " Talei Of Anna Mnl-ja Pone'r*'!:.' V^' '^"''ert m t'ons of superior nl, litie,.'"°V'"«i"fe ;'l'> "''t appear lH^fr,re'„-o^l'''»''»^*^ till she was in her 'Ttl v„l , """laoiho; '7hnddensofw;s^.'"'i;."fim5' atoneepl.-ucdherin ;o,?"^''^Jinrf ;".ter of ticion. In i T"*"« ^'•"ttish fhiefs." uhi, , i'^PPf'Tcd he orssfnlthan Its f re. om ''""'«* * "ll.nved.ut intelvarZ7„;'',"''''»'«s I.to-»r,h"-i„ which stCiJlM^'"'"'' Mster},"Thel'i,.i,l of Fom V'""""'ytin SlioalM,eontri!,„,c.;\V,,o'i'r •'?'"*'■ o nlhiin to thi'Kast loKllwt ript", whiih iviMiniissioa lie dii- to "ell as to ho appointfd professor c-iiiatics and langu.icos, butheafftr- 'rll into diH,'raee, and lo.-t hii a^-j 'tilH. Cheri'ihin!,' a Tisionaryprojeftj vert.il loiuiarehy undir the kinjofl lie went to Kniiie.and wajjilaiilifil tills to the order of Jofjits, butwd ItetU'Pd to SeelllsiiiU.aiid IlifD llUdt ipc. Havinij wandered aboal froaj placr, h>' returned to I'aris in I5J1,| ^ iJctu Ctnibfraal ISiograpfjy. acain exiled, returned asuin, 15bl. onrtUe wild and extrava!?iuu notions ;Vcnte.'taincd,on""-- "•-< ' ■"' [roT cnteitaiufu, uiiu ■■•— > •■,••.• „ .uid riseu aitai" wi"' •'"■ »""', "^ -^''""l • En e he called himself " I'o.tellus rcsti- ,, '' he also maintained, that woman have the dominion over men ; and that \vritings were revelations, of Jesus le Dictionary vi "",">-;•"-,. \,;riT'»V"I. ,at llritiiin's true t>ystoi:., fie Mer- its Public Conntins-Housu," IfritaiU s hmoreial Interi'st," Ac PeMKIN, (iKKOOliV AI-KXAM)I!0- ,1 Kussiaii prince and lii'ld-inarshal, J hii\ in 17:)t), near Sniolciisko. He tn^iiishcd himself against the Turks, feculirlv in the war of 17S7, when he Lmdeil in chief He acquired an iiii- Ud in'i"^'"'^'-' ''^" Catharine 11., and rt'arilcd as one of her e.special fa- riies. His introdmtion to the enipre.ss ire descrihed ns had taken the j,it,5£(|uent elevation are descrihed ns |ms;-Altcr I'atliarine . _ lire fr;mi her weak hushaiid, .slip paraded litrccfsof St Petersburg', sword in hand. n- I'oieinkin, then 26 years of age, of a llvappearunce.welliiiade and handsome, Vc that f'c sword which the cinpre.ss [had not the sword knot, a mark of di»- hion attadii'd to the swords of the north- Icomnianders, instantly dc tached his, and Vntcd it with a ijraee that was liijrhly Biiig to Catharine, and from that day )iig taotion went rapidly forward. 'Ihiiugh riiadtiijoyed the title of favourite, it ibfiaine known that he had ii rival, and Ith.it hud tlie vanity to boast of the fa- fchreeei^cd— OrlolV had then recourse Itri.'iit'; heavailed himself of tl.eab.sence | loll 11. kin, whom hi-; rojal nii.strcNs had \ BuriJ with a liiitli lomniission in her j hagaiiist the lurks, to iu'roduce a joiith le notice of the empress, who was dc- J to hi.s service; so that, at rotenikin's 11, thouiih he eauie (har^fcd with vie- tht' fount he had been supplanted, and Kstaiitiy n tired to a convent at New sky, jjxiii.inKO'i his military decorations fur { purse habit and the co"l. '1 he empii'ss * [her lady of hoiiuur, the eountess do )e,to bring her a inie report of I'ottiu I filiation , and h.ivini; hi'ard of his nt passion and the sierihcc he had fjSlie sent for him. }le returned to the J, and soon reiKiieil the master of the Land even of the proud Catharine her- Uiied, i;di. Ti:.\l>Kll,orrOTTl.\(Ji;U, John, port toiiceHancous writer, w.is horn in lt;-i7, khester, and educated at Wykehams 1)1, of which his father was head master, t 0.\furd. llesiiles a variety of minor I, he composed " .\ I'asiural'lleHection (ith.'anil translated Taeitui.' " I.ifo of tola." Uo .studied at thi! Temple, was 1 In the li.ir, became romplroUer to Itie lOlBce, and died in 1733. rOlIIIKK, UoHKUT JosKin, an eminent trench lawyer, was born at Urh-ans. i„ i",io He became professor of law in the imivi rsitv (if his native eity, and died there in 1772 as much beloved for his virtues as admired for his extensive lenrnin;;. His treatises on various le(}al subj^ets form 17 oelavo vols but his great work is a " nicest of the I'an ' dcets of Justinian," in .3 vols fol. I'OTOCKI, Count Ici.N.nu.H, a I'olish nobleman, born in 1741. He interested him- selt^ greatly in the attempts to free his country from the yoke of her more powerful neighbours, and after the overthrow of Kosciusko, with whom he co operated he was arrested and sent a prisi.nir to Hussii Uefore the dcstnietion of the Polish nion- 'il'^\^' h'\'"'^'^ fc'ianduiarshal of Lithuania. I'omCKI Count JOHN, born in 1760: a noble I'olish historian, broth, r of the sevenl Counts I'otoeki, most of whom were attathc d to Kussia. He was one of the ambassador* to China, in IbOS; was author of a work on that country, " Sarm.-.tiau Keseareh. s • I)!eri«r," *'"^ l'n'"'tive Uussiaus," ,1c I'OTOckl, Count SiAMsi.Ais, a Volish statesman and writer, born in 1757. at Wir- saw. He was one of those who contributed niost actively to establish the constitution of 1,91. WHS lui'.sident of the seiiat<' in Isis and died in isjl. Amnng his works are a _ 1 realise on Kloquence and Style," and I he Journey to Cieuiiio,,'iod," a satirical romance. I'OTOCKI, CLAfl.INA, the wife of Count llernard I'otoeki, was born in the grand duchy of I'osen, in Iw) ;. She was the lineal descendant of the I'olish ambassador Dzi i- lynski, who was sent to Int'land in Kliz,',- beth's reign, to reiiionstr.Ue against the in- fraction of a tre.ity between this country and roland, and whose bold and sucees^fiil eloiiuenee is recorded in lustory. Purin ' the patriotic struKgle for I'olish fr. edonf from 1»;K) to lsi;i, the Countess I'otoeki nut only l)e(ame the nuinir.eent benei.ictress of her ci.untryiiieii. l,iit devoted her pi rsoual energies to the sicied cause, and alleviated, by her kind uttentions to the sjek and wounded, much of the misery that the un- e>|ii (1 contest entailed on the gallant spirit* who strove To shake oir the oppress ,r's yoke Surrounded by wounded wairiors and the victims of cholera in the hospitals of War- saw, neither the sight of liid.ous gashes, nor the fear of contagion, deterred her from her course of charity. Theie, for seven success- ive months, she was constantly occui 'd and when the day of adversity came, the re- mains of her fortune, her inlluence, her per- sonalexerti..n«, were entirely at the disposal of the unfortunate refugees. .\t one time while residing at Kresden, where she had formed a ladies' committee for the relief of these brave nun, she pledged her jeweU and most expensive dresses, fur 40,ihs) lUirins. and the whole nniMunt was Instantly sent to its pi. ..^ destination. I'or this the I'oleg as- sembl. d at Hresden presented to her a brace h't,wli,h an li'scription conmiernoiative of the noble act, and pointing It out lor national gratitude. She at length tlxtd her residence 6H t • I ■ I -,U f I i'( y-\ ; !■ :|:,! [f: -i I pot] ^ ilicto Slnifaeranl 13(oc|rapI)y. nt Oenevn ; ond there, In the exercise of those ("hristian virtues, which will iinmor- tnlizc her nnnie, luit worn out by silent L'ri..f Rho (lied in Ih.u;. '■kmi, I'orr, IHUiiVAi,, III eniinent surKcon, to wliom tlie »cieiici> is inati lially intlchted for ui;iny iniprovenients, Mas born in London in 1713, and became i>rincii)nl snr>;con to' Hartbolonuw N Hospital in 174!t. j„i,n Hunter was one of bis early pupils. Pott wrote "On Hernia.' "(Ill Fistula I.uchry- uinlis," "On H.\iln)ccle.' " (tn t'nfaraet " "On Wounds of llic Mead, "\c.; was espc brated fur the niildiioss and liu- iluient, and was the eially eel. . ., nianity of bis tn ..,„., ..., ...... „.,, i,,,, ,„ ventor of many useful surgical instruments Died, 17W8. I'OTTKH, VKANCI!*, nn ineeiiious divine, «lio wrote a book on the inysUc number! i->\... relebrated Dutch I'.iTTI.U.lloHKRT.nn Knuliih divine «nd •■ He (ttudied at ('ambrid>re and Krssin){ Ufre, as a reward fnr ~ ~ ■ ZtcTv "1 ""• <''"C?7^5:i^ iiutios. tarlyin 1841 hewn.. •"' "ifflciil I cxtraordinary.uMd minu, "''■'"''ilfilenY! I to China, wli^r ' i' "fa'r'^^P "'iPoto, ;1 l"«ted in no sMkI,, degree fh '■''"'« ™SI successful treaty which 'V'''"-'^»'«ke| vernor and e.Mninandor in 'i;.?''''''''^'! go-l IHl.t, t.) the spring of thp fli """•^"'1,1 When he ■•■turncdioVieL """'"« ^»\ 'nrniber of the privy coiT.;n?'*^'°™^ pension of jciL) n year 'r ""'^""^a mo, he wa.s aRain chosen f«.' ^W">»fJ being appointer, o th, .'"n /""''''"■"ioo <"ape of (iood Hoio andT "'"""? »' th flee With great a!ulr«sV„r;T^ »'• a very troubled period in hui ""■' "'™gli| wlx-n he was rid e ed h '''''■"'''"'IW, (i- AV. Smith n,s^,^™"'"%llarr;l '"<''"• '••'■scene on f^^^^^^^^^^^^ held the post of snorl ^ ■'.^"'"fes, audi in.chief,!'fth::pS;v\n5r''^"- the y.'ar mi, when he f,v?i ?"''"' """'I England. Du'd.S "^''"''™^^<»l practised the art under diff nt„nt™° with great attention; but his taslMl i'l l^rance i„ „;,o; and live T,™: >vith aparinu-nts in the Louvre; l^itiCni was BO annoyed by the envy ,.nai,ie • >"tsis"nl f>even Sa. rainrnts," which ho lujntedtwwf iofli seri.-.s are now in KnglistuollectionJ In the .National (Jallery are bis line" Bacf ehanaliiin Dance," " liacchamiliaii Feiiil val," ••Cephahis and Aurora,' and setenil other works. Died, IWS. | I'orssiN, fiAspAlt.nn eminent painter I whose proper name vras l)l-Gnn.»asl)oni,| ntUon'.e, 111 lili.V His sister marriclXico-l las I'oussin. which circiiiibtancc ledhimtol study paintin? under that i;riat niasttrj whose liiiiiie be :iriiinti>il Itn n:irti/.iii.,iil died, 1^*1 I'OTTI.NOI.U, Hight Hon b.irt., (i (■ li , a (loitKiguisbi diploriiati»l, w;i» born in 17n'i, as a cadet in lMi<,and at un trai ted tlw attention t.trjr authorities tluu u. f'iriiuitiiin,aiid re.'»dy adniiiiulratlve po'wcrs Diitlng hi* long Kojouni in tbnt country In ""• '••"•''■■vid in almost e\.ry branch of the gradually ruse through all Hir HF.NKY d M.ddier and went to India early age at of the civil and uull- thi re by his energy, in «as enipb .. . _ public service, graiiuaiiy ruse through all the ranks of th« service till he rea, hed that ^enff^ml nti.t fiffor t(.« 4«r..i...i.. LI1« lailKB 171 lilt? B of x-.ajor general, and after the .Vffghan campaign. in IKl'i, was rais. d to the barone* the sncrltlce, a " I.anilslurni, " ic. Dieil D.7V I l'(iW!-.I,I., liAHKN, w.isti(irninl:i5,twkl first class lii'iiours ;,t OxfirJ in bi;, anJ nit« nd the church, he was firstcuraleil Midburst, then vicar of I'iiimstfad untlP ls;.'7, i|r' Iwcaine a fdlovr of IK' RDfi ScR-iety in ls.'4, and in IH27 wasarpuinier .•sHvillan prc)f(,.ser of jfcoinctry in il;'' oti versify of Oxford.—an ettice whicli iin ' '■ the ti. .euf his death. Ilfisufll author iif wvrU on parflfl tallied to known at iiii uuii.m ,,. ..ui..i uu f., scientific kiibjccts.and of olbersontlie l.ition of scii i;ce tn ihcclopy. In ItiPfumii ssfiil tronty which nnt*' '''"'« thel - , I'or Ills sorviceson tiff '■ ^''inesel >• unci coimnaiKlor-in ni;.?'""""''! 8o-| '" tt"' spring of he ''^^.""lAprill IT of the privy counpii','''**"raal nppoiiitci to thcirnvr^f !'^"'"iM,l ■ ^"'"h. In i«5u h ",, '""fyl tlic scaioof liiscar h.?""^"'"'"! '"• post of Rovernor ml "'"' ""' •'fof the I'rc iZcv 'v r^"''"-! ^t ■^;ulolys.i,,^•oa^^5!4 ^■«1 the art under different' wwer" i; ;ve.,t to Konie, and s, i ", on apliael,l)umenicliino,aiid ,i 1 ;reat attention ; but his ta^M, M o.k . ,,uis Xlir. invited l,i,rt 111 IMO; and pave him a nmjo I pariiiM.nt.sin the Louvre; biiiCni '.''MnoyedbytlieenvyanJintrifni ■porary artists, that lie rcturatd t I iiml remained there diiriut iheresll life, (iiip of his best worl>8is"The| Naeraiiicnt»," which he luinttiitwice I ones lire now in KnglistifollectionJ .National OaHery are his line" Bac-I laii lianec," " liaechamdiau FeitiJ ' ( ephaliis and Aurora," anil setenll «urk«. Died, 16W. I SSIN, fiAKi'Ait, nn eminent paintfrj proper name was l)fCiiKT,wasticni,| '•'.111 liil.V His sister raarrif.lNico.1 iis-in, whieh eireiim>tanec Ifdhimtol palntin? under that srtat nusltrj name he adupted. lie parlicularljl d in laiidseapi's. There arc s;x ei-f i.'f tlii" master in the Xaliimjl Osl-| 1 niilde ■■ l.and>eapi «illi liiiirei,"! •ntlntf Abraham and Isaac cjjii: tol LTifJcc, a '■ I.and-sturni," ic. Diei,! 'I.I.I., IlAiiJN, was horn in i:ifi, toil th'i liriiuur» :,t OxfirJ in l^i;, anlr 1 the ctaireh, lie was firstcurale W r«t, then vicar of I'iiimstaJ cati| 111' tii'eaine a fellow of Ih.' Ri)fll ■ in l**.'*. and in 1S27 was arp^'ia"^ n pr"f( '.sor of fteoinetry inil- iii)i-l of Oxford,— an etlicc whiili b nf 1.0 the ti. ,e of his death. Ili i<»fi m uii authur of Murks un piirdfl lie Mihjeets.and of others on the ^^ ( »eu i;ce to ihcdopy. In Ilipfurmfl ^ Jjeto aJnil)ctaal Dtogtnpljy. ■- ■ . 1. 1 .,,1 f»if> " History of Nntiiral lf'f^^a-'in^^a'""-wJ.f...eUnUu- Iphilosopby"'! with in. .ly others. 1110»"F"J p , • ,,,, Ln,.tion of >atur,ii Inectirtii I" The Unity I" Christianity Border of Natur-^ ,.,.. and IJivine Truth, of AVorlds and of Naturo," without .ludaism, Uie and others, in which he ■"C/tn dutine the limits of faitli nnd of ir"*L^ed.e ? V 7 he was eU-eted a fellow ITtl reolo' cal Soeiety ; and althouKh I" '^^v k. otn Vor his labours in physics. ku?S"Uy 'variety of writinKMo li „ n„ fiet< expo.M^d him to much oppo 'v„ 1 lit altbonsli con.scious that he was bin'' 1^' «^ a' Moment, be continued to work stead.ly n tie couisc which his conscience die- tcf HiclearBtyle, philos.>pbicaltone, I ml extensive learning secured tor him, as ! writer the .'^vn.pathy and support of the rici is of intellectual projtre.ss, while in pri- ,,ie was esteemed by all for lu.s .on..lant f liness to assist and instruct, and his un- 'uni.g kindness. I'or many years he S one of « small band at Oxford, who tin alive the study of the physical sciences idi iPL' a season when they were not rcKaideU V hso much favour as at the present day ; and when, in 18.W, he wa.s appointed to he nienftheoxford University Coniiuivsioners, he h;ul the satisfaction of aidini; to intro- duce some of th"semodilicat ions which have Inoff 1,-iven to tlic physical sciences a reeo^- ni/ed position in the system of stiulies adopt- ed it Ibc university. In 18.)l he was one uf the three appointed to adjudge tlie litir- nfit TheoloRicairrize. Died, June U, IsiiO, a:;i'a63. I'OWKIX, Sir JOHN, hart., an eminent ard honest lawyer, was born uf a very an- cient and wealthy family at I'l ntr> meynck, in tlie parish of Llanwrda, Carmarthenshire. He wasa judj{0 in thecourt of Kind's Hench, inlC^s, and distinh'uished hiiuseif so much Iv his integrity and ability on the trial of the 6cven bishops, that James tlie Second (Icpr.ved him of his ottice, but he wa.n re sturcdto it at ibe revolution, and sat there until his death in Hi'.Hi. In Uel)er's Life hiips had failed, the cnurt, it is said, made |lhc same attempt upon his eldest son Thomas, who for many years r.prisinted the county of Carmarthen in parliaii;ent, which rcaciiinj? the Judge's ears, he sent for him, and told hiin that if he aiceplcd of any place, or the promise of any pl.iee, under m>- vtrnnient, he should consider it as intended to Idas his judsnient, and would disinherit him; and, as to himself, he would rather hve 'ipon his eoekle-baiik at t.anKharne, than do anytbinx so repii>?nant to his con- science. Vov N \I,I , i iii)MA~, a '.earned anti«iunry [POZ and politician, was born ut Lincoln in 1722. He held several situations under govern inent.undliavint? exerted himself in America to suppress the rLsinjc spirit of discontent among the colonists, ho was, in nr>7, np pointed governor of Massachusetts Day, and subsequently of South Carolina. On return- ing to Kngland in 17til, he was made di rector-general of the control oHlce, with the military rank of colonel ; but the latter part of his life was spent at Hath, in literary re- tirement. Jlis principal wiirksnre," Treatise on the Study of Antifiuities," "On the Anticjuities of the I'rovincia Komana of (Jnul," " Descriptions of Uoman Antitiuitics dug up at Itatn," and " Intellectual I'hy- bics," besides many political tracts. Died, l«l)5. I'ozzo III uoiiGO, Caulo Anduea, :;ount, an eminent diplomatist, Was born in '^ ' ' 1 of Corsica, in ITtiH, and belongetl cient family, which ranked high ( the island of to an an among the Corsican nobility. When the island was placed under the supremacy of (ireat liritain, Toz/.o di llorgo was elected lircsident of the state eoiincil, and the en- tire administration of the country was re org .ni/cd by him. Itsoon, however, became CT ; \t that Corsica must yield to France, tl lunt therefore sought refuge first at Naples and Klba, and afterwards in ICng land, where he was received with every mark of respect, ile was subsequently em ployed in some secret diplomatic missions, in the execution of whieh he displayed the greatest /eal and ability; but his labours were in vain. After the peace of Amiens, I'o/zo di liorgo entered into the diplomatic service of Russia, and represented his royal master at Vienna, whither he was sent in order to consolidate a new eualition against France. Tin nee he repaired to Italy, where the combined military uperalions of lOng- Ismd, Russia, and Nai)les were about to ciiiiiinence. After the buttle of Austcrlitz, and the secession of Austria from the league, he again went to \ienna, and thence to retersburj,' When I'russia joined the coal- ition, l'(i//ii di liiirfto was created a count, and attaebed to the stalf of the emperor as a coloiK I , but after the b.ittle of Jena he was au'.un enijiliiyed at the Austrian court. His lit .\t loissioii was to the Dardanelles, for the purpi'se uf co iiperating with the Hritish aiiibas'ailor in treating with Turkey , and in t!ir 1 ngageuienl between the Rus.slanand Turkish fleets he greatly distlnL'uisheia„ Vrvico n, ? Joined Hernadott,. who wa then e v/.h i^ "7' "• JUr «'^f-'uo of I.resd n a a ' ^^ 1>« lie of l.e.p,sic sona followed . ad le -i^ v'""* '"";'"*' "''"^'y a"J w-Tily to^ wards Iranee. Tn January, IhU. r,,/,,, jj of the allied monarch.; his mission U-- Had?n. I he moderation ,• nd irresolution of the Kmperor Alexander often put the pi .ng of his minister in extreme ptV.l ; m ,"* advue eventually prevailed, the alli.d nr mies marched on I'aris. the abdication of the Ireneh emp. ror followed, and when l'o//o di Horgo hadntleuKth obiained " fh ">H**K°' '^''■^•'""'' ^ <>'«« no neKotiat ,^ should br enter. .1 into either with Napo Icon or his fanul^.he Imxteiied to Talley a iSthi a nltttani filogr^ ' Poliiica|i :?;!Ka'5?'t.SSi;;*55a after the n vohuio,, ''^'V'P"'"ic. P"te first eonsurin^'^i'.'-'a'lc]), patron, Duroc. to ,,,..,? """"' «il lie. an.ll,., .' , .*"'<^^' Huoilun.iM„, ' , . , f iU 1 Uussia ocrurrinR i„ k,, '> ""' against i.iiropo nHiiiiist f)i.> I.'.... •:— •• <.uimMi)D(|. i^^undbecame'hi;';,';;;;;„;^"«'>''Part^S :;•"."' "f t>a■e,„Xfi^I:;u""'''^C "*•'*'«ted. ho w«.s i„;',"'^^ -at Which h, '""•on, n^i.ivod a Ja , u.^;"! ""> t'tlo o «-"s made bishop of i- , '^ "^ ^'^.000 franc, ■■••'Is ofJlciated at VnS \'^"^- "tafi r- , ,fontaly. InfsKT„r"''''»"« o the Hayoniie confemeo ,'"''.'''"''"""' th. TO Napoleon l'ivo i, ^'"fhisscivico arehbishop of MallLc. n'*^.'..'""'.' '" '^M l-0;.Mon of H •• Not only have 1 ^Uiin Naiwleon pi-ii'tual'lv' but I h.Te Just thrown lb', hist shove uu' of earth ov. r the Imperial corse I •• Jiut his labours were not yet at an end. lie pro vv.M K- '-•""^"" t" announce to I^uis x>in his restoration to the throne of his ancestors . after which he was summoned to the consressof Vienna, where he vehcmenily pressed the removol of Napol.on from Klba tosomemoreremoteplace. And when the, x- cmperor had disembarked on the Ir. nch coast, he said." I know lluonaparte , he will march un I'aris . our wi.rk is bi fore us -.ot ■ moment mu»t be loM." I'ozzo di Itori;.'. im- mediately joined the Autflo ITu-Man army forming the vanguard of the allies in li, •' Kium and, though wounded, he follow, *J W clllnslon to I'ans. an., resumed his port folio as UuMiau ambassador 11 i^ last ooli tical mission «a. as ambassador t.. Ilngland iler» he remained upwards .,f two y, irs till ill health induced him |..ri turn tol'iris' wh '"'■nts taken from l,i,„ ,;'''"' f'"Pl»J- 'l>"t I'.-iris for his di 'cJ nni n^''"^'» '-"""thefd.ofNa,::;;;;:':!,^;;-;-! Was ina.i,' by I ouls \vi i „. ' , "■ He t"«.k him ; h.' retir,,! frnm ,h ■""'■''°"'- «-.;ivrute c..ini...t.onal reform ,l:^:l A-inl>.,. Hewasur.eof thiHteioon- !l ll-^rzrr 11 //'';"!V7 '." ",'."• '"'""I'l.v n,;,g.zi„e called <>l b.» Krc.it <«rm'..nality, iiuMiour. and ele K-'n.. A '"mrle!,-.dti,mofth,m,witiia M.iu,,;i ... lu-v. Ii.r«,iiiCuii.ridgp,wasoiilt poU.,iudin iNfil. Pnua wascSlWtothi l*'' "»'> "\ "'■<' i'nt,n.a po'iiaaient, ^bere h.' /ealou.-ly upposca tUu llcformM I'.ril, Is.)?! l'H,\ir, ' ieiit,.(fon. SirrH.\nr.K« KCIi a K.«il:>nt ai.d aiMiiiKuinht'd offinr, wtij serv. d ihroiii.-huut the I'.iniisular war and was present at the tutUcs of Saianianca, \itloria, Nivcll.'s. Orthes, and Touluusc. Ib.rn. i::i ; die.l, 1R39, J'HATl , ( 11 AKLKS. ,CAMT;K.V, Eari; rliAiT, JuIlN Jl.rFEKYJf. CAMDiX .M.irijuis. ' l-U.\rr.K.vMiJ:i,J.ArKSON,r.)vdis.,pcift and niixtlLtneoin writ/r, whs boru a; .'! Ives, iu Huntingdonshire,!^ 1719. tarivin '■""sul, iK. made , f"," «"* '^^"'"L" his almoner On ^'«"-. '"-■ •'■"P'Tor, ill 1801 n '^ ^o'""- '■'^••-•'"'i wratuiiv nf '^''"«of ^isl'op of I.;^e//„'^.fiOO franca ''•'^'coufnTneo S'"'^'''''"' :•'■»" B^n-e him an , er'tfr^™ ''•"les, and nnrf,. i '"'^'^"'"y UfinR in isi2 ho„ ','' *»si r • fill „f X- , ' " ' ''"' no rc-i '.111 of Nai.,,l,.oa and the.niVv ;miyc«icdaii,,;;;5ftL i;:«;f,""'-^-"'^'.ia«jsfl n ..ml. .roiipj, J himself with «M.-us...lthec.uM..ofw).,ea •^"•tit-.tional reform, lie did kVlXTKROP MACK WOETH, roe! >i ."hU ..nibru! tie,. ind graduated •He wasur.eof thediiefcm- ".V ''"""i'l.v niiigjzinc called II, an.l f.i"Kui(;hf5U.iaru.rlT Hia lu»p.„■m^we^cdlstin^uiih■• (lrl^'•.ll.lllty, humour, and elo inirictc .-,1 tiimoftheni, «itiia fv. lii r«,niCuIeridgo,waswilt Ij-K* hr.ud was callpd to the Ih.iii |„. tntered pn'hampnt lou.«ly upposcil the Ileform M •'ut.-ftcn. sirCH.tnr.r5,K.r.l)., ■ '1 ilJMiii)fi«i»hed offietT, who ;huut the I'cnuisular war and iit the hat lies of Salanianci, ■I'ile*. <)rthc», and Toulouse. lAHLK.s. ^CAMTJK.V.Esrr >">■ Jf.l-FBKys, iC'AMDt.V, MCKJ, JArKS()N,rovelij;,poft, ii'oiu wii(,r, was boru at .>t ingdonshirf.i^ I7J9. tarivin ^ ^cU) ©niSJcrsal 13iogrnpi)p. [PR£ to..the«.aKe.b«tBUbsc^enUy He settled 1""= '"^ C Uine n ^t'urer. a bookseller Btuath.who ,un " ^,ig,,pj .^.^erM novels and poj;|'^ ,^.^.^^^ ^j. <^jp„ii,s, „„ the ^?Soropii"OuVF*^K,nj„aCor- :»''.- ana '' W'oi'V f^'-orcts." llcMdes these ^ks he publixhca "OleaninKS .•« ^Nales. r H ;j and Westi.hiilia." " Cilcunings m Hnd'"T. }le died in 1814. ^i?.K\ITKU>, one of the (,'reatP8t sculp - of G cece, nourished about 3«0 B (;. He '"^.d both in bronze and marble, and ;ir V has PI served a list of his principal .'i on o his mo,t famous works was 1" Veuu' ofCnidu.s," which perished in a "*, flrP It Constantinople. In the Vatican Sop/ in nlarble of hjs statue of Ap.llo 5f^;"t":ere'';^>ccial.ycharacteri.ea ■iv L'racc and teiidcrmss. \'11ESC0TT. ^VILIJaM IIirKl.lNO, onc ,f the most eminent historians that America ,« Drodiice-i, ivas born at Saleiu in 1/96, Jucated in the academy of Pr Gardner a , nil of the UvA ais Dr I'arr, and graduated 'llarvard Inivcrsity in 1811. While at nillcehchad the iniblortune to lose by an rtiauit the bight of one of his eyes, while (he other became so weakened as to deter him from any profession or pursuit in which Hroiis eyesight was indispensable. Kuabled K tl'e possession of an independent fortune to fo'lloiv the bent of his inclinations, he hPent two years in wandering in Kngland, Prance, and Italy, and then returned to his iativeeouniry,>\liere he married and settled down tJ a life of literary labour, m hi>..h was rarely interrupteil. Having made himself mooter of the lilenture of France, Italy, and Spain, he eontribiMcd as th" flrstfruits of his careful and various rwUlinR some critical papers to the " Ni.vth American lle- vicw;" and at last, in iHj;, «i lected the "Kcign of reidiiiand and Isabella" as the subject of a more e.ileii>:ve work. Vnablc from the weakiieas of hi> eyesiglit to pursue an historical work rciiuiriiif; refi-rences to various S^panish authuritio.he had ncourse jtoa reader, wlioiu In' laiiKht to pronounce t'astilian with aceur.irj surticieiit for his own ear, and «il)i this iaadeiiuate assistance ihe became ae(iuaii;li'd with the ^jreat au- thorities on .Spanish history whom it wn« necessary toeonstilt in the prosecution of his arduous labours. In this tedious process of collecting and dii'estiiig his materials ten years rolled on, but at length, in 18;n, his great work was published, and was received with the utmost enlhiisiasni both in KnKland and America ; while (iermany, Trance, mid Spain aeknowlei!..''' 'he new historian by tranRplanting ; ' . • :> t.ifo their respective larguagi'Si a-, the ■• panish capital elected him a membi ■ o' i 'r lliiyal Academy of History. Stuiui!' u by success, and vsith liistkiileonsidii uiy ;nereaseil by pruetiee land cxptriencc, .Mr I'lcseott set about the comro(,ition of "'Ihe tuni|ueut of .Mexico," HLich be published iu l!H3, and four years later he gave to the world "The Conquest of I'eru." Xlicso works, like their prudeccs*- ors, were received in both hemispheres with immense opplausc. They liave frequently been reprinted, and they bid fair to remain the standard histories of sor.ie of the most interestiiiK and eventful periods of human action end enterprise. In is.io he paid a short visit to Kn^^land and the continent, and on liis return to America he bcBaii the c luposition of vvhat he intended to he the greatest aehicvement of his latter years, " The History of I'hilip II." Of this work tvro volu.nciv appeared in 1S,J5, and a third in IH59 ; these volumes bear ample testimony to the undiminished genius of the author, and the world was looking forward to the C(mipletion of this work and many others from the same brilliant pen, when he was niterwards doctor of the civil law, and master of Trinity H.ill, where he died, in l.WH. He ac:ed a part in the tragedy of Dido, played before tjueeii Elizabeth, who settled a pension of IJi a year on him. He wrote a tragedy, called " The Life of Cani- byses, king of I'ersia," which is mere fus- tian, and has not escaped the ridieule of Shakesneare, who, in Henry iV., makes Talstaff talk of speaking in '■ King Cam- byses" vein." rilKVOST, PirtinK, a French painter, said to have been the inventor of panordm;;s, was born at Montigni, in 17ii4. .Vmnn;; the panoramas which he painted, were those i.f I'aris, Kome, Naples, Amsierdani, Antwi.rp, London, Jci usaleni, and .Vthens. The two last were the fruits of a visit to (ireece and Asi.i -Minor, in 1HI7 ; nd he was engaged in paihtiiig a view of C. ..slautinople, when he died, in IX':,-?. rUKV(»ST DLXILF.S, ANTOIM; FRAN ^ois, one of the most fertile of French writers, was born in 1C'J7, at Hesrtin, in .\rtois. Hi-! early life was unsettled and changeful . he was alternately a .lesui* and a militarv ottiotr , after which he entered into the nion.istery of ."^t Germutn des I'r^s; but quitted that s eicty also, and withdrew to IloUaiiil. His r xt removal was to Lon- don , but in l,'.!l he obtained loav. to return to France, where he bec.iiiie sceretiiry to the I'rii.ce d». Conti. Hi> i ml was equally sin- gular. Ill 17 '3 he was sei/ed with apoplexy in the forest of Chiritilly, and was founil apparently lifeless. ,\ti ignorant magistrate being called in, orUt ltd a surgeon to open the holy, when a loiul shriek from the vir- tim convinced the spei i.Uors of tl'.eir error , the abb* opened his eyes, but the incision was mort.il, and he almost immediately ex pired. His works amount to one hundred and seventy volunies. The principal arc, " .M'Miioiie.. d'un Homme tie tiualit*;" " Hisiuiri' de M. Cleveland, I'ils ii.iiurel de Cromwell," " Histoiie dii Chevalier l>es- grieiix ct de Maiion I.escot," reekonid his best work; "Four it Coiilie," a literary juuriial, -ii Vols., uiid " Hisluiie Ovu*rale lies VoyaKes," 16 vols. K!i ( " I; i nl i'»i i Mi '^ ii;: : BMBjiaaj.aiJ \vJpsr-,- ■ --■'- : PKlJ „, 1 .'■• " ?"^'- " '•'"•"<>'' <-ritic'. W.18 l,„r„ ntlx.li. on. i„ l,;()o. liaviiiK suftVr.d • m •i.Ioral,ly in ,h,. ,ivil ,v«r., 1.,, «■",,:, .^ : rrnj-o wuM-e »..• on.l.nuo.l th. Koin'ui (a. I. , 'V' • ""'• ""' »finir I'ri.e rhed himself . ' .'. sermon, " Oi the I ove of Country " in I which he ha;ledthat event a* lh( i ..nml.nce- nient of a glorious era Ihis drew upon the preacher Mime uronur animadversions from Hurkeinhiscelel.r.tcd I(efl..cii,,r)s. l!*«ides many papers in lheTran»uetions of iheiCoyal Kociety,of which he w.is a f, How, l,e pul, iihed scni.ons and pnniphlcts. which Mtah luhcd hlg < haractt r as a sound advocate !or ' civil liberty, and a master of financial wi ence. Died, 1791. ritlCE. TIIOMA.S an eminent AVoIsh hit f.'rian.nndliterary antlquarv, bornin Itreck- no< kshire, in l>r. He entered the church and became, in ls:'5. vbiir of Cnn.du, where he spent the rest ef bis life H,. was m in Ibiisimtl. luv.r uf the W, M, lin;;ua«e and Iilerature, a zealous pn.nii.ter of the " lis tedfods," and n most Industrl.AUs student '«na wr.t.r. His " ILmes ( vmru ■ (His tory of W .,le, „ a n^rk of , oi.sid. rable value. It .ippearid in p.irts betwe( n ls.:(;_ l««-'. Most of his writings ar. in Welsh and were contributed to perio.liials . but he ab., wrote leveral F.ssayB, an;! an account of a ' T.iur in lirittai.y, in l.uglish. Dud at I Cwmdu, IhiH j I'lllCHAHD, Jamk.s Cowt.Ks. M D whoMMibnoKraphlcal r-searchcsbave p'aced I him blph in the rank* of scien. e. wan 1-.. n ' atlloss.m Herefordshire. ITbo . settled -is r > phy«icii,n at Itrisi.l, in Isici, wh< re he rose ! to eminence , and after deyotinK Ave and i thirty yearn to profenslonal duties, varied only by literary avwations, removed to l,on don in 1H|,^ as one „f her inaj. sty » r„in ' mlssioners in luna.y-a branch of ni. dlcal ' •ei.nce with «bi.h l,e (..ul !„.,« I.mu (jl n,i .....I.. . miliar. Dn'ri"! i — — ^^M '"'•«> ond icien i lo'u'' ^n'^'WHT^I ««;nrche, into the n'i :,, "^^ «■ is hi, *'^f' Will ; was educated ni w ""^'ow, in Pn" s\:f''SS';r^^"-^Si??;: lU«ht of Tithes,' ",?'''r/r- "T'-OO igiS " The Connection ou/''lif^^^^ "M,^;,"- Testament. '•' "'''«'? of Ihe 1 HI l'.S«VT'e-» f.. I HiX'^ian fr...;mv:^d'ar'^^^^°fa "or|C. in 17i,,.. The „c c ful" '1^ °f«fn '•"M water in his o«n c so LJ'''"'^^'""'"'! from a serious aec.Ui" t ' 'l^,'?™ ^"fforinK others to try the same r'o^^^^^^^^^^^ 1«-'.^ he bej;,,,, ,„ have a, iimpM '""''*« 'nnny. An immense „,w'"""'' ^or- 1 -orted to the bath^M I-Iki ' '''"'tntsrc "'TK', and he p ■^! '^'"''''^'"P'latGrafp.l <>;ntim; divine.ch. „,is, L^.f"""™' &' Pher. was born in 17'U „,?•',"?' P'''i«u-: I'ccame n.inist.r t, ,1,0 .i"'""'^' «' N.'Clban, Market, silk T''^'''"""^'! n'ov.MtoN«n,WKl,i (thTr!™^'!,''"^ t" NVarrim..ton, wh t. lort? ''''"'' ""' formed a sen.inarv (hilo of *""''' '»'i|l ""tution. he p.Ml.h, 'hV"''iT''; ''''■' '°' 1're.senf State of ■ L, iM- •■ ''1'.'"'^ """I ' cnr.d his elect on "into o-,'"''?P'»-: »"^pirit," and the ., . j wuiks bro'ight on liiiii i„uJi. In hi, pnlMn, Lord .^lielhurii, «as enu'iiscd as hliMrinn, t)i I was .li.ssolvcd, tli<. d.Htor rctainini;"anaii- nniiy of £l',o p,r annum, by orijtiiuil affrc niiMt, He ne.\.t ruiioval to IliriKi/i/han: wbeie he beciune eiic>. more minister of a ilissentiiiK con({re«;iti(m. anil nccuj.ipd him' self in his " Histnrv of the ( orrupiions of < hristianity," wriliiiK, also, in supporter the cl.iinis of t!.. Iii-ntorK for ii ropeal lit the test acts. ! -the IVonch rcTO-l utionih.itafl- , :i:c widest fldd.aadj he did not fail ii. u..i|.i.ij liis WBrmiyiiipathf i 'i these luniiii:, »•;'« ntnl till" . It lill llfn , Un>i. -\j .'M li'i,r , the (i.irl i ":it!fr 'i lhe

    i 8 M i • I 1 I \n U-]\ii m \'i 1^ Lilt sen] % JicU) ©niUcrsal 13lograp!)n. works of this dlstlngui«lip»l painter was the " Dffcnco of MiBSoloiiKhi," followed not lonR after by hi« first life «lze attempt, the " FeinincH Puliotes." AinonK his most cele- brated Liter worlds nrc the series of nine pic turesfroiu " Faust," of which perhnps" Mnr- KJirtt tempted in the Church " is the finest ; the " I'uolo and I'liincescii," from Dilute, considered his miisterpiece ; the " Dante and Ueatrive," exhibited nt Manchester ; " Mli; non;" " Christus Coimolator," "AuRualine iin!>, died in 186J. He .•. ,ia a member of the Legion of Honour, and anions his best works are, " Joan of Arc," " Charlotte Corday arrested," and 'Madamo Holaudon the way to Exccu- "kCHKT.UNO. FKlKHRIcn WII IIKI.M JO- SEPH, the last survivor of that famous band of German philosophers of which Kant, Ja- cobi, HerlKirt, Ficlite, and Hejcel, are the other chiefs, was hecame intimate friends, thence he went to I.eipMc and Jena. At Jena he studied under Ficlite, whom he succeeded in the chair of philosophy at that univcrsitv in 1-9H. In IWi.t, he wis trans- ferred to Wurzbuig ; and. in 18u7, to Munich, where he remained till IHll.when he ac- cepted a chair at Herlin. This chair hcsoon relinouisheu, and the last years of his life were spent in comparative seclusion. Hy the nature of his speculations di>tf, hi-nce sometimes called the two r'>' '^ '^ '''^ absolute. Died, HCUI AVONF;, A -r;r:K.\, painter, iras hnrr. in Dalinatia, in IV.'i. His family name was SIrdolu. He f .'gan life as a house-painter, but showing taste for art, he wa« employed as assistant to Titian in the library of fit Mark at Venice. Tintoretto was similarW employed there at the same time. ScUlsWe suctessfully imitated Titian as a colourZ hut he failed in drnwinR, which he me; xl""*.- ,.A"'0"K *>'" l'«>8t pictures are nnnicj a >ativity and an Assumption of t,ie VirL'in at lllmitii : and a Mead of.lohn the Hanlls ' in the Louvre. There are several of hii works in Knglish tMllerics. Died at Vicenja, HCHIAVONETTT, Lvioi, nn eminent en- Braver, was horn in 176.5, at hassimo, in the state of Venice, and settled in Kneland where he aniuirod a hiifh reputation, botli as an aitist and a man. Died, itjio SCIIILL, FKRDiNAN'l) VON, a (iistin- guished I'russian officer, was horn in 1773 and entered the army in 178!). He was severely wounded nt the battle of Jena ; hut took the field again at the head of n'free corps, displaying great nhility. Indignant at the subjection of his country to tfie rule of lluonaparte, he resolved lo make n great effort for the liberation of Oorniiiny. With tliatview hecoUecteda small cuuly of troops, and commenced operations on the Elbe ; but' after having obtained some sueccsses, he' was overpowered and slain at Sti'alsuud,in May, 1809. SCHILLER, JOIIANNCliniSTOPItFHIF.D- RICII vo.N.one of the most illustrious Ger- man poets, was born at Marhach, in Wiir- temberg, in 17.V.). After having studied medicine, and becomesurtrcon in a reftimeiit, be, ill his 22nd year, wrote his trajjcdy of " The Uobbers," which nt once raised him lo the foremost rank ninonff the dramati-sts of his country. It was performed at Mann- heim, in 1782. Hut sonic pass-Tiresof a revolu- tionary tendency having incurred the dis- pleasure of the duke of Wiirteniberg.Sehillcr left Stuttgard by stcaltli, ami made liis Wiiy to .Mannheiii., where, after various wanderings and many hardships, he got his tr.iscdyof " I'iesco " brought out en the stage. The tragedies of " Cabal and Love," and " Don Caflos," were hii next productions. In 17K.i he repaired to Leipsic and Dresden, where lie found many admirers. Here lie wrote his hiuKular romance called the"Gciit- crseher" and his "Philosophical Letters," and collected materials for a" History of tlio Revolt of the Netherlands urdcr I'hilip 11.' In 1787 he repaired to Weimar, where he was welcomed with great warmth by WielanJ anu Herder, undertook thcmanaL-ementofa periodical called the German Mercury, .ind not king afterwards made the arquaintnmc Of (Joeibe, which soon ripened into a friend ; ship only dissolved bv death In I7«9be«as, BppointiMl to the ehair of history in tbeuni' v'rsity of .lena, and besides leeturiiii; to cr-wded uu.lieiices.lie published his' His- tory of the Thirty Years' ^Yar,'■ and cnRiipd in various litc!,;;- enterprises, which M creat intliienc. ■'■< the literature of Ger- many. "Die ile.en" and"I.er MuM^ Almiif^cb," to >vhichthc most eminent nw in (ieruni v contributed, belong to tins ,>„>;, .d 5! ■' .ilso produced the " Xenicn, «■ collec; on .if epigrams, nnd wrote M! " Itallads." vhich are reckoned amonsthe finest co,:u,.,ltions of their kind in any 9(Mi isCH] H i^eio StnibersBl ISiogrBpi)^. [sea 'r~'ZZi^ About 1790 he exhibited a strong ""fSSS'.o consumption, whk-h by preclud- I'"'l?™^rom lecturing, greatly reduced his "•^ „?• biThe was relie%ed from the prc- '"JLpnf Denmark, who settled upon him « ShuJ enabled him to pursue his studies, ree flt onco from narrow circumstances nnd "'Mir. Hiities He soon after settled at P'"'."*=._"^lJ;"nlcr to direct the theatre in with Goethe, In accordance Wt'iinar, wiirthd" muiual tastes and opinions; Shere heat intervals published the jvorUs which toeetbcr with thoseabove mentioned, rve Imniortalized his name. Among these are " W llenstein," " Mary Stuart " " Joan « Arc" and "William Tell." There is a I re jf Schiller by Thomas Carlyle, and an En'll^h translation by Lady SVauncc of tho Ufe by I'alleske. Coleridge translated the "Piccoloinini.-and "Death of Wall-nstein," and Siv E. B. I-ytton has translated the " Poems and Ballads of Schiller." An Kng- lisli edition of his worUs form^ part of Bolui's Standard Libr,>ry. Died, 180^. SCHIMMKLPEN'NINCK. MARY ANNK, host known as an author by her "Memoirs of Port Koyal," was the eldest child of Samuil and I.ucy Oalton, of Dudson, near llirminsliam, and was born on 23th Nov., 1778. Her parents belonged to the Society of Friends. Her father was known as a man of "science, and was also engaKcd in mercan- tile pursuits. Her mother, a lineal descend- ant of liarclay the apologist, was a woman of uncommon" powers of mind, philosophic views, and strong principles. From early youth she was an enthusiastic student of I.avater's pbysiosnomy.and her mind seems toluvcbeen matured by the society of the literary men who habitually met at her father's house. She had from childhood deep religious feelings, but at an early age slie seems to have imbibed sceptical opin- ions, lly remarkable circumstances she was thrown amongst meuibers of the Church of United Brethren or Moravians; with ttiem she found the peace she bad long so«j;lit,anJ she joined tlieir communion In 1813. In 1806, she married I.ambeth Sehim- melpenninck, of the Dutch family of that nuinp,and went to reside at UristoV Her "Memoirs of I'ort lloyal" first introduced that community to the English public, and hasbecn often reprinted. Tlerliternry labours comprehend essays on various religious sub- jects, an Inscnious theory on the " I'rin- cipies of Beauty," and panipliletsin the anti- slavery cause. A slight paralytic seizure in 1(<37 for a time impaired the vigour of licr mind, and was tlie occasion of her removal to Clifton. Her genius was cha- racterized by that mixture of pathos and humour that belonged to the poet Cowper, ami wliich, united to her wit and originality, gave lier unrivalled powers of conversation. Ilir rclij,'ion pnrtook of tlie largcnes-* of her mind, and she had the rare art, witliout effort, of making it a part of the daily inter- est of life. Her autobiography has been puhlistiort since lier death. She died at Clif- ton, 2!)th August, 18S6. SCHINKEIi,KARl,FRIRURICH,oneof the tnoit dittlngulihed architects of his age, was born at Neu-Kuppln, In Branticuburg, in 1781. He studied architecture at Berlin under the two Oillys, David and Friedrleh, and spent some time I.i Italy between 1803— 1805. During tho troubled years that fol- lowed till the peace of 1815 he occupied him- self chiefly»wilh painting ; but after that time he had full work as an architect. Kchinkel by his numerous works and more numerous designs gave a great impulse to architectural art. He followed chiefly the models of Oi'eck art, seldom the Gothic; and among his principal works are the Ber- lin Museum, Theatre, and Observatory, the Church of St Nicholas, at I'otsdam, which, however, was not completed, and Ch^'lot- tenhof. He ptiblishcd two 'ollection ^Is designs, " Kntwurfe," and "We;. ,ler hdheren Baukunst;" among which were those for the Singing School at Berli.,,and for the palace on the Acropolis of Athens ; neither of which were adopted. He was ap- pointed chief director of public buildings in 1830, and died, 9th October, 1811. SCHLKOEL, AUGUST WILHKI.M VON, a celebrated critic, poet, and philologist, was born at Hanover, 17C7. After finishing his studies at Giittingen, he became professor at Jena, where he lectured on the theory of art, and joined his brother Friedrleh in the editorship of the Athenirum. In 1802 he repaired to Berlin, as a wider field for hit literary pursuits ; accompanied Madame de Stat^l, in 1805, on a tour through Italy, France, (iermany, and Sweden ; delivering lectures in Vienna, in 18(i8,on dramatic art ; became secretary to Bernadotte, the crown prince of Sweden, In 1813 ; and, after study- ing Sanscrit In Varis, obtained in 1818 the professorship of history at Bonn, wliich he held till his death. Besides publishing numerous profound philological works, and many dissertations on subjects connected with the tine arts and poetry, he was the founder of the soH'alled romnwde sriiool, m contradistinction to the dntucal ; his poems and ballads rank among the highest In Germany; his lectures on dramatic art and literature have become a standard work in England; and his translation of Shakespeare is accounted one of the n\a.st wonderful achievements in that difficult, though too often ill appreciated, art. Sehlcael often displayed a puerile passion for titles and small court distinctions, which formed a great drawback to his real merits, and drew down upon him merited ridicule. Died, 1845. SCHLEOEL, PniEnniCll vo', a cele- brated German critic and philologist, and a younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1772, and studied at Gottiugen and T.eip- slc. His first production of any importance was the " Greeks and Komans." He then jained his brother in conducting a periodical called the Atbeniinim, and after publishing the philosophical romance of " I.ueinda," he visited Paris, wliere he delivered lectures on pbilcisopby, and occupied himself with tho line arts. In 1801 he published a " Collection of the Komnniic J'octry of tiie Midtiie Ages." In 1805 Sehlegel, with his wife, a daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, was received into tho !nt7 Rlf ■f 1, H |?j- \Vi ' •» \*i < \ \ . V, wvX it :i \A ■ in I ' ;l \ \ 1 ii* 3'cnr I ' 'L ;i • M^ "' Mi ii:i if « 'I I! i i 'i i 13 i 8CH] ?l £itiD Qnibcranl 13iograp!)w. chnrch of Rome, at Cologne. Afttr tliii, he repaired to Vienna, anil, in 1809, rpccirra an appointment at the hradq'iartcrs of the Ari tiUuke Charlr*, where he drew up several an latind proclamation*. When peace was coucludel, he delircred in Vienna tli" lec- tures on "The History of Ancient nnd Mo- dern Literature;' a work which has l>eon translated into nearly every European l;in- Ruiige. In 1^1'J, he edited the " German Museum," and trained the confidence of Prince Metltniich by the composition of various diplomatic papers ; in consequence of which he was appointed Austrian coun- sellor of lejr.ition at the Germanic diet, which he held from 1811 to 1^18. He then returned to Vienna, and resumed his literary occupations with great «est ; contributing to various Journ.ils and reviews, lecturing on many topics connected with philosophy and Xftthetics ; and above all producing his " Philos*iphy of Life," " Philosophy of His- tory," and 'Thilosophy of Ij\ngua(te," which rank among his best literary efforts. Fried- rich SchUprl* strong devotional tendencies are especially shown in his interesting *' Ix;tter» on C hristian Art." Died, 18-''>. 8CHLKlKUMAt:ilKK,Fui»:DRirnEUN.ST n.VNlV.L.equally distinguished as theolnjfian, philolo«i>t, or.Udr, and translator, was born at llreslau in ITCji ; studied at Halle in ITS" ; and, after holding various ecclesiastical ap- pointments in ditferent p:irts of Germany, was callril to Herlin in l^'H as preacher, and, in the followinif year, received the chair of theoJogv in tlie university. The influence of his writings in Gernnny was, nnd sti'.l is. very great , l>«t it was, perhaps, surpassed by th:it whith his oral instructions and his personal character exercised over those who lived within his sphere. Of his ntimerous works \vc can only n.ime the following : " Heden ucbcr dif Ueliiiion." " Her Christ- liclie tUaube, ' the translation of Plato, un- rivalled in excellence, theCritical Comment- ary on LuVe « writings, and the Sermons. At a theologian Schleir LlI.WKi VON, a German hl-.torian. was born in 1T3T, be- came professor of philosophy and politics at GSttingen, and died in iwfl. Among his work* arc, a " Hi>tory of Commerce." "General History vi the North, " ic. He was editor of the " Staatsanzeigen" form " - than ten years. SCHMAISS, Joll vNS JACOB, historian and publicist, was b..rn at Ijindau, in lf>)<>. He was educited at Halle. anJeommenced a life of literarv lab4iur at the age of il, from which he W.1S relit ved by the margrave of Baden-Dourlacb, wl.o gave him official em- ployment at hi* court. In VM he was appointed pniO ssorof history at the univer- sity of Goitinifrn. which w,i» then rcirnrdid a* a school of au:> nacy ftr the youth of the greatest f.tiiuHt- in Lurope. Among hi* principal w. tk* :ire, " A Sk. fch of the His- tory of the r.uipire, • " 0>rpu* Juri. publici AeaitemuMim. ' ( urpun Juii» tifnuuiii Aca- demicum," and an " Introduction to the Science of Politics." Died, 1757. [SCH SCHMIDT, OEOKO rniKDRicH m^ nent German engr.iver, born at iw in i Kl... Aft.Tcompleting'hls.tudVosa.Pari.'' where, in 174i, he was admitted to the J.' demy, he was called to Herlin by Fredr a rick nLiny cood en. gravtrs were tramtd in his suiool. Died at Berl-.n, 1775. ^' SCHNKIDER, JoiTANX Cmmus FRIEDRICH, a distinguished composer w« born in 1 7a.!, near Zittau. Hi, faihfr b'csan life a_ n weaver ; but, by tlie force of bV severance.gninedanarpointracntoforKaniul at Watersdorf, and himseU superintended' the education of his bovs. At an earlv period the son was di.^tincuished, not merely as a pianoforte player, hut ns a composer- and during the course of his life, though con- temporaneous with the career of Hpfthoren "VVcber. Spohr. nnd Mendelssohn, he took liis pl.ncc among the musical creatcrs of Gcr- m.iny. The list of his works includes Mmost every form of musical cnmpositidn, theatrical 'i writing alone excepted. His oratorios-tlie ' works by which ho isbest known in England I —comprise his" Deluge,"" I.-^st -luiipnient " ' "Paradise Lost," "Pharaoh." "Christ the Master," "Absalom," "Christ the Cliild," "l.ideon," " Gethsemane and Golgotha," besides cantatas, psalms, hynnis, and other service music. At the time of his death he was chapel master to the duke of Anhalt- Dessau. Died, 1853. SCHNEIDER, JOHANN GOTTLir.B, an! eminent German philoloiiist and naturalist,' was born at Kolm, near Ilubcrtsburg. in! K.V.i. He was educated at th.e uniTer^iti(s^ of Leipsic atal Gottingen, chiefly applyins himself to classical literature, under "ihe^ influence of ReisUe, Fischer, and Rei?. Inj 177* he became assistant to Hrunck at! Strnsburg; nnd after puWishini; seveMli works he w.is appointed, in 177(1, professor i of philology at Frankfort on the Oder, s: post (Vhich he held, inclu 'inp five years a: llreslau, whither the '.r.ivcrsity was re- i moved, till Islfi In that ycir lie was ap- pointed chit-f librarian to the univers^tvcf: Iln'siau. The great merit of Schneider was ; thf remarkable tombination in him of philo- logical learnini; with tlie knowlcdac of natural history, --.vhich enable 1 him to throw light oil many parts of antier.t literature previously neglected or misinterpreted. Kis works are very numerous, nnd we cr.n or/. name here his editions of Demetrius r):.i. re-US, Xenophon, Aristotle's History of A:.;- nials, and Theophrastus, his (Ireek I.exiei n, and " I'.cliigie r.'iysicic ' His ori;:in,-il wi.:- ings on Natural History are iu Oer^i..- Died, at Rrcslau, Is-.'-J. SCHNOUU V(iN KAR0I.SrELD..TVLn:5, one of the greatest Gcriuaji fn-sii.-piiin;.;ri, born nt Leipsic in 171'4 ll.ivina receiTrJ his first lcs-.oiis in art fr"m his father, then director of the Aoui'Miiy of Art. he stu.'.iei at Vienna, and in I^IS went to I! me. « litre . . ....,_ ...,1. :.;.,» rtc...w'-tp rf he iirramt- iRt- -• i!,j-:..".-'i-^ ..n^ -■ Cornelius, Overbeck, and other young ariisls of the Uomantic School. After a residence l| I •OS [SCH >K»RICH. an emi. ^rn at IJerlin in iSktudiosatParij niiUoiUothc Aca' iTlIn by Frederick I'rrlin AeaileniT tr. Invit.d to St ress Lhzabttli, in a' hcrco'irt. Hit ".many ^-ood en. nis scliool. Died, 'ANN CHKISTUS ie4 composer, was His father began f tlie force of p^r- intraentoforKaiiijt self superintended *v». At an early luished, not merely lit ns a composer; lis life, though con- ireerof lieethoTen >ls^ohn,heiookliis 1 creators of Ger- rks includes Mmost positidn, theatrical HisoMtorios-the known in i:n?land' "I.-'st.lu.ipment,"' ■aob," "Christ the' Christ the Cliild," e and Golgotha," hymns, and other mc of his death he le duke of Anhalt- :n GOTTLir.B, an L'i«t and naturalist,, r Hubcrtsburg. in|l at tlie unive^^iIitsj n.thictly npplyin»;i >ra'uro, under ;he]' •her, and Kei?. In!^ int to Hrunck a; i puWi'-hiiis severnln .1, ill 177(1, professor! )rt on the Oder, a!; 12 'ins fi''c veais at ! .niversitT was re- ; at ycir he was .ip- / [0 the universe tvcf it of Schneider was ; tion in him of pliilo- ■ the knowledge of i.iblel him to throw antier.t llteraturf misintirpretid. lUs lis, .ind we can cr.';. f Demetrius I'l:,i:; le's lli^toiy of Ani- , his Greek Lexiccn," His cri;;in,-il wil;- ry are iu Oeriii.- OI.srCLD.JVLirs, nan fri'si ii-piiiir.. Ts, H.ivina receiTW ■om his father, tlifi: i of Art, he sti:..:ecl rut to It me. "litre 1. :*;..» f.SH'.lCir.te of ) other joun? artists . After a residence sen] of ten Ti'.irs at Konn', durinsr which he nainted'his "Welding at Cana," "Jacob ' and Uacl'^l.'" """'•' in the fipld of Boa/," «rd Other pictures, besides nwistlnR in the decoration of the Villa Ma»»iini, he tettU-d at Munich. He wai appointtd, in 1SJ7, professor of liistoriail paintinfr in tliC Ac.t- dcmr, by Kins I.uawlc, to whom, while I crown-prince, he had been introduced, and wnose commissions kept him fully employed during the nineteen year* of his stay at Munich. Schnorr removed in 1846 to Dres- den where he spent his remaining; years as nroffs-wr of paintinp, and director of the Picture Gallery. The most important works uf this great painter are the four series of frescoes executed for the king of Havaria in the palace cf Munich, one series rcprescnt- ins the successive scenes of tlie Nlbelunpen I Ue>l,and occupying the w.ills of fi»c rooms ; ' the others, events in the histories of Charle- m.igne, Frederick Harbarossa, and Uudolph iof Hapsburi;, occupying three other rooms. The whole were designed by Sohnorr, but the painting of many of the pictures was executed by his assistants under his direc- tion. Schnorr executed many other paint- ings and designs, and his" Bibcl in ]iildcm " is well known in Kngland. His works ! display great force of itna.-in:uiuu, variety iof invention, and surprising technical skill. :The frescoes are very impressive and very popular. Died, at D^c^den, 13th April, 1»53. I SOUOKFFLU. I'Ki Kit, one !>f the inventors of printing, was born at Gernsheim, in the territory of Darn staJt; "as a partner with Gutenberg and r.iust,and having married the daughter of the latter, became sole pos- K'iiorof the priuting establishment. He died about 15ii2. SCUOKN, or SCHOXOAUKR, MARTIN, b celebrated early German painter and en- graver, was boin at Vim, about ll'JO, or, according to Waagen, about U40. He was tlie ton of an artist, and studied first engrav- insr, in which he attained great excellence, lie afterwards applied himself to painting, under lloger vandcr Weyden at Antwerp, and became one of the best of the artists of the Van Kyck school. He settled at Colmar about Ufll.and there founded a school of art. His best works are in the college of Colmar. 'ibis artist was known as " U'ibsch Martin " among the Geraians, was called "Bel Martino,' and "Martino d'An versa, ' by the Italians, and " lieau Martin " by the lYench. The National Gallery has a small "Death of the Airgin " bv him. Died, at Colmar, US8 or ll9-.'. SCIIOEPFLIX, JouAN-.s Daniel, a learn- ed German historian, was born in lfi94, and became professor of history and rhetorical Strasburg; where ho died iu 1771. He pub- lished several works of great research, and was for mure than half a century one of the most distinguished ornaments of the uni- versity of !>trasburg. His valuable library and m'j>eum he left to the public. SCHOLZ, J0H.\N.\ M.viiiiAS August, German biMical scholar and philologist, was born near lireslau iu 171i4. He was educated at the university of th.a eitv .-.na e»^iv h»_ *oUd himself to the task which occupi"ed~80 ' many years of hia life, the critical csaniina- I "3 ^tto ©nibtrsal 13(og-ap^n. [bch tlon of the text of the New Testann'nt He s|>ent sevcjal years in vivting the principal Kuropean libraries, and counting the manu- scripts of the Greek Testanunt ; travelled in Igypt and INilestinc; was ordained priest in 18Jl,and two years later was ap. pointed professor of theology .it the uni- versity of llnnn, and canon of the cathedral. His principal work, the edition of the Greek New Testament, appeared in 18o0— 1835. Scholz maintained the existence of two recrnsioui, or families of manuscripts, the Alexandrian, which he called Occidental, and the Constantinopolitan, which he called Oriental ; and in forming his text he gave the preference to the latter, believing them directly de:>cended from the autographs of the writers. His system, however, is 1 nsed on assertions without proofs, and has been controverted, if not refuted, by Uinek, and by Tischendorf in the Prolegomena to his edition of the New Testament. Among the other works of Scholz :ire a "ilandbiich tier biblischen Archa'oI()gie,"and" Hiblisch- kritische lleise." Died, in November, 1H52. Sf'HOMHKUO, Hknri de, marshal of France, was descended of a Geriran family. He served in 1<;I7, in IMeduiont, under I-<'sdiguii're». and afterwards against the Huguenots in the civil wars. In 1625 he was made marshal, and two years afterwards defeated the English at the isle of Rh#. In ItiJa he forced the pass.ice of Susa, on which occasion he was severely wounded. The next year he took Pignerol, and relieved Casal. In 163'J he defeated the Huguenots in I-anguedoc at the battle of Castelnaudari, capturing their leader, the duke of Mont- morcnci, for which he was made govcrnorof that province. He wrote a narrative of the war of Italy, and died in 1632. SrHOMHEUG,PREi)Er.lcAK.MANi),Duke of, was born about 161!t, of an illustrious family, but not of the same as the preceding. He began his military career under Frederic Henry, prince of Orange, ana his son AVil. liam ; but in 1650 he passed into the French service, became acquainted with Cond4 and Turenne, and obtained the government of Gr.ivelines and Furnes. In KiOl he was sent to Portugal, where his success against the forres of Spain procured a favourable peace. On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he left France and went to liran- denburg, the elector of which made him minister of state. He accompanied the prince of Oninge to England at the revolu- tion, was ereateil a peer, made kniclit of the Garter, and obtained a grant of £100,000. In 1689 he accompanied the king, William III, to Ireland, and was uiot as he was crossing the Hoyue, at the head of his regi- ment. SCHOMHERG, ISAAC, a naval officer and historian. He served as lieutenant in the American war, distinguished himself in the victory gained by Admiral Rodney over Count de Grasse, and was captain of the CtiUoden in Lord Howe* lleet on " the glorious first of June," 1794. He eventually became a commissioner of the navv, and at ...» ». ,-..»,. ■ irT..itrxt iti* ativiitir:: lu I::-,*euaj- position of a work, entitled " Naval Chro- nology," 5 vols. Died, 1813. SOS V ■ ( v ■yllnJ f i ^l i i' ' ■ 1' H i^tD Snibersal Viograpf)? RCHOVENHAUEK, ARTHVU, a Oermnn phtluaupher, wr.« born at Dantxlc in 17H». Hit faihfr was a mcrchnnt, nn(t liU mother the popular novelist and mttratpur. Jo- hanna Sclinhau(r. Hit Iravtl* with them «hile a boy, and hit early aisociatlon with *on\*> of tho leading literary men of the time— the SchlerHi. KSo|"3), " tho sptcula- tiontof Schopenhauer arc likely to remain a monument of dark ueniut rather thin o light of philosophy. They form no centre of warmth and hope, but the funeral pyre on which faitli and iiust .ind aspiration inimo^ late themselves.' Bcho|wnhauer publishi>d several other works of philo-opliy, of whu-h the most Important b, ' I'ie belden (irund probleme der Kthik." Died, at Frankfurt, 21tt Sept . IHfiO. BCHol'KNHAlErv.JOHANHA.aOemjan authoress cf great celebrity, was born at DantiiR, 1770. Her father, whose name was Tnvsina, was a wealthy citiien of that town, and under the paternal roof she enjoyeU every facility for the improvement of her great natural abilities Soon after her mar- riage she made a tour through France, Italy, and the ttritish Islands, of which she futte- Qucnlly publi»hpd an account; and, on the death of her husband, she went to reside at Weimar, where she lived in the ilos-si in- timacy with Ooethe. her home l.erson« who were attracted to that court. Her chief works are " Feruow s Lebcn, " " Austluelit an den Uhcin, " " Jugendlel»en und Wanderbilder " (an Kngliah translation of which waa pub- liahed in 1847). "Sidonia." " l>ie Tante," and, above all. " Oabrlele, " which pretents a channing picture of fcmaic cnsracsi-: Died, 183«. 8CHUBVEUU8, CORKEUV», a learned erltlc, was born at Haarlem, about |i 14 ui, father was rector of the »< hool at Uyden In I which otBce he succeedid him. Ilii name t was principally known in Knitbiid by hii " Greek and Ijitin l^exicon." DieJ lej; ' SCHl' HKUT. Fhanz. one of the m'oit cele- 1 brated (Jerinan musical composers, wan born ' at Vienna, in W.f!. He Ulonitcd toa fanulr 1 distinguished for their nui«nnl talents ami I from his larliest years sliowcd to itron? a i Itent to musical studies and cnnii..sition tint the wishes of his friends, mIio wnum (ain 1 have made him a philosoplur, ({ave way ' and he was allowed to follow his trtip call' I Ing. At 7 years of ace he was the pupil of i Michael Holzeri became a chorlstfr in the Imperial chapel, and the pupil of the court- ' organist and of Balieri H-? stuiiled the ; voiHS of Haydn, Moi.irt, and heethoTen,^ and gave lessons in music for a liTlnt, The' number and variety of his lompdSitionj ii extraordinary. The most atiinirpd arc UU " Lieder," and among tlicin '• Der Ert- kiJnlg," "Ave Maria," '• Ucr Wanderer," and " Die KrwartunB," ure perhapt the ben known. Hut he wrote also operas, lonatsi, symphonies, overtures, cantatas, masses, &c He left numerous works unpuMished at the time of his doath. HchuV'rl spent almost his whole life at Vienna, anfl thcri> died, luth November, 1H2'<. Ilisrciiminsro! near those of Hcethovcn. The chars' (eristic charms of Schubert's music are its marked originality, depth ('f poetic fcclins, eracoof melody, and startling force and truth of ex- pression. It is now more than ever relished and appreciated in Knaland His ((rind Mass in V. flat, the tirst iiuhli>hed(lS6'!\ii highly prals' d as a rich :vi.u •la'sorateirotli. 1 A " Schubert Society " Is projected In Lon- i don. SCHlI.EMnOlUO. JOH.VNN MATTHIA!,' Count vun. a (elebrated general, l,orn at Maifdeburg in 1661. He first scrTcdinThf; Danish army , after which he dlstinciiished : himself as a brav< nd skilful peneral in tht warn of I'oland, uiiior .'^obiesVi ; cummaniifd ; the Saxon forces in the service of Hollini' against the Frnich.cpecially distin(mi»Wii| , himself at the battle of Malplaquet, arii,| Anally, became generalissimo of the Vencilan I forces, and in 1716 gained great renown by j his noble defence of Corfu against the TurU,i Died, 1747. „ ^. ; SCHITI.TENS, AI.nuiCHT, a German di- vine, who was dejignated the restorer of, oriental literature in the 18tU century, wai iKirn at ffronliigen, in 16»6 ; became rrofe«iJ)r, of oriental languages at Franeker.andaftw-, wards at Leyden ; wrote several learnfd works, among which arc " Orinines lit- 1 braicjp," and a Commentary on the Book of .lob." and died In 17.50 -Johaxx Ja >t, hit son, who died in 177«; and llr;Ni;!CH Al.nRKillT, his grandson, who died In !.:3,, were both diMinguished by their kKwledp of the oriental tongues, and filled the SMi«, chtir at Levden. ^ ,.,.„ ; SCHl'MACHER, HriNRICH CHRISTI.O,, a distinguished astronomer, was horn a Holstein, 17W , was successively professoroi ."-?„-.":. .r .h» i.n.TersltT of Copenhaffll, dlr^tor at the observatory of -^""'•""'•'J the itrand-duchy of Baden, «nd forin«r MO narli-m, about 1. 14. uii t)if»(hiH)UtUyden,ltii ci'eded him. liii n»nie t iwn In KnKland by his «xlcon." Die.', 166;, | MZ,oneoflhpmo»tcele. I calcomposi'M.watbomi He liilntiKcdtoa faniilTi clr nui«iral taler.u, ami | 'ars »li()wcd «o itron? ai liesniidcnnipnitlontliati rionds, M l\i) wnuia (ain : philosiipliir, t!«Te way, to follow his tnipcall I !ter he wat ihp pupil o( i 'lamc a. chorlitrr in the I the pupil of the court-' ilitri. H-? studied the 1 Mozart, and KeethoTen.i muMc for a llTlne, The y of his loinpdSitioni it le most iidmlrpd arc M% nong thrin " Dcr Erl- ria," 'Dcr Wanderer," ni:,"urc perhapt the ben rote also (jprra?, lonatai, ir(», cantatas, G masses, ^rotis works unpunished I diMth. Si'huhi rl spent lifo at Vienna, and thrre rr,lSit loven. The characteristic ■t's mtisic arc its marked (■f poetic fcdiii?. erace of' ins force and truth of ex- I? mnrf than erer relished : In Knsland Hit ^nni \ e tirst puhli>hi'd(lS6')\li I rich :vi,u tlaboratewotk. I .'ty " is projected In Lon- jj RO, JOH.VNN MATTHIA!,'| cl^ratcd genenl, l«m at ' ;l. He first served in 'M/ i-T which he dlstincaishtd ' ■nd skilful jfoneral in the i.icr SobiesVi ; cummanded ; in the service of Hollind' 1, especially distinjrui»6iii||^ ,\ttle of Malplsquet, ard, , ieralis»ttao of the Venciita | 6 gained grent renown by j of Corfu agdinst the Turks. | \ AI.nuiCtlT, a German di-' lejignated the restorer of,' c in the 18th century, wai" 1, in lesfi . became profes.'or^; iges at Franeker,andift»-j| 1 ; wrote scleral leamtd 1 rhlch nre " Orittines He-j| ommentary on the Book of | n 1:50— JOHAXX Jm m, ; 1 in i::*'; and HFisnirH 'randson, who died In !:S5,j fuisbcd bytheirkiiwledpi angues, and filled the Kiffl«i K, Hi:iNRIcnCHRl> thr d. (jrci "f latitude fmm Skflxen »ihc northern extremity of i.iland to the frout.er* of the kinKOoni of Hinovir a wurk which was afterward* " tlnurd by Ibe astronomer Uiiu-i». AmoiiK manr other important «ork». lie exicutc.l fur the Kniflisb Kovcrnment the inett»ure of hediffcrenccoflonttitude between the oh LrTBloriis uf tirccnwlch tti(tatiun of r.ncke'i planet Aitra<». Died, 2Sth Dec, ' IdV' SCHl'MANN, ROUKRT. the dixtinijuisheil German musical composer, wax horn at Znickau In Saxony, in litlO. The son of an intflliiient publisher, li" showed at » very Mrlyagf a itrnntr pa.ssion for muitic, and re- markibletaltrt both f.r playing and com- ccsinif. He«as,bowf , destined for the Lfession of the law , . J in 1S28 he wan itnt to study ut Leipsic i-niverslty. It wa» incompliance with his inoIh "i boh] % fixtxi Sluibersal 13iosrn))i))j. KCinVAHTZ, CHRIBTIAN FRKDKUIC, a Uvrman nu&ilonnry to tlio ).i>»t IiiUlcii. He wo« born in 17'i<>, unU wiut to India in 173o. In 1707, lie whh omploycd bjr the Kngli^h Society for tho rroniotlou of Chrloiiiin Knowlcdgr, nn.I >io coutlnurd throuKl'oul hlsllfi* to Inlioiir In t\\v mrnd cnunc »«Uh unc« «i.ln»t zf.'l. He ^n* •"''*' '" *''•*•' «''l*^^<'"> for his ihnnuttT l«y the Hlndoon, and the rajnh of TniiJ»ii', when dying, made him tutor to hi» »oi» He wai »enl ambaiaador to Hyder All. nnd iucc «K»fully negotiated a peace ; and iubteiiuently to Tippoo Halb, who rcfu»ea to treat w.lh him. Died, 'hCHWAUTZLMHUIO, carl IMIIUPP, Prince, nn Austrian fleld nioruhal, wn» horn of an ancient and llluutrious fiiinlly at Vienna, in 1771. He entered into tlio army early, and rapidly proceeded through all the grades of nilliiary ranis until ho became a gener- al ofllcer. After senring two campxign* iigalnit the Turka, he wn» employed in the flr«l can\piilgn against the French in the war that followed the execution of Ixiui» X\ I. On the death of the Kmiwror I'aul. In Ihul, he was sent to St I'etenburgtocongratuUte Alexander on hla accuislon. He nerved under General MacW ..^ 1«05, and succeeded in withdrawing the eavulry under hU com- mand from iho conacquences of the capitu- lation of V\m. He alto took a »harc in the battle of Au»torUt«, which was fought againtt his advice, and In that of \Vagr.>m. In I8l'i he wui appointed to the coniniand of the auxili.iry lorce of 3o,(KK) Austrian*, extorted by Napoleon in aid of hisdisantrous invasion of UUi^ia; and in l^l3 he was in- vested with the rank of tlcUl marnhnl, with the commandernhip-ln-ehief of all the armies allied againtt France. On the return of Buonaparte from KIha he was again in- tru!it( d with the command of a great portion of the allied forces . and at the conclusion of the war he was made president of the aulic council, which post he occupied until his '**'8CHWAU/KN»KRO. Prince FK LI X, an Austrian state.man, was horn In l«H). He enlertd the army at an early age ; but soon afterwards became attached to the Auntrlan cmbasiy at Ht Petersburg, where he fell into a political scrape, in connection with a con- spirator, which caused his expulsion from the Uubsian dominions He wa« afterwards attached to the Austrian embassy In London, where he became acquainted with, and ruined, an Fn^-lish l.idy of high rank, and was compelled to fly under circumstances which for ever precluded his reappearance on llriti»U ground. H« was subsequently ,nnd the next year chief librarian. He reorganized the library, and did good service also as number of the com- mli<»iiin) of education, lliit writiuf;! are numerous, and on a variety of •ubjoctt. Among them are, " Introduction to Kiperl- mental Physics," " I'.lcnients of Physics," " Memoirs on the Life and Plijlosophy of Fmpedoeles." " Views of the Mterary Iljj. tory of Sicily during the Ibth Century," "Topography of Palermo and its Neinhliour- hood," and vrious works on the natural phn-iiomena of biclly. Died, at Palermo, I8;t7. HCIOPPU'S, CA9PAH, German philolojiit and polemical writer, was born In the pa- latinate In 1576. He was brought up a Protestant, but having obtained the notice of Pope Cleni.'nt VII., by a " I'ancnyric," which he wrc'- in l.WH, he ahjund Pro- testantism at Home, and became a Catholic. Hewarded with honours and oftlces, he wrote several treatises in defence of tlii- holy see. He quarrelled with Kcaliger.whn L id turned Protestant, and in hiS " Sealiger Hypoboli- nirous," ridiculed hU vaunt of noble an- cestry, and attacked Protestants with much bitterness. On a visit to Venice, in lti09, Scloppius had an Inttrvicw with Vaiher Paul, and endeavoured to win him to the side of Home, for which he was imprisunoj a few days. At Vienna, which he next visited, he was named aulic councillor, and treated count-palatine. In ltil3 he went to Spam, and at Madrid got a sound boating from tlie servants of the Knglish ambassador, pro- bably on account of hia attacks ou James I. in his recent works. These works were deemed worthy to be burnt by the hang- man, both at London and at I'aris. Sciop- Pius lied from Spain, aud discharged at the ambassador his '' I.egatus I.atro," Hewrote more and more ferociously aitainst Pro- testants, especially In his'TlaHicuniBel Sacri," and afterwards wroto as saTagcly l-V-. ,•..? Js-.;si!ti! SO that h!« life "as not' Mfe"at Milan" and he fled to Padua. His »13 I ^ Cliui»Torii, Count Ton ir«hiil, wa« burn in \m' jukhurmy.undicrnahu 11 tho uUicd army under 1 » rliicc Lugcno in irm U« into ilip jcrTice of th.' t'»r«,uudii„i:.uin„„ • ubtulncd the rank of lieu' 1 1731, and of comMiander. try In \rm , w,u nmo \ ite by Vrcdt-rlck the (ireat and contributed the follow. Important tictory of Moll- then niiincd (Tuvernot of Hp had a command In ilie hcmla In 1744, wm again ■e service at the bcRinning »ri' \N ar, and wai killed at KUP.Sth May, 1757. ;Niro, nil rniinent Sicilian lural philosopher, born at 5. He wai nnnicd while professor of uiathematici at f that city, and lulisequenily r of cxpcrimenial physics, 12.', and the next year chief ■I'ornaaizpd the library, and also n» number of the corn- cation. UU writinci are on a variety of subjects. e, " Introduction to Kxperl- ," " F.lemonts of Physics," hP Life and I'liilosophy of Vip«»of the Mterury Ilij. during the Ibth Century," ' Palermo nndits Neinhkur- lou« works on the natural Sicily. Died, at Palermo, CA9PAH, German philologist writer, was born in the pa- 6. He was brought up a having obtained the notice nt VII., by a " Panegyric," :.■ in l.)!)H, he abjurtd Pro- oine, and became a Catholic. honours and ofltces, he wrote s In rtefence of tlii' holy see. rlth 8caliRcr,whii h id turned I in his " Sealiger Hypoboli- led hi* vaunt of noble an- lekPd Protestants with much a visit to Venice, in ltii)9, an interview with Vaiher iToured to win him to the side which he was imprisoiioil a 'ienna, which he next visited, aulic councillor, and treated , In ltil3 he went to Spain, Rol a sound boating from the le p;nt:li«h ambassador, pro- mt of hia attacks ou James I. works. These works were y to be burnt by the hang' .ondon mid iU Paris. Sciop- .Spain, Aud discharged at the r' I.eKaiusLatro." Hewrote re ferociously against Pro- Ully In his'Tla'sicuniBelh rterwards wroto as s;iT3gclj .^,,.;.. mn ii.at (ill life »asnot "and he fled' to Padua. His ^ £).m fflnibersitl Idlograpljp. [ico erlllfttland polemical works CrillVM. ,_"... .„!.„- ntlil null . .n? of Syria, at whoi'O court he is said to have met Han- nibal. HavinR accompanied his brother Lucius to the Syrian war as lloutonant, in 190, they were accused of misappropriation of monies received from Antioehus. Cato was the leader of the party opposed to Seipio, nnd tho prosecution of Lueina was successful, hut that of Afrlcanus was dropped by the advice of Tib. tJraeehus. The popu- larity of Seipio had waned, and he left Uome never to return. Died nt his villa, at Llter- num, B.C. 1m;!, the s.im' venr In which Hniinihnt died. Seinin n;.trr':':' *^a f>:---T'-. tcr of jKmiUus Paulus, and his youngest in dnuRhter bee.m.f th« wife of Tib. Craechus, (uid the tnothfr of the trlbuiipn, Tllnrlm' nnd CaiuH. TlirouRhout his career Hclp'o was di'.ilnRUished hv extr.iordinary leir- confidence nnd deeUiveness in Hotiun.and no less by a profound sense of icllu'loii. He profinsf d, and it was believt d by the people, that he was f.ivoured with Intercourse with the Rods, and on alt occasions ht devoutly awaited dlvlno direction before nctlnu. The stately pride with which in his later years he disroRardtd the laws of his country obscured tho lustre of tho Immense service* he had earlier rendered. hCIPIO, IX'cas ConNKMfji, surnnmcd Ahi.vtkub, was brother of the piecedlnji, with whom he served in Spain and Africa. He ohtiilned the consulate, »1. C. lUO. 8CIP10 .KMILIAMJS AI'UIC.VNLS (the younRery.l'iUMis CoiiNKl.iin, conqueror of CarthaKo, was born about n. r. ISJ. He was the youngest son of .Vniilitis I'aulus, and the adopted son of P. Bclpio, son of Afrlcanus the elder. In his youth bo had the ndvuntape of the Instruetlons nnd friend- ship of Polybius, who, exiled from (ireoce, w.is permitted to live in the house of .limi- llusl'aulus. He was nn Industrious student of literature, and early proved himself sin- gularly free from the common vices of sen- •ualily and covetousness. He began hit military service in Spain In 1.51 ; gained great reputation soon after In Africa, In the third Punic War; nnd In Us, although not of fit ago, was chosen consul. The next year, nccompnnled by Polybius and C. I.irllus, he went to Africa, and at once commented the slego of Carthage, which wns heiuieally de- fiiided. It was entered by the Uomant In the spring of IIG; desperate lighting took place from street to street, and from house to house; with awful bloodshed, nnd at Inst a fire that raged nearly n week. Seipio mused mournfully over these horrors, and foreboded like ruin for Homo. Hy order of the Senate the walls and hoiiirs were totally destroyed, and a curse pronounced ngninst whoevorshould rebuild the city. Seipio had n ningniflcent triumph on his return. Ho led a simple nnil frugal life, and during his censorship, I Ii, tried to effect reforms in the manners of his countrymen, but without success. In I:JI he was nt;nin ciiisiil, with Spain for his province, nnd iiis great achieve- ment there was tho siofjo and c;ipturo of Numantin; for which he had the tuin.'ime yumdHliniii. Ilismarri.ipe with Semiiroiiiii, sister of tho t;racchi, was not a hujipy one, nnd by his bold resistance to tho proposed reforms, he lost the favo\ir of the popular parly; njid at last, in IJ!»,he was found dead in his bed. Suspicion of muriler fel! on vari- ous persons, but ehielly on Carbo, one of 'he most rash advoc^itesof the nu'rarian reforms. Seipio was the friend of Tenneo, Paiuvti is, and especially of I.iolius, whoso name is atllxed to ("iceio's discourse " l)c Amicitin." SCOPAS, a celebrated lireciaa sculptor, was a native of the i.^lo of Paros, and nour- ished in tho 4th century n.c. SCOPOI,l,Gi()VAN.Ni AxiONio,nn Italinn naturalist and physician, was born in 172;i, r.t C:TY'.ttr5v I:: li:r T'jfOl ; iXVid hwiiUiv, r^Vn— cessively, first physician of the Tyrolcse m i i ', t ^^ \ I !' I ' ■ 1 1 ' . i 1 ' i,!|,: : i f 1 ) y 1 ! 1 iM (BCO] ^ Jtcto 5ln(facrsal 13iograp!)i). [SCO mines, professor of mineralo!,'y at ChcnmiU, I traveUed in France, Germany, and Enelanti and proft'Sbor of botany and chcmi>lry nt ^ and was received with (jrcai distinction hi' ravia. He wrote several works on botany > their respective suvireij^ns; received tip and entomology. Died, 1787. | honour of kniKhthood from tlie Scottish SCORKSHV, WILLIAM, D.l), whoso name i monarch, Alexander III.; and died in 1''93 will Ions be perpetuated m c oiiiicctlon with | Several works on natural history and nhv Arctic discovery, was born at \Vliitby in 1790. , sital science arc attributed to Michael Soott He was the son of the captain of a Whitby Kut the account of his life is involved i y- Soott. — - .■ . . , 1 L - involved in whiler, and such was his early passion for much uncertainty, and it seems possible that thi' sea, that at the a)?c of ten he concealed! there may have been two persons of the sanio himself in his fathers ship, and did not pre- j name, and thai their separate histories have sent himself until the vessel was well at sea. , been confused and run into one Alt.iouyh the captain's son, he was not r"«"- ' ' nutted to " enter by the cabin window," and be(?inninK nt the bottom of his profes- sion, he worked himself gradually up. The Ions intervals during which the vessel was laid up in the wirter, he spent in study at Edinburgh. In 18'iO he published a very in- tcrestintjaccountof the Arctic reRionswhich he had repeatedly visited. Soon afterwards | sketches above mentioned, which first ap- hp came to Liverpool, out of which port he | peared in " Ulackwood's Masazine;" and sailed for some vears. In his last voyage ho ] he preserved his incoKnito so well, that it ! surveyed a laf);e portion of the coast of i was not until after his death that they were Greenland, which still bears the name of known to have proceeded from his pen. I Liverpool Coast, and upon any chart of that Died, 1835. I coast may be read a Ions list of the nan > of | SCOTT, Ueui.valu, or UktnolI), was a 1 Liverpool familits in headlands, bays, and ] native of Kent, and received his education iiUrins that he had (\ call to SCOIT, MiciiAEL.lhc well-known author of Tom Cringle's l.os," was born in Glas- gow, 17«9 ; received his education at the high school and university of that city; went to .Jamaica in 1«06, where he remained till 18)'' ■ and fliially settled in Scotland, where "lie embarked in commercial speculations. Dur- 'ng his leisure he composed theentert.iinin islands. Consuic tbo 'uinistry, Mr Scoresiiy then abandoned tbe sea, and studied for orders nt Cambridge with such success that he took a donor's de- gree, accepted the chaplainship of the Ma- rinei-s- Church, Liverpool, and at a later period took charge of an immense parish at Bradford. For the last f t w years of his life he re.iided at Torquay in retirement. Wher ever he was ho succeeded in ::.iiniiu the warm nlTectinn of all who were broughtin connec^ tion with him. It is, however, as a man of science that Dr Scorcsby will be most w idcly i known. Hef.ire he changed his profession, I he had upon several voyages turned his at tentiim to the properties of the mau-net. and • much of the increased safety of iron ships is i probably owing to tl'.e wholesome distrust of i ndjnsted coinpass.s excited by his experi i menls and lectures. Within u few months ' of his death, he went out in the Uoynl char- ter to Melbourne, simply with the view of testing the truth of his theories. Itesi Icshis " Discourses to Seamen,' which have gone ! throu^-h many editions, Dr Scoresoy con;ri J bmod numerous articles on natural history, i physics, and meteorology, to the Kdinburgh VhiU'Sophiial Journal. Died. IM57. SCOir JDIIN, uUu iker poet, born at Ber- monds.v,' in 17;i'.». He resided, during the greater' p.:rt of his life, at Ainwell, a very i pieturesi.d,Ty Hook, is one of the heads of the New Uivcr. and Midiilet.iii has a monunieni there. SCO'IT, MKltAf.L. a celehraied Bcottlsh philosopher of the Lith century, wlios*? knowledge ivf the occult sciences i aused him to pass for a magioi.in, was born at Hal- jj. |.';f..ji.!s.f. Ho I* gaid to have at Hart Hall, Cambridge. He hid both the good sense, and courage to oppose the absurd opinion, at that time prevalent, of the exist- ence of witches, by publishing his "Dis- coveries of W itchcraft." Died, 1.599. SCOTT, SaM'JKI,, an eminent painter of sea scenery, who took Vandevilde for his modei. His views of Old London Bridge and Westminster liridge are in the National (Jallery. Died, 1772. SCOTT, THOMAS, an English divine, bore in 1747, at Hrayioft, in Lincolcshire, wy iutt ndid for the medical profession, but en- tered the church, and rendered himself cel^ brated as a theological writer. I'.e became chaplain of the Lock Hospital in 1785, and rector of Aston S.indford in ISiil ; was author of " The Force of Truth," a " befeiice of Calvinism," the well-known " Comir.eiit- ury on the Uible," and 'Sermons." D'A ISJl. .SCOTT, Sir AVaLTF.R, bart., the great novelist, was born at Edinburgh, in V" He passed his youth in l!ic pleasures of hunting, in the study of the law, and in reBding old plays, rumanccs, travels, and marvellous adventures. The antiquiticsand ancient poetry of Scotl.ir.d early indamed his iinnginatio'n ; he read the ild chronkiei, i and made himself ac(iiuiiiite<' '.vith thecoi- tomi,. obsolete laws, the triutiiiunsoffaaiilics, and the superstitious beliefs of his country- mea. He made his debut as an author in " Minstrelsy of the Scottish I'.ordcr; wtucl had great success. lUs next i.orV, the " I-iy of the Uist Minstrel,' was rceevM with still greater favour. '' M;™'f '1 " The LiiUv of the Laiie, ' and K«kcbT followed ; but his poelioal reputation «JI soon afterwards eclipsed by that of L-ri Hyrt.n. suhse.)uentlv appeared im L«.tlers to his Kinsfolk" and the- B^iU of Waterloo.' the first »u.ce5' ■ ■ settled in Scotland, where "he in commercial speculations. Dur- MIC he composed the entertiining bove mentioned, which first ap- " Ulackwood's Mapazine;" and ed his incoKnito so well, that it itil after his death that they were have proceeded from his pen. UEuiNAl.b.or Uktnold, wasa Kent, and received his education all, Cambridge. He had both the \ and courage to oppose the absurd t that time prevalent, of the exist- vitehes, by publisliing his "Dis- .f AVitchcraft." Died, 1.599. SaM'JKI,, an eminent painter of ry, who took Vandevilde for his {•S views of Old London Briilje minster liridge are in theNationa' Died, 1772. , THOMAS, an English divine, bom It Hrayioft, in Lincolnshire, wy for the medical profession, but en- church, and rendered himself cel^ a theoloKici^l writer. I'.e became of the Lock Hospital in 1785, and f Aston S.indford in ISiil ; was ' " The force of Truth," a " Lefeiice ism," the well-known "Comiiient- tie Hible," and "Sermons." DWd, ■, Sir 'Walter, bart., the great was born at Edinburgh, in 1"1. ■i\ his youth in i!ie pleasures of in the stuily of the law, and in oUI plays, romances, travels, and lusadvcnvures. Tlie anliquitiesand poetry of Scotland early intlamed illation ; he ri'ad tlie ilJ chroniciei, e himself acquaintei' '.vith thecor solet claws, the tradiiiunsof families, superstitious bidiefsof his country- It; made his debut as an authur in •elsy of the Scotti«h I'.ordcr,' wtiicti at success. His next vorV, the f the Uist Minstrel.' was riceved ill greater favour. " M.irmion," iiiUy of the Lake," and "Uiieby" 1 • but his poelical reputation wai ter wards eclipsed by that d iM Suhsefiuentlv appeared " Paul* to his Kinsfolk" and the ' UUf. trloo-" the first wcessful, tlie latteil re HiH nov.U, however, are bis ;,;.Mport to fame. Tbose masier.j .ion«, on which criticism would SCO] Z-^i^T^lacc, need only be enumerated ; "Waverloy," "Tales of my Landlord," "Ivanhoe," "The Monastery," "The Ab- J, ""• anentin Durward." " Feveril of the Peak" ''AVoodstock,- " Hob Koy." "The Heart of Mid Lothian," " Chronicles of the PAnon'Mte," &c. Sir ■Walter Scott was uinde i baronet by George I\.,in 18'.'1, after the icoronation; in giving efTect to the splendid and antiquarian costumes of which, it ap- cears his taste and erudition were consulted. Our limits prevent us from detailing the numerous engagements of this higlily gifted ind industrious iiuin : suffice it, therefore, to jay 'hat from the commencement of his literary career In 17!»6, when he puolished his tr.inslation of Burger's '• Leonora " and "Wild Huntsman," to the year of his deconse, he wa,s constantly producing some literary work, and t'.-at he reaped an abund- mt harvest. His patrimonial estate was considerable; and, hi 1800, he obtained the preferment of sheriff of Selkirkshire, worth about £300 a year; which sum was considerably increased in ISOR, by his being appointed one of the principal clerks of the .session in Scotland. He accordingly, in 1811, ireniovcd 6 or 7 miles below his former resid- ence on the Tweed, where he purchased a farm of about loo acres, and built the n;an- (ion, to which he gave the name of Abbots- ford. Here he continued to reside, exercis- ing the most open hospitality, and receiving the homage of admiration from all parts of the world, while he pursued his literary labours with unremitting activity. At length, in 18J.5, the tiriii of Constable and Co., at Edinburgh, having projected a cheap leriesoforigiiial and selected works, engaged Sit Walter to compose a " Life of Buona- parte. " It was in progress when these pub- lishers became bankrupts, and by that un- happy failure Scott found himself involved, on their bchalf.foraccominodation billsto the enormous amount of £12o,(kki. 'I'he estate of .\bbotsford had been settled on Sir Walter's eldest son on his marriage,. 'ind it was there- fore beyond the rca;'hoftbe creditors; but thoujh he had very little property to answer the immense amount of liis debts, there was Hill a vast source of profit remaining — his literary talents. ' tientlemen," said he to his creditors," time and I against any two. Let me takethis irood ally iiitoeonipany, and I believe I shall be able to pay you every far- thing." Ilcfurtherproposed,in their behalf, to insure the sum of £2L',00o upon his life, which proposal was accepted; and he then sat down, at the nge of S.'S, to the ta.sk of re- deeming, by the e.\ertion of his talents as a public writer, a debt exceeding li O.iHK) pound!)! In the autumn of \h'M> he vi..itea Paris, in order to prosecute rrsenrches into several local and other details relating to the subject of bis work ; which appeared durinjf the summer of 1hj7, in n volx. Hvo ; and roal- mi the sum of £I2,0(KI, beina at the rate of U!a day for the time he had devoted to it. fhuugh from the time of the pnblicntinn of "averley," Sir AValter had been generally considorod the author of the " Scot.h •novels, yet he hud managed to preserve his mcoBnito by various modes of evasion and oa.r dcni,ils whenever the subject was pub- ^ i^cto ©niberanl ^Siograpfin. [scR licly mooted ; and tiir author, whoever he might prove to be, w„s fancifully gtyled the " Orcnt Unknown.' At length, the mystery was solved. At the annual dinner of the Theatricsl ruiid Association in 18.>7, Sir AValter, In leturniui; thanks for the honour which the company li.id done him by drink- ing his hiiilth, unreservedly declared that ihcy were wholly and solely his own com- positions. Hy the republication of the former novels, in a cheap form, with new notesand prefaces; and by new works, viz. " 'lales of a Grandfather," a " History of Scotland, " in Dr Lardner's Eneydopa-diu ; "Letters on Demonolosyand Witchcraft," in the Family Library, &e., he had paid, in part of his lia- bilities, £54,0(10; and his creditors presented to him, personally, the library, manuscripts, curiosities, and plate, which had once been his own, as a token of their gratified feelings. Early in 1831, symptoms of paralysis began to appear, and in the autumn his physicians recoinniendcd an excursion to Italy, as the means of delaying that illness which too obviously approached. A passage to Malta, in the Harham ship of war, was obtained for him, Knd he reached Naples by that route, Dec. 'il. In April, 1832, he went to Kon,e, in.-ipected the classical antiquities of that city with great interest, and visited Tivoli, Aibani, and Frrscati. Feeling, however, that his strength was rapidly decreasing, he determined upon returning, with all iiossible speed, wishiiis to die in his nativt' rountry. On his arrival in London it was fouiul that medical assistance was now useless; all hope of his recovery had Bed ; and at his own anxious desire he was conveyed by sea to Newhaven, where he landed on the 9th of July, reached Abbotsford on the Uth.nnd, after lingering for two months in a slate of almost total insensibilitv, he died on the •21st of September, 1H32. The Life of Sir AV. Scott was written by his sonin-law, J. G. Lock hart. SCorr, Wlt.T.iAM. (STOWKLL, Lord.] RCOTLS, JoHAN.NK.s. lEHlGKNA.] scoTus, Dt.Ns. ;i)!;ns scotus.] SCKIHI), AKifSTlM I't'GKi.sv., a cele- brated French dramatic writer, was born at Paris in 17!'l. He was educated for the law, but soon abandoned it for the stage. His first piny," Lt Dervis," was produced ill 1811, and at once made him a name. From that time till his death be was a most prolific writer, frequently employing assistants, and bis iiiHuence remained unshaken through all the political changes of France. He has been called the greatest wholesale n sought only to amuse, and very clearly adapted his productions to the spirit of the iiiiies and the tastes of various audiences- Amuiig the numerous lihrttti composed hy him are — " Kobert le niablc," " Fra l>iavolo, ' " L,?s Diamans de la Cou- 91« i'Vi ,;■ ( ! 1 • n\i > If III. I 8CR] 191 ^tto ^nti)(rsBl 13iogtBpl)i). ronne," " Let HuRuenots," and " La Juive." Among hl« otlicr most celebrated pieces arc—" La Catnnradeiie," " Le Comie Ory," " Unc Chaino," and Le Vorrc d'Eau." He was a meinbiT of the French Academy. Dud at Taris, iOtb Vcliniary, 18GL SCUorE, \V., author of two popular works, " Davs of Dccr^talUillK," and ' Pays and Myihts of Salmon rishinR," was the last male rtpresentnlivo of the f.imous family of his name. seated at Castle Combe, in Wiltshire— of which thev possessed the manor and (state as earlv as the reian of Edward the Tlurd, and bokstinj: amonR his historical worthies the name of Lord Scrope of llolton. Lord Chanccllorof England in thereignof Itichnrd the Second. Mr Scrope was proud of his de- scent, but prouder of his fkill with the Run, the rod, and the pencil, as well as of his class- ical attainr^.n's. He had an eye alive to the Taric' "' of nature, and Rren: power m com- "hR to his readers what lie had sec , at he knew, and his books above no. d 9CC worthy of a place beside ■SValton's "Angler" and Davy's " Salmonia." Died, in his 8l8t yoar, 1852. . « , , BEATON, JOHN C()LROnXE,Lord, field- marshal of England, was born m 177;). He was educated at NVinchester School, and, at the age of 15, was appointed ensign in the army. He first served as lieutenant In the disastrous campaign of the duke of \ork n Holland in 17ya, afterwards in Egypt, in Italy and Sicily, and took part in the battle of Maida. He was next military secretary to General Fox, and in 180» 'J accompanied Sir John Moore in the same capacity, and was with him at the battle o€ Corumia. Major ("olborne was doubtless one of those who took part In the simple hasty burial of the hero, when " s.owly and sadly they " laidhi.n down." Ihf same year he joined Wellington's army in Spain, was at the battles of Ocana and Husaco, and during tic campaign of 1«11. commanded a l>rigade which was employed as a flying force to keep in check the incursions of the I-rench His brigade was almost entirely destroyed at Albuera, being taken in flank and rear by the French. He greatly distiiiguishcd himself at the head of the 02nd Light In^ fantry In the assault on the fortress and tt.wnofCiudad Kodrigo, Hth Jan. 181i ; and though wouniUd in the shoulder by a mus kei-ball, sli'.l led hio men on and won. An- other most brillif,nt exploit was the carrying of the redoubts on the heights of Vera in the Pvrenees, on the 7th October, 1H13 Colonel Cilborne took part in the battles of Nivellc and the Nlve. carried the entr nchment.* at Bidassoa.on which occasion Haveloek, then very young, distinguished himself by an act of dashing courage; and »«''''" ^^ l,«sb.ind in 1847, was Hie daughter of Mar j thai Sebastiani. comtnander-ln-chlcf in Ireland l*'"„'""i,'?,^^"'''<^''«9 named' :he2nd Life Gunrda; general, a I I later, nnd in 18C0, was created ' \\. " He will be remcmbcrpd " : ^r in the Saturdnt/ Seviexo, " oi ' »l>lP8t and most trusted lii>utcn-l itain'9 greatest peiural, and as I dcd, on its most brilliant days ' t never surpassed in arms since I irst borne by men.' " Lord Seatcn -quay, April 17th, 18(i3. He letil irviving him, and his throe sons guished themselves in the army. 1 statue of Lord Seaton is lieinR >y Mr Adams to be erected at on (186-). IAN, liing of Portugal, was born | id ascended the throne at three 1 ige, on the death of his grand- in III. Possessed of a romantic and an extravagant admiration ries of chivalry, he r.ishly delcr- arry on war against the Moors In ping thereby to effect something ianity and the fame of Portugal, lingly equipped a fleet and an ich comprised the flower of the e nobility, and sailed for Africa in e age of '23 years. A general en- soon took place, at Alcacor-el- d the ardour of the young king into the midst of the enemy, who ady pouring on the rear of his i iebastian fought with the most de- j bravery, while most of his attend- 1 ( slain by his side. Heat length | ed ; and so complete was the , that no more than 50 Portugese! to have survived this wild and 1 expedition. The mystery which i the fate of this royal warrior led i dvcnturers to assume his person! •laims, but there seems to he no It he died on the field of battle. .\n ig work has just been published titled " Lcs Pauy Don Srtasiien, r rnistoire de Portugal," by Don I'Antas. ITIAM, TlORACKFRANQOIs.Connt, of Prance and diplomatist, was Corsica, in ITTfi. He cntrred the 1792, served in the campaiftn of d obtained the favour of Napoleon »rt he took in the revolution of the aire (November, ITOS). Various lie- IS were intrusted to him, wtiichke i with much tact. M AustcrlitiK lihtinguished himself, was severelr 1 and was made general of division. eninloyed in the Peninsula, 1S0>- „k purtin theexpeciitiontoRuHia, I the campaign of 181-1; andater o was one of the envoys to the allied ns In lH19hehi'iiimeamfmMro,j nber of l)ei>utie9; minister of marine ister for foreign affairs under loms The unforwn-| „ ..._rdered 1 in IH47, was the daughter seb] "SEBASTIANODELPIOMBO. [PIOMFO.] SECKEK, THOMAS, archbishop of Cantcr- bnry nn eminent and pious prelate, wa« born at SIbthorpe, in Nottinghnmshiro. in 1693 and was educated »vitU the view of be- coming a dissenting minister. He, however, conformed to the Church of England, took orders, and obtained preferment. He be- came successively, rector of Houghtonlc- Spring, prebendary of Durham, king's cliap- lun and rectorof St James's, 'Westminster. In 1735 he was elevated to the see of Bristol ; whence he was translated to that of Oxford, in 1737 ; and, in 1758, he was raised to the archiepiscopal sec of Canterbury ; in which situation he conducted himself with great iignity, munificence, nnd proper severity (gainst any laxity in the morals and man- ners of the clergy under his more especial superintendence. His sermons, charges, and other works, form 12 vols. Died, 1768. SEDLEY, Sir CuAULKS, a celebrated wit, courtier, and poet, of the age of Charles II., was born at Aylesford, in Kent, in 1G39, and was educated at AVadham College, Oxford. He was a conspicuous character nmong the licentious circle which surrounded the gay monarch ; but though himself a profiigute, lie was 80 much annoyed by an intrigue which James 11. carried on with liis daugh- ter, afterwards created countess of Dorches- ter, that he took an active part in promotlnjf tic revolution. Died, 17ul. 8EETZEX, Uluic Jasper, a celebrated Gcrmau traveller, was a native of East Friesland, and received his education in the university of Goitingen, wliere he particu- larly studied natural history and philosophy. Seconded by the patronage of the Dukes Ernest and Augustu.s of Saxe-Gotha, in a desire to visit Asiaand Africa, he commenced iis perilous undert^iking in 18UL',at Constan- tinople, where he stayed six months. The inbassadors there assembled, encouraged his enterprise; and at Smyrna the Kussiun Prince Oezakow, who had been over Asia Jlinovand Egypt, assisted hiui with many awful instructions. Seet/.en stopped one year at Aleppo tolearii the Arabic language, and to collect MSS. for the library of the dukcof Saxe Gotha, and reached DamnsiUB in April, 1805. From thence lie explored many parts of Syria, Palestine, nnd Arabia, which had not before been visited by any European; and in order that he niig'ht be ible to undertake a pilgrimage to Mrcca and Medina, he maile a profession of Mahoraet- jnism. In 1810 he was at Mocha, whence nc wrote the lust letters that arrivnl from him in Europe. Having had his property wzcd by the Arabs, under the pretence or his being a magician, he proceeded towards Saana, to complain to the Imam of that place; and, a few days after his departure (December, 1811), he died suddenly at Taos, probably from the effects of poison given mmby order of the imam. SEGUIEU, Jka.n Pi(..vNc.nis, nn eminent totainst.was born at Nismes, in 1703. nnd oied 111 178J. His works are " 15iljlioth"ca Bouiiica," "PluntB' Veronenses," 3 vols.; cnr.'.''.""''''*'°" "f 'he Memoirs of SlalVei. pS i^',^'"^'''' l'""-"'l'K. Count de. tt trench diplomatist and historical writer, % i^cto ffinibcraal 18iograpf)p. [SEL was the elde«t son of the Marshal de Segur and born In 1753. He served during two campaigns in the American war, and was afterwards ambassador to St Petersburg and Berlin. On the overthrow of the French monarchy lie relinquished his connection with nflairs of state; he was, notwithstand- ing, arrested by order of the Committee of Public Safety; but being liberated shortly after, he quitted France; nnd did not return till after the fall of Robespierre. In 1803 he was nominated to the council of state ; and under the imperial government, he was ap- pointed to the office of grand-master of the ceremonies at court. In 1813 he was made a senator; and, on the restoration of the Bourbon faniilv, he was created a peer of France; notwithstanding which, after Buo- naparte's return from Elba, he resumed his legislative functions, and again became grand-master of the ecrimonies, and one of the peers appointed by Napoleon. On the final restoration of Louis XVIII. in 1815, the count was stripped of all his dignities, and passed the rcmai'.der of his life in literary retirement. Hr icd in 1830. Among his works are, " A tical Picture of Europe," "The Keign of liuderiek William II.," the History of Modern Europe." &e. SEGUIl, Philippe Henri, Marquis de, marshal of France, was born of on ancient and noble family in P^rigord, in 1721. His family were Protestants, and had snfTcred much both during and after the civil wars. He served with distinction in the wars of Bohemia and Italy ; was dangerously wound- ed at the battle of Kaucoux ; had his arm shattered at I.awfeldt, but continued at his post till victory was complete, nnd was made immediately mnr^chal de camp nnd lieutenant-general. At Clostercamp he re- ceived a bayonet wound In the neck and a sabre cut on the head, and was taken pri- soner. Appointed inspectorat the peace, he became minister of w.ir under Louis XVI., in 1781, and filled that post with much abil- ity till 1788; introducinggrcat improvements in military organization, discipline, and finance. It was during his administration that the unjust ordinance was published by which r .le but the nobles could become officers in the iirmy ; but he is said to have protested against it. He was created mar- shal in 1783, and retired when Cardinal Lo- m^nie de Bricnne became first minister. During the lleign of Terror the old soldier and statesman, feeble and covered with wounds, was arrested, deprived of his digni- ties and property, and imprisoned. Liberated by Napoleon, he died at Paris, in I80l. KEJANtS, il';i,iv8, minister of the Em- peror Tiberius. [See TIBERIUS.] SELDEN, JOHN, an English antiquary. Jurist, nnd historian, of most extensive ac- quirements, was a native of Sussex, and born in 1581. After receiving his education at Chichester, and Hart Hall, Oxford, he studied the l.iw in the Temple, and was called to the bar. He practised chiefly ns a chamber counsel, and devoted much of his time to studying the history and antiquities of his country. So early as ltio7 he drew up a work, entitled " Analectum Anglo-ltritan- nicum," which was quickly succeeded by 917 i • i I -t ;i i h r ! 3 sel] % JtetD BnibcTsal ^iograpfjp. •tudiM which he had dili«ntlT puniwd ' and the intcrtourw ••rbich he baj Mi with ' fininent »uie3men, midc him ambitioai cC beini; a reformer; but the ill fortune of the ' Turks in the wars with Kii~«!a and Aasttii the nunu'roii* rebellions and insun<,<.'' Mrenl other* ; and in ICU appeand bi» "Title* of Honour." Ne«t followed hit " HistorT of Tithe*. • for which he wat cited b»fore ?he court of Hijth ConuaiMion. and ha.l to !uak«' a sort of apoljjiy. In 1623 he enitreU parliament, and ejiriu»llj »upportcd j and the nunieroii* rebellions and insunM-'i the wea»ure» cf the popular party. He did j tion< in thr Tanou* provinces of the cxpir.,! not however, at-andon literary pursuits. Ions prevented his attimptii.g the u^t ' and in \bii published his •' Mare CUusum," . "NN ur with France followed, and EgTpt w„l In which he tndeaTours to establish the Uonquered, but it was ncover-d by the' British right of dominion over the circumja- ; English and restored to Seliai. In IMhe' cent *e«» He wa-. clcited in ItHO member j became protector to the Ionian Ulaniis, and i i for Oiford at which time he was so well ! peace being established, he applied hinsstlfl' alTecicd to' the king, that »hen the king ' to the diflicuU work of internal reform. The I •ppo m and the parlia...^ - , i , ^ .v m-jtieraiion and uniformly endeavoured to : out in I506, the new army or^niiation, prevent an ultimate appeal to the sword. | '■ Niiam Jedid,' excited immcnj* diisatis- y.Tj popular. A portrait of Selden. painter |i unknown, i. in the Nauooal Portrait Gal i''*S^LElCUs MCATOK, founder of the |! dvnattv of the S.lrucida'. was the so.i of a ! M«ced.'.:.Un gemrul. and was t..>re alK,ut i B C i^. He greatly distmRUiMied himself «» a iteneral in the campaign* of Al.xander the tireal in lVr»ia and lad.a The satrapy of Bain Ionia was a»*igned to him alter the ae;.th of J'. rUicets. ia 3Ji . but hve years Ul.^r, in eon.equeace of the Kro» inK power of A«l>»tt"m*. he fled to Kjiypl. Joined he leasue formed aitaia^i him, and after the . victory of 0=!• niaf 1 ried Slraiunice. daughter of U< metnus i .a • orc-te*. but n-siir.iea he.' to hia »*.n Antio- cbuk to *h..ut also he save up a lar,je part of hi. cmp..-e. i*'le«^;"^"•!^^'i",,';*J^*,;■:"; ,- till bii A war Wilh L5 »i *<)litude nearly three years, ii!l he wjs taken away by Captain Woods Hogfn. in 1T09. On his return to F.r.;l;in3,h« iisiid to have fcivon Daniel Defje the narrative of his adventures, ana that from this finnt oriijiiiated the " AdventurM of Kobinwn Cni^fK-." SKMI.EU. JOIIAN'X SaloHO, an emiBWt O'^rman theologian, born at SaalfeH, in 1725. He was educated M the universityof Hailo, where, after residing at Cobar? aal Altdorf, he was ;ippoir.tP;,t,iaed th. office of puW c Ubn-wnst Uene>.i in r:3, became ""« .:he cob<..«- o^ofib. Geneva Juuriul ml ".anU^ n IMV) Anv,nit h;» cb'.-f "or"*/'* " 'r>:ai.-■.r^Avtdo^..erveretc.f^«^^ U (ieotti, tnre« )e»r» la.i.. '-"-• ;----_ ."J ;,, j KiD^rienc-'S." " M^moirei rhTiico-cmmi- i B>«ch«» end..vi m hi* defeat and death II *-*lf f,'"'* ,,,,p , j„,r,ire if Cicr..te. JJl ' ! S.1 and .Heleucus. advam .ng to the couiiuest s.,.^. ,.:»*"{:* '.'^uo' He tnmsbtM!!* .l^'M.c.ion.a, w.» murdered by Pto.em;. ^\V.t 'sp.lU^iaV' . and contnhuied«|- 'r HKU M 111 . » JU. of Turkey. MB of Mu* . ui-^ha'in , was bora !n 1761, and succeeded i iTiriacie, kb4U HasiiU. m AprU. 17*9 Th* ,m.;rv to variou.vlecfr.ed K-cifW* tiKKKCA, \,'"' ^""^ '^'*' ' ' tt:eoinperor>'«'>',l 919 le had diliftntly puniwd r»e which he bad heii witd' i tn, m»ilc him ambitiom cC •; but the ill funune of -.he ' r» with Ku-«ia and Aasttii/ 'lu rebclliuns and insuriM-i Diis provinces of the empire, i his attimptitig the u«k. ce followed, and Ejypt vu j it was n-cover?d by the ' tored to Selim. In ISO h"e ' ir to the Ionian Islands, and i iblished, he applied hiasstlf I rork of internal reform. Ihe ' 4 disciplic? of the army, the the diTan, and the sjitem of ? matters whi<'h he sought ar with Russia ijtain bruke he new army orsitjiiation, excited iramcnue dji>aiij. May, iso:, the janisMTiei re- im was dep-^^ed, imprisoned, lonrii- year striagied, iSth Alexander, wis born at land, about 16S0. He was a r, and made sereral Tojiges Da, in one of whiih, baVing a his commander, he was put ; island of J Jan Femsadfz, »ecc5sar;e<, a fowling-p-we, , d sh'it Here he remained in ' y three years, till he wjs! y C.iptain Woods Hojtn. in j return to England, he iisaidj Danle'i Defae the narrative of j i, ana that from this i-jBrcel l' " Adrtntures of Robiawnj OHANS SaLOMO, an eEiBWtl! Ionian, born at SaalfeU, in ' i educated it the university cf after residing at Cobar? aoi! ts .ippoicted in ITM proffiMrl 1 piist which he held till liij •r "as brought up iPierist, ' li'.stqucr.tly distinguished iiaj WiXiQ. His writing- irenryl ;d among the principal irt- r von dor Vntersachung cm Apparatus ad liberalrji >>: nterpr'-'t-.tionem;'' a siffliiir Hd Testament ; '' ?o!ecU capita lf»ia!tic;c , "' an'i his '' lelw* .•■ Pemler w^s for lucre tin 'i.r of the Theological Sesiiuj i;, J KAN, natnnl phi!-«'-i?«R I was li-'rr. at Gincvi.inira 'the c-.x'^siastica! pro'sws, ntion was more panicBiirtT ihil'ii^phv and nstunl t!;«»7- th.> office of public HtoMB tf •73, became one of :he ntm- ncva Juurr.il in r>:. and d:«l rtMn? hi» cb-.-f works SK,« •Art d oiiorver f t cp fti« /«' •• "M^moirei rhviicMhiBi- wirentt^'-.iredeGenne,^ e ',>!«* t a'-." HfiranslatPdw alUaiari. andcontnbu'.fiB- lousKcfr.fdsc^ifliM. t.cas ANN«l*. lUMI , and tutor (■•• the onipwr>y the emperor's ptrnusiion he quitted gjRome for the country. In a.U. 65 Seueca '». "18 accused uf taking part in the conspiracy fPisc, his intimate fnend,ar.d wai ordered ■. put hioiseif to il.'afli. He opened a vein ;a each arai. then in his legs, but the Mojd flowed very siuwly , s dose oi hemlock bad I no effect, and at last his tortures, which h«- tore With Sioical foriitudc, were endeu by suifotatiun in a warm bath. His writinjis »cre very numerous, and many are still ex- •r.:, among them arc- treatises" De Ira," leConsoLitione," " De I'rovidentia," " l)c .'Jiiini Traiuiuillitate,' and " I>e Vita jbeata;" lil Letters to Lucilius ; 10 Trage- jdies.acd a remarkable work entitled" Uua>s- itionun Naturahcm Lib. VII.' Seneca patuchcd himself chiefly to the Stoic s<:hool, I but adopted also principles from other sys- Items His «ork* abound in quotable max- iims and sentiments, his Iangu;;^-e is lucid landvigorous; tut he is over-fond of antithe- jiis. his style, like his conduct iit his death, jhad a the;;tric..l alTcctation ;ii out it. His I works ha^e been very much rc.i.1, und very Iffequcntlv republished. I SE.\KFKM)EK,Al,(,YS,in' : / lilho- igraphy, was born ;i'. I'rag- r . ,i. He I »a$ the Son of an actor, vr . g«>. , tost.idy law at the university of G.Uinn; , became |»!i actor and a p.ay wrighi , '..id at last, itiitin,,- great interest in the pri>cis«of pnnt- jing, set bii'iH'lf to d!» Senefelder reaped the late bur welcome reward of his labours in his ap- pointment as Inspector of the Uoyal Lilho- graphiv Kstablishn.cnt of Havaria, with a good salary. He published in 1^19 an in- teresting account of his various esperiiuenis, failures, and §■ :cess, which wa.« translated into English under the title of A t:omplete Course of Lithography." The same year he recciyed the gold medtl of the London So- ciety of Arts. Died at Munich, 1834. SENIOK, Na.spointe',1 professor of political economy in the univt-rsity of Oxford, a post which he held till 1830. He was named a master in chancery in ISStl.and was re-appointed to the professorship of political cctMiomy in l^^r. He held for some years the office of examiner in pi'.itical economy in the uni- versity of London. He wi:s author of nu- merous works, chiefly on political economy, among which arc — " Outline of the Science of I'olitical Economy," originally an arti- cle for the Encyclop.Tdia Metropolitana ; ' I'olitical Economy :" " A Journal kept in Turkey and Greece, in the Autumn of 1837 and the beginning of 1S58," " Hiosraphical Sketches . " und " Essays on Fiction ; " both reprintid from the leading reviews. Hi health compelled him to rcsis;n his pro- fessorship in 1-t).!, and he died at Kensing- ton, June 4, ls»;4. " F:w men," says a writer in the Sutunlay Herutc, " who have neither sat in p.irhument. nor he'l perma- nent official situ.uioiis, nor wri n great books, have done so ii!any und such various services to t! o world as Mr Senior " He was one of the authors of the new poor- 1.1W ; was u zealous promoter of popular education ; a prominent member of the com- mission on tiiat subject in Is.iS— 1^61 ; sat on several other philanthropic commissions, lilleu his professorship at »»xford with great success, and Wus for more thar> forty years one of the most disti'ieuished contributors to our best periodical literature. SEi'l LVF.1).\, J VAN Gl.NKZ UK, born in Hul. was t storiographer to the Emperor Charles V., and rendered himself ignobly 'Conspicuous as the author of a " Vindication of the Cruelties of the Spaniards against the Indians," in opposition to the benevolent representations of Las Cas;is. He was also the author of a " Life of Charles Y., " i vols. SEK.\SSI, ,"lEKt) .VNio.Mii. ail Italian biograplier, born at Eergan.o, la IT'Jl. He wrote the Lives of Tasso, Dante rolitiano, retrarch, and other euiiueut llali.ins. Died, 17'M. SKUOEL. JOHANN TOBIAS, a celebrated Swedish sculptor, was born at Stockholm, in 1710, studied in Italy, and rose to great eminence in his art, was ennobled on his return to Swed-.'n, and died in 1- ine'ious to her death, which occurred.!. !>■ H.at theafccof (i2. Theclaim of Olive Serrc is now (IbCt!) once more brought into ■■ ission by her dauphter, Mrs Uyvis who styles herself Lav:nla, princess of tumberlund and duchess of 1-an caster, and is prosecuting her daim to n:> out on the invitation of the Lu.sitanian»,rcturn- ed and put himself at their head to light for independence. His progress was r.-jpid, he made himself mat.ter of great part of Spain, established a senate, founded a school at Osei for the education of young Spaniards in (ireeU and Itoman learning, and to in- cease the superstitious reverence of the people for his person, ga\e out that lie had comiiiuiiie.itioii> with the gods through the white fawn whiv h always accompanied hu'i Metellus I'ius was sent against him in Tit, but could ellect nothing , two years later I'ompey joined .Metellus, but Sertorius, re- inforced bv Terpcrna, held out ui;aiii-t both till T'i. lie entered into nf^-ot.ations with Mitlwidatet., which caused fiesh alarm at ilome. Jlut his inlluence and popularity were shaken by his despotic acts, and cspc- \i2 "f«;'«"«'i Iteing thus leC a widow, «iibt«ud.ildrtn, she devoted herselftotbcir education, an, wbe.. her daughter miiiricd llie Count I (.ri^;n;a.,shekeptupacoi;espondew^«"6 her ; to which <•inoM,^linlce tin) «orW mdcbted for the greater part o I | eliers on which her rcputat.ou sccutflj; ncre of nil the fcholars ' as nssiissiiiatcd bv I'tr- i banquet, lii ii. o. 72. j , ciiAEi,, a learned Span.'' ' tilt victim of rell(!i(.us!l Ttt at Villamicva.in 1.11)1)'! luloiiso, studied medicine for bomc years in corre- Win. He published stvc. J Morks, especially one nismi llestitulio," wliich m the vioUiit hatred of Protestants , and tliousrh ti' as to escape from the 10 former, he could not uc (/f the latter, hejded . f were by his implacable ind unforgiving reformer' s seized as he was passing; tiii'd for " blasphemy and 1 ■ninod to the llanics, which ' ;rd into execution, Oct. 27,1 isupposcd by many to have • ■y in the discovery of the ' blood. , iLlL'S, the sixth iinjthical\ c mairied the daughter of Idcr, whom he succeeded,! 1(1 by his son in-law, Tar- j I. To Scrvius are attri-! on of the limits of the city titlcntions, and a new con- do to the plebeians, AN All, an linglish poet, nstable, KiBl ; cducateil at >xfnrJ ; became for a short f Drydcii as a dramatis:; 'd in the political squabbles! wrote some clever pieces j vi-rse. Died, 1"'J4. ;.t,'Cii^ Si:i'TtMU'S,Uflman| ru A. 1). 141), nt Leptis, iai aiseil to the throne on tlic| ;. He had to contend with I rsl Didius Julianuj, wlioin! 1 ; then Tescenuius Niger,! d at Issus; and at a later whom he defeated ncar| L-viTushad in theprctedingj itium after two ycars'sicsc. ■ lucc.ssfiil war in the East,' .1 liiitain, niado w;iron the I built the fin'iit wallacrosSi i-biii I from the Sul«ay to niiiuiueh l.c wascn;cl;and j that be uover performed an; , i.r fur^iavc afaul'.. Hc«a! , iiiul eoinpdsedahijlcryoti Me did at Virk, inill, ! Al.KXAMJKUSLVKKlS.;! SCLl'l(lV!i. ^SILVKKS AiiiK I'K liABi ns, Mir-j j-htiT of Uic liarwnilcCta-| lliJG. At tbeaueodSilitl HHUiis de Sivi}.'np,wlw»a»! d'seveu yeart afterwards.: 11 widow, withtttui'liiWren.! Mdfti. their educalion: and; liter married the Ceuntde; nt up a eonespundincewiinj ,'inuin!.taiice tin) world i«i he greater part of iboso: cU her reputatiou sicutfij. ] '^ i^etD Sinibersal 13iograpI))). [SFO Kits, and which have been repeatedly ro- ^"snVAKD, ANNA, daughter of the lU-v. Thomas Seward, himself a poet and c.litor of Hcaumont and Fletcher, was born at Pvam in Uerby.hlre, in 1747. Khc evinced Setical.-sto in early life. I;.,1782«he BUblished her poetical romauceof Louisa, Jnd she subsefiucntly printed a eollcction of wnnets, and a " Life of Dr Darwin," lu which she asserted her claim to the first fifty lincsofthatauthor'8 " liotani^ ^,'"''^'^'}-'' Died 1HM> An edition of her works, with a bio'Taplilcal preface, was published by Mr 'iftcrwards Sir -Walter) Scott; her "Let- ters" also appeared in 6 vols. ; but her fame has parsed away. 8EAVAH. U, Wll.MAM, a biographical writer, was born in London, 1717. lie wts educated at the Charter House and nt Ox- ford ; was intimate with Dr Johnson, and other eminent literary characters ; and was author of " Anecdotes of distinguished I'er- sons," " lUograpUiana," &c. He died in 1799. SEWELL.AVILLI iM, the son of an English .refugee at Amstcrdi.ui, who, though brought lupns a weaver, made himself master of 'several hingu:if;<'s, and compiled an " Kng- lisli and Dutch Dictionary ;" but he is best [known by his " History of the Quakers," of I which sect he was him:jelf a member. Died, I SliXTlS EMI'IUICU.S, a Orcek phi- losopher and physician, who lived in the u-cignofCommodus. Only two of his works jare e.\tant, the " Institutes of I'yrrhon- I ism," and ten books uguinst the mathema- I ticinns. I SEYMOUll, EDWAUI), duke of Somerset, in the reigii of Kdward VI., to whom he was luatcrnal uncle, being brother of Jane Seymour, third wife to Henry VIII. Ho devoted himself to the military profession, and cummanded in u maritiinu expedition against the Scots, in 15U, when he landed a body of troops at Leith, and set tiro to the city of Edinburgh. On the death of Henry VIll. he rose to unbounded power, procuring himself to be appointed governor of the kinj;, and protector of the realms. lu 15-18 he obtained the post of lord treasurer, was created duke of Somerset, and made earl maibhal. The same year he headed an army, with which he invadod Scotland, and after having gained the victory of Mus- selburgh, returned in triumph to England. His success excited the jealousy of the carl of Warwick and others, who first procured his confinement in the Tower, for a short tiiue during 161'J, on the f;h.irgc of arbitra- ry conduct and injustice, and flnall/ causcu him to be again arrested, two years after wards, on the charge of trrn.sonable deigns iigainst the lives of gome of the privy-coun- cillors, for which he was beheaded on Tower Hill, Jan. '.'j, 15.V2. SFOUKA, JACoi'O, a Ycry celebrated It.i- i<.v,\cumlutlieie,]wA(iot the illustrious f.imily of Sforza, was born nt Cotignola in the Ho- magna, in laiiji. Hi.s family name was AtUn- ■■ r in- vited Charles VIII. oJ France to iuvadt m I'm 1 i j i 1 I '^ , . , . ;-1 Il>-.| : i ■ ■ ■ ■ ' ; I ( , 'SS'I 1 bou] H £lLm Shiibcrsal ISiograpijt}. Ituly and toixc the kliigdnui uf Nuplrs, and lit the Niiinr time provnilod uii tlic Kiiipcrur Maximilian tu ^'vn hint the liivcilituru of the (lui:hy. On tUo di'.illi of tho yoiiuK diiko his ni'|)hiMV,in Octulu-r, U!I4, by Kh>w PoihOii. it n'usbiid, ailniinlstcrod l>y order of l.nd()vii'0,tlu> hittiTituci'cciled liini. Aluruu'd at tlie rapid (on(|iu-st of the l-'rcnih, he joined in H'Mi tlic U-iiuue of llie pope, the emperor, tliu Itintf of Spain, imd the prince* ol Italy against Charles, who, however, suc- ceeded 111 flBlitli'K his way hack to I'liincc. In U99 tlie invaiiion of the Milanese was re- newed under l-oui8 Xn.,ttudthe whole terri- tory wastontiuored hy hi»K*'"L''*ali,TrivuUio iiiul Torclli, I.oiiis himself enterlnK the eitpi- tal in Octolicr. l.udovKo succeeded in re-en- teriiiR Milan in tho foUowinn year, hut was besieged In Novara, and betrayed to tho French, who carried hiui with other princos of his house to Vranci! ; and he passed the rest of his life as a prisoner at the chuteauof Loches. Died, 1.''■» oither because of his swarthy colour, or in allusion to his de- Tlce, the mulberry-tree, in Italian 1.7 Moro. StiHAV HS.VNDK. 1 (iKA V K.SAN U 1..] HIIADWKM., Sir LancKI.ot, vicu-chan- ccUor of r.iiKl.ii'd, was born 1779; educated at i;ton and fainbridKC, where he took his degree of il.A. in 18tH), as seventh wrangler, olilaininu uImi ilie second chancellor's medal. Jle was called to the bar by the honourable society of Lincoln's Inn in lH(i:<, was ap- pointed a Uinuii counsel in 1821. sat for Hipon us Ml', in IbJU.and was elevated to the vice-chancellor»liip of Kngland in 1 •27. Uls Honour alsii twice tilled the ollice of a coininin.iionei- of the great seal , tlrst in lb -5, after I.«id Jlroughain's, and in IbM), after Lord t'oUeiihain's resignation of the chan- cellorship. As a judge. Sir Lancelot gave great satisfaction. He ilisposed with great rapidity of the mere routine business of his cdurt, and he wiis no less remarkable for his ttJfability and courtesy, th;iii fur the hu- mour and classical wit with which he sco- soiK-a his dicta Died, Aug. Id, 1850. SHADWKLL, TnoM.\s, a dramatic poet, was boru in lB4ti, at Stanton Hall, Norfolk, and was educated at Cambricik'C. When Drydcii wa* rcinoved from the offices of laureate and hisloriosjraplier royal, Shad- well was appointed his successor, whiih exposed him to the severity of that poet's satire, who ridicuU d him undei the appella- tion of jWor/JfcAno*. Died. l(i'<'2. His prin- cipal plays ore " Lpsom Wells," ' I'linon the Misa'nthropc," the " Virtuoso." the " Ucntleman of Alsace, ' and tht ' Lanca- shire \Vitchc>s"—t;il.\UI.K.sSH.\I>WKI.l., sup- posed to have been the son or nephew of the preceding, wrote some plays, tlie be^• of which is entitled the " i'air Quaker of Deal." Died, 17'2i;. HHAR KSHU U Y. [('OOPF.U.] ,SUAKKS1'I.AUV:, AVn.t,lAM, the poet, wai ho'ii at Stratford on Avon, a pleasant and very old town in Warwic'Ashire.in LWt. Ho was bapiiied on the 'JRtli April, and his birthday, according to tradition, was the •J.lrd April. Strange to say, of the life of this chi t of poets, latesi-born of the great Triad — Homer, Dante, 8hake»peare— wc [SHi know almost nothing will, any rcrtnintT 1- rom such trivial matters us the suVm ,. ^ his name and the house in which h!*'''' born, up to the lii«h and cllfi ,,uos,l" of the moaning of his sonnet,, .IS?' partKM.lars of his bi.igraphy „ ,,, ' volvecl in total d.Mkne,,s,,';rf,nr8,'i' n.perl..-ct and bewihlerui^' liKldof onH Ing tiadilioii.<. All here is to tell the story ns it is '•lost all the in- thc tl''it itispu^siiii, ,oj„ ortl.e.n,mprol,a„lep,crt;:a,r:f1^'S poet s father was John ShakosiiiMirc , « i to-do inhabitant of StratlJrd p b 'b,! glover.gra/ler.and dealer in w,„, ,,,3 landed property, ahlerniaii, and in 15(18 d in magistrate of Stratford, in, mother' ' Mary Aiden, of an ancient ana wealthy family, but of whom pcrs.nially notl, f' whatever is known. His name uppe ^^, the foriiis-Shakcspenre, Shakspcre Shak-' ^pur, Shagspcre, Saxpero, ChackspiT, and with other variations, and is spelt differently by hiinselfondiirereiitccciisions, Hisbirtti place, as pointed out by truditiun, is the house in Henley Street, Stratford, which belonged to his father. Hut his father own- ed several other hi)u>es, and there is no evi- dence to show whtie he lived in IMi Uc house is now tin; property of the iiaiion \Mlliam Shakespeare was educated iit the free tiraininar School of Stratlonl, whe.e he probably remained from the age of 7 to about U. During his hovhood Stratfunl was frequently visited hy companies of strolling players, whoi.e performances doubt- less tirst attracted hiui to the stage. The beautiful scenery of the Avon and the places of historical interest in the iieiKhbomhoodi could not fail to iiitluence his fine andicnsi-j live nature. In his lliih year he matiicJ Anne Hathaway, daughter of a yeomanat the neighbouring hamlet of ShcJtiery.andl eight years older than himself. No register; uf the marriage i^ known tocxist.noristhc' place of its celebration known; but the: marriageboiid IS extant, taken by the bishop of Worcester for his security in lieensinsit with onh' one publication of banns. A hiit child, a daughter, was born about G months I afterwards, May, IShJ. AinonR the ninny; suspicious stories told of ShaUcspiare's early life, one is of a drinking ehulleiige made by a club at Hiilford, called "Tiiei Topers," and accepted by himanc hiscom-j rades; and of his sleeping off theeffcctsot' the bout under a cralitree on the way home.! More celebrated is the tale of his taking ,~jft in stealing deer from the park of Sir Thomas Lucy at Charlcote, and of his detection and prosecution. 'I'his all'air is said tohavetic'cn| the immediate occasion of hi.s golnj to Lon- don, about 158t). It is ciuiteas probable that nuptial disappointments and dissatisfaction | may have driven him lir.ni home; and very natural that his course should be to the me-j tropolis with its large, full, and fascinalingj life It is certain that he did go to London,' and lived there iinny years, leaving hiswitt: and children at Stratford; that he gained | an honourable position as aclor,playwrilcr,j and shareholder in the lilaekfriaisanJafter-i wards in the Ulobe Theatre, enj'yt'ii tn«| favour and patroiiage of Uucen Elizabeth, James L, and tho earl of Southampton, the m othii.B Willi any nTtiuntv th<; house in wl,un he wn, ;iH "»«raphy„r„„„f^:^^^^» "•"•lin.'ss.or.mlyscenbyihe All tiKU ltispu.sil,|,,o"„i| •'<• « o'7 n» .t i.imullytoij KHJoUi. ShukcsppniMnvc ii ^nt of Stratlonl, probably | >.ul>.enimii,ana in 15(18 chief! htratford. His ,„oiher Z' '•' "" "iiciiiu una wcaltby, r whom iHTsonally notbing | 'own. Hisnameuppearsin,] akcsppnrc, Sliaksp,- re, shak- ro, Siixpcro, Chackspcr, »nd ations. and is spelt differently iilrerciit occasions, Hisbinb- ted out by Iruditiun, is the ley Hirect, Stratford, wbkb iriither. Hut his father own- rliou>es,and there is no evi- wheu' he lived in l.iiii The the property of the iiati,m.! espeare was edncatcd at the School of Siratl'onl, wlic.c he ■ iiined from the age of 7 to iifiiiK his lioyhood Stratford ly visited by companies of rs, wlioi.e performances doubt- icted him to the stage. The cry of the Avon and tlie places I merest in the ueiKhbomhondi to intliience bis fine andtensi-i In his Hith year he niatiieJ: ray, dauRbler of a yeoman at ring hamlet of Shotiery,and| lor than himself No register' ;e is known locxist.noristhc' celebration known; but the J is e.xtant , taken by the bishop for his security in licensingitl publication of banns. A linti Iter, was born about G mouths | lay, l,')^:i, Among the mni- ories told of Sbakc.ipi'irc'j c is of a drinking cbulleiige lub at Hiilford, callcil "Tliei accepted by biniani, his com-; ' his sleeping off theeffcclsot' T a crabtree on the way home.' ed is the tale of his taking ,'jfti . I III 1111 the park of BirTlianias ,ii>te, and of bis detection and ihin all'air is said to have ken; e occasion of hi.s goinj to Ion- (ti. It is quiteas probable that pointinents and dissatisfaction; yen liiin frcin home; and very ii> lOiir^c should betothenie-i its lar«e, full, and fascinalingl rtain that he did go to London,! re iiriny years, leaving hiswifi; at Stratlonl; that he gained! e position as aclur, play- writer,! Jerin the iilackfriarsaiidafter-j e Globe Theatre, Qi\\"y<:i thC] latroriaK" of Uueen Elmbeth, I tlic eurl of boutharapton, the und the Is uaso- 8HA] ;;;;;;rfH^ii^lp or m-n Jonson. u idihct respect and admiration of h ate, "ot ""'y f'"' '•'* P'-«^^-«-'"'''"'V,7' "" 1 noet hut for his honesty. Ki-nii. Ity and worth a» n man. Shakesponrp Kuinid also wealth and became the purchaser of the house at Stratford called Now I'luce. and .fttrttaids of a iarRO cstato which he an nexed to it. It was hi* ambition to fouiiil a amily.andit was probably by his desire hat his father, in l.WT, obtained a Kiuut of arms from the Heralds OoUcffe and sub.se- nucntly permission to impale the arms of iShakespearu with those of Arden. During his residence in London he is said to liuvc; visited bis native town annually, and lie re turned to spend his last years there perhaps about l(i»4. Knjoyinx the diKnitled ease of the country pnlhman, the hiKhest respect of his countrymen, and the sweets of the rare wisdom to which he liad attained, he awaited the end ; not ceasing to write, but producing in those quiet years some of his grandest works. Of the end we have no other account than the sliort statement in the diiiry of the Kev. John AVard, vicar of Stratford, that " Shakspeare, Drayton, und hen Jonson hud a morry-nieetinff, ami it seems drank too hard, for Shakspeare died of a fever then conlructed." The date of his death is 23rd April, lt>16. Two days after, his remains were buried in the elianvel of Trinity Church, Stratford, and the well- known bust was executed and plac(d near the spot within seven years. Sliakespeare's will, executed about a month before his death, is still preserved in Doctors' Commons. Kesidcs his first child, Susanna, his only other children were a boy and a j;irl, t»ins, born in 1585. Susanna married Dr Hall, u phyiycian of Stratford, in 1(>07, was left a widow in U)3i, and died in 1640. She had one child only, a da' ghter, who, though twice married, left no children. Of the twins, the boy, named Hamnet, died at the ii(;e of eleven, and tb.' girl, Judith, married Tlionias Quincy in Pebruury, llil6, and had three sons, wlio all died childless. Shakespeare's wife, Anne, survived him, und died in lti'i3. His father died in 1601, und his mother in 1608. Although we have no proof tliat Shakespeare ever sat to a painter, portraits of him exist; but they curiously diflfer, and only three are thought of much importance ; viz., that engraved by Martin Uroeshout for the folio of 1G2,3 ; tho Chandos portrait; and that preserved in the museum at the birth-place. The bust is probably the best authenticated likeness. Hen Jonson's testi- mony is, however, very strong in favour of the Droesbout mgrnving. The Chandoa portrait was prestnied by the earl of KUes- mcre, in l.s5G, to the National I'ortrait Gallery. The tirst eolleeted edition of Shakespeare's Plays was the folio of l(iJ:i. His poems of" Venus and Adonis " and" The lUpe of Lucrece," were published in l.w:i and 15!U,and were the onlv works which appeared with his name in his lifetime. Of the 3(1 plays (exclusive of " I'-rieles ") the catciof publication of only a few are known. Tile "Two Gentleman of Verona" and Love's Labour's Lost" were anions the earliest, and "Tempest,' "Troilus and K JletD Sanibersal 10iograpl)o. [SHA Crcislda," "Henry VIII.," " (;.,rinlMmi.s," "Julius Orsar," and " Antony and Cleopa- tra "among the latest. " Midsummer Night's Dream," " Merebaiit of Venice," " Kiimio and Juliet," HIehard II.," " Hichard III.," "Henry IV.," and "King Juhii ' were all piodueed before ISftH. A copy of " Hamlet" Is extant, bearing the date KiO'i. " Twelfth Night" was produced in Idol ; " King Lear " was printed in l(i07 ; " Tempest " was w ritten in Kill. Tho second folio edition of the collected plays appeared in Uilt'i, and two others subsequently. It is said that by \HM not less than eighty two editions had been published, without including separat,^ plays and poems and commentaries. Hinee then the number lias been enormously increased. The list of editors, biographers, and coni- mentatorr is too long to give here; but among i.ie most recent must be named Charles Knight, J. 1'. Collier, Dycc, Singer, Staunton, Kelghtley, Mr and Mrs Cowden Clarke, and the editors of the " Cambridge Shakespeare." A " Concordance to Shake- speare " has been compiled by Mrs Cowden Clarke. The work of Victor Hugo, enti- tled " William Shakespeare," and Oulzofs " Shakespeare and his Times," must not be omitted. The works of Shakespeare have be- come to a large part of the world one of the primal necessities of life. In no other man's books, probably, is to be found so much truth, wisdom, and beauty as in his. Great to all men, he is greatest to the great, and the homage of the highest intellects of tht- world is silently or with eloiiuent speech yielded to him. The myriad-minded man, the greatest Intellect, who in our recorded world has left record of himself in tne way of literature, the poet of the human race, the jnelodious priest of '\ trv; Catholicism , — such are some of the phrases in which other great men have striven to express tlieir sense of his superiority, lien Jonson, Milton, Dryden.Tope, and in our own day Coleridge, De (iuincey, Carlyle, and Kmerson have led the chorus of his praise. In Germany Lcss- ing revived the knowledge of his works; and ufter him, HiTder, Tieek, Wieland, Schlegel, and Goethe have contributed to establish bis siiprcmaey. The most import- ant of recent contributions to the critical study of Shakespeare is the Commentary of I'rol'essor Gervinus, of which an I-'nglish translation hiisappeared. Another valuable critical work is Dr Hermann Ulrici's"Shakc- speare's Dramatic Art," also translated. A Shakespeare jubilee, the first celebration of the kind in Kngland, was suggested and curried out at Stratford by David Garrick, — 8th September, 17ti9. A similar celebra- tion took place under the auspices of the Shnkespeare club in 18'J4,and was appointed to be lield annually. In April, 1864, a Ter- centenary Festival, with dramatic perform- ances, exhibition of relies, and even sermons, was held at Stratford. An attempt was made to get up a nationril subscription for a monument to the poet, but it failed miserably. Hut during th? s.tme year the works of Shakespeare, his true monument, were republished in an immense variety of editions, ranging from the costly and splen- did reproduction by photography of the folio 9a • i i i i i bha] % i^is Snibersal Diograpf)i|. of 1623, down to penny fiiitioniof the lepar- ■tephni. lu Ocriniiny, one ri-^ult of the Cfntciiiirjr movoini.'nl wui tin furnmilun of « " Sliiikesjinnf Society." which is to pub- lish annuiilly m viiluii\u dcrotcd to Hhuke- \ t]iear('suliji>rt«. liii' aril volume hai alrcnily nppoiirt'il. Aw IntircullnKwork hmncently appcaruilrntitlra " Shakispearc liiUeimuny In the l«lh n:ia 17th centurle*,'" by Albert Cohn ; III whiih It U nhowii that Knttliih •ctors perfDrmed the plav* of Hhukt'»pcare in the KHui (hits of Germuny n» curly a« 1490, and that some of the plays wen- tram- Uted into Oeriiian I y ir.ll. A perfect copy of the mucli-talkeil-ol and long vainly «ouKlit " ShakrHpcar" » .lest Hook" was discoveiiil in the GOtiiiiKcn Library in 18(j4 ludhaijutt been published, 11 is entitled A llundred Mcry Talvs," and bears thf date of 15'JU. The lateit addition loour (ShaU.Hpearc literature U Mr Gerald Massey'K " rthakujx ire'H Son- net* nrver before Interpri'ted ; hi* private Friend)! Identllied ; toKeihcr with u reeo- tered I,lk« new of Hlnmrlf." (April, l-^on.) BllAUr, J.VMI:-*, urihbiuhop of 8t An drew 8, a dis.tin«uUlied prelate of the 17th century, was born In HanlTshIre, in l(il»<,aiid obtained a profeosorbhip in the unlveritity of St Andrew » The presbytery beinKaliollshed by parliament, under t'haile* II., Sharp, who had treacherously promoted that measure, was rewurderardless of the tearsand entreaties of his daughter, they dragged him from his carriage, and with kavago ferocity murdered him before her fac- - .. ■ SHAUr. JOHN, archbishop of ^ork.was bom at ll.adford, in \orkshire, in 16U , studied ut Christ's ColU-Ke, CamhrldKe ; and rose, by jtfadual preferments, to the deanery of NorwiCi.. In the reign uf James 11. he gave such offence to the court by preaching against I'opery , that aa order was sent to the bishop of l-onilon to 8i-- .venations uu the Origin of I.iin- i guayc , and the original Powers of letter?, w.ii a llebrtMV Lexicon," &c. l)ied,l"l. SHAW, GKouoi:, a dintinguisheJ wnur on zooloL-y, iVc, was born in K.il.at Wtr- ton, in Huckin;;bamshire; was educated »t Magdalen College, Oxford; studied mtJiiice at Ldinbiirgli, and graduated as M.U.alUi- f.ird. He tl'.eii settled ns a physician in Um- lion, was elected 1-. U. S., and appointed a vice-president of the Liiwia'au Soiiety , lie- | livered lectures on ?oolu:;y at the l.tvtnan | Museum and at the Uoyal Institution; and was made lil-ranan and assi!,taiit keeperol j natural history at the IhiusU Museum, lie I was the author of several works an .o • logy, conducted the " NaturaUsts Mi=» >21 m war, becauic he dliapproTed itcstuay.unUtl..! active excrZ olmu luind. wm InHnito diffl xpcnsc.lic .'..,., ,|,cu therljhti to thfilr frpeclow whUr In £„.. utclili society for the aboll.hm! • trade, iulvocatcd flie prmdniMl inury reform and dimingui.hea ih oiiuiil zeal ill other pairioilc Jlent ol.joctn; tl,-- last of which -iniotlon of thp diktrihutlonofthe lie w»^ critically skilkd in UuM a Orci'k laiiKtiaRes.and wasihe' VIII iou« works, the prinniMl of , " Hi'marlis mi the Uses of the' rticlt! Ill tl»c Ureeli Testament"' n tlip Slave Trade, on DueWm ?U' » Kijfht to a Share in theUsis' l)li«d, 1H13. ' UK IIAUK. well known in ihf rid n8 " Coiivcrsiition 8h i>i),"and' c and judRiiu'Ht as a en; c wvre lis coiiversalionul powns, dicj liile on the road from Torquay to ice in London, March 3u, Ik:: ivus deeply enRUKOd in conimerci;, JUt employed his leisure hours in ursuits. lie was the author of 1 ind r.ssays in I'kiso and Verw," ' rnierly l)ccn an M.l'. auhcrinsio interest; and few men displiiTciiJ ety than lie did fur the exti'nj./n'i d rcliifious liheri\ , and the nioval , fnt of Iho coiiiimiiiiiy. He left ■ which was divided bctweiu his i nd nieces. , ^VII.I.IAM, an eminent engravsr, \ in London, in 174it, ruse tue.xctl- j is professi-.in, and prudiicoJ luiiiiy i prints, liut Willi all his liuritj.l t,he wascrciluluu'-in theexmnie • If, in succes»ion, a believer iiithe | ■ Me'^mer and a distiple of Sweden- 1 pe of the nolorioiis lUehiird lira, i I a snppurter of the pretiiisiuiisof iiitlieutt. Pit d,, Ml ('hiswicli,:s.'l, i tit, by Lonsdale, is in the .Natiuual I 1', (iKK,(i<)UY,ori(tiiidsthol,irand j \s horn in Vork^l.ire, in 1TI3, m It Westminster ,iiiaAi)trdf'n,a:id ', f becninu master of the 'lm\\t. s writinjrs "re, "A Ueviewofilie sy on t' .; Demoniacs," " Defence rkc '.r^ainst the Attacks of Ltib- i ■ ..^ertations un the Origin of hn- i ul the oriKinal I'owcrs of letters, .brew Lexicon," iVc. Died, in. , GKouiif., a distinguished wrinr y, iVi'., was bora in 17.il, at liitr- uekin;;hamshirc; was educatedat ! ColleKf, Oxford; sludied nit Jiiine iCKh, and graduated as M.U.alOi- ! tl'.eii settled as a physician in Lon- el. I ted r. U.H., and appoiiitcJ » ident of the Linna'an Society, ae- | ctures on zooloi'y at the l.cvtnan | luidat the UoyM Institution; and ■ lihr.inan and assistant kccpetol | ibtoryatthe lirii.sn Museum. He iiuibi'r of Beveial works an Zoo- dncted the "Naturalist's Mb* iid was one of the editors of the H iHtto Stnibcrsal 19iograpI)Q. [she abridged 1 ,.iloiophicilTr«n«actlon.. Died. "mhvW "^'f JAMK9. bart., was born at nic"arfor' in tne county of Ayr. In the yrar i-fli" bee me n Junior derk In a niertantile hm-'eoftlieeitv of London ; and, by eonMant ' .uc nnd great ability, gradnally rose to ";,. .„., i.ip In the firm. In KiiS he wan PiictiJ ■'' ""■*" ''"■ '''" ""'''* "^ I'pj;'""'^"" ; In iPo:? he served the office of ghcrllT, and in \m I ,it of lord mayor, and, on the vi«ry day previous to his vacniinK the clvle chair, iSVai elected Ml', for the city of l.rulon which i'lnnurable position he relauM .1 till m» when he retired, hnvinu been created a K in \m. in 1«31 ho wfl. rlected chamberlain of London, when he resiiined hisaldermanlc gown. Simple In hU habits, singularly indusiriou» d persevering. Sir James was also cxtrenu.. .luuitablc. Died, Oct. 22, ISJ3, ai,'cd 80. ^ „ ^ „ , SHAW, THO.MAH, an Kngilsh divine nnn antinn;iry, famous for his " TravcU, or ob- servations relating to several parts of liar- bary and the Levant." horn, lOaa ; di. d, 1751- , ., , , SHEA, D.v.s'lKL, one of the professors of oriental languages at Hailcyhurf Col ", was ''orn at Dublin, in 177.J, and ediu 1 at ii university. Having held a situation as chief clerk to a large mercantile eatab- lishment in Malta, which had extensive connections in the Kast, he studied the Arabic and I'd sian tongues; and his oriental acquirements becoming known, a situation at Hdileyhury was provided for him. He translated Mirkhond's " History of the early Kings of Persia," and at the time of liis death he had completed the translation of the Dabistan, This translation was pre- sented to the Asiatic Society after his death. Died, 183fi. (illliHHKAlu;, John, physician and po- litical writer, was born at llidcford. In Devonshire, in 17(i;), where he was appren- ticed to an apothecary. Having made a visit to Paris, he there obtained the degree of M.D.and was admitted into the Academy of Sciences, lie settled in London, and com- menced his career as a party writer; for his violence in which character he was once pilloried and twice imprisoned. After- wards, under the administration of Lord Hute, he apostatiied from the popular cause, and obtained a pension. His chief works are, " Letters to the People of Kngland," "The Marriage Act," a satirical romance; "Lydia, or Tilial Piety," "Letters on the English Nation," and the " History of the Suinatrans," a political satire. Died, 1788. SHKli, Sir M.vuriN AUCIIKU, president and senior member of the lloyal Academy, was born in Duolin, 176!>. Onhls arrival In London he was introduced to Sir Joshua UeynoUIs, and other distinguished persons, by his illustrious friend and countryman, Edmund lUirk. . He became un oxliibitoi at the Uoyal Academy for the first time in the year 17HU. In 17'Jti he reached what is now the full ae.ulemical number of eight portraits, including that of Mrs S Kcmble in the character of Cowslip, In " The Agree able Surprise." He continued equally Indus- trious for many years; and was elected an associate of the Uoyal Ai .idemy In 17!)8. In l»(K)he WHS elected a full royal ucadeinlelun ; and of Ills au brethren by wliomhc waschoscn he was the last survivor. He continued to produce portraits with ania/lng readiness; and for a lime he was In nearly as treat re- quest as Lawrence. In 1ho5 he made his Bppcaranc n as a poet by the publication of his "Khy UK'S on Art, or the llenionstranco of a Painter; in two parts, with Notes and a Preface, ineludlu',' ^^trictures on the State of the Arts, Crliicism, Patronage, and Public Taste ; " and this was followed In 1809 by a second poem, In six cantcs, entitled " Lle- ments of Art," to whh h Hyron nllndci In his " KngiUh Hnrds and Scotch Uevlewcrs." A third poetical produi tion, entitled "The Commemoration of Hoynolds," Ac, appeared from his pen In IhlL In 1H24 ho published a tragedy called " Alasco," with an angry preface directed against Mr Colnian, the licensor of plays, who had some years pre- viously put a veto on Its being brought upon the stage. On the death of Ii«wrenco in 1830, Shee was elected president of the Uoyal Academy, and immediately knighted. Sir Martin excelled in short, wrlltlmed, and well-delivered speeches, and I, » eloquence was highly appreciated wlUiin the walls of the Acadi'iny. His name, says a contem- porary from whom this memoir has been abridged, will dcs . nd in the history of painting as a clever artist with greater ac- complishments than have commonly fallen to the class to which he belongs, and as a painter who has preserved to us the faces and flgurcsof SirThomas Munro, Sir Thomas Picton, Sir Eyre Coote, Sir James Scarlett, Sir Henry HaIford,and the poet Moore. Died, Aug. I'J, I'^K). A Lite of Sir M. A. Shoe has been published by his son. SHLKPHHANKS, UicuARn, mathemati- cian and astronomer, w ;ts born at I^ceds, in 1794. He studied at Cambridge, and became a fellow of Trinity College in I'-K. He was called to the bar, but did not practise, and afterwards took orders. Put from 18'24, when ho was ebosena fellow of the Uoyal Astrono- mical Society, he gave liimself up to science, and especially to practical astronomy. He obtained a high reputation, and was con- sulted an'' employed m n;Mny important oc- casions. His most memorable achievement was the completion of the arduous task, commenced by Daily, of the restoration of the standards of measure and weight after their destruction by lire. It occupied him ten years. Mr Sheepshanks was a fellow of the Uoyal Society, and a member of the Hoard of Visitors of tho Greenwich Obstrva- tory. Died at Heading, 4tU August, 1855. SHKKPSHANKS. JOHN, founder of the Shefpihank* OatUry, brother of the preced- ing, was iKirn about 1787. Having formed a fine collection of paintings by liritish artists, ho presented it in 1830 to the nation. It contains above '.':?0 oil paintings, besides drawings an. I sketches, and is at present in the South Kensington Museum. Died, 6th October, ist;:i. HHKPFIKLD, .TOHN. [HUCKXXGHAM- BHIUK, Dukeof : 8H EiL, IIKIIARD LAI-OR, one of the greatest orators that Ireland has produced, ■•r i )■■- T M m ^jjAaXjH IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ A f/, 1.0 Ifa i I.I 1.25 2.5 ^ '^ III H: 1;° 12.0 s?«.«^ 1.8 U ill 1.6 ^^' /2 ,9^ W Photographic Sdences CoTporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, K.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \^- <3 is \ ^i; WjjL "I I till she]- % ^m Slnlbctaal 13iOBrapi)B. WQ8 born In 1794. After receiving his edu- cation at Stonj-liurst and Trinity College, Dublin, he was railed to the Irish bar in 1814, and was making some way there when the formation of the Catholic Association opened a new and more attractive arena for his energies and his eloquence. Second to OConnell alone, Shell often, in that famous assembly, surpassed oven the Agitator him- self in his powers of captivation, from the beauty of his language and the grace of his Imagination. As an author, Shell was also eminently distinguished. He- wrote some successful tragedies . one of tnem, Evadne, still retains possession of the stage ; and his articles in the " New Monthly Magazine tinder Campbell's editorship, were generally admired, especially his able slcetches of the Irish bar. When the Emancipation /nt Eassed, Shell was elected member for Mil- ourne Port, and, in spite of his shrill voce and vehement gesticulation, his fervid elo- Quenc? placed him at once in the foremost rank of the most attractive speakers in the House. When O'Connell's energies declined, many in Ireland looked upon Sheil as his tuccessor; but the orator had too closely allied himself to the Whig party, and for some ycnrs was heard in the House but on rare occasions. Besides being a queen's counsel and a privy-councillor, Mr Sheil was successively a commissioner of Green- wich Hospital, vice-president of the Hoard of Trade, Judge-advocate-gcneral, and mas- ter of the Mint. His last appointment was that of minister plenipotentiary at Morcnco, whither be went just prior to the bringing in of the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill in 1831. Died at Florence, 1851. SHELBURNE, W. F. PETTY, Earl cf. r'PPTTY "1 SHELDON, GILBEHT, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born at Staunton, Stafford- shire, in 1598. He studied at Oxford, gra- duated M. A., and became fellow of All Souls College. Entering the church, he was made chaplain to Thomas, Lord Coventry, then keepet of the great seal, through whose in- fluence appointments and promotion came rapidly. He was named chaplain to Charles I., and as such assisted at the treaty of Ux- bridge, and attended the king at Oxford. After holding the wardenship of his college for twelve years, he was deprived by the parliamentary visitors, in 1647, and im- prisoned. Helivad in retirement till the Re- storation, and was then made, in succession, dean of the Chapel Royal, bishop of London, master of the Savoy, and in 1663, on the death of Archbishop Juxon, he was raised to the primacy. The celebrated " Savoy Conference " was held at his house, but he did not take part in it. He stood courage- ously at his post during the piagui^ in lfi65, and rendered great and generous service. He was afterwards chancellor of the uni- versity of Oxford ; built there the well-known Sheldonian Theatre, and gave endowments to several colleges ; and rebuilt the library at Lamlieth. Died at l.ambeth, 1677. SHEILEY, PKRCY BYSSHK. one of the most distinguished English poets, was born at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, in 1792. The rough e>:pcrlence of school life [bhk was acutely painful to his oversensitive organization, and gave a permanent un- happy tone to his mind. A similar experi- ence at Eton, whither he was sent in 180J roused hini to a daring resistance to au- thority, and intensified his instinctive in- dignation ut injustice. He quitted Eton after three years' stay, and, in 1810, wai sent to Oxford university. During his two years of home life he had written a good deal, and hn continued to write at Oxford. He published in 1811, vrithout hi8name,ii " Defence of Atheism," and on its author- ship being discovered, he was at once ex- pelled from the university, and even for a time refused admittance to his home. The same year he formed a rash marriage alli- ance, found not in it what he sought, and after two years had passed, andtwochildren been born, a separation from his wife was arranged. On her death, in 1816, he claim- ed his children, but a decree in Chancery was obtained for leaving them in the care of his wife's father, on the ground of his own alleged atheism, and consequent uhflt- ness to have charge of them. He had before that time become acquainted with Mary, the daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wolistonecraft, had travelled with her on the continent, found in htr an intellectual and sympathizing companion, free and brave as himself, and at last made her his wife. The dedication to her of " I'he Revolt of Is- lam " is one of the most exquisitely touch- ing of his poems. Leigh Hunt, Lord Byron, and Keats, were among the friends of Shel- ley. After a visit to Geneva, iu 1817, he lived a year at Marlow, and finally quitted England, in March, 1818, for Italy, residing at Milan, Rome, Florence, and other cities. He took a warm interest in the movements towards political liberty in Spain, Italy.and especially in Greece ; but he was not the man to take effective part in them either by act or word. His life, so full of rich promise, was too soon lost to the world. He was drowned at sea, by the wreck of his small sailing-boat on the way from Leghorn to his house at St Arengo, July 8, 1822. His body, found ashore after some days, was burnt, and the ashes buried near those of Keats in the Protestant graveyard atRomc. The obloquy and prejudice which long blinded hia countrymen to the high poetic faculty, and the rare moral excellencies cf Percy Bysshe Shelley, and made it a kind of sin to read, or even name him, hnve now passed away ; and charity, in the best sense, covering his errors and faults, leaves us free to give his works the attention which they deserve, and the admiration they are cer tain to excite. In force, and splendour or imagination, he is perhaps unrivalled ; and few poets equal him in wealth and feliciiir of diction. He is no realist; does not stand firmly on the ground and deal with men and women as Shakespeare does; but, while de- nouncing the evils and wronK- corruptions and miseries of the world, dreams splendid dreams of truth and Rood and beauty ana bliss, and creates scenes of Utopian peace and loveliness. His principal poems are^, "Uueen Mab," "The Revolt of T 'am " Prometheus Unbound," and "The Cenci, if 9i0 ^he] a tragedy full of horrors, and not Ideal ones, Among hi» shorter pieces are " Adonals," a singularly passionate and beautiful lament over the death of John Keats ; " Rosalind and Helen;" "Hellas;" "Alastor, or the Spiiltof Solitude ; rhe Triumph of Life," &c. His wonderful lyrics, "The Cloud," and "To a Skylark," are well known. A collected edition of his poems was published by his widow in 1839, and " Memorials " of him, also by Mrs Shelley, in ihe following year. Several Lives and notices of him have appeared since that time. — Mrs Shelley vas born in 1798. At the age of 18 she wrote her wild and extraordinary tale of " Fran- kenstein," which gained immense popular- ity.and is still in demand at Muaie's library. She was also author of the " Lives of Liter ar; Frenchman," In Lardner's Cabinet Cy- clopKdia, of "Rambles in Germany and Italy," and of several novels written after her husband's death. She died in 1851. SHEN8T0NE, WILLIAM, an English poet. born in 1714, at Hales Owen, in Shropshire, \m the son of a gentleman farmer residing on bis own estate, called the Leasowes. He ifas educated at Oxford ; and on coming into possesiion of his paternal property, he re- linquished all views of an active life, and occupied himself with rural pursuits, and Ihe cultivation of poetry. His great desire to render the Leasowes famous for pictur- esque beauty and elegance, led to expenses which he could but ill support, and he was by no means a happy inhabitant of the Eden which he had created. His works, which consist of ton^s, elegies, pastorals, and mis- cellaneous essays, were printed in 3 vols. 8vo, by Dodslcy. As a poet, he is pleasing, ten- der, and correct in sentiment ; and his prose works display good sense and cultivated taste. Died, 1763. SHERARD, or SHERWOOD, WiLLIAk, an English botanist, was born in Leicester- shire, in 1639. About 1702 he was appointed consul at Smyrna, and during his residence in the East he collected specimens of all the plants of Anatolia and Greece, and made observations on subjects of natural history and antiquities. Ho died in 1728, and by 1.18 will gave £3000 to provide a salary for a professor of botany at Oxford. He published Hermann's "Paradisus Hatavus," and a work entitled " Schola Botanica." SHERBURNE, Sir EDWARD, an inso- nious writer, was bom in London, in 1618. He held the office of clerk of the ordnance under Charles I., and suifered greatly durinc the civil war; but was restored to his office. and knighted, by Charles IL Died, 1702 He translated Seneca's tragedies, the Mrological poem of Manilius, entitled " as- SH?im"iv"? °J''" '^"'■''* ^n'o English, friin nf T^^^' ^c' THOMAS (the well -known teacher; but being singularly thouBhtless and extravagant, he closed h s^ 1 ?e h? Kre" poverty. He was the author of sone^ser- mens, and a translation of the satires of cedl'^f J?A^' '^?°'"«' «""> « the pre- iLd^inT''""' i" 172l,atQuilca,in Ire- land, and was educated at Westminster ^ Mtta mnibetasil 33iograpI;n. [SHB much celebrity Is a tragedia*n ' both fn* hu native country and in England nineJ? became manager of the Dublin compan?* ?iv„i*^tl°*/"'"^^ *'y »•»« opposition of^a rival theatre and by riots in his own ».- reUnquished the profession, commen^^i ^^ a lecturer on elocution, and for a time wm JIZ «f,?"'/"'-K ^"'"8 »»"' mlni"t?y''or Lord Bute, he obtained a pension of £2m ^^'"''^^ll^^^^r became manager of Drury nw! Theatre; but some disputes taking .„„ f ^P-^^' IlICHARD BRINSLEY. thil-d son of the preceding, distinguished as a DSb!iT1"'iTlV '*'i?„''"'»«tist: was born at i«^ a •■ }'°^- ^^ ^'i*'' educated at Har- Midrtfp'T?'' f^dj.ecame a student of the w^l-1 . fl«t dramatic attempt was " The "nninnnM*'* "'"'derate success: but the /^n-^^^S"' * musical entertainment, which fo lowed, was received with general admir- On th.f vi?^^*^ reputation as a comic writer T^^i^i,^*"'^'"!?* ^' G»"'ck from Drury h^LTl^^"^"'' Sheridan purchased a share iV^Xt^T^^' ""^'"^ 1"«»fl«<» him for a seat in parliament; and, in 1780, he was He nttalned great celebrity as an orator especially during the progress of the im- peachnrient of Warren Hastings. The poTi- PUt ^n^^T* «=°"?««l"«nt on the death of Pitt, in 1806, occasioned the rise of the party rht^mTH^.K S^^'-J"? wasconnected.and 1^ obtained the lucrative post of trsasurer of the navy.and the rank of a privy-councillor In.. „/ « "1"'"^'°" ''^'"K weakened by the loss of Mr Fox, who survived his rival only * ^A^a^^?}^^' "^^ alterations took place whirhl''^'" '"'' ^'^'^^^'^ "' office, to which he never returned. At the general election in 1806, he obtained a seat for WmI"^ w"l ^''^ ^'•«'"* «"•*«*'' of his am- foi thJh^r« ^t Z^f, afterwards nominated for the borough of Ilchcstcr. which he con- tinued to represent during ilio remainder nJ hw Parliamentary career. The latter part of his life was embittered by misfortunes, principal^ arising from his own improvi. dence. His profuse habits involved him deeply in debt; his loss of n scat in parlia: ment deprived him of protection from -irrcsf Intemperance had undermined his coiistitu- t on ; mental anxiety completed the destruc- \.Z°t ^'2,'i*''^^'' """^ his death took place. yj ',' i«16- Besides the pieces already noticed, ho was the author of part of "A "The Prmn?' ^'•J^t»"'''««;" the farce of tJinl Critic," and poems. Rheridaft was twice married, first to Miss Linley, a cele brated singer; and the second time to Miss ^Rli^^YnX^ V"' ■*"" of Winchester SHERLOCK, W ILLIAM, nn eminent Eng- ofip,',':^;^*""^ *" ^"^^^ "« '^ecamedean or ht Paul s, and wrote numerous books and pamphleu.the greater part of which were of the controversial kind. His "J'ractical 1' ' ix: she] m Jlcto enibtrgal 13(ograp^i), [i=HO Treatise o« Death," however, has been highly valued and very much rend, inea, SHERLOCK, THOMAS, bishop of London, son of the preceding, born in 1678, «"» "'*: tinuuishcd as a spirited controversial writer. He was educated at Cambridge, succeeded his father as master of tli 3 Temple, and be- came, successively, dean of Chichester, and bishop of Banner, Salisbury, and London. Ho took a leading part in the KaiiKorian controversy, and did good service in his Uay, in the controversies respecting the evidences of Christianity, by his work on Prophecy, and by his iJlcver and interesting Trial of the Witnesses." Died, 1761. SHERWIN, JOHN KEY8E, an eminent engraver, who, till the age of 19, pursued the humble occupation of a wood-cutter. He was employed on the estate of Mr Mitford, near Petworth, in Sussex; and being one day at the house of that gentleman, the at- tention with which ho observed some of the family who were drawing, attracted Mr Mitford's notice, who asked him if he could do an-rthing in that way ! Sherwin said that he could not tell, but he should like to try. On this a port-crayon was put into his hana, and he produced a drawing which aston- ished all present ; and the Society of Arts, to whom it was presented, voted him the sil- ver medal. He was then placed under Bar- tolozzi, and became his favourite pupil. His engravings are of the first excellence. ^ SHERWOOD, MAUT MARTHA, one of the most popular writers of juveniie and serious flctioa. was the daughter of Dr George Butt, chaplain to George III., vicar of Kiddermin- ster, and rector of Stanford, in Worcester- shire, where she was born in 17/5. In 180J, she married her cousin, Henry Sherwood, of the 63rd regiment of foot, and accompaniea her husband to India the same year, where she displayed great zeal in the cause of re- llt'ion amongst the soldiers and natives dwelling around her. The great number of her books prevents an enumeration of even the most popular of them ; but her Pr;nc«Pal works were " Henry and his Bearer," "The Lady of the Manor." " The Church Cate- chism," "The Nun ," "The Palrchlld Family," and more recently, " The Golden Ganand of Inestimable Dell iht." Died, 1651. SHIELD, Wr^MAM, an eminent musical composer, was born at Sinalwell, Durham, In 1754. His father, a teacher of singing, died when his son was In his 9th year. He was apprenticed to a boat-buiider, but quitted that business as soon as his Indent- ures expired, for he had never ceased to cultivate the knowledge of the violin, '^.rhich he had early acquired. It was not lonj,' be- fore he gained reputation at Scarborough, as leader of the concerts, which led to his being offered a situation In the Italian Opera House, where he remained 18 years as prin- cipal viola, lu 1778 he came forward as a dramatic composer In the music to rhe Flitch of Bacon," the success of which was ureat and decisive. It procured for him the situation of composer to Covent Garden Theatre, which he held for several years. At the death of Sir "W. Parsons, he was ap- »28 polntedmaster of his Majesty's musicianiin ordinary ; and he continued to cnjoT ahigh degree of popularity to the time of hit death, which took place in January, I819 His style was simple, chaste, and graceful Amonj? his dramatic pieces are, '• llosina, the " Poor Soldier," " Robin HfmH « "..; Robin Hood,""a8. rian," "Oscar and Malvina," "Hartford Bridge," &c. He also set to music many excellent songs, as "Tom Moody," "The Heavinh of the Lead," "TheTliorii,""oiii Towler," &c. SHIRLEY, ANTKONT, a celebrated Eng. llsh traveller, was born at Weston, in Sui- sex, in 1565. On leaving Oxford University, he served under the carl of Essex, with such reputation, as to receive tlie lionourof knighthood. He next went to Italy, ami from thence travelled to Persia, >?liero he became a favourite with Shah Abbas, »ho In 1612 sent him as his ambassador to Eng- land. After this, the emperor created hiin a count, and the kins of Spain appointed him admiral in the Levant seas. He died la Spain about 1630. SHIRLEY, JAMES, an eminent dramatic poet, was born In London, about 1591; was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, and at St John's College, Oxford^ obtained a curacy at St Alban's, which he resigned on becoming a Catholic ; and then endesroured, though without success, to establish a school there. He re'uoved to London, and became a fertile writer for the stage ; and, hatini? obtained celebrity, he was taken into the service of Queen Henrietta Maria. He afterwards accompanied the earl of Kildare to Ireland, but returned on the breaVioR out of the rebellion, and resumed his schol- tstlc employment In the 'Whitefriars. At the Restoration many of his plays were again acted, and he appears to hare ten prosperous ; but having lost his property by the fire of London, in 1666, both he and his wife were so affected by the calamitous event, that they died of grief and terror within 24 hours of each other, on the 23ih of October, and were buried in the same pare. Shirley was the author of 37 tragediei, comedies, &c., besides a volume of poemi; of which a complete edition was published by Gifford. ., , , , SHORE, JANE, the beautiful and nnfor- tunate mistress of Edward IV., was the daughter of a London citizen, and the»ife of a rich Jeweller in Lorabaid Street. She had entire command over the kingsbcirt ana purse ; but his fa vour " she nevet abused to any man's hurt, but often cmploj^f'" many' a man's relief." /«" the ki ,' death, she became attached to Lord H « ings; and their known partiality « young princes rendered them obnojiott Richard III., who accused them of iriich- ^ On t^ils charge Hastings «sta headed, and his pretended «ccomplicec»i miued to the Tower. After unW The form of a trial, fhe >vas or« do penance in- St rail's " a whe»^^ and was paraded through the public stwa the bishop of London heading th P «• slon. Her house and fortune 7"« f '"J by"he protector, and she was redu ed the greatest distress; but the story of her per SHO] lihing in n clitch (which Is said to have giu'n rise to the name Shoreditch), does not tppear to be founded upon fact. Where or when she died is not known ; but it is cer- tain she was living In the reign of Henry vni. Sir Thomas More says of her—" Pro- per she was and fair j yet delighted not men 50 much in her beauty as in her pleasant behaviour; for a proper wit had she, and could both read well and write ; ready and quick of answer; neither mute nor bab- bling." SHORE, filK JOHN. [TEIGNMOUTH, lord.l ^ . , SHORT, TK0MA8, phvfician, was a na- tive of Scotland, and wa.: educated at Edin- burgh. He settled first at Sheffield, but re- moTed to Rothcrham, where he died in 1772. He wrote a variety of works, among which were the " Comparative History of the Increase and Decrease of Mankind In England, and several Countries abroad," ''Natural History of Mineral and Medicinal Waters," a " Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors," &c., 2 vols. SHOVEL, Sir CL0VDE8LKV, a gallant British admiral, was born near Cley, In Norfolk, about 1650. In 1674 he was a lieu- tenant under Sir John Narhorougfa, who lent him to the dey of Tripoli with a requi- iltion, which the latter treated with con- tempt. On his return he stated to the ad- ; miral the practicability of destroying the enemy's shipping, which service he per- formed the same night without the ]os° of a For this exploit he was appointed to ^ if^eto anJDergal IStograpftp. [ero] man. .- — , — ..j.^ ^«. ..,, the command of a ship, and he gradually rose in bis profession, till he became a rear- admiral. He took part in the battle of Ban- try Bay, and contributed to the victories of La Hogue and Malaga. He was aflerwe-ds joined with the earl of Peterborough in the expedition to Spain. While in command of the Mediterranean fleet in 1707, he sailed for England, and in the night of October 22nd fell by mistake upon the rocks of Sfilly, where his ship was totally lost with lome others, and all on board perished. His body being found by the fishermen, they stripped and buried it ; but the fact becom- ing known, his remains wer<^ brought to London,andinterred in Westminster Abbey SHRAPNEL, Lieut.-general HENRY, the inventor of the case-shot known as Shrap- iiel-Bhells,received his commission as second lieutenant in tiie roynl artillery in 1779, and •ttaked the rank of lieutenant-general in 1837. Shortly after the siege of Gibraltar he Invented the spherical case-shot ; this con- Bists of a hollow globe of iron, filled with musket-balls and gunpowder, which, when the shell explodes, are projectsd about 150 jards, and do as much injury as the same number of muskets, in addition to the n!!?i5 ''i;*'?,'"^?? ^l *•'•' sP'inters of the ex- rtrai^rcSn^p^i^^'S ai?offiX*pir'" """""^ SHREWSBURY, John Talbot and Ucton «nd ««inl ,^'.?" <"n'nent mathema- ucian and natural philosopher, was bom In 80 1750. He took the name of Ev^lvn in oah? tion to his family name of 8huckbu?.,h*ll' marrying the daughter of Jamr, vlpirn" Esq., of Falbrldge, Surrey. H^wns « l'„?' ous student of astronomy; determined ?,; experiments a formula for the barometrlJS measurement of the height of moTntain. ascertained the relation between theE.iBUsh yard and the length of a pendulum vibrat Ing a certain number of times lnaminu«" and had a standard measure of leng?^ made by Troughton He was a fellow of the Si Soc ety and of the Society of AntiquK- sat in parliament as member for Warwick-' shire, and died at hii seat in that county, in SHUCKFORD, Samtjei,, a learned divine Who was educated at Caius College, ffi brldge, and became prebendary of CaS 8?r Jn'r'"*"!?'"'"'"'^ /»' Allhallo ws. in Lombard Street. He wrote two works, "On the Creation and Fall of Man," and " The His! mii.m^^ ^°''''' ^""^«> *'»1 Pro?ane." bifh^'n o^rhr,?^.^"' ^«^"P NICHOLAS, oishop of Chlchestjr, was born in 178' at Knkham, Lancashire. He received his edu. cation at Winchester, and New College Oxford.end wasdistinguished by hissupS attainments. For some time he resided in hX,' '""^ ^^^f^ ^^^ situation of tutor to ^1 In of Tl^P ^i'"''"?' *" ^823, the warden- Blilp of New College became vacant, he was unanimously -',: tea. In 1840, Dr ShStUe? worth was pro:, .ted to the see of Chichester ; but his episcopal dignity was of brief dura- tion, as he died In January, 1842. His prin- cipal works are a "Discourse on the Con- sistency of the whole Scheme of ftevelation with Itself and with Human Reason"" Scripture not Tradition," in which his objections to Puseyisin are stated with great force and learning; a volume of set- mons, &c. 8IBBALD, Sir Iobert, physician and about 1643. He was physician and geo- grapher to Charles IL; and contributed to the foundation of the college of physicians at Edinburgh, of which he became the first president. Among his works are, " Scotia Illustrata " and " The Liberty and Independ- 8IBTH0RP, JOHN, a very learned natur- alist and regius professor of botany in the university of Oxford, was a native of that rniu^r fJ.^'^^'i Ms education at Lincoln College. After studying medicine at Edin- burgh, he visited France. Switzerland, and Greece, for the purpose of making botanical researches. In 1794 he revisitid Greece^ and the same year he published "Flora ?^Vi}^^^''" "">** "^ ''"' "^eat"* 'eft an estate of £300 a year to the university, in order to defray the expense of publishing a splendid tr/r' ^"V'f'* ^"'"' O"^"^*'" ^nO towards the foundation of a professorship of rural I economy. The " Flora Grieca" was subse- quentiy edited, in 10 vols, folio, by Sir James im andProfessor Lindley, Died, • SICARD.ROCH-AMBHOISECCCUBHON.ail enUnent teacher of the <»-af and dumb, was m m ' 11 1™,, ■ '■'iliillr bio] ^ Jieto ffinibersal 19(ogrnpi)p. born In 1742, at rou»scrct, near Toulouie. On the death of VKpee, In 1789, the AbM Hlcard was called to I'urU, to succeed him In thp direction of the establlslnncnt there. In 1792 ho was arrested amidst his scholars, sent to prison, and was In Imminent danijor of becoming a Tlctlm In the ensuinij mas- sacres. He. however, obtained his liberty, and In 179« took part in compiling the " Annates CathoUqiies," for which he was sentenced to transportation, but escaped. When this storm had passed away, he re- sumed his situation ns teacher of the deaf and dumb. He wrote severnl valuable works rclutinK to the Instruitlon of deaf mutes; and died In 1H22. 8ICKINOEN,FnANZ VON, an Illustrious German knlRht of the 16th century, born at the castle of Ebernburg In 1484. Heaequlred Breat distinction as a warrior In the armies cf the Emperors Maximilian and Charles V., and at the same time as the champion of the poor and oppressed, and tlie friend of learned men. "While commanding in an ex- pedition against WUrtemberK he gave orders to spare the house of Kcuchlln, and sent for him to his camp, giving him protection aBP-lnst his monkish persecutors. He was the warm ftiend of Ulrlih von llutten, and gave him a home In his castle for a Jong time. Through Huttcn's Influence filck- Ingen cmbriiced the doctrines of Luther, and so many of the reformers found n »»»elter at Ebernburg that llutten used to call it •' the hostelry of the righteous. ' Amcug them were CEcolampadlusand Martin Hucer. Ir. 1622 he made war on the archbishop of Treves, on behalf of the gospel, he tald. Luther attempted In vain to dissuade him. Sick -igon was repulsed, and in the spring of Uxe following year he was attacked In turn In his castle of Landstein, severely wounded, an J compelled to surrender. Died, almost immediately, 7ih May, 1523. SIDDONS, BARAii, the most celebrated of English tragic actresses, was a daughter of Kogcr Kcmble, inanaRcr of an itinerant company, and born at llrccknock, in 1766. She commenced her theatrical career as & slniror. but soon relintiulshed that llr % and attempted tragedy. In her 18th ye she was married to Mr Blddons ; when she and her husband played at Liverpool and other places, gaining both reputation and profit. In 1776 she tried her powers on the London boards. In the character of Vortla. Oarrlck at the same time appearing as Shylock, but was unsuccessful. She then obtained an engagement at Bath, where she improved rapidly, and became a general favourite. Time, with study and practice, matiu-ed her powers ; and when she reappeared at "'U'T Lane, in October, 1782, « Isabella, in the " Fatal Marriage," her success was complete, and, from that time forward, her theatrical career was one continued triumph. Her areat parta were Lady Macbeth, Constance, SndLSdy Kandolph In "Bougta.." In 1801 she trar''»Tred her talents to Covent Garden Theatre ; and In 1812, having acquired an ample fortune, she retired from the stage, appearing only once again lu London, which was In 1818, for the benefit of her brother, Mr Oharlei Kemble, *nd n f«w nlfhu at »— - -■ ■ -■ " ■."-■™'""":' MO [felD Edinburgh, to assist her widowed dauglittf. Inlaw. Mrs Blddons possessed every re- quisite, personal and acquired, for tlichlih I dramatic walk she aspired to, and thw who witnessed her In the meridian of her splendid career, can never forget her lur passing Intellectual powers, or her un. paralleled dignity of deportment. She died In 1831. Portraits of Mrs 8iddon« were painted by Sir Joshua Ileynolds in 1783, by Oalnxborough in 1784, by Sir T. Ufimtt and Sir W. llcechey about 1798. The Jm portrait is In the Orosvenor OQllcry, the second and third in the National (lallcrj and the fourth in the National Fortnit Gallery. 8IUM0UTH, HKNRY AbDINOTON, V||. count, Ac, was the eldest son of Dr Addlnj- ton, an eminent physician ; win educited at "Winchester, and Urasonoie College, Ox- ford, and was intended for the profession of the law, which, however, lu; abandowd almost as soon as he was cnlled to the bar, In order to follow the political fortuneiof his boyhood's friend, the second ^Vllilani Pitt. Entering parliament for Devliei, In 1784, he in 1789 succeeded Lord Orenvllleis speaker of the House of Commoni-in honour, we believe, never hefore or ilnco conferred on so young a member. Inthli post he remained for 12 years, during whleli period he commanded the respect of botli friends and foes, ant' only ceased to be speaker in order to tiike. In 1801, at the urgent request of George III., t^e still more arduous post of prime minister. HIsmiulitr; lusted only two years and four months, but ne ver were an English minister's talentiand courage tried during a liUe space of time by a more perplexing state of public affain, both foreign and domestic; and, when cl^ cunistnnces led him to resign, he moil honourably supported government whenew he believed Its measures to be calculated to benefit the country. In 1805 he became pr^ sldcnt of the council, under Mr Pitt, aid was elevated to the peerage. This office lie more than once resigned and re-accepted; but, on the formation of the Liverpool ad- ministration in 1812, after the assiissinatioii of Mr Perceval, he became srcretarjof mte for the honi " partment. The Spa fleldi and the Mr., ester meetings, and the CUo Street conspiracy, furnish abundant prooh alike of the difHcultles ag-iinst wliich Lord Bldniouth had to contend, and of the Ji- gaclty, courage, and firmness with wblrt he opposed and overcame them. In m after passing nearly 40 years in thepubW service, he felt the inflrmiiies of agept«» Ing heavily upon him, and finally ret red.M private life. That he was singularlr d* interested no one ever ventured to dnyi more than once he refused « pension.sadji one occasion he refused an earldom and W garter-thoso dazzling Pr'^s for whkk «t many statesman have bartered bothP;™"^ and political honour. He pa»«?. «»S,,^ mainder of life in retirement at h • oW rcsldence»»rangerofKichmondP«rk.BOT, at Reading. 1757; died, (M. HlsportJ^ by George Kiohmond, ii in the >»««»«' !^\DNEY.flirPHIUM«.of8irHe«, bid] Sidney, of Penshurst, In Kent, wa« born In ISM, «nd became one of the most accom- pliihed atatesiiien and writers of the age. Artcr leaving colIege,he travelled in France, Otrmany, and Italy ; and, on hii return, ho became a fuvourlte of Queen Klizabeth, whu, In 137(1, ni'nt him on an cmbaggy to the Kinperor Kodolph, the real object of which waa to promote a league nmung the Proicstant statea, which ho effected. In 1581 he (lUtlnguished himself in the Jouata and tournaments celebrated for the enter- tainment of the duke of Anjou ; r.nd, on the return of that prince to the continent, he accompanied him to Antwerp. The prince-palatine being invested with the order of the Garter in 1283, Mi Sidney was appointed hU proxy, when he received the ' honour of knighthood. In 1885 ho projected, in concert with Sir Francis Drake, an ex- pedition against the Spaniards in America ; and be had gone to Plymouth to embark on the undertaking, when an express mandate from the queen recalled hin to court. Her influence also was exerted to prevent him from being elected king of Poland ; " refus- ing," as Camden says, "to further his ad- Tancement, out of fear that she should lose the Jewel of her times." He was subse- qucntlyappointed governor of Flushing, and fteneral uf the cavalry under his uncle, Dudley, earl of Leicester, who commanded the forces sent to assist the Dutch against the Spaniards. On the 22nd of September, 1686, he fell in With a convoy sent ty the enemy to Zutphen; and though the English troops were Inferior to the enemy, they gained the victory ; but it was dearly pur- chased with the loss of their commander, who, after one horse was shot under him, mounted another, and continued the light, till he received a ball in the left thigh, which proved fatal. As he was borne from the field, languid with the loss of blood, he asked for water, but Just as the bottle was put to his lips, seeing a dying soldier look- ing wistfully at it, he resigned It, saying, " This man's necessity is greater than mine." He died on the 15th of October, and his body was brought to England, and Interred in St Paul's Cathedral. He was the author of ^A Defence of Poesy," " Sonnett and Poems,' and the celebrated romance of Arcadia." Thus perished the gallant, amiable, and accomplished Sir Philip Sid- ney, in his 32nd year, whose fate was the Object of general regret, and whose talents «nd acquirements entitle him to be classed •mong the most distinguished persons of hit age and nation. SIDNEY MARY, countess of Pembroke. celebrated for her beauty, intelligence, and ff?' K*"' l^" "«t" «' Sir PhlUp Sidney inotaed above). She was married to Henry Xtou-^l^e"'"'*''^"' '"'■' ^'«*« '"vera Su?!7/""' .*"""' poetical pieces, and lin L.^V',?'" ?« ^'^"^h the" Discourse SKr.t^TVj'y Philippe de Mornay wl. !.i? '/'» lifu' *"*• °" '«» ftf" publication Twirl;. ^^? died, after a wide lood of KjItaT- '"' "* ^'"^ ""'^ ^-^ ^'°°« It i^to anibgrgal 18(08rapl)p. Underneath this sable hearse Lies the subject of all verse. Sidney, sister, Pembroke'^ mother • Death I ere thou hast slain SeV Fair and wise and good as she ' Time shall throw a dart at thee. A fine portrait of this noble lady is one of Po^rtriVc^'lL"??'" -'"""" '" '""^ ^''"" -' Leicoster, was born about 1620 i« wa« wrefuly educated under the Inspoc ?„„''o? his father, and early trained to a milUary u^iL hV'^K ''l'^ considerable dlst nctfon Irish «h„«r«''"";' }^'.^ ^"'"'' during the arlan«n„^Vu"^•'**'"1** »''« Parliament- arians on his return, In 1643: and havlnir nounced, nor signed the warrant for the DuTinL"t"h7'V^"" Vindicated that measure Pon.hf.r.f „^V'!Ji."°'*^*""*' •>« retired to 1 onshurst, and there occupied himspif in composing his celebrated ^Discouwcs oS Government." In 1659 he was one o? the Sr«nd^':^'?"'**'"?'»'«'«'^«»«"«n»e^^^ mark iind Sweden; and, conscious of the offence he had given the rovaUst nnrti, h! remained abroad till 167?. Then heSVed a pardon and returned. In 1688 oli «u, P'c'on of being Implicated in what waS called tho Rye-house Plot, he war^restld with Lord William Kussell and othew " „d whon arraigned b2fore the chk-f juitke Jcfferies, he was found guilty, though the evidence was defective and illegal. He wm executed on Tower Hill, December 7 imt and suffered with character" tSmnessfnd constancy. One of the first act. of tTe re volution was to reverse his attaindeJ and t^iaTt °^^'»ff "O" Sidney has since been held In honour by those who maintain the S?fopv"'t''.""''P''^'' «' ''^'^ Mo^crnment! ,oH„^« ^^' ^""WIQ VON, inventor of mezl 1609 HeTr"?' ""^ ^."J™ "» Utrecht li wh«; »„,? ^*' *'?•"• ^y •>'» '"ther to Cassel ^tinn „?.r"".?' "»«'' «"«* "•eceivcd his edu- cation at the college of Cassel, of which his father was appointed dlrectoi by Prince .^i^v^i"^- "^ f/P^*" afterward, to havl hU inllft.'' '"V^**""- «" *"t """de known in lB4rwi?? °,^ ", ''«^ ?'«"=«" <" engraving ift^i V«^"? ."^'"» *t Amsterdam "and iS ffpiil^Jp ^^'"n? Cologne, he cxpl'ained It to Prince HupcTt, by whom it was introduced n England. Siegen was for some time in DlldS" efs.^'^^ ''^'^ "' mifenbUttel. *u^^^'^^^' C°"P* Emanuel, iMuallv called the ABbfi SiKYfes. was born In 1748 at Fr«. jus, where his father was director of the Post-offlce. Having finished hs studies Yn the university of Paris, he was one of the llnlS ^l?^ ^^^ American revolution, ho fnto"?hr«rM' ^"'*'''»«i'^«» pursuits to en te? nCm!.^!?*^!** °' P«Hiic8, Where he boldly promulgated new doctrines, and acquired JIf' 931 % ^ta anibctsal 33iograpt)6. ▼ery considerable Influence. His abilities haying soon maUe themselves known, he was in 1787 named a member of the provin- cial assembly which Necker had established at Orleans. He adTOcatcd the necessity and expediency of calling the States-general in 1787. and m 17a9 published his pamphlet " ttu'est ce que lo Tiers Etat ? " which gained Immense reputation, and undoubtedly hast- ened the crisis of the revolution. Soon after- \rard8 he became one of the deputies for Paris to the States-general ; and it was at . « instl- satlon that they assumed the title o: na- tional Assembly. In 1790 he brought forward a project for repressing the licentiousness of the press, and voted for the establlshnient of civil and criminal Juries. He Joined In the attack on Robespierre, was a member or the Committee of Public Safety, and of the Council of Five Hundred, and In 1797 was sent ambassador to Berlin. In the next year he was a member and president of the Di- rectory. After the 18th brumalre he was named one of the three consuls; and from that time he remained steady to the consti- tutional principles he first asserted, opposing the Jacobins, declining union with Buona- parte, though he remained a member of the senate. When Napoleon returned from Elba, Sley is protested against his mockery of a con- stitution, although Napoleon made him one of his peers. In 1816 he was obliged to retire ftom France, in consequence of the decree against the members of the convention who voted for the death of the king In 1793, and be took up his abode In Brussels. After the revolution of 1830, he, like the other French exiles, returned to his native country ; but he never re-appeared on the political scene. He died In June, 1836, aged 88. Tlie Abb6 Sieyfts, during the various phases of the re- volution, published numerous pamphlets, the object of which was to consolidate a consti- tutional government, opposed at the same time to tyranny, dictatorship, and anarchy, and rcdtlng on the broadest possible base of fireedom. _ , SIOAUD DE LAFOND, JEAN RENfi, an eminent surgeon and natural P]»"08opher, was bora In 1740, at Dijon, and died in 1810. Hedevotdhlmself chiefly to obstetric prac- tice, and projected a new mode of operation in certain cases of difficult parturition. His principal works are, " Elements of Theoreti- cal and Experimental Philosophy," and A Dictionary of Natural Philosophy." 8IGI8MUND, emperor of the West, and king of Hungary and Bohemia, was second son of the Emperor Charles IV.j and was bora In 1366. On the death of his father, m 1378, he became margrave of Brandenburg, and was occupied four years in visiting his states.andreceiving their homase. He mar- rled. In 1386, Maria, daughter of Ludwig (Louis), king of Hungary, and was crowned king the sam oar. He soon after extended his dominions by the conquest of Wallachla. His queen dying in 1392, his claim to the crown of Hungary was contested by Ladis- laus v., king of Poland, but unsuccessfully ; and the frequent conspiracies formed against Sigicnand by the nobles made him suspi- cious ard cruel. Alarmed oy the conquests of the Turks, he sought aid of France and Eng- »33 land i and a great battle was fought at Nico- polls In 1396, in wl.lch the Frencli under the count of Nevers were defeated and almoitall slain, the Hungarians fled without flghtini and SlKlsmund narrowly escaped, and ledi wandering life for eighteen nionthi. In m he was chosen emperor by <:nc party of (h« electors, Jobst, marquis of Moravia, being chosen by another party, and Wencejlim, who had been deposed, still retAluing the title of emperor. So that there were at the same time three rival emperors, at there were also three rival popes. Hut the death o( Jobst and the acquiescence of Wenceilaui left Sigismund without a rival In the follow- Irg year. He was crowned at Aixla-Cha- pelle In November, 1414, and went thence to the srcat Council of Constance. He sur- rounded the town with his troops, and re- mained master of Its gates during the Coun- cil. The Bohemian reformer, John Hun, had come to Constance under a safe-conduct of the emperor ; but he wan, neverthcleM, burnt, as was also his disciple, Jerome if Prague, .jlgismund had a conference with the pope, Benedict XIII., at Pcrplgnan,hoi)- Ing to induce him to resign the tiara, but he failed. About the same time he iolu Bran- denburg to Frederick of HohenzoUcrn, but- grave of NUrnberg ; raised Savoy into a duchy for Amadeus VIIl., and visited France and England. He professed to negotiate i peace between Charles VI. and Henry T., but perfidiously made a secret alliance with the latter, hoping to recover Aries. By the death of his brother, Wenceslaus, in 1419, he succeeded to the crown of Kohemia, and the Hussite war began, which lusted fifteen years. The famous Zisca defeated Sigis- mund before Prague in 1420, but agreed to» truce ; and Sigismund was crowned mod after. After the death of Ziaca the war wm ably carried on by the two leaders, named Prccoplus. In 1431 Sigismund was crowned kins of Italy at Milan; and in 1433, emperor at Rome by EugeniusIV. HedicdatZnaim, in Moravia, Dec. 9, 1437. SIGISMUND I., king of Poland, fifth nn of Casimlr IV. and Elizabeth, daughter of the Emneror Albert 11., was bom in 1165. He was early Invested with the duchy ot Glogau,and made governor of Sile8ia,8ndo« the death of his brother, Alexander, m 1806, was chosen to succeed him on the throne oi Poland. The revolt of Glinski.governorot Lithuania, led to a war With the Husslani, which lasted many years. In 1514 the Kui- slans became masters of Smolcnsko.wM was opened to them by treachery. Slg* mund was also engaged In war with tie Teutonic Knights. In 1615 he had an m- portant conference with the EmPfO M^ mlllan, at Vienna, at which he k npof Hungary and Bohemia were also prettn . fnd which resulted in a firm all a c« .( Sigismund with the house of HapsW Sigismund had the advantage of sui«m education, and did much to advanco tte civilization of his subjects. Healso forUllM and beautified many of the o^ns, anm the example of a simp e f « «n"fi»" " way of life. His physica^ f »""« ^J J, traordlnary. He opposed the »prea* o'^' reformation in Poland, excluded frompBDw siq] » iaeto ganlbergaMlsi^i^jp. [bim offlcet thoie who accepted Its doctrines, and I Romannn.m t» i". :: — -i- prohibited the young men from frequenting •' Hi«tn^i»?~?'"."'*~P'"°"nclarom • •• -17 L Oormnn unlTenltlc. In n^^ Arbert! Undorta^cn bv'Vh"!,'''!' '"»• Xl"" the Kit erand mnotcr of the Teutonic Knlchts. »...v' *„"_..?" "T. ♦'^« ^'"''- -' " tne uormnn uiiitltbiiu's. xa lazA Al l^rand mnetcr of the Teutonic Knights, hav Ing become a Lutheran, was created, with RiKiamund's con«ent, hereditary duke of Prussia. Dlcd.UlS, BIOISMUND III., king of Poland, ion of John III. of Sweden, waa born in 1566. He vai Krnndson by his mother's side of Sigls- miind I. of Poland, and wns rnlloH tn «■.„ 018 rival, Dui. at'ieuiea nin him to renounce his claim.' In 1593 he be- came kins of Sweden on the death of his fatlier; but In consequence of his stronK at- tac)im«nt to the Catholic faith, and his close relations with the Jesuits, the Swedes were alienated from him, and, in 1604, ho lost the crown. He wns afterwards at war with the Russians, and took Smolonsko in 1611 ; then with the Turks, from whom he took Choc- !im in 1621. He gave it up to them, how- A con.-p,Iue e"d'lt'io; t? M.%?i7r ^"'• at Milan In Tols. folio, «n r7a2-3?''''nV"'."* near Modena, 1584. ' "'*-»''• Dl,jd, 8I00UKNEY, LYDU HUNTLET an Am- rican poetess and mlscellannous wr'i^pr^w*' was Kranason oy n.s moxner's side of Slgis- ley'" waS'h^r ^Jf^' ""^ ' '" »^9'- " ""^t' mund I. of Poland, and wos called to the Mr 81^our«I» ?i ib."o'""?,'"'"' *''«» "'""ied thronconthc d.ath of Stephen Bathorl, In product?onL7nn«.,*^'?- ,J «' «"* "t«n»rT 1587. He had the Archduke M.ixlmillan for pwiod ,h„ I" n®^ ° ?i*' "'"* '•"«"» th-t his rival, but defeated him, and compelled work.or i„7-^'''^*''"''P'"°"*«'W'"»ter,andher him fn «noiinnn hi« oinim. injka"S„u. 21?'*? "''Joyed great popularity. Amonff h« principal poems are—" Traits of the akaI^ W«?e^' America." "Zlnzendorff" "^."xho Western Home," and "Pocahontii " Hh! commemora.ed her visit to EuX" in 1840 i nnn!':. *''f"^'"'» Memorlerof*^ P ° S J;""!*' Pn'Oy «n prose and parUy In ve«o and wrote several works in prose Hnr ^L" publication was "Past Meridian "wMok ' "'-'■ /" «".« - ". .^" ".-, now- , tToTh'th^eellli/ir" L'"^ ""'" "«-' lowed.ana8igisn.unddied„earm^rsaw.in £^%Prnl\)^^.^^:^l!^^^^^^^^^^^^ neydied;VSlanfo;3,cr^^^^^^^^^^^^^ erstr"{""^°"*^--""^^^^ f hoi'ds a7'ip'a'nr;,tac"I fn".?;^^^l'sry I I'^Jt^V^^.' [" f'^'Me^'^Ve' of ar as the first who applied anatomical Pun c war f? li .r ii ^2?^": "'^i''^ "ocond ki,n»i»^». f« n„i.,«i — ».,.! .1...- .. ^ uiiii, war. it isstill extant.andlsanalng Hi. 8IGN0RELLI, LUCA, a distinguished Italian painter, was born at Cortona about Ml. He is sometimes called Luca da Cor- lO.NA. He was a pupil of Piero della Fran- cesca, began to distinguish himself about U;2,and painted till 1512, or perhaps later. He hnlHfi nn {ninnrtfiTit. nla/>o in tl.A ui^* I ui (111, ao uic uiBi, wiiu uppiiea anatomical iLDOwledge to painting, and thus became the precursor of Michael Angelo. Signorelli painted in the Sistine Chapel, at Arezzo CItti di Castello, Cortona, Perugia, and Vol- terra ; but his greatest works are the power- ful frescoes in the chapel of the Madonna di San Brizzio la the cathedral of Orv eto The series comprises the History of Anti- christ, the Resurrection of the Dead, Hell and Paradise. It was commenced by Fra Giovanni, about 1447, and was completed by Luca between 1499-1504. These frescoes were studied and admired by Michael An- gelo.and to c certain extent imitated by him m hit Last Judgment." One of the best worksof Lueais the " Madonna Enthroned." i?«f p"'*?"^ ?* Onofrio, in the c»th4. smanof high character, and attained muni- cipal as well as artistic honours. He spent J slast years in retirement at Arezzo, and died there after 1524. ' JUP?^^?' C^Koi-o, an eminent classical 00 H.^M^a"^."'"'^'*"™ "' Modena about G^ek ?f xi".'""' ""der Portus, professor of Tersities of Bologna and Pavia in imb i,a •ucceeded to the chair of Portus, was after ward, profe,sor at Venice and Ka^and in p!L«^'"*'»°*''''''ther his learning and uth r"n?"/,"""''' •"='"y students hI was llCrLw! '7^" ""'»''" »' *0'k8, chiefly is ?ho!,oh^^^^^ history and intiqui- "d'ec?2stirMt°/'"^'"'^'* "' medlt^val divil^^°^' Charles, an eminent English divine and theological writer wn«w» I «f«^««f| in 175*9, anrwas'b7oTher° o town «?H i^™'""' "":'•' "C""-"" of that o^!r„ '/J** * "laster of chancery. He wa« ^nM?**'•n*^^,'*'"• "'»'* entered^ at KIiTr^S College, Cambridge, in 1776, where he made fece/vKhTJ" '^'.^ theologicalstudi'es^an^S wh rh^h,<, ""S '^''f'ous impressions for ni 17M hl°"'f'' ""^^ •'^ ^"'' d'otinguished. Trlnif^r^ was presented to the living of Trinity Church in that university, of which m1nu?«";'^1 *•» ".« »"« rector and^'offlcUtS minister during the remainder of his llfe- n,f,"i°'*H°'" y'"""- «'» works are numer- ous, and were published entire, in Te32 They consisted of 21 closely nrinted 8vn volumes.contalning 2536 serm'^.n^s andlkele tons of sermons, which form a commentary upon every book of the Old and New TestI ireaiises. When Mr Simeon received from Cadell, the bookseller, the sum of flooo fo™ WUtS^"^^'' *"> «PP'0P"ated£lw to the Society for promoting Christianity amonK Pd„i^T''f'*'^*'' ^"^ I-ondon Cle?lcalaS§! Education Society, and £1000 to the Church Missionary Society. The death of this vencr- ST,S??n"J ^^S'^^*'"'"*' Nov. 13, 1836 t„?i"*^?^ °^ DURHAM, an English hls- Ws o?v°^„V*?, ^^^^ century,' who composed a history of the Saxon and other kings of England from 616 to 1130. ^ SIMEON 8XYLlTE8,8T,the famous an- ihorite, was born in Syria, in the latter 933 •I Ml Hlllll'l ' 1' sim] 191 i^ebo.StnibcrsBl IBiograpi)?* years of the 4th century. From % ihcphord- boy he became a monk, entering a n>»nn»- tery at the iKe of thirteen. Ho outdid hit companion* In aupicrlty and mortlflcatlon of the body, and wi-nt »uch lonKths .id »t¥cnil timet to have niirrowly c«c«ppd di'uth. He aftorwnrat rutired to a dctolate mountalii- tlde. chalnlnn himtelf to the ttonee; and flnullT bethouKht blmtclf of more complotely etcaping the tlnful world, and drawing nearer to heaven, by ettnbllthlng himself on the top of a column, <\rtt of nine feet, and finally of tlxty feet In height. Here he Ijycd — abode, rather — for thirty ycart, through heat and cold, calm and ttorm alike ; stood, knelt.bowcdht'ud to feet, tang, prayed, and gave exhortations to the throngs who came to tee him, and who venerated him as a celestial more thiin earthly being. It is afflrmed by an eyewitness that thousands were moved by his exhorutlons to receive baptism, and that he often effected a recon- ciliation between enemies. A story Is told that he .once saw In a vision a chariot of Are, and on angel visiting him to ascend In it to heaven ; that mistaking It for reality he raised his foot to mount, when the devil chastised his vanity by a sprain. Blmeon died 'about the middle of the flth century. His example was followed by a crowd of plllar-salnts ; his Images wcresuperstltlous- ly venerated, and a figure of him was set as an amulet at the entrance of shops at Home. (Bee Tennyson's profound exposition of the sentiments which Inspired this strange man, in his poem " 8t Simeon Btylltes.'') 81MNKL, Lamhkrt, a pretender to the throne of England, was the son of a baker at Oxford, and wab born about 1474. While yet a boy, ho was trained by one Richard Simon, a priest, to play a part In opposition to Henry VII., and In 1487 he gave himself out to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son of Clarence, and sole heir of the house of \ork. Helar.ded in Ireland, and finding adherents, was crowned at Dublin as Edward VI. The earl of Lincoln, with troops furnished by he duchess !of Burgundy, supported him, and they landed In Lancashire early In June. But Henry defeated them a few days after at Stoke, imprisoned Simon for life, and gave Simnel a place in his household, first as scullion and afterwards as falconer. PTM 'N, Richard, a celebrated French theologtMi and controversialUt, bom at Dieppe, in 1638. He entered Into the con- gregation of the Oratory, In 1059, and for tome years lectured on philosophy at the College of Juilly, and at Varls. Ho was en- gaged in almost continual controversy with liossuet and the Vort-Hoyallsts, and by his angry way of carrying on the discussions he entered upon, offended both Catholics and Protestants. The work which excited most attention, and which led to his exclusion from the Oratory, was the " Hlsto! re critique du Vicux Testament," published in 1678. One of his obnoxious assertions was that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses, but compiled by the scribes of the .imeof Esdrae. This work had a large circulation, and wat translated 'into Latin and English. Among the other works of Simon are, " Hittolre Critique du Nouveau Testament," Hlstolre JW de I'Orlglne et dos ProgrAi det lleTcnuilc. cUtlnstlnues," and " DlsquUltlonpi Crm,, lie viirils per dl versa I.oca et Temporn li|i). llorum Kdltlonlhus." Hevernl of hU worki first appeared under fictitious namei. U( spent the last twenty yeart of hliitoraif lire at Dieppe, and died there in Uii BIMONIDK8, a celebrated Oreok Inie poet, was born In the lilnnd of Ceor I c SS6. He lived at Athens du'inK the relfn of HIpparchus, whoso patroniiKc ho inJoN and after a temporary retirement InioTbff saly, returned again to Atheni, where he lived till at least his COih year. Ho wji ig. vlted to the court of Hleron of Ryr«ouif ud there spent his last years. Blmonidpi hm. dally excelled In the Elegy and Epigram and celebrated In his poems the prlnclpii events of the Persian war. He wai the con- temporary of jV.schylus.rindar.nnd Uimo( Hermiono; won very nmncrouiprizei.ind oven defeated il';schylus by hit elenf on the heroes who fell at Marathon. Only tnt- ments of his poems ore extant, and they beir out the high opinion of his contfrnporarlei. Slmonldes made poetry hisprufeiilon,iindii said to have been the flrtt p:et who wrou for pay . H e was also In repute ai a philoio- pher ; and Is said to have added four letten to the Greek alphobet. Died, B. c. {«!. BIMPI.ICIUH, a phlloiophor of the ilitli century, was born In Cllieia. He waiihe dlsciplo of Ammonias, the Peripatetic, ind lived for a time In Persia. Heturninito Europe, he applied himself to philosophy, and endeavoured to prove a lubiianiiil agreement between the doctrinci of Flatt and Aristotle. SlmpUclus wrote commeni ariet on tko works of Aristotle and Epicie- tus. SIMPSON, THOMAS, an cmiuent mithe- matician, was born in '710, at Uarkel Bosworth, in Leicestershire, and waitheioi of a weaver, who brought him up to hi) owi trade, and, perceiving his Inclination for reading, took awuy his books. He in con- sequence left his father, snd, after muy yicissiludes, one of which wat his beconlDi a fortune-teller, he rose to be a mathemitlc- al professor at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and a member of the Kojil Society. He Wiote Treatises on Fluiioit, Annuities, and Algebra, " Elements of Oe» metry," and other scien..flc worki. Died, 1761. Simpson's widow, who was allowed a pension of £'200 per annum, reached th» extraordinary age of 103. 8IMS0N, RoBKRT, an eminent mati* matician, was born in 1687, «t Klrton Hia, in Ayrshire ; studied medicine at Glasjow, but never practised ; was professor of nialM- matics at Glasgow during a period of nesnf half a cei-tury ; and died in 1"68' /"'J' his works are an esteemed edition of Eiiciui Elements, " A Treatise on Conic fiectiont, " The Loci Planl of Apollonius restored, «. SINCLAIR, CHARLES GIDEOK, BaroM distinguished Swedish general andvrrte on military tactics. He was eiK'f J » ™ service of various governments of Kuropi, during t. «^ wars of the last ccntnry; «« published "Military InsUtutions," S »"■ ^INCl'aIR? or 8INCLAIBB, Omo. 9S4 din] profeMor of phllowphy at Olnifiow aurinv UujHTlodof the CommuD wealth, lielna a iikjout I'rcihyterlaii, :ie li)*t hit iltuation at th« lleiroriitloii, but wat reitored to It on llio aciCMlon of William III. He wat dla- tinguiilied fur hit rviearchca In phyaieal icience, wat an able enKlut'i-r, and puljlithod ircailaei on hyUrogtatifs and aatruiiumy. lit, xrualio bclitved tu Ijc theauthor of a book (ritlUed "Satunn Invisible World dUco- rerod," which win furaloi.g time popular among the Scottinh peniantrjr. iJloJ, luya. HINCIAIU, Hir JUUN, bart., phitanthro- piit and itatintieian, wus born at Thurao Caa- lle, iiithucuunty of CiiithnoM, in I7S4. Ho reccired hi* education cliielly at tho Uif(h Sthuol, Edinburgh, but aubacqucntly attt iid- edtbe univerHitiri of I^dinburKh, OluKgow ind Oiford. In 1775 he wua admitted a mem- ber of the foculty ofadrocatea.and waaafter- wardi called to the i::nglUh bar. In 178u he was elected member for the county of Culth- neu, which he also repreacntcd In the piiiiia- menu of I'UU, 18U2, and IHU7 ; and cat for thu boroughofLostwithielin 17H4,andforI'ctori- tleld ill 17U6. Fur more than half a century Mr John Hinclair occupied a prominent poki- tion in public life ; and thero wui acarcely anjr topic in the w hole ranxe of pol i ticul , ita- liitical, or medical icicnce, which had not engaged bit active and inquiring mind. Ilia reputation as a promoter of agricultural im- pruTcincnt, in particular, waa not confined tu Kurope ; the most eminent political ccon- omitt in America appreciated hia labours. lie was the originator of the Hoard of Agri- culture, in 1793 i and he also procured Uie citaWlshment of a aoclety, in Scotland, for the improvement of wool i of both these ho was tta president. Nor were hit patriot- ic exertions In defence of his country leas coniplcuous than his endeavours to Improve its moral and economical condition. He raised two battalions of 1000 men each, in the counties of Uoss and Caithness, which were the first fencihie regiments whose sorvi. ices were extended beyond Scotland. To % patriotic and philuntliroplc disposition h^ idded an unflinchiii)? peraeverunce. Ilia principal worlts consist of a " History of the Kevcnue of Great Itritain," 3 vols. ; the ' Statistical Account of Scotland," a work or unexampled labour ; " ThouKhts on the Naval Strength of Great Jiritain," " Consl- ^ Mtio an(ber»al 13(oQraahti ;r'e7ti;''ir.d:brd7o^L,i::K"v . ".« - 3« Jiol^ne.a French g neru U „ r^^'f"*" h.sservice.ana whT. ... *"' ''"•" ...... _ . "•""«» *»"" commanded ilcralions on Militias and Siandinjf Armies " KBsays on ARricuiture," and his publica- non of the alleged originals of tho Osalanic Poems with a" Uisserta;lon." It is said that at the time of his death he had made a con- siderable progress in a " Political Code," ond «"C»^e«f Religion." Died, Dec. 2l/l835 S NDIAH or SCINDIA, MauhaSee. a Md and ambitious Mahratta prince, waa H."J^u"""'''"''"• P''°bably about 1743. courT^f th?"",l' * Mahratta officer at the n?pi V^^r'"''^'*' ""^ *a» «t the battle d uS ■"'"" '^**'' ^^*-''''' »'« ^^ wounded and taken prisoner; but made hia escape "fjoni'jpflgein the Deccan. In mShe mraded Hindostan in concert with Holkah and made himself master of Delhi he aUn ook Agra, where he established a cannon foundry, and was the first Indian wince "l-ose troops were armed and dkciSeS '• of I^borsne taken Fnto In.- ie;';,^/';;,^;^ ,:''"'» ho Had the army which »p i.-rf . , ' «^"""»»nded I'atan, iS ^^Z^ He p^, .'."eriT.."' "r"" "' territory. „„d was eC.jfednr "'""'•' farther air»ranili«..i.i..... . .. *<^'"'"e» of death. wKtw". i 'In ' m""'1.f""' •••'«%•''»'»'« K«o,Su,dla.."i^ i:/;^rrre7.sr,:r'"f^"'"'-- that lie. In »„ 1 "*^ proof of the power had a verv nownrr-.i ... .1 ""'^ • ""t ho nesH. «„7g,?eaT discr miS;n"'"'=^•l''■*'*''- in the dally habit nfhLi '.*"•' •>" ^aa hia own InteroVts did nn^.f*' .'?"" ''■'>«'» i.nw il y''-*-^<">'-> or Mountain of LiBht iiow in possession of the queen of Enffi«nrt' 1.1 stature he was very short anS the .mtu,: ally sinister expression of his counten«m.« was much Increased by the loss of hU i„f? eye by the small-pox. Ills long grey taper iaio m'"''' *'"*^" •^««<=onded bcloVhu breast Ince At'hu'i«i?h^ °/ " venerable appear.' nTscfcVrvryik^w'e^ i'c^KHo' burn themselves upon hi. Leti'Vo. anniiiJ; X"''^"^^' ""^ """"n monk and annalist, was born at Parma in 1613 H« Ueu 'and 'Ma^'r^^^^"' CaVinals Klch^e- ueu and Ma^urin, and settled at Paris where he obtained an abbey, and was an pointed ttlmoner and historfo^j^raphe7?o the kinif. Siri made himself known as author of two political Journals, " II Mercu^lo " a record of current events, i'n 15 vols , publish* edbetween 644-82; and " Memorie llecon. ?o\%o''a.',6'ir''°'''^''"'^'--^«"^ nr^V^i^^^l"' CHARLES SlMONDE DE, One aL^^.M^'J eminent of modern historians and political economists, was born at Geneva l' 'ii M 93.5 II I ;Hi six] % iflcto ®n(ber«al 19(o8rnpf)i?. In 1773. In 1791 the hou«o of lili faUier, who had been on omlnoDt member of thp kovp"""- mcntof Uenovn, wnn plllnged, two-Urth» of hit property confl» , but brre he wa« fvcn more «n- fortuunto tbnn In bUniitlvo country, for the French ImprUomd bim nk bolntt iiii nrUto- crat, andthe Itiillun Innurgcni* Imprlnoncd bhn ai being a Irciichmiin. In 1800 lio re- turned to Ucncv», wbnro In the following year ho commenced his carper ni an author, by the publlcallon of "The Agriculture of TuKony." HU lubscquent work* were numcruut nnd vorled. Including history, political economy, criticism, nnd biography. Hut the worlii by which he Is most widely known are his " History of the Italian Uo- puhllcs during the Mlddlo Age* " (on abridg- ment of which he wrote for Liirdncr's Cabi- net Cyclopedia)," History of the Fall of the Roman Empire " (also written for Lordnei), " History of the Literature of the South of Europe," and his elaborate '* HUtory of the French," 81 vol*. 8vo. In 1B38 ho wns elected one of the five foreign member* of the Insti- tute of I'ronco, In the department of moral and political sciences. M. de Slsmondl was In principle a rigid republican, nnd bo truly hun n stick, hU head declined, and his voice broken. These Mignt of old age vanished with surprising tuddenness the moment of his election as tuccessor to Gregory, In April, 1885. He threw nway his staff, lifted up his heod, and made the place ring with his loud Tt Deum. Hit flrtt cnre was to repress brlgnndnge, and make Rome nnd the Stntcs of the Church safe from the violence which had long pre- Tailed. One year of his vigorous govern- ment made an immense nnd beneflclnl change. Before the end of 1688 Slxtus pub- lished a bull of excommunication against »3« [81 1 Henry of Navarre nnd thi» prince of Vqhu who boldly protested agalnat It.snUhidibi protest ufllxed to the gate* of the Vatirm After the murder of the duke of Oiilic tH the cardinal of Lorraine, he cited Hrnri 111. of Franco to Roni'e, and un liii nog. nppeanince oxconimunlcoted lilni Ihtiuf. wnrdt publicly pralted the xeni dnd d^j,) the aasutsln of Henry, Ho It finia lo hin felt esteem for Queen Kllznboth, mH i, Bvemlon ngnln*t I'hlllp II. ; jn, «h,, ^, latter *cnt hi* nrmada ngnlnit En((liuid,tii( pope gave It his benediction ami a cohm. crated banner; and, at the •ami! tlin(,bM terrible bull, laid an Interdict on Knilioii declared ElUabeth w 'isurppr, nhmtlcnid excommunicated. Dnrlnn the llvejuriof his pontitlcate Blxtut formed and txmiti many great designs for the Improimmit and adornment of Roino; nr n coit which made him so unpopular with the poople that after hlfdcnth they dcstfoycaiilMiiiim,' He caused the famous granite obellik, which Caligula had brought from Kgypt, to be mi up on a pedestal ; completed a grent aque duct for the supply of Homo with wmcr; rebuilt the library of the Vatican, and eiiab llshed the celebrated prlntin); office in con nection with It ; had new editloiii of ihc Beptuaglnt and the Vulgate publlihednthii own expense, nnd yet left thi'treaiiiryikh, Slxtus confirmed the order of "Feu!'' n;' established or reformed ninny conf[teiniioni for the manngoment of wcular or eccleiiu- tlcnl uffalrs, and fixed the numbei orcinU- nals at seventy. Died, ISOU. 8KELT0N, JOHN, an Kngllih pod ind satirist, was of a Cumborliind rnmiljr, ind was born about U60. Il'.> nppenri tohiie studied at Oxford, nnd became dlstlnguiihnl for hit classical attainments; wai ordilr cd priest In 1499, and was appointed rccor of Diss, In Norfolk. Henry Yll.cliote him for tutor to his son, nftcrwurda Henry v;il Skelton was In great repute for wit.bmin dulged so much In severe satire, esprclall) ugalnst the clergy, nnd even Cnrdlnul Wol- sey, that he was ut last ordered lo be arrcii- ed. This he avoided by taking lanctuarjii "Westminster, and there he died lu 1529. Ai excellent edition of his poems, with a lift and Annotations by Dyce, appeared In M SKINNER, STKrilEN, philologist, »H born In London, about lti22; was ediicattil at Christchurch, Oxford; settled asaphr ticlnn nt Lincoln, nnd died In 106;. Utm author of " Etymologicon Lingua; AnjU- canoe." „„, iLEEMAN,Plr\VlI.UAMKKNHY,K.C.ll, British resident nt Lucknow, and mW- Inneout writer, was born at Stratton,l> Cornwall, In 1788. At the age of 20 to c.Uercd the service of the Kast India Con- pany, and after distinsuishliig himself boa In active service and by his literary accoa- pllshments, ho became. In 1820, agent mtM Saugur and Nerbudtla districts, "ere M had the happiness of seeing his Hierpi efforts successful In the suppress o'i«f Infnmous ThuRgee syjtcm, for whlcMu" before his dcnth, he was created K.C* *»• oointcd resident nt Lucknow by I-ort'-'-; housle in 1842, he wns charged "''hP'^JJ^ Ing the measure* necessary in order to carry sit] ont th« innemtlon of Oiide. HIr w. H itl«man wm author of k " DItrjr in Oudc, "• •* " — "*"•' — of^ ^ ^m ^"(btfoarg iottraohn. Kimble* «nd Kecollcctloni of an Indian Olllccr,"" Military DUcipline In our Indian Armjr," *o. Ilo loft India In III health, and (lied on hl( wajr honip, In Ft-bruory, IH/Jfl, HI.KrnAN, JoHANN, nn eminent Oerman hjiturian and dIplomatUt . was born iii Hieida, nfar Cologne, In 1408. HIr family name waa Phlllpton; Hleldan waa adopted from hia birth place. He itudicd at lome of thu prin- cipal unlreriltlea of Kurope, and In isaa wn attached to the Cardinal du Ilellay. Ho looli part In the dieta of llaffuonau and Ua- tlshon, but ai a Lutheran had to quit Trance In lUi, lottled at Htraiburg, waa named hlsiorian to the leaRUo of Bmalkuld, and profoiior of law, and waa cinployud in icvrral pollllcal negotiations. Ho waa acnt M deputy of Htraaburg to the Council of Tront In IMI. In the midit of his active life he found time for much literary labour, and published nianr works ; of which the mott important li hi* hlatory of the Ko- formatlon, entitled— "De Statu Kollglonla ft Udpubllca), Carolo qiilnto Ciciaro, Com- nicnturli." It appeared In 153), waa trans- lated Into Ensllsh, French, German, and Italian, and li esteemed for its orlfrlnnl in- formation, and its impartiality. HIeldan'a worK entitled, " De Quatuor Hunimis Im- perlli;" pawed through more than fifty editions. Charles V., it is said, called 81ci- daii and Paul Jovius his liars (mtfUturM), bc- cauio the former spoke too ill of him, and the latter too well. Hleldan died in isse SLI.S'OELANDT, IMKTKR VAN, Dutch painter, born at Leyden in 16iO. He was a pupil and painstaking imitator of Gerard Uouff, and his pieces have been sometimes mlitaken for those of his master. The» are Utile known In England. Died, 1601. ' 8L0ANE, Sir Hans, a distinguished phy- ilclun and naturalist, was born at Killileatrh [SMI poetical version of thaPini^I " ' poems. Odes, fabr/s, Ac ,ft,:C"|!°''f'"-' the works of Hopn,.„ i. *?'?" «r»n*Tate?f.rrpr;n7,fn"ar.' inSn" C-"""''"!?**. and having setUed In London, commenced author. The gaiety I f "I "Position rendered him an acceptnbll I !"'whr '" '"J ^''« «"<> authors of the I 11 n""^"^ *""'"' Panicularly Pope! -loracc. I'oveftr k""''""" was not suited tk iiu .»..-■ . *"'' '"W H° ""P'«yment was that of cnglnoer for ?hn y Thnr"„?' """"^ato Ha?bour Died Nationl,''^'o"r{;a*}t''ffli'y"' «-""'- '» the bfh?»„;Vi^;^ir;«-r„^'-f w?."tKa^'S-.' r.S>alS ss'si^vif/^r'-^'^-i^^s wSSr^rS iSfe^TntS ."{ the age of lo. as a student at the Hoval Ac» oV^lfH <^*''"''tof. and in 1792 was ejected lUkJ, , .V "^ *'" educated first ot KIrkoldv and in' m". "* ""' university of oll^goZ fw.l^ ^^i^ ^"' "^"t »o the university of Oxfcrd. where he studied till 1747. He was next engaged as lectnrcr on rhetoric Tnd wi'aU^'f l^dinburgh, and In mi was appointed professor of logic at Glasgow ""'7"''"y' a post whichhe exchang'.d in sonhV °'i u ^ "l P™'^"^"' «' morSr^philo «??„/;• "'* lecturos attracted considerable " ews'whichV."^**;'"'" •"•' ^'""' «' the hU w»]T^ „ ^^ subsequently developed In of mi w r" """I^"- ' Towards the^loie with the fnu'/"?'^'* "r Invitation to travel I?a„»rt M. ^^°' Kuccleugh, and having re- •ignedhis chair, made a long tour in Vrnnce becoming acquainted at Paris with some of J ] t i I M' !f' Mi 837 » SMl] •a ia«to mniijeraal 18lo0rap^ toe most •mir.ent philosopher* and oeouo- miiti. Among them were Turgot, Ques- nny, D'^iembert, and Necker. Returning In 1768, he spent the next ten years m re- tirement at Kirknldy, engaged in the com- position of his great work, the Inquiry In- to the Nature j»nd Causes of the "Wealth of Nations," which first appeared In 1776. It hps a high rank among the successful books of the world ; overthrowing the grave errors which it attacked, and establishing their op- posite truths. Its main principle Is that labour, pot money, nor l.ind, is the real source of wealth. The meant of making labou' most fruitful, the division of labour, what wealth consists in, the mischiefs of legislative Interference with industry and commerce, the necessity of freedom of trade, are admirably discussed and expounded. The hook may be regarded as the ba li of modern Political Economy, and one of its great ob- jects has been nccompllshed in England in tho establishment of Free Trade. In 1788, Adam Smith settled at Edinburgh, where he had the appointment of a commissioner of customs for Scotland. He was the friend of Pavid Hume, of whose last days and death he Wiote an account, with a warm panegyric on hiP character, which was published with Hume's autobiography. He was also8«'*hor of a " Theory of Moral Sentiments," .fnich appeared in 1789, and the doctrine of which is that Sympathy is thefoandation of Morals. It reached a sixth edition in 1790, and has been frequently reprinted. The d-igree of LL.D. was conferred on Adam Smith by the university of Glasgow, of which also he was chosen rector in 1787. Died, unmarried, 8th July, 1790. SMITH, Anker, engraver, was born at London, in 1769. He was for some time as- sistant to James Heath ; was employed on the illustrations to Bell's Biitish Poets, and, in 1797, was chosen AR.A. for his excellent print of the Death of Wat the Tyler, after Northcote. Died, ?819. SMITH, OKORGE, painter, was born at Chichescer, in 1714. He excelled in land- scape, and some of his pieces gaineu priees from the Society of Arts. Died, 1776. SMITH, Sir HKNUY GEORGE WAKELYN, bait, usually called Sir Harry Smith, a distinguished British general, was a native of Whittlef.a,in C;'.:nbridgeshire. He was born in 1788, entered the army at the uge of 17, and first served in tho expedition to Monte Video and Buenos Ay res. He was present at the siege of Copeuhogen, and afterwards served in tbe Peninsula, where he took part in almost cP the principal batt; es and iieges of the n-ar. At the storm- ing of fladigoz he saved the life of a Spanish lady, whon, in 18'.4, he made his wife. He distinguished himself o.« assistant-adjutant- genonil at the taking of Washington, in 1814, took part in tlie unsuccessful attack on Nt w Orleans later in the same year, and in the capture of Fort Bowyor. At ^.VaterluO, hescred as quarter- mnster-general to the 6th division. After being employed 5n Isriiisu nurlii.i.uit;iiv.tt, i"t. »•--» -7— — the Cape Colony, he was sent to India about 1840,and Oistinguiahc-.l himself at the battles of Gwalior, Miharnjpore, Moodkec, and Fe- 938 [m rozepore. He won the victory of Aliwii oto the Sikhs, 28th January, 1846, and cojtti. buted to the victory of Sobi aon In the foUow. ing mouth; for which services herecelttd the thanks of the House of Lords, ni tir made G. C. B. and Haronet. In 1847, he tu appointed governor of the Cape of QmiI Hope, and conducted the Kaffir Mar to 1 succesfcful close, in 1852. After his rcurn to England he was madelieutcnant-gciiml, and commander of the nortliern and mid.' land military districts. Died, at Utim ! 12th October, 1860. SMITH, Sir J.i.ME8 EDWARD, an cffiiBfiit 1. j'.ibh physician and naturalist, waj born at Norwich, in 1759; studied medicine «t Edinburgh, and took his degree ntlcydpii, in 1786 ; visited France and Italy; and,on his return to England, published "A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent," 3 voli,, in which there is much information on lubjecti of natural history. In 1734, ho became tlie purcha-.er of the cr .lection of books, fc., of Linnaeus, .vhich was afterwards sold to tlie Linntcan Society. He established the Lin- nsean Society, ard was its first pieiident; received the honour of knighthood from George IV., and died in 1828, at hisnatite city, where he had long practised as a phy- sician. Besides his " Tour " before niei- tioned, he wrote a "Natural History of He Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia," 2 toIi. folio; "English Botany," 36 Toli, 8roi "Flora Botanica," 3 vols. 8vo; tlie"Big- lish Flora," 4 vols. 8vo; and an "Introduc- tion to Botany." Sir James Tvas alio editor of tlie splendid " Flora Greeca" ofSibthorp. SMITH, JAMES and HORACE,accIcorated literary duumvirate, were thesor.sof llolkrt Smith, solicitor to the board of ordnance, and born respectively in London, Feb. loil, 1776, and Dec. 31st, 1779. James was articitd to his father, was subsequently taken into partnership, aiiu evenlmlly succeeded tt his business as well as to his official app;iol- nient. Horace becarieami^mberofihefloek exchange. Perhaps no two situation) is life could at first sight appear lessfaTounWe to the cultivation of the muses than a law- yer's desk and Capel Court; but James ul Horace Smith t'iumphed over obstacleithit would have crushed less genial nttures.w went on from step to step till they left thn names deeply graven in the literature » their time. Their first efifUsions wereci- tributed to the Pic Nic newspaper, est* lished by Colonel Grevillc, in 1802. m, nlso wrote largely for the Monthly Mimf and the London Review, and some o.wt best vers de soci<»t6 appeared i;; '.iieM" Monthly Magazine, '.vhile under ThoiM Campbell's editor»i:ip. liut the ftorMJ which the brotherF are best known.anaij which they will be longest remembete«j» the " Rejected Addresses," which appe««| on the reopening of Urury Lane 'Tl'CamSi 1812, and of which twenty-two edition um been sold. Tho popularity of this wo^^ pears to have satisfied the ambition o'W elder brother. But soon afterwa.'di how hor^amn an IndfifatiBaWc novel writer. «; commenced his novels witii / Oa|«i«^i| Gravities" In 1825, and ended them «» " Love and Mesmerism " in 1845; andwi* IsMl] |lDthMe20yenrg he alto gave to the public I " Brambletre House," " Tor Hill," " Heubcn Lpiley," "Zillah," "The New Forest," I" Adam Brown," &c.,all of which were well I received. James Smith died in London, I Dec. 24th, 1839; Horace died at Tunbridire |well8,Ju'y 12th, 1849. I SMITH, JAMES, of Deaniton, a name In- Itlmately asiociated with agricultural and ImgnllfaPt TilUT iimrOTCment. Wns hm-n _» ^ Mtta mibttsul ^iojTaplm. Imanufaet ring iu^provcment, was born at loiasgow, I7«9. While only a youth of 18, I he had attained guch a thorough knowledge lof mechanicg and cotton-gpinning, that I hit uncle gave him the entire manBgemcnt ■ of the extensive cotton works at Dean- litoL, in which he was a partner; and I he toon afterwards began to put in prac- I lice on the Oeanston farm TariouA gcheines Ifor thorough draining and deep working, I which have since been so generally ndopt- \(i. In 1831 he publighed a pamphlet on I this aabject which attracted great atten- Ition; and since that period he rose so highly lis public estimation, that he became an au- Ittority on all qiestions connected with agri- Icttltural pureu.:8. In 1848 he was one of ■the commissioners appointed by 8ir Robert ■Peel to Inquire into and report upon the lianitary condition of the manufacturing I towns; and the schemes ol improvement Iwhichne suggested can hardly faiiof their leffect. Died, suddenly, June 9, 1850, I SMITH, JOHN, distinguished as the heroic I leader of the English colonistt* of Virginia I was born at Willoughby, In Lincolnshire, ■about 1579. Of a daring spirit, longing for a ■larger and more adventurous life, he served linearly life in the Netherlands, a soldier in I the cause of liberty. He then travelled in JFrance, visited Egypt and Italy, and about 11602 greatly distinguished himself in the J wars of Uungary against the Turks, gaining Ithe favour of Sigismund Bathorl, prince of ITransylvania, Wounded and taken prisoner I by the Turks, he was sold as a slave, was I harshly treated in the Crimea, and made his leicapo. Kumours of war in Morocco at- ■ tractedhlm thither, and thence he returned jto Eng ind about 1606. He entered with lentliuwasm Into the project of colonizing jthe New World, and with Gosnold, Wink- le ^."JS'' -"'"'* ">"'"''• "* ""t «» December, lilTV''"^*"'''?''''<"' 0' t'^ee small vessels IforVirgmia, under the. authority of a char- klT"^ "7 '''•"" I- AmiJst the un- I happy dijie!,8ions,rtifflculties, and distress of ILL ""/.l*""- ""^ great enterprise, Smith jrendered the most important services bv his I rrepressibic hopefulness, hig practical wis- IwouTh It m** ?°^'<^ exertions the project iwuld probably have been abandoned. He l.nri*H""P''"*.°' K^ogn'Phical explorations luft hJ^^.'^'T"''"'"' •'waPed with iUTei. Md When" at i'^*; Vl,°^°'*** "'' "'« "»- ter of the chief Powhattan a »i.i . twelve years old lioen^H,f„,*'l* °' *en or town. Smith had need fo?'aTw.'."„ '"'""■ •ave the desponding colonists i„ th "*''• *° mer of 1«08 he exolorecl in n« „ V*** *""»- Bay of the cVeXeakc anS^^tX:^*''' 'ir"„'>J! "•'^"f"*"" Of nearly 'soooine? »^.?7'' •^'""«='enco and the applause of the vfrglkia"7n"!6li" J"*'""^* u'^rLuel Fra^^fhe^'f^lo^fn'g TeTTna^'L '^il return to London after three moS^hs heard coloni! s h„H ^''" ^'""'» P''^""" by the an Pntii'.^ "'^ ''^^°'"« " Christian, married an Englishman, John Kolfe, and with hi in her eTvU^s^a^fd'Th'- "'"'^'^ rnVefnoZ queen and 'io^Ih''^ .T?" P'^sented to tho and ^'ratUudP I? "'"'* ""*'"''« "^ hono"' embafklni fnr a'*''" :'^'"' °" *he point of iKna << A "r ' ", ^°1^- Smith published in and rl^H,! ^V?"^' an eminent antiquarian f„ aP r ''u?^*"*''''"' ^"8 I'orn atGIcnorchv In Argylcshire, in the year 1747 stud iPdnt the university of St Andrew's ; and, i„ 1774 was appointed assistant Pnd succegsorin the parish of Kilbrandon, Lorn, wh|?I he tr-l^t^'r ' y^""- About this timi hi ana the Catechisms of Dr Watts " In 1 7«i «Lr'h?"%'V*°'«" °f Campbel on. Soon llshed his "Essay on Gaelic Ant ., .itPJi .. _ ™.w l^utaau, JiC UUO " Ani.'.;;*.*- *y **? ^»«''c Antiquities," A Dissertation on the Authenticitv of thn cZT^^ °'''''"''" """1 * " CollecUon of An- iSt 178T'h»"°'"''*'' ^'""^ *he Gae'=c " Rt„^».» ' . ^® ^"* associated with Dr thrSrrVn.lJ^'"!" "^ ^""' *« translating I J«rF. J^ *°*" ®'**"''- "s also wroti ?hn T»K.*® commentary on the whole of of 8^ r^„/K "*I »*'- PuWished the "Life ill ..^"''i""'"' t'^e Apostle of the High- lands," extracted from the Latin of St Hshe"dT;f^- ''"'."V '""^ """"' "««« he Pub- P««im. «^®,^ "^l"* Improved edition of the Psalms in Gaelic. Besides his unwearied labour, for the spiritual improvement of he people committed to his care, he was eager to Introduce among them an improved sf stem of husbandry. With this view, he wrote many essays on tho subject, and "frequeSuv SMITH, JOHN PYE, D.D., LL.D.. P R 8 ItZmZ' Nonconformist divine, was trn' »elfer'^.'„'d'' ;7f-,„",L'*."4"i«-". "'^ book- College la 1798. When his course was fln- ' * ii "I ! mm ■ t I'll!' 'If ! ' SMi] ^ i^cto anibnsal 33iograp^g. [m irhed.hewaschoseucUBsical^ coUege ; and ho was invited, at the early age of 25. to hecome theological tutor and prin- cipal of Homerton College, the oldest of the institutions for training ministers among the Independents. In January, 1801, he entered on the duties of that post. ^Wch he filled with the highest efficiency for 60 years. Two or three years after his settlement at Homerton, he became pastor of the church fs^mSung at the Gravel Pits Chape land continued to discharge his pastoral duties in that congregation for about 47 years. The mind of Dr Smith was V"/"'l^y„Tuf ""' He was critically acquainted both with an- cient and modern languages, and studied both the exact and the experimental sci- ences. AVhen geology offered its somewhat startling revelations, he embraced It as a part of the communications of the Author of nature and of truth; and by his patient investigations he endeavoured to show the tangible records of creatjon to be in harmony with the word of God. On the publication of his " Scripture and Geolo- irv "the Royal Society enrolled him as one of their fellows. Dr Smith engaged in cou- troversy with Professor Lee, of Cambridge, on the question of the union of church and state ; and with the Bev. Thomas Bel- sham, and other Unitarians, on the »'V^lty of Christ. Among other works which eman- ated from his pen were, " Four Discourses on PricsThood and Sacrifice," and " Reasons of the Protestant Faith, with an Exposure of Popish Errors," which he republished, with a new preface, within a few weeks of his death. But the most elaborate of his 10 Dr Anthon, who declared it to be an la. posture. "Whether it was got up by Smlti, or was appropriated with some modilla, tion& flrom a manuscript tale by one SpaldW as has been asserted and sworn to, remiiji uncertain. Certain witnesses pretendedto have seen the plates ; Smith translated ibt record, and in 1830 it was published. H{ same year the new society began to tile shape and organization under the name of "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Djj Saints." It grew and spread rapHly.bn success was accompanied by enmity ud frequent violence, so that Smith and lili adherents had to remove from place to place, and from State to State, to avoid pe^ secution of the coarsest kind. In m Smith founded the city of NauToo,ontl» Mississippi, and got a charter of Incotpon- tion for it. It prospered greatly, attracted settlers from various parts of the world, had a fine temple, a university, and a re- gularlv organized militia. By succeaire " revelations " Smith constituted the chotcli, with himself as prophet and legislator. But dissensions existed between the faithfulud the unbelievers In the new city;tlTil newspapers carried on the war, till the bA took it out of their hands, and the goTenot of the State in turn out of theirs. In Jet, 1844, Smith was arrested and imprisoned oi a charge of treason, and on the 27th o( thit month he was murdered by the mob, wiio burst into the prison, Brigham Young it chosen bis successor, and the Mormons Jul soon after to seek a new settlement. Tlili they found in Utah, which was recogniiid his death. But the "J^o" emoor«.« - „,, „7one of The United States in 1850. P"n'!^«'V°"» .^ ZL\^"*'?^l"„f^l'f lZ/in« SMITH, ROBERT, an eminent the Messiah," a work of profound learning and candid criticism, which has been ad- mitted, though the work of a dissenter, as an authority in the English universities. Dr Smith was on the side of progress in general nolitics ; shrunk not from advocacy of the repeal of the com laws ; went to an ex- treme, even, as many deem it, in respect to soXe mode's of social reformation ; but whatever he did, it was in^possible to doub^^ either his con&cientiousness, the purity of his motives, or the Philanthropy and bene- volence that filled his heart. Died, at Guild- ford. Feb. 6. 1851. . SMITH. JOSEPH, founder of MormonSsm, was bom in Windsor County, Vermont. U S ''1 1805. He was the son of a farmer, aiid worked on the farm, receiving but a scanty education. He professed that the divisions and differences of Christendom excited in him the desire to discover for himself the divine truth ; and that during his retirement, in 1823, ho saw a vision, m which an anpei appeared and made various prophetic and historical commur ications o him. Many angel-visits followed, and in 1827 the " liouk of Mormon," a myster ous volume composed of thin plates of metal, in appearance ike gold, and containing, in all kfnds of characters, a history of America from the earliest ages down to the 6th cen- tury of our era, was doliverea to nini. Hia story found believers in his nearest rela- tions, and excited general curiosity, with many suspicions and ill reports. A copy of 840 SMITH, ROBERT, an eminent Eojli mathematician, born in 1689. While itill young he became tutor to the duke otCmi. berland, and in 1716. on the death olhli relative and friend, Roger Cotes, was callH to succeed him as Pluraian profesiotd astronomy in the university of CambriJjt Two years later he was chfisen F.E.S.,ul in 1723 was made LL.D., Cambridge. Hi succeeded Bentley as master of Trinltj Col- lege in 1742. Dr Smith's original wo* are, "A Complete System of Optics," pi^ lished in 1739, and " Harmonics, or iM Philostphy of Musical Sounds," whicbi^ peared in 1748. He edited, with comm* aries, some memoirs of his friend CoM under the title of " HarmoniaMensuranni, and also his "Lectures on Hjdrciiffl and IPneumatics." He was the tmM two yearly prizes for students m mi» matics and natural .philosophy. DiMi» Cambridge, 1768. , SMITH, Sir WILLIAM SIDNET, m British admiral, was the son of a captiiiii the army, Jolin Spencer Smith, of Mld8» Sussex, and was born at Westminster,!* He received his education chiefly BMn» Vicesimus Knox, of Tunbridge SchooliW was sent, before the ape of 12 years.ui* shipman on board the8andwlch.und«^ Rodney. In "80 ^e became a he e* j_ ip^t-n « o/.n.{yr : nnd. in 1783, ooi"*' post «nk,"with tiie command of ibelauw .uvfav- «-„„« anA\ got possession of Toulon, .he hastened thi- ther, and offered his services. Soon after his arrival it was determined to evacuate arrivtti i\f nus uciciuiiucu lo evacuate city ; and the destruction of the ships of r, which could not be carried off, was in- I his arrival ■ the ■ war, wnica cuuiu uui ue curriea on, was in- I trusted to Sir Sidney, who performed the Ibazardous exploit with signal ;abilit7. He I was now appointed to the command of the loiamond frigate, of 38 guns, in which, with la small flotilla under his direction, he ■greatly annoyed the enemy; but in a gal- llant attempt to cut out a ship at Havre in 11796, he was taken prisoner, and, on pre- Itence of having violated the law of nations, ■by landing assassins in France, he was con- Uned for two years in the prison of the llempie, at Paris. At length, by the address 'uid intrepidity of a French officer, named iPbelippeaus, and two of his friends. Sir Kidney's escape was somewhat mysteriously effected. By means of a forged order to the kaoler, and false passports, they escaped to Eouen, and thence in an open boat, to the Channel, where they were taken up by the ugo frigate, which soon landed them at Portsmouth. In 1798 Sir Sidney sailed in lheTigrft,of 80 guns, for the Mediterranean, Id assume a distinct command, as com- podore, on the coast of Egypt. In March, 1799, he proceeded to St Jean d'Acre ; and, bn the 16th, captured a French flotilla, the ■UDS of which he employed in the defence it Acre, against Buonaparte, who invested H two days after. Many fierce contests JoUowed, and the French repeatedly en- ■eavoured to carry the place by storm ; but we determined valour of the British com- luodore and his gallant band, assisted by the poops of Hassan Bey, frustrated every nt- Jempt. Buonaparte having quitted Egypt, ■IF Sidney negotiated with General Kieber •r the evacuation of the country, and by a featy signed at El Arish, in January. 1800, iuJvu,\^' ^^^ ^"^'^'■'^ ^»s agreed to! ine British government had previously an- lounced that it would agree to no capitula- ■on.and Iiostiiities were recommenced by Kk ^"^'"^y nevertheless determined to flfh thV'- ^" ""^ Sir Sidney co-operated lombl nnT? ""' " ^»yP* under Aber- pomhy, and he was wounded in the battle Ihichproved fatal to that gallant general «hii"'T ^^ England he received a va- «! ,r"'*' '^'''^ ^^^ '■feedom of the city «m the corporation of London ; and, in fcr fo ll\''T'K\'> P^li-^nient asmem- lul ?.''*^''****''- Ke was subsequentlv ^rf^.i! „'?''• '""fflander of the"Bath ."in fcrof «»•"'•""•'•''» >«30' lieutenant" P[^^^[mar»nes, succeeding therein his MiUesty, William IV. In 1814 h^^,,.,Z ed to procure, from the congrew of v?pn "*"' the abolition of the slave tfadf and «nj?*' joint attack of the soverelKns u'nnn .h ''**^' ratical state, of Barbary 71^? his ex -rL^*' proved fruitless. He tlsen formed at Par i^o"* association called the Ant -Pirat.v Xu*? probably helped to render the sibjugatTon of Algiers a popular measure in France if It h?^ not immediately lead to that event At th« close of , the war Sir Sidney's JervkesUrf H^thi^l^\'^'^i character than Sir Sidney X^J' °°/. *° ^^ '"""d among the heroes ef^o.'lffn times; and those who recollect ti f h^'"'rS'^"'=" '^'" be ««dy to subscribe to the eulogium passed on him bv his hin fin?."!'' ^-Howard: "All h™ pUlic ac-' tions seem to have been less the offsnrini; ence"fh^n";^?'"^t.'"'^"l''Vo»andnav:f'sc"? ^^JS. ' :, °' *''« intuition of the most ronaantic courage and the hiirhest CrM KpfditThir"*'^"^*^ •'y p^-^^^^^^^^ inirepiaity, that no danger, howevpr «iih every opportunity to harass and annoy them Somersetshire, who. for hnif » \, . '^' rendered himself conspicuous as a noHt^cL' writer and critic, was born at Woodfordln Essex ; received his education arw°nche,'ter College, and was thence elected to New Col lege, Oxford, in 1780. He commenc^ hi« mimstry as curate of Netheravon" WiU. • but relinquished it soon after in nr^.J' travel with the soiHf Mr Hicts BlLh** M. P. for Cirencester; which event a^d It,' immediate consequences hP th,,. k« "' pusly describes in the preface to h^f^.T lecied writings :-" When first I went into lafisbur'y Vain ' If-^-^y.'- th'e mfddW f„-!i /'^ flam. The squire of the nariah took a fancy to me, and requested me to^n with his son to reside at the univmitv of Weimar. Before we could get there Ge? many became the seat of war, and in Wrm of politics we put into Edinburgh where I remained five years. The princlDlerof thJ French revolution were then fS Uy afloat and it is impossible to conceive a more vio' ent and agitated state of society Anions the first persons with whom I became at? quainted were Lord Jeffrey, ford Murra^ (^ate lord advocate for Scotland), and Lord ,^^«n*''''??/, *• °' *''^'» °»alntaining opinions ?«^,^1J'^""<^"^ ''"-^■i«'» a ""le too liberal for the dynasty of Dnndas, then exercising supreme power over the northern div^SS of the island. One day we hnnnon«!?^ meet in the eighth or ni^th stor^r flat in Buccleugh Place, the elevated res?den?o of the then Mr Jeffrey; I pronosed thTwf ?r wUh^n"/,^ ■ ".^"^^ • ' "»" w" acceded to with acclamation. I wna ann>vin.^j editor, and remained long cnTughfn Ed n burgh to edit the first numbe? of the idlS: Ml i! 'l HI ' 1 ' n [1 '• 1* . i.4 VJul • i; SMi] m i^tD ain{btrSBl 1Sio0fBp^6. (4 burith ilevicw." Ho ioon after removed to London, and though the editorial department fell into the hand* of Mr Joffroy, he con- tlnupd for many years one of the ino«t active con'ributors to tlils celehriitcd organ of Wliiir principles. Purlng his residence ot JWluburKh, Mr Smith was minister of the episcopal church there; and whonhesettlcd In London, he bccunio In every sense of the word " a popular preacher," who could at once delight and instruct the crowded as- si'mWagcs of wealth and fashion that re- sorted to tha West-end chapels. Nor were his oral eloquence, wit, and learning confined to the pulpit alone ; With equal success he displayed his abilities as a lecturer on the bellea lettrM at the lloyal Institution, his fame increasing with every fresh effort of his genius. During the Perceval adniinis- tratlon, Mr Smith's activity as a political writer was at its height ; and It was thought that the celebrated and amusing Letters of Peter PlynUey," which ho produced at that period, did more towards effecting Ca- tholic emancipation than any publication of tho time. Throughout his whole career. Indeed, ho exerted himself in favour of " liberal " measures ; or, to use his own words, he "always endeavoured to ught against evil." Hl» last literary efforts were made in denouncing the repudlators of Penn- sylvania. His" Contributions" to the Ldin- burgh Keview and various other productions of his wise and witty pen have been col- lected, and have gone through numerous editions ; and, more recently, his Sketches of Moral Philosophy," or lectures upon that subject, delivered at the lloyal Institution, have been published. He died, Feb. 21, IMS, aged 76. A Memoir of his Life, with his Correspondence, has been edited by Lady SMITH, Dr THOMAS, a icorncd English divine, historian, biographer, and critic ; born in London, in 1638 ; died, 1710. He wrote numerous works, among which are, "An Account of the Greek Church," two volumes of" Miscellanea" in Latin, a Life of Camden," and " VitiB quorundam Eru- dltisslmorum et Illustrium Vlrorum.* SMITH, Sir Thomas, a learned tngllsh statesman, historian, and critic, was born at Saffron Waldcn, in Essex ; and after hav- ing been Greek professor and university ora- tor at Cambridge, became secretary of state In the reigns of Edward VI. and Elizabeth. norn,1612 ; died, 1877. His "Commonwealth of England " ia tho book by which he is best Ildowu SMITH, AVILLIAM, I'Tt.-D., F.O.S., an eminent geologist, was born at Churchill, in Oxfordshire ; and at the outset of his career he studied geology and land-surveying. In 1806 he published " A Treatise on Irrigation,' in which his geological discoveries enabled him to make some valuable Improvements. From this time he steadily rose Into notioe in the scientific world. In 1808 his collection of organic remains was examined by the president and principal members oi the_Geo- logicai Society , and in the orat TOlun.e «>. the Society'* Transactions, which appeared in 1811, his discoveries ore prominently no- ticed. Hut it was not until 181 5 that he gave •42 to the world the long-promised "DelliKntid of the Strata of Englond and WsIm," |j ^ form of a handsome map. This publlmiioil led to the purchase. In tho samp Tear,bT|in Krltlsh Museum, of the whole of liii cou,^ tlon ; and tho task of arranging and ieu^^ ing It ird him to publish " Ktrutii Idemij^ by Organized Fossils " and a " 8tratlmp|||. cal System of Organized FossiU." f{« 1815 to 1825, Mr Smith publlahcd twentj geological maps of various counties of Eit. land, delivered '.ectures in provincial town and travelled in search of new facts, Imij.' for a long time, " scarcely luiy home but ite rocks, except one year which he panedit Klrkhy Lonsdale, In Wcstmorelaiid." ]% 1835 the degree of LL.l). was conferred upw him by Trinity College, Dublin, Kuttliourt careful, he became embarrassed ; anditwu at length well Known to liiii frioiidj, th« this excellent and hlghly-giftcd man, now fast falling Into the " sere and yellow !m/" of age, was without the means of procurlni even tho common comforts of life. An ip. plication was made to the crown, and i pen- sion of £100 per annum was Immediately !»- stowed upon him. Bom, 1769; died, IMO. SMOLLETT, TOBIAS, novelist and nlN(|. laneous writer, was bom of a tespeciiMe family, at Dalquburn, in Dumbartonihlre, In 1721. He was educated at DunbirtM school, apprenticed to a surgeon at Glaijtof, and served for several years in tbe 1117. He accompanied the expedition to Cartkt- ,<;cna, and afterwards went to Jamaica. M succeeding in his profession, he turned to literature for bread, and hisflrstpiibliciiln was a satire entitled " Advice," in 1749. Hit long life was one of restless activity, wrltlnj, traTclling.quarrelling.nlace-sceliing; with- out earnestness, or depth, or priiiclplp. He was for a time editor of the Critical HcTlew, wrote against "NVilkPS in th'("Britnn,"u< published various political satires. HitmoHl celebrated novel is " Uodcrick Rardoa,'! published In 1748; full of amusing incldnt, and characterlied by a coarse bnt httrtj humour. His other novels are " Pere^B(| Pickle," " Adventure*! of Ferdinand Comt Fathom," "Adventures of Sir UnnceW Greaves," and the" Expedltlonof HurapliNj Clinker." He was also authorof a "Cos- plete History of England," a translation « Don Quixote, and some worthies) p««i» His writings are not fit for delicate handiM touch, by reason of their indecercy m moral filth. Smollett died at Leghorn, U 1771. SMYTH, WILLIAM, professor of Bodrt history in the university of Cambrid|(e,rt bom in 1764. He took his degree of MAJ 1790, and in 1807 he was appoii.tcd to W chair of modern history, which ht- heldW 42 years. Most of his life was pawf^ «'«* bridge, in a constant train of quiet dtl« and innocent pleasures. Endowed wtli» fine tasteand correctjudginent,hedeligliW in nursing the flame of infant f"';«^« was among the Aratto appreciate the tnms of Henry Kirke White, whom he ttMW °I, "-".... nfo with characteristic kiiita* a^d a?ter"his death gave a durablee.^. j»~ of his friendship '" '"«''«'"" "1"". scribed on the youthful poet's mommut ill Salnti' Church, CambrldKO. Mr Smyth bi himtclf a poet. In 1800 ho pu!iliHhnd pEngllsh Lyrics," wlilch was favourably Wdved; but his chief titles to faine are kit "Lectures on Modern Hintory" and Fon the Vrcnch lie volution," and his t EvldcncM of Clirlstlanlty." Died at Nor- Llch, June M, 181!). I SMYTH, Wlhi.lAM HENRY, Urltlsh Wmlral, a disiinKuishcd naval surveyor, btronomer, and Hntliiuiiry, wus born at R'cstmlustcr in 178H. He is said to have Jecn a descendant of the fumouit Captain loha Smith, the preserver and early histo- Itn of the colony of Virginia. [8ee ImiTH, John.] He entered the navy at the V of 17, and continued to servo In it till £e close of tlic war in 1819. IIo had tho kiBmnnd uf a gunboat at the hV.'ko of Cadiz kl810,and was made a lieutenant in 1813. Saving observed the defects of tho cluirts of fce Mediterranean Sea, ho began to uiultc Wrvatlons for the correction of them, and Jeing supported by the Admiralty, ho em- loycd nearly ten years In surveys of Bicily, ve coasts of the Adriatic, and the island of lardinia. In these surveys he was assisted / Captain Beaufort and Captain Oaultler jiFarcofthePrenchnrniy. He became post- kptaln in 1824 ; returned the same year to Jngland; couiplctcd the charts for the lAtlas of Sicily," published by tho Ad- ilralty; and published an intcrestiuf; Me- loir on that island. He afterwards settled I Bedford, where he built un observatory, nd iiiacie a long series of observations on kuble Stars; the results of his studies and prvatlons appearlnff in his "Cycle of klenial Objects," wlilch wos published in mo volumes in 1844, and ;.-. ludos the " Ued- Ird Catalogue," It is esteemed one of the Ht handbooks of practical astronomy. Ad- pal Smyth also made himself known as an btlquary, He formed a collection of Ko- •an brass coins.and publlslied a Descriptive mtalogue of thcni, and another of the North- pbcrland collection. Having removed to ftelbea, he was for some time a prominent J|ure in the scientific circles of London : be- IpfellowoftheSocietyofAntiquarlesfrom fil; afterwards vice-president; F. B. 8. Jom 1826, and subsequently vice-president. ■reign secretary, and member of tho coun- Pi member of the council, and president I the Astronomical Society; one of the imncil and pr-sidont of the Gcogrnphical pcietyj visitor of Greenwich Observatory: Kfif '.•''* founders of tho United Serv- it r« k"""; "^ ^"» "'80 a correspond- Krw^M''''".''"! ^**'«'«'» academies. l/'Th. M^/J"* ' P"ncipal literary work is li., "? Mediterranean, a Memoir, Physical WtAT '""J"'^*''" P«''""'''« tlngufshed for hU gooS^senso 7tern^"V"''■ {rrity, and especially his love of fui "L'fi^- than for hi, enthusiasm for .cle/.c? h?* energy, and varied acuuirement. ii ^^'? at his seat, 8t John's Wgo.Tearkvl.^h?''''* September l», IH(J3 ■^"«"' "•'ar Aylesbury, bor«at''&erpTn'u.'/2"^''''"«'''^'''-'^«« tlio Communion of Ht Francis of AhkI.i I .1' after Hubens; and Hamso , dH vered to ?i« Fhilis ines by Dalliah, after Vandyck Ho «pent his whole "feat Antwerp, «,Saln^d the reputation of one .f tho fest'-on^grv^rl! Ilvii . I'Jl **° '^as nitnied painter to Mio Archduke Albert, and afterward. {«.».«>. .T"* f''*l '"«nd of Ilubens and Vandv-k /-h the latteV pkln7er.l'iri.o'?ta."''&''-' Urussels, 1670 i- '"an,. i,jea at S».S^;;;14!^- f^S Batavlus," and severa?treS onlKewo k,' of llumU8.-Ilis 80n,WlLLEUR0D IWr born at Leyden, in 1891. succeeded his faU^^ .n the rantherimtlcal chair, and died in 1628 otuJu^f^^^i^ '•*" *** °' refraction of rays of light; and was the first who undertook the measurement of the earth, or a degree of the meridian, by the application of trigono- nietry. He published some of tho wX of the ancient mathematicians, and a few iaITu'Jm.""'" "' '"' °^" '"^ niathemSr: SNIADECKI, JAN, a distinguished Polish astronomer, born In 1756. He studied at the uni vers , -ies pf Cracow and Gottingen, visi ed Hoi and and France, became acquainted wth Laplace D'Alcmbert. Condorcet, and oU er eminent man, and in 1781 was appo nted professor of mathematics t.nd aetroS a? Cracow; whence he removed In ISOeTo'^the new university of Wllna, of which he be- came rector He retired from the post which »>« had filled so ably and honourably in 1824 in'nl*"**' *",.'"'"• "'» "clentiflc and miscet: aneous writings appeared In a collected form in 8 vols.. In 1837—1839. ^-^uiorm Po^u^^J.^'T^^'/"''*"^' « distinguished Pol sh physiologist and chemist, was younger brother of the preceding, and' was born f„ rl', s »<^,^a8 educated at the university of Hi" stu-Jled afterwards at the unlvers- Itleo 0- Pavia and Edinburgh, and, like his He^fwZ"."""^'* ^° <*" * <=»»"•'• at Wilna tie rendered oronf •»>»{.„. ._ -.. . loland as professor of chemistry rsa Di,«r. whPn *l^'' ""." retained that post tilU830, lutL ^^l^'t^l^'T,'^ ^" "upprMsed by Kussla. Sniadeckl's work, entitled "Thi 943 I t ' • 1 ) ) I f ! I iSNO] ^ i^eiu Slnlbctsal ISlograpbi). Tlicory of DiRnnlc Existence*," was tiun»- lilted Into I'lciich and Ueiiimn. Died at >Vllnn, 1H;I». SNOUllO RTUUIiK80N, Icelandio poct and hlstoiiun.wns born in 1178. llertcclvca aKOodeducHllon.roso to IjIkIi oflico In nis nutlvo Island, and wii» In high reinitutlon for his varied acoulrenicnts and his kIUU ni n storyteller, lie pulillslicd the eolkxlion of Sagas entitled the " llelmskrlngla," In wl:.ch arc many bongs of his own eomposl- tlon, and which was Urst printed in 1U07. There are Swedish, Danish, Oermnn, and Latin translations of It. Bnorro was also editor of the collection, entitled bkallda, or " Snorro-Edda." Bnorro was murdered SNYDEUS, FiiANfl, a celebrated painter oftho Eleniish school, born at Antwerp, in 1570. He studied under Hcnrlk van IJalen ; and, after visiting Italy for Improvement, settled at llrusscls, under the patronage of the Archduke Vcrdii.imd. Ills battles and hunting-pieces arc admirable, and In «,ho re- presentation of animals none have ever sur- passed him. Died, 1657. BOANE, Sir JonN,an eminent architect, was born at Heading, In Ucrkshlro, In 1752 ; came to London at an early ago with his father, who was a builder ; was placed with Dance, the architect, when about 15, and afterwards under Holland. In 1772, being a student of the Koyul Academy, he was awarded the silver medal for the best draw- ing of the Hanqucting House, Whitehall. Four yaars afterwards he obtained the gold medal for the best design for a triumphal bridge. Soon after this ho wat, Introduced to George III., by Sir W. Chambers, and was sent to pursue his studies at Home, with the Academy pension of JE(iO per annum for three years. There he continued until 1780, and studied assiduously the remains of an- cient art. On his return to England ho was employed on mony public works, as well as private buildings; ond on the death of Sir llobcrt Taylor, in 1788, he was appointed architect and surveyor to the Bank of Eng- land. In 1791 he was appointed clerk of the works to St James's Palace, the rarliamcnt Houses, and other public buildings ; and in 1795 architect of the lloyal "Woods and Fo- rests, both of which offices ho some years afterwards resigned. In 1794, a committee of the House of Lords directed hlra to con- sider what alterations could properly be made to render the house, offices, &c., more convenient and commodious. He accord- ingly made the requisite surveys, plans, &c., but though his designs were approved by the king, the execution of the work fell to the lot of James Wyatt. In 18u6 he was elected professor of architecture to the Royal Academy. At this period, and for many years after, Mr Soane was actively engaged in erecting or Improving public edi- fices in the metropolis and elsewhere. Among these were the Dulwich Gallery, the National Debt llcdemption Office in the Old Jewry, the new Law Courts, &c. In 1821 ho made a magnificent design for a new palace, to be constructed on CoaStiiu- tion Hill, but Buckingham House was preferred. In 1824 he was elected archi- tect to the lloyal College of BurKeoBi uj a fellow f>f the Koyal boelcty. in ijijT built Freemason's Hall, In (iuccn gL? and In 1833 completed the now State Piw Offl-;o In St James's I'urk. TLis vuZ last of his professional works ; and.hittai passed his 80th year, he retired. }!« k? duouthed his collection of worki or ui ""' Hheji, theim, IIUUUIIII'U lllB V"iivvi.iu,i Ui worKI Of |H (valued at upwards of X.'io.ooo) (o theji tlon, for the benefit of studiiitj in theim and especially for the advancement of archt tcctural knowledge. This urraugcmeBi i, lived to see completed by act of purliMmt. and at his death, which occurred Ja m' IH;)7, his house and museum in Uncoli'iiu v 'iiicoln'iiu Fields became the property of the publle, Jackson's portrait of Hir Joua Soane iil> the National Gallery. SOltlESKI, JOHN (John III,),kiiigotPo. land, and one of the greatest warriors of bit ogo, was born of a noble family in the ili|. trlct of Olcsko, in 1629. Ho was jent.wiil his elder brother, Mark SobicskI, to flnlih his education in France, and servclfoti time In the body-guards of Louis XIV. The brothers travelled together, but were isij. denly recalled to Poland by an luvaiioaof the Cossacks, in a battle with whogiHirk was killed. John distinguished hlnuelfnn greatly in the continual wars witli Cowckt and Tartars, Swedes, Kiissiiiin.aiidTiirli, and attained the dignity of grandmariw of Poland. One of his most memorable er plolts was the great victory won in m over the combined CossockandTnrlarhotU, in a battle or series of battles wliich v\ti seventeen days. He bud only 20,000ii.ttto oppose to 100,000, and with them licmedPO' land from destruction. In 1071 lie ag8lgll^ feated the Tartars In twenty combati, aid liberated 30,000 Poles who bad Ijcea taken prisoners by them. In the following year he obtained a great victory over tlieTgrki, and took Choczim from them. SobinU was elected king of Poland, as John III., io 1U74, and had the arduous task of raiiiogtke country from a state of extreme depreiilc and embarrassment. >Var with Tartarsaal Turks still went on, und SobicskiJuiiiM the confidence of his countrymen. Hewa crowned, with his wife, Maria Cailniire,ji February, 1676 ; and tho same year Poind was invi>ded by an immense armyotTwli under Ibi. '^'m, pasha of Damascus, lll^ named Shaitan, or tho Devil. Tlie aniiei approached each other by trendies aad counter-trenches, but a treaty of iicace »m concluded. The Emperor Leopold, in diwd of the Turks, sought in 1G82 the aiiidtiU the Christian powers, amongst tlicui.tlntii Poland ; but Sobieski, whoso title Um had refused to acknowledge, in turnreW to make an alliance with him. But in t" following year ho did so. And Viennabnu besieged by 200,000 Turks under thegMwin-l zler.Kara Mustapha.and the imperial faau J having fled, Sobieski hastened to rctoeM city with 20,000 men. He was joined by u« duke of Lorraine and the elector ofim ria, each with 30,000 u'en ; "nd came in sigji of the besieging host on the 11th SeptmWj, .T.J.- _-_. .r.„i.« totally defe.ited them W| became master of theiV cainp, a«'"f/'J^j immense treasure. The victor »" "* MA loo] [rated by o T» Vtum In the cothcdral of llenno, nnil filled Kuroim with Joy. A short liJ uiuatlsf vctory inti-rvlow look plnce ho- |wtoiitliecnipciornndtho«avlourofVlfnno, liiil they parted ill miituni discontent. Ho- EU'ikl pursued tlio Turks, was defeiitcd near Iran, but «oon after di-fcntcd them njfiiln. le afterwards led an expedition to recover lamlnlpk from tlio Turk* ; and wai on the klnt of sueeoedlnB by neffotintlon when tie emperor olfered In IHSO to aid him In the fcm|ue«t of MoUliivl.i and Wallacliiu. Ho fceriaii these prliiclpalltlos, hut failed to lake a permanent conquest. Thin closed hii lllltary career, and hlH strength falling him, b doelincd griidunlly, and wa« at last carried MliT iinnnli'xv. 17th June. lODA. iri> i«.* eoociiiifUKi"uu""j><>"u nusHiiast carried rby apoplexy, 17th June, 1696. llis last Icars were saddened by the failure of all his Itcmpts to introduce reforms in the govcrn- lent. The nobles invariably opposed their imtitutlonal anarchic " Veto," and the Jiriot king confessed himself powerless to m his country. S0CINU8, 1.^LIUS, theologian, was born tSlennn, Inl92j. He was of a distinguished nlly, was brought up to tho law, but ipUcd himself especially to tho study of le Scriptures, and became a member of a dcty formed in the nclghbourliood of Iccnza for free discussion of theological Icstlona. The denial of the doctrine of the llnity was the principal result of these icusslons, and some of the inquirers being It to death, Lnjllus with others fled from ply. He wandered for four years through le principal countries of Europe, visiting llaoa twice, and finding many proselytes fcrc, and spent his lr>st years at Zurich fcero he died in 1SG2. Laslius was an eml- ht scholar, and tho correspondent of many Itlnjfuiahed men, amongst them of Calvin ■0CINU8, FAUSTUH, usually coasidored ■ founder of the Socinian system of doc- (ne.waa nephew of the preceding, and was jn at Sienna, in 1639. He received onlv a |ectlTC education, and having adopted the •ologlcal views of his uncle, ho was ob- f a to exile himself for several years. On I return to Italy he entered the service of I grand-duke of Tuscany, with whom he fained twelve years. He resigned his Ices at Florence in 1374 in order to devote Mf seriously to theological studies, and fit ; M '•,£'";!'? »'« ^l^ited Transyl- ftia, and in 15,9, Poland, where he was at Jt refused admission into tho AntlTrinl- *an churches He lived some years at Icow, retired a while into the coSntry fcZff'"..f ''^' "'S"'"** with some o^f IhvHnir" ''■ ""'' after the loss of his P by death, returned to Cracow. He was |esuhjectcd in 1598 to a disgraceful oTt? N; seized by a mob in his sick-room and Kb'bed"a„'H', '?'""'^ theltreelS; hu ■le robbed, and Ins papers burnt. He ain^l"* '° " ^"'aee. where he spent "is sining years. The aim of Socinus as a les'^hilrn'nr ^■i" '" ««» 'idof a", doc- 3P not Inroot, but for thA m^.. his l>upll; Thcramcne. Varh?. fioL*'*'''" hnifio ..» A . ' *'"' "'* genera 8 after the ^vA *^*' ^^ *''^ sentence. But It was b« « Teacher that Soorute. made himscff fh» aneir wTrhl"' ^'^•"' r' ^"'^^^^' ^e' tTiS-^-^""--^^^^^^^^^^^ whrlr Hlf *°'" ""y P'""^ of public resort t^iifl^ listeners gathered round hira he nav h„"rV 1"«^?"o"ed and discussed, n™t fo? ' Sf h',.^v %T ^''^ '"'» •"'«•"»' and a sense u, l^^y-,. }'^^ ^'^^ persuaded that ho had a high religious mission to fulfil, and that a divine voice (afterwards spoken of as hit rwmon or Omius) habitually interfered to restrain him from certain nctioni • .„d 1^° unni? o' encouraging profitless speculations o?th„ Knnr.'."\*''° rhetorical charlatanry m J .„^?P'''"?' ^« *"™ed the thoughti 6t Z?P.° ^vT'*''''^''' *»""' actions, and thc?r St.. ^•'t ^^♦'n «>n these things he did not Inl !,« '„'" ' f P"*5** °f asserting and Impart- Id^nml l?.f ?h'°"''* '"'• suggested and show- r..n,in. ?'' *''*^ "■."" *" """"l knowledge. He ruthlessly compelled ignorance and pretence «el?7hVh'";'"'l^*'^"»'» »»»"• drew ^on him seir tho hatred of monv a. -™yi . _ 424 he was attacked by Aristophanenn^hl's ?ron J °' 'I'*' "Clouds," as tho arch-soSl.t! tho enemy of reli gion, and corrupter of youth ; • ! ^ ! !in *« ^ 1,1'' i i ^ ilcto gtntbctgfll 1&ift9tapl!)I?» [boi, comic '«%'';. "^i7tv amlafter their fall ho tyranny of t»'„Viw Anvtui ono of their lead- was i>nP«^^'^«* ^^ith whom were associated Wo waH charart'd with not "?'"'',"''*,/. ,_ "»''« ^^\r aiUerr'a^n^^ui^ -?: tiodiicing now °',y*"'";„A. Va« proposed ruptmg the youth. 1 oath wa« P P,^^, as the penalty. ^8o"^*f f^°Vi8 defence by the sentence '«'««* "i|yS,e^^^ him to eiKUty. Thirty dayse^p ^^^^^^^^ them as usual; the itt«^°"'Y hc refused then all the ?y"'^"'"' •„., importance which rose into more or less »» i (See Mr Orotes admirable account of him in ^''''f^irHUto^ o'f t^h?Ch«S^om the Terdrw^hMat Of Ku-jus tenni^a^^ VI' Tart trBohn's'-Kccicsiastical 1.- '"loDOMA.II., tRAZZri flOBUB.llUBERTLK.agculptorofthemh century, of whose bloRraphy little lj known. The country of his birth, undthedutes of hii birth and death, are not ascertained. Heli said to have been a pupil of John of Iklotnii, and to have come to England before 1630. His best-known works are the equestrian gtatue of Charles I., at Charing CroM.and the statue of 'William, earl of PembroU, at Oxford. 801880N8, CHAlir-E8 DF, BOCSBOH, Count de, grand-master of France undw iT»„>i> IV iwnB the Tounsest aon of I/inli I le, graiiu-uiuoicft ui x-iaiiuo unuCT Henry IV., was the youngest son of Louli I., Princo of Cond*, an V was born in 1556. Proud, ambitious, and of only mWdllnj ablUty,he constantlypursuedhlsowniellih interests, shifting from side to Bide in the conflict of parties, and passing hlj whole life in Intrigues. In 1887 he quitted the court of Henry III., and joined the king of Navarro, who had offered him In maniije I his sister and presumptive heir, Catherine. Hc distinguished himself at the battle of Coutras, and for his own ends diiintded Henry from following up the adTantagehe had gained. The next year a breach took place between Henry and Soissons, and the latter returned to the service of Henry IH., distinguished himself at the ilege of Toun, and was named governor of Brittany. He goon after rejoined the king of Navarre, and commanded the English auxiliarlc! at the siege of Paris. For his service on that oc- casion he was named grand-masterofFrante. He subsequently rendered ImportaBt mili- tary services to Henry IV.,but alaoiinu- relied with and disobeyed him. Hewui bitter enemy of the great minister Sully. After the death of Henry IV. he was made covernor of Normandy, allied liimseltHith the duke d'Epernon, and proposed to hut » murder Sully; which proposal the M« re- jected Tvith horror. Sois'o"* af^J the coronation of LouU XIII., and died 111 ^"SOLANDER, DAMEL CIURIM, sj»-| alist, was born in Sweden, In "36 ™f at Upsal, where he became a pupU to-l njEus, and took his degree of JI.D. I« « became to England, obtained an raptor ment in the IJrltlsh Museum, and wa^elrt Td a member of the Royal Society nW he accompanied Mr Banks afterwarii Joseph) in his voyage round thewr" Captaii Cook; and he was « employed in arranging anddescnblng valuable botanical collections. H^^" ated D.C.L. at Oxford, m "". 'f" one of the assistant librarians at he Bni Museum, in 1773 ; and died in 1.82. SOLAUIO, ANTONIO, surna™ M OAUO, or the Gipsy, an em.nenU' fresco-painter, was bom about » oUowJ^ his father's occupation J smith, but falling m love with the »M of the painter Clantonlo de f o«,^ plied himself for ten /ears 'o fj^«™ satisfy her father's «i«h-«"''^ij g^M* his choice. He *f ««ded, ^^ Vie « great reputation at Naples-j;",!*! futed most of bis work'^^l'.n the * ant are the ?"»'■■? "'::;~.:"the life « of St Severino, illustrating » ^ Benedict, which have been _ 94« kOL] lonie critics of our own day as among the Mit work! of their kind in Italy. ISolarlo was distinguished for the beautiful land- ictpc bscltgrounds of his paintings. Died It Naples, \V>!>- 80LI.MAN, THE MAONIPICENT, SUltan Of tlie Ottomans, was only son of Sollm I., and vas born about 1490. He succnedod his fiiihcr in 1420, and having suppressed n re- bellion in Syria, ho turned his arms against theChriitians.and besieged Delgnide, which betook in August, 15:21. Tho next year he unt a powerful fleet against the isle of Ithodei, which for more than 200 years had been held by the Knights of 8t John of |;cruisicm. He Joined the armament him- self in August, anil after five months' siege Modes surrendi rcu to him, December, 1522. .Sollman next suppressed a revolt In Egypt ; Hempted in 1523 the French In his domin- lonifrom the tribute Imposed on his other Chriitian subjects; and lu 132«, invaded Hungary. Ho gained the victory of Mo- baci, in which the king, Louis II., and great part of his army was killed; entered Buda, Ud burnt it; lost it in the following year, lod retook It, in behalf of John Zapolski, his ally and vassal, in 1329. He had the karrison massacred, contrary to the terms of nlie capitulation ; and at Altenburg, which tte stormed soon after, all the inhabitants were slaughtered by his order. In September if the tame year he undertook tho siege of 'ienna, but the heroic resistance of *he fsieged, headed by Frederick, jrince-pala- Ine, compelled him after twenty days to (tire. In 1534, he passed into the East, and ingaged in war with Persia, took Van, and ither towns in Upper Armenia, entered jhdad, and made himself master of Taurls. ibout thf ^ame time he took into his service lecelebi :ed pirate, Barbarossa, who con- [Dered Tunis, wlilch, however, was soon iken from him by Charles V. [See Bar- AR088A.] War with the emperor for the ngdom of Hungary broke out again In IHO. Soon after, a treaty of alHonce was included between Francis 1. of France and mman, against the Emperor Charles V., in lursuit of which Barbarossa attacked the lastsof Italy, besieged Nice unsuccessfully. Id returned to Constantinople with 7000 nsoners. Kenewed war with Persia and 1 ungary, Russia, and Africa occupied the .^if' t/ 'J*.® *"'!'*" ^"'■'"K the following ^ars. The dissensions of his sons, Selimand £V?'"'iT'^ '''» oomestic life, and iazet being defeated, fled to Persia, where IGoWf,° "•'*"' ^ithl'is children. In CO, Tripoli was taken by the fleets of 'S'X'IV'.'^ Malta, held by the fa^u/k^HH ".*"'' ^^^ ^"'^ "'Rhodes! tadedM?"'^'' "■'"' successfully de- tte L-^ grand-master John de la Va- di.d i,^"?," "«"'" ^"'«'Jed Hungary, Igt^nsee H^lfP ^'^"'^ S'^'seth.^aot'h Eof L ?u" «e°"a»y esteemed the reatest of the sultans, both as warrior and m i^tu atnibtrnal 18(oerapl^p, [SOJ. ' srwVp"errp.rji^n^^ and hi. poems" have .^^^^ ^im^St-' 80I,INUR, CATOB Jui.iue A -Rn-,,. Rrapher probably of the 8rd conTur? **,?; compiled a work, entitled " Collectanea I.p rum Memorabllium," to which he aftprwof" gave the title " PoWhlstor •• Thf. „« '*''''* afterwards transferred t"othe'^au'thor' T^e' book was n great favourite in the Middle Ages. It was translated into Enelhih h„ il"^"0''''!'nK"» IW. A newSon o^f the- Polyhistor," with a learned preface bv Sn?'T*«"i "f P«'"-e««'^' «n"ho d?e5 SOT nil ' '"*•» December of that year. „„ 1 .^^^'."H" °^ *he seven sages of Greece and the celebrated legislator of Athens was born at Salamis, In the 7th century' nn Inheriting but a small patrlmonyTe had recourse to commerce ; but at the sarne t im^ eu «h^5 h^ kI"""' ""f '"'°" hecame distin- guished by his superior knowledge in state affairs. After haying enhanced the glorvof ^ILZ^'^'^'I^' recovering Salanrs! he was chosen archon b. c. 5U. and having receiy- ^i i"", P^^^or to do whatever he Judged fn^'^l^l: Y ^^IV'^'^l* *» '"« t"'" of Improy- iK*..*K®/°"d'"°" «' his countrymen. He abolished most of the cruel laws of Dra"o and formed a new constitution, foi;ded on the ?it?e t'?.'°,hl T"^'"*^ P'°P"»y' ""thlrth" «tnt« wi ^^^ honours and offices of the state. He made a fourfold division of the citiaens according to their various degrl-el erTrfVhJ 8«^««ddltionnl important pow! ers to the popular assembly, and made the ft '•'h/,^"? '°^""°'* "fflcersaccountable to L 7^ 4^'^*^^ '"^"y *P*^<=1«1 'a«'8 also relat- ing to trade and commerce, marrlnjre dis- position of property by will,&c^ One of 1 U anVcTu^onr'-'"''^''''''' »»>« neutralUyof any citizen during a sedition. When Solon had completed his laws, he cansed them to said t^Tnl r ^"°''«" «>""ders, an^ is o«th T.«» r® ''^""** ^^^ Athenians by an ?or t»n L*** '""^ ""y '^'"'"K'^» in his code in ^J^.Ju^P- "" ^hen left the country oLJ^T ^.*'*®!? ' ""'I Visited Egypt, Cyprus and Lydla. Ihe beautiful story of 'hii yi"ft to the court of Cra-sus. so rel^l.r«t«d in fco^"i"J5 "Hies, is now numbered with other beautiful myths which can only be admired not believed. On his return, after an ab- ISPfl % £im ©ntberaal ISiogrnpIjp. JBOL] i icnco of ten yenr», ho found the stato torn i by purty violence, ftiid hli Ulntmun risUtru- i tus ulmlnu ttl the lovcrelnnty which he soon I telJica. Holon then wlthiUuw from public I lite, and ii iuppoHOil to have died at the age > 1 of HO, about H. C. 888. ^ „ HOIA'YNh, FuANH nAi.iiiAHAn, traveller nnd enKriivcr, bom at Antwerp, In 17C0. He nocompiinlcd Sir Homo I'ophum In o voynnjo to the lied Hca and the Kust Indies ; ond linv- Inu arrived In lllndoatan, he ntudlcd the lan- tfuaaes, nmnners, custom*, nnd religion of Uio Hindoos, that ho might bo «blo accur- utrly to lllustruto them by his pen and pencil. Attc. .o.o,.co of 18 years, ho re- turned to linropo, settled ut Paris, and DUbli«hed, as iho result of his labours, Les llindous, ou Ucscriptlon plttoresquo des Mivurs, Costumes, ctC*r«monles iWliglcuses doce reuplo,;; 4 vol*, folio. He died at "^sSuis! JOHN, lord, n distinguished statesman and lawyer, was born at Wor- cester, about 168J. Ho passed some time as clerk to a barrister, and, when called to tUo bar himself, evinced talents of a high order. Ho made himself conspicuous by his opposl- i tlon to the tyronnlcal measures of Charles ' II. and James II. ; and acquired great credit ns ono of the counsel for the seven bishop.. He strenuously promoted tlio revolution, and sot, os ono of Iho representatives for Worcester, In the convention parliament. He became, successively, solicitor-general, attorney-general, lord keeper, and, i^ ms, lord high chancellor of Kiiglnnd, with the title of Lord Bomcrs, Huron Kvesham. Alter the death of William HI., Lord Somers spent his time In literary retirement, and was chosen president. of the lloyal Society. In 1708 ho drew up a plan for tffi'c""!? »» union between England and Scotland, which was so much approved, that Queen Anne appointed him ono of the commission- ers to carry It into e.KCcutlon. Upon a change of ministry. In 1708, ho was nomln- otcd president of the council, lie died in 1716 having earned a high character for political purity and legal ability. Ho was also deservedly esteemed as a patron of men "'SOMKIISET, Duke of. [SEYMOUR, Ed- ''gOMERSET, EDWARD. [WORCESTER, MarqtiisoM rT^«/^T»^T SOMERSET, Lord FITZRO Y. [RAGLAN, '*S0"mERVII-LE, WILLIAM, tho author of " The Chase," and other pocm-j, was born at Edston, in Warwickshire, In 1692, where ho Inherited a considerable estate, on which he chiefly lived, mingling "•> "'''IfJ}* """^^ mont to the sports of '.he field with the stu- dies of a man of lettci-s. Died, 1742. ROMNER, WILLIAM, a learned antiqua- rian, was born nt Canterbury, about 1698. He was author of " The Antiquities of Can- terbury," a " Saxon Dlctionury," and a " Treatise on Gavelkind." Died, 1669. SONNERAT, PiERRK, naturalist and tra- v<>ller, was born at Lyons, about 1745. After making several voyages to the East iiiuics, Malacca, the Phllipplno Islands, &e .He re- turned to France with a rich collecUon of [«0I natural curiosities ; wrote nftrrntlTMofn Yoyngrs to New Guinea, tlie V.w liju and {.'liina ; and died in IhU. ^ HONNINI DK MANONCOUnT.CnAim NIOOLAH HI0I811KKT, an einliiint fn^ traveller and naturalist, wnsborn migg,. vllle. In 1781 ; studied the law, whlcliber> llnquUhrd for the army; iiiul bcliiK wn Cayenne as an olMcer of marliiD cngliifm,h was enabled at the same time to uraiifyhii love of trovelling and taito for notunllili. tory. He assisted llufl'on in lili amumof foreign birds, visited different pariiot Eu- rope and Africa, and employed hlmBclllnKl. entiflc researches till the revolution, whn he narrowly escaped from the tyrinnjof Robespierre. Under the consular ind Im- perial governments he was unaWc IooMiIq employment. In consequence of tlicprr)«- ... -„j,.., andTurkfj,", and an edition, in 127 vols, 8vo, of Modi I Natural History. He also assisted ia ttiel Dlctlonnnire d'lllstoire Nnturclle, 2(toIi,| 8vo ; and was conductor of the JllbllotUqit I Physico-ftconomique. Died, 1811. [ 80NTAO, HENRIETTA, ono of thefflortl distinguished dingers of her ngi>, wai bora I at Coblentz, in 1805. Sprung from itlit- 1 atrlcal family, Henrietta Soiitng trod tbel stage when yet a child ; plnTing at the thel atres of Uarm8tadt,l^« other musfcal artists ^l^^mZ* BO.ved to vlst the United States, j. !";!* J v«w Vnrk in the autumn of l»J After a brYuant and >n«?»fliS7r' the Union, she accepted a temptHJ ' Ml *J?''°J^il!?li;?[5U9 ; wliL'io »lio WiiK cut off by ciioloio I ^ili' she wiu prc'puiiiig for licr Uitt appcur- - ' Died. 1831. kr licr.irc the pulill'. . ^,ivu, tout. •urilOCI,US,thoRrfut Greek truKlc poot |i the ion of 8opliilu«, aiiU uut buru at the iie doimn or vIIIhko of Colonun, u. u. 105 Iriy jeurs lutor than vlOgthylus. Ho re-' Ivdl a KOO'I cdurntiun, and at an early auo Eiii'd the prizes In iiiu»lu and Bymnnsllci. ■was (Iflttn when the linttic of HulaniU ' ruiiKlit.nnd fur his rcniiirkablc beauty iliill in I'.iuale, he \vu» chosen to icad the iriii which siniK the pu>an of victory. At laloii auch oci'U8liing,he appeared naked )lntc'd with oil, iind huldhitf a lyro In his I liaiul. His first oppearnneo at a dra- |ii>t win In iM, when under memorable kuiiiMuiices he hiid Tl.'schylut for his rival h won the victory. Of the next 28 ycurt his life iiotliiiiK Is recorded ; but It Is Un th.it he made poetry hit business, that he composed u Rroat many ploys 117 tlint iirrinn. Nnf itiw^ #ir »iin.« i. ■ iiiiu iiu luiiiuusuu u K'oni many plays lin;i tlmt period. Not one of them, how- ir, is now extant. The " AntlKone," tho ■irat of his extant trnKedies, was brought ilii 110, niid won tho prize. 'J'lie Interest lllie play turns on tlie conflict between I claims of the state and the family, and I wiMloin of its sentiments on public lirs Ii'U to the appointment of the poet as I of the ten Stnitegi (ticncrals) for tho It year. As such ho took part with Tcrl- liii the war with tho aristocrats of Sa- il. Tho most InterestlnB fact recorded llm on this occasion Is, that ho became liciiiitcd with ]IcrodotU8, then llvlnir ot jws, and composed a poem for him. So- Jflcs (iocs not appear to have taken any ■licr part in politics or war. The num- lofplaysnttributcd to him, without Ques- I, was 113, of which 81 were probably pro- V\ after tlio "Antigone." Seven only lextant, vi7 "Antigono," " Eloctra." C',"?" ^^'""«"." "Kins rt'Mlpus," lax,' "rhiloctetes," and "(Edipis At W' Tl.e.sccxl.il.ithisnrtinUrraS- lly, and sustain tho verdict of ancient I modern critics that Sophocles car r^^d te,"'"""' ^? "» "'B''*^"' perfect on fftctcd a complete change in the con Nipn of tragedy as Whylus loft it • hing the connection between tho parts > trilogy and the satyric drama and In? them not one great poem, but* four pet ones; introducing i third aVtor- I for subjects 6clectin«f not a series of r„V"1 Uiythical actions, but for each mcla«choV*a„a''co''n.'oMng*'ir„"er\»«'''«' not presented on tho HauoiFunJ^ *" after tho poet's deot 11... h^ I, "*" year* tho beautiful ^«.W son^o'',"f,,!;''"^'''°' from t. when hi. «..., »„ r' °' "'" chorus) taken put of his hS", the J ou?d W error „„d ^a.^^econcK to hShc-"' i"* mmm$ mwms mirub version hn^„„^ ""*."''"' ""<» "<>- M.A. professor of Divinity kLVoP'''*'' j^ond^oa; accompanied ^'^ ' ^''Zlr'S^i Sfs. ^^o";Sv^°"h^i;^^?, «» "'''«p'" •" to" £ brny.' Hodfedln m* '"' """"'^ "^ ^um- ofSJic; VlTo?'^v'i' "'""'"tod n.lstrcss «ho accompanied her to court i„ ^lo "•''*".' the king fttlUnjr in Invn ti.h i "['' ""«' nppolnted malf of honour to ^^L'n" '"" She acquired great Influence ove" he^dnS' Tho king, however, visited her there .fnrt ?»" for Iho rcrom.tlon of llio ' Sar I .' n!«f v'<'h commenced a. c, 43. No fnril.e; »oSc«aY„';&'aVS,irf''S"''» o7Si,rA'i^'';f»"'i'i5«5c&.u".''krj ptoTorte?.^r.riLT„r,i'is is said to have co«t ftnn ♦,!„„. ' ^"''^" belonged, and showed from lis vof,ih».?I mcmberod ns author iff H.lf-.-.^fTJ'l ^^ '«" ^atitled. •• Vrincipia^-l^pogV^nS' "'^Ll pcnpture History, issued In Holland, Hm^ % jfieto anitictaal laiograp!)^. [3or Mr «"''''■''» ,7'j^, ';"«;,, of LulhPrund wsmwms. Ktil nt the comiiicnccmcnt of the uvii war, uin^^umi nf?er a ...onth surrendered, pro- m ini fldrUty t» M» sovereign. U. was ured the royal tlcet at lllftvet. and occupied hP .10 of Olcron. After several defeat* ho llln w" nt to KuKland and obtained from ''smmikK CiiAiiLKS i)i: Ron an, Prince de duio o 'lohan. peer, and marshal of Frlince was born In 1713. He was of ho Jnim- fonTiiy a» the precedlnR, entered the armv at tl e^«e of lO; and served as alde-de- aimy at vuB uBv ' ^^ campaigns of \?4Tm8.' le w^s wounded at'th^leKC of Frlburg hi 1745, and was '^VVoUxt^^J^^ iT'ii governor of Flanders and Hainault. Owmrtolire favour of Mada.-.c rompadour, Biirrr\^ri;it:^;;i^^^ StnK who made hifu a minister of state, and Bavo'lllm arich penHlon; but he was hated Snd desulscd by the courtiers, who made a'om ,anS o» tl.t Kl.lne to 178., b„. ml.- f,»;ml.i.au,,. .ro... b«wc.n hto .Jd ™^ », 1 de Uro«lie, which, througn tne m ! flucnce ^'f Mad'»V,.^T??;r'The mUitary i vi 1 1 Kid exile of the latter. The >"»"«[> i . areer of Marshal Soubise ended w th ithe ! V ..,»i- „» .T«hi.nni»bertt. and nls uie was thencefonhlhat" of a" venal courliei ana favSur te His fidelity to his unworthy mwter LiuU XV.,was touchingly displayed fi the chcmnstanco that ho was the only 050 studied at Home, and kfter traTellliif |b Italy and the Levant, to examine tlit n- uialni of antiquity, he lettleU at Ijcai, where he built an cxcliunf(o and a lioiplul, which gained him so much credit, ilitt ht was called to Paris, and made lupfrintend- cnt of the royal buildlnRs. lilt prlnclpil work Is the church of Haiiite-GencvKve, the first stone of which was laid by louli XV., 6th Bcpt., 1704. He was a knight of the order of Ht Michael, and died la 1781. BOUliT, NlCOl-AS jKANDRDirC, a dll- tlngulshcd French mnrnhal, wn» bnrnitSt Amand (Tarn), In 17«9, tlic »nmo mcmorililc year which gave birth to Arthur Wclkilr and Napoleon Huonupartc. Heenlcrc! ,' Koyal Uegimcnt of Infantry in KM, ivat made noncommissioni'd officer in i;'JO,and then passed rapidly through the IntcrmcJiaie grades, until ho reached that of adjutant- general of the staff, when General UftbTre attached him to his own service, with iho grade of chief of brigade. In thatquillty he went through the canipaigniof WHwi 1705 w Ith the ormy of the Moacile, and oivi d to his talents, as well os to his Uepublican principles, a rapid promotion. Succcsjivdy raised to the rank of general of brigade and general of division, he took part in all the campaigns of Germany, until 179D, when he followed Masaena Into Switzerland, and thence to Genoa, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. Set at liberty nflcr the battle of Marengo, and riiiaed to the com- mand of Piedniont,he returned to Iranceat the peace of Amiens, In 1802, and waanH one of the four colonels of the guard of thd consuls. When the empire was prodaimed in 1804 , he was nominated marshal of f w e and during the campaign which Urm . at Auslerllt7.,he held the command of th fourth corps of the grand army, and 1»«1 the great German battles I'e tooU » .^i,.,.nnroart In 1808 the marshal entered B^palnTanS falling upon Sir John Moore' minute »»u.i- Moore, ^rdl vc- tue grave of Sir JoM cwsp.U record of thHfll nffhp' 1." '.if'ti! "cncraltobec •'•<" S roe? ■ "P^ ^n ^•'''^'> "" '' .„, cnU of the Braganza fam y mad' ot for the permanence of his Bway^ evil luck of the ".arshal wa «PP ^^ Wellington was "^J""' °f /"urat fl and he was a"»f f^/^^J^ne of ti famous passage "' i»;«„"T,yp,ed by ' the night, the disord" of the am ^^T tially mended, and he quitwy^o^"^ BOU] rttrwt, when h« w«i itunned bjr the intelli- l«nc« that Miirtlial Dereiford lind oroued the Ihiui hiKher up tlion Wflllndton, and kHd the brldRo OTor thn Amnrnntc. He waa obliffd to It'HTp the whiil«! of hie biiKirnKo b«hiiid htm, nnd retreat by forced mnrch. s throuKh the mountain!. Ae euon at Hon hfird of the dleastniui cheek to the I'ri>nch irmi at Tulavera, he nianu)ti>d, by a eerle» of rapid nioYenir'nt», to Join Ney Hnd Mortlcr, ind forced Wellington to retire upon Portu- (al. In 18(10 liH waa appointed mnjor- l»nenl of the Frencli force in Hpain ; and bclnR thuiTlrtiiiilly commandnr-ln-chief, he ftired the great victory of Ocana, which ninlted In the aubJuKiitlon of Andnluain. In 1811 'IB captured 01lven«« and Itadajoe ; jilt the Hrltlth li>ce, Hoult marched to relievo it, iitackic! the DrltUh under llere«ford at Albue.-a, and luittalncd a bloody defeat. Me netertheleaa bravely defended the aouth of 8paln. Hut In IHI2 Wellington commenced hit offeniilve movemcnta and captured Jlada- Joi. In 1813 thn great battle of Salamanca loowned the French hold of Spain, and 8oull, compelled to abandon Anduluala, was recalled to aid the emperor in hit great •truKgle In Germany, and he was chief of theitaffof Napoleon at the battles of LUt- len and l)aut/.cn. On the news of the French defeat at Vlttorla, 8ouU flew to Spain, and uiumcd the comnmnd. Kut the game was 111 agalnat him. He knew It to ho hopeless. Yet, upon taking the command of the army In July, 1813, as the "lieutenant" of the emperor, his proclamation to the troops breathed the hnughtleat confldenco In bis cause, and In his chances— declaring, as it did, that If the French had been well com- manded at Vlttorla, they would have beaten the English. For two days he obstinately defended his entrenched camp, not far from Bajfonne; but on Wellington man *»>« ""M of St Lo^f° """"«<« him to the command of the thlr- " IS leJrnf "li; ^?'"- ^' *"*)• O" March 8, ll.hed«n"'!l'^*''S '^"'*'"» ^^""1 Elba.hepub- wa, trpn.".?" °' •'*•' ''"y '■» *»>''^h Napoleon iL^ui^ '"'"■« than severely. Yet on m i^tp an(bcr»al IStoaropbi). [hou Waterloo, ithero ho foii>h» •.._ ., th« marabal took ^f^l^^ JSi'^.^h Oencrul Ilrun de Vlller. t his form;, llj'" decamp. Mug set down on the li." -If ",h« PHMcrlCed, he withdrew to 1)( ..el "f unm iHi!'. when a royal ordinance allowed himti return to France, lie then went t„ 1,^2 With hi. family at Kt Amnnd', '„".;; place, and his marshal's bAton, which had been withdrawn from him, was rfVerw..rd. restored. Charles X. treated Ma /ha "^"ul with favour, creating him a knight and afterward, peer of JVance. After he re volution of July. 18.10, the declaration of the J^mT";!."! ""''""•'• "•■•"'*'■<» him of that rank ; but ho was restored to it 4 davs later by I^uls I'hillppe, Who appointed him m n in 1838, on the coronation of Queen Victoria, floult was nominated ambassador extra ordinary to represent Franco at the greiU ceremonial. He waa welcomed w tli gle popular onthuslaam, and f«ted by the duke of Wellington j and the two aged heroes were received with acclamation on thel? given by thecorporution of London in Oulld- hnll ; and the health, of the duko of Wcl- o«e'rer""'*H''"'""" «""" wcro proposed guesu Cf-iT-PB""".*"^ '" ^y the Illustrious Ruesu. In 1847, Soult res gned his minis- torial functions; and King Louir'-I 1 nno Ph«L ?• .u"^'P''"t his latter day. at hi. ch«teau n the land of his birth ; and after the revolution of 1848 took no pminpoli' tics, nied, Nov. 26, 1851. *^ SOUTH, RoUKUT.an eminent div'ne wa. born at Hackney, in 1633; and educnfe^" Westminster School, and Chrlstchurch. Ox- of iL v"n "*"' .1*' *" '=*'°'"='' P"hllc o^a or of the iiniverslty, and successively became chaplain to the earl of Clarendon, prebend- ary of Westminster, canon of Chr stchurch. Irn ''^"^"u ,*" ^""P' '» Oxfordshire. He preached before Charles 11., but refused all ofTors of promotion In the church. He lT,?i"„'^ ""i"'"' P«" '" P'-on'otlng ihrrevo! lutlon, and was never tired of prenchlnir against the Dissenters. In 1693 he carried ZL'TfT^'f ^'"^ Sherlock, on the doc- trine of the Trinity, when both disputants to explain an indeflnoble mystery. He was Hu')!r ",{ '^'■^"* ''"' »"<» «"«' not spare to display It even on .erious occasions His and^nXVlr"'','"*^* "'^'""* «' earnestness and originality, clearness, good sense, lively 17ie" *'"' forcible expression. Died, T F't^^i?'",'^'1^7°7' THOMAS WR10THE8. i-EY, tarl of, lord chancellor! of England was born at London, of an ancient family distinguished as Heralds. He was educated ?«'.^'!!'w '■"^Ji' '«'" c«"e«i to the bar, and in 1S35 obtained an oflBcein the Common Pleas, Ihree years later he was named secretary of state, stood In high favour v/ith the king. Henry VIII., nnd after the fall of Cromwell was V rtually first minister. He was a con- scientious Romanist, and was recognized as 1S43 the king created him a peer by the title of HaronWnothesiey of Tltchfleld, in Hamp- er 1 60U] % JUtD ©niteraal ISiograpl)^. ataire, and gave him the abbey Unds. He succeeded Lord Audley as chancellor in May, 1614, taking the usual oath of abjura- tion of the pope. A colnmigsi^/a3r was ap- pointed to assist him in hearing causes, and he applied himself almost entirely to state affairs. Wnothesley was not wiser than his generation in respect to persecution, and not only promoted the severe measures against the Protestants, but in the case of Anne Askew took part personally in the act of torture. Tlie king commanded him to Impeach and arrest the queen, Catherine Parr, for her supposed heterodoxy ; but when he arrived to execute fie order the kin;; was of another mind, anu dismissed him with rou^h words. Uavin{< tiegotiatcd a satisfac- tory treaty with Scotland, ho was rewarded w'th the knighthood of the Garter. I» was the influx ce of Wriothesley vhich chiefly led to the .'cution of the earl of Surrey and the attainaer of the duke of Norfolk, in 1547. Uo was one of the executors of Henry VIII., and an opponent of the Protector Somerset. Edward VI. made him carl of Southampton, and at the instigation of Somerset, deprived him of the seals. Re- stored to the council in September, 1549, he finally retired from public life n few months later, and died at Loudon, aotli July, 15dO. He was buried in St Andrew's Church, Hol- born. SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WHIOTHES- LEY, Earl of, a distinguished statesman and courtier, was grandson of the preceding, and was born in 1573. He was a friend of the carl of Essex, whom he accompanied to Cadiz, and afterwards to Ireland ; took part in his rebellion, was tried and found guilty ond committed to the Tower in ICOl. Two years later he was restored to his honours by James I. He suffered subsequently a second imprisonment, served in the war in the Netherlands in 1624, and died at Dergcn- op-Zoom, the same year. He is now chiefly remembered as the friend and patron of Shakespeare, who dedicated to him his " Venus and Adonis." A portrait of South- ampton, by Mirevelt, is in the National Collection. 80UTHC0TT, JOANNA, was born In the west of England, of parents in humble life, in 1750. AVhen about 40 years of age, she began to give herself out for a prophetess ; and her numerous converts, who are said at one time to have amounted to at least 100,000, put implicit faith in her wild and blasphemous rhapsodies. She described her- self as the woman spoken of in the book of Revelation ; and, although in the highest degree illiterate, she scribbled a mass of unintelligible nonsense, which she dignified by the title of prophetic inspirations, while she carried on a lucrative trade in the sale of seals, which were, under certain con- ditions, to be the passports to eternal salva- tion. At length, she was attacked with a disease which gave her the outward appear- ance of pregnancy, and she boldly announced to the world that she was destined to be the mother of the promised Shiloh. So fuilj persuadea, indeed, were her deluded follow- ers nf its tr;!'.!'., th.".t. they m.'id.i the most splendid preparations for the reception of the n-i.aculou* babe that superstition aid credulity could suggest ; when, about tlie end of 1814, her death put an end to their expectations. The body of Joanna under went an anatomical examination after h>r deat'i, when sh<3 was lound to have luffered from dropsy ; l^ut the belief in her diUne mission was not eradicated irom ilie mladi of her votaries, and the sect is not e»eii »» wholly extinct. "' 80UTHEKN, THOMAS, au eminent dri. raatij poet, was born at Dublin, in I6«c became a servitor in Pembroke College 0-.' ford ; and then settled in London. He»u patronized by James II. while dulteof York and afterwards served 'n the royal annr against the duke of Monmouth. He wrote the " Persiau Prince,"" Isabella, or the Fatal Marriage," and " Oroonoko," tragedio; the " Disappointment," the " Rambling Ladv " and the "Wife's Excuse," comedies, li'ij tragedy of " Isabella " is one of the moat pathetic and effective dramas in the lan- guage, and is memorable as the play in which. In 1782, Mrs Siddons made her first successful appearance at Ururylane. South- ern held a commission in the army, which with his writings produced him a hand- some competency; and he died, aged 66, la 174(>. S O U TH E Y, CAROIJNB ANNE, whose maiden name was Bowles, was the only child of Captain Charles Howies, of Buck- land, near Lymington, where she was bom in 1787. Her earliest production was the " Birthday." For more than twenty years, the writingsof Caroline Howies were anony- mous, and although widelv circulated and warmly appreciated by the public, she was a stranger by name, save to a few attached admirers and friends; and it wasnotuntil after the publication of " Ellen Fitz-Arthur," and several of the pathetic novelettes which she contributed to Blackwood's Kagazine under the title of " Chapters on Church- yards," thathername became known beyond that limited circle. Among the first Mendi attracted to her by her genius were the poets Southey and Bowles ; the fornifr of whom reviewed a volume of her poemshia highly complimentary manner, before lie had any personal knowledge of Its author, and availed himself of other onnortunitiei, in the Quarterly Review and cisewhefe,oi testifying his admiration of her genius. A cordial friendsliip subsisted for more thsn twenty years between Caroline Bowles and Robert Southey, and in 1839 she accepted him as her husband. At the date of tlie marriage, Southey had beon a widower two years; his former wife hin ingbeen virtually dead to him many more. On his death, Mrs Southey was left with means insufflcicntio provide her with the ordinary comforts ot life ; but she was soon relieved from anxiety, by being placed on the civil list for a pen- sion of £200 a year. The order of Mrs South- ey's works is as follows -.—" Ellen Fitz-Ar- thur," a poem (1820) ; " The -Widow's Tale," and other poems (1822) ; " Solitary Hours, prose and verse (1826); "Chapters on Churchyards," two vols. (1829); "Tales of tbp Factories," a?id " Unhin Hood," « fo- ment, by the late Robert Southey andCiro- ^ ^tix> Bnibexfinl ISiograplbe. IlneBowles, with other poem.. ("^I^I^^Jl^;;;;;:!^^ /SOUTHEV. KOBEET. poet, biographer D?Z„""'r"''.'"y- I» '«92Te^'°A°/'''»'* Md mlscclluneous writer, wa.' the son of a' he wn,' h^''''.^l° remained th?eo Tears bc?oi^ respectable liiicndrapcr. and was born at ho r»m»?"*?^* *° *■"'"•' when, owning iw BrUtol, in 1774. After receiving the rudl the CatLn?..^"*.""]" *» «'<'" to^rZ^a?' menu of education from country school- and pxo, ?/ °. '^"Kjo". he was conuSd ma8ter.,ho was sent to Westminster Schoo . S? various „1'A° '^'i"- "" ^'"^ the au "o? and tlienco to K-,liol College, Oxford ; hlgl pUlgi?"* P^°t^'^°'■^^^ early display of more than ordinary talents 80 wr h *-??*J<^erable merit. *^^'"' aBdacorrespcnding steadiness of character and arH««,„'K*^?'""<""'n<'nt naturalist having led liis friends to choose the church fl?8t st .di^H ^f.^!;.'"'' ^" ^°"*'°n '" 1757. Ho as his destination. At Oxford, however, he and In^rl P^^*"""?"' "'e Itoyal Academy- remained but two years, the then unsettled and combT.fi'n'l' ?"?"""'' 'V""""^ to botan/? -,...w..= »» i„ „uiu viiurcn and state causing him to quit the uuiverslty and wholly renounce the Idea of taklnir orders, In the year 1794. After travelling in Spain and Portugal, and residing in Ireland 'a secretary to Mr Corry, he having for some time been mariied,he at length settled at Keswielj, in Cumberland, in 1803. He was already knowu as author of " Joan nf Arc," " Wat Tyler," " Lines on Bradshaw tlie Regicide," and other pieces, which in- dicated more political and poetical flre than politicul j udgiiicnt or personal prudence, and at Keswick he commenced an almost un- exampled carcerof Industry in literary com- posiiion of every description; his overflow- ing mind and *-eady pen being equal to whatever could be demanded of them a Imere list of his separate publications would form a long article, not to speak of his numerous and elaborate contributi« '"=«'"ne a thorough- go ng churchman and tory,nnd the eloquent defender of the church and of the throne [He continued to delight and instruct Hip ?i .;.'"'' I» "M I'O reoel.ea a pmS"t BsuVJd"iJpAJ'^'.I^O"EKT, an En^lUh Smwi.? <. i" ^conjunction with Sir J T Died. 1822 ■' ^'^■^■' ""'1 r.Z.S. SOWBllBY, GEOKOKURKTTINGirAM .«„ twecn 1820--1824 V^'[ ?,",'* "PPeared be- cies Conel^Ku " a^'^n 'J,"' "'^^ 'l ^P^' r I ??^' <=>'-r?^sto"^a^^srs■ ' brS^s^Sh-'^ifvt.^ criri'- » %'■ studied at the university i? r„s (.'^k a^d afterwards at Greifsw iiH ■ n„,i . r. '.""" ' fi rrTTTtrtrti 'T spa] -a i^cto gtnlbtrgal 13iogtapt)g- [SPE Berlin, 1804. Hit ion, Qeorg Ludwig, U "IpfLDING. OEOBO LUDWIO.phllOlOgiSt. was second son of the preceding, .nd was r It M^rth In 1762. He studied first at a aS'gfm'^slum 'then directed by BUsch- UiJnnd afterwards at Gottingen and Halle. Aff^r travelling througU the principal ^oantrles of Europe, he became tutor to the cWldren of Prince'^Ferdinand, and professor at a gymnasium of Merlin. He was M. A^ HaUefand a member of the Bf"j^ Academy i^f Rpipnces In consequence of the Ke- UTlous Edict "he abuidoned theology, and devoted the restofhisiife to philology. He Is chiefly remembered for his excellent edi- tion of the works of auintilian, in 8 vols., of which thrTe only were completed by him. ^SPALLANZANI, LAZAKO, a celebrated ItSian naturalist, was born at Scandianc nearKeegio, in 1729. After studying at the Ku- college of Heggio. and the unlycrs- itv of Bologna, under the guidance at the atter of the celebrated Laura Bassi, he was chosln in 17M, professor of logic and Greek liieJIwre at the university of Heggio whence after six years he removed to SodeSl to fill the same chair there. He had already acquired a great reputation as a ^choK but from that time he devoted him- self to his favourite studies in natural his- ?orv About 1770 lie was called to Pavia as nrofessor of natural history, and was soon S?ter made director of the Museum. He en- gaged in numerous ingenious scientific Experiments, especially for the purpo e of iiiii»Matin« the c rculation of the oiooa, and maAany discoveries i" P>'y*i«l°Ky find anatomy. He also investigated the subiccts of generation, respiration and di- tesUoii and determined the animal nature of the infusoria. He undertook extensive ^ralnio esnecially exploring the coasts of rhrMl'diSneil an'd in ^85 visited Con- rpJ^ef a Xrfuf Tccu^atipJ'Sia^I aSt him in his absence, and had a tri- umXl entry into the city. On a subsequent Z?noy in lia y he made collections for the ^Mu euL' of p/via of which he has been called the second founder. Spalanzam nublished numerous works embodying the ?esu lis of his observations and researches, mid among them arc-" On the Action of the Heart "" On the Phenomena of the Circula- Uon ■•'" Memoirs on Hespiration," •' pi*«ert; atio IS on Animal and Vegeiab e Phyfics,' "On the B-eproduction of Animals," and " Travels "He was a member of the prin- cipaT Academies of Europe, and the corre- snoiident of his moat eminent scientific con emporaries. He was ofi'ered the chair of NaUiral History at the Paris Jardin des S« and Haller expressed his sense of his great services to science by dedicating to 5 ma volume of his great work on Phy- Rioloitv Died, 12th February, 17P9. 8PANHEIM, EZKKIEI,, a learned numis- n,.^U^ and staVsman, was the eldest son of to the ion of Charles Louis, elector-palatine, who employed him in several importut missions. He assisted at the confertncei of Oppenhelm and Spire, and at the Congrm of Breda. He came to England ai miniitw of the elector-palatine, and was also ip. pointed ambassador of the elector of Bran- denburg. In the latter capacity he wai ttn to Paris in 1680. After the peace of Kyiwick he was sent again to France, and from thence to England, where he died in 1710. His principal works are, " De PrieBtantig et Usu Numismatum antiquoruin," 2 toU,, " Orbis llomanuB," and Letters and Diisert- ations on Medals. SPAKUMANN, ANDttKW.a SwedlAw- turallst and traveller, was born ubnut 1747, and studied at Upsal, where, by hit altea- tion to natural history, he attracted the notice of Linnaeus. He visited China and the Cape of Good Hope, penetrated a con- siderable distance into the interior of South- ern Africa, and accompanied Captain Cook on one of his voyages. He wrote narratirei of his travels, and died at Stockholm 1820. SPABTACUS, leader of the revolt of tie gladiators in Italy, and one of the mojt ex- traordinary men of his time,wa8aThraclan by birth. He was first a shepherd, and after the conquest of Macedonia by the Ilomaiit he was compelled to serve in the Romaa armies. He deserted, carried on a harauini warfare against the conquerors, and «u captured and sold as a slave. On account of his great size and strength he was trained for a gladiator in the company of Lentulu at Capua. Hero, in B. C. 73, he persuaded about seventy of his fellow-slaves to join him in an attempt to escape. They im- ceeded. and took up a position on Vesunni, having possessed themselves of arms on theli way. Blockaded there by the prsetor, thtj defeated him, and were rapidly augmenud in numbers by slaves and wretched la- bourers ; among whom SpartacusestablwW such discipline as was possible. His mm rose in number from 70 to 10,000, and ere later to 70,000, and their ravages and tepeirt- ed Victoria caused the greatest a^M» Army after army was sent against he. only to be defeated, and for two years ^ tacus defied the power of Kome. At lui Crassus took the field with six fresh and after repeated attacks defeated hmj the river Silarus, on the borders of ft« pania, B. C 72. Spart. cus fought he oa« to the last, and was kJled i fOM f « » Burgents escaped to the nof '^"'S were slain by Vo^nP^y "'Sed and S and 6000 more were captured ana m akmg the road from Korae to Capua. " JPECKTEK, ERWIN, German P^3 ^iiv^tfi^^^Sa i bomeliu's, at Munich i '"i'i"S;;iJ'iie», sioiied to execute Botnefe8coei.m^ tureGallery,butaidnotliYCtodoii •J'A spe] to the Berlin and Dresden Oalleriei, and still more his Tlsit to Italy, led to a great change In his stylo, freeing him from his early Overbeck worship, and bringing him nearer to nature and reality. After his re- turn from Italy ho was employed to adorn with frescoes a Hamburg villa, but died be- fore they were finished, November, 1835. His Interesting " Letters of a German Artist from Italy," were published in 1846. SPEED, John, an English chronologist, historian, and antiquary, born in 1942. He i) the author of " The Theatre of the Em- pire of Great Britain," and "The History ^ MtiJi BnibtxHBil Idiograjpljt). plre in uicni uitiAiu, oiiu iuc xiisiory of Oreat Britain, from Julius Caesar to James I." Died at London, where he had spent most of his life, 1629. BPEKK, JOHN HANNlwo, a distinguished African traveller, andexplorer of the sources of the Nile, was born of an ancient family at Whitelackington, In Somersetshire, in 1827. He entered the Indian army at the age c* 17, served in Sir Colin Campbell's division through the campaign in the Pun- jaub.and during his annual leave of absence made exploring expeditions in the Himalaya and in Tibet, especially studying the botany, geology, and natural history of the region, and collecting specimens. He subsequently accompanied Captain Burton in his explor- ation of Eastern Africa, and in 1858 reached the head of the great lake Nyanza, under the Mountains of the Moon, and since called Victoria Nyanza. Desirous of ascertaining whether the Nile has its sources in that lake, he set out from Zanzibar In 1860, ac- companied by Captain Grant, to find the southern end of the lake ; and after heroic struggles against extraordinary difficulties, succeeded in his object, spent some time on the shores of the Nyanza, and striking the Nile at Urondogoni, retraced Its course to the lake. The intelligence of this dis- covery was received in England, by tele- graph, in February, 1863, and occasioned great rejoicing as the solution of the knotty problem of ages. If the first enthusiasm had to abate, it is at least certain that Cap- tain Speke has made the most Important contribution towards the settlement of the question of the origin of the Nile. Captain Speke was accidentally shot near Bath, Sep- teraber 15, 1864. His " Journal of the Dis^ !n?«7/ 'I" ''"""■^^ "' *^« N"e " appeared m 1863, and a pamphlet entitled " What led to the discovery of the Source of the Nile " in 1od4< li.h^M^?'^^' ^''' Henry, an eminent Eng- PnSi ^*°"'"ir''",'* antiquary, was born at Congham, m Norfolk, in 1561. James I. fre- an7hP^?'^'''^^'l''''^ °" P"*"'*: business, and he received the honour of knighthood for his services. He died in 1641, leaving '•G oUrium ''a T""',' ?">»"« ^vh/ch h"f uiossarium Arehieologicura " and "Vil- -^HrAri?"'T' '*''^ '"" '''ehly esteemed. hTfatwld'.'-l"^^ SPELMAN, inherited MOxford^re he obtained a fellowship. meH. '„?'■'"'"?''' "^"'^ '• entitled ''Pol}- metls; or, an Inquiry into the A»roo™ 'I t^'^T *'.*' Worlsof^he Kotan^fCtS the llemains of Ancient Artists" Thp anecdotes collected by him. concerning el^i nent Uterary characters, have been puWish-' ed. His death, which happened in 1768 f^nenir "a"plS^ '^^^ ''"^'« "-'"entlS .ff^^'e^l^oli"^', !^^ - bo. age his disposition for that study to which ?nntt„ -5 'i*,^ embraced a casual oppor- J^^K ^o"' sending a present of a few insects w,l^^^7^ ^y- ^"■''y' « ""'bam ; and thug was laid the foundation of a life-long friend- A^'f T'*.'*''' ^^^ •"^"""■y wl" be pmerved by their jo nt work, entitled " Introduction ormofTe? ef/-h "^his work, written in he lorm of letters, became immediately popular Zn„T '^P'^'y ^'''■""Kb several edmons' Almoot exhausting the subject of which It S^."Jf " «'<«»» 7«l«able'con°rib^?L"n to sPi-NCER, Dr John, an Intreniou* and n'^6"ln^?.f '*\'^*^"'? ""-^ cri"fe', was born In 1630, at Houghton, in Kent : became mas- ter of Corpus Christ! College, archdeac^ of ttis principal and most erudite work is " Tib Leg bu8 Hebraeorum Ritualibr et ear JJ^ find ^hi^nwC, "i? *"^"'P* *» thifwork t" find the origin of some Jewish ceremonies ° i'i°*« °{ I^'^Ki" nations gave greatoffence sV'^vn^rJ."", '^"" n»n'«-0U8 attack".' SPENCER, John Charles, Earl (better mr'i^S ^ '^'"'"°* ALTHORP) was born In Tril'itt n n "" educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He first pn- v.^k"'*' "o"se of Commons as member for Northampton; but from the year 1806 to 1834, when he succeeded to the peerage, he TpSpt'l?'^'^ "'^ r"°^y °' Northampton! generally supporting all the Important mea- sures of the Whig party. Shortly after the ?»fw 'T.S' ^'"j*'" ^V- ^^ ^«« made Chan ^S°f,*''® exchequer; and, though he oc- casional y made erroneous calculations, yet in bringing forward the financial details he showed singular Industry and candour Ho was manly, liberal, straightforward, and dis- interested ; his honesty of purpose was never questioned ; but he possessed not the phy- sical powers requisite for a good orator. In another and a very different sphere of action however, he was unrivalled. The improve- ment of agriculture was at all times his great ^llnJ ??** "^t^"" ^^ ""«■«<* '^<"n office, he ap- plied himself with zeal and energy to the ^l^l^^^ i""^ encouragement of that great branch of our national industry. To his ex- ertions the establishment of the Royal So- ciety of Agriculture was mainly owing; and he was present at nearly all the great agri- cultural meetings thrnsighmu »h» eouii - pronnoting the general good by his eiampfe! either as the president, or as an exhibitor of L.fi!f.ffl ".'*' ^^^ P"'"" 0' mechanical and scientifi c Improvements, or as the generoM 955 - i^ til i fl ; f ! I'M ' if t lit ^'} \ i ! ! -' f; > : ;t 1' 'i 1 i , i - j.i ' 1' 1 1. • . .' ^ y^ spe] ^ JtetD StnibersBl Idiogropi)!). [SPl re warder of the labourer's skill and iudustrjr. Died, Oct. 1,1845. BPENCEK, the lion. WIM.IAM HOBKUT, the best writer of veri de »oci£t6 in his time, was the youugcr son of Lord Charles Spencer, pr.'.i wos born in 1770. He was educated at Hurro." nnd Oxford; nnd in 17U0 published n translation of llUrger's " Lenoro," beauti- fully illustiUed by Lady Diana lleauclcrc. In firoof of his astonishing power of memory, t Is gravely ojsertcd that he undertook, fur a wager, to got Iho whole contents of a news- paper by >ote, \'hich ho did, and repented it without the omission of a single word. lie held tho situation of u commissioner of stamps. Died, 1R34. 8PKNCUU, IIKNIIY, ROBKiiT, and CUAr.LKS. [SUNDKULAND, Earls of.] SPENKU, rillMPf JACOB, an eminent German Protestant theologian, usually con- sidered the founder of the sect of Pietists, was born in Alsace in 1035. lie studied at tho university of Strasburg, visiting after- wards several other universities, and in 1602 became public preacher at Strasburg. Two yeors later ho obtained his degree of 1).!)., and removed to l-'ran'.tfort on tho Main, where he had tho appointment of chief preacher. lie distinguished himself by his religious earnestness, and CHpccially insisted on the need of a general reform. He would have sermons less dogmatic and more prac- tical. Tho special meetings for religious purposes which gave rise subsequently to the sect of Pietists, were first held by him In 1070, and were called "Collegia Pictatis." Spcner removed to Dresden inl686,ascoui-t- preacher, and four years later to Kerlin as inspector and first pastor of St Nicholas' Church. Soon afterwards his views were introduced at Halle, which became the head-quarters of Pietism. Spcner was au- thor of numerous theological works, and ulso of several gencalogico-historical nnd heraldic works. He first iutrrduced the study of heraldry into Germany. Died at :jerlin, 1705. SPENSEU, EUMUND, one of the most illustrious English poets, was born in Lon- don, about 1553 ; was educated nt Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and, on leaving tho uni- versity, took up his residence with some re- lations in the north of England, probably as a tutor. In 1679 he published his first poem, " The Shepherd's Calendar," dedicating it to his friend. Sir Philip Sidney. In 1580 he ac- companied Lord Grey do Wilton, viceroy of Ireland, as his secretary, and procured a grant of 8028 acres in the county of Cork, out of the forfeited lands of the carl of Des- mond ; on which, however, by the terms of the gift, he was obliged to become resident. He accordingly flxed his residence at Kilcol- man, in the county of Cork, where he was visited by Sir Walter llalcigh, who became his patron after the death of Sir Philip Sidney, and whom lie, celebrates under the title of the " Shepherd of the Ocean." Sir Walter persuaded him to write the "Faerie Queen," tho first part of which was printed in 1590, and presented to Ciueeu Ellzabetii, who granted the poet a ppnsH"' of £50 per annum. In '591 he published bis pastoral of " Colin Clout's come home again ; " and, the same year, the second part of his " Paerie Queen ; " but the poem ac- cording to tho original plan, was never (.'aigi pletcd. About this time Spenser prcsenteilta tho queen his" Viewof tho Statcoflrclond" being then clerk of the council of t he province of Munstcr. This interesting and mnstcrlr work was not printed till 1633. In ISil'horg. turned to Ireland : but when the rcbdljon of Tyrone broke out, ho was obliged to (It with such pr«cipit!\ncy, as to leave behind his Infant child, whom the merciless crucltr of the Insurgents burnt with the liousc. Tbe unfortunate poet came to England with a heart broken by these misfortunes, imd died at Westminster, January 10, 1508—9. Hii remains were Interred at the expense of ihc carl of Essex, in Westminster Abbej-, where the countess of Dorset raised a monument to his memory. Spenser is one of the most purely poetic of all poets. Yet, ns it is with Milton, so is it with him ; his name isspoken with a proud admiration, and lils "I'acrie Quten " is not read. Some, like ilunie,flnd it move a task than a pleasure to read thli poem. Others, like Pope, find it charminit in old age as well as in youth. Milton, in his " Areopagitlca," speaks of" oursagcand serious poet, Spenser, whom I ilarc be known to think a better teacher than Scotus or Aquinas." And on eminent modern critic asserts that " tlic shaping spirit of imagina- tion was never possessed in the like degree by any other writer ; nor lias any other evinced a deeper feeling of all forms of the beautiful ; nor have words ever been made by any other, to embody thought with more wonderful art." His verse is cxquisitelr melodious, and the moral tone of hispoetrjr is of the noblest and purest. Tiic language, though to some extent antiquated, is not so much so as to alarm any Ijut idle readcri. The slight dilllculty of a first aequaintance soon vanislus, and tho trouble is repaid with infinite deli».'ht. SPIGELIUS. or A'ANDEN SPIEGHEL, ADUIAN, physician and anatomist, was bora nt Urussels, in 1578. He studied at Louvain and Pudua, in which lust university lie be- came professor of anatomy and surgery; which office hodischargcd with such reputa- tion, that llie Venetian government made him a knight of 8t Mark, and gave himt chain of gold. Died, 1025. SPILLEK, JOHN, a young English sculp- tor, of great promise, was born in I/jndon, in 1;G3, and studied under liacon. Heels- tinguishcd himself by his talents nt the Uoyal Academy, nnd was chosen to execute a statue of Charles II. for tlie centre of the old Uoyal Exchange ; but the much admired production had starccly IicIhr erected before the artist expired, a victim to consuraplion, at the age of 30, in 17!)4. "The energy « his labour, with thestrongcxcitcmentofhis feelings, had already made fatal inroads on liis constitution. But he was willing.M said, to die at the fool of his statue. We statue was rai.sed, and the younj? sculptor, with the shinini; cyos and licciic ilu-'i O" consumption, bciiold it ilipre, returned home, and sVif.rtly v,-;\^ r,o worp." SPINELLOAIlETINO,acelebratedItallii« painter, was a native of Arozzo, and a pup" sn] of Jaeopo (11 Cosontino. He stiullcd also tlio work! of the dchool of Olotto, nnU soon Rur- pasHcd Ilia first niiistcr. He painted l)CRt in fri'8C0,nn(l liiit fliiest works nrc nt 8nn Mlnl- ato, near I'lorciioe, in tlin Ciinipo Siinto of I'ian, nnd in tlie I'ublic I'alnce of Hienna JIo worked with enso nnw. munlcaled, and being driven fr„».T — I — dam, lived for a time nea^ n-om Amster- afterwards at the Hague iio f"'y«»cn, and •clf Wholly to philosonhv "r"':'"'*'''' »»'">- Hvelihood as coK?ed ifl'mhv" l'** *"*=»» <» polisiangglassesforoptic rns't^umenu''?,?' character was most efctlm..i!i ■ ^"'''' *'*» him to his personal frl S i •"'syHt'lr^'' philosophy has been madeodlot s l.l\i^ V K«r accusation of atheism : Sh U il f J"*" ?;«••» '["Ill up, «„ ti.«SoM."otoJ'^. Jmf "i?°.' '""■"•" »-»«" ." I'o! Si i"e Imitation of Jesim rhriJ*" a i Schleiermachcr thus testifle, fo t .1 ^^V^ of the religious scnilment 1„ 8p l/a -"^ir« ,7;.«"«1 «Hh religion «ndTiuX7feel mg ; nnd therefore is it thnt k» .* J 1^.V"'*''^'L^"*»' ""«» Without e^n cit77en ship." The works of Spinoza arp-" ni^.H Descartes Principiorum pars IVima^t s" "S^nl""^," . Geomctrlci Demonstrnta ■ •• CogitataMctaphyglca;" "Tractatiia ti,o«. ^g co-1'olltlcu, r- '• EtWca?"Srl,„ps th*^ " Opera Posthuma." The works written Vn defence and refutation ortho Ist"" „, Hag"ue?l "r?. ""'' """^"°"''- Di'd"artho SPix, JoHAN-N Baptist vov na>».. ?o l^„H?.^''*'°'°»': ^"^^ short time,he tiirned to medicine, graduating M.D., and became at'Xnkh^'Hirr""^ °' .^«'"™» Hisfo"?^ at Munich. He accompanied Von Martius on a scientifle expedition to Urazil, In 1817 nft JT??."^''"* ^\'^'' >'«»"• Spix was author of a History and Critique of all 8T6temf of Zoology;" a work entitled " CephaKo- oU or^rairn''TTr""' °» *"« naturafhls- lory ot iirazil. He was a member of the SPOhV r^,f f""' Of Munich. Wed, 18 6 8P0HN, FiiiKDuicH August AVimiflm an eminent German writer on ph iS' He was born at Dortmund, in 1792 : ecamo fu?eTT»-' philosophy and ancient TS iffo.fi f"''P**C'«nd died in 1824, from the effects of excessive study. ^n^^^"-'^' ^"^;«'io. the celebrated musical composer, was born at Hrunswlck In 1 78i I He early distinguished himReZi » ^i" iVi!!' jenteiea the service of the duk'e'of'B^uns- to i s'l^^Stf".'" ^^°,* chapel-master at GoZ. I to 1813 director of the Theatre at Vienna 957 fl \ ■ ) ' P. * 1 ' m''' 1 1 Ill SUlilK BPO] ^ ^m Sanidersnl ISiograpI)!?. =^ [sru where ho produced Bomo of his best works, and after other cnRngcments ho occcptrd In 1823 the oftico of chapel-master at Cassel, which he held till ago compelled him to re. gn. Ho was the greatest violinist of his time, both ns performerniid composer. His compositions produced intense excitement and enthusiastic admiration ; which time has quietly abated. The want of good melo- dies is a fatal defect in thrm. The principal operas of 8pohr arc, " Faust," " JessonUa," and " Zemlni and Azor." Hlsorntorios are, " The Last Judgment," "Tho Crucifixion," and the " Fall of Habylon." Tho last nnd perhaps the best was composed In 1840 for the Norwich Musical Festival of that year. Among his other compositions Is a grand symphony, entitled "The Consecration of Sound " (Die Wtihe der Tot>e). Spohr visited England in 1819, and on sovenl subsequent occasions. Died, 1859. His "Autobiography " was soon after published, and an English translation of it appeared In 18B5. 8P0NTINI, GA8PARO, a distinguished musical composer, was bom at Majolattl, near Jesi, In the Roman States, 1778. He was educated at the Conservatorio de la Pletik of Naples, and began his career when 17 years of age, as the composerof an opera," I Pun- tigli delle Donne." This was followed by some 10 operas, produced within 6 years, for the theatres of Italy and Sicily, but not a note of which has survived. In 1803 Spon- tini went to Paris ; in 1807 he was appointed music-director to tho Empress Josephine ; and in 1808 he produced his most famous work, " La Vestale," with brilliant and de- cisive success. His '' Fernando Cortcz " appeared in 1809 ; and the next year wit- nessed his appointment to the directorship of the Italian Opera In Paris, which ho held for ten years. In 1820 the magnificent appointments offered by the court of Prussia ten$pted him to leave Paris for Berlin, in which capital his last 3 grand operas," Nour- mahal" (founded on Lalla ttookh), "Alci- dor," and "Agnes von Hohenstauffen," were produced with great splendour. Spontinl continued to reside as first chapel-master in Berlin till the death of the king in 1840. The latter period of his sojourn at Berlin was embittered by professional disputes ; and In 1842 ho repaired to Paris, where, in 1839, he had been elected one of the five members of the Acad6mie des Beaux Arts. Died, at the place of his birth, 1861. SPOTSWOOD, or SPOTISWOOD, JOHN, orchbishop of St Andrew's, in Scotland, was born in 1666, educated at Glasgow, and in 1601 went as chaplain to the duke of Lennox on his embassy to France. On the accession of James VI. to the throne of Eng- land, ho accompanied him to England ; and the same year was raised to the archbishop- ric of Glasgow, ana made one of the privy- council in Scotland. In 1615 he was trans- lated to St Andrew's. He crowned Charles I. at Holyrood House, in 1633 ; and, two years afterwards, was made chancellor of Scotland. The prosecution of Lord Balmcrino,ln which Spotiswood, who was his personal enemy, took a leading parts caused Kreat Rgit«t'on in Scotland. '^On the failure of Laud's at- tempt to introduce the liturgy Spotiswood — — — was deposed, and retired to London, wlicrc he died In 1639, and was burled in Weil- minster Abbey. He wrote a " History of the Church of Scotland," of which the crpstfr part is a narrative of the events of his own time. 8PUAGOE, RirEDWAun.fi hrftTeEnifllih admiral, was a captain in the first engnite- mont with the Dutch in 16(iS, wlirn, forhii gallant conduct, he was knighted by the king on board the lloyal Charles. He at- tracted the particular notice of thedulieof Albemarle in tho four days' battle in 1666; nnd the year following he burned a number of Dutch flre-shlps when they cnmo up the Thames, which threw their whole fleet Into confusion. In 1671 he destroyed In tlicMedi- tcrranean, seven Algerlne men of war. He was sunk In his boat in an pngagcmcnt with Van Tromp in 1673, na he was going fromhli sinking ship to another. Sl'IlANGEll, BARTHOI.OMKW, an emi- nent painter of Antwerp, was born In 1H6, nnd died about 1625. SPRAT, THOMAS, bishop of Rochciter, fioet, and historian, was born In Devonshire, n 1636. He graduated M.A. and D.U.at Oxford, bocarae chaplain to lliickinKham, and afterwards to Charles I., was made pre- bendary of Westminster in 1668, dean of "Westminster in 1683, and bishop of Kochei- ter in the following year. He was oneot the first members of the Hoynl Society. Dr Sprat was author of a " Life of Cowley," « " History of the Royal Society," an acconnt of the Rye-house Plot, and n few poems of little merit. He was esteemed an able and eloquent preacher. Died at Bromley, 1713. 8PRENOEL, CURT, a learned German physician and botanist, was born in Pomer- ania, in 1706. He was first the pupil of hii father, a clergyman of great learning, and afterwards studied at Halle, where he gradu- ated M.D. in 1787. Ho had made great at- tainments in science as well as In claisical literature nnd oriental languages. In K89 he was named extraordinary, and six yean later ordinary professor of medicine at Halle, nnd this post, as well as the chair of botany, soon given to him, ho filled till his death. He published a great number of worki, esteemed for their learning as well as for original observations in science. Ainong them are to be noted— his" History of Medi cine," " Instiiutiones Medica;," "Antiiim' tates Botanlcte," " Ulstoria rei Herbaria!, "Flora Halen8is,"a Gorman translation oi Theophrastus, 4c. Sprengel was an honor- ary member of many learned societies, ana his character was as estimable as his a- tainments were high. Died at Ha e, W SPRING-RICE, THOMAS. LMONTti- OLE, Lord.] , ,. ■„ SPUBZHEIM, GASPAK, the phrenoiOfifl, was born near Treves. In 1776, and rdceijea his medical education at Vienna, ^h e » became acquainted with I'rOaU.the ounto of phrenology. To thi« == '■"f SP""^' » was attracted ; ana he Joined Gall m "i inquiries Into the anatomy of the jniu ThBv .luitted Vienna i.i 1805, to raveMi sited Paris, and iectureu iu i^ngto^.^^j; land, and Ireland, on thtir novel system. where he died In 1832. "^"* ''^"*"' ^"'» durltiff tho KnlgnTrTi^^^T^H ./♦ saUAKCIONE, PRANCEHCO. Italian ^7f "™ '7 '^»« ^er laloon Wth« r.. L' painter, but more eelnl.ratcd ag a trach"" rL.«iT *"''^'« "' ^"""ent me„ Vn m!J painter, uui more ceicuraica at a ttiacher and as the founder of tho srhool cf Pudua' wai born at Padua, In 1394. He travelled' jmuch In Italy and Greece, «ketchln«obJpcti of Interest, and also collecting remarkable works of art, thus laying the foundation of the first art-colloctlon In Italy. He dJd not paint much, but through the school which he established and directed at Padua exer- clied a powerful Influence on tho proKrcas of painting. The greatest of hii very nu- merous pupils was Andrea Mantegna; and among the others were Jacopo liellini and MarcoZoppo. The school of Squnrclone is jdistinRulshcdfor tho sculpturesque charac- i tcr which it first gave to painting. Bquar- "clone died, 1474. 8TACKHOU8E, THOMAS, a divine of the church of England, who was many years curate of Flnchlcy, in Middlesex, and vicar of Bcnham, in Berkshire. He wrote a " Re- jTlew of the Confoversy concerning Mira- cles," the "Miseries of the inferior Cienrv " a "Dody of Practical Divinity," and a '^De fence of the Christian Religion ; " but his most Important work, which has often been reprinted, is his " History of the Bible " 2 Tola, folio. Born, 1680; died, 17fl2 L There was another Thomas Stackhov sr who published •' A Greek Grammar " a "General View of Ancient History, Chro- nology, and Geography ; " and an " Atlas of Ancient and Modern Geography " STAEL-HOLSTKIN, Anne Louire Oer- MAiNE, Baroness de,u8ually called Mahamf DE 8TAEL, was the only daughter of Necker' the celebrated minister of finance to Louis' ms '.*" '^" ^^'^ "* ^^'■'•' April 22nd. 766; ten years later than her great con- fmporary, Madame Roland. He? brilliant i^^ZTV'"'''}'' ^.^'•^ "tlmulated and developed by systematic studies, and the society of the scholars and wits who frP Qiientedher father's house. SensiTive and mTd* ir "'«'' «'^8'^<-'.her health gave sT«Ji«.S.'?' ^^* witadrawn from her studies and from Par s to a countrv rPtZtl her father frequently retired thither ««,' and tn 1T0Q u ''y ^^^ '"ond as authoress « le Caract^re dp t t « ^' '"^ ''^* O^vrages •mongThe 8^ectat« «°"«?'««-" She was « <>«- toNotre-Darae fnrtTrr"* *?"^ the Court llSV^^H^^S"- I I ^^:X:='^T^. He was-n P'snot adoDted".«7-''",^';lf '^mily, which i with""oth»r n'JX,':"u" °^ "="*=*» ^»* excluded ^^^== =r- ■■"« year, on th e accusation of Titus Gates, 959 following y7„r-,he Int od« cIT T«,i'" "'« to tho director Harras «nrt i., ^""ejrand polntment as minister of P/r^"'"** »"« ap- Theambi,i„„%rk"a" <0 leagues of ir a' sh«r„K.* *''""* '^''»'«n own aS^bUion an'd^anu/m'a&er JJfi" ""'' 0«?he?8S!i^?.Vn"d'°^Tetn*S^ Z'^'l "^ ordered to leave Franco JlX *''® .^" press. On its appearance in lain ^, v thorized by the ceS I'oSoo innl" '^ ""■ «el«ed by order of thn '«I.„r: '^"PJ^' ^*""e Savary, and "hacked -.av.'^T"' P?""' " Into beautiful pulp .: anVtho^*""./""'' was again orderedTo^q'uit^ancI PveT.'; Coppet she was watched and fnih.^'T*" ?* (fo more than two leagues frnrnK*"!*" *" (n, ,.„ poo,icS",'"ir.v .'nS",;" sz'; full of patslon and beautT ■ " ni i'ai?»* n«««l^^ oiOerman lltcratun.; "Dol'In. f,°?,»;f *».!'«"l«r> i"" DIx Anise, Ve J. |.ng£ ?sr4oiT.n'34'jsr. |»^nTS.Tw;!rS' x'lS™ -"■>""--^H' wag born in 1612. He wm son nr Th^ ' sta] ?l i^ein anibersal 13{o8rapf)t?. Lord Stafford was committed to. the Tower. Articles of inipcaclmient for treason wore •cnt \\p by the Commons, In April, 1679, but the proceedings were conducted very dila- torily, and the trial did not tnko place till the end of November, 1680. It lasted till the 7th December, and resulted in his condemn- ation. Tho king avowed his belief in his Innocence, but could do no more than remit tho usual gevrrities of execution, and reduce it to simple bchpiiding ; and his right to do this was questioned. The execution took place on Tower Hill, December 29, 1680. The attainder of Lord Stufford was not re- versed till 1824. STAGNKLIUS, ERTK JOHAN, Swedish poet, born in 1793. He studied at the uni- versities of Lund and Upsal, and obtained an appointment in a government office, which ho held till his death. He Is said to have been very ugly, to have shunned so- ciety, and Indulged in drinking to excess. His collected works are in three volumes, and includeepics, dramas, and lyrics. Among the more note- worthy are "Vladimir the Great," " The Martyrs," " The Bacchanals," and the " Lilies of Sharon." The latter, a collection of short poems, is the most ;ad- mired of his writings. Died, 1823. 8TAHL, OEORQ ERNST, an eminent Ger- man physician and chemist, was born at Anspach, in 1060, studied at Jena, became professor of medicine, &c., at Halle, in 1694, and, in 1716, physician to the king of Prussia, and died in 1734. He established a new theory in physiology, asserting, in opposi- tion to that which sought to explain all the phenomena of physical life by chemical and mechanical laws, that these phenomena and processes are controlled by an Immaterial principle, which he named "anima," or " soul." In chemistry he is celebrated as the author of thepWopjXic theory. His works are very numerous : among them are, " The- oria Medica vera," " Fjndamenta Chyuiic," " Experimenta, Observationes," &c. 8TAHKEMBERG, GUIDO BALDI, Count dc, a celebrated Austrian field-marshal, was born in 1657. He commanded the imperial army in Germany, Italy, and Spain ; and during a long career was distlnf?ui8hed for his military skill and bravery. Died, 1737. STAIR, James Daluymple, first Vis- count, an eminent Scottish jurist, president of the Court of Session, was born in Carrick, in 1619. He studied and graduated M.A. at the university of Glasgow, held a com- mission in the army, and in 1641 was ap- pointed professor of philosophy at Glasgow. He was admitted advocate at Edinburgh in 1648, having resigned his chair the previous year. He accompanied as secretary the commissioners sent to Breda, in 1649 and 1650, to Invito Prince Charles into Scotland. On the recommendation of General Monk he was appointed, in 1057, one of the lords of session with the approval of Cromwell, and was confirmed in that office at the Re- storation. He was knighted at the same time, was afterwards created a baronet by Charles II., ana in 1671 became president of the Court of Session ; a post which he filled tt.\. t..„1lA.a AK;it*>« 4*r>*. »/\« «nna.a T-Tjo TTIllt UtHlYailStt nfrttti-j I'M t'-tt j....«. .^..^ moderation having given offence to the 990 court, he was deprived, and retired Igio Holland, where he employed hlnuelfij literary labour. He obtkincd the favourof tho prince of Orange, with whom he n. turned to England. He was again mtt president, and raised to the peerage aiVii count Stair. His great work as a Jurlii I tho " Institutions of the Law of Scotlaid" which appeared in 1681, and hai been « authority ever since. He also pubiiii,rt two volumes of " Decisions of the Court o( Session," "Philosophia nova Kxperioen talis," and a " Vindication of the DiTii. Perfections." Died, November 23, l69j STAIR, JOHN Dalrymple, second Til. count, and first Earl, son of the precedla was born about 1648, and became an mil' nent advocate. After his father'j reiirj. mcnt to Holland he was twice Iraprlioned but succeeded in making his peace with the court, and getting a pardon for hli ftthw He was made a lord of session, then m. ported the prince of Orange, took a leidjg, part in the Scottish Convention parliament and was one of the commiBsionen sent to offer the crown of Scotland to William ni In 1691 he was appointed secretary of iiite for Scotland, an office in which he had tlie chief direction of affairs, and which he filled with great ability. But his name is coveml with infamy as the chief Instigator of the atrocious crime known as the "Massacred Glencoo." With Argyll and Breadalbine, heads of the Campbells, he plotted the mu- sacro of the Macdonalds, in 1692; andbj concealing from the king the fact thatM^^ Ian, their chief, had made submission, ob- tained from him an order to extirpate tlia, His letters breathe a spirit of most im- placable cruelty, and the means he nied were perfidious. The massacre very slowl; became generally known, and only in lt!i was a royal commission appointed to li- quireinto it: the resultof which wasmeielj that the master of Stair, ai he vrai thn called, was mildly censured and iawuti from his office. The same year he succcedei his father as Viscount Stair, took his teatli parliament In 1700, wasmadcaprhy-coin- cillor by Queen Anne, and created earl of Stair, in 17U3. He was one of the conniii- sioners for the treaty of Union, and lop- ported it with great energy. Died, Janou; 8, 1707. 8TAIB, JOHN DALRYMPIE, setoji Earl, a distinguished statesman and gci- eral, was son of the preceding, and wii born in 1673. He entered the array,8erT(i under William III. in Ireland, and in Iffl was named secretary of state for Scotljui He distinguished himself in the campaijw of the war with France under the kingul under Marlborough, was sent on a nilMioi to the court of Poland, and retired fwniUii army on the disgrace of the duke. Into George I. he was made a priTyconiicill« and commander-in-chief in Scotland ; wu sent ambassador to France, In 1"I5; bcci" the associate of the regent Orleans, anda- tected the schemes of the Pretender; p* Jectedthens, and thus reduced Minorca. He after- ^ iftgtp anlbcraal ISfogrnp^t?. |o suri . Ae du; keturn t( politics, &i. "ted to the victories of Al- ;ossa ; but being intrusted .'f Brihuega,; e was obliged ■♦er a ga.lant resistance, to • From the time of his ^ he took an active part in t, . „ 1714 was made secretary of ■tate. He attended the king to Hanover •wo years later, and in 1717 became prime binister. This office he only filled about ■ftree months, He was soon after raised to »he peerage, as Viscount Stanhope of Ma- tr.l'.o/"""" "P'" secretary of state, was tet «" '".•'•.?"•* ^^^ employed in Im- fcortant negotiations in France and Spain, tjm°^ which was the famous " Qua°V l,?K«i^"''".'^." »''^'1.1721. His portrait, rSTAN fnpV n'"" ^«"''"'»1 Collection. ' iheltov, „ !^',9"'^i"'>-s. Earl, grandson of Km in I'-v,'^ '"'"''*^ *'*"'^ "i""! of science, feeneva- 1!h' "^^ "^^^cated at Eton and Bbh wL 1, '""^^ ^"'0 parliament for ■7s« ,^''*'°'?'^®' "^^'^'ch he represented until fe e ' H^'d?",';'^^'^''-*'-'* ^'« fatherln ?he perage. He distmgui&.-,ed himsplf «t an ^;!ypcnod of the French revolutioi bv an To" [STA open avowal of republican ai>niin,o»> T went so far as i<^MyZdoihT^xlLZ^x ornaments of the peerage As ,. .^l'""i science he ranked l.?gh."a"n'\ wts t"he"auU.or of many inventions, particularly of a method of securing buildings from fire, en arlth mcticnl machine, „ new prin h g pregr; monochord for tuning musical InstrSments and a vessel to sail against wind and t do Ho was twice married, first to Lady He.te; Put daughter of the great earl of Chatham by whom ho had three daughters- and secondly to Miss Grenviilc, by whom he hSd three sons. Died, 181«. /""""» ue nad STANHOPE, LiKly Hestkr, a very hiuhlv uccomplishrd, but no less cccentrlSglish lady, was daughter of the preceding by hi. Urst w fe, and niece of the celebrated Wl liam Pitt. Soon after the death of that grcai statesman, with whom she lived, and with whoso rursuitsshe so irtuch sympathized as to act upon some occasions as his private dress'o?:;"^"; ""'V '° «y''»' ««« thi cress of u male native of that country and devoted herself to astrology. In whkh she was a most implicit believer ^he had a large pension from the English government and for many years was possessed of con- w I'h "k *"fl««'»co over the Turkish pacha,, h,^^;'"''^''''"'^*"'" habitual carelessness In money matters had deprived her of thp means of bribing them, she so entkely los? as to be in actual danger of her life. Of her way of life as well as her way of thinking reply to an English traveller, who humanely advised her to quit her perilous and desoU | nbodo, am return to England: "As to eaving this country," said her ladyship Jr„li^ .^'^ 'I '"J-'" ■' I will never //tZ' to England. I am encompassed by periir true ; but I am no stranger to them. I have' sufl-eredslilp wreck oflf the coast of Cyprus. I have had the plague here ; I fell from my horse near Acre, and was trampled upon by him ; I have encountered the robbers of the desert, ond when my servonts quailed I have gallopped in among them, and compelled them to be courteous; and when a horde of plunderers was bi^eaking in nt my gate I sallied out among them sword in hand, and having convinced them that they could not hurt me if they would, I fed them at my gate, and they behaved like thankful beg- gars. Here I am destined to remain. What nlf'^i'T? •*"."'" S^eat Ijook of life, who can alter? It is true that I am surrounded by perils ; it is true that I am at war with the prince of the mountains, and with the pacha of Acre ; it 18 very true that my enemies aro capable of assassination, but if I do nerlsh my fall shall be a bloody one. I Lve plenty of arms, good Damascus blades ; I use no guns-, and while I havo an arm to wield a hanjar, these barren rocks shall have a banquet of slauirhter before my face looks black in the presence of my enemies." So completely anti-national were the prejudices of this very eccentric lady, that though at the time of her death she had no fewer than 23 domestics-, not one of them was English, and her last sigh was breathed among fo- 1839!'^" ^"^ ^i^iings. Born, 1766 i died. 961 .1 1 f M U i\ bta] '^ ifteb) Stnibersal 19iogtnpI)t). RTANIHLAUS AUGUSTUS. [I'ONIA- TOWSKI.l HTANISI.AUS I, ILKCZtNSKI.l STANLKY, KliWAUI), hlMliop of Norwich, Wftn the younK"'!" "«»» <>' ^"•' •'"'"' Thr)inaii Stunlry, hurt., of Aldcrlcy, In ClicHliln', niut wiiH Imrn hi 1770. Iliivlnir l\iiliilu>(l IiIh hIuUIpii i»t St Jolui'HColIoKC.CiiinlirlilKi'.lie wui pro- doiitPil by Ills father to the rei'tory of AUIir- Ipy 111 IHOS; mid thcrp ho labournl for up- worils of ;U)-yonr8 In the fulthfnldinchHrKo of hU pantornl' dutli-s. Ill* conni'dlDn with the AVhIii party led to hid nomination to the Rpn of Norwich In 1H37 ; and mich wan hU unwearied devotion to every Rood and use- ful work, his sincerity, hlgdUlnterestedneMR, and his pure and active benevolence In all the relations of life, that his character truly corresponded with the apostolic portrait of n Christian bishop, lllsliop Stanley also at- tolncd distinction as an author. Whilst rector of Aldcrley, ho occasionally delivered lectures on various branches of natural his- tory, and contributed papers on the same subject to Blackwood's and the Hrltlsh Magazine, besides publlshhiK various pam- phlets on questions more Immediately ccm- nected with hUclcrlcal office. Hut his most popular work was his " Familiar History of Birds," published In 1835, which has none through several editions. Died, Sept. fith, 1849. The Addresses and Charges of Bishop Stanley, with a Memoir of his Life, have been edited by Dean Stanley. STANliKY, THOMAS, miscellaneous writ- er, was the son of Sir Thomas Stanley, and born at Cumborlow, In Hertfordshire, In 1624. He received his education at Pem- broke Hall, OambrldRO, then went on his travels, and on his return took up his re- sidence In the Middle Temple. His works are, "The History of Vhilosophy," which appeared In l(i55-(!2, passed through many editions, rnd was even translated into I-atIn and Dutch, but is now neglected for more critlcnl and trustworthy books ; " I'oems and TranMations ; " and nn edition of il>;schy- lus, with a Latin tninslution. Died, l(i78. The portrait of Stanley was painted by Lely, and is in the National Portrait Oallery. STAl'LKTON, Sir UOBKRT, a soldier and poet of the 17th century. On the breaking out of the civil wars, he distinguished him- self by his gallant behaviour at the battle of Kdgchlll, in lfi42, for which the king knight- ed him. At the Hestoration he accompanied Charles II. to London, and remained about the court till his decease, in 1C69. He trans- lated Juvenal andMusmus,andStrada'8 His- tory of the Belgic War, wrote four plays, and was created LL.n. at Oxford. 8TATIUS, PUHL1US PAriNUiR, a Roman poet, was born at Naples, A.T). 61. His p.-in- clpal productions arc two epic poems, the " Thebais," in twelve books, and the " Achil- leis," in two books, which he loft unfinished, ard the " SilviC," occasional poems on vari- ous subjects, and the most pleasing of his works. Died in his 35th year. STAUNTON, Sir Gkorqe LE0NAR1>, was born In tho county of Galway, in Ireland, and educated at Montpelier, where he took uis medical degree. About 1762 he went to the island of Grenada, where he practised as [m a physician, and purchased laiiiJK, Ilrljc,,,,,, the Intimate friend of Lord Mucurtriiy.ih, governor, who made hini IiIh Ni'tri'tarj.inii took him to Madras, where ho iiuTi>fi«'fi,||, negotiated peace with Tlppoo Hiilh,nn()»„ employed to arrest the coiniiiniwlcr-linhltf (icnenil Stuart. On his rt'tiirn to Krijiliiiiii' ho was created a baronet, nnd, In 1:90 ,(. eeived the degree of 1,1,1). yihn Lrd Macartney was selected as licnd of thi'fiii. bassy to China, Sir George wni npixilnnd secretary of legation, with tho title nfcn. voy-extraordinory. Of that mlMlon.miiot the empire and people of Chlnii,li(.piibi;,ho(l an Intirestlng account In 1797, 2 volt. «to IliMlled in IKOl. HTKKM;, Sir UtCllAun, n celebrated ei- saylNt and dramatic writer, wn« a iiiiilTeot Dublin, where his father, im KiikHMi Iwrii- ter, was secretary to tho duko of Onnnnd, He was born in 1671, was oducatcd at the Charter-house and at Oxford, obtained 1111 enslgncy In the Guards; and while In ihit service wrote "The Christian Hero," wliith he dedicated to Lord Cutts, who appointed him his secretary, and proctired hima cap. taln'scommisslonlntheFusilcers. IiiimUf commenced dramatic writer, In his comedy of" The Funeral, orGriefi\-ln-Modo,"whi(li had great success. This wns foUoned by " The Tender Husband " nnd " The Lyitj Lover." In 1709, under the name of \sm lllckerstaflf, he established the " To tier," 1 periodical paper, in which he had thcasilil- anceof Addison, as he also hiid in tho " Spec- tator" and "Guardian;" the former com- menced In 1711, nnd the latter liil7i;i. Tlieie papci i were the first of their class, and la them Steele aimed at a social reformation, which was to a great extent accomplljlied. His reputation as a writer procured him Ike place of commissioner 'T the stamp office, which he resigned on being chosen member for StocUbridge, but was expelled the Hone soon after for writing two allepcil liWi, under the titles of " The EnRlishraan" uJ " Tho Crisis." On the accession of Gcorjel. ho received the honour of knifrhthood, and was appointed surveyor of the stablci it Hampton Court, nnd governor oftherojil company of comedians. Ho was also, on the suppression of the rebellion of 1715,madeM( of the commissioners of the forfeited eslaiM in Scotland. In 1722 his play of the "Coi- sclous Lovers " was acted with irreatsuccMi; and, when published, was dedicated to IK king, who gave the author £500 ; but bciij always engaged in some unsuccessful »cli™ or other, and with habits both benewleil and lavish, he wasted his regular inconieii anticipation of a greater, until r.bsoiule* tress was the con-n-qucnee. A pawjw attack at length rendered hiia incapaW(« literary exertion ; and he retired to m gunnor, in Cacriuarthcnshire, where MJ in 1729. A new Memoir of his Lite w Writings was published by H. B. M» ,65 His portrait, by Riclu* gomery, in 186,'.. — . son, is in the National Portrait Gallery. 8TEEN, Jan, an eminent paii?'";" born at Leydeu, in 163G. Oneofhisni^ was Van Goycn, whose daughter he manw bul Steen proved adissipatcuAs... ■-•- totally neglected his family, mf. '»'■ f«2 m] . STKKNWYK, HKNKIK VAN, Dutch pnlnt- >r, wan l)(irn In U.in. Me wiim a pupil ofhl* fjthpriind of Di' Vrl<'», and hocnmn dlHtln- juliheil for liU plcturon of urchltoctural in- tcrlori, Tlic war In tlm Ncthnrlimdri drovo I hlrii from Ills homo, iii 1 ho tnttli^d iit rniiik- I fort on-tlic-MalM, wluuc ho died nbout IflOI. I Tills paliitir w»H tlic master of I'otor Noefii land IiIk sum. I STKKNWYK, IIKNUIK VAN, tho younK<>r, liinduNiin paliiti'i', wiih born lit Anifttcrdmn, lin 1589. Ill" wan liiHtructnd by hix fiUlicr, J anil excel li'il, likn blin, In iirchltocturni mib- Ijcotn. lie WMH tlio friend of Vundyck, ami liliruuKit liln inlliumco caiiio to KuKland, Inhere he enjoyed tt hlKh ropuf.itlon. J)ii'd iruiinK, lit Loiiiliiii. I NTEEVKNS, OKOiiiiK, commentator i i Jsimkcspcare, was bom iit Hlepnoy, in i; 'ii , Imid win educated at thn Orammar School, ■Kiiisston, and Kliig's CoIIoko, CambrldKO. fill I7I!B he piiblUhod 20 of Nliakogpoare'g Ipliijs, In I vols. Hvo, carefully reprinted Ifiom the earliest 4tos ; and in 1770 hlg Inoic'son the ^reat drauifttint worn Incorpor- latcd with those of Johnson in an edition in lio vols. 8vo, afterwards extended to 15 vols. ISIi'cvcns, who was an eloRunt sc'.iolnr, and IwoU versed in old lOnKlisli liternluro, was I'neofthi'contiihutorg to Nichols's JJioKra- Ipliioal Anecdotes of Hogarth, and also assist- led in the Itlogriiphift Drumatica. Ho died lit Ilampstead, in 1800. I STKFI'ANI, Aiiosrmo, nn Italian mu- iMcai composer, was born in 16,W. In his Ijoiith he was a cliorister of 8t Mark's, at iVcnice.wlienoc a Oerman nobleman, attruct- led by the sweetness of his voice, took him to lllavaria, (?avi! hini a classical education, and ■put him undi/r llio best musicians. After ■this he entered into orders, and at last bc- iMmc bishop of HplRa. Died, 17;tn. I STEFFKN.S, IIKINRICH, a distinguished ■nntiiriUist, novelist, and miscellaneous ■jvritcr, was born at StavanRcr, in Norway, In,! , studied at CopenbaRon, and delivered ■ICC arcs at Kiel on natural liistory, in 17()8 • ■aiil wassucecssivcly appointed to the chair lof natural history in Jena, Halle, Urcslau. ■aiidltorlin. He took an active p„Vt in the ■g man war of liberation, to e success of | Iwliich he larRcly contributed, not merely by ■his personal exertions, but by his spirit-stir- IZ S'l-" f'-'Pi"'" °f the national ■cause. Amonff his chief works are his " Uei- |Vf.*f,f,H''''""''"^'^''>t»''R<''*i'l>icIitederKrde," ■'hZ.'"*;"/'" ^''""•'«- AVissenschaft" hii"d Lc th ' •'.^'■,.°''yH'°R"««'<'.'' " Walseth r . f-""". Die V er Norweirer " and t ll'd'-'w '"? rtobiographical ske ch. en^ , ,i,- ' V"''"'it:K F. Karl, Haron von l^„,'''^"'B"'shcd Prussian statesman was Empire He' Z^'-^ ^"''^ immediately of the K3. '•« fl"t entered the rivii .JlZ„i% ^ iJfto an(b«r«al iSiogropftpr [htb , fl.„. I ^" "o", ai me aito trassin .I,w?*"«^ ^'"5 civil service of Ey h f«her '^"i ^'- •''^^ "^^^ «"'y "estlned IK ".' '"tner, as director Af th" i"ii-= -^ feed" ambr'.^"" '"''^^' '" ^'^^-^ ^as P^««4amba8gador at Aschaffenburg. HI* great nbilitles havInK b..e'i^know« in these situations, ho was. in iX ,r' "T".'*? tu the Importan't Mtuatio'n of prA'lZ ' 7:,' tho Westphallan (.han.lM.rs, |„ w liVh m-i ho abourod assiduously and suc.^' f „';'^t ,^ IH')4. In that year he was, „„ n,,. de tb i Htruense... minister of fln inee and do promoted to that ofllco ; In whUh ho l"' •nnlned till 1800. when, on aej. nt , some dilforencos with the kln^ of iTussIn ho n, "i/frj ••""! ■■"'''■"•' '" '''"'•^tnt.H.t Nassau' Ihe kluK, however, recalled him soonX"; the peace of Tilsit ; and It was then that ho planned and oxi-cuted those Kreat, yet lu t ous,soc al reforms, whieb IM.I the n, , ^'^" ttons of the restored moiuirrbv. y.ro ullll however, his patriotic spirit aiid KiCta i U-' ^^d iiim exiled. II,. retired to I'liin o v/hero he remained, assocl„tln« much with Arnd , with the banish,,! el.utor of H,ss w.n"."' •„","/.' °^'"''' ^•■"••""■"t ••nrmies of Napo- ,h<^lr "'''"-''"''""'■'° '>'<''"l«'n,ontho eve of the Moscow campniKn, he wen to Ht J'eters I'urK Where his firmness and energy ve • . of RH'at service In supporting the Kmntror Alexander throuRh tl'iat crisis. A u'r the occupation of Saxony i,y the allie. for..,, mhZr ",'."'•'■" "','""■ ^••'"' '" the ce; tn lad-' ministration, and put forth all his enerRles in keeping alive the patriotic entliusiSin which , isplayed Itself ,',n all sides unUe principles proclaimed at the firs peace „f I'aris dlil not meet the objects whicK had in view for the political organization of the Oerman people, and he withdrew in disap! pointment to his estate, which he continued hr.eHv"""" "", "'"• ^"«'" ^^ once more brioHy appeared on the stage of politics Died 1831. His "Uriefe an den liaron Yon UiiRnrn "-a name afterwards famoug «"r".?T'?'i* iioropt— have been published. Sll-LLA, JACUUEH, an eminent painter was born in l.WO, at Lyons, wh,.re l.isTa-' ther gave him his first instruction. While Snbi*"" ^'^''.'r '^"'' P'''""nii"-''l I'y the grand- duke. He then went to Home, where he spent several years, and on his return to irance had a pension granted him, with apartments in the Louvre. He there painted several excellent pictures for the king, who teXiw ^^^^ *"" '"■'*"■ "^ ^' ^•^"»"' 8TEN0, Nicholas, a celebrated anato- mist, was born at Copenhagen, in l(i38. Ho tTntpnJ^a"?", »' ««'-«"o'in i and afterwards travelled into Germany, Franco, and Italy, where he abjured the Protestant faith. On his return home, he was made professor of anatomy ; btit the change of his religion having raised him enemies, he renounced his medical studies for the church: and rope Innocent XII. consecrated him bishop, mpartibus, of Heliopolis.and vicar apostolic in the north of Europe, The results of his mpo-tant anatomical studies are contained m i .Observations on the Muscles and Glands," his "Discours sur I'Anatomie du "ll'^^^i^^'^^ "ther works. Died in 1687. biJ'.PHEN, king of England, the son of nicpncn, count of Blois, by Adela, fourth daughter of William the Conqueror, was born in 1104. On the death of Henry I. he 963 il* t ! { t > ;.'! stb] H ifletD anibersal ISiogrBpfiv. Iiiimcdlntcljr cnnip over from Normandy to KiiKlund, iind laid cliilin to the crown, nl- tliotixli Itv liiiil hiM'n onu of tlio most ituuloiiH la tAklni( tliooiitlifDr HcciirlnK tliotucccRiloii to lIcnry'H duiiKlitcr, tho ICinprcM Matilda. lly tlin aid of lil« hrotluT, « lio waa lilihop of Wliich('it(>r,li« poHHCH.^i'd lilniacif (if the royal trcaiuru, and wai rnalilcd to lirihu «omo of tliu inoit ruttlvu of hit oppiincntR, nhile ho soiiKht the support of the people at larKO hy proinlnlnR to rcvtoro tlio lu>viof Kdward the Confemior. After a war with tho Scots, who wore flnally defeated at the famous battle of tho Standard, tho llnipress Matilda landed In Kn^land with her brother, the earl of (Jlou- cester ; und bcin;? Joined by several power- ful barons, a eivll war ensued, which for cruelty and devuMtation proved ono of tho iMusl ealaniltoiis In tho annals of tho coun- try. Aft>'r various turns of fortune, Matilda rellreU to Norniundy, and the contest was carried on by her son, Henry I'lantaRcnot, who In lUil landed an army In KiiKland. llelnif Joined by the barons of his mother's party, tho conipeiitors met at tho head of their reHpecilve forces at Wallingford ; but an ariiilstico took place Instead of a battle; by which It was awreed, that Stephen should n-lKn durInK his Itfcthne, and that Henry Hhould succeed him. In the fullowiuK year Stephen died, iiRed 't!l. Kria'lli;N ]»Aril()IlI,orHA'rTOUI,kInK of I'oland, was born In Hungary about iryXi. He was of a nobin family, and by his (creat abilities and brilliant actions ns a soldier raised himself to tho dlBuity of prince of Transylvania, ill 1571. At tho close of I17S ho was elected king of I'oland, on condition of marrying Anna, sister of Sigismund Au- gustus, the deceased king. He then resign- ed Transylvania to his brother. With much wisdom and vigour he settled and regulated tho domestic aiTairsof the kingdom, subdued the party of his rival, Maximilian, and then carried on war with tho Itussians for ttvo years, tho king of Sweden being in alliance with him. The C/.ar procured tho mediation of tho pope, and peace was concluded in IM'l. liathorl was author of some Important improvements in tho administration, espc- clally tho cstabllshmcut of tho grand tri- bunal of tho crown. Under his rule tho Ukraine began to recover from the state of devastation in which it had long lain, and tho Cossacks were regularly organized and disciplined. He was a patron of learning, and founded the university of Wilnn, and the college of I'olocz. Died at Grodno, 1680. STEPHKN, Jamks, an eminent lawyer and political writer, was a native of I'oole, in Dorsetshire, received his education at Winchester, was brought up as a barrister, und became parliamentary reporter for tho Morning Chronicle. He obtained an ap- pointment in the prizccourt at the island of St Christopher's, where he realized a fortune. Having acquired, while abroad, an intimate knowledge of colonial law, he obtained on his return a large practice as an advocate in prize causes before the privy-council. As the violation of territory by the masters of American vessels often came under liis no- tice, he published a, patiipUlct, rUiilK'd " War in Disguise, or the Frauds of Neutral Fltgs i into parll ' and ho was soon after \ntni,iti rllanient as member for Train «. Train, i,. KUggoited and arranged tho wliulcmuatf the continental blockade; and for hiiim Ices tho minister appointed him a iiuitnii chancery, which olHce he hdil durlni i years. Ho also distinguished lilnnrlf«|k, constant friend of Afrlcnn oiimnoipiiior^ and was regarded by the Went InillapimuJ as their must formidable antaKunlii dm i 1h:i2. ■ "'j HTKIMIKN. Sir JAMKH, K.C.B, WMbori! Jan. 3, 17MI), and graduated ai bachflorol laws, at Cambridgp, In 1812. Till ijjj h« practised ns u, chancery barrliter,lif|iiieni ployed also ns counsel to tho colonial ll^ partment; and thlsodlco he rct.ilnfJtoniK succeeding ten yeors, together wlihilnpoit of standing counsel to tho Hoard or Tnile He wos afterwards for fourteen yi'ariumifr secretary of state for tho Colunics, on »blch oftlcc ho brought to bear tho experience Md I thought of many years with nn amouotofi industry and perscveranco very rarely i«f- passed. I'or upwards of ten ycnri Mm- his retirement from tho public lorvicc, ke| was a contributor to tho " K(llnbiiri[li He ' view," and some of his articles contribuKdi to that Journal were rcpublishfa under (lie J title of " Kssnys in ICccleslnsilcal lllojri- phy," in the same year (1819) linvliieli be was appointed to succeed i'rofeMorSmylhii the chair of modern history at Carabrlilje. Two years later he published liis"Lecliim on the History of France." Ho died Sep- tember 11, 1869. STKl'HKNS, properly ESTIKNNE, He name of a family of learned Frcnili primer), who flourished from the beginning o( tlie Kith to near tho cnu jf the 17tli cenlu.7. The founder of tho family wa« H^;XBv8I^ PIIKN», born nt Paris aboi-t UK. lltiiM to h-.ive begui\ printing there in ntlnnL>T,inRun>Tlirinuriiii " Irolln, IA3l,anil irvcnil Inter cdltlnnii In li'u lllfctlme. Tlin rcpcntod attiicki of the don- Itorioftho HorlioniiP, who nftcr the droth of ll'mncii I. vut the into of hln IIUiIph nro- Ihlbltrd, drnvn thli eminent icholnr from Irruncc. Attnclied to the ileformntlon, ho IchoipOenpvn for lili new honin, nnd nmnnged III) cum pp with hU fnmlly about \M\\. }{o Ipubllilica nn nnHwer, both In I.ailfi nnd iFrcncli, to the ccnsiireii of tho Korbonne lind died at (leneva In MAt). It wni this lltobort Stfplicru who Introduced, In 1355 Ithe dWIiilon of rhnpter iind verno Into tho' lllible, iiincc nlnioNt unlvermilly ndopted. It III known, however, that ho followed the jiyitpmof RiRiiliius, whose Latin lllhic nn- IpMrnl In \m.—ViiMii.v.» Stdi'IIknh, third ■iiMi of Henry, wiis tint n physician, and Imiiilc Mnmi'lf known by varioui works ■Mppdnlly gpvoral on iijfrlculture, which' ■wcrr collected under tho title of " I'nrdlum ■niuilcum," and trimslnted by hlni-^elf Into ■rrcnch. The work passed throuRh thirty Inlitioiu in dllTerent lanKiinjfed. lie beenme ■kpad of the printing establishment at I'aris mftcr hli brother llobert'» departure to (io- mcvn, nnd was mined printer to tho kinir ■Ho (lied In ISdi.-llKNKY S'l'KPHKNS, second ■of that name, nnd tho most llluRtrloui of his pimlly, was son of itohert, nnd was born at parliln 1328. He early showed extraordinary Pbilltlci, and made rapid progress In the lludy of tho Greek and I.ntin InneunBes' iMrninR the latter by hearing it spoken In m funilly, nnd tho former under tho best piasters. At thence of 19 he visited Italy m ipent three years in examining the prin- lipal libraries, discoverInK and collntlnir fcianudcrlpts, and mukinff tho ocqunintancc * many learned men. Ho made a short 10 Edward VI. ; then travelled in the Nc- liicrlands, and returned to I'aris in 1861. He r^/hr/""".^*!!"*"' ""•'■'' before the end of P.- '"'""'"'« dcnth of his father, in 1359 fe became head of tho Geneva offlce H s Pavels and costly publications involved him In money diffloulties, from which he was f "r ►any years relieved by tho liberality of ilo kKi' """""•""» publications, many of tok»rrj?-rH"'?*"'''!| "y himself, are-the ^orks of Aschylus, Ma-iimus Tvrina tiiA rvo ft I .""?r ^^ ^ ""«' 'J'crenco, I'lifo, „ " I ■■ '"-*■— »,Bll l|l|| .. _^ ^ttn ainlttranl HJfogrnpIi!!. .|.. 1824; and for thP L??"".''".^"'"**'"''''^ the working of tbe gold and silver mines belonging "the 96S M,')' r I ! Lki 1 1 t ! ' { I ! 1 1 ' 'W ' I i I , r . i i 1 I ' f f ■ ( t 1 1-' Ul ■ '• y, bte] % iScto ©nifacrsal ISiograpi)^* Colrublun MliiliiK AssocliiUon In South Arerlcii. On liis return )io nsslstcd nis fa- ther in laying tlown the Liverpool iindMun- eliciitorrnilwny , hut his chief ttcld of Inliour for tho next few years wn8 the locomotive miuiufttctory. Ho there constructed a scries of travelling steam-engines, of which the "Rocket" won in 1829 the prize of £600 on'cred by tho directors of tho lAverpool and Manchester Hue, nnd tho " I'lanet," con- structed on the same principles, Rave the typo to uU succeedinB locomotives. To llobort Stephenson also is due the merit of ruisinn the locomotive engine of 182'J to that of 18ctn;, wiis born In Huiiipsliirc.nnU educiitod at (Oxford ; ullcr whii li he hccaine (trooin of tlic robes to Honry VIII. ami KJwiird VI. Ilu di(,'d In IMu. StcnihoUl versidfd 61 of tlic i'siUms ; tlic! remniiulor were written by Hopliing, Nor- ton, mul nthcrii. 8TKSICH0KUH, acclebrntcd Orepk lyric poet, was 11 nutivu of llimera, in Sioily , born prulmbly about it. C. IHO. I.ittlu Is known of his bioKi'aphy, many fabulous reports hcin)? mingled with existing accounts of him. It is supposed tliat the ottlce of traln- ln(( and directing the choruses for the re- ligious festiviil.s was hereditary in bis family. He is distinguished for tlic improved form wliich he K«vc to the chorus ; substantially iliiit wliicli was adopted and perfected by I'indar. 8ome fraRments of his poems ure still extant. Died probably about jj. c. 6(iO. STKUAUT, Sir Jamk.s. [ STKVVAHT.] STKVENS, OEOllGE ALKXANDKlt, nn eccentric character, was born in London, and brought up to a niechunicni business, which he ((uitted to become a strollinK player. He wrote a novel, called " Tom Fool;" "The llirth-day I'olly;" and " Re- ligion," &c., two poems ; and subsequently Invented his popular entertainment, called a" Lecture on Heads," a prose satire on the manners of the times, possessing no small portion of drollery. Several of his songs, including "The Storm," have been much admired. Died, 1784. HTHVENHON, Sir JOHN Andkkw, an eminent musical composer, was born at Dublin, in 1761. At Id years of age he was received into the choir school of Christ- church, where he soon gave promise of those uhilities for which h> was afterwards 80 deservedly celebrated. In conjunction with Tom Moore, he rescued the matchless airs of their native laud from oblivion, by odapting them to the words of the " Irish Melodies," and enriching them with grace- ful accompaniments. He also produced an oratorio, entitled the "Thanksgiving," an- thems, glees, &c., many of which still retain their populaiity. Died, 1833. STEVENSON, Kobkut, a distinguished civil engineer, was born at Glasgow in 1772 was initiated into the principles of mechan- 5J" ^"J- ""S'"*-'" to the Northern Lighthouse Board ; In which capacity he esigned the structure of many of the S^cot on thP^^iirT^'J'"-' ,'=^' -^ of which-that mos rnnk.n/^-"''"'^''''?^ him in the fore- writer on political economy, was born at ve sitvfn ;", '"'• ^'"' Educated at the uni! wsity, and became an advocate. In 17.10 VenZTl.!'" '""«'''" '' "'« «"rl o? t rm?„e,5 «,■ 'I K«« .expectations were en- but t^i °4. ".?|J.ir-?J".¥« P'-of«Bslon ; :Si^ti:^?'^»i'^^'^«-i- % Mtin BniHttHBil ISiograpJ)!). [STI Monsieur lo Cheva'ller'' Nowton, 'suT" An* clenno Chronologlo deg Orecs."' Ten vcnM after this he was restored to his nat vo country and the estate of bis ancest « Is ni t'l d"'"An'n ""* '""•^' valuable's of |.,l I 'i ,^ ' '"•'""•y """ ll'i' I'rlnciples of Political Keononiy," which preceded tb« '"■s;I.■WA^/T ^M-'"' ^""^" "y -vtTul yea »" blKWAKl', MATiiiK\v,an eminent ma- of Hut "h,"',-',"" '";;■" "li'""'«"y,in the i ?o or J ute in 1,17. He studied matbeniaties at Kdinburgh, under Macluurin, vl "m i * succeeded in his professorslup ; on w",icb occasion he published his '' (Jeometr ci Iheorems." In 17(il appeamd his " Tracts I'hysica and Mathematical," in which he proposed to deduce a theory of the moon and to dia of Civil Archi- tecture, History of the Architecture of the Ancients." " I'lmlv g<>'>"<>" *»..i.!.-"* ure,' and -'History of Archiuicture." "ile WIS a contributor to Krsch and Gruber's imcyclopiEdIa, audio several journals. Died, 887 J [ V ' ■? I 1} t ■ f;'ftl STi] m iJicto Slnibcriial ISiograpI)^. STIOANI), nrcliblshop of Contcrbury In the lUh century, Is first known to us ns chaplain and minister of Emma, queen nnd widow first of Klhelrod nnd then of Canute. Ho wns intimntfly assooiuted with the Kveat Unrl Godwin, nnd whs consecrntod bishop of the East Angles, In 1043. Hut he wns almost immediately deposed by Edward the Confessor, who seized Iiis possessions at the same time that ho seized tliose of I'.mma. In 1044 ho was restored, became chaplain to Edward, nnd procured for tlic queen-mother her dower and permission to live at Win- chester. Stigand wns translated to "Win- chester In 1047. nnd five years later, on the deposition of Archbishop llobert, was np- pointcd to administer the see of Canterbury. lie wns probably made archbishop in the following year (lOSIl) ; assisted in the conse- cration of Westminster Abbey in 10G5 ; and on the death of the Confessor summoned the WltenaRcmot which elected Harold II. Uinjf. Ho crownotl Harold, nnd after his defeat and death at the biitUe of Hastings anoiutnd Edgar the Athcling, who wns elected by the council nssembled at London. Hut the Con- queror was irresistible, and Stigand, with other lending men, made formal submission to him, nnd wns received with great out- ward respect. Wlion Wlllinm went to Nor- mandy in lOf.7 he took with him Edgar, 8tlgand, nnd the chief of the Baxon nobles. Stigand after hisreturnto Englnnd procured a safe retreat for the Atlieling in Scotland ; nnd went liimself with his immense trcn- surrs to the famous "Camp of llefugo " In the Isle of Ely. Hut the camp was entered by the Normnns, the heroic Horewnrd made his peace with William, and Stigand was put In chains (1072). He had been deposed two years previously, and spent the rest of his life m prison at Winchester, refusing to the last to give up his treasures or betray their place of concealment. Lanltana succeeded him In the primacy. STIGLMAYEH, JOHANN HaX'TIST. a cele- brated German bronze-founder, was born near Munich in 1701. He entered the Aca- demy of that city as a student of sculpture In 1810, and, acquiring great skill as a medallist, he was named engraver to the Mint. He afterwards spent several years in Italy, where he acquainted himself with the process of metal-casting, to which ho de- voted the rest of his life. A foundry was established by the klng,Ludwlg I., at Mu- nich In 1826, and Stiglmayer was appointed director. The works he executed are very numerous, nnd among the principal are- colossal statues of the ancestors of I.udwig, for the royal palace ; of Jean Paul, Mozart, Schiller, and the elector, MaximiMan I., of Bavaria, the last an equestrian gro' 1 i monu- ment of King Maximilian I. ; statue of Goetlie, and colossal figure of Havarla, the last two not completed at his death. Pled, STI Lie HO, the great general of the Western Empire, under Honorlus, was pro- bably a Vandal, and early served In the Roman armies. Tlic ability with which, in A. n. 384, he negotiated a treaty wiiii (he king of Versia, procured him in nmrriago Serena, l.uourite niece of the Emperor [m TheodosiuR. Ho was made succMilTeiJ master of the horse, count of tlic domestioi nnd mniter-general of the armtn of ih; Western Empire, and on tlie UpatliofThco doslus. In 305, he was charged with tliecirjj of his sons, Honorlus and Arcadiuj, and of the Western Empire. His rivnl m l(n. flnus, minister of the East, nnd to clear tht way for his ambition Stiiiclio procurcdihe murder of llullnus. Hut tlie fiivoiitiic Eutropius succeeded to the power of liimnnj nnd was supported by tlic army irhich Stillcho had bent. Meanwhile ilio Oolhi under Alaric, were ravaging Greece, and Stillcho set out to oppose tlicni, aniiin 330 blockaded tlielr camp in Arcadlai butAlaric escaped with his plunder into Epiruii, ami Stilieho returned to Italy, lly lilg frudtnl measures he relieved Home from the star. city .occasioned by the revolt of GlWo, in Africa, and sent an expedition wliichputan end to the revolt. At this period the In. fluence of Stillcho was conflnnod liy the marriage of his daughter Maria to Honorlui, On the invasion of Italy by Alaric, in <00, Str.icho directed all his eticrgicstoclidckln; his progress, and totally defeated him at I'ol'entia, in 403. He drov him out of Italy, and shared with Honorlus tlie honour of 11 iriumph at Home. In J05 Italy «ji Invaded by a host of Vandals, Suevi, nnd ilnr- gundians, led by the chieftain Uadugalsu!; Florence was besieged nnd Home threat- ened ; but Stilieho defeated liim nnd de- stroyed his army, and was tlius the second time the deliverer of Italy. Stilieho loaj carried on negotiations with Alnrlc,aDdln 408 the claims of the latter were debated to the senate, which ultimately agreed to graiil him a subsidy to secure his friendship, The confidence of Honorlus in his great ndnkier and general was at last destroyed by tbe false charges made againstliinibyOlynipiit), who had risen by his favour; the leading friends of Stillcho were massacred at Farli, and soon after Stilieho himself was nir' dcred, by the nuthority of Honorlus, al Rnvenna, in 408. The poet Claudiands a- joyed the high favour of Stillcho, and bii celebrated his achievements. STILL, JOHN, bishop of Bath nnd W, died in 1607. He is tlic reputed nuthoi o( " Gammer Gurton's Needle," a draaiiiit piece of low humour, very characteristic o( the manners of our ancestors in that day. STILLING, JOHANN IlKINRICn, f* quently called JUNO-STILLINO, Juj being his family name, was a cdibraW Pietist, and was born at Grand, in iw duchy of Nassau, in 1740. His father nn charcoal-burner, nnd his eaiiy life ""' series of struggles with adverse nnddcpr» Ing circumstances. His stroni; religi* faith did not fall him, nnd after being * coal-burner, and in frequent nlieniati« i | tailor nnd schoolmaster, he found the iJtW of going to Rtrasburg to study niem* Goethe was there at the s.ime time,M4K and Stilling meeting at n dinner, WK liked him, and remained his warm W» [!' Stilling settled as physicjan at E.^^ and Heidelberg. He had sinf?"''" f^' eyo-operatlons, nnd restored to sight nw"! 968 6Tl] ______ than 2000 poor blind ponona without fco or reward, suppurtlng many of them in the hospital at his own expense. Tlio grand- duke of Baden Rave bim the title of auUc councillor. Stilling was a popular writer, and his works fill 13 vols. 8vo. The most celebrated among them nro his autoblo- srnphy. entitled, ."• Jugcnd-JUngllng-Juhre, Wanderschaft und Alter von Heinrleh Still- inij," and published in 1777— 7l» ; and liis fanciful " Tbcorie dor Oclsterkuiide." The antiobiograpliy was written on tho sugges- tion of (ioctbo, and both workg are trans- lated Into £ngligh. Vied, at Karlsruhe, 1817. ' 8TILLINGFLEET, EDWAttD, bishop of Worcester, and a celebrated controversial- lit, was born at Cranbourne, in Dorsetshire, In 1638. Ho was educated at Cambridge, became a fellow of St John's College, and in 1657 rector of Sutton. Two years later he fint appeared as an author, and as a church- man of most liberal views, in his treatise entitled, " Irenlcura," which by his sub- iequent course and writings he virtually retracted. Ic acquired great reputation \)j his works, and after the Restoration preferments fell fust to his lot. He was prenclicr at the Kolls, chaplain to the king, and dean of St Paul's. His life was almost one continuous controversy, with Roman- ists, Nonconformists, Socinians, and the philosopher, John Locke. Among bis Xon- coaformist opponents were Owen, Baxter, and Howe. He condemned the Ecclesi- astical Commission under James II., and on the accession of AVilliam III. was raised to the sec of AVorcestcr. Among his numerous works, filling 6 vols, folio, the most Import- ant was the " Origlnes Sacra:, or Rational Account of tho Christian Eaith as to the Truth and Divine Authority of the Scrip- tures." Others arc — " Origincs Britan- nica!," the early church history of Oreat Britain, " Vindication of the Trinity," " Un- reasonableness of Separation," and a " Ra- tional Account of the Grounds of the Pro- testant Religion." Died, at Westminster, 1699. STILLINGFLEET, BENJAMIN, the natur- alist, a grandson of the preceding, was born in 1703. He graduated at Cambridge, became tutor to W. Windham (father of the states- man), and, with other Englishmen, accom- panied him on his memorable visit to Cha- mouni In 1741 ; and was known as author of " The Calendar of Flora," " Miscellaneous TracU in Natural History," and a " Treatise on the Principles and Power of Harmony." Died, 1771. An account of his Literary Life appeared in 3 vols, in 1811. sriLPO, a philosopher of Megara, who lived about 306 b. c. He acquired so great a reputation for his sagacity and virtue, that, when Demetrius took Megara, he for- bade any one to injure either his person or property. ANDEU 5^^' "^^"^'^''^"' ^'"■' °'- CALEX 8T0ui;us, Joannes, a Greek writ . , probablyof the Sth or 6th century of our «ra, Auonii only by his compilatiou of in- teresting extracts from earlier Greek au- thors, including many whose works are lost. m i^to ganibtrgal asiograpfjp. [hto His collection is in two divisions onn nn. titled "Eciogm," and the othe"'"'';^^ login." The extract, are all clas.lflcd according to their subjects. Stobicui is supposed to have been a native of Stobi in Macedonia, but nothing Is known of his life. His Anthologla '' was first printed nt Venice in 1636, and the " Ecloato " at Antwerp in 1575. «'«.'"8iu at STOCK, SIMON, general of tho order of Carmelites, was by birth an linglishman and died in 1263. He is celebrated as the institutor of tho Scnpulary, which Roman !ivcd from the Virgin Ists believe ho rece..„ Mary, in a vision, with a promise that all who wore it, or one consecrated like it, should bo sure of her protection in every emergency. 8TOLBERO, CiiniSTlAN, Count von, Ger- man poet, was born at Hamburg in 1748. He was educated with his brother Leopold, noticed below, at the univercity of Giittin- ger and made also with him a tour in Switzerland and North Italy, Goethe and Lavater being their companions through part of their Journey. In 1777 he married, and settled on his estate in Schleswig. As a poet he was greatly influenced by Klop- stock, nnd, like him, studied especially the Greek poets. Ho was warmly attached to his brother, nnd survived him but a short time. Died, 1821. STOLBERG,LEOPOLD nUEURTCH, Count von, a distinguished German historian, traveller, and littdratcur, was born in Hol- steln in 17fiO. Ho was younger brother of tho preceding, studied with him at Got- tingcn, and travelled with him in Switzer- land and Italy. In 1777 he was appointed minister of tho duke of Oldenburg, prince- bishop of Liibeck, at the court of Denmark. Five years later he married, and in 1785 was charged with a political mission to Russia. He lost his wife, whom he tenderly loved. In 1788, married again In 1790, and travelled in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Sicily. On his return he was placed at the head of the government of Liibeck, a post which left him full leisure for literary pursuits. In 1800 he renounced Protestantism, was received into the Catholic church, and giving up his office, settled at Munstcr. Count Stolberg's cou version to the Romish faith go-^ the first impulse to a great re- ligious movement in Germany. His example was followed a few years later by Friedrich Schlegel. His principal work is theJ'Qe- schichte der Religion Jesu Christl," which first appeared In 16 vols. In 1806. A fourth edition was published in 1816, and it was afterwards translated Into Italian by order of Pope Pius VII. Among his other works are," Relse durch Dcutschland,dle Schwelz," &c., " Leben des Alfreds der Orossen," and " Bin BUchleIn von der Liebe." He wrote some dramatic nnd other poems, nnd trans- lated the Iliad, several plays of jEsehylus, nnd part of the writings of 8t Augustine. Died at Sondcrmiihlen, near Osnabruck. 1819. STONE. Edmund, an eminent rnQthonin. tieinn, was a native of Scotland, his father being gardener to the duke of Argyle. At the ageof ISho was dihcovcred by that nobleman ttBD STO] %' Jtcto Stntbersal IStograp^e. reading Newton's Princlpia; upon which the duke entered into conversation with him, and learnt, with astonishment, that he had made considerable acquirements in arith- metic, geometry, Latin, and French. The duke took him under his ;.rotcction, and placed him in a situation to pursue his favourite studies. He produced a " Mathe- matical Dictionary," a work on the method of Fluxions, an edition of Euclid, &c. lie was chosen F.H.8. in 1725. Died, 1768. STONE, FRANK, a popular English painter, was born at Manchester in 1800. After following for a time his father's busi- ness of cotton-spinner and manufacturer, he began to practise painting, first In water- colours, and was admitt^U in 1832 to the Society of Painters in Water Colours. He afterwards applied himself to painting in oil, and on the production, in 1851, of his picture from the " Merchant of Venice," of Bassanio receiving the letter, he was chosen A. K. A. Among his earlier works are the well-known "Last Appeal," "Cross Pur- poses," "The Impending Mate," "Mated," and others of like character. Among his !ater pieces are some spirited sca-vjews, "The Gardener's Daughter," " The'Master is come," &c. Died, at London, 18th No- vember, 1859. STORACE, Stephen, a favourite mu- sician and composer for the English theatre, was born in Loudon, in 1763; studied in Italy, and, on his return, was appointed com- poser to Drury Lane Theatre. His music in " The Haunted Tower,"" Siege of Belgrade," " No Song no Supper," &c., as well as several pieces composed for the Italian Opera, were well received by the public ; his composi- tions being remarkable for their spirit, melody, and brilliancy. Died, 1796. His sister, Anne Selina Sxouace, was an ac- complished singer and actress, and became a first-rate favourite in her profession. Died, 1814. STOltCH, HEINUICH FlUEDRICH VON, an eminent political economist, was born at Biga, 1766, studied at Jena and Heidelberg, and on the advice of Count Komanzoff re- paired to St Petersburg, where he entered on a brilliant career as a statist and political economist, which procured for him at once the confidence of the Czar, and the highest literary honours in his gift. His chief works are, his " Cours d'Economie Politique," 6 vols. 8vo, which was written at the request of the Emperor Alexander for the instructton of his brothers, the Orand-dukes Nicholas and Michael; and his " Tableau Historique et Statistique de I'Empirc de Russie i. la fin du 18me Siecle," 4 vols. 8vo. Died, 1835. STORY, JOSEPH, a distinguished American judge and .juridical writer, was born at Mar- bldiead, in Massachusetts, 1779 ; studied at Harvard Uni versity,where he took his degree in 1798 J was called to the bar in 1801, and soon acquired a distinguished reputation as a pleader. After representing Salem in the State legislature for four years, ho was sent to Congress in 1809, where his talents as a forensic debater were so well appreciated, that in 181i he was appointed 'associate justice In the supreme court of the United States. In this capacity he displayed a 970 " [6T0 thorough knowledge of the mostlmri^ questions relating to internationallaw ani earned such distinction ag a Jurist iZ his name has been carried far bevonrt T limits of his native land. His " cS ' .1 aries on the Conflict of Laws " is looN upon as an authority in evei-y state in Fn rope. Died, 1845. STOTHARD, THOMAS. R.A., an eminm English painter and designer, was born In London in 1755. received his educationata school in Yorkshire, and was apprenticed to a designer in the silk trade, in Spitalfields During his apprenticeship he showed a de- cided taste for drawing ; and soon fonnd ample employment in drawing illustrations for the booksellers. So fertile was he In resources, that it was a matter of little mo- ment to him what the nature of tlie subject was that he might be required to illustrate whether pastoral, historic, humourous pa- thetic, or sublime ; but it is generally ai- lowed that his fiteschampkres were anions his happiest productions ; there twanty joy, serenity, and Innocence are all com- bined. It is said that the designs of Stothard exceed 5000 in number; his exhibited paint- ings did not number 100. Among these the best known are the " Canterbury Pilgrimi " " The Wellington Shield," etched by the artist himself, " The Four Periods of a Sailor's Life," and " The Flitch of Lacon." His largest work is the painting on the staircase at Burghley, the seat of the mar- quis of Exeter, the sketch for which is in the National Gallery. To these may be added his illustrations of Milton, Shake- speare, Spenser, Don (luixote, the Pilgrimi Progress, Bell's British Poets, Robinson Crusoe, Rogers's Italy, &e. Stothard wjs elected R.A. in 1794, und was sppoinied librarian to the Royal Academy in 181!. Though during the latter period of his life he had many powerful rivals, he did not sustain any very sensible diminution of hii reputation. He died in 1834. His portrait, by James Green, is in the National Portrait Gallery. STOTHARD, CHARLES ALFRED, son of the preceding, was bom in 1786, He ex- hibited at an early age a great fondness for drawing, which ere long ripened into an enthusiastic love for the art; andhebecaw particularly celebrated for the faithful lineation of ancient costume. In 1610 ap- peared his admirable picture of the"Deatli of Richard It,," and in the same yeu li< commenced the publication of hi8">" menial Effigies of Great Britain." Hew a member and historical draughtsman of tie Society of Antiquaries; by whom hewii deputed to take drawings from the fanioii! tapestry at Bayeux, in Normandy; and ii 1819 he also made a series of drawings fron the paintings then recently discovered oi the walls of the painted ch.imber in in'- House of Lords. His death was the effects an accident while engaged in his professiocu labours. As he was in the act of tricing tbe stained glass in a window over the altaroi the narish church of Bere Ferrers, in D«* shire, the ladder on which ne wassWrf ga ve wa y , and he was instantaneously kw"' May 28, 1821. STO] STOW, JOHN, a celebrated antiquary and annaliit, was born In London, about 1525. He was bred a tailor, but began early to study the antiquities of his country; in which he was encouraged by Archbishop Parker and the carl of Leicsster. His first work was the " Summary of the Chronicles of Jingland ; " which he enlarged in 1600, and published under the title of "Flores Historiarura, or Annals of this Kingdom, from the time of the Ancient Britons" In 1598 appeared the first edition of his " Sur- vey of London." In his old age he was re- duced to such indigence that he was com- pelled to beg his bread. He was authorized especially to do so by letters-patent of James I. granted in 1604. Died, 1605. STOWELL, William Scott, Lord, the celebrated English judge, son of W. Scott, a merchant of Newcastle, and elder brother of Lord Eldon, was born at Heworth, Durham, in 1745, the memorable year of the rebellion in Scotland. Newcastle, like other towns in the north, was in expectation of a visit from the rebels; the tow walls were planted with cannon, and e-v t-y practicable measure adopted to withstand a siege. Many families retired into the country ; and it was desira- ble that Mrs Scott, who was then far ad- vanced in pregnancy, should be removed ; but egress in any common way being next to Impossible, she was let down in a clothes- basket, from the top of the wall to the quay, where a boat was in readiness to receive her, by which she was conveyed to Heworth, a village about three miles distant. Here she gave birth to twins — the subject of this article, and a daughter named Barbara. Lord Stowell received the rudim( uts of his class- ical education, with his brother, the earl of Eldon, at the Newcastle grammar school, and completed it at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He afterwards removed to Univer- sity College, and in his 20tli year was ap- pointed one of the tutors. About the year 1776, Mr Scott retired from the tutorship, an-l devoted himself to severe study in that branch of the legal profession of which he afterwards became so great an orna- ment. In 1779 he took the degree of D.C.L., and soon after commenced his career as an advocate in the civil law courts. Here he rose to the highest eminence with un- paralleled rapidity. He was appointed king's advocate-f,eneral in 1787 ; shortly after, judge of the consistory court, vicar-general of the province of Canterbury, and master of the faculties, He was knighted in 1788, and in 1798 became judge of the high court of admiralty and a privy-councillor. In 1790 he entered parliament as member for Down- ton, and in the following year was unanim- ously elected as member for the university or Oxford; which he remained till the co- ronation of George IV., when he was created a peer. Devoting his brilliant talents and extraordinary acumen to the noblest branch Of his profession-the study of international law, and living in times when a general war called all this knowledge Into action, equal, if not superior, in authority, to those Groth?/p"«'*''i' /''**'"« »^ the science. Grotius, Puftendorf, Vattel, &c." He was % Mtta mibtKal ISiogcap^e. [STR an accomplished scholar, a. profound rea- soner, and an uncompromising supporter of establ shed institutions in church and state. Died, Jan. 28, 1838. A bust of Lord Stowell, sculptured by Bchnes, Is in the National Portrait Gallery. STIIABO, a celebrated Greek historian and geographer, was bom at Ama^ia, in Cappadocia, about B. c. 50, and travelled through Greece, Italy, Egypt, and Asia, en- deavouring to obtain the most accurate In- formation in regard to the geography, statis- tics, and political condition of the countries which he visited. The time of his death is unknown, but he is supposed to have died after 20 A. D. His great work, in seventeen books, contains not only a description of different countries, but the chief particulars of their history, notices of eminent men, and accounts of the manners and customs of the people. 8TRADA, FAMIANUS, an ItaUan historian and modern Latin poet, was born at Home m 1572. He entered the Society of Jesuits and became professor of rhetoric at the Ro- man college, where he resided till his death. In 1649. His most famous work is the " His- tory of the Wars in the Netherlands," be- tween 1665—1590, which notwithstanding some faults and defects, and a natural bias in favour of Spain, is valuable and esteemed. GTRADA, JOHN, or STRADANUS, an eminent painter, born at Bruges, in 1536. He went early to Italy to perfect his art studies, and acquiring great reputation, was employed by Cosmo I., duke of Tuscany, and by the pope, and settled at Florence, where he executed many fine works. One of the most admired is a crucifixion. Strada painted animals with great spirit, and a few battle pieces. He is called sometimes Giovanni Stradano. Died, probably about 1605. STRAFFORD, Thomas Wentworth Earl of, the great minister of Charles I., and lord-lieutenant of Ireland, was of an ancient and wealthy Yorkshire family, and was born at London, in 1593. He studied at Cam- bridge, married In 1611, was knighted, and travelled on the continent. He was re- turned to parliament as member for York- shire in 1614, and the next year was named cuitos rotulorum for the West Riding. He sat in several parliaments for Yorkshire, and without going to extremes, took part with the opponents of the court. He was once made sheriff of Yorkshire that he might not be returned to parliament, and was after- wards imprisoned for refusing a forced loan. In 1628 his course was changed, he went over to the side of the king, and was created Baron Wentworth, then viscount, lord pre- sident of the council of the North, and in 1629 privy-councillor. As president of the North he exercised arbitrary power, and violated the petition of right ; and his love of power still unsatisfied, he was made, by his own desire, lord deputy of Ireland in July, 1633. His government was despotic and cruel ; he would fain have driven out of the couniiy all the Bcots who had taken the covenant ; he raised a large army, which was no doubt intended for the support of tyranny in England ; and by his infamous claim of 971 ill til: I.: btb] ^ Jtcfia ©nibtraal ISCograpfjg. the whole province of Connaught for the crown created general alarm, and led the way to the rebellion of 1641. Ireland, how- ever, owes to him the introduction of the growth of flax, and the establishment of the linen manufacture. In 1639 Wentworth was created earl of Strafiford, and received the title of lord-licutcnant of Ireland. He was soon after called to coiumnnd against the Scots, but he effected nothing. He took his seat in the House of Lords in November. 1640, and was immediately impeached of high treason, Pym taking the leu'''..- . • ' 't againsu him. He was committe Tower, and in March, 1641, his trla. t one of the most memorable of statt> . .^. The whole House of Commons was piv.viii, with them commissioners from Scotland and Ireland, eighty peers as judges, and the king and queen as spectators. The management of the proceedings was intrusted to Pym. For seventeen days, says Quizot, he unaided against thirteen accusers, who relieved one another, argued the chari^es which they brought forwnrd. The Impeachment seemed likely to fail, and a bill of attainder was proposed. The trial went on, Strafford closed his eloquent defence on the 13th April, *ho attainder was hurried on, and passed on the 2l8t, but the king refused his assent. The popular excitement rose to a panic, a report was spread that the House of Commons was to be blown up, and twice within a week a cracking of the floor caused the flight of the members. At last, moved by the tears of his wife, who hated Strafford, and was on the point of fleeing to France ; influenced also by the intrigues and sophist- ry of the bishop of lAncoln, the king gave his assent to the attainder ; and his minister, who had trusted in his promise of protection, was beheaded on Tower-hill, 12th May, 1641. Strafford's character Is thus sketched by Macaulay :— " He was the first Englishman to whom a peerage was a sacrament of in- famy, a baptism into the communion of cor- ruption. As he was the earliest of the hate- ful list, so was he also by far the greatest ; eloquent, sagacious, adventurous, intrepid, ready of invention, immutable of purpose, in every talent which exalts or destroys na- tions pre-eminent, the lost archangel, the Satan of the apostasy." Strafford's Letters and Despatches have been published in 2 vols, folio, and his Life has been written by Forster. The attainder of the earl of Straf- ford was reversed in 16G2. STllANGE, Sir KODEUT, an eminent en- graver, was born in one of the Orkney islands, in 1721. He first studied painting; but having entered into the army of the Pretender in 1745, he for a time lived in concealment, and afterwards went to Paris, where he became a pupil of Le Has, the ce- lebrated landscape engraver; and, on set- tling in London, in 1751, he applied himself to historical engraving, in wliich he arrived atgreat exceHence. In 17(>0 he went to Italy, where he was chosen a member of the aca- demies of r,ome, Florence, and Bologna ; he was kni"'' isd in 1T87» and died in !79'i! Me- moirs o'' nis Lite, by Jauies Dennistoun, ap- peared in 1835. STBANGFORD, PERCY CLINTON Syd m NEY8MYTrfE.Vlscount,diplomatl(tanllln|^ cellaneous writer, was born in nso.andwm educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Before liG was of age he had contributed to ihr " Poetical Begister," and he succeeded to his father's peerage in October, 1801. a short time previously he had oiiti'redtjie diplomatic service, anci was already seem- ary of legation at Lisbon. Here he nude a translation of the poems of Cimoeru which lie published in 1803, prefixing to It a Life of the poet. In 1806 he wasappointfj rulr.iitc. at the court of Lisbon; apojiiion which, some two years later, he excluiigcd for that of envoy extraordinary and minlj ter plenipotentiary, being at tlic same lime created ^ G-. C. B., and sworn a member ot the privy-council. When the Portuguefe court emigrated tc the Brazils, he wai ap- pointed to accompany it. Keturning to England in 1816, In the following year he was sent to the court of Sweden, and wai removed in 1820 to the more important poit of ambassador at the Forte. In 1829 he vu sent ambassador to Russia, ond yrai it 8l Petersburg when the Emperor Nicholas u. cended the throne. In the summer of 1826 he returned to England. In 1825 he nt made a Knight Grand Cross of the HnnoTer ian Guclphic order, and accepted the Eng- lish barony of Penshurst, which gave him a seat in the House of Lords. In 1854 he wis created an honorary D.C.L. of Oxforii, at the installation of the duke of 'Wellington, with whom he had been associated as co- plenipotentiary at the Congress of Verona, in 1822. Lord Strangford was an ardent lover of literature and the fine arts. Hewai a frequent correspondent of the "Gentle-I man's Magazine," under the initials of hit name, P. C. S. S., and tlie signature oflei appeared in " Notes and Queries." Hera well-known as a fellow of the Society of] Antiquaries, of which he became Tice-pre- sident. Died, 1855. STREATER, ROBERT, an English painter, excelling in history, architecture, andland- ; ape. At the Restoration, he was Miit •jeant-painter to the king. Born, IMi (I 1, 1680. STRICKLAND, HUGH EDWIN, geologiit and zoologist, was born at Bighton,inllie East Rilling of Yorkshire, in 1811. He| studied under Dr Arnold, at Lalehamianil[ then at Oxford Ifniver8ity,devotingWnisel/: thenceforth to the pursuits in which he k-, came distinguished. Having inTestigatM|| the geology of his native district, the Cotfj wold Hills, &c., and contributed nianfi| memoirs to the Transactions of the Gcolop-ji cal Society, he visited Asia Minor, anil puhl lished the results of his observations in iitfii same Transactions. Mr Strickland succeed i Dr Buckland as reader in geology \tm university of Oxford ; he was alsoone oiueii earliest members of the Geoicgieal Socieif,' and took part in establishing the Kay »• ciety. He was an accomplished orniiwio- gist, and among his numerous writings »i treatise on "The Dodo and its Kindred. W; wa« Iclllpd bv a t.-ain on the Great hortim. Railway, while examining thecuUiiigi»J=' Clarborough Tunnel, 14th September, »■ 8TR0ZZI, PALLA, Florentine statt«i»« ^ Mt\3i ganibcraal ^(ograp^p. and icliolar, one of the most eminent of the llliiitrious fBinily of the Strozxl, was born in 1372. He early dUtlnjfuished himself as a zealous promoter of cl.issicnl studies ; de- ruted a grcnt part of his wealth to the main- tenance of le iriicd men in Florence, and to the collection of valuable manuscripts from Greece. AmonK those he procured were the "Politics" of Aristotle, the "Almagest" of Ptolcniy, Plutarch's "Lives," and the works of Plato. In U28 he was placed at the head of tlio university of Florence, and effected (?reat improvements in its organiza- tion and workinif. Palla Strozzi was em- ployed on many important political affairs, and having associated himself with the party opposed to the Medici, he was, with the rest of Ills party, exiled in 1435. He spent the rest of his long life in peaceful and studious retirement at Fadua, and died there in li62. STROZZI, FiUPPO, a celebrated Floren- tine patriot, was bom about UbS. He married a daughter of the last of the Medici, but never- theless opposed their restoration to power. He took the lead in the revolution which in 1827 led to the re-establishmcnt of the repub- lic. The pope and the emperor combined to overthrow it three years later, and Filippo for a time acquiesced in tlie rule of Ales- »ndro de Medici. lUit after the death of Pope Clement VII., he undertook the hazard- ous enterprise of restoring the liberties of his country. For this purpose he drew over to his party Lorenzo de' Medici, called the younger, who, on the 6th of January, 1537, assassinated Alcssandro, and then escaped to Venice. The perpetration of this crime did not answer the object of those who contrived it i for Cosmo de' Medici succeeded to the government. Filippo having been taken prisoner, nrd apprehending he should be put to the torture, he resolved to anticipate the trial by a voluntary death, and finding a sword, plunged it into his breast, and im- mediately expired. This event took place '" ^»^?'^.,"' T. A. Troliope has written a Life of Filippo Strozzi, STROZZI, PiERO, son of the preceding, having with the rest of the family taken refuge m France, rose to the rank of field- marshal, and signalized himself by his serv- onV ♦°"c ^l '"5^ "?''' »«»• In 1«*8 He was sent to Scotland with a body of Italians ll^VTi"" ">« ^"8""^! and in 1558 he contributed to the capture of Calais; but in he same year he received a mortal wound atthesiegecfXhionv! le His son Fimp- b«t ^ITif ^'""^''^ ^^'^ «" °f his family, but his end was unfortunate, for when vroundedinaflghtwith the Spanish fleet mSoVrdlifvf.''' ^i"*"**'- »«^as thrown ^Srd^T^^-^-S-may ^i"'!.-'f.'y 0' Venice, entitled "VBnp.ta [STB •Conrad;" also "Idylls," "Sonnets," if^'^Ssiisii and &c. 8TKUEN8EE, JOHN Frkderick first minister of Christian VII. of Denmark was born at Halle, in Saxony, in 1737 He w" brought up to medicine, and became in 1768 physician to the king of Denmark, whom he accompanied on his tour toOermany.France "l"*ou^."«.'""^- ^°°n after the marriage of Christian with the Princess Caroline Matilda of England, Struensee became a favourite of the young queen ; and after a long course of court Intrigues, Count liern- storff and the other ministers were obliged to yield to him and his friend Count Ilrandt Taking advantage of the imbecility of the monarch, he gradually came to direct the whole affairs of government He endea- voured to introduce important reforms In the law and the administration, most of which wereigiiordntly and violently opposed. His monopoly of power at length roused the .jealousy of the principal nobility, who, aided by the young queen's mortal enemy, the queen-dowager, entered into a conspiracy to destroy him and his party, which they effected in the following manner. A scan- dalous charge was made against Queen Caroline Matilda, that she cherished a guilty passion for the hated minister; and on the night of the 16th of Jan., 1772, thecon- spirators suddenly aroused the king in his bed, and making him believe that his life was in danger, obtained his order for arrest- *I1^, the queen, Struensee, Brandt, and all their adherents. The result was, that they were tried and convicted as traitors on the most preposterous charges Struensee made a cowardly confession. The queen too con- fessed her guilt, but it is difficult to admit the truth of it. Struensee and Brandt were beheaded and quartered ; and the queen, who was confined in the castle of Cronen- burg, would have probably shared a similar fate, had not a British fleet appeared in the Baltic, and conveyed her to Zell, where she died in 1776. STBUTT, JOSEPH, an artist and anti- quary, was born in 1749, at Springfield, in Esse-K, and was a pupil of Kyland the en- graver. Uniting the study of antiquities with the practice of his art, he published, in 1773, his work entitled the "Kegal ond Ecclesiastical Antiquities of England," con- taining representations of the English mon- arehs, from Edward the Confessor to Henry VIII. Thiswasfollowed.amongother vrks, chiefly of an antiquarian cast, by his "Bio- graphical Dictionary of Engravers," In 2 volumes ; and his " Complete View of the Dresses and Habits of the People of Eng- land." In 1801 he published his last and favourite work, entitled the "Sports and Pastimes," &c., with numerous plates. Ho was also the author of " Quetn Hoo Hall," Ancient Times," and " The Test of Guilt!" Died, 1802. 8TRUVE, George Adam, an eminent German Jurist, born at Magdeburg, in 1619. He studied at^the universities of Jena and -.p.,,,st=dt,5«u{jfaduatcdLL.D. attheiatter in 1646. At the close of the same year he was appointed professor of law at Jena, »nd, in 1648, assessor to the high court of 973 BTU] H iartu OtnibersRl Idiograpl))). tliitclrclo ofHiixony. Uoi'ciiuivcil to Wclmnr in 1(1(17, wliiTii III! Iiiiil till) ui;p()liitii\i to puhllMh iiuiHi>rou« Icnrncd workB on litw ; nmonK whivli thu most lolphrutod lire—" HyntiiKnin Juris Vpu- dnllti," " SyntiiKnia JurUijrudentlin CIvIIIh," " .lUH Rnrrutii .luitlntanouni," and "JurU- prudontx.oder Vcrfiissung dcrLandikblii-hcn Hcclito," the first tri-ulUo of tho kind In the (lorinuu lanKiiiiRP- It apppart'd in KIHI), Htriive wiiH twiop miirrlod, and had a liirKO family by fiu-h of liis \vlv«». He dl«d in 10i)2. HTIIU'VK, HUUCIIAIU) OCTTUKI.K, Hon of tho preccdlnK. was a loarnod and Indofa- tlgablo Ooniiitii blbllographrr. }Iiit talunts uttractud much notice nt Jena, wliorc ho lectured on phll<>H(>phy,antl(iultl(.'8,&c. IIIn works on hlntory, law, and philosophy, uro jiunu'rouB and highly e»toomed. Horn, 1071 ; (lied, 17;W. HTHUVl'., rillKDUICH OEOUOK. Wll,- llKl.M.a distiuKulHhed astronomer, born at Altona, In 17!W. llo was educated ut tho university of Dorpnt, olitalned a post In tho obiiervatory there In 1813, and was named director In 1817. He applied lihnself zeal- ously to tho study of "doulilo stars," and tho works ho afterwards pubiished, contain- ing his "Observation!," "CataloRue" and micrometric measurements, rank auion^ tho most important of their class. Struvn was early enKaj;ed In the triBonometrlcal survey of Livonia, and ho took part in various other important upodetic works, cspeclaliy tho measurement of an are of ihc meridian in llussla and Hcandinavla, the longest ever attempted. This was one of his latest tasks, and WHS executed In conjunction with Gen- eral Tenner. Htruve hiul been director of tho noblo observatory of I'ulUowa sineo 183!), and ho published a " Description do I'Observ- atoiru central do llussie," and a CatnloKUo of its library. Ho onRaKod in laborious ro- searches on the Milky "Way, and determined the parallax of the star a Lyrin. Died at St I'ctersburg, November 23, 1804. STllvrE, JOHN, an ecclesiastical histo- rian and biographer, was born at Stepney, in 1043 ; was educated at St Paul's School, and at Jesus College, Cambridge; and en- joyed tho living of Low Layton, in Essex, CO years, altliough he was never Inducted. During his residence at this place, he applied diligently to tho study of English history, and, by procuring access to numerous collec- tions of manuscripts, was enabled to throw more light upon tho period of tho Hcforma- tion than any writer who went before him. His chief works are, " Ecclesiastical Monu- ments," 3 vols, folio ; " Annals of the Ke- formatton," 4 vols, folio ; and an augmented edition of Stow's Survey of London, 2 vols, fuiiu. He also wi'uto the Llvus of tuo Arch- bishops Cranmer, Parker, Orindal, and Whitgift ; and those of Sir John Cheke, Blr ThomiiN Smith, and KIshopAylnicr. Dupi,, the latter part of his life in* wai rocioriJ Hackney, where ho dleANlK!,,ttnabiep()llii|.„|»rt|» known for nmny years as the editor nndttii! pr'etorof the Morning I'OHt niui thcCourltf was born in Edinburgh, 17(1(1, liut rfnoifd to London when a mure liid, hit brmi,,- under whoso care he wiih plnrcii, beigi eitablUhed thorn In coniiecllijn >»|'t|, n! press. Through their mraiiit ho Wcmjcic i (luainted with tho spirit and vipwiofiiiiier. ent parties ; and In 171)5 he purchinrdiOTeril shares in the Morning I'osl.of whlUihculil- mately bocamo solo proprietor aiiit tilinr His success was rapid iiiul llatloting, I|{| own ready pen, aided by thiit uflili brother. in-law, Mr (afterwards Sir Junicn) Macklii. tosh, Colorldgo, Southcy, and Wordiworth raised tiio reputation of the paper boyond that of any contemporary Jounml. Ini803 ho sold tho Morning I'ost, imd ImviiiK be- come Joint proprietor of the CourliTplieln. creased the fame of this Journalhy the sami! sagacity, industry, and tiileiit.tlmt had raw the other. In 1810 he retlrod lnt(i|irinii> life, and for thirty years enjoyed in eai; competence tho fruits of the laboursofii active life. Died, 1840. STUART, LoUl) DUDI.KV Coims.clghH son of John, flrst muniuis of lime, bj hit second wif(>, Friinecs, Uiingliter <\t Tliomai Coutts, tho banker, w»8 liora in 180,1. Ito- ing graduated at Chriut'sColirKC.Cambrlilp, in 1823, he proceeded on n contlnciilnltMr; and in 1824 ho tnarricd a daughter of kcin Honaparto, prince of Cniilno. In 183lilielit- came M.P. for Arundel, and distlnguiihid himself by his advocacy of the UcforraBill, and the other measures of reform supported by tho liberal party. After being wllhoil a seat in parliament for 10 years, he wii returned for Marylebone in 1847, and cci- tinned to sit for this horough lill his doili. Ills chief title to rcmemhrancc rests on lili attachment to the Polish cause, which lit embraced on the outbreak of the insumctloi in Poland in 1830, and to which he adiertd with undovlating constancy. DiedatSiMii- holm, November 17, 1854. STUART, QiLBEiiT, historian and nilicd- laneous writer, was born at KdiDburgh,ii 1742, and received his cducijtion in Ihemi-j vorsity. He studied Jurisprudence, bull*' camo an author by profession. In his 2!il| year, he published a " Dissertation conterj' ing the Antiquity of the British Condili' tion ; " for which he was complimented*" the degree of LL.D. His next work fi« " View of Society in Europe;" bntliei« disappointed of the professorship of I»» '' Edinburgh, he removed to Londoii,anlM- came a writer in the Monthly Ucvieir. m however, returned In 1773, and commcjw the Edinburgh Magazine and Kovicn,wl>i» wasdiscontlnuedin 177(i. Besides the woru before n.entloned.he wrote " The HisW Scotlar.d," a " History of the KeformjtljnM Suolittud," &c. Di'opsy, brought a •■:•■- of intemperance, caused his death In i* 8TUAKT, GILBERT CHABIJ59 (A""- 974 «i» painted llhcHneportniltdfWiiHhinKton which In now llnllio lluiton Atliriiii-iim, IichIiIoh portraltK lor Adnrnn, JoiforNon, and throe other prould • Itnlsuf till) Unitrd NtatON. Died at Ilooton, Ijulf, 1H2H. I HTUAIIT, IlKNIlY HKN K1)U!T MAUI A Ol,i;- Ihknt, rnrdinul of York, younger brother of ll'liiirli's Kdward, tho I'retender, and the hiHt Idrmnduntuf thi; royal lino of tho Htuartii, Iwm liorn at Home, in l"'J.V When the ladt priind ('ffort for the rcHtoratlon of hiN family F'li 171.1 proved uliortive, he took orders, and |iiil747 Popo Jtencdict XIV. raised him to the Ipurplo, 'I'iifl pxtniordinnry events arlHlnx lout of tho Treneh revolution had tho effect lofmakini^r tlio cnrdlnal dependent on tho llMunty of the khiK of Kn^land ; for having Ibfcn obllKi'd to lleo to Vcniee when the ll'rcnoh invaded Italy, he was indebted for Ibis support to a pension from tho Kngllsh Icourt. Died, 1807. _ STUAUT, jamks Francis EmvAni). |[JAMKH.] STUART, JAMES. [MUllKAY, Karl of,] STUAKT.JAMKS.eommoniycalled Athr- Inian Stuaut, ft celebrated traveller, aii- liiiiuary, and delineator of Athenian urchl- jtccturo, was born in London, In 1713. Ho ■oriffinnlly gained bis livclihond by painting Ifimsi but having made himself master of ■Orcck, Latin, and tho mathematics, ho ■trnvelled to Italy on foot, and afterwards JTlsltcd Athens, in company with Nicholas IKevett, a skilful architect, where they em- ■ployed themselves In mnklnR drawings of line architectural relics which have escaped jtne ravages of time and violence. On his ■return to England, he became eminent as ■»n architect, and was appointed surveyor ■to Greenwich Hospital ; became F. R. 8. and ■i'h.A,,and published the resultof his foreign ■WDours In a valuable work, entitled "The |Antiquitie8 of Athens," 4 vols, folio. Died, In ..' ^, isa miniature portraitof Stttart |m the National Collection. L .L^J^J\''"'/'^*'^^' 0^ I>«ncarn, was a scion ■or the noble house of Moray, and was born In I nd ho^o" ^"^ '""I'* *" ^^^ '«««• profession, l«.n„ i K'^^t aptitude for business, he be- |,*'''« 'iffosscd in political engagements ■with wh cb he maintained Whig prInclDles l''d Kirr.*" r"""* ■*«» then cXd'lhl Itruffiln.T'!?" '"Scotland. Certain lnnt?i'''*.P^.h.<» ir the noek. Which next day nu.se,? .'..•J^^^'h'' Mr Htuurt was tried for murder before the hiKh court ofjusti.lary, and was ae., Utted Jlls experiments in farming and com merclai spee.ilatloMs in the year mn proved so dl^ ustrous as to compel hlin to embark for Ame- rlea. I here he reHided for three years : and on his return to lOngland he published an aceomit of his travids In tho Unite.! states whCh obtained great Niieeess. Hoon after be undertook the editorship of the Courier newspaper, and when Lord Melbourne be- came premier In iH.i.'j, he obtained the ollbo of Inspector of factories, which be held till IS death. Mr Htuart was distliiKiilslied for his taste in the flue arls, and his eminent social (lualltles procured him a hearty wel- come wherever he appeared. Died, IHJO NTUAHT, John, A.M., IMt H A., an antl- iiuarlan writer, and professor of (Jreek in Mnrlsehal (-'ollege, Aberdeen, was born at t-aHtleton, KlncMrdlne, in I7fll. He was tho yoiingeMt Kon of John Htuart, of Inebbrick Ml)., and lineally desrended from Walter Htuart, of Morphio, in the Mearns, whoso grandfather Murdoch, duke of Albany, was grandson of Uobert the Second, by Elizabeth Mure, of Howallan. He was a profound an- tlfjnarlan, especially on all subjects con- nected with Hcottlsh history, and was tho friend and corrcspondentoflMnkorton, Chal- mers, Janileson, Oencrals Hulton, Uay, &c. Ho was tho aiithorof tho " Account of Maris- chal College and University," published In Sir John HInclalr's Statistical Account of Scotland ; " Sketch of the Llfeof Dr Duncan LIddle," Aberdeen, 1790; and antiquarian essays communicated to the Uoyal Antl- jjuarlan Society of Scotland, consisting of Observations upon tho various AccounU of the I'rogress of the Roman Arms In Scot- land," and " An Account of tho Sculptured rlllars in the Northern Counties of Scot- land." Died, 1827. STUAHT, WOKTLEY, Lady Kmmkmnk, whose name was long familiar to the literary world, was the second daughter of the duke of Rutland, by tho Lady Kllzubeth Howard, daughtcrof tho fith earl of Carlisle,and born In 1808. At an early ago she gained consider- Bblo reputation as an authoress. She was a frequent contributor to the " Keepsake," the Drawing-room Scrap-book," and other an- nuals, and conflrmed her reputation by her sketches of travels In tho United Stotes, published under the title of " Ktcctcra," as well as by " Portugal and Madeira," " A Voyage in a Russian Steamer to fit Peters- burg," and by various poems. Lady Emme- llno was of enthusiastic and poetic tem- perament, and probably, during her long residence abroad, had seen more of foreign countries and foreign society than any Eng- lish lady of modern times. In 1831 she mar- ried the Hon. Charles Stuart "VVortley, bro- ther of Lord ■Whamcllffe, but was left a widow in 1844. Shn died at Ileyrout in 1855 from tho effects of the kick of a mule, which threw her, and fractured her leg, while she was riding on the hills in the nelshbourhnod of Jerusalem. 8TUBB8. GEOROE, a painter was bom at Liverpool, In 1724 ; studied at Rome ; and. W dJ ^1' 1 1 ■ n HBI ^B^Hl ^H^^HI^^H- ^BhI ■ H HIIII ■ 1 1 STU] H iHeb) etnibersal 19iostnp!)i). 73 on III! return, ictllod In I.ondon, where ho ahllnnuUhfilhlmiti'lf una pointer of iinlmnU, niutloiihuly hori('». Ilo wb» nn ai«ocl««o of the Uoyal Academy ; nnd published " The Anatomy of the Homo," and a "Compiirii- tlvo Anatomical Kxponltlon of the Htructure of the Human Hody , with that of a Tiger and a Common Fowl." Died, IHOfl. BTlimiS, or BTUHIU!, JOHN, a aplrltcd lawyer, and o celebrated political writer, was born about lAll, and educated at Corpui Chrlitl Collrgo, CombrldRe, whenco he re- moved to Lincoln"! Inn. When the duko of Anjou became a »ultor to Queen Kllza- beth, Stubhg, who had booomo a I'urltan, publlRhcd a pamphlet agaln.U tho alliance, entitled " Tho Discovery of o ijapInK >8'' "^ reputation «at, m 1566, th e Emperor Maximilian con- FT"" •titutcd it n \inlvorslty. Hturm was Itsflrst rector. Hi- wiis nt the Nninii time iin active promoter of tins rcformniiou, mid tbii steai a dukedom. By the Justice of his adminis- tration and the hiunanity with which ho __ ml- lilil N V'^-A't lUO] % £lc\ii aniueiaal iSiograpbt?. trcntPd iho ooniiuori'tl province, lio w(in the Kratoful eiU'omof tlii' peoplo. On NupoU on'* ruiurii from KlUa, llio froiitli'ri of Hiivoy woro tiitriutod to hiii dofuiicc. Died, IH'iO. HUCKI.INO, Hlr John, pool unit lour- lltr, wii« liorii i»t Whltton, In MUlillrnox, in luoy. HUfuthor, who wu» tomptrolli'r of the royul houiolioW, iont him curly on hli travuU, luid ho Norvod ii cumpnlKn In tliu iirmy of OuNtarui Adolphu». On hit re- turn ho ui'nulrod ruputtitlon oi a wit and a .IrnmiitUt . and, ut tho >glnnlnK of thu Hi'oli'h rt'b< lUon, ho riiUod u troop of liorno for tho khiK't iorvlce,hiit thflr conduct In tho flold dl««rucod both thenmolvrH and tlmlr oommiuulor. An abortive attempt to clfiit tho e»iiipo of tho curl of Htrafford, contlnod In the Tower under artlilc* of Im- peaehiiicnt fnini the Commoni*, Implicated Hlr John 00 nerlously, that he thought It udvlaablcto retire to France, where he died In 11141. IIU vrltlnKiiconHl»toflet'.orH,plBy«, and poem*; the last of which have obtained a place in tti^nilard collcctionH. HUK, KUQKNK, one of the most proUttc novolUl* that I'rance hau produced, was born ot I'urli In 1801. Kdiicatcd ot tho I,yc(So llonaparK', ho studied medlctno In tho hoapltulH and BcnooU of Varli, entered a company of the Uoyal Itody Ouards a« aide-major In 1823, and soon i-flerwards was transferred to tho staff of tho French army then proparlni? to enter Hpain, under tho Duo d'AnKoul6mo, and was present at the ticgo of Cadi/, and at some minor opera- tions. In 18'25 he exehanifcd tho army for tho naval service, and visited America, Asia, and tho Mediterranean coasts; thus obtain- ing a knowledge of ocean scones and sallor- \iu> which ho afterwards turned to good account in his earlier tales. In 1828 he took part in the engagement iitNavarlno. In the following year, by tho death of his father, ho came into possession of a uonsidcrablo for- tune, became! a painter.and entered the studio of Oudln. After contributing to some minor stage pieces, he wrote various novels, chiefly illustrative of naval life, which had groat popularity in I'rance. From 1832 to 1840 Eugene Sue confined himself to that class of fictions In which he endeavoured to enuilato Fenimore Cooper in sea adventures, and Sir Walter Scott In historical delineations. But changing on a sudden his political views, ho embraced the opinions of the 8o- ciallsu, and In his " Mathildc," published In 1841, ho laboured to expose the wrongs of the lower classes and the miseries of tho poor, which he afterwards developed with to much power in the " Mysteries of Paris," and the " Wandering Jew." These two novels, which originally appeared in tho "Journal des DiSbats," and tho " Constltu- tlonncl," were welcomed with great en- thusiasm in France, and broughthim a larj.e accession of fame and fortune. In tho columns of the " Constitutionnel," Eugene Sue, in 1846, published his " Martin I'Enfant Trouv4," a tocialist romance, and in the fol- lowing year " Les Sept P^ch^s Capltaux." "Let MystAres du Peuple," published in 10JA lAKH -.^Vlnlt ««.na intanAaA tf\ ho ATI PT. ...*»- J. .....J r-ft«> '■ •-.•" .....*....-w— ^- posure of the misery to which tho common people of every country have been reduced m in all agot of tho world by li^uitlctuj tyranny, wiisKtipprfiscd by tliti gownunti in 1H87, an it icdliuni'i iind immoral pnyjT' ticm. Ill IH4H, after iliM rnviilutloiiufPfii. nmry, Kugftne Hue adopted tliemrqiipnii,. niocratle and socialist oplnluim, and m elected In MflO a member of tho Nuitajij Assembly. Ills nomo was tliijU|;ht ioiii(4 HO much credit over tho vUloinuf t^,i,j KcHi('(.'i{j that ho was eonnlclercdont of in thlefs, and accordingly wlicn I,nuu w leon perpetrated tlw euuixV^tnt In lifcnuiKf IH.'Jl, liugOno Hue wiis driven Into all* ui died proMerll)ed In 18S7. HUKTONIUH TllANmriMUS, Caiv, llonian historian, who lived In the liund 2nd centurletof ourera. He WMthnonofi Uoiiian oflicer, became un ntlvociteit Kooit and afterwards secretary {)iiii(/ii(ir tfuiaia'. rum) to the Emperor lliulrlnn. ThlipUejht lost through some fanillliirtllcii.nutclmir describ<>d, with the I'.mpri'gA Hablni. Ut- tonlui was tho friend of IMiny the wiunpr. Uo wrote numerous works, of whicli (our aro extant. Tho most Important ii hli " Vltic duodecimCicsaruin," which eontilDi a largo mast of curious uiid valuable fun, and though not systematlcalljr or rhetoric- ally composed, but chiefly (nerHolic,\i n- tcomod Impartial and triiatworth;, Ithu passed through a grent number of cdliloni, and has been transliUed Into almoit ill European languages. II U other ciunt works are Notices of grammarlati!, rh'io- riclans, and poets. An Ennllsh traniliiiog of Huotonlus 11 Included In llohnt Claiiieil Library. SUETONIUS PAUUNUS, a cclebnttJ Roman general, who dlstinKuUhedhliDitlf, A. T). 41, by reducing the revolted Miirl- tanians, In fi!) he wns appointed to llitp- vcrnment of liritalii, sulidiii'd the lilsidol Mona (Anglesey) In 61, and thoamejor vanquished the heroic Hoadicea, H( km after returned to Itnly, bceamo comul.iil took port In tho war with Vltclllui. HUEUIl, EUSTACIIK r,E. [LE9UEUB; SUFFOLK, CH AULKS HRANnON,Dul[(0f, was nephew of Sir William lirandon.iuiJ ard-bearer to the earl of llichmondiiitil battle of Hosworth, and belu(! early ula to court, became the companion of PiliM Henry. After tho accession of the liw. as Henry VIII., to tho throne, FniW was created Viscount L'lale. He ««•■ panlod the king to France In 15I3,u4ii the conclusion of ,jcacc in the folloiii) year attended the bcnutlful rriiiccaHW to France on her marriage with thcoldw al-iiost dying king, Louis XII. ; a mm> policy, arranged by "WoUey.to *liitii» young princess most rcluctantir s'-f"" and not without obtaining from herbriM Henry a distinct promise that she «w» " us she list " next time. The km? If* her lovo for Suffolk at that time, Oi J death of Louis, about three months aRS" marriage, Suffolk was sent m\.««^* congratulate Francis I . on his ncMSiteiw ing his stay he was privately marni^w" widowed queen, and returning wljn" En^bind in Aoril. 1(115. they were p« married at Greenwich m m l''"'";^, king and queen.ln May. Itwasdiipww itUO] ^ Man mnibttntil lBiogrKpf)n. (,i the kinit, but, wftened hjr tho Influrnca iifWoUey.lnitcndof punliililn«ltni« treiiion, be Impoai'U hard tiTin* on Mury ; tiiklnff all bir pl»i ''««" "J""! »n tor- ■ 'cnw: lie nimcnif }%nA u.^,^^ i^ ■. dlH/ ^ sacre of St Hartholomow, having been pre- served by tho president of tho college of Hurgundy, who concealed him for three days. In tho service of the youn« king of Novarre, the Haron do Hosny, as he was then styled, distinguished himself on se- veral occasions by u bravery approaching to rashness. He contributed to the victory of the Huguenots at the battle of Coutras ; and took part in tho battles of Arques and I vry , nt the latter of which he was wounded. Hut his abilities as a diplomatist ond finan- cier were no less remarkable. In 1686 he concluded a treaty with tho Swiss, for a supply of 20,000 troops for h:. master's service ; in 1597 he was placed at tho head of the department of finance; and, two years afterwards, he wns declared superintendent. About the same time ho also negotiated the marriage of Henry with Mary do' Medici. In his embassies to England, first to Queen Elizabeth, and afterwards to James I., he displayed great penetration and address. and conciuaea a treaty with James I., advan- tageous to both countries. In addition to his other offices, he was appointed grand »7» i«j!iii- m w M um\ BUIi] '^ ii]Ub) Slnibersal 19iograpf)9. Kwrvoyor of riiincr, ufrnnd mnstt-r of tho nrtlllt'ry, Rovi'inorof tiio HMtlllc, nnd mipor- Intcndrnt of foitlllcHtloiiH throiiKlioiit the kingdom. II In IiiIiouih n8 inlnlntcr of llnmieo wcri' mtcntloil with tlio ImpplrRt. (tut'<'( eoiobiiird I'llVot tif civil nnnrchy iiiid wiiifiiio, wrro by hi* euro rc- itorod toordor. AVllli » n-venue of itfl.OOO.OUO, ho paid off, In 10 ynirs, ii debt of 2()0,0()0,()()(), bo»ldp« liiyliiK "p ;i.'S,()i)0,(i(ni. Tlioiinh fit<- qucntly tliwiuted In lils purposoB by the rnpacUy of tho coinileifi iind iuistro88o» of tho nioniuch, lio nobly purHued his ciirocr, ovrr dlMliiKUlithiiiK himself as tho zealous friend of his country, and not iho tompor- ixhiK minister of his master. Ills Industry was unwearied. Ito rose every mornlnn at 4 o'elock, and after dedlcatlnn some tl.no to business, he rbvo audience to all who solicit- ed admission to him. After his return frotn his mission to Knulnnd, he was made pto- vcrnor of I'oltou, and KrauA master of the ports nnd harbours of I'rovence ; and tho territory of SuUy-sur Loire was creeled into n duchy in his favour, in l(!(i(l. After tho death of Henry IV., Sully retired from pub- lic aflTairs, and ho died in KUl. His "Me- moirs," Avhlch are highly important and In- terosting, woro trnnsliitcd into KubIIsU by Chariot to Lenuox, and form 8 vols. HU 1,1'lcniS OALLUS, one of tho earliest of tho Home, astronomers. Rcrving in tho army of jlsm.-'us Taulus, in Greece, during tho year l(t8 H.C., his skill cniiblcd him to discover that an eclipse of tho moon would happen on tho night previous to tho day fixed for giving battle to rerscus, king of Macedonia, and thus prevent tho panic by which tho soldiers would have otherwise been seized. He afterwards llllcd tho office of consul. SUIiVICirs f?F,VV.HUS, an occloslastlcol historian of the 5th century. Ho wrote tho " Mfo of St Martin of Tours," and an " Abridgment of Kcclesinstlcal History." SUIiZKU, .loiiANN OKOitr.K, a Swiss phi- losophicol writer, born in tho canton of Zurich, in 1720. Ho was for n short time a country curote, then private tutor, until in 1747 he was oppointed professor of mntho- maticsottho Joachimsthal College, liorlin. He was received three years later associate of tho Academy of Sciences in tho class of speculative philosophy. After the loss of his wife. In 17(!0, ho spent several years in his native country, but, by tho desire of the king, Frederick II., he returned to llcriin, and was named professor of philosophy at the Military Academy, with a handsome pension. Sulzor had a great reputation in his day os a philosopher, but he has added nothing of permanent value to tho literature of philosophy. His most celebrated work is tho " Allgemoine 'I'heorie dor seluincn Kunste," published in 1771—71. His object in this investigation of tho fine arts was to find n moral explanation of their intluence. Of his other works may bo named, his " Moral- 13cnu iit*iraciiiuit;;fil ***>ei ^u.- ». . r.*. -i. . Natur;" and "Vermischto philosophischo Schrlften." Died at llcrlin, 1779. 8UMAK0K0F, ALF.XANDEit, a Russian MO [m poet Hnd dramatist, tho son of a Rcncni oflicor, was born nt Moscow in 172? ii. was educated In tho seminary of cndcln ot Petersburg; and, while a student, wrote a tragedy, called " Koref," wlilch wm acted by his schoolfellows, and afterwnrdi wr. forntcd In tho probenco of the court wuh such applause, as cncournged ilm nm'liorto proceed in his druniatic cnrccr. llcildci tra- gedies and comedies, ho wrote odcj, idvjii fables, satires, and otiicr poems; tomthcr with a fow proso pieces, lie was created a councillor of state, and honoured wltli otlicr marks of dlstinctiou. Died, 1777, SlINDKHLANI), Hknry Spkncer, Brat Karl of, was born In 1020. At tho age of 13 ho auccoided, by his father's death, to the title of Lord "Wormloighton. Ho joined the king, Charles I,, at Nottlnghnm, at the be- ginning of tho civil war, not, however, from any sympathv with the royal alma ana come llo fought with distinction at EdKehlll,fol. lowed Charles to Oxford, was created earl of Sunderland In June, 1013, and was lilllcdat the battle of Newbury (as was Urd I'allc land), 20th Heptcmbcrof the sumo year, Ills wife was tho beautiful and accompllihed Lady Dorothy Sidney, sister of Algernon Sidney. SUNDERLAND, lloHKnT SPENCKii, second Karl of, first minister of James II., was only son of tho preceding, and was born about Kill. Ho spent some time on the eon- tinent during tho Commonwealth, was wnt by Charles H. on embassies to Madrid and I'aris, in 1071, and was made a priTy-toun- dilor threo years later. After another mis- sion to Paris in iC78, he was appointed secretary of state ; first opposed and then sup- ported tho bill for the exclusion of thedukeof York from the throne ; for which ho fell into disgrace with tho king, and was excluded from tho council nnd tho secretaryship. He was, however, soon reinstated, nnd in 16M was made president of the council by James II. "While receiving tho full confldcnoeotihe king, Sunderland was in the pay of France, and was in negotintion with the prince of Orange. In 1087, ho was created Knight of tho Garter, and the same year ho profeMcd himself a Catholic. Edward I'etrc, a Jesuit, was his confidential instrument, the two be- ing tho chief advisers of tho liinjf. InlS88 his intrigues became known to Jnmcs, and being dismissed from oP^^n(l c()j. of tho "reccdin?: and was Mn in i'074." ike warre'turncdto parliamenUS member for Tiverton, in 1695, and BUCCMdM his father In tho peerage in 1702. After uk % i^cto antbernal ^Stogrnp^p. doflth of hU first wife, a dnuKlitur of tho diikoofNowcniitlo, ho tnarrlod, In January, 1699, a duughtor of the duko of MurlborouKh, thu) Btri'iiKlltunlnff Iilft relation with tho Whig party. In 1703 ho was iicnt on politi- cal mlnaions to Vienna and llurlin ; took part Itbe next year In noKollfttln« tho union with Scotland; and at the eloso of 1707 whh ap pointed ono of tho prlnelpal secretarleg of Ijitato. DiiimlBsed in 171U, ho refuocd tho Iwgo pension which tho queon olFored him, judsaid that If he could not aerve his coun- |t7,Bt least ho would not ho a burden to It. |Oii the accession of George I., Hundurlnnd i KM named lord-licutcnont of Ireland, and took no prominent part in public uirulrs. In jlii ho was appointed lord privy-Hoal, iind liroyean later ho URain became neerctury of lUte and president of the council. In Varch, 17IH, ho was made first lord of tho ueasury. Hunderland, with other minlHterR, (II deeply involved in tho Houtli titca Sclicmc; but on tho investlKution of hU ate by the Uouso of Communs ho was nc- fultted. ThouRh ho was diHmUsed from his offices, he cuntinued to cxcrciso great Infiu- (Dce on affairs till his death, which took place In April, 1722. 8UR11EY, Karl of. [iroWAlU), HKNKY.] SUSSEX, Kurl of. [UATCLI1''1''E, IHOMAB. I BUSSEX.n. 11. H. Augustus FUKDKRicK, Duke of, was the sixth son of King Ucorgo Uie Third, and was born nt Kucklngham falBce, Jan. 27, 1773. Having mado some progress in his studies in Knglnnd, ho wns lent to Gbttlngen to complete them ; thenco he went to Italy, and while there, and still imlnor, he married Lady Augusta Murray, Kcond daughter of tlio carl of Dunmore. Iliis marriage gave great oflTenco to the king, and the prerogative court pronounced it to bo null and void. Tho young couple, however, continued to live together as man mi wife. The lady died In 1830, leaving t«ro children, the elder of whom. Sir Augus- tus d'Este (since dead), claimed to bo con- iidered legitimate. Tlils marriage, and the Juke's connection with thn AVhIg party, completely alienated him from his father, md of course from the court ; and ho had trnved at tho ago of 28 before he wns cre- liAl"''* "' Sussex, with an income of £12,000 per annum, which was subsequently increased to £18,000. His royal highness »as a steady friend to art, science, and liter- ware; and his presence as chairman at din- ners or meetings for the benefit of public inarities might always be reckoned on. We f.*ii°^ J!",'*''' *^"' "'""B'l l"'* moderately nmed, he knew how to value learning ; his hitrK^" T"y e^tf^nsive, and, perhaps, Ihe richest private collection in Kngland, In edS. "«''ir'=!,°"'5«''8 and of various te a. m,; J''' *"'' 7",' i*" ^'^""'''1 to wish to death «?,ni'''!?l''*^'^ /'■'"" 'i'" ^"""'y In »'"» In,. .l\*v "'^J'*''" '" >''« "fc, for he gave orders^ that he should be buried at the eeme- iDlVd'An.li'ro",".^!^"'-""' ^^'^ ^^^ "' Windsor i Mdlle J^^p fl'' ^^='',''K«d 70.-H|gdauKhter, khoinlsJ^'K' ""'"^d Sir Thomas Wilde kUed ti th-'*^"*"" '"'■f chancellor, and was «iMd to the peerage with the title of Haron [suw HUTOLII'FK, MAITIIKW, an UngllHh dl. y no, was born In Dovonshlro, and rduc und at Trinity Coll..go, Cambridge lie wa»"ua. mittod a civilian in 1682; but tookT.rSt"; onU bocamo deun of Kxeter. Ho founded a college at (.'helHcn, the fellows of which weru to be employed In writing the nnnnlH of their times, and In combating tho errors of I'onerv and I'claglttnism. Hutcllfro was himself tho first provost; but tho establishment fell to decay, and bocamo nt last un asylum for In- valid soldiers, being part of the present CheUra Hospital. Ho was an eminent con- troversialist, and wrote numerous tracts llo"i t;uthollc propagandists, Died, HUTTON, TiroMAH, Iho founder of tho Charter House, was n wealthy Kngllsh mer- chant of the ago of Jiiizabeth. Jic was horn n 15J2, at Knaith, in Lincolnshire ; received his education at Kton and Cambrl.lgo, and afterwards studied at Lincoln's Inn. On becoming secretary to tho carl of Worwick ho was made master of tho ordnance at Jler ' wick, where ho slgnollzed himself during the rebellion raised by the earls of Northum- berland and Westmoreland. On account of his services at that period, he obtained n patent for tho uftlce of nmntcr-general of the ordnance in the north, for life. In 137.1 he commanded one of the butteries, which com- pelled the castlo of Edinburgh to surrender to tho Kngllsh. AVhIle thus employed, he was singularly fortunate In u purchase which ho mado of two raluahlc manors from the bishop of Durham, with their coal mines which laid tho foundation of his immense riches. At tho time of the Spanish armada ho is said to have completely equipped a ship of war nt his own expense, called by his own name, nnd sent to Join the fleet under Drake. His personal expenditure was If. a princely stylo, till the death of his wife, in 1002, throw him into melancholy, which occasioned n total change in his mode of living; and he then resolved to dedicate his vost wealth to tlie benefit of his fellow- creatures. He accordingly purchased from the earl o' Suffolk the dissolved monastery of tho Chartreux, called Howard Hounc, and there founded the munificent institution, known now as the Charter House ; but the founder scarcely lived to witness the com- pletion of his noble establishment. He died in 1011, nnd his remains, which at first were deposited in Chrlstchurch, Newgate Street, were afterwards removed to a vault prepared for thorn in the chapel of the Charter House. 8UWAKOW, or SUVAKOl'P, Alkxan- DKR VASHiLovicH, Count KvmniUski, Prince ItallnskI, a celebrated Russian field- marshal, was born in 1730, at Suskol, in the Ukraine, and educated at the cadet school of St rctcrsburg. He entered the army as a private soldier, distinguished himself during the Seven Years' War ; and, after 20 years' service, was raised to the command of a re- giment. In 17G8 ho ohtnincd the rank of brigadier-general, and served several cam- paigns in Poland, receiving, In reward for his courage and conduct, the crosses of three llusslan orders of knighthood. In 1773 ho was appointed to the command of a division under Count Komanzoff, and cora- 881 U if'. rii: i \l: iiil n pletely defeated n portion of the Turkish army at Turtukey, klUinpt several of the enemy with his own hand. Crossing the Danube, he afterwards, in conjunction with the force under Kamenskoy, routed the army of tlu! Turks with Rreal slaughter, and cap- tured the whole of their urtillcry. In 1783 he reduced the Hudziac Tartars under the llussian yoke. At the battle of Kinburn, tl>o siege of Oczakow, and the battle of rockzami his daring valour was equally dis- played; and, in September, 1789, the Aus- trian troops, under the prince of Saxe- Coburg, being surrounded, on the banks of the Rymnik, by 100,000 Turks, owed their preservatior to his timely arrival with 10,000 llusE who not only rescued them from a dostru .on that appeared inevitable, but occf sioned tl»e utter overthrow of the enemy. The next and most sanguinary of his actions was the storming of Ismail. In 1790, thisstrongly fortified town had resisted all attempts to reduce It for a period of seven months, when Suwarow received peremp- tory orders from Prince Potemkin to take it without delay , and pledged himsel f to execute the task assigned him in three days. Of the sacking of the place on the third day, and the massacre of 40,000 of its inhabitants, of every age and sex, the accounts are most revolting. The announcement of his bloody triumph was made by the general, who af- fected a Spartan brevity in his despatches, in the words ' Glory to God ! Ismail is ours." Peace being proclaimed, the empress had leisure to mature her designs against the devoted kingdom of Poland ; p:u' Suwarow was selected as a fit instrunent to carry them into execution. He marched, accord- inglv, at the head of his troops, to Warsaw, destroying about 20,000 Poles in his way, and ended a campaign, of which the unprin- cipled partition of the country was the re- sult. On this occasion he received a field- marshal's bfiton, and an estate in the do- minions which he had contributed to annex to the Russian crown. The last and most celebrated of his actions was his campaign in Italy, in 1790, when his courage and genius for a v/hile repaired the disasters of the all'ed forces. Paul gave him the com- mand 01 Lhe llussian forces destined to act with the Austrians.and the emperor created him field-marshal and commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops in Italy. After gain- ing several brilliant victories, and driving the French from all the towns and fortresses of Upper Italy, the plan of operations was changed, and the expected reinforcements from Austria did not arrive. The Russian hero, however, effected a masterly retreat from Switzerland, and entering Germany, marched to Russia by order of his sovereign. For his service in this campaign he was cre- ated a prince, hy the title of Itali'iski. Rut ho 'vas treated bv Paul with great ingrati- tude, which deeply affected his spirits ; and h" died of rhairrin. in 1800. ' 'SWAMMERDAM, John, a celebrated naturalist and anatomist, was horn at Am- sterdam, in 1637 ; took his medical degree at I,eyden, but applic l himself chiefly to anatomy and entomology, formed a very valuabltt cabinet of natural history, and ex- celled in the art of Injecting thcvfsjeljof dissected bodies with wax, and in anatomii. ing the minutest part of insecti. He wm the author of a " General H'story of Insecti " and a " History of the Duy-fly." Unimi hypochondriacal by Intensity of stud; und other causes, he became totally unlit for society, in which state he received imprps sions from the mysticism of Antoinette Bourignon, whom he followed to Holstein. He afterwards returned to Amsterdam, where he died, in 1680. SWEDENBORG, EMANUEL, founder of the "New Church," and one of the most dis- tinguished men of science of the 18th cen- tury, was born at Stockholm in 1688, and carefully educated under the care ot his father, bishop of Skara, in West Gothland, In the principles of the Lutheran Church. He was remarkable for his religious suscep- tibility in his youth, and his parents said that angels spoke through him. After pur- suing his studies, and taking the degree of Ph. D. at Upsala, he went on histraveliin 1710, and visited the universities of Enjland, Holland, France, and Germany. On his re- turn, he was appointed assessor extraordin- ary to the College of Mines, and in l"19tas ennobled , upon which occasion his namewas changed from Swedberg to Swedenborg. He had in the previous year achieved a great engineering feat, in the transport, over a mountain district, of several ([alleys and boats, for service at the siege of Frederics- hall. In 1721 he again travelled tocxamine mines, &c. He continued his scientiflcslii dies with nn ardour that placed him in the first rank of European pliilosopher8,uiiIilthe year 1743, when, as he himself aflii'm!,iaew era of his life commenced, and he was per- mitted to hold intercourse with the inbabit- ants of the invisible world. In IW he resigned his office in the mining colleje retired from publio life, and, spending lis time alternately in Sweden and in England, devoted himself to the publication of bis theological works. These are in themielm sufflcienllv numerous to form a life's work, and present throughout evidences of tie deepest religious feeling. The styleofcon- position marks them as works of a iraslfl- mind ; they are filled with illustrations rm the scientific and metaphysical lore otiw author, and present, perhaps, ssreniaW" a combination of science and thcoiogyJ!» anywhere to be met with. Thoughitii^ quently affirmed that Swedenborg law under a delusion, his writmp shoj' symptoms of aberration ; the last, An* but a few months before h's^^S singularly clear, logical, and free W« thusiasmf He was al'vays reja «^^ learned and pious man ; anditwou P^j that the story of his '"'f «{.'"" .* support upon the word of a «"« He was never n»arried. and h.s h«W «_ mode of Hfe wore remarkable fo th r plicity. The believers m his «r.n«, various countries of Europe, bunM,^ Of his very numerous wor'is t is mF _ to name more than a f^ "LK?"- portant. In scumce, the » ^ boreus," published 1716-18, "P" 082 swi] jophica et Mincralla," 1734 ; " (Economia Begni Animalis," and " Regnum Anlmale." In theology, the " Arcana Coclegtia," " De Cultu et Amore Dei," " On HeaTen and Hell," " On Conjugal Love," and the." True Christian Kcliglon." Emerson, who in his "KepreBentntiveMen "selected Swedenborg u the type of fhe mystic, remarks that "there is no such problem for criticism as his theological writings, their merits are so commanding; yot such grave deductions must be made." He died in London, in 1772. SWIFT, Dr JONATHAN, dean of St Patrick's, a celebrated political, satirical, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Dub- lin, in 1667. He Mas the grandson of Thomas Swift, vicar of Goodrich, in Herefordshire, who married Elizabeth Dryden, aunt of the poet, and by her had six sons. One of these jons, named Jonathan, who was bred an attorney, had married before he went to re- side in Ireland ; and, dying soon after, left his widow pregnant. She went to live with her brother-in-law, Godwin Swift, an at- torney at Dublin, where she gave birth to the subject of this article. When Mrs Swift returned to her friends in Leicestershire, she left this child to the care of his uncle, who sent him first to the school of Kil- kenny, and next to Trinity College, Dublin, where, applying himself to history and poetry, to the neglect of academical pur- luits, especially mathematics, he was at the end of i years refused the degree of B.A., and even at the end of 7 years he was only admitted tpeciali gratid. In 1688 he lost his uncle, and being left without support, he came to England, where he waited on Sir William Temple, who being related to Swift's mother by marriage, received him withkindness, and made him his companion. During his residence with that statesman, he had frequent interviews with King Wil- liam, who offered l:ira a troop of horse, which he declined, his thoughts being di- rected to the church. After some time he quanelled with his patron, and went to Ireland, where he took orders, and obtained a prebend In the diocese of Connor. But he soon returned to Sir William Temple, who, sinking under age and infirmities, required Ills company more than ever. During the few remaining years of that statesman's life, they therefore remained together ; and, on his death. Swift found himself benefited by a pecuniary legacy and the bequest of his R"' He next accompanied Lord Berke- 1^i2f "^ the lords justices, to Ireland, as chaplain, and obtained from him the livings whiT,"'"* Rathbiggan, on the former or which he wont to reside. During his SnTtl'^T:,''^ "^^'t^d to Ireland Mss Johnson the lady whom he has celebrated hy the name of Stella, and who was the She^w!! "' ^''" ^""^^ Templets s eward andtLtwf,"?'''",'.'"' ^^ " Mrs Dingley, ?™ tne two ladies lived in the neiKhbour- hoodwhen Swiftwasat home,anda tl e nar- sonagc-housoduringhisabsence" which ,^yl: wi„ * !??'' •*'* doctor's degree, and en- lait Of a Tub," and the " Battle of ^ Mtio Bnibtxsal IStograplbg. [bwi the Books." On the accession of Queen Anne he visited England, where he lived during S great part of her reign, and distinguished himself as a powerful writer on the sWeof the Tories. Having become Intimate with Harley and Bolingbrokc, ho exerted himself strenuously in behalf of their party, taking a lead ng share in the Tory periodical, thi Examiner, while with his battery of pamph! lets and pasquinades, replete with bitter sarcasm or bold invective, he kept un a constant and galling fire on their political adversaries. But though Immersed in poli« ; ,',,, .."^ "°^ neglect general literature, in 171 1 he published a " Proposal for correct- ing, improving, and ascertaining the English the object of which was to establish an insti- tution to secure the purity of the language. A bishopric n England was the grand object of hi J ambition ; but Archbishop Sharpe, on the ground, it is said, of his" Tale of aTub," having infused into the mind of Queen Anne suspicions of his orthodoxy, the only preferment his ministerial friends could give him, wns the Irish deanery of St Patrick's, to which ho was presented In 1713. He ac- cordingly, though by no means willingly, returned to Dublin, where he attended to his ecclesiastical functions, and made some important reforms in the chapter of St Patrick's. In 1716 he was privately married to Miss Johnson ; but the ceremony was attended with no acknowledgment which could gratify the feelings of the victim of L E'',?" ""** cruelty. The ascendancy which he acquired over Miss Hester Van- homrigh, another accomplished woman, was attended with circumstances still more ccn- sui-able. He became acquainted with her in London, in 1712 ; and as she possessed, with a large fortune, a taste for literature. Swift took pleasure in affording her instruction, ihe pupil beiiime enamoured of her tutor, and even proposed marriage to him; bnt being probably at that time engaged to Stella, he avoided giving her a decisive answer. This affair terminated fatally; ,.^"1"",'."*^'^ discovering his secret union with Stella, the unfortunate lady n-ver re- covered the shock, and died in 14 months after, in 1723. It was about this period that he made his first great efforts to better the condition of Ireland. He published a " Pro- posal for the universal Use of Irish Manu- factures," which rendered him highly popular ; and when his celebrated "Letters " appeared. In which he so ably exposed the job of Wood's patent for a supply of copper coinage, he became the idol of the Irish peo- ple. Soon after thi8,he wrote his admirable Gulliver's Travels;" and the next event worthy of record is the death of his much- injured Stella. And now the fate which he had often apprehended overtook him ; the faculties of his mind decayed, and he sank into absolute Idiotcy. After three years of mental suffering, he died, in 174.5, aged 77 ; ..„...._ ... .j.i.„,nra ijic K'<--:iicst part oi nis fortune to a hospital for lunatics and Idiots. It Mould be useless now to enumerate his Vfirious writings ; the most Important are, 'The Drapier's Letters," "The Tale of a Tub," and " Gullivers Travels." Prom each I . \ III 9-3 W ' ' ?l JUto Stnibtraai i8iosrapl)B. swi] and all of these, us well ns from his domestic history, a tolerably corrnct estimate or nis ?ial character may be drawn, difficult though it be to delineate a character In which the best and woist of human passions arc so stransrcly blended. ^ ^, , SWTFr, DKANE.a relation of the preced- inir. was descended, by the mother's side, from Admiral Dcane, a naval officer in the time of Cromwell. He was the author of " An Essay on the Life, Wr tings, aid Cha- ractiT of Dr Jonathan Swift," and died in 1783 SWINDEN, JAN HENRIK VAN, professor of phiiosophj?, lo«ic, and metaphysics at Franeker, and afterwards of mathematics and astronomy at Amsterdam, was ^orn at the Hague, in 1746. In 1803 he was no- minated a ' correspondent of the French Institute; he was also a member of the Directory, under the Batavian republic, and counsellor of state in the service of the kingof the Netherlands. He wasthe author of several scientittc works, andf^d in 1823. SWITHIN, ST, bishop of Winchester in the 9th century, became chaplam to Egbert, educated Egbert's son. Ethelwulf who, on his accession, made him his ';h*"'Lf ^^i?,"fn about 85'2, bishop of ■Winchester. St Swithin distinguished himself by a gne. He wasof anobsirf| Bived a superior educatioi,! , the monastery of Autillac,! in Spain. He was niw^ by the Emperor Otto Ui, y distinguished as a tcH.! s in science procured i« of a magician. AmongtM! U inventions nttrioutedB, )alance-clock, which ws» loption of the pendulwj was tutor to Otto I M*i .adof theschoolofBlieitf,; one of the first in »! ards king of Ff»' "J ils. In 992 he wasniBJ Ueims,onthedepos»«l iVnrivcd after three effl,^ 'ouirh the iiifluci'M oi ■-■•■', od'lnchbishopofUate.M^ to the papal chair oM 8YL] m Mtta atnibwaal ISiograpldp. [tao affairs of the church with much prudence and moderation. He was the first French pope. Uicd,at a great age, 1003. The tomb of Sylvester in the Luteran church was opened in 1618, and his remains, invested with the robes of ottlee, wore In perfect pre- servation ; but a touch dissolved them into dust. Some of his letters and opuicula are eilon'- . ^ -^ ,, , SYLA'ESTEU, JOSHUA, a quaint English poet, known in his day ns the "silver- tongued Sylvester," was born in 1563; and died in Holland in 1618. He translated into English verso " Du Bartus's Divine Weeks and Works;" and wrote, amongst other pieces, a satire against tobacco, entitled "Tobacco battered and the Pipes slia ttcred," &c. SYLVIUS, XHEAS. fPIUS II.] SYME8, MICHAEL, an English ofHcer, who was sent as ambassador to the IJurmese court, at Aracrapoora, in 1795, and had the satisfaction of concluding an advantageous treaty of commerce with the Burmese em- peror. On arriving in England, Major Symes pubiished the account of his " Embassy to the kingdom of Ava." He died, from fa- tigue, shortly after the disastrous retreat of Sir John Moore's army, being then colonel of the 66th regiment of infantry, January, 1809. 8YMMON8, Dr Charles, was born In 1749, at Cardigan, which town his father re- presented in three successive parliaments He was the author of " Inez " and " Constan- tia," dramatic poems ; a metrical translation of the jEneid, and a " Life of Milton." Dr Syramons was a zealous supporter of the Literary Fund Society. Died, 1826.— Cauo- LlNE SYMMON8, his daughter, was remark- able for precocity of talent. She was born in 1788; and after her death, which took place in 1812, her father published a collec- tion of her poems. 8YNCELLUS, GEOKOE, n monk of Con- stantinople, who flourished A. i). 800. He wrote a" Chronograpby," or Universal His- tory, which Is extant. It is substantially identical with a similar work by Eusebius. SY'NESIUS, of Cyrenc, an ancient father, and bishop of the church, whe flourished at the beginning of the 6th century. His works, consisting of about 150 epistles on philosophical and polemical subjects, are in high esteem with the learned. SZALKAI, Anthony von, a Hungarian poet, who is regarded as the founder of the dramatic literature of his country. His "Pikko Hertzeg " is the first regular piece composed in the Hungarian language; he also wrote a travesty of the ii:ntid. Died, 1804. T. TACCA, PIERO JACOPO, a celebrated Ita- lian sculptor, was a pupil of John of Bologna. Two of his greatest works are the statue of Ferdinand III., grand-duke of Tuscany, with four slaves chained at his feet, at Leg- horn; and the equestrian figure of Philip IV., at Madrid. Died, 1640. TACITUS, CAIUS CORNELIUS, the cele- brated Roman historian, was the son of Cornelius Tacitus, procurator in Belglc Gaul, and born probably about A. i). 54. He early distinguished himself as an advocate, and In his twenty-first year married the daughter of Julius Agricola. In the seventh year of Domitlan, a. d. 68, he became praj- tor; but soon after he left Rome, and, during his absence, Agricola died. In the short reign of Nerva, he succeeded Virginius Ru- ms as consul, a. d. 97, and delivered the funeral oration in honour of his predecessor. Under Trajan, Tacitus enjoyed great dls- tmctlon, and lived on terms of friendship with the younger Pliny, In conjunction with whom he pleaded against >Iarius Pris- cus, proconsul of Africa. It was at this period that he published the "Historv of Hume, from Galba tothe death of Domitlan," part of which only has escaped the ravages of time. This work was followed by the Annals," from the year of Rome 767 to the I death of Nero, in 821. He also wrote " The Life of Agricola," "The Manners of the Germans," and a "Dialogue on Oratory." No name stands higher as historian than that of Tacitus, and his writings are a rich Btorehouso of political and philosophical wisdom. He displays a profound acquaint- nnoe with human nature, and with the subtlest influences that affect human cha- racter and conduct. His style is remark- able for conciseness, vigour, apparent ab- ruptness, and occasional obscurity ; and his writings, like all the productions of great minds, charm most those who study them best. They have been translated into almost every European language. The exact date of his death is nc known. TACITUS, Marcus Clauihus, Homnn emperor, elected on the death of Aurelian, a. 1). 275, when in his 75tli year. He was descended from the great historian, and had been twice consul; but he reigned only six months, in which short space he displayed singular wisdom, vigour, and moderation. TAFFI, AXDRKA, an Italian artist, born at Florence in 1213= He introduced in^si Italy the art of designing in Mosaic, which he learnt from some Greeks employed at Venice. Died, 1294. TAGLIACOZZI, or TALIACOTIUS, OAS- Pf 1 ■ l( I' i '' i I 985 tal] % i^ta anibcrsal 13iogrnpI)t). PAUK, uu oiiiliu'in ItiiUiingurKi'oii, wiisboru lit HoloKiia, ill IrtHi, when) lie win* for iniiny yt'iiis uniUumiiiil pidfcHsor. Ho nppUoil himself ehli'lly to tiuiiiK wouikIh of tlui varn, lips, iti'., but more parllculiirly of tho lioso. Ills iiictluiil of icstoiiiiK lost I10H08. which liilH obtuliu'd till- iiiimo of Iho Tnlincotian piooi'«», 1>:>H both hi'iMi performed iind writ- ton on by Mr Ciirpiic and Mr Travers. It uppoiirs, also, that a similar operation had lonit hern prartlsod in India. Plod, IMO. TAl.lKVr, ,li)ilN, Lord, a famous military comnuuidor, was the seeond son of Sir Ulch- ardTaUiot.of Coodrloh Custlo, in Hhropshlro, and born In lina. in the second year of Henry V., he was appointed lleuteuiint of Ireland, where ho Buppressod a rebellion, und broutthl the chief, Donald Macmurronh, to KnKiand. In 1420 he attended llonry V. to I'nuuo, and was present with him at his two sieges and triumphant entry into I'aris. In the next reiKn he laid Blogo to Orleans, whore his name struck terror into tho rrench soldiers; but tho appearance of Joan of Are turned the scale, and tho Kngllsh army retreated. Tho battle of I'atat com- pleted the disaster, and l-ord Talbot was made prisoner. At the end of three years and a half bo was cxehttngod,andaKain led the Knglish to victory. He took many strong places, and carried his arms to tho walls of I'aris. for which he was created Karl of Shrewsbury, and raised to the dig- nity of u marshal of Vrance. On his return from rraneo he was ajjain sent to Ireland, and the oarliioms of "Wexford and AVntcrford were added to his honours. He again sought fame on Trench gro\ind, wr.s made licuten- antgencral of Aquitalne, reduced several towns, and was marching to the relief of Chatillon, when his usual good fortune for- sook him, and ho and his son fell on the field of battle, July 17, 14,W. Tho Knglish on this occasion were wholly ronfod, and their expulsion from Trance soon followed. TALUOT, CIIAUI.KS, Karl, afterwards duke of Shrewsbury, lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, was son of the eleventh earl of Shrews- bury, and was born in 1660. He became a zoolous promoter of tho revolution, joining the prince of Orange in Holland, and coming over with him ; was n\ade secretary of state, and In 1604 was created niai ijuis of Alton and duke of Shrewsbury, lie was appointed one of the lords justices durinj,' \Silliam*s ab- sence in Holland, in UiU), twice held the office of lord chamberlain, spent several years in Itoly, was sent ambassador extraor- dinary to rraneo, in 1712, and In the follow- ing year was nau-ed viceroy of Ireland. He soon left Ireland, and was sent for by Uucon Anne two days before her death, to assume the direction of affairs as lord treasurer, and the peaceable accession of the House of Brunswick was greatly promoted by his prudent and decisive measures. As a states- man he was too changeable to gain the con- fidence of any party. While openly support- ing William III. he secretly corresponded with James II., and he was dismissed from office by George I. soon after his accession. Died, 1718. TALBOT, ROBERT, nn English antiquary and divine, was born at Thcrp, in North- 986 nmptonshlre; was educated nt Oxford ob- tained a prebend In Wells cutlicdral In 1841 i and died, treasurer of Norwich oathe. dral, in l.MH. He paid gnat iittonilon lo the antUiuitles of his n«liv(> cotintry, and was the first Knglish writer who lllui'iratrd the Itinerary of AiUonlnus,byncnminrnt,irj and notes. TAMIOT, CJIAUI.r.H, T,ord TAMIOT, |„„| chancellor of Knglniid, wa« iht m of William Talbot, bishop of lliirliiim.niidwaH born In lfiH4. Kducatcd at Oxfonl.lirbpfamo fellow of All Souls, early dlstlnKulithcd him. self at the bar, and was reiurncd id parjja mcnt as member for Tregoiiy, In 171!). He subsequently represented tlic city of Dur- ham. In 1720 he was appointed lollciior- general, and in 1711.') was niiido lord chaiicpj- lor and privy-councillor, niul created liaron Talbot. Ho had the reputation of nn able lawyer, an upright and Hatf.iclous judge, and u good orator. Vope and Thomson eulo- gized his character. His portrait, by Ilicli- ardson, Is in the National ronrnll Oallerr, Died, 17;t7. TALFOUHD, Thomas noon, an emlufnt English judsfo, poet, and miscdhneoui writer, was born at Heading in 1795. His fothcr was a large hrewcr. His mother was the daughter of a dissenting minister. He was first sent to a dissenting grammar school, and he afterwards studied for sonic time un- der Dr Valpy. In I8i;t be bceamenpiipilof Mr Chltty ; in 1821 ho was called to the bar, and soon after travelled on the 'VVestcrn Cir cult, dlscha.-glng at the same time thcdulic) of law-reporter to the Times. Kvery yetr brought out more fully his thorou{;h knoT- ledge, his power as an orator, and hli paint- taking zeal as a lawyer. In 1635 he m returned as a mcmbor of parliament for lloadlng. In his representative capacity he introduced and carried tlirouj?h two usefal measures, viz., the Custody of Infants Act, and the Copyright Act of 18-11: but hecot tinned as diligent as ever in his professionil duties, and ho was ralsod to the Bench In 1849. Mr Justice Talfourd'scontrilmtlonsto literoture were both in prose and verse; W it is as a pool, and through his dramas, that ho will be best remembered. His three tra- gedies, " Ion," "The Athenian Captire," and " Glcnooo," arc amongst the fcwniodera plays that have stood the test of represenla- tion and proved successful on the stage. Wi these, the first, " Ion,"isthcTO03tcclcbratC(l. It was privately printed, and noticed in thi " Quarterly Review " with high praise soM time before it was represented in 183i tj Macrcady, then lessee of Covent Garden- oi Mr Talfourd's prose works, his "Vacation Rambles " is a most genial work, eTincltj fine literary culture, and the full en oymesi of natural beauty ; while theloversofOiarM Lnnib will olways be grateful tohimforw Memorials of that delightful humuorrt " 1864, as he was addressing the gfanoMJ the Stafford Assir'-s, he was seized witn »i, of apoplexy, and died almost bofore he ( « ,,„ ,).,,.\.:„,) njit of court. In 'i" ail^ff^"! the" grand jury he was lan'-f"''"*! '^'"t'l of a genuine kindly relation betw upper and lower classes, between eni* and employed, and his last words were. "I U iSeto Slnifteraal ISIograpljp. I wore to be iiHkcd whnt i» tlio kichI wniitof EnKlisli Hociity, 1 would miy in ono word tho wiuitof Hyinputliy liotwocii iliiiHiind cIuhs ; " II noble uttcramc, and Olio »pi'flally in Imr- inony with Ju»tlcu 'I'alfouid'a lifo und clm- ractor. TAIJAC'OTIUS. [TAOLIACOZZT.l TAl-IKBIN, tnrmcd 1»KN llKliiun, or Chief of tlie UnrdB, \» rnRnrdcd a8 the moHt eminent of tho ancient JJrittsh poots. Ho lived In tho 6th cnntury ; nnd his nunic ha* been handed down to posterity in conjunct- tlon with the two Merlin*, under tlie appel- lation of the three principal C'hristlun banlM. TALLARl), CAMIJ.LK IJ'UOHTUN, Duke dc, u celebrated marshal of France, was horn In 105'i. After liavlnf^ dlatlnKulHhed hiniMelf underCondi*, In Holland, and under Turenne, in Alsnco, he uradiially rose to bo libutenant- gcnerul in IfiiiK. He was, in 1(197, Hent ain- bawador to Kn^hind, to negotiate concerning the suecesHlon to tlic crown of Spain on the death of Charles 11. War brealiing out in 1702, he received a command on the Khine, dlsthiKMliihed hlms(df at Kayserswerdt and Mulhelin.took 'rruerhach,and was honoured with a murshai'H statf i and after he liad de- feated the imperialists before Landau, and the town had capitulated, he announced hl«i success to Louis XIV. in the following terms: "I have taken more standards than your Majesty has lost soldiers." He was after- wards opposed to tho duke of Marlborough nnd I'rinee Kugine, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Ilochstcdt ( on which occnsion he said to the duke, " YourOracehas beaten the finest troops in Europe." The duke re- plied," You will except, I hope, those who defeated them." Marshal Tallard rcninincd in England till 1712, when he returned to Paris, and was created a duke. In 172G he was made mlnlLur of state, and died in 1728. TAIXEYUAND, I'KttlGOUI) ClIARLKS Maijrick de, the celeliratcd French diplo- matist, was born at Paris in 1764, nnd was descended from one of the most Illustrious houses of France. As he was Intendtd for the church, he entered the seminary of St Sulpicc; and his ready wit, insinuating manners, and a quick penetration into the real character of men, caused him, in 1780, to be named agent-general for ecclesiastical affairs. EiRht year.i later he became bishop of Autun, and he had gained a considerable reputation when the revolution commenced. He was chosen deputy by the clergy of his diocese to the States-general in 1789, and at once threw himself warmly on the popular 8 rte. Acting as tho representative of the Clergy, he proposed the suppression of tithes, and brought forward the decree which gave the property of the church to the state. I )oaf to every appeal of the clergy, he ceased not ^tTllM" '"'^ '^^'""^ °^"Sf\lk'\ !.87 tal] ^ ^ttD Stnibersal 30iograp!)p. named president of the council ; but he re- sIkucU rather than put his name to the treaty for the occupation of Franco by the alllei. From that time till the full of Charles X. he placed himself nt the head of the opposition in the Chamber of Peers ; con iributed greatly, by the course ho pursued, to the formation of a liberal constitutional party in France i and on Louis rhtlippc becoming king, in 1B30, he was scut ambassador to Lngliuul, in which capacity he remained there till 1837. Although be then retired from public life, he was frequently consulted by the king on important and difficult matters of state. Throughout the varying situations in which he was placed, open as ho is to the charges of duplicity and selfishness, one prevailing sentiment may be remarked— a strong and unceasing Interest in his country's greatuess. Uis sincerity was always questionable ; but his firmness of charuutcr, his diplomatic supe- riority, his infinite resources, the clearness of his views, the brilliancy of his wit, and the elegance of his lunguage,all combined to form a man capable of inUuencing the des- tinies of a natiou. Ho died at Paris, in the 64th year of his age, in Kay, 1838. TALLIEN, JEAN Lambeut, ono of the most prominent characters in the French revolution, was born at Paris, in 17(i9, and was the son of the muitre-d'hotel to the Mar- quis dc Itercy, to whom he was indebted for his education. Previously to the revolution ho had been clerk to an attorney ; but he commenced his political career as secretary to the deputy Broustaret, and neglected no means to bring himself into notice as the vio- lent opponent of the king and his ministers, and thereby gradually acquired considerable influence. He Joined the Jacobin Club, pub- lished a journal called " L'Ami du Cifoyen," was the great friend of Danton, and took part in the insurrection of the lOthof Auj^ust, 1792. He was one of the promoters ofthe September massacres, and for his services was returned to the Convention. He strongly urged the immediate trial of Louis XYl., added new charges to the accusation against him, voted for his death, and on the day of his execution he was president of the Convention. He showed equal zeal in defending Marat. Early in 179-1 he was sent on a mission to Bordeaux, and there for several months he presided over a baud of ruffians, and by the most atrocious proscription and massacres threw the city into hopeless misery. At length, however, he became more moderate, and it was mainly by his courage and elo- quence that the downfall of Robespierre was effected. He had formed an attachment for Madame dc Fontenai.alady of great personal charms, whose family name was Cabarrus; and his heart of stone was somewhat softened by her pleadings. He was recalled on ac- count of his milder proceedings, and Madame de Fontcnai was thrown into a dungeon by Robespierre. The tyrant offered her life and liberty if she would betray Tallien. But she rejected the proposal ; and sent privately this note to Tallien : "The minister of police has announced to me that to-morrow 1 am to appear at the tribunal, that is to say, that I am to ascend the scaffold. I dreamt last night that Robespierre was no more, and that my prison-doors were opened. Abran man might have realized this Ureain but thanks to your cowardice, no one rcnwiai capable of its accomplishment." Tallicnaii swered, " Be as prudent as I shall nroyn brave ; and, above all, be tranquil," n next day ho hurried to the tribune and after an animated picture of the airociiiej of Robespierre, he suddenly turnea to (be bust of Brutus, and, invoking the geiilusof the Roman patriot, he drew a dag«er frum his bosom, and swore that he would burjii in the tyrant's lirart, if the repiesenlatitei of the people had not courage tu order bit immediate arrest. The moment «ai crii- leal i the fate of Tallien hung on a thread- but the assembly joined him, and Robes- pierre perished or. the scaflold. Tallien who now married Madame de Fontcnai' continued to be an active member of tbe legislature till 1798, when ho accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt; but Mcnou obliged him to .eturn ; and the vessel in which be sailed being captured by the English, he was taken toLondon. On revisitinghisna- tive country,he was Utile noticed by Buona- parte ; but he eventually obtained theolEce of French consul at Alicant. Dicdatrarii in a state of isolation audgre>itpoverir,iii 1820. TALL18. THOMAS, a celebrated English musician or the 16th century. He is said to have filled the situation of organist of the chapel royal under Henry VIII. and the three succeeding sovereigns; and sonic of bii compositions are stillused in our cathedral). Died, 1585. j TALMA, FRANCOIS JOSEPH, the moil eminent tragic actor France ever produced, was born at Paris, in 1763, but spent hi) childhood in Flanders and England, where his father was a dentist. AYhen 9 jcarsol age he was sent to Paris to be educated, be- came passionately fond of the drama, aid, returning to England, formed one of an amateur French company, which pcrforaitJ at Hanover Square Rooms, and he was at one time on the point of appearing at Drurfl Lane Theatre. Circumstances, however, led him to Paris, where he entered tlie royal school for declamation, and in I'S'maJehii d6but at the Theatre Franvals.iu the dis- racter of Seide, in Voltaire's " .M.ihonict " He was received with applause, and from that moment devoted himself with zcaUnil perseverance to the study of his art. He sought the society of distinguished literatij and artists ; studied history for thepurponi of becoming acquainted with tho nianuen j and customs of nations, and the characieDs 11 remarkable individuals ; and made himfelil acquainted with the best productions of ai-|| clent sculpture. For many years he cotj tinned at the summit of his profession, aMil acquired by it a handsome fortune. Hediedl in 132G. „. |{ TAMERLANE, properly TIMIR-BE(',I the great Tartar (Mogul) sultan and coiii( queror, was born at Scbzar, W miles »™ij south of Samarcand. in 133C. Atanearlr!| age he entered on the career ui a s^.w-j and by his exploits and professions attracM the hopes of his countrymen as their ei-j llverer from foreign invasion and tjraPi., 88S tan] He was gradually Joined by bands of con- federate!, nnd they cleared the kingdom of Transoxiana of the Intruding Octeg. In 1370 Tamerlane, wlio traced remotely his descent to Zcn(fhl8 Khun, wag crowned sovereign of Zagatui, made Samnrcand his royal seat, and set out on the path of conquest which he hoped wai to lead him to the monarchy of the world. His brother-in-luw, Hussein, had been hit rival, but after frequent quar- rels ho was killed by the officers of Tamer- lane. After easily making himself makter of Carisme and Candahar, Timur invaded Per- lia, defeated Shah Mansur, near the city of Shiraz, took Daghdad, Ormuz, and Gdcssa, I and subdued all the country along the whole course of the Tigris and Euphrates. He next contiuered Turkestan and kipzak, or V.'cstem Tartary, penetrating even into the casttvn and southern provinces of Hussia, exciting aiorm at Moscow, and destroying the cities of Azof, Scral, and Astrachan. In 1398 he undertook the conquest of India, which was facilitated by the internal anarchy and weakness of the country. The Mogul host crossed the Indus atAttok, traversed the Punjab, and besieged Delhi ; Into which city, after a great victory over the Sultan Mtthmoud, Timur made a triumphal entry. He advanced a hundred miles be^ ond Delhi, crossed the Ganges, and reached the famous rock of Coupele. Tidings of the ambitious schemes of the Ottoman Sultan D^azet reached Timur on the Ganges, and he re- turned to Samarcand. After a short interyal of repose he assembled his army at Ispahan in preparation for his great expedition against Bajazet, with whom a hostile corre- spondence was soon begun. In 1400 Timur invaded Syria, defeated the Mamelukes near Aleppo, and sacked that city ; marched thence to Damascus, where he wag nearly defeated, hut gettmg possession of the city by a per- fldiouB promise, he sacked and desfoytd it. Baghdad shared the same fate, and on Its ruins was reared a pyramid of ninety thou- sand heads. In 1402 he made a swift march through difficult country into Anatolia, and f«^h«! hT^e of his wife, Tan'aquii. He had, according to the legends, a long and prosperous reign, and had reached his 80lh year, when he was assassinated by the sons of his predecessor. V»> i 'I IT •r « :f J ' H TAU] % i^is SBnibcriial 19iogrnp!)t;. [m To Tiirqulnlus Priscut arc iittrlliutcd several cliiiiiKcs In tlu! coiifititutloii, tlio conHtruc- tinn uf tho Cluacu Maxiniu, and the buildUiK of ♦he Forum. rAlUlUINIUS, surnnmod SUPERHUa, or Tauuuin thk ruoui), seventh und last mythical Ulng of Home, was a tyrant ond usurper, who rendered himself odious to the Itomans by Ills pride and cruelty. IIo ap- pciirs also in t)ie logends as a successful warrior, strcuKthcnin^' and cxtendinff the inllucnce of Homo, llic rape of I.ucretia, by his son, Scxlua Tarquinius, Is represented aa tlie immediate occasion of the revolution which ■ put an end to the monorchy, and established the republic of Homo, about H. C. 507. TARTINI, 0IU8KPPE, an excellent Italian musician and cotnpoKcr, was born in lf>92, at Piruno, In Istria. lie was sent to study the law at Padua; but having married without the consent of his parents, they discarded him, and he became a player on the violin. A singular story Is told respecting one of his most celebrated compositions. Une night he dreamed that he had made a compact with the devil, and bound himself to his service. To ascertain the musical abilities of his associate, he gave him his violin, ond desired him to play a solo, which Satnn exe- cuted in so masterly a manner, that 'rartinl, awaking in the ecstasy which it produced, and seizing his instrument, endeavoured to recall the delicious sounds. His etforts were so far effectual as to produce the piece generally admired under the name of the " Devil's Sonata." He was leader of the or- chestra at the church of S t Anthony at Padua ; and died in 1770. Beside* his musical com- positions, Tartlnl wrote several treatises on tb6 sclcncG. TARVKK, John Chakles, lexicographer, was born at Dieppe, in 1790. He was of an English family, and settled in England in 1815, employing himself as a teacher of French. He received the appointment of French master at Eton in 182G, and held it ti'l his death. His reputation rests on his " Phraseological French and English Dic- tionary," which appeared in 1849. Its pre- paration had occupied him during many years of his residence in England, and for its fulness, sound critical knowledge, good taste, and mastery of the peculiar difficulties of both lanftuages, it is one of the most im- portant contributions to French lexicogra- phy made either in France or England in recent years. Tarver was author also of a Dictionary of French verbs, a French prose translationof Dante's" Inferno," and several other works. Died, 1851. TASMAN, ABEL JANSSEN, one of the most distinguished geographical discoverers of the 17th ccntury.but whosemorits wereiongleft almost unrecognized, and of whoso private history hardly anything is even now known. While engaged in the service of the Dutch East India Company his capacities and en- ergy recommended him to the governor- general, who in 1612 gave him the command of an cxpioring expedition on the coast of Australia. In the course of his voyage he discovered Van Diemen's Land, and doubled its southern extremity, imagining it to be Fart of the Australian continent. IleiMMj t In honour of (ho governor-general ijmi after ho discovered New Zeaiund, whiciile also supposed to bo part of Auiiraila, mi which he n.uned Htaaten-I,anU. H'coniim. ed his voyage in the neighliouririK ...i isd n\ ide aiscoveries of various lHl«iid«,arriTij« once more at llatavia in .Iiine, 1613. imiij following year he was eliarxcd win, ide conduct of another exploring cxpuliiioii chiefly for the purpose of asccminlnit whettier Van Diemen's Land was nDlslanJ Hut there are no particiilars of lliiMujiw nor any further notice of Tiismnn. 'Ihi'nanie " Tasmania " is now frequently used fa Van Diemen's Land. TA8HIE, JAMEB, an ingenioui modeller, was born near Glasgow, and brought up is a stonemason, hut having acquired from Dr Quin, a physician in Dublin, the art of imi- tating gems in coloured pastes, he csme to London In 1766, where, by '.lint oftalonlitd perseverance, he obtained botli fame ud fortune. The catalogue of his collectionof ancient and modern genis.publisiiedln i;j|, included more thon 15,000 urclcici. Died 1799. TA8S0, UEUNARDO, an Italian popt.lwni at lU>rgamo, in 1493. He niisofa;i)d family, and was successively in tlie tcrvice of the prince of Salerno and thcdnkeiof Urbino and Mantua. His chief potm ii " Amadigl,"a romance founded on tlieSpu- ish " Araadis de Gaul." Died, 1969. TA880, TOKQUATO, one of the srMlHt poets of modern Italy, was son of Bemnlo Tasso, and was born at Sorrento, in litt He studied law at the university of Fadai, but had no heart for it, and vexed hisfaller I by liking poetry better and writinic i* Afier[| being for some years in the scrvid ;(Cl^ dinal Luigl d'Estc, by whom he whs lim- duced at the court (if Alfonso, (lukeofFemu, brother of the cardinal, he entered the set- ice of Alfonso, who admired his pjiiiil compositions, and made him his faniliv associate. Tasso the while had fallen iilox with the fair Princess Eieanora, the dulel sister, and had addressed to herlilan.Tlot^| gongs, some of them over-passing thf liM' of delicacy and propriety. The princes* r( mained his friend, but nothing more. lUf pears probable that Alfonso by some iiwM became possessed of some of Tasso 8Tors«» Eieanora, and that this was the cause of M subsequent treatment of tbe poet. W latter, however, was of a very irritable I* per, and on some occasions did not restM himself from passionate and offensi« ow- breaks. On one such occasion, in IjhiI" duke had him arrested and confined u' convent, alleging that he was »"'* Tasso made his escape, and visited sonw"' and Rome. He soon after begged aadw; tained leave of theduke to return to Femn. but it was 'in condition of submitWS'"'" rules of the physicians, and he w«'s«f" mittod to see the princess. Ag"" »"■: Ferrara, went to Mantua, Urbino.iinin ™j but was induced to return wrly ', , once more arrested andcontlnedm "^ house, where after a time 1 i'PP«« 'T„ been kindly treated, and was aiiow<» 8U0 [m. fiontlnont. Hmawj v(;rnor-(rencral. !««« cw Zealiind, whicUf part of Auiirulia, imi ten-l,ain|. H'contim- ielKl>l">urinK..ai,iim >vi()Ui( Inlands, arriTin* In June, 16J3. imt, •a8 charKcd wlih the oxploriiig cxiHiliiioii, 'P*'"" of asccminlnj 'a I-und was ao lilanJ. Jciilarsof this Tujii(((, !of TiiHinan. Thi'narae 'requcutly used fur Van n inRonioui modeller, ow, and brought up ss vitiB acquired from Dr I Dublin, the an of iiui- red paates.hecsmeto o,by dlntoftalfnliiid aincd both fami? and {ue of hiBcolleclioiiof cms, published In i;j|, 15,000 artlclei, Died, ), an Italian poet, bom ': He WHS of a jiod essively in the service erno and the dolietof .. His chief poem is ;e founded on the SpU' " Died, 1569. ), one of the RreilHt , was son of Ueminio at Sorrento, in liW. B university of Pidu, t, and vexed hisfilieri !r and writinir it, Aller|| in the servii'i oiHt- 1 whom he was liw- IfonsOidukeofFemu, il, he entered the «"t- admired his pjnkil ade him his fiwiiliv chile had fallen in lo« sEleanora.thedulrtl ssed to heriiianrlotK over-passing tlif liM^ cty. Thcp^iDceJlI^ ; nothing more. lUf VlfonsobysomemeiM )meofTassosTerse(» is was the cause of W It of tl!C poet. W 3f a very irritable I* [isions did not restni" ate and offensite^ oil- occasion, in IJi'il" :cd and confined in at he was mad, 1* j,andvisittdSonfii' after begged and » c to return to Fetnrti n ofsubmitiios'^''* s.andhe WMS'T; incess. Again fcf* ua,Urbino,iirilT«!* return early >[ 'j* _j ..!-,!(." J thathf ffi nd'cont'lnedina"*; inieiH. appears to^J and was allowed » TASJ write and to receive the visit* of ht«frinn(U. AinoDK tlioio who cume to aeo him wero Montaigne, the Brout l'"nnch eiiiiylgt, und the younRor Ald(), one of the famous printers. ThrouKli the intercession of several sovo- relgn«~tlio pope, the emperor, the duke of Mantua, and the Brand duke of Tuscimy „„ hi) behalf, he was liberated in 15H(l, and went flrst to the court of Montua. Ho could not rest, but moved from place to place now at Naples, now at Homo, then nt Flor- ence—and in l.WJ he was called to Home, toreceive atthe hands of Pope Clement VIII. the laurel-crown. Hut soon after his arrival hefell ilt, and by hisown desire was removed to the monastery of 8t Onofrio, where he died. TasKO's masterpiece is the " Oenisa- lemrnc LIberata," an epic poem in 24 books on the events of the great crusade and the recovery of Jerusalem from the Hurucens. It was published in 1581, nnd the savax" at- tacks made on it by the critics wounded the ,ien8itlve poet severely. It nevertheless I won Immense admiration, passed through jicven editions within the tirst year, and I took its place among the great poems of the irorld. It is constantly reprinted, and has been translated into almost ail the languages I of Eiirdpe. There are five or six English translations, the earliest by i'airfax, the most recent by AVifTen. Tasso was induced by the adverse criticism of his groat poem to remodel itand make it more what the critics •aid it should be. He altered almost every "taiiza, added four cantos, and called it Oerusalemme ConquisUta." llut its life was gone. The melancholy altered manu- jcrlpt I) preserved in the Imperial Library. Henna. AmonK his other works, which are very numerous, are " Hinaldo," his earliest poem; "Aminta," an exquisite pastoral IZTL ^' 'i'o".'«,'nondo." a tragedy ; many short poiMus, dialogues, and other prose pieces, His complete works in the edition of SuJM '" ^'"''- ^^"^ "* ^°'"«' "«"» JrnTlf^ Ai-ESSANDUO, an Italian poet, born at Modcna, in 1565. His writings dis- play genuine humour; and one of them '"". Vd.'Jf35'^^"^'-''■'•■''''3'hiacountry- l•cK'Jlt?h»!^' '^nEnglUh lawyer in the InntV,! '^*''*''''^^o acquired great re- H wi? "!,"„ ^T"! «<=holaranda.?tiquary. iJul^' ^*"^^'. poet, was born in Dublin his nl/iv"'' •^''''' '*''»'»'«d in the colVege of I isfed rv.i7- ■ '^" '=°'"'"S to Loudoun l?e succeeded s^tlw"n''°"'^ "' '"« ^^"■•'<«; ""I altered fit. w^"' ^f Poet-laurente. He '''«tedQerman°mv.'i^" "i"" "' "'« "'"'^t ^ele- became a rao„S^y,'^^'«^-»>'>rn about i'^'Ji. He •volIv™rs"d?nV,i!.^.'!ir'="".'?ror'l'A.OKHm, JOUAN, Danish theologian and the first apostle of the Ke- In'ufll"' WH.V''r1'■^ ^"* *""•" "» ^""C" in 1494. While studying at Coloirne he wa« attracted to Wittenberg to ear r uh^r whence, after graduating M.a. nt Hostock' he returned to his country in 1521. He preached the new doctrine in his convent moved to the monastery of Wiborir The king Frederick I., nam^d hl,„ in fefi IUh chaplain, and authorized him to preach at Wiborg; but so violent was ecclesiastical in l«j9, to Copenhagen. Tausan discon- tinued the Latin service of the church, and Introduced the Danish language ; crowds came to hear him, and T.utheranism spread whlh^'o l" ,1"" "" "ssombly was held, at which Catholics and Vrote.stnnts presented and discussed their professions of faith, and the Protestants were authorized to continue their teaching. On the death of Frederick lausan was again persecuted for a short V^^' "c^^^T preaclier nt Uoeskilde, in 1637, nnd bishop of Kipen in l,54i. He was fn 1561 "'' '"''"'' theological works, and died TAyERNIER, Jkan Haitistk, a eele- bn.ted iM-ench traveller, wu.s the son of a Dutch map-seller, who being driven from as country on account of his Protestantism, had settled at Paris. He was born thoro in 1605, and the continu.il sight of mi.p.s, and conversation about other lands, made him a rambler from his boyhood, lly 1627 he had seen great part of Europe, and learnt most or Its languages ; he was present nt the battle lil^l^Z' '"Z**^"' ""'''^ ''°"'' >'^'"-« ""1 a half vi«1fi tV*? "^1^^°'^ °^ HunKaiy. afterwards visited Italy, France, and Germany, and in 16,i0 was present at the I let of Uiitisbon. On the invitation of Father Joseph, the famous agent of Cardinal Richelieu he agreed "o accompany two vountr T-ionnh „^i.!t.™„" ." of^l?;/^'"?'"- . "" P""'-''! "'"'» t''i-m at Con-' stantlnoj^e, in 1631, and aeeon.panied a car- ^Ia\\° Persia, visiting Ispahan, Haghdad, and Aleppo, and making his jourLey a very ni il'Jl Uu I , I • ■ 1 M ; ■} I S; m -1-^-,- H ' H''- ill il i H V W'' ( ' 1 j " W'' !?■•'* } f B^ j^_. ^ :"in I I 11 illll li! tay] ^ ^(U) ainil)(ranl 13iograpbp. a fruHrul trmllnK upoculotlon. Ho iiub«e- qucntljr mixU; Hvu ollit'rjoiiriiojr* li aiithur of tint Ivarnod and thIu- Lble work rntltkil " Wordu and I'lacM," In Khich ho Kttimptt to furnUh u uoiupU-tn ex- pUnvtiuu o( tlio lovul uumei of Urcat Itri- TAYI-Oll, Jank, niltcullancoui writer, wai tister or the prccediiiK, and waa born in \]:'' '"li'wdinarian in his creed, authorL n/f"',' •"l**'^ concerning the »«^y u^ "'" church." In naming him Manexcellcu author to study, he does so Tt fo^ ?n '^V^^. o'^^" "oWe principles, whi/hU .» K*'';' *»' '=•'"»'""» and reflection lou, err^. "t ^«'>»ed to detect his numer- l.oas errors. Tavinr'i r»snn:_..i _, ,._ j!C:i^»«ou"e6rtYe iVbeVt^f^f p7o"phesy- IM." published in 1647; "Holy Living and Holy 1 ying." lOSi ; » " nfo of Christ^ 'Deus Justflcatui,.' the doctrine of which • profoundly criticised b» Coleridge In ho "Aid. to Uoflectiou;" ''uUcourJe of he Nature, Ofllce., and Mcosure. of Prlend- •hlp;" and the famous " Ductor Dublun- num. or Hulo of Conscience In all her ern- eral measures," published In 1080, and described by Huliam as the most extensive and learned work on casuistry which has appeared In tho English language. In ad- dition to these there are various devotional works, and his wonderful sermons. The works of Jeremy Taylor were edited by H shop Ilober In 1810, with an account of his . .o^,'**'® '"**'*' complete edition appeared m 1847—64, revised by Eden and Taylor An admirable critical view of them Is given by Hallam in his " Introduction to tho I.itera- turo of Europe." This distinguished prelate died ot LIsburn, In 1007, leaving three daughters by his second marriage. TAYLOU, John, usually culled tht, Wntcr i'oet, from his being a waterman, was born In Olouccstcrshire, about 1380. In 1696, he 8(!rvea In tho fleet under the earl of Essex and was present at the attack upon Cadiz! After Ills return he piled on the Thames, and was for many years collector for the lieutenant of the Tower, of his fees on the wines imported into London. He also styled himself the king's water poet, and tho queen's waterman. When the civil wars be- gan he retired to Oxford, where he kept a public-house, as ho afterwards did naarLong Acre. At tills place he manifested his loyalty by assuming for a sign, tho " Crown in Mourning," which proving offensive, he substituted his own portrait. In 1618, he walked from London to Edinburgh and back again, and published an account of his Journey under tho title of "The Pennyless Pilgrimage." In his " Last Voyuf e and Ad- venture " he describes his passage with a small boat from London to Oxford, Glouces- ter, Bristol, &c., in 1G41. He published many occasional pieces, which are intercst- ii g for the curious glimpses they afford of tho times ho lived in. Died, 1684. TAYLOR, JOHN, an eminent Unitarian divine, was born in Lancashire, in 1694. Ho was educated at Whitehaven ; and after of- ficiating some years as pastor to a congrega- tion at Norwich, ho accepted the office of di- vinity tuior at the newly founded academy of Warrington. His most important works are, tho "Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin," the "Scripture Doctrine of Atone- ment," a "Hebrew-English Concordance," his principal work and the labour of his life, and a " Sketch of Moral Philosophy." Died. 1761. ' ' TAYLOR, JOHN, a divine and civilian, was born at Shrewsbury, ;n 1704. Ho was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where ho obtained a fellowship, and pro- ceeded to the degree of LL.D. In 174a he became a member of Doctors' Commons, and two years afterwards was appointed chancellor of Lincoln; but in 1751 he en- tered into orders, was presented to the reo- iory of Lawford, ia i^ssex, aad became a canon residentiary of St Paul's. His chief works are an edition of the Greek Orators, 3 a 883 fl^tM J.:ti|i| i l>' rW't'l 1 ! Ill |ii I-ay] ^ -{l^eb) Stnibersal 13iograpI)t?. [nt and " Klemcnts of Civil I.iiw." Died, 1706. TAYLOR, IIOWI.AN I), oni! of tho most learned EiikHhIi (Uvincs oftlin lUth century, but most lUutitriouf) in liis licruic death as rrotestant iiiarlyr, was eluiplain to Arch- bt8l\ap Cranmcr. He quitted Cranmcr's family on ln'inj{ presented to tlio rcetory of Uadleigh, in Suffolk, and devoted himself entirely to his dutiiis us parish priest; wiu- ninft the higlii'St ostoem und warmest love (if his lluuk by his great abilities, unfelKncd piety, and singular eheerfulncss and slm- plieity of lifo. On the aeoession of Queen Mary lie was one; of Ihc first to suffer for resistance to the attempts to restore tho popish worship. llavluK resisted the pcr- Ibrnuinee of mass in his parish chureh, he was eilcd.iu Ijjil.to appear before tiardiner, bishop of NViiKliestcr, and also lord uhuncel- lor. ItefusiuK to yield to the persuasion of his friends who would have had him make bis escape, lie went to London, had a lonf; conference with Gardiner, which the latter closed by " bis stronj? urKumcut, Carry him to prison." Taylor lay in prison about a year and three-quarters, und after the re- vival of some eld tyrannous laws, wag UKain cited before Gardiner, IJonner, j-ud other bishops, was deprived of his benefice, form- ally degraded from tho priestly oflicc, and conducted by the shcrifV from London to Hadleigh. All efforts to induce the cheer- ful heroic num to recant failed; he had a most affecting farewell interview with hi« wife and children ; received the blessings of his parishioners, anil was burnt at the stake on Aldham Common near Hadleigh, 8th February, 1. ").'),). 'J'lie story of llowland Taylor is one of the most beautiful and pa- thetic in l''ox's Hook of Martyrs; a history, says lleber, which few men have ever read without its making them sadder and hotter. TAYLOll, Silas, an Knglish antiquary, was born at Harley, in Ehropshire, in 1021. On leaving Oxford University, he entered into the parliamentary army; aud after- wards became sequestrator of tlie estates of the royalists in Herefordshire, but conducted himself with moderation. At the Kestora- tiou he was made keeper of tho stores at Harwich. Died, 1678. TAYLOn, Th().MA8, " the Platonist," the translator of the works of I'lato, Aristotle, and other Greek authors, was born at Lon- don in 1758. He was educated partly at Ht Paul's School ami afterwards by a Dissenting minister. An early marriage compelled him to relinquish his intention of becoming a preacher, and he became clerk in a bank, private tutor, and assistant-secretary to the Society of Arts. Hut through all these en- gagements he was a most laborious student, especially of tho Greek philosophers, and at the same time by his social habits he made many acquaintances and friends, some of whom proved willing enough to aid him materially in his literary projects. He led a quiet, studious, uneventful life, residing Pt Walworth from about 1795 till his death. His principal woiKs are the— Translations of the " Works 'of riato," published in Tols. 4to, In 1804, at the expense ot Taylor's friend, the duke of Norfolk ; the " Works of Aristotle," in 9 vols. 4to, in 1812. printed at tho expense of another friund of tTilir lutor; "Dogcriplion of Orceie, ' , T*" sanlas," In 3 vols. 8yo, ia 1794; 'sZ Works of I'orphyry;" the writinsmrPw the " Classical Journal." Died \m TAYLOll, William, a dWDe.lih.,i critic, translator, and Utlhatm i^uZ only son of an eminent mercliantofNowi h where he was born, 17«5. Howosorl.bl v' destined for his father's biisineg,; bm Z early bias for literary pursuits proTcd w strong, that his father gave waytoWiir cllnations, and after one or two lomewhat lengthened sojourns in l^'ranccundGermniiv ho gave himself up almost cmiruly to liter uturo and politics. He first became kno»n by a vigorous translation of lliirgetV'Le nore;"und stimulated by success, he undo other translations from tlio same author and from time to tinu; coiitribiiicil ipcci- mens of other German poets tothemua- zines and periodicals. In 1798 lie formtdnn acquaintance with Southey, which tmd Into the warmest friendsblp ; and in W he became editor of the Mor\viihIris,\vliicii'li8 made the organ of bis peculiar poliiital and religious opinions; but lie gooiubw- doned this speculation, and henceforth en- gaged in reviewing, writiiip cliielly for the Monthly Heview, then under the cditonhip of Dr Grittlths. Mr Taylor wrote few leiar- ate works. Among these, however, ihoalil be mentioned his " English Synonjin«;' and in 1830 he published a " Hisioric Surrey of German Poetry," consisting chiefly ofhii collected translations, witit commeuiiiies aud cNplanatory notes. This work wm re- viewed by Mr Cariyic, la the Edinbariili lleview.No. 105. 8ee his " Essays," lolii. Taylordied, 183(1. A":icnioirofhi8lifend Writings" wa? published by Mr Kobbenli, in 1843. TAYLOR, William Cooke, Ll.D,,liii- torieal and miscellaneous writer, was bon It Y'oughal, 1800. After prosecutiiiR his stofa at the university of Dublin wiihpeatdii- tlnetion, he repaired to the me tropoiii, ud entered upon a literary cnrecr, which, for constancy of application, and Yariciyotdk- ject, has had few equals in modera liwi. Heing literally a writer for his daily bretl, little profound thought or on'Kinali!? i' speculation was to be looked for in liisvriit' ings ; but the care and diliscnce which le bestowed on every subject he mideriool, amply atoned for the absence of thesehijiff qualities, and he Imsieftananieinthelii^ ary history of his country which will Ht soon he forgotten. In his zeal for the pis- motion of education, he had ncquirfd imli vast information, that his opinion was e)!«- ly sought. He was employed in 181S, byte Dritish government, to inquire into lie systems of education on thccontintntiiH he was just on the eve of bcinf? placedl»»j position on the establishment of the W' | lieuteunntof Ireland, to carry out hiiTiCil when he was cut off by the pestileocf iw' | ravaged Great Britain and Irelaod in 1IB| j Amojig his cliief works arc, his ■"==--- Ancient and Modern History," W» Times of Sir Robert Peel," " History of »• hammodanism,""Revolution8alldBl!lla»• 994 tay] ^ Mt iD ^nibtxsal 3B{osrnjpJ)i). I jblo Conspiracies of Europe ;" and his lust, land perhnps his most Important, work, I" The History of the House of Orleans," pub- lllslicd only a few weeks before his death. pled, ISM. I TAYI.OH, ZACHAHY, president of the I United States, was born In Vlrfjlnla, 1786. IHis father, who had fought at the side of I Washington (luring all the war of Indopend- lence, at Its conclusion settled In Kentucky, land conducted his family to their forest- Ihonif, where his son, amid the perils of iMvagc life, had ample opportunities of de- iKloplngthose military qualities of which he I afterwards gave ao signal a proof. At the loatbrcak of the war with Rngland, in 1807, ■ lie hastened to join the army, and was ap- I pointed to guard the banks of the Wabash. I In 1812, while in command of the garrison of IPort Henderson, consisting only of 62 men, I be wiis suddenly attacked at midnight by la hostile party, who succeeded in setting lire to the fort. Hut Taylor, with his hand- Iful of men, cxtinguishud the flames and I forced the enemy to retreat. For this ex- Iploit he was raised to the rank of m^or. I In the war against the Indians, both in I Florida and Arkansas, he passed successirely llhrough all the grades of his profession, till llic reached the rank of general. Nominated Iln 1&16 tothecommandof acorpsof observ- lition on the frontiers of Mexico, an attack lof the Mexicans gave him an opportunity of Icrossing the lUo Grande, and of gaining his Ifirst battle at I'alo-Alto. The victories of jRcseca, I'alma, Monterey, and Buena- Vistu Iproved him at once a valiant soldier and an ■ able general, ond marked him out to the liufTrages o* his countrymen for the presl- IJency. Chosen in Nov., 1848, he entered on Ihia high office In March, 1849; but he had ■only Wled the chair of Washington and I Jefferson for sixteen months, when he was I luddenly attacked by cholera, and died, to |!j« great regret of his countrymen, July, ic'^l.^u^^^' ESAIA8, the distinguished ISTCdish poet, was born in 1782. He was I me son of a parish priest, and was sent .,i litudy at the university of Lund ; but before IHe was ten years old he lost his father, and I was then for several years assi.-itant to a tax- ■CDiiector. In couscquence of his fondness I or study he was allowed to become a pupil If Ins elder brother, then tutor In a private I f^l!;•n5"^J''"""' ^^^ """^ the advantage |of a good library, he made rapid progress In Ijae study of ancient and modern Lnfuagcs I ss a"n' T'^?' '!,•'"''">' ''' Home^^C IrtTo^ °V"tnr, and found a wife in one of I ostVf snh 1 h"' '^ °' ^""^' "''t''J«e1 t\e ■post or sub-hbrarian, an-l, in 1812 xvai nn I '"t;d professor of Greek a post Whkh he Ct^ Wrntl'L^'l!^-"' '«" Off WS habits Of " •' "•"-^ poetry, but built [tbk spirited war-song in 1808. His chiefworkt t'An n^J** "'.'" ""•'"'" which at flritaMear- ed In parts between 1820-25 : " Axel '» Iflai • ?c"i.**'C^''"«'"" o'the Load's Supper." In 820. The last is an exquisite IdVu,' de" scriptlvo of scenes of village life, and haa been translated into English by Longfellow .Ti,"'™. f« "cveral English translations of Frithiof 8 Saga" and one of "Axel," by La- tham, one of the translators of " Frithiof " 1 egner is considered the chief of the poets of Sweden, and to him wos assigned, in 1829 the honourable office of placing the poetlcaf crown on the head of Oclenschlager. Died. 2nd November, 1846. The works of Tejtner oppeared in a collected form, In 6 vota.. about a year after his death * TEIONMOUTH, JOHN SHORE, Lord, was born In Devonshire, 1731. Himself the son Of a supercargo, ar the grandson of a cap- tain In the East Judia Company's merine he was destined from his youth to the same service. Having finished his education at Harrow and Hackney, he went to Bengal in 1769 as a cadet ; in 177.3 he was appointed Persian translator and secretary to the pro- vincial council of Moorshedabad ; and bis diligence and abilities being now duly ap- preciated, he was nominated a member of the general committee of revenue, an oiBce ^?'^^,^''°"K^* ^''^ '°to friendly relation* with Warren Hastings, whom he accom- panied to England in 1785. In 1786 he re- turned to Calcutta as a member of the su- preme council, ond so distinguished himself by the numerous reforms, financial and Judicial, which he introduced, that In 1793 he was appointed governor-general of India, having In the preceding year been created a baronet. In 1797. he quitted his high office, and returned to England with th? title of Lord Teignmouth, where he entered on a career of practical philanthropy. He be- came a member of what was known as " The Clapham Sect," which numbered among its adherents Wilberforce, Clarkson, Z. Mac- aulay, I. Milner, and Granville Sharpe ; and closed a long life, passed in works of charity and mercy, Feb. 14th, 1834. He was the first president of the British and Foreign Bible Society, established in 1804 ; he was also president of the Asiatic Society ; and though he never acquired great celebrity as an author, he published an edition of the works of Sir W. Jones, together vrlth a memoir, besides various pamphlets on reli- gious questions. A memoir of his life and correspondence was published by his son in 1843. TEISSIER, Antoine," a learned French advocate, born at Montpelier, in 1632. Being a Protestant, he was forced, by the re vocation of the Edict of Nantes, to emigrate : and became historiogropher to the Prussian court. He wrote many historical and bio- graphical works, begide* severe! transKitinns, The best known'ls his " ElogeVdeVHonimes Savants.'- Died, 1715. TEKELI, EMKBic, Count do, a Hungarian nobleman, was bom in 1658, and took the 995 ^:| 1^^ m 1 * ; i It,; i \ 'i 1 I > i I iii' liM^m i tel] ^ i^cto SlnlDevsal ISiogtapl^ [m command of his countrymen in their struR- Kle to throw off tho yoke of Austria. He defeated tho Imperialists in several battles ; but, after many vicissitudes, he was com- pelled to sc6k an asylum in Turkey, and died at Constantinople, in 1706. "ELESIO, I^EKNAUDINO, Italian philo- sopher, bom it Cosenza, iii the kingdom of Naples, in 1608. Ho was educated ac the university of Padua, became professor of natural philosophy at Naples, and is dis- tinguished as one of the first philosophers who ventured to attack the scholastic sys- tem, and the authority of Aristotle. In his creat work entitled " Dc Natura, juxta pro- pria princlpla," which appeared at llorae In 1561, he maintains the necessity of the study of nature, and of waking experiment the basis of science. The general spirit of this work, says Cousin, almost makes Teleslo a forerunner of Bacon. A second edition was published at Naples in 1570,and the fear of ecclesiastical censure, <" worse, led him to retire to Cosenza, where he died in 1S88. TELFORD, THOMAS, a distinguished civil engineer, was born in Eskdalc, Dumfries- shire, in 1767. He began life as a shepherd boy, but at the ago of 14 was apprenticed to a stone-mason in his nativa district. After serving his time, ho was employed in Edin- burgh, and in 1782 came to London, where through good introductions he obtained several important engagements. Five years later he settled at Shrewsbury, and became surveyor for the county of Shropshire, a post which he held till his death. , His re- putation by this time was considerable, and about 1793 he was charged with the con- struction of the EUesinere canal, his first great work. It occupied ten years. The Caledonian canal, for which ho was employ- ed to make the necessary surveys of the coasts and the country, was commenced un- der his direction about 1803, but from various causos was not completed till 1823. Besides this canal, Telford, as engineer to the com- missioners of highland roads and bridges, constructed about a thousand miles of road in Scotland, in the course of which were also about twelve hundred bridges. It is impossible to enumerate the other very numerous canals, bridges, roads, &c., exe- cuted under his direction, not only in his native country, but abroad. The beautiful suspension bridge over the Menai Strait, in the line of the London and Holyhead road, one of his most celebrated works, was erect- ed about 1828. Telford constructed the St Katherlue'8 Docks, London, which were opened In 1828. He was F.U.S.E. froni 1803, president of the institution of civil en- gineers from 1820, and was chosen l-.ll.S. London, in 1827. He contributed several articles to tho " Edinburgh Encyclopffidia, and in his last years wrote his own Life, which was published with additions by its editor in 183b. Telford died at Westminster In Iftll TElLwilliam, the renowned champion of Swiss liberty, was a native of Burglcn, in the canton ofUri. Ho was distlnguisnca by his skill In archery, his itrength, and courage. He joined the league of the three Forcst-cautons formed to free the country from Austrian tyranny. The Auatrlan go. vernor of Switzerland, Herman Geiilet, pushed his insolence so far, as to require the Swiss to uncover their heads before his hat (as an emblem of his sovereignty) ; and is said to have condemned Tell, who refused to comply with this mandate, to slioot an apple from the head of his own Bon, Tell was successful, but confessed thataiecond arrow, which he bore about his person, wat intended, in case he had failed, for the pun- ishment of the tyrant, and he was there- fore retained prisoner. AVhllc crowing the lake of the Four Cantons, or luke of Lucerne, in the ^arae boat with Gessler, a violent storm arose. Tell, as the mo3t vigorous and skil- ful helmsman, was set free, and he con- ducted the boat successfully to the shore, but seized the opportunity to spring upon a rock, at the same time pushing off the boat. He had fortunately taken his bow with him ; and when the governor finally escaped the storm, and reached the shore. Tell shot him dead on the road to Kussnacht. Thlserent was the signal for a general rising, and a most obstinate war between the Swiss and Austrians, which was not brought to a close until 1499. Tell Is supposed to have lost his life during an inundation in 1350, Doubt has been thrown upon this popular story by some modern critics, but even If some of its details are mythical, it is scarcely possible, In the face of the testimony of early chroni- clers, and the concurrent evidence of local customs and observances, to deny the sub- stantial truth of the history. HoweTcr,it is certain that Tell contributed to emanci- pate his country; and there are many local customs referring to the events here rdaied. The memorable event above described is said to have happened on the 7th November, 1307 ; and the citizens having preTionilr chosen for their leaders three men of ap- proved courage and abilities, namely, Wer- ner of Schwliz, Walthcr FUrst of Uri, m Arnold Melchthal of Unterwaldcn, tbey secretly agreed to surprise and deraolislitiie castles in which the imperial go^crum "• sided. This resolution being pffected.tw three cantons joined in a league or years, which gave birth to tho HelreliM confctiGrjicV' lli TELLEZ, OADKIEL, whose assumed nffle was TIRSO DE MOUNA a celebrate pa ■ Ish dramatist, born at Madrid in he 1 ler part of the 16th century. He studied at ^ university of Alcala, and in 1620 becamea monk He was one of the most Tolum^™ writers of the age, and as dramatist raaU next after Calderon and Lope de ^ ga. J wrote above 300 comedies, besides noteb, in-crludes, and a'-^tos. and djap^' g and varied powers; wit and i^'""""; "^^^^^ and invention, and considerable same verity, especially against the ge'^ clergy, and the monks- ^'"y-Xhkeep comedies are extant, some o ^'J;/ their place on the fP«n'?'' ^^f^'ge*' them is the famous " n?f a^" ,fS; l^^f^lciijunie^thenan.^ is known to all the world thrOug'i'''t^|jj of Corneille and Byron^^amimece«^| Item] I opera of Moznrt. More popular In Spain is jllirio'8 " Don Gil In tho Oreen Pantaloons " I Another good play is his " Bashful Man at IfCourt." Wed, prior of Soria, 1648. TEMANZA, TOMMASO, Italian architect Bind b!os;'«pher, was born at Venice in 1705. ■He it chiefly remembered as author of the Idccllent biographical work, entitled— t'Lires of tho most celebrated Venetian ^ Meio Bnibttsnl 19toarnof>n. lArchltects and Sculptors," published in 1777 ■He wrote also the '' Antiquities of lUminl," lind other works. Among his architectural ■works are tho cliurch of La Santa Madda- llena, at Venice, the facade of Santa Mar- ■rherita at Padua, and the bridge of Dole low tlic Brenta. Died at Venice, 1789. I TEMPELIIOF, OKOKQ FRIKURICIT, a iGsrman officer, author of " The Prussian ■Bombardier," "Tho Elements of Military iTictlcs," " The History of tho Seven Years' ■War," «S:c. In the beginning of the revo- IWonary war with Prance, he had tho com- lund of the Prussian artillery ; and, in 1802 ■lereceived the order of the lied Eagle from j/redcrick William III., who nominated him ■lieiitenant-general and military tutor to the ■loung princes, his brothers. Eor". 1737 l«e(l,1807. ■' ' 1 TEMPESTA, Antonio, an Italian painter. Ins born at Florence, in 1555. He was a ■taplcof John Strada, and excelled in land- ■iMpes, animals, and battles. Died, at Home, j TEMPESTA, Peter, whose real name IwasMoLYN, but Who received the sobrlqTc? I JtrriniT '"« ''•'^l"''"* delineation ' 1.1^ ?r"^ Shipwrecks, was a native of r .?; ,!^? '^''"' '" ^°'»e' «"« on chang- Cf.ii.H*"*'"?'/'''"' made a chevalier; but IK ms wife, which sentence was changed to fcrpetual Imprisonment. After remaining F fonflncment 16 years, he effected hif ilni„ ^' ^."" ''°"^' son of Sir William |mple, secretary to Sir Philip Sidney an^ Penrards provost of Trinity College Dub- tflttr'^? n ^™don,and^educat!d'unScr y w ®* °"''""- He studied the law ti.i,,'""? "'"""Of the llolls and a orlvv' t 8 °/r ^""'"'1 "» t"e reign of Charles h marriage'of the nrfnno "^'^'5' Promoted larv. Pi.ir... J.':?? P"Pce of Orance wUh f;^''«nion",;':r;,7ac°el"l67?'7\^''''''' again ambassador to tlL staTes ^.'?J*' ."'f butfh^ was appointed secretary of state" but the next year he resigned, and retire ci bridge, and took his degree at lovriVn ir^ practised in London ; but a fondness for literature and the company of literarv ,n^n il7V"^, ''« attention fro^ his profoL on the BrU I'h^^'M'' ^^^^' °''*»'"«'l '' sftua 0^°"^^,; the British Museum, as keeper of tho rou i Jng-room, he from that time devoted ht who e attention to pursuits more congenial ft^in^? ""V}!" consWered the founder of „' ttht^^o^l'"?' y.hichhisson af"cr;ar.l8 Drought to perfection. His pictures iin DledlY649" '''"""^^^^' ""'^^^^ ''& Valued" TENIERS, DAVID, the younger son of the preceding, was born at BruS in IGio In his youth, such was his facility of Imi r.iL? ^^Tr***^ Proteus, and the Ape of Pf'""nK- He confined himself princinanv to the same kind of subjects as his ffir Dl d" Y6l)?'The"V;i" corrictnes? and Sh.' iJiea, ibai. The younger Teniors man tn tuJi highest reputation in WsprofeLfon, a„d waf patron.zed by Christina of Sweden.'the kTng TPm^oM'' %'lil' illustrious personages^ t Jh^,ri ??' T"OMAS. archbishop of Can- terbury, a learned and pious prelate x- ?P™»t Cottenham, in Cambri^" .^;e in 1636, and graduated at Corpus Chris 1 Col lege; obtained the living of St Peter Ma„ croft Norwich ; and was If ter wards present- id to th3 vicarage of St Martln's-in-the Fields. London, where he founded a paro chlal school and library. He distinffiii«i o^ himself so much by his zeal In favour of Protestantism, both before and after the ro Wshorof*ilnclln'''/ "° >-as eonseciat'ed uisnop of Lincoln, from whence he was raised to the see of Canterbury In 169i and l.'i^i::The Creed of Hobbcs examVed " '< i'lr Til'"""' « "cmauis of Sir F. Bacon." serS »™^"e'8 Tracts," and various TENNANT, SMITHSON. PnS an nmJ nent chemist was born at Selby"in Yort shire, iu 1761; studied medicine at Edi„: 997 \-iv \\^ '■t ! ! !' 11 tbn] H iJlctD a^nifaeraal ISiograpl)!?. (lai burgh, and took hU degree at CambridBC, In 1796. He was chosen professor of chemistry ftt Cambridge, In 1813 ; and was killed by a fall from his horso.atlloulogne.ln February, 181fi. Ills discoveries appear in several valuable memoirs In the Philosophical Truns- actions. , . TENNANT, WILLIAM, a Scottish poet and philologist, was a native of Anstruther, In Flfeshlre ; the town where l)r Chalmers first saw the light. Lame In both limbs from his childhood, ho early entered on the path of study ; and gradually amosHcd those stores of literary wealth, which raised lilni to public honour. After fliling tho office of parochial schoolmaster in various places In Scotland, ho was in 1810 elected classical teacher of tho Dollar Academy ; and In 1837 was presented to tho chair of oriental lan- guages in tho university of St Andrew s, which he filled with credit till his death. As a poet. Professor Tennant rose Into emi- nence by his " Anster Pair," published In 1812. and since often reprinted ; and this was followed by his tragedy of " Cardinal llca- ton," and various smaller poems, marked by much originality and poetic power. Died, |Q J Q TENNEMANN, WILHELM GOTTLIKB, German philosopher ond historian of philo- sophy, born In 1761, at Urcmbach, near Er- furt. He studied at tho universities of l.r- furt and Jena, and after distinguishing himself by the publication of several philo- sophical works, became, first, profcsscr, ex- traordinary nt Jena, and In 1804 ord nary professor of philosophy at the university of Marburg, a post which he tilled till his death. He was also appointed, in 1816, llbrariar. to the university. His most important work Is the " Geschichte der Phllosophie," pub- lished In eleven volumes, between 1708— 1809. His well-known " Manual of the His- tory of Philosophy," of which an English translation by Johnson appeared In 1832, is an epitome of the " History." The trans- lation, revised and augmented by J. 11. Mo- rell, was republished In 1852, In liohn's Philological Library. Among Tennemann's other works, are an exposition of tho Sys- tem of the Platonic Philosophy ; " and Ger- man translations of Locke's Essay on^ the Human Understanding, and Hume's in- quiry concerning the Human Understand- ing." Tennemanu was a disciple of tho Kantian" philosophy, and employed its ter- minology. Bled, 1819. TENTEllDEN, CHARLKS ABliOTT, Lord, lord chief justice of England, was tiic son of a hairdresser, was born at Canterbury In 1762, and received his education at the King's School of that city. In 1778 he was elected to a scholarship In Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was soon dis- tinguished for scholastic nttnlnmcnts and for purity of moral conduct ; and, having the good fortune to bo appointed tutor to the son of Judge Buller, this gentleman took great interest in his welfare, and with his characteristic acuteness of observation, nd- visea nim to turn his aileuliou to the law, and not to tho church, for which ho had hitherto designed himself. After practising somo time as a special pleader he was called 998 to tho bpr, being then In tho SJrd jwttltti age, and went tho Oxford circuit. Hlipnc. tlcc soon became extensive, mid for iweatj years he steadily pursued hlswoy.nciiiilriiit both fortune and repuiation, and wkiiiK himself known to the prolcssionnol merely as a skilful pleader, butulso an a learned and accurate writer, ills" Trcatiic of the Law of Merchant Ships uiui Seamen," pub- lishod In 1802, bccanio the Htandard worli upon maritime law. In 1H13 liUinceuant and ;arduou8 labour had ticKun to htro a aerlous effect upon his licultli aud iplriti, His sight, too, was Inipiiircd, and It ji said that but for the dissiinsion uf liii friendi he would have wholly letlri'd ftow the pro- fession. He had as far bnckns 1803 refused a seat on tho bench, his professional cnolu ments nt that tlnio being fur greater than those of ajud^'o. Hut wlien,iul81i!,heiro9 again offered prumotiun, his health hid be- come so unequal to the tuils of practice, that ho closed with the ofT(.'r, and was made a puisne Judge in the Common Picas. This took place in February, imd in the following May no was removed lo tho King's llcnch, on the death of Mr Justice Le lllanc. In 1818,on the retlrementof Lord Ellenborough, ho became lord chief justice of the iiing's Bench ; and though his inflexible lorjlsm rendered him unpopular, it was adniitied by men of all parties, that a more impirlial chief Justics hiid never presided in that court. During the premiership of .Mr Can- ning ho was raised to the peerage, bm did not long enjoy his title; and it is said that his last words were, " Gentlemen otthejwjr, you may retire." Died, 183'i. TEKHUliaH, GEiiilAKD, Dutchpainter, born at Zwoll, in 1008. Ho was Uight painting by his father, and improved him- self by a visit to Italy. He acqiiireilajrcat reputation by his portraitsi and"conierM- tion pieces," and practised with mtceis at Paris, London, and Madrid. His mtui re- markable work is the " Congress of »•* ster," a portrait group of the diploffl«i'i* who there negotiated the celebrated TO J! of Westphalia, which closed the wr Years' War. Terburgh'a pictures are * cately painted and exquisitely to j^j and he was fond of displayiuR lus *"'« white satin drapery, which is ff "i" "^ of his works. There arc "'i'!!); of 1"> "^ in English collections. Died, burgoniuter of Deventer, in 1681 , TEKENTIUS Al'Ell, ^'^^^'^.,L HENCE), the celebrated Homaucomi l»ei was probably born at Carthage, aboB' 4 195. The accounts of his life «r » » ^ conflicting, and little is^^tS about it. He is said to have bee* ^J slave of alloman senator, who g^wm^^ good education, and set him ree. quired the patronage and »" Lielius and Rcipio Afncauu t ^> S^^ and was assisted, it is said, by tliem ! , _.. composition of his plays. Hit ff\ j^ji exhibited was the ' A"dm. '■';;,„,, J This was followed by the "ecyra, 1 ton-Tiinorumeno8," oi ''f^,^Tn,rm(>,'\ 163 ; the " Eunuchus and 'J ^H inl62;andthe"*'i''"'lii."ortlcJ'n' | TEn] m Mtioa mnibtxaal laiogrgpftj). actedat the funeral Rnmfis of jUmfll'isP/iului in ISO. Thnsc pluya are ImltatlonH, with certain ohaiigcaof plan and structure, of the works of th« Greek comic poets, Mrnnnder i\nd ApoUodorus. Terence wa» praJHcd by Julius t'lBsar as u " half Mcnander." Terence, who dosoly followed I'inutus in time, had liitie In common with Iilm in character or in fortunes. Ho alms fnr less iit rxcltliiK laughter by bold coarse Jests, and more at tho di'volopmcnt of plot, and tin! piiintlnK i,( dullfiite shades of character. His plays icon to the instructive and sentimental, and contain passages of deep pathos and rettned fit. They are also remarkable for the purity of their Lntlnity, and the variety of their metre. After tho appearance of his six comedies Terence left Uome for Greece, and Is satd to have inuisiated there above n hundred of the comedies of Menandor. The mode of his death Is uncertain ; but it is usually said that he died of grief for the loss at sea of his translations of Menunder, about B.C. I5.S. There are Kngllsh translations of Terence by C'olman and If. T. Riley. The latter, in prose, forms part of Uohn's Class- ical IJbrarv. TE1UIA8S0N.— Of this name there were several ingenious French writers In the I7th and I8t.h centurtes, the most eminent of whom were JKAN and Antoine.—Jkan vims born at Lyons in 1070. His first work wnsa Dissertation on the Iliad, and appeared in 1715. He adopted the financial schemes of Law, and wrote " Trols Lettres sur lo Nou- veau SystAme do Finances." In the follow- ing year, 1721, lie was made professor of phl- , losophy at the College of France. He was I also author of an Egyptian tale entitled " Sethos," and of a translation of Diodorus Siculus. He was a member both of the Aca- demy of Sciences and of the French Academy. Died, 1750.— ANTOINK was born at Paris, in 1705. He composed, by order of the chan- cellor D'Agucsseau, tho " History of Itoman Jurisprudence ; " for which ho was named censor royal and professor in the royal col- lege. Died, 1782. ^TERllAY, JoSKPlt MARIE (AHHE TEll- ^A\), the dissolute finance-minister of Louis XV., w;is born in 1715. At the ii.ifp of n he was appointed to an office in tiiepar- liamentof Paris, aud for a time led a modest and laborious life. Hut on inheriting a larr , l"l* f!"""" '"'* """'"=> he threw off all re- stramt, 1 vcd a scandalous life, and sought Mm'-Mf" }LV.^ ."' '^'"''■*' "« ingratiated ~ 7' ■\* "^""*"^ Pompadour; and co- tK''^ 7,'"* ''" '" "^f expulsion of the rn^o ,^f'"!'^ snpported tho odious measures of the minister of finance, und at nf fhlTu™" P^P'^red the remonstrances of m?.,. """v"} "v^'""'* "»'"'■ At the close Srt nt '"f "^^''^ ''•-'''^''*''*'"^'«l)ition had of th„ i' """^ ^"' """"''^ controller-ffcneral 7ct ^'l" .''" "''"e^l Franco by reckless- h Kono" r;,;'^''A''^ ^"••"='""1 i.i,„seif a'fd craieni nri'*^'' Dubarry, and insultedwith ifr r» "lockery the miseries of the people ?i,''^y-y9 post till after the aeeniinp'^ nf tho"'ni,''^^^'. "'"i '''-'^' With his collcaeues n t,Sh"'r *'^'"''''"« «"•» D'AigSiiyon; on the 24th August, 1771, a day which has [tks been en led the Ht Hartholomcw of Ministers Died, at Purls, hated and despised 778 TKRTUI.HANUH, ammlnVAirnvH yuniKsti, the first and one of the most erin A. 1). 1»()_214, In tho reigns of the Emperors Severus and Carncullo. He was hoA of a centurion in the service of the proconsul of Africa, and was born at Carthage; hecanio an eminent rhetorh-lan. was converted to the Christian religion ciiher at CarthaKe or Home, and obtained the otilcc of presbyter After ho was past middle ,i«o lie embraced tho doctrines of Monianus, to which his ardent, sensuoiw Imagination and ascetic tendencies would naturnlly incline him. He s said to have been determined to that course by the ill-troatmcnt he received fnmi the Uoman clergy. Whether ho remained a Montanist till his death, or ultimately re- turned to tho Catholic church, cannot be de- cided. He lived to a great age, and wrote a very largo number of works, some of which were early lost. Tlie most important of his extant works are-tbo " Apoiogeticus ad- yersus Oentes pro (Jhristlanis," addressed to the lloma.; magistrates in 11)8; "Ad Mar- tyres ;■• He Testimonio Animas," in which he endeavours to work out the idea of the Iire-conformity of tho human soul to the dor'trine of Christ; " l)u Privscrlptiono Ha;reticorum;" "i)e Poenitentia," " Do Patientia," " Do Orationo," and " i)e Hap- tlsmo." His works are of four classes, apoogetlcal, practical, doctrinal, and po- lemical. They are characterized by vast learning, profound and comprehensive thought, fiery imagination, and passionate partisanship, leading into exaggeration and sophistry. His style is frequently obscure. Ho had to create,'- says Noander, " a lan- guage for the new spiritual matter, and that out of the rude Punic Latin, without the nia of a logical and grammatical education, and In the very midst of the current of thoughts and feelings by which his ardent nature was hurried along " 'I'lio Htudy of Tortulllan had a niarkttd influence on Cy- prian, who used to ask his secretary for his works in the words " Da MaKistrum." Tlie doctrine of the Millennial Ueign of Christ was taught in onr of the lost works of this Father. TEKSIEll, Hknui Al.KXA.Ni)UK,an emin- ent French writer on agriculture, to which he devoted a long life, dietl at Paris, in De- cember, 1837, aged 94. During the period of revolutionary anarchy, he lived in retire- ment in Normandy, still, however, actively engaged in his favourite pursuit. He was the editor of the " French Annals of Agri- e-Uuro," a voluminous periodical work. 1 ! was also the early patron of Cuvier, be- ing the first to discover his talents, and in- troduce him to the scientific world. TESSIN,NIC0))EM 1)8, asenatorof Sweden, principally celebrated for his architectural works, was born at Nikoping, in 16.54. He held several high appointments in tho go- vernment, and numerous public edifices were ""^ViV," ■ ilia ilfsigns. iJica, nib. TP8TELIN, Louis, French painter, bom at Paris In 1615. Ho was a pupil of Vouet and studied the bast pictures in the galleries !I!I9 it ■ i ! i 1 'i i m m jHHI 1 ttui a. me i !'H 1- !H 'h 'jlia ■ ' if I !, i i ii 1 i 1 IIS i| f ; ; 1^1 4-|h V "if 1 iiJ V ■ ll ..■M i 1. iu| i ^1 TES] ^ ^m aniberaal ISiogtap!)?. of Pails and Fontalncbleau. Ho wns one of the first members of the Acndcmy of Paint- ing and Sculpture, and in 1650 was appointed a professor. His best works are the pictures of " Tabltha restored to life by 8t Paul,'' the " FlaRellation of St Paul and Silas,"— both in Notre Dame— and " St Louis attending a sick man." Tcstclln was an Intimate friend ofliOMrun. Died at Paris, 1C55. TESTI, FtiLVio, an eminent lyric poet, accounted the Horace of modern Italy. He was born at Ferrara, in 1593, of a noble family ; was thrown into prison in conse- quence of havingt entered into a corre- spondence with Cardiunl Mazarln ; and is supposed to have been there put to death, "*TETZETi, or TEZEL, .ToHANN, a Domini- can monk of the 16th century, was born at Leipsic, where he studied, and was created bachelor in theology in 1487. He entered the Dominican order two years later, and from ' '2 was employed in the sale of in- dulgences Issued by Pope Leo X. He repre- sented them as possessing the virtue of par- doning all sins, past, present, and future. Purchasers rame in crowds, and retzel real- ized immen.f ^ams of money by his lying trade. He wns a man of immoral character, and was once convicted of adultery, and sen- tenced to an ignominious death.; He owed his escape to the elector of Saxony. Luther first heard of him in 1616, and vowed to " knock a . '"^ in his drum." Luther's bold attack on him, and on the sale of indulgences in the following year, was the first occasion of the great reformation. The papal govern- ment, seeing the mischief likely to accrue from the indiscreet zeal and bigotry of Tetzel, so severely rebuked him, through the legate Miltitz, that he is said to have died of a broken heart, in 1519. THACKEllAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE, one of the greatest of English novelists, be- lonK'>d to a Yorkshire family, and was born at Calcutta, in 1811, his father being at that time in the civil service of the East India Company. He was early brought to Eng- land; and was educated first at the Charter- house, for which he retained through life a hearty attachment, and then at Cambridge University, which he left without taking a degree. He began life with a fair fortune, and his inclination was for the life of an artist. To prepare himself for such a course he travelled on the continent, visiting Rome, Paris, and Wcimar.seeing Goethe there.and associaiing principally wherever he vvent with artists. A true love for art and artists distinguished him to the last ; but it became necessary for him to work, and instead of pursuing the path of art, he applied himself to literature. At first he wrote for various journals and periodicals, contributing tales, essays, sketches, reviews, and poems. Sotne brilliant epigrammatic articles in the J^x- amlner" werr- from his pen; and for " Frascr's Mf.sa"ine " he wrote, under the Buggestive name of Michael Angelo Tit- marsh, some of the best of his minor pieces. Among Miese were " The Great Hoggarty | Diamond," and" The Shabby Ocntcci Story." . [tha humour so admirably qualified him; and in that honourable position he was associated with Douglas Jerrold, Gilbert A'lleclictt, John Leech, and other gcnlai and honoured men who have not yet, like tliem, passes from among us. The well-known '' 8nob He joined the staff of "Punch," for which I his sparkling wit, refined satire, and genuine I Papers" and "Jeames's Diary" originally appeared in the pages of Punch. About 1W5 he visited the East for the benefit of )iii health, and soon after publislied a record of his travels under the title of " Notes of a Journey from CornhlU to Cairo." The same year in which this appeared, 1846, Thackeray began to publish, in monthly numbers, the masterly fiction which first fuirly showed the world what he could do, and established his reputation—" Vanity Fair." This was fol- lowed in 1849-60 by " Pendennis;" inl852 by his charming " History of Henry Es- mond," the most studied and highly flniuhpd of all his works; " The Virginiaus," a sequel to "Esmond" (which four masterpieces have been happily named by a friendly critic, the "Thackeray Quadrilateral "); "The Newoomes," and the "Adventures of Philip In hU Way through the World." His shorter works are very numerous, iut we can only name " Our Street," " Doctor Birch and his Young Friends," and " The Rose and the Ring," the latter a tale for childreu. In 18J1 Thackeray ventured on a new path, and de- livered his "Lectures on the Kngllsh Hu- mourists," first in London and the principal towns of England, and then in the United States. He conquered liis natural repug- nance to public speaking in order, by these lectures, to make provision for those mojt dear to him ; und he succeeded. He made a second visit to America in 1855, and on that occasion first delivered the " Lecturesonthe Four Georgeb " These also were afterwards listened to willi admiration In England. In 1857 he stood as a Liberal candidate for the represeniation of the city of Oxford, and he was beaten by his opponent, Mr Cardwcll, by only the small majority of 1083 to 1018. Two years later he started the " Comhill Magazine," and undertook the task of editor ; which, however, he found toohea?y, and after a year or two resigned. Inlhel pages of his Magazine appeared his story of; "Philip" and the "Roundabout Fapers.'i Thackeray has been much spoken against i and written against as acynical, illnaturcilj man, who refused to see or to paint any but| the dark and ugly sides of things. W; whatever ground there may be in his writ- j Ings for such a charge, it is certain !..atj to those who knew him personally ho waF, one of the most genial and kind-hearted nirn' in the world. " It was impossible," says the Times, " to be long with him without seeing his truthfulness, his pentlene89,his humility, his sympathj with all suffering, his ten. sense of hmti--; and one felt these inon^ qualities sU the more when one came to see how clear -.vas his insiijht into human m- tu^e,^<•v.• wide was his experience of lie, how I'-'t;;! his acquaintance with books.and hov M-oi! tie had thought upon ftUhe had Mil, and now clearly and prnccfullyhmpw himse' ' . A mar. in all the qualities of Intel lect, h« wns a child in all the quato- heait/' IM. person he was tall and strongly 1000 tha] built, with a noble head and a mass of sil- very white hair. His last public appear- ance was atthe annual Chnrtcr-house dinner, » few days before his death; which took place at his house in Kensington Palace Gardens, 24th December, 18S3. His remains were Interred in Kensal Green Cemetery, and his funeral was attended by a large num- ber of distinguished men, both authors and artists. A bust of Thackeray, by Marochctti, has been placed in "Westminster Abbey. THACKWELL, Sir JO.SEPII.G.C.B., K.H., a distinguished Hrltish lieutenant-general, was born Feb. 1, 1781. He entered the army early, and serred in the latter part of the IriiiA Rebellion ; but purchasing a covnetcy in tiie 15th Hussars in 1800, he served in tliat corps for 32 years, during the last eleven of which ho held the command. He went to Spain with Sir John Moore, and was pre- scntat Corunna. At Vittoria he was severely contused. At Waterloo he received several wounds, losing his left arm, and tad two horses shot under him. On receiving the first wound in the fore-arm, he seized his bridle with his mouth, and dashed on at the head of his men to charge the enemy. A second shot taking effect on the same arm, amputition became nccescary. Ho, how- ever, rejoined the army in a few weeks. In India he served with great distinction, com- manding the cavalry in the first Affghan, in the Gwalior, and the two Sikh campaigns. He received the thanks of the House of Com- mons on three occasions. Died, April 8, 1859. THALES, the chief of the seven sages of Greece, born at Miletus, about u.c. 640, founded the Ionic school of philosophers, and died about B. c. 545. He was an excel- lent geometrician and astronomer, fixed the revolution of the sun at 3G5 days, and was the first Greek who predicted a solar eclipse. In his physical speculations he regarded water as the first principle of all things. He also united moral and political wisdom to the researches of science, and exemplified his knowledge of mankind by numerous pithy aphorisms. ■» THELLUSSOK-, PETER ISAAC, a native of Geneva, who sot.led as a merchart In London, where he acquired a prcdi-ious fortune, and died in 1798. He left about ilOO,000 to his family ; and the remainder Of his property, considerably above half n million, IS to accumulate during the lives of his three sons and the lives of their sons. When, If there are none of his descendants and name existing, the whole is to be added to the sinking fund. This singular will be- ng contested by the heirs at law, was estab- on- •5^," «l<^«'8'on of the House of Lords in iwa; it, however, occasioned the passing of n~Jr'"'?,'""'8 "'f' Po^^fJ- of devising imy Hi "'6 P«n)o»e of accumulation to Hi/pf, c?"" "'« '*''**^ 0' t'^e tc.nator.- iiis eldest son nas raised to the peerage by TOPi\v a^t"I"° J^endlesham. ^ ^ ^ lanen,., ;l;^J'^' •^°"'*' Po»«<^«5 and miscel- aneous writer, was the son of a London tradesman, and was born in 1764. Quittinc uccessively, his father's bu ines« nnd the ft iitomri; Ufa „„'j i" "^ '•S'lJ ui:tnhoo« to bv hf. L ^'"""^ ^^^^ madehimself known by his poems published in 1787. He Is ^ iScto etniberaa! IStograpIjp. Fthe chiefly remembered, however, as a nniifiplT orator and a member of the fVirrL^^ ^i *' Society in the first years of' the Sch,"/ volution. He was prosecuted wlUiH„,^; nSft.^d'*''"?r^'""^" f *«"'«>"' ^^ty»al quitted. He was ofterwards occupied as » popular lecturer, especially on elocution fr.V" ?/"''' ""* «°'"'' important sugS tlons on the cure of stammering. Ut was a rnan of thorough uprightness and generous sentiment; was twico married, and had several children ; and died at l^aih"",, 1834 His second wife survived him, and r b. great distress at Windsor, iu 1866 THEMISTIUS, an ancient Greek or flnnl?\'*V'' P^'i'osophf^r, and citic, who flourished about 360—390. More thbn in orations of Themistius are still extant THEMIST0CLE8, the illustrious Athen- ian statesman and general, was the son of ^eocles, and was born about B. c. 514. The S o""^'!!"'^'' 'n^P'red him in his man- flffnTi' t?^ I''*' F^"* natural genius which fitted him to play a great part, were early manifested He was wilful and wayward m his youth, eager for real knowledge, care- L^ftM^/ '"^'f "'^'^o'nP^shments; fond both of ?ioo„ c^ ""?• spending money, and could not of MiiH„'"r""Tr^°'" thinking Of the trophies of Miltiados. He gradually rose into credit with his feliow-citizens, and one of the first occasions on which ho took an important Aw=f H ''"''lo*^^"^''*^ '^°8 'he ostracism of ^^Au^M\*■^^■ , ^hls measure he promoted, and it left him the foremost man at Athens! Iwo years later he was Aichon. His aim was mainly the greatness and security of Athens, but this perhaps in order that he might have the wider field for his personal Influence and action. He saw the necessity of naval supremacy for Athens, and succeeded in getting a decree for applying the produce of the silver mines of Lourium to the bulld- ^^^en^-iVP'-. ?^''.""' Xerxes invaded Greece In 480,Tliemistocle8 had the command of the fleet, and by his advice the citizens aban- doned Athens with their families, and went to Balamis, -angina, and Troezen. On the appearance of the Persian fleet oflf Salamis. he could scarcely dissuade the Peloponne- sians from leaving ; and at the last moment, in order to save the Greeks in spite of them- selves, he resorted to the stratagem of send- ing a secret message to Xerxes, which in- duced him to make an immediate attack The Greeks wore thuj compelled to cease debating and fight ; and the great victory of Salamis was won. TlicmistocIe& is said to have sent a second secret message to Xerxes after tlie battle, but its purport is uncertain. His fame among his countrymen was now established. Sparta did him un- usual honour ; awarding him the chaplot of olive leaves, and the best chariot the city possessed. In the following year linder his direction the Athenians undertook the re- building of their walls and the fortification of Piraeus. A Spartiin nubiissy was sent to hinder the work ; but 'iliciiiistoclcs bv his clever unscrupulous diplomacy thwarted Sparta, and the supremacy of Athens was secured. His influence, libwevcr, began to wane. He was accused of enriching himself by exacting contributions from the islands i I 1 I j i 1001 the] ^ iEtto SKnibctisal 13iograpf)i). which had supported the romians, and of rccnlvinR bribes for political Mrvices, and he indulged also in the habit of boaRting of his seivices to his country. In 271 he was ostracized, and went to Arf^os ; whence, to escape a threatened arrest on suspicion of sharing the treason of Pausanias, he fled in 466 to Corcyra ; next found refuge with Ad- metus, kin? of the Molossi, and in the fol- lowing yeni' went with his family to Persia. He obtained the contldence of the liing, Ar- taxerxes, and promised to render him a great service, requesting a year's delay. The king gave him a pension, in Oriental fashion ; three towns. Magnesia, Myus, and Lampsa- cus, for his maintenance, and he settled at Magnesia. There he died in 449, and a splendid monument was erected to him in the public place. His bones were, however, carried , it is said , by his own desire, lo Athens. (For an earnest vindication of the character of this great Athenian from some of the gravest charges usually brought against him, see Mr Cox's " Tale of the Great Per- sian War," Part II. ch. 6.) THENARD, I.OUIS JAcauES, baron and peer of France, a distinguished chemist, was born at Nogent on the Seine, in 1777. He studied with distinction under Vauquelln, and at the age of twenty was named demon- strator of chemistry in the Ecole Polytech- nique. He was subsequently professor in the College de France, and in the university of Paris. He was an indefatigable worker in his chosen field, contributed an immense number of memoirs on chemical subjects to scientific societies and journals, and as pre- sident of the Council of Public Instruction rendered great services to the cause of scien- tific education in France. His principal separate work is the " Traitd de Chimie E14- mentaire, Th6orique, et Pratique," which was highly esteemed, and several times re- published. Haron Th^nard was received at the French Academy in 1833, resigned his professorship at the university in 1840, and died at Paris in 1857. He was honoured with a p'lbiic funeral. THEOBALD, LEWIS, editor of Shake- speare, was a native of Sittingboume, In Kent. He was brought up to the profession of the law, but early turned to literature. He wrote some now forgotten plays, »\nd on the appearance of Pope's edition of Shake- speare, criticised it in a pamphlet eii ' 'fld " Shakespear Restored." Two years iuter, 1728, the " Dunciad " appeared, and Theo- bald was its hero. He worked on at his chosen task, collected old plays, collated the earliest editions of Shakespeare's plays, and published his own edition, in 1733, in 7 vols. 8vo. The merits of Theobald as editor were painstaking accuracy and modesty, which kept him from attempting too much. He made many happy emendations, which have been adopted by subsequent editors, and Pope's edition was superseded. Died, 17'I4. THEOCRITUS, the Greek pastoral poet, was a native of Syracuse, and lived in the 3rd century B.C. He visited the court of Ptolemaeus Soter, and afterwards returned to Syrncnse- He was the friend of the poet Aratus, and addressed to him one of his poems. Theocritus is considered the father of pastoral poetry; not that lie appeanto have invented it, but having odopttt , hrm of composition which had been preTiomiT cultivated, he carried it to its highejtne/ fection. Hi» poems are called "IdTii." and present simple Inartiflcial pictum of Sicilian rural life. 8om>. -of the pocni! « tant under his name are of a different character, and some are spuWous Viroii in his Eclogues and Bucolics, imaattdThco' critus, and is his only rival, The editions of the Idylls are very numerous, and tliev havfc hrrn translated into most European languages. The most recent English edition is that of F. A. Paley, M.A., which is «■ teemed a model of concise, learned, and reallv illustrative commentary. It is suggested by a writer in the Saturday iZw'ew (loth Oct 1863), that the startling rcsemblaneci in several of the Idylls to the language of the Psalmist and of Isaiah may possibly hate arisen from the poet's acquaintance with the Septuagiut, which he may have seen during his residence at Alexandria. There arc English translations of Theocritus by Creech, Fawkes, and Polwhele. The moil recent is the very successful metrical tram- lation by Ur M. .T. Chapman. The first edi- tion appeared about 30 years ago, andtlie third in the present year (1866). Its merits arc scholarly accuracy, simple, graceful, and musical verse, and a happy echo of the spirit of the original. THEODORETUS, an ecclesiastical his- torian and a father of the church, was iwrii at Antioch about the yenr 393, In 420 be was made bishop of Cyrus, in Syria, where he laboured assiduously in converting a rude people, and opposing the errors of the Marcionites. He was deposed by the s'coBd council of Ephesus on the charge of fam;- ing the views of Ncstorius, who had ten his fellow-pupil and was his friend, T»o years later, however, he gave way to the violence of his opponents, and at the Council of Chalcedon pronoiiced anathema upon Nestorius, and was 'stored to his see. H( left several valuable works, among whicli are an Ecclesiastical History, a work on the Heresies, and Commentaries on the Bible. Died, 457. THEODORIC, king of the Ostrogoths and: founder of the Gothic kingdom of Itfl!r,Mj born, of the royal race of the Ainili,iiear| Vienna, in 455. He was son of Tteodeniir,! one of the three brother kings of t'le Ostro- goths, and at an early age was glve.^ upas a hostage to Leo, emperor of the East He was brought up at Constantinople, sad cm-, fully trained, at least in the art of war,bnt| never learnt, it is said, to write bisname.l At the age of 18 he was allowed to return to| his father, on whose death, in 473, he suc- ceeded to the throne. Thcodoric beeamethe ally of the Emperor Zeno, who lavished hon- ours and rewards on him ; but he appeafM as the enemy of Zeno in 488, invadmj Thrace and threatening Constantinople, and compelled Zeno to sign a humiliiting treaty. In 489, the Gothic king set out for the con- quest of Italy, the whole nation cmigraUDj under his leadership ; and after a march m| 700 miles in the depth of ^'"t""- f;2 I which many battles were fought, he cro»»| 1002 the] '^ JtetD anibersal ISiograp^g. [the the Julian Alps, and appeared In Italy. He encountered Odoacer, then iovorelifn, In three battles, near A(iullei«, near Verona, and on the Adda ; and after blockading Ravenna for three years, received the capit- ulation of Odoacer, and ogreed to rule jointly with him. A few days after, Theodoric had him put to death at a banquet, with his family and mercenaries, and himself pro- claimed king of Italy, 493. From thi^ time he rclgncd, for the most part In peace and prosperity, thirty-three years, earning the esteem of his own times by his wisdom, courage, and humanity. He fixed his ro- gldenccat Kavcnna ; did not assume the title of emperor ; wagcdonly defensive wars, and saved his kingdom from invasion ; divided a third part of the lands of Italy among his Boldiei-s ; made alliances by marriage with the Franks, Uurgundians.Vlsigotbs, Vandals, and Thuringians j and had a large fleet of light vessels built. By a visit of some months to Rome, in fiOO, he increased his popularity with both senate and people, and at the same time displayed a rational concern for the preservation of the works of ancient art. In reli,>"p j Defore the end of the first year of his reign, ' »"" immediately published an edict in sup- ?n °K^''5.^°*'''l"t°,' *•»« Trinity, branding all who did not hold It as heretics. The Arian archbishop of Constantinople was dc- prlyed.and Gregory Nazianzon was promot- ed to the see ; and shortly after all Arian bi shops and clergy were expelled from their churches. The council of Constantinople was convoked in 381, and after disorderly and disgraceful proceedings, conflrmed the orthodox faith. During the first fifteen years of his rolcn, Theodosius published fifteen severe edicts against " heretics ; " exile, confiscation, and fines for the pastor.?, prohi- bition of meetings, and a civil excommuni- cation which disqualified them for all hon- ourable offices. An officer was appointed to see to the execution of those edicts, who was called Inquisitor of th* Faith. The rites and sacrifices of Paganism were finally sup- pressed by Theodosius, who promulgated many severe laws against them, and had many of the temples destroyed. In 387, dis- turbances took place at Antioch, occasioned by oppressive taxation, and the Images of the emperor, the empress, and others of his family were thrown dowa and broken in pieces ; in consequence of which the emperor degraded the city to the rank of a village, and deprived it of its revenues and privi- leges. But on the humble intercession of the people, supported by the senate of Con- stantinople, the city was pardoned and re- stored. Three years later broke out the sedition of Thessalonica, which the emperor avenged by a general massacre of the people when ossembled in the circus by his own Invitation. This frightful crime, by which 7000, or perhaps double that number of lives were sacrificed, brought on Theodosius the solemn rebuke of Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, at which city the emperor was resid- ing at the time. Ambrose retired to the country and sent a letter to him ; and on his attempting to enter the church of Milan, ho was stopped by Ambrose with fearless and dignified demand of public penance. To this Theodosius submitted, and after eight months was restored to the communion of the faithful. After establishing Valentinian in the Western empire, he returned to his own capital, but in 391 he was called to a new war against the usurper Eugeniua and his supporter, Arbogastes, both of whom were defeated and slain. Theodosius died at Milan only four months after this victory. In January, 395, leaving the empire to be divided between his sons, Arcadius and Honorius. THEODOSIUS II., son of Arcadius, VN'hom he succeeded, in 408, in the empire of the East. The government was carried on dur- ing the greater part of his reign by his sister Pulclieria. In his reign was compiled and published the celebrated code of laws, styled after him the "Theodosian Code." Died, 450. THE0GNI8, a Greek elegiac poet, was a native of Mcgara, and born about 550 B.C. Of his writings we possess only fragmentary passages, consisting chietiy of moral axioms or apothegms with frequent allusions to pnlitiea! affairs nnd social enjoyments. Theognis was living in B. C. 490 THEON, of Alexandria, a philo.sopher and 1003 i ' I' M j -1 iLlii mU'M the] IBL ^tia ©niberaal 19(ogrnpI)p. inBthcinatlcian In tlio time of TheodosluB the Qicat, was father of the celebrated Hypatln. THE0PHANE9, Geop/;!!:, ft Greek hU- toriiin, wai born n ' I'liia'.tliK. !e, of a noble family. Loo, Vm' innejil: n, e.riled him to SamolhTiuo, whcrn '.u ^li U in 818. THKOPIIUA^ TUS,'' ? (.tccL philosopher and naturalist, was a native of Eiesus, in Le»bo8, and lUiiirishcd In the 4th century B. C. Ho became a pupil of Plato at Athens, and made at the ocademy the acquolntanco of Aristotle; but he quitted the utademyofter Plato's death, and was absent from Athens for some years. On his return he gladly studied phUosophy under his friend Arls ( oil -. , who had so high a regard for him as io be- queath to him his lilirary, and to name him his successor. Tlieophrastus had extraor- dinary success as head of the Lyceum, and was attended. It is said, by 20OO disciples. Among them were Demetrius Phalereus and Menander. A charge of impiety was brought against him, but he successfully ^defended himself, and generously interposed to save bis adversary from the popular vengeance. He was, however, compelled to leave Athens in 305, under tlio law which banished all philosophers. The law was soon repealed, and he returned to his post, and peacefully taught and commented on the system of his master, Aristotle, till his death. His writ- ings were very numerous, but have perished, with the following exceptions; his work entitled "Characters," a set of lively sketches of vicious or ridiculous characters ; treatises on the " History of Plants," on the " Causes of Plants," and on " Stones ; " a work on the Senses, and several fragments. The " Characters " served as the model for La Bruyftre's work with the same title ; it has been several times translated into Eng- lish, French, and German. The works of Tlieophrastus were first printed by Aldus In 1495. THEllAMENES.an illustrious Athenian, a member of the government of the 400, which he also helped to overthrow. He was present at the battle of Arginusa5,and after- wards took the lead in procuring the con- demnation of the six generals. In B.C. 404 he was one of the 30 tyrants, but so zeal- ously opposed his colleagues in their tyran- ny, as to excite their hatred. Accordingly, Critias denounced him to the senate, and when he perceived a disposition on the part of the Judges to acquit the accused, he sur- rounded the tribunal with his creatures, and denounced sentence of death against Tho- raraenes by his own authority. Theramenes, finding himself overpowered by his enemies, drank the fatal draught prepared for him. THERESA, St, reformer of the order of Carmelites, was born In Old Castile, in 1515. She was remarkable almost from infancy for her fervent piety, but through a long course of years, periods of ascetic devotion alternated with periods of gaiety and indul- gence in worldly pleasures, according as she was affected by great sorrows or was free from them. She had been placed in the con- vent of the Augustine order In her native town, Avila, soon after the death of her mother, in 1527, and she took the vows seven [thi| years later. After years of painful Interior I conflicts, she resolved toattempt thortfonn of her order, which she commenced bj founding, in 1502, another convent at AtHj in which a more close and rigoroui otMerr- ance of the rule should he enforced. The new society was called the " llurcfooted Carnifj. ites," and other houses were soon foundod, 8t There ita was aided In her pious cntcrpriie by the co-operation of John de Santa Cnii Died at Alba, 1882, and was canonized iij Gregory XV. in 1021. Her rcmaini) were removed to Avila In 1585, but werorctiored to Alba in the following year by urder of ihe pope. The writings of Ht Theresa, chiefly ..-iPtiO, were published in 1675, in 2 toIi. folio, and havi^ several times been ropubliih- ed. Among them is her Life, written by herself. A new English Life of lier, edited by Dr Manning, appeared In 1805. It repeaii as historicnliy true, and with evident belief, ail the extravagancies and hallucinations of the saint, her fancies, and visions of angeli and devils, &c. THE8PIS, aOreek poet, born nt leami, in Attica. He is considered the inventor of tragedy, from his having, B. c. 53S, intro- duced an actor in addition to the chorm, and was the author of several tragedies. THEVENOT, MKLCniSEDF.c,an eminent traveller, was born nt Paris, in 1621. He travelled in various parts of Europe; and on his return devoted himself entirely to stndjr and to the promotion of the interest! of literature, by collecting books and manu- scripts, and by carrying or. ,i rurrcspondencc with the learned in all parts of the world. Ho was appointed royal librarian In 16M, having long before published his " Voyagei and Travels," and died In 1692. THEVENOT, JEAW DE, nephew of tke preceding, was born at Paris, in 1633. Being enabled to gratify his !ove of travelling, lie visited several parts .f Europe, and after- wards explored many countries in the Eatt, On his second oriental tour, as he was re- turning from Hindostan, through Persia, he died, near Tauris, in 1CG7. His various nar- ratives of travel were collected and publish- ed under the title of " Voyages de M. Th«- venot, tant en Europe qu'en Asia et en: Afrlque." THlBAtJT, Anton Justus fhiedrich, a celebrated German jurist, was bom at Hamcln, in Hanover, 1772; studied sufCMs- Ively at Giittlngen, KOnigsberf?, and Kiel; and after displaying great ability as a pri- vate teacher of law at Jena, was appointed i to the chair of civil law at Heidelberg in | 1805, where he remained till his death, in ^ 1840. A list of his various works would be too long for our columns ; but his chief title to fame rests on his " System dcs Pandek- ten-rechts," which has passed through nn- j merous editions, and is regarded as an au- thority by most German lawyers. THICKNESSE, PHILIP, miscellaneoM writer, was born in 1720. He entered the army when young, and went to Georgia with Governor Oglethorpe; after which he , served In the "West Indies, and,on hisw-i turn to England, obtained^a caP'f'^^'.^i' mission. Ke marrieu a f''"""" •",-„; ^■^■ on becoming a widower, he obtninea w 1004 THl] Imud of Lndy Elizabeth Touchrt, holroBS of ihti Bnelent barony of AuJIcy ; and pur- chased the offlco of licutcnmitgovonior to I,and(fuard Fort. Uy this lady ho hud one ion, with whom, on his succccdiinf to the titiB and (>«tnto of his mother's family ho had some very miploasant disputes. About 1761 Mr Thickaessc lost his second wife and shortly after married Miss Anno Tord' by whom he had a numerous family. After travelling through France, Italy, and Spain he sftlled lu Wales, and next iit JIath; but at the commencement of the French revolu- tion he went abroad again, and died, near Boulogne, in 1702. He published several works, the most curious of which is an account of his own life, with the followlntr title, "Memoirs ond Anecdotes of I'hlllp Thickncsso, late Lieulunant-governor of Landguard Fort, ond unfortunately Father to George Touchet, Baron Vudley," 2 vols THI0KNE8SK, ANi , third wife of the preceding, a lady of g. i\X beauty and ac- quirements, was the daughter of John Ford solicitor, and cleric of the arraigns, and was' born in 1737. She eloped from her father's house in order to avoid a dJsugreeable mar- riage, and her talents and personal attrac- tions having early introduced her Into the world of fashion, she took advantage of that circumstance to give three concerts at the Operi House, by which she realized £1300 and acquiring the patronage of Lady Thick- nesse, she became domesticated In the fa- « '^^v.^," *'*'' '''"**•* °^ 'his lady she married Mr Thicknesse, and during a union of 30 years, till bis death In 179'2, she accompanied Mm on various journeys to different parts of the continent. The French revolution had ^r^^TK""' ""^^^ Thicknesse, in com- P™^^,^'"!.*'*^,^''''^ ***•>«' English ladles, wos Imprisoned, but escaped the guillotine through the death of Robespierre. '^She d ed isn Shi"' *" ^^f^y^re noad, London, in whs' n? h.,T '""'"5*'' ^''^^ the leading wits of her time, and spoke several lau- Kuages with fluency. Her principal works n[„"i' ^J"? 'i'^P"ical Sketches of LlterarTFe! """'^ »' he French Nation," and a novel TIN tL^J'., "'^'^WES-NICOLAS-AUGUS- w2Ksr,"'",''r''''''i'''n''.»"JtK iB^ ■ .'"^ Sociulist schnvl of St Simon articles to the '='ter. His Sfand W^ Published two years failed him ; but tho^ 'J'""''""'' system now -inder of hX?s°"if t^fn.^M„»i« - "«-- cyo remainea undtamed:*a"nd' Sis j^to ean(bergal 38fo6rapftp, [TH' essays, whlchloLXcnu^""* the leader of the - Cuto 8tr. et •' couVi ir"i tors In 1820, was the son of ', rcsprctaWo He obtained a lieutenant's commission In tho supplementary militia, In 1707 aiH shortly after married a young lad with « mn ' ^'^J^'" fortune, but who died about 18 months after their union. Aftersquanderii l. hi, property in dissipation n. d gSng he voyaBes'^iVmow""'*"",' 'i"" '""'''' occa ional ST'ardirsri" srd%i?s7i?e" by pro?4iS.V'a?d'"h"? ', ^''^^ ^^^' se'lf^ifeS^t'^ed^^^a^^.fle^rwK on him tho notice of govcrnmriit \vhnn the riots in Spa Fieidn took p I.ce he was SelnrkenV somi 'I'.' "nglead^i^rbutVAe oeing Kept some time in conflnemeut im wa» liberated, there being nouroToC his guilt. Shortly after he sent a ckaUenge to the home secretary, Lord Sldmouth as tho aiithorof the bad treatment he had received during his confinement; which occasioned his subsequent detention In prison for a con- siderable time, liurning with rage he be- came the principal agent in the Cato Street conspiracy the object of which was to mur- der several members of tho admlnistrat"on, while at a cabinet-dinner at Lord H.ir- rowby's, ond excite an insurrection In the metropolis. Information, howeve?. havi"g boon given to the ministers by a spy employ, ed for the purpose, a pari, of police officers with a company of the guards oady at hand f wanted, proceeded to tiw place of meet- ing--a room over some stai .s in Cato Street -where the conspirators wore, at the time fh?omcll°' their enterprise! As soon as the officers entered, Thistle wood seized "a sword, and killed the foremost of them on nuirT^- ^"*.'"' ''"•» his coadjutors were quickly secured; and being brought to trial May ri"'^!"''''*' ""'^ ""^''"'^ afliaUors; «,l"v,"^*' ^^■^I'TER. miscellaneous writer, was born at Uervie, in tho county of Kin ' np«l""' "^P'" \^' ^^'*''- «e commenced bust ness as a manufacturer in his native town hut not succeeding, he went to Aberdeen' and adopted literature as a profession' lUhiS?' Th/H!'.'"*=° '^ Aberdeerhe pub: " A.!lio V«" *"""y "' Aberdeen," and the Annals of Pcdestrianism." He afterwards went to Dublin, where he was enS as he'condlVil f"""''^ Correspondent, ihich ne conducted for some vears. Hp «-,»%,„«,„- n^ffo^'^'"!. «"''^''''« in Brewster's Encycio"- paedla, and conti uted portions of tho 8ta- !f 1005 I ,1 Tlio] H iflcU) ffltnUjerattl 13(ogrnpf)i). tlillial Account or Hoollnnil, for Hir John Hliieliilr, unci iiUo to Mr Hliuw Miunonn AKrleultunil iind KtiitUtUiU Amount of Irn- liiiul, und vnrlouH otlur works. Hi> died lit hli liouie in Dublin, Juno 16, \wH, iiRi'd SI. TIIOMAH AUUINAH fAaiMNAR.l TIIOMAh A IIKCKKIV LHKCKKT.l •IIIOMAH A KKMIMH [KKMIMH.) 'I'HOMAH. John, iin Km.lliili iculplor, born about IHl.V He i-xrcutcd the coloswil lloni ut tho I'nds uf tlio llrltannla HridRO; tlui liirno ba« relief* at Kuston Station ; the iiuljituro on the entrance plerM at HucklnK- hiini Palace, and •onie nculptiireii at the Westminster I'uluce. He wa» omptoyad by the I'rlncu OonHort In Windsor (!a»tle, pre- pared designs for several p\ihllc and prUate biilldluKS, and left unflnished statues of Joseph HturKe and Hlr 1 1 ugh Myddleton. AnionK his works of higher class arc a " Mu- •Idora," " Ifna and the Mon," and a model for a monument to Shakespeare, which was placed In the Internutlonc' Kxhlbltlon of 1802. Died, still In his n.-lmo, at his resid- ence, Malda mil, April !>, :902. THOMAS, WILLIAM, a drondson of Wil- liam Thomas, bishop of Worcester, who died In 1(189, was born in 1B7<», nnd educated at Westminster School, and Trinity College, Ciimbridge. Ho obtained the living of Hxal, In Warwickshire; and In 1723 was present- ed to the rectory of 8t Nicholas, In Worcester. Died, 1738. Ho published, among other works, nn enlarged edition of Dugdalc's Warwickshire, 2 vols.; and n "Survey of Worcester Cathedral." Ho had made col- lections for u history of Worcestershire, which fell Into tho hands of Dr Treadway Nash, and served as tho foundation of his work. THOMABlUfi, CiiniaTiAN, a distinguish- ed German philosopher, was born nt Lelpslc In loss. Ho was educated by his father, the Professor Jacob Thomaslus, who was also tho master of Lelbnitji ; graduated M.A. at the university of his native town, in 1872, and IX.D. at Frankfort on the Oder, in 1679. He soon after became a profefsor at l-elpsic, and there did good service by his bold at- tacks on tho routine of the schools, and on many antiquated prejudices ; and especially by setting tho example, In 1087, of deliver- In;,' his lectures, not in Latin, but in Ger- man ; which practice, after passing through the customary ordeal of angry censure, was gradually adopted, and became universal in Germany. A host of enemies rose against tho reformer, and nt last the odium theoh- fficum was stirred by the ridiculous charge of atheism. Ho had dared to oppose the be- lief In ghosts and witches, and to assert that polygamy was not contrary to the law of nature, and that there was no harm in mar- riages between persons of different religions. To escape arrest ut the instigation of tho enraged theologians, ho went to Berlin, and was appointed by the elector, JtVederick 111., to lecture at the JlUteracademit of Halle, in 1690. Four years later Frederick founded the university of Halle, and Thomaslus had the chair of jurisprudence. He was sub- sequently made- priTy-COiinCtlrOr, ~?0."~ «. the university, and dean of the faculty of 1006 [t»o jurlsprudMncii. HIk Work* ur« numimu and we can only name here—" Introduciiai to the Art of ll.?as»nlng." 1«U| ; "Th.^rtTf Mving Ueasonnbly unii Virtuuuily," ||m nn Introduction to ethics , " History of Wi|! dom and lolly," several worki on niiurji law, nnd a collection of minor itiiiy). Xia. mnslus started a Monthly Unviuw in IM(' In which he carried on vlgoromly ihn «» with prejudice and pedantry. U« aird .• Hollo In 1728. THOMPHON, WILLIAM, a dlitiii(,ulilic4 naturalist, was born at lirlfait in \m,Mi from his earliest youth was wnrmly niiuched to selontlflc and Utcniry Rtu(ili>ii, Tht nu- merous memoirs published by him cliieflf In seientitlc perlodieaN, nnd latterly more especially In tho "AnniilH of Nsturai Hii tory," embrace all dcpaitnicnts of looiotr and levcrul are dcv ted to botaniriiln vestlgatlons. Ho was constantly on Dip watch for new fkcti bearing on tlio nutural history of his native Island. Kut he did not conflno his Inquiries to IrlNh lubjecii, but added considerably to our knowledge of thf natural history of Bnglund and Bcotliinii; and when Professor K. Forbes proceeded to the TKgcun at the Invitation of Captain Graves, Mr Thompson, binuelf an intimate friend of tho distinguiahed officer Juit named, accompanied him, and devoted the short timo he was in tho Archipeinfio to In. tcrestlng zoological observationi lince pub- lished, chiefly on tho inlgration of birdi. His love of ornithology was indeed Inienie, nnd tho rosultsof his labuurH in that depart- ment arc [narrated with full andchnrniin; details In tho volumes that have been pub' llshed of hit great work ou " The Naturii History of Ireland." His nnmc is oasociatet with many discoveries, and nuineroui lp^ cies of animals have been named after hk His reputation stood equally high on tb« continent and In America. Knti rely devoid of any envious foeling, loving to co-opcate with others, and to assist In furtheriiiK ilieir researches, truthful nnd en(r)[otlc,lie«par«l neither time, labour, ncr luiini, to imp la every possible way all w.io wcreengaKedii kindred pursuits. His lovo of the fincatU was only second to his love of science, aail for many years he was one of their moit active promoters, nnd cspeciniiyof palntini, in Ireland. Died, 18fi2. THOMPSON, HENJAMIN. [BUMFOBD, Count.] , , THOMSON, Dr AnukKW, an emlnm modern divine and leader In the natioMi church courts of Scotland, was born at Sw (luhar, In Dumfriesshire, in 177'). Hewai ordained minister of the parish of Rprooi- ton, in 1802 ; removed to the East Cliurch ot Perth, In 1808, where he laboured nssiduoM- ly till 1810, when he rncclvcd a prcsentntion from the magistrates and council of Min- burgh to the Nl>w Grey I'riars' Church m that city. Kloqucnt, indefatigable, and zealous, he came prepared to the discufflon of every subject, making an impression on tho public mind which has but few paraUeli in the history of ministerial lato""' " 1814 ho wasappointed to St.George's Chuxcb, i.K«„rin<» In his vocation with »m- AMIN. [BUMFOBD, III jraoj putatluii, mill lUMjiilreU cxtraoniiiiarv llufiicc. DUmI, IHUl. TIKlMSON, ANlllONYToDh, M.I)., adii tiiiKiiiiilii'ii iiit'iliiMl writer nnd pructiiluticr, WHS burn at KUInbiirKli, 177H, whiro IiIn' rulliir hud lettli-d. after havliifr loiiff held an Impurtunt utUcu In Aini>rlcu. ito «viu edu. calvU At till) IiIkIi ii'lioul and unlvcriltyuf a ilcto ©n(Uft«al '18(ograpl)D. caivu at iiKi niK" ii'nuui aiui unlvcriltyuf hit native I'ity, and wliil<< prosoouiInK IiIn lucilic.il Ntudlvii, he bccunie n iiiotiiliGr of the Hpi'culiitlvu Niicicty, and tliiiN furnu'd the icqiialntiiiuc uf Lord llrouKhain, and many uthirtniint'iit pcrionii, whosti fricndHhip he injnyed till hia death. In 18(HI he luttlcd ai a Kcncrul practitioner at C'helnon, and jprnctlicd there fur ii ycari with great nuc- Jci'ii, liiyiiiK the ba«li of hi* futuru rcputa- jliun liy the moat lndcfatlKal>le Htudy, and jpubllOiiiiK Ilia " (.'unnpeetus," a work of Ku- ropcuiircputatlun.and hia" London lilNpcn- lalorj," nu liaa UI«tini{uiihod ; editing, hi conJuiictluM with Iir Uiirrowea, the Medical llepositury ; and K'UninK " goldun opiniona " liy the nmiahillty of hia character, no Inaa iliiiii by hia profeaaioiial aklll. In IH2(I he became one of the llrst profeaaors of the iiiiivoMity of London, and held the chair* of Materia MeUlca and medical Juriapnidencc lili hia death. About thia period, also ho cuimucnced practice aa a phyalcian ; and he tooli udvautiiKe of tlie greater leiauro thua procured, to write hia lecturoa on " Matorla i.Mcilica," which were aftcrwarda publlNhod ,111 2 vols., and to plan various other works wlilcli he afterwarda gave to the world, be- I lidos contributing many articles and reviews I lu different medical journals. Dt Thomson I Hus a votary of literature no less than of icionce ; and hia last works were, a transla- lun of Salvurte'a Philosophy of Magic Omens, and apparent Miracles, and an edi- tion of Thonisou's Scasoua, with numerous Mplunutory notea. Died, July 8rd, 1840 His Irentisu oii Dlaea»es of the Skin " was a ponthuinous publication. I Scotch clergyman, was born ut Ednum. in ,KoxburKh8hire.iu l,00; and was .kIuc, ted at Jedburgh and at Edinburgh. Kelinuu sh- idlnZT'Vv'''''''''«/''''''«'««''"°K'Do^^^ bv "sSHnl^l' ^'1«f»"l"»voa the year after DurinJ^ t^fp' .""'' '" ',"" ^y "Autumn." dueed''"R>n,"'T^ ';"''"* Thomson pro- "ueeu Sophonlsba," a trairodv nn,i « |ropean court, On^^^ 'It^?*' hi ''**' ^"- , was vacft ed and r Jh^w ' ^homaon's office 'fteded to the aeni^ ^, Hardwick, who sue .••e^raalndmnTa d'b'yYhVoffle""?'''" ' ''"* .general of the Lpnwi,,? t , ^ °^ ^"'■^eyor- Non from m^t^^^'J i'''!*?'. ?««'«rd '"'" " <;..rioia;.u. , ■• i)TLZtZ'!r'[Tv: Of indolen";;,- anV-Aiom r 7, tTo^'T.'" forn.er still retains its p.ipularUy e 'rriM.'" with young lover, of 'nature '^i •'':'"/ ..ijhest niaco!" Hr^dil-d :r.\S:,r;;.i ";;; his father as minister of that par ah In an his death. From his boyhood he cvnr,.,i strong predilection for art, which hw r,?, ' with hi, years; and havii pearly ,,1"'^^ honorary member of th« Uoyal rn'ottisl A, demy, he produced a great varlev „/,,„?' wi7^th:^"'■^"''^? ^"^'"'^ hm, oXi Ki THOMHONT, THO.MAS, r.U.H.. reglus nro ft'ssor of chemistry in' the un\vfr"lty of Olasgow, who exercised a remarkab « 1" lluence on the development of thrsdenco of .liemi.try, was born at Crieir, l,i 1773 n J was educated at the parish aehoo . of Crilff ml Hterllng, where lio acquired a thorough classical education, the benefits of whi?h were manifested L his In pyovemeiTtS o chem cal nomenclatnn.now general! vadont f^ra'^","'" ".""y'"* "» «' Andrew's f.owe'^; to Ed.n burgh, and in the season of 1795 i)« ho attended the lectures of Dr 111, ck of a^^tio."' '1,:''IZ 'r *""'* "'f" "'•''««" ve'ne?-' ?hn'";di/o'rs ." ':r tZ'^^ttt'l 'nu.nt"^'';^ third edition .'.f the " i;n'cy?rop;'^ra' nritJn! nlca," and remained in this position t IHOO. l,uri„« this -period he d?cw up the llrst outline of his system of (he.Ztrv which appeared in the Supplement To tlfe trv Ui.^'^"'^ '"•" "'"^^ t"«"rticlesChem Is! ., 7 •,'i'"-'y'""*>'> ^'fKotuhle Hubstnnces.An- mal Hubstances, and Uyehig Substancei In the article Mineralogy ,\vrittcn about t'7»8 ho Urst introduced the use of symbols into chemkal science, acknowledged to bo one of iimts. in 1807 he first introduced tn ihn notice of the world, in the hird e iit?on of his system. Dalton's atomic theory, "vlUch hud been privately communicated to i.Tm In iU 18n nn"."r*'' *" 'r*"^"'" Edinburgh till 1811, and during that time opened a "•^o^to >-y for pupils, the first of the kind It Is believed, in Great Britain. Durlnir thli period Dr Thomson made hl» investigation ' for government on the malt and distillation questions which laid the basis of the Scot in after-life arbitrator in many important revenue cases. In 181 7 he was appointed ?o itv 'at' 'I'/hemlstry in Glasgo'^runfvrr" ti.lL' " ^""^ ^^ continued to lecture for thirty years, sending forth numerous pupils' who have noottnUA »i.-. vi-i.--.. » f"!""* ehnmlx.l V^llT."" '*'■' '"S""! positions 38 chemical teachers or manufacturers, and en- I rlchlng the literature of the country with 1007 \\.-i "9 'I I'i- i I 1. t i ' 1 ' s ,J I * -» i ill!:! TIIO] "a ^tia BnibtxiaX ISiograpljii. numerous works, of which wo may mention his "Annnls of I'hiiosophy," "Attempt to pMiiblisli tho First I'rinelplcs of Chemistry by r.xperimeiits," " Oiitilncs of MiiicruloKy and aeoloBy," and. tthovo nil, his learned and fHHolnating " History of Chemistry." THOUUSHY, llALPH, an eminent nnti- nm>ry and topoRraphur, was born at liCeds, in ItiSH. Ho was educated at the scliool of his native place, after wi\leh ho went to Uolterdnm to learn tho Dutch and French lunKUUBes, to fit him for mercantile pursuits. On the death of his fatlier ho succeeded to a larire concern, but ho found leisure to cul- tivate his taste for antiquarian pursuits, and produced two works on tho topoRrnphy of Leeds, entitled "Ducatus LeodicnsiM," and " Vicarla Leodiensis." Ho was a follow of tho lloval Society. l>icd, 1723. THOllLAKSON, JoX, Icelandic poet, was born in 1744. Ho liicamo a priest, and In 1788 settled in tho villaKO of Hoegisa, in the dreary northern piuls of tlic island. He 'id an income of about £7 a year, and lived m a poor hut, with a door four feet high, and fun-.ishcd only with a bed, a table, and a chair. His wife did not relish tho desolate living, and would not share her husband's homo. Thorlrtkson occupied bin.self with the labours of tlie farmers, and amused his in- door leisure with writing pocma. His thief production is tlio Icelandic translation of " Taradiso Lost," which is said to have bo- come a common household treasure. It was made not from tho original, but from a Danish translation, is of much greater length, and written in totally diiFereut verse. Hen- derson, tho English traveller, visited the old poet in 1814, and afterwards sent him a helpful gift of money collected in England. A pension was also granted him by t!io Dan- ish government. Died, 1819. THOUNHILL, Sir Jam::s, an eminent English painter, was born in 1G76, at AVey- moutli, in Dorsetshire ; and, after studying in tills country, greatly improved himself on the continent. On his return, he was much engaged in tho decoration of palaces and public buildings. Among his principal works are, the dome of St Paul's, the refectory and saloon at Greenwich Hospital, the hull at Blenheim, and tome of the apartments at Hampton Court. Ho displayed great skill in treating allegorical compositions, and he was by no means an indifferent architect. Died, 1734. THOUNTON , Bonn KL, a humourous writer and poet, was born in London, in 1724 ; and was educated at Westminster School, and Christchurch, Oxford. Ho made litera- ture his profession, and was on terms of Intimacy with many of tho wits of tho age, united with the elder Colman in tho Con- noisseur, and was a fertile contributor to tho periodicals of the day. He projected an exhibition of sign paintings ; and brought out a burlesque " Ode for St Cecilia's Day," which afforded much amusement. In 17C6 he published a translation of Plautus ; and the year following a poem, entitled "The Battle of the AVigs," in ridicule of the dis- »^..*A h/.(>YnAii tUn licentintes and fellows of the College of Physicians. Died, 1708. 1008 THOllNTON, JOHN HCIlKU'l', bolM|,|, was born about 1788, and was educated at Cambridge. Sliortly after, liaviii|{ nquircil a fortune by the death of his brother, he re- solved to make medicine his profosslon.and became a member of Ouy's Hospital. After studying three years in London, he liiiicd tho continent; and, returning to the metro- polis, commenced practice with considerable success. In 17i)8 he published ii work In support of tho Bvunonian gystum, entitled " The Philosophy of Medicine, or Medieal Extracts on tho Nature of Health nndDlj- ease," in 5 vols. Boon after, he brought out a work, called " The Philosophy of Politics," &c. , 3 vols. ; but ho derives liis chief fame from his magnificent" Toinplo of l'lor,!,or Garden of the Botanist, Poet, Pulntcr, and Philosopher." Died, 1837. THOUWALDSEN, ALUEiiT, the great Danish sculptor, was the son of a carver on wood, and having early shown great talent for drawing, was gratultouily edu- cated at the Copenhagen Acftdciiiy of Arts. Here he studied so effectually that he obtained two gold medals and a ttawl- !Ing studentship, which entitles the com- petitor to a salary for three years. Thus far fortunate, Thorwaldsen proceeded to Rome. where he worked with zeal and energy, but where he is said to have been for some time so impressed by the miigniflcence of ancient art, as *,o break up not a few of his earlier works as soon as tliey were completed, The young sculptor was preparing to return home, his three years' allowance being com- pletely exhausted, when the claymodtlof| his Jason was '.seen by that princely patronl of art, Henry Philip Hope, who ordered j tho marble statue at a price which set aside! all his thoughts of rc.urning home. Thei model had received emphatic praise from Canova. The Joson once completed, and tjl Mr Hope's means mad'j known, Tlioriraid-| sen's fortune was virtually made; oidcnit vast prices poured in upon him from ill! parts; and the numerous works coraplcleil by him from the comiucnocment of 1800 til tho close of 1837, give him is high placej among modem sculptors. His countrjmfii were justly proud of him, and honoured btai with a public funeral. Among liis most cele- brated works are the ' Triumph of .Mciaa- dor." a bas rrliof; "Night" and"l)aii' "Christ and the Twelve Apostles ■■'"Procti- sion to Golgotha ;" monuments toi.'opernlci!, Poniatowski, Maximilian of l!avaiia,4c.w character of Thorwaidsen lis anwnlsveij unfavourably depicted in a recent biograpbl! The taint of his low biith and want ofearli, cultivation, both intellectual and moral,re-j mainedonhim through life. Hewasmtu and money-loving, foud of drink and pel dogs, very licentious and faithless, aw basely jealous of rivals in his Bit. VM, March 24, 1844, aged 73. THOU, jACaUKS AUGVSTE HE (THU ANUS), the illustrious statesman and histfr rian, was born at Paris, in 1553. Hewas-hird son if Christophe de Tliou, first prosidfn'rf! the parliament of l^"*"*, and «as brousht « to the church. A t the «gc of 18 )^^}^^ll% dpr rin.-.rius at the university of Valence,«n'i i there became the friend of Justpu ="1:6^1. r, JOHN IICIIKUI', botaiil,!, It 1708, uiul WU8 educated at ilionly uftor, )mvlii|{ ummi le dciith of hit) brothur, he re- ) modlcine lila proffsslon.md bcr of Ouy'8 Hospital. After I ycurs in London, he Tiiiid ; and, rciurninK to the metro- cod practice with considerable 7!)8 he published ii work In 3 IJvunonliui gystum, entitled iphy of Medicine, or Medieal ho Nature of Health and Uij. a. Boon after, he brought out " Tho Philosophy of I'ollilcs," lut ho derives his chief fame niflccnfToinplo of l'lor,;,or I Botanist, I'oet, Puintcr, and Died, 1«37. ,1)SKN, ALUEiiT, the great lor, was the sou of a carver d having early shown great iwing, was gratuitouily eda- Copenhagen Academy of Arts. died 80 effectually that he gold medals and n travel- hip, which entitles the coro- llary for three years. Thus far orwuldsen proceeded to Rome. 'kcd with zeal and energy, but lid to have been for some time by the miigniflcenco of aneirat \k up not a few of his earlier I as they wore completed. The or was preparing to return I CO years' allowance being com- 1 istcd, when the claymodtlofj I 'seen by that princely patron I :y Philip Hope, who ordered | atue at a price which set aside! {hts of rc.urning homi;. Thei Dccived emphatic praise from: ; Jason once completed, and Ii; leaus niad'j linown,Thoriraid-| was virtually made; ordcrmt poured in upon him from ill | lie numerous works coniplcteil the commencement of 1800 tjj 1837, give him ii high placej :n sculptors. His countrjmfii roud of him, and honoured hini ! funeral. Among Ills most celfr I I arc the ' Triumph of .\lcia»-! rrliof; "Night" and "Dan'' the Twelve Apostles ■ ' "ProcM-j tha;" monuments toi.'opernlcii, , Maxim ilian of liavmia, Ac.Tle, Thorwiiidsen ns anwnisveijj r depicted in a rccentbiograp his low birth and want of carlij both intcUectuttl and moral.rei Im through life. Hewasmtii oving, fond of drink and prt liceutions and faithless, anl IS of rivals in his art. Dm, U, aged 73. „ ,VCaUK9 AUOVSTE I'E (TH>J- illustrious statesmnn and ma- •nalPari8,inl553.Hcwas^«" t'w the flghamiL *'''''''' 'he wrecks Pey could; but ho^l" '*^® «" the men Feather, ho 'e'^ni^'''"*""' hy stormy gg^resolveci-Vn hl/reirreme^'t'Tt lies, and a small supply of armS n'';^'"^"^*" from the Thebans, h,f seized^ in"?""*''' fortress of Phyie wlihin t^^'i '" ^■'^' the Athens; defeated' with hi. 1^''° '""'^« °f the troops so taial^ns I n. ""S"?*"" ^«''<^''. after ninVchod by ?,il"ht into'lM",!'^""'" "">" Si!^'dr„to^Tc;:'''a^ Vf'r'"'«" ^'•■^' more canod to command thrflcrt/ar After many successes, he was nu •■ ,., ."i .• him under-treasurer of the Mint si ^xm wafa s^aunch'?r*''^*»";' «>thoug{^hls' ^th r «Tth^?a?h"'o'f ira?rvi^^^' r5",'3 ^;„Tf» the next year was Implicated ?nwjk«".'" °"f"^'Vhoth'8 accession he^'as JaT^,-^!'' ho* T °^^nKIand,and subsequently chin berlaln of the Exchequer. lie wa/nmhi." sador at Paris four yoars'and afferw-rds to Mary, queen of Scots, ile at last fnii rtt^ ™};i^NUS [TIIOU.J.A.DK.] IHUCYDIDES.thegreatGrcpkhistorl-in was born at Athens in b r J71 Vii "' after the battle of Sa "mis 116'^.?^"""' of Olorus and Hogeslp^le; „, d't"^?', Jh his wIfh'f'hi''5''P?.°'''"'^ ^° have been con^ .cted with the family of Mlltindcs. His f, mill J«» ^««"hy, and he himself possessed so, e be ? e"u"Z oVAfr"- ''^''* h" recei ved t e to bo donhtirf ^/*i''"' *=°"''' »'^« him 18 not to DO doubted. Hut we are no lonsor hIIowoh hUS ^^'''';'"'''"' »^'« hennUfur«ory „^^ hi3 being moved u, tears in his bovhon 1 m, 0?v,nnf. ""'■'""""'• '''^'^ his iLstory a ,1." di'rZ thn":.l„'- ^hucydides was atVth ■. h with ft h,f' ^ "''"*'• *? ^'^^' «"'' ^'a» sf-izod with it, but recovered. In the 8th venr nf manfo^rrn'""? ^'"•' ''''' h' had th'e c^nv arriving too late, wag condemned forneglect , > ; i ■■f ■1 \\i Vxi ,'|.i'i. lI m}- ^ ill M ■■>''- ■■ * t' if H ^! m TUU] % i^U) ianibcraal ISlograp^g. [tu of duty, nml oxiU-d. Ho livfid in exile for twenty years, but where is not known ; re- uVninVto Athens after the '^omo.m.y^''^^ been restored by Thrusybulus in 1' •^- «" «» said to have liocn nssasslnated at Athens, or, according to some authorities, in Thraco, Srobably "bout 401. The great worlt of Thueydidos is tlie lilstory of the I'cloponno- sianAVir, which he recoKnizod as the most nemorabe event in the history of Greece up to that time. This history is drawn not from other histories, but from personal ob- servation and oral communications ; the col- ?ection and preparation of '""terlas being carried on during the progress of the war. It is the first example of philosophical his- tory por"ay.ng not so much the merely outw-r^-^.d visible facts and "movements as ^ lopment of character in actions ar,. - aeration of human action on the I d". Motives and the secret workings of thingf. are unfolded, not speculatively, but as ascertained matters of fact. ^ very marke^d feature of the work is the sp.u'cht>, intro- duced so-.netlmes as actually spoken, some- times as discourses appropriate to oceaB ons and for the explication of causes. |1 « »>obt conscientious care in the ascertaining of a "ts and dates, brevity a^l^^^lX^'de^U^of ration perfect consistency in the details ot one part with another and of the whole with the laws of nature and the known cha- racters of the actors, inspire the fullest con- fidence °n the truth and fidelity of the his- forian This great history ^v"« «'«» prlnt-jd by Aldus, in IKi ; was translated into Latin soon after by Valla; and has since been ransUted in'to n.ost Ej"-0Pfr,„'"?8'3r35" It was edited by l)r Arnold in 18J0-35. There arc several Knglish versions. THULDEN, TIIKODOR VAN, a celebrated Dutch painter and engraver, was born at Koisle-duc in 1607. He was a pupil of llu- bens, and painted so well in h s master's style that his own works ha^c ''ccn some- times attributed to Rubons. He assisted his master in the pictures which decorated the fXlVot the Luxembovrg ; and among hs mvn works are, the " St Sebastian," at Mech- Ur ''Tssumption of the Virgin ."at llruges, "Martyrdom of St Andrew," at Ghent," &c. Tl.e most celebrated of his etchings are the series entitled "The Labours of Ulysses," executed after some lost paintings of Nicolo Ibatl, and a series after Rubens, ropresent^ Ina t)\e entering nto Antwerp of the Infant Knand of s1,ain. Van Thuiden painted many small genre pieces, and occasionally figures in the works of other painters. Died, ^%HUNBERO, CARL PFT™, a Swedish nhvsician and traveller, was born In 1743, SedunSer Linn«!us at Upsala and was pmnloved in 1771, by the Dutch East India company: proceed in a medical capacity toTaW. While there he was allowed to explore the botany, manners, and customs of ihat interesting country ; thenc- ho proee-d- ed to Cerlon ; ond, on his rCtum to Sweden he succeeded Linnieus, whose pupil he had originally been, in the professorship of botany at Upsal. He was also a member of ^an^'^poiPi.tific societies in Europe and AmVrica, and died In 1828. Amoug his works are " Flora Japonica," " Trnvplj in Europe, Asia, and Africa," " Flora Cii|«n. sis," &c. THURLOE, John, a statesman andpolitl- cal writer was a native of Ksacx, and bom in Itilfi. He was secretary of stntc durinif the Protectorate ; and though immwliateiy after tho Restoration lio wag nrri'sipd on a charge of high treason, yet such wnsChnrlM the Second's opinion of his talontand inte- grity, that he often invited him to take putt in tho public administration, whiili he thought proper to deellsc. l)i«d, 166S. Hli state papers have been published In '/ vol! folio, and form a very valuable collection. THURLOW, EDWAUl), Lord, lord chan- cellor ot Great Britain, was bom In Suffolk in 1732. He received his education aiCan' terbury School and Cambridge Univonity and was expelled from the latter for disor- derly conduct. In 1754 lie was called to the bar, and his success was rapid and extraor- dinary. Ho entered parliament as member for Tamworth, in 17(i», was appointed lo- lieitor-general in 1770, and attorncy-gcnml in tlie following year. He became one of the most powerful supporters of the policy of Lord North, and gained the highest eiteem and confidence of George III. In l"8he was appointed lord chancellor, and wilh tlie exception of the short period of thcexiitence of the Coalition ministry of Lord Notihind Mr Fox, in 1783, held that office till KM. In consequence of his hostility to Pitt,lie»a» then compelled to- resign. He had bee« rai.sed to the peerage as Karon Thurlof li 1778. Died at Brighton, 1806. THUROT, FRANCOIS, a French nanl oflicer, born in 1727. Having rendered him- self conspicuous by his courage andsinwa while in command of a privateer, lie »u invited to enter the royal navy, and li- trusted with the command of five frlpW and a corvette, destined to malto a de«fst on tho British coasts. lie sailed on thim- pedltlon, Oct. 15, 17.W, and arrlTinnatCj> rickfergus Bay, in Ireland, Jan. 10 folM- ing, the troops were landed, and the plw surrendered in a few days. Thurot thoiijlit proper, however, to re-embark Ins troopi, and, on his return to Vrance, Ins vewli were attacked by on Knglish squadron.ul he fell in the rngagcmcnt, Jan. 20,1* THYNNE, FRANCIS, a herald and aiu- quary of the 16th century, «V''''''t William Thynnc, the editor of CharMi steward of the household <> He ry Tffi He was educated at Tunbndge SchoolW Magdalen College "'^f'^"! i '.ecame a«« her of Lincoln's Iim, and in 1C«_^«,T' Lancaster herald. Hearne pubWu A Discourse of the '"uty and Office of «>_^ aid of Arms," written by Thynnc, rtoiw contTnued Holinshed's Chron cle ; and^ continuea noiiuimi-u = ^■""•■•;-,- ,^ (;„« a " History of Dover ('"s'le and th '..»JJ Ports," which, with many other V.oduci ),i remain in MS. Died, 1611^ ^1 TTARINI, A !f SA^'' '\Vm i'' li"! Italian painter, born at l-o'^S^J-pro^inl He was successively the pui.il of ^7;! 1010 ■c " Flora Japonlctt," " Tmvplj in Asia, and Alriua," " Flora Cspea. XOE, John, a statcsnmn andpolltl- ir wuR a nativp of Ksaex, and bom He was gccrntary of stntc during octorat(> ; and thougli immidiateiy llestovatlon lio win iirri'sipd on a f high treason, yet such wajChnrlej nd's opinion of his talontand intp- at he often in-vilud lilm to take putt public administration, whitli he proper to decllHC. Died, 166S. Hii pers have been published In '/ toU. d form a very valuable collection. ILOW, EDWAUl), Lord, lord clian- Grcat Britain, was bom in Suffolk, He received his education ai Can- School and (Janilirldgc Univfriity, expelled from the latter for disor- nduct. In 1754 he was called to the I his success was rapid and extraor- Ho entered parltnmcnt ns member iworth, In 17(i», was appointed lo- ;eneral In 1770, and attorncygcnetal following year. He became one of it powerful supporters of the policy North, and Rained the highest eiieem ifldcnee of George III. Inl'iJhe lolntod lord chancellor, and with the on of the short period of theexlitence ;oalition ministry of Lord Notihand , in 1783, held that office till i:92. In icnoo of his hostility to Pitt,hewM ampelled to- resign. He had bee« to the peerage as Karon Thurlof li Died at Brighton, 1806. ROT, FRANCOIS, a French niral born in 1727. Having rendered Mm- isplcuous by his corn-age andsuwen in command of a privateer, lie »tt I to enter the- royal navy, and li- [ with the command of five frlptd corvette, destined to make a dwnt British coasts. He sailed on thiiU- in, Oct. 15, 17.W, and arriving atCs^ •gus Bay, in Ireland, Jan. 10 follif- ,c troops were landed, and the plw dered in a few days. Thurot thoiiilit | ', however, to rc-ombark hij troo[«i n his return to Vrance, his Tessilt ittftcUcd by an Rnglish squadroa.ul . in the engagement, Jan. 20, 1,50. iNNK, FIIANCIS, a herald and no- of the 16th century, was thesoiM im Thynnc, the editor of Chaum^d rd of the household to Henry Ttt 18 educated at Tunbndge SchooUM lien College, Oxford ; became a Bffl rncoln'sInn,andinlCO;!wM«le ister herald. Hearne publisW i urse of the mty and Office of anJs^ Arms," written I'y rhynnc, jhoW :med Holinshed's Chromcle ; and««J istory of Bover castle and th«l«^ ,'• which, with many other V.odMi !,i Ln In MS. Wed, 1611. ,^| ^KINI, ALK8SAN!)ltO, a ieci)n™| ,n painter, born at l!ol?fJ'p^,g,| ms successively the pupd of wq tib] and enjoyed a very high reputation. Home ofhis most admirable paintings have been jttrlbuted to other great masters of his Itlrae. His works are generally marked by learnestncss, and even gloom, by fertility of llnvention, accuracy of drawing, and skill in foreshortening. They are very numerous at Bologna, Florence, Parma, and other cities of Italy ; and among the most celebrated jare, the " Deposition from the Cross," the "Miracle of H Dominie," the "Miracle of [StHernard,"at Bologna; Bxhumation of a Dead Monk," at Bosco ; " Repentance of Rt |Petcr after his Denial of Christ," at Modena ; ind the " Repentance of St Joseph," now in the Louvre. Died at Bologna, aged 91, In m. TIBALDI, PEf.LKORiNO, a celebrated iMIan painter and architect, was born at lllologna, probably in 1527. He is sometimes iMlled PKLMK.niNO PELI^KORINI, and PEt,- ■lhirino da BonooNA. It Is not known j»ho was his first master, and there is some Itncertnlnty about the dates of his birth and ■death. He visited Rome in 1547, and there Itarefully studied the lately completed works ■of Michael Angelo in the Slstlnc chnpel. ■His admiration of them made hlni an Imlta- ■tor of that great master, the rough energy ■ofwhosc style he, however, tempered with a ■loftenlng grace and delicacy, so that he was ■tailed the "reformed Michael Angelo" ■Among his most remarkable works are the Ifrescocs in the Institute of Bologna, at that Itime the palace of Cardinal Poggl, and in ■the Poggl chapel. The former represent ■icenes in the life of Ulysses. He painted ■also at Loreto and Ancona, and afterwards ■In the Lscunal. He was employed as an Architect by (San) Carlo Borromeo at Milan. Bnd in 1570 was named architect of the vTaTa ''^}^''^^ '^"Jr. In 1586 he went to iPhmi 't?"* IJ"' ''■"Ployed nine years by C?. "5 '^resco-palnter and arehitcet, Qh i"n!*» '■'*".*''y '■cmwnfrated and hon- fcured with the title of marquis of Valdelsa. fcarin f.?; J ' ^^^ "^ '"" ^'"'^^' «* Milan, is rTiS,L'''y«" '^o'n I'WO to 1600. 'JIREllIUS CLAUDU;;-; Ni;ro Roman Emperor, was born at Home, u c. 42 He kas cn;^!^ '''f ''*'''''* remarkable abilities! fcvh of ^''yji«««*«d, and began, even In l»fT2' ° P'^y '^ P"" n public aflairs fcn n.'» ^? ^^" y""-« °'1 ^0 became sten- |f h mo?h r"?" • ^''<' P''""'^'^'' the divorce fcr I, o,!^ • ^ ^'^"'' »'■''! married her Ti- »iSd'with'"t'hrL''^' ""^ ^'«««"'' ^«« Pransalpir" and in* ''"■"'"^'!* •*' »«'»» NXerfsubdu^dihe^rJH"'""'' T^'^ ^^ >dto thewar in P„nl"'"*"V"' P"* <"» lea ha », u " "nnonia. For his sprv- |3 o'^archornT' r*th atrhtmph In >^ :-ar,'on r^eS" '^ "^'l^.f l-'^''^" f_- — — o'^'rP", Augustus ^ i^eto ganfberiBal IBfoftrauftw. [TIB compelled him to^etwrntTiwrri T7~ — • marry Julia, dmfZlroifh!^ ''* ^'^^ "'"» .„ri „ ^' ''<'.'^"» "ffttin chosen consul and ad a second triumph. And then in ^h« lower of his age and the height of !?« re compellmg him in turn to adopt i.fs nephew' Oerman.eus. During the las^en joTsTf thtZt^A "' Augustus, Tiberius rond"ed Augus'lus. rspi!.?on^s had V'ee ' xS th^l the sons of Julia were poisoned ami Is &:if*'? '"'"/""•^ ^^"^^ awXned by the death of Augustus. Whether well-foundpS or not. their justice would 4 in perfmnc cordance with the character of Tiberius as It appeared after his accession to the hrone vernment. guarded his own majesty bv severe laws, by spies, and a secret police and by unscrupulous cruelty. In all which measures he had a worthy agcnt"n is, ?. ielgn in"A"i; ""^^ 'it'''^' ^''*"""y ««v". reign m a. D. 22 ; the emperor graduallv leaving the state in his hand:., and g Iv „k ness. In A. u. 26 he le't Rome, and in the next year settled in the Island of Caprem where he gave free scope to his sensuamy' Sejanus, suspected of aiming at the omn re" was put to death by order of Tiberius l„ Si' andTibenus, falling ill at Mlsenum In 37 was suffocated by Macro, commands of the Praetorian guards. The character of this emperor, painted by Tacitus in sue dark colours, as a despot, cruel, licentious, and ?n^'■.n"'^"yP°"'*•''"•"^">« t° <""nc ox- tent an enigma. Suetonius and Vellelils Paterculus depict him in brighter colours Suetonius made use of a short account wrU- ten by Tiberius of his own life In rno^ern Whom nrM,""^.^r*''^='P°'''«'«".^nS AdoTfitAh, ^^f ^°'^• ""<^ '"""t recently/ a de/pr^tn '„ ^''«'*"<^'^ goes the length of' a determined panegyrist, and tries to make Tr^J^rTr^''*' °' heroic wisdom iiHi-RIUS, surnamed Con.stantinus KT.h"^ the East, was a ThracLn by birth, and was brought «« »* *•»» -» Justinian. He rose gradually to the highett 'ilM H '■ ■•1 -^i \ & I illi A. 1011 =r-z.f mm tib] m i^cto Zanifacrsnl 13losrnpl)i). [t« niililttry honours, and was commander of tho imperial guards under Justinus. Hl» cliaractcr and services endeared him equally to the emperor and the people, and In Sit he was proclaimed Ctcsar. The tcovcrnment was left in hU hands, and in 678 ho wa8 crowned emperor on the abdication of Jus- tinus, who died a few days later. Tiberius then took the surname of constantinus. He carried on successfully, by his Rcnerals, Justinian and Maurice, the war with Persia, and maintained the imperial authority a«aiast the Lombards in Italy. Died, ftS'l, after having created Maurice Cicsar, and given him in marriage liis daughter Con- stnntina. , . . . , TIUULLUS, ALBItJS, the celebrated Roman elegiac poet, was of an equestrian familv, and flourished in the age of Au- gustus. The dates of his birth and death arc not known, but are inferred to have been respectively about u. C. 54 and 18. His life was passed for tho most part peacefully on his paternal estate of l>edum, between Tibur and Pra;neste ; which he was de- prived of during tho proscriptions and con- flsctttions following tho civil war, but appears to have had restored to him. He had a patron in M. Valerius Messala, and accompanied Jiim during his campaign in Gaul. Tibullus was the contemporary of Virgil and the intimate friend of Horace and Ovid His poems consist of four books of Elegies, chiefly expressions of the pas- sion of !ovo ; brcntning the most profound sensibility, the tendercst melancholy, and tho finest appreciation of the beauties of nature. The authenticity of the last two books is doubted. The poems of Tibullus have usually been printed with those of Catullus and Propertius, but they have also been frequently published separately, and translated into English, French, German, and Italian. Grainger's metrical version with a prose translation is included m a volume of Hohn's Classical Library. TICKELL, THOMAS, poet and essayist, was born in 1686, at Uridekirk, in Cumber- land ; and became fellow of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. Through the friendship of Addison, he was made Under-Secretary of state, and was afterwards appointed secre- tary to the lords justices of Ireland. Some of his pieces are in the Spectator ; bosiues which, he wrote "The Prospect of Pence," "The lloyal Progress," and other poems; and, in rivalry of Pope, translated the first book of tho Iliad. Died, 1740. TIECK, CHRISTIAN PKIF.DUICH, German sculptor, chiefly celebrated for his portrait busts, was born at Berlin in 1776. He was biother of Eudwig Tieck, noticed below; was a pupil of Schad jw, and of tho French painter David ; and during a short residence at Weimar gained tho friendship of Goethe and many noble and eminent persons. He made two visits to Italy, and became the friend of the crown prince, Ludwig, of Bavaria, of Madame de Stael, and the sculp- tor Raucb. From the year 1819 he lived at Berlin, and throughout his life was fully employed on public and private works ; was iiuiniucato t.^G Acaut.:ii j , nt-.t ".n — ••••••-"■ of the department of Sculpture in the Mu~ senin. Among his very nuimrouibuilure those of King Eudwlg, Oo8t incessant. In 1810 lie Miiotwl on the invitation of the kiiig,»ho 1 him with the title of privy-coiiB- lere he spent the rcniainingthirwen his laborious and fruitful life, K!- e of very varied character, and fir 'I'ous to be nawcd here ; they fill*) Among those which broiiflitliiiB 'St reputation ere his talesandpliii ng in new forms someofiliew MUrchen. The publication of inesf, he title of "Peter lArrpthtij rchen," in 1797, first brou^'lit aj cral notice. They were n'puMisfeM retouched and coii.bim'd "it»« y R tissue of c. .ivcrsatiom.owjj of " riiantasus," They are W«' .^ genial laughter and good-naiiw 1 the literary world of Ins i» StcrncbaUls -Wandcrungcn, of an iivt stuui-ni, m [tie] 1 history vt ^ ... Cctavianus,'' ar« perhaps IHS^^J is I) is best play. His "Die ;lebcn" svesaents as a i.ovelis:, m is best play. His"D.cMer^l el in which he attempts to dtpw earraudhistime,,,Thea««* ion of Shakespeare, in P"' '' i ipf.wecn 182S--l».!!i- "'''.., ,,;, ; German transiaiioii. .«•-• loihcr works are, " Minnelleder aua uum Ischwabischcn Zeitalter," " Alt-Engllschea ■Theater," " AltDoutschcs Theater," •• Bia- Iniaturgischo Ulattcr," and a good translation lofDuuUuixotc. Died, at lleriin, 28th iDril llS-M. *^ ' I TIEDEMANN.DIKTKICH, German phllo- ■lopher, was born at HremerviJrde, in the ■duchy of Hrcmcn, in 1748. He completed ■his studies at the university of Odttingen land gave up, successively, theology and law' Itodevoto himself to phil,)sophy. After being ■engaged several years as private tutor, ho ■bctanic, through the influence of Heyne a ■Biember of the philological seminary of ■fottingcn, and soon after was appointed ■professor of ancient literature at the college lot Cusscl. In 1786, he was transferred to ■iki' university of Marburg, as professor of libilosophy, lecturing, however, on various Subjects from time to time. His first pub- lication was an Inquiry into the Origin of llanguagc, published in 1772. His principal jorks I --" System der Stoischen Philo- nnellpder^aus dem land in I77.r tt„- „ [ IIEDOK, Cdri.stoi'H August, a ccie- ■rated German poet, was born in 1752. Fuu- lated at Halle for the la w, he soon abandoned li and became a private teacher, obtain- ing introductions to several persons of Iminencein literature. Among other friend- ■iips early formed was that of a lady, Ma- Jjiue von der llecke, who generously made ■erhomc his own, and at her death, in 1833 ■rovided for his continued enjoyment of it K! M. w "," P^in"iP«' poems are the rirania," ' Wan,lcrungen durchden Mnrkt Vi Lebens," Fraucnspicgel," &c. His lomplete works fill lo vols. 8va An intei'f ^tmg account of his vi.sit to Italy, in com- Ny with his friend Madame von der lleck^ te« V 1'^ by her. Died, 18.11. ' liibKNlA, GKontiK, a distinffuished tn Wse''''"^'"'' V'i'^-'- -«"'orn ?„' ■onuon iQ ns6; received li s eUucailon ni |« bWgo. ,nd »„ desUned for 11," "w II >bo commeneemCTi of hi, publ c iff terdeffi^^:r,4r!i*^^^^^ Pevcr, neither partv wV. '« |r^^-oSh!r\^KJLi^i;:d rf^. MAKi-, poetess, was bom in ire- [ til r"d, lU'a^the ^^^-^"n^^v^^ ,1'igl.e, a relative by :e? mX«%".'n "•'"''y is remembered as authoress of th/'^'' **''« poem of " Psycho " f ho .T.^i . -'^•"'•■'ning taken fro,^7h'o'''';el!'kVowK,?rv^o!?'^'' *• Which took p?acc In iSi'o?" """ ''^ *'"'th. IILLKMANS, PETKli a T>ii»„i, _ i . was a native of Antwern i,« Z"'"*'"'' s?rnoS.ivS:s?Hi? seats and nlctnrr-Q nf ♦i,!,i_ u '"p"" of their horses Die^'"I5^4*" ^"°^''' "*'=<"'• ""^ of his friend Isaac do s^.F'"' P«""««ion reluctance and in 10- f*^'' "^"came his HI. Sreat „o5B'«S,-.."i"ao d"„' T""" ?nd '• A''li'\? ''°'*- *'"' I'ctwcen 1693-m8 r .2°"vt"; """=!» ^PP^""'! betwcer i6U3- sU^cte;\Td^t?J^nlSrf°r*\2l^o"-S sources of Information w/Ik original .wratlvea„,ilta?."en^^^^^^ sary. Vast learning, keen sense of fn,.f »„ 1 nont European botanJsts. He was nls^n LtriT^S '''' ^^''^•^^ Societ/o^^loSn'! ' coiiisf An A If U ... "*"»cr was a toban- i his son to thi 7"^ 'V' intention to bring up typedplatcs h// P"",'ing *'"> sterco- afLr\t„?dfret'w^.VV"^..-;! '!-»«„ "-«-'■'• Jor'innH "'*^' M'-'^'ii'och'quitt^d IrotlalI'd f^r London, and soon after purchased the 1013 I ! i- ! W* !^ !' i " ■ ;■■ ■ ' ' ■ '■ 4 . ■li "1 - ■ '■- .1' •T V 4. '1 til] m Jtcoo mnJDgiiSgl 13to8tapl)B. Rter aneveninK paper, of which he became fi^Pd^^or and carried it on till within four tUe eaiior, aiiu vi.i. itqt Im nro ected Hif fathe?, who was a strict Calvinist, RciJSln Mcontomoa to the osubliehod of York and refused to sign the address oj ' ?ho T ondon clergy to the king, on his de- El Sn^oS„re'a.tiK^^.« deprivation of Bancroft, in lG91,.he wis "r°tor?.'H« portrait, bjM-on, the order and '^•^^oming a sold.«. He fi.st Hprved in the Spanish army m tue ^e"'^^ lands next in the imperial army, and about 1607 was appointed commander- Inchief of rJmvSarmy. . ^o tW* P^^^^Jf 'l^ that of commanderm-chief of tbe forces oi SL?r;^tL¥Sd l^CnS? ffif t] 'rMny Years' War. After conquerun the Uopcr ralatinato he won the great battle nA'rairuc against the ISohemians in No- vpmbef ieoo^ and after several othei; Vic- lorTes de eated the dn);e of Brunswick and ^mint Mansfcld at Stadt-Loo, near Munster. F„°A"U'st Sand was made coun^ empire. Alter the disgrace and - -•".-«• -^ 1014 WallenBtein, Tilly was appointed, in 1530 .^^mvviondar.in-cllief of the imnprin' ' wauenBieiu, xiuj "••■• ai>i>uiuicu, commander-in-chief of the Imperial mau and at the same time was creatcii Eeu! marshal. In the following spring be be- sieged and took Magdeburg, whldi he ga?e up to pillage and massacre for three dajj and then destroyed. After belnf; victor iii thirty-six battles, he was at length defeated at BreitenfelJ, by Gustavus Adoipha.and severely wounded, in September, 1631. His career closed with the battle on the bankj of the Lech, in which lie was again .ieteated by Gustavus, and being mortally wounded, died the next day, 6th April, 1632, at Ingol- stadt. Tilly was never married, cared for none of the pleasures of sense, und lived as abstemiously as an ideal monk. A small, taciturn, authoritative man, who fought fanatically for the Catliolic church. TIM.S'.US, a Pythagorean philosopher, was a native of Locri, in Itnly, and is styled by Plato a "a most diligent inprer into all the works of iiature.'-TiiijEi's, a Greek historian, banished from Sicily by Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. Hewiotea " History of the Wars of Pyrrhus," a "Ge- neral History of Sicily," Sf-.-TiM^is, the Sophist, author of !i " Dictionary of Platonic Phrases," who is supposed to have flouriihed about A. 1). 400. TIMOLEON, the illustrious Greek general, was born of a noble family at Corinth, about four centuries before the Christian era, He early exhibited intrepid courage and a hatred of tyranny ; which he carried to socl: a pitch, that, according to Plutarch, he itood by while his brother Timophane8,wlio lad made himself tyrant of Corinth, was a'.asj- inated. "NVhen the Syraeu-sans solicited Ihe aid of the Corinthians against an imiioa of the Carthi'Binians, he was appointed to command the auxiliary iorces, and, b; a happy mixture of valour and prudeiice,!iic- cceded net only in restoring Syracise to liberty, but he brought the whole laid of Sicily into a more prosperous and tiuqiul stale than it had been in for many yws. He llxed his abode at Syracuse, and lited as a private citizen, distinguished iiirbj his influence and the respect paid to b virtues. He became blind in lis last daji. ■^TlkoN.'a Greek poet and pWlosotej ^vas the disciple of Pyrrho, and hvedato third centm-y B. c. he wrote .t«A«, tragedies, and aatyric dramas; besiMMi satS called "SillOi;'^ which are sl^ «l ''"iMOx! U.e Misanthrope, was bora wl Athens and lived during the PelopjwnJ wlr The faithlessness of his fr.en^ "J and his story is familiar through me '"J | of Shnkcfpeare, „ nlmcaianl K a^ut\^4^ "V^^^riSffl eller, but as ''« ''«/jSS e R"! drawing, he was sen' *.. study m j-| at Hologna, where he r«™»"f.° ereei J vcar8, Ilislirstworksasapainitrw j I, Tilly was appointed, in 1630 -in-chief of the imperial mmie,' same time was creatc-il Ui. n the following spring be be- took Magdeburg, which he ga?e ge auil massacre for three days estroyed. After belnf; victor in lattles, he was at length defeated :elJ,hy Gustavus Adoiphuj.and funded, in September, 1631. His sd with the battle on the banks 1, in which lie was again ueteated 18, and being mortally wounded, ixt day, 6th April, 1632, at Ingol- ly was never married, cared for 1 B pleasures of sense, und lived as ily as an ideal monk. A mall, luthoritative man, who tonght I for the Catliolic chureh. S, a Pythagorean philosopher, tivc of Loeri, in Itnly, and is | ?lato a "a most diligent inquirer he works of uature."-TiM^l'3, istorian, banished from Sicily by s, tyrant of Syracuse. Hewiotea | of the Wars of P>-rrhus,"a"Ge- ory of Sicily," Sf-.-TiMiEis, the uthorof !i " Dictionary of Platonic who is supposed to have flouiihed I. 400. EON, the illustrious Greek general, I of a noble family at Corinth, aboat I iries before the Christian era, He I bited intrepid courage and a hatred I ly ; which he carried to socl: a I It, according to Plutarch, he itoodi his brother Timophanes, who hadl i.;clf tyrant of Corinth, was s'liar When the Syracusaas solicited Itel 3 Corinthians against an iniioal irthaeinians, he was appointed tol 1 the auxiliary forces, and, bj al ixturc of valour aud prudence, sue- 1 >ct only in restoring Syracuse tol )Ut he brought the whole WotI a more prosperous and tiuquill in it had been in for manyjiaKl his abode at Syracuse, and liied I rate citizen, distinguished Mirbyl ence and the respect paid to tol He became blind in lis last J»J!.| C. 337. , ... >f, a Greek poet and phiio disciple of Pyrrho, and lived uWI ntui-y B. c. Ke wrote coirtwJ B, and aatyric dramas; besiteluji called "SilliB;" which are slJl «■ n! Uie Misanthrope, was boraieajl and lived during the Pelopo«««l he faithlessness of his frieni »i ve disappointments souied'^,fJ ,d drove him into solitude, fM id however, to have welcomdJUl "^'Same has become proj^ill story is familiar through the traj rxToDAUUBmalsocalUnl ^So Helekrnt;^^^^^ ,ut as he had ^on.ider.liesu ".he was sent to. study ufrR^j'a gna, whore he remaiaed ab^^M His first works as a pami««'«'j riM] n Mtijo ganibgrgal 13iograpl^p. cutcd at Urblno ; but he is said to have gone to Home by invitation of Kaphael, to whom he was related, and to have assisted him in his frescoes of the Sibyls. He soon returned to his native city. The Influence of Francia appears in most of his paintings, but his later show also that of Kaphael. Died, 1823. It has been conjectured that the dates given for the birth aud death of this master are each ten years earlier than they ought to be. TIM0THEU8, a celebrated lyric poet and musician of antiquity, was a native of Mi- letus, in Carla, and flourished at the court of Philip of Macedonia. He died B. C. 357. To him is attributed the completion of the lyre by fonr additional strings. TIMOTHEUS, an illustrious Athenian general, lived in the 4th century H. c. He was the son of Conon, also renowned as a general, and the disciple of Isocrates. In 376 he had the command of the fleet which was to act in aid of the Thebans in their war with Sparta, by ravaging the coasts of the Peloponnesus. He to. k Corcyra, and by bis moderation easily won the nllianco of many cities, and re-established the power of Athens. He defeated the Spartans in a naval combat, and a peace being made, re- turned to Athens. By humane interference on behalf of some exiles of Zacynthus, he violated the terms of the peace, and pro- voked a new outbreak of war. He was again sent to protect Corcyra, but being de- layed by the necessity of procuring eoulp- ments among the allies of Athens, ho veas superseded in the command by Ipliicrates, and onjy escaped sentence of death on his trial, in consequence of the earnest inter- vention of hit friends, especially of Alcctas, king of the Molossians, and Jason, tyrant of Phera>, the latter of whom risked his own life by going to Athens to protect him. Timotheus was several times afterwards placed at the head of the army, and rendered important services. In 356 he held a joint command of the fleet with Iphicrates and Chares, against the revolted allies of Athens ; but the failure of the expedition against Samos was charged on him, and being tried, he was fined 100 talents ; an enormous sum, which he could not pay. He therefore quitted Athens and went to Chalcis, In Euboea: and there died, about 354 His son, Conon, was allowed to settle the debt to the state by spending ten talents on the restcra- uon of part of the walls of Athens. TINDAL, Matthew, a celebrated po- lemical writer, was born at Beer-Forris, in Deyonshiru, in 1657. He studied at Oxfoid, and according to the report of his enein'ti, led a very immoral life there. But he ob- tain?d a fellowship at All Souls' College, and graduated L.L.D. For a short time he went over to the Komish communion, but returned to the church of England. He spent the greater part of his life in London. and was chiefly occupied in literary labour! It IS supposed that he may have been callod ■•!,?}!, «n' ?"* .^''ere is no proof that he was. imdal filled a large place in the view of bin contemporaries, as a polemical theologian , pipi?oH'''"^^'"'"l°^«™'»^« " greit noise excited even a panic among certain classes [tin and called forth a host of angry replies Ho appears to have been a reasonabfy llkrned man, careful and fair, and content to «Ht^ what he meant clearly and plain y.H,H numerous political pamphlets iTre now sunk out of sight, but among his theoIoBk"ai works are still noteworthy -"Tho KIkMs of the Christian Church asserted. aga1n« the Homish and all other priests who claim an Independent power over It," which an- peared in 1706, and was followed by two Defences;" the three were burnt by ordei "r.1 ? S°"f® "' Commons, in 1710; and his Christianity as Old as the Creation, or the Gospel a Republication of the Religion of Nature." pubi' 'led in 1730. It was replied to by Waterla Leland, Conybeare, James Foster, and other writers, and was defended by the author in his " Remarks on Scripture Vindicated [by Waterland] and some other late W rltings." Died at London, 1733. TINDAL, NICHOLAS, nephew to the fore- going, divine, miscellaneous writer, and translator and continuator of Rapin's His- 1 } Z.^h ^ '' NICHOLAS CONYNGHAM, lord Chief justice of the court of Common Fleas, was born in 1777, educated at Trinity College, Cambridife, and having become a student of Lincoln's Inn, he commenced practice as a special plcader.and in 1809 was . ,l„i*° ^^^ *"'■■ M" entered parliament, in 1824, as member for the Wigton district of burghs ; and in 1826 he was made solicitor- general, and knighted. When Sir John Copley, who had represented the university of Cambridge, was raised to the oflBce of lord chancellor, in lf27, Sir Nicholas Tindal contested with Mr Bankes the honour of representing his alma mater, and was re- turned by a considerable majority. Two years afterwards he was promoted to the chief justiceship, which position he occupied till his death. Died, July 6, 1846, in the 70th year of his age. TINDAL, or TYNDALE, WILLIAM, one or the Enslish reformers, was born in 1500- studied at Oxford ; but was obliged to kave that univerF.ty nn account of having im- bibed the daetrii-es of Luther. • He then withdrew tc Cir-ibr; ige, where ne took a degree, and soon .ifter went to reside as tutor in the family of Sir John Welch, near Bristol. While in this situation, he trans- lated Erasmus's " Enchiridion Militis Chris- tioni " into Englisli ; but, in consequence of his opinions, articles were preferred against him before the chancellorof the diocese, and he received a reprimand. Upon this he withdrew to London, and next to Antwerp, w'lere he translated the New Testament ijuto English. This version was printed in JS26, and the greater part being sent to England, the prelates Warhamand Tunstall bought up all the copies they could procure, and caused them to be burnt. By mtans of the money thus received. Tyndale was en- abled to print a new edition in 1534 ; after Which he began a translation of the Old Testament, in which he was assisted by Mills Covrrdale ; but they proceeded no far- ther than the Pentateuch. Through the In- terference of the English government, Tyn- dale was apprehended at Antwerp, and, in i I .1-J.''''*-- ''*'JtJ iOl5 Ilk >» ■11 ■Hi Hi Hlai 1 BiHIBW tin] % i^eto atnibersal Idiogcapl)!). U30, bcliiK bruuRlit to triul at Augtburit, ho wuB condoiiincd to thcatiikc, which »entonco he quietly endured, beliiK first strangled iiiid then burnt. ICIs ln«t words were, " Lord, open the klnn of KnKlund's cyc»." TINTOlllCTTO, n., ono of the most coio- bruted Italiuu pnlntcH, wni born nl Venice, In 151'2. HUnnnio was JACOl'o llOMUHTl, unci hencqulred that by wlileh bo is usually failed from the fact of his beloR the son of n dvor {Tiulorf). lie was placed In the school of TlMun, but only remained there a few dnysi Titian dlHinUslng him on seclnKSoiue of Ills clever UrawinRS. With utmost cnerny and patience he then pursued the study and practice of his chosen art, aiming high, aspiring to fi Mow Michael Augelo In design, and Titian, whoso works ho diligently co- pied, In colouring, lie also studied anatomy, and by carefully-contrived arrangements, made hlmaelf a great master of light and shade. He worked with surprising rapidity, did everything ho could get commissions for, and some things besides ; for he cared n\orc for the " praise " than he did for the "pudding." His works arc consequently very numerous, and also, with the exception of some early onE MOLINA. [XELLliZ, Oi- UN, JOHANN HKINKICH,acele- man painter, was born near 22. Through the friendly officei tndion he went to I'uris, and ira\ years under Charles Vanloo; imsclf by a visit to Italy; and named painter to William, land- 1 jsc Cassd. He was subsequentirl tho Academy of Cassel and pro-j le Caroline College. Tischbeii 11 y historical pictures, and alM icts from classical luythologj. principal works are named i ion of Christ," a " Transtlgura- Deposition from the Cross," a jjccts from the life of Clcopatri, )ied and etched some of liiso'D \i.\, 1789. ;IN, JOHANN HEINRICH TO- Hew of the preceding, and, like nincnt painter, was born near '51- After receiving his first ill am his uncles, Johann Heinricli i I Jacob, and visiting Holland, icrlin, and Zurich, he went, in y; became director of tiieAcads- ;s, and held that post nine yean; Germany when the French «• les, in 1789 ; and spent the rot i Hamburg, and in the duchy oi Ho published several remark- ; "Tetes de Dift'iSrcnts Animaui apr^s Nature;" " Collection ol from antique vases," illustratire Humiltons second follection; er, nach Antikeu Gczeichnci," lations of the figures by Hejne. ', Simon AxdeI, an eminent wt] •hyilcian and medical writer, w (iraney, in tho I'uys do Vnud, In was born at (iraney, in tho rays uo vnuu, In 1728. iio was ehielly distinguished by hU suocusiful treatment of confluent small pox Died at Lausanne, in 1707. HU works were col- " d form 10 vols. .10, tho uri>l««- "t Pamed his father Vespasian to Syria, wheT; ho distlnKulshud himself greatly I'u tho Jew"" sh War. When Vespasian wa^, irnmonrd to Italy to ussuino tho purple, TitJs wui loft in conunand of tho Uomun array Jt UiS memorable riigo of Jerusalem. I," a i, 70 the city was taken, and in spite of tlioex- crtlons of Titus to proservo It, the tcmnlo was burnt. Though hi. youth 'was :aB with tho vice of dissipation, ho happily dls- appointed tho gloomy predictions of the people when he came to the throne, a.o. 79 by the wisdom and bcneflcenco of his govern-' ment. The Uoinnns, however, did not lonjr enjoy his admlnistrallon, Titus having been seized with a violent fever, which carried him off In tho 4lHt year of his age, after a n^,?..",xl"J''' •""'■'' "'"" '"'o yi'"", A.J). 81. . o ,, . ' •'""N, dramatic writer, was born at Salisbury, in 1770, and bred to tho law l)ut the stage had more uttrnctlons for him J"!',rJ'**',i*"°''"''y'« ''«'»''• Me was author Vu ' r''l "°"''y Moon," "The Curfew," &c. iJivdf 1804. TOCttUEVILLK, ALEXIH C. H. Ci.KHKL »K, an eminent I'rench statesman and histo- rian, was born at Verneuli In 1805, studied law and was admitted a member of the liench bar in 1825. In tho following year he was appointed Juge d'Instruction at Ver- sailles ; which ofllce ho held for three years exchanging it in 1830 for that of Juge-sup- •^ ..u"!; ^J?'*^^-''" was senton a Joint mission With M. O. do Heaumont to America, to In- quiro into tho peiutcntlary system of the United States, witi) a view to its introduc- tion into France. Tlicro ho spent two years, visiting the different Stotes, and inquiring assiduously into the institutions of the country. As the results of his researches and loflcctions ho published in 1835 his "1)6. raocratio en Am6rique," which has been pronounced to be the best nnd profoundest work that has appeared on the political in- stitutions of tlio United States. In lS3!t he became a member of the Chamber of De- puties; and his senatorial etfoits were re- markable for largeness of view and that sagacity and foresight which distinguish the statesman from the mere politician. In 1817 apptarcd his " Hlstoiro Philosophique du lUgne do Louis XV.," to which he .after- wards added tho " Coup-d'ceil sur le Ut-'ne do Louis XVI-" After the revolution' of 1818 he was returned both to tlic Nationul and Legislative Assemblies, when he vigor- ously opposed the doctrines of the Socialists and M. Louis lilanc's theories, as to the or- ganization of labour. In June, 1849, he was appointed minister of Foreign Affairs, but resigned his portfolio in October, in conse- quence of the president's message apjiearing to deviate from the system of moderation to which he was attached. As a private mem- ber of the Legislative Chamber, ho continued to oppose the personal system of the Elystfe • to the last he remained a faithful adherent of parliamentary government ; and he was one of those who protested against the coup fetat of Dec. 2, 1851, and with the rest of his colleagues was thrown into prison. From this period he devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits; and in 185(> ho published lis elabornte work, " L'Ancicn KfWr|me et la K^volution," which for profound an.i UJ7 1^ . t i 1: li ■! ; 1 • tod] m ifUtn 2Sn(b(TS&l 19iograp!)p. [VM orlKlnal view*, ami buouly of style, lia» rarely been suriwasud. l)i(.".!,lH5y, A Mnmolr itiid govcriil voiumnn of Ills t'orrciipondrncc, mill a uniform odUlon of hU works, have uliifo been publiihed. T01),.IAMKS, a Uciilpnant colonel In the •crvU:e of thn East Indlii ( inpiiny , author of "AnnalH of llii'J.ist'liun ' and " TraveU in WcKti'rn India," the latter of whi< h was scarcely complrtcd wiu-n he tiled, Nov.. 1838. (Jolonel Tod survcytHl UiOpootana, and com- pleted his mannitlcont map in IHlft; and It was by him that the name of ('< iitrul India was orlKlnally Riven to that Important and iuterosting tract of country. He was a sound scholar, IndcfatlKablo In research, and en- thusiastic In his Jieal to bonottt the people for whom ho laboured. roUl), IH'.NIIY JoUN, church of EnKland divine, and an Industrious littf^ratour, was born about 1763. He uniduatcd M.A. at Ox- lord, cnlered the church, and was for many years rector of .AiUiallows, Lombard Street. During the same period he had the office of keeper of the nuinutcrlpts at X.ambeth Palace, o' which he prepared a cataloKue. In 18'J0 1 "'as presented to the rectory of SetlriuK. , in Yorkshire, where he spent the rest o. his life. He became archdeacon of Cleveland and chaplain to the 'ii,on hli re tireiuont, he obtained a peiuion of imn and was advanced to 'he tKlo of ViicouBi Olandlnu and earl of N irbury. He dltit In 1831. He wac :>'\ able Judge; but he wai chiefly In rcputa ion for wit and drollerr "Lord NorburvH Jokes" were uprlikW very thickly -\hU his law, and tho Dublin court III Common Pleas was often throDged with Idlers attracted by tho arauicnent which was to bo found in tho talllw uf nu and repartee so freely bandied aboi.; troo |iM'i?e, counsel, and witnesses. OLETAN IJtt, RODKUicvs, nrchbijhopof I T( 'do, a celebrated Hpanlsh historian, mi born about 1170. After studying at farijihi was in the service of the king of Nawrro,; Hancho V., and was subsequently oppointfil,; by Alfonso VIII., king of ('i\tl\\o, to tic! see of Toledo. He was a good scholar, a i zealous ecclesiastic, and also a brave lolditr,! and distinguished himself us much b)r bi! courage in flghting tho Miiors as b; his scholarship and eloquence in the Litau Couneil. Ho was author of the foUowlii, among other works—" Uorum in Ulipula gcstarum Ohroniccn ; " " HIstoriaArabuin,' and Histories of the Huns, Vandali, te, and Ostrogoths. Toletanus was prcwitit tho Council of Lyo!iB assembled lo lUl, and died in France In 1247. T0LLEN8, HKNKUIK CUKNEUSZOOX,! distinguished Dutch poet, liurn at Rotta- dam, in 1780. He was brought uptoii father's trade, that of a colour mereiiut, and began to write poetry under the iliaii- his of the French invasion of his Mfe country. After unsuccessfully Bttcnplii dramatic composition, he applied hlnneKB lyrical and narrative poetry, chooslnjlii subjects for the most part from itrilinj passages of Dutch history, undfromlk scenes and sentiments of homo life. lalM field he became the most popular poet « his day, and to P' ^ular admiration f« added public he-.uurs; lie was made coi- mander of t*- ^ order of the Dutch Lioii,ui was pre- -uted with a gold modal stnicU his '• ..nour. He received both th. se m i.,g testimonies on his VUth birthJaj «f., 1856. A collected edition of hisworUM been published since his death. TOMLINE, GKOKOK.an eminent HbJI" prelate, whose family name was FrctiyBtt was born at Bury St Kdmund's, inkM in 1760. He was senior wrangler at iw bridge, in 1772; and having been rtc« fellow of Pembroke College, he .meJ^ 1781, the office of moderator. He WW he academical tutor of Mrl'itt.who o.^ coming chancellor of the ^cheque ,«»« him his private sccretarj, ^ave »i«* living of Sudbury, and a prebend of W minster, and, In 1787,raisedbim W e« of Lincoln; from which, m 1820, e™ translated to ^^^<^\oi\i^M^Jfa ho published a work, entitled iiem™" 0; appointnil k "g'li (ounul h itor-generul in nm, uumi- 1798, di.'-ing which year ho »a|l iKBKod 1»» the proipcutlon iif till, H J uml wu!t adviuK'ua to ibetiM of tho Oonuiion I'Iciu In mu) tie of I-ord Norl. iry. Thll bliib ' talned till 1027, wifu.on hlirc- ' he obtained u pcumon of Mi: ilvanced to tho tlilo of Vlicount ind pari of Norbury. He diej injj wuN im nble judge; but ho »ai" reputation fur wit and drollerT. irbury's Jokes" were iprlnkled ,ly with liU law, and thoDuwin i ummou riviis wua often thronged 'H attracted by tho amuicncDt ; I to bo found in tho tallica of »|t ' ;oe no freely bundled ahui.; from I naci, and witncaaes. I ^N UB, KODKiucus, archbljhopof ' jeli'bratod Hpanlsh hl«torlan,ii« tll70. After studyiug at l'arij,h( ! Bervlco of the king of NaTirre,! , and wn» HUbscqucutly oppoinlfj, VIH., klnj{ of f'aatik', to tie' ledo. He was a good scholar, a I clCHlnstlc, and alao a brave lolilitr, | iguiHhcd hiinaulf us much b; lii> n tlghting the Muors oi b; hiv p and eloquence in thelatenii Ho wag author of the follo*i«|, her works—" Ucrum in Ulipula Ohronlccn ; " " niatoriaArabuiiii" )rie8 of the Huna, Vandal), ic., KothN. Toletanus was prcuntit ell of Lyo!)B aaaembled in ItU, n France in 1247. N8, IIKNKllIK ClIUNEUSZOOX,! ihcd Dutch poet, liurn at Rotttt-I 1780. He wan brought up to tiii rade, that of a colour nierchui, \ to write poetry under tliesiiMJi .0 French invaalon of hi« naiire ; After unsucceaafully attci«pli««|l , compoaition, he applied liimMlfi' id narrative poetry, chooslnii la for the most part from itrikijj of Dutch history , und from * d sentiments of homo life. Intlii became the most populnr poet il and to P' ^ular admiration »B ibllc h<"-.ours; he was made con- if t»- ^ order of the Dutch Lioii,iil ,ated with a gold medal Binickii ir. He received both these fijtm- nonics on his 7Uth birthday to collected edition of hisworUM ilishcd since his dcatb. INE, GKOKOK.an eminent Edf whose family name was PrcttjBii 1 at Bury St Edmund's, in few* He was senior wrangler at M- In 1772; and having been «» f Pembroke College, he Km* ofBce of moderator. He WW GmicaltutorofMrl'itt,who,o«lJ chancellor of the c«l'«'l"".'7, private sccretnrj, gave hifflta f Sudbury, and a prebend onw and.in 1787. raised him we« 3ln; from which, in l/J^.je™ ^d to that ofWinchcstcr. In;" 'ahedu work, entitled "»»«•! ton! % iSeio Stnibersal 19iogrnt)fn?. Chrlttlun Theulogy." '^ voll.; and In 181'i tppeui < In "Ucfutatlon of tho CUttrge of Calvliu >K ■■>*>( the Church of Knglund." Ho aUii i ' '"'d tho " Mfu of tho ilitfht Hon. William I itt." Ho took tho nuiuo of Tomiine, i conuequenco of a pcraon, to wliorahc wn» nliiioat unknown, liavlnB '><- (|ii,atlicd him a yrry lonsldurublu fortuii.! im thtttapii ittl condition. TONE,Tui.o»Al.i) WoiiFK, founder of tho " Hociety of United IrUhmon," w«a born in Dublin, in 17(i;i, and wuh bred to tho bar. In 1790 ho published a pamphlet, the object of which was to exposo tho u nunagonient of the Engliab government r. I ink Irclaml , and, In I7!);),hi^ catiibllshcd tiic Kociity above mentioned. Ho afterwards became involved ina treasonable correspondence with Franco, but made a aort of compromise with tho Itrltinh government, and was allowed to withdraw hiniself. lie accordingly went to America in 171i."i, from whence he proceeded to I'ranco in the following year, lly his per luasiona, tho French Diiectory fitted out «i expeditio", consisting of 17 sail of tho line, ISfrignti iVc, Willi 14,000 troops on board, and upwards of lO.OHO stand of arms, besides artillery and warlike^ stores. Tone was ap- puiiitcd clicf dc brigade under UcMierul lloche, the (ominundcr-in-chlef. They set tail Dec. IS, nuo ; but, before they had all reached their destination (llantry Jluy), a hurricane iirose, In conKel<>uleul work, "The Uivcrslons of I'urley," |.iiblithcd in 178(1, In 17i)0 he stood. Ineffectually, as can- didutu for WcstuilnHtcr, as lie did iigain in 1790. In the yoar 1794 he »»k committfd to tlio Tower on fbe charge of high treason, founded on the presumed objects of tho cor responding societies to overthrow the con- stitution ; but, after ii trial of six days, was acquitted ; and ho appears to have been much more cuutlous afterwards in the choice of his companions. In IHUl he was returned U) parliiimeiitforOld .Saruni, but he sat only during lliut session, a bill being passed to render (clerical persons ineligible us mem- bers of the House of (JoniiiioMsfor the future. ' is latter days were cheered by e:iay rircum- suiiices, und he died at Wimbledon, in 1H12, nged 70 Ills portrait, by T.Hardy, lain tho National Colleiiiun. TOOKK, William, m ,cellanoous writer, was l)orii in 1744, at Islington. Ho waft ori- ginally u printer; but, in 1771, he obtained episcojml ordination, and w^^ appointed minister of tho Kngllsli church at (Jronstadt. In 1774 he ln-camo chaplain to the factory at Ht I'etersbuig ; and, after residing there many years, he returned to his own country, and died In IH" ). His principal works ore, " Varieties of Literature," 2 vols. ; " The Life of Cuthiirino II.," " A View of the Rus- sian Empire, ' " A Ocncral History of Rus- sia," and translations of Luclan and Xolli- koffer's Sermons. TOOKK, Thomas, an eminent merchant und writer on financial siibJectM, was son of the preceding, und was born ui 1771, at Ht I'etersburg. i:,irly in life he entered into mercantile pursuits as partner in oneofthe largest llou^cs engaged in the Kusslon trade ; and there gainfd tho gn it experience and knowledge of < 'tails which are so conspicu- ous in his works on financial subjects. In 18'^0 he drew up the famous document known as the "Merchants' Petition In favour of Free Trade," and from this period to the close of his life he was an active participator in all inquiries and legislation connected with social nnd financial reform. His " His- tory of Prices," in six volumes, has secured for him a place in the first rank of political economists. It embodies a great mass of in- formation with respect to the commercial history of Fngland during the eventful pe- riod of fifty-six years, ending with 1850, and is no less valuable to speculative than to practical inquirers. Died, 1858. TOPLADY, Au f • i } I I I- « ititi 1 J ! Hi 1019 ifi III 4 'iMi hi I ■■ til* < :i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / {./ o '^ ■% i ^° &% 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ m 2.5 2.2 S 1^ iio 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V] m m dm. Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 "^'\% "ts^ ^^ ?t^ i9 TORDENSKIOLD, PETER, whose family name was AYessel, \ras a celebrated Danish admiral, born in 1691, at Drontheim, in Nor- way ; and was killed in a duel, in 1720. For his gallant exploits his sovereign gave him the name of Tordenskiold, or "Thunder- shield." Among his BChievements were the capturing of a Swedish squadron in the port of Dynekiln, and the taking of the town of Mavstrand and the citadel of Carlstein. TOllELLI, GIUSEPPE, an Italian mathe- matician, born at Verona, in 1721. Besides the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages, he was well acquainted with French, Spanish, and English ; and he had also an extensive knowledge of antiquities ; but his favourite study was the mathematics. His most im- portant work is a complete edition of the works of Archimedes, printed in folio, tit Oxford. He died in 1781. Torelli trans- lated JEsop's Fables into Latin, and the first two books of the Mneid into Italian. TORENO, Count JOSE i>E, known also as viscount of Mattarosa, a distinguished Span- ish statesman and historian, was born at Oviedo, 1786 ; bore a share in all the trou- bles of his country in the early part of this century ; and was repeatedly proscribed by the despotic advisers of Ferdinand VII. But on the accession of the queen he once more returned to Madrid, where he was nomin- ated minister of finance, and soon after- wards of foreign affairs, which he held till 1835. His latter years were spent at Paris, where he published his interesting "His- tory of the Insurrection, War, and F.evolu- tion of Spain." Died, 1843. T0BFJEU8, Thormodus, Danish his- torian, was born in Iceland, in 1640; edu- cated at Copenhagen, and was afterwards ap- pointed historiographer for Denmark and Norway. Among his works are, " Historia Rerum Norvegiarum," 2 vols. ; " Series Dynastarum et Regum Danioe," and " His- toria Vinlandice Antiquae." Died, 1710. TORUUEMADA, THOMAS DE, the first inquisitor-general of Spain, was born about 1420. He was a monk of the order of St Dominic, became inquisitor-general in 1483, was confirmed in his authority by Innocent VIII., who mad3 him grand inquisitor of Spain, an** gave him the title of Confessor of Sovereigns. He died in 1498. During the exercise of his power, in the course of 16 years, it is said that no less than 8800 victims were committed to the flames, 90,000 were condemned to perpetual imprisonment and other severe punishments, and above 80,000 Jews were banished from Spain. TORRE, Giovanni Maria della, an eminent natural philosopher, was born at Rome in 1713; studied at the Clementine College ; became professor of philosophy and the mathematics at Ciudad de Friuli ; and afterwards, settling at Naples, was appoint- ed librarian to the king, superintendent of the royal printing office, and keeper of the museum. He made great improvements in the magnifying power of microscopes, and published works on Natural Philosophy, " Microscophal Observations," &c. Died, 1782. T0RREN8, Sir Henry, adjutant-general, was born at Londonderry, in 1779 ; received his education In the military academy at Dublin ; entered as an ensign in the S2nd regiment of foot; and, going to the Wert Indies, was early distinguished for braverT in actual service, and fortitude in endur- ing hardships. He afterwards served in Holland, where he was wounded ; next pro- ceeded to join the army in Egypt; thence embarked at a port on the Red Sea for Bombay ; but being seized with a coup-de- solcil, he was obliged to take his passage to England. The ship touched at 8t Helena where, recovering his health and spirits he' married Miss Fatten, the governor's daugh- ter. He was present at the attack on Buenos Ayres, and gave his testimony on the trial of General Whitelock in a manner that evinced his judgment and integrity. He was appointed secretary to Sir Arthur WcUesley and accompanied him to Portugal, in March, 1820, Sir Henry was made adjutant- general, in which situation he revised the army regulations, and introduced many essential improvements. Died, 1828. TOHRICELLI, EVANQEMSTA, a cele bratcd Italian mathematician, was lorn in 1608, at Faenza ; began his education under the Jesuits there, and completed it at Rome wap invited to Florence by Galileo, whom he succeeded as professor of mathematics. The grand duke also appointed him his ma- thematician. He wrote several geometrical works, and to him science is indebted for the invention of the barometer. Died, 1647 TORREGIANO, PIERO, a distinguished Italian sculptor, bom at Florence, in 1472, He was a fellow- student with Michael An- gclo in the gardens of St Mark, and one day, a dispute arising between them, he struck a savage blow and broke Michael Angeio's nose. Compelled to quit Florence, he first worked at Rome, and then became a soldier, and served under Cajsar Borgia. He after- wards came to England, and in the service of Henry VIII. obtained a great reputation. His principal work is the tomb of Henry VII., in Westminster Abbey, called by Ba- con "one of the stateliest and daintiest monuments in Europe." The tombs of Mar- garet, countess of Richmond, and of Dr Young, the latter in Chancery Lane Chapel, are attributed to him. Torregiano after- wards went to Spain, where he is said to have made, among other works, a terra-cotta statue of St Jerome, and a marble group of the Madonna and Child. There is a dupli- cate of the St Jerome in the Crystal Palace. Respecting the death of this sculptor, the traditional story is, that having made a copy of his Madonna, and being angry at the low price offered him, he dashed il in pieces; that he was then denounced to the Inquisi- tion for impiety, and imprisoned ; and to avoid the death of a heretic, starved him- self. Died at Seville, 1522. TORRIJOS.Don JoSE MARIA, a Spanish patriov, born in 1791, who served against the French during the war of Independence.and, gradually passing through the inferior posts, obtained the rank of colonel on the field of battle. He was in disgrace after the return of Ferdinand VII. ; but, in 1820, the Cortei made him field-marshal, and chief com- mandant of Navarre and the Basque pro- lOSO [tor] Tincos. When the French invaded Spain. In 1823, Torrijos held out to the last ; he signed the capitulation of Carthagena after Cadiz had »urienderod, and gave up his arms to General Mlna; but having subsequently resolved to renew his efforts for the libera- tion of Spain, he quitted his asylum at Gib- raltar, in 1831, and on repairing to Malaga, he and his companions were made prisoners tried by a court-martial, and shot, Dec. 11 of the same year. TORKINGTON, GEORGE BTNO, first Vis- count, British admiral, was born in Kent, in 1663. He entered the navy in 1678 ; served the fleet sent to oppose the prince of ^ iStto ganibfraal 1 3(ograpftt). [tot "^"^«ri°p^Fiff& ill -,^ ..._ r—v^ V,. Orange, but went over to his party ; was a commander at the battle off Beachy Head ; and afterwards served in the Mediterranean under Admirals Ilooke and Russell. Kear- admiral in 1703, he served under Sir Cloudes- ley Shovel, commanded the squadron which attacked Gibraltar Jn the following year, and distinguished himself at the battle of Malaga. He was then knighted by Queen Anne, and was sent, as vice-admiral, to suc- cour Barcelona, in 1706. The same year he took part in the capture of Alicant. At the accession of George I. he was created a baronet, won a great victory over the Span- ish fleet off Cape Passaro in 1719, and two years later was raised to the peerage. He had for some years sat in parliament for Fly- mouth. The knighthood of the Bath and other honours were conferred on him, and at the time of his death he was first lord of the Admiralty. Died, 17th Jan., 1773. The portrait of Viscount Torrington, painted by Kneller, ia in the National Fortrait Gal- lery. TORRINGTON, Geoege Byng, Viscount, British admiral, was the son of John, the fifth Viscount Torrington, and was born in London, in 1768. He was entered a mid- shipman on board the Thunderer at 10 years of age, ana was present in the action be- tween Admiral Keppel and the Count d'Or- viIliers,on the 27th July, 1778. He joined the flag-ship of Sir Edward Hughes, in the East Indies, and was in the actions with M. Soufferin. In June, 1795, he was made post- captain ; in 1797 he had the command of the Galatea frigate, in which he captured a French corvette, and some armed vessels ; but ill health compelled him to resign the command in 1802. In December, 1812, his uncle, the fourth viscount, died, to whose title his father succeeded ; but he dving U days after. Captain Byng became Viscount Torrington. He at that time commanded the Warner, in which ship he conveyed the prince of Orange from the Downs, in Nov., 1813, and landed him at Schwelling. After that service, he convoyed a fieet of merchant ships to the West Indies. During that period a promotion took pldce, which made nim rear-admiral of the Blue, and he was mf '''^•"^'"'•■''l '"i 1821. He died in T0R8ELLIN0. [TURSELLINrS.^ brlt°.?f ^?,^?^' l^^ONAKD, Count.a Cele- brated Swedish general, was bom in 1896 ; A^^S"*^^^ ^1^ ^''"■^*'" a» Pa»o to GuBtavus mmt««''i*,"^72'' '■*P*'^'y promoted for his military talent by that monarch, and di«- inng me Thirty Years' War t^.V'j i».?° TOSCANELLA. PAOI n oS ;..-'^'*^' 1^'*- TOTILA, king of the Ostrogoths in Italv was proclaimed in 641. He at once assem bled the Gothic army, and undertook th« ?l'i°S^*i°'^ °'the king^lom of C" i^, %'. Po and th/T""',""" ^«^"^*' Pawert the nit. ^J''®4 Apennines, and blockaded Na- fh?;i J**® *"'P"ial vessels sent to succour the city were intercepted by his fleet and after a truce Naples*^ surrendered Cumro did the same, and without resistance Totila marched to within a few miles of Rome HIS prudence, temperance, and fidelity to his word were equal to his courage, and these qualities gained numbers to his side. He left no garrisons in the conquered towns but destroyed their fortifications; enforced by frequent harangues the necessity of moral as well as military virtue, and severelv fn'i.m»H^'*J*°J""°"2 ""l discipline. In 646, he formed the siege of Rome. Meanwhile the fhf^ *^'""''" Helisaiius was recalleu from ;„1 ®??i"° ^"^ ^^^ "«"* to save Italy: but sent without men, horses, arms, and money. ^^So/^r "*"'** ;?'^" collected, and succours arrived from ConstanUnople, he made a vigorous attempt to raise the siege of Bome. in which, however, he failed through the misconduct of his subordinates. Before the end of the year the gates were opened by treachery, a^d the Goths took possession of Rome. At iiie prayer of the archdeacon Pelagius the conqueror displayed his cle- mency to the people in sparing their lives and the chastity of the women, while he gave up the city to pUlage. The walls were partly demoliehed, and Totila was on the point of totally destroying all the noble monuments of ancient art ; when on the earnest remonstrance of Belisariushe agreed to spare them. He carried off with his army the senators, Bent the citizens and theii mmilies into exile, and for several weeks left Rome a solitude. In February, 547, Beli- sariusonce more recovered possession of the city, and repulsed three assaults of Totila, who hastily returned. But Belisarius was ordered away from Rome on other service, and soon after recalled to the Imperial court; and in 549, Totila again took possession of the city. He reduced Rhegium and Taren- tum, devastated Sicily and the coasts of Greece, and the Emperor Justinian was at last alarmed by his conquests, and sent an army into Italy to oppose him. It was led by the eunuch Narses, and in the bloody battle fought in the neighbourhood of Rome, in July, 552, Totila was defeated, and being overtaken in flight, was pierced by the lance of Asbad, leader of the Gepida;, and died a few days after. TOTT, FRANCOIS, Baron de, a French negotiator and officer, was bom, in 1733, at Champigny, and after having served in the army, was employed in the French embassy at Constantinople. In 1767 he was appointed consul in the Crimea. He subsequently went back to Constantinople, and waa 1021 mm 1 :a.4.J.«Iii 1 J , at*? "^ 9u, i mi t, Mm 'I' f:II 5}f ' . TOU] m i^b) mnibctSBl ISiogrop^s. [tow charged by the grand seignior to carry into effect various important reforms in the mili- tary department. He was promoted on his return to France, but emigrated in 1790, and died 1793. ^^,, TOUR D'AUVERGNE, H. DE LA. [TU- RE Her- mondsey, where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. With the assistance of the llev. H. C. Mason, rector of Bermondsey, he founded, in 1792, the institution for the deaf and dumb children of indigent parents ; which obtained such efficient patronage, that, in 1807, a build- ing, since much enlarged, was erected under the auspices of the duke of Gloucester. Mr Townsend also assisted in the formation of the London Missionary Society, the Female Penitentiary, and other religious and cha- ritable associations ; besides instituting a congregational school, for the gratuitous education of the children of dissenting min- isters. Died, 1826. TRADESCANT, JOHN, naturalist, travel- ler, and antiquary, is usually said to have f.!,?.* S"^*?*""*''' He was, however, set- tled in England as early as 1608. In the ?=?"' °f J*" extensive travels in Europa. Aal», and North Africa, he began to make a wte" °1 •'*'•'«'=*'' »' Natural History, whiehhe subsequently enlarged, and added Una^nn"*!Ji"" r*^ '^'"■"^«''- He held the nnhw.„ °' 8"dener to several English noblemen successively, and, in 1629 was TRADESCANT, John, son of the precod- ^ iScto aniberg al IBiograpf)^. [tra colon: of Virginia, auimente^\u''V:;I *".«* collection, and en oyed the wJ^S. "''"*, many eminent persons He nuwuh. J? ?^ 1656 a descriptive catalogue of t?ecoliecfln„" The Tradescants lived latterly at Lambeth and had a garden there with many ra^e nnd cu.-iou8 planu. They were the mea^>""of Introducing many new sner' of nlanta i«;i England. Died.'ieea. " - he death of thf> younger Tradtscan*, ^rr suit wal instituted for tne settlemc-nt o. the conflict mg claims of his widow and his fWend Ash- mole to the possession of the Museum The case was decided in favour of Ashmole, who afterwards grive the Museum to Oxford Uni- versity. It forms the principal part of the "Ashmolean Museum." i«"ioiine TKA JANUS, MAitcus Ulpius, Roman emperor, was born in Spain, a. d 62. He JPwUh »"** his father in the Parthian anS Jewish wars, and was consul in 91. He next served in 0.rmany, and his moral and mili- tary virtues not only endeared him to the army, but recommended him to the Emperor Nerva, who In 97 adopted him, and Sed him Cesar. Early in 98 he succeeded to the ^^^l"' "*.? ^^"^ justified by his wise and vigorous administration the hopes of Nerva, ??,riVl,V°J °^ ^'? subjects. A war with the Dacians began in loo, and occupied him three years. On the defeat of DecebaluT their king, Trajan had a triumph at Rom I' and received the surname of Dacicus. In 103 he appointed Pliny the Younger, who was his intimate friend, proconsnl of Bithv- nla; and the difficulty which Pliny felt as to the mode of dealing with the " new supersti- tion of the Christians led him to get inform- ation, and send to the emperor an impartial report, that he might have the benefit of his Judgment. This was the occasion of the im- portant rescript of Trajan establishing a legal mode of pro96eding against the Christians andillustratinghis justice andhumanity. 1 1 104 the second Dacian war broke out wh''h ended in 106 with the defeat and death of Decebalus, and the reduction of Dacia to a Roman province. Trajan then celebrated a f^''?'y*,„Vi""*P*'' *°^ ^« sanies exhibited lasted 123 days. For the next eight years the empire enjoyed peace, and Trajan applied himself to the duties of government and the execution of many important works for the improvement of Rome. In 1 14 he set out for the East, carried on war with the Parthian*, took Ctesiphon, Edessa, and other towns, subdued great part of Western Asia, and having deposed Chosroes, made ParthamatpJs king of Parthia. He then passed down the Tigris to the Persian Gulf, but being soon after seized with illness, he set out to return to Italy. Died at Selinns, in Cilicla, In 117. His ashes were carried to Rome. Trajan was deservedly named "Optimus" by the senate, for he was one of the wisest and best of the emperors. He was the first emperor who was not an Italian by birth. His most celebrated public works were the Forum Trajanl, in which the famous column was erected in his honour ; the bridge over the Danube, built during the second Dacian war 103« ■J ; with stone piers and wooden nrchcs ; the great road across the Tomptlne Marshes, and other roads ; and a theatre, library, and other buildings at Home. TllEDGOIiD, THOMAS, an eminent civil engineer, born near Durham, In 1788. Dur- ing the period of his apprenticeship, and while subsequently working as a carpenter, he was a diligent student of architecture and mathematics, and about 1813 he settled in London, talcing a situation in the office of Mr Atklnson.architcctto the Itoard of Ordnance. He continued and extended his studies, and began to employ himself in literary labours, contributing articles on various matters of Natural Philosophy to the "Philosophical Magazine," "Annals of Philosophy," and the " Encyclopajdla Brltanrlca." During the last six years of his life he was In prac- tice on his own account as a civil engineer. Among his works are—" Eleroentory Princi- ples of Carpentry," " Essay on the Strength of Cast Iron," " Practical Treatise on llall-roads and Carriages," and an admirable account of "The Stcant-Engine." The last named appeared in 1827, and after the author's death was republished, extended, und beau- tifully illustrated. This able engineer was of a weak constitution, and his health broke down under the heavy tasks be imposed on himself. He died in 1829. TREMBLEY, ABRAHAM, an eminent naturalist, was born in 1700, at Geneva. After having bjen tutor to the families of Lord Bentlnck and the duke of Klchmond, he returned in 1757 to his native city, where he became one of the members of the great council. He first acquired notice as a na- turalist by his " Memoirs on Fresh Water Polypes," and was admitted into the Royal Society, and other learned bodies. He also wrote '* Instructions from a Father to his Children on the Nature of Religion," " In- structions on Natural and Revealed Reli- gion," &c. Died, 1784. „ ,. ^ TRENCHARD, bir JOHN, an English statesman, was born of an ancient Dorset- shire family In 1650. He was educated at Oxford, and ailed to the bar ; first sat in parliament fc. Taunton in 1679 ; w nrreated and Imprisoned In 1683, on susp) \ of tak- ing part in the Ryehouse Plot j iiarrowly escaped hanging as a supporter of Mon- mouth's rebellion, and lived abroad several years ; and only returned at the revolution. He was a member of the Convention parlia- ment In 1689,and William III. acknowledged his services by making him chief justice of Chester and knight, and in 1693 secretary of state. Died, 1696. TRENCHARD, JOHN, a political writer of the Whig party, was born in 1662, in Somersetshire. He was of the same family as the preceding, was brought up to the law, but abandoned It, and was appointed com- missioner of forfeited estates in Ireland, and died in 1723. He wrote " The Natural His- tory of Superstition," and various political tracts and pamphlets; and, in conjunction with Gordon, a series of Letters on Civil and Religious Liberty, which appeared un- der the name of " Cato." TRENCK,FREDKniCK, Baron von, a Prus- sian officer, celebrated for bis adventures and 1024 misfortunes, was born In 1728, at KJiilm. berg, and made such rapid proRrcMlnhli studies, that, -it the age of 17, he woi pr,,. 8entedtotheking,FrederlcklI..nsintudjiit who was well worthy the royal patronm Frederick rapidly advanced him in thcamr and manifested much regard for lilmibi't the accomplishments of Trenck hRTiniiwon the heart of the Princess Amelia, ttieklng'i sister, his enemies took advantage of wme letters that fell Into their hands, and had him accused and arrested. He wai imprl. soned In the fortress of Glatz, butcontriTcd to effect his escape. He then viiitcd the north of Europe, Austria, and Italy. In 1768 ho was seized at Dantzic, and wai con- veyed to Magdeburg, where, loaded with Irons, he was for years incarcerated. On procuring his liberation, In 1763, he with- drew to Vienna, after which he went to Alx-la-Chapelle, where literature, politlci and commerce alternately engaged his atten- tion. He next went to reside at hit caitle of Zwerbeck, in Hungary, and while there h" published his own "Memoirs;" a booli which was greedily read all over Europe. In 1701 he settled in France, Joined the Jacobins, and. In 1794, was charged with be- ing a secret emissary of the king of Ftusija, and died by the guillotine. TRE88AN, LOVIS ELISABETH DK u Vergne, Count de, a distinguished French officer and writer, was born in 1705, at Mom; entered the army In 1723 ; was conspicuous for his valour during several campaign), particularly at the battle of Fontenoy ; wti appointed grand marshal of the court of Stanislaus, the shadow-king of Poland, in Lorraine, in 1750; was admitted into the French Academy In 1781, and died in 1'83. His works, published in 12 vols., contiiii his miscellaneous pieces, and his tranila- tlons of Amadis de Oaul, the Orlando Furioso, and severe! old French romaicei. He did not, however, wholl} confine himself to subjects of mere amusement, but pro- duced a" Treatise on Electricity," aadionie other works of science. TREVIGI, or TREVI80, GIROLAMO BA, Italian painter, was born at Treviso in H9" or 1508 He was probably the pupil of hit father, Plermaria Pennacchi, but he studied the works and Imitated the style of Raphael. He painted at Bologna, Venice, Genoa, and Trent ; leaving Genoa on account of the suc- cess of his rival, Perino del Vaga. He afte^ wards visited England, and was employed by Henry VIII. as architect and engineer. The reputed masterpiece of Trevigi is the pi^ ture of the " Madonna and Child enthroned," now in the National Gallery. It was paint- ed for the church of San Domenico at Bo- logna. "The Adoration of the Kings," painted from a drawing of Baldassnrc Peru!- zl, is attributed to this master. Both draw- ing and painting are in the National Gallery. Trevigi excelled In portraits, but Ills works are now rare. He was killed by a cannon- shot at the siege of Boulogne by his master, Henry VIII., in the autumn of 1M4. TREVOR, Sir JOHN, secretary of state to Charles II., was of an ancient Welsh family, and was born in 1626. At the Restoratioi he entered the service of the king, andw TEl] % Mtbi anibcraal Idiograpi^p. 1668 was sent on a diplomatic mission to France, where lio nogotlated tlie treaty of Alxla-Chnpollc, for peace between Franco ,, ind Spain. Tlie same your he wa» linishted || and made secretary of «tate,n post which ho held till hl9 death. He wns opposed to the base negotiation* which Charles II. carried on with Louis XIV., and after the passing of the Conventicle Act, endeavoured to re- itrain the persacution of the Nonconform- iits; but he appears to have had little influence on the course of affairs. Died, 1672. TRIBOLO, II., whose name was NiccoLO BBACCiNi, an eminent Italian sculptor, born It Florence, 1485. He was a pupil of Jacopo Sanaavino, and In 1525 was called to Bologna to direct the works at San Petronio. The iwelve bas-reliefs which he executed for the [doon of that church are considered his best works. He was employed at Home, at loreto and Florence, visited Venice with Cellini, and again worked at Bologna. Tri- bolo was the intimate friend of Vasari. Died at Florence, 1550. TRIB0NIANU8, a celebrated Roman law- yer, was born about the beginning of the 6th century, at Side, in Famphylia ; obtained [Tao reputation at the bar; and rose, through a by Justinus. iuccession of ctate offices, to those of consul and master of the offices. The Emperor Jus- tinian intrusted to him the superintendence of his proposed reformation of Jurisprudence, the result of which was the celebrated Code ind the Digest or Pandects, which would have transmitted his name with honour to posterity, had not his venality been at least equal to his talents. Died, 647 TftlMMEK, SARA, authoress of many popular.works for the young, was born at Ipswich in 1741. She was the daughter of Joshua Klrby, writer on Perspective, and married Mr Trimmer in 1762. She was at that time living at Kew, her father having the appointment of clerk of the works at the Palace. She did not make herself known as an authoress till 1780, when she published her ' Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature." Among her numerous writings was a Sacred History ■• In 6 vols. Besides her separate works she conducted for a time the "Family Magazine" and the" Guardian of Education," from both of which some of her own contributions were reprinted separ- ately. She died suddenly in 1810, and an Account of her Life appeared four years TRI8SIN0, GIOVANNI GIORGIO, an Ita- lian poet, was born in 1478, at Vicenza ; was educated at Rome and Milan ; was employed vL i^-,""'' ^'^ successor, Clement, on Tarlousdiplomaticmissions, and diedin 1658. Among his works are, " The Deliverance of Italy from the Goths," an epic poem ; a n^t"» "° "'^ "Art of Poetry," and the 7r THPv'^?.'^'^ "' " SoP'^onisba." Jokr w, ' ^^^^KUicic HENiiY, Sanscrit was ?''n, fn ^^.^^■^l? °^ Switzerland, and nl. ^ i° '^^'*; ^6 ^a» brought up at ^nfv itv*„?T'*?'''* 5»* education at the ofRo, n '^H ""'^'"' '^'^^'e ^^ was a pupil and?ht« ?' '^'*?'^ *<* England about 1841, i"?ant 1,1 J^a'i ''?'■. ^J? ^" appointed as- MMt^ the Printed Book Department of the British Museum. Ha wnn»~i ,„,. llussla, visited Turkey and^EKypiTd'r^n'' turning to England, obtained hS'.""" ment of professor of modern wf^o "'l the Taylor Institution, Oxford. In ^4^ a** attack of insanity com^ned h "reUreme^ after only two years' labour In his new nost Died near Odessa, 1854. He has left'^few written proofs of his abilities and acquire ments, except some articles on his snec^a subjects In the Penny Cyclopajdl ' aSd in the unfln shed Biographical Dictionary of THIVET, NICHOLAS, an English Domini- Ki?Vhn"* *« ^orfolk, 1268, was the son of ninoh"'" « ™''**' chief Justice of the King's K. ^"^ ^"' educated at Oxford and Paris, and was author of " Annulcs Kegum a^tlr^:, T^'f' P!''" °' » Dominican moT astery at London, 1328. ril^t^^^K ^"MPEIUS, a Roman hlsto- iiv?H T^"'.,''*"'" /" ^'*'"a Narbonensls, and lived in the reign of Augustus. Troeus wrote a Universal History, entitled "hi. toria, Phlllppica)," In T/'books, which i rill^H^f "'• H"* y"'"""" «' which are pre- bv T?,.Miyi'^° the epitome or abridgement rpn«n»J'.^°*^^: FRANCES, novelibt and mis- cellaneous wnter, was born in 1790 ; at the age of 19 married a barrister. Anthony Trol- }.„P„'i;i!*'"' •?? neither good fortune nor good vuftin' f"*^ '? ^^.2" was left a widow. She Ii?iV» ;^?*®'■*''.^ 1° "29, and attempted to establish herself there, but after three years returned to England; and urged by the ne- cessity and duty of supporting her family, she wrote in 1832 her " Domestic Life of the Americans," which brought her eonsiaerablo reputation In England, and called forth much angry criticism In America. From that time her narrations of travel and her novels followed in rapid succession for more than twenty years ; all bright, cheery, witty, and not at ail reflecting the shadow and sad- ness of her own life. Among the travels are. Pans and the Parisians in 1835 ; ■ 'Vienna ""^ the Austrians;" "A Visit i , Italy;" and Belgium and Western Gcrmnny." ■i?,']??"'^ *he novels—" Jonathan Jeffer- son Whitlaw;" "The Vicar of Wrexhill;" "Trsmordyn Cliff;" "The Widow Barna- °^'i *°,- J^^^ Trollope spent the last years of her laborious life at Florence, and died there, 6th October, 1863. The well-known writer, Mr Thomas Adoiphus Trollooe. author of the "History of the Comm6n- vrealth of Florence," " Life of Fllippo stroz- 21," and other works, is her son ; and the dis- tinguished novelist, Mr Anthony Trollope. Is nearly related to her. TROMP, MARTEN HARPERTZOON, the celebrated Dutch admiral, was born at the Brill, in 1597. He began to serve under his father in the navy at ten years of nge, and was captured and detained for two years by an English privateer. He gradually rose to distinction, and in 1637 attained the rank of lieutenant-admiral ; in which capacity he served against the Spaniards, captured many of their ships, and was created chevalier of 8t Michael by the king of France. In Oc- tober, 1639, he won a great victory over the ) , !( ) % i^eto ganibctanl 1fliogrgpl)P. [tru SoanUh fle.^t niid captured thirteen «»»««"• Jn» ho defeated llluWe. and •uUod up the nfannel Uh a broo.li at his mast head. Ano"hcr on^aRement took place In the Channel In February. 1083, T^^en tho^ButcU lo«t many of their ships, but Tromp sue ««n.!iil In savlnK the 300 morclmnt-shlps ho «■?. ronvovlnK. After commanding In sc- ve"rao?h"7ba?ilc. against tho KngU.h. thU great scamon fell In tho cngngeniont with ^"T"?6Kcoa^4^^^-VAN son of the pre- commander Ho early distinguished himself under Van Oalen In tho Mediterranean, afterwards against tho Algcrlno pirates, nnd In 1065 took part In the engagement of ?3lh Ju y with thS KngUsh fleet. Ho served "ndcr DC Kuyter against the EnK> "h, « ?660 and »n consequence of a quarrel with S'SSmlral. was deprived of hi. commU- slon, which, however, was restored to him bv William, prlnco of Orange, In 1673. Ho was again employed on various occasions, visited England, and was made a baron by C»*arles II. 1 was created a count l>y tho king of Denmark, and on Do Kuyter'. death re- ceived tho appointment of Heutenant-ad- miral-general of the United Provinces. Died "VhShN. ''theodoiie, an eminent ph"K. was^orn in 170a. at Oencya^ and being maternally related to Lord Boimg- broke.ho was sent t.. England, to bo edu- ced at Cambridge. He 'tndled inedlclne under Hocrhaavo, at Leyden ; and having Uken the degree if M.D., ho flr-f eUled at Amsterdam, anu afterwards at his native d^y but subsequently removed to rarls on being appointed physician to the duke of Orleans. Tronchln was a man of consum- mato skin in his profession, and of great be- npvolence He was tho friend of Voltaire, Sseau and many othercelebratcd charac- S wSo Co euloglzedhls talents and hi. virtue, in their writings. Died, 1761. ""troVteB, TUOMA8, M.D., an eminent medical writer, was a native of Roxburgh- Xlre, and edicated at the university of Edinburgh. After being duly qualified, he was appointed a surgeon in tho navy in r782; obtained his doctor's degree at I^diu- burgh,in 1788; was aPP«'nted physlclun to ?he rof al hospital at Portsmouth, n 1793.and n the following year. Phy«io»ttn to the fleet He Introduced many ImprovemenU Into the medical discipline of the navy ; was indefa- Ugable In his endeavours to mitigate the pernicious effects of scurvy ; and was com- pletely successful in repressing a putrid Fever which broke out among the French prisoner, taken on the 1st of June, 1794. On hi. retirement from the public service, he.et- tled at Newcastle as a Phylcian ; and died there in 1832. He wrote many useful works, Nautloa, or an Essay on the Diicuici of 8e«. men," a "Treatise on Scurvy," a'liivicw of tho Medical Dopartmi'iit of tho Drlilih Navy," " Tho Noblo I'oundllne," atragcdj; a volume of poems, Ac. TUIUlllV v»» pOll«.»p TUOUOHTON, KDWAUU, a cclcbraN tt- tronomlcal instrument maker, was born tt London, In 1753. H« bccanui a psrtnpr In tho business curried on by several mcmhcri of his family, took the deepest intereitln ill the details of his work, and cnrncit nlniielfa distinguished name among nclcnllflc men by tho numerous Improvements he iIctIjcJ In astronomical lustrumonts. Died, 1835. Hli bust, by Chan trey , was placed In the Obierya- tory at Orecnwlch. TlloWllUinaB, Blr THOMAS, baronet, llrttish admiral, began his service In tho navy un:lcr Admiral Hughes ia tho F,a»t Indies, ottaining the rank of post captain In 1782. Taken prisoner by tho French In \'H, ho recovered his liberty at the great baiilc won by Lord Howe over the French flccton tho 1st J uno of that year. As commander of the Cullodcn he took a distinguithcd part In tho defeat of tho Spaniards by Sir John Jmls, off Capo 8t Vincent, in February, lJ9I,anJ afterwards served under Nelson, in the He I ditcrranean. HI. exertions beforehand ton trlbuted to the victory of tho Nile, but he was accidentally prevented from tailing pirt in the battle. In 179!) ho took thccaiileof ftan Elmo, Naple., and before the clote of tho year wa. made a baronet. He lerved u captain of tho Channel fleet In 1801, lu made a. lord of the Admiralty, and In M «• talncd the rank of admiral. Ho lailedfiom Madras In the Hlenhelm In January, IWI, and probably perished with his ship andtrtw in a .torm soon after. TllOY, FRANQOis DE, a French palntir, was born at Toulouse, In 1645; and dWit Paris, in 1730. His principal petformiacfi are in the Hotel do Ville and the chutcliot St OenevUve, nt Paris. TKOVON, CONSTANT, the diitingtiliW French landscape nnd animal painter,™ born at 84vres, in 1813. His employmeiitli the celebrated porcelain works of thatton first brought out his genius for palntiH, and. after studying under Hiocreux.forwlto study of nature h« travelled in the Mtl Picturesque districts of France and in Hol- land. He began to exhibit at the ajerf twenty, and from that time hecontin rite work indefatigably at his art, and attalMl high distinction. He was a member »IU« Academy of Amsterdam, and of fkeim of HonSur. Among his most cekhiM work, are the " Bocufs au Labour, IH "Fo"e Limousine,"" March* d;Anta..«,: "la Valine do la Touque en Mrmin", " 08 Chienscourants au Ucpos," ' le B >« jL la Ferme," &c. M. Troyon atl"''^''* mense fortune by his works, and dieiW ""tKUMBULL, JOHN, an eminent A«J^ can painter, born at Lebanon, Conn irt Tm'- ',CZ':zi„oin»\ '■ I settled in hi. native country in "'''"rji of which th«. following are ;*e principal I wU^^^ ^^ tbeexecution^ ■ Medical and Chemical Eway.," 1026 , sir THOMAS, baronet, )CKan his service In tho ral HuKhcs In tho Gait he rank of iiosl-cnpiain In ncr by tho French in 1;m, iberty at the great Iwtile over the French flceton it year. As commander o( ok a (listlnftuiihcd part in luniarUs by Hir John Jmis, It, In February, lJ97,anJ under McUon, in the He- exertions beforehand con- 'Ictory of the Nile, but he prevented from tailing pirt 1 1799 ho took thccaitleof I, niid before the cloie of o a bnronet. He lerved u !hnnncl fleet in 180i, «u ! Admiralty, and in IM at- f admirnl, Ho taiied (nini llcnheim in January, iWI, shed with Ills ship andCRW fter. lOis DF., a French piltttr, louso, in 1645 ; and ditdit His principal perfoimuttt do Ville and the chuicliof Paris. N8TANT, the dlitingtiitW )e and animal paintet,™ n 1813. His emplojnienlli orceloin works of thatton It his genius for paintin, ng under Hiocreux.torwlto 5 h« travelled In the BMt tricts of France and in U a to exhibit at the age of m that time he contlnuedto »blyat his art, and alliiiM 1, He was a member ol W osterdam,andoftheU|to .mong his most celebnW " Hocufs au Labour," i« line," " March* d'Anmuu,^ la Touque en KomnnWi irant8auKepo8,""leBet« ;. M. Troyon acquiredauB- by his works, and died JM I J, JOEK. an eminent Aiseri- ,m at Lebanon, ConneciinU finishing his studies «Hu^ ty. he served in tli* 7." and was «»'»««»«« ,t, in England. H «J lattve country n 178, urfJI to the execution oi«t«T| TRU] m i^tto etnibergfll ^logrnpl)!). cherished project, of painting a scries of pictures in illustration of the war. Among (hose ho exeeutod ore tho " Hnttic of Hunker Hill," "Death of Ooneral Montgomery," "Signers of the Drclaration of Indcprnd- ence," "Surrender of Hnrgoyne," "Hurrendor of Cornwailis," and " Washington surren- dering his commission." The lust four were commissioned by the government of the Inited Htntes.nnd are now In tho Capitol at Washington. The pluturoa remaining in Us own possession ho presented to Ynio College. In 1817 he was named president of Iho American Academy of Arts, and died nt New York, In 181.1. THUMBUMi, Sir WIM.IAM, an English itatesman, was born at East Ilumpstcad, in llerkshire, in 1030. He studied at Oxford, and having taken tho degree of doctor of laws, wiiB admitted to practice in Doctors' Commons. After this ho was employed in itatc affairs, and In 1C84 receive '. tho honour of knighthood, He went on diplomatic mis- ilons tr< Vaiis nnd Constantinople ; was sub- icquently made a lord of the treasury and iccretary of state; and died in 1710. 8ir William WHS tho friend of Drydcn and tho patron of I'opc, in whose corretpondenco are many of his letters. TUUKO, THOMAS WILDK, Haron, lord chancellor of England, whoso career afTords an eminent illustration of the power of talent and industry to win for their poesessor the highest oflices in the state, was born in 1782. He received his early educa Jon at St Puul's School, was articled to his father, a solicitor, in Warwick Square, nnd admitted an at- torney in 1805. Soon after his admission he entered into partnership with Mr Knight, and practiscdinCastlcStreet.Falcon Square, with much industry and ability. For more than ten years he remained a member of this firm, when he abandoned the humbler branch of his profession, and was called to the bar of tho Inner Temple in 1817. In his new career ho soon became the undisputed leader" of his circuit. Together with Messrs «rougham andDenman,he was en- gaged as a junior in defending the cause of Queen Caroline, .'a distinction which ma- terially added to his professional reputation, though it accounted for the fact that he never attained to political oflSco during the reign of George IV. In Easter Term, 1824. ne was made a sergeant-at-lnw, and in 1827 a king s sergeant. In this position he dis- playeaan intimate and practical knowledge «iu '"T'-""^''*"^* labour, and indefati- gable zeal in tho interest of his clients. In hi fi V *' ",'"Vned to parliament as mem- tlm i^^^^^^^h'" '^^''='' ««w". «tthat time, no? l~f! °\ "J^ ''"''« °^ Newcastle was Z JL ^'^*".* ^? " afterwards became. Upon te/w L^'",""''?"''*^'''-' *n December, but 're^nJ^oH "m ®"®* ''y » »"«» majority elected ?o?fh<.''h'' '""V? 18^*' ^hen he was MrwnnL ,.- '"'?%'' *° conjunction with iflrit DO Zt Z"',^ '^"'"°"«- I" 1839 his ike WMpromoted tobe .ttomtJ-gJier^l/ani [tuc nt tho same time was clorinci v i> <> ^7~" cester. whieh he co" ited 'o'^rep.e'ionYuii ho was raised to tho peeruKe ii.. .i!;. r ou. question of pnrflamTtnry"'prlvl Z' he delivered a mn.tcrly inci eh wV^i V ■ ".J the House enchained for ^.pw'rd. of"th? ^ hours, and which was pronounced even by his opponenu to be a consummate triumph of egalieasoning. Mharing the vlcls.ltXof tho Whig party when tho I'roteetionUu re- venged the repeal of tho corn-laws. by de- posing Sir llobert Peel, In July. ih4b Hlr Thomas Wilde w,;s agal'n appol^ ounmore. Died, 1855. r«r: VII i W",V brought up as nn apothe- cary but entered into orders, and for a time Officiated ns a curate. He published abridg- ments of popular sermons, printed In Imitn- tlon of maauscript, for the use of tho pulpit ; i»J'.*"l';*''' °"' * profitable speculation, and led to his commencing business as a book- seller, by which, and the numerous compila- tions ho produced, ho realized a good for- tune. Did, 1820. TSOHIHNHAUSEN.EHRENPniED WAI.- THER VON, German mathematician and natural philosopher, was born at Kieslingi- wald, in Upper Lusatia, in 1C51. He was of a noblo family, and after studying at the univerNlty of Leydon, served a short time in the army of the Netherlands, nnd then travel- led through the principal countries of Eu- rope. He had continued his scientific studies and In 1082 made himself invourably known by announcing before tho French Academy of Sciences his discovery of the curve called the epicycloid," one of those subsequently named, from their peculiar properties and thediscoverer, "the Crtttj«c»ofT8chirnhaus- en." He was received associate and after- wards member of the Academy The con- structica of burning-glasses of extraordinary power next engaged his aMention,and ha procured the establishment of several glass- works in Saxony. Among the lenses which he made were two, double-convex. 3 feet in d.aineter, which were powerful enough to bum green wood and fuse thin slips of iron. One of them was presented by the duke of Orleans to the French Academy, and the other was given by tho maker to the Emperor Leopold. The Saxon porcelain manufacture originated In a discovery of this eminent man. Besides various scientific memoirs contributed to the academy ,T8chirn- hausen was autho» of" Medicina Corporis," and " Medicina Mentis." Died in 1708, and had a pompous funeral at the expense of the elector of Saxony. TUOKEB, Abbaham, an EngUsh phlloso- pher, vrat b om in London, In 1705. He was 1027 f . * ; ; 1 'M „ P' TUO] % i^ctD Stnibersal 19iograpI)B. educated at Morton Collfgo. Oxford, nnd tnen iludlcd law at tlio IniiiT Temple, but wni never eullnd to tlio bar. In iTil be be- came owner of u larKe e»tntcat Hetchworth, 111 Hurrcy, and ihencororth paid Kreat at- tention to oKrlculturc. llo married In 17:i(l. and after elKlileen years of unuituul nuptial content, lo»t bU wife, who K'ft blm two dauKbteri. To dull the tliwrp Mnso of bl« »orrow ho Is said to have copied twice over all the Uttcm of his wife ; and soon after beunn tho preparation of the work on which his reputation rests,-" The MRbt of Nature pursued." It was published In 4 vols., In 170J, a short portion of It having separately appeared two years previously, under the tltlo of " rroe-wlll, ForeknowledKC, and fate." On tho first appearance of this work the author assumed tho name of " Kdward Search." Three additional volumes were published after his death, under tho care of Ills eldest dtuiKhtcr, Judith, who had devoted herself offectlonately to hU service In his literary labours, ond especially during tho last three years of his life, when ho had bo- come blind. Tucker's work is unsystemotlc, very prolix. nnd full of repetition ; practical, and not sclontittc In its aim ; and grounds everything in morals on cxpodicncy. Hence Paley's praise and acknowledgn>enl of ob- lijiatlon to It. Tho interest and charm of the book U nevertheless consliferablo. It is orlaluttl, honest, full of good sense, exact observation , and admirable illustrations from the homeliest sources, and has n vein of Kenuluo humour running through it. lucker died In 1774. A new edition of "The Light of Nature pursued " was published In 1803 by Sir Henry P. St John Mildmay, son of Tucker's youngest daughter. It has been several times reprinted, and was abridged by Uazlltt, in 1B07. „ , , , . TUCKEU, JosiAH, political economist, was born In l?U,in Caormarthenshire ; was educated at S- John's College, Oxford ; and was successively curate of All Saints, and rector of St Stephen's, Bristol, minor canon nnd prebendary in tho cathedral, nnd denn of Gloucester. During the American war ho published many pamphlets, and strenuously recommended the separation of tho coloniew from Great Uritaln, as conducive to theit mutual interest. Hut ho especially distin- guished himself by his able tracts on com- merce, in which he preceded Adam Smith in advocacy of free trade. He died in 1709. TUCKER, 8t George, an Americon lawyer and statesman, dlstinguiahed in his own country by tho title of "The American Blackstone," was a zealous promoter of tho independence of the United States, and boro a part in iu accomplishment, not only with his pen, but his sword. Died, 18'23. TUCXEY, JAV.KS KINGSTON, traveller, was born in 1778, at Greenhill, In the county of Cork ; entered the navy at an early age, wot to India in 1794, was employed in sur- ve ing the coast of New Souch Wales, was taken prisoner by the Frcn 'i in 1805, and remained in captivity till 1814. Ho was then selected to command the expedition for exploring the river Congo, where ho died, in 181C. He was the author of " Maritime Geo- graphy and Statlstui," iu 4 vols., written 1029 [n-i during his Imprisonment, besides Namtliii of bis voyages to Australia and Congo. TUDELA. HKNJAMIN OV. [ItKXJAMlN,] TULL, JKTUno, agriculturist, wu i native of Oxfordshire, and born abouiluo. Ho studied at the Temple, and was adniltini a borrlster ; but, returning from hit uvt\i, ho settled on his paternal CBtnte.onddeiotdi himself to agriculture. Tull wuk thcinmior of the horse-hoeing system of liuiljnii(lr;,oi| which he wrote a treatise and vurlmuiratH. These were reprinted by Mr Cobbclt, who warmly espoused the system. TULIiUSH0STILlU8,tblrd»iDWif'ilkin| of Homo, nnd successor of Numn. lili rel|pi was a series of wars, with Allm, Vcij.md tho Sablnes. Tho legend of the famouKoin- bat between tho Horatll and Curiatll (onni part of the story of the Alban war. TULV, NICHOLAS, an eminent phjilclun nnd distinguished patriot, \\a» born at Am. sterdam, in 1693. lie not only rote to emi- nence in his profession, but, being elected burgomaster of Amsterdam at a very id. Ykncod ago, he so strenuously encourtged his countrymen in their resistance to the invasion of Holland by Louii XlV.,\n\«l, that a silver medal was struck to hli honogr with tho motto, " Vires ultra lorttuiqucK' nectte." TUNBTALL, or T0N8TAL, CUIHUSM, nn eminent English prelate, was born it Hatchford, in Yorkshire, about UU. He held various appointments, legal and eccle- siastical ; In 1518 he was made Maiterofihe llolls,and thesame year wasscntnmbassador, with Sir Thomas More, to the emperor, Charles V., then at liruaseU. Ir. lo22lie «ii made bishop of London, in the followlBj year appointed keeper of the prlvy-senl.ud in 1630 ho was translated lo the tee of Diir ham. Under Edward VI. he was wnt » the Tower, where ho remained till tlieaccei- sion of Mary, when ho obtained his rdeue, nnd was restored to his bishopric. He con- ducted himself with great moderiitlondurinj this sanguinary reign, and would not lulet any Protestants to bo molested in hisdioce*. On tho accession of Elizabeth he was tgiii deprived, nnd committed to the custodjol Archbishop Parker, at Lambeth, wliere lie aied in 1559. ^ „. TUUHEUVILLB, OEOKGE, an EngW poet, was born at Whitchurch, in Dcrwl; shire, about 1530. After being cducatedit Winchester and New College, Oxford, le became secretary to Sir Thomas Kandopi, ambassadov at the court of Russia, of w^rt country he wrote a description, in wn poetical epistles. He published " Sonp^ Sonnets," translations of the , Ho ™ Epistles of Ovid," and " Tragical lal* Died, probably about 1600. -rUllENNE, HENKI DK LA TOtIS DA • VERUNE, Viscount de, the great Frenrt general, was born at Sedan in 10 .Hewn second son of the duke of Bou"'»"'«^; tinsuisbed Huguenot leader, and t"f'«") Sssau,dau|uter of William I., pr.^^^^^ Orange, and was bjougbt up a l'<> «", In his fourteenth year he was ^nt to HM land, where he learnt the art o« waru»d(* uncles, Maurice and Heir, y o N^:,^ to Paris as a hostage by his motier.uM tor] dowiger-diichcti, In 1030, lio wn« nt (incn ap- folnloU t() A commnnd In tho I'lcnch army le attained tho rnnk of Mnr^^chnl ilii cninp inlA34i diatiiiRuUhod liliiiM'ir In tliH cnni- IMiRDi In Oprinnny and Flnnderi, and In \m wfli mndo lioutennnt-Kcncral. T«ru ycnrn later lio aorvcd under Count d']lnr- court In Itnl]r,nnd rondnrcd vnlnnlile icrvlce It the •Ipk" of 1'oHn. In 164.1 ho wiis em- ployed to rc(>r«unlzo the nrniy of (Jurmany, of which ho held tho command till the pi-aco of Wpttphalin, to tho concluilon of \t hich lili exertions and luccPMea grcntly con- tributed. Ono of hli moit famou* exploits «ai the conduct of the retreat after the btttio of MurlcnthnI in 1049. About three month! later lie irnlncd or con'ributed to tbe TlctoryofNurdllngcn over tho Imperial- iiti. For a ihort time Turonno retired to HolUnd, then nlllod hims.'lf with tho piirty of the Froiido, wim defeated at Uht^tel, nnd won making hln pence with tho court, took toinmand of the roynllst foices in 1092. jio ,»•• now the odvcrbary of the prince of ConcW, whom he had recently aided nnd K"t r(lcau'(i from Imprlionment. The campniKn wai mcctMfully conducted, nnd the war of |tho Fronde terminated. In I6.'i3 begun his iplcndid campnlKPi In tho Nethorlnndt, where Condi coinninnded nKnlnut him. and which only termlnntcd with tho pence of llio PjrrcnecB, concluded In 1090, soon after tlie defeat of Cond« at the buttle of tho Diinci. In lOCO he wns named by LouU XIV. niarihal gencrol of tho armies of the king. After the death of his wife ho re- nounced Protestantism, and wos rcceircd, in 1688, Into the Catholic church ; n change |lic li laid to have long meditated. Turcnne was again called to active service in 1072, when he was named generalissimo of tho IF'cneh army In Hollond. In this wor ho Had for his opponent Montecticulll, and ho carried tho war Into the heart of Germany with brilliant success ; butsulliedhls reput- ation by the devastation of tho palatlnato, in which thirty villages were burnt. This great man, whoso privote life was as pure ■as his military career wos glorious, was shot While making prcparntion for an engage- ment near Satzbach, 27th July, 1679. His rcma.ni, placed nt first in the church of Ht iJeuls, were removed to the church of tho ' n^Mr^'^^y *"'''*' of Napoleon, In 1800. i URQOT, Anne uobeut Jacques, con- fro ler-gcneral of Finance to Louis XVI., K... J" m' ^,'*''''' "' »" ancient and lllus- Ee fin^hnn''' '; "^l «« *«' educated at Bhe Sorbonne, for tho career of an ccclcsl- ■Mtic, and had there for fellow-pupils (tho M,.^?""^'' ""* •>" J^nd no heart for he church, and turning to the profession of Reanert'.'^*i? oPPotnted In 1793 Master of he^ .,n^' ^'"''"'"g J" his leisure hours ;*rt '»^y of. ancient literature, physlcol laSv .T."'""^' ^^ »'««='»'ne 'ho friend of UMna?ln?n '"•'"' """^ particularly of iread? ""LGo^'nay- '""'''"« economists, eremf Ln f '^"."* important fiscal, com- lntend»;iJl^.''^*' ^^^ responsible post bf iitendant of Limoges. He began at bnce to 3_^/'"_®rt^»'w«nI UloVrRpfiB. [tub forced labour, for tho con,^?uriiol IV*"* '7 .n.l now ro.,rs, the .ll>U?r.ulU?«n„"i ","'!: ands, Ac. On the nrcrs.lon of i"u?s xvt *'''«'',''" *«• most titled for, that of controlhir general of I'lnnncc, or first in I n ••er. The task before him wi, vau'nn 1 . fn/^'ff *'.?':*' il«'volutlon in hi. head." he sot hlmsolf honestly, fcirlessly, nnd with c enr Insight to execute It. Jlo aimed n tho suppression of servitude and privilege' vin«-w '"'"/'•^ • '■•»'» "^tntuto labour, pro vinccs from their barriers, commerce from nternal duties, trudo from ts Sfes nn astly. to make the nol.lllt- and clergy c,?,^^.' r.uT *" *^'' •"' " "" - ""• made nob es. ana uniting in their common e.iuse thev assailed him with various chnrgrVn 'a tom- " fh«i„ I '•''"' T'^ J"*' written to hlin- fflfViii i " ''''• ""'hor of various works! Tf hi"!' "L"" '«'"'"*••. and wns a member ?e..»„» '^'^"•'•""y »' Inscriptions. HU In »r«v»/ *'•'"""■• »• minister scrlouMy ng- gravoted tho attacks of gout to whiJh ho had been sublcet, and ho died tl 2o'h cScT- '"'"«"»I'ToofT'.li"go?°bSl TUHNKUUB, ADlllBjf, a distinguished French classical scholar, born nt I e.A'^,"dc^^^^^^ in Normondy, in I9ia, Ho studied with nlVf« "°"/u* '*"'•• ■"«' *"» appointed professor of humanity at Toulouse, whore '""}'"« •'«m«lf a great roputntlon In 1947 ho was cnllcd to Paris to till tho chnlr of Greek and Latin, and among tho nun cr- Henry Htephcns, tho learned printer. He bj^came, in 1952, Joint superintendent, with S!>T'' "' •'■" ' ">"' J'«'n«'nKOflicc forGroek book., and in 1593 circhnnged this post for u.' ,°L '"'';' P'ofessor. The reputation which Turncbu, enjoyed as n scholar was motchod by tho esteem In which he was neid a. a man; and he numbered nmong hi. nriends some of tho grente.t of his con- S°^"i^*~*'"°1*"'8'"^' I''"Aplt»l, and Do Thou. His works, consisting chiefly of crlticol and philological treatises, nnd Latin trans ntlon. of Greek authors, were col- lected and published in 3 vols, folio. This doc. not, however, include his detached ob- serration, entitled "Adversaria," which TUllNBR, I)r Edward, M.D., F.R.8 professor of chemistry at University Col- lege, London, wa. bom at Jamaica, in 1797 • wo. educated in England, graduated as doctor of medicine in Edinburgh, and after- ward, .pent two years at Gottlngcn, under Professor Stromcyer, in close application to tho kindred .clence. of chemistry ond inlnernlogy. He wns appointed professor of chemistry In the London University on its foundutlon in 1828 ; and by his talenU and 1089 'I I I u nvn w I'T il |{i!i. ^^p/ iimi ■ii'. 'M'I ^E' -i ^. V km ■BUjUj^^l •" ' ' •> ^^ i II A, «■ li ■ ■'! ^H !p ' : H f?^ . 1 \ ^1 jl.'f , ^ A "■ ' ^1 li ' i ■ i t ' f . 1 if, f 1.; 1 ; fl .? fl vr^ } ^ ; } . ^^1 • T * a, j ^H ' '- ! , , H 1 , " , ' ^^1 1 1 1 1 'i\ 7 9 ,\ . . . . J Jill \ m m k^^am lndof»llf«blo emertloni, hli moral qu«mie» and •monlty of Umiprr, he wnt ndmlrably MlWd f')V llio illuatlnn lin iipd, 1837. Tl'llNKU, I'KANnn, blihop of Kly, wai one of iho iOYCii bUbopt pro»euutod for rn- ■MliiiK tbo royiil nuthorlly In ccclMlnitloiil «lfiilr» unilrr Jiunr* Hi yet ho rofiiwd to UU(3 ihnonth of nlle-Bliinio to AVllllnm III., An>( wii« I'onicqupnily deprlvoil of hi* •««. DIpiI 1700. Ho wrot(l hit valuiiblii " Ac- iconntof nn Knihii»»jr to tlio (!ourt of the To- lihno Umn in Thihi-t," fti;. Died, INO'i. TIIUNKR. HiiAiiON, the wt'll-knnwii hlt- loriun of tlio AnKl<>-^iiXi>n«, wiia horn in London, I7«H. llitvInK choiitn tho law for d:* prurculon, hn wni artli-leil to nn ntlor- gcjr at thu aRi* of lA. Thu dnith of hit mm- ttr bpforn hl» urtlclviof clcrkililp wi're ux- plrort left him free tn decide on hit future career ; but lit tlm nugRoitlon of nn old clifnt, wlin prumiiicd him tupport, ho took up thu butini'M, And notwithitnndInK tho K^'nt imount of timo occuplfd hy liU literary piir- lulti, hfl contlnuvd to conduct a lurno pro- fewional bu«inc»i. UU chief work* arc, thr "Hlntoryof Knglcndfroin thocnrllcit I'crlod 10 till" Dtiilli of I'.ii.; ihoth," and tho " Hucrcd Hlntory of tho World i" they have been rc- ptHiCdly reprinted, nnd form part of the lUndiird literature of the country. Rhortiy btfore liii lioath ho publlihed a pourn, en- titled " llichord III." Died, 1817. TUKNKH, T. IIUDHON, a dlstlnRuiahcd Britlih ari'ha.'olo({l»t, and for aome time se- cretary of tho Archa>oloRlcnl Initltute, wni originally brought up na a printer, nnd Re- quired a tast') for nntlciuaiian pursuit*, which led to hli obtulnlnff a situation In the record olBce In the Tower. Hero ho mode ict'vo u^c of the fiicllltles thus afforded him for research. He Is understood to have eoii- irlbuled larKcly to the " Athenicum ; " nnd hit published works consist of a volume of "Early Household Kxponscs," edited for tho UuxburKhe Club, some papers In the ArchBolonicul Journiil," nnd the learned work " On tlio l>omc8tic Architecture of tho IMiddlo Aifi'H." Died, 1H92, In his IlTth year. j TUKNKU, WiM.iAM,an Kn^llsh natural- ist nnd divine of the IGth century, wns horn at Morpeth, In Northumberland; wns edu- cated niPcnihrokc Hull, Ciimbrklge ; hccnmo dean of Wells, and died In 1368. He wrote, among other things, a " History of riants," which is tho earliest KuRllsh herbal. Tho first part appeared In 1851, and tho second eleven years later. He was also author of •cveral theoHuical works. TUHSliLUNUS, H0RATIU8, tho Latin form of the name of Orazio Torselmno, a learned Italian Jesuit, was born in Rome In 1545. At tho OKo of 17 ho entered tho Order of Jesuits, was afterwards employed as teacher In various scMluurles, and during twenty years held the post of rector of tho Roman College. Ho was espcclnlly dis- tinguished ns a Latin scholar, and published, m 1598, a valuable treatise entitled, " Do mticulis LatinoB Oratlonis," which has been many times reprinted. He was also author of an interesting Life of 8. Francis jJUvler, and a short Universal History, both m ivatin.and frequently republished. The irench translation of tho Universal HIs- ^Y,^"' ^"■■"*' ^y •"^'•er of the parliament, TiToaAT,""^"'""* ^'«'' »t llome in 1599. «.<„: - °'^'"^»"'e.the well-known pro- prictcssof the wax- work collection in the metropolis, was born in «eme,17C0. Adopted by her uncle, M. Curtius, an artist In Paris, b*eamT"'f ^'l'.'*'" '='"''y 'n "fe. »nd soon t>ecamc, under kls care, so proficient in tho [ twi flnu arn that th« rrciivtd the appolntn"!^ XVI., Whose sulTerlnK* tht wiinoss.d, .nd In sumo nienturn participated. In iBoa ,h, came to Knidund, iind eomiiienred her rihi huion. triivellinK with It from town to town • but In lH\i. while ct'otsliig over to Ireland' tho vessel In whieh she hud embarked was wrecked, and her Roodly colleitlon fell a prey to the waves. Nothing dnniued by this disaster, tho enterprising nrliHe begun the world anew, with what siieeeai, nil who have beheld her Interesting exhiliitlon, which la Justly considered one of " tho alghis " of the metropolis, can teatlfy. Died, April Ifl.lHSO. TlIHHUll, TiloMAH, nn early Knglish poet, was born nbout Iftlfl, at lllvenhnll, In Ksxcx. After having been a chorister at Kt Taul's, ho wns educated at Kton, nnd nt King's College, Cambridge ; spent 10 yenra at court under the putronago of Lord I'nget, and then heeamo u fanner In Huffolk, where ho composed a hook on husbandry, and dedi- cated It to his patron His work Is in homely verso, nnd Is entitled " I'lvc Hun drcd I'olnis of Good Husbandry." It was Hrst published In 1487, but wns subsecguently considerably enlarged. ' 1, about IflHO. TWEDDKLL, John, a highly accomplish- ed scholar, was born in 17«a,ntThreepwoo4, near Hexham ; was educated rtrst at Hart- forth School, Yorkshire ; next under Vr I'arr; nnd, lastly, nt Trinity College, Cam- hrldge, of which ho became n fellow In 1702 ; gnlned tho highest honours in classics at the university ; became a student of the Middio Temple; began his travels In 1795, and, after remaining nbrond four years, died suddenly at Athens In 1790. He cxnmlned with Intense interest the rcmnlnsnf nncient art, had drawings mndo by n French nrtlst who nccompanled him, nnd kept a regular Journal of nil noteworthy occurrences nnd objccta during his travels. It wns known that ho hod nmassed large materials with a view to publication ; but tho manuscript of tho observations which ho made In his Journey was unfortunately and somewhat mysteri- ously lost in tho course of transmission to England. AH that is left to us of the pro- ductions of this proiT.nr dppnrtmfnt; to tlio llouso nf Com- 10(1 Ilia si'uutlnninKCB hiinscli [o litcrntuic. f tho Uiiynl and Ami- iiU one of tho curaiors of 11. Among his worki ' OliRuccr'8 Canterbury "liowley'g I'oems," the roves to he tlie coiiiposi- ; also " Disserlutio de I Euripides," &c. Died, ), pliyfiicinn.wasbomat il educated at Mnsdnlcn lecamc a mcinborof the isandtlieUovalSocictv; in to IJcdliur ai.il r.rid'e- Tyson was n very skilful lie writer; h" miblishod I rorpoiso," "The Ana loinpiircd with that of a d nMnn.withariilloio ncerning tho I'igmlcsof several tlcvcr essays in ransnetiuns. Died, ITCS. L,a Flemish painter.born In historical compoii- 'as very little inferior to 92.— He had two sons, 10 note, but less eminent , on eccentric, laboriotu, rns born nt Brechin, in Ilis first worli, entitled 9t Important Subjects of id lleligion," was printed elt, without any manu- atever, but just as the ind. His other principil stem ,)t Geography," t torical, and Commercial ;ory of Edinburi!h,"anil on of Virgil's Ecloguet. ■al period! nl works, viz. stnr, the Ocul'eman and he Weekly llcview.ie, {ely to the Encyclopedii g joined the society of u People," he was ool- America, in 1805. lAM, nn historical and Br, was boni nt Edin- is educated at the tini- ive city; followed the, r to the signet; and died; pal work is, " An IIi«to-l iquiry into the Evidcncei Mary, Queen of Scot!."! tributor to the Transac- •gh Antiquarian Society, J of the vice-president!. ANDKll Frasee, lord of tho preceding, ™ nburffh, in which city ne ;r having been professor r at the university, ami ?cotIand,he was raised to ttt] the bench, and took his aeat ns Lord Wood- houselec, in 1802; and on tho elevation of lx)rdHopc to tho presldcnt'8 chair in 18! I, I he was appointed a commissioner of Jus- ticiary. Among his works are, "Decisions iof the Court of Session," a treatise on "Mnrllp.l La IV," " Elements of Oenerni HIs- \ tory," " An Essay on tho Principles of Trans- lntion,""An Historical and Critical Essay on the Life of Petrarch," and "Mcir.oirs of the liifc and Writinga of Lord Karats." Died, \m. TYTLER, PATUiCK FnASFji, nn eminent historian, son of the preceding, was born, i 1790. After the usual curi-iculum of a Scotch education, ho was enrolled a member of tho faculty of advocates in 1813. Jlut ho soon turned from the law to tho pursuit of let- ters, his first adventure being n volume of travels in Franco in 1811 or 181,^. But tho work which first gave him a place of note in the world of letters, was his " Life of the Admirable Crichton," which reached a se- cond edition In 1823. The same year saw the ! publication of his" Account of tho Life and ; Writings of Sir Thomas Craig, of Riccarton, including Hiographicnl Sketches of the most eminent Legal Characters," &c. Hut the work by which his name has become most widely known is his " History of Scotland," the first volume of which appeared In 1828, and tiio ninth and last In 1843. During tho composition of his great work, he found lei»uro to give several others to the world. ^i^to gantfttrenli ISIograp^g. [UHL Ho contri'uted to Mr Murroy't Famllr w'riK?"r;o\'i!'r^»"!AS AVorthies" (1832-3.) For the L?nh..«h cabinet library, ho wrote an " m."toH?a^ Vlow of the Progress of Discovery on the more Northern (.'oasts of Aniprica " (I6vl\ T »^'.?"^«" ^V""^'' l'«'«5" 0832 , aid' t'!f.,"I''f« "f "onry VIII." ^IH.17); beiiues editing various other works tho materiaU for which ho had collected in the state paper offlce. A pension of £200 a year was ♦r„« .V'm "H^u *''"I ••'"■'"» '•'" «dmi«>i8tra- tion of Sir llobert Peel. Mr Ty tier's constl- tutlon was never robust, and it groduallv gave way under tho exhausting labours of a nternry ife. During a lingering illness of mind and body, he wandered over the con- tinent in search of heolth, and returned to England, only to die In the land for the illustration of whono annals ho had dono much and contemplated more. Died at Great Malvern, 18<9. oZ^f^ri^^i JoKAKNKfl, a Grcck poet and critic of the 12th century. He wrote numer- ?n"r'J!.?u.wH' '" "f'"' ""'' P'o*^- Among tho former is HIaca," a complete story of tho Trojan war, " Chillndes," Consisting of mis- cellaneous stories, legenda.-y and historical, nJ2^ ll"*"" *^°"'''** "' commentaries on Greek authors. Ho was celebrated in his acqSiromems!""""''""' "'"'"^ "'"' ««»» u. TJBAIDINI, PETRTJCClO, a celebrated his- torian and illuminator on vellum, in the IGth century, was a native of Florence, and came to England in the reign of Edward VI. His \ita di Carlo Magno," which appear^ in 1681, Is said to be the first Italian book printed in this country. He also wrote a Description of Scotland," and " The Lives land '"^^^ ^* Women of England and Scot- UCCELLI, Paolo, a celebrated Italian m? «)^"? ''ir" "* Florence, probably in ij , ^'* family name was DONI, and he ''^.^"/d the name UccEtLl from his fond- ?if » f<" Pa'nting birds. He was appren- t^ed to Lorenzo Ghibertito loom the gold- hTm^kr/i-r^'"" ""^ «' his assistants LSt 5 '^^ ^^'"*'"* <*»tes of the Bop- ai^J' ^'^y^^^ the first of the Florentine Pf '"te" of the Naturalist School, and espe- cially devoted himself to the Mastery of K'wlU""* foreshortening. Amon^his works, which are now voyv ra..» o-„ .~J;„_-i San EJldl'"' ^""^ ^''" heing" The "' BaTtle'of sn enSi..°! ""'^ '" the National Gallery ; PnJJ^K"""'?" portrait of Hawkwood. an English condottiere in tho service of Flor° ence, and irescos of lacred subjects In the cloisters of Santa Maria Novella, now much injured. At the age of 72 he Was employed at Urblno. Died at Florence, probably about 1479. UDINE, GIOVANNI DA, Italian painter, was born in 1487. After attaining some eminence as the scholar of Glorgiono he went to Rome, and became scholar and as- sistant of Raphael. He executed most of the arabesque and grotesquo decorations and stucco-work of the Vatican Loggie, ond especially excelled in painting animals, birds, and what are called " still-life " sub- "' -''« ;,, °"® °f •*'■ ^^""'y works is «,he picture of "Christ with the Doctors," now in the Academy of Venice. He assisted Raphael in the famous Cartoons, and was employed to decorate many villas and palaces. Died at Rome, 1564. UGGIONE. [OGGIONE.] UHLAND. JOHANN LUDWIO, U distln- Kuiahed German poet and patriot, born at Tubingen in 1787. He completed his educa- tion at tho university of his native city, and settled at Stuttgardt as an advocate, in 1812. He hod begun to make himself known by 1033 I'-t ' * 1 1* 'i'i ■Ml '.> t liii. n m 4 i i ^ li' , i J* . Il7|l'-?][li i It iifi I 311 il ill ulf] % i^eto Zaniberaal Ifllogroplbe. [UBB his songs several years earlier. Taking a deep Interest In political nflfalrs, he became. In 1819, a member of the State Assembly of WUrtemberg, and was always an earnest champion of liberal principles and measures. In 1830 he was appointed to the chair of the German lan(?ua«e and literature at lii- blngcn, but held It only three years, pre- ferring to talie part In the discussions of the Diet, to which ho was elected. After a period of literary retirement ho was chosen deouty to the National Assembly at F/anlt- fort, in 1848. This was his last participa Ton in public life. Uhland's "Oed chte" appeared In a collected edition In 1815, and have been repeatedly republished with nu- merous additions. The eleventh edition appeared In 1853. Their charm lies in their vigour, truth, and simplicity, their fervent patriotism and deep reverence for tlie past. Uhland was author also of the following works—" Ueber Walther von dor Vogel- weide " " Ueber den Mythus der nordischen Sagcnlehre vom Thor;" and a collection of ancient " Volksileder." Since W" death the first volume of his critical works (Sehrlften zur Geschichte der Dlchtung und Sage) , from manuijerlpts left In a rough and «nfln'*ned state, has appeared. There isa" English translation of his poems by the »ev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. Died at Tubingen, Nov. 13 180*^ tJLFILAS. [UI-PHILAS.] IJLI-OA, BON ANTONIO, a Spanish mathe- matician, and commander of the order of St Jago, was born at Seville, in 1716. He was one of the mathematicians employed in measuring a degree of the meridian >n Peru, In 1735; and remained there 10 years. On his return, he was taken prisoner by the English, but was soon released, and was chosen F.R.8. He published his " Trave s." and a physlco-historical work on South America. Died, 1795. ULVHILAS, or ULFILAS, bishop and apostle of the Goths in the 4th century, pro- bably sprang from a Christian family of Cappadocla, his ancestors having been car- ried off by the Goths in one of their In- cursions into that province. The chronology of his life is Involved In obscurry ; in gen- eral he appears to have begun his pi jus labours among th<> AVest Goths in the reign of Constantine, and to have continued them through great part of the reign of Valcns. He won the love and confidence of his people bv his blameless life and religious earnest- ness ; and did them Important service, not only by his teaching and ministrations, but by successfully conducting important nego- tiations between them and the Woman em- nirc. In doctrine ho appears at first to have held witli the orthodox ; but through his later intercourse with the empire and tho Arian bishops was led to embrace the Arlan creed The most memorable service ren- dered to his countrymen by Ulfilas was the translation of the Kibl6 into their language ; for which he had first to devise an alphabet. He omitted the four Books of the Kings, lest their warlike spirit should exeite too much the naturally fierce spirit of the r >ple. A volume containing the Four G J of this Gothic version, very imperfe . was "" 1034 discovered In a monastery near Cologne, and after singular fortunes found a perms- nent rest in the university of Upsal. u ii bound in silver, and is therefore called the " Codex ArgenteuB." Its text was Brst pub- lished in 1665. Additional portions were subsequently discovered in the library of ■Wolfenbiittel and at Milan, and an edition of the whole appeared in Gerninny between 1836—46. The Version of TJltilas posseitei verr high Interest and Importaucc as the most ancient monument of the Teutonic family of languages. The close resemblance between tho Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Ver- sions is shown In Dr Bosworth's edition (1866) of the two printed in parallel columns, with the Versions of Wyclifte and Tyndale. More recently (1866) some fragments of the Gothic version of St Paul's Kplstles have been discovered In the monastery of Bob- bio, by l)r Rciflferscheld of Bonn. ULPIANU8, DOMITIUS, an eminent Eo man civilian, the tutor, friend, and miniater of the Emperor Alexander Sevcrus, who made him his secretary and afterward! proBlorian prefect. Having offended the soldiery by his reforms, they broke out into open mutiny, and Ulplanus was murdered by them, in A. D. 228. His writings on law were very numerous, and many excerpti from them arc included In the " Digest." VLUGH-BEGH, or GLEG BEK.a Tatar prince of the 16th century, celebrated for his astronomical knowledge, was grandson of Tamerlane.and wasborninl394. Hisreal name was Mohammed Taragai. He formed a seminar/, chiefiy for the study of mathe- matics and astronomy, constructed anobserv- atory at Samarcand, and was a patron of learning. After a reign of about 40 years.firit as regent till his father's death, in 1447, and then in his own name, he was put to death, In 1449, by one of his sons who liad rebelled against him. Science is indebted to him for a series of observations on the fixed stars; and his works on chronology, geography, and astronomy were published in Latin by Greaves and Hyde. URBAN II., Pope, ODON.or EUDES.wai a native of France, was educated by 6t Bruno, at Rheims, became a canon of the cathedral and a monk of Clugny, and in 10,« was sent by the abbot to Rome, where lie gained the confidence of Gregory VII., ivM made him bishop of Ostia. He was chosen to succeed Victor III. in 1088. Urban took for hie guidance as pope the example oi Gregory VII., and the quarrel of Guelf Bta Ghlbelline continued. The antipope, G«i- bert, was driven from Rome, but after M capture of Mantua by the emperor, Hcn^ IV.. he was recalled, and took possession oi Rome. Such alternations of fortMecoj- tini^ed to take place throuijhout this pon- tificate. In 1095 Urban presided at tw council of Clermont, and there "'omramit cated Philip I. of France for hav ng P away his wife. Bertha and married trada, wife of Fulk of Anjou. The « « memorable act of Urban II. ^a the P t^ Mrat'.nn of the first crusade. Moved by tw pleadings of Peter the Hermit, >ep"^ first announced the design of i^^J^^^l the council of Placcnza, and published u lonastery near Colo|;ne, rortunes found a pernio' liversity of Upsal. Ii]| d is therefore called the ." Its text was Brat pub- dditional portions were )vered in the library of at Milan, and an edition ired in Oernmny between rsion of TJlttlas posseitei i and importance as the lument of the Teutonic 8. The close resemblance ic and Anglo-Saxon Yer- 1 Dr Bosworth's edition rintcdin parallel columnt, of Wyclilfe and Tyndale, 6) some fragments of the St Paul's Kpistles have a the monastery of Bob- icheid of Uonn. )MixiU8, an eminent Eo tutor, friend, and minister Alexander Severus, who ecretary and afterwardi t. Having offended the orms, they broke out into Ulpiamis was murdered b; 8. His writings on law rous, and many excerpti luded in the " Digest." [,or OLEO BEK.aTatar h century, celebrated for knowledge, was grandson was born in 1394. His real med Taragai. He formed y for tlie study of mathe- )my, constructed anobsetv- ind, and was a patron of reiRn ofaboutWyears.firit father's death, in 1447, and lame, he was put to death, '. his sons who had rebelled ence is indebted to him for i ations on the fixed stars; | n chronology, geograpliy, | ere published in Latin bj | le. )pe,ODON,orEUDES,w8i nee, was educated by 6t IS, became a canon of the lonk of Chigny, and in lo;8 abbot to Rome, where he ; lence of Gregory VII., who | I of Ostia. He was chosen | f III. in 1088. Urban took | ! as pope the example of , d the quarrel of Guelf and i nued. The antipope, G«i- - I from Home, but nftev tne ; ,ua by the emperor, Hcnrr lied, and took possession o( ternations of fortune con- place throughout this pon- 15 Urban presided at tne out, and there cxcomrauni' i of France for having put j Hertlia, and married l!ci; i ?ulk of Anjou. The inorf.l of Urban 11. was the pnb- | irat. rrusade. Moved by tM|i iter the Hermit, the pcpt, the design of a cruiaac i Placcnza, and published It, dub] more fully. In a most impassioned and pa thetlc speech, at Clermont; when the as- sembly cried— " Dieu le veut, Dieu le veut " Two other councils were held In Prance for the furtherance of the crusade, and in 1096 the pope returned to Italy. In 1098 he had an interview with Itoger. count of Sicily at Salerno, and then named him and his suc- cessors perpetual apostolic legates in Sicily The same year lie presided at the council of Beri, at which discussions took place on the famous phrase "fllioque," several bishops of the eastern church, and Anselni, arch- bishop of Canterbury, taking part in them Urban II. lived to hear of the first successes of the crusaders, but died at Rome before the news of the capture of Jerusalem could reach him, in July, 1099. UKBAN v.. Pope. GUILLAUME DE OEIMOARD, was born in France In 1302 and was educated at the university of Mont- pellier, where he afterwards professed civil and canon law. He entered the Benedictine order (the dress of which he is said to have worn night and day till his death), and be- came successively abbot of St Germain of Auxerre and of St Victor of Marseilles, in his absence, and without being created cardinal, he was chosen to succeed Innocent ^^■•Jl i^,"^' '*■''« t^lnss of his election reached him at Florence, and he was pro- claimed and crowned at Avignon, where he took up his abode. He was there visited by John, king of France, and the famous Pierre dc Lusignan king of Cyprus, and with them endeavoured, but without success, to get uo a new crusade. In 1367, in complianci with Uie urgent wishes of the emperor and the Romans, but against the will of the king of irunce, Urban quitted Avignon, and once more established the papal coir? in ?h| Tft I ^°'??' """^ '""leed the whole of li^l!' Th'„ "*.•"" ""'? *1'' miserable condi- gn -. ." '"y ^'>* ^'•'''f depopulated, and the country was desolated by almost in- IIT:\J"^'^ ^''"' "°'> overrun by the bands of mercenaries. And althoujrh the ompcror led an army into Italy for the pur! Kn^^.-"P?"'''"» "'« disofders, ho dis- w re ■J/yr'"' ""? '^" things' as they 1,1 M '^'"' P-^P^ received him at Viterbo «the "^th?'"'" ""''•'■ *"»'y l°t° Home to-' gether; the coronation of the empress be- ing soon after performed. The visit of the loTn IzTZl .^"'^^ fai^oSuV took to tLpnm ' ''k' *"* professed conformity n^i \''.'"'"' '^''"'■eh in doctrine failed to EVe' wen^t^o"'' 'l^'^°««'""'»'^^^'^« year Urh!nl?* *° "*''• ^'^ the following ^""'ShisJiMn""''^^^^«-»-- NANO^y Stir^'lJe^n^^^^^^^^^ ^«^«- biahopofBari ni^^i^K^P?'"""' ''"^^ «'«»»- «.i,„_'^... ■""'» and about 60 vears nf oo.n xi'Vin UTB "of't^'*''^, '^ succeed oVegory form S the conoHv„^'"**^7 cardinals who and the rest V>Z/°"'"°"'J ^"^ Italians, >e8t . '.n.-^hmen. The sitting was j % iSeto Knibergal i8(oarapf>p. [tRD stormy, and the decision in fftVft..,«rTT i. " was determined by the violence of th'o^'*''" l?c«^. who insisted on hav „g 2n UaUaS ^*'''"" By his imprudent severitv of V»^ ," P°P®- demand fof reforms of dLiplineh-' "'* alienated the cardinals from ifii' ^^, """n ting Rome, they annulfeni.e ?'iC''a?t"l'- far as they could by eleetino- ««„)! *'^' *•* at Anagnl. Robert^f ^Oenfva wlfo ^T the title of Clement VII Th,J«h ?^ schism in the papacy; "hlch^L^T?"'* FusTon " a^nd*"' P''"*'^ In disUXV^n^ fusion, and even wars The rivals >.»ih councils, excommunicated each other „„h Urban was recognized by great part of thp empire, by England, Hungary, and Bohemia and Clement by France. Savoy, and Ses' Sw r f'^Tm'i."' '''' 'f • P°P« ^ho cSuld answer f To make up for the loss of hi. cardinals Urban created a large bnch of new ones. To support the crusade which he proclaimed against the partisans of hu rival, he ordered the levy of a tenth on ,ii .i.f English beneflces. The'^'^ghtS bisK" "'Norwich, Henry Spenserftook the com- mand of an expedition into Flanders whl^h uT^ t? nothing, and was censured 'by nar^ lianient. Urban also called to his aid Charies of Durazzo, crowned him king of Nanll. whih'"v.* ^t *° conquer thaVkiSm' nrh»^ he did; putting Joanna to death' Whn«„?T """^^ Q"«rrelled with Charles While at Nocera, in 1 385, six cardinalsformed ta7ned''RTJ"** *''^P''P«= h^^^^^^^^^ TuIJ^ :J}' he arrested and imprisoned them ; put them to the torture without ex rem^itrwri°o'^o'''"^''»f™™»''"'""^ tot?!^. "* *? Ctenoa, where they were fln§ flnaCtiilh'* T*" P"^ ^° "'e tonure! ana. Anally, without any proof of their euilf had five of them strangled. The siith was an Englishman, Adam Easton, and he alone k nrRichard"lf V\« intervention o?'thc King, Klchard II. The popu ar indiffnation drove Urban from Genoa, and he w?nt,o to Rome, when he was severely hurt by a U KUAN VIII., Pope, MAFFEI BARBEniNl rtPUn'""^*^'"".'^''^''" 1568. He studied aw tif^'' ^.^-fi" ^hich he entered into orders In 1623 hi",;„\"^''"^^*'>'= '•*">' of ca?tou : in 1623 he was elected to the papal chair and proved himself a zealous aSvoJate fi,: p1,Tk "^*'' IPiritual and temporal, of the Romish church. He was also a patron of learning, and founded the college " De Pro paganda Fide." No less than 74 ca^-dina^s ''uR«:^*'i^'' ''''' P''''*'^- Died^mi * arUs^ b^^n' ^?"v '''^''? "^'^ «^'' «n eminent artist, born at Nancy, in 1654. He became first architect and director of the cabinet of medals to Pope Innocent XI., and his two Immediate successors, for whon. he exe cuted a great number of moulds or matrices Vr^^y!'*!'^ beauty. Died, 1731. UR.E, Dr Andrew, an eminent chemist ... ........^aiv VllCllliaL cnciiiistiy and the kindred — "-* "." i."ciinBuy anu tne kindred sciences, was born in Glasgow in 1778. After pursuing his studies at the universit es Dr liVK,.'"'* Edinburgh, he succeeded ur Birkbcck ns Andersonijiii professor of 1035 '''gf ' 5 i! :■, '.f >i ■ liii rr* I • Hi iprr. ■ i I I ! M ; r > ' ! i. J; il i ii r li if^.' H..,: : diiilll 11 urf] n Mt^ Stnibersnl 33icgrapI)iY. chemistry and nnturiil philosophy nt Olns- (fow in 1800, w)iero ho Ki>l"cd Brent funic by his lectures, nnd his class expirlinents. In tlio year 1818 ho hrounht forward his " New llxpcriniontnl Uesciirchrs on Koine of the lending doctrines of C.iloric, pnrtlcii- Inrly on tho relntlon hetweon the eliis- ticlty, temprrnHne, und Intent hcnt of dif- ferent vapours, nnd on thermomelric mna- gurcincnt nnd oapacKy," which was read before tho Uoynl Society, nnd published in their " Trnnsi'clionH " for that year. In 1821 appeared the first edition of his well- known "Dictionary of Chemistry." whiih procured him tho friendship of Sir If. Davy, Dr Wollnston, and Dr E. 1). Clarke. This was followed by various papers which he contributed to philosophical Journals, his " System of Geology," published in 1820, and by his " rhllosophy of Manufactures," nnd his work on tho " Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain," published respectively in 1830 nnd 1831. His last great work was the " Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," a work of immense labour and re- search, which has gone through many edi- tions, and has been translated into the lead- ing continental languages. Distinguished as a sound chemical philosopher, he was no less remnrkablo for accuracy in chemical analysis, nnd it has been asserted by competent au- thority, that none of his results have ever been upsot. Ho was one of the original Fellows of the Geological Society. He had also belonged to the Astronomical Society, and was n member of several scientific con- tinental societies. Dr Urc resided In London since the year 1830. Died, 1857. UKl-'fi, HoNOiifi D', a French romance writer, was born in 1507, nt Marseilles. He distinguished himself as a soldier during the wars of the League, nnd ns a negotiator in Savoy and at Venice. He was author of the romance of Astrira, which was once ex- ceedingly popular in France. Died, 1625. UlltiUHAIlT, or UKCHAUD, Sir Thomas, of Cromarty, In Scotland, wns a philologist and mathematician. He was a cavalier ofHccr among the followers Ci Charles II., and was present nt the battle of "Worcester; relative to which he published a piece, entitled " The Discovery of a most rare Jewel, found In the Kennel of AVor- costcr Streets," &c. Ho was also the author of a work on trigonometry; but the per- formance wliich he regarded as his most admirable invention was called " Logopan- dccteision.or an Introduction to the Uni- versal Language." Sir Thomas Urquhartis also known by his excellent translation of Unbelnis published in 1C33. UKQUIJO, I.uiz i)E, n Spanish statesman, born in Old Castile, in 1768. He passed some of his early years in England, and is sup- posed to have there ac'iuired those liberal notions in politics, which he afterwards displayed. During the ministry of Oodoy, he became secretary of state for foreign affairs ; hut having at length offended the royal favourite, ho wns disgrace! in 1800, and for several years closely confined in the cltidol of Pampoluna. On the accession of Ferilinnnd in 1803, ho was set nt liberty ; [ U83 afterwards ministev of state, ond dltd In 1817. UURINUS, ZACItAKIAS, one of tlic Pnrly reformers, wns horn at Hreslau.in HIIcsli lnl.W4. Ho studied at "^Vittonherif, whce lie acquired the friendship of Mcljinctlion whom he nccompiinied to the conrirciiccnt AVorms. Ho nfterwards bec.iino iimstir of tho school at Kreslau ; tlien went to Ucidii. berg, where he obtained a profcHsorshin and died, professor of divinity, nt Nciisiiuii' in 1583. The celebrated Heidelberg tale' chlsm was complied by Urulnus, who aUo wroto n commentary on it. XJ88IIEU, JAMKS, (USSKUIU8,) arch- bishop of Armagh, tho celebrated chrono- loglst, wns boni at Dublin, of .in nncientnntt honourable family, in 15HU. Uis fiitlierwai a clerk in tho Irish court of clmnccry.nnil his uncle was archbisliop of Arniuffli. He received a careful educatioi. in hu native city, first at iisciiooi and then nt tlic newly- founded Trinity College, where lin (jnuluiiifd M.A. in 1600. His reputation for Iciiruinr was already high. Ordained priest in liiiil he had an appointment as prcucher In Dub-' lin, and six years Inter was named proffssor of divinity at Trinity College, a post wlijch ho filled for thirteen years. About tho snmc time ho was chosen chancellor of st I'a- trick's Church. During this period he was an indefatlgablestudcnt.niid made repeated visits to the Libraries of Oxford, Camhridge, and London, gaining tho friendship of se- veral eminent scholars; among them, Sir Thomas Kodicy, Sir Uobert Cotton, Selden and Camden. He obtained his degree of D.D. in 1612, became bishop of Mcath in 1620, member of the pvivy-council of Ireland, and in 1624, archbishop of Armagh and prim- ate of Ireland. After many jeurs of tran- quillity his home was broken up by the rebellion of 1641, and from thnt time he re- mained in Englnnd. After several chnnjei of abode he settled at London, in the house of tlie countess of rcterborough, and for eight years was preacher to the society ot Lincoln's Inn. Archbishop Ussher iris attached to the cause of Charles I., preached before him nt Oxford, nnd in 1648 wns con gutted by him in tlie Isle of ^Vight. The works of tills learned prelate nre very nu- merous, and in tho Intest edition, that by Elrington and Todd, fill 17 volumes. The most celebrated in his great work un sacred chronology, entitled tlie "Anna'"8 Vcierit et Novi Tcstamcnti," tirst published in! vols, folio in 1650-54. Usslier's system ot chronology is founded on llic authority ol the Hebrew text of tho Itible, and is iiow.re jcctcd by nil scholars ns far too contrncicd, "inconsistent with the records and menu- ments of other nations, and even witlilke history of the Jews. It was intrjdueed into our English Dibles, but by whose authority is not known. Of Ussher's other works ma; be named—" Do Ecclesiaruin Christianarusi successlono ct statu ; " " Emmanuel, or > Treatise on the Incarnation;" "liritanni- carum Ecclesiarum Antlquitatcs ; "" Disser talio d« Macedonum ct Asi.inorum anno solar! ;" nnd "Chronologia Sacra." I'.'shf married. In 1013, a dauRhtcr of Ur We reruuia'lu in loun, no was si'i ut iiuui bj' , iiiiiiiivu, jii iuau, t» i,..^^'***'* "■ —• z: followed the royal family to Bayonne, was I Challoner, by whom he liad one daughter, of state, ond died k ' cst] whonurvlvcti him. lUn wlfo died in 1«S1, and liliiiiii'lf <" !'''"!• HU Inst days were spnntot llyoKiUo, III tho fiimlly of hU friend, tlic countess of retiTlmrounh. llis remains wore Interred In ANcstmlnstcr Abbey by Cromwcll'H order. U8TAKIZ, JKiiOME, n Spunlsli writer on political economy, wlio died about tlio middle of the 18tli century. Ills " Theory and I'mcllco of Commerce ond Navigation" was translated both Into tho Prcnch and English laiiffuancpi. UVKUAI-K, IIOBKRT, LL.D., on eminent botanist, wiib born In London, In 1042; and was cducntcd nt Wo»tmlnstcr School, and Trinity Uo lleKO, Cambridge lie was a good flaiilcal • holur, and beenino master of tho Fimndntli * School, at KnAeld, where his ! iinnlcnl |nrden was cultivated with great tare, and contained a number of choice oxo- (ics. Dr Uvcdalc nsaistcd Drydcn and his aitoclates in trunslating Plutarch's Lives. Tliu date of Ms death Is uot known. ^ JtctM atn ibtraal ISiograpijp. to the Vlnsbury i?r,p'?n.ar^"ui;r,'',^^ settled nt Aylesbury ; and retuJn i.^ ""■r""^ don shortly^fier lie had";;:;, Sw"n "o^e^cT ed phyHlelun to the City Dispensary In bm" Ho par cuiurly directed his attention to mental diseases; and an essay on '' n.n„l.« and Mad-houses," in tho Quortcrly K*2 for July, IHIO, established hi. power a, 'I medical writer. Ho also wrote " Rpnort.' n tho i,Ionthly Magazine, and after'^arUs In 1828 ho was appointed physician to the lunatic nsy urn at I'eckhnni, and publ?s»-cd ?«i'rVl J'."»?"''y'" *"'««' was eagerlj inf ;„""*"*• '"** production, a pampT- let on "Homoeopathy." Injured his oro- V. VAOA, PKRiNO DEL, Whose family name was Buo.vACCOHSi, a celebrated Italian painter, wns born at Florence, In 1500. He was first a pupil of Kidolfo Ohirlandnjo. then of another Florentine painter, Vnga, whom he accompanied to Homo. There he became one of the scholars and assistants of Raphael, who employed him to paint some of the frescoes in the Vatican. He lost his property at the sack of Home, In 1527, and ihcnlived some timent Genoa, where he exe- cuted his best works in the Doria I'alace. He became tho founder of the Genoese school of painting, and had some distin- guished scholars. His repi'tatlon was very high, and on Ms return to Home ho was employed and pensioned bv the pope, Paul III. Died at Home, 1547. VAHL, Martin, a Norwegian botanl,-t, was born nt Bergen, in 1749 ; studied natural history and botany under Linnrcus; and trayclled over various parts of Europe and Africa. In 1785 he became professor of na- tural history, and, about 1800, professor of botany, and inspector of the botanic garden at Copenhagen ; and died in 1804. He wrote Symbolao liotanicas," "EclogiE Ameri- cana!," " Enumcratlo Plantarum," and was the continuator of the " Flora Danica " j^^N^^^ANT, VIIAW901S LE. [LEVAIL- Prln^^''^^^'^', "' ^'^^ ^"o^' ^ celebrated in f«V"*«"'T"''' *■"» *""■» «' Ueauvais, Ll L •^*' **"' 5'"^'*<^ medicine, and took the degree of doctor, but quitted the profession for tho study of .-.ntiauitie'! Jlt^n^f '"^f^^'r^ ^y Colbert to travelln quest of medals for the royal cabinet. In 1674 ho sailed from Marieillei for Italy, but was taken by the Algeriner , and kept in slavery nboutflve months, when herecovcred Ills liberty, and twenty medals which had been taken from him. On his voyage homo, the ship was chased by another corsair, and the dread of being again captured induced him to swallow his medals, which fortunate- ly aid him no scriousinjury. He afterwards travelled into Persia and Egypt, grea' aug- mented the treasures of the king's cabinet, and published some excellent works on nu- mismatology. Died, 1706— JKAN vjian- C018 Foi, his son, followed the pursuits of his father. Died, 1708. VAILLANT, 8EBA8TIEN, botanist, was born, in 1660, at Vlgny, near Pontoise. He was first a musician, next a surgeon, and afterwards secretary to Fagon, physician to Louis XIV. Hy the Interest of his patron he became director of the Jardin du llol, where he was made professor and demonstrator of plants. His great work is the " Hotanicon Pnrlsicnse." Died, 1722. VALCKENAEH, Lt;uwiO CASPAR, an able philologist and critic, was bom at Lecu- warden, in Filesland, in 1715; and became professor of Greek literature and antiquities, andalaoof National History, at the university of Lcyden, where he died in 1785. His works are numerous and erudite.'— His son, Jan VALCKENAKR, who Was profcssor of juris- prudence at Franeker, having joined the patriot party against the house of Orange was obliged to take refuge in Franee. but i'ctu.-iisd to iioilaua 011 the Invasion of that country by the French, in 1795, and took a very active part In politics. He was subso- zzn m ^ mm ] \ii «• < f ( , 5 ' i ■ ; in I' ' « f 4" 1037 VAIi] % ijieto TOw(t)crfcal 181o8rapl)tt« quontly .M.M.loyi-a In .lii.lonuUlo inlH«lon. to Pruislii. Hivilu, imil I'riMnc. '.»U'tl, i»^>'' VA 1 ftS «; VAI.DKSSO, JUAN l.K, ono of tho wimll Iwiul of HpnnUli UrforinerH. was born nrcucn.;... about Ui.rt, o Vr'^iir.! w 1. Ul.v brother, AlfouHo, .t tho cour m whom were llernardlno Oohlno Vel.r Martyr, afterwards teacher of dlv nU • at oxford, Vlttorla Colonna, and tho noble hearted Olulia (Jon.agn. hey snent their Hundays together at Juan s c mntry-house, reading In the morning tho scriptures, inanlrlng and discussing; and afterwards enjoying discourse ou cm ' grave matters. Vald.^s left in his various works a fair representation of the nature of hose delightful gatherings. Hut It >va» not permitted him long to enjoy so c" « » "/«• He died about the close of IMO. Iho inllu- onco of ValdCs had been powerful cnouRh to attract the notice of the pope, and to aUftch his name, as loader of a sect, to his opit>lon« . and. m 1842, " Valdesianism " was attacked In Naples by a special Inquisitor. Many of his friends were proscribed and put to death, and his writings narrow y escaped destruc- tion. Vault's wrote tho ''Hundred and Ion Considerations," the " nialoguo on the Span- Uh T anBuagc." and probably tho small work e'^UUed'"X\en%lo''dl Chrlslo/^ wnsnrintedat Venice, in 164'2; tho Con- ^SoraUons-' appeared'(in Italian) at »asel !n IMO, and the*' Dialogue " w"*"" .P.'-'lV^g^d till" nUT, nor In a complete state till 1880. The ''Considerations- were translated In o Prench and Dutch, and into En«>l*»\»>y Nicholas Ferrar. The life and works of this illustrious man have been "Cfntly studied and lifted out of tho obscurity ^nyiUch thov have long lain, by a German scholar, Dr IWhmer, who in 1863 published on inter- estlng account of him in Herzog's Encyclp- pffidU. An Kngllsh scholar, Mr Bcnjam n H VViffcn. was at tho same time engaged in a like task, and the 'r«lt of JUs Investiga^ tions has just appeared (Dec. 1865). i" the " Life and Writings of Ju&n do valdss, with a translation of the "Considerations," by J T. Betts. Vald«s, though a reformer, was not a Lutheran, nor did he question an, church doctrine. The position he held of a rcliowtu meditaior.yrho saw more in spiritual fellowship with Christ than in any forms either of word or observance, exposed him to the angry denunciation both of the Romish and the Reformed churches. There are some points of resemblance between his *Tiuudred and Ten Considerations' and ArnS?8 work, enUtled " True Christian- ity." 10S8 VALDK/i. JUAN MDI.KNUKZ. (MKI.KX DF//-VAl,l)K7,.l VALDO, or WAT-IX), Vktv.h, „j,m founder of tho sect of tho Vaudois, or WjlJ. ensrs, in the 12th century, was born at Vaji, in Dauphlny, and acquired a fortune mi merchant of Lyons. Tho sudden dcnthod friend had such an ofTfct on bin mind,, mo induce him to sell his property, rIvu the pro. duce of It to the poor, and devote the rpmiin. der of his life to acts of piety. I,lke ihi Quakers, he taught that the liilty inlRhtcon- duct the ofllces of religion witliimt tho Inttr- yentlon of priests ; but a hereny ho olinosiou! to the eeclesiasties soon met with thcdimi persecution ; A'aldo and his followorsflcdto the mountains of Dauphlny and I'lpilmonl; and tho Waldensos were everywhere rxKr mlnnted, except in the valleys of I'lcdmoiit, where a remnant of them still fxl«t«. VAIiKNH, FI.AVIUR, Roman empiTor,b«ni In Pannonla, about A. ii. :i2H,nnd ndmltW to a sharn of tho Imperial authority by hli brother Valentinlan, in 301, when he look the government of the Kust. lloperishcdln a revolt of the I'erslaus and Uoths, wliombt had previously subdued, A. I). 378. VALENTIN, M0I8K, an eminent IFrcuch painter, was born at Coulomicrs, In llcie.in KidO. He studied In Italy, and hccaracHe intimate friend of Nieoliis Poiissln. lit usually painted scenes of familiar llfc;kt his niasterpieco is tho " Martyrdom of SS, Vrocesso and Martlnlano," in 8t rctet'iil Rome. Died, um. VALENTINIANUfl L, I'l.AVIDR, RoMil emperor, the elder brother of Valcns>n iu 321, in Vannonla; succcdcd Jovian ia 364, made his brother Valens emperor otilie East, carried on war with the Alcinanni inl the duadl, and died in 375.-VAiF,NTmv NUS II., his son, succeeded tothecnipirewiii his brother (Jratlan, in 375 ; andhadluifu his share. He was dispossessed by Maximii, but was afterwards restored; nnddiod.aii supposed, by strangulation. In ;i92.-VAi,D- TINIANVH III., FLAVIUS PLACimur, » pcror of the West, was bora In 419, atBi- vcnna. Ho was proclaimod Augustus at ttt age of six years. Having intrigued nlihiH wife of the patrician Pctronlus Maiias, ho was nssosslnated by him In 455. VALERIANU8, PunLirs LiClNivSiBj man emperor, proclaimed by his loldienj Rhnstla, in 254. He was defeated andlala prisoner near Edcssa, by Sapor, klnsj Persia, who kept him prlso"" f»V m.'^! his life, and when he died bad hliim stuffed and kept as a trophy. ' VALERIUS MAXIMUS,aKoitianhii» rian. who lived in the reign of T.tot After having served »n Asia, under Seiw Pompcius, he devoted his leisure to the Mt position. of a collection of anocdo" « Observations, entitled " De Factis Dictin* Memorabilibus." It was much re.dln * middle ages, and was on. of the W books that issued from the press afterW invention of printing. -'^^ VALETTE, JEAN PARI80T 1)1 U,WJ mwter of the order of St Joh^^eniNj wai horn in 1494. and succeeded to the ^rnji mastership in 1657. H« ««'.J"S| gallanUy repulsed Solyman. the nw s Mi;i,KNl>t'-z. (MKI.KJf. iTATilX), I'KTV.II, rppiitH t of the Viuidols.orM'oll. century, wn» born at Vnm, I ncqulred a fortune m i II. The »udo inhabit- "eor«lfn «hf '^*'* ^® '"""■icd a beautiful ^^ihifloirtll" »«^«*«d »»»•». that he _ " """y to be embalmed, and took it ^ jlcto anibergal laiograpf)^. [VAL "wS he•tr'iS,^w^'lh•t^z;^^ VALLI, RURKiiio, an eminent Itallnn nhv. sician, born at I'lstoln. In I7«2. He raicnJd to Smyrna and ConHtantlnople. |„ orJer to make observations on tlie plague ; and ex posed h mscif to It, to determine the enieney of vaeclnatloii as a preventive. At length Uo fell a victim to his imprudence , fo7 Hepternbcr, 18 0, having gone to the It. vnnnah to add to his observations on the yellow fever, he purposely exposed himself whi^h contnK'on. nnd caught the disease, of which he died. His works on the subjeets valuable ^'^^^ Investigated are considered VAU.isNKlil, Antonio, Itnlinn natural- ist and physician, was born In the duchy of Modena, In 1061. Ho was edueated by the Jesuits at Modena, nnd then pursued the study of medicine nnd of natural historv under MalpiKhi at Ilologna. l.y his obserT-' atlons and discourses he gained a lilKh rc- put.iWon, and at the same time found himself at yarlanco with established systems and their adherents. In 1700 ho was oppolrtcd P'o/e'^or of practical niedlcino at radua and in 1711 first professor of the theory of medicine. Ho contributed greatly to the advnr.ce of medical science, "was hoi^ourcd eho«nrri? «"■'?"' V*^^ appointments, was f ,*,Z ^ • }^- ^- I'Ondon, and died at I'adua hJ ,if ;„ *''".^*„"^ P'"."" ""* •'ocn named in his honour VaUtmeria. A collected edi- tion of h s writlng8,"Opcro rislco-medlchc." hfs'death '""■ '"""' *''"° y*"*" ""0' "V ALOIS, HENni nK"(H3NmcU8 vat.k- fn^i^fl!;-, "5^'' P!'»,o'o8'«t. '^as born at Paris, in 1603. Educated by tho Jesuits, ho prac I^ji l^*" " *,^°'"' "?o "« * '""vyer, but soon gave himself up wholly to literature. From excessive application ho Injured his sight, and about 1(562 became totally blind His principal work is an edition of the Greek Ecclesiastical Historians, which appeared in successive Tolumes between 1669 and 1673 Ho edited also Ammianus Marcellinus. and wrote various lesser critical works, which 1070° P"''"*hcd together in 1740. Died. VALPEUGA pi CALUSO, TOMARO, a I iedmontese mathematician and astronomer was born at Turin, in 1737. He first served in the navy, but quitted the profession of arms for that of an ecclesiastic, ond devoted much of his attention to sc'.ence. He was member of tho grand council and director of the observatory of Turin, a member of the Legion of Honour, &c. Died, 1S15. VALPY, Dr KiCHARD. F. A. S., an emi- nent classical scholar, was a native of Jer- sey, and born in 1754. At 10 years of age he was sent to the college of Valognes, in Nor- mandy, where he remained five years- thence to the grammar school at Southamp- ton; and completed his studies at Oxford, having been appointed to one of the scholar- ships founded in Pembroke Co!!r~.'! for the native.! of Jersey and Guernsey. 'From Ox- ford he removed first to Bury St Edmund's, and afterwards (1781) to Reading, where he 1039 ■a . i * ; i ; 111 I i I 1 \\ if'if val] 13L JtciD Bnibersal 13iogrnp^n. [VAX had been unanimously elected hcnd-master of the school founded by Henry VII. His unwearied Industry In discharging the duties of a public Instructor was not con- flncd to the school-room ; nil the hours he could spare wore spent In his study, and numerous elementary works of acknow- ledged excellence were the result of his praUeworthy exertions. About six years before his death he retired from his schol- astic labours, when his youngest son, the Rev. F. Valpy, was elected as hU successor. Died, 1830. VALSALVA, ANTONIO MAKIA, a distin- guished Italian physician and surgeon, born at Imola, In 1C66. He graduated M. D. at Bologna, In 1687, having been there a pupil of Malpighl. Ten years later ho was ap- pointed professor of anatomy in the same university, and In 1705 surgeon to the Hos- pital for Incurables. He was an enthusias- tic student, observer, and lover of science, and rendered great services by his Improve- ments in surgical Instruments, anatomical discoveries, and better methods of treat- ment. The anatomy of tho ear was one of his special subjects of study. He was several times chosen president of tho Insti- tute of Bologna, and was o fellow of the Royal Society of London. Valsalva wrote but little, leaving only the classical work entitled " De Aure HumanaTractatus," pub- lished in 1704, and often reprinted, and three Anatomical Dissertations, published after his death. The Illustrious Morgagni was the scholar of Valsalva. Died at Bo- '°VAN ' ACHEN, HANS. [ACHEN, JO- HANN. , X. * J VANBRUGH, Sir JOHN, dramatist and architect, descended from a Flemish family resident in England, was born in 1666, and entered Into the army. In 1697, his comedy of " The Relapse" was represented ; and, in the following yeur.he produced The Provoked Wife" and "JEsop." afterwards altered by Garrick. When Betterton and Congreve obtained a patent for erecting a theatre in the Haymarkot, Vanbrugh wrote the "Confederacy," tho most witty and licentious of his productions. As an archi- tect, Vanbrugh gained distinction by the palace of Castle Howard built for Charles, carl of Carlisle, and afterwards by thg pa- lace of Blenheim, erected for the great duke of Marlborough. He obtained the office of Clarencieux klng-at-arms; and, in 1714, re- ceived the honour of knighthood. He was also appointed comptroller of the board of works and surveyor of Greenwich Hospital. Died, 1726. , , VANCOUVER, GEORGE, circumnaviga- tor, and a captain in the British navy. He served as a midshipman under Captain Cook ; atad a voyage of discovery, to ascer- tain the existence of any navigable com- munication between the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans beiug determined on, he was appointed to command it. Van- couver's Voyage " was afterwards published by him. Died, 1798. _ ^ ^ VANDAMME, uOaiiNiaiJJi, a rrenen ge- neral, born In 1771. He entered the army very young, and was made general of di- iOiO vision in 1799, after dlstlnKUlshlng Uo- self in the campaigns of the Uhinc. He served in Napoleon's German campaipiig 180S-7-9 ; but was not In the Uutiinn can palgn of 1812, having been disKracvdiocoo. sequence of some dispute with 1mm Buonaparte. But ho hud tho comninnil of the 32nd division In 1813. With that corpi he fell Into an ambuscade atKulm.liiiforM were nearly all cut to pieces, nnd hlmwlf, being made prisoner, was sent to Kn.-an,iiMr the borders of Siberia. He was restored to freedom by the peace of 1814, but ordered to quit Paris in 24 hours. He Joined Biiona parte during tho Hundred Days, and itrred In Grouchy's division at the battle of Wiier- loo. He made a skilful retreat, and oflfertd tho provisional government to defend Parii with the 80,000 troops ho had saved lod collecicd ; but was compelled by the negotii- tions to retire behind the Loire, In ISKhe was banished by ordonnance to Ghent, and afterwards fixed his residence in lie United Slates. By a subsequent ordonnuce ho was permitted to re-enter France, ud put on half-pay in 1821. He died in 1630. VANDER HELST. [HELST] VANDER MEULEN. [MEULEN.] VANDER NEER. [NEER.] VANDERVELDE, or VANDEVELBE, Wl LLGM , called the Old, a celebrated painltr, was born at Leyden, in 1610. Heeicelltd In marine subjects, and with hiison,vbMe pursuits in art were similar to his on,be came to London, and received a pensionttoo Charles II. At the great naval fight be tween the duke of York and the Dutch id' miral Opdam, Vandervelde sailed betwi the hostile fleets In a light skiff to nuk their positions and ol >rve their operationi; and in this manner he Is said toh«»ebea also a spectator of the memorable thnt days' engagement between Monk and Di lluyter. Died, 1693. VANDERVELDE, or VANDEmCE, WILLEM, the younger, son of the precediti, and like him an admirable marine pjiniB, was born at Amsterdam, In 1633. With bii father he settled in England, and was ia tie service of Charles II. This painter i) p- nounced by Horace Walpole tobewithonii rival in his sea-pieces. Tho National Gallnj possesses two of his small works. Welti London, 1707. . ... VANDERWERFF, ADRUN.Dultl painter, was born at Rotterdam.in 1655 Hi was a scholar of Vander Neer,and began ti practise his art as a portrait painter, M soon turned to historical subjects, w elector-palatine took him Into his «en» in 1697, giving him a large pension and i patent of nobility. Most of the paintup executed by him for the elector are nowa the Munich Gallery. His works, notmth- standing their excellence of design and col- ouring, and their high finish, are cold JJ hard m effect, and fail to charm thesp t»W Among them are an " Eccc Homo" Ata ham with Sarah and Hag«r," a '' M gdalm in the Wilderness," a " Ho'V 7™ 'L ' " Judgments of Paris," &c. Died at Kotiet 'vander WEYDEN, KOGER, an eiJjj Flemish painter, born at Brussels orLouwii after dlstingulihlng Wa. pnlRiis or the Uhliic. Hi cun's Oerman caiiipaigoilt! II not lu the Uuuinn caig. ivlng been •liBKraccdlncoiii inie (lUputo with km«\ ut ho hud the comninnil of! n In 1813. AVlth that corpii nbiiscade atKulm,liiiriirci'i cut to piccog, nnd hiimolf; )ncr, was «cnt to Kn!aii,iiMr Ibcrla. Ho was restorrd to peace of 1814, but ordered to I hours. He Joined Biiona- ) Hundred Unya, and Knti Msion at the battle of ^Vller- a skilful retreat, and oflfeN government to defend Pari) ) troops he had saved toil as compelled by the negotij- chind the Loire. In 1816 he by ordonnancc to Ghent, fixed his residence in the < liy a subsequent ordonnuee ted to re-enter France, ud in 1824. He died in 1630. liLST. [HKLST.] EULEN. [MEULEN.] JER. [NEER.] LDE, or VANDEVEIM, I the Old, a celebrated painter. eyden, iu 1610. Heeicelled cts, and with hit ton, vhoie ; were similar to hi) owD,he I, and received a pcnilonfrom t the great naval fight be 3 of York and the Dutch III- Vandervelde tailed betms ets in a light skiff to mitk and ol rve their operation; nuerhu is said tohnTCbeei }r of the memorable tbm ent between Monk and De , 1693. ;LDE, or VANDEmCE, 'ounger, son of the precedinj, in admirable marine ptlnut, nsterdam, In 1633. AVithbii id in England, and was in Hi rles 11. This painter is p- irace Walpolc tobewithoiu -pieces. The National Galliri of his .small works. M« , WERFF, Adrian, DuKl jrn at Rotterdara.in 165S. He )f "VanderNeer,and began M ft as a portrait painter, W to historical subject!. Tli« 8 took him into his Km« t him a large pension aiidi ility. Most of the paintup im for the elector are now a iallery. His works, notwitl- • excclleneo of design and coi- leir high finish, are cold ««i md fail to charm the spectator. arean"EcccHomo," Ataj ihandHagHr,"a''Magdln ,es8," a " Holy Family, »' | f Paris,' ' &c. Died at Koim- [ rtTEYDEN, ROGER, an e.iTij sr.born at Brussels or Low0| about tho beginning of the Uth century. He wn» trained In tho school of tho Van Kycks, whoso style he contributed to spread ; painted In distemper and in oil ; prpfcrred linen cloth tc wood to work on ; nnd made a (treat improvement In the Flemish style of design. In 1130 he was named palnier to ^ i^eta ganiberggt 13fograp^p. I ..'Sign. ... „ the city of llrussels, was in Italy In 1450, nnd died at ItrusscU, In 1464. Tho National (i.illpry possesses a " Deposition In tho Tomb," by this master.— There was another I iioQKR VANDER WEYDKN, also nn eminent I painter, who died at Antwerp, In 1329. Irhcre are four small picturet attributed to Ihim in the National Gallery, one of which Is Im " Kccc Homo," presented by tho queen. I VANDYCK, Sir ANTHONY, the most eml- Inent of all portrait piiintors, was born at l.lntwcrp, in 1599. He received his first In- litructions from Van iialcn, but afterwards I became the favourite pupil of Rubens, who ladvised him to apply wholly to portrait Jpainting, nnd to visit Italy. Accordingly ho Iset out for that country, where he studied the leolouring of Titian with such success as to lexcel Ilubcns in his tints, nnd almost to be- Itome the rival of the great master whoso art ■ he imitated. In 1632, on tho invitation of IChnrles I., he came to England, obtained a Ipenslun, nnd was knighted. He lived In liplendid style, kept the first company, and I was himself a liberal patron of the arts. iDledntlandon, 1641. Vandyck's portraits jarc very numerous, and the most celebrated ■arc in England. Amoug his historical paint- ling! the finest perhaps Is his " Crucifixion." iFivc of his works are In the National Gallery, ' lone of which is the fine head named " Oe- Ivartius ; " which, however, is now known to Ibc the portrait of Cornelius Vander Geest. ■This picture is by some attributed to Ru- Ibcns. VANK, Sir Henut, the son of a baroi.et pho was secretary of state, and treasurer lof the royal household, was born in 1612 : ■rooclvcd his education at Westminster ■School, and at Magdalen College, Oxford ; *rter which he resided for a time at Geneva, and returned a republican and puritan. He pen emigrated to America, and was elected fcovernor of Massachusetts; but becoming Involved in religious disputes, he returned »o England, and was appointed joint trea- •urer of the navy. In 1640 he was elected piembcr of parliament for Hull, and took in active part against tbe royalists. He was iiie principal mover of the solemn league •nd covenant, and also of the self-denying |rdinance i but he did not sit on the king't ■rial J and he resisted Cromwell to such a fogree that he was sent to Carisbrook Castle. "S .o. M^2"^' strenuously exerted himself » establish a republican government. At hitfo,rt„°',t °n? ''^ '^"^ arrested and com- b trillV^'^''^"- Although accused only or tiansactiom that occurred after the king's IWpr win'*'/°H^^ 8"'"y >''"<* beheaded on fower Hill, in 1662. After describing his fcl°'J'^''"^2"^" ""y of hirA,"oneof ik^AtlT "^u^ P"""* °' "en that sver IVANEFFEN. [EFFEN.] [van through Ocrmony, Holland and r.7'"? lie went to Ocnoarwhere ho \aught ph'^'^Z^ was arrested, and con.lemned by thu naril' ,?;"' to be burnt all ve us «,. atheist HeTroto 'Amphithnatrum ^Uerno) ProvldenUw '° """l »e Admirandls Natnire Area U" for "" VA^iii^V^' r*""" "c luff-red inlB 19 ' ' VANLOO, JKAN HAl'Ti.STK, an e^Inent French painter, was born at Alx, 1^ ito lesT'nn " '■"'""y •J'stinguished in"art,rn 1684. He was a pupil of his father, painted at Toulon and Alx for some years, ai.d having Car?l"„nnn"" P»"'°»»B« of the pHnce of Carignano, was sent to study at Rome athU Sr'ln nio?" ''*'"•''"'"» Lutr?or*h J^wl.;'. ^"•^ISho accompanied the prince to Paris, whore ho was in high reputation especially for his portraits, and was em' Clu'^ *'^'»'«'-^K«'"' 0rl,5a,;s at Fontain": ij Painting nVrh '■"'"^''" =»' »"e Academy of 1 ralntlng, and became a professor. In 1738 tnnv'Jho'^ ^?'^"""^' ""'» ^hile he remained health induced him to visit his native p ace and he died there In 1743. Two of his sons' vL"ig?oA"*^''""""''^'"' "« painters „ y v^i'^^' CHAKI.KS ANDKfi, a distln- ?,ni'*® preceding, and was born at Nice in S Apupilof JeanBaptlste and of Bene- detto Lull, he accompanied hi^ brother to ^'"■''',;."k''u''"'''*«"* him In tho restorations on which he was employed at the DalnP« of Jf"ll'r^'««"- ,Afte';a%horty!;u''toZry' the Academy a few years later, became pro- the Academy. Louis XV. made him chevalier of the order of St Michael, and Frederick the Great attempted to entice him to Berlin but unsuccessfully. His works are Verv as^ThTLvn'*-'''^'"^."* '^"t over-praised; Zl - DieTnT'^ '^"" ""'"""• ""''- VAN MANDER. Caket., a Flemish paint- ?^ifl T"P''*"";""'' ^""sl'itor, was born, in 1548, of an ancient and distinguished fnm ly He was a pupil of Lucas de Hecre ;sT)en several years at Rome; was driven fZ his home by the civil wars, and settled at painting there, and also occupied himself v„^'^"^"" "'? "^''' ^^'th literary iTour Van Mander painted historical, landscape, and portrait pieces in fresco nnd in oil. Ho fi„i.'!I'7 o '"."'' '•-■membored for his "Het Schilder Boek," or " Lives of the Painters " v^rJl[r*Ti?r.i*'".'\'""' ^••""Slated Homer and ^wfi;^?^®"* at Amsterdam, 160fl.-Hi8 son CHARLES was also a good painter, nnd en- «/^ u*"^'^"^^'^' "■■ ^VlLLxAM, bishop tL ,^^'^^' ■"** horn in London, in 1765; received his education at Merchant Taylors' school, and at Queen's College, Oxford ; n?,r^.fI'lVau ^i^'" ""'>' °''<^«''» *'» 1^88, as curate of Sherbourne .ind Lewknor, Oxford- shire. He obtained in 1790 the rectory of ■%■ 1 I I f if U ! \': \ 1041 iir\ 8t M«ry-lo-Uow, liOndon. llli ablUtlM >■ a pipiiuhvr iiDon mtractcd ptiliUu notlcp, enie- iliilly M dlHplBvod 111 hU " Jloylf Lccturei." Ho WBi noon after preM-nted with tho vlcar- ngo of FurnlnKhum, Kent, nnd ho lubie- quciitly bcconio prcnohcr of Lincoln"! Inn and roKlin profc»sor of divinity ot Oxford. In 181U ho wot mndo blihop of Llond«ff, and dean of St VaiU'ii In thu following your. He then lOilRncd hi* chair at Oxford; and on tho death of l)r Bhute HivrrlnRton, In 1820, he wa» raUed to tho soo of Diirhum. A( a thcoloBlcftl writer, Dr Van MlUlcrt ■tands In the first clais ; hl» " Life of Wator- iand" 1b a lumlnoui and comprchonitlvo performance, filling up a ■void In our ccclo- ■taitlcal history ; and many of hU icrmona are perfect Bpoclmcui of pulpit plo ' n,a\th"ar"o? V=: VnT oV thoVea^^^^^^^^^^ rn' W Ba^'r/?e7t a^'or^p^n "a«rK'l^ wa, broujh up by a charitable prior, and U. hi, 17th year entered tho Spanish army, and served under tho prince of Cond6. 1 o ScalousW studied the art ot war. especially ?or Elon.and had «'ven proml.o of dis- ♦inouishiiiK himself, when In 1883 ho wa, JLkcn prUonor by a party of hi, countrymen !!rovXt»-and wa, pcr,uadcd by Cardinal Ma"u?in to enter the French army. Placed under CervUlc.ho made so K^ent PjOKrefs In h?s aJt that In 1658 he was churgod with the H rnotlon of the .lege, of Graveline,. Ypres. and Oudenardc From that time hi, Hfo was full of «eat enterprise, and achievements ; 1 war he wa, indinpensable to conduct ,?c«erond in prace equaUy so to restore dc- JaTd fortifications or construct new ones. TO detati his deeds would bo to tel almost the history of France d.i> M> ifr- ^e hid the conduct of flfty-u. ■ '' : "> .Vf* nresent at one hundred nutt .^'t/ ittles Sed thirty-three for^ tho \te". H. F. Lyie, appeared In W,« anoii.J. edition, with a pprint of he »^ moir, m IS.W.-THOMAS, twin-brotherof« above, also studied at Oxford, fough m* king's side in the civil war, entere^ 4i chuich. was expelled from b'."' "' royalist, and spent the rest of hj^ .fc; J study of chemistry and maple. He tu^I In the service of Sir Robert Murray.^olM^ ecroLry of state, PuW''^^'' 7^: 7 on his favourite- subjects, one of «wa volved him in a contrrversy wi ' "« More, and died at Aibury. Oxfordshire, ''VAUGHAN. yj^^^^\'^''l,,Z,A Welsh poet, was born i" C«rmame^^ in 1577 ; uud wastnc a"'°"'";r-|;ici, laneou, poems, the princlpalMjrh|ei TAU] "De 8pho-r«rum Ordlne," "The Oolden Orora Murullic'd," The Oolden Fleece "An Died, 1B40. ' VAUX, the namo of « noble EnRlith fimllr origin y of French cxtrucllon — Nicnoi,AH, ihi Artt Ixjrd Vavix, w«»" a nlUnt ofltccr, and runkod dcteivodly liiith In the favour of Ilonrjr VIII., ana ^g, ^ "^ MDt with hl-n and the I'rt-nch niunnrch nt the " field of thp cloth of gold." Ulvd, lA.'io -UU ion.THOMAB, born In Ifllo, Inherited hli father') valour, and waa bcildei a poet H« attended Henry VIII. to Calali and Bouloudc, wo» made governor of Jersey, and 4lcd about lfl53. /."uu VECCHIKITA, It, whose nnmo woe Lo- umo 1)1 1'lETUO, Itollon painter, sculptor ind architect, was born in the HIenese tor-' ritory In U\'i, and was a pupil of Querela Kit best work as n painter Is the " Assumn- llon of the Virgin " at IMenza. JIo executed the bronze inbernnclc now above the oltar in the Duonio of SIcna, tho monument to Iho jurist Marino fioccino, and fluurcs of Christ, 8t Peter, and 8t Paul. Died, H80 VEOA, Lopez bk i,a, or LOI'E I'ELIX DE VEOA CAllPIO, a celebrated Spanish poet, was born at Madrid, In 1882. After iiudylng .It Alcaltt, ho entered Into the serv- ice of the duke of Alva, at whose Instance M wrote the heroic pastoral of "Arcadia " .Soon after this ho married i but, on the loss of hn wife, he embarked in the Arniuda, pre- pared for the invasion of Knglund. In the course of this voyage ho wrote n poem, call. led Hcrmonura do Angelica," to which when published, ho added the " Dragontea •' in InTcctivc against Drake and Queen Eliiabcth. In IMO Lope married a second !!?.*'..?.''* "«*'" ''ecame a widower, on iwhlch he entered Into the order of 8t Fran- w. Ho Btill, however, cultivated poetry. nd scarcely a week passed without seeing drama from his prolific muse. Honours Won:.H° '\".*"'';! '." "P"" »>'■»- «nd he wa" imzei by the whole nation. At his death. e ni'!T W '" '*^?' ^^^ "'Shest honours' ere paid to his remains, and all the poets iLmeX •="'^°"'l'»«»c tributes to VELAZQUEZ. DON DiEOO HODRIGUEZ 'E biUA, one of the greatest Bnanish ilsfc*?""^ at Seville in 1599. Xm e acquired his " naturalist " stvlo to whini. te steadfastly adhered ; Whig second Jane SCO Pacheco, wlth'whoS he remaTneJ hs /S. ''^8'''"'"* "'"e, except Indeed mghtwl'Ii/" """'iaKe.' He therefore e m^l?' '^' 8''"'' masters therel'andfn e following year he returned to that cltv Untcr Prinnnni ? *' ""''fi named court ^of E-ui"""-^^"?'"'**.' afterwards Charles "•trait was 'not' flnuw ^^ i^". but the !8 Velalm.o, K "''*'^' *»•* *8 lost. In ^eiazquez became acquainted with *^<»n^^^iber8aljg(Qgyj,pljjp part of that tln.e ; next toNani,^ -,''"'■'?« became the frlond'of h* countr'Jmin Ublr'L" ..Ml was particularly In.pre.sidW.o forks' of the painter HtanzlonI ; and In fiiTr. turned to Madrid, rhllln iv mn « . i / "j of the great palnter.gav him a uudl?. ..;?•* royal palace, and an office a out his p'n" ll''*»- »'« W"» •'■nt to Italy to buyXu?"; and casts of Greek sculptures tor the VIZ ami HfUT his return. In 1' beautiful composi- tions of llaphael. Among hU greatest works trai l'*'n'f'*i:r'""" P"""" of Philip IV 'por traits of his queen, Elizabeth of Uourbon the Infanta Margarita, Pope Innocent X r-areja, Las Lanzas," " Las Hllandorn. •• Los Bebldores," and'" LaTMeninSs." The last-named represents the Infanta Margaritn ?„ThT''"^'*^.''7""^'" ""<» dwarfs S for her portrait In the painter's studlb. A sketch, supposed to be the original, for th^ fine work Is in the possession of 'll j p iH".uh'T^*I:: f,""* Y«* exhibited at the British Institution In 1804. Four other works of Velazquez with this sketch fomed the chief attraction of that exhibition The Natlonnl GaUery possesses three of his paint ngs-" Philip iv. hunting the Wild Boar," which has been to a large extent re- painted, a "Nativity, or Adoration of the Shepherds." a good example of his enrll style and the "Orlando Muerto," or Dead lYln" w. M»»;;Aquador" (Water-carrier) Jp„n „f^ «?"ectlon at Apsley House. Four- M^S u' ?"* .'*■*"■''* ''^ere exhibited at the Manchester Art Treasures in 1857. Velaz- quez died at Madrid, 7th August, lefiOnnd San "jZ** ""l'}" "'7,*^ "-""P In the'churcS of San Juan. His wife died broken-hearted seven days after him. and shared his g?Ive him "°"""'*"*' ^"» ever been erected to .. — ti ,,;, j^uLia JUHJSril. Duke of n t'o'HeSrv'l^'""^'^ «^°"«'' «'««^-«rands'on In th! ^ ^^•,,"® ■""* born In 1654, served In the wars of Louis XIV., In Holland, took 1C45 11 W,- yen] ^ i^eto ZRnttwranl lBiograpi)i). [m Barcelona In 1697. whs Tcry successful against Iho Imperialists in Italy, and was sent in 1708 to succi ;d VlUcrol In tho com- mand in Holland. In thn same year ho was defeated at Oudenardo by MnrlborouRh and Prince Riiaono. Ho contributed greatly to the establishment of Thllip V. on the Ppan- ish throne, by the victory of Vlllaviciosa. in 1710; and was admitted to the honours of a prince of the blood-royal. Died, 17r2. VENEZIANO, A'lORTiNO, a celebrated Italian engraver, was born at Venice aljout HflO He was -^nc of tho most able pupils of Marc-Antonio, whom he almost cquiiliod in delicacy of execution, whilo ho was far In- ferior to liim In dcslRn and in tho treatment of liffht and shade. His most admired print is that of" the Skeletons " after llandinelli, executed in I'^IS. Agostino engraved many of tho works of Kaphacl and many fine por- traits. Died nt Kome, probably about 1»40. VENEZIANO, ANTOWiO, Italian painter, who flourished 1370—1388. Ho was a native Of Venice, but learnt paintinpf at Florence, and became one of the best fresco painters of his time. He painted In tho cathedral of Sienna, at Florence, and at Pisa. His three frescoes in the Campo Santo of Pisa were the finest to be seen there. VENEZIANO, DOMENICO, an Italian painter, whose birth and training are In- volved In obscurity. It is concluded by the most recent historians that ho was or a Venetian family, was born early in the 16th century, studied nt Florence, was long con- nected with tho Medici family, was well ac- quainted with the great Florentine painters of his time and their works, lived some time at Perugia, and died at Florence in May, 1461. He is said to have painted the choir of Santa Maria Nuova at Florence, but the frescoes have perished. Two only of his pictures are now extant; the best of them being in Santa Lucia de'Hardi, at Florence, of St Lucy, the Virgin and Child, andseveral Saints. Tho long current storv that Ho- menico learnt the secret of oil-painting from Antcnello da Messina, and that Andrea del Cast.igno cimnlngly ncq\iirod it from him, and then from jealousy murdered him, is now shown to bo false. Domenico survived Andrea four years. ^ ^ . VENIUS, or VAN VEEN, OTTO, a Butch painter, was born at I.cyden, in 1356. He studied at Rome under Zucchero, and after visiting Germany, where the emperor offer- ed to take him into his service, he returned to his native country. He became pain tor to tho prince of Parma, and was named direct- or of the mint by the Archduke Albert. Kut Van Veen's chief title to distinction is that he was the master of llubcns. Pied, 1634. VENN, Henry, an English divine, was born at Barnes, in Surrey, in 17'25 ; and died at Ciapham, In 1796. Ho was author of " The Complete Duty of Man," first publish- ed In 1764; "Mistakes in llcliglon ex- posed," &c. . , « , , VERB, EdWART*, earl of Oxford, a courtlei' poet in Elizabeth's time, was edu- cated at St John's College, Cambridge. In 1580 ho held the oflice of lord high chamber- lain, and as such sat upon the trial of Mary, queen of Scots ; he had also a command in 1046 the fleet sent againit tho Spanish armidi. Died, 1604. VKUE, Sir FKANCI8, a renowned Enillrt general of the reign of duecn Elizabeth, was born In 1354. His whole milltarycirtn forms part of the history of the war hct»«ii the Spaniards and tho Dutch after tbe declaration of independence by the United Provinces. He was sent to Holland »itli tho auxiliary forces under the carl of W- cester. In 1685, and distinguishca liimielfon many occasions during the war; took put In the defence of Sluys and BorRen-op-Zooiii, relieved Iterg, and had his horse killed ij the combat, accompanied tlio cxpcditlonto Cadiz, under Lords Essex and Howard of Etflngham, and was named governor of He JJrlU. Ho contributed to the victory oTer tho Spaniards at Nleuport, in l6uo, and though twice severely wounded, rcmaliod on tho field till his horse was »hot, Uli last active service was the defence of Oitud in 1601—2. Ho held out for eight monibi with 1700 men against 12,000 of the cneiiy, Died, in England, In 1608. A monuniMt was erected to him In Westminster Abbej, VERE, Sir HOUACK, baron of TilliiiT, younger brother of the preceding, was kon in 1665, He served with his brothcrlilhi Netherlands, and had a considerable to in tho victory near Nleuport, and in thed^ fence of Ostend. In the reign of JanutL he commanded the forces sent to theaulit- nncc of the clcetor-palatine ; on which oc» sion he effected a memorable retreat Wore Spinola, tho Spanish general. Hewstb* first person raised to the peerage by Chula I. Died, 1635. VERELST, Simon, an eminent Fleuiil painter, who excelled in flowers and fniitt Hf) was born at Antwerp in 1661, and mm at an early age to England, where he »!• tatned extraordinary popularity. ItiiMl known when he died. VERGIL, or VIUGIL, PoirDORS, Uf torian and miscellaneous writer, wai bon atUrbino, in central Italy. Hetookhil; orders, was a friend and correfpondenl oi Erasmus, and after making himself kiowi as a writer, was selected by Pope Aleiute VI., soon after 1500, to visit England at (ol- lector of the tribute called Pctcrpeiw In this ungrateful office Vergil had no W- cesser ; but although the tax finally ceiiM to be paid under Henry VIII. he ressMi hero till 1550, and held successively jariw church preferments. In 1513 he M«« prebendary of St Paul's. His pmntf work is the " Historia Anglica," dcWMi to Henry VIII., and published at Item 1534. It is highly praised for its cliiW Latinity, but docs not possess weight «i historical authority. Polydorc \ergu.« wrote a treatise," De lierum InVcntoriW, and a work in the form of dialogues, w Prodlgiis." His first publication J«' collection of proverbs. Died, probably «] Urbino, in 1555. . „„,^. l^ VEUGNIAUD, PiKItnK >ICTOIU\t«, ;., {7«u. n,,^ (if the chiof* nf the Gironwi party'in' the French revoluiion, remat..'* for tho brilliant energy of liisorntof^m with Gensonn,-. and Garnet, oppocdi« sanguinary measures of Kobe8?ierK TEUj ainit tho Bpanlsh armidi, ANCI8, a renowned EniW rclBn of Uuodn ElljabeH, . Ills whole mllitar)'ci!(n ( history of the war N»«ii nnd tho Dutch after tbt lUependpnco by tho United vriis sent to Holland nitli rces under the carl of W- nd dlstinKUiHhcd lilmselfog during tho war; took put I ' Sluys and Hor(fen-op-Zooiii, ind hud his hurse kiUeil ig )nipanicd tho expcditionto irds Essex and Howard of was named governor of the fibutcd to tho yictory oter i»t Nleuport, In 1600, ud evercly wounded, rcnultcd II his horse was ahot, Hli ce was the defence of OiM held out for eight moolbi | •gainst 12,000 of the cntm;, nd, in 1608. A monunnll ilin in Westminster Abbej. loRACK, buron of Tilbiiy, I r of the preceding, was btn I vcd with his brothcrlilbi id had a considerable liin I ear Nieuport, and in tlleli^ . In the reign of Jamn L the forces sent to the aiilM- tor-palatine ; on which oc* a memorable retreat beltte [ anish general. Hevutbi cd to the peerage \>j Cbidei I is tlrst puDiicuu"" "-- proverbs. Died, probablr • ^ Mtbo mnibttBal ^8(oftraoftn. [VEB o7ene?rpr^?S{nj^f^^ •tudio, which yf'^ y^rvluooJf',^^* "'^n Jionourfc eamo Tn Uml " r.s"* l'»''''o made ofBecr of the I ri^inn „# I. •"» ^'>» next year was receivWt thi .""I"""-! the in 1828 was appointed director oV'tbi'''.""'' demy of Fine ArtMnti*,,™„ °' "'" A(«. filled till tho end of"?8™$'",ri r*"'" "« to I'aris the kine Loul« pm . ' """■» of Vni....iii,.- r,....' H"'.'«-"L8 01 the Museum fO being beaten in the struggle, wore accused before tho revolutionary tribunal, and sent to the guillotine. Vcrgnlaud, liko many of hi) colleagues, nifused to escape ; ho had prepared a subtle poison for himself, but as there was not enough for all his fcllow-vio- tlniB, he generously resolved to riffer with them. Died, 3l8t Oct., 1793. VEHMIOLI, I'lEXRO. [MAKTYK, PETEB.l VEKNET, CLAiJDK JOSEPH, a French painter, was born nt Avignon, in 1714. jje studied for mnnv yoors in Italy, and before puint the I his return to France became the flrst marine of Versalllc. 'n,i. ?„";;.""" "', ""= "'""enm painter in Europe. In 763 ho whs admitted to than five years A J^„'J* °?"P'cd him moro ,,.,....>. ... .,.-. ... ... w •• iiaituiiii|,i(;UIO the Academy of I'alnting, and was employed to paint a series of views of tho principal French seaports. Died, 1789. His "Castle of 8t Angclo, Home," Is In the National Oallerv VEUNET, Antoine Charles Horace better known ns Carle Vernet, a cele- brated French painter, was the son and pupil of the preceding, and was born at Ilordcaux In 17S8. He won the grand prize of tho Aca- demy in 1782, nnd went to study at Home. iHe excelled ns o painter of battle-pieces [but also executed many small genre pictures' and was esteemed one of tho licst painters' Jof horses. Among his principal works are Ithc "Triumph of J15milius I'aulus," "He' view in the Court of the Tuilcrics by tho iFirst Consul," tho Hattles of Marengo Rivoll,anaAVagram,"Morningof the Battle' of Austerlitz," &c. He also painted some Igood portraits. Carle Vcrnct was the father and teacher of the moro distinguished Horace Vernet, noticed below. Died, at Paris, 1S36. VERNET, JEAN EMILE HORACE, usually called llouACE Vernet, tho distinguished I French painter, was son of the preceding and the last scion of a family of artists, orlgliially of Avignon. He wns born, in 1789, in the Louvre, where his father, Carl \ernet, and h 4 grandfather, Joseph, had official apartments. His earliest years were passed amid the agitations of the revolu- tion, and his education was comparatively hcglectcd. But ho soon began to use the pencil, and his flrst sketches were of Mm!^if ■. ^^^^^ "8'' °^ 13 he could support Ihimsclf by the payments received for his drawings. His father was his master in koW Tf-in?" ^°'" '''"^ ^'^ caught tha° Iwh hm„H°„''t'?'"^f"" '"^^ 1°^« o^ '•eality iMl nrTh :^ *"■" 'l'" opponent of the class- IPttLl ?"'''"^y °^ '"" school of David. Klli^ J? ^'" ^'>« eriir^*« "ympathizing Kh H? ^^ ^°l^^ y^""- Iho popularity on «i.f *'"''**• ^<"""<'' nccompanied him ?hnV°"J'"''y to SelJastopol, and wos no o wbhT", °' '"' "f*'- f'-om tie darknecrof which he never wholly escaped Durin/ the revolutions of 1848 he waTuc iv"y em? virsaiiies, Jn 1883 he followed thn i.Vnn>.i. army to Varna, but soon rcrurned to S «e o'i t"h« ^V'' '".?' ^.^.««* P'cture, the " Ha I tie of the Alma." The death of his wife Sver him and"'""*' ''^"='' '""» 'ohK broiled was soon 'afN?r ^nfr""*? '"'»••••"'»«. In 1838, was soon ntter followed by a Inst liini» nn/i painful Illness. Tho grcut'^ Stci Sfed ?n resnp'pf i,.>,.i "'^"^"''""'^ resolved, out of respect to his memory, not to apnolnt his successor till ..:ter six months of mourning To the works already named must be ad' e^ the great picture of the "Taklnff nf t„ Smala," Battles of Monfmirlf Fm.tenoy whTeh" w'i.to'.^■•; ^""* "' the pTlnecsf" Which, with other fine works, wasdcstroved at the revolution of February 1818 "School of llaphael." "Prayer in ' the ' Desen"' Council of Arabs," and portsalts of vA poleon, Charles X..' and B?o[her Phi ip^pe' A pleasant record of the Vernets has lust appeared^ 1866) entitled. " Joseph, C'urli et Horace Vernet, Correspondan?e et Bio- ^ v?^«l?'AU'y ^'"'^'l^'-' IJurande. VERNON, Edward, a brave Fnon A' "...\1J"." Died, l1.->7. ' • ar.nngcua. of\^P fl^^^.^^^'^'^L'' distlnffulshcd patron « i».i "^ "i*' ^"« I'O™- 1774. Originally a dealer In horses, he, by his Integrity Prndence, and assiduity, amassed a larg'^' rrr t i i ! 1047 '•I = » I iiiiiiii veb] % i^eto atnitiereal 13io9tap!)g. \yii fortune, which ho liberally expended In MsUtlnK slru»glinK tnlpnt, »"{! inji^fj «"f„ Ina men of genius. Ills mun flccnt gift to the nation, m 1847 of tho '7"n°" G/'j lery," a collection of P'^turcs, the works of mmlern Urltish artists, on which He is said to have laid out £180,000, has gained for him a lasting name. Died. 2?»d ^ay 1849 A Dortrait of Vernon, by II. AV. I'lcketsglii, Snd a bust, by Uehncs, the latter presented £y thett"C">. ««•" »n "'^ ^."i'^'rAm'f ''• VEUDNKSE. PAOLO. [CAOLIAUI.] VEUKE8. CAIU9, the rapacious pro- pr»tor of Sicily, was, In M. C. 82, one of the Sarty of Marius, but went over to «""« nnd became legulus to Dolabella In CiUcla. whom Tn turn he deserted and betrayed, "e was ap- Dolntcd pro-prsetorln Sicily ii.c. 73. and the hdand was left at his mercy during the two following years. Uy his unbounded avarice an I the unscrupulous cruelty and tyranny "vith which he Vratifled It, the inland was completely desolated, and tho inhabitants Scd to want and despair. It was re- solved to prosecute him. and the conduct of Ihe proceedings was intrusted to Cicero. AU attempts of the friends of Verres to get it out of Cicero's hands, and to put it olT, failed: and by mere weight of testimony, w hout nourish of oratory, the case was decided afiainst him. He quitted Home befiro sentence was actually passed, hisown advocate, Hortcnslus. giving «P the defence. Verres settled at Marseilles, and was after- wards proscribed by Antony. There are seven Orations of Cicero against Verres, of which only two were spoken. VEllROCCUIO, ANDRKA DEL, tt distin- guished Italian painter and sculptor, was born at Florence in 1432. He was first ap- prc ticed to a goldsmith, and executed many exquisite works in metal, which are Tost!^ Ho learnt the art of sculpture under PonatcUo, and soon gave up painting, of his skill in which only one example is left, _a" Baptism of Christ," in the Academy of viorence. His great works as a sculptor [re the'bronze B?oup of the " Inc-edu ty of «r Thnmns " for the church of Or San Miche rwhich he began in 14G6,butdidnot complete for nearly '-^O y«^"V ^''/.Ilir "sU ver of riero and Giovanni de' Medici, si vtr statuettes of the Apostles, and the tomb of Selvaggia Tornuaboni, executed at Rome, ?ho statue of David, and the magnificent equestr an statue of Bartolomeo Cokoni, the great condottiere, at Venice. Veiroc- chlo was the master of Leonardo da Vinci and Lorenzo dl Credi. In power and versa- tilitv of talent he greatly resembles Leo- nardo, and their drawings are frequently difficult to distinguish. It is b'll'evcd that Leonardo assisted his master in Pnintmg the " Baptism." Died, at A enice, 14b8. VEIISCHUKING. HENDRIK, a Dutch nalnter, born at Gorcum, in 1627. He prin- cipally excelled m battle-pieces; an '.vas induced to cxclmiigc it Mistrulenscs, in which lie be- lUl this order lie also quitted, Piiris ns n sccnlar tcclcsiaitlc. )on procured him ilistiiiciioD, ipointcd Bccrctnry to the duke jf Oilciins, hlstorlogrnplicr of Miilta, and comiiinndrr of I chief work is the "Ilistoire UB do la lldpuhliquo Koniaino." c histories of the rcvoliilioDi ind Sweden ; but thougli ihcy Icfinnt, and intcrcstiiiR, ttcy 3 uH histories. Died, 1735. GKOiiGE, a dlsiinguishcd en- iitiqunry, was born in Lonilon, r being instructed in cnRravinj cnchman.nnd afterwards hy a bcpnn to practise on hisonn )9. He was aided by tlic favour cy Knellcr, and eoon makiiii; KCcUcnt prints, he found many rcalthy patrons ; among tlirm, of Oxford, the earl of 'Winchtl- ! of Porsct, lord Colcraine, and the prince of Wales. He wai •at members of the Academy of iblishedinl711,andcnsraverto r Antiquaries. Having projeclcJ work on the history of the fine ind, he undertook extensive i* de many journeys in company Dthcr of his nolile patrons, ind orgo mass of materials, whieb eath became the properly of lolc, and were published bybim ties of " Anecdotes of Paiatinj ' and" Catalogue of Dngraven.'' lilts are very numerou!, tti est of them arc the sot of twelie EnKlish poets, ten. portraitio md his friends, and poitraitsof r England for ll.apin's History. lan of singular piety, nicdes^, id scrupulous truthfulness; w inc his mind to engrave portraiii 3t true, nor increase his businMt Jf puffery. Died, 1756, and wu le cloisters of AYcstminstcrAb- 1 IS, ANDREAS, the great anatoji- son of an apothecary mtlieser^j I'rincess Margaret, goye « ands, and was born at Brussfi rem his boyhood he showe , to the study ofanatoinM courage and dctcrnnnat on nself to it at louvain and « I rg^;catriskstooMajn..N| dee ■ taught at the uiiivenlt«» lologna! and Pisa, with estr.or-1 VES] ^ jactp ganibtrgtti IBJ^ii^^iiftir dinary success; acquired wider renown by I exnpdi»in» « a 1 =-_. the publication of his great work inl512^ phice ttn^^h'n A«r«<>ola to Hrltaln tJ^ and two years later was nppointed first phy. Vcsnaslan dL^° iT?'^ °' ^hU emperor siciau to the Kinperor Charles V., whomife '""'""' "'^^ '" »>'" ""♦' '-'"peror. had thenceforth to atconipany Jn all his moTcments. Ho held the same oflSce under Philip n., and in consequence of the claims on his time ns royal pbysiciiin, he did not prosecute his scientific studies. Suddenly in the height of his honours and prosperity he resolved on making the pilgrimage to' Jerusalem. For this strange step a reason is assigned still more strange, and hardly credible; that he was found guilty of mur- der by the Inqui.sition for having opened a hody for dissection before death had really taken place, the heart, it was said, quiver- ing in his hand ; and that ho was allowed to expiate the crime by a pilgrimage instead of death. Vcsalius was nt Jerusalem in 1564. During his absence he was Invited to fill the chair of anatomy at Padua, vacant by the death of hiseniinent scholar Fallopius. Hut on his return voyage ho was wrecked, and perished of hunger or exhaustion in the island of Zante, in October, 1564. His great work is entitled " Do Corporis Humani Fa- brica,"nnd by its original views, important discoveries, and convincing evidence, it con- stituted the science of human anatomy, nnd opened a new era in the progress of medical science. Its daring attacks on established doctrines, and the venerated authority of Galen, brought down on its author a storm of bitter reproach and opposition ; but the storm soon allayed itself, and Vesalius was honoured by the next generatlou as the dis- coverer of a now world. He was author of several other works, and the whole were edited by Hoerhaavc and Albinus. in 2 vols folio, in 1725. VESLING, JoiiANN.an eminent writer on natural history and anatomy, born at Min- den, in Germany, in 1598 ; studied ot Vienna, and after a journey to Palestine became pro- fessor of anatomy and botany, .and keeper of the botanic garden at Padua. He after- wards visited Egypt, and wrote several '^Srio "" '"' favourite sciences. Died. 1649 , JESPASIANUS, TITUS FLAVIU8, Roman emperor, was born of a poor family In the country of the Sabines, A. d. 9. He served in tiie Roman armies, gradually rising to distinction, and in 41-2 was employed as S?v°in^r="'^'r'^ *» 43 h7thi sami ntrHritlfn*''VP'"*'"*'" ""''<^' Claudius 47 served nfi.r*^^° 7"' "«'*'" '" »"'»'" »« and in rffi w!. 7"'^',\' P'-oconsul in Africa, dSet of tho T?''f^»"d''y ^'^'•o ^>th the con' ouct of the Jewish War. He was still en- Viteliru ve.r'"» **" ^''^''«" 0"'° and peror A n M ^"iV" "^"^ Proclaimed em- f„™fi' ^^- "^ returned to Italy, leav- luus had a joint triumph. The Vespasian 4d1^ ^^^^ -J^e^peror. ther he had irono fnr ii.« v — ••"'''""•• health. A.i). 79 Ho lef twr^*** "I! "'» and Domitianus wlm hnfh kI ° '""»' l"u« of his age, was born at Naples in 1668 Hn was of an obscure fumllv and fnr ♦ "" part was self-educated. ^^C some yearnf« supported himself as a private tutor d"ot K f "".''"' """'■'' t'we to the pursuit of hi. beloved studies. Like all crent m„H. i.' was attracted to tlie great wo^rsor, ho ancients head-springs of thouIoA and wii dom, nnd cared little for the literature of the moderns; except the few works whirl. ri.« nearest to the first grcaT oTs 'lie'' studied Plato most of all ; strove to form his stviP upon that of Cicero ; and loved X; sad wis dom, of Dante. In 1697 he was ai)Dointod professor of rhetoric at the university of Naples, and held that post nearly 'ortv the renu^U„"„"f °"' ''^''- "otwiU.st'andTn^ Irl.? wT.h °° '"^ acquired, ho had to strug- hih.l "I"""' circumstances, and pro- a sunn le k?.P Promotion because 'he had'^t ot a supple knee. In his old nee. and %vhpn aTculnuZod^P ''' '°V« l^>borio5s'st",l^iera«S accumulated cares, he was named historio- grapher to the king of Naples, his son bcin; ?orir° ^l]^" """^ appointed pr'ofossor of rlic* toric. 'Ihe great work of Vico is entitlpd penred in 1725. It is a philosophy of history Setermfnfn!,'^ recognition of certain laws' determining the course of events, and the progress of the human race. Vico ^tiei! hftinl nf*""" '"^P'^rtant points the specu- if a "ater't" me -■ '""^'.''"''""it thinker. f i,rn« oV-.i ^' , ?'* ^^ork passed through [o hLp ^"""," ^"^ V^^time, and then seems to have been long lost sight of. In 1827 u";^ '^V^"^"*'"''^ " ^''•""«" translation of U. and a German translation had appeared a few years earlier. A collected edition of an,.°J ^^'"■'**- "Pl^'-'iri'd nt Naples in 1818, and was reprinted in 1835. Died. 1744 yiCTOH AMADEUS II., duke of Savoy and king of Sardinia, was born in 1666 and succeeded his father, Charles Emmanuel under the regency of his mother ii 1675 At the instigation of Louis XIV., who had in 1686 the cruel war against the Waldenses whoso sufferings thirty years before had provoked the cflective inter vontion of Crom- wel . In 1690 the duke joined the leagie^f Spain and the empire against Franci and Savoy was invaded bv the French "he sarrie year through the influence of England and the Netherlands, the Vaudois were re- stored to their homes and possessions, and [ro'''Z°f 7°'"?^"P ^'''« 8' ■'"ted them Jn InJ^^J''^" "'vaded Daupl.iny, was de featod the next year at Mnrsnglia by Catinat and by the pearp with v „ -.„"^,V.^ , . ' l696,recoveredVllhisle7r]ro;ics.'i;thewa^ of the Spanish Succession ho was named cen- era issimo of the combined forces of France and Spain, In Ita ly, and at the same time 1q19 ..'('!) /! t ;■ ;■ ! \r 1 ; ! ■ I ( ' had a secret undcrgtanding with the house of Austria. Declaring himself against the king of Spain, his son-in-law, in 1701, his duchy was again overrun by the French, and Turin was besieged in 1706. But Joined by Prince Eugene, he won a great victory over the French near Turin, thus delivering the city and regaining his states. He soon after acquired the duchy of MontfcTrat, and by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, he was re- cognized as heir to the crown of Spain in default of issue of Philip V., and received Sicily and its dependencies with the title of king. He was crowned with his wife at Palermo. But Sicily was afterwards seized by the king of Spain, and on the accession of Victor Amadeus in 1720 to the Quadruple Alliance, Sardinia was given him by way of compensation, with the title of king. After ten years of peace, devoted to the internal improvement of his dominions, he abdicated in favour of his son Charles Emmanuel. In 1731 he attempted to resume the crown, and was arrested by order of the king and im- prisoned. Died, 1732. VICTOR, CLAUDE PERRIN, duke of Belluno and marshal of France, was born at Marche (Vosges) in 17G6, and entered the army In 1781. He distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon in 1793, was twice wounded, and was named general of brigade. Serving next in the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, he passed thence Into the army of Italy, and took a brilliant part in the campaigns of 1796 — 97. For his success at the affair of St George, when he compelled 8000 Austrians to lay down their arms, he was named gen- eral of division. He took Ancona, and thereby determined the conclusion of the treaty of Tolentino. As commander of La Vendue he did much by his wise moderation to estab- lish peace and order in the province. Re- called to Italy in 1799, he contributed to the victories of Montebello and Marengo ; was «eiit after the peace of Amiens ambassador to the court of Denmark ; resumed his com- mand in the army in 1806, greatly distin- guished himself at the battles of Jena and Friedland, and on the field of Friedland was created marshal of France. After holding the office of governor of Berlin for more than a year, he served in the Peninsula, ob- tained several victories over the Spanish forces, and was defeated at Talavera by Sir Arthur 'Wellesley. The blockade of Cadiz occupied him above two years, and then he joined the great expedition to Russia, in all the successes and disasters of which he took a prominent part. The French army was saved by his heroic services at the passage of the Beresina in November, 1812. He reaped fresh honours in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, was severely wounded at the battle of Craonne, hastened to submit to the restored Bourbons, and displayed great in* gratitude towards Napoleon. Marshal Vic- tor followed Louis XVIII. to Ghent, and after Waterloo was created peer of France, and named commander of the 16th military division. He was minister of war from 1821 to 1823 ; accompaniod the expedition to Spain under the Duke d' Angoulfime ; and was for a short time ambassador to Vienna. Died at Paris, 1811. 1050 yiCTOR, 8KXTU8 Atjhkliu.m, a lioman historian, who lived in the 4th century. Ke was governor of part of Pannonia in sei uj probably consul with Valentlnian in '373 The works attributed to him are, ''Ori« Gentls Romans'," "De Virls IllustribM Urbig RomoB," "De CsBsaribus Hisiorii" and "De Vita et Moribus Imperatotuni Romanorum excerpta." VICT0RIU8, or VETTORI, Pieiro, an eminent Italian scholar, wag born at flo- rence, in 1499. After the revolution whicli took place in his native city, in 1529 he went to Rome, and resided there till Como de' Medici invited him home, and tppointed him to the Greek and Latin professonblp. He wrote commentaries on Aristotle, and published editions of Terence, Sallnst, and other ancient authors ; " Variaa lectioaei" and Latin poems and orations. Died, liss' VIDA, Marco Girolamo, a modm Latin poet, was born at Cremona, about 1490. After studying in his own couiit7 he went to Rome, when his poem,entitw| "Scacchia Ludus" (Game of Chess), pro- cured him the patronage of Leo X.,k!io suggested to him the composition of hit celebrated "Christiad." Clement Tltt made Vida apostolical secretary, and after- wards bishop of Alba, in which capacity h( attended the council of Trent. Died, 1561, VIEN, JOSEPH Marie, a ccitated French painter, bom at Montpellier la lilj. He went to Paris in 1741, obtained tliegraid prize two years later, and was sent tostodj at Rome. He applied himself with enthu- siasm to the study and imitation of the an- tique, thus beginning the work carried on afterwards by his pupils, David and Vincent, After his ret'irn to Paris in 1750, he became successively member of the Academy of Painting, professor, and rector. He lieU the office of director of the French Acadcmr at Rome for ten years, returning to Paris In 1781. He was afterwardsnamedflrstpainto to Louis XVI., lost his places and incomett the revolution, was one of the first memben of tlie Institute, and was named by Napo- leon senator, count, and commander of tit Legion of Honour. His paintings are ytn numerous, and among the most celebrated are— the Preaching of St Denis, in the churci of St Roch ; the Sleeping Hermit; Slauglittt of tho Innocents ; Julius Caesar before ihe statue of Alexander ; St Louis inTestiii Blanche of Castile with the Regency, and the Parting of Hector and Andromaclie. He left also many drawings, sketches, and etchings. Died at Paris, 1809.-His ifitt and son were also distinguished painters. VIETA, FRANQOIS, a celebrated mathe- matician, was born at Fontenay.in Poiton, in 1540, and died in 1603. He held yariosi public offlL-es during the reigns of Henry III. and Henry IV. He succeeded in dii- covering the key to the cipher employed by the Spanish government In its secret corre- spondence ; and afterwards made a shap attack on the Gregorian Calendar. TO principal writings of Vieta are " In Arte* Analyticam IsaKOgc," "De Equationn« Kecognitione," " Harmonieou CcDiCitt, and " Canon Mathematicus." VIGNOLA, or GIACOMO B.VEOZZIO.l vio] celebrated Italian architect, was bom in 1507, at Vigiiola. While studying at Rome, he formed an acquaintance with Primatieclo, who took him to Paris, where he remained two years. Returning to Italy, he designed the church of St Petronius, at Bologna, and built some elegant palaces in that city. Set- tling afterwards at Rome, he was appointed architect to the pope, Julius II., for whom he built the Villa Oiulla. His masterpiece is the palace of Cardinal Alexander Farnese at Caprarola. Died, 1573. He was author of a celebrated work "On the Five Orders of Architecture," &c. VIONV, ALFRED VrCTOR, Count de, French poet and novelist, born at Loche (Indre-et- Loire) of a noble family, in 1799. He received his education at Paris, and en- tered the army ; which, however, he quitted on his marriage, in 1825. He had, beforo that period, attracted some attention by his occasional contributions to periodical litera- ture, and he henceforth occupied himself exclusively with the pen. His "Pofemes Antiques et Moderncs" appeared in 1826, and obtained immense popularity. His most celebrated prose work is the historical novel of "Cinq-Mars," which appeared the same year, passed through many editions, and has been translated into the principal lan- guages of Europe. He was also author of several plays, among which are the " Mar- shal d'Ancre," and " Chatterton," and French translations of "Othello," and the " Merchant of Venice ; " of a proe? tale, en- titled "Stello ou les Diables bleus," and numerous articles in the " Revue des Deux Mondes." Alfred de Vigny was a member of the French Academy, and an officer of the Legion of Honour. Died, Sept., 1863. VILLANI, GIOVANNI, an early Italian historian, was a native of Florence. A visit to Rome, at the jubilee of 1300, is said to have awakened in him the desire to write the history of liis native city. He was engaged in the pursuits of commerce which called him into various countries; he visited France and Flanders, and followed all the movements of the war between Philip the Fair and the Flemings; held afterwards some of the highest offices of the republic of Florence, and in 1328 rendered great services during a famine. His great work is the Istorie Florentine," in twelve hooks; part of which is merely a copy of earlier chron- icles. But: "! portion relating to the events of the histoi lan's own time is highly esteemed as an authentic and fair narrative. It was not printed till 1537. "\'illani died of the plague in 1348. VILLARS, LoxJis HECTOR, Duke of, mar- shal of France, was born at Moulins in 1653. He began his career as a soldier in Holland, serving in the corps commanded by the king in person ; next in Germany, under Cond6 and Turenne, and at the age of 21 he became colonel of a regiment of cavalry. During the next four years he served in Flanders. Alter the peace of Niraeguen he was sent ambassador to tho court of Vienna, and suc- v,.f . in ^innins over the elector of Ba- varia to the side of Franco ; but the elector was soon after recovered for Austria by the Clever diplomacy of the countess of Kaunitz. % i^etP gftniberaal 18(ograpf)p. [VIL mra^^'^sVT't"he?'e"^h"rreaVsl^r" '.'* aomo Intrigue, and negotiation", mdoT^n In great personal danger. In I7ni V^- " called to active service n the wa'r o,'th! Succession, but by his own deslTe w„s ro r !cd. He then accepted the task of «n^ dumg the Camisard,, the Protestants of th^ Cevennes; in which ho appears to havn shown all the humane consideration whkh could be combined with the suppression of the religious revolt. In 1705, he establish °d the famous camp of Sirck, on the heights near Fronsberg. a position naturally*^ so attpS,^nJ*i?' Marlborough did not venture o Vl^ill "; l^esuming the offensive, he had a series of successes, but was defeated bv Marlborough at Ramilies.in 1706. He passed S^n,w""'K''".'*'°''"'^^he imperial liKes at Stolhofen, but some of his troops being with- drawn, he had to retire. After a shoftTam- i^L #!«„'!} ^^''"y he again took the command „^ J. J'^S'"? ' '^"^ defeated by Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough, and severe! v compulsory retirement to recover his health, he attacked successfully, in 1712, the en- S!'^'' ?",'"P "^ ^«°'""' and took several towns and fortresses. The treaty of Utrecht was concluded In the following year, and the peace of Rastadt followed, in 1714. For iSL""i eighteen years Marshal Villars ex- changed service in the field for the intrigues ZLa^ i'^'i'*:. ^^ attended Louis XIV. on ms death-bed, was admitted to the French Academy, and, as member of the Council of Regency, opposed the Quadruple Alliance, the financial operations of Law, and the in- fluence of Dubois. His rival, Fleury, finally supplanted him. On the outbreak of thi fZ^ 1^^^ Austria, in 1732, although more than 80 years of age, he accepted the com- mand n Italy, with the title of marshal - general of France ; but after a successful commencement he demanded his recall, and died at Turin, in 1734. yiLLEHARDOUIN, Geoffrot DE. an early French historian, was born of t.a an- cient family of Champagne about 1167. Mar- shal of Champagne in 1199 he was sent ambassador to Venice, where he negotiated the treaty which secured, at a high price, the assistance of the republic for the French m the crusade just proclaimed. He accom- panied the crusade, was several times em- ployed in negotiations, witnessed the cap- ture of Constantinople in 1204, and was appointed, by the Emperor Baldwin, mar- Jjjalot Romania. Ho continued to serve the Emperor Henry, and was rewarded with the gift of the city of Messinopolis. He left a valuable record of the events of the crusade from 1198 to 1207; entitled "Histoire de la Prise de Constantinople par les Francais et les V^nitiens." It was first printed in 1573. and wai edited with Observations and a Glossary by Ducange,in 1657. Villehardouln about 1213'"" ^^"'^ *" Thessaly, and died yiLLENEUVE, PlERKE CHARLES .THAN isArxiSTi; SILVESTRK i)K, French admiral, born m 1763. He entered the navy in 1778 and rapidly rose to the rank of rear-ad- miral. He had the command of a division 1051 P( ' J.J., . MX,] m iUti) Stnibersal ISiogrBp!)?. [vix at the battle of Abouklr, ond escaped with several ships to Malta. In 1805 ho Joined the 8punUli ndmirul, Qruvina, off Cadiz, and the combined fleet sailed for the "West Indies, Nelson the while at a loss to con- jecture their eourhe and purpose. He started in pursuit four weeks later, and only arrived In the West Indies when VlUenuuvo was far on his way back to Europe. The tidings of his movements however reached Kngland, and a squadron was sent out under Sir llobort Caldcr and Admiral Stirling in search of tlio Trench and Spanish fleet. The engagement took place on the 22nd July, about 60 leagues westward of Capo Tinis terre, and was terminated by the darkness of the night. It was not renewed the next day, and Sir Uobert Calder sailed with his prizes for the north, ond ViUcneuvo took refuge in Ferrol. ■VUleneuve distinguished himself at the tattle of Traf.algar, but was taken prisoner and sent to England, lie- leased in April, 1806, ho feared to present himself at Paris, and received no encourage- ment to do so. On the 22nd ho wos found dead in his bod ot llcnnes; and It was clear that ho had killed himself. VlLLIKllS, GEOUOE. LUUCKINGHAM, Duke of.l VILLOISON, JEAN lUPTI.'^TK OASPAUD D'ANSE UE, a celebrated French scholar, was born at Corbcille-sur-Seine, in ITl't. Ho de- voted his time to bringing to liglu valuable but forgotten Greek manuscripts ; for which purpose ho visited the principal libraries in Europe, and travelled to the East. He published Apollonius's Lexicon to Homer from a manuscript in the library of St Ger- main-des-rr68 ; also " Anccdota Gricco," "Epistoloc Vimaricnscs," a Greek transla- tion of the Old Testament, made by a Jew iu the 0th century, &c. ; but his most im- portant discovery was a copy of Homer, probably of the 10th century. Ho suffered considerably in his property during the re- volution ; but on the restoration of order he resumed his literary career, and was op- pointed by liuonapartc professor of Greek at the college of France. Died, 1805. VINCE, SAMUEL, F.ll.S., an eminent ma- thematician and astronomer, was a native of Fre88ingfleld,iu Suffolk. His parents were in a humble station of life ; but by the generos- ity of Mr Tilncy, of Harlcston, he was edu- cated at Caius College, Cambridge, where ne soon distinguished himself by his superior acquirements; and he eventually became riumlan professor of astronomy and experi- mental philosophy. His works on astronomy and the mathematicol sciences are nu- merous and important ; the principal Is, " A complete Svstem of Astronomy," 3 vols. 4to; others' arc, "Elements of Conie Sec- tions," treatises on Fluxions, Hydrostatics, Trigonometry, &c. ; "The Credibility of Christianity vindicated," "A Confutatica of Atheism from the Laws of thr neovenly Bodies," &c. He obtained preferment in the church, and at the time of his decease was rector of Kirby Hedon, vicar ot South Creake, and archdeacon of Uedford. IHed, 1821." '" ^ . . VINCENT BE PAUL, ST, the eminent French philanthropist, was born at Bf.n- im quincs. In tho department of the Landn April 24, 1577. After studying In a coiiTfnt of the Cordeliers, ho went to tlie univcrsii? of Toulouse, and, in ItiOO, wns ordained priest. On a voyoge from Marseilles to Mar- bonne, he was captured by pirates, and icni to Tunis, where he was in slavery for ;»o years under three masters, tho last of whom ho rc-convortcd to Christianity, and escoptd with him to France, in 1007. lie joon after settled at Purls, devoting himsolf to worki of charity. An absurd accusation of theft was brought against him there, tl)c falic- ness of which could not be proved for lU years. He was named almoner to Mnrsarei of Valois, held for a short time tlic cure ot Clichy, and, in 1G13, became tutor to the sons of Philippe de Gondi.oncof whomwai afterwords celebrated as tho cardinal de lletz. In 1610 he began the course of labours as n missionary which occupied 8o large « part of his life, and the next year he founded tho first confr£)ie de chariit, model of lo many others afterwards estubllsliod, Hii next great task was the reform of the con ditiou of criminals condemned to tlio gal leys ; for which great service he was ap- pointed almoner-general of the boIIojs. Thli unwearied philanthropist founded, In 163, the Congregation of the Mission, wlilrtiwai constituted by royal letters patent, and «p proved by tho pope. In IfilU ho instiiuKd tho " Bisters of Charity," tho most widclj known perhaps of all his fuundntion», Hot the charitable institutions wliich oweil their origin to him arc too numerous to be even named here. He ottcndcd Louis XIII. on his death-bed ; was named by the qucca- regent Anne of Austria, president of the council of conscience ; took part in the con troversy between the Jesuits and the Jan senists, against the latter; and died intlir convent of the La/.arists, September 2", 1CC9 He left several theological writings, nnd was canonized by Pope Clement XII., ii 1737. VINCENT, Fnrl St. [JERVIS.1 VINCENT, "SVILLIAM, a dlsting-iIsM classical scholar, hend-niiistcv ofWcsimln- sler School, was the son of a London IraJfr, and was born in 1739. I'.ilucated iitAVtsl- minster and at Trinity ColleRc, CanibridKe, of which he became a fellow, lie was appoint- ed second master of tho school in \"\,ni head-master in 1788. He held various pre ferments in the church, graduated D.I), in 1776, and was named dean of 'Westminster in 1802. The principal works of Dr Vincent arc— "The Voyage of Noarehus to tlic Eu- phrates," and " The Perlplus of the Br thrccan Sea," subsequently published toge ther under the new title of" History of the Comr..fn.e and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean." He was also author of "The Greek Verb Analyzed, on Hy- pothesis," a" Defence of Public Kducation, &c. ; besides contributions to the Classical Journal and the IJritisb Critic. Died, I U VINCI, LEONARDO DA, the great Iiaii«« painter ond sculptor, &c., was t'oniat'"* Castel da Vinci, near Florence, in 452. |it| was the son of a notary, and showing i"»-: boyhood a rare intelligence, and cspcciai : a wonderful faculty for drawing, was hMj VlNj to itudy under Andrea Vcrrocchlo. Hit rapid progress and cxtraordlnnry powcri mide lilt mutter despair of hlinstir, ond glTC up palntiiiB entirely. Tlio «Kuro of an «n(?cl, pointed by Leonardo in Verroccliio's picturu of tiic Iliiptism of Cliriiit, is nnnied ns the worl( wliicli by its Burpasslng Sovuliness drove Virroccliio from tlic farther pursuit of his art. Leonardo ofTcrGd iUs services when about thirty years of oge to i.udovico II Moro, duke of Milan ; and he was at that time a iiiaii!nr, not only in painting, but in iculpturc, architecture, music, onxiitecring, ind mcclianics. Ills accomplishnicnts in- cluded also a vast knowledge of onatomy, botany, mathematics, and astronomy. His proposal was accepted by the duke, who gave him a salary of SOO scudi per onnum. One of the services he rendered to Milan won after his settling there, was the estab- lishment of on Academy of Arts (1485). His first public work, and his grcatcstas u sculp- tor, was the model of an equestrian statue of Francisco Sforza, father and predecessor of Ludovico. In 1494 he accompanied the duke to I-avia to meet Charles VIII. of France ; ond at that time, or perhaps earlier, be became the friend of the anatomist Marc- tntonio dclia Torre, and studied anatomy with him. These studies ho carried out far beyond the necessities of art, and made him- Klf, as Dr William Hunter said, the first anatomist of his time. He made a great manycareful and minute sketches and draw- ings in pen and Ink ; which prove that he anticipated some anatomicui discoveries 'usually supposed to have been first made a [Century later. A collection of these studies Is one of the most precious treasures of the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. A small number of them were published la 1812 by Chamberlain. The last great work executed by Leonardo at Milan was the famous pic- ture of the " Last Supper " {Cefiacolo}, which he painted in oil on the wall of the refectory in the Domlniwin convent of the Madonna delle Orazic, about 1497. It was the great- est achievement of painting the world had up to that time seen ; and by it Leonardo showed himself the first Italian painter who broke through the cramping traditional forms, and worked freely and directly after nature. This picture, which by its measure- less superiority superseded all other repre- sentations of the same subject, and became the Last Supper, perished almost as soon as It was finished. Little of its miraculous beauty was traceable in fifty years. Hut several copies had been taken before decay m",11" !)."* /'' *"'* ^'"'"'K tliem one by siarco d Oggione, reckoned very good, which nllZ'" '^^ ^'"^'V. Academy, London The Khnt' ""'^"""'y known by engravings ?n th^ kT,'!'"''- I-eonardo was employed ind ?n v'!,""'^'"^ "^^ ^^^ cathedral of Milan, it«t, ? IVT^ eygineering works. His great satue of Francisco Sforza was never cxe- reauid" "f^?.* "^ '^^ '''''*■ «' »»>« bronze eX tho'p*""^ the model itself was destroy- in im ?'"™"^'i after the flight of Ludovico in 1499. Leonardo then returned to Flo- tat"'a?d'h'L''' '""'r" '""^ «o"vice'of the 1M2 h« w"** " '"'"J'°» assigned him. In 1^2 he became architect and engineer to m i^tto ganibewal 13(oBrap!)p. [tin CoBSor Borgia ; and in 1803 drew ut Florenr« the famous cartoon known as "The «„»,!« of the Btandard," part of a larger comSosl tlon which was not completed? Uwa'^to b.: the companion picture to Michael An gelo's "Cartoon of Pisa." Leonard, t^. afterwards named painter to Lou I, xil of Franco ; vifiUod Homo in 1514. and was in troduced to Leo X., but soon left the Vat'lcan' in Ulsgust ; then entered the service of Fran- CIS I. of France, anii returned with him to '^••""ce 'n 15 7. He did not long survive and died, without having executed any more works, nt Cloux, near Amboise, May I 1519. ^ iisarls statement that ho died in the arms of Francis pr;)ve« to be a mistake, llc- sldes the works already mentioned, are to bo remembered the cartoon of 8t Anne and the Virgin, now in our itoyal Academy; the portrait ofMona Liso, In the Louvre and the magnificent portrait of Leonardo himself, unsurpassed by any poctrait in the world, now in the Gallery of Florence. This great artist left great numbers of drawings the chief collections of which are In the Ambrosian Library at Milan, and at Wind- sor Castle; and several volumes of MS notes on all the various subjects to which ho had devoted his attention. Tho"Trat- tato della Pittura " is a selection of the notes reloting to painting. Others, on " Hydrau- lics," have been printed In a collection ef Italian writings on physical science ; and Venturl published translations of fragments of those which were taken to Paris by Buonaparte. The most eloquent eulogy on this astonishing genius may bo found In Llhri's History of the Mathematical Sciences in Italy ; and references to his M88. will Justify the praises. VINEIl, Charlks, an able English law- yer, was born in 1680, at Aldershot, Hants. He wo 8 the founder of the Vinerlan profess- orship at Oxford, and the compiler of a General Abridgment of the Laws cf Eng- land," originally printed in 24 vols, folio. Died, 1756. VINET, ALEXANDRE RODOLPHE, a dis- tinguished Swiss theologian and historian of French literature, was born at Lausanne in 1797. He was professor of French literature at the gymnasium of Basel for twenty years, only quitting it in 1837, on his appointment to the professorship of practical theology at the Academy of Lausanne. He had been a minister of the Protestant church since 1819, and on his settlement at Lausanne took an active part, as member of the government commission, in preparing a new constitu- tion for the church; but a change in his views induced him in 1840 to secede from the church, and at the same time to quit the chair of theology. Thenceforth he was kno'^n as the earnest but temperate advo- cate of entire freedom of religious worship, and of the separation of church and state. Vinet'9 writings are very numerous, and are partly theological, and partly literary. Among the former are his eloquent " Essai 8ur la Manifestation des Convictions Ilell- gicuses, et sur ia S6|mrulioii Ue I'Eglise et de I'Etat," which appeared in 1842, and was at onco translated into English ; " Discours Bur quelques Sujets Religieux " (entitled 1063 1 ' ' i^ ■! ■ill I: ^'■ Mil % iflcui ," " I'.luili'i Kviuim'lliiui'ii," .Nil'. AiiK'iiH lilt' Inlli'i' mo (ho ■■ lllnliilfK lie III MlliMiituio riiiiitJiil»o itti XVllW iil<>»'l('," " IHiuli'n piiir III l,llii»in lino Knincnlm' ilii XI X'uli^clt'," ninl" C'liii'» (oiiiiUIiIk VrimV"!"''" '•'"' )'''"' l'""f"'<" >»•" (It'iHli lii> iMi'imii'il Kiiil ni)t mliipliMl II ion • lltUllllll fi'i' llx' fx'" I'lxii'i'li of llii' t'i>iit" riiMlmonl , In IVft.l. iiuil, 111 lilii aiKl yiMir, w.m iiiiuli' llr»l ' tiilliilNl. Ill Uit> loyiil I'liiiiH'l III Turin. I'lmii tlio yi'iii' »7lU till lii'M. Ik' wim li'iuli-r In (lii< oivln'iiirrt of tlio liiilliin (»|u>rii iil l.mnlon, ItiiVliiK ri'i'i'lvi'il nil imlrr lo i|iill llii' ("iin liy, li<» ii'llii'A til lliilliiinl, mill tlii'iit'i' to HiiiiiliiirK. In IHiH lie iiMiiiiii'il lo l.diulon, pnKiiKril In llio wino inulo. nml limt H"' wlii'lo of III* iiioi>ril.v Mill' III!' rcpilorrtllon (if llio llinirlmnii, I »uU XVIII InvKoil lilni lo pii-nldo ovoi' tlio At .(»li*iiilo lloyiilo do Mil- *li|Uo, lit I'lirU. Ill IHJ'J lio Boiiliil (Iniilly In l.oiiiloli, uiiil llirro ioiiiiiIiiimI (III III* di'iilli, III IhW. Ilo wii» niiiliof (if u gioiit viiiloly of iiuiiilo for llio violin, iinil tlio Hint poi- fornior of IiIk "KC VHMiUi. n'lii.ii'M ViUdii.nmMAuo, llio nrriit Uoimin cpli' I'oot, wii» lioi" nl Aiidin, n vllliiKO noiir Miintnn. ». v.. 7o. Ilo rocolvod n Inuncd cducullnii. Miidyliiii tlint nl (Uo- inimii.Mion nl Modlidiinnni (Mlliin); and l« iiiUl to hiivo Iciinit Orcok from J'liillioiiliiii nnd nlillono|>liy fi'oin Hyioti tlio ICplciirciiii. i'li(< mmill CHlnlo wliloii lio InliriUod from hU fiitlior.und to wlilcli lio |iiolmbly rollrcd nflor tliilKlilnn lilniitiidloM, witHiiKiilKncd with tho uol(ilil>o(irhiK liindii to I ho KuldloiH of Ocli'.vliiii, imd tho poot wim dlH|io»HOHKod. Jlut thiounh tho Inlluonco of Anlnlnn I'olllo iind MivconiiK, the OHiiito wim roNloicd to htm. uiid tho llrnt of his IU'Iokiiom In niiii- jio«od to ho tho (>xi>n'»»li>ii of IiIh uriilltiido to Ditnvliin. Mi«ll >vhn of foohlo hoiillh, mid in>\ioiird to hiivo lod fur tho iiioMt imrl ii prlviito lollrod Ufo; RuniollmoK nt Homo nomollnio-i lit NiiploHor 'r.iiTntiini. Uor.ico wn.1 hlHiiioNt liillniiilo frioiid, nnd wlili him ho nocompiiiiicd Mumoiihk on tho Joiirnoy lo llriinduNlum.cilohiMtoa In onoof tho niiIIioh of lloinoo. In n. c. I'.t VliKil vlnllod Orcoio, and nioodnn .Vnttusum nl AthciiK, nil oiil with him lor Homo. Hut his hoiilth, lontt fHllinjt, III liisl tfiivo wiiy.iind ho only lived to roiioh llnilidiisliini. 'riu< prliiclpiil wovkH of Virgil iiro tho " tluoolloH," nUo cnllod " Kcloguos," tho " tiooiKlc"." nnd tho " ,V'nold." Tho HuoidioH tiro ton in niimhor, una nro supposod to ho his onrlioM oinn- posltlons. Ho took Thoocrltns for his model, but foil far short of him in truth lo niiluie nnd grnphii! power. Indeed, few of these poems hiive nny clnim to ho ealled " Hueo- lies." Sueh Is tho eiise with the fourth, en- titled "I'olllo," tho most celehniled of nil, whieh crlties almost k'vo up iis an insoluble enipnni. Tho " tieortjies " are didaetie, and treat of nKriculturo nnd its related siibjeets. They nre the most llnished, and tho most pleasiuK of his works. In the" u'V.neid" Vir- jfil imitates Homer willioiit livalHiiK him, and treats very learnedly of Ihemlvenluresof ^linens after the fall of Troy, and of his «oi- lOM llonifiilln I.nlluin. >Vllh (hnMiii'li'ii||i<|riij| ho mmoeliiloK the lilory of IIhiiik nnj h,, oiiiporor, hU piilroii. I'ho wmln or Virju liiieiiiiio nehiiol hoidii wllliln ii •lini'l iimrgf hU donlh, and woio (ho »nbjiiit of iiiiiiii.mi|, o>iiiiment>ii'li. and wn* InirN mi NaiiU'N, whom a (onih I* *tlll nIkiwii mhi) n'iIIIATIIIiH, Mil lllu*lrliiii* I.iiiliAnlig ohiof, who, III III* pairlolle eiidi'iiviMinio (hrow iiir tho yoke of llmiie, ie|i('iUi'illjil( fontod tho Koiiian iirmleK. and for It jn^ »iieee*»fiilly dofeiided hi* emiiitry midiipiri of »4palii. Ilo wa* al hiNl nmnlpml h; tii friend*, who had boon hrllieU hy Ca'plu, ili« Itoniaii Konornl, li. ('. t4ti. VIHtiONTl.TllK, (ino of IlioKrcnllililif. leal fiuiilllo* of Italy, who iuki' to ihi'iorr relitnty of Milan. I'ho tlrnt wlio mniiiliiiii dUtliietly In hiNtory I* orniNi';, whii ni noiiilnalod nrelilii*liiip of Mlliiii liv Ton lirban IV., In r.^(i:i, nKalnsl the will ofilii Mllniio»o nnd tho poworful fnniilyof iheTir riniil. Tho littt(NloKed Oltoiii'liiAnu, look thn plaoo, nnd eompelled hlnilurrttn lo Homo. Tlin I'llv of Milan wmnratlUl laid uiideraii Intonllet f(U' refiiNlMK lumln the now prolalo; who, nevcrllu'lpiw, n miilnod an exile, nnd OHrrieil on Adriulloi; warfare for hU noo. After llflcea jicinhil IhiiH piisNod, tho ii(i)>uhir fcclliix tiirg(< aKalimt Niipoloono ilella Torre, then lordtf Milan, and Ottono Klriiek a dcclilvo blof; boliiK Joined by many of '.uo oxilod nnbln he dofoatod hii rival •:(, DrMo, lii Jnntiu;, l'i77, iniulo hi* onti; Imineiliali'ly (nlolli eiiy, took posseKnion of llio x'o, niiJ rt niiiinimouBli "-'iMedlDidof Miliiii. IK TorrinnI ami M», diivoiiiwii, loiiK kopnip Ui . d of iittiirliiw altompti* to re(, •,)!illon; biitil last, in 128(1, a.'ee..'. •Mo,iiiid .M* poiieo with Ottoi..' wral loif reiKUty waHlrunsfe,. otioiic In IS to his nephew, MAi iKi- YisiONTl, r named tho (ireat, who In Vi'H n*»m by tho eniporor vienrof ilir empire in lo»' hardy. Oltono died In l:'!i5, luid wanK' eeeded by Malteo. The soviTOiKHir « Milan thus aeiiuired by tho Vinooiitl roniili- od wKli (hem till the death of I'ilil'lwMi™; l;i 1-117, when it passed into tlw »» '■"viHtioNTI, OIOVANNI lUTTISTA A.«| TONlo, an Kalian aniitiunry, w«s !»«« Vernaz/,a, in 172'J, and eilucntod nt Ko» Ho sueceeded WinekelnuiiinascoinimsttiJ" antiiiuities. in 17(W ; hiul the oliicf W" fi.rmiiiK tho museum of (lie ViiUonn u « I'opes Wemont XIV. and I'ius A 1., m'* VISCONTI, KNNIO (U'llliNO, c Jm •* of the pieeed!!.;,'. whs '""'«/f,l'"™'^ 1781, and was intended by his f«<';"2 church; hut having formed «n attach* w. VB nil. Willi llixiiiii'loiiiiwiii lie> gldi'v (If liMiiiK niidiiii iitfon. I'lti< winK« nf \|f(|| lllHllll Wlllllll II Ulllll'l |||,„,,f *('!■!' till' ^iiliJiM'l of iiiinmiia II iirirl' llliinii. llliililKli|ilirf iiim iniiy Im hitii rrnm tin I'liltii him liU iniiiiliM',iiiian. K III* uiil^n iliidiiitli iiiri,.! •I'lu' llrnt, iM'liiii'il (Mllili)iio(i i iiliiiiil. Iinii. (iriniMilAiiiigil iiiKiiiiK< of Mlliiii hy I'lift t'.^n:i, iiKiiiiiNi till' will of tit tio i>i)WinI<'ki'iiliir fci'llnit tumM loiio (li'llii 'I'drro, tlii'ii lord of toiio Rlnick II iliH'lilvc Mof; ly iiiiiiiy of :iio cxilrit nnbH « riviil >'.c Oi'hIii, III JnniiUT, « ciKi;, liiiiiii'illiitcly Into III INI'rnlOII (if lllO »('(', OIlJ »* •"•"isu'illiiiaof Mlliiii. W 'iB.dliVlMlllWlf, i , diifiittiirkiiri u, -..isllion; liDllt !,•(•(>, .', "nic, nmliiillt IH(ii'..> loral loil- fuiiHrt'.. OtIoiR'InIM ,V, MA'll'Kl' VimoNTi, w ■oat, will) In 12114 iva»li«iD« r vlciirof (liromiiirpiiiLM' I' lUcd In l:'!i5, iiiul mm- iitti'o. 'I'lic 8i)vi'ri'i|tiiir « luircdliy the Vinoomlrfniiii- llllthiMii'iitliofrilipiw"'"'' I it i)u»8iHl Into till! '*'«'« GIOVANNI HATTISW !«■ illiiu iiuiltiuary, wnsboniii I72'J, niul I'diicntcil nt 1» tVincki'liiiHiuuiscoinmissari" 17«M; liml the cliii'd*- uiHcuni of llio Yiillciin rf iXlV.andriusVl., nnilil" KNNIO UniiiNO, clJi'i"* -jii,.. WHS \wn\ at ll"»i'''» 'intended by his fiitherf.iri« laving formed «n attachu* 10 « litly, Im r»rii»i)il tn cntiir Inlu nrilur* III* kiiowliMlKM i.f niuhu'Dlii^y «VNN tuiiiMliir jtiiihiitiiriiN fiillicr, Niiil III* Hmiornl liilentN were of the hlKlicNt iirili>r. Ilii »nn iiitiiiilnt Lil (iiniini of Hhi Vnll- Irnii, mid whin tli« I'immIi look iioMiNNlon Inf nome, iiinl ihIiiIiIUIkiiI u iirovUloimi uo- lifirniiiciil In I7lt7, IiimkTin notnlnnlcil nihi lliler nf the Interior, lln nflnnviirilN reilreil J|o I'niiiie, lieiiinin ii ineiiiliKr of tlio Inmi lliite. imifemor of iirel doxy, iiiiil NtirvKvor ■ of the MnmMini of Aiilli|ultlrN, J||n iiiiiNt llniiiiirlniit wnrku nr« ilio " Iroiionrnphlo lllrwiiue," "leoMoKiuphlo lloinninn," luiil I'll Muted rioCliMiiKiitlno." IMt'd JNJN 1 VIHHCIinU, OOIINKMI/H, n r„ry' (l|„(i„. iiiliihed Diiieh onKniver, of ivho«ii llfi. tvo Jlinve iinly thn •eiiniloiit iiifotmialon. Hit Iwim liorn In IfliU, niiil illeil, ni th« hko of '^i) lln im, hnvInK I'luenteil a mirorlilnK luiin ' IbiT uf ndmlnilile |irlnlii, A full cliiMltled lind di'«erli)tlv() entiildiiMi of VlNNihefii IwMkii, hy Wllllnni Hnilih, K. H, A,, linn ri«- ■(i-iilly ii|i|i(!iired In thn •uccornIvd niiinli«rN lorilie I'Ine AriN tjnnrtiiily Ittivlnw (iHna— ■«,) Hill NiiliJeelN nre vnrlouNi rellulouii ■ ilntdrlittl, portriilt |)U.eeN.iina prliitN nftei' IdiMilKiii by hlinielf nnd by cohibrnted ■paiiileri, luiUNl)'^'*"'"''"* '"''■''*• t'^MOTICO J)A 1 VITIII/VMIH, MAUI.UM I'OI.MO, n „„|o- Brnteawr teron iirehltectiiro, who/loiirUhed fcii'lir JulluK (;,riinr nnd AiiKuntui, nnd U iiiii- fc<.«ed toliavo been horn ntFormliis In Vam- |«Mlii. lllicelehriited work," l»o Arehltor- luro. I« ft (•onipen-'liim of thn ivorku of fcarlou, reek «n-l Uoinnn wrIterN on tl e Inmn .uhjiMt. h. wi.n wrlttrii In hb old »K«. nnd WftH d( nted to Aumutn.. It w n Jr.l printed ..hont MHO, !,«» piu.ed tlirorh Ind iSn " ' ^ "'"""' ""'■''"'". ""U-J". If I It raluro,,v«Hl,drn nt Vnloncln, I,, Hpnl,' E,; I,'.'".''"'"''"' "t •■'"•I" nnd l,ouvi n If or jvhleh he viNlted lOnKliind/nnd li Toi? |y Hcnrv vmV 1. ., "." ^"* <""l'l<>y«d rriite«.Ma!!'r;,r " ."'" '•''"'"•""n «r the i tItuUonn ,'!'" ^'""" P""HllN"nnd"l)" I'nturlnr?,. "'"'"'" t-'hrUtlnnn. ; •' |,„t E in I ^"i"" K«'horlno.ho wun din f c diod In 1540 '''° '"■'"''• 'ottrcB. |fy career win.'i ''°,<=on>ni«nccd his mlU- [onth, Of hKlnlnnfr"**.^'"''" »>'«« P'med part of lor^M ? '■?B'""'nt, which S:'or'!::;i.i;;r'':r;iV'''"»"'^ N..*nmb.r, «„d «.«: 'tin ',;:./;:••''••'• '" '•i';Kl«»«l In »«r..ly r, ., V, rt h;.''r ''"''""1 "oh.nelln Ihii, H„, |„ Mr, .. '■"■"*"' "' »'l» r«Kln.,.nt for n v ,| n,, Z''";^'''' **'"• •I""' to Ihn hnltio of W,^,, H . '''"•" "'•• •""•"■ly in ne.lv,. erw" " '' IllV """■ •U'OH Tonloi,,,., on th.^Hi JV "'r"",''* WiiN Nnvnie y tvoiiiiili..i (.. .i ''."'*• '"' 7 n..',," „; ,'"»;?" ,""" .11....,,.,,;,". ;^^^^^^^ i«..„,k i">i-.i'.,r, ■' ,j,',,,''L,i''',' "";«" "' ."'siiS «'»'■" =^ s;::S 'EHHif •="'-- :/H::c:i'ir'''"'''"""""-" '■'-!' is: "."'."ifcisirr-";,'"'," "■"■'"-•■■■' '"■ In Ki'j'j ""'"""'"*"« WCN horn lit Morciici. yivliinl wni. tt nimnhiT of t o •> , i7\*?' VOI'il- lif \//»l.'»l't r- -■ th VM I"." '"""""• "l"(l, 170.'). ' Heir bv hi. ./I?i, "" •"''"''«''l''l"d him- c;r,i'.j,,,:;i;,r"ffi,,s-.?';.;»«.- also d'rd In 1(177 -Z. ''•"V>"'» *on, who Sork'i'*o'/?Sr '""■»^o" Vrcral \Z'Ja Leyden w«.'.hr "f//""'' P^o^M't of law at ji^eyuin.wai tho nuthorof a vnl ..nbin " f '..m mcntnry on tho I'andccti •• Di .S i7w itn.»i^'i , ' *"* cducnt.vl for the ccclo- I Sf Bou?L''n«'*'i*'°"' """^ bt'ComcRrand-vlcar lofBouiognc. Hewa.ofa lively, humouroul 105( IJJ ' r ( I ',- ' ff « 1 ' ! I ! i * ) \ V. '! • ! V I 1 t I v\ vol] % illrtD ^nnibemnl 13iogrnpI)tf. fvoi, l,ul.o,>rlc »f llouloKi.... from « •''^ ,•' '» , p «" Ih tu.lU-» for wl.lrli by «.. ino mlimloa with lliTnlliMinni'M. Mk.. I'Iroii.lio h lli «l«yi« of (lli.m.liilrii.-«» nn.l 111* •<>«> nli o .ovollon. Il- wn.lo " l,lt.«r..ry "";!o\'Tl/;^l!viN.KNT.«...lo..r«.o.n'r..nrl. wit mul |)o»l Amlcim In 10 >H. m» cim" nuimor of ll.o orrrmonlo. to (l.ulon. auk o orhMi.u. m um h« w... mh..l tnl li to tho Vroi.ch Acmloiuy. «n«l wn* •ohi.o- uVn tly «ont on 5 mU-lon to Hpnin. whoro " w » nuirh curoMO.I. luul whoro ho com- n «H «o "vorM>» in muh puro niul nMoriil HimViUh thnl thoy wcro nKorlho.l to l.op.; .1.; M.u"rln, Voltnro w.u In tho r.oni h <.f h U JSulutlon. nnci ojoyo.l >•«'«" ''.V,;?""" v'" him poor. >lo wroto vorm>» In Honch, 8 "nil «n.l lt..ll..n; h.it hU lolt.-r» vvoro thrchUf ».««!« of hi. lltornry roput-.tlotj. Vnd m their .Iny woro cxtruvi.guntly ail- mlrril. Ho illoil In HUH. „ , ,_ VOl.KOKl'. TiiKOUOUK. ft nxin.\m Arii- mmUt. wn* horn iit Kontromft, \n 172IJ. lio w?o to .ovorni phiyf. "nd orcctoa a thontro ,a JftroHlivv, wln-ro hi* mi.com w«. yuch, hut the Kinpro*!. K.llf.n'^oth «r«t for him to 8tV.Vtor.nJK. .ui.1 npivlntcl him Jlroctor nn.l irnl .ict..r of tho llu«Hl..n tho.»tr.;. In ??». ho wn« Hcnt to cHt«hllHh ix nut om.l thoutro ut M...cowi un.l ttutharlno 11. ho- lt, wo. on hhn un ontuto. with i» putont of iu,h llty. Ho .llo.l m 17i;:i,un.l hU funonil ohiciuloB worn cclohr«t.>.l with grout mng- "'v oTn K Y. ONSTANTIN rUANQOlS OH AHSIUUF."!-. Count .10, poor of Vrunco, ii CO .'lm«to,l Vronoh writer, wuh horn utCraoi , 111 1 rl t inv in 1757. Ho wn« o.lu.Mitc.l at Anlo ml M«.llo.l mc.ll.-lno ut I'uvU ; bnt comlnK Into p.mosHlon of n Hmull .;i.tuto, ho 't« o.%blo.l to grutiry hU "'•'>*.nt h.vo o tnivol. Ho .pent nearly throo yourH In KKVpt an.l Svrla ; an.l ..n hi. return to F?anco. in 1787, puhllshc.l hi. " VoyaK« on 8y ot on Kiypto,- 2 vol. which wn. rranslatcd Into KngllMi an.l other lan- Se. an.1 procuro.l him an oxtenslyo rc- mitatl.m. Ho was elected a memher of the ititcs-Konernl ; wasconlluedneavly atwelvo- month durlnK tho lleign of Terror, was npStca^ of history at the nor- malichool in 171M ; went to America n 'the following year, and >■«»';•«; „i'";\'J„^'" 1798; was created a senator and count, during tho consulate ; and, on the restora- tion of tho llourhons, ho was designated a member of the Chamber of Peers. In all " tuatl.>ns. however, he was tho Jefonder o liberal princlpl.'s. Among his principal works are hls'^ lUlns.or Meditations on tho ^°;.^^„..,,,,„f K„,p!res." " Lectures on His- tory •• and " New Uescarchcs on Ancient History." Died, 1820. .Tf„ii„« VOLrATO, GIOVANNI, an eminent Italian engraver, born nt lliu.Hno.lii I7;i:i, llowu n .elf taiiMht nrtUt. and iicniilinl n ili'irirnf nxci'llenco In hU priifclon nirely i'i|iiiilM Ho wa. engiigeil lo make enKriivlnm turn tho piilnllngn of llupliinl In tlix Vn'' ,,„ Died, IHOa. V.ilpalo wr.ile llie " I'rlhupln of Denlgn," And Huphuel MmikIiimi wui liii pupil und ..m In law. VOl/l'A, Al.KHHANiiIio, u .Tli'lirnlnl n perlmenlal phllimopher. wii» lioiii nt Ciiino, In I7IA. Ho laid the fiiuu(liitli)n iiriili fniM by two treallne., which .Icmrllii'd n rinr eli'olrlcal mnchtno ; wa. for llo ycnri pro fciiir of natural phllimopliy ni 1>«vIii,«m nuido an Italian count an.l ncniilnr liy Nn- poleon, and died In iH'^il, Volm (llrnini 111. nttonthm particularly lo lliniulikctot galvanism, or animal elcitilclty, In wlilrh Nclenco ho ntado many .llHcovcrlrii nml im. provemcnt. i hut tho great lavcmldii wlikh Immorlallxe. hi. name U the Viiltiilc piir, or electrical column. Volta win a filluw of tho lloyal Koclety of l.i)ii.lon,nnil In i:9l received tho Copley mcdiil lor lilt lm|u)rt' ant communication.. HI. w.irki fora 1 vol.. Hvo. VOl/l'AIllK, l''HAN90iH Mahik Annm 1)K,thocelebraleil Krcnch Delnt.ilUlliiKnlih- ed Ik. n poet, lil>itorlan,unil |)lill(i)(ipli('r,wiii born at (Ihalcuuy, near Hccaux, 'imh IHru nry, 1004. Ills liaptUm wnii (lofiTrrd for nine month, on account of lili cxlrme feeblene... HI. fanilly name wii« Aiioikt, and at what time, or .m wlmt nccount, Vol- taire assnnjod tho name bv which ticli«n|. ver.ally known 1. unccrtiiln. (inrlyloffiiw tohavoHOltled the puznllMg.iucilldinvhfnn ho got tho name " Voltiilrc," bjr tho dli- covery that It 1. a ponKlhlo anngrani on " Arouet I. J." <■ »■ " Aroucl lo Jniiio." He was educated by the JcHultHntthccolltiKol Louis lo Orand, an.l alremly HliowcilnodMr- ly the eharncterlstlcH wlilcli ninrkoil Mb through llfo, that oneof lils Icmlicri fnrrloW his eminence as tho " llorypliCodu IiClsini.'' He was early Introduced at llicm/MOl Ninon do I'Knclos, nnd liccniiio fiimilinr willi some of tho most dUtingulHlu'd pononiol the time. Ninon, pl.-nscd with Ids rcptli. ublo Intelligence and llvelino8», left him leuacy of 'Hm francs to bay book*. «« fathcr-8 ambltl.m was that ho sliouU be- come not author. but l»w)'''''»'!'l J:*;.'" to break olf his associations la larl«, " htm away in 1713, as page to thoMnrpi ChAteauneuf, ambassador to "'' ^^ was soon sent home, "<»vevcr, i.f or ftW into trouble about a love «ir«i ; « »' next placed with a hnvycr. i u k " tinally escaping this attempt to tme i« train him for onicial life, lie soon appew" fnVarls again, and fro.n this t nc ep sued his course "»<»•''"'"■? "ml to was so full of action, i"ci'len^,"''V7, tude, that to give a n.oro -P "'"^^^ would rciniro far more fl'n«_ "" 7, allotted in tho «loRr«ph c«l T o"^^^^^^^^^ single llfo. A general not.on «f ''JS features, with an account f h'^jf K writings, is all that is possible. ; I :„s c^nmittcd to the l.astdo «. j; of being tho author of « -J-'-J-^'j year. Louis XIV., and ^''"^"''"'''XwM ib« His first literary work of mnrkj^ 10j6 tol] tnndr of "OMIpfl," which with much dllUruUr lie Rot r(>|iri>«oiiiKa In I7IN. Dur InK u Tidt (0 llriiMKln In I7i|, Vollnlrn wai Iriiruduci'd lit lloiiiiai'iiii, litit (hoir liilnr- viovy ninilti ciioinlca of tlii'in onnit for nil, Hn wai ii'iit t(i tliii lliullln n «iicutiil tlmo In cuni<'i|Ui'ii('o or A (|UHir«l nt (ho iiuim „f Hulljf'i liiiiiii<>. iind nrior lila r«li>A«« •■utnt ilirrnynni'iiln I'liiHliinil, whom thii pruviilnnvn ul "fri>« IhlnklMK " mndo iin ntmoiuhoru cunKdiiliil to hint. Ili>ru,ln 17'iN, hn iiulilUh- cil III* ct'li'hrutcu viilii pouni " l,a UnnrlMilt' " umJBr tlui lllli! of '• I,it Mkuc," uikI apiilliul liliiipii'ir til otlirr literary liihouri. Ill* lil(>uy oil llio ilialli ur lh(! ttutroit Ailrhinnn iJ- couvreur, to whoio rnninlnii Iho ritog of burial wiTi) rrfuniHl ; hU " l.ottrui I'hiloko- plilquui;' nil hl« " Kptlio k l/runlii," Inlii'd lUCf. H.tvr «ti,: -iii of IndlKniUlon niid Ihretti of iirowditliin iiKiilnst Tilm, which however Im (nciipod hy uniiTupuloun tll«- irownli niid tlniidy running nwuy. After iho pulillcfttlon of lovdral pliiyi hii rnllrid khiMii 17;iato (!lrpy, tothnimUtnof thn Miir qiilio du Cliitclot, hli "dUIno Kmlllc;" Iho »triin((Oiit lompound of Inti.'lU'utiinl tu- porlorlty, ivlciitino itttulnnifint, and Miiiro rulKor dnbaiichcry that purhup* was tivcr •fcn In the form of woinon. Thvy ttudUiU Klcnoo tORcthfir, and tlio quiot of a country llfo wai dlvcriint'd by frei|ui>nt trnviillInK indpcrlmpi morn froquont outbrcaku of tho ihttrp timpcr of tho modern Xanthippe Anowopiich opened In Voltaire'* life, when' In 1730 ho wa« llatturod liy it lottur from Frederick, princo royal of I'ruMhi, uftor- wiirili Frederick tho (Ireut. Thcio two ro- murUbln men flrnt mot after tho accuMlon of Jrcdcrlck to the throne in 1740. 'J'ho mcotliig wni ot a rliAteau near (JUivo* luul Th'» «""? ^?,°\ P'"''" *""" "'■""■ »' '"-■'•"••• Tho flrit Hilciiliin war »epHratod thorn, und VoUaIro returned to Holland. Thoy con- t nun , howover, to corroHpond. In 1743 Voltulro wm a taiidl.latu for u loat In tho Fremh Academy, but throuKh tho Inllucnco of nu IntriguhiK bl.hop ho wu* excloded, lie wui «oon after Hoiit on a iocrct dlplo- ucceedea In hi. purpose ; but ho wu* cheat- ed of hia hoped-for reward by the roveuKo of the mldtrcNs of I.oul* XV. Her Hucceilifr tho celebrated Madame do i'ompadour " a,' his warm friend, and procured him tho un- wa.it lo. "'", •''"«" bcdchumber. He mv finir"""^'',"'-' ^'"'<'iyod at thoAcade- wf.'h 2r f '"'"':« ^"^"""^ ■»» CO"''. »'o wont sti^.^ '"'''l!'i'' ''•' f'l'.ltflet to the court of U>ere n"tl'„'"',f "' ^'""'"l. at I.uni<« liulltutlonsnnd official per.on*"; lmv|„,i no «I««P, orlKl,„.| ^„ra to .ay aK-l it tife V?.II»U ..?"''' ''"■ «'"H'"-Htlo,l. pu»t. All Voltairo did or could do, belnx what ho Jl\ up IH the tawk of men that nee and love truth [or li» own Mko.nnd In It. iicrvko forie Uiomnolvo.. Tho end of Voltairo', caJeeJ At^lheT^f 'i'i ""," :'"K"'«"y "PpJoprlaU, Ue. of 111 „I ^' '"•''""K t» tho Importunl- ..^.. . "'* "i^V."' **•'" «'""»^ •'«•'' of tho dull iiionotony of l-'orney, he onco more vUltcd nn'/irj" ""• **•'•'"' Journey and h?. rccep tlon thoro wtt« ono contlnuou. iplend il irluinph. Ho wan ovcrywhero attended by crowd,; occupied tho director', .eat at to Academy, wa, crowned at tho theatre- od n.?i2ll {?.?■, ""'I'm"' ""'' ""•"•K'"«'"t ,uffer- tho rit , of burial, and tho body of the •Kreot" mocker wa. Interred by nluht In tho abbey of Bullldre,, whence It ivairo iioved ut tho revolution, and depo, "."d In ho I'ontheon. Tho work, of Vol aire. " tho mo,t complete edition, fill 70 vol, 8vo Sman"?""..*""-'' 1"""" "" iu'^Joct, In ad- dition to thojo already named, we mention of »«lH play,, "Alzlro," " Mahomet/' "m".' rope," Mort do Crt»ar,- and " OreVtc • "hi, Se,XH.^>;y!'''V »"« "i'lHtolre'di work. .'!. nT"/''", "". ^''^^°" " «"1 other work, on phy,lcal science; the "Diction- nalrc I'hUphlquo;" hi, metaphysical and theoloKlcal writing,, and hi, torre. molr^of Voltairo and document, rolatinir a nort«nV«.,'i'\17'[''/ '"'"•' accumulated t6 S,.«^,i ?h?"' S*"*''*' ^"•l hi, work, have pawed through a great number of edition,. 1057 u a in n » I 11 !! if I: if-; » t \, ' ' vol] n iflcto Qnibcraal 19iogTiipI)s. Hit life, ftapnclally In Iti relation! with Frederick the Ornat, 1« very fully treated by Curlylein hl« recent " HIitory " oftlmtmon- ■rch i niid no more profound, lucla, and fair e»tlniHto of Voltaire and VoltalrUm l« to bo found In KnRllNh lltrraturo than U prcicntod in Carlylo « innRttily " lOssay." VOLTKllKA, Uaniki.k DA.whoie family name wa* llicciAHKl.Ll, a celobratcd Italian painter and nculptor, born at Vol terra In 1809. Ho was ln»tructcd in painting by loveral mnatert; nssiiited Vcrino del Vana and Michnel Angolo at lloinc, and becamuone of the moMt eminent Hcholiirs of the? latter, lie succeeded I'erino del VnRa a» dlroclorof the worltd in the Vaticiin, but ho was deprived by Julius III. His miistcrpiecu li the "De- scent from the Cross," the best of n scries of frescoes executed by him In tlin church of the Trinita do' Monti at Home. It is said to have been partly painted by Micliael Angclo. This great work wus destroyed by the French, who attempted to detach it from the wall. The famous picture by llubens In the cathe- (Iriil of Antwerp Is in composition almost a repetition of Volterra's fresco. Voltcrra was employed by the Pope Paul IV., on the lin- gular task of draping some of the nude ngures In the " Last Judgment " of Michael Angclo, whence ho received the nickname of Hraohkttone. In his latter years ho was engaged chiefly in sculpture, and at the time of his death had partly executed an i(iue»trian statue of Henry II. of France. Died at Home, 1568. • VOLU8ENU8. [WILSON, FLORENCE.] VONDKL, J008T VAN DEN, the celebrated Dutch poet, was born in 1(587, at Cologne; his parents, who were Anabaptists, being refugees from the persecution of the Spnnish government in their native land. They bOon returned thither, and the poet spent his life nt Amsterdam. He had little school Instruc tion, and carried on the busincssof a hosier ; to which,however, his wife chiefly attended, and thus secured him leisure for his higher work. After her death his affairs became embarrassed, ond ho accepted a situation as banker's clerk. His last ten years he spent in comparative ease, his modest wants satis- llcd by the continuanceof his salary as a pen- sion. The principal works of Vondel are the tragedies of " Palamedes," " Ghisbcrt van Amstel," " The Exile of Ghisbert," " Jeph- tha," and " Lucifer." The first appeared in 1(J25, and brought him not only great reput- ation, but a government prosecution, and a heavy fine, on account of its fervent patriot- ism and its censure of the execution of 13ar- neveldt, the grnnd-pensionary. The " Luci- fer" is thought worthy of comparison with " Paradise Lost," which was published a few years later. The lyrical poems scattered through the plays of Yondel are the most admired of his works. "Vondel meditated and commenced a poem on Constantino the Great, but had not energy to go on with it. Died, 1679. A new edition of his works was published in 1820, by De Vries. YOBISCUS, FiiATlus, a native of Syra- cuse, who flourished A. n. 304. He wrott the history of Aureliaa, Tacitus, Florlanus, Probus. Flrraius, Carus. &c. VOKST, CONRAD (.Latin, VOiiaTIUS), an io«« [»oi eminent German theologian, wti bors^'j Uoman Catholic family at Colo>n«, In im "With his father and the reit of th*. frnnliThi bccuinn a Protestant ; studied at DuikiJ,^ and Cologne, and later at IIer)H)ni Hc graduated D.I), at Heidelberg In ij^ visited Bwltzerlund, and gave Icctum ij Geneva; and in 1306 accepted the poiiot professor at a now theological coIImi ,i Htclnfurt. He acquired a wide repuuiion but Nusplclons of his orthodoxy wcreipttut' ond ho had to defend hlmnelf before the theological faculty of Heiddherg. In isu he published his " Tractotus Tlicologlctn j, Deo," which at once brought a itorm of per- secution on him, as an adherent of Armioim Ho was the same year called to Buccced At- nilnlus as professor of theology at Ujin and notwithstanding the bitter oppoiiilog of thoGomarist party, he accepted ids chair But ho wos beaten. The book wai Intoltrji bio to the Col vinists ; it was denounced nn j by James I. of England, iind by hli ordrrj burnt at London, Oxford, and Carabridjt, Vorst had to appear before the itatpn.ihm to flee the country, and after the Sjnodof Dort to hide himself and his family; and ia 1622 he took refuge in Ilolttein. Iim h* died there the same year, and wai Utitiu Friedrlchstadt. VOUTIGEHN (aWORTIYERN),»Briliih chief, who after the final departure of ili( Bomans from the island, appears to hatrbe- come supremo ruler. It is scnrceljrpoiilWt to fix the chronologv of his rci((n,ortoiiii cover the facts of it ; so overlaid are tlifj with the legends of the Chronicles, and iht passionate denunciations of the Triadi. Iti year A.d. 424, about six ycurs after the de- parture of the Romans, probably lawVortl- gem first invested with the ioYerel|fiil;ot all the Britons. Pressed by foesonailildo, —the Plots and Scots, the 8ca-roTer«,iiid domestic rivals, — ho invited or accep«d the aid of the Saxons against them. Tki arrival of these warriors is varlouil^ir signed to the years 428, 449, nnd449i whn under their leaders (named in the legeidi Hengst and Horsii) they landed on the nut of Kent, and soon received for thelriertitei the Islcof Thanet. Vortigcrnlssaidtohati been so fascinated at a banquet by the fill Rowena, daughter of Hengst, that he di- vorced his wife to marry her. But theniB' riagc alliance did not prevent the pagan ii- voders from soon joining the Picts and SMS, and ravaging Britain from one endtolh other. They appear then to have retunM to their own land, and Vortlgem wai it- stored to his throne. Of his subseqnenth* tory nothing is certainly known. Thereli, however, a story of a subsequent meetlnjK- tween the Britons and Saxons formakiij terms of peace, at which the latter, on m nal from Hengst, massacred all the Britoti present except Vortigern, who was nudt prisoner. VOS, MARTIN DK, a Dutch painter,*" born at Antwerp, about 1534, and died tw in 1604. He studied in Italy under T* retto, and painted history, portrait!, u landscapes.-SlMON DI Vos, another i«» of Antwerp, was born in 180S, and died m 1670. He painted historical ima-- — I theologUn. wki bnrs.». I family At CoIo»n«, in lii)' I kiid tho rrtt of thf 1m:n, ! lant ; itudlt-d nt Duiki,),- id later at Ilerborn He at lIclddbiTg In iju ^nd, and rbvo Iccturtm' 1396 accepted the po,i,, low thdoloKlcal collcm ii icquircd a wide rcpuuiion 'his orthodoxy ncrcupMii' defend hlnmnlf Mon thj Itv of Heldflherg. h iju "Trnctatud Thcologlfm j, mco brought a itnrm of pfr. rti an adherent of Arrainim [) year called to luwetil Aj! , mor of thcoloKj at I^jdm ding the liltter oppoiltloi jarty.he accepted the clulr. en. The book wai iniolfrj. ifits ; it was denounced nn EiiKland, and bjr hii order \, Oxford, and Carabrlilie, >ear before the itntetiiiiH try, and after the Synodof iself nndhls family; anjiJ fujo in lloltteln. fiotbt mo year, and wai bnriedii portrait!, but ejcelled In hunting pltcei. jTliere were icreral other palntere of the lume name. I voss, JoHANN IlKlNnicii, the dUtln- l|ulihcd (Irrrnnn poet, philoloKUt.and trnni- Ihilor, wa» horn In AlecklenliiirK in 1791. ■ lie ttudled first at the ichool uf Now llriin- IdenburK, W8» then ennadi'd forapveriil yenre III private tutor, dlll({i"ntly roiitlnulnu his |(liiulcnlitudies,Rnd niakint; himself known ■by occasional poems, and In 1772 went to Itomplele his studies at Oiittlngen. lie soon ItiMk tt distinKuiahed place In tho circle of lliierary men. anionic whom at that time liit're lleyne.Klopstdck, and Claudius. Jeal- loutyand Ill-will soon iippiwircd hi'tween him liod Ilcync, which lime unfortunately only luftravuted. In 1778 he hiid tho appoint- ment of rector of the college at Otterndorf, la Hanover; but after four years he removed pa similar postal Eutlji, in Holstein, which Ike held for twenty years. After a residence fcf three years at Jena, full of the delights of JtonKenlttl society, he accepted a pressing Bill to Heidelberg, in 1803, where he was to beceive a handsome pension without hold- ing any special office. There he spent the Teitof his life. A collected edition of the iioemtof Voss appeared In 4 vols. 8vo In 1802. Tie most admired Is'" Louise," which is said ohavesugjtcsted taOoethe the Idea of his r Hermann und Doiothea." Hlstranalatlons wthe Iliad and Odyssey are In hexameter ■ersc, and are probably tho most accurate representations of the originals ever pro- Juced. He translated with equal success all ■he works of Vlrjfil, Heslod, and Theocritus, Ind a commentary of great value accom- *anled the "Oeorglcs." Mesldes several ■ther translations of classical authors, he lommenced In his old age one of Shake- .leare. Among his critical and other works Ire the 'Mythologlsohe Mrlefe," " Antlsym- >olik,'' and numerous papers collectert under Be title of "Kritische matter." There was touch that was painful In the quarrels be- ■ween Aoss and Heync, nor less In the con- Toversy on which he entered with his old fiend, Count Frledrlch von Stolberg. It ^^^'511u!''^''','''' '"*«'"«e lovc of religious «nd political freedom that made him write severely against the apparent revival of fcrl/'*\''J''"'«'"« 1" personalities. peCtl8T« ""' *'"^ P°^» '"''" »» iS wnl?^''*"''' '*><'«"«'d Dutch phi- Eh i:'^"'"'"" "■""■ Heidelberg, in 1577 fyoTulT'i^'''''' '""^ thf'univers- lii.,.^?l^"' "^ l>Pcame director of the ^ii^*^°^'^•"■'• """» In 1614 director of he fe if 'h hT''"'«'', •".I'^yden. The latter {stem 'of A?"."'*** ^'^ ^"^o""- the doctrhia! the synod "mTv''^^'^'* "•'^^ condemned ^v-"i4V"ettei?roVi.:?H^j^!; -•r..=.<:naary of Canterbury. Oii aVlsU n iftcto aniberaal l»cgrapt)p. [▼BO to this country In I62B iia«.. '. ■ Oxford. In 1M.1S ho w.rr.^^'"''"'*''^^^- of history in e gy mns. um n? 1° "" •="'" fell from a ladder in hii librar?. and w.t found dead. UM). """^J> "na was VOHHIL'8, iMAAr, son of the prerertln* was born at Leyden, In 1618, and pos*',,!/; {treat natural talents, very early 8*^2 lif high reputation among the Iea?n2d iiS went to Mweden In IH^H.nnd spent ten yelrS at hecourtof Queen Christina UcZurued to h a own country, and in l«70 he clme to EnKland, and obtained from Charles ^I I canonryof Windsor, and the degree of doc' H^ nf '»r^f'-0'n thu university of Ox'o^d and erudite. He was rude in his manr.Pr. credK'r' '^h'" '•'"«"'"• "o"o ".. "ut7o safd • h« .. .°'^" """"e". that Charles II. ?hlr'« I. '?.? '"■""«« '""" ^'"' « d'vlne, for there Is nothing which he refuses to belleT« except the Uible." "iwes vj Deuere yoUKT, Simon, an eminent -Pntnoi. painter, was born it ParU |„ ,982 and after a residence of 14 yeari in Italv w..' l)led. 1641 """ ""* *'''' Luxembourg. yOYERD'AROENSON.m'ARGFNSnv i painter, was born at Leeuwarden In laaT and studied under a painter of Ams eriam: llLT' celebrated for his mastery of per- Bpective, and painted many archltecturll pieces, some of which had so vivid a realitv fnh?.!"^^'.? "'" "harpest eye. The figures IrnitPH? ""'^' "^"^ °''^n executed by other artists. He was still living in 1604._Hl8 two oHm^r' ""^. So'^'non.^vere also p«^u erS Vi^'I'VVi?;'*"' »° t'"''' father's VROLIK, WiLLEM. a distinguished Dutch comparative anatomist, was born at Am- frv'iif'n;'" 1®.°^- Me studied at the univm- I/t? nVM"*^^^ *"•' "} ^"'»' «"'« graduated ?„;, ,; '.i".'" '"/'"" *° ^8-3- After practis- ing medicine for several years at his native cily, ho was appointed. In 1829, professor o? S'"*'"'' ^f """"""y *" the uSiverSuy ?Lv ?/"*'?'!■''"'* '"I '^31 professorof ana- i.r^'^'^^f i ''° "'^J'''"'* ="oo'oi?y.>n the Athen- w? J. Amsterdam, a post which he filled with distinction till 1863. He was a knight scientiflc societies. Among his works are— Kecherches d'Anatomle Comparie sur le n^,ni?H!)'* '1' "nndboekder zichtekundlge P^hrt^''""'''', ' \r ^''''°'« «•* lllustrandam Embryogenesin Homlnls et Mammallum." He contributed articles to Todds Cyclopa-dla cemberlTs'^er'* P''y'*'°'°»y- »*«''. 22nd De- VROOM, ilENniK CoHNEtifl, a Dutch painter, born at Haarlem, In 1366. He was famous in sea-pieces, and drew the designs for the tapestry In the House of Lords, re- Brj-flv."'" '"! details of tho defeat of the Spanish armada. i 1059 1^1 ; it I \ n i\ V I t 1 'I i i ) i ' 1 1 1 1 ; -I i ■i I WAO] m i^eis Bnibersal ISiograpf^s. W. "WAGE, KOBEJiT.an Anglo-Norman poet of tho 12th century. Ho wasa native of Jersey, and became " reading clerk " to Henry I. and Henry II. of lingland. The latter gave him a ennonry in the cathedral of IJayeux. Ho wrote, in Norman-French verse, a his- tory of England, an account of tho Norman conquest, and some romances. Died in Eng- land, about 1184. WADING, or WADDING, LUKE, a learned Irish ecclesiastic, born at Water- ford, Jn 1688. He held a divinity professor- ship in the university of Salamanca ; but havingaccompanicdthebishopofCarthngena to Homo, he continued tc reside there during tho remainder of his life. Ho refused a cardinal's hat, and founded tho college of Bt Isidore for Irish students of the Francis- can order ; ho is said to have encouraged the Irish rebelliou in 1641. He wrote a *' History of the Order of St Francis," and edited the works of Duns Scotus, Calaslo's Concordance, &c. Died, 1637. WADHAM, NICHOLAS, the founder of Wadham College, Oxford, was born in 1836, in Somersetshire, and was educated at Cbristchurch College. Ho died about 1610, knd the college which bears his name was completed in 1613. WAD8TKOM,CnAiiLES BERN, a Swedish traveller anil philanthropist, was born at Stockholm, in 1746. Having visited Africa, with a view to acquire information that might lead to the abolition of the slave trade, he was, on his return to Europe, examined at the bar of the English House of Commons upon that subject; and he afterwards pub- lished his " Observations on the Slave Trade," &C. Died, 1799. WAFER, LIONEL, an English traveller, was originally a surgeon in the navy. Having accompanied Dampier, the circum- navigator, and quarrelled with him, he was left on the isthmus of Danen ; but, owing to his medical skill, the Indians treated him kindly, and gave him his liberty when an English vessel arrived on the coast. On his return, in 1690, he published an interesting account of his adventures. WAGENAAR, JAN, a Dutch historian, was born at Amsterdam, in 1709. He was author of a History of Holland, 21 vols., for which he was appointed historiographer to his native city. He also wrote " The Pre- sent State of the United Provinces," &c. Died, 1773. WAGENSEIL, JOHANN Christoph, an eminent German scholar and polemic, was born at Nurnberg, in 1633. He was, in 1667, made professor of history and Jurisprudence, and afterwards of oriental languages, at Altdorf. His " Tela Ignea Sathanac," a con- troversial treatise. In refutation of the Jew- lati rrriicio uii »nv vt»rV'.;MiJ r,,..jj.^-i., i- — work of great ability. Died, 1705. WAGHORN, Lieut. Thomas, R.N., whose name is associated with the great achieve- lOW ment of steam communication I)etwt«IEa^ and and India, was burn ut Chatham, m At 12 years of ane ho was appointedamidi shipman, and before he hod complewiiii 17th year ho became lieutenant. Aften short crulso he volunteered for the Amcu war, and having received the commaiia of the East India Company's cutter, Matthlf* and seen much service by land and ici, he returned to Calcutta in 18'27. i'roin ihli period ho turned his attention to tlie peat project ho had had long secretly at hcart-a steam communication between Englandud India; and the ardour, perseverance, and firmness with which ho worked it to com- pletion, have gained him a name amoDgtbe benefactors of his race. But we regret to say that fame was all that he achieved bj his arduous and long- continued exertloai; for tho gigantic operations in ytUti hehad been engaged exhausted his resourcet.ud he met with but scanty assistance Iioit those whom every consideration of hgiiao' ity and liberality should have induced to lend him a helping hand. Died, 18S0. WAHLENBERG, GEORGE, aa eniinl botanist, was born in the province of Wit' meland, in 1780. He visited the tenou parts of the Scandinavian peDlDiuIa,ud most of the northern countries of Euiope, for the purpose of making botanical ud geological researches ; and on his retanto Upsal, where he was superintendent ot tin Museum of Science, he published hli"Floii Lapponicn," " Flora Carpethorum," "Flw Upsaliensis," and " Flora Suecica," taiiiei some geological treatises. Died, 1891, WAILLY, CHARLES DE, an emliat French architect, was born in 1729,atPBi!i studied at Rome ; was a member of tbe Ii- stitute, and chief founder of the Societjot tho Friends of the Arts. He died in 1* Among the buildings which he desigjeiWi the Spinola palace at Genoa, the chtoiJl Ormcs in Touraine, and tho Od^on at Pa* WAKE, Sir ISAAC, an able diplowliit and miscellaneous writer, born at Billiij, in Northamptonshire, in 1575. He beciM fellow of Morton College, Oxford; aiiil,li 1604, was chosen public orator of tk an- versity. He was afterwards employe! « ambassador to several foreign coartaitM. in 1619, received the honour of knlgmj* He wrote several works, the prlncipiJ« which was his "Bex Platonicus." m 1632. , - ,^ WAKE, WILLIAM, archbishop o Cai» bury, a learned and exemplary prelate,™ born at Blandford, in Dorsetshire, mm. and educated at Oxford. Having enW[ into orders, he soon distinguished im by the zeal with which lie espoused « Protestant cause, though in oppositioi™ fho wichos nt tJiA cnuTt: and he wasaccwj ingly well received by AYllliam m.ifj^ accession to the throne. Key"/"!?. Ively, king's chaplain, rector of St hm communication betwMnEw. was born ut Chatlinm, Ijoo BKC lio wnsnppointedaitid^ before he hod compleied bii leciuiio lieutenant. Aten ) volunteered for the Amcu ng received the command of Company's cutter, Matthlfu, h service by land and w, he lulcutta in 1827. I'rom ihli led his attention to tliegicai I hud long secretly at hcart-i dcation between England wd I 10 ardour, perseverance, atd I which ho worked it to com- 1 ;ained him a name anion; tbe I bis race. But we rcftrn to I wos all that he achieved bj id long- continued excrt!o3(; I :c operations in which bebtd I exhausted his resource«,ui I but scanty assistance Im I rery consideration of hgnu. I ility should liave induced to | ping band. Died, \m. EIIO, George, an emiiinl I born in the province of !«• '80. He visited the reiott Scandinavian peniniula, ud lorthern countries of Euiope, I «e of making botanical ud I larches ; and on his retuntol he was superintendent ottbt I ienco, he published hi) "Flonl ' Flora Carpethorum," "FlM [ and " Flora Succiea," besiilM | il treatises. Died, 1891, , CHARLES UE, an emlititl BCt, wasborninl729,alPBi!; ne; was a member of ibe Ii- 1 lief founder of the Socieljrf I f the Arts. He died in liH I ildings which he desigieiWi f ilacc at Genoa, the chtoiol I raine, and the Od^on at fuit [ r Isaac, an able diplomiliU leous writer, born at Billiiji ;on8hire, in 1575. He beciK ton College, Oxford; aiid,li isen public orator of tlie in- was afterwards employe! « » several foreign cuurtaiuj, red the honour of knigWh**! rcrul works, the principil«l is "Hex Platonicus." WI [LLIAM, archbishop of Cul* I :d and exemplary prelate,« [ dford, in Dorsetshire, in m at Oxford, Having enWJI le soon distinguished hmwi with which he espoused «1 use, though in oppositiojwi tJiApnurt: and he was accD*! ceivcd by AYllliam IH.oof I the throne. Kew"-'""?'! chaplain, rector of St Jameoj IfAK] festminster, and dean of Exeter. In 1705 |e was advanced to the bishopric of I,ineoln • hd, In 1710, ho was raised to the see of Uterbury ; In which stotion he distingulsh- Jl himself by his moderation, flrmncss, r.nd Ibcrnllty. }Ic endeavoured to promote a Inionof the English and GuUican churches Ir which he was grossly calumniated! lough the mcnsuro was well meant. Ho hblishcd a trunslation of tho " Epistles of le Apostolical Fathers." nn " Exposition of le Church Catechism," "The State of the lurch and Clergy of England," and three lolumes of" Sermons." Died, 1737. There laportri'it of Archbishop 'Wttke In the Na- |onal Collection. |1\AKEFIEL1), EDWARD GIBBON, found- I of the " Wakefield Systcr. of Colonizn- joD," was born about 1780. He wag one of le sons of Edward Turner, author of a book I" Ireland, Statistical and Political," and ^ iSelp gttniUergal 3Bioffraoftn. 1K.1K11U, Diuiioiiuui uiiu j.-oiiucai," ana ) himself first known to the public In KSas the hero of un abduction case, which Ided with his three years' Imprisonment in kwgatc.and the dissolution, by act of par- ■ment, of the marriage, which had been Irformedat Gretna Green. He turned to Aod account his prison experiences ; made ■mself familiar with all the details of our Invict settlements, and gave the world the fct-fruits of his reflections in his " Letters bm Sydney," which attracted tho attention Mtatesmen. In 1833 ho published his piew of the Art of Colonization," anu soon ■er a committee of the House of Commons ■> appointed to inquire into the disposal of Bonial lands. "Wakefield gave evidence pre the committee; but meanwhile his ■tern had been adopted by the founders of Je colony of South Australia. Tho prln- We of his system is that the new lands of Je colony should be sold in small allotments llow prices to settlers, and the funds thus ■tamed be expended in carrying out fresh * grants, Mr Wakefield next attacked the t !!?!?, v*""^?'"*''"*'" > Ro'ned the sup- r,Ai''.f'cured in a few years the abolition of con- Id aS'I?'""'' ^" ^637 the NewZca- Ki^u*"'"']?" *"« established, and Mr ►keflcid as director took a leudiAg part in fc formation of the new colony At the h n™ff 1? P'"?^«'<> °«t the reJl cause of e disaffection then showing Itself in Ca- Irh'/m "^ Z^^''""^' secretary to the earl of Cr'hr'"' T^ *="* °"t «8 governor SV'clHifa.l"f ^i" ^"^ Zealand. He died » fte'^il. in that colonv, Mov le is-jo iS^a=atSj^;tss ' at StockporliS tCshl elan'dtx^:, n?''^ pool ; but he grew dUsatlsfled wm, t v?.:^"' trlnes of the church of I'tiiri/m^i *i'? ''""- to beeomeclassicaltcacirttl' ""!•?« '» at Warrington. In noo he removed to'tT.): aSKoi^.^sSS or his most ardent admirers, and wb»TJ pamph ets against the government of wiTi? "« ""tlcc was taken, until hlT letter To i,o bishop of Llnndaff appeared, when the null ney.gencral Instituted a Drosr ./?<.. L.°^" him and the publisher Twoke&wa sentenced to bo Imprisoned two years i„ are a^K^lii J"" P'-'nclpToVhl^S; 2 vils • ^r»H H '°" $'t "'« New Testament.'' .s yois. , an edition of Lucretlun " i vni. . „_ poor. She resided for many years „tTnf me^^e;'XfJ«reJ."n^r'w"?sS? In- born at Walden. in Esrex.lbou? 1367' VI studied at Oxford ; and. fnHco.wn. sent ns a champion of the church aga nst hw^tics by Henry IV. to the council of Pisa Hcn^ V. reposed entire confidence in him '^n!^ him his confessor, sent him to he cou'nd? of Constance, in 1415, and died In his arms nf V "cennes. Ho became no less a fa"rri?e with the young monarch, whom he attended was author of a work In 3 vols Vniin «t t tied "DoctrlnaleAntiSumPidei^el'esi^ CatholicBB." Ilussel, bishop of Lincoln nmdn a compendium of this work, to S"ate ,o? WAT'^r';? *"' detection'of heresy I w^I'H?' ^^™'^- CVALDO.l WALES, William, mathematician an.i astronomer, was born about 1734- went tn s^t^orv^nul"'';.*" ''''•'? observe tireuan- slt of Venus ; accompanied Captain Cook in two voyageo round the world- been mo «,« thematical master at ChX's iloSf Tnd secretary to the Board of Longitude •' lid died in 1798. Among his works arr <*' a. tronomlcal Observation.\n°the South^n Hemisphere." a treatise on the ''DiscoveJ? ° inn?,.^^"*''"''* ^7 Time-keepers," and an of^Jht^?t"h^cen^^u'^rwl/born"S''c!iir7n' Dorsetshire ;, was educated at ChrlsSrVl." '-'.■v'uid; ana necame M.P. »br Wells "in parliament he acted with the Presbyter ans Sendn„^7^' ^'°'"""y "°""« to the Inde-' ma hu'"'\5?'f " '"""" »»« published, in 1648. his History of Independency." He m' ; ; 1 m\ ) ! ! 1 ' 1 1 it 1061 w wal] -a i^cto atnlbcrgal Ifttograpt)!?. wa. committed to t^o Tower by Cromwel, and whllo ImprUoned wrote lilB vloUnt trc-tttlie. entitled "Tho UIkU t^"'";* "(J"'; tico, or Cromweirs Now SliuiBluer-Houic. He dli'd In prison In lO.M. WALKKU, Sir iniWAiU), lil.torlnu and hcriiUl. was born nt Notherstowey. in Somer- •cuhlre. Ho w.is made clerk of tlio prlvy- councll m 1U44. nn.l r.-eelved tho 'jonour of knlKlil.iood; atteii.li'd Charlc* 11. In bis ex U.. and w,',. appointed by bim KJ'r""';-'*, '«; «t arms. Pled. Iti77. Ho Is said to »'avo written " Iter rarollnnm or nn Account of the Miircbes.&c.of King CliarlcRl.." Mili- tary PlMJOverU-s;" " Historical Discourses,- *\VALKKR,Or.onoK,wnB born of rngllsh parents, m county Tyrone, «" '"""'""iS"" fs celebrated for bis l.erolc defence of I- n^ donderry oiralnst James II. Ho enjojia much favou'^r with ^V 'mam III., whom be uceomw;Mued tbrouKbout his Irish cam- pal Sirs': and fcU at the battle of the Boyno. \VALKF.U, JOHN, the lexlcoBrapber. was born m 173'>, at Frlern "n^"^'*.'" "•;""/"„ sblro. He was f.t ono time master of a School at Kensington, «"^ «""«';*J""^"y J lecturer on clocuuon, which «>•'- '^^ '«'' studied with « view to the stage. His prtii- clual works are the well-known CritUal r onou.?clnK Dictionary," » " Hbym J'K "C" Uonary," " Ktcments of F. "^'utUm." and a " Uhetorlcal Grammar." Died. IHU/. \V-ALKEU, HOUEUT. an Kng Ish por rait pointer, who flourished about the middle of the nth century. Nothing seems to be l^'n'own of hu\lfe*.b«t ho »", -membered^s the principal pa nter omploved by Crom- well O.Ve^f his portraits o/tbc Protector Is In the Hrltlsh Museum, another Is In tlio Plttl Polacc at Florence, and there are feverar other, in English collcctionB The Dortralts of many of Cromweirs great cap^ fains were painted by Wolker amongst Ihem that of Wake, i.ow In Wadham Col- leae. Oxford. Died about 1«5!). 'nvAU., WILLIAM, who for upwards of half a century was the Incumbent of hhorc- am. m Sussex, was author of a work, en- titled the '' History of Infant "JPtl^m." He also wrote " Critical Notes ..n the Old Tes- tament," 2 vols. &c. Died, 1728. WAIT ACE W. VINCKNT, musical com- ro^er was bom ai Wnterford, In Ireland In \m Cn with a passion for music, wh ch "as early cultivated by his father, a mlll- iary band master, ho seems to have hod an equal P-'Ssion for travelling. 1 av ng « taln- ed considerable skill as a plaiilst and violln- f.t he set out at the ago of 18 on a long cou.so of wanderings, visiting successively Australia, New Zealond, India, South and No ^America, practising his art and wln^ nlng a high reputation ns a performer. The first work which made him known In Eng- "and as a composer was tl'e^pcra of 'Marl- tana." produced at Drury Lane In 184C, and wWch had a long run. This was soon fol- lowedby-MatlldaofHungary.^^^ Hempen visited Vienna una i!-) •" — — — _ covery of hU health took a long sea-voyage. In 1864 he produced " Lurlino," one of his bSst works: and also ono of the most suc- KKi'i ^^l. His other works are, " Th« Aaltl ch," " Love's Triumph," and "TheCf.! Flower." ■Walloco wns I'Mcntlill; |l cess^tI. Witch, melodist, and many songs of urtai iw(M>I ncss are scattered through tils worki,iiid| have bcconio popular favduritm. AnonH these are his " Fireside Song," "Oo.ihml Hesilcss Wind I " " Sweet niul Low, "81^1 of the AV ild Wing," Ac. After ii proirstirtl lIlncHH at VarlH, In 1804-0.1, lie was ri-moirtl for milder nlr to the ChAtcnu dc IIhotIjI the Haute Oaronne, and there ho dic(l,()cii).| her 12, IHOft. His remolns wercbroiiniiitof England, and Interred In Kcnmil OreMl Cemetery. Wallace was a trunnriistmil genial man, attracting not only public id.| miration, but the warmest lovcofhlipri-P vate friends. L WATXACR, Blr WlLMAM, the natlotill hero of Hcotland, was born probably abojl I r>70. Ho Is said to have lircn n son o( Sirl Malcolm WuUoce, of Ellrnillc, In Kfnfrew.I sblro, and to have been educntcdRtDniiilnl After Edward I. had got lilinicif «fli«ot.l ledged sovereign lord f"" Scotland, Willwl uppeiirs to have bccom<: lender of a bimltfl outlaws, and to have done many dHi o/l during in dcllance of the KnuliiliautliofiitoJ and thereby to have won the fonlinwl and revived the patrlollc hopciandrnoli-I tlon of his countrymen. So thntnhnihl Insurrection broke out. In 1297, Jiewnl chosen to bo communder-in-chlcf. SomiiII the principal nobles were nssoclaifilwllll him, but they siibniltted to WarreiuMkel guordlan appointed by Edwnrd,an(li;Hl the treaty of Irvine. Wnllacc, hvinl kept the field. He was nlroady a hM With his followers, still numcroM, «il rapidly multiplied, ho curried on ilie »ii,l took several towns In the north of ScoiMI from tho English, and wns beslcRlnf ta-l dee when tho English army, led or Eull Warrcnne, arrived near Stirling. Martliitl without delay to meet It, he wonijisll victory at Cambuskcnneth, fieptemtxrlt,! and his country was Independent once w. I Pursuing tho English, who abandonrtijl tho strongholds, he crossed the b«rdft«l ravaged Northumberland ; snd onhiimjl was recognized as guardinn of 'he k||;r«| m the name of King J"''" ( '"^ ';,2l the Tower of London). The jealoiitjoliMI Scottish nobles made his high poiiiioinjl unstable, and in the follo«ln? JMI Edward made a truce wlthFraicc huWI home.and without delay n'«f';'>!jf '"Sl land, his fleet sailing to the Inth o WJ The famous battle of F^'V^'!.'!?'" * the 22nd of July, in which If^l^j,, Scots were totally routed with great "^ ter. Wallace ceased to be govet^ rofttj kingdom, and appears to have r« Bg guerilla warfare In which hf «"!;*3 guished himself, and thus hcllo'' ''*'^ years. After the c""^!"'"'"?'' „wte with Edward, in February, ,m^^^^ Wallace did not join, ho f » ' *i- outlaw, and being c«Pt"f«d ne ;l««q in 1305, by whnt means is "n"""! ' J sentto'lindon,andhunga.atr.W« West Smithficld, Auptist -*• /■- j;-,,a set up on London Bridge, and his m» posed at Newcastle, Berwick, Fn^ [|i othrr work! are, " Thg Aaltl I,ovc't Triumph," nnd "Th(ii«.l or." 'WBllnco wnn cwcntliill; ij mid mnny «onR« of nrfat iww-l ciatprcd Ihroimh lila worki,iii(|| iiic pnpHlnr favouriton. Anonfl hid " Fireside Hoiin," "On.thmf \'Uu\ ! " " HWL'Ct niul Uw,""liirt III >VinR," &c. After n proirvwl I'lirlH, In ISfli-fiS, III! was rmioKdl : nlr to the ChAtcnu dc liiitnial Oiironncnnd thcro liodio(l,iitio.| Ift. Ills rcinalnB worcbrouKhiiol and Intrrrud In Kcnwl firfnl Walliico wn«n truftariisiHdtl n, nttractInK not only public idJ but the warmeat lovoofhlipri-f ds. L \.CFj, Blr WiM.iAM, the nitloujl cotlnnd, wnd born probablj aboill is siUd to hnvi' lircn n sonofSitI WuUiice, of Kllrriille, In Hfnfrew.l to hHVO been cilm'ntPdntDniidN,| ivnrd I. hiid pot lilmiclf ncknof-l verclftn lord o*" Scotland, Willujl I) have bcroint: lender of a buidvl nnd to have done many dHi ofl detlanco of the KnKliahauthoHilaJ eby to have won the contdniil 'cd the piitriotic liopeianilmoii-l Is countrymen. So thatnhnihl ion broke out, in 1297, he ml 1 bo cominundcr-ln-chlcf. S«iieiif| jlpnl nobles were nssoclaieilwlllf they submitted to WarreniK.lkel appointed by Edwnrd,an(liipii4| ty of Irvine. Wnllacr, ho»(W,l field. He was already 8 kcifHl 8 followers, still numcroii!, iiJl nultlplicd, ho carried on ihe »ii,l Till towns In the north of Scoiloll EnRllsh, and was beslcRing D»l n tho Knglish army, led by Eiill le, arrived near 8tlrling. Mattlilirl delay to meet It, he wonijwtl It Cambuskenneth, RcptemteK,! ountry was lndepcndentoncciMit.1 < the Kngllsh, who abaiidortul itjholds, he crossed the bordffiHl Northumberland ; nnd on hlft™! lunized as Ruardian of the kiiOTI lame of Kind John (Ilaliol,lh«»I cr of London). The jealous; ol*! nobles made his high poiitionWI ., and in the followin? ycjr^l made a truce withrrance,hu««| id without delay marched moM^l J fleet sailing to the Frith of W*| lous battle of Falkirk MS foil! '» 1 of July, in which yallaceui* ere totally routed wlthitreai "M allnce ceased to be «''«""'"'7 a, and appears to have rciu»i^ 'warfare in which he wm himself, and thus held oufot«" After the conclusion ot ine v dword, in February, "W- '? T 5 did Aot join, he w»» f^i; , at.d beinK captured neWJ . by what means is «"'"'»;'' | •lindon,andhunga.atrjlWj rnithfield, Aupu^t -1- /■ * jj^„a an London Bridge, nnd hlim» It Newcastle, Berwick, Perft^" wal] ^ iScto ggni&trgal ISiograpIjy. Aberdeen. Extant contemporary notices of Wullnco are very few and scanty. ]iut the largo spaces In his life left blank by history hiivo been filled up by poetry and legend, whose testimony on the mutter, out of Scot- land, is at least doubtful. Hut whatever history hiis told, or IcKniid folKneil, or criti- cism qucHtlonod, It Is certain thut —Wallace fought for Scotland ; left tho name Of Wallace to be found, like a wild flower. All over his dear country ; left the deeds Of Wallace, like n family of nhosts. To people the steep rocks mid river banks, Hnr natural sanctuaries, with a local loul Of independence and stern liberty. A "Life of Blr William Wulloco," by Car- rlclc, appeared in 1840 ; and more recently "Sir William Wallace; a Narrative of his Life and Times," by Watson ; and " Wallace, the Hero of .Scotland ■■ by I'atcrson. WALLACE, Wn.i.iAM, a Scottish mntho- matlcinn, was born at Dysurt in 1708. At the ago of IC he was apprenticed to a book- binder at EdinburKh, but employed hit leisure hours in study, especially of mathe- matics. After several successive enir'iKC- mcntt In trade, he quitted it in 1793, and in jtho following year became assistant mathe- mnticnl tutor in the academy. In 1803 he eitchangcd this post forthatof mothematical master at the lloyal Military College, which 'he ably filled till 181U. In that year ho was chosen professor of mathematics at the unl- Tcrilty of Edinburgh. He was one of tho drat fellows of the Royal Astronomical So- ciety, F.R.8.E., and LL.l)., Edinburgh. His writings consist of memoirs presented to tho Royal Society of Edinburgh, nna tho Astro- nomical Society, contributions to several 'lournals, and numerous articles in the Edin- Jurgh Encycloptcdia and tho Encyclopaidia Britannlca. Ho retired from the professor- Bhip in 1838, and ofter a long illness, died at [Edinburgh in 1843. A government pension lad been conferred on him. WALLEN8TEIN. ALUHECHT WENZKL :U8KHIU8, Count VON Waldstein, the ;rcat general of tho Imperialists in the hlrty Years' AVar, was born in 1583, of «21.and«g«i„in IB23 hndX ted Bethlcm Gnbor, prince of Transylvania ,nd was soon afterereMcd duke of Erie d mH prince of the Holy u„,„„,i Empire 'n,?.' at the head of a large army raiird by lis own' cflTorts and at his own expense, and In,,) operation with the army of the Lnngueun- derhlH rival Tilly, he fought a sueirssful cam- paign against Count MiinNfeld and llethlem uabor. He conducted (i second memorable campaign agnlnst the Danes in the followinir year, negotiated the I'cneo of Liibeck and was invested with the duihy of Mecklen- burg. His enemies. Jealous nnd profoundly irritated not only by his success, his enor- i mous wealth, nnd accumulated dignities, but I also by his haughty and despotic behaviour, pressed their accusations agnlnst him with »G much vehemence, thut In 1(130 he was de prived of his command. He retired silently to his estates. Just ns Oustavus Adolphus was on the point of invading Ocnuany to give his support to the I'rotestant cause. L .1/ 'i.'!!.^ r* P^ *''° ff""* f'wede and the death of Tilly left no choice for the emperor but to pray his dismissed general onto more to take the command. Wallcnsteln, after some prudent show of reluctance, agreed to do so, on condition of being absolute master of his army. Oustavus having taken up his position in an entrenched camp at Niirntorg J^. *?,."^m'''''"' enthusiastically supported hni.-VVallensteln, after a general review of nts army at Neumark, en trenched himself in a strong position opposite NUrn berg, intend- ing by a tedious blockade to wear out his great foe. The Swedes intercepted a large convoy from Bavaria, on its way to the Im- perialisfs, captured the whole of It, and de- stroyed the escort. Want nnd pestilence afflicted both armies, nnd Oustavus, having been reinforced, made an attack on Wallen- stoin's lines, 24th August, IG.32 ; butnftoro ten hours' action nnd repeated assaults, wallenstoln remained unconciucrod wltliln his lines, and tho Swedes had to retire. Fifteen days later the latter broke up their camp and marched towards Bavaria; Wal- lenstein immediately breaking up and burn- ing hiscamp,and marching towards Saxony. I hey next met at the meinorablo battle of liUtzen, fought in November ; Oustavus fell early in the battle, but Wallcnsteln was de- feated. Tho conduct of his ofHcers was rigorously investigated, and mnny were pun- ished with death. Wallcnsteln next march- ed into Silesia, then Into Bavaria ; carrying on negotiations with France and other courts, and evidently aiming at a high place m the empire. Fresh accusations were urged against him ; his oflScers signed at IMlsen a declaration of their fidelity to him; and tho emperor declared him a rebel. and ordered lils capture, alive or dead. His estates wore confiscated, some of his trusted officers were traitors, and on the 25th of February, 1634, the great commander was murdered in the •^J'tleof Egra. His memory has been cleared of the lOng-credited charge of treason against the emperor, and It Is certain that his fall was brought about by the intrigues and lies Of Ills personal enemies. "Waldsteins 1003 i ; 1 ! ! i I' 93i I t i , ik. I'll wal] ^ i^cto mnibcrgal 1Biogrnpl)g. [WAl llrlefo" wore P^^^^^^}''^'^,^''^Z''rr' iTlSU 1828 • and u blograpliy by Fi)stcr in iBJi. The 8to?y of Wallenstoin furnished SehlUer w th tbo sublcct of hU splendid triloBy, " Wallenstlm^'s Camp." " 'f ''« i;'«°'?."t ,' and "The Death of Wallonst.ein , wui inown through Coleridge's magnificent *' WALw"il. ri)MVNi), an English poet wa. born at Coleshill. in llevtfordshiro, and ^v a 8 educated at Kton. and at ICing's College. rnmbrWirc Ho was elected a member of mrUamcnt when in his 17th year, and at the ac™ of 23 ho miurled a rich heiress, who rtinrt soon after, and left him an Infant dauRl te? TnUer then paid his addresses to Lady Dorothea Sidney, daughter of the pari of Leicester, whom he has immortalized under the poetical name of Sacharissa ; bnt thmiEh she admired his verses, she slighted his offers and married the carl of fiundcr- land He then married a lady of the name of Brcsse by whom he had 13 children. In ?hc Long rlrliament he represented Amcrs- ham. and was appointed one of the com- misa oners to treat with the king ; but in ms he was taUen up for a p ot. «hen, to save his lifo.he made a <'°"fo''«'°"'A"l"""f a vear's imprisonment, and Pay'"K » <*n«^I £10 000 obtained his liberty. He then went ' fo France, and resided there till he found Wmse f gett ng to the end of his resources, whin he applied to Cromwell, who gave h.m iTava to return, and restored his estate. Waller repaid the favour by a P«nefr.c on the Protector; but he was equally lavish of 1 praise on Charles IL, with whonihe was a favourite; as he also was with James TL, and he appears to have taken "dvantage of his intimacy with that monarch to give Sim very sound advice. He now turned his tKhtl to devotion, and composed 'Divine Poems." He died at Ueaconsflcld, in 1687, ^82. His intellectual powers were of a sunerior order ; he was at once a prompt, SaXand graceful speaker, while the wit and Pleasantness of his conversation made h?m S favourite, even with those whom his Sect pliancy must have disgusted. English vSca ion Is much indebted to him ; and for ease Raiety, brilliancy, and wit, h s amatory poetry has not been surpassed. His portrait, by John lUley, Is in the National ^ WALLERl^SiV WILLIAM, an eminent Keneral of the parliamentary affT «" ^^^ feign of Charles I., was bom in 1597, in Kent and was educated at Magdalen Col- S and Hart nail. Oxford. On his return from Germany, where he ''^d served as a volunteer in the army of the l'»ote8tant princes against the e'npe'on lie was elec ed for Andover as a member of the Long rariia Snt "ho belonged to the Presbyterian nartv and, on the breaking out of the war, was made second in command under the earl ^f eTscx The West of England was the ■ceneof his principal exploits; and in the larw part of his career he fought w th signal *-"!-V- b"t "•-» uitimatplv defeated. The Self denying Ordinance removed him from service, and he became so much an object of Tuspiclon to the republicans, that ho was twice Imprisoned. He died in 1608. we wrote ■" Divine Meditations" and a "Vindi- cation " of his Character and Conduct. WALLEUIU8, JOHAN GOTTSCHAlK.in eminent Hwedlsh chemist and mincrnloKlii, author of " Systema Mineralogicum,""C!ie. mia I'hysiea," and other excellent worki, Died, 1785. WALLIS, JOHN, an eminent Englidi mathematician and divine, was born In itjt, at Ashford, in Kent, and educated lit Kinan- uel College, Cambridge. He was cIiomdJh leti), SavlHa" professor of geometry at Or ford, and made keeper of the archives thtre, in 1058; was one of the earliest mcmbcriot the Koyal Society ; and, after a lonft lifedt-; voted to science and his clerical duties, dledi in 1703. His mathematical works are ia eluded in three volumes, and his" 8crmoiii"| form a fourth. i WALMESLEY, CHAllLES, a Roman Ci-j thollc divine, and an eminent mathcmatiei«n,| was a doctor of the Sorbonnc.n monkoftlie; Uenedietine or^er, and vicar apostolic of the western dlstrif t of England, lie died • BathViVi i7'J7, aged 76. "He w.ts a ni . of the Koyal Society, andthcauttiorofsevet- al mathematical treatises. WALPOLE, Sir BOBKRT, earl of OrforJ, prime minister of England, was born InlCT, at Houghton, his father's scat in Norfoll, and was educated at Eton, and Klii|;s Col- lege, Cambridge. He entered parlhmentiii 1701. as member for Castle lUsinR, irhW borough his father had reprP8cntfd;botiii the following year he was elected forljn. In 1708 he was appointed secretary of mr; in 1709. treasurer of the navy ; and, In i;i), one of the managers of Sachevcrells triil; but on the dissolution of the WhlRmintorj, he was dismissed from all his offices, ospelW the House, and committed to tlieToner.oi the charge of breach of trust and notonoii corruption. This was looked iipoa at i mere party proceeding by a majority of ti( people, r.nd, on the accession of Oeorje, the Whigs being again in tlic nscenilant.K was made paymaster of the forces, and, mi-i seciucntly, prime minister- In conseqiins of disputes with his colleagues, liowew.ln was induced to resign in 1717, and he fr malned in opposition till 1720. when eow more became paymaster of the forces, m reputation as a financier drew all eyd to- wards him on the occurrence of the ton arising from the bursting of thc.S'"' \«^ bubbli; and Lord Sunderland being obM to retire, Walpole was again rjade pw an office which he retained for™ * twenty years, in spite of incessant a * fiot? political enemies of the mos t.pto talents. In 1V4'2 he resigned, and wasmiW earl of Orford. He h«d long before r«,J^ Uie knighthood Of the l'"th,anflah «i of the Garter. He was an able flnan mi good tactician in debate, a most serT,«* f«inistpr to the house of Brunswlc,--' feirfHend of the Protestsnts.«* He died in 1745. His portrait. ^y^«nl* is in the National Portrait ««''W' ,.„,( WALPOLE. HOUATIO, L rd, ;;^;5;i Meditations" anda"Vlnill-: !hnractcr and Conduct, i, JOHAN GOTTSCHAlK.ini U clit-mUt and mincraloKiii, cma Mlneruloglcum,""ciie.j and other excellent worki.l )HN, an eminent i:iigii)h| and divine, was born In itiijj ient, and educated at Kinan-i nbrldge. He was cliownjii irofcssor of geometry at Or keeper of the archives there, le of the earliest mcmbcnot Bty ; and, after a long llfedej e and his clerical dutici,dl«l mathematical works are ia volumes, and his " Sermon)" •lY, CHAiiLES, a Roman &• nd an eminent ninthcmaticiim, f the 8orbonnc,a monk of the | ^or, and vicar apostolic of ihf et of England. }le dlcil i aged 76. He w.is a ni' tr iclety , and the author of settt- al treatises. Sir BOBKRT, earl of OrforJ, • of England, was born Inlflt, his father's scat in Norfolk, ftted at Eton, and King's Cd- je. He entered parliamentin jer for Castle KisinR, whid ither had represented; but In yer.r he was elected forljn. 8 appointed secretary of fir;| ircr of the navy ; and, in i;i(,; inagers of Sachevcrell's tiiil;| isolution of the Whifrminljirj,! sed from all his offices, cxpellcl; id committed to tlieTontr.oi! breach of trust and notonoMi This was looked npoaaBi foceeding by a majority of rt( on the accession ot George I, ing again In the nscenilant.bi: jrmastcr of the forces, and, sib'j Ime minister. In conscquensj ith his colleagues, lioweTer,W to resign In 1717, nndheit- position till 1720, when liecM paymaster of the forcci. n s a financier drew all eyei t> 1 the occurrence of the disssim the bnrsting of the Soutli M Lord Sunderland being oblifHj ilpolo was again made preniff,! ilch he retained for more ttu: 8, In si,ite of incessant altKtj; il enemies of the most spWjj V4'i he resigned, and wasmiw fd. He had long before meirt, ood of the linth, and also twi ^r. He was an able flnancmJ; in in debate, a most smiW* | the house of Brunswlci,a«^, ,d of the Protestant succesWj 745. His portrait, by Mnl*l tional Portrait Oallery..j ,E, HOUATIO, I.ofd{,K T the government, and *i, J I atist, was created a pecri«* I 1767. He wrote anani»H"!|| |wal] BoUngbroke'i Letters on Hlttory, and lome political pamphlets. WALPOLE, HORACK, carl of'Orford, the youngest son of Sir Hubert, was born in 1717, and was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge. Gray, the poet, was his fcllow-colleglan, and accompanied hini In a continental tour ; but they quar- relled, and separated before their return. In 1741, Walpole entered parliament, success- ively representing Callington, Castle Ulslng, and Lynn. Hut it was soon apparent that he took little Interest in politics, he seldom Joined in the debates, and in 1708 he retired wholly from public life. Literature and the fine arts were the great sources of his de- llKht, and much of his time was dedicated to the embellishment of his Gothic villa at Strawberry Hill, near Twickenham, and to the formation of a splendid collection of works of art and relics of antiquity. He also established a private press, and printed several works there. In 1791 he succeeded to the earldom, but never took his seat in the House of Lords. His principal wirks are, " The Castle of Otranto," a novel, which be- came very popular, and is not yet forgotten ; " Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard III. ;" " The Mysterious Mother," a tragedy ; " Catalogue of Koyal and Noble Authors," " Anecdotes of Fainting in Eng- land," and a " Catalogue of Engravers." The two last-named works arc substantially Vertue's, the engraver. [See Vebtue.] He also wrote Memoirs of the last ten years of the reign of George XL, and of the first twelve years of George III. But his reputation as a writer rests chiefly on his letters, in which he is admitted to be without a rival in our language. His correspondence extends over the 62 years from 1735 to 1797, and in the last complete collection, edited by Cunningham, occupies 9 vols. 8vo. Some interesting ad- ditional glimpses into his private life are furnished in the " Journals and Correspond, enceof Miss Berry," just published (1865). Horace Wnlpolc died at his London residence, 2nd March, 1797. His portrait, by an un- known hand, is in the National Portrait Gallery. WALSH, WILLIAM, a minor English poet of the 17th century. He was the friend of Dryden and the patron of Pope, held a situ- ation in the household of Queen Anne, and died in 1708. His poems are chiefly of an amatory character. WALSINOHAM, Sir FRANCIS, an emi- nent statesman in the reign of Elizabeth, was born at Chiselhurst in Kent, in 1536. After receivmg his education at King's College, Umbndge, where he acquired an excellent knowledge of languages, he entered on pub- «n ' "" ^"^ ^^'"^ ambassador to Paris in 1870; was there during the period of the Massacre of St Bartholomew ; and after his return, in 1573, he was appointed one of the secretaries of state, and knighted. In 1683 l(Z7» °°^ "" embassy to James VI., king n.i ?".^' *"* ^'^^^^ yc'" afterwards sat oTJ, l\ ^^ commissioners on the trial of .nfril T; " % " •"•- '^ "'«" of subtle policy, SL .""{." "»«''t'^<»"''le, nor expense in carrying such measures as he thought likely to serve the cause of the queen and embar^ ^ 0tm mnibtxaal 33(ograp^p. rassher enemies. It has been said fhat « ho outdid the Jesuits In their own bow and over-reachea them in their cqulvocrtlon " and that he kept 63 agents and 18 , pie, in foreign courts. Ho died in 1690. ^ AVALSINaHAM. TiiOMAB, an English chronicler of the 15th century, was a nat ye of Norfolk and a Pcnedlctlno monk of St ^"'"",^-, "^ V""°*® ^ History of England, from 1273 to the death of Henry V.." and a work entitled " Ypodigma Neustrii." Hi. writings are for the most part plagiarisms ""w?T^^'',.«^^''' ""'° orlgmal information. WALIEIt, JOHN, whose name has be- corao inseparably connected with the gi- gantic achievements of the press in modern times, was the son of Mr John Walter printer to the customs, and for many years chief proprietor of the Time» newspaper He vvas born In 1773, and having, on the completion of his education, made himself acquainted with all the technicalities and routine of a large printing establishment, he, la 1803, became a joint proprietor and exclusive manager of the Timet; and from this period, during the long course of 44 years, he devoted himself to the moral and material improvement of what is termed the fourth estate " of tho realm. Uesides being among tho first to impart to the dally press its vast range and celerity of informa- tion, its accuracy, and its universal corre- spondence, he was the first to bring tho steam-engine to Its assistance. The first ap- plication of steam-power to printing took place Nov. 29, 1814 ; and familiar as it is now, It was not made without an amount of risk labour, and anxiety, which few men could have undergone. Mr Walter's success in the establishment of the Time$ as the " lead- ing journal " was attained not so much by his own brilliant abilities, as by the discern- ment with which he sought out, and the munificence with which he rewarded, talent, wherever it could be found, and by the in- tuitive sagacity with which he, from time to time, felt the pulse of the nation, and pre- scribed accordingly. In adopting this course he necessarily exposed himself to the charge of inconsistency, and Incurred the hostility of all party politicians and class interests : but for these sacrifices ho was amply com- pensated, in witnessing the growing success of that great organ of public opinion, which it had been his glory to found, and his chief pleasure to assist and advise. Mr Walter sat in parliament from 1823 to 1837 for Berk- shire, where his estate. Bearwood, was situ- ated ; in 1840 he contested Southwark un- successfully ; in April, 1841, he was returned ior Nottingham ; and It is a curious circum- stance that Mr Walter's vote In parliament may be said to have sealed the fate of the Melbourno administration, which he had long been combating In the press (the motion of want of confidence, which led to Its over- throw, being carried only by a majority of one). Died, 1847. WALTHER, BERNARD, nn eminent as- tronomer of Nurnberg, in the 15th century. He studied under and assisted Regiomonta- nus, and is regarded as the first discoverer of the regular effect of atmospheric refrac- tion. Died, 1604. 1063 f !>' i If'' n •> ' ■ i \\ n ( -.'ifii • I ' wal] % i^eb) anibersal 19io9rapi)e. seeing T* and tr. -"' poet'.r 1 crusade consist WAI.THER VON DEK VOOELWEIDE, the celebrated Minnesinger, oneof the earli- est German poets. belonRing to the period called the " Swabian Era." He was born probably soon after 1160, and passed his life in KoliiK from court to court, patronized suc- cessively by Frederick, duke of Austria, Philip, king of the llomans. Otto, marRrave of Saxony, Hermann, landRravo of Thurin- Kla, the Emperor Frederick II., and other orinces. Walther made extensive travels, • - • North Ita';, , Constantinople, "r a. In 12ii6 he took part in the in the Wartburg.and in the rick II. In 1229. Hi* poems consist u D -songs and patriotic appeals to his countrymen, and t»!oy possess in a hlirh dcBree the best qualities of the poetry of their aftc. The Life of this German Troubadour has been written by Uhlana, and a new Life by Dr R. Mcnzel has appeared this year (1865). His poems have been fre- quently republished, and translated into modern German. , ♦„ „„. WALTON, BRIAN, a learned prelate, was born at Cleveland, in Yorkshire, in 1600. He was educated at Cambridge, and became pre- bendary of St Paul's, and chaplain to Charles I. He sufifered considerably at the breakmR out of the civil war.fled toO^f""!' and there formed the plan of his "Polyglot Bible," which was published in 6 vols, folio, and to which he principally owes his literary reputation. In 1661 he was preferred to the see of Chester, but died in London soon WALTON, IZAAK, the "Angler," was born at Stafford in 1593, and was carrying on the trade of a hosier in Fleet Street, near Chancery Lane, in 1624. Two years later he married a lady who was a descendant of Archbishop Cranmer. Left a widower in 1640, he married in 1647 a sister of Bishop Ken, by whom, as well as by his first wife, he had several children. His sympathies and connections were with the royalist oarty in the civi! war, and he discharged a dangerous ofHce for Charles II. after the battle of Worct r. His changes of re- sidence it is hauiiy possible to ascertain, but after the death of his second wife, in 1662, he appears to have gone to live at Winchester, with his friend Dr Morley, then bishop of that see. Walton numbered among his friends Dr Donne, Sir Henry Wotton, Bishop Sanderson, and Charles Cotton. His principal work is the " Complete Angler, or Contemplative Man's Recreation," which first appeared in 1653, and soon establialied itself as a general favourite, not only with lovers of the sport, but with readers of all classes, especially with those who love nature and rural life, and can relish the quiet simple utterance of pure sentiments of morality and piety. It was extended by the addition of a tre^Uise by Cotton in the author's lifetime, and has since been con- stantly in demand. A good edition by Sir Harris Nicolas was published In. I8d3. Walton's pleasant Lives of Hooker, Sanrter- .__ TVfttnn nnnnu nnrl Herbert have en- joyed a popularity almost as great as his *• Angler," and deserve to retain it. I«aak Walton was editor of the work entitled, "Rcllqulas Wottonlan».'^ He lived to thj age of 90, and died at the house of his inn. in-law, at Winchester, I5th December, Ksj A small half-length portrait of him, by Huysman, Was bequeathed In 1838 hy one of his descendants to the National Calletj. New editions of Walton's AnKlcr, and [U T 1 1 „ .noonflo l\ar.l'\ ndon. He was there treated as an im- postor, and eventually, in 1499, washanjed, drawn, and nuartered. Henry VII. pub- lished an alleged confession of the captiw, purporting that he was the eon of oneWu- beck , or Osbeck , a con verted Jew of Toumin but many have asserted that he wai u illegitimate son of Edward IV. WARBURTON, ELIOT BARTHOIOMET, historical and miscellaneous writer, »« born near TuUamore, in Ireland, in 1811 He completed his education at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, and adopted the professioi of the law ; studying In London under wi Procter (Barry Cornwall) and others. Afiit keeping terms at the Inner Temple he »« called to the Irish bar, but lie did notloij follow hia profession. In 1843 he isilH the East, and afterwards published an it- count of his travels in the work eptiW " The Crescent and the Cross," which oj tained immense popularity, and has p»« through a great number of editions, aiw his return he lived in London, and waiw of the most genial and welcome assoeiiMi of many of his distinguished contemporan*: He rendered generous and valuable serj* to the tenantry on his estates in Gulwym, Kildare during the famine of 1846-<';^^"| tlnuing to apply himself to lit"«tu«,»| publislied " Memoirs of Prince Bupertajj the Cavalier»,- " -lieginaid HpUnf ; -;, "Darlen, or the Merchant Prince, i^^ contributing papers to periodicals^^j 1066 jwab] nlane." He lived to ih«' lat tho houie of his ion. isier, 1 8th December, Um Rth portrait of him, bTi pquenthcd In 1838 liy one a to tlie National Callett Walton's AnKlcr, and ih« 1 1 tly (18G4) appeared In Bflli utlful EUevir Serlci ot ^ iSeto aniberggi ISiograpl^g. !l work, "Darlen," haa a peculiar interest from the fact that It contains a vivid de- icription of the burning of a ohlp at sea ; thus strnngeljr foreshadowing the disaster which closed the author's career shortly afterwards. He was one of the passengers on board the steamer "Amazon," in Jan- uary, 18S2, and perished with the burning vessel in the bay of IJiscay, 4ih January. WARBUUTON, JOHN, an English an- tiquary and herald ; author of " Vallum UomHnum." Horn, 168'2 ; died, 1759. WARBURTON, V/ILLIAM, bishop of Gloucester, a very eminent theological writer.critic, and controversialist, was born at Newarkupon-Trent, In 1698. He com- menced his clerical career in 1726, as vicar of Oriesley, in Nottinghamshire ; was ap- pointed, in 1746, preacher to the society of Lincoln's Inn ; and rapidly advanced in his profession, becoming, in succession, chap- lain to the king, prebendary of Durham, dean of Bristol, and, Anally, bishop of Olou- oester In 1759. His worksare very numerous ; but those for which he is most celebrated are, "A Critical and Philosophical Inquiry into the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles, as related by Historians," " Tho Alliance be- tween Church and State," "The Divine LeRation of Moses," "Vindication of Mr Pope's Essay on Man," and editions of Shakespeare, Pope, &c. Dr Warburton was a man of vigorous faculties, a mind fervid and vehement, supplied, by inceosani and unlimited inquiry, with wonderful extent and variety of kno wledge ; but he was proud of his literary powers, and treated all who opposed him with haughty disdain. He died in June, 1779. A portrait of Warburton, by Phillips, is in the National Portrait Gallery. A new Life of him was recently published by the Rev. J. S. Watson. WARD, JAMES, a celebrated animal painter, was born in London in 1769, and was first apprenticed to an engraver. After practising engraving for several years he turned to painting, and took Morland for ni8 model. Many of his early pictures were so much in Morland's manner that they were long sold as his. In 1794 Ward was ap- pointed painter and engraver to the prince of -Wales, was elected A.R.A. in 1807, and K.A. four years later. He was a regular exhibitor at the Royal Academy for more than sixty years, his last pictures appearing in 1854. In some attempts which he made m historical and allegorical painting he was not successful. One of his best works is the rn„°f '^/^n .r*^** Cattle -Alderney Bull, Cow, and Calf," now in the National Gal- itv^i^J' M* ?f' "*^'' *" 1820-22, in express rivalry with Paul Potter's famous " Bull." fn'ls^' ^""A^^'lf^ "*• ^^^ 2'"'"«*' Institution hiJl,t' "^ at Manchester in 1857. Among hw other well-known works are the " Coun- T«h?i?.'"l'!j>''<^ "I-ak" and Tower, in "Zll K?Ji1' ^}^ ? *•»« National Gallery ; and«Rtnl''i°5v ^°"« »"<^ Serpent." 1859. fiSlit'ng across a Tree." Died. pZ6?^°' JOHN, professor of rhetoric at im »^A H.°„i^*^^'„'^.'"' ^'"•'» *«» London in it^7B, and died in 17«8. He was a fellow of tHe Royal and Antiquarian Societiennd [WAB passed hi. early years. AVhen about cighl J cars of age. he was sent to England He received his education at Waltham.tow where he had Mr Justice Park lor a scS fellow; thence ho was triinsferrcd to Christ- church, Oxford ; and, after a short period of continental travel, was called to the bur at the Inner Temple, in 1790. For some years he went the western circuit, spendinir his long vacations at the house of his elder brother in the Isle of Wight; and here he wrote his ' Inquiry into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations In Europe." 1 r * ! 51 i ; U i' i? 1 1 jiiU WAU] m Jleto anibewal ISiograp^ [ 'AB named bluhop of Exotcr In 1002, ond blsliop of Salisbury In 1007. The dignity of cliun- ccllur of the Order of the Oarter wns after- wards conferred on him. l«l«bop Ward wa» publlc-splrltcd and inunlflcont, contributlnR to BPveral liberal undprtaUlnRt, bcnldcs foundlnK and endowing a Colli'KO ot Matrons for 10 clcrKymen's widows. Uc was one or the tlrst fellows of the llojal Society. Horn, 1017 ; dlou, 1689. WAllPLAW, Dn RAi.rii, an eminent nonconformist dlvlno, was born In nalkelt:i In 177!). and studied at Glasgow for tbo ministry in connection with the Vnltod Secession Church. Tracing his descent to Ralph Krsktne, he felt an hereditary attach- ment to that church ; an attachment which ho was ever ready to avow. «ut when on the eve of being licensed, ho avowed hU preference for Congregationalism, nnd in 1803 was ordained in North Albion Street Chnpcl, where he continued to labour for obout twenty years, when ho and his con- irroKntloa removed to a splendid clmpcl in West George Street, which they had erected at a cost exceeding £10,000. About seven years after his ordination he became tutor In the Glasgow TheoloKlcal Academy, a po- sition which he flllcd with much efficiency and acceptance till hlsdeccasc ; andformany years he discharged his professional duties without fee or reward. His fame as a theo- logian attracted students of nil evangelical denominations to his class-room. Dr >\ ord- law was a voluminous and varied writer. He wrote on tho Soclnlan Controversy, Infant IJaptlsm, Christian Kthlcs, Church Establishments, &c.; published several vo- lumes of discourses, and many single sermons, besides an interesting Memoir of Dr M'All, and a Treatise on Congrega- tionalism. In prlvote life he was greatly beloved. His manners were unaffected and conciliatory, and ho was a genuine pattern of the refinements, accomplishments, and virtues which mark the scholar nnd Chris- tian gentleman. Died, 1853. A ^Icmolr of Dr Wardlaw has been published by tho Key. W. L. Alexander. „, o* *« WARDLAW, HENRY, bishop of St An- drew's, nnd founder of tho university there, was preferred to that see by Pope j?cned ct XIII. in 1404. Though a man of strict morals and great simplicity of character, he was a still greater enemy to what he believed to be heresy than to immorality ; ond ho condemned to the stake those who question; ed tho doctrines of tho Romish church. Died, 1440. WARE, Sir James, an eminent antiquary and historian, was born at Dublin, in 1894 and died in 1660. He wrote " De rriesullbus HlbernitB," the " History nnd Antiquities of Ireland," and several other works. WARHAM, WlLLlAM.an English prelate and statesman, was born in Hampshire, and educated at Winchester SchooV and New College, Oxford. He successively became master of the Rolls, lord chancellor, bishop of London, and archbishop of Canterbury. In iKie j,„ reE'sncd'tho great seal on account of the d'iffeWnces between him and Wolsey, and died in 1532. He was the friend of Erasmus, and a great patron of literature. 1068 WARING, EDWAiil), Lucaslan profciior (if mathematics nt Cambridge, wiis born In Hhropshlro In 1730. He studied at Mnudnion College, Cambridge, and was senior wriinnlor In 1757. In 1700 ho obtained tho I.ucajliin professorship, tho duties of which o-cuplcd him till his death. He was author of leveral mathematical treatises : " Miscellanea Ana- lytica," " Medltatloncs Algebraicw," "Pro. prictatcs Algebralcarum Curvarum," 4c., and contributed some valuable papers to the I'hllosophlcal Transactions. Ho waichoMa P.ll.S. In 1703, and died in 1798. WARNKll. .loiiN.n learned prelate, bom at WestmhiHtcr, In 1685. Ho was cilucaljd at Oxford, and became successively pre. bendary of Canterbury, dean of LIchlleia, and bishop of Rochester ; suffered much for hit loyolty In the civil war, but recovered his sec at tho Restoration ; and died In 1666. Ho was the founder of tho college at Brom- ley, Kent, for the widows of elergymnn, WAllNER, WILLIAM, an lOnglish poet of the 16th century ; author of" Alblon'i Knit- land," a poem once in great repute, ond which passed through several editions, and " Syrinx, a bevenfo'1 History." Horn, 1558; died, 1609. W.VRREN, CHAniEfl, nn eminent en- graver, was a native of London, and for many years held a distinguished rank in hli profession. Ho was tho tlrst who elTectunlly removed the difficulties of engraving on iteel. Died, 1823. WARREN, Sir JOHN BORLAHK, an emi- nent navol officer, was born in 1764, in Not- tinghamshire ; was educated at Winchester School, ond at an early age entered the navy. He, however, afterwards studied at Cambridge, and in 1774 entered parliament. During the American war he performed several gallant actions, ond rose to the rank of post-captain. On the brcaklngoutofthe French revolutionary war he equally dii- tinguished himself; particularly Ineaptar- ing, off tho coast of Ireland, the Hoche man-of-war, nnd three ft-igntcs laden with troops for the conquest of that Island. After the peace of Amiens, he was appointed am- bassador to Russia , in which post he remained until 1805. He attained the rank of admiral in 1810, and died in 1822. WARREN, Sir PETEn, nn able Enghih admiral, born in 1703, entered thenavy when very young, and gradually rose to the rank of commodore, in 1745 he commanded a squadron, with which he attacked and took possession of Loulsbourg ; and In m nt fell in with a French squadron, which ne completely defeated, capturing seTcral of their men-of-war. This last exploit ren- dered him very popular, and he was re- turned M.P. for Westminster. pied.lW WARRINGTON, Earl of. [BOOTH, HENRY.] , _„_,, WARTON, Dr JOSEPH, son of ThomU:, Wurton, professor of poetry at Oxford,™? born in 1722, at Dunsford, In Surrej;TOi[ educated at Winchester Sclwol and M;i College, Oxford ; became curate of Chtiw,;, nnd rector of Tunworth ; and, In 1,66, »;| advanced to the station "f j^^f^'J!'^,"-!. i; Winchester, where he P"sWe»hlre, where ho died In 180f. 'm, chief worlcs nrc, an " V,»naj on tho Writlnjf* and Oonlua of Topo/' and translations from VlrKil. WAllTON, TiioMAB, brother of the pro- CPdlng, was born In 1728 ; rocolveil lils cdu- ciiilon at Winchester School and Trinity Cullpge, Oxford ; nnd In his 20th year ho dls- tlngulshpd himself by his " Triumph of Isls " a poetical vindication of Oxford UKninst the reflections of Mason. His " Observations on Spenser's Fairy Queen," published in 1784 made him advantageously known as a critic' and prepared the way for his election, In 1767* to tho professorship of poetry at Oxford' wliichhcflllcd for lOycars with great ability' The first volume of his " History of JinaliHli Poetry" was published In 1774, nnd tho second and third, respectively, In 1778 and 1781. His plan was extensive. Including the period from tho 11th to the 18th century • but when he had gone as far as tho Eliza- bethan writers he suspended, and ultimately abandoned, tho undertaking. Ho succeeded Whitehead as poet-lauicate, and died In 1790. Besides the works above noticed, ho wrote some elegant poems, and performed various other literary labours. WARWICK, JOHN DUDLEY. Eurl of [DUDLEY. 1 ' • WAKWIOK, RlCHAnD NEVILLE, Earl of, the king -maker," was born about 1428 He was the eldest son of Kichard Neville carl of Salisbury, and having by mttrriaKO become possessor of the Immense estates of the Warwick family, was created carl of Warwick, when about tho ago of twenty- 21!n..i"*l,P®"°"''' character and great aDUitles, his enormous wealth and lavish expenditure, and his extended and Import- .„il3^°"r?"°"*''»"''«' »"™ at once the mightiest English noble of his time, and the & A''?„"n''' l?.*''^ '"""t prominent ■inJo^fv f*'?"? «»'anco with Kichord, ?n * b'y^^'''/''*''" of Edward IV., led him huifM^^'''''''^^ °f t*"* house of York, an^ ir 14M X."'}''"? V'.*"" "attleof St Alban's l^e victorv nf'?^'"*^",''' ^an. chiefly decided ine victory of the duke of York Ha wn« then appointed to the Important post of governor or captain of Calffs, which with AiT^:''\\K\'^'^ "" hlHeath. iS sIverarnfthiL' "a'^^P «='"nhat, captured tempt wLmfno J^ ^^r"' "f°°*hs later an at- hira LT^h?*^^ '" ^'""^"'» to a8.saB8inate B«'af^r8oLtHfl1°°° "^'" ^"o '•^'"^^c^ armv wa, riUnV^^^'"^ successes the Yorkist •oner. Queen Marffa'-»t'-e<'--.-T - * P": an armv with ,.Vv,i u"v"^ "P^" ""'i raised ■of YMk^kt Wakcfli i* f « 'lefeated the duke |___J»^Wakcfleld, in December, and the i^eto anibergttl 19(oflrn»!)n." .. [was carl of Warwick at m aik '. — ! ~ \m. liut iheso V ctorl,. ";",:• V" ^':^"»ry. ick Joined l,v i.M»„^>'" ''""K'". for Warwick Join .u 1 y IMwa^r^nf'""!^'"' '"' York, compelled the royK'ny",^ ^T "* the north, and occupied I'on/in^ *° ,"'"'■" »" hilwar,i married in 1 104 Klizabeth Woo.lv nil Ocorge Neville, archbishop cf York ^'fhS tT' P'»«"»''"C<1 anU restored He ry V? and with tho duko of Clarence Ed wJh-.' ^ferhV^Sr^^^^^ Scc'lsfv'o^ Xo^y'S? ^irlTuT riP Which tho kingUke"r"and'hI."brothVr:L'or1 Montague, were killed. Their bodies worn exposed to public view in London, and after ino widow of Warwick long survived him taking refuge for a time at BcauHeu; wm reduced to penury, and was still liwigS fl3'^®".^/°'^0^- GKonoK, founder and ca bSrTl'^"^* °!'^' V*''''^ states o?Amer^ f *• horn In Westmoreland County. Virff 'uin iorVh'Af ^'' (""i'y' *hich came'a"the' oK^f^ ?t ^n?Jan»t-genernl, and dUcharged With great energy and success an Importlnt mission rendered necessary in 1753 by the Xr' Wn'^V °5 '^'^ ^'«'"=h on lhe%ro vliice. Washington served his first cam- pa gn against the French in 1754. In the f^""**'"? year, war having been declared between Great Uritaiu and FranceThe served himscKaf ?hn' Jiraddock and SfsUnguished he^ Ho I.^o.'''"'i\'"?"'' ''''"'« of Mononga- mander of fh'i^iS-rM ^'.*=°'"'^'«»^°n «» com- M^.l^f, ^t**^'''"* l«i 1758, and devoted himself for the next flffoon -- — - '■^•-'•-" crnslanf 1^ 1?f'"; He- was/ howeV^Vr/ery fn tto w *° *"endance as a representative in the House of Burgesses. In 1759 he mar- 1068 iillT i ■' ! j' 3|t ■n " n •wat] Hj^tto gftnibcmal ISiogtapf)!?- TlTii DurInK the iinhoppy contcsU which nroie iTotwoon the .olonlc, and the paron of tnxiUlon cl«lm.-(l by tho luiU r. Ho v«i II inombei-of tho nmt condri'** >« 1774, una n tl fol U.vvInK y.-..r w..h named cm- m. or- .-chief of tho contlnentnl army. 1 i " "t a»k w,.» the re<.rKnnl/..Ulon of tho "rmT.U.o dlffloultyof which wa. .erlouMy incrlklcA by tho want of diHolpl Inc. the uii- Tondline„^f the ..meer.. and tho Interfcr- cncu of tho elvll powers. Tho first In po"- Snt operation undertaken >vn.tho for IfyinK of \-.oVche.ter heiKht*. near lloston, 1. 1770 whlc> led to tho r vacuatton of the city by the Uritlsh, who, however, soon Rained pos- *.e8s 10 of New York. In the followlnK year tho battles of tho Hrandywlnc and Gorman- town were fou«ht, and tho Americans were Stod'ln bo?h.' 1« 1778 an «'''«"«« -;• formed with the French, ""d I'hnadelphla was evacuated by the Uritlsh. The cam- pa Rn'of the two%ollowln« Tfa", ^«f« ""^ marked by any decisive events. In 1781 n mutiny br'oko^out in the Amer can army, which was promptly quelled. In the nu- Tumn of that year a Joint "tack was made on York-town, then held by the British un- der Lord CornwallU.by tho American and French armies. It was <^°n^P ^.t,'''/ /"^^f": ful ; Cornwallls belni? compelled to capltu- ate. Tho strugRlo was '"•tuully at an end. In 1783 the Kritish evacuated New York, peace was signed, and tho independence of Tho Stres acknowledged. Washington re- slKned his commission, and received the wSstacknowledgmont from congros. of the great services ho had rendered to his country After several years of retirement, fSS? however, of aotlvlty "Ot for private endi alone. Washington was elected In 1789 first president of the United States. To this high office ho was re-cl«ctcd In 1793, and wis succeeded by John Adams in 1797. He took leave of the nation in a P''f>claniat»on worthy of him, and died in December, 1,99. Washington left no children. Ho was tall, and of noble and graceful bearing ; a man of slngu ar good sense (which it has been said was his genius) and of consummate prudence ; rbovean;truo inflexibly just.and absolutely bravl He was a man of action, not of words, and his success was as perfect as hi, task was sing ar and difficult. No example is to be working man of Dartford, in Kent. A poll- tax having been granted by the parliament iS 138(k on every person above IS years of age! one of the collectors demanded it for Wat's daughter who was not of that age, ^"behavfng scandalously to enforce ^he claim Wat killed him on the spot, ine Smouldering discontent of the rural popula- ??Sn at once burst Into a flan.e ; and Wat, as ;i v_ 1" .„ -..Pid^nt found himself captain of tiie"h08t,"june", 1381. After a"|'"^""8 them on BlicUheath, he led them to London, whSe ti>1y sacked Lambeth Palace, burnt Ihe palace of the duke of Lancaster and [WAT other great buildings, tolled tho Town, and killed tho archbishop of Canterbury, the royal treasurer, and many Wfaltlijr p«r. sons. On June ISlh the young king met iht InsiirgentH In Hmlthfield. and durlnn the conference Wat Tyler was killed by the lord mayor of London, lllchard then got hit followers out of London by smooth promlw of granting them their reasonable demandi; and as soon at danger was past tho nijil promlecs were broken, and IJno of thoN who had trusted In them were cxccutfd. WATKLET, CLAUWK HKNRI, a FrMch writer on art, was born at I'aris In 17U He was the son of a receiver-general, and oi hlH father's death, in 1740, succeeded him In his office. He learnt painting nml etchlm In his youth, vUlicd Italy twice, tranlied In tho Netherlands, and on his return wu received as associate of tho Acsdfmy ot Painting. His poem entitled "L'Art de Pelndro" gained him admiaslon to the French Academy. He was also a memherof several foreign academies. Watclet'i prir- clpal work Is tho " Dlctlonnalre de I'ciniurt, do Oravure et de Sculpture," which waicom- pletcd by Levesque, and published in 1791 Died, 1788. WATKllLAND, DANIEL, a learned dlTJM and controversialist, was born In 1683, it Wnsciy, in Lincoltihlrc, and was educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, of which he became master. At his death, In IW, he was chancellor of York, archdeacon of Mld^ dlcsex, canon of Windsor, and vicar of Twickenham. Among his works are A History of the Athanaslan Creed," Scrip- ture vindicated," "A Defence of Chrlsfi Divinity," and " A Beview of the Doctrine of tho Eucharist." , , WATERLOO, Anthony, an emiiieti Dutch painter, born about 1618, and died in 1682. He excelled In landscapes, and wii distinguished as an engraver. WATERTON,CHARLES,lhcceIebratMiii' tnrallst,wos born In 1782. He wastheeono Thomas Watcrton, Esq., of Walton Hall,re« Wakefield, representative of an ancient aDH honourable Lincolnshire family, lealoni- hcrents of the Catholic faith. Tl.rouRh W^ grandmother he was lineally descended roa Sir Thomas More. He was educated Stony hurst College, but had ffr "><-;« el h for out-of-door sports, especially such e« larged his knowledge of natural history, than for books. He, nevertheless. maJe«- spectablc attainments in class e«lliteratu«. After completing his education he .!«« many years in foreign travel 'yl^f^^^^^*^i managing some estates in Bemerara. «'» maUng several visits to South Ameri'^ the purpose of studying «» rleh/Zj;;'^ forms of life and nature. Record of tnei. forms or nre ana »"'^""'- "V,," hi,, erf journeys he gave to the ^orld in lii«^^;^ ively and charming volume, entltl d ««r derlngs in South America." 6«"''"» „,t, ances?ralhor.o,b«iltonasmallls inj, ancestral home, buiit on a ""'»"''■ „,,ouiiil- midst of lovely l«n*»««*P;V, L^reatureMW ed with the scenes 8"^^, f.„*'*fhe use •( he loved; and by prohlbUi^ng the^^^^ ^r^^^n'hau^t'^^-^y-e.S.IS 1070 >^#WI wat] he enjoyed tho honrty citcpiii (tiid reiipect of hia frlcndj, tennntd, mid dcpendrnti ifU hfttlth won «i-und to tho Innt, and hu'dralli wai cnuBcd by a fall In hli own Krouiidi M«y2fl,lH«,V He wn» burled in lil» fVivourlte wood, and hit funeral wai a very linponlnif ceremony, condurtcd nccordInK to hlii otvn dlrrctions. Itenldes the well-known " Wnn- dorln({«," ho publUlicd a volume of " F.HHitf on Natural History," orlKlnally contributed to I.ouddii'ii MuRHzlno. [ WATSON, CllAKl,KH,Hrltl.h admiral wai horn nt Westminster In 17H. KnterliiK tho nnvy at nn early age, ho noon earned pro- motion, nnd in 1738 wan appointed cuptain Ho served In tho Mediterranean, wuii em- ployed to cruise off Cadiz, and took part with dlmlnctlon In various enirnirempntii with the French, In 1747. In the followliiB jcarhe was promoted to tlio rank of rear- admiral. Ho WHS sent in 17.51 to India In i command of the squodron formlnir part of the expedition of Cllve, to tho succew of which his skill and daring greatly contri- buted. His last service was to eo-opcrato n the attack on Chandernagore, In March. 1757. rivo months later his health gave Iway.andhodicdlnlndla, August, 1787 A monument was erected to him In Westmln- Iter Abney. ^yATSON, nicnAUD, a celebrated Engluh relate, was born In 1737, at Hevorshatn In Wctmorelnudi became a sizar, and after" wards a fellow, of Trinity Co lego, (arn- rldRe; was chosen. In 1764, professor of d WniYv'''",?^*!: T.' "*' «"«<-•" ^^a. .'»l.o for the impoVtant Cvi:" •"''=''"'^ •" made i„ the sfeamVnilno aim "'." '*''''='' the tillo of lis inventor w«..^" ""''"'t'' •vealihy andhonouriblceltlJonnrn*"" "' * W'n refused ieavo t««i„ ■ u' "'""'fw. Ho ortho eartlng mcnte "'." "'"."'J' '«-«"1 them Ada n Hmlth "iVr'f.,'^^'''*''?"'''""''"*? hlluy of .\e7m^Ta''r.'?i'' °" *"" "PP''^« nhout 17flfl and werS '','""^« P<"»cr hoxan Jtobl.on,aft2rwa7d.nrnf."'*"* V '"» ''''•"'«» I«.ophy.' Thre7yea?H ifuP^'h'''"'''"'""' P'"' n mbdol hiBh Dre«.nr„ - . ^^ con'trueted tj.c oxamaoTrd Vp"a'l °Sra"toV'/''? mode". A th M knd i„*'° """•' " second Picted three Kara" 'ater'' and Tn 7' ""•"" 1700 ho obtained a patent for it "^^H'^J Just beforo given up his nri;?n»i ♦" ?® """^ ort.ie"rh!.'';^;/kfiisr'^''-"^^^^^ Into partncr^h n wl h , ,"*^^""l'''« «"tP''bUlnedih.^.»:,l'?.««?t'«nd, In 1730. H« 'rdbeiie,ye\{;;.'Vt'"Bl"iP*;lii«'«='7l'«<>'ic'. undertaken on alarSl.cale'' A fo'urth":.'"^'^; I ore^"drdrrd"''b?!,5rT°'^"«"-^-^^^^ policy of'tho'fl?^ an''kf^3"''of''d"iffl ",'.""• patent font l^''Ur*"'*K^'<^''«fd.'^ho K"* « ?../..",_':.,"?" of vexatious and mo««. un. ' and In l"^'h, r^i\t^Ti '^° '"'•"« '"^entor, .onVhl5?2^»r:5"f/l?."?A''« business, his '""i belles ieurM^T.TilS^ '"''''=' '•'•tofic', and In l"^'h, «.Vi"^"i '^° '"'•"« '"^entor, "•0 became prlnclB-i'MS'''"'''!''' '^hwe he •ons havlS. »...i"V'"?'" *•" business, his ! I t< • f {. i ' Mi 1071 wat] % ^tto antHttgnl 13(09tap!)i?^ Iw 25. 1819. A V" Tn ?at n WcHUuliulcr Ab- to the memory of \\ ''^^ '"■„,,'■ "mHi » copy In Ucy »,y V"»'°"!! ,Vu f.o U of l\o i. ftrn.ury at bronco l» P)*'^!''^ h/i uppoaro l an Impoilunl MaiicUcter. \",,\f S"»X«, eutltlcd "The ^ork on V\°.r :i lo., of the MuchanUal In- OrlKlu and Vr.)Kto»« 01 »n^ ^ ^ ,,l, mentions of J«|"''* ^J/'^V. l' icnU* and tho rorrn»pond«nco with hi. 1 r ,t ^. Specinotttlon* of U » ^s "hv^. ^„a a new Mutrhcua, M.A^, '» •'J""^ (186fl), entitled work ha. Just fPP""'^^^ [," i'y Huinuel G1...K0W, and being »^^^^'J ^o lodRcd in delicate »'«")''\,''\1° .,°r ^f S r llu.nphrcy tho house of the "»""'" ?V.„ „jcw up be- ''"''• ?h« t^r^oUg rtudtu^t" of science. tween tho two yo^RB , . j^^gn uduiltted Although O'^'B^y^ father's businesH. ho rtncrsh p n his fainer ^^^^^^^j^ and Burgeons at ^^1 \»8?.*j:iXt,,eca Uritan- but his Kenius soon r»i»«f^V^" produced a humble o"upatlon; and haying P ^^^^ ^^^ picture which gamc^d the PJ-^ ^.^ ^„d demy, his ardour lor m" "• , „„rk8 were ho speedily rose to ^am|„«\\ ^S almost ijiuiit— •" V". Khnin rural 1"0. l"t: Eorrch" he ,^ ^°"^ P-vaUed in French art. Died, 1721. VVATTH.IWAAO, tho NonconformlitdltUi, pool, and niUccllancoui wrltor, wm borii.i Houthampton, July ", 1U74. Ilo wu th< eldest son of a Nonoonfornilit iclioolniutir, was fond of books from his enrllMt »Mr«, and received his Jirst Instruction! it tii I'reo Hchool of his native town. In \mit was sent to London, and pimcd the ncii throe years In an academy coHducic J b; lit Uowo a dissenting minister. W«iu i»- rlou»ly Injured bis health bjf hia eicmiii; application to L' llan('n ofKriivxirltlclim find llglit liiiiKhtiT. Two h«ml»omr'ljr llluitrutpd oditlonn of thpin Konir* nro anionK tin- piihlk'iillonii of thU jrenr ( Ih(I»). riip Init j (mri of thin vpn.Tiiblo man were pniiiod In ({rmu phynleiil wcak- BCM, and were «addcnod by thn unklndncni of lomc of 111! rrlatloni. Ho dlod pcHtcfullv NoYomhorM, 1748, ond wii* burled In Hun- hill Fii-Idi. Mil monument waa erected bv Uil; Ahney and HIr John HnrtotiD. YayNI-UOTK WlLUAM, a*,,,unlflcent prelate of the 18th century, whoaereal name win I'nttyn, waa born at Wninlleet, In Un- colinhlro ; and wna educated at Wlnchcatcr Seliool, and at Oxford. ICc was made pro- »oit of Kton, In U42 ; blahop of Wlnchcater In U17 ; and lord chaneellor, In UM. Dlod' l4Hfl. He wai the founder of MaKdalen Ool- :lc([c, Oxford, and of a free ichool at hla native place. WE\Vi;il,JoilN. [AVEKVKU.] WKIliili, 8AMUKI., an eminent Knitllah muilclan, particularly col'3brnted for hla glcci.was born In 1740,and was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker, but ho abandoned hU trade, and gained a aubslatenco by convinir muile. lly itiidy and perHcvcrnnco he be- came an excellent composer, and aluo ac- quired sevornl lanKuageg. Died, 1816. IIIh (ficci and part aongs form three volumes and arc much admired. '"'"uiii, WEIIEH, CAlii, MAUIA VON, tho cele- brated musical composer, was born atEutln. ficlnn, and had him carefully educated. Ho lenrnt for - time painting and engravln« b t muiK ,v«, his pas8lon,Snd took Itsrlgh?- I « cTu-i'^mI".* "'•i""'"""! teachers were and h« hLi^'".'"'*" ""y*"' ""'' Kalchcr. twclv. A*r '^ compose at tho ago of iwclTB. After n short Indulgence In thn practice of lithography, he made vnrlouS Ln„i.. i .Y'*"""' Where he became ac- ?he A ,M Vo», ""i ^•"••'brated Hayd" and kn?M„i %. ■°*',"' ^'■°»» '*hom ho received [valuable help i„ hU studies. Ho had now lyTo"o''fflc?/ "-."T"' ""'1 «»«<« Buccesslve^ ml f.» P"'''u* "' cl'apel-mnster at Hreslau W '™i','''"'^.''''«««r 0' the opera a" I? hif ar? U T^ '"'V' *''«' B'-«at masters teyeiu.?rrn"^^ >. •' Obr: ?."ffi«",^ the p^S!;^etro'n"^f mntoIp^„;e,^«''«,'l--P-eafor ArTcVriL'T -P--"tal.o'n" Bwo.a, • ^ the composer. He wna Kn'jr'/r.^i!^^?"''' -^ ^"^' jUge to «nfl)er«^\^J"£^^H^- "fr Congress as member for New HatiD.hlre !! I May. 1813, and from that time toiu' iea h ' fho*"? P'-omlncntly before tho world as one it^n^A*^'" '''" '""""» "' the great "nn,- At'antlc demoeracy. When he wn« fli-nV elected to congress,%var wasrag ng^2 wS America and England, and Mr Webster at once attracted attention by his A^rrcnt tlTvZ''^ '" r*^'"*' »"« countrymen to at- tack tnglnnd by scu.nnd also by the hl.tnri ca knowledge and full ncqualn anee wit h deh'/r"*""*' '"■«' ^"Ich he dl!p"ayed m the ?w«^"a "''Pc*^""* *he communication bc- and MnoT'J"'- """ ^''■""''^ «« to the ircrlln and Milan decrees. Probably his personal an orator. His figure was commanding • ni.n"."?''".""*"' ^^ remarkablecven in re- pose, but when animated by the cxcltemnnt words''' il ur?" "° 'o^' ""''birthnn his words. His gestures were vehement, with- ,mri^ r^ fndlgnlfled ; and his volco was unrivalled In power. In elcamoss and n modviatod variety of tone. In 1827 he became ^'"^"Ipc'-of the Senate. On variousTcw slong he was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency, in 1839 he visited Eurone FraneTw.tTfi^^'* ''°"' "> Engjand and'l spec" In ifliV f '"l"" cordiality and re Bptci. in 1841 he became seeretnrv fnr ' ITZi'tfi'!' "".''•'f P'-C'"denTHirrfson once threatened to embroil England and the ( { ! ; f 107» M i lit! wkb] m iicb) StnibetiiRl Idiogtapfip. [wui Unltod BiftlM. In 1H80, on tlio nccMiJon of Pi*»lrt«Mil riUmorP, >«' HK«1" »ioi>nmo ntn-roi- my of •tmo, In whUh omce t.o rpnii.lnctl till hit (IfiUh. Mr W.'Imlor tlirou«hoiil lil« loitK nollUciil cnrrcr wiu « •tcmdy luppoHor of whlB nrlnclplo*. im ili« Amt-rlwun Hion tcrnuul llio prln.-lpli-n wliUh «t.l<-tl«urtio nn con»i«rvttllvo. In mi !««• "K"!" iwttino rt i-iiiidldiiio for Iho pri'iiiiloncy ; nnd lo giiln tho favour of tho fioutln'ra Rint«t 1>« n >»"; donod the opinion* lio Imd loim lunlntHlnod on tho quMilou of ilnvory, IIioukU In t i1h oiuo »»U •mrini'o of nrlni-lplo wh« In viilii i and It Id ooiiJiH'lnrfd tlint dliuppulnlim-nt hnntonod hU cud. I>l«"d, IHS'i. WKlWrr.U, JOHN, one of tho ««•««»•'«,<',' onrly Knall'h driunntUti, llvod li> the 17th cpntiiry. Ho miinty U tho Infonniitloii lo- »p.uyco,confe»«c» that ho can do llUlo iiioro than vmxmmxio Mn wov)<«. ^V'^i''!',* 'I'V. pl«V wui IhHt rntllU'd "Tho AVhlto Dovll, publlihod In Klia. Ho hiul, howovrr, pro- vIouhIv compodod iovorul pliiys In conjiino- tlon with i.thvr draiuntlitt, Chojtlo, lUiclu-r, nrnyton. Utywood, *c. tHi ' )uch('»i of Miilft," produced In IfllOnnd pul.ll.h.'d seven yenri Imcr, nnd " Applu» nnd Vlrnlnln, puh- fuhed In l(lft4.rtreperhup.hl«»rr;'iiH!»t workii Tho v»orks of >Vfh»ti'r wero llmt colleoled and edited by Mr Dyee In I830.nnd « n«w edi- tion, revised by him. wnipublUbed In mi. VkHSTKU, Noau. M. 1>.. tho emlnont American lexleoKrnphcr. was born In -West Ilurtford, United Slates, In 178H. Ills antes tor, John AVcbster, was ono of tho eaillesl Knallsh settlers In Unrtfo.ii, and wassubso QuenMy Kovernor of C'onneellcut. Noah, his father, and two other Webnters. were In tho itrmy on the occasion of lUirBoyne s expedition to Canada. Uestored to more neacofel pursuits, ho continued his studies, nnd In HHl was culled to the bar. lleaban- donud tho law, however, beeamo a s«bool- waster nnd author, and publlxhed tho !• Irst Part of a Grammatical Institute."" HUetches of AmorUan Policy ," and other works, and also established and eonduited a dally piipi r In New Vorli. Hut the work on which bis reputation Is founded Is his elaborate I'-nR- Ilsh Dictionary, which, nolwlthstnndlnu It contains some very serious mistakes In ety- molotty and the analogy of lannuaKes. Is u ▼nst monument of his ability and Industry. Died, Mav 28, IH« ; aged 83. WKHSTEU.TilOMAS. professor of Oeology in the London University , was a natlveof the Orkneys, nnd was educated as an architect. Having become acnualnted wltli Count Hum- ford, whom he assisted In his researches Into the principles of domestic economy , be aban- doned his orlglnnl profession, and enttaKcd In scientific pursuits. His favourite study wns fteolofty ; and a paper on the " Fresh- water «cd«," In tho Isle of WlRht, which appeared in the Transactions of tbcOcologl- col Society, In 1814, not only brouKbt blm Into notice In that department of science, but obtained for him. In the first Instance, the ofliccs of keeper of the Society's niuseuin and draftsmanj and-, subsequently, those of house-secretary and curator. H 's last literary occupation was tho "EncyclopaedlaofDomej- tlo Economy." nicd, Dec. 26, 1 844, aged 71. WUDDiaillUUNU.ALSXANUUH. [U08«. liYN, Earl of.) WKDOWOOD, JohlAU, tho grest Engllih potter, was burn ut Ilursloin In 1730, ofi family loiiK settled thiio as potteri. 'fh« youuKUnt of thlrteon ehlldrrii. he wiii rirl; left an ornhnn.and was appieniUed tohli elder broliier; but a severe lllnemlcfi iiiu lame and Incapable of contliiuliiK lilnoccu. patlon as a " thrower." He Hiinn ilmwcd Kienl skill In the nroductlon of nnvd kindi of ornamental an(( colourrd pollory. AlKr earrylnn on business with two pmidmi •uccnsslvely, ho establlHlied liliii»i>lf uiHun. Ii m In 1701), nnd his buslncM ki'uw rn|ildl;, lie made tortoise-shell and iimrhio plstn, fiower-vases, while stonc-wuro, niiit ptm ulnxed uarthenwaro, nnd soon produced hli tieautlful cream coloured Uuecni-wiirCiiiiil tho unidased blark porcelain. In thiiwite ho Imitated tho vases of tlio aiulcnti. In 17(10, requlrliiK Inrner works, he fdundcil iho vlllHRO of EtrurIn, opened a huuiia In London which was conducted by hi* new purlnir, llentley, nnd soon after eiiKiiKcd tlic ureil sculptor Klaxninnasa deslKHcr. AVi'dgwood hy bis energy, good taste, niiil HUCOPMolinoiI created n now branch of coininorciMiudb; tho beautiful works of art which ho pro- duced— -en moos, medallions, mlulitturn iculp. tures, painted vases, Ac— gicfttly rntol tbe standard of nntlonal taste, iinil excited* healthy rivalry abroad. In I7ui)hcnchlend Ills greatest triumph In his fine Imluiionot tho I'ortland (llnrberlnl) Vine, of wlilchhe executed fifty copies. Ho was elioseiiK.il 8. and I'.H.A. ; was chief promoter of tin Grand Trunk Canal ; e«tnblliih('dichool!,«Dd ninde roads for the potteries; nniimedsgrcit fortune, and died at EirurIn, In 1795. Kwi life of this nrtlst by Mr JewItt linsrccenllr nppeared, 1HU6, nnd another liy Mill Mm- ynrd Is In course of publication. WEENIX, or W EKN INX, .UNHAI'TISW, tho elder, un eminent Dutch palntiT, wu born at Amsterdam in Wi\. He wiisilieioi of an nrcbiteot.and early dlNpluyliinroiiiiri- able talent for drawing, lii'cnnie a pupil M lllocmart at Utrecht, und nftprwnrdnot M- cholas Mojert. He visited Home, und ipl several years there. His pictures areofil- most nil classes of subjects, nnd thoji|ii rapidly executed, nrc sonictlmpsflnelyllnitt- ed. Ho excelled In painting birds. AVetntt married n daughter of tlio painter OiW Hondekoeter. Died, IfldO. WKENIX, .IAN, the youngpr, son 01 IM preceding, and also an excellent pmi"";™ horn at Amsterdam In ltiJ4. ilo wa»t«« " by hl3 father, and ultimately «urpM«od«, especially In colouring. Hi. reput« « reols cblefiyon bis hunting-pieces "nH"- tures of dead game. He wns for some W In tbe service of Johnn.i Wllliclm.ih «!«»• or-palatlne. Died nt Ani8tcrdiini,17i». ■NVEEVETl. JOHN, an EnglHh antiQUii^, wa.n native of Lancnshin;.«nd cduc.ld i Cambridge. He P"t'l'»''*?..\"°'^„,KS Interest and value, entillcd Anc nt W«^ „1 Monuments in Oreal 1 ritain «na f ' and Isles adjacent," and died n>'miU5;;;;j> maticlnn nnd astronomer of the im «" tury. Dfod, 1690. MK,Al.SXANuii:h. [UOM- rohlAil, Uio grent Engllih lit Jliirklom In 1730, ofi (I thi'io 11* |iott(>r». 'fhi on nblUli'cn, lu> wiii nri; 1(1 win iipprrnilepil tohli t. It novuri) lllni'Mkniiiig 111 of oiinllDiiInK lilnocrii' owiT." He Hiiiin iliiiwcd iiroiliictloii iif niivi'l kindi ( rolduri'tl poiiory. Atler liH'im with two puriiiMi itiibllHliiMl liliiiniMf lit Hun. Ilia bimliii'iiii Ki'vw rniildl;, •-hIidII iiiuI iiuirbla |ilnin, ll.« iitonc-wiirp, mill fjtm iro, niul HiMin produci'd hli iiloiiri'il UiK'i'ii'i-wiirCiiiiii k poi'ci'liilii. In thiiwite viui'i of tliQ iini'lcnti. In I'Ki'r worliD, liiifdundcillln , iipitnod II liuuRo In London, iiciml liy Ilia npw partner, II nftPi' (MiKiiRvd till' urnl limn (IcrIkimt. AVi'dnmood 0(1 tnRtc, nnil micoPMiilinoil riiiich of coininorciMiudb; irkR of nrt wliUli ho pro- ^(<(lnlll()nii,mlnli>(urp iculp' M}», Ac— Krontly rnljrd tbe loniil UiHti', nnd excited i broiul. In l70Uhcnclilci(d iipli In Ills flnt) imitnllonol ii'berini) Viiiic, of which he }ic». Ilo wiiachoiicnK.il 8. m clili'f promoter of the ml ; cHtiibllahrdlchuols,! ic piilt('iii>K; nnmiit'daitrdt lit Ktnirln.ln 1795. Anew ; by Mr Jowitt liiu rccenllf iind iiiiDtlicr by Mill Melt- ■ of piiblleiitlon. WKKNlNXiJANllAI'TlSTi, nliicnt l>iitch pnlntcr,»u am In Ki'^l. lie wiisllieM indcmlyillNpluylnnrorairl' IriiwlnK, lii'i'niiie a pupil « Tclit, und iiftcrwnrdiiofNI- Ho visited Itomcuiidipwl pro. Hla plolurcnareotil; '« of Biibjcets, nnd thoii|b I , nro snnu't lmi>« llmdy flnl*' t In piilntliiK birds, \im\l Khti-r of the iwintcr OiW Died, 10(10. AN, tbo ynimRpr,8onotw ISO un oxoi'llent pointer, wu lnmlnltiJ4. HowaitHlM Id ultlmiUdyaurpaMfn™' .•olourintr. HIa rcputallM his luintlnK-plecoaandpfr inic. He wiia for eorae vw f Johnnii Wlllu'lin.theelett- iod lit Anistcrdani, 1719. OHN.nn EnKll»h •'"il"'^! Uncnsliii'o.Bnd cducaicdi B published « work of ftrw HiiAKi', an . istronomer of theKthco WKl] WniMAIl, Annm Amamk, UucIiou of [8AXR WKIMAll.) WKINHUKNNKIl, I'HIMI.liKiif, nn «m|. nont (Jc'rnmn nrrhltnct, born nt (MrUriihn In 17(10, Aflor iitiidyln)( In Itnly, nnil tru' vi>lllnK ovi-r thii contlnont for tho piirpniift ofexnmlnlnKWorkRorurt.hn ri>turnrd to hit nntlvii coiiiitry, nnd foiuidod nn Infitltutlon for tho study of nrchlti>(!liiroi anil frum thi* •chool laaiii'd many dUtlnKuUhnd itrtUtN. Ho rrpclcd aovcriil iplnndid i>illllrn> nt (.'iirlii- ruho, U'IpsIc, nnd other pliicon, nnd ivroto irpiitlaMon nrchltoctiiro. DIod, 1H2(I. 11 -WKIHHH, (MiiiiHTiAN rKMX.n (lormnn pncl nnd lltl(*rntour, born nt AnnabrrK, lt« Hnxoiiy, In 172(1. tin «ludlod nt thn univers- ity of l,clpsl(', whi»»llke nuall- ^^^d And nmplo room for thelrdoTelop- ^ jleiM atniljcr iiariflili^i^^ _ [wicr, e":rciiioV in zz ;'«Mlviiir^^^ T-ord fJornwnll ,a,« ve;n,.r^ •'" •uceeedcd •111. being at tho *5m, •i,^-'*""!''''" "' »"• medltii .. nn nttnoli upon our India ii ,,.1.. the h 11 fortresses which ho had boon erZ,Ta,'a brwi„. V *' fommandor* suceeeded in hrlnging to n siieressfiil termination tho .lespernto war* in which th.y wer. , gVod Atl(ngth,ln lHO/5,hown*,atlil*own r .,, .m rrcalled ; tho Fast India Company havlni In he course of his wise ndmlnlstratlon, rnUed thelrrovenue from seven million* to t, .ward* of fifteen million* annually, (m his return ndia win" "'*'"' ""^"•"» ''^^^ «• thV in «n."n""/t1'' '"■"'""'" tl'C deep sense ther entei tnlned of his splendid services ; but «s trntLTliT"^ '*"" """'^ht hi* admin!, tratlon hnd been needlessly expensive, snd ii.» I'i*.?"'"":, '"'"' '" """>« Instance;, un- just to tho native prince*, articles of im- ^L^ i ' ** """"her of tho House of Com- mons : they were, however, soon withdrawn hia lordship was appointed ambassador to the supicme central junta of Hnaiu •but fact that in the Peninsula mlllinry services were more required than diplomatfc negot" ' aeath of tho dnVo of Portl.-ind thp p-.f----.- . • Kovernmsnt was formed," aiid the MarquU wcllesloy was prevailed upon to acc»pt tho office of secretary of state for foreign affair* I07JI I. f I If' ■ 'in .' r jiiiwjii )i» 1 i „ i nam i Mi:i w wbl] 11 iflftD ©n(l)ct«al laJoBwpfJtt. ^I'j, Till* Iin licUl from 1>»l« i'lnliuK. mul «••« "H"'"" ">'"«'- rUI i.oliilit. I>« wlilulrow fiom tlio K<>v.'nr iiKinl, On 11.0 foiniiUloM t.f l.or.l V'*''7;'"'." a»n«ilnnt«y tlin llinui InlitoM .H-lUnlil wuliout pruaonco. i.m mivowwllbont economy- piofuin w.ou^ ho hiiiu of ..xp«n.m>ifo. Mul nlow wit loul t b, .llUorcuntlon.-' In l)«o..l8.U.l.ora WoU'M >y 'vi.» ftopolntoa »on» lirulonHnt of Irt u «tr «">'«^^^ »'•'"> boluK tho homo loeSy. 'I'l'l*. ^""" '^ valMHl tho hom'.o Jho lomnn CnlhoUn. nntnrnlly dUiivpoli tml t S l>r tMtftutu; luul hU nnlviil w«n oon- virtml Into ft tlKiinl forth" «-«.nowoa Jo«loui.y :,Ti our o? hoU. vurtlo.. "»• ^«t»';; wnro conwmnontly. mom nnUioun ; anrt It » h, tViiroTiMlco to miy thut throughout hU a ontton. uul lm,.nrtl..Uty. "I» »"•«"'!;; th. anUo havluK como Into j.owrr. tho nohlo l nm out of ot«ro till I.or.l droy bocttino unnou o"v " „nv,.rnnu'nl. whi . ntrd to tho lord- "u ; mncy o IrT-huul/huvtuB for .. .hort tU prcvlouMy fllUnl tho oinoo of lord^ itolrnrd llurlnn tho ndmlnlMratlon of HIr R« Crt Pool l8:»4-«. I'or** Wollciloy hold no Jl^^o lal up, ointnunit; but on the formntlon of see And Molbonrno '" " ""'y- '" ^P' ' i«i« hP nocpptod tho appointment of lord- Iworh In Hl» lor.Uhlp. however, ro- i « c It in tho courxo of tho -'uno year, and ncvor afterward. ftUed any publ o ofllco. no had attained the nRO of ". hi. hca '« benan to dcollne, and ho thounht I »« "» f ad at longth arrived for a •'>««''"„"/.'«: "p. Hi* death took place on tho 'iMx ot Sontombor. m'i. »o had bo-.Mi the subjectof fl"v'o*.mleVHlve .OTcrelg«»-name^^ tl Oeorire III. QeorKO tV., William iv., hand half ft century, and died In IHJl, at ino n»o of 89 years. Sho lived to hoo four of h?? "attain to .eats In the House o Lords bv their own uu-rlts. and In reward fo"r perh«P» tho greatest V^^^^^yZV^ZZy rrndcred by tho members of ono family. There is a bust of Marquis Wellcelcy, by Uaoon, In tho National <'""<"'>:•,,„„ ,.pTnv Vr.iT.INUTON, AllTUUll WKIXKRI.RY, nuUo of, third son of tho earl of Mornlng- on, was born at Pangan Castle, or, as sotije allege. In Merrlon Square, Dublin, in the "urly spring of 1769, tho samo men.orablo year that gave birth to Napoleon 1 uona- parto. Marshal Boult, Chntoanbrland, and a"cx Humboldt. While still very young ho was sent to Kton ; and soon afterwards, to the military seminary at^ Angers, where ho remaiiud six years, lieiorr- .'.•" •"•"•s — -s- was gaietted as ensign in tho 73rd regiment of foot, and In tho same year moved as lieu- tenant into tho 76th, passing during thosub- 1070 •equent sU year, through (h« fAllowIni grade. I— subaltern In the 4Ut and laihllihi dragoons, captain In tho «Hth fiM)i,iiinjori| tho a:ird, and llnally llouteimiti ooloinl u the same regiment. At the ago iifjl hnwu returned to Iho Irish parllaiiumt fur ihi borough of i'rhn, a portion of tlin Mornlnj. ton estate, while his elder brutlmr, Ukjinid, who had early come under the muloi! ofl'lii, was appointed commissioner fur tlio airnin In India. I'laced In commmid of ili«3,irar». glment by the Innuenee of hlslirotlivr.lnlili Udlb year, he embarked at (JiivU In Miijt.lDi, for Ostend, under stm^ewhatlnl^ll«lll^'lll^^t;^ oumstanecs ; for at that time the pmlijinl Hrltlsh vnhnir had been lost by tho rfpulw of tho duke of York's troo|)» Inswrloiot engagements with the Trench. lIoJoM the main boily of tho army al Antwprp.iiiil was employed In covering tlic rolre«t,(ll|. playing that coolness and JiulKituntlnkctp. Ing In check a superior force, which won to him tho commendations of liU luprrlor olllcers. In 17I)S his regiment ombitrkcil for the West Indies, but tho fleet wni driitn hack ; and next year his rcKlmoiil mit- spalchcd to llengal, Colonel Willcilryliiiil tng nt Calcnttn In l''eb., 1797, At t dimI critical moment for tho llrlllih power li India. AVar had Just been dvclnrcd nunliiit Tlppoo Hultan, and an army of HO,oiH)imii, of which Colonel Wellesley'srcKlmpntfonn- od part, marched against him. The ilw of Herlngapatam, In 1799, was tho llntjTMl military operation In which ho wni cnpiiKl, After this tho rise of Colonel Wcllciltjiu comparatively rapid, and In llttlo moretkiB 2 years ho hod attained to a station of lodt- pendent and almost vlcoicRiil oomnniii, liaTtng been appointed civil niul nillliarjiio- vernor of Horlngapatam and Myioro. Hit next military adventure was thochmlmol Doondlah Waugh, "tho KlnKoftheTft Worlds," a robbor chieftain, who had mW himself formidable by his brsvory and Wi strategic resourceo. Hut hlsnillltnrygeils was first fully established by the K'f »' WBt of Assaye, fought Bout. W. 1803, which |iU: gained under every dlsadvantiiKoofloMiiii and pro-arrangement, and Inlllcted i »»| on tho Mfthratta power from which Itnem recovered. After this great nchierasl WellcBloy became tho hero of Im «■ «» gifts poured In upon him. Tho Wrmj^ habitants of Calcutta voted him 1 1*^ valued at 1000 guineas, tho nrniy«im« of plate valued at 2000 guineas, and w, civil authorities poured In thc'r congra^j tlons and addresses; and wl>««'|«''"; more than all tho rest, and exhlbl«d«i many occasions In nfti'r''f^/i'»f" i» of the native Inhabitants of HcrlnR«P«» praying "that tho Ood of «' M«f'^ Colours would bless and rcwsrd hln » lust and equal rule In Mysore. ' W| now Sir Arthur Wcllesley, Kn t ^^ pnnlon of tho ""th , -the first nit «'^: that rich .tore of rank and honour* M^ subsequently showered upon him, » ^ to Kngland In S''Pt«'"^"i, fivi„brti mnrrlnifn with tllO Hon. Mill l««™'!r«, ..pril, rsoe, ho was engaxeJ '" '"|,',> and diplomatic moycmcntij^Mch ""J ftted in the surrender of CopenhageB^ ypnr« tlirnngh ttio followlni inltfrti III i\\f i\nt nnd I'Jthlliiki ptiilit In Iho AHtli f(Mir,iiinj(irii 11(1 Ittmlljr IIOIItl'lUIDtOliliMii'l Ig Kliniiiit. At till' iiRiMifilhiiwu I tliii IrUlt piirlliitiuint fur ihi rrlin, n porlloii iif tlin Mornlnj.' vlillo liU rl(U pmtijidl; »iir hnd lifcn lout liy tlio rrpuliij i> of York's tniopn Inniicrlciot tN with tliii rrciidi. lloJoiiKdl )(l]r of tliu nriny iil Antwrrpiind ^t'll In covorluK llic rotreiit,(ilt-l it coolnriii nnd JiulKiiH'ntlnkttp'i k n inpcrlor foron, which won for ■oinnicndiktlonH of lilt luprrlor' It 17l)S IiIm rrKlmi'ntomhnrkrilfor liullm, liut tlio fleet wni (Itim next yonr liU rcKlmrnt wti ll^ I llnnKnl, Colonel W('ll('ilr]:|iBil Ivuttn In I'Vli., 1707, nt i met! tmont for tho llrltlih power la itr lind JuHt Ix'cn dcclnrcd anoiiit tnn, nnd an nrmy of HO,oiH)nitB, utonul Wi'lleiiloy 'B rcKliiirnt fonn-j inrchod nKiilniit him. The ilen: pntnm, In 17U1>, win tho flntjrtit, lorntlon In which ho wni cngiinl, tho rUo of Colonel Wellciley wii ircly rnpld.nnd In llttio morellin had attained to n Btationaf liiilt- md olinoit vico-regul commaiJi [•n npjiolntwl civil mul mllliaryii»-| HorliiKnpiitnm nnd Myioro. Hit, (iry ndvcnturo wni thflcti»ilin)l| WHUKh, " tho Klnn of the T»0| II robber chloftnin, who had milt! irmtdnblo by hU bravery andkli •pdourceo. Hut hliinllltnrygealu ully ciitnbll»hcd bythcRrM'baliK .fought Sept. '^3, 1803, which lUi dor ovory dlindvnntnun of to it! rriinKomont, nnd Inflicted a blo»! ihrnttii power from wlileh ItMidj . After this great achieTWBi ' • became tho hero of Indln. IW red In upon hlin. Tho llrlllitl^i of Cttlciittn voted him » im t 1000 guliicns, tho nrmy «M"«| valued nt 2000 guineas, andj»; lorltloi" noured In their congrartajj ' I nddroMCB; nnd wl>«« •!«'''* n nil the rent, nnd oxhibltriW n((lon»lnnfter-life,wa»]iiiaW itlvo inhnhltnntBof PerlngJI»W|r " that tho Ood of nl eaitos * rould blCBs nnd rcwnrd hira «» Biiunl rule In Mysore.; Ve"W Arthur WclleBlcy, KnigM » f tho Hath,-thc first lnat*«J ,toroofronknndhon()ur.tal«^i ntly showered "I""''''"? " K ind In September, 1805. m» .with theHon.MiB»r«>*'J!| 06, ho wns cngnxiid '".'"J,'^ lomntic movcmcntB which k™' the Burrcndcr of Copenhage.^ WfilJ niortlii on thli ocoulon balnf HOknowloilKod lir the thnnki of nnrllttmont. In IHOii ho wn> elected M.l'. for llyc; In IH07, for Mtiliiliaii ■ the «nnio yenr ho win nppuintod •iicretiiry for Ireliind nnd privy eounelllor, nnd wait (IccK'd M.r. for Newport, In tho I«lo of WlKht. Moiinwhiln Knpoleoii Imd nwent over I'.uropo, Oletntlng In wn from tlm VMulft to the I'o, iind nlinoKt threnteiilng tho |i|. leKrltynnd Indepcndenctiof Kiiglnnd. Hpnin hud heeii iiel/,ed upon, nnd Joneph lluoiin- piirielind hern pineed upon thnthrone, when Iho llrltlih Kovernnicnt dotcrnihwd upon a iiillilBry expedition to reRlRtMiUnKKri'Mlon On the lat of Auguot, IHOH, NIr A. Wolleiik.y landed in Mondego Itiiy, with l.'I.OOO tioopi midway liclween Molion nnd Oporto, mnri'h-' e to camoalirn l.v u, . -?, .iJ..'!""".'"' .'iuded thi. go per annuni-forrwo Ke„.;a' in "" i^i RJiZu ^ "*''■",''• ^•'"'' *'" '"alntalncd IXinirt „ " ''?'"' '" "'« '"<;" "fa well- WMiplined army of 60,000 men. In 181 1 l.n KKhrr''"'r ^•"''"•' "no aTH«mo«* was on June 22. 1832. After the Jis'oluUon of parliament he went to reside at Walmer Ca. tie ; and on the 13th Sept. he retired to rest apparently in the full enjoyment of health though in his 84th year. Next morning the duke's servant went to rouse his venerab e master at the accustomed hour of six- b,? mlJhlT'* *Vi*^.a'»'< desired that a surgeon might be sent for. An hour or two later the rn.on^^J.r?* sei'sed with speechlessness and insensibility. In the course of the day ha li7r\^^ •'I* consciousness, but not speech! ?hf 1? *?* afternoon he gently sank beneath Dattle-flelds. The sensation produced bv the announcement of this sudden though lonff- anticipated event was universal Ind pro- found. On hearing of it, her Majesty, and her family and household, in their pfiVacy at Balmoral, immediately paid those outward n? w J.? •■"?"»/?•• the memory of the duke of "\A ellington which, in courts, are usually reserved for royalty alone. At thesametime she signified, through her prime minister, her desi.'e .hat public honours should be paid to the deceased ; but that the interment should be postponed until after the meeting of per- liament, in order that the representatives of the people might determine the mode of paying due respect to the ashes of the great commander, and that those honouia mljrht be the expression of the mind of the British nation, and not the dictate of personi^; though royal, partiality. This was accord- ingly done ; and on the 18th November, 185> the body of the illustrious duke, after lyinlt in state in Chelsea for five days, was con- veyed with unprecedented honours to St Paul 8 Cathedriil, where the hero of the land now reposes, side by side with Nelson, his brother hero of the sea. In every relation of life ^ ellington's guiding principle was an energetic and unhesitating obedience to the call of duty. Amidst the glory of a thou- sand victories, and the opulence of honours reaped as a harvest grown on the very heights of civilized Europe, perhaps his most lasting distinction will be that he grew with time, and that a nature plastic enough to be moulded by the pressure of successive events adapted itself, to the last, to a con- dition of things the most opposite to that which surrounded him in his youth. "With native aristocratic tendencies, which no less than his constitutional temperament ledhiin for towards absolutism, he accepted the Reform Bill, emancipated the Catholics and liberated the commerce of the country' A Spartan in his native manners, he was the dignified Athenian of polished society; a soldier almost from his birth, he was the head of one of the most celebrated universi- ties in the world ; whiit-, as if to complete the circle of his glory, his immortal " De- spatches," foiming, with the '• Supplement ary Despatches, Correspondence, Ac." 24 vols. 8vo., hnvr gained for him a Jiicrarv reputation which even few professed writers are destined to obtain. Several biogrftphies i '■ !B! ! ' 'f 1 1 Vi 107.1 f I'l' iiNllii wel] m Jteb) ^nibersBl ISiogropliie. [WEi of the duke have been published. A bust, after NoUekens, by Bally, Is In the National Gallery. ^ , , WELLS, CHAELES WILLIAM, physician and natural philosopher, was born of Scotch parents at Charleston, in South Carolina, In 1767. He was sent to Scotland to be edu- cated, and In consequence of the events of the American war, crossed the Atlantic several times. He graduated M.D. at Edin- burgh, began to practise in London in 1(88, and distinguished himself both in his pro- fession and as a man of science, became physician to St Thomas's Hospital, and fellow of the Koyal Society. He is deservedly remembered for his " Essay on Dew," pub- lished in 1814, of which Sir John Herschel, in his " Discourse of the Study of Natural Philosophy," speaks as " one of the most beautiful specimens of inductive experi- mental inquiry lying within a moderate compass." Dr "Wells contributed several memoirs '.othe Royal Society, and numerous :)aperfl on general subjects to periodical literature. A collected edition of his writ- ings, with an autobiography, appeared after his death. Died, 1817. ^ ,, ,., . ■WELSTED, LKONARD, an English poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer. His name would probably have been forgotten but for Pope's lines on him in the " Dun- ciad." Born, 1689 ; died, 1749. WENCESLAUS, king of Bohemia, and emperor of the West, was eldest son of the emperor Charles IV., and was born in 1361. When two years old he was crowned king of Bohemia, at sixteen king of the Romans, and in 1378 succeeded his father in the em- pire. He had been faultily educated, and his life is depicted as a tissue of sensuality, cruelty, and meanness. His tyrannies roused the free cities of the empire to form a league in self-defence, and this in turn led to a counter-league of the princes, and a war 'iptween them. The emperor was powerless to suppress these troubles, as he also was to put an end to those growing out of the schism in the papacy. Among his unjust and cruel measures was that of can- celling all debts due to Jews. He tortured and had John Nepomuk, a Bohemian preacher, drowned, in 1393 ; and the same year his Bohemian nobles imprisoned him for some months. The doctrines of Wycliffe having penetrated into Bohemia, and the preaching of Huss causing much excitement, Wenccslaus attended the diet at Frankfort, and pretended to be desirous of promoting the peace of the church. Soon afterwards the electors consulted as to deposing him, and this was eflfected in 1400. He still con- tinued to call himself emperor, although another was elected, and he retained the crown of Bohemia till his death. The en- trance of Zizka and his armed Hussites into Prague, in August, 1419, agitated him so deeply that he died of apoplexy a few days later. It is noteworthy that JEneas Sylvius, in speaking of this king, says nothing of the enormities commonly laid to ills charge. WENTWORTH, THOMAS. [STKAF- PORD, Earl of.] WEKGELAND, HEnrUK ARNOLD, a Norwegian poet and miscellaneous writer, 1080 born at Christlansand in 1808. He finished his education at the university of Chrlsti- ania, became a clergyman, and curate toliii father in the parish of Eldsvold, and at flnt attracted public notice by his political articles and poems. He was the puiioiiit« advocate for the separate existence of Nor- way, in opposition to the party who deilrcd to see a close political union of Sweden Denmark, and Norway. In 1836 he liadtlie appointment of librarian to the univenitT having quitted the church two yean pre! viously. Habits of intemperance broke on his health, and he died in 1845. His writ- ings were published after his death, in nine volumes, under the editorship of Lassen. WERNER, ABEAHAM GOTTLOB.a cel^ brated German mineralogist, born in Upper Lusatia, in 1750. His treatise, " On the ex- ternal Characteristics of Minerals," procured him the professorship of mineralogy at Freyberg, where his lectures on geology and mineralogy were attended by students from various parts of Europe. He was also Ijceper of the Cabinetof Natural History, and coun- cillor of the mines in Saxony. Hit cabinet of minerals, consisting of 100,000 tpecimeni, and which was unrivalled for comnlctcnesi and arrangement, he sold for 40,Ood cronn§, reserving the interest of 33,000 to revert, at the death of his sister, to the Hineralogical Academy of Freyberg. To him the science is highly indebted for its systematic arrang^ nient ; and he may, in fact, be considered the Linnteus of mineralogy. Hied, 1817. WERNER, FllIEDEICH LUDWIQ ZACHi- aiAS, a German dramatist, was born atEo- nigsberg, in 1768, and studied philosopb; under Kant. In 1801 he published, at licrlin, " The Sons of the Valley," which wasfollow- ed by " The Templars in Cyprus," and"TIie Brethren of the Cross." He was t"7 ec- centric in his thoughts and habits, and occupied himself with many romantic pro- jects, .^.t length, in 1811, he embraced the Catholic faith, studied theology, and «u ordained a priest. He wrote several trage- dies and religious pieces, and died in 1823. WERNER, PAXIL VON, a celebrated Pn» sian general, born in 1707. He displayed great bravery at the head of his troops at the battles of Prague, Kollin,Bre9lsu,fc, and, in 1759, he drove General de Villeoat of Silesia, and raised the siege of Colbe.-j He was afterwards taken prisoner by the Russians, and the most advantageous offm were made him by the Czar Petet III. to induce him to enter into his service, tut he rejected them, and, returning to Prusiii, was again successfully employed in bu country's service, and died in 1785. WESLEY, SAMUEL, an English dlwe, was born about 1662, in Dorsetshire ; wa admitted a servitor of Exeter College, (r- ford ; and, on taking orders, obtained tM living of South Ormesby, in llncolnstw, and afterwards the rectories of Epffjtl and Wroote. He wrote a volume of pm. entitled " Maggots," " The Life of Chnit, an heroic poem, " The History of the OB and New Testament, In verse," 3 vol-, a Died. 1735. , ,1, WESLEY, SAMVEL, eldest ion oi w ansand in 1808. Ho flnlshed It the university of Christi- clergyman, and curate to hit Irish of Eidsvold, and at fint lie notice by his politic»i ems. He was the pa*aioiiit« le separate existence of Nor- tlon to the party who desired political union of Sweden Norway. In 1836 he liad the f librarian to the unlTenitj i the church two yean pre^ ts of intemperance broke nn I he died in 1845. His irtii- blished after his death, in 1, under the cditorsliip of A.BBAHAM GOTTLOB, a Cel^ 1 mineralogist, born in Upper iO. His treatise, " On the ex- eristics of Minerals," procured ressorship of mineralogy at I'e his lectures on geology and ne attended by students from if Europe. He was also keeper of Natural History, andcoun- lines in Saxony. His cabinet )nsisting of 100,000 specimeni, IS unrivalled for comnlctcnesi ent, he sold for 40,Ood cronns, interest of 33,000 to revert, at lis sister, to the Mineralogiol 'reybcrg. To him the science bted for its systematic ar^ang^ c may, in fact, be considered >f mineralogy. Uicd, 1817. Fkiedeich Ludwiq ZAcm- an dramatist, was born atKo- 1768, and studied philosophy [n 1801 he published, at Berlin, the Valley," which was follow- emplars in Cyprus," and "The the Cross." He was t"7 et- is thoughts and habits, aid self with many romantic pro- igth, in 1811, lie embraced the h, studied theology, and «u iest. He wrote several trage- ;ious pieces, and died in 1823. , PAUL VON, a celebrated Pn» , born in 1707. He displayed y at the head of his troops at >f Prague, Kollin, Brc8lau,to, he drove General de Ville oil id raised the siege of Colbett. rwards taken prisoner by the d the most advantageous offtn lim by the Czar Peter III. to o enter into his service, but he m, and, returning to Pruisii, successfully employed in hli •vice, and died in 1785. , SAMXiEL, an English dlrae, )out 1662, in Dorsetshire;™ iervitor of Exeter College, 0-- in taking orders, obtained thi uth Ormesby, in llncolnstw, irds the rectories of EpfforU He wrote a volume of pomi aegots," " The Life of Chriit, )em, " The History of the OM estament. In verso," 3 vol- & , 8AMVKL, eldest ion of thi WES] preceding, was born at Ep worth, about 1692; was educated at AVeatmlnster and Christchurch, Oxford; became usher in Westminster School, and in 1732 was ap- pointed master of the grammar-school at Tiverton, where he died in 1739. He was a rigid high-churchman, and wholly disap- proved of the course of his brothers John and Charles. He was the author of " The Battle of the Bexes," and other poems. ^ jaeto gftnibcraal JStograpftp. [WBS laiiic «» "•'" k^>— ^B, --• - WV..V. i>ucu<(,. 1 Buirii ana eie WESLEY, JOHN, founder of Wesleyan London, 1788 Methodism, was the son of Samuel Wesley the elder, and was bom at Ep worth, in 1703. In 1730, while at Oxford University, he and bit brother, with a few other students, formed themselves into a society for the purpose of mutual edification in religious exercises. So singular an association excited considerable notice, and, among other nick- names bestowed upon the members, that of Methodists was applied to them. Mr Wesley, with some others, chiefly Moravians, went to Georgia, in America, in 1735, with a view of converting the Indians. After a stay there of two years, he was compelled to leave the country in consequence of a love affair, and the quarrel in which it involved him. He therefore returned to England, where "Whitfield's preaching was then pro- ducing much excitement. The same year, 1738, was marked by a great religious change in the mind of Wesley, and by his visit to the Moravian settlement at Herrnhut. In the following year he commenced itinerant preacher, and gathered many followers. The churches being shut against him, he built spacious meeting-houses in London, Bristol, and other places. For some time he was united with Whitfield ; but diflferences arising, respecting the doctrine of elec- tion, they separated, and the Methodists were denominated according to their re- spective leaders. He had already separated himself from the Moravians. Wesley was indeiatigable in his labours, and almost con- tinually engaged in travelling over England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. His society, though consisting of many thousands, was well organized, and he preserved his in- fluence over it to the last. He published soine volumes of hymns, numerous sermons, political tracts, and controversial treatises, in Wesley's countenance mildness and gravity were blended, and in old age he appeared extremely venerable: iu man- ners he was sociiil, polite, and conversa- Die: in the pulpit he was fluent, clear, J« "Sumentative. The apprc:\ch of old dfit.fi'*"*'!"' "'^ '^«" «•"»»« l'" zeal and dlUgence ; he was almost perpetually travel- lasM»'>,?o°r.'"' religious services, setting were aimnifh"^ "".<* controversial labours, ried lifi^f. •'^yond calculation. His mar- UmltZ^l^'l i'"h«PPy- His wife, whom Ime^^^M hL*^" u"P°' "PP^"" t« have tor- konduc^t 8^7"** ^^*'°"^y """l refractory Eally in ?77i ''^Tl'^'V '^" ^J™' '"'d Sresqtwi;, ,u?^ ^'^^ March 2, 1791, in WMLPY r?r\1*''^ ^''"°"'»1 Collection, the nSL "*^^^^' younger brother of fee T.'t^ll'.rj!? ^.?"},?' Epworth in 1708. find ftrri.Vuiri:'''' ^'' "cstminster School. patChristchurch, Oxford, and was asso- ciated with his brother Jni,- •"" ,. labours In the estaWlshmei? »^h " *" ?'« Methodism. Yet he was Tery^n-lL^p'f ?** ?' character and disposition JhaHesw'Tilv was of a more genial and gcnerou. n^» '^ and did not think liveline.. nn^ i ""'"•'e. incompatible with genu{Sety.\'n'^?' many of the hymns for his brother's coliec tion, and some of them have much ^oJit ?Pl'}.l«''ll««»'»«=e o' «pre«lon!''Ud: a"t htZ^f^^^c'l^^^^^b ''^ eminent musician born In 1760, was the younger son of thp preceding Charles Wesley, and nephew to the celebrated John Wesley. When only three years old he could play and extem porize freely on the organ ; and he became not only one of the most'astoni?hing eT temporaneous players in Europe, but a scholar"^lT?7«"7"'V "" "'^""-^'^t «'»""<=»* wh?nS •«« "J "®'' ^''°'" "n accidental fall, which nearly proved fatal, Mr Weslev so seriously injured his head,'that for se^'en Jtaf/ S^*f^''','""'"'\!''^*» ^^ " low desponding state, and during the remainder of his life iTritabl^ fv' t° P«^'°«'ie'^>."ttacks of nervous irritability. Dur.ng his intervals of health h prosecuted the science of music with the utmost ardour; he composed man/pieces and was much engaged in public Dc?form anees on the organ. His cSmpositCa?e ^llJ^'^^^^'ai^^terlyi his melodies sweet! varied, and novel. He possessed remarl- able energy of mind, united with rare sim- plicity of character. Died. Ocril!; 1837, WESSEL„TOHN,a celebrated Dutch theo- logian, sometimes called a precursor of Luther, was born at Groningen in 1419 Hp became a great Hebrew and Greek scholar taught theology at Heidelberg, Cologne,' Louvain, and Paris, and in the disputes be- «In?.H**^ Realists and Nominalists he adopted the views of the latter. He was «ie friend of Francisco della Rovere (after- wards Pope Sixtus IV.), and spent some years at Rome during his pontificate. He never took orders, but published several treatises on theological and ecclesiastical s-ubjects and fearlessly ,= ttacked what he believed to in n^l!!;''°''"'J!V*' "^ ^«" »« flog'-ant abuses in practice. Of course he was suspected of heresy. Died at Groningen in 1498 Pro- fessor Lllmann published in 1834 an inter- esting work entitled, " Johann Wessel, ein Vorganger Luthers," which was republished in 1842 under the title " Reformatoren vor der Reformation." It has been translated Into English. WES-r, Benjamin, the celebrated paint- er, president of the Royal Academy^ was born in 1738, near Springfield, in Pennsyl- vania, of Quaker parents. After exer- cising his pencil in diflferent parts ofAme- Wca, he went to Italy in 1760, and came to England in 1763. One of his earliest friends was Dr Drummond, archbishop of York, who introduced the young American artist to George III., by whose order he executed his picture of" The Departure of Regulus from Rome," and whose patronage he enjoyed about 40 years. On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds, in 1792, Mr West, who had been a member of the Royal Academy mi ■) c \ J m' ■I i i A : of llcdford and of Chirlw In Ht Paul's, Lonaon. *iv" "'■■"" f', " ~ .. gtatue. of Addison, f lu, ana jvriKine.tliow aro in the National Gallery; which also po. statue ^ ^^ llcdford and of Charle, Lwo" portrait, of West, by Law.ence and ofjho^^^^ ^^ ^^ ?»<»„^^"««'' l^^, oTbert^tuart. „, . . ™i.ceUaneous and hi. monun.en . to Sir nalph Aber Gilbert Stuart. . miscellaneous WEST. OlLnKRT, P°f "^"y^.J^^Tat chr>st- ^^''^^l-ox^ord "ho obtained the office, of church, 0«to™- "" " ^ treasurer of clerk to the P''^y-co«nc»'. »^ ,.. poem." Chelsea College ; *^"'''!,^„''\ieIurrcctlon ; " ind" Observation, on the Ke.ur ^^^^^^^ and translated some oi ine wub. "wPSTAIiL, BICHAKD, Bn eminent' -W ES 1 ■^*^_*^>, .ipulaner. born in 1765, draughtsman and dcs^guer ^^ heraldry was ni>P'-en*'''^.Vut having studied at the on .liver, *f-V in 1780 he commenced hi. Royal Academy, in "»« "" ^^ hi. water- career a. a painter, imparttngv ^ colour painting. ». y,^' "^^.g tlmo ho be- Ltrt^e'Ki oY Mr Upward. Sir -a-^ P-te.so'^^ t^aTppolXS Th^maS Lawrence. Mr VVestall produced Acadcr^y a ^^„ ^j,, „„t ;<„„„„ ^j,, I f»w historical paintings ; but he i. best "'» "^^^^j ^re " Tho Disirenseil Mothn," tnown by hi. designs for BoydcU's superb P'^f "jf^j^^^^^^euted in 1822 forthc marmot From the jsreat facility wu ^ ^^^^ duced book designs, he "^^^^^^ f,ie„d, sir James *"ox, in iieuiuiu ouu ^vu...:.i Squitci, and hi. monument, to Sir ualph Abet- cromby, Lord ColUngwood, and oihen.in Westminster Aobey and 8t Paul'^Catll^ dral together with the elegant andclaalcil flirure of Psyche, so much admired by e»ery lover of art for it. elegance of form lod chastity of exprestiion. Kesldei tlieie,he deigned the colossal statue of Achlllcj Id Hyde Park, and the statue of Nelson itihe 1 Liverpool Exchange, and, together wii'', ' Flaxman and Baily, a portion of the flpm on the friczo of *.he marble arch origiiiilly erected nt Buckingham Palace, but tow -tanJ'ng at Cumberland-gate. Hij liint work' was tho sculptured pediment ot tit British Museum. In 1827 he succeededrUi- man a. professor of sculpture in the Hojjl .-..j».«\r nnd hold that aoDointment Mil Tnnsdowne; "Tne wouseiess mmm, a copy of^rhlch is in Wejtm!n=tcr Abb,,; his'^^Euphrosyne," for the duke of ;'(«■ ca.tle in 1837 ; fals two statues,' Cupid'ul " Psvche " in the possession of the mti Bedford ; together with a large altoTeB(«, "Tho Death of Horace," which he eienljl for the earl of Egremont. He recenri * honour of knighthood, as an ack»owW|. .. -» 1,1. o..t if n mprita.in 1837. DIM '"^E8T\tL;XVtAM.ayoungerbrother ^"^^ hir«Tiluc meHU ^n m il nfTlfenreced ng.and like him «"> «'n'f "» J^lf H. son, Richard Westmacott.ljF* art£ wl. born in 1783. In early life he 1866.^ ^/".culnture at the Royal Acadeir, fessor of sculpture at the Royal Acadar, and author of the <■ Handbook or 8o# *"WE9T0N, STEPHEN, an eminent cliriil scholar and orientalist, was bornatpw, artist. ^=',« ^?f " ^in FU^ in his voyage accompanied Capta"* *"" ^^^^^^ round the ,^°''tCin Flinde«^^^^^ ^^ "'r«?lxhibUio. in Brook Stroet,of hi. opened an exUiDiiiou i» ^^g elected an foreign sl^etche.. In 1813 be was ^_ associate of tho Koj alAcademy^^^^^^^ }^f^V^?str;iSVe,.h^adap,eu«^^^^^^ ing for landscape ;;;^Xi'Kely fo-- book- espcclally." "e„J!°',u„r works which he sellers ; and a"^?"* ''"Vioned. " A Series of illustrated may be """;"*''\'?o,^antic Scenery rccmc4thefr«lrua™t ^ ^^ tho .tndlo oI w.t""'';; ,„ MouuMlreet, 1082 id antiquities. Die". '"''"■./ r.,. A, WESTON, WILLIAM, r-OfOf <'.''^,'S r;entitled "An muirjitS ^HeXen" ■ ■• \\r ofe " "'«"«'^= BwJng year from the Acidem^ jlrflMt premium fur iculpture. ] I tomo ycurt In tliu cUuicre. r, and inudc hiinacif famlllir remulns of ancient art, he tt- ;lund, and established hInwK nd of liondon, where he loon ten»lvo reputation. In laoj cudemy elected him an u. elr body, and ho became la Academician. Tho workiof h he U best known are hli dUon, Pitt, and Eraklne.ttoie of Hcdford and of Chirlei 1 Hedford and lluaaell Squirci, (lunicnti to Blr Kalph Abet. I Colllngwood, and olhen.'n Aobey and 8t Paula Catlifr r with the elegant andclanlcil che, so much admired by eterj for Its elegance of form igd Bxprcsfclon. Besldea tlieie,h« ; colossul statue of Achlllcj In and the statue of Nelson atthe jKChange, and, together wii'', d Bally, a portion of the flpim 5 of *.he marble arch orlgliiillj Buckingham Palace, but tow Cumberland-gate. Hit liint ho sculptured pediment of tlij eum. In 1827 he succeeded Dii- csBor of sculpture In the Bo^il nd held that appolntmoni uita Among the best known olhli I are " The Distressed Mottin," lecuted in Wi'i forthcmarquiiot • "The Houseleis Travete," (Thich is In Westminster Abtnj; rosyne," for the duke of ?(«• 17 ; his two statues," Cupid"nl in the possession of the dukeiil agethcr with a large alto-reliin, h of Horace," which he eicnW I of Egremont. He received tit knighthood, as an acknowleJ)' 8 artlbtic merits, In 1837, DW, son, Klchard "VVcstmacott, liprv culpture at the Royal AcaJaf, ,r of the " Handbook of Stilf N STEPHEN, an eminent cli«ial d orientalist, was born at Ei«, ducated at Eton, and EieterW- ,rd ; obtained the Uving o* on.ln 1777; but resigned hl(* ,refermentlnl790,andthente(irt imself wholly to literary pwA ere find space for the enumenw fev of his works; among fW mentioned, "A Specimen ri J IX of the European Lani!,'»8j'[ I theEnglish.withtheOnenl^Uf ■•Letters from Paris," 2vol!.,«l> I • a Chinese Diction"^', *^ I ranslations from the ChlnatiJ In prose and verse ; semiow^ Ls?elatiYe to philology, «' juities. Died, 1830. ON, WILLIAM, r-^'fOf «' W icstershlre, where l>e d^^ j'j^ author of two very icarnrf^ liled "An Enquiry '"'""'i '7 ?^g Christian Miracle. bl*| ;i:.. the other, "Dlwert.^ wet] %£Utxt mibttMl 18loBrapf)B. IODIC' of the molt remarkable Wonder* of Anilquity." WETHERELL, Sir CHABLK8, a dlitin- gulshed chancery lawyer, waa the son of the learned Dean of Hereford, who for more than half a century was muster of Univers- ity College, Oxford. He was born in 1770, received his education ut Magdalen College, and In 1794 was called to tho bar. For many years ho practised, though but with moderate success, at the common law bar; and ho resolved on quitting the courts of King's Ilench and Common Pleas soon after Lord Eldon received the great seal. In 1818 Mr Wetherell obtained a seat in parliament as member for Hliaftesbury ; and though ho displayed much power and energy In debate, " hlsilovenly attire, uncouth gestures, patch- work phraseology, fanciful illustrations, odd theories, recondite allusions, and old- fathloncd Jokes, tempted men to call him a buffoon when they ought to have admired his Ingenuity, reverenced his learning, and honoured his consistency." From 1820 to 1P26 8ir Charles represented the city of Oxford ; suhsequently he sat for Plympton ; and In 1830 he was elected for Horoughbrldge, which wns disfranchised by the lie form Act. In IB24 his Just ambition was gratified In b ng appointed sollcltor-gunural, and re ceiving the honour of knighthood. Three years afterwards he succeeded Blr John Copley as attorney-general, but on Mr Can- ning assuming the reins of government he resigned. He again, however, come Into office In 1828, under the duke of Wellington, but remained only 15 months, being inve- terately opposed to Catholic emancipation, and determined, as he expressed himself, to have no connection with " the scarlet indi- vidual whose scat is on the seven hills." To the latest moment of his parliamentary coreer his zeal for Protestantism and his opposition to reform— either whig or radi- cal—knew no abatement; and amidst a torrent of eloquence, learning, drollery, and enthusiasm, he closed his senatorial life, ex- claiming, "This is the last dying speech and confession of the member for Borough- bridge." Sir Charles held the oflSce of re- corder of Bristol ; and It was expected that his great unpopularity, as the marked op- ponent of the reform bill, would render him particularly obnoxious in that city, when he appeared there to hold the Michaelmas sessions for 1831. This was intimated to him, but he was nnwilllng to shrink from the discharge of a public duty, and (after consulting Lord Melbourne, the home se- cretary) he resolved to proceed to Bristol as [usual. "When Sir Charles entered the city, his carriage was surrounded by an infuriated mob, who hooted at ond pelted him with stones; and it was with the utmost diffi- culty that he and tho other corporate authorities who accompanied him escaped Without sustaining mortal injury. Of the '■iisgraceful riots and burnings that took ilwe on the following day and night, it is lufflclent here to observe, that the subject of his memoir escaped the deadly peril that ir.?l ?f»'8ned for him, and continued ;to |t=m: iiic auties of his office until his death m 1846, aged 76. [WHA WET8TEIN, JOHANN Jacob, 8 learned theoloKlan, was born In 1( 93, at UuselTwhiro ••'ve'"* oi""s of his fam'lly auo dTstln gulshed themselves by their acqufremenu) He was pastor In his native city from 1718 tin 1730, when hisorthodoxy being suspected he retired to Holland. He was soon recalled but preferred to remain at Amsterdam, where h« wu« made professor of Greek, and after- wards of ecclesiastical history. He devoted himself, with great a. dour and perseverance to tho restoration of the purity of tho text of the New Testament ; and, after collating tho various Greek manuscripts which ho could find in the principal European libra- ries, he published. In 1730, his "Prole- gomena" to tho Greek Testament, ills valuable edition of the Greek text Itself was published in 1781—52. Wetstciu visited England several times, and was chosen fel- low of the Royal Society. Died, 1761. ^^J^X'^P^' l^OOlSa VANDEU. CVANDEB WKViJEN.] WEY8E, CUKISTOPH EEN8T FUIED- niCH, a dramatic ond lyric composer o'grcat eminence, was born at Altona, in 1774. From his relations, who were musical, he received instructions from his Infoncy ; and his flue natural capacity was thus so much Ira- proved, that In 17)9, -vhen he was barely 25 yeors old, the " Allgcmelne Musikaliache Zeltung."a very high musical outhorlty, said of him, He is one of the first performers on the pianoforte now living; In his fantasias he unites the science of Bach and the Inex- haustible genius of Mozart ; if he can succeed in keachlng the taste of the latter, the art cannot be carried to greater perfection" Though to his musical studies ho added a very diligent and extensive cultivation of philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and lan- guages, his compositions were very numerous and various. He composed" Fioribella " and "Kenll worth," two admirable operas; "An Adventure in the Garden of Koscn- burg," a very spirited comic operetta ; almost innumerable songs, so popular, that they are everywhere sung by the peasontry of Swe- den, where he found constant patronage. But It was chiefly in oratorios and other sacred music that he excelled ; of which his "Ambroslan Chaunt," "Pentecost," "The Sacrifice of Jesus," Ac, are excellent speci- mens. Died, 1842, aged 68. WHARTON, HENRY, a learned divine and ecclesiastical historian, was born at Worstead, in Norfolk, in 1664. He was edu- cated at Calus College, Cambridge ; became. In 1686, assistant to Dr Cave in the prepara- tion of his "Scrlptorum Ecclesiasticorum HIstoria Literaria ; " and soon after gradu- ated M.A., and entered the church. He obtained the favour and friendship of Dr Tenison, afterwards archbishop of Canter- bury, and of Archbishop Bancroft, who made him his chaplain. Wharton's life was spent in close literary labour, and his original works and learned compilations are very numerous. His most valuable work Is that entitled "Anglia Sacra," a collection of biographies of English archbishops and bishops from thn earliest time*. It appeared la 2 vols, folio, in IGsi. Sviiarton eilited some of the writings of the Venerable Bede, 1083 It u !'■: n- ! i wha] H j^cb) anlbtrsBl 19iograpf)0. [WHl and Laud't own Account of hli Troublot and Trlnln; modo a •Imrp otwck on the error* nnd defeat, of llurncfi Hl.torr of U.o Uo- Cmatlon. a«d pubUsUcd .ovora treat .c. nuolndt Uomish errors. Died, at Nowton, CaiiibrldKriihlrc, In 1608. WUA11T(>N, TIIOMAS. Mnrquli of, WM born Jn 1040. .at In sovoiaJ parliament. Sur"ng U'O 'C'gns of Charloj 11. and Jumc. It In which ho strenuously opposed tie Jourt?and at tho revolution he Joined the Vrlnco of OrnnRO, and wa. made a prlvv- counclUor. Ho succeeded to the pceruBo Jn 1090, ano,«= ! fj lustlce in cyro. He took part In ncRotlullng the union with Scotland, and for two years held tho post of lord lieutenant of Ireloiul. UelnK a /lalous Whiff, and a firm supporter of the Hanoverian succcBslon, ho was raised to tho rank of a warauls.by GcorKo I. Died, WHAllTON, rillMl'. Dulie of, son of the nrecedlng, was born In 1098, and very early S^ve signs of those talonts which ho after- wards displayed in a manner that "»oro dis- (jractxl than honoured their possessor. After having, during hi? travels, accepted the title of duki from tho Vretender, he returned to England, and evinced tho versatility of his political principles by becoming a warm ihamplonoftho existing government. Hav- ing Impoverished himself by extravagance, ho aga n chnugcd his politics, and, rutirliig th^e continent, intrigued with l^l »'"»}?: He died in indigence, in Spain, 1731. Ills poems, letters, and miscellaneous pieces '"'wHATELY, mcilAED, D.D., archbUhop of Dublin, ouo of the most dlstlngmshcd theological writers of his age, was born in LondoS, in 1787. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, beiamo a fellow of his col- lego In 1811, and the next year took his master's degree. Among his contemporaries Ht Oxford were Keble, Arnold, Puscy, John Newman, ond many other men oinco of world-wide fame. In 1822 he was presented to the rectory of Halesworth, In Suffolk, and applied himself with characteristic energy to the duties of a parish clergyman, besides finding time to write. Ills country life did not last long, for in 1825 he was re- called to Oxford as Head o' Alban Hall, a Dost which he held for five years. His literary activity during this period was ex- traordinary, and the subjects of his works verv various. In 1831 he was appointed, by Earl Grey, archbishop of Dublin. It was two years after the passing of the Komon Catholic Kelief Act, and he had the difficult task of carrying out. In the details of social, political, and religious life, the principle which It embodied. His known liberal views and sympathies, and his energy and honesty ol' work, fitted him for the task ; and he won the hearty confidence and co operation of Archbishop Murray. But many of his own clergy regarded him with suspicion or dis- like; and after twenty years of hard labour, especially In the promotion of the system of unsectarlan education, he retired Iroin the national cuinu, ti>-""o •- :;"''rr"vr";,„"" co-operato with Dr (now Cardinal) CuUcn, Murray's successor. His clergy were gra- 1064 duBlly reconciled to him, and hti fkmiw with his tacit acquloscenoo, look a rm active part in the promotion of Irlih Church Missions, and Itaggcd Hchouls and Uefugei. Dr Whatcly '"ok little part in the wider and more concerning rollxlous controTcr. sios which arose after his scltlcmem io Dublin. Among his distingulslilng pcitonij qualities wore a " largo niunlflcinco, gfniil hospitality, everrt.idy wit, and lulid com- mon sense." During his Oxford llfo he woi feared and disllksd by many forhliiiiiKultr contempt for tho proprktlCH, and hli in. tolerance of mediocrity and pri.'tcntlouinai, AVilh his free thought, fearlcan qiic«tionlii|(i, and suspected orthodoxy, ho had " a quill up for everybody," and .Oxford, it hsi beta said, breathed more freely when Whaulj h'ft for Halesworth. Tho writings of Arch- bishop Whate'y ore very numerom, aad among tho principal uro— "Elemcnti o( liOglc," first published in ISM, nnd mj often reprinted i ." Elements of lllieloric," 1828 (both these works were originally con- tributed to the Encvclopeediailnrvpolitaivi]; " Errors of llomanism traced to th(lrOrl|lo in Human Nature," 1830; "The KlnKdum ofChrlstdelincatcd," 1841 ; "EBsayionwiiie ofthcDltticuitlcs In tho Writings of StPiiul;" " Introduction to Volltlcal Economy," the substance of his lectures while ho held tho chair of political economy at Oxford, In 1830 — 31 ; and " Historic Doubts relailre to Napoleon llonapartc," 1821, a nut for certain flreethlnkers to crack. Dr Whsielj wrote several Instructive mnnuala for the National Schools, but after the death of Archbishop Murray they ware proKrIbfd by the Hoard. Tie became bishop of Kildare, in 1840, by thr union of that see with Dob- lln i was v'iltor of Trinity College; pre- sident of the Uoyal Irish Vcademy, and chancellor of the Order of tit Patrick. He was also thu founder of a professorihip of political economy, in Dublin UnlTenlty, UrWhatelr married ir. 1821, was left wldof- cr In 1800, and after a long decline, died it Dublin, October 8, 1803. "WHEATEEY, CHAULKB, a divine ofllie church of England, and autlior of a "Hi- tlonal Illustration of the Common Praret." Died, 1742. ■WHEATLEY, FKANCIS, a painter of mm eminence, born in London, in 1747; died, 1801. He was a self-instructed artist, at- tained celebrity as a portrait painter, in excelled In the representation of run) scenes. He became K.A. in 1791. "WHBATON, HENRY, the dIstingoiJheJ American publicist and diplomatist, wajbori in llhode Island, U.S., in 1785. HettodW at Brown University, adopted the profewiM of the law, and was called to the bar. m a visit to Europe he settled at New."* where he becnm.-. In 1815, a judpe m th Marino Court, and soon «"« reporw a the Supvome Court of the Un ted M » In addition to his heavy Pfofess onnl duM he found time also for much misf »" literary labour, contributing to the Mn. American Iteview," and Ifturmg be« several learned societies. After being.*? i ployed for some years 'n the levisiraj.:"^ constitution and laws of the State ot>rt whs] *-.^!?_®"'^"*«IJ»lo3fap^p. ' York, ho w«i »ent. In 1827, ■■ chtrui I I d«ir«lroj to Copenhagen. He held • iimllwr poit at Ilorlln from IHS4 to 1H37. when hi ' wnt nampd mlniiter plenlpotontlnrr in thli Importsnt poiiltlon hn rc>miiincd till l»l«, cnJo.vln«( tho highcu csiiem und con- fldrnco not only of hii countrymen but of thcROTornmcntinnd •tntciimon of Kuroni. WhMKm'i great work, "The Klomont. of Intcrnntlonal Low,- oppcarcd In lH3fl. hui poMPU through aeverat cdltloni, and 1» Vn tnltf rcgnrdcd at an authority. Anionu hi! Other work! arc n " Hlitory of tholTw of Natlonii In Kuropv and Amnrlcn from tha parl'oiit thiioi to tho Treaty of Wathlnaton •' " lleport» of Caifis nrguod and dotcrmlno'd In Ihfi Supremo Court of the United Htnici ■ I" lllilory of tho Northmen," Ac. Wheaton received tho degree of LL.U. from both Brown and Harvard UnlTeraltlca. I)liyHRM;u or WHEELER, Sir OsouoR, divine and traveller, wua born In Iflao, at Hredfti was educated at Lincoln Hall Ox ford, travelled Into Greece and Aula Minor became a prchendary of Durham, vlcur of Bas v«tokc, and rector of Houghton- lo- Sprinit, and died In 1723-4. Heildo. 11. Jomney Into Greece," a valuable and nu- Uientlc work, he wrote " Tho Protoatant Monastery," and "An Account of the Ohurches of the Primitive ChrUtlani." Ho Ih oh'^HMlf ' ""u.''" *»*»'" 'n Spltalflolda, which gtill bear* his name. AVHEWELL, WILLIAM, D.D., PRg maiter of Trinity College. Cambridge, wai bom at Lancaster about 1704. Ho wot the t'SSpril «""""" »™^*r""' ''" educated at It Trlnu?''?.''!!"'"" ^^^""^ °' I^ncattcr, and B A In /i/ »"'h'^^ Cambridge, graduating ii.A. m 1810, and becoming auccetslTcly fel- low, tutor, professor, and master. In 1828 n„".rM*',fl*'"l P'<""«"or of mineralogy a post which he held four yeart; and In 1838 profoMor of moral philosophy ' Three yearS later lie was nominated to tho mnstr-rHlZ ?rod ctloS!,??!^'' "•="'"'' promoTed u"" n': rToosn, t\n' "'«"'»'"'•'" ond moral tclcncct mSn'.^f fJ"""'^"'* P""'"" '»•• tho cncourago- B'Tdod a. the lnt'n7rnt rli^,'^'' ''• *" '•" Champion of the univer.ii;'^ *,",?'■"»" •«"» a;Vt?r£5i-Hf-^''W-^^ •»o.. Th. work. 0, Dr wtw:.|i''"«''''»- ?'crou.. Th. mott Impo/S'^?:!.^;?, Hrldge water ' Treati.o on" a1'/1' ""^ " "'« Oenerall'hvslcii ""ill . Attronomy and «v'ence.;"''^•u'l;r,;hed"l^'7«y.''.^Ji?,^•'/'' Induc.i v„ Hcleice ," 1840 " HU?':' Wclencot, of the In„,.t of flclcntlQe r«llty ;" thrbrlllia'nrVi?;,^" fy";''"«t''= Mo- of World* " i>KiV^i. ^'"""""thu Plurality mou.r; '/nd ;«ro'ri,rt'o''.?''t''H' "•""•>• »fr.y, wtt. wAIterby Dr W o'woir'?- Phllotophy Dr Whewell wn. th. "^*'"' ^" omii .KV^tT r "^^^ t'h„'°."r^„«S (ireo m?n avowed ?h!!"M'K*'"""'''- These "nch other- M^f,\""'.,^i»':."''-^-Poct for '•l^l^lcr itatlng'that " wl?hout%hV" ^'? derived from tho fii/.f..«.ni"' *ho aid In Dr WhowL.ll'^i?!./"^ l""^" contained »en." Dr Whnriii ' * ."*^^ ''CO writ- hit first wlfoi^TH T. m'"° •""■•"«"' '«»» iHA/i It 11 J '"'*' and his sc undln Anrll to the rnHroponTaTg.yX'^tZ.7on\\^ • tompt to dtaoic. the Inniltnd? »S?K Wa^*bJm^?^f''^*''^*^'''«'""»'"»torlan, In rt08 AtnA^?',!?" ^'""yhorne, Cornwall, •Vh^klt1r"^,'''^L^r/.S«.l^'''''^aIe- TiSS"°"Thi r^r^" «"«««"»' ScottJ'^a I TOU. , The Conrte of Hannibal over the ii' i ; h iMm ^ MJ i I -' hv I'f i; hf i ■' ^eto ain Umgnl IStogywP^P: [wm ■j,oU.l«nd"TheOrlBlnof (iotern Alpt. UMjtopoKr«p..o;l."U«-«"J'>;''\""'^'^ create concern, of C rSno ^?hontro:^{ h which ho w«. ''SlW''prN\^-^ o"f 'f.l«n.. •''"r^f hlH v^^J Un^O. I rcferonco to con- purt of his wriiiiiKs """ ... .upm. now the Pnplst.; P'/"^„*„"J. J.^V .. « book which hit " Protegtnnt Hpconcller, <* """"tguy of the doctrine of »»'" trinity, "'^^Pjin octant been IVequcntly reprint d.Man^^^^^^^^ r\rrinporVo? the'wCd. 'Election- ^d ' KeVobrtlon/ " fan,UUrly ;^^^^^^ «s "Whitby on the rivo loinis. ^ 8»y?.«l'iLy;*?.}Jlpo^ thP n«tura-.l»t of Sel- bo™""W;;^ born in that village^ 1720. H. woi .ent to .chool «t HMln«.loli«,wH h,d for hi. wMter the ««\ ""'•""• «"; inn thrn ticnr of lb»t purllh. nnd f.lhfr o( l)r Jo.eph Wurton, and 'll.on... W.rio.. IirofcMor of poetry H (Hford. II. wm ,1 m m'.tud....t at ()rl«l (H.IIpro, Ulford. I, 1731). bocamn fellow of hi. coll..(,e, Hr.duitt4 MA. In W4«. and wa. one of thn itnln Lctor. of tho «nWer.lty m 17«i, An .,d«t C of nature, ho .ettled early In lil.n. I,. '":.._■ ....i.,.i«rf and n cluronUM iDot 1 vui'i'rire' »".*" Tii'd'ed and nlclurcquM ipot li th« "utern corner of (lump.hlrP, .nd o. the edHO of »u.«ex. and thoro. In |.Mlm ob^ervStlon and faithful r.-cordlnK «f f«U ad phenomena, which tomnny ...emtrl.Ul, hn naMcd the year, of hi. lr..n.|.ill,uni.»«t. funrrr lllx well known " Natural Hlilor, nf Helborno " wn» flr.t publUhi-d In nuino, 111 17H1> It con.l.l. of a lerlci oflfiun, orlBlnaily addre..ed to Thomui PfnniM ^„d ho Hon. Palno. Harrington; «rl-.le. with .0 much cnthu.la.tn. palnstsk nf( « 1 Tu acy?and .Impllclty of .ty c.that It .oo« ' Volnnu' what It .till r.-nialn., one of iht ZIZ\\ p. P"l'>r fttVoMrlte«. wUhouit «hlch ?,oVnKlUh library U complete Th. t>«i milfl n. contain White', account of the A« tfoul uVof Hclborne and hi. NulurMliii ralendar. Ollliert White lived to the ug.of 73 and d cd unmarried, June ifl, 1T93 WlllTB. IIKNIIY KUiKK. the poet.w horn »t Nottlnnhi.m, In 17H,1, and frorakli U?f?ncy munlfcatcl an exlra..rdln«r,lo«o( , rnliW. Ho Wtt. ftr.l nlnccd with a.Iock ln« weHVcr, from whlcK bu.lnc. he wu removed to the office of an nttorncj, whm ho devoted all hi. .pare time to th. ic- ulremont of Latin and Orcok; and.l il.l,„.ii throuKh the gencrotlty of MriMl- K?ce ho wa. ndtSlttod a -tudent «(8l lolm'. College, CambrldKC, There he if- i led hlm.elf to hi. .tudlos with luch u«« •^ Mini, labour that his rointltutlon m\ "'Vnr?hn effort and he died In IW. Tto "'{;^iln. o? mnry Kirkn White," comI* InaTf poem., letter., and frnRmenti we« edited by 8. "they. A nuHlnlllon pro«e the youuK poet, by Chanlrey, 1. In iheM tlot\nl Portrait Oullery. , oh"iut'^v;,?^'.;;n"::tTtrd?it^ pkIIi'vo Oxford; and wasciecu'i^u wlTch were highly ^VP^ml^^^^ .ented to a prebend "t^^^'^'f ',?„«* tho degree of l>-"'\"'°^^b,'itoMrW ap^aredhewMmuch-nd^Mcdo,,^^^ 5iTn:^Vhrr,roUU}is|n5 mUcellaneou. wj^'t^-.^yr iS m H.« family .ettled at Sc^"'"' '",,.' Vanciiii" brought up a Roman Cjuholk, "^^ fhe Dominican Convent of 8>;; j|,«. "99wa.ord_alpedpvU.t.^B^ ItatC Ol rviio'"- • __-^ lOM % jHcm gtn(D(rgal 18lo0rnpI)B. I jof Uoinc !in4 hi" natlva cuiintry, nn'! wttled ' In Eiiitland, In I8lo. Ho loon nfter hfcain* '•clprnymnn of thf church of KriKland, but itlll hMrnturd hjr doiilit, uulttcd It too, and Joined thu rnltnrlnn*. Alinniit liicpiiantly It work with hi* pon, he produced uriKlnal workilnBpnnUh nnd In KnKlUh, v*tnlill«hcd ind rdllcd HpunUh pprlodlcnli, and con- tributed to lonio of the Inndlng Kniillth Uu- »l«wi. Among hit trpnruto work* »ro— " Utter* from Rpuln." publl*hpd under the iMunird nnnio of Dohlado ; " I'rncilettI nnd Internal Kvldfneo «|cnln*t (JotlxdlcUm ; " "Tho Poor Mnn'* I're»< rviitlvo UKulnit Poporjri" nnd hU I.lfe, written by himitelf, which wa* edited with hi* CorroKpondenec, ibf Mr J. II Tliom, In IH4S. Kluiieo AVhItu !w»» tho friend nnd eorrp*pondent of Colo- rldKO, Hoiithey, Whuteljr, J. H. Newman, J. R. Mill, I-ord Holliind, and other eminent mm. Ho wn* in receipt of a pendon from the EnRlUh ftovcrnment froitt IHll till tho lime of hi* death. Died, after Ionic RulTcrlnR from III henlth, nt tho hou*o of hi* friend Mrnathlionc, Oreen Ilnnk, near I.lvorpoul, Hiysn. IHll. WHITE, HIr TlinM AB, founder of 8t John'* College, Oxford, wn* born at KeadInK, In 1192 i became nn opulent London trndc*- min; »nd, In Ifl.W, he acrvcd tho offlco of lord mayor, and received tho honour of knighthood for proscrvlnir tho pence of the city during Wyutt'* rebnllion. lie died in \m. WHITRFIBLD, or WHITFIELD, Okokup., founder of tho Cnlvlnlstiu Method- liti, wan born In 1714, at (ilouceater, where l)li father kept tho Hell Inn. While lU I'cm- broko Ooliego, Oxford, ho Joined the Wc*- leji and their auociatc*, and on being or- dained deacon, ho *oon became a popular prencher. In 1738 he went to tho American icttlemcnt of Oeorgln, whero his conduct gavcKreat intiafactlon to the colonlsti, and ho returned to Englnnd to procure subacrlp- tiona for building an orphan houae in tho lettlement. On obtaining priest'* orders, and repairing to London, the churches in which he preached were Incapable of holding the aisembled crowds ; ho therefore adopted thepinn of preaching In the open nlr, which he did to vast nMomblages of people, who came from all parts to hear him. In 17.19 ho j««nin embarked for America, nnd made a tour through sevcrnl of tho provinces, where ne preached to inimenau audiences, and re- Iturned to England in 1741. About this time ^he dlfferenco of view between Whitefleld ind Wealey respecting the doctrine of clec- ton appeared, and it led to their separation »lthout utterly destroying their friendship. m 1(48 Whitfield was introduced to the telebratcd Countess of Huntingdon, and was appointed her chaplain. Like his friend Lesley he married a widow, and his married lire s said to have been unhappy. After ili. r^., ""'^y P*"' °' England, Wales, cotland, and Ireland, and displaying a de- iii Hi« '1 T*P'^ity anO zeal that orercame 11 aiffleultics.he made a seventh voyoge to )?^i,' l^^ ^^"^ «' Niiwbury Port, in New ingiand, Sept. 30, 1770. A picture of Whlte- th?VoM '°?i° * '"lagc congregation, is me National Portrait Ga!!??-, [ wm at Winchester hA.J" .„Va"<:.,:,:', " ,7«'«J succeeded Clbber «* poet l.urral, lll^'it tlH, tragedle, of "Ac Uomin'F;,, "r^'J'n'S 'Creu.a" tho comedy of "n.e Hchool for Lover.," *everal elegant poems, 4kc. IIU wrlling. are forgotten. Died, UNH. W il ITKH U ItH r, John, an Ingenious mc chanlc, born Mt Congleton, In (.he.hlr*. In 171.1; WHS dUiinguUhcd by hi* *uperlor con.tructlon of hydraulic nmehlne* Uior- niomnter*. baromuter*, &c. Died. 17hh WllITIiLOCK, H.h:htho..I'., o,"of ,h, •tate.mon of tho ('oiiimonwealth, wn* tho son of a Judge of tho (Jommon I'lea*, and wa* horn at London, In Ifi09. Hn wn* cdu- eoted at Mirchant Taylor* Hchool, ond Ht J..hn * (Joilege, Oxford: itudled law at the Middle letiinie; and in 1040 wa* elected member of tho I,ong Parliament. Hu took a leading part In tho management of the Impeachment of tho carl of Htrufford : wa* ono of tho commls*loner* sent to treat of peuco with tho king at Oxford; as*l»ted in tho treaty of Uxbrldge; and in l(i4H wot ono of tho commUHloner* of tho great *cul llo took part in many negotiations between tho parliament and the king, but refused to concur In the proceeding, of the High Court of Justice for tho trial of the king Ho more than once urged Cromwell to make term* with tho exiled prince of Wales, and in other matter* opposed the protector with- out lo*ing hi* conUdence. In 1083 White- lock wo* *ent ambassador to Hweden, re- turning the following year, after concluding an Important treaty. He was a member of Cromwell'* second parliomcnt, filled lhepo*t of speaker In tho third, was one of the mem- bers deputed to offer the crown to Cromwell, nn.. •.•••-• -- - - - ward for his services, the prince legent appointed him one of hisnides-de-camp, and a mayor who died during his term of office. It Is certain that he on one occasion lent £1000 —equal to £10,000 of ourcurrencj-to Henry IV., and on another occasion "flO marks to Henry V. His trade was thatots mercer, and among the curious documenu which arc still extant to certify his eilit- ence, and some facts of his life, are his io- voices for the wedding trousseaux of the Princesses Blanche and Phllippa, daughten of Henry IV. Whittlngton left no children, and at his death bequeathed his wealth lot public objects. Among these were there- building of Newgate prison, the foundicgot a college and of the libraries at Guildliall, and of the Grey Friars, the repair of St B» tholomcw'B Hospital, &C. He shared wiib, Richard Harweden the expense of rebuild- ing the nave of Westminster Abbey. Poii the curious illustrations of the cat story, and the suggestions which make even that seem no longer Impossible, we mvst refer to Mr Lysons' Interesting Memoir, enWied "The Model Merchant of the Middle Agei, published In 1860. Whittlngton died ir-H-S WHITWORTH, CHAKLE9,Lord,dlploma tlst, was bom at Aldba8ton,of a Staffordshire family, somewhere about 1680. After hold- ing some subordinate position, he was namea in 1702 president to the diet of lUtishon. Two vears later he was envoy to 8t Peters- burg." where ho was in greal fitToar iriiii Catherine I., and in 1710 he wasagainseiit 1088 WHi] u ambassador extraordinary to avert the I vengeance of the Czar, Peter I., for the arrest for debt of his minister In London. He succeeded In this delicate mission. He was subsequently sent in various diplomatic capacities to the diets of Augsburg and Ratis- bou, to Berlin, the Hague, and the Congress of Cambray. In 1721 he was created Uaron Whitworth of Galway.and three years later retired from public life. Lord Whitworth was author of an Account of Russia as it was in 1710. Died, 1725. WHITWORTH, Chahles, Earl, an able diplomatist, was born in 1754, at Laybourno Orange, in Kent, and was educated at Tun- liridge School. He was ambassador to Po- land in 1786, and to Russia in 1788, at which court he resided 12 years. In 1801 he nego- tiated a treaty with BenmarU, was sent as plenipotentiary to Paris in 1802, and early in the following year had the memorable in- terview with Napoleon, then first consul, the report of which caused so great a sensa- tion in Europe. Lord Whitworth went to Ireland as viceroy in 1814, and died in 1825. WICKLIFFE, or WYCLIFF13, J. in, the "Morning Star of the Reformation," was born probably at Wyclifife, near Richmond, in Yorkshire, about 1324. He was educated at Oxford, where he attended the lectures of tlie learned and pious Bradwardine at Mer- ton College. The terrible pestilence of 1348 appears to have profoundly impressed his mind and aroused him to earnest reflection. While he pursued diligently his studies in various departments he especially devoted himsolf to philosophy and theology. Like Braviwardine, he drank deep at the Biblical fountains, and early began to call others to them. Nor was he slow to see and to expose the ills and abuses prevailing both among the monks and the clergy. He took a load- ing part in the contests between the Men- dicant Orders and the university, and be- tween the Crown and the papacy. In 13G1 he was elected warden of Balliol, and about the same time was appointed rector of Fyl- ingham, in Lincolnshire. Four years later he became warden of Canterbury Hull, from which office however, he was soon removed, and he unsuccessfully appealed to the pope against the sentence of the archbishop. In 1372 he took his degree of doctor in theology, and became professor of divinity in the uni- versity. His reputation and influence were 80 great that in 1374 he was one of the com- missioners sent by Edward III. to Bruges, to treat with Pore Gregory XI. respecting the repeal of the statutes of Provisors and Pra?munire. A compromise was agreed to, and on Wickllffe's .return, in 1375, he was named prebendary of the Collegiate Church of Westbury, anc' presented to the rectory Of Lutterworth, in Leicestershire. He la- boured mcessantly as a preacher and pastor, andhis sliarp sayings about the pope and the Church could not but excite attention in high quarters. His opinions spread rapidly among the common people, and the Church grew alarmed. The zealous and hauglity Courtcnay was then bishop of London, and nLT''"/'-.''^^"''"^^''"^ ^^^ ^olA preacher wi.??^"" ^^^'"^'^ '^ convocation at St Paul's. wlcklilTo appeared thrvc on the 10th Febru- ^ Jteto atnib^rgal ISioftrnofip. [wio ary, attended by Lord Ppr„» " — ": " England, and John of Gaum dukfoVf ''^ *" tor. The cathedral was denseiv Z,'^"".'""^ hard words passed between thi'^ul"'^''^'' ' the duke, then the most pow^fu, '^''.V'i'^ England; blows followed and JhL °^'®. ^" broke up inconfusionf in May^foZw"« "J^e« bulls of Gregory XI. weSd?eS"t^ the king, the primate, and the univer^tv of w/'^''.'^J,*'*^1"*""8 them to proceed a^ifn^ Wickliffe; who early in 1378 answe^fd thl summons of the primate, and went uVa, tended to the chapel at Lambeth '"C; expected he should be devoured " but the proceedings were stopped by an irder from the queen-mother, and Wickliffe was dT nu8scd,like the apostles Peter anT John' lllf h1™T» "^* '" »^y «"ch things aga^S' About this time ho appears to have com- menced sending out his " poor priestr- oyangclists, and missionaries to propagate in the country places the truth of the gospel The same year, 1378, began the great fchfsm in the papacy. Early in 1379 Wickliffe fcU dangerously ill at oiford, and an atTempt was made by a party of monks, who vS him, to induce him to recant. With an energy startling in one so feeble and pale ho faced them and said, "I shall not die h? mars. Ho did live, and in the followinc year he dealt the hardest blow of all o cto? and ev.l by the completion and pub fcStion of his English Bible, on which he had wori cd between ten and fifteen years, it was ranslated from the Vulgate, and is believed to have been the first complete version in English. In 1381 he publicly attacked the doctrine of transubstantiatioH ; sentence of condemnation was pronounced by the uni- versity, and even Lancaster could not sup port him. The breaking out of W^at Tyler's insurrection the same year intensified the alarm which his opinions excited. A synod was held in London, at which Courtenav now primate, presided; Wickliffe's opinioifs wero declared heretical; and soon after a royal ordinance was issued for the arrest W,Vn'X"",T''"^ of ioWarrf,, his followers. WicKliflc addressed a petition to the Com- mons, and they demanded the repeal of the Zf!!!nT- ^^ November, 1382, he was ci ed before the prima e at Oxford ; presented two confessions, one In Latin, the other in Eng- lish ; and without being again formally con- demned, withdrew to his cure at Lutter- worth. He Is said to have been summoned toRome by Urban VI., and to have been pre- vented by bodily woaUness from obeying it He spent his remaining days in peace, writ- ing and preaching fearlessly to the last. He was struck witli paralysis while standing before the altar at Lutterworth, 29th Decem- ber, 1384, and was carried to his house where on the last day of the year he peace-' fully died. No statute rfe llccretico «,m- burendo nad vet been passed, and heresy was regarded in iCngland as a spiritual offence, ?.V."'A''!L'''° «'"'y hy spiritual censures ; or « ickliffe must have been burnt. His doc- triTio irna pAi^/1/^r.»»i«j u,.*i.^ — i--** - '-■ ", — — ,,". " •■} iiic tuaiiLu ui ^_^!^- stanco, and his remains were, by order of the council, exhumed, burnt, and cast into the Swift, a brook running by Lutterwortli 4 A 1060 ■ ft 1 > I !■; l\ > 1 1 . u i iJ:'^!ill 1 ^^1 w1 1 ll ' ' jl il ii J! i wj iUM wie] ^ Jleto Srnibersal IStogiapi)!)* [wn I i « Thus this brook," says Fuller, hath con- veyed his ashes into Avon, Avon into S - vern. Severn into the narrow seas, they 7nto the main ocean ; and th"«|he ashes of Wickliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, Sh now is dispersed all the world oyer." Molt of WicUliffe's writings still remain m manuscript, and a catalogue of all the MSS. Txtant in London, Oxford, Cambridge, Lam- beth? and LincolA, Dublin, Paris, Menna, and Prague, as well as in private collections, hi, lust been printed (1865), at the Clarendon Press by Dr Shirley. Wickliffe's New Testa- S'hJs?e'en several tines Printed, but h.^ whole Bible was not printed till if 0, when it appeared in 4 vols. 4to, under the editor- ship of Forshall and Madden. There are LiV^s of Wickliffe by Lewis, Le Bas and Dr VauKhan. A portrait is preserved in the vicwage of Wycliffe, of which the eail of Denbigh posresses a replica. Its value as a likeness has been curiously verified. A vfng representative of the Wyclffe family, a Yorkshire clergyman, ^^s accosted at Ge- neva, from his resemblance to this portrait, bv an enthusiastic German student. The replica is now (June, ltf66) in the National portrait Exhibition at South Kensing on. Wickliffe's church at Lutterworth is about '%VIELAND; Chuistoph MAKTIN, Ger- man poet, nov'elist, and translator, w^s bom near Biberach, in Suabia, m 1733. He was the son of a Pietist clergyman, and was edu- cated at the school ofKlosterbergen near Magdeburg, and at the university of Tubm- oen In 1752 he went to Zurich, where after a short residence with Bodmer, during which he made the aoq^aintance of many eminent men, he was .c'ngaged as tutor in several families, and in 1758 he went to Berne Two years later he settled at Bibe- rach and became a member of the municipal councU; married in 1765; and in 1769 was appointed professor of philosophy at Erfuit. ThWe years later he removed to Weimar as tutor to the sons of the Duchess Amalie. Here on Goethe's subsequent settlement, he became his friend. AVieland retired to a beau ful country seat in the neighbourhood in 1798, but after the loss of his wife and his favourite grand-daughter, he returned to Weimar, and there spent his last years. He /ound a new friend in Schiller. The works of Wieland are very numerous, and very di- versified in kind and character. "'» P""": pal poem is the epic romance, entitled "Oberon." published in 1780. His most ad- • inired novel is <' Agathon," nCG. Among his other works are. the POf'« entitled Die Giazlen" " Musarlon ; " " Die Abdcriten," ' and'" Erzahlungen and Mahichen." Wie- land made the first German translation of Shakespeare. It appeared between l/6i and 1766. In his latter years he made trans- lations from Horace and Lucian, wrote several pieces in imitation of the latter, ana translated Cicero's letters; founded and ,..nt(„i the " D"a's''bor Mercur;' andeditert Hldiie, or with others, two other literary iournals. In 1808 he was presented to Na- poleon at Erfurt, and received from him the decoration of the Legion of Honour. The same year he made the acquaintance of 1090 Madame do Stael. Wielcnd was aforeinn member of the French Institute and cheva- lier of the Russian order of St Anne. The death of the accomplished Duchess Amalie,in 1807, deeply attected him, and his own death took place the 20th January, 1813. WIFFEN, JEREMIAH HOLME, a Quaker poet, was born in 1792, and brought up to the profession of a schoolmaster, in which he was for some years engaged. The work on which his poetical fame rests is a trans- lation of Tasso, in which he adopted the Spenserian stanza ; but he wrote many other i works, and was a contributor of poetry to the Annuals. He was also author of a prose work, "The History of the KusscU family." With a liberality befitting his wealth and station, the duke of Hedford ap- pointed Mr Wiffen his private secretary and librarian ; and under the patronage of his Grace, surrounded by rare books, paintings, sculpture, and objects ot virtu, he spent his hours in an enviable state of mental luxury; for he was not a mere book worm, but had a taste for the fine arts generally. He died in 1836. His sister married Mr Alaric W^atts* WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM, the distin- guished philanthropist, was born in 1759, at Hull. He completed his educational Cambridge, and there obtained the friend- ship of Mr Pitt. He was elected M.P. for Hull directly he was of age. It was in 1"8; that he began to distinguish himself by his exertions for the abolition of the slave trade, which, after a contest, was finally decreed by the British legislature in 1807. Mr Wiltxr- force approved the principles of the French revolution, as they exhibited themselves at its commencement; and, on the motion of M. Brissot, in August, 1792, was voted the right of French citizenship. But in 1801 he denounced the designs of Buonaparte, aid supported all the ministerial measures of vigorous opposition to France. In his exc^ tlons to emancipate the hapless African from the chains of slavery, 5Ir AVilberforce never relaxed; andhe lived to see the second reading of the " Emancipation Act "carried by the House of Commons. He publisheda " Practical View of the prevailing Religiom Systems of Professed Christians,'' and u "Apology for the Christian Sabbath." Died, aged 73, in 1833. His Life was published his sons, in 5 vols., in 1838, and subsequentlj his Correspondence. More lecently appea - ed " Recollections of Will.crforce," by HaN ford ; and " William Wilberforce;hisPrifnd^ end his Times," by J. C. Colquhoun. T unfinished portrait, by Lawrence, « m ue National Portrait Gallery. WILBRORD. [WILLIBROD.] WILBYE, JOHN, an Enslish musical com- poser, of whom hardly anything is no«. except that he was living >nl-«"f " " '*i and was author of some very charming ana hiKhly scientific madrigals. One booK ap them nave nccn paD::=M.-. -■■ ■. ^„. the close of the last century.and mo e« cently by the Society of Mus.c^A^^^^^^^^ WILD, HENliY, the learned tailor o" wich, >vho made himself mas^roHhcH^ wil] brew, Arabic, and other Oriental languages ; i and was indebted to Dr Prideaux for a place i in the Bodleian Library. He translated from ! the Arabic, Mahomet's Journey to Heaven. ' Born, 1684 ; died, probably about 1734. i WILFORD, Fhancis, an eminent orient- ' alist, was a nstiye of Hanover, and went to \ India in 1781, as an officer with the foreign I troops sent there by the British government. 'He became one of the first members of the ! Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and published i many valuable memoirs on the history and I antiquities of Hindostan, in the Asiatic Re- !' searches. Died, 1822. < WILFRED, Sr, archbishop of York, cele- brated as the supporter of papal authority, ! ' was born, probably in the kingdom of North ■ umbria, iu 634. Having studied theology, he wont with Benedict Biscop to Rome in 653, made a long stay at Lyons with the pre- late Uclflnus, and on his return received from the king of Northumbria the monastery of Eipon. In 654 he was ordained priest by .Egilbert, bishop of Paris, and the same year he distinguished himself at the synod of Whitby as the advocate of the Roman views on the Easter question and other matters, in upposition to the Scottish teachers. Ho was appointed archbishop of York, and preferred to be consecrated at Paris by i)'"gllbert. In his absence another appointment had been made by the British party, and he did not get possession of his see till 667. His ambi- tion, priuc.and pompous way of living made him enemies, and in 678 he was deposed, and his immense diocese divided into three. He set out for Rome to make appeal to the pope ; preached for some months in Friesland, on the way obtained the pope's decree in his favour, which the king slighted ; was im- prisoned, and making his escape, preached in the kingdom of the South Saxous. Restored to York in 687, and again deposed, he again appealed to the pope , and after his return , in 705,held tlie see of Hi xham. Died at Oundle in 709, and was buried at his monastery of Ripon. 'Wilfred was canonized, and many churches in th? north of England are dedi- cated to him. "WILKES, JOHN, an alderman of London, distinguished for the violence of his political conduct, was born in the metropolis, in 1727. He received a liberal education ; and after travelling on the continent, married a lady of fortune, and became a colonel of the Buckinghamshire militia. In 1761 he was elected M.P. for Aylesbury ; but on publishmg an oifensive libel in No. 45 of his periodical paper, the North Briton, a general warrfint was issued by the secretary of state to seize him and his papers, and he was committed to the Tower. In a few days after, liowever, ha was brought, by writ of, habeas corpus, before Chief Justice Pratt of "se Common Picas, who decided that general mf.mw!,.''";''^ "'"e"'' ""'l he was conse- quently discharged, amidst the general re- wnlT ? ""^ ropulacc. In the mean time Zint^L '^''V^ another prosecution for .„ sr, .-.,>=cene poem, caiicd nn " Essay on Woman ; " and, for not appearing to re- « ve udgment, was outlaw^ed. He then Ihll l/""^""^?' '^''"e he resided till 1768, When he was elected for Middlesex ; but was ^i^to ggntUergal IBiograpl^e. [wil prevented, from taklnir his aon* „„j ' mltted to the King-s"lenehTrkon" whTh" occasioned serious riots In St George's Fields. He had now attained the height of his popularity ; a large subscription was entered into to pay his debts ; and in m/ the year of his mayoralty, he was nKiin elected for Middlesex, and permitted to take his seat without farther opposition. He died WILKIE, Sir DAVII), the distinguished painter, was born near Cupar, in Fifeshire in 1785, his father being a minister of the Scotch Church. In 1805 he came to London and soon attracted notice by the excellence' of his earliest efforts ; his career of fame comniencing witli his " Village Politicians," Blind Fiddler " (now in the National Gal- lery), Rent Day," &c. His reputation was soon established, and In 1811 he was made a Royal Academician, from which period he regularly produced, and as regularly sold at increasing prices, his most celebrated pic- tures, of which we shall merely mention a few ; as Distraining for Rent," " The .?^!l."^,r3^*'*""S'" ""''"'• Mans Buff," Ihe Village Festival " (now In the National Gallery), "The Reading of tho Will," and Chelsea Pensioners reading the Gazette of the Battle of Waterloo " (painted for the duke of Wenington, in 1821, for £1200). In consequence of ill health, brought on by close application and some serious pecuniarv losses, a continental tour was recommended by his physicians ; and he accordingly visited Italy and Spain, where he remained till 1828. But his love of art and his habitual Industry could neither be restrained by the Injunc- tions of physicians nor the entreaties of friends ; and, accordingly, several finished pictures, altogether different from his former style of execution, soon appeared. Upon this total change of style and choice of subjects it has been remarked, that, in departing from tho principle of tlie Flem- ish and Dutch schools, and adopting that of the Spanish, "he dctcrmint.d on the hazardous experiment of resting his future fame on a style utterly opposite to that In which he tlien stood unrivalled amidst European artists." In January, 1830, on the death of Sir Thomas Lawrence, he was ap- pointed principal painter in ordinary to George IV., whoso portrait in the Highland costume, and " His Majesty's reception at Holyrood House," he was at that time occu- pied In painting. On the accession of Wil- liam IV. the royal favour was continued to him, and he was knighted in 1836. Queen Victoria honoured him with sittings for his splendid picture of her Majesty's "First Council ; " and by the queen's command he went to the Turkish capital to paint tho por- trait of the sultan. This was his last and fatal mission. On his return, on board the Oriental steamer, after having touched at Malta and Gibraltar, he was taken sud- denly ill, and died In Gibraltar Bay, aged 5G, June 1, 1841 ; the last sad offlcra of commit- ting his body to the deep being rendered necessary by the strict orders of the govern- or, who could not allow It to be brought on shore. Among the principal pictures painted by Sir David, in his second or Spanish style, 1091 4 ' il -a ijieto mnibersal IStogrnpl)!?, [wii mny bo named "The Maid of 8arng088a.__ -The aucrilhi'8 Dcpavturc, «. d 1 cturn.^_ "John Knox pvei.c^unR,' .,^»\"'"''"'' " I'ceD-o'-day-Hoy's Cubiu" (in '"o Na ti3 Gali/ry). ** Mary ttuccn . of 8co» P^ranlnu from Lochlcvcn Castle, ^"V°X ?eTs Balurday M«ht, '• " J^Z^J^^f^t'-T^c phino and the l'"'t""?t«"«'^' ""^ gju" n scovcry of the Hody of I'PPOO BalD Stod for the widow of SirDavld Halrd, i„f.nt of pxcellonce. A liiic or N\ ume, »"" s JournaTs Tours. Correspondence &c was published by Allan ^^"""'"B "i^ iS iHii ni» nortra t, painted by hliuseii lu 8 ; i nu'e NaliSnul I'ftmt Uallery ; ' i;,,i nnnthrr bv rhilUps, painted in 1829, is f^'thrmUonJl G\ou\y^%vlUeh also pos- sesses the marble statue of Wilkie, by »• ' WruaE,AVII.LlAM, n Scotcli poet: aii- thorof "The Hpigoniad." Horn, 1721 ; died, '"wiLKINS, Sir CHART.KS, F.R.S., &c., an eminent oriental scholar, was a native of Somersetshire. He went to Bengal, in the ciXervlee,in 1770. ,^Vhile thus employed he undertook the study of tl>e Sanscr t mn Kuage, and translated the ^ l'"B»y"^„ «'^„'' into English. Warren Hastings, then go- vernor ccncral, presented the manuscript of hi ™la^ion\o^heeo«rtofdireeo^^ nrpflvpd to it an elegant dissertation, mr ^{' fldns possessed P^S^^^^^'^n tandfthe itv and prepared with his own hands the first "engall and Persian types employed m iVcngal. After residing 15 years in I"d » he rPturned, but continued to pursue his orient- al studies, and published a .ranslation of the Hitopad6sa. ortho Fables of Vishnoo S„r„a ; and in 1800 he was made librarian to the East ?nia company and keeper of the valuab c collection of MSS. which the court of dnec- tors possessed through the conquest of he- Hngapatam. He was afterwards appointed ' vrsUor in the oriental department of the wmpany'8 colleges at Haileybury and Add.s^ combe, ^n 1808 Sir Charles Pr«|ln«f ^\'^'^ excellent "Sanscrit Grammar;' ho also edUed and enlarged llichardson's Dictionary of the rersian and Arabic 'anguages, in 2 vols. 4to. He was a member of the Tiencn Institute, admitted to tl^? '^^f'^^y ,^1 ^a,^ of D.C.L. in the university of "^^'o^l'^Jn was a knight of the Guelphic order. Born, ^'^^ILKInI! DAVID, a learned di>Mne^orn in 1G85. who became archdeacon of ^"nolk; and published " I.r^-es Anglo-Saxon.CiB." "Concilia Magna; Britannia;," 4 vols., &c. "* wiLKINS, Jonx, bishop oJ.Ch«t« i» thP 17th century, was born in 1614, at laws Jr V„ Vrthnmrnonshire. and educated at OTfoTd.' Ho m"arried Oliver Ciomwcirs sister, and was aPP«»"»«^^l'iT'^f"/c„UeKe ' ham College, and master of "Innity College , and thoug^i he was deprived "f these prefer- meuts at tho llestoration, he afterwaros found favour in the sight of Charlci II., and, in 1C(I8, was raised to the bishopric of Chester. Ho was one of the founders of the lloyal Society, produced several mathemati- cal and theological works, and died in 1672. ■yVlLKINS, WILLIAM, an etnincnt archi- tect, was a native of Norwich. He studied at Cambridge, visited Greece and Italy, be- came architect to the East India Company, B A and Buccccded Sir John Soane as pro- fessor of architecture at the lloyal Aca- demy in 1837. Hl8 chief buildings arc St George's Hospital, tho London Vniversity, the University Club House, and the National Gallery, which last provoked much cauttic criticism. His additions to some collegiate buiidlngs.both In England and IreUind, show great taste and learning. His very numerous and extensive engagements in his profeselon did not prevent him from undertaking vari- ous literary labours. Among his published works arc '' Antiquities of Magna Oraecia," " Brolusiones Arcliitectonico)," &c. Born, 1778; died, 1839. . ■\VILIiAN, llOBERT, an eminent ingllsh nhvsician, was born in Yorkshire, in 1"57, Ho studied at Edinburgh University, and graduated M.D. in 1780. Having settled in London, he was appointed physician to the Dispensary in Carey Street, and soon after was admitted to the lloyal College of Physi- cians. His life was spent in quiet dcTotion to the study and practice of his profcisloo, relieved occasionally by antiquarian pur- suits. He contributed a few papers to the Society of Antiquaries, of which he was a 1 fellow, and some professional memoirs to various periodical publications. Hut the work on which his reputation rests is tlie " Description and Treatment of Cutancoui Diseases," four volumes (4to) of which ap- peared between 1798 and 1808, Icaviiig it still incomplete. The remainder, howcvct, for which he had prepared the mutcrni, was published by Dr Bateman, under the title of" Delineations of CutnnoousDiscases. Dr WilUm obtained the rothorgiU goll medal of tho medical society of London in mtand was chosen F.K.S- in 1809. Die .n Madeira, whither he had gone for the hcadt °^V?SKz!'aEAK BAPTISTS rm. BERT, a distinguished French admiralw bom kt Belle-Isle, in 17G3. He en orcJJ navy in hi* fourteenth year, and boforeh wns^iineteenhad become «« pilot .!^rt at that time of great '"iportance. He - « his profession, and ''«voted him elf t 1^ study of the science of navigation. H ifr putaUon rapidly rose, and the rej » broke down the barriers of c«lu « which would have kept him from Mtainia! hrranrhemerited-^lerendere^^^ ant services on the expedition sntm sew of the unfortunate Laperouse i" ^Jl™ blockaded in the Isle of fa^^f. ^^ '^ ^ ihe^giishinVhe Indian smi^ooki-^- the disastrous expedu on of b^^ '^ commander of the l'""""'!! ,he"He^ tained a successful contest wltnuu^ 1092 wil] cnles," a British ihlp of the line ; wag soon alter made rcar-admtral by Napoleon, and commander of the light squadron of the ar- mament of arest; and was next charged with an expedition against the Enghsh colonies and ships wherever he could do thom most damage. The emperor's brother Jerome Buonaparte, accompanied the expe- dition. Tlie squadron, after accomplishing much of its task of destruction, was itself (lispersfid and almost destroyed in 1806 by a storm and by the attack of the English off thellavannah. Four English squadrons had been despatched in pursuit of Willaumez. In im lie made an unsuccessful sortie froni Hrcst against the English stations before Loi icnt and Kochcfort, nnd from that period to the end of the war he commanded the flotilla of tlic Zuydcr-/cc. During the years of peace which followed Admiral Willnunicz tool; an active part in improving the organ- ization of the navy. Died, dean of the French admirals, at Suresncs, in 1845. His " Dic- tionnaire dn Marine" Is highly esteemed WILLDENOW, CAUL Lumvio. a cele- brated botanist.bornatUerlin, in 17C5. After liaving filled the chair of iii.tural history, he was made director of the botanic garden at Berlin, which he greatly improved, and also presented to the museum a zoological cabi- net of his formation. In 1811 he was invited to Paris by Humboldt, to classify and de- scribe the multitude of now plants brought by tliat traveller from America. Among his principal works are, " Prodromus Floras Be- rolinciisi9,""Grundrl8sderKraiiter-kunde," and "Species Plantarum," which was not quite completed wlien he died, in 1812. MILLKMS, JAN FHAN8, a Dutch poet and scholar, distinguished as the zealous pro- moter of tlie cultivation of the Dutch lan- guiigc, was born near Antwerp, in 1793. He attracted public attention in 1818 by a poetical address to his countrymen on the miportance of using the tongue their fathers spoke, and in tlie following year appeared the first volume of his " Dissertation on the Dutc.iLanguage andLlterature in connection with tho Southern Provinces of the Nether- lands." This was followed Ave years later by the second nnd concluding volume, and much warm debate was excited oi. the sub- ject. Willems was editor of the " Belgisch Museum,".: w'lich ton volumes were pub- lished. Among hib other works are a Flem- ish version of" Reynard the Fox," editions NntiTn'j'.^l'J'""'''^'^' '^"^" Miscellanies on ^v?t?ta'J?''^'=''-" I^'ed at Ghent, 1846. Fn^lnnV ^^ ^••J''" CONQVEItOn, king of Eiiglaml, was the nutural son of Robert uUo of ^ormandy,and was born at Falafse; lo kL nf V '™"«''^ "P "t t'><^ court of duehv af H,l ^"' '/' ^'l^ succeeded to the ?stabl1'sheA.^' authority was not fully Tf Pd ward thi p""7 ^"^""- O" the death tv'nif *,^® Confessor, k ng of England nilliam made a formal claim to the crown S.'"il'!^?'!!?'. ? his favou? by EdS Harold" "in='.r„'/"-'v ^"^ "^^ »--*'u''ted from preDaredfir^ •'*'™ ^■''^''^ ^^'''""'^> ^e at once UaSJ at P»v?''°'' of England ; eflfectcd ^naing at Pevensey, September 28, 10G6, ^ Mtbi m nibmal ISioQrapl)!). No^'w%K1„^l^/^^^^^ camp near Hastings. The'deoul ^"i:""'"^ " Hastings was fou|ht on Satul'i''* H?"'" of mas day he was crowned at Westmin«tpr hJ Aldrcd, archbishop of York ; a Hot occurri.^J In which some lives were lost, and som? houses burnt. The first measures of the n^w king were conciliatory, but served mere Iv fo^ a show for a short time. The incvUatde con- fl'^.was not long deferred. Ear y in io?7 William went to Normandy, leaving 1 1e oo nf nT^S? ?^ '"^ "•'^ doninlons 1. the hands OsbPr°r,' ''t.'^?P °^ ^''y^"''' ""'l William Fz! r^,. 5^"; ?/^'"«*°f •■ovoltln variousquarters recalled him, and ho was occupied through rv'' Of''n?r"?,V" »'>«' conquestVf the coun ti y. Of the military events the most terrib V lUOJ, when he merciless y devastated thp wholq district beyond the Humber with flro ana slaughter, so that from York to Durham not an inhabited village remained" and th" ground fori.iore than sixty mileslay bare and uncultivated for more than half u cc^tu"y afterwards. The order established was ha^ of death ; famine and pestilence coniple ing what the sword had begun. This camna en was followed in 1071 by the at aek on the fortified camp of Hereward, the resoiu," and unconqucred English chieftain, inthe Isleof Ely. The settlement of the country was as cruel as the conquest. The English "ve?e dispossessed of tlieir estates, and of all offices ?hoV" f'l"'""' '''}^ '''''*-' ' William assumed the feudal proprietorship of all the lands and distributed them among his followers' carrying the feudal system out to its fu^fest development; garrisoned the chief townt and built numerous fortresses; re-established the payment of Pcter's-pence, iudignantlv refusing, however, to do homage to the pope and converted many districts of the comurv' into deer parks and forests. The most ex- tensive of these Avas the New Forest in Hampshire, formed in 1079. He ordered a complete survey of the land in 1083 the part culars of which were carefully recorded and have come down to us in the nomesday Book. According to tradition the Curfctv Bell was introduced by the conqueror : and the attempt was made to supersede the English by tho Norman-French language, which was for some time used in oflacial documents. In his latter years Williar,i ,..as engaged in war with his own sons, rn.i with the kin'- of Irancoj and In Augu !, 1087, he burnt the town of Mantes. Injured by the stuniWing of his horse among the burning vi» [WIL Ahbcy wnH « so b lU ?[ " " ^ Btatuo of tlon ofbl« vU'tory atHaHtlnK. A^ ^^^^ art tl.e aivcction of Sir U. Jnmrs. ^^^ to l.iivo Dcpn nom cm ,f ^j^, nnd '""'^•"''w^roirtcr and >v«8 crowned by V;a;VaU'S-^5bi:,.opofC^^^^ rootionln ^''^ourof h isi dc ™ • duUc of Normandy. ""^^ " ,;%Vd several ins yrnr,Ucn'y »\«5"P ^^^^^^^^^ promises of luR. I" '"•"''"', ir nuarrcl was ended by Normandy, but tncirqu. ^^, a treaty ^'7"?' '''^t" of Scotland, who g„n with Malc"l"». W' K oFj^ii^.^. ^i y,„^, lKvVr?ar=^^^ T "' '.'of hU ?eiKn in Who acquired, *'''\'"^' «.n not to a rlc itof redemption, the Westminster W«"'«"/thcTovcr of London. wftt dofctttcd by the prlnco of Condt tt hcneff, and the war lasted till 1678. In tht nrevlotif year "William had morripd Mary, dauehtcr of James, duko of York, afterward* .Tames XL, "n'» nlHanco gave him far ureatcr Importance a» head of tlie league gubsenuently formed aRainat France, and loader of the VrotestantB of Kuropc. When the arbitrary measxires of ilamts II. bfcainc intolerablo to his subjects, the lioprs of tlip Iradine friends of freedom and VrotcBtantlsm naturally turned to him, and lioaceoptpiltlic call sent liim, to come and save their rlstiis andllbcrties. He landed at Torbiiy, 6th Nov., ICHH • the liinK fled, but was cnplured and brouiiht back ; William arrived in London in December ; and by the convent ion, assem- bled in January, HiHlt, the crown was offered to AVilliam and Mary, and was accepted by them They were crowned, llth April, by Compton, bishop of London, and the germon was preached by lUshop lUirntt. The prim- ate Bancroft and seven of the bisliops.refiu- inir to take the oaths to tlienew Kovernmcnt, were suspended from their omcc, nnd San- croft witli Ave of the bishops (nil whotlifn survived) were subsequently deprived. Soiiu of the clerny followed the example of tlio nrelates, and with them are known as the narty of the Notvworf. llosistance mi made In Scotland, but ended withthcdofcal of Dundee at Killiecranklo ; while R more serious conflict raRcd In Ireland, in rtch James TI. and -W illlnm pergonal y took prt, and which was closed by the victory of the l" tor at the battle of the Uoyne. Thcpnn- clpal aim of the king thenceforth wa. to humble France, and he spent mu h of to Umc abroad, engaged .ts l';"'!" "f ^"™ of the confederates. He took Naraur,t)ut was dcfetticd by the l''reneh nt Stecnkirk, rmtNeerwindon (Landen), «ndby t ere« nf llvswlck, in lfi97, was rc:ognizcdnskiiig of ffi. nd. Three years before he ba to his ouoon, a great personal sorrow, Mt throne was secured to him by theprovl« the Hill of Hights. Ho was, V.^wev", «^ unpopular with his subjects, and h« wife Mary, '\7'»J^,^;yo^veXr 4, 1G50. His born at the ""K^'^'^.^yo l ,,Tiod Trovinces, long occluded from tha.ffiee, his excu being '\'''««"f,* '^l!." ' ;.tl" Holland in ^r"t;i{;I^72T-':uspenloMhe Kubllcfromthear.ress^nsofLotus^X^ De Witts were .npr.soned nnd^nu.^«sacred, S^^^n^^;.- Xho^ghonly 22years ^'i^^Ues ^llce iA^^iedhimr Hec* tt mod to take an active part mthe illain Europe, and especially lA the negotiation Uic famous Partition Treaties for te to posal o^ the dominions of the Span. hW- Ho was provoked to preparc a new »« STairt F?anee by the recogmt. nby» XIV of the son of James ILas Kiag,»" U.iB project was set aside by ^i^if^J^ re gn of William III. forms one o he^ epochs of our Constitutional W^ Zolution; the ^-f^.'ZTutot^^^- final recognition by 1 '^ o tl^°J« ^IJ«, ciples of regulated l"'', 'p To nmonweil* statesmen and Heroes oftlc Common bad contended. The «''» '^ f„;;a „dp.^ bas been both ex ravagantly laud « r^ slonately depreciated. »'"v,„ friend!, manner, his protoef e ^oU.s^foH.^^^^^^^,^.^ and the way iii""!^" <•■■ ■■^~- .^•...-- r,;,; Though omy 22 years and '^Ji^^^i'^VnieVnaturaily e«|tc« pr^; | orage-hTshowed h^n.K>lf the -orO^y /^ scendatit of William 'o f-Henw founaerji ^ „„«ihie to doubt his great int_euec^^^| of age he showed i^-'"^""' "": founder of dice and ill-will agauisimu- - , , the Trench out of tb •■■■■■ oh territory. e ^ — _ __ -^:z— 1094 r_„_ ic princo of Condi m lasted timers. Intht \m hod mnrripd Mary, uko of York, nftcrwardi nUianco gavo him far at head of the league d aRiilnat France, and :BntB of Kurope. When ros of Jaiiifs II. bfcainc ibjccts, the hoprs of tlip c'dom and Vrotcntantlsm him, and he accoptoiltlie nc nnd save their rlRtiis nUnl at Torbiiy, 6lh Nov., , but was cnplured and Ham arrived in Lonilon y the coiivi'iitioniassrm- ,<), the crown wns offered iry, and was accepted by crowned, Hth April, by ' Ijondon, nnd the sermon 8hop lUivntt. The prim- yen of the bishops, refiu- iStotlienewKOvernnicnt, 3m their oflicc, nnd San- he bishops (all who tlifn I 9cquently deprived. Sonu wed the example of tlio them are known as the \juror8. llosistance mi but ended with the dofcal lieerankle ; while R more Rcd in Ireland, in wliich linm porsionally took part, Dsed by the victory of the >ofthcUoyne. The prin- king thenceforth was to ind he spent much of his ged na lender of the amij es. lie took Naraur,but the I'reneh nt Stccnltirk, ■I>anden),nndbythere« '97, was recognized as king ce years before he badloil U personal sorrow, hutHe cd tohimbytheprovlswBi Its. Hewas,l-.Dwcver,wry lis subjects, and hestde ni- cies, and projects of asMi- . his reign. AVhigs.Torw, kc distrusted him. Hew- inctivcpartintheatoDD •cially in the negoti.itio»o' ition Treaties for the J* iuionsof the Spanish kni- cd to prepare a new «' Dy the recognition tyW /of Jan,esII..askijg, sot aside by his death^I^ 1 HI. forms one of the ?««, Constitutional History-J nain feature of wind' I''' jbylawofthoscgreatpH ted Ulicrty for ^vhleh t^ fr-rence of h s foi'ei(!n fne«'"' I "^f."h„;tond aloof frombotkl ;U^naturaUyeKit^|J;,j I against him. Bu^^^^^^^^ bthisgreatinteleci« I 5, clear-sightedness^wu^ wil] TSL Jtcto atnibcraal 33(oerapf)p. (often tornshnessin tho field), declsivcncis and indomitable energy, and persittcncy of purpose Ono dark stain on his character is Inelfiiceable ; ho distinctly sanctioned tho atrocious massacre of Olencoo, devised by the master of Ktalr. ■WilUiim III. died at Kensington Valaeo, In ronscqucnco of a full from his horse, 8th March, 1702, nnd wns buried in AVestmlnsfcr Abbey. WIIil-IAMIV., king of England, Vnown before his neeession to tho throne as WIL- LIAM lIi'.NKY, duke of Clarence, was the third son of (Jeorgo III., ond was born Ac- gust tho !2l8t, 17(15. At 14 years of ago ho entered the navy as a midshipman on board the I'rlnecOeorge.aOS gun ship, commanded bT Admiral Dlgby ; and he wns placed on tho same footing, in every respect, with other youths of tho same rank In tho service, j''i- 00 William Henry wns present with Adi- irnl Kodney at tho capture of tho Carac- eas tleet, commanded by Don Juou Lnngara. Thu princo served nearly all tho residue of his time as a midshipman in tho West Indies, and off the coasts of Nova Scotia and Cana- da ; and many characteristic anecdotes, hon- ourable to his bravery and humanity, are re- lated of him during the period of his naval carver. Ho was afterwards removed to tho Warwick, of 60 guns, commanded by Lord Keith, and wns present when that oflicer captured the frigates I/Aiglc and l^a Sophie, and the Terror sloop-of-wur, off the Dela- ware, in 1782. Ho then joined Lord Hood, who was in quest of tho French fleet under De Orasse and Vaudrcull, and on board the Knrfleur Urst became acquainted with Nelson, then In command of the Albemarle. In June, 1783, Lord Hood's squadron re- turned to Englnnd; and In the summer of 178,1 tho prince was appointed third lieutenant of tho Hebe frigate. In 1786, as captain of the Pegasus, of 28 guns, he sailed for Nova Scotia; whence he pro- ceeded to the Leeward Islands station, and remained for some months under the orders of Nelson, when a strong and lasting friendship (honourable to both) sprang up betw(-;n them. In December, 1787, the printe returned to England, and was ap- pointed to command the Andromeda frigate, in which he ngain sailed for the West Indies. In 1789 he wns created duke of Clarence and carl of Munstcr. i.i Ireland, took his seat in the House of Lords, and wns made rear-ad- miral of the lilue in 1790. From this time, however, he saw no more active service afloat. In 1811 he succeeded Sir Peter Parker as admiral of the fleet. In that capacity he hoisted his flag for the Inst time, ror the purpose of escorting Louis XVIII. to France ; and on board the Impregnable he received the emperor of Kussia and the king of Prussia. Tor many years the duke lived the life of a private English gentleman, resid- ing at IJushy Park, of which he had been appointed ranger, ou the death of the count- **?. 0' Qu'lford, in 1797. [His connection With Mrs Jordan has been noticed in our memoir of that ladv.1 After thp d«»nth nt tho i'ilntesj Charlotte of Wales, in VsH, a new eraopened in the position and prospects of the duke of Clarence j and on the 11th of July, 1 818, he married the Princess Adelaide, eldest [WIL daughter of tho duke of Saxr Molnlngen. Two daughter, the oldest of whom died on tho dny of her birth, and the younRcst when only three months old, were their only off- spring. Having become helr-prcsumptlvo to the throne, in 1827, by the death of tho duke of York, he received an additional pa-, llamentnry grant, which raised his income to i;40,()00 a year. Ho 'vas also appointed lord high admiral of England, a post revived for the occasion ; but owing to soino objec- tions p--- "o by the duke of Wellington to tho expen f his royal highneas's progresses, he rcbi , u the ottlco. On th.; 26th of June, lH3't, tro duke of Clarence succeeded his bro- ther, (jc'orgo IV., as king of England, nnd wns crowned, with his royal consort, in Westminster Abbey, September the Hth, 1S31. A marked difference was soon observable In the conduct of William IV. and his prede- cessor. The secluded habits nnd fastidious retirement that had distinguished the last years of his brother's life, gavo place to on obvious desire of popularity on the part of the new monarch ; while "the Wellington administrati>m was succeeded hy that of Earl Orcy, under whom the reform of par- liament was effected. Political animosities were at their height; but still the king was on tho popular side, and the court offered, in every respect, an example worthy of imi- tation. In May, 1837, his Majesty was taken 111, nnd in four weeks from that time, June 29, 1837, he died.—" A man," said Lord Orey, "more sincerely devoted to the interests of his country, and better understanding what was necessary for the attainment of that object, there never did exist; and if ever there was a sovereign entitled to the churacter, his Majesty may truly be styled a patkiot KINO." WILLIAM (FREDERICK) I., king of the Netherlands, grand-duke of Luxembourg, prince of Orange, and duke of Nassau, was son of William V., prince of Orange, and was born at the Hague, '24th August, 1772. He received at his birth the title of hereditary prince of the United Provinces. At the age of 16 he was sent to the court of his uncle, Frederick William II. of Prussia ; went two years later to study at Leyden ; and In 1791 married his cousin, Prederica Louisa Wilhel- mina, daughter of the king of Prussia. He had received a military troining, and on the French invasion of Holland, in 1793, he was com nander-in-chief of the Dutch army. Afttr the final triumph of the French arms, in 1795, he accompanied his father to Eng- land ; lived afterwards at Berlin, and at Fulda ; served In the Prussian and Austrian armies againtt the French, distinguishing himself at Jena and at "Wagram ; and in December, 1813, after an insurrection in Holland in his favour, he was proclaimed sovereign prince of Holland. The French were driven from the fortresses then in their possession ; a constitution was drawn up and sworn to ; and by a decree of the congress of Vienna, Belgium and the bishopric of liam became in March, 1815, king of the Netherlands and duke of Luxembourg. A new constitution thus became necessary, and was adopted. The unio'i of Holland and mi t ' \:\- I ! i li !.! s I - : ' ; ' I ! I i ; •', I- r !', ill iv i { I ! ^ii I 'in^5 t V'l ?X irtfiu WntDfwnl IDIopinplm. [wii, llolKlum Inntod nfH-ou ynm*. i.ut nuiwlili «li»iu\liiH tlio (!i"ii<'l wlmlomtif lliu iiilniinu irnllon. luxl Ki«miI. ,M.mii.i.|TlMl i.ii.l nmnu m i . -iMl .llMM.r.luno.- of II... n.il.l. .m^' tlj" 'ihT...^^ .o..!.! not iml Irn.l t.. Il.rlr ..llli....t.- lilt 11. Ilr.'.«»<-1» i I""" wi.r wiiK t.>.i..liii.li'" U..«t r..wr.» .....I H ,.l l«v:..l.'"", »"'"'■" "J I "" m .1 "f A"<«.rp. « 1.1.1. NVlllli«;>> '"xl I ..l.i.l li. I.Ik i..»i«i'''Hl..ii. wuN li.U.'i. I>y III" Cn'r.-. I. !....« >«•.•«.-. I" "r-;v,;!|:;;!-,. ,1.1,1 \vn..UM,i.- ...■|t..(lall,.ii«. .■..i.a...'I.Ml l.y t - ......r.-.'.'..... of I.O...I..... ...all..H w.jo ...I «hl . tl.4. H.M.i.vulloi. or 11." two fo....lil.-» ,?, I. V„v...i.' of l.U N.....\V lllm.. II.. ,. • Ob.'.-. IHIO. 110 r..|l.'.'.l lo IK-ill........! uro U.M\ .'............"ly 'l.'l.. IM Novcn.l..;.'. U •( llV lii.'l .."xrl.'.l I.. r.i..u.»y, IHIl. ti,orouuH'NH.l'«)ult.oi..ont,i. U..i»i.uri.ll.wi> In l.'.n«lM...1 1." llx" 1"1"''<' "f «»">""<•. ^. , Wlll..m l..^v,.Hl.o... 11. 17!..!,. .111.0 vorv ...oi.x-ol "1.0.. .•ovol..llo..i..'y 1 .niioo Invlul.'.l tl.o Noll.o.'li..itls. I....I II...H ooL.p.'l 0.1 tl.o Vom.K ».ili.i'<' to 1.0 lii'...i>'l.t 10 l.i'K; V tl.o .-..vo ol- !><• ll"«loy. ..ri.-.w..r.U arc .l.lsl.op of i',,..to.l....y. I.o at, I!) yn,r|. of "^o" 01..0.1 \V.'lU..«ton I.. sp„i,. ..s o;.t... . I.I - \o-ci.mi>.i»«J I" tl.tso..i.i.olty l'«-,f"ll"«'' ' /" f,f....oVortl.o H.liiMl. <»"..y lion. IHll to SK ....I K..1.'"<1 «>'-^'t .llHti.,0.! >.. ..I tl.o 8lVtf.'« of ri...\l..l Ko.ll'iKO .....1 ;u.lM,|,.Z. l.H ,von i.s 1.1 tl.o I..UI10.H of Sali....;.i..i. '"Hi 'Vlt torii. ilio ry.viioos, u..a tl.o MvoU.-. Alio. ,0 ov ...Islon of tl.o l.'.'o.,..l. f.o..i llol »i.. .. 18i;i. 1 1.0 vou.itt p.'l..oo >M.s.loKl«nut.;.l..s tl.o l,,..l a..a of tl.,- r.l..o.'«s Cl.u.lott.^ ot WaloH ; to I •< ...lion ; i.i.'l >iii>"y y.NirsHul)SO(i.ionlly, who. V.1.100 Loopoia. wl.o iifloiwi.nlH l.o- caiio l.or Hisbaml. >va« cU-ctOil to tl.o tl.rono of llolniui". ll>" i'oli.ol.'o..oo WHS roi.ii.rUo.l tl.at l.e sl.o.iUl l.uvo ooo.. sun'osftful i.Bal..st 111" princolv oo..>potitor li. obtul.....« fn.i.. I.lln both a Ul.iKao... ai.il a wif.>. DurliiK this whole of Iho oai..palKn of 1815 ho oo........i.< od thn nvii.y of tho Notliorlamis, ami dlHtin- KulsUo.lhiH.solfat Watoiloo, whoro ho was govoroly woundoa. Aftor this event ho chioflv rcsUlod in l^russols. till tho rcvol..- tlonof 1830. RopavatinK llolRh.m from }lol- l«nd, co.upcllc.l his aoparture for tholIa^!^.o. Tho khaication of his fatlior (see above) In 1840, raised liiiu prcmaluroly to tl.o throne, and l.e contlnned to (tovern with proat. pnid- cnce and moderation, till his death in Mi.ril., 13-iB,.i fow days aiiof tho outV.veaV nt the third revolution of that country, which It had been his fato to witness. WILLIAM of NASSAU. [OllANOE, of NKWUUUY. lUmKi of MAI.MI.HIItJIlV. I MAI, of WYK|.;IIAM WIM.IAM Wll.l.lAMl W 1 1.1,1 AM MI'.HUIIIIYI WII, MAM of WYKl;llAM. IWYKR. HAM. I \VII.I,IAMH,l»ANlKi,,a l'.Tiil.yli.rli.i.iiiln. Utor, wi.N l.oii. at Wi'oxl.i...., Ii. Iii.|.lii||it »bl.o, In lllll, aii.l aii'.l I.. I7KI. Il«r(i..ii(lri| Ihollli.ary It. Ut'deiimx Hlii'cl liir ill.wii|||i| n.ll.lKt.M'N, \V'.I,I,1AMH, 1|K.I,KN MAIIIA, IiiIki'II,. lieo.iN writer, «vii« lion. Ii. Ilii' .ki.II. (irr,ii||. li.l.a lo 17(12. I" I7IH1 kI.o hi.III.mI i.t I'lirl,, MI..I m.oi. I'llor iippoaiTd licr " l.rllcrH (rt l''n...i'0," tl.o objeetof wblcl. Wi.« lii iinmi. n.i'i.a the doelrh.oN.tf tl.o (llro..illi.tK;iii.i|(iii th.'lr fall nI.o WMN arreNtotl, Ii.i|i.'Imii.(.iI,iiii4 nnrr.iwly oHoaiu'd th.'lr fi.lo. U.^nIiIck mlur i.ooii.M a... I w.irkN, iih.< niailo iii. IIi.kIUIi Irniit- lalltii. of tl.o Voimiiial Ni.rn.llvi' .if lli.iir.i voIn ..f ilii...biilarnlnK and hIsTorylsi.. ...ado lilmsclta ureal favourite with James. Ili'sumtW In IngratiathiK himself also Mill. lluiliN- ha.n, tho " plpo lbro..Kli wlii.li nil royi uraecB llowed," nnd ho was imidc iliimd Westminster. As adviser of the iliiko le used his Intlueneo anal.isl nionoiiolN mi lilenrtl exactions; and, on the fall of MM. In Ki^l, Wllliamg was named I.oiil KtC|m, nnd about the same time was raised to m see of Lineol... His laliimia at tliispctiM were enormous, as chancellor, stutciiM, nnd bishop. Ho is said to l.uvc ImJin™ employ a number of court spies; to W been Kreedy of preferments, of winch lie W so many as to bo n " diocese " in liimst''' his conduct in the eo..n of Star tlwmb. praised nnd also bliiioed for ">)l\l!»;*»; ' had a largo bhar.> In the m'^'»ti">'? X. the Spanish marriage, and ina.lo mm l.am his bitter enen.y. Ho also oionW ITince Charles, on whose i.ccc^s.oi'w'" dismissed from his oflico of cl.m.ecl o • B Bupporto.l the Petition of Ki({lit in tlif P« llnment of 1U28, and was i'»lf-'«'?"^;;'g^i Charles I. Jlnt Laud, who owed 1. s a» preferment to Williams, bcH-an.c is w^^^^ and aimed at his ruin. Ilo instituted im Wll. H illfU) ^Iniucranl lUlo9rnpl)y. nrnni'i'iillon* iiKnliiNt liliii In IIm< Htiir ('liiiiii ber (licnldi'i* iIi'i'iiikIiiK HI itrriiuiii of hliii, im aari'fiilly tioli'l in liU illiii'y),riiiil iirirr rlKlit jiuurit' liiiniKiiMiciil Wlllliiiim wim xriiionciiil tu |iiiy It Hint <>r 4!1<),(I00, tu III' liii|ii'liiiiiii>il, iinii miiiiH'iiili'il fi'iini liU oflUm im hUlinp. cm thii tliii'il iii'oii'initloii liK wiiN lliiiiil jCHiiimi nmri'. Aricr roiir yi'iiiM' ciitilliii'iiioiit lin wim ri'li'iiai il, In liIKi, liy tlio l.tm^ rinlliiiiicwit. In hill liii wnit iniiilii ni'i'liliNluip of York; •uiriTi'il iinotlii'i' ymt'» hiiprlNiiiiriiiiiit In Ilia Tiiwi'i'; I'oiiiiiliK'il It lli'iii riiyiilliil. IIu'oiikIi tliii civil war, mill lii'lil (.'iinwiiy CnRllii fur llu> kliiK, wlMimi I'Xi'Uiillon tii'okii III* Itcni't i nnil (lli'il itt Alinr Uonwiiy In Miircli, liiAii. Illit" Mfo," l>y llliiliop lluuki't, npiicuri'd In IfllKI. WIM.IAMM, J(HIN, tliii linvoltul nilmilon •ry to llio Ixlanilx of tint Hniitli Hi'iix, wim liiirn III 'riitli-nliiiiii, ncnr l,iiiiilon, In I7liil. 11,1 wii* liriiiiKlit up I" III" trnilii iif Iron mouKcr, lint, iil tli!rnli)iiHly liitioiiml not only fur llio ri'llKlinn* liiHiriictlon, lint for lint iiii'hil anil Ni'viilur IiiIi'itnIn of tint pi'opli-, with niarkiiil niiccciiii. Hit )(ol it govi'mnii'tit orKuiii/i'il.n clinpi'l liiillt, luiiKlittlnt iiiitlvi'N liuw tn liiiilil liouHi'ii, ciintrivod it nort of iiiKai'-ni'.ll.nnd In ordor to proinotn llio coin- iniMTC (if tlio iHlitiidx, lioiiKlit a itlilp, niiinrd llio " Kiidi-avour," with which to ptmn from lulanil til IMiind. In IH2:i ho dlRcovorttd tlin iainnit uf llarotonKa ; rcdiiedd tho dlalrct to wrlilnK, and mndii a trnniilutlon of tho Now Tcstaim'nt Into It; tiullt lilniMolf n nlilp to return to Ualntun; nindo aflcrwnrdH nrv(ti'iil voyani's In 11 ainonK lint varlouN Ki'onpH of Islnndu; and In \WM viBlti.'d HiiKlnnd, wln-rii lie rwnalncd nlioiit four yciirH. JUirln^ IIiIm period Ik; wrote and puldlKlicd liin pro- foundly InteriiHtlnK " Nnrratlvd of MlHsion- nry llntorprlspg In tho Houth Hfun," which had a very larKC circulation, ami was after- wards rcpubllHliod In o cheaper form. Ho lallcdnnaln In April, 18.18, with it company of missionaries In tho " Ciunilnn," pnrch.iKnd for the :r;vlcc of tho mlHNlon, and after makiiiK vlHlH to Karoton(?«, Tahiti, llalatea, and other Islands, laiulnd at KrroniaiiKa. And there this pnre-hcartcd, Bclf-denylnR, and IndcfutlKaldi! Christian missionary woo attacked and murdered by tho natives, No- vember 20, 18.19. "\VIUIAM8 (An iriiEL), John, a dlstin- pilshed Welsh scholar and antiquary, was bornat WanBynhnfol.DcnblKhshlro, in 1811. He was educated at Jesus CoIIckp, Oxford, i„, I'",'; •*",?''"''"''''''' "'A- In 1831, and M.A. m 1HJ8. llavhiR entered the church, ho was minister successively of several parishes In >vaics,wasnppointcd rector of Llanymowdd- ]^L "'?""'!*''''■'-'• *n 18.02, and ten years Pnfntr"*?,'" ".' "a"ied. AUKUStaT, IHO'i. WIM.IAMK, llofiKii, the founder of the Htate of Kboilo iNlnnd, U.H., and nobly dlu- tliiKiilsbed as tint llrst asserlor In modern Cbrlsiendoin of tliesanctily and perfect free- dom of eonsclenco, was a native of Wales. Horn In IflfMi.lie ntndli'd at Oxford, entered llioehureh,and naturally Joined tho riirilan parly. To escape tho perseeiitions to which the I'urltans were subject In Mnxbind, be, like so many others, Med to the New World to find what was denied them here, fieedom to worship (Jod. Ho arrived at lloslon, New Kngland, In I'ebnmry, loai, and holding already in perfect eleurness tho Krand truth of which ho was tho llrst modern apostle, soon found himself In colllrdon with the churches already existing tlnroj for they still acted on tho very principles of which they had been tho victims at liomo. He was Invited to settle as pastor at Hnlem, but the court of lloston would not allow it, and he withdrew to I'lymouth. Two years later Ibo church of Halem ideeted blm for their teacher ; but the hostility to this " troubler of Israel " grow fiercer, and tho breach widened, Halcni was disfranchised, and sen- tence of exile was pronounced aKningt Wil- liams, I'eniilsslon bclnn «lven him to ro- nmln till the winter was past, he used to preach to tho people who flocked to his own house to hear him. I!ut at lepKlh,In 1030, ho was ordered to embark for i;n(?land. To avoid this ho left Halem In tho winter weather, wandered houseless and half-fed for fourteen weeks, then found friends and hospitality among tho Indians, whose lan- guage he had learnt. He preached to them, won their love, and was their friend and pe.nce maker till his death. He had resolved on founding a new settlement, and after be- ginning to build and plant at Heekonk, had to abandon tho spot, and selected Ithodc Island, on which ho landed from an Indian eunoc, with flvo comrades. In June, 1C36. He called the place "Providence," and com- menerd •>"..'( ing. In tho course Ox ivvo years ho was Joined by others, who were glad of such an asylum. "Williams founded a commonwealth In the form of a pure de- mocracy, and his system has had Its in- 1097 ".*■• 11 [I ; ;i i 1 I ( ) : ; I'll ■III I ' i 'i in 14??, f ' '■ i \ ' ' I in i If 1^ 1 ti:.rJ. m 1 ' ji wiii] ^ j^to aniberaal IjiocttgpliP. [mi lluencc on the whole political hlitory of the lute He.howod no .plrlt «/ f'fnK« »°^ u(litho80 who had peroecutod •»''«. f"^ . « , thA rnlonles wcro threiitpned with a irralrUlnlo the Indian trlbr.. he nobly •'rr 1 i.u nwn llf " ond undertook the inU I nn to the Nnr.a«.mHrlU to di«olvo the *' .^»nv In wlUcli he succeeded. To secure con«plracyJn wi.u n es ^^^^^^^ ^^ '''"„r;„^e Bn e lloB • WiUlnm. was . lu.sen ?o ^Ct KnK 'd in Mi43, to obtain ..charter. He wa. rcce ved with the grcattHt favour ?v the T "f rnrllament. found a warm am .,M unirii-K fiuud in Sir Henry \ane, and tnok' bock with him the desired charter, took '"'^•'7';"^ „„. nanin sent to Eng- L"/«fd.ucceededTn averting a threatened ri^t"rn\Vrl"t oahe little «t«tejlr llenry rcX;"^tiirn;:;"tter^"^s J WllHamB with the highest admiration and ^Tnllffi SAMUVX. one of the best en- .rrnverson wood whomthlscoun ry has pro^ Mnred was born at Colchester, In Essex, in 1788 -When a mere boy he determined to tn he fulfllled. Apprenticed to a printer in Swn account as an engrave, first at Co Chester, and afterwardB »;? /•""d""- ^ His first work was a se'"^? ,.°^^Thv Pr .sbv "Natural History," P""'^'^*'!:^^ ^\" to Wis Bk ill in design recommending him lo SessM Harvey and Darton, and to other Ssclers, who were glad to have a design and an engraving from the. same hand, he eiecuLdln this way many anonymous en- gravrngs-evincing skill in design and dex- terity in the nicer touches of his art , ana t IE not going too far to say that to his Bnlritcd drawings of the Months in Hone s "Every Bny Hook,- the Ultistrations to "Kobinson Crusoe," WifTen's "Tasso, the ..Olio'" and the "Parterre," the modern school of drawing on wood owes Its chief vigour and character. Nor was his industry 7es8 remarkable than his skill ; he was seldom wWhout a cravcr or ft pencil in his hand; Tnd both b^V the number and excellence of ?,?« .irsisns he has gained a name which ' wui befongassociate'k with the history of ^y ILLiKon"? sfr' j'osKPH. statesman, walborn about 1030, at Brldekirk, in Cum- berland In 1674 he became principal secret- ary of state ; but, in 1G78, he was sent to til Tnwpr fnr cranting commissions to Popish" re'cusantg.- The "'"K'J'^.rjoseDh leased him the same day, a'^d bir Josepn resigned his place soon after. He died In 1701, leaving a valuable collection of manu- •crlpts, with £6000, to ttuecns Collcgj, Oi- ford where he had been educated; hetlu founded a mathemtttlcal school at Hocheit«r. WlLl.IAMKON, HUGH, an American phy- sician, was born In rennMylvdnla, in U35, and received hit education at tlio college of rhiladclphla; but rclhuiuishcd theclnlcal profession, for which he had htcn Intended, and turned his attention firn to mathe. niatlcB,nnd subsequently to medicine. After visiting Edinburgh and l.eydcn, at which latter university ho obtained tlii* degree of M.l> ,he returned and practinetl inPhiladel- plila.' He was one of the committee np pointed by the American I'hildBophical So- ciety, 1769, to observe the trniisit of Vendi; and he attracted considerable attention hj his observations on the remarkable comet which then made its nppearuncc,a»hef8mf to the conclusion that coiiuls, h ad of being Ignited masses, ar'3 inhabited ineti. He was appointed to the mcdicaUtaff of the revolutionary army; and, at the restoration of peace, he became a member of ccnprcH. Anionghis worksare," The History of North C'ttrolina," 2 vols.; and " Obscrvaiioni on the Climate of America." Died, 1819. -\VILLlHKOI), HT, apostle of tlie Frlslint, was born in the kingdom of Northumbrii about 668. He was brought up in the monastery of Ripon, Just founded by 8l Uilfrcd, and after spending twelve years in Ireland, embarked with ten or eleven oilier monks for Frlesland. The country had re- el ntly been conquered by I'epin d'lHnitjl, who received the missionaries vvilh gnat favour. Wlllibrod went to Home and ob- tained the sanction of the pope for hisun dertaking ; and after several yenrsof appir ently successful labour he wns sent to Home u second time, and was conBccratcd bisliop. He established his see at Utrecht; made » missionary journey Into Denmark ; en or«< the favour of Pepin's illustrious son, Chariet Martel ; and founded the abbey of Eptomat, near Treves, which he governed till Ui death Willlbrod is described asof wiudui and dignified manners, lively in convem- tlon. wise and unwearied m his chow office. He nearly succeeded in convertiij the pagan duke of Frlesland, Eadbod;ol whom the story is told, that when onih point of receiving baptism, heturnedaw! from the font on hearing, in reply totiisa- piess inquiry, that his unbapti/edanceste were in hell. He declared he would r^ be with them there than in heaven v ^• them. Hied, and was buried at Epa.iii, "\viiLI9, Dr Beown::; nn Engli.ha.fr query, who made and pub ished a Sam of the Cathedrals of England," and ^ other works. He was born at WaiiW in Dorsetshire, in \f V/"™ ofd S 1718. and subsequently LL.D. Oxford, w ^'wiLLIS, FRANCIS, a cflobtatcd PlJ slcian, born about 171'., f thigu-Wft^^ his skill in the treatment of in "WW orders, was a native of lmcolnst.ire,i« _ , . J — J v:- i native of lincolns ..1 „ no t i nn n t Brascnoee mm S;rot" VhiciThe became a, m.^^ took the degree of M.A. i" l""'" „' oi8t holy orders, and obtainedthni>ingji__j 1098 WII.] « ifttto Ulnibercal ISIograp^B. John'*. WBpplnft. Ho then studied medi- cine, and, dcvotinR >ili attontinn toninnlaral (jlscimrs, estnbllsliod 8 prirutc hiyluni for lunatii-n lit Orciitford, In Mnooln»hlrc. The anomaly of a clorRyman kr-pplng a mad- hoiiKi! being sharply unlinadvcrtc'd upon by the faculty, he protcedcd to takf hi* dcpfropii, and properly qualifled hlinacif an n phy- alelan. Whrn OcorjfO III. wuh srl/i d with thcmnlady which for n timn impended the roynl functions Dr Willis «ii» called In, and, In oppoHltlon to tho other phynlclann, pronounced It ns hit decided opinion, that his miijcsty would recover. Tho d' (tor Wfl«, 1" ciinscquenco, Intrusted with "ho principal care of tho royal pcrion ; and tho result confirmed tho accuracy of hla Judg- ment. Ills BucccM woa rewarded with a hnndsome gratuity from parliament, and a va«t RccoBslon of profcssloniil practice very naturally flowed In upon hlin. Ho died In 1807. AVILLIS,! ii'^MAS, on eminent phyilclan and nnntomist, born at (Jreat Hcdmin, in WiltBliirc, In 1021. Ho wa« educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and graduaii'd M.A. In IG'12. Ho first practised at Oxford, and being a thorough royalist In hli sympathies, he obtniD'd nt tho Ilesforatlon tho Bcdielnn profc3sor»lilp of natural philosophy. After grndnatinf? M.D., and obtaining great re putaiion by the publication of hi« work on the lirain, he settled In London, and hoeanic physician to Charles II. Willis's principal work Is entitled, " Cerebri Anatomc ; cul accesslt Nervorum Descriptlo ct Usus," and contains a distinct announcement of tho now gcnornlly accepted conception of the brain as a cluster of organs of the mind. Ho wrote also " rathologia? Cerebri ct Nervosi Generis Specimlna,"" 1)0 AnImaUrutorum," and other works, nil written In good I^itin, and frequently reprinted. Died, 1075. WILLMOrr, UOBKliT AltlH, an I'.nglUh litterateur, was born at liradford. In Wllt- sliire, in 1809. lie was educated at Merchant Taylors' and Harrow Bchools, and after being ensagcd for several years, first in Buil'olk ns private tutor, and then In London as man of letters, entered Trinity College, Cambridge, In 183'2. Having graduated U.A. In 1 1 1 , ho entered the church, held a London < urncy for a short time, and in 1846 became incum- bent of Hear AVtod, Hants, a position In which he remained for Ifi years, dischnrging its duties with much fervour and dovotcd- ness, but often interrupted by ill health. He published numerous works, chiefly col- lections or selections from other writers, with genial illustrative notices. Among them are a volume of his poems, "Journal of Summer Time in the Country," of which a fourth edition appeared in 1864, with a pleasing Memoir by his sister; editions of George Herbert's Works, of Cowper, Akcn- elde, Burns, and Percy's llcliques, and an illustrated volume entitled, " The Poets of the Nineteenth Century." He was also author of an original biography of Jeremy Taylor, which appeared in 1847, and was highly spoken of. He eontrlbuteil nnnnr* tn ^lasers Magazine, the Critic, the' Church Quarterly Keview, and her periodicals. After long suffering from want of sleep, [WIL nf v^I'.i'k'V''*.*' T."i PW»lyils, and died ?863 0»fordshlre, a7th May, WILLOUOHIiy, Sir HuoH, an early Arctic voyager, of whom utmost nothing Is known, except that be was commander of tho expedition of di very, consistiiu' of three vnssels, sent out a 1583 by the < m- pany of Merchant Adventurers; that the •lilps got separated by storms In tho North Sea, and not one of them uhed England again. It is lielievcd tb a some of Wil- loughby's men were living In January, 1051, and a few of those belonging to an- other of the ships returned to Kngland. Uiohard Chancellor was captain of one of tho vessels in this expedition, which was tho first step towards our trade with llussia. WILL8HIRK, Sir TiiOMAH,11art., British general, born at Halifax, North America, In 1789. Iln wascducutcd In England, and was named a lieutenant at six yearsof age. After serving In tho West Indies, and in the ex- pedition of tho Rio do la Plata, under Otneral Whltelocko, during which h" took part In tho attack on Huenos Ayres, in 1807, he served in the Peninsula, and was in the retreat to Corunna ; was at Walchercn in 1809, and In 1812 returned to the Penin- sula, and distinguished himself nt tho as- sault of Han Sebastian. He took part in the passage of the liidassoa and tlio battles of Nlvelle and Nlve. In 1818 ho was em- pl:)y(d on the frontiers of KafTrarla, w'-'TO ho did good service as road and brilg>- maker, and built a fort named after him. Fort Willshire. His most important service there was his defence of Grahamstown against the chief Makanna, the capture of Mokanna, and tho acquisition of the terri- tory between the Keiskamma and Great l-'ish Rivers. Ho next served In India against the Mnhrattas, and, in 1827, became lieutenant-colonel in the 2nd Queen's Royals, which regiment ho brought into a high state of discipline. The ilignity of C. H. was conferred on him in 1838 and in the follow- ing year he commandea under Sir John Keune through the AfiTghan campiign, dis- tinguished himself at tho siege of Ghuznee, and took the fortress of Khelat, for which he was made a baronet, and received the thanks of parliament. Keturniijg to P.ng- land In 111 health, in 1840, he held for five years the command of Chatham, resigned, ond was made major-general in 1847, and spent his remaining years in retirement. Ho was invested with tho Grand Cross of the Bath in 1861, and died suddenly at Hill- house, near Windsor, 3l8t May, 1862. WILUJGHBV, T-RANCis, a celebrated naturalist, born in 1035. lie studied at Cam- bridge, an^ had John Ray for his master, with whom he formed a firm friendship, and travelled through the principalcountrles of Europe for scientific purposes. He paid particular attention to ornithology and Ichthyology, and formed a rich museum of animal and fossil productions. His friend liny srranired and 'Published his works after his decease. These are the " Ornithologisa Llbri Tres," and the "Hlstoriaj Piscium Llbri Quatuor." Died, 1C72. 1099 "If ' I *' 1 I f 1 { I • M ' wil] %, iHtto ©nibernnl ?8(og rap!)p. [wiL WILMOT, of.1 WIIiMOT, JOHN JuOm-, wni boru nt JOHN. [UOCHESTEIl, Karl Dcrliy, In II learned 17»«t ; niK*. n?ln« throuK 't .. ordhu.ry ...«al pvomo- S:^r ««:(£;=;? (>niiilonii"w(;rc publlstii-il In 1H02 — Uii*"". JO N Wil.MOT KMU.M.V.boin «t D.rby.ln in" was » omlnrut vbanrory li.wyj'r. and died in IH S. "f published OUinvlU Trea - " Mcmolrnof hU Vather," " Mfc and Letters '''^^'nSr)N"AJ:Kx*'N..Kn. a cclnbratod or- nltholoK «V'w«H born at l-aUloy.)'« '^''"':,f"f, "„' friend or period lVo"'ftTtendod"thJ Meai.arcis.iei.t shlllluKS in his l>f> l"'*',^ „ " ...flni n idea the university. Hut a short trlul of the OrnltboloKT." He was attRcked with i dysentery In AuRUst, 1813, which csrrW him ofr In a few days. WII.HON, I'l.oHENrK, or In Latin VOID- 8KNUH,BHcottlshwrltcr,borni)rolmblyB(»r Kluln.aliout 1800. He studied nt the unl verslty of I'urls, became an accdiiipliihril scholar, made the aetiualntanco of tenn\ dlsllnRuished men of his time, und wu«(or soMtu time master of the school of Curp«mr«i He wrote, amongst other worku, a dUloijw " Do Anlml Tranqulllltate," wliiihliailjien several times republished. Died, In Inu. phln6, on his way to his native couutry.in laio. ^VILHO^f, OKonoK, reylus profiMor of teebnolony In the university of IMiiihurgh, and director of the Industrial Museum of Scotland, was born at i;dlnl>uigh, 2lit Feb- ruary, 1H18. Ho early showed a luperior IntelllReneo, energy, and vivacity, wiisfond bolii of bookN anil animals, and for tlio «»ke of the studies which It would iiinke nccei- sary ho chose tho medlcul prnfcHioii, and served his apprenticeship in tlie iubontotj of tho Uoyal Infirmary. Uiiriiig tlicianw letter of ntroductlon. or any dettnlto Idea in what manner ho was to earn his live 1- hood In ho varied occupations of a weaver, pod r and schoohnaster, he J">V''\«"/"^ Snwards of 8 years, durluK which tl.no ho t slled his powers to the utinost In hi>^ Xrts at self'^lmprovement ; ""'^.';,'"""«," fj acquirements ho made Y«"\,.Vn.r which drawinir. colourlnR, and etching, wnicii afterwards proved of Incalculable use to Itn durlnK wUlch he had walked 1200 miles. i"o m thU time forward Wilson "PP led his whole energies to his ornithological work, drawhiK etching, and colouring all the «[atls himself ; and Mr Hradford. a book- tt of Pblladelphia. having agreed to run «U the risk of publication, in 1808 tho nrsi »olun?e of hls^ " American Ornithology " ^«an itB annearance. Another and another ^lume'fXwed? and their Infefatigab e author travelled from one end of the rmerican continent to the other, for the pSe of obtaining subscribers to his work as well as to increase bis co lection othiril m 1811 ho thus writes to his bro- ther: "Since February, 1810. I have slept for several weeks in tho wilderness alone, ^aHndLn country, ^'th n^ gun and my nistols In my bosom; and have found mj ?elf 80 reduced by sickness as to bo scarcely IblV to stand, when not within 300 miles of a whlto settlement, and under the burmng hitltudc of 25 degrees. I have, by resolution , Burmoun?cd all these and other obstacles m my way to my object, and now begin to see !V.lhiu« «kv of independence open around me " Honours as well as prolU soon aitcr began to pour in upon him ;, he was a mem- ber of several learned societies, and there was not a crowned head in Europe but had Then become a subscriber to the '^American 1100 the university. Hut a short trlul of the duties of a surgeon convinced hiiaofliisun ntness for the profession , and lie r( liiiquiiM It, devoting himself thencefDrth to cheniibt-l ry. He became nsslstnnt In tlio laborntorj of' Professor Christlson, and in IHllShucaiM] to London and took a place asunpiiiil ui.i!i-j ant In the laboratory of ITofcssor (Jrahiiii| at i;nivfrslty CoUcko. One of Ids clw-j mates there was David (now Or) Lirins-; stone, llecallcd to Kdinburgh by thesud mi death of a beloved relative, lie ro»olvcdtoi settle there; obtained soon after the d^j gree of M.l).. was admitted nn aisociaie of tho "Maga Club," and was tiioifii luocidont of the I'hyslcal Society. -Sj 1H40 ho began his career as l^f"'" ™j chemistry, and at the same t':..c Im lesll began to fail. Hut with pnsslonutcloie ( science, ond desire to tcaeh it, lie hravd i held on, struggling with H'C viU"" « , hero, the hopeful calnmesa of « < ' "M, pliilosopher, and the most bwiut'f"' ''"*1 noss of disposition, against frequently re- curring physical weakness iuid sulkri.. In 1835 liewus appointed airoftor o « Scottish Industrial M''«<->"'^f ' "X'li mediately after professor o ted olow»^, the university of i^'''" »!'B''^ ^K,o he held till his death. H>s n""^'''""; , fill the chair of chemistry, and he hdw prospect of success the y«''f ''^f^'^l T i but he felt compelled to retire fro» candldatesbip on account of l"' ««« ! strength to face the labour Geo ge J was one of the most successful of nu^ on science, and no less ab c asa « «;; expounder. He also made " ""{ '" f ,,,„, chemical investigations ""ll ^f^jX „ and cleared up Point^P'•«V,''" 1 oHhw The most complete and impo n ^^.l inyestigaUj,n_s^ were tho^^^Kes-,_.,^^ published m 1855. "'^'•'^''''L&i- expounder Of science is show m his „,„„ ^ „... , elementary je« Hook," in Chambers's scries, put able " Chemistry ; ^an „S!^i-;,;bii'shed to I WII.] ISL ^m SlniUcrsal 1d(ogr{ipI)Q. [WIL mw, In lili " l-'lvn flHtuwny* of KnowlcdBP," lHJ7,iinillil«iirtii'l<'»on" lOIcclrlclly.iinil tlio Eli'clrli' lVl((?rn|)li," niid " ('licmUtry of the Stnm," tli(< former cniitrtbutod to tliu I'Miii- burftli Hcvlcw, tlio luttpr to tho llrllliih ttunrtorl), nnd both reprinted In tho "Travi'llirii' Mlirary." A* iclcntlflc blo- irapliiM- mill hlsturlun hndlitlnRultlind Mni- iclf by 111* " Mfo Qnd Work* of tlio Honi of Dr John KfUl,"Hnd liln nketche* of the I-lvc» tnd Wnrka of John Diilton, Wollaston, nnd Unliirt lloylo, contributed to tho MritlNh (luarti'rly. Ho nlso wrote numeroui papers (in chcmUtry nnd phyHles, which ore Hcat- icrcd throuKh the tninHiictlons of selcntinc soclctlci. Died, lit I'MlnburRh, Noven\bcr ■2J, 1859, ami wus buried In the Old Ciillon burial-ground. Achiirmlng Memoir, by his ilitcr, Jt'iilo A. Wilson, appeared in lH»i>. A condensed edition Is onnouneed (Muy, IWiR). WILSON, HiiiiACl". ItAYMA.v, one of our most dlstlnKiiUhed oriental ncholiirs, wiis born about the yeur 17H(!. In 1H08 he went 1) India n» assistant surReon, but war «oon nppointod assay master und mint secretary at fttlciitta, and, on the death of l)r Hunter, in 1811,BCcretary of tho AHlatic .Society of Honifal. In 181!) he completed a dictionary of tho Sanskrit langunKo, which at onco raised lilm to eminence as an Orientalist, and he afterwards made known to tho Eng- lish public four ancient Sanskrit dramas under the title of the " Hindu Tbeutre.'' He was the first to introduce tho study of tho I'n({lish laiiKuage and llternturo in tho edu- cation of tho natives of India, and himself (llricted the studies of the Hindu College at Calcutta from the time of Its e8t.il)li8hnM3nt. While ftiU ennased in a course of prnetical usefulness iis well as Irnrninj; in India, he was elected, in 18,13, without solicitation, to the Sanskrit professorship in the university of Oxford, then founded by tho mngniflccnt bequest of Colonel Hoden ; nnd from that time until his death, at the age of 74, in Moy, If-fiO, he eoiitinuid without intermission his eminent services in the progress of Sanskrit scholarship, publishingmnny original works, as well as editing others, nnd contributing a scries of elaborate articles to tho Journal of the Hoyal Asiatic Society. AVILSON, James, a well-known financier, was born in iHdS, nnd commenced his career 118 a hatter, in which he at first failed. He then turned his mind to political economy, in which his great powers soon raised liim to a high reputation. In 1839 he published a volume on " The Influences of the Corn I.aws." This was followed by others on the lluctuatiuns of Currency, Commerce, nnd Manufactures," "On Capital, Currency, Banking," &c. In 1813 he set up the " Kcon- omist" newspaper, in 1848 was appointed secretary to tlic Hoard of Control, and sub- sctiuently financial secretary to the Trea- sury. In 185!) ho went as tinnnce minister . — ._, ....ijr He iimiivuiaieiy incrooHCca many financial alterations, the most import- ant being the establishment of an Income- tax comprehending the native population. He was, however, soon cut off by cholera. nnd died at Calcutta, August II, IHOO, aged W I I.HON, JOHN, n dIstlnguUbed poet, eritle, nnd prosowriter, tho well known " Christopher North "of Hlack wood's Muga- zlne, was tho son of a prosperous manu- fueturer In I'alsley, where he was born, in 1785. From tho university of Olusgow he passed to that of Oxford, entering MaKdnlcuo College as a gentleman commoner, nnd win- ning tho Ncwdcgato prize for lOnglish verso. On ([uittlng the unlvcrsitv, tho young poet took up his abode on tho banks of Winder- mere, at Klleray, a beautiful place which he had purchased, and where ho continued for several years to enjoy tho society of Words- worth, and tho other distinguished men of letters who then shnred tho retirement of the lliiglish Iiukes. Here he wrote the first poem whieli made his name known beyond college circles— an " lOlegy on tho Death of .Iniiies (Jrahanie," tho author of " Tho Sab- bath." This was followed in 1812 by " The Isle of riiiiiis, ' a work which odvanced its author's reputation so liiKhly that it can hardly bo said to have been materially ex- tended by his later and more elaborate com- position of "Tho Oity of the I'lngue." Leaving tho path of poetry, ho addressed himself to proso Action, and enriched oitr literatuTO, in rapid suecession, with thoiie beautiful and fascinating books, tho "Lights and Shudows of Scottish Life," the " Trials of Margarnt I.yndsay," nnd " Tho Tor- rcsters." Hut it was chiefly In periodical literature that he earned his well-incritcd fame. Soon after tho establishment of Illack- wood's Magazine, in 1817, he became its chief editor; ond it was in this field that all his varied gifts wore summoned into activity, and that he produced, month after month, that series of nrtieles which long filled the public with mingled delight and astonish- ment, by their extraordinary combination of tho most opposite qualities — pathos the purest, the deepest, and the most tender ; wild, wanton, and withering sarcasm ; senti- ment, refined and exalted to the piicli of de- votion; and humour of the freest, broadest, nnd most exuberant vein. Mr Wilson was called to tho Scotch bar in 1815, but never practised. In 1820 he was appointed to the chair of moral philosophy in Edinburgh University, then vacant by the deatli of Dr ThomnsHrown; and It is remarkable that, even thus early. Sir AValter Scott had re- cognized in 'lim talents, which only wanted proper direction " to make him the first man of the age." In 1851 he resigned his pro- fessorship in consequence of ill health ; and about the same time ho received a pension from tho crown of £300 a year. Professor Wilson's academical |-relections will never be forgotten by those who had the good for- tune to hear them. Xor was it only the force and splendour of his eloquence that endeared liim to all his students. He was the never-failing friend of every youth who sought Ills help; the counsel which he was ever ready to impart attcst-d iiut less the kindness of his benevolent heart than the sagacity of his discriminating judgment; nnd the disinterested integrity of his charac- ter, and the conscientious consistency with 1101 r In 1 i ) ;i 1 1 i * i-ii-^* wil] % i^eto Stuibtrisal lSio9yap^)B» [win ■which ho ever maintained his principles, were acknowledged as sincerely by his most molute opponents as by his flrmest fneiids. Died, 1854. Memoirs of Wilson, by Mrs Gor- don, have since appeared. . v.,„ii.h WILSON, RICHARD, au eminent English landsca,je painter, was born in 1714, in Mo tKomeryshire. He began his career as a Dortrait painter, which line lie quitted, by the idvicc of Zuccarelli, and went to Italy, where he studied landscape painting with a success that obtained for him the appella- tion of the English Claude. The first picture he cxhibUed was Niobe, and in 1765 he pro- duced a view of Rome. Although whatever came from his easel bore the stamp of ele- Kance and truth, yet, during the latter pait of his lifi', he was doomed to undergo neg- lect, and he was reduced to solicit the office of librarian to the Royal Academy, of which he haT 'on chosen one of the Arst members Amoiv his best works are the " Niobe," the •' Su ns of the Villa of Maecenas " (now.wUl. several other of his works in the Nan on u r.AlliTv1 " Phaeton," " Ceyx andAlcjonc, "p"owdon," &c. Died, at Llanfenis m Denbighshire, 1782. A Memoir of his Life, bvT Wricht, appeared in 18.24 _ . , , WILSON, Sir ROBKRT, a distinf;uislicd ccneral oWccr, who played also a conspicuous fmrt in the party politics of his time, was Eo n fn Lonrn^777. Educated at West^ Ster and Winchester, he ^ent into a solicitor's office, with a view t? qua fy him- self for the law; but an acciuental intro- duct on to the duke of York induced him to exchange the desk for the field, and in 1793 he went to Flanders as a volunteer, and bore a distinguished part in all the 'cavalry actions of that campaign. During the re- bellion in Ireland he served on tlie staff; in 1799 he made the campaign in Holland, and the following year he took part >» Abei- cromby's expedition to Egypt. He after- wards published an account of this expedi- tion, which derived especial P'-P"!"" y ';?."^ Us Charges against nuonaparlc of crupity towards .he prisoi.ors at Jaffa. In 1805 he arnoinanied Sir D. Baird to the Urazils, and was present at the capture of the Cape of Good Hope. On his return he accom- panied Lord Hutchinson to the continent Sn a secret mission. He was attached to tie combined armies, and Present in ail the oncrations, battles, and actions.from Pultusk to Friedland. We next find this active officer in Lisbon, where, in 1308, he super- intended the levy of the Portuguese refugees ; and he subsequently commanded a legion in Spain, and wound up a career of great gal- lantry and peril in the Peninsula by a suc- cessful engagement with the French at Bainos. His reputation for courage and ability was still further increased by the Russian and German campaigns of 18li, 1813 and 1814 ; and the Emperor Alexander testified his admiration of his exploits by hanging the cross of St George round his neck in the presence of the assembled army. After the peace in 1815 he visited Pans, where he drew upon hiuibelf great notoriciy bv aiding in the escape of Lavalette, is detailed in our (.ketch of that remarka- ble man. In consequence of this act he 1102 incurred the displeasure of the prince re. gent, and his conduct at the funeral of Queen Caroline having completed his disgrace at head-quarters, he was dismissed from the army in 1821, and all the foreign orders he had received were resumed by their respect- ive sovereigns. But a public pubscriptioa was made to indemnify him, and after the lapse of a few years he was restored to his rank. Sir K. Wilson sat from 1818 to 1831 in' parliament for South wark ; in 18il he at- tained the full rank of general, and in l!i(2 he was appointed govc-nor of Gibraltar,and had just returned from that post after schu years of command, when he dini suddenly, May 9, 1849. His "Private Diary, lept during the Campaigns of 1812-14," and. a "Life" from his own memoirs, &c., have been since published. WILSON, THOMAS, bishop of Sodor and Man, born, 1663; died, 1755. He was edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin, was nr- dained priest in 1G89, and three years later became tutor to Lord Strange, son of the earl of Derby. He was consecrated bishop of Sodor and Man in 1698. He applied him- stlf zealously to the moral and religious im- provement of his diocese, but carried out his views of discipline with too high a hanii, and in 1722 sutfered imprisonment at Castle llushin. He was released on appeal the fol- lowing year. His works consist of " Ii^ ligious Tracts," and" Sermons," with a short " History of the Isle of Man." A Lite of this prelate was written by Keble. WILSON, William Rae, LL.D,, chiefly known by his "Travels in the Holy Land," was born in 1774. At an early age he be- Ciime acquainted with the duke of Kent, who remained his steady patron through life, .and who furnished him with ewy species of recommendation likely to facili- tate his travels in the East. Le was one of the first of a class of travellers, since hecom numerous, whose object has been to illiu- trate the statements of holy writ by otetria- tions on the scenery and nianuci'ii of tliose | parts of the world in which its events took place. In all his works he preserved a re- ligious tone, with a strong bias againsttlie Roman Catholic Church ; but, on the whole.ii his writings display an unusual frcedoai from false colouring and affectation. DiMt June 2nd, 1849. ,. ^ , ^, WILTON, JOSEPH, an English souW born at London, in 1722. He studied m Hol- land, France, and Italy; was .loint-direc r, with Cipriani of thedukeofRiclimondsCii-, lery for art-students, and one of thefounJeii^ of the Royal Academy. He was cmploi | by George III., executed a great"! statues and busts, and grew very rich * art. Among his works are mmM Wolfe in Westminster Abbey, of S pw Hales, and Admiral Holmes; f^^^^l. Cromwell, Newton, Chatham, &c. ViKon diedinl803. riii-tcT'ot WINCHESTER, WILLIAM P;\\I-f ' ^ Poi^LET), Marquis of, a .lIstinguishcdE lish statesman of the ICth""'"^;; , J- 1 f., — , o snoiproptshire famiiji »«' ^^^ Jhik'estates-lnHampslme^Bjrj about 1475, he indulged in ear'y f ^ ,; extravagant modes of living that lic^ Che displeoauro of the prince re- his conduct at the funeral of Queen having completed his disgrace at rters, he was dismissed from the 821, and all the foreign orders he ved were resumed by their respect- eigns. But a public pubscriptioa ! to indemnify him, and after the few years he was restored to hii 11. ^Yilson sat from 1818 to 1831 in ^ at for South wark ; in 1841 he at- ; le full rank of general, and in \Ui [)pointed govc-nor of Gibraltar.and returned from that post after seven command, when he dini suddenly, 1849. His " Private Diary, lept ] he Campaigns of 1812-14," and. a from his own memoirs, &c., have 'e published. JN, THOMAS, bishop of Sodor and n, 1663 ; died, 1755. He was edu- Trinity College, Dublin, was nr- riest in 1G89, and three years later tutor to Lord Strange, son of the )erby. He was consecrated bishop and Man in 1698. He applied him- )usly to the moral and religious ini- nt of his diocese, but carried out his ■ discipline with too high a hand, r22 suffered imprisonment at Castle He was released on appeal thefol- year. His works consist of " Ee- j racts," and" Sermons," with a short I y of the Isle of Man." A Life of ! ate was written by Keble. \ ON, William Uae, LL.D., chiefly )y his "Travels in the Holy Land," 1 in 1774. At an early age he be- quainted with the duke of Kent, Tiained his steady patron throujli i who furnished him with every of recommendation likely to facili- travels in the East. Ke was one of of a class of travellers, since become us, whose object has been to illiu- 2 statements of holy writ by obstria- the scenery and manners of those | the world in which its events took In all his works he preserved a re- tone, with a strong bias againsttbe Catholic Church ; but, on the whole, ;ing8 display an unusual freedom ISO colouring and affectation. Died, rON, JOSEPH, an English m\m London, in 1722. He studied inHol- ranco.and Italy; was joint-director pri an i of tlie duke of lUchmond s m- art-students, and one of thefoundeij Uoyal Academy. He was emplojej irge III., executed a great 'wr and busts, and grew very rich by M .mong his works are i»onum™»« in Westminster Abbey, oStep^ and Admiral Holmes; f^^^^l ell, Newton, Chatham, &c. ^M"«»j CHESTER, WILLIAM r.-*"f,f'j T), Marquis of, a. llstinguishcdBf tesman ofthelCth century, « I , f.^^^ o sntnpraPtshire famiiyi »»' 8 c'h'ief estates in Hampshue. B»r=, l475,heindulgodi.n early e.s«c^ agaut modes of living tb«t hc^^ win] % Jleto ©nibsMol 13(ograpf)e. compelled to sell his lands, and then went to court, and "on the bare stock of his wit," nys Fuller, " trafficked so wisely and pros- pered so well, that he got, spent, and left more than any subject since the Conqueat." lie was first in the service of Henry VII., was treasurer of the household to Henry VIII. and Edward VI., the former of whom made him a peer and K. G., and the latter a marquis and lord-high-treasurer in 1551. He was clever and supple enough to hold that olficealso under Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. "No oaks, but an osier," was his character as drawn by himself. Died, 10th March, 1572. Basing House, which was besieged by Crorawell, was built by this marquis of Winchester. His portrait, by an unknown hand, is in the National Collection. WINCKELMANN, JOHANN JOACHIM, a celebrated writer on art, was horn of poor parents at Stendal, in Prussia, in 1717. He was enthusiastically fond of books and study in his childhood ; was sent to study theology at Hallo ; passed many years in the taskwork of a schoolmaster, private tutor, and librarian, and in 1755, after becoming a Eoman Catholic for the sake of an offer made to him by the papal nuncio at Dresden, he went to Home, where his great accom- plishments as art-student soon made him the friend of the most distinguished persons. The painter, Mengs, was his intimate friend. After various temporary engagements he became librarian to Cardinal Albani, and de- voted himself thenceforth to the composition of his numerous works. The principal of these i» his" Geschichte der Kunst des Al- terthums," which, though inadequate as a history, was highly appreciated at the time of its publication for its learning and criti- cism, and was the means of inciting others to a more full investigation of the subject it treats of. Among Winckeluiann's other works are, " Monumenti Antichi inediti," a treatise on the Imitation of Greek works of Art, Observations on the History of Art, and a large collection of Letters. In 1768 he visited Vienna, and was received there with great honour ; but on his return- journey to Italy he was assassinated at Trieste, 8tU June, by a man named Arcan- geli. who had accompanied him during part of his journey. AVINDHAM, JoSErir, an eminent anti- quary, was born at Twickenham, in 1739 ; was educated at Eton, and Christ's College, Cambridge ; went to Home, and there took drawings of the monuments of antiquity ; composed the principal parts of the " Ionian Antio.uities," published by the Dilettanti Society, and assisted Stuart in his work on Athens. He was a fellow of the Hoyal and Antiquarian Societies. Died, 1810. WINDHAM, AVILLIAM, an eminent Eng- lish statesman, was boni ill London, in 1750. He was of an ancient Norfolk family, whose eeat,»incel4Gl,wasPelbrigg Hall; was edu- cated at Eton, Glasgow University, and University College, Oxford ; and began his political career in 1778, by a speecn at Nor- wicli, in condemnation of the American nar. two years later he was an un c- Mssful candidate for the representation of NorvTlch in parliament, but in 1783 he wus [WIN elected for that city. He took part in the conduct of the impeachment of Warren Hast- ings; held the ofHce of secretary-at war un der Pitt's ministry for seven ^ears* was one of the leading members of ODDositiiHi under the Addington administration, and in consequence of his condemnation of the short-lived peace of Amiens, In 1802, lost his seat for Norwich. He was returned for a small borough, and remnineil In opposition under the succeeding Pitt ministry; but iu 180G he accepted the post of secretary-at- war, and also for the colonies, in the " Ad- ministration of the Talents," which only lasted about a year. Mr Windham showed himself always a man of honour, temperate, liberal, and highly accomplished. He was an advocate for the removal of Catholic dis- abilities ; condemned the attack on Copen- hagen and the Walchercn expedition ; but was an opponent of parliamentary reform. Died, 1810. Mr Windham married, but left no children, and bequeathed Felbrigg to Admiral Lukln, who assumed the name of Windham. His grandson, whose foolish, profligate life has been too notorious, sold the estate, and died early this year (1866). The portrait of the statesman, by lleynolds, IS m the National Gallery ; another, by Law- rence, is in the National Portrait Gallery. His " Diary," kept at the suggestion of Dr Johnson, whose friendship he enjoyed, has lately appeared, edited by MrsH. Baring. WINDISCHGKATZ, . ALFRED, Prince, Austrian field-marshal and commander-in- chief, was son of Joseph Prince AVindisch- gratz, and was born at Brussels, in 1787. He succeeded to his father's title in 1802, and two years later entered the Austrian army. He took part In the campaigns of 1805, 1809, and 1813-14 against the French, and attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1833. He is chiefly remembered for the part he played in opposing the revolutionary movements of 1848-49. He was governor of Prague at the outbreak of the Slave insurrection of June, 1848 ; the princess, his wife, was shot by the insurgents as she looked from a window ; and the prince bombarded the town for 48 hours, and after a severe conflict, defeated the insurgents and suppressed the move- ment. He was created in October following fteld-marshal, and named commander-in- chief of the fore -of the empire out of Italy, and marched on Vienna, which was then in the power of the revolutionary party. He proclaimed a state of siege, and after some days' delay commenced the attack, which was supported by the Croats under Jella- ■fchich. The conflict was very sharp, and only ended after four days' fighting with the capture of the city, Ist November. The exe- cution of the republlcaa leader, Kobert Blum, a fortnight later, produced a very painful feeling throughout Europe. In the following year Prince Windischgratz was employed against the Hungarians, but after some favourable movements and the occupa- tion of several towns, he was unable to ac- complish anything more, and had to quit Buda before the increasing forces of the enemy. He had fought on the side of abso- lutism all h"„^'f J' .^f civil war; was an M.l>. ; and died in K.jO. AraonK his worUs are, " A Natural ond Ar- tlflcTa? Arithmetic." " Ludus -^a liomat l- cus," '• Maxims of Koason," audon " Abrida- mont of the Statutes." . WINSLOW, jACaUKS BENIONE, a CDlC- bratcd Danish anatomist, was born In bfifl. at Odcnsco ; settled In France ; and in 1743. succeeded M. Uunault as professor of anato. mv and Dliysiolotry. ut the lloyal llotanic Garden is piineipal work, which has K translated' into Knglisl., Gc^n>^. ta- Han ond Latin, is entitled I'.xposiuon Anatomiquc dc la Structure du Corps Hu- main." Ulcd, 1T(;0.;_ __.^_^^,^,._ _ .^^_ WINSOll.FKKDimiCK Al.BKUT.nn enter m-lslnK projector, to whom we are Indebted for the Kas im-hts which Ilium natc our streets, &c.; made his tlrst public expcr l- n ents at the Lyceum, in the Strand, In IHOJ lie afterwards llKhtcd with Ras the walls of Cantou'palace c!ar.U ns, on the ^inB'B h.rth- dav in 1807 ; and durinR 1809 and 1810 nc Ughted one side of Tall Mall, from the house which ho then occupied In that street. He followed up his object with great pcrscvo - once, and at length obtained a charter of in- corporation for a gaslight and coko eonv- nany. In consequence, however, of some Enderstanding with Jhe parties wih whom he was associated, he «»'d not oh am his expected remuneration. In 1816 he wtnt toVarU. where he also erected pB-wovks, and established a company. Died, Jf ^; ■WINSTON, CilAULES,an eminent A>ritcr nn irlass- painting, was aon of Ben.iamln Sand- ?ord V c;?; of F;n'nin,.ham, 'n Kent, and was born in 181 1. His father afterwards took tl e I ,m me of Winston. The son was trough up ' to the law, entered the Inner Tcmplo al out 831 and was called to the barin 1845. 1 om l.is youth he had taken great interest m L ass-painting, a.ul having spent a large . Srt o M« time for many years in the^s m iy ! of it he pubUshcd in 1847 his valuable li - quir'y into the Difference of Style obsen^ble . In ftiicient Glass-painting, especial y in Lng- II land; with Hints on Glass-painting." It appeared anonymously, but he soon a"" 1 pEhed a sunlmary of the work with his ''Same. It Is highly esteemed, and has con trilmted to a creat improvement in the art. D ed suddenlf at his chambers, 3rd October, K A voiunL of his." Memoirs IHuf IjCa of the Art of Tainting on Glass, with a short blograpby, has since appeared. WINT, [DK WINT.j AVINTEU, JAN WILLF.M BE, a Dutch admiral, was born In 1750. Having been an aeti^ve partisan in the revolution which broke out iS 17^7 he was obliged to take re «ge ... France, when the party of the stadtholder *'^'„:.V. " T_ T.-..„X.o \,o Pnterod the army, served under'Dumourie/, and Piche^-ru, and in a short time rose to the rank of general of brigade In 1795, when Vichegru Invaded — .: : 1104 Holland, He AVlnterrctnrned to Ilia country, where the states-general nuulu him vice- admiral and commander of the navnl fomi at Texel. Here, with 29 vessels, of wliich 10 were ships of the Uno.lie was completely defeated by Duncan, Oct. 11, 1797. Uicii, 1812. WINTEU, PETER VON, nn otnlncnt ncr- man musician, born at Manliclm, in i;54, and, nt the ogo of 10 years, wns aprointcda member of the orchestra of the cliclor. He composed operas, oratorios, and otlicr vocal and instrumental music, much of whicli lias considerablo merit. Died, 1825. •WINWOOD, Sir BALrii, statesman, mt born about 1665, at Aynhoe.in Northampton- shire. Ho was twice envoy to Holland, wm knighted in l14, till his decease, inl(il7. He wrote "McmoiialsofAIfairs of State in the Reigns of (lucen Elizabeth and King Jniiic8l.,"3 vols, folio. His portrait, by Mlievcldt, isin the National Portrait Gallery. WISR, FIIANCIS, on English nntiqnary and lladcliifc librarian at Oxford, was born at Oxford in 1695. He was educated at Trinity College, graduated M.A. in 17i7,aiid became fellow of his college In 1719. Dni- ployed for a time as assistant in the Bod- leian Library, he was afterwards tutor to the Hon. Francis North, who gave him tlic living of Eilcsfleld, near Oxford. He led arctircd, studious life, published several tiooks and nainphlets, and was named Hadchffe Lita- rian in 1748. His writings arc two pamph- lets on the curious ancient work known ai the White Horse, in llerksliire, a catalopie of the coins in the Bodleian Library, & quiries concerning the first Inliabitants, Learning, and Letters of Europe," &c. Mr Wise was a fellow of the Society ot Anti nuarlcs. Died at EllesUcld in 1767. WISE, MICHAEL, one of the best Englii composers of sacred music, was a native o Wiltshire, ond in IGGO became one of th! choristers of the Chapel Itoyai. He wn«s« • scmieutly organist of Salisbury Cathcdr^, gen leman of the Chapel Koval, andalmoj ^f St Pours. He enjoyed ,r some nn * favour of Charles II., nnd was at last kiW in a street quarrel, in 1G8<. WISKMAN.NICIIOI.A?. Carclmal.ItoM Catholic archbishop .f ^Vcstnuns ter «i born at Seville, in 1.8ii2. He ^'^/.'S iinciont Engl'sh fami y, V;"<^f„^\ " J of est atcs in Essex in the t"f of -^^3 n one of them being knighted by Hen f and another made a ^f ""«' ^^th C * After studying for eight years at >e Co W of St Cuthbert, near l^»rtiain, ho ^»^ 1818, to Home, and ^'ns one o thcflrstBe^ hers of the English College tl^ce. iw™ ID. in 1824, he soon after tooli ! ml * and became 'professor of one. a § in the university, and >«;o^°' \' ^L College. At the same pcrio e M j somcrepulationasoneof 1 ;,„^ scholars of Europe by the fl »' ° „„ « "Horio SyriacsD." After "'' /"" f^-i England, in 1835, he V'^S t « troversy with Dr Turt^on.^ifterwa.M ^^^^^1 of Ely, respecting inc r- j "•:;,„, ID ijibwpi Wiseman was appointed coadjutortoBJl irn vicar apostolic of tn^ , Walsh, thei "Winter returned to Ilia country, statcs-Bcncral iiiiulu Iiliii vice- commander of the navnl forcii Icre, with 29 -vessels, of which **^ ,niversity,andrccoro It S . At the same period '-e 'f ; .^ ,pulationas one of the f;j w-,^ sofK«rope_bythepuWiato 1^ Syviacffi." After "'* ."^"".fa. 1 d in 1835, he was engaged n J ?^ I ^'S;\th m Turt^on, ..fterwardsgj] i^^^:!;ji,oi^ted;.a^«^^^ , then vicar apostolic of tut j^^, wis] ^ j^cto gtnibergal 33{osrapI)i). Dittrict, and at the same time president of 1st Mary's College, Oscott, near Hlrininghnm. Atthat period ho was oeoply interested in the Tractarian movement nt Oxford, which ho jealously promoted, and from which he hoped more than ho realized. Ho was censured fur the unseemly haste with whieh lie sought to make priests of the "distinguished con- verts." In 1HI9 ho bccnmo vicar apostolic of the London District. In the following year ho was summoned to Home, and soon after Pius IX. issued an "apostolical letter," 'reestablishing tlic hierarchy In Eiigl.uid, land by a brief named I)r Wiseman " arch- jbishopof AV(;Htininster." Tills was the too celebrated " papal aggression," which raised such a storm in England, and led to the passing of a special act against the assump- tion of certain ecclesiastical titles. Dr Wiseman was at the same time M-cated car- dinal, being tlie seventh Kn ■ ; cardinal since the Iteformation. He for many years joint editor and a frequent contributor to the " Dublin Koviow," and his essays therein were separately published in 18r3a. His name was frequently before the public as a lecturer on art, science, history, and other topics; his ambition being rather to shine in many fields than to be thoroughly master in one. He is said to have declared before liis death that he had never in his life adoubt respectingany article of the Catholic iCrecd ; no wonder that he failed to under- stand the times in which he lived. It was thro«,';h his influence that the " Home and Foroifiu Keview," the able organ of the liberal party in the church of Rome, was londeranod, and its dincontinuanco necessi- tated. Among his works, besides those Bamed above, are " Lectures on the Connee- Rion between Science and llevcnled Heli- ■^ioni""Uigh Church Claims," strictures m the Tractarian movement ; " Fabiola," a ale; The Four Last Popes," and various -ettersand Lectures on ecclesiasticnl inat- lers. One of his latest literary papers was a iroposal for a Tercentenary Edition of .hakospearo," which appeared in the Fine 'rts Quarterly Keview. Cardinal AViseman -heen in ill health for several years ; he ted Home in 1860; and died at London, Ml I-ohruary, \m. He was interred with Sitimirr"'' "''I"' "remony in the lloman Kviiw^^.T'^y at Kciisal Green. •niv i. r ' ''KORGE, the friend of John cnttish schoolmaster, and having received .doctrines of the Reformation, icgan to ^nch tliem, probably about 153G. Fear d he'w'w?" ''^ ^''"'" '''« native country,' KZ'T',^'''''^ '" England, where Ztl f''''"'^''^' "'»> by persecution was ml 7n Hi'/r^ ,A«"h'« return to Seot- tt bolA rn''''"""'''''^'' himself as one he Refnrmn?- '""•' ^'''I'ement promoters lurchmomPf^°"' J n*' "."^ j O .* il: ^rl SI v\ ':u\- 1, 1« , l( wod] ^ j^cto ggnibgtisgl 1Sio9rapl)g. [woi! ■ , ,. i I yi-orka have lost much of their intereit, 1834; and died at his seat, in Poaoua, lu ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^y j^^^ p„gQ„gj „,(^ laii .,,.. •„« of th? aubiects; hut they exhibit a racy hn- tvOBKOW.KOBERT, a Scottish histona^, "^J^^^SeshAess, often imitated butmclj w^s born in 1679, at Glasgow ; studied V-e "J^"^ j*^° ^ ^rtrait of Wolcott, a minia- ^"ve^sTty'of that city . of wh'e>;^^e ^„ -^, ^^^^^^ ,, in the ^•atio^al Col- '^:;^::^^^^'^^r'. ■^ne^vrotc As- le™ ^^^.^^^^^^ ^ ,,,,„^„,,^, ,^^. Lry of he Sufferings of tne Church of S^^^^^^^^ ^^ literature, Mas born at ai'^fromtlieRestorationtotheUe^^^^^^^^^ ,,36, He was educated at the The narrative is pervaded by intense paiiy iye„ity of Gratz, and in consequence of sTrit and though generally necepted as unive^^^^^^^ ^^^ literature, abandoned the ^' WOnlNGTON, MAROAUET, a celebrated actress was born at Dublin, in 1718. Hcr aciresb, "OB -r^ndon was at Covcnt JLnf in whatever parts she ».ssumed. Her fact, '". ^'^7;^„rivate life were also uni- protcssion ui ii'c »»" -• ;•" •■- -o---- obtaincd an appointment in the linpcml I ibrary of Vienna. In that city he spent the rest of his life, his Icnowledge and efficiency as librarian ultimately earning liim the responsible post of Keeper of ih( Manuscripts. His earlier writings were essays on some obscure portions of modiinl literature ; his later, chiefly or. Spanisliaiil Portuguese literature, lor which he had al- most a passlonace admiration. Among hii nrincipal works are a critical eihtion of ancient Spanish ballads, " biuiicn m Geschichte der Spanlscheu und Portu»iesis-| Chen National lAteratur," and Le Mi\\\ liltt^raire." He contributed also to Etieili; " Jahrbuch fur Komanische und Engliscliil Literatur," and to the Transactions of th- Imperlal Academy oi "Vienna, of whiAli! was honorary secretary from the time of itt foundation. Died at Vienna,18thFebinatT, 1 Rfifi AVOLr FRIEDRICK Ai;ouST, one of the greatest of modern German scholars wii born near Nordhausen, in 1750; studied it Gbttingen, and was successively professotJl •philology at Halle nnd Berlin. Hisw mcntariesonthe classic authors are m* of learning and critical saga-city; butJeii chiefly known in EnglandforhisattonjpiiB prove that the Hiad and the Odyssey d« p'occed from one hand, but were th wort^ of several rhapsodists, subsoquently J« together, and made up into the twoepw boar ng the name of Uon,cv. He tm p* F.R.S. His most in,poriauYvur,.n«.c^..>.. 1^1^,^^^ ^.,^^6 views in his faniou3".P* tion of the Greek I^.^^^^f '^^^"^^/'eum to mena ad Homerum," which appeared nl J Alexandrine codex in the »""^^,?l"'^.^^^lap T^ovk of profound learning and won« i:S:^^.^T^TeiL S^- ^^ eritioalac«^cn.and whicUi.oton.y™.^ HYo"t'rOTT TonN, the humourist and ! slH^^^^rffi-iraS: rr-inied Sir WHlinm 'rreiawney to .l;'.'«aicr. as Scian. While residing in that island he Fnoif orders and was presented with aliving. ^0°nhU return io En/and he -"led at Truro wi.ence he removed to Helston , ana n wii» while he resided in Cornwall that he drew Sni obscurity tlie painter Opic,wihwh^^^ In I78f. he ''amo to London. After his arm ai n the metropolis he soon rendered himself c-onsnicuous by his satires, which rapKlly succecdtd each other, and were highly popu- succecutu i-iiv,.^,^ „,,.., flni^hed works are, ""ivrirMe's to the iloyal Academicians'' and'"The Lousiad.; In th. decline of lie ho became Wind, [and died m 1819 . His critical acumen, uuu «iiiv,i..." — „ „,.|,, B4,tse„.allonon it. «r.t "PP '■«;! orlaiiialtd a controversy of '"ff"} srot.ax.\':. "vS'- author of many works on ^if^'f ™, lit-ratur.', and ho heiuc'th" ^ ^^ ect'oa of rabbinical and. onen'»! J^^ i, the T>ublic library at Hamburg, rtts diea. In 1739. ,,T,^,„nv\-Mtjsl, ai^'l WOLF, JKROM (H"f O^f L': alKv! guishfcd German Pl'^'f ^'^'/.'f rt^l fuigen In 1516. Ijen\«;"°"/S Ji^ oi a strange, restless tc^npe^^^^^^^^ I to the nniversHies of '^"'S „„»« I bcrg ; was af: -'^wards cnn'^lo>^ed;^^^^^ Basel; and, in 1551, settled .t las- » rian t-r one of the ruggers at , Iwol] m ^eix> Bnibttata BSiograpfip. ave lost much of their intereit, j I the temporary and personal nitnie ' ihjectB i hut they exhibit a racyhn- d freshness, often imitRted but rarely A portrait of Wolcott, a minia- Lethbrldge, is in the National Col- P FERDINAND, a distinguished Ger- storlan of literature, was liom at in V796. He was educated at the , ity of Gratz, and in consequence of iness for literature, abandoned the on of the law, r.nd at the age of 23 d an npyiointment in the Imperial r of Vienna. In that city he spent 5t of his life, his l(nowIedge rod cy lis librarian ultimatelj- caininj e responsible post of Keeper of the :rlpt8. His earlier writings were an some obscure portions of mediival jre ; his later, chiefly on Spanish anl ■uese literature, for which he had ,il- [ passionace admiration. Among hii aal works are a critical edition of t Spanish ballads, " btuiicn zer ichte der Spanischeii und Portugicsis- National I.iteratur," and"LeBr('iil aire." He contributed also to Eherfi ■buch fiir Komanische und Engliscbt itur," and to the Transactions of th! •ial Academy oi Vienna, of which lii onorary secretary from the time of ia ation. Died at Vienna, ISthFcbroirr, )LT", FRIKDRICH AUGUST, onc of th( I est of modern German scholar;, ™ near Nordhausen, in 17.W ; studied it nsen, and was successively professoitl loffy at Halle and Berlin. His e» ariesonthe classic authors are modeli irningand critical sagacity; but he ii U known in EnglandforhisattomfiBlo e that the Hiad and the OdjsseydidM ccd from one hand, but were the woiU everal rhapsodists, subsequently jil thcr, and made up into the nvo e^ ing the name of Uomev. He ;r. A >d these views in his famous "Pr.^ a ad Homerum ,' • wliich appeared aA ork of profound learning and woiitoM ical acumen, and which not only e :ri asensationonitsfirstappeaag^ 'inated a controversy of wr-'f ''HI Meter, in which the greatest km r, •ope have taken" part, and >^W«t closed. Wolf was a great antajODiMI ^;i.r'^o?^A^KCH.iSTorH,di,i.^ oriental languages !<* "/'j;^^^^^ ;^,or of many works on ^If J^f"" '. . ^ratur.', and ho l'ed; Vhbled in astrology ; and died at Aufjsburg, il58u. WOLFK, Charles, an IrjiiU divine and a poet of great promise, was born In I79I, at Jublin ; was educated at High Abbey School, M'inchester, and it Trinit» College, Dublin ; loMained the curacy of Ballyclog, which he leichanged for that of Castle Caulfleld ; and Idled, of consumption, in 1523. Among other Ipoems possessing considerable merit he Iwrote the well-known " Burial of Sir John jMoore,' commencing, "Not a dium was liieard;" which was pronounced by Liyrd IByron "the most perfect ode in the lan- guage." f W'OuPE, JAMES, Major-general, the son lof Lieutenant-general Edward Wolfe, was brn at Wcsterkam, in Kent, iu 17^'"-. He fcntered early into the army, and distinguish- ed himself by his bravery and the decision tf his character on many occasions during She German war. He was present at the ibavtleof Dettingen, took part in the cam- baign of Pontenoy, was present at the bat- ftles of Palkirk and Culloden, and at the •lege of Maestricht. lleturning to England In 1749, he commanvled a regiment in the lighlands the next five years. In 1757 he kerved in the expedition against liochefort, jind the following year under General Am- herst in Korth America. On his rcturii he MS appointed to the command of the ex- pedition against Quebec. The enterprise frasgrealand hazardous; but General Wolfe, Ji spite of failing health and a very in- hdequate force, surmounted all obstacles, kndon the heights of Abraham, Sept. 13, 1(59, encountered the French ; .vhen, in the taoment of victory, he received a hf.ll in Ihe wrist and another in the body, which IWiged him to be carried into the rear. There, while in the agonies o~ death, being |oused by the sound of " They run ! " he agerly asked, " Who run ? " and being told lie French, he exclaimed, "I thank God, Jntt die contented." A touching story is »Id how General Wolfe, on the eve of the pattl3, recited, in a boat on the river, nearly he whole of Cray's "Elegy," then recently labhshed, and said he would rather have peen its luitlior than have the glory of bent- n? the French next day. His remains were ■ it to England and interred at Green- 1 !i, and. a monument was erected to his ■ mory m Westminster Abbey. The death h AolfeAVMsthe subject of one of the best JgorKS of the painter West. His portrait, by Tliglimore, belonged to the Frincess Char- oite, and was presented by Leonold, king of fie Belgians, to the National Fortralt Gal- ?r;;, in 1858. An interesting Memoir, by K. r-I'v^lVVJS:''' ^•'^^'^ly published. L^»^^^> JosEni, D.D., the celebrated R,cf," VP.-'ll.'A^''^""':':^ t']^ .(evvs, was Tom]^".!," " '■■f'Sli RacDi, ana was l-um al »eile.8bacn, near Bamberg, in 1795. At a [wor, very early age he had a wl»h to become a Christian; and alter studying at Stuttgart and Bainberg getting turned out of door, by his friends, and wandering about in South Germany teaching Hebrew for bread he was received Into the church of Rome at Frague In 1812. He had already become acquainted with Goethe and Voss ; and at Vienna, where he entered the university, he made the acquaintance of Professor Jahn, Von Hammer, Friedrich von Schlegel, Theo- dore Korner, and the general of the Re- demptorists, Hoflfbauer. He was much in- fluenced by his friend Count Ton Stolberg, and Bishop Seller. After continuing his studies at Tiiblngen he went, in 181«, 'to Rome, meeting on his way the mystic Ma- dame Krudener and Madame die Stael. Through the patronage of Niebuhr, then Prussian minister at Rome, the young con- vert v.aa presented to the pope, Pius VII., and was received ns a student in the Roman college, and then in the college of the Pro- paganda. During his stay at Rome he be- came a friend cf the painter Overbeck. In ISIS, in consequ nee of his daring dissent from the opinions and practices of those about him,he was expelled from the Propa- ganda, and from Rome ; entered the Re- demptorist monastery of Val-Sainte, in Swit- zerland ; and in 1819 came to London, joined the church of England, and was sent to Cambridge to study the oriental languages under Dr Lee, and thus prepare himself for the wcrk of a missionary to the Jews under the a- pices of the London Society. At Camb. uge his chief friend was the cele- brated preacher, and professor of theology, Charles Simeon. He set out on his first missionary journey in 1821, visiting Malta, Alexaridria, Mount Sinai, Jerusalem, Cyprus, Baj'hdad, Ispahan, Tiflis, i c, and returning to England in 1826. The next year he n-ar- ried Lady Georgiana Walpoio, daughter of the second earl cf Orfcrd, whc accompanied him soon after on a second missionary jour- ney as far as Malva ; whence he went alone through Persia, Bokhara, India, and Egypt. He returned to England in 1831 ; set out two years later for Abyssinia, Arabia, India, and the United States, where he was ordained deacon, and made D.I)., and in 1833 was ordained priest. He made a second Journey to Bokhara in 1843, to discover the fate and effect the liberation, if possible, of the Eng- lish envoys, Stoddart and ConoUy. On his return, in 1845, he was presented to the vicarajre of Isle Brewers. His wife dyinj; in 1859, he married again in 1861, and died at Isle Brewers, May 2, 1862. The most fascin- ating of the writings of this extraordinary man is his Autobiography, entitled "Tra- vels and Adventures of the Rev. Joseph Wolff, D.D.," 2 vols., 1860 and 1861. Among his other works are—" Journal of Mission- ary Labours, 1827— 1838; " " Mission to Bok- hara ; " and a second series of " Missionary Labours." WOLFF, JOHANN CHRISTIAN VON, Ger- man philosopher and mathematician, born at Breslau in 1679. He was educated at the uniyersities oi" Jena and Leipsic, and in 1707 waa named proiessor of mathematics at Halle. Notwithstanding the nature of his 1107 1 ! ^ Jicto mnlbetaal 33logrnpi)t). [wooj deepest interest and Pe^^«^e^,i^^ „,^ay8 those metaphysica «'J"'\'^J^ the influence chiefly att.uct3cl him. Ihrougn I ^^ partly of P^"°"fi^l " ,n " aroSsed by some 'the " odium theologicum, aro ^ .^ ^^^.^ of his op "'""^i'^ ''prussU, in November, and banished f-^""^. f X* ^hair of matlie- 1723 He lonp held the cha ^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ matics and plulosopny ui j,g ^p. the invitation of liedcncKtne^^^^^j turned to Halle, in i'*'' r*/^igo honoured ternational I'»^-„"ts of privy-councillor with the .»PP"'";.™f ^J^iver'slty He was a 1 and chancellor of a.eunvcrsuy^^^^^^^_ fellow of the l^o> ''^^°^'';„^ of Sciences, and ber of t'ae French ^f''^^'""]?:" chief philoso- «avon of V''^,,^l!n I'e'd, "Philosophia Ra- phical work is enUtlea, r j^gS, and was tionalis," ^l\i'=li,'^pP^„'^5,?i. rrima," "Theo- foilowed by ".r i»l"^°/\*;';eU oOiers. His loeia Naturalis," and seveiai u „ ^.j principal nmthematlca^ wmk iy^e^^^,,te ^enta Matheseos Umversffi. ^s^^^yye nmny of his works lu German ^ novelty at that time anu j. ^^^^^^^. tributed to the final downtaii ^^^^ ^^^ tic Pl^il5>*«P^>y"\^>',nf successful method- original thinker than ^ ^" j ^^3 of others, izcr and ^''Pf ]tor of the vie ^^ ^^.^^^^ theological writer „^va^ J>o»n '^ ,^,,, 'du- Cotton Clanford.m Staffer isn - j^^ . cated at Sidney Sussex CoUe„e,^^^ ^^ took orders Ji,\*.J'^rorerty,he relinquished ion of considerable properly^ ^^.^ ^.^^^^ the clerical profession, and dev j 1 ^^^^^ several ediuons »^ed.^\Y,i u^DE, phy- si^'^'S^i-ntalphi^^^^^^ subsequently ^^'^fXskian induced him to of patronage as a 1 ''5 ^'"^ ' „st and devote givWp his profession mclu^^us^^^^^^^^^ ^^ himself to seicuuhc Pmsmt^^ ^^^^^^ \ which was that nc became one ^^^^ ^^ eminent S^'^mists and expeu .^^ .^ ' „..odern times, ^mong h^s oisc .^^ mineralogy ^^'^ .f '4„^'^°ethod of tendering and rhodium, and Jho jne""i^ j 1,5,.^ he is platina malleable, i'X t'^^ last "^ w^^ ^ Paid to have B;"';,f^„^ .^^fequivalents, a go- sliding scale f'~^'^^^l;l luVnda. His papers ?1X' plarotJScarTx'^.nsactions are nu- "7ollst&'ch\ft,maiiy. [OODAVIN. iroT \ftpr flulshlng his education at Oxford, he 1 became tutor to the sons of the niarquUof Tiorsef was subsequently doincstic chap-l lain to the archbishop of Canterbury ; aEd.l on coing to court, he gained the favour ofl wenrv VII.. who Bent him on an ctnbasiy to I tho emneror, and on his return made him dean Sncoln. Henry VIII. gave him the living of Torrlngton, m Devon, and after- wards appointed him regis er of the Garicr Ind canon of Windsor. He next obtained ?hc deanery of York, and, attend.Dg the! k i.K to Tournay , in r.-ance, was made his hop nf that city. In 15U he was advanced to 1 of tnai ">>•.„„,„ ,,_,, thfi vcar followin f>f that CitV. i" *'''* "^ "°° i.u,«i.-,..u w| ?he see of Lincoln, and the year following I to the archbishopric of York. InsaiiaWel in the pursuit of emolument, he obtained | Ihe administration of the sec of Bath and Wells, and the temporalities of the abbej ol St- /Vlban's, soon after which he -injoyed In succession the rich bishoprics .t Durham and Winchester. By these means his reve- nues nearly equalled those the croe nart of which he expended In pomp and ostentation, and part in laudable munificent ?or the advancement of learning He found- ed several lectures at Oxford, where ealM erected the college of Christ Church ajd bunt a palace ut Hampton Court, ^vhichte Sesented tho king. He ^as at this tiM ?nMic zenith of power, and had a couiplee ascendancy over tho mind of Henry A made hi^ lord chancellor, and obtained to Mm a cardinalship. He was also nominated thrrfone's legate r and aspired to thechaii Katherine, the ruinous taxation he iiaam nn.Pd and the personal enmity of m Sowerfu persons, combined for his o«- n?,«w He was prosecuted under the ti- tutcs of Pr^munile, deprived of ever;^* cester on his ^''J to /;..don^e^ ;, " Had I l^^t servcc my God as^ » •j,^ have served my 1^'"^, b|^/^»' ^^. given me over in my g J »;r;'^,^.,. '''""\=Lr - Gcovgc Cavemiish port 0=^'' man-usher, -co'^': ':''' „ ,,,„ » Life of - ^yhich are aPPendf^l to Gall s ^' ^ ,, 6cy " .Tbe Tl°/*S1 is CkuKU ColWOi- pee His " History and Antiquuii- ^ fofd" which was translated into W;_^ g Feu and others, appear^^ ';„,i,,iril. his " AtheniB Oxomenses wasp^^^^^J 1691. An attack upon I^'? (jihifflH the last of these ^i""^ Vom he wire* sentence of expulsion from w^^ j^^„ji„a, and his P'J^J^"";" '^L'cV of hatred w-| rendered H^i an object other party. Diod, 1695. mim^ woo] blng his education at Oxford, he 1 tor to the sons of the marquis o(| vas subsequently doincstie chap- 1 > archbishop of Canterbury; and, I 'o court, he gained the favour of i, who sent him on an cmbasiy to j ror and on his return made hira incoln. Henry VIII. gave him the Torrlngton, in Devon, and after- pointed him register of the Garlcrl n of Windsor. He next obtained | cry of York, and, atteiidiDg the aurnay, in France, was made tishop ity In 1514 he was advanced to | ,f Lincoln, and the year following! irchbishopric of York. Insatiable I ursuit of emolument, lie obtained I inistration of the see of Bathandl id the temporalities of the abbey oil •a soon after which he -injoyed III m'the rich bishoprics .f Durhaml ichestcr. By these means his rm arly equalled those of the crovrn, which he expended In pomp and ion and part in laudable munificenct idvancement of learning. He fomid-l ■al lectures at Oxford, where ''calM the college of Christ Churcli, and nalaccut Hampton Court, which te ed to the king. He was at this tinit enith of power, and had a couipleu ncY over the mind of Hcury, rto im lore' chancellor, and obtained tot ardinalship. He was also nominate ,e'8 legate; and aspired to the cliau •etcr. In this lie failed, and a tet ater he lost all the power and th( inns he had gained. His advice a neronhc king's divorce from Q« •ine the ruinous taxation he had inl- and the personal enmity of mt fu persons, combined for his over- He was prosecuted under the stt- ,fp"^munh'c, deprived of ever!i«5, nt to live in retirement at EsheM ;"li the king restored him tosomeof ces soon afFcr, a.ul he returned tol«i YorlV a charge of treason wastiroa " ,Thim in 103O I'.e was apDrele.tei k butv^•astak^nill,anddled^t^^l I'-n viis wav to I ■•'don, exclamiiijJ I^SutsmelmyOudasfaith^ig ^'!lVe\e'?sonrb%'nvn.«.ownpai«l e National Portruit Ga Ic ■ J 301), AKTHONY, an em' >/,«,] ■apher and antiquary,wa9 lo jj.i tfSrd, and.wus ed^f,'''^„^.3esolO«-. His " History and AnjiQU ""■ i,br| M^hich was translated into U'^^l '.ell and others, appef^^ '» ii^irfi.! ' AtheniB Of n'™f \.,7ciarct«>> . An attack "PO"^ t^JLtcdhii)i»» last of these 'JV!''-^ Vo fthe unlTW^l^ enec of expulsion from w^^ ^^^^y^ £d^5Sni?;c|ep-batr.^«=i er party. Died, 1695. •WOOD, JAMES, proprietor of the Old Gloucester Hank, — a millionnairt, whose riches and parsimonious eccentricities en- title him to a place among the " remarkable characters " of the ago,— was born at Glou- cester in 1756, and succeeded to the bank which had been there established, in 1716| by his grandfather. In conjunction with the bank, he kept a shop to the day of his death, and dealt in almost every article that could be asked for; nothing wad too trifling for " Jemmy "Wood " by which a per-ny could be turned, and nothing too extensive for him 10 supply— a farthing rushlight, or a mer- chant's shipping order. He was a bachelor, Jand spent the whole week in hie banking- lihop, or rather his shop-bank (for the busi- Incss of the "Old Gloucester Hank" was ■transacted at one end of his chandlery store) ; Ihc entertained no company, visited none' ■took his country walk of a Sunday in order ■to enjoy a frugal meal in the open air, and ■evcrmade it his especial care not to dimln- %h his wealth by attending to the calls of humanity. He died April 20, 1S3G, leaving ttiis vast property to be divided between his ■otir executors. His personal property was Iffora m.der £900,000 ; but Mr James AVood, fcf Islington, stated to be one of nine cousins fct the deceased, entered a caveat against ■he probate. A codicil was afterwards dis- lOTerea, by which various legacies are be- lueathed to his kindred, besides a very prge sum to the corporation of Gloucester; *is codicil, however, was not satisfactorily ■uthenticated. ' 1 AVOOD, Alderman Sir Matthew, bart., I.P., wasthe son of a serge manufacfirer uvcrton, and was apprenticed to a Pemist and druggist. After serving his ime.and being for a few years employe.! as Itravellerin the drug trade, he commef.ced psmcss in London, at first as a cheU^ist. Ihirntf "!"",^ ,"' " *'"P merchant, in imch latter trade he ncauirrd i very hand- l"'^ ""*>■. Aft"' scrvhig t>. me minor Jcos in the city, Mr Wood '.vas o.,->v.itod to ■dcpai tare from the ordinary course that tturl^f' n'"'"^'^ filing several previoits & ;tiiH,"'l"" l"s second mayoralty he riiUh™lj''"?°''"''"*"P'i''»c favour il ree irkw'°"2"'* '" ^*^>"^ ^^e lives liirPd /. 1"^" "^^^ ^""^ sentenced to be Ice officers ^Thfr"* testimony of three toird ti^m .^he hvery sent his name up V'Z > f"' fo"^ t'^e mayoralty ; but the I d ;; f n?'' "^^eming this toVirregular! *on V %,""' "?'"• D"ing J'is second rdf^lt was elected M.P. for London t rretSvni'f "'i '"■^ ''^^th he wasin-' I tVo h^ f „^r' ^l^^ °" «" occasions save Ks^;,^^*''^.P.°"■ Of Mr Wood's tk too ],th, '^"k"''*'' ^' '« »ot possible to gK too highly : but We Can by no means f s nato'r' fX'^'^ P™'«^ '<> '»« course pscuaior, tor, m his nl.ice in mi-P-imrm terthr^:-^]'^""-^ "-- -^^^ Irie^jfo, JL^^''^"'".'. "« pained great Plf to the f i?i rn'.''/''"*'^ ^' '■'"''''"- hi Qui^iir.itv ^n-i fortunes of the ill- f. ^i"-'! Caroline. His political couraP Ir of thn »„.'iVu""^'"''"f''"*a'deni;uiv, P the wealthy James Wood, banke,: ^ Mtixi m ibmaimoqtim'iir). [woo of Gloucester. At her death .i,„ »! ' him a handsome property and h^rT^tV'' rtir^-^i^ l1^l^eH-' '^ -? ?^r^^v-.^--Sp^^^- secretary of state in 1759. He WTote "The Ruins of Haalbec," " The Kuius of Pni VrH-'" """J ^ "^^^«y o« thc'Sen^us^nd Khi^^dtt?r^?;;/iS'' ^''^ ^^^^^ .AVOODDESON, HiCHARj), an eminent civilian, was born in 1715, at KingsTo ?n ^tirrey ; was educated at Pembroke and Magdalen College, Oxford; and chosen \inenau professor, on the resignaUon of Si^ Robert Chambers. Ho wrote " Klemen s of L"i«?n?'r"'?'" ■; A Systematic View of he Laws of Lnpland," and "A Rricf Vindirn tre..?^&!\'|!^-^"-^''^tis^,[iS:: WOODFALL, WILLIAM, printer and par- liamentary reporter, who became in some measure a public character from his bn^n- f^rJ^^'^^i^r'' prosecution as pubUsher of hi famous Letters of Junius." Heiiig g fted po tod the debates in parliament with great ?„/,"j ""^ precision, and was the first who introduced them to the public aftei their present fashion. Died, 1803. WOODHOUSE. lloiiERT,an eminent ma- tliematician was born at Norwich in im and educated at Cambridge. He was elect- ed Lucasian professor in 1820, Plumian pro- IT^LT X- "'''' '^'^'^P.^'- °f t'^*' observafory in 1824 He wrote "The Prineiplcs of Analytical Calculation," "A Treatise on Trigonometry," another on "Pla e As tronomy,"&c. Died, 1827. WOODHOUSELEE, Lord. [TYTLER ALEX AN T) ER FHASEr!] ^ "'' ^^'OODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, Eliza- JU-TU, widow Of Sir John Grey, who was slain in the battle of Harnard's Heath On her applying for the restoration of her hus- band's estate, Edward IV. fell in love with, and married her. The princess Elizabeth who married Henry VII., and thus united J, ntt nf"^' °^ ^°?''' '^"'^ Lancaster, was the iiuitot this marriage. SeeWYDEvitTv WOODVILLE, AVillia'i:' 'an'^Vmhient physic an, was born in 1752, at Cockermouth ; studied at Edinburgh ; and settled in London where he became physician to the Middle- sex Dispensary and the Smallpox Hospital. He w-as the author of " Medical Botany." tTon.-'%,i"jf,°87o.°'"" '"■'^"^''" ^"•'«"'^- WqODAVARD, Ji»HN, the geologist, was born in Derbyshire in 16G5. He was brought up to the medical profession, graduated M.D.. mid became fellow of the Roval College of 1 hysicians, and professor at Orcshuni Col- lege. He was also a fellow of the Koyal So- ciety. Bi't he is now remembered for his wn^ri *■ ""'' writings on geology, to Jt'^t "^rW"^ ^"'"••■' '"'■'•iactcd ::y the lime- stones 01 Gloucestershire, and their interest- ing t issiis. His principal work is entitled 1109 '} J i M !■ I Sl^ ! n. ■l I It J^s^^ i iHeto anl^eml^ogti^ [WOB pcarcd In 1696. Tn 'f P'^, l^uXa .., defcnco of tho work in "<.• ;^;\„„',.u,o.lpt " An «t- foi«l\». HO ^ ;» '^"'^ „";", History tl.o '"«*• '^'* '\T;u u a lion of tho P."";"- nuMiR, 'iiiil l>y >>>» '' , f'.im»>rldBO UnlvorRlty, or.hlp "/ «^" "f/," .S ,d hi. collection. to which ho »\»o '"' "^'{"',. progrcsH and ,0 contrlhulod «';<;"' .y^oDifd: 1728. ^ devrlopmont of the ^^^^f „„„ „r' tho bcBt AVOivU.l-lI.J^ '/',,,' century. waH TlnKllsh •■"Br,'\ , In ITM Ho excclUM 'born at Mtt»'\» .X' |,utVxcuUod also some chlorty U. hV^'l«''n»f,'''\ „,„„,,„ the latter, good htstcricnl ''"'^.^^^"'.."iS of (ioneral the print* a V:,';.^w La HOKUO" belnK most Wolfe- 'H»r "v' l^JravZomc of Wilson's of and the Inventor wm caually i lnhioi «n iDont a largo ium of money ou tho etec y Ion of hli (treat wutur-worUs ut V»u»h>ll, u„i died in April. 1«07. HU clmrncler ubilL 7i .« and Inventlonii have been mlnilraW!i luitra ed by Mr Dlrcks. C.i:.. In hi. >»ork billed "The Mfc. 'riines, and Heic-nlllleU. niitltll'll " ini! I.IH'. »lll":n.""» .".^....uv.. ""VTr ' ... I., iMii.v It liie uilei a reprlnii Jattle Of Ltt noK"" Vwiuon's ' .1 „ riu cnRrnved some of Wilson » noteworthy. *'';''„ f,,,ce8sfully. was named bostlandscapes very »' ^'^'^^^^'^'J,:^ at London ?ri7«I" lns"ponruH. by^Gllbert Stuart. U m the National OMciJ. , ,,n„, ^oa AV00L8T0N, *J'";,,^r, .,1011. and becumo bore in 1««!>. '^^ snLcx ColleBe.CambrldKC. afeuow of SiJ'J^y.^, 'f^'-^o v"'Ai^ology for the His first work, .\'^„VLiiiiou revived," Truth of the t^hnst an UcUK ou ^^^^^_^ ^^ was meant to l"-"^« Vu.lJt , ,1 the church ; Moses were typUal f ^ Imf "^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ , ,, but be tJnul"""f';':\'""[e8- subjected him "Six l>i'^«-'"";r? .md he vas fluo4 aud im- to 1 prosecution, and «i- "" prisoned. l^>e''; V-'.V-v.T.n SOMF.iisET.Mar- quis of. iJistinguishe 8 t u ^^^ ^^ 8\t^imenKimswasbo '"b^^^^^^^^ Bon of tho first n>^-'l' f ^7 „f the most de- the catholic party. lU d one o ^^^^ voted adherents "f^^^y;^!,'.';,,e titles of Lord w„r), andbore success veljlhtt^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ Herbert, f '^^^^^.^f'^H^e «pent some years mavqu.8of\\ortestLr 1 \ i^.g, thon iu forelun ^"vel, manitu niathemau- guve himself up to his favoun f,^^x,fr'i l,\ and mechanical ^ ;i^\\\%.41 cuterod into seat. ll«8''"» Cas hV 'f ' At the head of his the service of CI arcs 1. ^^ ^^^ ^^ ♦roops, raised rt"*^ ' fl".'" ' if he obtained p.nse of his f»'^","^!'J'e"lVut about 1645 Several i'«P°'''^f„Vo;\rsecret commlsslon.to the kind seiu bun on '^s^t j ^^ ^^^^^ treat with the Irish Sj"""' \j' ,^^,c secret troops for «"^ '^",,*" S ^^ s imprisoned was 'i's^o^'-'^'-V^V^ls^nnd Charles with h s on a charge "^ , [.^'"^f "' ^^chery disowned his usual unscrupulous trGUcnery ^^^^ agent. /IV. procure us reUas^^^^^^ that UinR informed the 101 a 1 ^^^^^^ Glainorgan had acted^y^f .',°„. ^^^ ^^^^,„ 1 voluntary exile o several >^^^^ an impn- liourH of the Mceonu muni-"" «• n bUH od in 1805. It Incluilei a rcprlniof fho •■ Coiit ry of inventions." Mr DIrcki I ,» still more reeontly pul.lUl.ea " Worce. t^iana - eonslstlnK of nolle..s of IBO «urk. rclatinK to the marquis of Worecatet ot bi. family conneetloni. (....iiTra-r "vOKCESTKll.JOUN.Karlof. llinon, ■'"■VVOUDSWOUTH, WlI.UAM, oncot the ureatest poet, of our age and comilry «ai borViVt Cockermouth. in Cumberland, April -/h 1770 lie received the ru(liinenUothii ,, At. 1 culture at Httwkshead School, »ml 1b tirJcarn^V was entered at 8t John. Co we! Cambridge. Having ^'On-Pjo h .tMdles, and taken his ucaaen.icuideKrc ,li made tho tour of I'rance and HwilzfrW Ta period when tho revolullonin Fra.c. had aUa ned It. grand crisis; and itslnB • cnco upon the tlery ImuKlnation andioni Uvc Xd of Wordsworth «us no Ic.s or blot an that produced upon those o(U^ fdend. and frequent compamon, SSh^llTt^h^lTti^^ncriXg 'r&^edltatlons upon^^t^,.^^^^^^^^ Khes--:r^"'Kvenln"^u.i;5.^ ^'bVch' made their aPP«'--; .^'^^.^ 1797 he had conceived i^ P'''" '» .^^^^^^^^^ his zeal to redeem the Lngin ^.^, a corrupted and inane P~^^i„,,„, other re-actlonists of a sto^in" ^^^ pushed bis f'»>'"""'^t,2hUed*itliia' many of his readers smpath'^Jts, yiew. ; and through tlieiienc»uH^,^,,| was induced to P"*^''* ' ^^fse tTe »t Kjii poetry in 1807. In l**',\,7_,e thencefoi'"' Blount, which was \''': l>°"Vaml hi.f»' work, "The ^^^.^"Xained he «iw» riod Wordswovh obta'nea ^^^^^^j„i 1 of distributor of f '^ P?durin?28Jf"\T which office be r_etaineJ;durin. . ,y P."onme^ntlntheTowertiUl.,55. which office be retained during -r^, I quisitc " AVhite 1--"^ "• ,f/„4 i„ m several series of sonnets ,.-J ronment In the Tower ti.j -— ^/;^„t Inven- 1 K:7^^^H HbS^eil'^eS:pe;^-^es^^ Ar..onf?theni.sthatforw^lUcn^j^ ^^^ most 1 peared ajojnme w ^^^y ^'h^ cdiy reiucmocruu "'• - j, ^^^i" i ""t^'^.'Vli^;;::... written iu ""t;:-;««« forcible way to drive ^P gV^.engine. Al- which was, Xen by eminent pe«on», the !l:?^n«!lorrm's1o\'^vrbl'lnJi^leJh^ illO le \nventor wm enaMj itliihted. a largo •um of moni-y ou llio etec la BTvat wutur-works ut VmxhiU, In April, 1B87. HlBclmrncter.abill- I InventlonH have hvvn udnilraWy ■d by Mr Dlrckii, V,.V.., In lili work " Till! Mfc, 'I'liiicii, iiml HcientmiU- Hi(> Hci'oiid Muniuiii of Wormtir," d In 1809. U liulu.Ici n U'prlnioty >iitury of lnvonllon»." Mr DIrckil niorf recently pulilUlu^d " Worcei- ,. consUtlnK of nuHct'S of IBO workil to the marquis of Wotcwtct ot bill onncotloni. ,.,.ii.TriM I CESTKll, JOHN, Kurl of. Llll'TOHj DSWOUTH, ■WlM.iAM, one ot ihel t noets of our nge uml cmiiilry,¥(ul Cockcrmouth, In Cumlii'rland, Aprlll ro lie rueul vod tlio rHdlmenU of hul culture at lluwkshcad Scliool.tndliil ir 17b7 was entered at Ht Jul>ii';»| •ambrldHO. lluvlnK conipletod hijl ,, and token UIh ucudeinlculdef(rec,h»l the tour of I'-rancc mid HwiUfrlandl criod when the revolution in haBttl tiilnedlts grand crisis; and Its lDll«.| ipon the tlery ImuKination aniiicw I lind of Wordftworth was no Icsstorcl an thai produced upon tliose o(Uil a and frequent conipan'""". Colt-1 Southey. and Lloyd. 'I'l-e eaw* hU that l.nd been gcncratoil by hill ; uod nx'd'tatlons upon thi. fteMi an utterance in 1.18 ')»?'' I l„e8 '• and " KvcninB ^Va k/ botb.t i m.ido their appearance m mi. U| L'er^eol:eeive\.''ap.anforthe«.4 rin^Scti:m';^t..{!i.SS >ry\?AeHle.andsti.mm..N.5 :re can be no ^'o" '' ''f' lisUmuMwl °r"^rSioSt.'of a ?tc.n^ cban'-^J ,hed hi« f'^vourlto lieo y /;':,^ J ,W8 ; and tln-on^l. tl < ir cncou^ j ,9 induced to P"*^''* '^^rsetle "tW^a ctrv in 1H07. In 1«U "c »"'' .„.fo[,ir| ring iu ls-4'.J on a P«ns'«" "^ ,^(^ r-veral series of" Sonne"- ^.^eralH ianiedhy'otl^rswrltwniu^ «*^reatnrwS>»^ won] % j^bj ffinibersal Idiogtspl^i). [WRA cvor-eitlniatQ the importance of the Influ- ence which Wordiworlh, In conjunction witli Colcrltigo. has exerclied In tl.e foriim tiun ufthc inti'lli'ctual eharactcrlHth iinf tlii! present age. Many of our greatest tliliikerN hnvp sat at the feet of Coleridge, Hint "old man eloiiuent ;" .vhllo nlniOHt the whole of our recent poetry had been tinctured and coloured by the genlu» of Worddwortli. " During the laiit IIO yearn," nald a contem- porary critic, " the regenerative power of hia lieniua lian tto operated upon the public tnhte, Hint the pure, the Hiinple, niid the good are now tlio more regardi'd e .uentK of poetry, wliilc tiie l.uras, (JiaourH, and the olher diH- ttnipercd olijcctd of a feverlNli Iniaglnati'in arc ceasing to bo among the attractive Im- aifory of song. I'crhaps the most remarka- ble triumph of lilsgeiilus Is Its conqnest over that very review which aeorned and sneercMl atliini In the beginning of hia career; for his spirit now undoubtedly pervailcs thia Tcry organ which acoffed at hlin so bitterly, and even rejected Ilia Iiingiiiige aa too puerile for the nursery." Tor many years, AVorda- worth enjoyed that gucnlon of love and ad- miration wliicli are too freciuently reserved for departed genius. Thousands of his ad- mirers made a pilgrimage to the poet's home, Rydal Mount; and not a few (!ros8cd ov<'r from other lands to catch a gliinpsn of that urcatmaii who has filled the world with his fuiiio. Died, IH.'iO. Illsnobleautobiographi- cal poem, "Tlie I'relude, or the Orowth of a Poet's Mind," waaapoathumouH publication. Memoirs of Wordsworth were pul)ll.she:ANS, Piiimp, an eminent painter, was born ut Haarlem, in 1620. Hia iiunting pieces, landscapes, and battle scenes are admirable. The Dulwich Oallory pos- sesses many of his works. Died, 1CB8. WRANGEL, CARL GUSTAF, a distin- guished Swedish naval and military com- mander, born in 1613. After a course of foreign travel, and a year spent in Holland iu studying navigation, he was taken into the service of the king, Oustavus Auolphus, whom he attended aa officer of tho guards at the famous battle of Liitzen, in Novem- ber, 1632. Aftcrthefallofhis royal master he contributed to the completion of the victory. He served with much distinction under Banier, then under Torstenson ; contributed to the defeat of the Imperialists at Leipsic, in October. 1642 : won a naval victory over the Danes in 1644, and rescued the Swedish admiral, ClasPlemming, from blockade ; won nil " * H 'k If ! ( ■ Hi f 1 'f wra] ^ i^cto ga niuggal 131ogtapl)B. [wee a similar victory near the Ule o^^Vmern ; nnd about 1045 Buccccded l^orUenson n luo chief command l« Germany. ^ s 'rli* "i He united his army with «;he irtnc i vI^drikBudreint ■ foHowing y.Mr He was I en nS .d.uiral of Ihe.Uingdom. rcn^ y:^.;VJ rtUorlmpomntse^ was raised to the uigniij m i „■■„,, ,jf tavus one of the Bovernors of his son, after WliAXAi-u. o" ^ „ Her and h storical hart . an eminent xiaviui-J , , i^im -it. -rdrdTsJ^villiTtfiSinlila entered the civil ^^'yf^ "i „s judge-udvo- sidency of lU.m -ay. 1.^77. he retuin^^^^._ Sed- a o'^etS,t^>15,he pubUsl^d hU last work, " Historical Memoirs of iny nwn Tim^°- i vols. 8V0. In these memoirs, wWch contain a fund of anecdote, vvas u Hbel on Count Woronzow, the Russian nm- bass'.dor for which Sir Nalhaniel was son- after his death. ..r^wiv n eelehrated AVRAY BOBERT ^.vTEMAN, a Ceitoiaitu P„.™r of Kcms was born at Broadchalk, ? 'ivm.VirP In 1715. He Icaint drawing of achieved it, and R"'!'"'^^! * ^^" "Pf,^",, e?^ ^ tion for his engravings ou gems iy he jn m „o,. of tho ancient Greek artists. His U) ing Slcopatm, Head of Medusa, Slagdalene Ma- ^i^.Fn Milton (front face and two profiles), of his worKS. In 1759 he settled at Salisbm j , ''"w«™E'KARLPniLirP,Field-marsliul, Prlnfe^n'emiSen! Havuri'an soldier and rtatesman, whose fate it was to be a most ?„^mirf,hiP foe to the gigantic military gc- X^S?^^^.'39 Stained lus^eariiest S^^o^eSS a:"s. i-ia an^-^the ally of France, and distinguished hims elf so 1112 much, that Napoleon is'inally confent4 upon iiitn the grand . - the Legion o Honour. In subsequeiu ilgns licillll further distinguished ' ''' '- and «»> created a fleld-inarshal hen (ianjjerouily wounded nt'the decisive battle of Wagraiu, In the nit'morabli- campaign against Uusjla, too. the contingent furnii-'^d by Bavaria to Fram I- was comni.indpd by him , iiud covered the retreat of tb- l":f'iich with such do(i« ei.ct «^^^^^^^ pntirelv new structure, inc e"»'Y i; .^ neouB destruction of fifty paroc^^^^^^^^^^^ and many public ^V'''*'"^ ,f "!"/ he «^1 ample field for his gen.u . amU ^^ have had the honour of found n,a»^^^ a new city, if the design ;'"'%;„ » the king and Parliament co>d have ^^ adopted ; but l'"\ate inte ch H-reve'i , acceptance. On the death of ^ r <>"' ham lie succeeded to "'««'« J J Ik. of the worH*i.,f'^"^5'\hp first sioucotW honour of knighthood "1 effy",; (,|io,. grand work was laid '", J""*-' "^'"^letedU fng year, and the ^''^^'n'^lv^fen "»« 35 years. Of his other Y«'^„^S,W the Monument, Greenwich «««?'"' j'ij,;.ie. ton Court, the churches^ of ^M^M^lj. Jlr^a^^^lrSnusLo^on'BriSge^ ■J Nnpolcon rionally confetre4 ho grand i. ^ " ' ""^ I'Cglon of n su'osequeiu ilK»*l>ciliU stlniiiiiHliod t ui,. r, and wn Belli iiiarshiil hen danjjerouily t the lieclslve battle of Wagraiu. lorabl.' campaign against Uusiia, itinKentfuiuif-i''d by Bavarlato commanded by him , »ud covered of th' F"Pnch with such doused Ion, auto lose nearly the whole Iry. ifi X'iVi Marshal W'rcde,!"' ilenlrcvt#T"4i"y, slttned thctrw Javiirla dcciaicd herself Bcparau,, , L'oufodrratlon of the Uhlnc, and ' he cause of the emperor. Shortlj I Wrcdc, at the head of a icm- avian and Austrian army, made a a skilful, though unsuccessful, at- u 1 1' rcept Napoleon at llanau , afler r Leipzig. InlSltiio was actively France, and with his usual gal- 111 at tho conclusion of the war.he t.c'd to the I ik of a prince, and terwards, nominated an honorary ;iiid cross of the Enslish ordcrol The termination of the: war lild inate his servicfs to his country, ppointcd ministi'V of state, and in- encral of the army. Horn, 1"6I; ■' Sir CHBiSTOrUER, the celebrated .'was born at EastKnojlc.iu^Vilt- 1632 ; studied at 'Waaimm College, was chosen fellow of All Souls.m 8 appointed professor of astronomj am College, in 1657; and. In 1661, inated to the Savilian prolcssorsliip, •ed Lli.D. He had very early sliown t)le fondness for scieutittc studie), lo several ingenious inblrumenti, •enius for architecture had scarce j arcd. tn IGGl he was named assist- Ir John llcnham, ihu surveyor gen- two years later he received aconnn* iroduce designs for the restoration ■8 Cathedral, then one of the moll ,ble Gothic edifices in the kingdoB. irc himself for the execution of i ,dertaking ho made avisittoFan , and then finished the designs. they were under consldcriuo ffil was destroyed by tlienre Vren had now "" opportumt '« ing his talents by the erect on of a '"n^ew structure. The conterap^* estruetion of fifty Pa^o^^l'^'; £,! „y public buildings also fuuushc' field for his gemus, and h «« ,d the honour of founding,a. lU* ; Of knighthood. Ihc Ar^t^f " J,,. workwasluiilinJuneoHhe ° I ar, and the ^vl'o^^ \\%S «.»• rs Of his other workf we nw) ' .ument,arcenwichHospdal.5 lourt, the churches of ^b^__Ma^);,| St Michael, ^•o'"°^^"":nn"liri'dge;»»'it tst; St Magnus, Londonjiru^^ wbe] ' ^ j^ctp aniber»al ll^tograpl)^. 8t8cophcn,Vv'nU)rook. In 1080 he wa« choien preniacnt of tho Uoyol Society; wa» after wards oppoin ted architect and uoinnilssloncr of Chelsea Hospital, and comptroller of tho works at Windsor. Ho was elected M.l*. for the borough of flympton.ln lObj, and .forWev !ith,lu 1700. After having long ' been tlie highest ornament of hli profession, be was, in 1718, to tliedisgnico uf thoudniln litratlon, deprived of the turveyorthip of the royal works, merely from political nwc tivcs; he was then In the HSth year of hU age. He died, l-'eb, '29, 1723, aged M, nnd was burled In Ht Paul's Cathedral. Over lili lomb was placed the fitting ln«crlptli)ii~" rtl luonuincntuin qnnrls circunispicc." JU» portrait, by Sir U. Knellcr, is In the National Portrait Gallery. AVKK.V, CiiniSTOi'iiKH, son of tho pre- ceding, was .1 learned imtlquary, and col- lected mcniuiis of his family, which In 1750 were puhli:- d by Dv Stephen Wren, his son, nnder , 'itlo of " I'arciitalla." ■\VUICN, Mattukw, bishop of Ely, was born in London in 1.'585 ; studied at I'cni- broke Hall, CainbridKf, of which In was , chosen fellow ; took orders, nnd in 1021 was i named chaplain to rrlnce Charles (Clinrlct !!.). He nceompaiiicd tho prince and Hutk- iinghamou their journey to Madrid In 1(123, and gained great inilueneo with Charlis. Wren was appointed In ic. ■ i one ot tliojuilgcs of the Star Chamber, a p(jht for wlilch his acrid rigorous temper vn-cH fitted him. Ho accompanied the king to Ktutlnnd In 10.13 ; was promoted In rapid succession to tho sees of Hereford, Norwich, and (In 1038) Ely; composed the form of prayer for tho 20ih May, nnd assisted In preparing tho Scottish liturgy, the first use of which had such mo- morable consequences. Articles of Impeach- ment were brought against him by the Commons at the close of HMO, the court of Star Chamber and tho High Commission Court behis abolished about the same tlmo ; and Wren was a prisoner in tho Tower for eighteen years. He was rclcoscd at tho llcstoration, and died in 1667 AVRIGHT, JosKPii, painter, usually styled " -Wright of Derby," was born In that town in 1734. He was first placed under Hudson, the portrait painter ; afterwards visited Italy, where he made great advances n his profession ; returned to England in 177o, and was elected an associate of tho »<> encroachmeits of kinir'6.; '.'„,1" ""'f-'"-" "cni over to ii.e "■ng B 5, ■, opposed the attainder of Strof- [WVA WHS employed to conve> the king', uro- posnlsornccomniodatlon to the parliament Immediately ofter tho royal standnrd 4m sot up at Nottlnghiuu. In Augwt i" ll'S was ono of the royal co>„mlsslonei-, to dl^ uIaI ^"i^* ."' ^''t'"' "* ■•' ^ '"■'•'««'• 'fi January. KI43. During the commonwealth he lived III retirement In England ; but soon after tho Uestoratloa ho was appointed lord hieh treasurer. Ho was highly distinguished for his political wisdom, and no less for his un- sullied honour and Integrity. He ucnt large supplies of money- to Charles II. during his exile, and was the Intimate friend of Claren- don. His character is eloquently portrayed both by Clarendon and llurnct. Died, 1667 ,v.H'"i'*""*^'^^'''^'' -THOMAS, nnd WIU^ OI11E8LEY, Hknky. ISOUTHAMPTON, Earls of.] ' WTJUMSEll, Daoobeet Sloi>Mt'Ni), fouit von, an Illustrious Austrian general, was born In Alsace In 1724, and served through tho cninpaigns of 1745—46—47 in tho Ercneh nrmy. Having removed with his family to Vienna, he entered the Austrian army, served with distinction at the battles of Praguo, Llssa, Hochkirchcn, and Lieg- nitz.and was rewarded with successive pro- motions, and tho cross of the Order if Maria Theresa. He became lieutenant-general in 1778; won a victory over the rruss:ans at KubelHchwerdt In tlie following year ; held afterwards tho post of commander of Ga- llcla,ond was ("lied to take an active part ill tho war with Eranco, which broke out in 1793. Ho co-operated with the prince of Cond* \A ; Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSYER.N.Y. 14330 (716) 872-4503 A v^ A A ""S*\he cenotaph of the Liverpool, executed the ccno v , princess Charlotte in KtOeorg ^^ the beautiful Hionumeni oi u. ButlandatBelYOirCastlcand^'^''^^^^^ Ulan stfttues. One oi m j^^ ^ ^f r'eU'^'fturr V^l -^ ^^ddlngton. --"-"fcsdi^^^^^^^ Wyatt, was then BetueQ.Av- a 'for the was articled to CharleB Boss^. R. A Jo term of seven year|^'J/™y ^ere so his st'idies at the Royai A ^^^ ,^^ ^^ successfully prosecutea, ^^^^ occasions. the award «\J"^°?'* " tndcr the tuition At the time WyaU was ^^^^^^^ i„ the of Bossi he executriQ a m church of Esher. l^J^^^^^^ I'^Vf St Oohn's and a'^°i^-" 'ganova^isited this country Wood. >Vh® V.??nterested in Wyatt, as at he became 8o/«':^*XDrotection and the once to promise h.m his prote^.^ ^^ permission to wor^ in " having spent Thither he ^^^^ in 1821, after nay g^^^^^^ some time i^J J''"^!^^ and so devotedly Italian sculptor ^o^^^i "" ^j hja profes- did he prosecute the labours 01 n^P^^^j^^ 8ion,that only once did he rev ^_^ ^^ country. It wat, during ^) ^^^^^^^^ ^y England, in \841, that ne w„ ^^ the queen with a.c°"^=",f're was considered " Penelope," which in Borne was „ the best of his works. His .roup oi^, and the Infant Bafhua a statue o ,^ cera,"" M^^^^'^^Cif works of h^t merit, of Nymphs, are all works « «^f ^„,,. The industry o'Jf/^" '^before five in the stant. I\ «™\''^^e8eenonhis way to morning, ^e vm* ^o be seen o ^^^^^^^ the Caff6 Greco, where ariiH assemble; and in winter long^ ^^^^ light, he was to be »^^" * j, v^ of a taper re'ading the papers by the 1 ght^.ot ^^^ ^P^^ which he a275>Xht he was in his studio, purpose. A;tJay»8^Vrk sometimes until SdniXtD^edf suddenly, at Bome. May ^^STT, Sir THOMAS o^etwir^Sf in courtier, statesman, and poet, was ^^^^^^^ and the lmP«"*i,T""i'8t of odes, love ele- SLlTcira^ndTo-sTrrsiderame degre °SH,tT62S ul mSd young, and suc- ^^°^\ J^l\u Other's estates at the age of ceeded to his ^a*'^"^^ distinguished him- *^?"*^;*.oWier and took partin thesiege of self as a «o^d"f,' *^*t;„„„ raised at his own Landrecie% with a troop «lsea ^^^ ?o?L^me f^urheTchiefly^er^^ M one of the leaderB of the rebellion which broke out in 1 554, in consequence of the con- clusion of the marriage between Queen Mary and Philip of Spain. At the head of the Kentish men lie occupied Rochester Castle, and was there joined by abandof Londoners sent against him under the duke of Norfolk, the duke fleeing with the loss of his gum and ammunition. Wyatt marched on Lou- don plundered the palace of the bishop of Winchester at Southwark, and after retlr- init to Kingston, again entered London, but was repulsed, and in a skirmish ot Tcmplo Bar surrendered, and was committed to the Tower. Among his leading accomplices were the duko of Suffolk, Sir Peter Carew, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, Sir Thomas Grey and others. Wyatt pleaded guilty on his trial, and was executed, Uth April, 15M. Fnveral other of the leaders were executed, and about fifty of their followers. The exe- cution of Lady Jane Grey and her husband took place within a week after the suppres- sion of this rebellion. WYCHEBLEY, WILLIAM, a dramatic writer and man of fashion in the time of Charles II., was bom in 1640, at Clevc, in Shropshire ; studied the law ; but having a taste for poetry and the drama he came Into notice as the author of "Love in a Wood " a comedy, and obtained through It the' patrona6'> of the duchess of Cleve- land the profligate duke of Buckmgham, and the monarch himself. ' He at length lost the king's favour by clandestinely marrving the countess of Droghcda, a young, rich, and beautiful widow ; and al- though at her deaih she settled her fortune on him, yet his title being disputed, the law expenses produced embarrassment and irrest and he remained in confinement 7 vears ' He was at last released from prison by James II., who gave him a pension of £200 per annum. He w^ tlie author of the comedies of the "Plain Dealer/' tlie"Gen. San Dancing Master/' and the 'Country Wife " besides poems, &c. Uiea, l;lo. WYCLIFFE, JOHN. [WICKLIFFE.] WYDEVILLE, or WOODYILLE An- thony. Earl BIVEK9, an accomplished nobleman of the 15th century, was bornm 1442 In consequence of his sister having been married to Edward IV., he shared in allThe%icissitudes which befell that warlike and luxurious monarch, and became go- vernor of Calais and captain-seneral of the king's forces. He was also made go- vernor of Prince Edward, and chief butler of England. On the death of the king e carl afsembled a body of troops, TVith th intention of crowning his nephew; but his design was defeated by the machination of the duke of Gloucester, afterwavds Eichari lit? who caused the gallant "oblem nto be beheaded, without trial, in the castle ot ''"^^ySIm^'Svilliam of, bishop of Winchester, and lord high chancello of Sand, was born in 1324, at -^ ickham.in Hamnsh iMB. of respectable pareni=,but poor, fnTrasindebtedLhiseducatlontoh^^^^^^ laa Uvedale, governor of Winchester usue^ on ?he completion of his studies he b^^^^im private secretary to his patron, and ■was^ him eventually recommended to the notice Sdward lU, The talents, diligence, and inteRrity he displayed in the service of the kin? raised him gradually to a distinguished place in the royal favour; and being ap- pointed surveyor of his works at Windsor, under his directions the castle was rebuilt. He now gradually, but rapidly, rose to the highest dignities both in church and state. In 1357 he was presented to the rectory of Pulham, in Norfolk, to which was added a prebend in the church of Lichfield ; and in 1360 he was made dean of the collegiate church of 8t Martin le Grand, London. He was also successively appointed keeper of the privy-seal, secretary to the king, and go- vernor of the great council. In 1366 he was advanced to the bishopric of Winchester, and in the following year was made chancel- lor of England. These high dignities he sustained with honour and ability, dedicat- ing a large portion of his temporalities to the restoration of the numerous palaces be- longing to his see. He resigned the seals in 1371. Owing to the influence of a party, headed by John of Gaunt, who were strongly opposed to the increasing influence of the clergy ,he was prosecuted on various charges, and deprived of his temporalities in 1376; but the esteem in which he was held by the people generally compensated for the loss ; and on the accession of Richard II. he was restored to his dignities and emoluments. In 1386 he completed his munificent founda- tion of New College, Oxford ; In the chapel of which is still to be seen his crosier, or pastoral staff, supposed to be the only one in England. He also built and endowed St Mary's College, at Winchester j and having, in 1391, a second time resigned the chancel- loiship, he devoted the remainder of his life to the rebuilding of the cathedral, and the exercise of Christian benevolence. He died, Sept. 24, 1404, and was buried in Winches- ter cathedral, where a splendid monument is erected to his memory. "WYNANT8, JOHAN, Dutch painter, born at Haarlem about 1600. Little is known of him, and his pictures are very rare. He is supposed to have been the master of Wou- vermans, excelled in landscape, and had the figures in his works painted by other artists. Indolent and self-indulgent, he is said to have destroyed his health by habits of dissipation. Died, probably, about 1677. Several of his pictures are ib the Dulwich Gallery. WYNDHAM, Sir WILLIAM, a celebrated statesman, was a native of Somersetshire, and born in 1687. Having been elected M. P. for the county, he soon became con- spicuous as one of the ablest senators in the House. He was appointed secretary of war, and, in 1713, chancellor of the exchequer; but being dismissed on the death of Queen Anne, he took a leading part in opposition, and sigsalized himself by his defence of the duke of Ormond and the earls of Oxford and Strafford, when impeached by the Com- mons. He was committed to the Tower in 1715, on the charge of being concerned in the rebellion of the earl of Mar, but was never brought to trial. Died, 1740. His portrait, by Highmore, is in the National Collection.— Hiseldestscn.CHAaLEs-WvNii HAM, became earl of Egremont^rdlld ik' WYNN, Right Hon. Chakles Watkins WILLIAMS, a distinguished member ofpfr- liament,born about 1776, and, at the time of his death, the oldest member of the House of Commons, having sat for Mont- gomeryshire since 1797, and about a year previously for Old Sarum. He held the ofiSces of secretary-at-war (in the Grey ad- ministration) and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster from December, 1834, to Ap> il 1835. Next to Sir Robert Peel, perhaps| there was no parliamentary character more prominent than Mr Wynn, whose age and experience made him an oracle upon ques- tions of privilege and doubtful points of precedent and order, even amid the infirm- ities of accumulated years. At one period he was nearly chosen to fill the speaker's chair. He was the fast friend of the poet Southey, was attached to literature, an able exponent of political measures, and alto- gether a man to be respected and esteemed during a lengthened career, in which every- thing praiseworthyand honourable attached to his name. Died, 1850. WYON, WILLIAM, R.A., a medal engraver of admirable skiU, was of German descent ; the son of Peter Wyon, a die-sinker at Bir- mingham, where he was bom in 1796. Ap- prenticed to his father, he evinced when very young that taste and skill In his art of which he has left behind him so many ad- mirable examples. In 1816 Mr Wyon came to London ; and in that year he was ap- pointed second engraver in the Royal MHt. Here he had a fair field and an honouraole career before him ; but his hopes were dark- ened by oflBcial difficulties, on which we need not dwell. In 1832 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy ; and in 1838 a full academician. Mr Wyon's works may be classified under the several heads of coins—pattern-pieces not coined — medals — and seals. His medals include the war medals of the Peninsula, Trafalgar, Jela- labad, and Cabul,— the civic medals of the Royal Academy, the Royal Society, the Royal Institution, the Geological Society, the Geographical Society, the Bengal Asiatic Society, and indeed of almost every learned society, home and colonial. His heads have both force and delicacy, — and are always admirable in point of likeness. His re- verses are conceived in the manner of Flax- man, for whose works he evinced greater enthusiasm than for those of any other mo- dern artist. Died, 1851. WYTHER, GEORGE. [WITHER.] WYTTENBACH, DANIEL, a learned phi- lologist, was born at Berne, iu 1746 ; studied at Marburg and Gbttingcn, obtained the professorship of philosophy and literature at the Remonstrants' College at Amster- dam ; and was subsequently professor of philosophy at the Athenajum in that city. He became afterwards professor of eloquence at Lcyden, and held that chair till incapaci- tated by age. Among his works are " Vita Ruhnkenil," " Opuscula Oratorica, Histori- ca, Critica," and an edition of the Moral Works of Plutarch. Died, 1820, t i: \ . * 1 .? ;f .. 'U ' Ilia XAV] 3SL JtetD Stniberaal ^iograpi)^. [XIM X. XAVIER, St FaANClfl, a celebrated Jesuit missionary, born In Spain in 1606. He was sent to study at Paris, and there met Igna- tius Loyola, whose affectionate disciple and nlly he thenceforth became. He assisted Loyola in the formation of the new society, and (tladly undertook, In 1640, the laborious mission to the Kast Indies. After very de- voted service at Goa, on.the Malabar coast, in Travancore, and in tTic Islands of the Archipelago, he went to Ceylon. Meeting there a Javanese refugee, '.he accompanied him, in 1549, to Japan, and established there the mission, which was maintained by the Jesuits more than a century. On his return to India he fell ill, and died on an island off the coast of China, in December, 1552. He was beatified in 1619, and canonized by Gregory XV. three years later. He left five books of epistles and other small works. It has been recently shown that there is much exaggeration in the common accounts of the successes of this eminent preacher. An account of his " Missionary Life and La- bours," by the Ilev. H. Venn, was recently published. XENOCRATES, a Greek philosopher, re- markable for the severity of his manners, and his incorruptible integrity, was born at Chalcedon, about B. C. 400. He was a pupil of Plato, and sent on embassies to Philip, king of Macedonia, and afterwards to An- tipater. It is said that the Athenians caused him to be sold as a slave, because he was too poor to pay the taxes. Demetrius Phalereus, however, discharged the debt, and gave him his freedorrt. He was for many years head of the Academy. Died, B. C. 314. XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher and poet, was a native of Colophon, and settled at Elea in Magna Graecia. He lived in the latter half of the 6th century B. c, and was a contemporary of Pythagoras. He Is re- cognized as the founder of the Eleatlc School, the characteristic doctrine of which was an idealistic pantheism. Xenophanes was the first philosopher who endeavoured to set the idea of the Deity free from the de- grading images previously associated with it. Fragments of his poem " On Nature " apd of liis elegies arc all that are preserved to us of his writings. XENOPHON, the illustrious Athenian historian, was born probably about B. C. 450. He was adisciple and friend of Socrates, who saved his life at the battle of Dclium. "With his friend Proxenus he joined the army of Cyrus the younger as a volunteer in the expedition against Artaxerxes. After tlio death of Cyrus, at the battle of Cunaxa, and the treacherous murder of the Greek generals, Xenophon took the lead in con- ducting the famous "Retreat of the Ten Tliousand" from Upper Asia to their native land. He afterwards served in the Spartan army against the Persians, and sentence of banishment being passed on him by the iiifi Athenians, he retired Into Ells, and lived tliero about 20 years. It Is not known whether he availed himself of the permission to return to Athens, nor when nor wiiere he died. He was living B. C. 357. The principal works of Xenophon are the " Ana- basis of Cyrus," the history of the expedition in which the historian took so prominent a part; the "Cyropajdia," a fascinating pic- ture of an Ideal state based on the traditions respecting the elder Cyrus; the "Mcmora bilia of Socrates," a very precious memorial of the great practical philosopher; and the "Hellenica," a historical narrative. He wrote several shorter works. Xcnophon's mode of thought is practical, not speculative, and his style is singularly lucid, simple, anil manly. XEllXES I., king of Persia, was the son of Darius, and succeeded him on the throne B. c. 485. After suppressing a revolt in Egypt he prepared for the invasion of Greece. In 480 he set out at the head of an enormous host, which he reviewed at Doriscus, and succeeded In reaching the pass of Ther- mopyltB. Great part of his fleet was de- stroyed by a storm, the rest of it engagea the Greek fleet off Artemisium. At the same time took place the memorable battle of Thermopylee, in which Leonidas and his band of Spartans heroically witlistood the Persian host for several days, and then fell through treachery. Xerxes then advanced to Athens, and at the battle of Salamlasaw his fleet defeated by Themistocies. He re- turned to Persia, leaving his general, Mar- donius, to carry on the war in Greece. Mur- dered by Artabanus, B. c. 465. XIMENEZ DB CISNEROS, FRANCISCO, cardinal, archbishop of Toledo, a distin- guished Spanish statesman, was bom la Castile in 1437. He studied at the university of Salamanca, then visited Rome, where he acquired a great reputation, suffered a long imprisonment in consequence of a dispute with the archbishop of Toledo, and in 1482 entered the Franciscan order, to the rule of which he devoutly and .-igidly conformed. Ten years later Queen Isabella of Castile chose him for her confessor, nn ofBce which he would fain have declined. He succeeded Cardinal Mendoza in the archbishopric ol Ti ledo, in 1495. In 1506 he became regent of Spain, and distinguished himself by the wisdom and energy of his administration. Though seventy years of age, he even con- ducted an expedition into Africa and con- quered Oran. He was again regent after the death of Ferdinand in 161G, and died in the following year. Cardinal Ximenesna! one of the greatest men of his age, and the services which he rendered as statesman, as churchman , and as patron of literature, were ! very important. He founded the university of Alcala de Henares, and had the celehrated Complutensian Polyglot compiled at his own expense. Spain owes to him the first cstao- liUIIGH xim] llshitient of tlie rule which excludes papal bulls not sanctioned by the kingr, and the first measures towards the emancipation of the towns from the tyranny of the feudal nobles. XIMENEZ,FllANClSCO,one of the 12 friars who first preached Christianity to the Mexi- cans In the 16th century. During his resid- ence in Mexico he collected a great deal of information relative to the placte and ^ i^eto ganifteraal ISiograpftp. [yob UeX^!!tl^e^^SJ7erM'^.r^"^ possess considerable mem • ""°''^'* *° .tSS^Ke^,?rce„Cn';.°!;<^- name, was the authorTr'o°U*'abr?dT ment of Dion Cassius, and is often cof founded with his uncle. °'*" T. YALDEN, or YOULDING, THOMAS, dl- Tine anu poet, was born about 1671, and educpted at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he formed an intimacy with Addison and Sacheverel, which lasted through life. He obtained the rectories of Charlton and Cleanville, in Herefordshire; and, In 1713, was appointed preacher to Bridewell Hos- pital, on the resignation of Dr Atterbury. Among hi? poetical pieces are, " The Temple of Fame," " The Conquest of Namur," " Hy- men to Darkness," &c. Died, 1736. YARKELL, WILLIAM, an eminent natur- alist, was born in London in 1784, where his father carried on the business of a news- paper agent. From the earliest age he manifested a strong inclination for r.ral sports, and while engaged in them he studied minutely the natural history and habits of the game he hunted. In 1828 he eent a paper to the Zoological Journal on " Some rare British Birds," and from this period for nearly thirty years he continued to furnish contributions on similar subjects to many scientific journals; but the works on which his reputation mainly rests are his 'History of British Birds," and "History of British Fishes." the former published in 1836, and the latter in 1843. YATES, Frederick henry, a popular and versatile actor, first made his appear- ance on the stage in a piece called " The Actor of All Work," In 1817. In the fol- lowing year he was engaged at Covent Garden, subsequently performed in every line of character from ShaUspoarc's tragedy to the broadest farce, and it was not easy to decide whether his pathos or his humour were most admirable. As manager of the Aaelphi Theatre his taste and skill were a 80 nniversaUy acknowledged. Died. June 21, 1842, aged 45. YEATES, THOMAS, orientalist, author of excellent grammars of the Hebrew and oyriac, a most laborious editor and translator Of portions of the Scripture, and distin- guished in his day for a variety of biblical labours of considerable value. In early life no was a member and secretary of the So- ciety for promoting Constitutional Reform, out for many years previous to bis death Bom, 1768; ho took no part In politics Qicd 1839 thJ^^^^P^^^J"' '''"» of Persia, last of the dynasty of the Sassnnidaj, came to the throne *. d. 632. He was only fifteen years of age, and the conquests of the Moslems were creating alarm In Persia. The com- mand of his aimy was given to his favourite 'Kustam,aud a -rreat battle, lasting several fif/lO?,*/?' • '. .*V« P'^'^'^s of Cadesia In 634 or 636, In ohich the Persians were de- feated, and Kustam killed in his flight. Cteslphon was occupied by the MoslemI in 637, and Yezde^rerd fled to the Median hills. Farther successes of the invaders drove him fkio^'*'"'*'" ^'■°? ^'* kingdom; he passed the Oxus, reached the Jaxartes, and obtained the friendship and aid of the emperor of oJr^"S'ii, ^"i ^^ was betrayed, overtaken, and killed by Turkish cavalry in the 19th year of his reign, v. d. 651. AVith him fell the Persian kingtom and the religion of Zoroaster. The era of Yezdegerd commences from the ICth June, 632. „,")(;"^K, FREDERICK, Duke of, second son in tfi'^T^ I"- ^'"^ ",<''•" August 16, 1763, and in the February following he was elected ?r^Sfl;^l^^*'P °^ Osnaburg, in Germany. In 1780 he was appointed a brevet-colonel in the British army, and went to study military tactics in the school of the great Frederick at Berlin. In 1784 he was created duke of York and Albany ; returned from the continent In 1787; took his seat in the House of Lords the same year; and, in 1(89, fought a duel, which had nearly proved fatal to him, with Colonel Lennox, after- wards duke of Richmond. In 1791 he mar- ried the eldest daughter of the king of Prussia ; was placed at the head of the British army In Flanders, in 1793, took part in the siege of Valenciennes, and after re- peated defeats by the French, was compelled to return to England. He was, however, mate field-marshal and'commander-In-chief, and in 1799 was again sent to Holland. He was again unsuccessful, and had to sign a disadvantageous convention. In ISOQascries of (.'harges were preferred against him in the House of Commons by Colonel Wardle, for having suffered a female favourite to influ- 1117 m-!' yob] % iacto anlbusalJSiogrnp^ [vou •nee him In the dUposal of comnjisslons In t. e army ; hut as nothing occurred to im- plicate the duke in corrupt tjanfactlons, he Im acquitted. His royul highness, how- ever resigned his post of commander-in- chief, but ho wa. reinstated about two years Xr by the prince regent; ?",'! '''"'".th^' time he exercised the most rigid ImpartiaUty „ the distHbution of Protnotion, while he attended to the r ghts and comforts of tne ?olM. In 1826, Lleut.-colonel Young was appointed to the office of protector of slaves in Deme- rara ■ in 1831 he was made lieut.-governor of Prince Edward's Island ; and. In 1834, he received the honour of knighthood. Died, 1835. , ^ „ YOUNG, ARTHTJR, an eminent writer on aericulture, was born in 1741, at Bradfleld, in Suffolk. With a desire to im prove Britiih husbandry, he made innumerable expert- m»nts at home, and also travelled over Great Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, and Italy, In 1770 he published his Farmer's Calen- dar " which became a very popular work; and in 1784 began to publish the periodical, entitled the '^Annals of Agriculture." It contained many important comraunicationi, signed by their contributors ; among whom was King George III. u' ler the assumed name of Ralph Robinson. On the eitati- lishment of the Board of Agriculiu. e he iras appointed secretary, which office he held till his decease. Besides the works already mentioned, he published his Tours In Eng- land, Ireland, and France, " Political Arith- metic," and many other works of more or less importance . Young coiTespondcd with Waohington, eceived valuable present! from the Empress Catherine of Russia, and from Count Rostopchin, governor of Mos- cow • was chosen F.R.8., and receivedagold medal from the Board of Agriculture. In 1801 his works on agriculture were, by order of the Directory, translated into Frcncli, and published under the title of "Lc Cul- tivateur Anglais." He was blind for some veirs before his 'loath, which took place at • Is native villfl -^pril 12, 1820. YOUNG, t- .VARn, an English poet, author of the "Night Thouglits, was bora at the village of Upham, m Hampshire, In 1684. He was educated at Winchester School and Oxford University, obtained a law fe- lowship at All Souls College, and in |lll, graduated D.C.L. He had before thatm made himself known by the publication Teveral of his poems, and held the situat, of tutor to the young Lord Burleigh ;whKh he gave up in consequence of an offerhyW duke of Wharton of a larger income. W matter was the subject of a lawsu t te the death of the duke. Young was orda nrt nriest in 1727, and was appointed chapUa to the king, and three years later recto^ Welwynrfn Hertfordshire. He cont.nuedtt JSh a. succession of Poems, each J its flattering dedication to some inaumtW person ; place-hunting being one of W? most prominent characteristics. He « named, in 1761, clerk of the closet WW 1118 you] % Mtixt atntbcrigal 18iograpI)B. princcjg dowager of Wales. YounR'g princl- p,il work as a poetls the "Night Thoughts," which appeared between 1742—46, and by reason of the seriousness of Its subject— the Immortality of the soul, and the practical duties which flow from that fact— and the force and showineas with which It is sot forth.'obtalned an Immense reputation, and long held its ground as a household book in England. Its style Is wearisome and of- fensive to a cultivated taste, but there are lines and passages in it which will not be forgotten. His other poems are—" The Last Day;" "The Force of llellglon;" a series of clever hut superficial satires entitled "The Universal Passion;" three tragedies, entitled "Busirls," "The Brothers," and "The Ecvenge;" and several odes, epistles, and short pieces. In prose he wrote " Ke- raarks on Original Composition," and "The Centaur not Fabulous." Died, April 12, 176?, leaving one son by his wife. Lady Elizabeth Lee, whom he married In 1731. She died In 1741. YOUNG, MATTHEW, an Irish mathema- tician and divine, was bom In 1760, in the county of Koscommon ; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where, In 1786, he became professor of philosophy ; was raised to the see of Clonfert, by Marquis Corn- wallis, and died in 1800. He was the author of " An Analysis of the Principles of Natm al Philosophy," and " The Method of Prime and Ultimate Ratios." YOUNG, Dr THOMAS, a distinguished natural philosopher^ was bom of a Quaker family at Milverton, in Somersetshire, in 1773, He was carefully educated, and was a zealous student of ancient and modern languages, mathematics, and natur.U phi- losophy. At the age of 19 he went to Lon- don to study medicine ; became a pupil of John Hunter; and, through his unole, Dr Brocklesby,made the acquaintance of Burke and Sir Joshua Reynolds. At this period he began to shake off his Quakerism, and to dress and live like the people he was thrown amongst. After studying a short time at Edinburgh, he made a tour through Ger- many, and early in 1797 entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He began to practise as a physician in London, in 1801 ; was chosen the next year professor of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, a post which he held only two years ; and, in 1802, became foreign secretary to the Royal So- ciety. Dr Young was subsequently physician of St George's .Hospital, secretary to the Board of Longitude, and .foreign associate of the French Academy of Sciences. His principal work is the " Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and Mechanical Arts," published in 2 vols., 4to, ia 1807. In this work was announced the beautiful undu- latory theory of light, and the principle of interference of rays, which is characterized by Sir John Herschel, in his well-known Discourse," as a principle in optics which, regarded as a physical lavr, has hardly its equal for beauty, simplicity, and xtent of application in the whole circle science. Dr Young al30 distinguished hi..'jelf as a student of the hieroglyphical inscriptions of [yri to the Encyclopedia" Brte',?a'.rh,"S/ terly Review, the Philosophieai Tr,.„ 'T tlons, and various sclentiflc JournaU ?>u i" May 10, 1829. A Life of thlVemin nt^man' of science was published, in 1855, by D^ Peacock ; who also edited his Mlsce llaneouS Writings. His Hieroglyphical EssayS anS his Correspondence were edited by Leltch YP8ILANTI, Prince Alexander, the first active agent in the Greek revolution son of Demetrius, hospodar of Wallachia' was bom at Constantinople, in 1 792. About the year 1805 Ypsilanti's father received a summons from the grand seignior to repair to Constantinople, and judging that obe- dience to the command might cost him his life, he determined on retiring Into Russia The son, adopting the military profession, entered into the Russian army; was a cap- tain of hussarij, when a ball, at the battle of Dresden, carried away his right hand: attained the rank of major-general, and was made aide-de-camp to the emperor. In 1820 he became acquainted with the Hetalreia, of Which association he eventuaUy became the leader. When he saw that the breaking out of the Insurrection In Greece could no longer be delayed, he resolved to plant In Moldavia the standard of revolt. He crossed tje Pruth with a few attendants, and In March, 1821, he issued a proclamation, an- nouncing that Greece had kindled the torch of freedom, and thrown off the yoke of ty- ranny. The Emperor Alexander, to express publicly his disapprobation of the undertak- ing of the Hetairists, summoned YpsilantI to make his defence; and, as he did not obey, he caused hlb name to be struck from the rolls of the Russian army. After sus- taining repeated defeats, YpsilantI gave lip the cause of Greece. Having crossed the frontiers, he was arrested in Transylvania, and long held captive, as a prisoner of state, m the fortress of Mungatsch. He died at Vienna in 1828, aged 36. .YpsilantI un- doubtedly possessed the necessary courage, but his ridiculous pride and tenaciousness of ceremony due to his rank rendered him wholly unfit for the duties of a patriot chieftain. YRIARTE, JUAN BE, librarian to Philip V. king of Spain,' was bom of a Spanish family at Orotava, in Teneriffe, in 1702. He was seat to France to be educated, and studied eight years at the college of Louis J-' Grand. On visiting Madrid in his 22nd year, his great acquirements attracted the notice of influential persons, and after Various honourable employments, he became royal librarian in 1732. This office he filled till his death ; and during the forty years of his librarlanship he greatly increased the col- lection both of printed books and manu- scripts, and prepared several catalogues. The office of translator to the chief secretary of .state was given to him In 1740, and this also he held till his death. He was an active member of the Royal Academy of Madrid, and began to compile a Spanish-Latin Dic- tionary. Died at Madrid, 1771. YRIARTE, TOMASO DE, an eminen Egyot and w«rthofl;J» ♦.,„/» ;Vi^^^ « xxvia«,xjs, xomaso de, an eminen. i^gypi, and was the first to suggest the dig- 1 Spanish poet, youngest son of the preceding, WWII gT •1'Tf I'. ; ill ' \> ■Iuj !| ? 1119 z\b] m Jl•'],';:. tppt was born at Home, In 1674, ana ais rlnK fresco paintings from the plaster. 7 A 11 A U E li L A, FRANCESCO, a discln- ffuUhcd Italian ecclesiastic, was born at 1 a- d«a In 1339 He was an eminent professor of the canon law; and arrived, successively, JreauTes on ecclesiastical subjects. Uicd, ^^ZACH, FHANZ XAVIEB, Earon yon, Ger- man nstVonomer born at Pesth in im^ After completing his early studies he ifY /„ ^dsnent several years in England, and, in 786 bicame'dlrecfor of the Observatory o Seeberp. rounded for lum by t^^e duUo of ^hfsc'^eC^f nst'rolmy b'y his laborious observations, his Star Catalogues, So a- and Sr^n^l^^ed^'^-iSforior;;^ sjSnz" He lived Bome time at G^noa, and the last six years of his life ft*- l'a>'s> Wfi was chosen F.R.S., London, in 1804, nutt was an associate of the Royal Astronomical Hk/^M. German' poet and translator, was a native of Thuvinglii. He was born In 1720 , wn, educated at I.elpslc, where he made the acQuaiitance and fell under the literary in- Suence of Gottschcd ; "tended the circle of his friends at G5ttingen, and became pro- fessor of pootry at thicarolinum of Bruns- wick in 1701 He was author of seyera romlceplcs-"Dcrllenommist," " Phaeton," ?.°Das ffimpftuch," '^nd " ^urner m dex H«lle ; " also of a collection of 1 *bein ana Er7ihiunRen," and some pleasant songs. He transfated '-'Paradise Lost" into Ger- man hexameters, and for sev^a years edited thP Neue Br nschweiger Zeit'.ing. iiis poems and translations form 9 vols. 8vo. ^ zicHAiuiB, KARL SALOMON, an emi- nent German jurist and Publicist, was bo „ at Meissen in 1769. He studied at the uni- ver^t r' of Leipslc and Wittenberg, and Ta^S aequired'greatreputation^^^^^ on law. was appointeu, in 1802, proiessor oi JuriSudence at Wittenb erg. Five years 1120 later he removed to Heidelberg, where he held a similar chair till his death. Hii principal works are—" Vlerzig lluchcr yom Staate," in 7 vols.; "Uandbuch de» Fran- zosischen Clvllrechts ;" "Die Einhcltdct Stnats und der Klrche," &c. Died, 18i3. ZAGOSKIN, MICHAEL NlKOLAKVIClI, I'vussian dramatist and novelist, was bora In 1789. His fi.Mt play was a comedy n-l titled " The Wag." which was well rccchedl ut the theatre of Rt retorsbnrp, nii(i. pro cured hiin employment in the ImperirUi brary. In 1820 he removed to Moscoff, | where ho continued to produce coraei)ii>t und novels. His most popular novel ii " George Miloslavsky," a clever picture of Russia at the beginning of the 17thccnturjr. Among his other works are " llostavley," a tale and " Moscow and the Moscowers," a series of essays. 1 )ied at Moscow, 1852. ZAHUTMANN, ClIUISTIAN Chkisto- PIIER, Danish admiral and hydrographcr lu the admiralty, was born about 1793. He entered the navy at the age of 12, and servcJ in it till the pence of 1815. In his cnpacitj of hydrographcr he prepared and published a val lablc description of the seas roucJ Denmark, and a chart of the North Sea. His services procured him the esteem of hit countrymen, the knighthood of theDaiine. orog, and various foreign orders, and several oflBces of state. He was also honorary meui- ber of th? Royal Geographical Society o( London. Died, 1853. ZAlONCZiiK, JOSEPH, Prince, a Polish general, was born in 1752, at Kaminiecl In the diets from 1788 to 1792 he espoused the cause of his country's rrcedom, and was among the foremost who fought for It in 1792 and 17U4. He commandcJ «l Praea. when that suburb of AVarsaff was taken by assault. Being made prisoner, and sent to the fortress of Josephstadt,ht remained there tiU after the death of tbe empress Catharine;when,onbcingliberaled, he entered into the French army, and »u in active service from 1797 till 1812, n^ various campaigns of Italy, Egypt, PmssHi Poland, and llussia. When the congresrf Vienna assigned Poland to B"jsia, theW- peror Alexander conferred on hira the offi« Sf viceroy, with the title of prince. V A ttiese favours the Patriotism of » vanished, and he became the devoted sU. of the BoVereign who had exalted him. He died in 1826. ._ „fPMii ZAKEZEWSKI, N., a dep« 7 f K born about 1707; a bravo and liberal M ul] who, In 1702 nnd 1794, dliitlnituishcd himself «mon(i hU countrymen In their effort! to thnkc off the yoke of Ilussln. On the llu«- aluns lielnR driven out of Wnriavr In 1704, be wBi appointed prctldent of the national council; but when that city fell Into the hnntU of Suwarrow, the implacable Catha- rine cnused nlm to be arrested, nnd Im- prisoned with Mostowskl, Potockl, and other patriot!, at 8t Potcrsburff, where he rcmftlncd till the accession of the emperor rnul, who sot him at liberty. ZALEUCU8, a renowned legislator of the Locrlans, who flourished about 360 B. 0. It ii iclntcd that having made a law to punitth adulterers with the loss of sight, he refused to exonerate his own son when convicted of the crimr), but submitted to the loss of on* of his own eyes, instead of exacting the penalty of both from the offender. The laws of Zaicucus were lung in force, and are said to have been the earliest written laws In Greece ZAI.USKI, JOSEPH Akduew, a Polish DoMc, founder of the Zaluski Library, was born in 1701. His passion for book-coHect- InK was remarked in his youth, and his whole life and fortune were dedicated to its uratlflcation. He was assisted in forming the library by his brother, the bishop of Cracow, ond, In 1718, it was opened to the public at Warsaw. For a political offence Zaluaki wos banished by the diet under Rubsian influrnce, in 1767, nnd not allowed to return to Warsaw for six years. Menn- nhile nmny of the books had been stolen, and the whole collection was in a state of neglect and decay. Zaluskt died at the be- ginning of 1774. After various misfortunes this Rfcat library, In spite of great losses, numbering about 260,000 volumes, was seized and carried off to 8t Petersburg, where it ras subsequently enlarged, and is known as the Imperial Library. ZAMIIECCAEI, Count FRANCESCO, a ce- lebrated Italian aeronaut, born at Bologna, in 1756. His experiments and researches were chiefly directed to the means of guiding balloons in the air, by availing himself of currents at different heights, by employing oars, and by the occasional diminution and auffmentation of the gas. He perished in making one of these experiments in 1812, the balloon which conveyed him having ea- tangicd itself in a tree, and caught Are. ZAMOYSKI, JOHN SARirs, a distinguish- ed Polish sfatesmtn and general, born In 1541. After studying at Paris and Padua, and becoming rectcrof the university at the latter city, he njturned to Poland, and was one of the ambassadors sent to Paris in 1573. to offer the Polish crown to the duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III. of France. Hiicn Stephen Kathori came to the throne, 11?™! '*,"''''^®> marriage to Zamoyski Whom he also made grand-chancellor of the [realm and general of his armies. He dis- jtingulshed himself as a warrior, and in 1380 Z^Zi ^'^ ^''^ Muscovite yike many of 1 hn.^'l'" provinces. On the death of Ba- SiM.Ln^?"*^'.''* promoted the election of isigisrnund, prince of Sweden, to the throne. wr ''*'",^' commanded with «reat dU- ■inctlon against the Turks, the Tjitar., and % ifttb an(b .oS^o?\"h^e';p^rJicX'.'^:ytrr.rnrr castellan of^Kallsch he M.I.ted at .h«" /• tion and co.onatlon of jS"n Caslmirn .*«rS" f«?cV ?; ,^'«''"«"'»hed hlmseTf " wo";e"ri later in the campaigns against the Cossack? and was named palatln? of Sandomlr h« took a distinguished part In the war of th! K^'i°"/ "It *')„'"'' contended wth' ho tWlet'tn ZS^'i''"'?*'- «« asil.ted at ine uiet In the follow ng year, and sano im *^" *""'" °' ''"'"• Wed «it Warnw, Po^iiS'^yn^^^' -^NDHEW, a distinguished Polish statesman, a member of tlio same ?BrIlH?."„'V??'^"'.'' '"• c'Jwcatlon at the ui.?: Terslticsof Lieofnit* nnd Paris, he gave ud is into IhJS ^^*' *" '"• '"°"'"«. aSS cm?red m ijfli n"?" "l""^' *" ^hlch he served no nt„H ♦ ^«t"';n'nK to Poland, he wasai^ fnrt J«« **' " ^•''''' "'"•=0 In the nmgistrac?^ and ten years later ho was made keener of ieL"m 'llr ^"' '"""i:"^"' ^" «-xerted for the tlon nnS'.?"",'""' '"'^ Promotion of educa- nnnt' ^^V^^ increase of the army. Indig- nant at the seizure nnd exile, under Russian "«"«""• ."' ^"'""'l »"«» other noWcslS S^?""?r""'' ""' """■• """^ went IntSr^ tiremcnt. Ho was surprised by the com- mission Infrustcd to him m 1778 to prepare hlmtVil\^^\^^'}'^'^'"^' »t once app'^Jed hi? .1,1 ^° r**® ^J""*' ""«• O""' »t» compiotlon had the profound grief of seeing It rejected by the diet. Russian Influence wns at the Umo predominant and thwarted every ^nn^T "i""''' **i "''"> the country fro^ anarchy. Zamoyski withdrew to Italy, and T.'A:u "?^ ''" •""• ♦''« consolation hear that his code was at last adopted In the new constitution. He hastened to return to hU eojjntj'y. «n'«vlng Jor-ned a close intimacy with the celebrated Peter Martyr, while they were canons regular ol San Giovanni dl fjfi. Tm' *•"*. conversation .^ad example df this distinguished convert to the reformed onThL' TT'f^J •"•??"^««> such an cS TomUh Vm monastic habit and abjure the Romish fuith. He was accordingly under .n„\llf""'*'7 of quitting Italy, and, after seeking n refuge first at Geneva, and next at Strasburg and Chiavcnna, he accepted the Mli""'^ P''".^''"""'"*' •»' Heidelberg, in 1660 ; where he sett ed, under the immediate L whJif,°'»^"^f' ''^"^•' ^'ector-palatine, at whose Instigation he composed his great treatise against Antlnomlanism. The death of this prince. In 1678, occasioned his re- signation, and he removed to Neustadt : but ?h»«*y«™f?a^° Heidelberg In 1585. and died there In 1690. Hit treatise "On the Doc- U'° »°u ?«dc«tlnation " was translated Into English by Dr Toplady. ZANOTTI, PEAK0I8CO MARIA, a matho- maticlan, wm bom at Bologna, in 1693, and 4o im > lii« bel] m iflctD IRnibcMtt 18iogtBpi)0. [m became Ubmrlwi, Mcretury, nnd prnnldont of the InMltutoof hU nnllvo cliy. He wm at tlMt n C.irtnlnn, but iiflrrwnnU bepoino « «oalou. dcfonilerof Newton'. •T'"""'- , "" wii!t ft good l.ttlln i>»il llttlinn poot. I>le«, ZRI.OTTl.HATTtBTA, Italian pnintor, wnii born at Vcroim, In laaJ. Ho waj a pupil of Antonio Miidiln at th» Mmo time with Pflia V«ronPin, who-i' awUtant and rival he if" orwnr.lt bccamo. /--lotll cx.rlind In frM- co pttlntlnR, end bit pHn.lpal work wu. a aerie* In llhutratlon of the eiplolt* of the Obl/al. Bonio of hi* woike havti bfrn mie- taUon for thoie of r»ul Veronenn, whoeo Stylo ho Imitated. There It a poytmlt by "d'rttl In the National Oallery. JHod about ^TliNDKTNI, Hkhnaiido, an eminent ItiiUnn mathematician, wae born nl Hft- y loro. In 1679. and aettled at V.-nlco a» a nhvMclan. HU profound knowlmiRo of hy- drau lea obtalni-d for him the ,ippolntmr.nt of chief ennlnocr to tho Venetian rnpuhllc, with the iuperlntpnd(!nco of all thn rivora, I pori, *c. HO wa. nUo -mployrd by tho AmtHan Rovotiimont and the n-pul.Mc of Luct"; ""d m>xnj work* «' f roat Imoort- anop wpro executed by him. Died, 1747. ZKNO, of EIca, A Orcek phlloiophor, waa born about «. 0. 490 at »''>';";, «"MlJ|"; Owiln.and wn« ii dlaelple of I'armenldei. He IH anid to havo vUlted Athena with I'ar- meni.lps, and to haTO lived there aomo time. The invention, or at leail Iho development, of (UMcctlcB I* naerlhed to him, Hl"i nailve cltv liavinB fallen under the donilnl«»n of a deap't. 1.0 endeavoured to deliver It, but fall (1; and. belnR put to tho torture, ho U aa d 10 h-ivo bitten off hi* tonKue, In order to prevent himself from betraying hi* com- **"zr'NO. tho Oreek pbllo*opber, foimder ot the stole School, wn* born at Oltlutn.ii »innll town in Cypru*. Tho date of bin l.lrth I* uncertain, but It wa* prolmbly abiitit n. 0. 355." HI* father, Mno*eu*, wa* a niercmnt, and brought him up to the aaino calling. But the wrltlnK*of the Roerntic philosopher* fell in hi* way, nnd Bitrnctcd him to a hiBher field, nnd the accident of his ahlp- wreck, with the lo** of a valuable cnr^o, on the coi*t cf Attica, left him poor nnd free to follow hi* Ronlu*, and bccomoaphloMophcr. He first attended at Athen* tho leelure* or Crates, tho cynic ; but *oon, un*nf Islled and di**ntl8fled, turned to fitllpo of the Megnrle echool; and afterward* to tho P»' o«"P>'<" of the Academy, Xcnocrate* nnd I'lnto. Ho did not permanently adhere to nny of theao icbool«,but after twenty ?''»'•«''''•''«"*'": qulry nnd pursuit of truth, '^^K"" »? ,V'"fjl,' ayetem of hU own. Ho Knthcred hi* disci- ple* In the Stoa.or Portico, P'«»nt«d 'ly Poly- Knotus ; whence the name of hi* *clno -the Btoic /cno wa* of fcoblo health and deeply thouRhtful aspect ; Uvea very al>»temlouMy, presided over tho i;cbool for 9fl year*, nnd renclietl, It 1* *nld, tho ago of fj. HI* per- gonal character wn* the faithful counter- part of hi* doctrine, nnd ho wn* held In *ueh hlKh honour by hi. foliow-cltlzcn* that they are said to have placed in hit keeping tho keys of their citadel. The aim of Zeno wat 11S9 to found a ayatem of human knowldln», which should take the place of the iccpHclw then prevalent, and urreat If pomlblo the decay which ho saw fa*t (prettdlng orer (»roek clvllUatlon. Ho had tome of th«bcii qualities of the early Uoman* ; manly fntr- ity, severe simplicity of life, nnd profoiind rcRiird for moral obllRntloii 111* philuiopli; therefore bad a practical rather tlian i speculative aim. He derived nil kiiowNn from sensation and reliection— Iherjcrcli* of reason upon lmpreHsionsrccelveillhrou|li the seme* i tauKht that the hiRhrit almof mnn Is to live according to right rttirn; that the way to virtue (perfect mnnhood) !i through wisdom ; that virtue alone It the ground of blesRednea* ; that all good actloni arc equally good, and all evil onosrquMI; evil i that the passions must be pradlcitcd and traiKiulllity secured by " apathy" (free- dom from pawlon). Tho system of the Stoics was more fully developed by thf «roit followers of Zeno, among whom wore Clean- the*, hi* pupil and *ucce»sor, (Mirynlppm, Diogenes of Jiabylon, and otheri. Mag; great tblnkcr» and noble ehnmctcri went forth from this school, and Its doctrlnfi were peeullnrly attractive to the nohlen Homan*. Hut tho system nUo produce* mnny examples of extravagant fgotlim, pride, and asperity, and some of Its niott distinguished adherents availed thcnidolvet of the liberty It gave them of piittlnKat\er4 to their own live*. Zeno is snid to lia« done *o, In consequence of an nccldentaihe quitted the Htoa. Tho date of lits death li probably about B. C. 288. After hit death the Athenians are «ald to have honoured hia by tho decree of n crown of gold, a public funeral, and o statue of brass. ZENO, emperor of the East, got hlraiell proclaimed emperor in A. i>. 474. He w« father of Leo II., who was appointed by I« I. to succeed him ; tut being an infant, Z«o a**umod tho government and the purple, nnd the young I-eo soon after died. luibi following year Zeno made pence with Get- serlc, king of the Vandals ; and wm tool nfter driven Into exile liy a revolt headed bf Baslll«cu8, who reigned till 477. In that year Zeno returned to Constantinople, m tho usurper being betrayed to hlin.wiubai- lahed with bis wife and uailly to die ri hardship* In Cappndocla. Another mjl broke out in 479 under Marclan.sonoftM nmperor Anthemius, but it was cajlly up- pressed. Zeno hnd no capacity for gove* mcnt, nnd led a sensualcorrupt life: but M undertook to Interfere in ecclesiastical «■ fairs, nnd attempted, by the piiblicatloii^ 482, of his famous Hmolicon, to putnncM to tho misetnble disputes and disfncelB disorders of tho churches. But Instead* lending to union, this concordat i»na w fruitful germ of new divisions, w » Verina.tho widow of Leo I., promoted tt other revolt, nnd had Lcontlus proc alaj emperor at Tarsus ; but he was MM nnd after being blockaded in a fortrcflW gevernl yeaf wns taken and put toflci* Zeno died, A. D. 491. ,. ZENO, APOSTOLO, the father of tlie I* llan opera, was born nt Venice, in 1659,fli established the academy of tbs Anlnmi" bbk] hi* nntlvo rttf , In land, nnd commencod, In 1710, tlm celchrntpd p.^lodlcal work called " II (ilnrnnin dl T-ettpriitl." Ho wrote " Ob- •crrnilonson the Italian IIIiitorliin»,"'j vole. 4lD ; nml lil» drninatio works were orlntod In 174 1, In tl role. Died, 1780. ZKNO, CAni.o, (rrand Admiral of Venice ir«»horn ahoiit 18.11. He waa educated at the university of Pndua, aorved aa a aoldler HiKnK'jd In commerce, and lu 1376 ncBo- lliitpd with (he nnincror John Talwoloirua thcrt'silon of the Ulo of TcmwJoi to Venice In tlifl warof Chlo/xa which followed he dofcndpd Trevlio, defeated the Oonoene fleet tlircafcncdthe coantiiof (lenua, convoyed the' rich trndinif fleet from liey out to Venice igoln defeated the Oenoere, and recorercd' Chiozun. Ho waa made ^rand admiral In \m, and diKtInffiilahed hlmnelf by varloiia itillltiiry and diplomatic acrvlcci during the tlilrty ypiim followlnn. Died, UI8. ZENO, Nircoi.o and Antonio, two celo- bwted Venetian navinotora of the Uth cen- tury, to whom the dUcovery of America prior to the Toyagc of ColumhuH, liaa been iltribtitcd. 'NVaBhington Irvlnir, however conilderi that they merely vlaltcd Oreen- land, nnd that the roit of their story is a fahrlcntion. ZENOHIA, the celebrated queen of I'al- mrra and of the East, waa the daughter of in Arab chieftain of Meaopotamlo, but claimed descent from the Mocedonlan klnira of Effypt. Lovely, learned, nnd heroic, ahe mirrlPd the chieftain Odenathun, who made liimicif master of the Bast, ond received the title of Augustus from the emperor Oal- llfnus In A. I). '261. On her husband's death 267, she succeeded to the government; and dUplnypd in her new position the quolitics of t-rudence, ambition, hardihood, ond ad- renturous coiirn(?e which had previously contributed to her husband'a success and elevation. She had been taught Greek by tticRreatLontrlnus.and he becamcher chief adviser. 84io extended her dominions, nnd probibly purposed to found an Independent monnrchy ; but In 272 Aurelinn led an ex- pedition against her, defeated her in two jroat battles near Antioch and Emeso, and then besieged and took Palmyra. Zenobia escaped on a fleet dromedary, but was over- taken and captured by the ttomnns on the "^anks of tlie Euphrates. In the presence of lurelian, her courage failed her, nnd she bc- ifayed LoDRlnus, as the Instigator of her feslstancc to the Iloman power, to death bv In'n^r"*'"!)''/-. pnobla herself was taken ceh?ir„''f 'a*" '"*■•'>""?»». in 274. before ic Chariot of Aurellan, who permitted her spend the rest of her days with her chll- Sflnit":^'''""^- ^•'^ '"^' of her'dea'th iM^n^'^'"."" ''^*''® Rrcatest Greek palnt- smrrtu" """''' "^ ""« «' the many cities al7of .h'/M?"' """^ ""'"••"hed «n the latter ^Iaa "^® *"' «entury b. c. He travelled a Sct'irrn"'?'''''"^*''"^ " Athens dur" ^Arl!.'^ ,"?**''«" ^a""' ^'Siting the court Archelaus, king of Macedonia, and afte" iKh? anrt .Vh" '^'"Jy- "« "««"«'«» In form, ^position 0?'.'^^ colouring, in dramatic' Doof n«r.^ f "u1 ""•'Jects, and In Imita- " o'wanim ,te objects. He made a large m iftcto an(b of ««nnc"- ?« hu^ ^.f"^^ ^^'^^ concluded, he retired ^«u^ "/'^y^ P'"*'^- Slanderous tongues maligned him to the king, and his wSrth and services seemed for a time to be for- wl^"" ,1", ^"'" ^»' Winterfeldt sent with 1."'J°'^'''''"''"''P »"^';m6''t''mon«mcnl K'soon^i^tcroS to him oy Which «^^^ Intcrlbcd. Ziethen lu atpUtx.ia •"»"•'*'"" HU life ;a» written by hU niece. LuUe do "zniMrUMANN. JOHANN OKORO VON ..,„ .lutl nuulshcd phy.lclan and morulUt, **•" hilnTHruBB In the canton of Heme, ?:;^^■2^ He complc ed hi. education at tho 'u"n vmlty o^-*i"lngen.wluuu ho I ved In mTo f?iiii iv of hl» Kreni countryman. Hnllcr. Xralhort visit to Holland nnd to Tarli, he .etMeda.phyMcl.in at Heme ; but he soon am'?' had the V^^'^r " Ve' Ja^alrS S L^de hln?.clf famous throughout I urooe He was not, however, mentally ut ease "^had no congenial society; slnmncU ?hlt' which was uncongenial, and took refuge In solUude and study. The inchin- t„wwhirh ultimately deepened Into nia- "V.^AuMnetlv showed Itself during this "'"i 1 „f his life In 1708, after declining period of his »/^- ^^^^^le'posls, he settled ri^vtrrp^yS III. of England, and received the tmtoi rnl!'l^rng"Sousr;o\':? <>? SS h? Zenl ?o mrUn" "Durff ins ^tay there he waB presented to Frederick the Great. T e loss of his dauKhtcr, «oon »/„\",!'\','f.* but he Hanover, was a heavy Wo v tc him .but he wn« restored to tranquillity for a lime oy Uifi kindly Influence and society of a second wife Z mmermann was called to Po sdam ^i7«« to attend Frederick, then seriously Ul and he at once saw that it was the last Iness From this period his mind became more and more disordered his »mngmatlon was a nrey to torturing delusions, and he S'ecame'^co'mpletely insane His mos cele- hrated work Is that entitled, Ueoer cue Einsamkeif (Es.say on Solitude , which SpeXd complete In 4 vols. 8vo, m 1781- sH first sketch of it having be«n published jn i7Rfi This work was read all over Purone and gained an extraordinary popu- fatity- 'procuring its author, among other markBo?honour,\n invitation to St Pe^er^- burg as physician to Catherine "• Zim merraann wrote also a valuable work on Experience In Medicine, and another on ffional Pride, both of ^hlch were w dely eirrulatcd. He w<« author of a Lue oi HaUer of two books on Frederick the Great, Tnd some miscellaneous smaller writings. Died, at Hanover, 7th October, 1798. ZIMMERMANN, EBERHARD AUOXJSl WiLHKLM VON, a German naturnllii, wm born at Wcltien, In 1713 ; studied nt C«. llngen and U')den ; and obtiilm-d tlis pro. fuMorshlpof natural philosophy at llieCiiro- lino College at Urunnwlck. His flrit work was a treatise on the " AnulvsU of Cur»fii" and In 177/ he published " Hpeclir.en Zoo loglw," the outline of hli " (itojriipliuii HUtory of Man and Quadrupeils," 3 yoU. Ho vMted r.ngliind three times, and prlnicj here. In 1787, hU " Political Wuryey of tin Pieiunt Htate of Europe ; " and lie lulMf. quently employed his pen In oppoilng ibt revolutionary statesmen of Franc*; fof which he was ennobled by the Eiuptroi Leopold II. After this he published Mterjl geographical works ; one of the bosi o( which was a" General Survey of Frantewd of the United States of America," 2 voU. Died, 1815. yjINCKK, CiiRiHTiAN FaIBDRIC^,aMl^ hrated painter In enamel, was bom tt Dresden, about 1884. He came to England In 1708 studied under Bolt, whom he mob far surpassed ; and was patronized by tht roynl family. Hied, 1767. ZlNtiAllEU.l, NICOI.O, Italian mmltil composer, was born at Naples In 1732. Ht flrtit onplled himself to tho compoiltloool operas, which had great success in tlielrdiy, He visited Purls at the beginning ' tbt revolution, became organist to the m .M of Milan, and In 1806 chapel-master ot tin Vatican. He was subsequently appolnttd director of the conservatory of Naplcij post which he held till his death. He com. posed only sacred music after his returntt Italy, masses, oratorios, and moleti. Hli best oratorio is " The Destruction of Jera* lem." Died at Naples, 1837. ZINGAKO, LO. [80IAKI0, ANIONIO] ZINZENDORF, NICOLAVH LVDWio vol, founder of the Moravian scttlcmentof Hem- )iut, and restorer of the sect, was son o( George Loul# Count von Zlnzcndorf, Saxoi nnnlster of state, and was born at Drmira in 170O. He was piously brought up,u fell early under the influence of tlic lieiiil teacher. Spener. He was educated undtt the care of Franckc. the philantliropist,il HoUe. and at the university of Wittetibers; and in opposition to the wish of buM^ resolved to enter the church. Foraihort Ifmehe led, it I. said a loose andin;w™i life. After a stay of three years at V, m- berg, during which he gained the friends of Frederick von Wattevllle, a young Smu nolle, and the missionary Ziefn^f'-"' visited Holland and France, making tM- qualntance of many eminent person .«J winning general esteem. After h « re nn To Saxony . in 1721, he married a sistorotlii^ friend, the count 'of lleuss-Ebcrsdorffu^ Toon after he generously offered a h«» his estate to such of the Moravian Bretlw S wished to escape the persecution » J Austrian government, '^hf '^"K poor, and industrious, establisieathe^^^^^^ on the spot afterwards so ceebratcd'i«« the name of Herrnhut. Nine year m Count von Zinzendorf carried ouf^^'-jj, ject he had long cherished of sndmj.^ slonaries to the heathen, and tleflnt'"^ sent to Greenland. Ordained rainiswroiw \ 1124 Lnthf ran Charch In 1734, ha wai bnnUhed from Hwcdon, and ioon aner rrom Nnxony ; traTellrd In Holland, t.lvonin, and Vrutila ; bad ipvcrnl IntervU-wt with tlir kiuft, VrvA »rk'k Wllllnm I., and wa» ordninml hl»hop. In 1737 ho wft« In I^ndon, whero he held mrttliijf". made John Wcslfy'aai'iURlntanor, ind got ft Moravian •ocletjr eifaldliihcd. After a vUU to tha Weat Indira, where he rendnrrd Rront tervlcea to the mUalonariea, he made a Journey throiiRh the llrltlah colonic! of North America, Rained theeateem of the Friend*, travelled among the «ed In- dian!, i.nd founded a Mornvinn ai'ttlcnipnt at Bethlehem. In 1747 ho wai allowed to re- turn to Haxony. Ho made a aecond v!»lt to England and America, and after travelling lUJiln In Hollnnd and Rwlt>!erland, married aspcond wife, and apent hit luityeara peace- fully at Herrnhut. He died there, 0th Miiy, 1760, and hU funeral was attended by Urc- thren from all parts of the world. He was luthorof many short rcllKloi'a works, and many hymns. HU Life has been written by HpaiiKcnhcrir, hia dlaclplo and friend; by Duvernoy, Miiller.and Vnrnhngen von Enae. Another memoir, by P. Bovet, haa recently ippmrcd. ZIZKA, JOHANN, the Hussite leader, waa born at Trocznow, In Mohemia, about 13fiO, or 1380. Ho was of a noble family, ami be- came a page at the court of King Wenceslaua ; but soon disRUsted with the frivolity and Tlce he witnessed, he entered on a soldier's life. He served in the EnRlish army in France; then In the Polish army, and greatly dlitlngulslied himself at the famoua battle of Tnnnenbcrg, in which the Teutonic Knights were finally defeated ; next fought against the Turks, and in WlSdigtlnguiahedhimself In the English army at Agincourt. That finmo year the reformers, John Huss and Joroinc of Prague, countrymen of Zizka, and whoso doctrines he held, were burnt at Constance. Failing to rouse the king, whose chamberlain he was, to decisive action, Zlika resolved to take arms himself as the defender of the Hussites. A body of troops wsH organized, and the terrible Hussite war began with a riot at Prague, in July, 1419. Zizka took the chief command, built fo' t- roBscs, and trained the troops, took Prague In 1420, and won a greit victory over the Emperor Sigismund, w);o attacked him on Mount Wittkow, since named Zizkn-Berg, in July. In the following year he made himself master of the citadel of Prague, an-d soon after lost his remaining eye— he had lost one in his childhood. He nevertheless continued to hold the command, and to beat the imperial armies, and among all the bat- tles and engagements he fought, he was only once defeated. The emperor at last treated with him on equal terms, granted freedom of worship to the Hussites, and appointed their hero governor of Bohemia. Zizka tarnished his fame by the cruelties he practised on the enemies of his faith ; and like some other 'men called to like grave tasks, justified his course on the ground that he was the agent of Divine Providence ID inflicting vengeance. The treaty with the emperor wa? not completed when Zizka, engaged in the siege of a castle near Czaslau, r,Vh':;!!'t!ir"?.j?- 1'«?-. •«.'» <"•<> ♦»••". lath October, 1434. Hli remains were In- lerred at Cia.Uu, and the Kmp'r^r v-rdl nand I., vUliIng the church In W. 1. ww to have gone with terror from the lown to sleep elsewhere. The awe Inspired bv tli« name of thU «reat ioldirr li illustrated bv the myths which have grown up around It The war between the Catholic* and the Hussites continued for eleven years after Zlxka'* death. ZOKOA, OEOROK, an eminent Danish archirologlst, who resided for miftiy years ot Home as consul for Denmark, and was much etiteemed by Plu* VI. Among his work* are, a treatise " De Orlgino ec I'su Obells- corum.""Numml JKgyptll," and the "An- cient llassl Kllievi of Home." lJorn.l78S; died, 1809. "'.OFFANY, JOHANN, a German p.ilnter, born at Frunkfort-on-thc-Main,or at Uatis- bon. in 1735. After studying in Italy he settled at Coblenz, but came to England, and was oneof tho earliest menbers of the Hoyal Acpdemy. He went to India about 1782, worked successfully there, and came back rich nftt-r fourteen years' absence. Among his works are portraits of Oeorgo III., one with the royal family ; portraits of Ourrick and Footo; the "Life-School of the lloyol Academv;" tho " Florentine Picture-gnl- lery ; " " Embassy of Hydorbeck to Calcutta," &o. Died at Kew, in 1810. Z0ILU8, a Greek rhetorician, who lived in tho 4th century before the Christian era, and whose criticism on the works of Homer, Pinto, and other.?, procured him an unenvia- ble notoriety. His name has become s by- word for illiberal and captious pretenders to criticism. ZOLMKOFER. OEOROE JOACHIM, an eminent Swiss divine, born at 8t Gall, In 1730. He was educated at Bremen and Utrecht ; after which he became, success- ivoiy, pastor to congregations at Murtcn, Monatein in the Orisons, Isenburg, and Loipsic ; distinguished himself by great pur- ity of character, eloquence, and general abili- ties. His " Devotional Exercises " and " Ser- mons " have been translated Into English. Z0NAK.A8, Johannes, a Greek historian of the 12th century, who compiled a " Chroni- cle, or Annals from the Creation to A. D. 1118." He was also the author of "Com- mentaries on the Apostolic Canons." ZOPPO, MARCO, an Italian painter, who flourished at Bologna in the aecond half of the 16th century. He was the fellow-stu- dent of Andren Mantegna in the school of Sqnarcione; became the instructor of Fran- cia, and founder of tho Bolognesc School. He painted chiefly Madonnas and other sacred sublects. One of his best works ig preserved In one of the churches of Bologna, others are at Venice and Berlin. The dates of his birth and death are not known. He was living in 1498. ZOROASTER, or ZERDUSHT, wrs the reputed founder of the Magian religion. His history is involved in obscurity ; some assert- ing that there was but one of that name, the Zerdusht of the Persians, wliilc others speak of several, and carry the name back to the I. patriarchal ages i • f' 'Id 1125 \r. ZOs] ^ Jteto anifteraal ISiosrapibP. [ZUB ZOSIMUS, a Greek historian of the 5th century, of 'Those life nothing is known ex- cept that he held a public office «nder Theo- doHius the yovnger. He wrote a History "f the Roman Kmplrc, vhich is to a larRo ex- tent compiled from eailier writers. Zosimus wttsa -^agan, and spoke very ^'eely of the faults of the Christian en.perors, but he is esteemed on the whole a trustworthy writer. ZOUCH, KICHARD, an eminent civi lan, born at Anstey. in Wiltshire about im He was educated at Winchester and ^ew College, Oxfor;* ; became professor of Jaw and print; pal of St Alban's Hall, warden of the cinque ports, and judge of the admiralty ; wrote numerous works in Latin, on civil, military, and maritime jurisprudence; and died in 1660. ,. . ^^, ^.. ZCUCH, Dr THOMAS, a divine and bio- eranher. was born in Yorksaire, m I7d7; re- ceived his education at Trinity College, Cam- brLdgp; became rector of Scrayinghara, and nrebcndary of Durham ■ refused the bishop- ric of Cirliile in 1808, on account of his ad- vanced age ■ and died in 1815. Among his works are, "The Cruciflxion," a Scatorium nrize noem ; "An Inquiry into the Pro- Setic'^^harkcterof the Komans; Memoirs of Sir Philip Sidney, Dean Sudbury, S' George Wheler," &c. ZSCHOKKE, HKINRICH, whose name oc- cupies an important place in the annals of German literature and Swiss history, was horn at Magdeburg, 1771. He commenced lile as a strolling jlayer, but afterwards found means to study philosophy and di- vinity at Frankfort-on theOder; and, after many years of travels and varied adven- tuxea, he devoted himself to the education of youth, and fixed his residence in Sw.t- zerfand in 1796. Here he rendered great D jlifical services to his adopted country ; and for more than 40 years sent forth, at in- tervals, from his peaceful retreat at Aarau, various worhs of philosophy, history, 'irltl- Jsm, and fiction ; displaying at once the versatility of his acquirements, his fertile imasination, and a power and felicity or .xp^e" ion attained by few. His chequered life hud given him a deep insight into the bpringa of human action ; and few writers have more largely contributed to entertnin and Improve t.iolr fellow-men. His chief nvoductions are, " Miscehen fUr die neueste Weltkunde," '^Des Schwelzerlandes Ge- Bchlchte," " Bllderausder Schweitz,' " Dj's Ooldmaeherdorf," " Stunden der Anclacht, &c. His works have bee/, collected in 40 >ol8.. Including his autobiogii-pUyt which has ieeii translated into English. Died 2UCCARELX.I, FRANCISCO, a celebrated Italian painter, born near Florence, in 1702. He came to England about 1752, and met with such encouragement, that he made a handsome fortune, was one of the first mem- bers of the Royal Academy, ond returiied to his own country, where he died in 1788. ZLFCCHEllO, or ;6!jCCAilO, TADPFO, r," Italian painter, born at Si:nt' -'^ngelo, in Vado, In 1529. He was instructed by Pora- neo da Fano and Giacopone da Facnzr, ; and having gone at the age of 14 to Rone, he was employed by Danlello da Pftvma to 1126 assist him in iome frescoes at Alvito.neoi Bora. He worked afterwaiJs for Popei Julius III. and Paul IV., for the dulie of Urblno, and for Cardinal Alessandro far. nese. His best paintings were those executed for the cardinal at Caprarola, and tlie frci- coes in the church of the Consolazloue at Rome. Bied at Rome in 1566, ana wa buried in the Pantheon, by Raphael's aide. ZUCCHFUO, or ZUCCARO. FEDEniCO, younger brother and pupil of the precedinf, was born at Sant' Angelo, in Yado, in 15«, He ea.-ly became assistant to Taddeo, and palm . in his manner, but fell short of Lim in excellence. He was employed to paint the cupola of the Duomo at Florence, and covered It with threes hundred figures forty or fifty feet high, and among them a Lucittt towering like a giant above their heads. This " great " work procured him immense reputation, and pieniy of work. Ha painted In the Vai.can, but qaarrelled witli ai.d caricatured soi.ie of the pope's attendants, for which he had to leave lloroe. Inisri Zucchcro was In England, and while licre painted portraits of Uueen Elizabeth, Mar; queen of Scots, Sir Nicholas IJacon, and other eminent persons ; and also of the queen's huge porter, the last now at Hamp- ton Court. He soon returned to Ronie.maoe his peace with the pope; was employed in the Escuriiil in 1588, and in 1595 founded and became first president of the Academy of St Luke at Rome. He wrote a hook on art, entitled " L'Idea de' Plttori, Scultori e Ar* Itettl," which is severely criticised bylaniL Died, at Ancora, 1609. ZUMALACARREGUI, TOMASO, Don, i distinguished Spanish military commander, first entered the army as a guerilla officer, under Mina, in 1808, when the French in- vaded Spain, llelng opposed to ilit ntw constitutional government, he tonkanearlj opportunity of jolnlrg the army of the Fai;ii under Quesada, In 18'2^ ; am' , or. the risinj of thd Navarrese, became gencral-incliiet of the troops and partisans attached to the cause of Don Carlos. In this service he dii- played the greatest skill and bravery, per- forming the most brilliant exploits, aid keeping in check the regular ormy of Donni Maria, which, nnder various generals, w«i sent to oppose him. Born at a village neu Vlllarsal, 1789; died, from a wound he K calved at the siege of Bilbao, 1635. ZUMMO, GAETANO JULIO, a Celebrated raoOjUor in wax, was born at Sywcuse, in 1656. His profound knowledge of a jsv omy, combined with his skill in c^.cutiiil his works in coloured -.vax, obtainei. IM admiration of connoisseurs. Some of us specimens represent, with astonishing «• curacy, the different stages of decompositi n in the human body. He died at l'«ns,i« ZURBARAN, FRANCISCO, a distinguislied Spanish painter, born, 1598. iii^J^^^ showing itself early, he was sent to bevilK^ .^».p,a i.e atndlp'i tne art under Juan de lu, Roeins. His style bears astrong re' zur.] his picture of " St Thomas Aquinas " Is con- Bldered the best. He was some time em- ployed at Madrid, and had the title of painter to Philip III. and Phiiip IV. One of his less important works, but still a character- istic one, a "Franciscan Monk," is in the National Gallery. Died at Seville or Madrid, 1662. ZUKIl .^ Gkronimo, a Spanish histo- rian, was a native of Saragossa. After having beei employed in various offices at home, and on a mission to Ocrraany.he was appointed historiographer of Aragon His principal work is the " Annates de la Corona dfc Aragon." Born, 1512 ; died, 1581. ZWINGLE, or ZWINGLI, ULHICH, the great reformer of -Switzerland, was born at tlie hamlet of Wlldhaus, in the Tockcnbiirg, January i, 1484, seven weekd after the birth of Luthor. His father, an Alpine herdsman, was amman of the commune, and highly respected for his character as well as his office. Ulrich showet' high intellectual en- dowments in his earliest years, was brought up piously, and nfter receiving instruction from his unels, parish priest of Wesen, was sent to study first at Basel, then at Berne, and afterwards at Vienna. At the age of 18 he returned to his native village, but only to quit it again almost immediately, and re- new his studies at Basel. He applied him- self to scholastic theology, but gave it up in disgust, as a mere waste of time ; and soon after rejoiced to hear the teaching of Thomas Wittenbaeh. Zwingli eagerly studied the classics, and became one of the best scholars of his time. He was also passionately fond of music, and learnt to play well on the flute, the lute, the violin, and other Instruments. In 1S06 he was ordained priest— he had been master of arts for several years— -and accept- ed the piace of pastor of Glarus, which he filled with zeal and devotedness for ten years. During this period thoughts were working in his mind, which were the germs ofthc reformation to come. He twice accom- panied the Swiss auxiliaries to the wars in Italy, fcught at the battle of Marignano; and usea his influence with his countrymen to dissuade them from foreign military serv- ice. In 1514 he liad visited prasmus at Ba- sel, and w L greatly influenced by his writings. His vl2" repuiation " Historj for leammg, piety, and eloquence, and the | Century. [zwi ?Sn\;i'zXli^??^F^^"o^a^ thee" the?ralofzrich'^^n°i"*'* ?"««»»" «» into the centre Of ihepoliUcaVm'''''"^^''* of Switzerland. His S^eachi"^ "?*"*-" Immense excitement britsnoveuv^f'*'^'^ nes, .incerity, and trutyulness ; b Jt whii: :nost were charmed, not a few were ni„rm-S and angry. I„ the autumn oT the same year he was attacked by the plague (known then as 'the great death"), and it was reported that he was dead. He however recovered «^»>d with u new vigour, and devotedness' of the t"ruth' 'T'^.lt'''^ ^""^ «" « tSe-; tLl^ ^V^^l^-^ ^^ ^^22 began the action of. in R»"t"°/ ^"""^ "8''"'** the reformation "tfprto^n"'"^ "•'' bishop of Constance by Itnn thn "^ «»'«Pter at Zurich attempted to stop the preaching of Zwingli. The latter \Xf ^n 'V' " ^'•^hitelcs." and the at empt If n^. ;ht^"*^''*''u1^^°' *•»« D'et was soon atter obtamed, which prohibited preachinir against the monks. About the same timf Zwingli married Anna Reinhold, a widow, wiTn " ?i Z^'i^g"'* beloved disciple and r lln^V^""'**- ."*^ '^•d not "lake his mar- nage known till two years later. Mean- Tmi ti,!",°V*^ "^^ growing into persecution, Xllt fl^V^^V.^^ sometimes overwhelm- f 1. o J M ^^^ forebodings of evil to come, and so/"""™,"' h" H?"*^*' hopes- -Early in 1023 a conference between the advocates hPirtnr^°"-"v"J'' *he new doctrines was held at Zurich, by order of the Great CoUn- So J. If \® discussions, which lasted three days, left the controversy as it wns ; the re- formers arguing on the basis of Scripture, and their opponents from the canon lawl and there being no first nrinciples in com- mon to them. Xot long bfter the reform- ation was publicly established in Zurich pictures, and statues, &c., were taken out of the churches, and instead of the mass a sim' pie .orm of celebrating the Lord's Supper was adopted. Education was provided tor, and convents were suppressed, lust regard ?r?foo 'l'' *° ^l",^ interests of their inmates. In 1528 Zwingli attended the important con- ferences of Baden, and in 1529 that of Mar- burg, where he agreed on certain articles of faith with Luther and Melancthon. Two years later the long-suppressed enmity of the cantons which remained Catholic broke out in open war against Zurich and Berne. Delay, Indccifiion, and half-heartedncss among the citizens of Zurich made their cause hopeless ; and at the battle of Cappel their handful of disorderly troops was easily oestroyed or dispersed by the superior num- bers and discipline of the Catholic army. Zwingli fell on that field, October 11, 1531. His body was discovered, burnt, quartered, and his ashes mingled with those of swine, and scattered to the winds. The works of this noble man were published in 1681, In 3 vols. 4to. His Life has been written by Myconius, Hess. Vogelin, Hottinger, end others ; and full accounts respectinir him r — :• ~"'' '" •>wttiiiKt.-i- 3 jxistory oi tno Swiss Reformation," and Merle D'Aubign^'i History ol the Reformation in the 16th ! ^i^, ' i'i i ' 1137 SUPPLEMEl^T TO THE " BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY. AALT PASHA, MeheMet Emir. Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, was born at Constantinople in 1815. iii» first official appointment was obtamed in 1830. and after filling various diplomatic posts, he was sent, in 1841, ambassador to England, where he remained for three years. He was next a member of the Council of State, intenm Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Chanrellor of the ImMrial Divaii. In 1846, he was ap- pointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Fn 1852 filled the office of Grand Vizier for a few months. Disgraced and m re- tirement for a short time, he Ya"ecalled in 1854 and made President of the Coun- cil of the Tanzimat and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He took part in the conferences at Vienna in 18o5, was ap- pointed Grand Vizier in Jus absence, and tlie next year attended the Conference of Paris. Six months after the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, he resigned his office. Grand Vizier a third time m January 1858, he afiain retired in October 1859: was appointed a fourth time in June 1861, and was removed to the Minis- try of Foreign Affairs in the foUowmg November. He presided at the Confer- ence of Paris on the affairs of Eouraama in 1864, and became Grand Vizier for a fifth time in February 1867. The same year he was charged with the regency of the Empire during the absence of the Sultan oil his visit to the Courts of West- em Europe. Aali Pasha was a zealous advocate or reforms in the Turkish go- vernment. He received the decorations mZny orders of knighthood Turkish and foreign. Died. 7th September 1871. A'BECKETT, Sir William. Chief Justice of Victoria, and miscellaneous writer, was born m London, in 180b. ile was brought up to the profession of the Lv, entered Lincoln's Inn, and veas called to the bar in 182£. .He received the^p^ pointment o£ Solicitor-General of New South Wales, became in due course At- torney-General, was afterwards Resident Judge at Port fhiiiip, and ukimaLely Chief Justice of Victoria. He was editor of the "Universal Biography," and was known to have compiled most of the memoirs contained in the "Georgian 1128 Era " Died in June 1869, about six years after his return to England. i AFANASIEF, Aleksandr Nico LVBVICH, an eminent Russian scholar! and critic, was born in 1826. He was, educated at the University of Moscow, in which city he long held an official!! appointment. He applied himself espe- ^ cially to the collection, study, and publica- tion of the popular tales of Russia, and contributed numerous valuable papers on his f avoiurite subjects to newspapers and , journals His most important works are ! acoUection of " Russian Popular Tales" ia! 4 vols , completed in 1863, and a treatise i on the " Poetical Views of Nature enter- ' tained by the Old Slavonians," in 3 vnls., completed in 1869. Died, October 1871. ALFORD, Henry, Dean of Canter- bury, theologian and biblical critic, wasi born in London in 1810. He enter^! Trinity College, Cambridge, m 1828, ob- tained a scholarship in the following year, and in 1831 one of Bell's university sclio-l larships. Having taken his degree of j B A., as double first class, in 1832, he took holy orders, was elected fellow of his col-; lege, and in 1835 was presented to the j vicarage of Wymeswold in Leioestersta,, which he held for eighteen years. In 1853 he settled in London as minister of tjae- bec Chapel, and four years later was ap- pointedDean of Canterbury. His principd workistheeditionof the GreekTestament, with annotations and coinmentanes, t« the preparation of whicii he had strenu- ously applied himself almost from to college days. His aim was to put te: English reader in possession of the m« valuable results of the labours of thegre t German scholars. The .first volume vn^h , Prolegomena, was Published in 1849, tw ; second in 1852, the third.in 1856, the M; portion of the fourth m 1859, an^t^^ second portion, completing the workjj 1861. Meanwhile, the earliervolumesM been carefully revised for new edition Dean Alford was also author of i™ School of the Heart, ancl other Pom " h-i , -"-n^arAdin 1 8.^5, andpassedthrougs ^evemreditioirsrandof'-Chapto^ Poets of Greece." He was Huisea" ^, turer in 1841-2. pnd Examiner in » land Moral Ph^' ^pM i" L^n^^""^"" ALl] ;feupj>tement. vereity from 1841 to 1857. For several Sears he was editor of the newly-eatab- shed "Contemporary Review," and was one of the leading promoters of the scheme for the revision of she authorised version of the Holy Scriptures, and one of the most energetic members of the company appointed to carry it out. The Dean married in 1835, and had a family of two sons, wlio died in early life, and two daughters. He died suddenly at Canter- bury, 12th January 1871. ALIGNY, Felix Claude Theodore Caruelle, a distinguished French land- scape painter and etcher, was bom in La Nievres in 1798. At the age of ten he went to Paris, where he became the pupil first of Regnault, afterwards of Watelet. He began to exhibit at the Salon in 1822, and during the next twenty years attained considerable reputation. In the character and style of many of his works he belongs to the school of Poussin. In 1861 he was appointed Director of the Fine Arts School at Lyons, a post which ho held till his death. Am.ong his more noted works are— "The Massacre of the Druids" (1831), "Prometheus" (1837), DOW in the Ijuxembourg, "Roman Cam- pagna" (1839), "Defeat of Duguesclin" (1840), now at Versailles. "Acropolis of Athens" (1852), &c. In 1846 he published a volume of etchings. Died at Lyons, 25th February 1871. ALISON, Sir Archibaid, the emi- nent historian, was the son of Archi- bald Alison, author of the once well- known " Essays on the Nature and Prin- ciples of Taste," and was born at Kenley in Shropshire, on the 29th Dec. 1792. He studied tit tlie University of Edinburgh, to which city his father removed in 1800, and was called to the Scottish bar in 1814. With the practice of his profession he combined the pursuit of literature, his first work relating to the criminal law of Scotland. HewasappointedDeputy- Advo- cate for Scotland in 1822, and some years later filled tlie ofiice of Sheriff of Lanark- shire. In 1845 he was chosen Rector of the Marischal College, and six years after Rector of Glasgow University. He was created a baronet in 1852, and the next year the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him by Oxford University. His most important work is the "His- tory of Europe, from the Commence- ment of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815," which appeared between the years 1833 and 1842. In spite of its strong Tory bias, it is a work of great value for the information it contains, and for its im- partial statements of views opposed to those of the author. A continuation of the history appeared in 1853-59, bringing it down trt th*i VAirnlilf.ir^v.o*.«r ^V.nv.f.'>» which followed the fall of Louis PhUippe. Ahsons other works are a treatise on the Principles of Population," a "Life of Marlborough," "Lives of Lord Castle- [and ISdMisceiantous'"' Th?rat&^^"J*<'»»' peared in " Blackwood's Magffie*"T>f^ at Glasgow. 23d May 1867. ' ^^^ ALLEN, William, an American acho- L^Vft'?«LTria"'*"^«"« writer. '«'as Wn at Fittsfleld, Massachusetts, in 1784 Hp grjuiuated at Harvard College in' 1802 and three years later succeeded Channing as Regent of the CoUege. In 1810 he was chosen minister of the Congregational Church m his native town, and continued to hold that office till 1817, when he was appointed President of Dartmouth Uni- versity. He exchanged this post for a similar one at Bowdoin College in 1820 « I • ?® ^®'^^ nineteen years. The rest of his life he spent at Northampton, en- gaged in literary pursuits and occasion- ally preaching. As deputy of the American Pea|Ce Society he attended the Inter- national Peace Congress at Paris in 1849. Dr Allen s principal work is the "Ameri- can Biographical Dictionary," the first edition of which appeared in 1809. a second m 1832, and a third in 1857, each revised and enlarged. Among his lesser writings are an essay entitled " JuniusUnmasked " an attempt to identify the unknown writer with Lord Sackville; "Memoirs of Dr Wheelock, and several volumes of sacred ^°?""Po„« ^i®^ "■* Northampton, 16th July 1868. ANDREA, Geronimo d', Italian car- dinal, was born at Naples in 1812. Edu- cated in France, he rose rapidly in the Church, and being at Rome during the revolutionary movements of 1848, showed himself zealously attached to the Pope On the re-establishment of the old order in the following year, Monsignore Andrea was appointed Prefect of the Congregation of the Index. In 1852 he was promoted cardinal. He discharged the duties of his diflScult office with the utmost fairness and courtesy, but in 1861, on his refusal to condemn the famous book of Liverani entitled "The Empire, the Papacy, and the Kingdom of Italy," the Jesuits ap- pealed to the Pope. The book was sent back to the Congregation with positive orders for its condemnation. Cardinal Andrea immediately resigned his post. Suspected of Liberal tendencies, and in- clined to favour a reconciliation of the Church with Italy, he was thenceforth a marked man. Ordered by his physician to remove to Naples for the sake of his health, the Pope steatiily refused the usual leave of absence. In June 1864, Andrea withdrew to Naples without leave. Dis- regarding the orders sent him to return, and the threats by which they were accom- panied, the Pope, in June 1866, deprived him of his bishopric of^ Sabina. He pro- tesued in vain, and in September iS57 he was again ordered to return within three months, on pain of being deprived of his dignity and privileges as cardinal. This brief was against law and precedent in 1129 \vi' )'. H » t ■Clf -! i it m ■j; fl ill III* t 41 ^^^H »*- ' ^ 1 '■'i^ ^^H 11 H iiiniiiii llWIIill m i1 «uoh oaaea, but Andrea submitted and went to Borne. Suffering from the climate as before, he repeatedly asked for leave to return to Naples, but in vain. Leave was at last given, iu May 1868, to go to Sor- rento. He had a last interview with the Pope on the 13th, and the next day died very suddenly at Rome. [See article in the " Saturday Review," 30th May 1868.] ANTHON, CHARLES, an American classical scholar. Professor at Columbia College, was born at New York in 1797. He graduated at ColuuibiaCoUege in 1816, and, adoptinptheprofessionof the law, was called to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1819. He continued to apply himself to classical studies, and in 1820 was appointed Assistant Trof essor of the Greek and Latin Languages at Columbia College. In 1830 he took the title of Jay Professor, and was about the same time made Rector of the Grammar Seliool. Five years later he be- came titular Professor. In the course of his long life he rendered great services to the study of classical literature by his improved and annotated editions of classi- cal authors. His fii-st work in this field was his edition of "Horace," 2 vols. (1830). He had previously published an edition of Lempri^re'a " Classical Dictionary," and at length the old authority was superseded by a new work of his own, published in 1841. In 1835 he commenced the prepara- tion of his colli ition of Greek and Latin authors, which was in progress almost to his last years. He was author also of a "Latin Dictionary" and a "Dictionary of Roman Antiquities." His text-books have been extensively used in Eiu-ope. Died at New York, 29th July 1867. APPLEGATH, Augustus, inventor of the vertical printing machine, was born at Stepney in 1788. In conjunction with his brother-in-law and partner as a printer, Mr Edward Cowper, he constructed, in 1818, printing machines for the Bank of England for the prevention of forgery of bank-notes. Having separated from his partner, he applied himself to the im- provement of printing machines for news- papers— first for the " Morning Herald," and iu 1826 for the "Times." His first vertical machine was constructed for the "Times," and was brought into use in 1848. Two of Ills machines were objects of great interest at the Great Exhibition of 1851. The result of his successive in- ventions was to raise the rate of produc- tion of papers from 800 copies per hour to 15,000. Mr Applegath took out several patents for silk and calico printing. Died, February 1871. , , ASHPITEL, Arthuu, an accomplished English architect and archpeologisb, was born at Clapton in 1807. He was the son of an architect, and began to practise his Tsrofession about 1842. In IB^I he was elected a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and served after- wards on the Council and as Vice-Presi- dent. He also rendered active and im portaut services on various coiumitteet of the Institute. In 1853 he visited Italy and spent several years there, eiijoyjnil the friendship of Caniua, Emil Braun and other eminent men. As a draughts- man he distinguished himself by his ' ' Selections from Palladio" (1850), a design for Blackfriars Bri« "Bon die Tragedy "(1854» • "M*''°;,''«P«™o- (1866) ; IJ traffitioS *fn !='oV,^.^°T" w%S;=-?S^ffi*^ofP^: 1861, M ss Kinnear, who survived hi4 He received the degree of D L frofn the Universitv of Oxford. Died at JBlack- ^»i«^f ?i". ^h August 1865. "" ''^ ^^'''^''■ AZEGLIO Massimo Tapparelli, Marquis d', the distinguished Ttafian ir llm "w-^'r^ '!'"l**^';' ^*« '^o"' «^t Turin in 1800. High-spirited, and with a passion n/rin^i^'i^ "^^ "^"^ ^^^ a™y after a shor" Sr?nl°*'?'''''^' and devoted himself to tears n^w^ P""^""'*- ^e Studied eight cftvimkMT^V.'J^*"'""^'^ *o liis native &, T^' ^"'V''" "^^* yea"- settled tt wl mm 1, J^° iiifluence of Man2oni, with Whom he became acquainted there nniv, A^ter the revolu- tion of that year, D'Azegho was thn supporter of all libe'ral nfeSs. and was li^^^rl'^'l^^^^ °I the Councii in May 1849. This high office he filled till 1852 when Cavour succeeded him. He took Ii'i!Li°"ifPi°,"*'"ixP^'^t '" Po''*'C3 after that hi^fiV« 'lU'^'f *?. '?'* 9^ ^^^^^8* aims of his hfe almost attained, and his country once more a nation. Died at Ttuin January 11, 1866. -lurin, B fipfo"^ ^^?' <^HARLKS, the mathema- tician was born in 1791. He studied ?rJ®*f';^'°o"l«' Cambridge, and there SnTto'^^;^- '^^^^i' ^t ^L frpauentiy before the pubhc in SXn '^wrt^e nu^^^^^^^^^^ organs. Died in London, 18th uctooer ^*U ATn?!? Henry Her pky, Keeper of thf pSSfo^iii the British Museum was bom in 1775. He was educated at »r PaiU's School, and at AH Houis rolleKe Oxford, where he took his de- Srees of B A in 1799. and M.A. in 1805 For somf years he was associated with Mr (Swards Sir) Henry Ellis as Assist_ Jit-L bra™ oi the Bodleian. In 1805 he was appointed Vice-Principal of St S^oX Hall Two years later he entered the^ritish Muleum as Assistant-Libra- rian and in 1812 was made Keeper of the Prhi'ted Books. This post he held til 1837 w^ieTi he retired, and was preseiited to the rectory of Streatham. near Thet- ford The work on which his reputation Is a scho ar rests, is the facsimile edition of the Old Testameno after the invajuab^^^^ Alexandrian Code^- Pf fi ^J^f^^^f^ 4to, between 1816 and. 1828 vv«n »"^ Henrv Ellis, he edited, in 1813, a yata K^f Printed Books in the British Museum " Mr Baber was elected F.R.b. ^1816 andhe was one of the foundersof thP Kovol Society of Literature m 182J. SemarSd^n 18k IWed at Streatham an^ mathematician, was born at Lusig- Sanin 1794 He studied successively at th^Lvc6e Napoleon, the Ecole Poly- technimie! and the Ecole d' Application of Metz served for a short time in the army, S thin devoted himself to the teach- £r°Utf r^SSoy-i^-^^ SSura^nrritsf^arBe?!^^^^ ^Sr VsJvary at the Collfige de Irance Two years later he was adimtted toThe A^rdemy of. Sciences He wa^ chevalier of the Legion of Honour from IMl His writings consist almost entirely if valuable Memoirs, contributed to the ?A=s de H.ysiaue^' or «ie;-Com^^^^^^ & treat"bo h'ofthe pllUaf «>« SLmatical sciences. *^M.. Babinet was Sso known a« author of variousf lent^fic inventions; amongst these are an im nroved pneumatic machine, an absorption hygrometer, and a goniometer. He pro- nounced a decided Judgment against the croject of an Atlantic cable and gave Bcieutiflc reasons which facts disregarded, He was author of a popular ';Trai« Elfimentairo de G6om6trie DescnptiTe," and of a volume of excellent Etudes et Lectures sur les Sciences d Observation et Bur leurs Applications Pratiques." He also contributed to the " R6vue desdeM Mondes," and the "Journal desLfibatg." ffi at Paris. 19th October 1872. BACHE, Alexander Dallas, Super- intendent of the American Coast Survey, was born at Philadelphia. in 1806, He was a areat-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, his ei-andf ather having mamed Franklin'i only daughter. Graduating at West Point Academy m 1825, he was at once employed by the government in important eneineering works. After holclms tlie chair of Mathematics in Pennsylvanis University for five years, and being charged with the organisation of the new Girard College, he was appointed in M to the responsible office of Superiutendett of the Coast Survey. The survey, althonjli undertaken nearly thirty years before, had made very little progress, and it™ reserved for Dr Bache to give new life to the scheme His scientific attainments, his remarkable energy, and his great practical ability, fitted .him for theTast undertaking. He set himself to the task zealously; devised the plan, organised the separate parties of workers, and directed all the details. He lived to see^the entire work almost completed. Dr Bache rj one of the founders of the Americsn Association for the Promotion of Science, and of the American Academy of Science, and he was an earnest promoter of scien- tific education. Died at Newport, Kboce Island, 17th February 18fi7. BAILY, Edward Hodges, a to tineui.shed English sculptor, was lioriut Bristol in 1778, He was the son of ; ricilf ul carver. In 1807 he became a pi;il of Flaxman, in London, with whom lie remained for two years, and then eutere^ the Royal Academy as a student. He Sks Sed A.R.A. in 1817,, and E.A ; 1821 After producing various raythoo- iirai flEures. he obtained a wide reputa; f^Shrfigureof "EveattheFouiitai^ exhibited in 1818, no^,.tl^« P-;"^' i 12 Bristol Literary Institution. Acorn „ rous pucui*^ liguii-o W..-0-- '. admired 'for their simplicity, grace, ajfl flnXarea-Psyche," ''Sleepm^ "Maternal Love," anf\ JJ^S HPftted " In his early y^ars Mr Baiiy™ Imployedon the decoration of Buctaf ff Palace and the ^ulptures^a Marble Aich: m '"1^^*^' t«it tasFrB^ a large number of portrait casts m^ figures. Died at HoUoway, 29th MU 1867. 1132 bal] BALFE, MxCHAEL William, an emi- nent musical composer, was born at Dublin ia 1808. He received his earliest lessons in music from the banilmaster of a regiment at Wexford, and was after- wards a pupil of Oliarles Horn. He came to London m 1823, and was at first known 03 a violinist at Drury Lane. He rose rapiiliy into popularity, visited the princi- pal towns of France and Italy, and on his return to London in 1835 produced his first opera, the "Siege of Rochelle." This established his reputation, and was followed by a long series of works. He became conductor of the Italian Opera iu London in 1845. Among his works are -the "Maid o£ Artois," written for Madame MaUbran, "Bohemian Girl," "Four Sons of Aymon," "Rose of Castille," "Puritan's Daughter," "Ar- mourer of Nantes," &c. Died at Rowney Abbey, in Hertfordshire, 20th October 1870.- His second daughter, Victoire, dis- tinguished herself for a short time as a pnma donna, singing in England, Italy, and Russia. In 1863 she married Sir John Crampton, then British ambassador at Madrid ; was divorced, and then manried to the Duke of Frias. She died at Madrid in January 1871. BAMFORD, Samuel, political and miscellaneous writer, was born at Middle- ton, in Lancashire, in 1788. He took an active part in the local agitation for reform, of which his native place wao the headquarters, and led the Middleton con- tingent to the mournfully -celebrated g^iering at Peterloo on the 16th August i819. Arrested on a charge of high trea- son with Henry Hunt and others, he was sent to Lancaster Castle, but was liberated ?Q°on'^''i^-^,'^?'.^ *"®^ a' York in March I8JU. With his comrades he was required to enter into a recognisance to keep the peace and be of good behaviour for six months, In the following April the Court ot King s Bench sentenced him to a year's imprisonment in Lincoln gaol. Bamford was a man of remarkable ability and euer^, with considerable literary taste, and he numbered among his admirers ana ympathisers several distinguished "«"• ainong whom was Mr Carlyle. To lit him above the need of hard day- ^bouraiid severe privations, a situation WM obtained for him in 1852 at Somerset fMt^'xi ^""^ '^° ^°°'^ returned to his own fo k. He was author of several books of genuine interest: "Passages in the Life of a Radical," published in 1841-42- B?vri'fmV'"^'''V°.l||3: and "Early Ml;i,i \^^*^- ^^^^ ^* Harpurhey, neaJ Manchester, on the 13th April 1872, and gi^ed with a public f unerkl at [P^i^^^?^' fMABLE GUILLAUME WkI hk^;:-^'^™" "^^ Brugidre, statesman the civn s.rv^'^•"^^on*a'' appointment in pae tivil Service m 1802. Under the first t<ot'lr^-^L^}^ *^e om^t sub-prefect and nrefpfV ,«^ at the same period elected by two7ifinr,5^ ments a member of the Chlrabe?^ Deputies. Being under the required aee he could not take his seat. In igW^I TaL^*^" Director-General of iSt 1 axes, a post winch he held till 1820 Created a peer of Prance in 181S, ho was for several years an active member of the teoi'°"' "^^ /i"'^"* tl^e same time vZt^f^ """^^ attention to literature! Ji-miippe M. de Barante was a steady supporter of his government, and, after f ?nJ;^''°''iV-°","f February 184§, he retired n™?? P^i'^'^' "^e- He had been sent ambassador to Turin and to St Peters- burg, and was Grand Cross of the Legion of Honoiur. As a writer he made him- ??ii. * .e'"eat reputation by his learned Histoire des Dues de Bourgogne de In, Maison de Valois," first pilbfished in 3 vols, m 1824, and which procured him admission to the French Academy. Among his other works are-" Des Com- munes et de I'Aristocratie," " Histoire de la Convention Nationale," "Ques- ri2"2-^0"?,'^>'utionelles," a translation of S9hil er.' and one of " Hamlet" for M. Guizots "Shakespeare." Died at hia ?2iiP*'"y s®a' in Auvergne, 22d November loot). BARNES, Albert, American theolo- gian, was born at Rome, in the state of New York, in 1798. At the age of 22 he graduated at Hamilton College, studied theology at Princeton, and in 1825 was chosen minister of the Presbyterian clmrch at Morristown, in New Jersey. *ive years later he removed to Phila- delphia, His name is widely known and esteemed as author of voluminous "Notes on the New Testament," published at intervals between 1832 and 1848, and of similar "Notes on the Old Testament." completed in 1851. He was author of several other works, and of many papers o2!;uH^"°'^'*l*'^\.^^®^ a' Philadelphia, 24th December 1870. BARTH, Henry, a distinguished African explorer, was born at Hamburg m 1821. He completed his education at the University of Berlin, and made a first visit to Africa in 1845. having previously studied Arabic in London. On his return journey he was attacked on the borders of Jigypt by brigands, robbed of his papers, and left half dead. In 1846 he travelled io^r^^TT®'? ^^i*' ^"** visited Greece in 1547. He then occupied himself at Berlin as a private tutor, and in the preparation of an account of his researches, the first portion of which, entitled " Wandernntrfin auichaieKustenlaiiderdesMittelmeeres." appeared in 1849. At the close of that year he joined the English exploring expedition into Central Africa, which 1133 I ml i''ln '• < m: I occupied four years, and the fruits of which he described in his " Travels and Discoveries in North and Central A frica, published in 1857. Ho was afterwards appointed Profossor - Extraorainarv at Berlin University, and Presidoiit of the Borlin Oeograpiiical Society. Dr Bartn did at Borlin. 26tli November 1866. B/.aEVI. James PALtADio, matlie- matician and engineer, Deput.y-8uperln- tendcnt of the Trigonometrical Survey of India, was a son of tlie arcliiteob, George Basevi, and was educated at llugVy School, Cheltenliam College, and Addis- oombe. Having obtained a commit slon in the East India Company's corrs of Engineers, he went to India in 185J. Four years later he obtained an appoint- ment on the great Survey, in the various and difficult operations of wMchhotook a prominent part. From 1864 till liis death he devoted himself with great ardour and heroic patience to the conduct of pendulum observations for the deter- mination of the force of gravity at various points along the great arc n>fiasured by tambton and Everest. In July 1871 he had reached ids last station, More, and hoped to complete his observations in ten days. But he fell ili there, no medical aid was within roach, no one was with hira but his native attendants, and on the 17th July he died. "Tiius," says Colonel Walker, Superintendent of the Survey, m a letter to the "Times," "passed avvay, in the prima of life, a man of sterling worth and excellent abilities, a public servant of whom it may bo truly said that it would not be easy to find liis equal in liabitual f orgetf ulness of self and devotion to duty." ^, ,^, BEOHBR, LADY Wrixon {Miss O'Neil), a distinguished actress, was born in 1792. Her father was an actor and manager of a provincial theatre in Ireland, and she made her first attempt as an actress at Drogheda, with marked suc- cess. After gaining fresh honours at Belfast and Dublin, she made her appear- ance at Oovent Garden as "Juliet in 1814, enjoyed a brilliant career of five years, dividing the attention of London playgoers with Edmund Kean, and in the part slie took— that of the emotional, the sweet, and sad-being confessedly without a rival. Byron refused to go to see lier lest she should appear to him a rival of Mrs Siddons, and Mrs Siddons herself crew jealous of her fame. She finally left the stage in December 1819, when she was married to Mr (afterwards Sir William) Wrixon Becher, M.P. for Mallow. She was left a widow in 1850, and from that time lived in retirement. She died at Mallow, 29th October 1872. BEDFORD, Paul, sinfter and come- j!„^ „,„» [•tern .at Bath in 1798. He made his first reputation on the stage at his native town, added to it at Dublin, and first appeared in London at Dairy Lane Theatre in 1824. During his long connec- 1134 tion with the Adelphl company, he chiefly appeared in farces and melodramatic pieces. Ho was author of an mitollo- grapliical volume entitled " Recolltrtinm and Wandorlngs," published in 18G4. Died at Ciielsea, lltli January 1871. BKKKEK, IMMANUEL, the distin- guished German philologist. Professor at the University of Berlin, was born in tliat city in 1785. He studied for four years under Professor F. A. Wolf at the Uni- versity of Halle, and in 1807 was called to the chair of Philosophy at Berlin. In 1810 lie went to Paris, and worked in liie Imperial Library till the close of 1812, Three years later he was admitted to the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and was sent by that learned body first to Tiiria and afterwards to Italy, for the purpose of making philological researchca. During his Italian visit, he enjoyed the friend- ship of Nielmhr, through wlioae influence many liliraries were opened to him, Ej visited Paris a third time in 1819, and England in the following year. Wth industry equal to his ability and attain- ments, he applied himself to the recension of the texts of the Greek and Roman classics. Among the more important of liis editions are those of " Plato," the "Attic Orators," "Aristotle," "Thucy- dides," " Tlieognis," " Aristophanes," "Tacitus," &c. He contributed mere than twenty voluines to the "Corpni Scriptorum Historise Byzantinse," and numerous papers to the " Proceedings of the Berlin Academy." Died at Berlin, 7th June 1871. BELL, Robert, miscellaneous wnter, editor of the "British Poets." wasbomat Cork in 1800. He was educated at Dublin, and for a time held there a situation int government office, and edited the "Pa- triot" newspaper. In 1828 he came to London, where he spent a long and labo- rious life in literary pursuits. He flnt undertook the editorship of the "Atlas Subsequently he edited the "Montilj Chronicle," the "Story-teller," the "Mir- ror," and '• Home News." For"lardner'i Cyclopaedia" he wrote several volumes of the "History of England," which had been commenced by Sir James Mackin- tosh ; additional volumes of the Lira of British Admirals," commenced tjf Southey; and a "History of Bum One of his most important underUkinp was an annotated edition of the "British Poets," which ho commenced in 1854, ana ci which he published 29 vols. AcareM memoir of each poet accompanies tu works. Mr Bell was also author olj " Lif« of Canning," "Outlines of Chinj "Memorials of the Civil War" Fairtu CorrespoiT^ence), " Wayside rictuw through Prance, Belgium, and Germany, two tales, "The Ladder of Gok M "Hearts and Altars," sejera' '""•-JT pieces, &c. He was the founder of M bublin Historical Society, and one o^ most active directors of the Royal U* BU] jnf I und. He wm a constant contributor to our poriodical literature, wa« a reaon, Amerl- can journalist, originator of the ''New Ifn^M Herald." was born of a Oatholio If^'n-'y "1 Hcotland in 1800. He was lag SwS'll^f priesthood, but at the land went to i^* •"' ^'t^''^ »* Aberdeen IheflKHWH"'*-, Entirelydestitute. In/offlrp .f S®'l^"P^oy™ent m a printl rhr®:!.5^.^^?2?*°"' afterwards wrote for fcam.7finv.l'3' "i Fi'''°*=''°^ several news- th« w^ln-u '" ^^^- H® undertook for n^ .5?*l'?^ government, in 1834, the task of collecting original documents relaktn^ to the occupation of France in the IsVh century, in the following year hP^if™ '^^itrr^ro'^l'! ^/''"««"' a8*hii%*a" nmnv A^kwn^'*^^'"**' r''«'« »>« collected ni any Arable manuscripts, and edited fr.r colon? 'lS'l8$«'t. °«»°^arjSS„ml of tt' fv,i T^" I ^" ^^38 •^o W"* made chevalier Of l^^i^!*'*"} "' M"""'"-' nn'l the nex year of*Insc?l^ftw:i "^'i?'"'*'"' °^ "'" A^"l'^ J maiiXr f iw V ^° wafl promoted com- manuer of tho Legion of Honour in 18flS His principal works are- " AkCr e ml' ''?2TiJ:\''TT^,' «* MonSenta?i,'' o..i ..^*"''® Kal.yllesousles Romains" named ARsessor to the High CouriXr- lin. In consequence of his symnatliv wif h remova to a lower post was ordered b? he withdrew from the publicsorvice Af er some years of travel, he came in igsfi fo cord t)fflce for his projected history of tlie I",?nht- ^^our years later he went to Spain and obtained permission to investigate the archives preserved at Simancas, whero h| worked hard and suffered greatpriSns ?f Thf Ro 1-' "ndertook,'for tWS hLJ?®!,"""'' *? "laJ^e a Calendar of }inHif/f™'*"'''"',''"V^°"«»- His work e^ ?!?u ®^ *.° several volumes. Died in Spain 14th February 1869. Several intereS ?hj? "lr°" ^'.«*o£ical subjects accompany MrVa^trgff''^^'^^"'««'«-'^ot^"^y FrpnPh^li,n?«?,:i Hector, a celebrated French musical composer, was bom in the Dopartment of Isdre, in 1803. He was brought up to the medical i.rofession and went to Paris in 1823 to complete his Btudies; but his passion for music led him ^ nn^f/2?U^®<4'™f«s8'on. »nd he became fnKi'J^I^ *«® ^on««-mviT<« <» icon 1 ". . Italy to continue his studies. In 1839 he was created chevalier of the Legion of T ihSrf JS?* ^bsequently appointed Librarian to the Conservatoire. As con 1135 i ill H 11' m I ;,*' \.\ • t^nii X jFleto Pnitjcr^ftl °3&io orflp!?g. ber] __ duotor of an orchestra ho ohtftlnod ilU- tinctlon. not only in France, »"'*'" England. Germany, and Italy. ,A"'""» hia woi kH. too nrl^o: "vojfc"".'^," ,,.'V'5 Lear," "Itcanlem" for the '» '" 'j' /V General DanirJui. .n t. " llon.eo tt"'l •/ 7;. a dramatic symphony; ''Funeral and I rl- Smphal Hynu.hmiy," " Hymn to Franco, &o. M. Berlioz wa« author of a Iralte d'lustrumentatir" "-'' -^Miwdely known M the nmslcal -ic'oof the ••./onrnttl de« D6bat8." Died, 12th March 1869. BERRYER. Piekhk ANToiNK, a very distinguished French lulvocate and po.l- ticlan. was the son of an advocate, and was born at Paris In 17iK). Ho Handled at the College of Juilly. and was adndtted ad70cato in 1811. Although on ardent royalist, like his father, lie couraKcously took part in the defence of Ney and other generals, wlio were prosecuted after t«ie Restoration as adherents of NaiMdeon 1. during the Hundred Days. Notwlth- Btauding a censure pronounced by the Council of Advocates on one of 1>'« speeches for the generals, he remained the lirm supporter of moderation on the part of the government, and of the hbcrty of the press. Sliortly before the fall of Charles X.. Berrycr was elected a member of the Chamber of 1 )i'p«tle8. and he made an eflfectlve speucli in Hupiwjrt of the mea- sures of the king. After the Revolution of July, he alone of the 1 eultim sts con- tinued a member o«tl'0, Chamber, and 1 esiated, unsucce'^Hf ully, the abolition of the peonage. In 1832 he leit Paris to meet the Duchess of Berry, who had just landed in France, and failing In his attempt to prevent an Insurrection, he set out, ror Switzerland. He was, however, appro- hei:ded, imprisoned, and tried as a par- ticipator in her attempt, but was acquitted. Among his most memorable Kpeoches were tlioae in defence of Chateaubriand In 1833, of two deputies on a government prosecu- tion for libel In the following year, and of Louis Napoleon after his uttempt at »ou- logne in 1840. At the close of 1843 he carao to England for the purpose of offer- ing his recognition of the Dukd of Bor- deaux (Comte deChambord aslegitinuite sovereign of Franco. M. Ikrryer was a member of the National AasemVdy of 1848, and was one of those who firmly protested against the coi/p (T/tat of 2d December 1861, ft"or which he retired from Parliamentary life. In 1864 ho was received at the French Academy. He r& turned to parliamentary life in 18G3, as a deputy to the LoBlsUitivo Body. In 1865 he visited England as the guest - f Lord Brougham, and was entertained at a special banquet by the benchers of the [boe the great waod-ongraver. ICducated at i Quaker school, he early showed taste (or ™. 1 1....«1.>M *Vm 1niullir>a WUUKOr Will""', ■'" V-... .J ....-■ -^- -.»..»« lui art and leaving the bublncB.s of Iiir fathw at 20 he curae to London, and BOdnwM r«- ceived as a pupil by Haydon. One of hij (larlicHt works was a cartoon from tlie Elgin Marbles for Goetho. a work ufterwanli placed in the Academy of * nie Arti of \vilrt»niberg. He made drawings (full size) from the cartoons of Rapliael; tauulii anatomy to a drawing-class at Liiiniiiirgli; painted life-size portraits of Lord Eldon, Sir D. Brewster. Lord Jeffrey, Dr Jamie. son. &o. He afterwards visited Dulilin; spent some days with Bcott at Abbotafotd; and went to Rome. Among hiH other works are— a composition from Spenscr'i "FaL'ry Queen," " Jacob meetinKRaditl." copic8(ifMiohaelAngelo'8"Deli)liieSilyi" and "Jeremiah," in the Sistiiie Cliapel; and a copy of a Rembrandt, which soldfor i;4000. Bewick sat to Haydon (or the magnificent head of Lazarus, in tho large t)icturo of the "Raising of Lazarus;"an{l an early study of a donkey by Bewiclj »m »/ *^»<.««l11m fJOKVi "Wo- Temple. UitG vemVier 1868. « „ . i BEWICK. William, an English pslr ter, was born at Darlington In 1796. lie was of the same stock as T homas Bewick, 1139 tranHf erred by Hnydon to his picture of | "fllirist entering into Jerusalem. Diedl ai ^laughton House, near Darlington, 8lh! June 1866. The "Life and Letters "ol" this painter, edited by Thomas Landseer, appeared in 1871. ,. ^. ,, , BOECKH. August, a distinguished! German archroologist and philologist,™ born at CarlsrUhe in 1785. He studied at the University of Halle, went to Berlin i in 1806, and the following year wai appointed Professor Extraordmanrat the Uiiiversity of Heidelberg. In 1809 he became Ordinary Professor, and two yean later removed to Berlin, where lie accepted j the chair of Greek Language and Literar ture. In 1814 he was received at he Academy of Sciences, of winch he afte^ wards was named a Secretary. He wm alsb chosen an Associate of the French Academy of Inscriptions, and a corrr spondent of many other academies and sbcieties. In 1811. he comraenced 1^! publication of a critical edition of ra- dar," with a Latin version of the imm!, a commentary, notes, &c. Itexendedto 3 vols. 4to, and was not completed M 1822. His next great work was «» ''StaatshaushaltungderAthenaer.whid^ appeared in 1817, and was translated mUi English by Sir G. CoraewaU Lem Ainong his other works are an investip- tion of the doctrines of Pl.ilolaos J Pythagorean, and a very leiuned t '-* on the"Coing. Weights andMeasuresoJ Antiauity" (1838). Boeckhoriginivteiand fomSced^in 1824 the great cojc ion J iss^^iS^S^* 1867. _. *.n,1 translator was born at » '"Jjj He was educated at t^je TboinM«- and the University of that city. "» DOX] reputation renta chiefly on » seriea of Bdmirnblo tranHlatloiiH of Kngllsh poets, among wliicli that of " Myron's Conipleto Works" wa« the flrst. and in the inost oolebratcil. It was puhllahed In 1840, ami iia» vam'A throuKli flvo or six edltioiin It was followed hy translations of " (lold- Bmith'sPooms,"" Milton's and Poi)e'8 Poetical Works," and "Osslan," with several of Shakespeare's playa. Anione his own poems, some of which are Uyronl? in rharaoter and style, are " ilal)ana " "Dtistt-ro Htemo," " (Jameen," "Kin Frtllilingfimilrchen " •' Pilgerfahro dor Bluniengeistcr," "Till Eulenspiegel," &c Died at Leipsic in November 1870 BOND, Oeorqk Philmph, one of the most tliHtingnished American ustrono- nif rH, was l)orn at Dorchester, in Massa- chusetts, in 1826. He was tlie son of Professor William Bond, the Director of Harvard Observatory. He studied at Harvard College, graduated U.A. there in 1845, and was appointed Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Observa- tory in 1859. He published a work on "Donnti's Comet of 1858," for which shortly before his death, tlie gold medai of the Eoyal Astronomical Society of London was awarded to him. He was a member of the American Academy of Sciences, and was author of vahiablu paiiers on the rings of Saturn, tlie nebula in Andromeda, on various comets, and on stellar photography. Died at Cambridge, Miass., 17th February BONUR, Oharlks. traveller and mis- colaneoiis writer, was born near Hath in im. At the age of sixteen he entered the family of Constable, the landscape pamtei-, as tutor to his two sons, and remained there five or six years. A visit Germany in 1836 led to his accepting a tutorship m the family of Prince Thurn S* u"',*L^' Emeran, near Ratisbon, which ho held about twenty years. He visited Eng and several times during that ^Su^Ht '?,f'^*', *^S> acquaintance of Wordsworth Charles Darwin, Miss Mit- »?■ ' »,"!l °V""^ eminent persons. With Bliss Mitford he carried on a correspond- ence for ten years. In 1860 ho settled at ftnd in 1865 went to reside at Vienna as Sf - «0"espond.nt of the -' Dai^ News, a post which he filled about a i^nu ,1" .-^.ugust 1869 he went in ill he^th to hve with his married daughter pa&ST'^"'V^"«,«^ «>« eminent Sf> iv .i^i^'V^J'' and there he spent Snii^ '"^ ^^^ <^»y8- Cliarles Boner's K 'iriZ'''^''/^'?'^''.'^*^^^ and fascinat- mentnfn/H"^*'°^ *"' »^n keen enjoy- and poet arf .^^^P^y^^^". naturalist, (I8«r''rh.l~- Si^'^^f^ Boner's Book" )f?!S!' ..Cliamois Hunting in Bavaria" '''vl^J' .-^'^sst Creatures" (1861) "and nftSi 7 7^ ^^f^\ J^i«d at M'unfch, laDDear«rt "i^°- ^^ *^® following year r'^^^^'^ Memoirs and Letters of B , -^iipptrmenr. (bot atr...,gly attract...! to Kri",^^^^ "« »!'Mje2^'.ndwlre?e in bostimied-HvVveaTs'a Z;,;^^i3 a 'iimty from the King of 1 ivaria ?L ' h/.v""i? "I «"J"y«^» t^e fn!V„ ly ^id i"f AVf ^' .^". ^""y- "nrt A. W. .SchleBel After visiting London and GOttincon to com,^ete his stmlies, he wSs a,"pohft?d In verJlfv nf''«°^.^''*';**'*"'""»'"y '^t t»'e Uni- versity of Berlin. In the followine v. nr ho was received at the Berlin Academy of Scienct-s. and in 1825 was made OrZa?y Professor of Oriental Literature and General Phi ology. He was suhHPmir«fi„ created a Knight of tl.e Oruer of 'K^ Frenc/r^l^i,^ ^'"1^." A««°«=a?e .V^'tlie Bolm isl a**n^- The masterpiece of ♦Ko'L"" .? "Comparative Grammar of nian, Old-Slave, Gothic, and Geruift i tlons of the new science of comparative philology. It was first pnblisl^d in sll parts between 1833 and 1852- a second edition, witha.ldition«. and parti J re cast appeared n 3 vols, in 1856-61. It has befn translated into English by Eastwick. aiid works arf^. ^J^n^''^''^'- ^'"P'^'« ««"er works are— a Grammar of Sanscrit " pub ished in 1827, and twice re-written • 'a work on the " Conjugation System oftlie Sanscrit compare.1 with Person and German;" a f' Sanscrit Glossary?" "On ^f%K*''*V°.¥"Snages," "On the relation of the Malay-Polynesian Languages to the Indo-Germanic," &c. Ho also mih hshed several portions of the great Indian epic, the "Mahabhftrata," with transTa" tions and annotations. In 1862, the 50th anniversary of his taking his doctor's degree was celebrated at Berlin with great magnificence, and at the same ti ne a Bopp Endowment was originated for the promotion of the study of comparative jJ|j'^"logy- Died at Berlin, 23d October BOTTA, Paul Emile, French traveller and archieologist, was born about 1805 He was the son of the eminent Italian historian. In 1826 he accompanied an expedition of discovery round the globe in V 'hich he was engaged three yearl As physician to Mehemet Ali, he accom- panied m 1830 his expedition to Sennaar He was subsequently appointed Consul at Alexandria, Consular Agent at Mosul and in 1836 Consul-General at Tripoli. In ' this situation he remained more than -••'■p-yr jcnin. iu ivas tuinug tnis period that he made his memorable explorations of the mounds of Konyunjik and Khor- sabad, on the site of Nineveh, which were continued by an official commission, and J137 f; ^ \f 1 ,/ I' K ,\}im IDiutiivflal ^^loflinvbv. M. now] tVirTiuoro e»ten«lTO K«le »>y I-ayurjl Hottu wftH iiroinotod Offloer of the r|'Bloii of Honour m 1845. HIk Krtut work 1h t ho '•Moiiuniuatclo Ninivfi, dCcouvi^rt ct ilO cnt i.ur I'. K Jtotta. memirCttt « WW the Intimato frltMulof .I.^roiny Iknthain, whoso politico- economical viowa ho adopted uud Htiiul- faatly advocated. At tlio wuno tuno he bccanio known for his reiuarkablo attaln- luentH in languagw. eflpoclally thuuo of eastern Kurope. and puhllHhod as early as 1821 23 two voluint's of " Hpeclnienn of tlio Kusaian I'ootH." In 1826 ho waH ajipohited editor of tho " WeHtmiimter Kuviuw. then the powerful roprosentativo of Phi">- Bophical radicalism. In tho articles which he contributetl to the "K'view" he advo- cated free trade, parllanmntary retorin, popular education, and catliolio emanci- pation, lu 1828 ho vialtod Holland, and received from the University of Groniiigen the degree of 1-L.D. In tho following year he went to Denmark, and collected materials for a work on the Hcandii:aviaii poets. After tho death of Hentham. in 1832, the duty devolved on Mr Bowrlng, as hia literary executor, of preparing a collected edition of his works, and this appeared in 11 vols, in 1838-39. Having devoted much attention to tho commercial relations of Great Britain with foreign Btates, he was selected by the Government iu 1834 as head of a comniissiou sent to France to investigate and report on the state of commerce between the two countries. Substiiuently he visited Swit- zerland. Italy, Syria, and the States of Germany for the like purpose, and hi presented similar reports. Mr Bowrlng eat in Parlianu'iit from 1835 to 1837. and again from 1841 to 1849. Under the Mel- hourao administration ho was appointed Commissioner for inveatigatinp the Fub ic Accountfl, and in 1849 ho accepted the post of British Consul at Hong Kong, and Suiierintendent of Trade in China. Ko- turning to England in 1863, he was soon af ttr knighted, and in tho following year went to Hong Kong as Governor, with tho chief military and naval jiowor. It was during his governorship that tho dispute arose which led to the second war w th China, in 1855. Retiring at tho close of his period of service, lie received a pen- sion. His last government employment was on a mission to Italy in 18«1, to report on our commercial relations with the I '«• idng.iom. Ho afterwauls acted as Ha\.i'.iian Minister plenipotentiary to the 'i , ippn') courts, and in that capacity T!'";^ti.i.:.d treaties with Belgium, Uol- iv'v-. (Spain, Italy, and tlio Sjviss uon federation. Sir John Bowrings literary works, in addition to those already men- tioned, are— "Bataviau Anthology " 11824), 1U8 [bu " Anoleut Poetry and Itomancfaof HimUb " "Hpuclniens of the Pollah Poetn" (1837(, "Hervlan Popular Poetry," " IVxaryof iht Magyars" (1830), ami "Oheakiuu Antho. logy'' (1832). Later In life appearwl hli translation of a collection of " Old Do. heinlan Poi^ms," a work on the "Ducini»l System" (1864), ' Ibu Klngilom and People of Hiain" (1859), traimlaimiiii from tho works of the lluiiBarian ixiet, hui (1866), and various j)aniphl«tH, &c, gu John was a Fellow of the Royal and tin Royal Geographical S()cletU!^. H« fu twice married, and left his Ktcondwih Hurvlving him. Died at Kxelcr, U November 1872. BR AN DE, W1I.UAM Thomas, DC L, 1' It H., &c.. one of the moHt eminent cl'iemlstB of his ago, was born in 1786. Ha was the grandson of the liaiiiivtirlAa physician of George III. ; was eilucatoui WeBtmiustfr School, and as early m' began to lecture on chemistry. CUuteii F.K.8. in the following y»'ar, he «h named assistant to Sir H. Dury at tlu Royal Institution, andiucceedtidliiiiiH Professor of Chemistry in 1813. Theaun year he received tho Copify niudul, and was appointed Secretary to tho RonI Society. This post he filled till 1826. Dr Brando was for many years as«ncial«i with Mr Faraday in the I'llitorHhiiioflhe " Quarterly .Journal of Scieiico." Healn held the Professorship of Clicmifltryand Materia Medica to the Aiiothwarit^ Company, of which he was chistn Mail* in 1861. His v/ell-knowii " Manual o< Chemistry " was first pulilislied in 1819, Hl8otherworksaro--"OutliiieofOeolon' (1817), "Elements of CheiniBtry" (1831), the ''Dictionary of Science, Literatun, and Art," of which a third editioi appeared in 1853- and a fourth, in3vi^, edited by Dr Brande and the Kev. 0. W, Cox. M.A., in 1866; and a "Dictioniij of Materia Medica." Dr Knimlfl wii F.R.S.E., D.C.L. Oxford, Fellow ud Examiner of the London University, am, from 1825, Siiperiiittnident of the Die Department of the Mint. Died at Tun- bridiio Wells, February 11, 186C. BllI'iMER, FUE1>1UKA, the populB Swedish novidist, was born at AW, la Finland, ''(it '802. She was, howewr, brought up in ti«'e.:, n, to which comtry herfathe (('nid'cr'^i the cession o n land to "■•' Ai cr Bonieexiwieiiu as a sclK/oi teacher, and a reMilence ffl Norway, she began to make herself knon as a writer. Her flint Biiuiile tMij attracted general attention in Sffedoj a\id were soon foUowed by the woid which procured for her a reputation i Europe. The principal of tliese we '•The President's Dangliters, » "The Neighbours," "The H^inc, « "Strife and Peace." Tliey (lei.ictwtt vivacity ,"tho everyday life ami niwnM of Sweden and Norway. They were » cessively translated into German, m \w\v.\ lilKiiit 1843 wera IntrtHluoed to Kngliih riiluiM I.J- Mary IIowIU'b trHimliitloti of "Tim Nt'lfclilioiim," und weni atoiico re- oeivtMl with Wttriii wi-Icoiiie. MImm Hruiner traTBllcul>llHhort acoounU of lier travuU, III Imr lattur jr«arH rIio woa an Mthu piiiiuiitliropliit, and effected Ruine liiiixirtaiit ihanufi in the condition of licr sex in H»vfden. In 1864 iin* quitted SttukJiDlni. and rtttlred to Imr oiuly lionio (Arnttt), wliuru niie died, 31 it Ducomber 1665. HItrWSTRR, Sir David, a dlntin- luiHJu'il Scottisli naturiil philoRopiinr, was Fwrii lit Jf li)nrgli In 1781. Kduwitod for till climcti, and Jioonaod to iiroach, h« ntVvitiii'liiM ohoM another jiatli, and d^ntted liinuelf to the purBnlt of science Itiiteml (I tlio profewion of divinity. At Eilliilmruli he was tlio aBsoclato of Pro- temm RoltlBon, Playfair, and Dugald SUiwart, and tliorc l)igan tlio long BorioB odiiiiDpticftlBtitdieH. Tlie honorary do- mv of M.A. wiiH conferred on him hy the UiiivcrHity in 1800, and that of L1,.D hy tlie UniviTsity of Aberdeen in 1807 hi tliig year, too, he was made J).V.\,. of Oifdrd, and M.A. of Cambridge IJni- rersity. In the following year ho was decttd F.U.H.K. At tlio flame time lie umlwldok tlic i'ditorHhi|) of the Cydonoj- dlftliiiownas "HroWRter'H,"orthe "Eiiin- Wi'i '^ m'H *" *''''''l I'® ''»'' engiigcl till 1830, Ho began early to contribute to the'-TraiisactionH of the Royal Hnoiety of Edinlmrgh," and in 1813 sent hih flrst par>cr for tlie " Plilloaopliical Trannac- Hoiis Two ycurB later lie was elected F.U.8. Loiulon, and received the Copley medal for liis diHcoverles on Polarization of Light. The invention of the Kaloido- scoiie, in 1816, made hin name univorBally known, and tlie little toy, says his biographer, Mrs Gordon, "Ri)read over Europe and America witli a furore which 18 now scarcely credible." In 1818 he received tlio Riimford Medal of tho Royal Society f„r hlH further discoveries on polarization. IJrewster paid much atten- itiontotieMil.j.,.cfcof liglithouses, and aa early M 18121.1,1 made known his inven- tion of the Polyxonal Zens, the use of iWliicliwasiiitroducedinFraiicebyFresnel '111 1»27 ,10 r(;iu!wed his attempt at im- ■^ ovemciit of illumination forlighthonsefl. >ractical result wiis obtained. Tlie Roval 1 m ,, ifi'^'' K7«l «»ciety was awarded ngag 1, m conjunction with Bab))nKe ^rfti^h T- 'P }^^ establiflhrnent of tlie If ^ ed'T^fl "e ^*"' "'« A.lvancemcnt ■incimlnfsHol"^ l^'A"^? appointed Kpnf „» «* some years later; waa to ri ?l "^^ ^""8h Association hi m, and the same year waa elected to correBpundIng mir .,f ul,? iij^l »i'""' demy of Hele„cea Binco l«^« u" ^*"^ afUrwanlH a.lmltV"l7 S'alA T. lonB'lofh?'!';""'- ^»•""'^7 »'^« «<•" rl m- H?„ M . TraniactioiiB " of the Ituval tbe Julinburgh" and "North Urftil." RovlewB, tho •'^ Library of UNefui KVmw II- - ■'«' wan Joint-edi(or), Hir t)Mid « eWH er publlBhe,! a "TreatlRo „ , VhJ to Mri""";''!"! \^'^''^';''' •^"'> I"f'-o,luetion to Mr (Jarlyle'a TranHliition of Leireiidro'H KlemontB of doomotry," "IVoKon "' '^'iJ"''-. I'leatlBoon Optics," '•r.,lf,.« in l^KK .. 4^1 • <'f5«»fl"<^ nn'l republished Life win "'■*'"' *',"r' •'MemolrBof tho v«»f ..""*"• '^'"^ DiBcoverlea of Hir I w 1 •• , MartvrH of Heienre," and "More Wor ,lB than (Jne " (1861). Hir D,ivi,l wl^ a Fe low o tho Royal Astronomical Tml risb'A'; Vf'"*' 8"'i""««. a'"l of theRoyk irst in in"';- .^^, *<« twice married, nrst, hi 1810; lost his w f o n 1850 • and marriejl asain in 1857. Died at Ailer"y Mill? « 1869 appeared an account of rie Homo Life of Bir D. Brewster," by hiB dauKbter, Mrs Gonlon. ' ' ■n.M, 1 If^' «,"•«»«<»»«. liistorian. Hlstorlo- ^lopiier lloyal of Scotland, was born in H.uhlinKtonsbiro in 1786. Ho was ed H ty of K^hiburgl,, and in 1811 wascall, d t.) the Hrotl.sh bar. After attaining bo no ,n,j iff «"''i"*^''*,"'""' I^oya' '•»• Scot- ; „ « •/■ ," Si"* ^•"■'^ was a " History of tl Britisii Empire from the AccesHion of I larles I. to tho Restoratitm" (1822) wlncli 10 Kub.sequently re-oast, and in 1866 republiHlie,! under the title of "A C,,n- stitntional History of the British Empire " He was also author of "C.nnmentarieHon Stair 8 Institutions of tho LauH of Scot- hind ' (1820). Mr Brodie was twin-brothor of Alexander Brodie, author of a " His- tory of tlie Roman Government " Died in London. 22.1 .Tannary 1867 BROFFERIO, A.N.,EL„, an eminent Itnliaii advocate, iioliticiaii. and poet, was born at <^nf telnuovo. in tho jirovince of Asti. in 1802. He was educated for tho liuv, graduated doctor of law at Turin and after travelling tlirough Italy and visiting France, he commenced practice at the bar. In 1830 he was imprisoned on a charge of conspiracy, but was re- eased in a few months. "He then estab- lished a journal, the "Turin Messenger." for the promotion of Italian independ- ence. During the reform asitatinn r-.f 184^7 he redoubJed his "ac"tTviry. eispe- cially aiming at the suppression of the Jesuits and the establishment of a con- stitution in Piedmont. In 1848 he was U38 II ] 4'i-i' n J^cto jH^nitaecsat <5P.oornpbp. LBUO — — rr. Ti„_iio tYipmhfir of the Academy of elected deputy to the Sardmian Parlia. mem and a knight of various ment, and soon became the liead ol tne ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ engaged on the democratic opposition, a"^ one or me ■= f ^^ti^,, of a b»-oc;.«re eni,iUed"Me! moat powerful orators in the Chambtr j^ p^ ^^^ ^^ Gouvernement < e France," ii In the memorable sitting affcei the aeieai. ._. ,.., ,.„.v of Novara. in 1849, he spoke eight times. of Novara, in law, "e »i'"'^° ."'•*"" ri~l"fi His journal being s^PP'^essed, he started RPveral others in succession. He warmiy lupported G.r.baldi, and was the por- Bistent opponent of Cavour. He continued his OTOfSnal labours, and was besides yerv active and indefrtigable as a writer HeVas auufor of mauy drama«. o sevem volumes of poems, a l^i^to'^y o« F»l™^i (from 1814), and edited, with several assodate' a series of autobiographical mem£ entitled "I miei Tempi." Died vfc??R?Duke^TadisliiguishedFrench statesmkn, was born at Pans m 1785 xle wan a son of the Prince of Broglie, a deputy to the States-General of 1789 who wM Buillotined in July 1794. After re- ceding a careful education he entered mto the public service under the first empire, and wt charged 1^^^^ :'^^?^'^%Z£^' miQuions in lUyria, at Madrid, Warsaw, "d Vienna. In 1813 he accompanied M. de Narbonne to the Congress of Prague He welcomed, in the following year, the RestTimtrn and the Charter and jas Seated a peer of France Gn the trial of Marshal Ney, he was one of the mmontj who voted in his favour. As a memoer of the opposition, he supported vanous measures of . reform, ,^^^f- J^.^,.^°lt liberal constitution '^^ *lie electoral coi eges and for comp ^ 3 freedom of,di|Cus. sion In 1828 he founded the KGvue iJrancaise "and contributed to it some fmpo^ffi paS?rs. ^^/Jif/S^ Louis PhUippe he was one of the party ot the doctrinaires. He was offered, a few davs after the Revolution, the post of Sster of thelnterior, but didnot accept ?^ From August, to November of that year 1830) 13 was Minister of Public Instruc- tion in October 1832 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, which post he held till April 1^4, and again from November 18^4 till February 1836. During the last ye^ar of tlifs period he was also President of ttie Council. One of his principal acta as minister was the negotiation of a treaty with England for the suppression of the slave-trade. During his presidency of the co^uncil the rigorous P^ess-laws of Sep- tember (1835) were passed. He ttrniiy ;Sed In proposals to .ret"^ to offlcia^ life After the Revolution of 1848, as an adherent of the Orleans family, he re- mained silent, but in 1849 ho was elected Sember of the Constituent Assembly, and XrVeelectionof PrinceLou sNapcJeon to the presidency he Proposed a law for the revision of the constitution The n'pd'etatoi 2a Dcu.mb.r ^-^^^'^-^ 18*51, the copies were seized by the police, Process was commenced against the Pre- fect of Policn, and part of the copies were recovered. M. de Broglia irarried, in 1816 Albertine, the daugliter of Mme.de Stael, and was left a widower in 1838. He died 25th January 1870. A collection of his "Kcrits et Discours" appeared in 1 ^fi*? BROOKE, Sir James. Rajah of Sara- tinaily from public life. M. de Broglie WM Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, member of the French Academy, titular wak ;va8 born at Bath in 1803. He entered the service of the East India Oompauy, and soon after his arrival in India joined the army and served in the Birmese war. In consequence of a very serious womd received atRungpoor. he returned to Enj- landou furlough. He did not return to In- dia but quitted the service of theCompanr, In 1830 he visited China, and duringavof- age in the Indian Archipelago he is said to; haveconceivedtheproject.totheexecution of which he afterwards devoted liimselt of rescuing the islands of the archipelipl from the curse of piracy and the evils o(. misgovemment, and bringing themunder the influence of civilization. A second' visit to those seas confirmed him in hk, purpose. In October 1838 he sailed ftoBJ the Thames in a yacht of h's own, wi armed and manned, on his great expedi' tion On his arrival in Sarawak, apt* vince in Borneo, he assisted Muda H» Sim in suppressing an insuneciion of tbi Dvaks and for this service was named Rajah' of Sarawak, a title which was co»i firmed to him by the Sultan of Boraet Between the years 1842 and 1846 be tat undertook a reform of tlie governm* and made a code of laws, and Mien engajed infvequentexpeditionsagamstthepiratft in which he had the assistance of serdil British naval officers and vessels of to. He also stormed the capital of the isUi* and routed the Sultan's array. For tin destruction of the pirates i^yerylargem was paid as "head-money" by theb M government. On his return home, mlW, fhrhonorary degree of D.C.L wasM^ ferred on him by Oxford TJn.™«, and the next year he was created K.U He was also appointed governor of& island of Labuan, whu:hwasboughtbjft^ Government and made a colony GiJ charges in reference to his operatiowa Borneo and the head-raoiiey receive^ w brought against him in Pafl'^tn^j^j he came to England for the purpMej vindicating himself. Tlie evide «J| duced was so conflicting that tiic chaS were referred to a royal commi^J Sapore by which they were toM to be "not proven. B'lt Sr Jamffl"! soon after deprived of _the goyeror Biiin of Labuan. In l30/ ';",-"7C sSwak wa. attacked and b^y Chinese pirates. His "Private who 1140 Ibro] Died lirere published in 3 vols, in 1853. ■in Devonshire, 11th June 1868 BROUGHAM and VAUX. Henry. ■Lord, Lord Chancellor of England wai Iborn at Edinburgh in 1779. He' was Ithe eldest son of Henry Brougham a linember of a very ancient family, whose lieats were in Cumberland and Westmore- lland. By the mother's side he was grand- Inephew of Robertson the historian He Iwas educated at the High School and the Uuiversity of his native city, and was early distinguished by his passion and talent Bor mathematical and scientific studies ^s early as 1796 he contributed a paper bnligiit to the "Philosophical Transac- lions,' and other papers in the two fol- lowing years. He studied, however for llislaw, and was admitted to the Scottish |ar in 1800. About the same time he be- knie a member of the famous "Specula- fave Society " of Edinburgh, and the kisociate of a group of rising young men imongwhoniwere Homer. Jeflfrey, Sidney Imith, and Brown the philosopher He bok part in founding the "Edinbureh Review" (1803), to which he soon becanie M long contimied to be, one of the most lequent contriinitors. Called to London h professional business in 18C7, he re- lained there and qualified himself for the ■nglish bar, to wliich he was called, at Incolns Inn, m 1808. Ho greatly dis- hguished himself about that time bv a fc»yerful speech in denunciation of the Irders m Council which had been issued Icoiisequence of the "Berlin Decree" of fepoleon I In 1810, by the influence of le larl of Darlington, he obtained a seat IParharaeut as member for the "rotten fcough" of Camelford. and in March of tJtZ.H "^^^ ^'^ "*'den speech. ^m that time his career was for four Jd twenty years one of astonishing, al- 1 1 unparalleled energy and activity So lltitudiiious and diversified are the mere m ot Ins life as advocate, politician Ihor, law reformer, educational re- lor, that nothing more than a meagre |mary of them can here be given fn |liament he continued to denounce the te" ^°T'^' *'^^ "ley "-ere repealed 11812; spoke against flogging in the Ihp'"o ,'iS''^"lst Roman Catholi^ dig! Ii les ; advocated reform in the Govern- Ins- ?nd toov^.'° '^' managemen";jf ions and took a promment part in all fntV" ^T^ °'' foreign policy. On loccasions he was engaged in the d2 ■? °f *ne Hunts proprietors of the ^STntC"H'°"°'?«f«'"t'el. He lost eat m the House in October 1812. and fceVfnfw'*,fH^ 1816, when he was lunsuSniTv H *™^^ ^« contested, |uii8uccesstully, the county of West- |land. Tonjrratc in *1*.t.Qn"V„ "1,5,! nketert'ii^'f'">'"^fP««"«he8would IcL wif5® H*ii"8 features of the PJ^story of England during his SuppTement. in 1816, and were continued for innS i ^ with unflagging devotion In 1818 hJnvJ? ofT9!o*S Jo'^LSo'nrr 8-2*0° tTl^ he was engaged, as Attorney General of Queen Caroline, and in conjunctfon with M.--^ (afterwards Lord) Denman hat Solicitor-General, in the Sroceedi^Ks connected with the bill of pains anrl penalties against the queenfand on the argument before the Privy Counc same tiZ°?.*V°"i; ^' foptinued. aUhe same tune, to take part in the debates m Parhament. Prom the time of the formation of the " Holy Alhance " Mr Brougham had vehemently denouncedYt StiSn^TthTt"^ V^^f ^^^"'«^"* i«^^^^^^^^ uecMon with it. In the session of ISS'l 5 cuS^'^n^V"*"^^ ^^*^ M^Cannin J ?^» n i.i' ^^ *,^^ oourse of a debate on the Catholic claims. The same vear hp took part with Birkbeck r found iS| tp^r« i°n'J'^°?l Mechanics' Institute. Tw§ years later he was one of the founders of w2?'^i°"*^°i^^''«'*y' »nd the same year was elected Rector of Glasgow University He was one of the most zealous promoter of the establishment of the Society tothf Diffusion of Useful Know edge, in 1827 was named chairman of its committee and contributed largely to its publication!' In the session of 1828 he made one of hfs greatest speeches-that on law reform- TJ^^ took SIX hours in the delivery. In 1830 he resigne-l his seat for Winchelaea and was elected member for Kuaret- b rough. But a general election soon following, he was returned for Yorkshire He immediately took a prominent place r.TrJ^ ^^'% advocates of parliamentary nF'?r«Vv°.fP'?P*''*'^''^^i"- On the fall of the WelliD5:^o.i ministry, in November of the same year, he became a member of the Wing ministry under Earl Grey as Jhi' =£*'^"'=^""'^ °' England, and was at the same time created a peer, by the title of Baron Brougham and Vaux ; and iii the Upper House he took part with Ear Greyincarryingthroughthegreatmeasure known as the Reform Bill of 1832. In the important measures which followed it during *^e next two years he had a large share. He continued at the same time to discharge the duties of the chancellorship with astonishing industry and rapidity In November 1834 Lord Brougham rfl tired from oflice with his plrty^^and he was excluded from the Melbourne ministry, formed in April 1835. He con tmued, however, as an independent peer, to take part m almost all important del uai,cs, especiaiiy urging on measures of law reform, on which subiect he made another great speech in May 1845, and did notflagin his devotion to it for many 1141 1 :. ' ^ " litis 11 '^ BKO] ^ veara afterwards. He Imd been elected Fo- reign Associato of the ItiBtituteof France in 1833 In 1859.he was elected Chancellor "Edinburgh tJniversity. Th" l.terary lIirrltSoSt^J?S^h;«5fc«^ " 1 ves of Men of Arts and Science of the Timlof George 111.," and. i" «>" » of on ^vith Routh, an "Analytical View of S^ T'?'\iic Newton's 'rniicii>ift. A coliectta edulfoSof his ''Speeches" appeared m Vooj „.„i i,ia"fimihr Imtionatotno l^juin- Tfi'is "and his "Contributions to the mm burgh Keview'" in 1856. He was author aho of a novel entitled " Albert. Lune, written hi his old «ge, and in w'hicli the d ai-acters arc ino.st of then, liis content noravies slight y veiled under Jtrcncn Sanu-s In 1850 and the following years he coiitrihuted several papers on Light to Kioyal Society and the Paris Academy o Sciences Lord Brougham married in 1819 He spent l.is last yc?" at Cannes, in ti.e south of France, and died there, ^'MJcfuGHTON, JOHN CAM HOB- ?^Ssw5^S:wSr^B^jS bS in 1780, Ho was the eldest son of Sir r.eniamin Hobhouse, the tlrst baronet, and was educate.l at Westminster School and Trinity College Cainbrulge where he graduated B.A. m loOf- ^ "^ became there the intimate tnend of Lord Byion. and in 1809 set out with bim on a pv<-longed tour in Greece and southern S!uro 1 He accompanied the allied armies in the Oerman campaigns of 1813 ana 1814 and was present at the battle ot Dresden. In 1816 he published, anony- mous y" Letters written by an English Gentleman resident at Pa"8 during the Last Reign of the Emperor Napoleon. It was translated into French, and was so iffrnsivetotheauthoritiesbothinEngland and in France that in 1819 the French translator/printer, and publisher were fined and imprisoned, and in December of that year the author was arrested under the Speaker's warrant and committed to Newgate. Released after a few months, he became at once a r9P'^i^^^-,ff «X,t'- and was returned to Parliament f or West- m nstir as the colleague of Sir Francis Burdett. Ho had previously contested the borough unsuccessfully. He supported zealously all the Liberal measures of the ensS years, and soon after .succeeding to the baronetcy, in 1832, was appointed Secretary for AVar under I'.avl Grey, In the following vear he was made Chief Secretory for^Ireland. but lost liis seat at "he eloction. In 1834 he was elected for Nnttinsrham. and lield for some months the office of Cliief Oominissioncr oi «• (jous and Forests in Lord Melbourne s ministry In 1835 he became President of tlie Boa.Y of Control, which post he held till 1841, 1142 and again from 1846 to 1862. In 1847 bi was returned for Harwich, anrt in 1851 was raised to the peerage as Lord Brougk- ton. From that time he took little put in public affairs. He was author ot i, volume of "Imitations and Translatioml from the Classics," "Journey throiijkl Albania and other Provinces of Turkefl with Lord Byron," and "Historical Iliui.l trations of the Fourth Canto of Chillel Harold." He was also a frequent con-l tributor to reviews and periodicals, kdl Broughton married in 1828, survived liii| wife many years, and left no sod, Diedl in London . 3d June 1869. I BROWNE, Charles F., an Americ«i| humourist, better known by his assumri name of " Artemus Ward," was bornil Waterf ord. in the state of Maine, aboi 1834. He was brought up to the businir of a jjrinter. became a reporter for aneii patier. and discovering the direction li which his talents promised Kuccess, i commenced the humorou.s lectures whi, were to make him famous. A ™tl California and Utah in 1862 gavel fresh materials for his popular lectn and about the same time appeardi collection of his papers under the titled " Artemus Ward— his Book." InlJKL came to England, and, after some delM caused by failing health, he deUveredliP lectures here with great snccese. Diedi Southampton, 6th March 1867. BRUCE, John, antiquary and ma laneous writer, was born in London i 1802. He completed his education at* Grammar School of Aberdeen, andentai on the profession of the law, whiclii practised till about 1840. He hadalw* commenced his literary labours, andfi that time devoted himself wholly totM He was one of the earliest and raostaa members of the Camden Society, of KB he became Treasurer and atterr" Director. For that society he thirteen volumes, among whicln " The Restoration of ICdwardlv., Annals of Elizabeth," "LeycesterO spondence," " Verney Notes on lie 1 Parliament." " Letters of Elipkju James VI.." &c. For the Parker W lie edited the "Works of Roger Hi'*j son," and was joint editor of the uar Bpondence of Archbisliop Parker, m a frequent contributor to. and for «w years editor of. the "Gentleman J M. zine:" a Fellow, Treasurer, and '« Pres dent of the Society of Antiqw a Trustee of the Soane Museuni, f contributor to the '* Arc .«';i^ «• , also contributed to the Edmbuffl' view" the " Atheiifeum, md f meTary journals D'>^i-»J don, 4tl> November 18b9. Heliaai»«| wife a few years before. , , BUCHANAN, James, Pre8L«* ^ TT„i*.c.i Hfafpu was bom in ^_ ;ania hi'ireir'iie was fl^^^ father having ^m'8™*''.^'?,'^", w 1783. He graduated with high lioof buh] Supplement. Dickinson College, in Pennuylvania, in 1809, then studied for the law, and was admitted to the Lancaster bar in 1812. After practising for nearly twenty years with groat success, ho retired from tlie profession. During the same pt riod he had become known as a politician Elected a member of the State Legisla- ture in 1814, he was chosen member of Congress in 1820, and was four times re-elected . In 1831 he was sent as minister to St Petersburg, and on his return two years later was chosen United States Senator for Pennsylvania. Distinguished as a leader of the Democratic party, ho supported the upholders of slavery, and opposed attempts to bring the subject under discussion. In 1845 he became Secretary of State under President Polk, and (luring his term of office negotiated a settlement of the North -western Boun- dary dispute with Great Britain. He advocated the annexation of Texas, and supported the policy of the President in relation to Mexico. After a retirement of some years he resumed public duties in 1853 as minister to Great Britain, a post which he held for three years. During that period he originated the 0.=itend Con- ference of American Ministers in Europe respecting the proposed purchase of Cuba by the United States. In November 1856 he -.vaa elected President, and after a troublous term of four years, during which the schism of North and South was rapidly developing itself, he was succeeded by President Lincoln. Died at Wheatland, in Pennsylvania, 1st Jnna 1868. BURGOYNE, Sir John Fox, Bart., ^ Field-Marshal and Constable of the Tower, was born in 1782. He was the son of the Hon. John Burgoyne, who had command of the British forces in America in 1777, and who was taken prisoner by the Americans during an expedition aganist the insurgents in Canada. He was educated at Eton, whence he passed to the Royal Military Academy at Wool- wich. After pursuing the usual course of study, he entered the army in 1798 as •ewtenant in the Royal Engineers. In 1800 he served in the expedition to the Mediterranean, under Sir R. Abercromby. and took part in the blockade and capture ot Valetta. He- attained the rank of Captani in 1805, and in the following year was employed in Sicily, and served at the capture of Alexandria and the siege of Kosetta. In 1808 he served under Sir ilZw '■'' y,' *l'e Peninsula, shared the retreat irorn CoruKa, and was one of the party assisting at the burial of liis chief. He was actively engaged under Sir Arthur W.loslcT in all the campaigns of the a?^ r^f.^*'-\*°°'^ P'^^* in every siese w« o."?l'* '" ^^""o^* every battle. Ho was at the passage of the Douro. dis- tinguished himself at the assault of Cin- wouMedl^tf"'^""^^'^ wounded at the siege of Burgos, had his [bur horse shot under him at Vittoria. and^ again wounded at the MaanU nf h„?? Sebastian. Soon after tCcSse of the war he was appointed Commandir,; En- gineer of the expedition to New ()r?ean« under Sir Edwanl Pakenbam Ho had been promoted major, and then 1 eu- tenant-colonel in 1812. He was nof present at Waterloo, but he joined the army of occupation at Paris in July 1816 and remained there till 1818, when the occupation came to an end. Promoted colonel in 1830, he was the same year appointefl Chairman of the Board of I ",i"° Works in Ireland, a post which he neld for thirteen or fourteen year^, and in wbie 1 ho rendered valuable services to the ooniitry. In 1837 he was created K.C B., I'uVr 'u ^^^^ ^° became major-general. In i XI ^^^ appointed Inspector-General of lortiiications in England, in which capacity ho addressed a memorable letter to the Duke of Wellington on the state of pur coast defences. On the outbreak of the famine in Ireland in 1847, Sir John was charged with the organisation of the commission for the relief of distress in that country, a task to which he applied himself with unwearied devotion. In 1849 he was head of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, and so valued were his services that he was called to take some part in most of the public under- takings of the period. He attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1851, and was promoted K.G.C. in the following year. When the war with Russia became imminent. Sir John Burgoyne was sent to Constantinople to report on measures necessary for the defonoe of the Turkish empire, and on the real state of things being made known by him, the expedition to the Crimea was resolved on, and he was apriointed Lleutenant-Goneralon the Staff of the army i n the East. He directed the landing at Eupatoria, suggested the flank movement to the south side of Sebastopol, pointed out from the first that theMalakhoffwasthekeyof the position, and had the conduct of the siege opera- tions till March 1855, when he was re- called. The honorary degree of D.O.L. had in his absence been conferred on him by the University of Oxford. He was soon afterwards advanced to the rank of General, created a baronet, elected F.R S created Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, and Knight of the Order of the Medjidie. After the death of Lord Combermere he was appointed, in April 1865, Constable of the Tower, On New Year's Day 1868 he received the baton of field-marshal. The loss of his only son a promising young officer in the Royal Navy, who was drowned in H. M.S. Captain m 1870, brought on a severe attack of ill- ness, from a recurrence of which he died in London, 7th October 1871. Sir John married in 1821, Lad a family of seven daughters and one son, but in consequence of the death of the latter without issue, 1143 I ! i' i .* I 1' bur] K jifieto JDniVierfial ^ioflrapftp. [bdx the title is extinct. His "Life and Correspondence, with Extracts from his Journals" (1872), were edited by Lieu- tenaut-Colonel the Hon. George Wrottes- l6V BURLU^GAME, Anson, American diplomatist, was bom m New York state in 1822. He attained the dignity of Senator of Massachusetts about 1850, and was sent in 1851 ambassador to the court of Pekin. He was there tue constant friend of Sir Frederick Bruce, the repre- sentative of Great Britain, and co-operated with him in endeavouring to promote more satisfactory relations between the Chinese government and the European and American states. He attained a very influential position at Pekin, and on tlie termination of his embassy he undertook an official mission from the Chinese couit to America and the European courts, the object of which was to procure fresh treaties with those courts. Attended by a numerous suite, and with the rank of a mandarin of the first class, he went first, at the close of 1867, to the United States, thence in the following year to England, and afterwards to France, Holland, Den- mark, Sweden, Prussia, and in February 1870 to Russia. His mission was success- ful one part of his task alone, the nego- tiation of a treaty with the Czar, being left incomplete, for he was seized with illness and died within a fortnight after his arrival at St Petersburg, on the 23d February 1870. BURNET, John, an eminent engraver and writer on art. was born at Edinburgh in 1784. He was a pupil of Robert Scoot of that city, and attended the Trustees Academy, then under the direction of John Graham. There he was a feLow- student with Wilkie. He came to London about 1806, and after being for some time engaged on plates for book illustration, ho attracted attention and admiration by his print after the "Jew's Harp," the first of Wilkie's pictures to be engraved. He soon after executed the " Blind liddler, which established his reputation. Subse- auentl'' Burnet engraved Wilkie s Read- ing of "the WiU," "Chelsea Pensioners," his most elaborate work. "The RabWt on the Wall." "Letter of Introduction. ' &c. In 1813 he studied for some months in the Louvre. Later in life he engraved his own designs; among others, Green- wich Pensioners." ' ' The Draught Players, and ' ' The Young Bird." As a writer on art, Burnet was chiefly known by his "Practical Treatise on Painting, pub- lished in 1822-27, and which has passed through Ave editions. He was also author of an "Essay on the Education of the Eye," "Practical Essays on Various Branches of the Fine Arts," "Rembrandt and his Works," " Life and Works of J, M. W. Turner," " The Progress of a Painter." an " Autobiography," &c. Died in London, 29th April 1868. BUTLER, William Archer, Pro. fessor of Moral Philosophy in the Uni- versity of Dublin, was born at Annerville, i near Clonmel, probably in 1814. He was ! brought up a Roman Catholic, but in i early life became a Protestant ; was edu- 1 cated at Clonmel School, and at Trinity ' College, Dublin, and soon distinguished himself by his poetical and philosophical ' tastes. He joined the College Historical Society, and in 1837 was appointed first : Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Dublin. He was the same year presented to the prebend of Clonde- horka, in the diocese of Raphoe, and gave himself up with earnest devotion to the humble duties of a parish minister. In 1842 he was promoted to the rectory of Raymoghy, in the same diocese. During the horrors of the famine and pestilence in 1846-47 he laid aside all higher pursuits, and toiled nobly among his poor as a relieving-offlcer. One of the very few noticeable incidents of his life is a visit, in 1844, to the Lake district, where he became acquainted with Wordsworth, Su- W. R. Hamilton, and Archdeacon Hare. The works of Butler, formingJw volumes, consist of his " Letters on llomauism in reply to Mr Newman's Essay on ' Develoj^ment,' " "Swiiioiis, Doctrinal and Practical," two aeries, wia amemcirby the Rev. T.Woodward, M.A.; and " Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy," 2 vols. Died. July 5, VM. , BUXTON, Charles, political and mis-! cellaneous writer, was born in 1823. He was the third son of Sir Thomas Fomll Buxton, studied at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and took his degree of B.A. in 1843. He entered Parliament in 1857 a member for Newport, Isle of Wight, sat for Maidstone from 1859 till 1865, and for East Surrey from the latter year till bii death. He was an energetic adherentof the Liberal party. As a writer, Mr C. Buxton was known by his "Life of Sir Fowell Buxton," " Ideas of the Day on Policy," each of which works passed through several editions ; a dissertation National Education in Ireland,"aDd on contributions to the "Cambridge Essays' and "North British Review." Died in Scotland, 10th August 1871. 1144 OAMJ CAMPBELL John Macleod. a dia- tinguislied Scottish thoologian, •w4a bom about 1801. He waa educated at Glasgow University, entered the Kirk, and in 1825 settled as parish minister at How, Dum- bartonshire. Witlim five years suspicions of "unsoundness- were whispered against bim, which grew into a charge of heresy- and after successive appearances before he Presbytery during the years 1830 and 831, he was condemned and expelled from he Church. The sentence of the Presby- tery was confirmed by the Synod of Glasgow and Ayr. After a time he settled in Glas- gow, where he continued to teach a groun of willing listeners, and at the same time to embody his views m books. In 1862 til University of Glasgow conferred on him thedegreeof D D His most important work IS entitled-" On the Nature of the Atonement." It was published in 185B aud soon attracted the attention of the thoughtful by Its original and profound thought, its speculative and logical nower and the tenderness of its Christian sym- pathy. His other works are- " Christ th^ Bread of Life" (1851), and "Thouehts on Eevelation" (1862). ''His last days were spent in the retired scene of his early khZVife '^'"^ ** Roseneath. 27th J^^i^^^^^^'J^^ Baptiste Hon- |OKf Raymond, French publicist and h^- oncal writer Avas born at Marseilles in 1802. He settled m Paris in 1821. and began to study law, but soon devoted him- belf to journalism and literature. Under 'i!' Jf H^°^?,ff '"^^^'y ^e was employed -0 edit the "Messager des Chambres " tf. Guizot gave him free access to ini- )ortant diplomatic documents and stX irchives ; and after the revolution of P48 ." T^ai^ ?f *« »^ost determ ned oD»o^ entsof the Republic. His large partfc^na- Bon 111 the secret service money was ex W*"^ the "Revue R6trospectif/i m" S,T/ T°i^ ^" immense number of 00L5, of which very few have anv 8oli^8 Of serious 10 vSls S .^f ! f ^^ RestaurationV" - ves of'sii. V^T^'-^*?'' y^a'^s lie wrote )men " Sf Jl^ J*^«tiP«»ished French- TIra f a 4r* ^*^"^ ^^ December 1872 'AKAFA, MiCHELE, an Italian must lS?Wer, was born at NaXsinl785 ifpiHestuded music at an el "y age uwasatta.hedtohissmrce;''HefoS 0. to ESa^'■i^fa^,T«'SP^"'«odx,.^a demy of Fii^^^ ^,£|Jr at tbt^'""' officer of th^ lS J^^t^^ Promoted was born at HamblP?]!;»-^"'^'f? general, in 1797 w/;?^- T°"' 1° Hampshire Oxford; and enterS'k^V ^'^'''* ^^^urch ber for Mariborough S^lfcii*^ ?^. "T" famouschargeofHiPTi^ufTj • V '" '"e nominated KG B On V^, ''^^'^ *"^' s^^fffin?5SS« promoted lieutenant-eenTrai t^^' ^^ digan was twice Slid flrifc iins^A ^*'^- again in 1858. Died at Deane ffi ??' Ti,'^ amptonshiie. 28th March Ififis?.; ^°''^^' quenco Of a fall fro^f^lS'^l^^^^; sssmm movement of 1848, under o-Rni^ *J}^ passed for a time to th« TrnY4,"l?l.?i« buc aiterwards returned to Dublin" Th« ^k which ma de him a wide reiutatiSn 1H5 !*5. »■ H ' k I 'rt.5 i 1I ili a J J ' JtMi was his "Traits and Stories of the Irish rnasantry." imbllsliea iu 1830. A sccoujl Bcr? i appoarod in 1832. Tlumoworo fol- lowed liy imnicroiw works of a f\nnUiT ehiiracter. ronuvrkablo and valuable for their vivid and exact ropresontation of Irish peasant life and olmracter. Oarleton was a contributor to various periodicals. His services as author were •jc^-'^iwleflgcl by R Government pension of A200. wieci al Dublin, 30th January 1869., A pension of £100 waa conferred on Ins widow by the Queen. „ ... CARPENTEK, MABGAKBT S., portrait painter, was born at Salisbury i'> 1/93. h\w was tlio dauRliter of Oaptani Geddes of tliat city, came to London in 1814, and tlio same year began to exlnbit at the Royal Academy. Three years later she nianiod Mr W. H. Carpenter, who subse- Quently became known as tlio Keener of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum. She continued to exhibit por- traits and fancy suiijects at the Royal Academy till 1866. In tliat year alj" was left a vidow, and a jienslon of A.100 per annum was conferred on her by the Queen. Several of her works are nicluded in tlio Sheepshanks collection of the National Gallery. Died in London, 13th November 1872 0ARPENTI':R, Wilmam Hookham, F S A., Keeper of Prints and Drawings ni the British Museum, was born in London in 1792. He was only son of James Carpenter, the publisher, who was closely connected with many painters and en- gravers, and dealt largely in works on art. Ho became a partner in liis father s busi- nosa, but afterwards applied hiniself to literature and the study of art. Ho pre- pared a new edition of Spences Anec- dotes." and in 1844 published his "Picto- rial Notices" of Vandyke and Rubens. In the following year he received his appointment at the British Museum, and the services which, for more tlian twenty years, he rendered in that post have earned him a European reputation. By means of his extensive knowledge and vigilant at- tention many important acquisitions have been secured for the Print Room, and the collection now forms the most complete existing illustration of the history of en- croving. One of the latest purchases made by his advice was the original study for the ' ' Garvagh Raphael." Mr Carpenter was a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery, and a member of the Academy of the Fine Arts, Amsterdam. He married in 1817 Margaret Geddes, daughter of Alexander Geddes, of Alderbury, who attained distinction as a portrait nainter. Died at the British Museum, July 12, OASS, Lewis, an eminent Anierican statesman and general, was born at Exeter in New Hampshire, U.3., m uS^. xie studied for the law, and at the ago of twenty was admitted to the bar. In loUo he became a member of the legislature IHC of Ohio, and the next year was narasd Marshal of the State, a post which he filled till 1813. Meanwhile ho had ohtalued a commission in the army, and whiluserr- ing in tho war with (ireat Britain, was one of tho body of troops Rurr(!iuli'rc(l by General Hall to the English. IteleaBed Boon after, ho became general of brigmle, ! and was appointed governor of tho Imliiin territory. In 1820 lio took part in tho I exiiedibion of disitovery in tho north- western regions. The honorary degree o( |, LL.D. was, in 1830, conferred on him by Hamilton College. In the following year ' he was appointed by President Jacksrai Secretary of War, In which capacity ht lirepareci a report on tlie state of the military and naval defences. In 1836 he exchanged his post as Secretary of War for that of United States Minister to France, which ho retained six years, Re- turning to America, ho became a candidate for the Presidency in 1844, but was uiibiic- cessful. He was soon after elected United States Senator for Michigan, and was several times re-elected. In 1852 he again contested tlie Presidency, and again failed, Five yearslaterhe was appointed Secretaij of State, wliiuh office ho resigned in De- cemlier 1860. (»( neral Caas was a zealoui member of the Democratic i)arty; advo' cated slavery, protection, tlio annexation of territory, and war willi Great Britain, Tho fruits of his observation duriug his residence at Paris appeared in his work entitled- "The King, Court, andGovmi- mciit of France." Ho married in M. Died at Detroit, in Michigan, 17th June 1866. . „ CASWALL, Henry, miscellaneous writer, was born in Hampshire in 181(1, At an early age ho went to America, and in 1830 took his degree of B.A.at Kenyon College, Ohio. Four years later ho gradu- ated M.A. After some years employed in the duties of a pastor and professor ot theology, ho returned to Engliuul, and became vicar of Figheldeaii, iu Wiltshire, and afterwards prebendary of Salislniry. Among his works are-" America ai.d lie American Church," "The City of the Mormons," "Tlio Jerusidem Cliamber,, "Scotland and the Scottish Chim "Tho Western World Revisited, so, Died in January 1871. _ ^ ,. , CAT LIN. GEonoE, Amoncan traveller and painter, was bom in l'eiiiisj;lvaniain 1795. Bronglit up to his fathers profe- s ion -the law -he practised in Coimec Mt and Pliiladelphia; but m 1822, wh.':..-, at New York as a portrait pain er, hav become deeply interested ii« the ludian race, which ^vas rapidly cl.sappear,,|h resolved to travel -••^-"?*1^\">;„?'S- panied first Governor Clerk, tlien Su^r ntendent of Indian Affairs, m a tonr aS various westeni tribes and began :V,„ -p-:,.~ „f },ia Tji.linn naintings. Anal next he"accompnied aii i"te)iigem i|^ trader up the Missouri, av.d, «»*'"« g Yellowstone River, spe:it eight y»ni cat] among the Ttifllan tribes of the north wcRt, living with t>iom, and becoming iiitlmatolyacnimlntod with their manncrH cuHtoms, and modoH of thought Ho formed an intprestiiifr ilJnutratlvo collec- tion, and paiiifcod many f.cmo.H and por- tratB, whfch ho broiiRlih to Eiiropo. to- go lier w th a party of fowa Indiana, and ex iibitod in London, PariH, and ofchercition between 1840 and 1848. In 1852 bo went to Vcnozuolaand spent some years among tlie Indian tribes of South America Mr Oiitlin r'"bli8bed-"Illufitration8 of the MimnerH, CufltomB. and Oonditionn of the North Anierioiin Indians" (1841) • "Tlio North American Hunting Portfolio of limit iiiK Hceneaand Amuaoments of the /;;'lt*''7,"iT'^^'"^L"iL'l''''i>"efiof America" (1814); Noti's of Travel and RcBidenco '".•u'"'f''.?m>*^^^'= '\"'l » """'111 volume ontit,l('(1, Tie Hreatb of Life; or. Shut yonr Mouth (18G4). Ho had married in 1840, and Iiih ^vlfo accompanied him to Europe, but died suddenly at rariR,leavin(r three diniglitorfl. Died, in Docembei 1872 CATTICIIMOLE, Georob. an Eninli; water-colour pamtcr, was born at Dickle- linrfjli, near Diss, in Xorfolk, in 1800 Ho liegan bis artistic life as a topographi- cal diaiightsma!!, furnishing, at the age of sixteen, drawings in illustration of Brittons "Cathedrals of England " He was iidiuitted a member of the Society of Painters ni Water Colours in 1833, and necamo a regular contributor to its exhibi- tioiiR, withdrawing from membership in ISal Among his subjects are scones from English bistory, from Shakespeare's plays. and Scott 8 novels. Ho contributed the clesigiis m Illustration of his brother's "His ory of the Civil Wars." and numer- ous illustrations to the "Annuals" In hiB later years he painted in oil. He was a inember of the Academy of Amsterdam, and of the Belgian Society of Wator- '^"nr^TlS'Txi''''^- ^^^''' 24th July 1868. CAU8SIN DE Pehcival, Amand WEREE, ftn eminent Frencli Orientalist, was born at Paris in 1795. In 1814 ho vas sent in an official capacity to Constanti- noijle, and beforo bis return to France in iw he spent a year among the Maronites of the Lebanon, and filled the post of (Iragoman at Aleppo. On his ardval at ArihiP if .^as 'ippointed Professor of Arahic at the School of Living Oriental fe'LT'- -l^'"'^ y^'^^^ later he wai Ar,i;,v T ^^^ ^"^ became Professor of the Col1^i«,i'"]?""^° and Literature at the wo k°f« \,«'''"^^'- -^'^ «i"st important AraheavnHT ?''''•" """■ IJiistofre des de MalS ^f '™'«m|.pendant l'6poque tni,hP= lo^ •.' '^^ JURin'a, la reduction de 1847 S!!' '?'?' ^M"^ musBulmano" tS,*'/'. ,4"i"ns bis other works arc- _Pr6cisbist(,rique do la Giierr« ^p« '^1%. Aiipptement. — 1 , ~_ -•M«^ v>>, i.v \jruBrrn np.a 'I'nrca in 1828 • l,!d"n'^" '176^-^774),"" published BftirP " I'sw^ ^ '■ Grammairo Arabe vul- fe Ckussf„'d« i"^^'-''^^*^ '" 1832 and 1848. • ^^"ssm de Percival was a chevalier of the A^m"; 5°&i^^ March 1872 In^CflpMonB. Died, in coliieyiSj tKeiS^l l"S^^ PHO^V. Ohartcrhouso School and at AadiSv^J he entere,! the Bengal Artiil."^'^°ffi'S- I the course of the two followinK voir; be served n Oude w)ior<. uT '*/^'^? Boveral forts"and in'ls'S he'took "2 In the siege of Bburtpore. Soon aft,.; h^ obtained employment in the ( ?v"l S 'rJioe ds engineer on tlio Eastern Jumna Oaia^' and became subsenuently the projector of the Ganges Oanaf, the eonstruotion of which was carried out under bisdirection and completed in 18M. Retnrnln^ to S"^'^>« the same yS he wa8"o'r"eited K.O B.. and on the transfer of the Kovprn- ment of India to the Crown in 1858 be was apnointed a member of Her MaStl's Oouncil for India. After hohli g this seat for ten years, he retired into pHvate life. Colonel Cautley was an ardent s ..dent of geology and pabt^ntoloMd d. iiig his long residence in the Sewahk Hills, he formed a large collection of fossil T^Tm^' ^^'ic"*^ presented to the British Museum. He contributed many valuable mennoirs to the "Proceeding" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Geological Society of Loiwlon. the latte? Society awarding, in 1837. the WolCton Kold medal in duplicate to him and the Tate Hugh FalconcT, long his associate in JanJiS'lSr- ^'"'^ "* ^y^«"ha™. 25th /^"AMBERS, Robert, one of the i\' Ff]rnhnf.r'' ^"°^" ^•:™ °' publishers at iidinburgh, and an eminent historical and miscellaneous writer, was born at Peebles in 1802 He begin business as a Jn^Sf.^* *^? ■''^^^y '^eo of fifteen! and after years of industry and energetic struggle, entered, in 1832, into partnership ^'fh bis elder brother William, their sue- ccssfur ' Edinburgh Journal " being started the same year Robert iiad previously made lumself known as an author, and he continued to devote much of his leisure time to literature and science. His interest 111 geology led him to travel in Switzer- i?;'! ■b^"'*^'T'? "^",'1 Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and the fruits of his researches appeared in his "Ancient Sea Margins." published in 1848. He had a largo share in the preparation of the well- known "Educational Course." "Informa- Pn"J°" -n People." "Papers for the t^^PK^.^yc^^P^d^Siot English Litera- ture, Biographical Dictionary of Emi nent Scotchmen," and "CbambPiV*. !?.«. • ..'5.; i/uwii-^iicu til lojo, ana or wiiicu a new edition appeared in 1870 : "T>onular ?^fiymes of Scotland," "Picture of Scot- land," "Histories of the Scottish Re- bellions," "Domestic Annals of Soot- 1147 k I J Mil '.if!' •,i » 'A ' . ill] i I! ill Tfs fa T ill \ .1 land," an edition of Burns'a works, the "Book of Dayu." and a volume cf miacd- laneons "Essays." Ho was a member of many Bcientiflo societies, and received, in 1863, the honorary degree of LL.D. from tlie University of St Andrews. Dt Chambers was one of those to whoni was attributed tlio authorship of the book entitled "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation." He was twice married, and lost his second wife in 1870. Died at St Andrews, 17th March 1871. Four days later, his younger brother, Mr David Chambers, tlie manager of the London house, died, from the shock, it is said, of his brother's death. CHAMPOLLION-FIGEAC, Jacques JuSBPH, a distinguished French archico- logist, was born at Figeac (Lot) in 1778. He, was the elder brother of the celebrated Egyptologist, and was in early life Keeper of tlie Town Library of Grenoble, then Professor of Greek Literature at the Faculty of Letters, and Dean of the Faculty. His first studies were directed to local antiquities, on which he published several works. He then turned to ancient Egypt, limiting himself, however, to the study of Greek documents, and published in 1819 his "Annales des Lagides, ou Chronologie des Rois grecs d'Egypte," to which he afterwards added a Supple- ment, About 1828 he went to Paris, and was appointed Keeper of the Manuscripts relating to the history of France in the Royal Library. He took part in the re- organization of the Ecole des Chartes, and held a professorship there for twenty years. Among the fruits of his labours during that period are editions of various manuscripts previously unpublished:— "Histoire des Peuples anciens et mo- dernes," " L'Egypte ancienne et mo- derne," for the "Univers Pittoresque ; " " L'Ecriture dSmotique egyptienne," "Fourier et Napoleon," and many articles contributed to the " Dictionnaire de la Conversation" and the " Nouvelle Revue encyclopedique." Deprived, after the Revolution of February 1848, of his ofllce as Librarian, he was in the following year appointed Librarian to Prince Louis Napoleon at Fontainebleau. He after- wards published a magnificently illus- trated work on the palace of Fontaine- bleau, and a volume of "Documents palSographiques relatifs .\ I'Histoiro des Beaux- Arts et des Belles-Lettres pendant le raoyen age." Chevalier of the Legion of 1828, he was promoted Died at Fontainebleau, Honour from officer in 1866 9th May 1867. CHESNEY ^yji^K^xw.*. Francis Raavdon, the distinguished explorer of the Euphrates, was a native of Ireland. He was born in 1789, entered the Royal Artillery at the age of fifteen, and attained the rank of captain in 1815. He married in 1821, but losing his wife scon after, ho travelled a good deal both in Europe and Asia. In 1828 he was sent by the government to 1148 assist the Turks in tha defence of the Balkan passes, but he arrived too late, the Russians having already crossed the mountains. He was next sent to Egypt to examine and report on various desert routes to India, visited Syria and P^Jfa- tine, reached the Euphrates at El Kay em, and from Anah descended the river on a raft to the Persian Gulf. In his ofllcial report on overland routes he denied the assertion of the French engineers as to tiie different levels of the Mediterranean ami the Red Sea, and distinctly afflrmed the feasibility of connecting them by a canal, a project realized forty years later in tlic Suez Canal. In 1835 Captain Chesney, with the rank of colonel for the occasion, took command of a government expeui- tion for the survey of the route from tlie coast of Syria to the I'Uiphrates, and by tlie great .-iver to the Persian Gulf. He accomplished his task, beset asit was with difficulties and dangers, and explored the river through more than 1100 miles of its course. During tliis expedition he also explored the Tigris, surveyed Northern Syria and Northern MesoiJOtauiia, aud rendered other important services to science and his country. Like many other great discoverers, he missed the material compensations justly due for his labours and achievements. As a soldier he studied earnestly the theory of war, and stroye to effect a reform in the artillery when reform was unpopular, and its advocacy dange:- ous. He became major inl836, lieutenant- colonel in 1846, and colonel in 1851, His great work, the "Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris," appeared in 1850. His other works are— " Observations on Jie Psjit and Present State of Fire-arras," "The Russo-Turkish Carai)aign3 of 1828 and^ 1829," anda " Narrative of the Euphrates i E.Tpedition." Died in Ireland, 30th January 1872. CHORLEY. Henry Fotheroiu, musical critic and miscellaneous miter, was born at Ashton-le-Willows. in Lanca- shire, in 1808. He was of a Quaker family, and from an early age showed a strong bent for music. In 1833 he settled in London, and the same year he became a regular writer on the staff of the "AthensDum." Ho tilled the post of musical critic of that journal for thirty- five years, only retiring on account cf failing health in 1868. His first literary work was his "Memorials of Mrs Hc- mans," published in 1836. He had made her acquaintance in 1827, and enjoyedher friendship till her death. lnp?»« published "Authors of England,' which was followed three years later by his "Music and Manners in France and Germany." of which a new edition appeared in 1854, entitled "Modern Ge^ man nrit.ieism." His subsequent worts are— "Modern German Music^ [m. and "Thirty Years of Musical jReoolJ* tiona" (1862). Mr Chorley furnished the OLA] y>poiate.rX8,X!f fleeted P.R.8., v^ Kentand tC Princes* V.'J^ Duchew Sf to the t^ieen on her J««^.'"*'*'»"'lthen createaffuerre. The I accelerating tep^oSt^^^^^^ «' ' anotlier wa« n i, i?"*;t'°n of the imase • invented l^'i^iaHS^nf"/ ^^'"« **• ^e tlie right focus fnin^'l* ^^' ascertaining «''«»•); another Ttlf«'*pT*,"'"« <".'« ^"c* tomea8uretKtStfoM??*'"?\°'"«'"') rays ; and a third iS,?J,*^l.V'^otogenic fcope. At the Great FTl.^hi?'''*";''''"'^ he received tho n .. *',^'"hition of 1851 discover erflnHLo""""'', ^edal for ]Z iie received a flrJofi ^'^xhibition of 1855 London lxttSoi'''W6l- Z^""' "'« member of the jury M nS ji^? ^'^ a a machine forcuttin-,i= - .'ne iruita of wbinh ov.,i jj-x..."? "a^y at the age of eleven, and dist nSied hWselfW,^*"'""^"' of Seliastono land h 2^ oA ";* the assault In 1855^ riA" L---''"*"'' °" ^^^^tch. as theinvento^of ft n1nn'''l''"fu^"y ^nown the coSCnr!lUtee»«» ' =iJ 1149 n I . •' • 1 con] 9t .Ifim r^wiMttm ^ioctnpljp. [OON ably Ho was nroiiiotuil captulii i» 18*6, S,ul WM ...ado a O.U. Aftor •»"{« «»V''*y autl.orlUfB. a..d wiw Hrnl •M'pli"d to t lo tur ot-shti). the (UiiitaU, w.i» biillt t»ii liU i.hui w ill after a prdlmliiary triiiund Iwo Votubm to VIb". foui.' ^ »KdaUm ColloHo. 1.1 1843, gra'« years; w.d in 1849 wa« elected Kldo.i Mholir I., tho HUino year ho entorerl Li..coh'« Inn. hut withdrew without beingcalledto tho bar. While at (xf.m ho was an active nicniber of tho Union Society, of which ho bicaino •uooo8»lv«>ly Secretary, rroHldent, ai.d Librarian, li. 1854 ho waB called to the newly-founded chair of TMh. at Oxford, which he occupied till bis death. I'/ofonsor Oon- ii.gton's great work 1h tho tranHlatio. of the "iKneid of Virgil" Into Knglsh vc-BO. which wan publlHlied in 1886, JC >8 written in octo-syllabio verse, and i« not mororeniarkublo for itsacliolarly aeiiurucy than for its sweetnosH, t(Midr}'0«d«'l by an edition of the " Works of Virgil, with an English Commentary," in 2 vols., tho llrst of which appeared in 1868, the second ni 1863 a..d tl.o third, in wide . ho was aosistedby Mr Nettlesldp, in 1870. Tho other works of Professor CJmilngton are - translations In English verso of tho "AgaTnomnou" and "phoo|)horr' of ^:scby!ua, an edition of Dr Magin.is " Ho.uerio Ballads," and a translation in English verse of the " Odes and Carnien Sicnlaro " of Horace. He also translated twelve books of tho " Iliad" in Spenserian verse, to "oinploto the task loft unftiilshed by his frieuil Mr Worsley ^,Ui|ri''^ a residence in London in 1849 50, Air 0l at Boston. 23il ( )ctober 1809. . . "CONOLLV, John, M.D., coiisuiting Dhyslcian to tho H an wellLunatIc Asyluin, wjw born at Market llasen. In Lincoln- shire, In 1794. HU mother's maid en name 1100 was Tennyson, and she was of the torn family as tiio I'oet Laureate. Ho received Ills oarly oducatlo.. at tho GrttiuiuM School of Hedon, where ho spent nuvun years • obtai.ied In 1812 a co.nmlHHion iu a niditla regiment, and served in Hcotlaud and Ireland; married In 1816; and, iifUr dreami.ig away a year In I'ruuco. wiw awakened by tho nocosaltyof senouawork for bread. He resolved to study .andiciue, a.id went with his wife and child to Kdiii- burgh where in 1821 ho obtaniid Im (legroo of M.D., his tliesis being u '' Dis Bortatio Inauguralis de Statu Moiitia m Insauift ot Melancholia." After a Bliort residence, Buocessivdy at .ewes uiul (JldebeBtor, ho sottie.l at, Stralfonl-uii- Avon where he was twice Mayor, ciijoyed tho fiiendBhiu of Dr Tarr, and wxm\ much reputation by literary work, hi 18'28 ho was api>ointed ProfesHor of the Principles and Practice of Modicme at University College, London, and durum his three years' residence in tho niatroiwlii was an ai tivo member ot the Beciety for tlie Diffusion of Useful K.iowledgf, He was thus closely associated witli LonI Brougham. Ho next removed to \Sf- wick, thence to Birmingluvm, and in 839 obtained tho appointment of rcsuleu nliysloian at Hanwell, which ho litld till 1843 His title to honourable reiiiein- brance rests upon tho services he rendered i)()th by I'*'? practical reform of the treat- ment of tne Insane and by hlsexpositiODi of tho theory and results ot the uef svfltem. He adopted tho prmcipleaM establiahed by Pi!»el i'» ^'™'"ir!' after introduced in the Quaker h Ketrcal, near York, and made what had been an obscure movement a world-famous suc- cess. His most Important works are- "' All Iiumiry conceniiii!,' the liuliationj of Insaility ^ (1830) ''The Coiistriic Uon and Oovernment of Lunatic Asyluuw (18471 "The Treatment of the liisaae Jit*; mt Mechanical Restraint" (18^), an ••A Study of Harnlet" (1863). »r« was one of the founders of the BnM Medical Association, and of the A^J m for LUots at Earlswood. He«-n. o^ editor of the "British and lort'Sn MedTco-Ohirurgical Review, and^^ i.uted many articles to, the j^yf !"J of Practical Medicine," to the La« ■, and tho ''Medical Times and G^ete Tho honorary degree of I)«^.^.' '"J'-^ ferredon him by the XTnive.-sity o U ford Died at Tho Lawn, Ha^weu^ March 5. 1866. A genial n'«n'0"f',K Henry Maudsley, appeared in tj. Jo>^ nal of Mental Science" tor Ji^y^"*'.™!. "conquest, Jo«^ Tbickev J^ ^*^£^rSnh^»ae£5Sl assistant-Burgeoi. at the M"f ^^ J Denot at Chatham. Alter senu»| short time aa assistant-surgeonofM"! coo] MailiH'ti. Brompton, he went tocomi)I«t« wu>rohogra.luato.l M.D.?„ 1813 in & followiiiB year Jio cciinenced practl oo n Loniloii. and wur soon ni)nointfi7l Pr feasor (.f /)l,«k«trlo MedlX at h1 f" tholoinow'8 Hosnltal. In coiHmi..H .n with his i.rofe8«/pnal duties 'ho S (ictvopftriln various rellRious and ph - an liro,. Ic movements. Ho devoted nn oh of lim IclHuro time for many voarH tn thl nro,.arati^,n of a reused IS ot o Bi ilo, which appeared in 1841. under fC title of "The 'Holy Bible, wth 20 *ifl<^ cmPiKlatic.g." l)r (bonnueit w.w a,.r . of ''Outlines of Midwifery/' ^^u^\],l 811(1 Abuse of Money," and "HlnfR f,^ Mothers " which rapidly pZe.l th", Jh J^^ureditlons. The celebrated ossav bv Dr HarrlH. entitled "Mammon/' Vas written In response to the oflTer of a pHze by Dr Conquest. He retired from S ice about 1863, and died at Phi "stea^l In Kent. 24th October 1866 '^'""'"®*"- t.?u^^^^- ^I'^NRY, an eminent Presby- terian (hyine and controversialist was Wn in County Derry, Ireland in 1788 Ho stu.led at OlasgoJv Universit; was llcenHed to preach, and in 1808 setMcd ih rarsh minister „f Duncan in Oountv Antrnn. In 1817 he attended the meS claases of Trinity ColleRc, Dublin aJfd »oon after removed to Kfll^leagh thTo he carried on a controversy witl a Unitarian minister, which rSd 1 is re- Supplement. — __ [cop f78f"5,e^t?;;fri=[!^^ to pursue knowlc ge u a";'« »• {""l i'ad llifflculties. The flri/ ^ . »"'"'"«" "rout »>roUKht him In*" .,„"!:■'_ »''«*»••« which »>r<>■"""""" •«> « I'liudioBian. m 1824 he wnq •"" "*>"iciai,wr or inenynod of TJ Henry Montgomery. In r«enJin„. V'f J" the Nat onal, and afterwnr-ic i„'?u?^ l-'-T^iOJ, III II ^«nnst Arianism, hi7'opponent"T)t^nff SZt^ri^ f .""T- I" recognlti in o? 1113 parr, m tho controversy, the dejrree of D.D. was conferred on him by Jefferson lionoured witli a nnhi,v * * ?^ ^^^^s boniniin-a„v-!..V P"fhc funeral, and n. to fj,rxr:V^"'".»nu was elected doimtv to the National, and af terwar/it, 1^ Ti^ " ni":!.?^^:.. Orthodoxie Moderne," and have a™i;iifl;d'sV,;port'° ITim'vr' t'? I " SSgie"' Moft'^o^f "itv: .^"'^ e post of Di^lrfbutor'o ^foyal BoS' fZT.^ ."'^ ^^ severaTedit ons Zl be^ J^AVK Viscount de. a ceSS iVen^ 1808 .ni ^" ^■" ^^\'a"te'l advocate in iwa. and was named by the emnernr Napoleon I., Auditor of the Comfcil of Sme MiL.^^^^^'^° RestorXn l2 flt^^% Master of Requests. Having Sf*?"*"?^ ^^^''S *o f'e study of ad! Z^'-^I^^-^r ^-^'^' J!j« published in 1822 tZ ••^rr. eiitulcu "Questions de Droit ad. Iia ICf Ilir^l.K. J. ^ eoniniin-a«v--f P"f»c funeral, and n. I ,.,„ri. a-"') ipliimV"X .'I iSl^"^'-«ct a memorial i rii?nr8traHf ""-r,,, re--.-/.-, u« x^roii; aa- I I ! '• ■■'T m .5 } -3 -I! 1161 r'l.u'" ii K jf\e\» ©mUirrfnl ^Sioorapbp. con] Eleoted"to' the Onatnber of Deputlei In 1828, lio took lilH place In the l,oft Centro, and maintained a vigorous opimitlon to the incannreH of the BOV<';»'"'"lL„frnn Joined in the proteHt againHt the elevation of the Orleans dvnMty to "'o J»>f".«' resigned hiBottloe in the Council of Btato. and retired from the Oliamber. Soon after ro-elected deputy, ho toolt hl« seat witJi tlio extreme Left, and not being gifted .18 an orator, he carried on a Tigorous war of pamphlets. His Lettros lur la LiHte Civile " passed through twenty- five editions in ten years. Hia /»«"- nhlets do Tlmon" were nubllshed in a cohected form in 1846. After the Kevolu- tlon of February 1848 ho was elected for fonr departments, wtvs named ViceiTesi- dent of the Assembly, and rresulent of the Commission on the (Constitution. Ho was afterwards a member of the pro- visional Council of State, and of the Council when regularly constituted. He also sat in the Council after the coup iVftat of 2d December 1851. An irnperial decree procured him admismon to tlie Institute in 1865. Ten years later he was promoted commander of tlie Legion or Honour, of which he had been officer since 1821, Among his other writings are —"Etudes sur les Orateurs parlemen- taires." of which a fifteenth edition appeared in 1847; •' Entretieim de Vdlago. which passed tlirough six editions in the first year (18:6); .an'l " Dlalo?'"* de Maltre Pierre." Died. 6th May 1868. CORNELIUS, Petkr Von. one of the most distinguished painters of the age, was born at DUsseldorf in 1783 or 1767. His fondness for art showed itself at an early age. and was fostered by his father, wlio Zs Inspector of the Dllsseldorf Picture Gallery, After studying in tlie academy of his native town, he gave much time to the study an'l 'eP'^tduction of many of the worlcs of Raphael Before he was twenty years of age lie decorated the church of Neuss witli colossal figures in cliiaroscuro. In 3 810 he vent to Frank- fort, and there undertook a series of designs for Goethe's " Faust," which were engraved. In the following year he went to Rome, where, in association with Over- beck. Schnorr, Schadow, and other young German artists, he originated a new school of painting. Tliey revived tho almost lost art of fresco-paintmg, and were soon commissioned to decorate the Casa Bartholdy and the Villa Masaimi with frescoes. For the former Cornelius executed the picturep, of J^sepli inter- preting Pharaoh's Dream," and Joseph Recognizing his Brethren.'' For the latter he designed, but did not paint, a series of pictures from Dante. Win e .thus en- gaged, he was called by Ludwig. crown prince of Bavaria, to Munich, to decorate was also named Director of the Academy of DUsseldorf, He re-organized that Academy, and then devoted ten years to [cog his Immense task in the Olyptolhek, which he completed in 1830. Mcaiiwlille, lin Jiofl exchanged the directoraiilp at DUsB(adorf for a similar post at Muiiicti, iind liatl commenced his famous freacocj in tho Ludwlgslilrche. Tliu Itittfat of these, the " Last Judgment, ' surpameil ill size the great work ou the same tlionie l)y Michael Angelo. In the actual execu- tion of those paintings the mastur wai largely assisted by his pupils. Tho«e la the Pliiocothek were also painted by liii pupils from his designs. In 1833Cornelii« visited Rome, anil in 1839 Paris. Iiil8l2 lie was called to Berlin by Freilerick William IV., who commissioiiBd lilra to decorate tho Cainpo Santo. During tho progress of the work ho visited Home i third time. His designs for the CamM Santo were engraved by Thlltor. In addition to the great works uientioned al)0ve, Cornelius prepared at Rome i series of designs in illustration of the "Nibelungon Lied;" at a later period,! series in illustration of Tasso's great iiotm. His remarkaiile cartoon of "TlieFour Horsemen of the Apocalypse" was en- graved in 1848. and was exlubitcd in I/)n- don at the International Exlilliition,? While all admit that Cornelius wa3 u artist of extraordinary power and ability, of lofty aims and intense sincerity, critid estimates of his works, of their artiilic merits and value, and of the Importance of the school which he founded, are ter; various and conflicting. Died, 7th Marcli 1867 A valuable life of him, entitled "Cornelius dor Meister der Deutsctan Malerei," by Hermann Ricgel, ap^«re(l Booii after liis death, and a second r'lt.oD, ^ with catalogues of his works, in 1870. CORNEY, Bolton, critic nnd raiscel- laneouB writer, was born at Greenwich u 1784 He was long known as an accoiii| plished and independent Btiulent and writer. He was author of " Illiitotiou to D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature (1838), edited Dalrymple'a "KfsW™ Landscape Gardening, "Thomsons S* sons," Goldsmith's "Poetical ^\ A Locke's "Conduct of the Undcrs andini and for the Hakluyt Society, the Voyw of Sir Henry Middleton to Bantam a^ theMalucol8landsinl604." Hewr^ several hrochwes, which were only pmW f „r private circulation : tliese were o^ t^ Bayeux tapestry-the •N««; B|?§^S cal Dictionary ''(Rose'-s), I'? » '* Museum," and Shakespeare s Sonie«. Ho was a frfquent contribu or o { pages of "Notes and Q'»e"e3 from* Commencement by Mr Thorns and wai member of the i^oyal Sf '«'y.°LS ture, and one of thea"di^^'«'l"rn« Literary Fund. Died at Barnes, near London, Slst August 1870- ,,„_ ^jj^n. COSTBLLO. LOUISA StuaM.J» cal and miscellaneous ^vriter, «asboni^ Ireland in Uas. »nc3 oi;tucd ..g^ 1192 cot] wiw roiioweM Dy Hmoiimun of the Karlv octry of Fnuico;'^ un.l tho bu-cchs ,,f tlune workd huluced her to rulnMuiai (laintmg an, clevoto herself who y to literary work. AmoiiR her nun U3mn« writings, onuiating of noem« n^v^i «kotclio» of travel, ami hS.;,"^'"''''' "PilKrlmKo to the SvorS'' '' if/arn Mxl tho Pyrennecfl." •' Clara Kane." "The |Ro«o Oarden of PerBia,-- ''Lives of Kmiiient Knglishwomen," " Me^ no r of Mary. ,I„cheH« of U„rBun',ly." a.^fJi^Mc K'^^i tm the a o'Hh'e'oS '^i^; 1848. Hhe loBt her brother in i«iv- I '''?;' fj.'"'!"!'^''' ^'^^vrYiim^' ""''' C OITON, Geokoe InwAiw Lynck ?£ter'in Ifi^f ^'>"""''' ^'^ K "t tnester n 1813. Hi.s grandfather was Dr Cotton, dean of Ohester. and hia KMv«r waa a captain In tho 7th FusilierH wif^ w kiile.1 in action at Nive le ?n ^h^ Peninsular War. He stnTl Xl aV w*'l° minster School aiul T?ini'SS,et Cam bridge, graduated B.A. in 181« n.'„T^' tained a mastership in' rS^ TL'^^i' under l)r Arnold, ii^to wS m,irU ^°'i plans he heartily entered W«T*' ''"'^ >arge. on the 6th October Hif h° -,*° ^"« carried away by the Pnrfl'.f ^is body was Been. ^ "® current, and no more /rnate Tutor for Greek T if „,*il® ^''l °* ectures firsf nf t „ • •'f^eraturo. The rw.YE„li?r?,™f^':'«.«na after fed!' «T™° i»^ax Sassage n one of v,i. 1 . ^ alarm at a ^^I^^unewaa apprehended and *«PpTemenf. r ■' rM * ■ I Ffi^^^KK^^^ In Horhonno, and soon aft. i f H"'' "* **»" we -known lectures Sn tho n T""' ''*" rhilosojdiy Aftni.?!.-. ° HiHtory of Htate an. a me,nh«- i\^»»»clllor of rublici strutTio? A."' \^lt <^"""'^" of '>e was receiS a 'the F/en h"n??*'"'« In fiuccoasion to Fourier JiHrif''^"'^' an.l created i ?e;^r'o ^''Zno^^''%"'''"'• March to Octnl.nriajn i f'^''ce. From Minister of PbK,'.'° ''«'fl ^^o post of In 13 vo^ 182S5'i *"^.°' "Plato." '•Works olRiteli^^^^^ °' "'« pal original w^rksarfi "^^ '* "'"»"•'"«'- Bophiq'ues ••7imSr'- AlSd "YSr '- "PensCes •• of Pascif- .m.i'Vf "^'"''V^ "'« Maine de Bimn o^fi i: """ *'*^ ^"""ks of tlie '■ JournaTVlp« a*^ * contributor to an* the incompleteness of all 4l! Januar? 1867 ""^ ** ^*"«««' ^^tb after being engacedfn?^'^"''''^'!?' "»^ tutor, theifaserS^f ^ *"I>®' ^'s* as settled in Londo*?n 182fi ^^ff I'-'^Per, ho ing KuowledffP " " pi.'^"''^y"' ^"tertain- f;^^];;Jgg e^der DifflculS.'^ 'Story 1153' If ' c- ii. ;f1 t 4 1. ora] n JfletJJ J^ni\Jin-!^ai '^Bioornpftl?. [ceo of English Literature and^^'^^-^^iL » Language," "Romance of the Peerage, " Histofy of British Commerce," "Bacmi and his Writings." "Spenser and his Poetry," &o. He also edited and contri- huted'^'tp the "Pictorial History of England." Among »"s Pe'^«o"'!^*'S^ he numbered Thomas Carlyle, Dr Chal- merTjohn Forster, Dr Neill Arnott. and other eminent men. He married in 1823, lost his wife in 1856, . and left two daughterr surviving. Died at Belfast. June 25, 1866, and was buried at Holy- '^c'r AN WORTH, Robert Monbey ROLFE, Lord. Lord Chancellor of England, was bom at Cran worth, in Norfolk, m 1790. He was the son of a clergyman, and was educated -at Win'ihester School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. in 1812. He then entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1816. He practised as a chancery barrister, and obtained the silk gown in 1832. About the same time he was elected M.P. for the borough of Penrhyn, representing the Liberal party For a few weeks at the close of 1834 ho lield the office of Solicitor-General, to which he was re-appointed in May 1835. In November 1839 he was raised to the bench as a Baron of tlie Excliequer, was one of the Com- missioners of the Great Seal June to July 1850, and in the following November was appointed third Vice- Chancellor. In December he was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Cran worth : the only instance of such a dignity being conferred on a Vice-Chancellor. On the mstitiition of the Lords Justices of Appeal in Chan- cery in 1851. he was one of the two selected for the office. Lord Cranwprth received tlie Great Seal hi December 1852, and held it till February 1858 ; again received it m July 1865. and finally retired from office in .luly 1867. Died in London. 26th July 1868. As he left no issue, the title became ^^CRAWFORD. John, a distinguished orientalist, geosraplier, ethnologist. &c. was bora at Ballinaley. mislay. Scotland, in 1783. In his seventeenth year lie entered the University . of Edinburgh where he studied medicine, and in 1»UJ went to India and served ns assistant- snrgeon in the Company's army in the North-west Provinces. In 1808 he was transferred to I'enang. where he com- menced )ii3 fruitful Malay researches. Tliree years later he accompanied Lord Minto on the expedition to Java, and remained there for six years as Br tish representative. He returned to England in 1817, but was again sent to India four years later, and was charged with an im- portant mission to Siam and Cochin- i-i.,:_- T., iao3 he was madf- Governor of Singapore, a'p"ost "which he held for three yeafs. He was next appointed Commis- sioner in Pegu, and after the close of tlie Burmese War, envoy to the court of 1154 Burmah. Through all changes of place and office his love of science show iigelf in his habit of observation and research, and in the valuable collections of fossil remains which he formed and brought home. He finally left India in 182?. Taking earnest interest in political re- forms, he attempted, but in vain, to geta seat in Parliament. The rest of his life was therefore spent in literary and scien- tific labours. In 1861 he was chosen Pre- sident of the Etliiiological Society, and though at an advanced age, he contributed numerous papers of great value to the ' ' Journal ''^ of the society. His principal works are— the " History of the Indian Archipelago" (1820). "Malay Grammai and Dictionary" (1852), and "Descriptire Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries" (an enlargement ol his first work) 1856. He was a frequent contributor to the "Examiner."an(lotiier newspapers and reviews. He was twice married, and left a son and two daughter! surviving liim. Died at South Keusmg- ton, 11th May 1868. CRESWiCK, Thomas, an eminent English landscape painter, was bom it Sheffield in 1811. He settled in Londoi in 1828, and the same year exhibited t« the first time at the Royal Academy, He was elected A.R. A. in 1842, and E.A, in 1851. He was a very prolific painter, aid liis pictures were almost always pleaEnj in subject and general favourites, Itwa his habit to paint in the open air, and direct from nature. Died at Bayswatei, 28th December 1869. CROSSE, Andrew, electrician, wasi native of Somersetshire, and was bom B 1784 He entered Brasenose College, Ox- ford, in 1802, but left the Universityw* out taking a degree in 1805. ThenceM he devoted his time to the study of em cal science, and to experiments fortM discovery of new facts. He effected a 1807 the production of crystals of carlwnw of lime by the agency of electricity;ti predicted the application of tlie m force to instantaneous commuuica m with all parts of the world; and inl» publicly explained his discoveries ii W 13ristol meeting of the British As-sociatia Shortly after, considerable exc)teM> wascausedby the report of theprodu«i« of acari in the. Bolutioii wi h M was experimenting. Died, 6th » «» CROWE, Eyke EVANS, an EngU hiSian, journalist, and misceig writer, was born about 1799. He «ra some time principal editor o he JiM^, News." having .l^een previo if enga^, on the "Morning Chronicle a '^^ " Examiner." He was author o aw torv of France," written for Lard aj CydopX" between 1830 am 1« " Lives of Eminent ForeignState^^ ^ for tlie same vvorK, ixie w^:::.;., ..j tor the same %\vih, -^"^ '-".•Vviiimdl Turk" (1853). ''I^ignsof LouisX^J^I Charles X." (1854), and a new mm France," which occupied him duntg*! cun] last ten or twelve years of liiaiifu o.,/i H";:: ■ Fdal completed in 186«. Died in T onA^^^oY.^ Drumraonl^FH^^^Tl^r-; —-- February 1868. ""^^^ ^^ London, 25th in 1833. Ono 5 hi?°"J^«n^^ OTTNNTlvraH-ATiT T>„ ^est known works fv, ?JP^'' valuable and P>led "Handbook of Lon^'.'^V,"y-«om- Among Ilia other prodiicMnn=°" <1849). of the. "Songs of ScSmr' ^n'?^'^i«o»3 I February 1868. OUNNIjYGHAM. Pbter. antiquarv land miscelkineoas writer wno ui* -^ London in 1816. He was the p-Jicy" '" of the poet. Allan Oun^i„«hamli,'°7 the age of eigliteen obta "fd a sitf.nL^n Jiu tlie Audit Oflioe. in which ff^S^" I T^^^}":''.^'^^ * chief clerk. He retirld '" f of-»- uno of his rnAa^ ' , ('"oiiahed best known works is fhl^ valuable and Ih. rest o"; 1,1, UhS UeoomS '"Sf,' S^*?'''"--"" &S4 -MnSi '•", "■» D. I ?u^?^'t7^^IMIR IvANOVICH ft celebrated Eussian scholar and fexico grapher, was born in 1802. He was of bcandinavian origin, studied at the Naval ICadete' Institution at St Petersburg ami irmy He afterwards studied raedicinf. md ultimately entered the CivU SerWce 'f Russia. His great literary work Is ^on^?'i,?5To,f f^' ^'^^"^ Russian uuo'ue, m i vols. Its preparation ocm. •led a large part of his lifeMrne and ?^ ;as comp eted in 1836. It is i dmitff tn lean indispensable aid to the^tndv «2 fenT '"^^ *"'^« "^ the RuSan people various otiier works Tti^A „* 5«- "*"°'^ letober 1872 ' "^^'^^ ^* Moscow, ^jred the mitM St^Kav^ hi ist Pd became lieutenant in 1837 An^ [fflJSS Sr ■'■-'= bed several worksnn m,?r- ?® 1^"''- r ^-i"tenK.T2^hTuf;| a PoIitioi«n°™. ?.^«'^n»an historian ^^i^eri^^S-JHalle. Extrao"rdinarfo'f\a?y"'^r'^Lf'««°f Kr^Hi^i^'^^'""^^ sScl^lVait^i^: fLibe?^i*°atic'irsv;f;\*P- Hanover in m7^^"'' *? *^<' '''rone of spiS protest aiain^^""'^' "'"'''^ ^"^ ^^^ the ConsSl^.^^S«'viS"fr ^^^ AssemSheld at^Frlnkf^JruSYs;^' "^? , at LUheck in 1847 an^ of fl ° i?*?- ^"^^ Assembly at Frankfort in 1848 hI'T^ I an earnest advocate of constihTH.^''? portant works nr,i '■ n„oi, , '"^^t im- 1 1797. He Tli J^,,™.'","' f""''"" in furer. in 1828 he was caUed to the 1155 .;?i (■ »■ dal] 3C .Iflcuj IDnilieriSnl '53io0inj>I)p. [dau Chair of Eiiglish Lari-rupgo and L\tera- t ro at tho nowly fouudea University of &on which ho heia only two. years In 18^5 he was prcRPnted to tlie vicarage of Ht Bride's Fleet Street ; was appointed n 1857 Three months before his death wa^ promoted to the deanery of Rochester. In his college days, Mr Dale iuh shed several volumes of verse of whch a collected edition aPPcarecl in 1836 His other works are- a translation of Sophocles, several volumes of sermons partly preached before tho University of CambrWge. and an edition of Cowjiers works l^led at RochcHter, 14tu May ^%ALLAS, GEonaEMiFFLiN, American statfsmau and diplomatist, was born at Ph laS'hfa in 1792. After graduating ^ -Pr iceton College, he stu.lied law, and ;\SStedtothoV.ar of Philadelphia in 1813 Four years later he was nained TiVnntv Attorney-General for his native ?onnty! and i^' 1829 was United States AttSo^for the Bame, dMnct Llecte^^ United States Senator m 1831, he retirea, after two years, and resumed practice at the bar In 1844 he was elected Vice- President of the United States under P-c i ent Polk., This office he held til 1849 In 1856 he accepted the post of Minister to the Court of St James's which hn eld till I860. Ho died at Philadelphia, 3\'st December 1864. , His "Letters from London" were P"l'l'«'ied m 1869. DALLING AND BULWMI, HENRY Lytton Earle Bulaver. Lord, dipla matistandmiscellaneous writer wasboin in 1804. He was the son of General WilUara Bulwer, and the elder brother of Lord Lytton. He received his early education at Harrow School, studied afterwards at Cambridge University, and served; for a short time only, in the army, as an officer in the Horse Guards. At the age of twenty-three he entered on the dinlomatic career, and ol-tained an ap- ohitment on tho embassy at Berlin 'Attached successively to the embassies at Vienna, the Hague, Brussels and Pans, he filled, in 1835. the post of Secretary of Legatfon at Brussels, and the same rost afterwards at Constantinople and at Paris Sent in 1843 to Madrid, he re- mained there live years as envoy extra- Sary, and minister plenipotentiary, andwM dismissed by Narvaez, on micount of hfs opposition to the measures of th^ Snanish Government. In 18W ne was apSointed minister plenipotentiary to the UiS States, in which capacity he ds- .V"„,,v4p.1 himself by negofciatnig_tlie ('iiivton-Buhv. I' Treaty, uml ''» _^=50J, envoy extraordinary to the Grand Duke o£ Tuscany. Three year s afterwards he took part in the arrangements for the settlement of the Danubian Princiimlitied. In 1857 ho was appointed ambassador to the Porte, after the retirement of Lord Stratford do lledcliffc. This post he held till 1866. He had entered Parliament ai member for Wilton as early as 1830, sat the next year for Coventry, and from 1833 to 1837 for the borough of Marylebone. Lord Dalling has earned considerable dis- tinction by his 1 iterary works. His earliest publication, a volume of poems, appeared in 1822. and was followed in 1826 by "An Autumn in Greece." More important are his "Franco: Social. Literary. Political," published in 1834; his " Monarchy of the Middle Classes," in 1836; "Histoiical Characters'" (biographies of Cobbett, Canning, Mackintosh, and Talleyrand), in 1867 ; and tho " Life of Lord Palmerston," c* which tho first two volumes apreared in i870. Feeble in health, but of a sin- gularly Bvcet temper, he was a general favourite in society, and an excellent talker, retaining his vivacity to the last, In 1851 he was created K.G.C.B., ami in 1871 was r -icd to the peerage by the title of Lord Dalling and Bulwer. He married, in 1848. the youngest daughter of the lirst Earl Cowley. Died at Naples. 23d May 1872. By his death without issue the title is extinct. -, . , . . • , D'ALTON. John, Irish topographical historian, antiquary, and genealogist, wa.? descendant of an ancient family of AVestmeath, and was born in 1792. Ate taking his degree of B.A. at IVinity College, Dublin, he entered the MiiUle Temple, London, and in 1813 was called to the Irish bar. In the following year he made his first appearance as an author in a metrical tale entitled "Dermid; on Erin in the Days of Boroihme. In 182^ he published his essay on tho Ancient History, Religion, and Arts of IrelaiiJ, for which the Conyngham Gold Meda of the Royal Irish Academy was awarded him. Ho was one of the principal con- tributors to.the "Irish Penny Ma,2azine from its commencement in 183d. 1 1 m he was elected corresponding mem'erof the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Among his works, in addition to 1« nlrpadv named, are— "Memoirs of the Archbfsh"op™of Dublin;' " H.story oft J (\Mintv of Dublin." "Annals of Boyle, &c. He married iii 1818. and at thetoe of his death was in receipt of a smau ?ensiou. Died at Dublin. 20th January ^^D AUBENY. Charles GiusBridl^j Professor of Botany and Rural Ecouom'' Oxford University, was tona.fe*"^ in Gloucestershire, in 1795. He wmra Ron of a clergyman; was e tot fa Winchester School and Magdalen CoW Oxford where he took his degree of B.A hi 1814 • gained the Chancellor's Pnm !?-^°i:,',i',H"^ „nor- un.1 became aftei wards fellow of his co";f.-„S taken his degree as Doctor of Meaicim daw] 1818 ho Jmd madJ a vhit to V .,^^^'*,- ^P regions in Auvergne! was pWf''^'^*',^"*° yeara after P.R.S ami „? ♦1''^'^ ^°"'' time appointed PrafeSr of P^ "-^P^" at Oxford, which clmk ho held 'mi?','2*,7 In 1834 lie accepted, in a. ,li o„ I', ^i^^^" fi'ssorahip of Botai V to w i '?"' "'" ^'o- warasat4cl.edthoF;oK^^^^^ Ecoiioiijy Tiiia nn«r i, > "^^ ^^^ Rural death, ir iVaubenv tonf "^'^'''^"" his one of its vice-DresKWs ,fr?u • '^"'l was meeting in 1847, and President «W'',!°''^ imm in 185G. He was P^ Ic.?. ^''2"5"- Botanic Garden at Oifonl^,JP'' ?* "•« the lloyal Irish Acadenivf.'i''^'"^'''" ^^ ciate of the Bavarian Acm^^PJiF'? »««o- &c. His worlcs are-" A ni^"^!^T°"^«'''' Active and Extinct Vo^aS,es°" ^'^V"". °^ ' ,: (luctiou to the Atomic Theory '"i' T Jf'*™- on JBonian A?- culture "^^r n.^ *"'''« ! Climate," "Fir.al Causes of th'« H'"■''^?" of Plants." and " Chr stianitv nn^''^";^''^^ JIW' Died at oSSra^^^^^ jrS^S bt.rarWsa?v^ST8\? teolhVraL^nilM to hecorne a German fn^f^ *'°,''''^°'^ed L»urg, wlience he naasp,] i.TiSi^n'^^^^'"- Pm),erial Tlieatre at vfenna rtf'is?,*!!'' ™inovo( to Dresden wi,t1 i "^ ^^^3 he "even years and then ^^!;t'° remained intensive cou.'se of t,^./'*'"''?.^ «» an I'figinal in iii "^t ^« *,' "^^^ • . Distinctly he parts of Ki^f ?i^^ye<* V'"» success gle„stein,ivgS^£.a^^^^^^^^^^ /a^blrn'^.^t"^]^,!]^,,f i>^Am physician, pother's side lie v" fa. n^i^^^S ^^ t'^e P Sir Mattl, "w Hale Sf *^«scfPdant r'l^on. and otiier celohln?'^1'''' ^'''"'^'-'s. IWhetookhisSree of M A '"f^A I" rjge, became Wtlntl^A, ^^^^ni- ptllege of Plivoitr- ."'''^ of tlie Rova) }m In the ioifoii^ ^^*2, and felS |e (iesrcH of ivr'7^""°«'i,n& year he took iPointed Chando •Pmf^ii*^""','ind w"as withstanding the painf^ 1 '1' 1^63. Not- to which heUs rc& L''^'»''««3 state write indefatigably on mp,?-^",""»»«d to H« principal works aro~'n5A.«"''J«ct8. translations of ' Voto1'« » T,"""'>;jne,- Anatomy," LchmamS " i^^"fo!oKical Chemistry." and V?; I * , physiological of Pathologica An2 S" * ""''""'^' wrote most of ti,„ ,^' *°- Ho also :■ Cham'beMn -dopS?.* . ^^rtielcs for buted to the ''Moho^X?' andcontri- view," the "Lancet ''nn'V^l',''"'"^'*'*! Ke- Timesand Qayettl" rf"^!^*''" "Medical F.R.S. in 1850. nnVi i^'^ Day wa« elected founde. "of the ( W Jr .'^"^ ^"^ of the and 8y,,enham°SocieS''' ^^H'°'?S'«a' aeelebrttedliVetdf^a^r''^ «^B«IEL. Paris in 1803 aV fiVE '"'^''' was born at Pujol, he broke away fron?"f'^ «' ^- ^^ the school and imn^ii^i^'?'"^'^® rn'^s of «fc".'|y of nature^Pi'^'\§™sfW to the Switzerland, and a v^nl * ¥ ^i«ted went to tiio East where h/fn°'' i^° ^ater for many original niT ^ ^^^^^ material He had a Sal fn^„?°'^^1"^ Pictures animals, LTamift^^aniS; '^'T-""« tlie most remarkablfi MrS i^"' subjects He often disDlavp,) <^i. -^^ \'^ monkeys. Decamps paintS^?l'i'f '» ''« bumour aiKl many laSlne^^.^/f ,°rical ^u'-J'^cts fetched ver? hS^f • ^"'^ »»8 works have chevalier of tlie T eE of w^ "^^^ ?'^'^ated and was r-ronioted^KSo"""' '" 1839, he was elected memb^ of n^^'r,,^" ^^^8 of Deputies ami thi /o °^ "'^ Chamber. President 1;f''«L"Ko"!rS' ^'^''^'ne ^-SiseS'^iESl-'^s of the Louvre "^"'u writer, was one^f th? t^vi''" *™vellcr and Nicholas Kidoffa*n?'r' 'J' '-onnt Florence about isift' tV ^ ^^^ horn at in France and iuy- aml^vf "V"« ^""th attached to tbP Rnl ^ ^^'^'^ '"'* one time Vienna In mr ^T'^'] pn'bassy at own extent" and in comnn'""'*^* ^*^ his aceomplisliedSira%"S^>r"ifr^«^^^ m9^?i'?ra ^-^ P«&ecf^; KS ?I Str."tivr''Afbrrf:c^^ Jer eBonamrtp o.,/*^' 'daughter of this the Emperor Ni^lioi.^?"^^?"^'^''^ of , — -.^.. .., ,„, ,, ^. ^. — n. . f..f,.„ u.-_ 'r'^'^o'^.-'^JcnoIas diamisaori hi"" [pointed ChandosProfesso? oJ'm"^- ^"^^ I return to St Peter^nl^'V"'' ^"^^''^'^^ his 1157 t ■; i • t ' dem] K Jfiew j^nitaer^at "55ioflrai)i))?. [ber part in Italy, but died at Pans, 29th Apru ^% MORGAN, AUGUSTS the disUn- guished mathematiciaii, was born in t. College, Cambridge, ami equated » A., aa fourth wrangler, i" l»f • .,|" ^{^^^ „f a member of i^^^^"" His separate works 'i)SemTtVal' and Integml Catoil™;,, .■?SLogio;^" Arithmetical Book., number <£™'; "ent d»y ; "Book of pt.nting t°„*«ra?r"BaJgel of Para- l-S ""He be»me1. coSrif.uto, .0 the of "l-nf*""! travelling. Returning m irerK^* hTmK^ the study of law andwa' called to the bar at Lincoln's I Inn Earnestly bent at the same time on the 'study of the problem of pauperism and tVie right method of relieving it, he took lodgings in the " East End" of Lon- don and there spent about a year as Acent of the Society for Relief of Dis- tress He also built and endowed a Bchoolhouse, and taught and lectured in it to working men. In 1868 he was elected M P for Newark, and hoped in Parlia- ment more effectually to promote tlie nurpose he had at heart. But again fail- inc health compelled his retirement. In October 1869 ho embarked for Australia, reached Melbourne early in January 1870, and died there on the 28th of the same I month. A vohime of his "Letters and other Writings," edited by Sir Baldwin LeiKhton, Bart., was piibhshed in 1872. I DERBY, Edward Geoffrey SMnHl Stanley, fourteenth earl of, Prime I Minister of England, was born at theP family seat of Knowsley Park, in Lanca- shire in 1799. His father, at that time heir-anparent to the earldom, bore the 1 courtesy title of Lord Stanley. The6ul>| iect of this memoir was educated at Lton I and at Christ's Church, Oxford, where lie distinguished himself by his classical at- tainments. But he left the umversiy ■without taking a degree. In 1820 be I entered Parliament as member for the horouEh of Stockbridge, m Hampshire, I since disfranchised. His first siieech.noti made till 1824, gave promise of that re- 1 markable oratorical power which distin- guished him through life It is note- worthy that he opposed strenuously the I Liverpool and Manchester KPilway Billl in l'826. and characterised the schemeasl •'a mad and extravagai;^ fPf?*!'"?' Thp R'lme year he was elected M.f, fori pSestoi™ In the spring of 1827 llrStMJqr began his official career as Unaer;Secre.| tarv of State for the Colonies in the| Canning administration, but resigi after the death of Canmug. On accession of Lord Grey to power in \L,. he was appointed Chief Secre taiy foil Irellnd. £osing his seat for I'reotol he w^s elected for Windsor for M hnrmiah he sat till 1832. During thij excit"S period he was one of the J Energetic promoters of par lameutaryn^ foim In his Irish administration hJ Kme very unpopular, pleasing neithi fhe Klieutenant, Lord Anglesey, nol Jhe Irish people. His imperious an ^1 conciliatory manners procured him tt| deS ation of "Scorpion Soaney,,,^ Ws secluded ^^'a^ of hfe that of t le « indthfshaSUavigationSche™^^ had many charp contests with OM in the House of Oommona, In IK M was efected raemberfor NorthLanato for Sh be sat so long as he rm^ 1158 DES] in the Lower House. In the following year he wan romoted to the office of Secretary of buite for the Colonies, and his name is intimately associated witli the emancipation of the slaves in our West Indian colonies. On his father's succession to the earldom in 1834, ho acquiredthe courtesy title of Lord Sbanley In that year, differing from Earl Grey oii the proposed reduction of the Irish Church Establishment, he retired from office in company with the Duke of Richmond, Lord Ripon, and Sir James Graham, and thenceforth his place in politics was with the Conservatives. He returned to liis post of Colonial Secretary in 1841, under the ministry of Sir Robert Peel, and re- tained it four years, retiring as a Protec- tionist on the adoption of Free-Trade principles by Sir Robert Peel. In 1844 he was called to the Upper House, where his services were needed by his party, by the title of Baron Stanley of Bickerstaflfe He succeeded his father as Earl of Derby in June 1851. and on the resignation of Lord John Russell, in Tebruary 1852 he became First Lord of the Treasury. But his administration laste ■ only ten months He again became Prii j Ministevon the fall of the Palraerston administration in February 1853. Defeated on a question of parliamentary reform in June 1859, he dissolved Parliament, and a vote of want of confidence being passed by the new House, he resigned. Recalled to office for the third time in June 1866, ill-health compelled him to retire in February 1868. To the last he gave resolute opposition to the measures connected with the disestab- lishment of the Irish Church . Lord Derby was elected to succeed the Duke of Wel- lington in 1852 as Chancellor of the Uni- versity of Oxford. He was also a Tnistee of the British Museum. Governor of the Charterhouse, &c. He made himself ?,."^!Vr,?",-'M^'"^*"'"® ^y *iis translation of the 'Ihad in blank verse, which ap- peared in 1864, was received with much critical commendation, and rapidly passed through six editions. He took a noble part in the support and promotion of measures for the welfare and improvement of the workmg classes, and especially dis- tinguished himself, as Chairman of the Relief Committee, during the cotton famine m Lancashire, not only by sym- pathy and lioerality, but by zealous personal service. Lord Derby married m 182o the daughter of the first Lord OctoberTse^ ^^ ^^^ ^* Knowsley, 23d DESCHAMPS, Emile, a celebrated French poet and miscellaneous writer, was born at Bourges in 1791. He is especially remembered as a leader in the famous fii;T SVas'^brna^tg^irn 111 180J. He was the youngest of ( hrpo ^"Lothers sons.of the actor LudwgDey! e the^'irf'l^i**^""^*^'!^^^ distinction E either of them. He first appeared on thn ftfrem?n"3^f ''^ 1821,^Sed then I to Jiremen and Leipsic, and married a? Leipsic Dorothea B5hler. a nomilnr burg'and'U'.'^^^^^'ll^ ^^'P^°. Magdl- Durg, and Hamburg, he attached himself v.L:^*^j*,^.^l'^'"^*i°'i took place between Portsmouth in 1812. His father Vhoharl a situation in the Navy Pay Office re tTl ondnn" ""^r^t," *° Chat'hamfand fn 1821 pasJedin hpr^«f-'°"' "^^^^^^ ^ childhood passea m hardships and privations wa.a te« "i^ ^^^y?>. officer but, attracted ^^if^^o^'^^'""^ "' literature. h4 began to write and to report for newspapers. His reputation as a novelist and humourist "Ql^^i , ^th the publication of the 'Sketches by Boz'^ in 1836, and wm greatly increased by the appearance in thf pinp™"*^ ^^f °* *''^ *^™°"« "Pickwick Papers. These were followed by the household words wherever the English language is spoken. In 1841 he viSted America and Italy three years later. On the estabhshment of the "Daily News" he was appointed chief editor. In 1856 he originated ' ' Household Words." In the same year he took up his residence at Gad's ilill, near Rochester, which was his home pj fpN"thl'^*V, ^'^ 1^59 he started and ^ited the well-known periodical "AH the Year Round," to which he was also a con- stant contributor. He visited America a second time in 1867. During his later years he gave public readings of his own works, which, however, his health com- pelled him to discontinue in March 1870 He was a man as deeply beloved by his personal friends as he was admired by his readers, genial and generous to a rare degree, and remarkable for his business- like punctuality, his sagacity, and in- tegrity. He took a warm interest in the social and philanthropic movements of the day, and both in his books and in his public speeches eloquently exposed and denounced many wrongs and shames. yr his very numerous works it may suffice to name here, in addition to those already 1159 " I It I ^ » ' .' JM.i.- i1 Nickloby," "MiiHtcr lhii>ii'livoy'« Clock," "Amorfcan Nofciv." (whi.l. ''roV^V^ «» him Boiuo violent attiu;l!«). „ ^l'"'"^ '} (j,)pVorl\clcl'M(-onr.«H«.Mllyl.iHO\viifaymirlto of all hi.. workH). " Hi.r.l Tunes. <- f f ."i ExDeotationR." and ' ' < )ur Mtitnal I' r onil. Thl> .lr«k in tho HerioH of hi. '^ i'/jh' ffi'B HiBtory of lOi.Klan.V ai.poarod in " Houso- hol.l WonU.'- an.l m.w mpa.ak^ y pub- Rl 0.1 in 18r.2 r.3. M tho t hn.M.f hm .h'ath howa8cnKaKOAUnwinln.«''l'MwniDn)<)a. which now romainn a fraKniont. Ilo w.i« inarricil ah ub 1837. Bied at CSa.l a I- i . ^'^DTLKK. CnAiu-F.s Wkntwohtu. p«:, tor of tho " Atheiuonni," was horn m 178i> In tMtrly lifo ho ohtainotl a situation ni tho Navy ray-OlUoo. and hecamo during t he sanio period a contributor to pcrio- aical literature. ilotiriuK on a ponsion n tho consohdation of public offlcoB, h h oan.o proprietor of tho " Athenwum. which vn. to that time had not boon suc- coBsful. Mr DilUo. by a reduction ni ita nricc. and by a\)le and enorgotic manaKO- mont Kradually niado it not only a popular and influential journal, but '\coinnioreml BUCcesB. Eo continued to edit it till 1846, when he gave up his post to Mr 1. iv. Ilorvoy. and soon alter inidort.iok tho "litorship <^f tho ''Daily NewB." Mr Pilko edited in 1814 a collection <^f "Old Kncliah Playa," and occaaionally con- tdSed paifer's to tho '' Athoimim.;; Among these are somo on tho J«»>i<»3 problem. Died, near Farnham, 10th '^WEMir/pAaiiA, Turkish 8t;ate8man and diplomatist, ■vvas the son of Redschia Fasha, and was born at Constantinople in 1827. Ho completed his educiition m London and Paris, and at I'aris ho com- menced his diplomatic career as sccre,tary of ombasay, under his f atlier, about 1846. Two years later he was ma.lo secretary to tho Sultan. In 1854 ho was, sent ambas- sador to Paris and to Turin. a\Hl was in 1856 joint-plenipotentiary with Aali Pasha at tho Conference of Pans. He was soon after made a member of the Grand Council of tho Tanzimat, Grand (niancellor of the Imperial Divan, and in- terim Minister for Foreign Affairs. Again sent to Paris in 18G'2, t) ion to Madrid, he waa soon after raised to tho dignity of Vizier .and Muchir. with the title ot Pasha. He took part as plenipotentiary at the In- ternational Telegraphic Conference, and on his return to Constantinople became a member of the Grand Council of Justice, and next of the Grand Council of tho Treasury He was a third time ambas- sador to Paris in 1866, and took part in 1869 in tho conferences held there on the disputes between Turkey and Greece. In 1872 ho was called to the Ministry of Foreign \flfairs. Died suddenly in Galicia. 23ii September 1872. DOYI i!i, John, the distinguished 1160 rilitical cari.iaturist, long well known an 11. \i.," was a iiiilivo of Irolaiid, nml was born in 179'. In early lifo ho stii.lic! art in Dublin, and nhowrd Riiccial sliili in portraituro and in .hawing horntiH. H,. bog.-vii to publish IiIh lithographic. skotchcH in 1829, and continiiod thcni at iiiteivuls for about twelve yearH. In quality ninl execution tliey Hteadily improved, the carlioafc being ciu-cIohh ai.d rough, llic latest ulmoHt perfect Hpeoiineiis of their olasH. Among tho more oolehratod aio named those of Hir Urtbert I'eol, Mr DlsraoU, tho l''iniwror Nicholas of Russia, • fPithiioi VVollington, &c. Oiuj of luo ..' -, Buccossful satirical pieces was "Olil •• /," a iiortrait of Hir Francis Ihirdett, 111 a view of the Tower in tho Imck- groun.l, frauici! and glazed. Mr Doyle'j likenossofl wore vividly true; markedly ehamrlerhtic rather than cariciiturM, | [lis sketches wore always reihicd, never lai)sing into vulgarity; and tlicy werei always received with intense interest! WlKiU his incognito failed him, "H.B,"i discontinued his political satirefl. Died in liOndon. 2d January 1868. - His son, Mr llichard Doyle, was known for years byhi8Contribution8to"Puncli,"csi)eciallj "Pips, his Diary," and "Brown, Junes, and Robinson." 1 DllAYTON, Hknri, American aclori and singer, was born at Pliiladelpliia in 1822. He completed liis musical siiuiiei at tho Paris VimserriUoire, appcarcilal Antwerp, at tho Italian Opera, playedin; Lon.hm. and in 1859 wont to the Thiitfili States, He revisited I'lngland two ycari; later. In 1SC9 he joined the Ricliiiigi'! English Opera Company. DiedatNe» Y.)rk, 30th July 1872. DREYSE, J on ANN Nicholas von, inventor of tho Needle-Gun, was the son of a locksmith, and was born at Sbrauierda, near Erfurt, in 1787. In 1809 lie wenttoi Paris, where ho was for five years employed under Pauly, and watched tho coiistrw- tion of his oxvicrimental gun. Undtrtlii grei' chemist, Berthollet, D icy se studied tho ) 'paration of explosive corapouiidi He atterwards settle.l at Sbnimervlau engineer and ironfounder, aiulestabhsbed a factory for percussion caps, for the » provement of which he obtained a patent, In 1827 he offered to the Prussian goTem- ment his first needle-gun, wlncli waste- iected. A second was proposed m M and Dreyso soon after becamo kuomM the Crown Prince, who took great intetw in his designs. In 1836 lio produced U* gun which afterwards became so fame* and which was at once adopted. i)m lived to seethe successful use of hismw tion in the campaign of Sadowa. w died at his native town, 9th DecemW 1SA7 DUBAN, JACQUES F^Lix, anemiiiej French architect, was born at Pama 1797. He was a pupil of Debret.au^^* the same time stjidied at the School^ Fine Arts, where he won the grand F DUPj for an urohltectiiral damKU in 182:) Tlio next Ivo yoara h.< Bi.ont in Italy. HcriouH v tiu) w orkH of t)io KenuiHHanco. Jn 1831 '"• ";''l''«t<'0lt tlioco.nj.lotion of ilu, I'alaco il(!,s Hciinx-Artfi, and in 1845 tlic ri.Kto • ■ t.on ..f tli« Ul.atcau do nioiH „ ,v,m soon altnr mitfaged in rcHtorintf fcl,o I'hfttoiu. do JJan.i.ierro. In 1848 l,c w h aiMM.nik'd architect to tho Louvre anoM? wiiich J>o .01,1 for Hix yoarH? nd", uK t lat per od comi.Ietejl tl.o exterior f, a t ho O'tlory of Apollo, the Salon (JanC- &c w.t I. all the Uiterlor decorative wrkB' In 8M ho wa« rooeived at tlio InHtitiito and ho same year was ar.„ointotanied u grand nicdil . f .ouonr at the I'ariH Exhihitlo, of 1855 for a BorioH of drawings and deaignB. Died at Puns ni ,So|)toniJ)er 1871 pUFF-GOUDON. Luoiic, Lady, trana- lator and inipcellaneou^ writer, was tho ony dnld of the diatinguishcd^-.'riJr John AiiKtin, and his wife, well known as a tmnslator and novelist, 'she w^horn in 1820, and married at an early ago Hir Alcxaudor Dnflf-Gordon, Baronet In fionsequcnco of failing health she wont to resi.lo in Kgynfc, where she spent th" las^ years of her life. Among her more hn portal, works are the transla S f fc'?''«. "M'story of Trussia." Feuc - a^hs "Cnminal Trials" (al.rhlgol 'Ihe Fronoh in Algiers." an I Ske's llnssui, Campaigns of 1828-29" She wasan horof "Letters from the Cape " ami "Letters from Egypt." wlio'h a tractod inndi attention iTy their vvkl DUMAS, Alexandre, the celebratfid French novelist and dramatist, was born BfiiipVal a;> 1 of. • ^? ^'^« ^'"' son Of a genera , and after receiving a scanty edn cation became clerk to a iiotarv T.i bVj seventeenth year he began to write nlav^ piece bemg produced in iaq.^ 'ti- 2 f Siii)p(i>mciu. [duh '?>«^^ The who did the luBi^a X' of' H 't?''* As many as five "fi.i.iiili'f''''* tales. produced hi that wav' . "" *?""'^ »'« 1852 Dumas birto»,.hi'.'VV''''- I" MCnioires " wl.iM -,,» ''""'''*'' »''h own thirty volumorif^f'''"'^ ^" '""'ethan jmhifint:;;'S;ed;;^,f^'j;;';i^K^.^ij- Jnifisionury. Unfii isqo i^ " ,' *'"' chiefly e.iloyi;r^;l tKorfc^ Z" n cra'biltv'''l^,*^'^*'^^"''"«ho^ k owlefkr «^'f.""i^ acquired so large a ^^iisfeX'^iij^^^j^i'^^s'^i^riis was anno tiKo,i sj„ — 4. ' . "V. ''"''■' he HSa' ?■"'■- »nfr£'s 16 IS certain tliat he Ured the train iMa approving the measures adopted for the ensuing winter, he gave up his annoinf ".en and. 809a after cam'e to England At the beginning of 1842 he accent^l th« Ser°il''S;^"-^r P, *° "'^ "^wXernor! SS!irtJ'S5r"^ie''':;L^Ti^: lWh«*n?.*'''^ Hi P"vate secreT^y."l^' 1843 he attained the rank of cantain an,i the same year married. Before the cK naiSf ''of ' rf ^S'?^ '"^'^ »' «'° «» *ort cS paigi of Gwalior, and in 1844 was uppomted Commissioner of thrTeiTM- iiatred of corruption brought on him a storm of oflicial wrath. After a v si^of Sond S?kh w!.'^' * w"^^ *.°°'^ J''*^* in the bttona aiKii War. He dist nguished him. self at the great battles of Sfanwalkh and Goojerat, and was raised to thirank of brevet-major, and received the me al and clasps The same year (1849) h™ was appointed Political Am,t at the 001^^0? A 'eut\f S^,r"r- ¥" ''<"' aft^mards At;eut at Bhopal. and in 1853 was nro- moted to the Presidency at Nagpore At "'" ?loso of that year he again came to fo^oiAtrT''^^'':'''''^ °^ lieutenant" m? hL h^' ?"? returned to India in (loL. w.?'!'^!^ before the great mutiny (fcJepoy War) broke out, he was appointed Ac ing Political Agent at the S of Holkar, at Indore. He escaped with his wife and a party of Europeans when the mucmy broke out at Indore, and rei^hed :u\ ;' V 1161 HYllj ll.milmy, l>ut •at»» after ioli o»l wlUi ii •itiull tuioo to Mjo remuio (if Mliow. In Ootolioi tio took |t»rli III tlui litliiuk on lUmr. luul III Ntivi'hili**!' lu Uiw (iiienitliiiw nt Nm>mnoli inul Miiiitllmni'. i''i'<'iii tli" IttlliM' pliuo lilt lu'coiinittiili'il Mm iioliiimi to ll»trj|Oli|lt TllUUtt 'I'lipOK, UWiX tllUHNIlVml Ho»lli«-iii liiilitt, Oil tlu' lr"ii«r'' •<> ♦''••' •''"''" of Mlhtiiry M«'inh«< (lovtMHor UtMiorttl'H Counoll. In 18'!'/ h« h.-.m pio- niolwl miijov B«inoiivl, un I whh cn^tod K,«.'. of tln> Htiir of Intllii. (»n tin loi lr«»- nnmt of HIv l)on>'!.'. ^^"•. i«o.l In ISVO f ro.n tho pout of JitvntonivnUJovoinor of tho rnnjivb. Sir llony Dnmml wivh nunnul lim BUOooMNor. At tho «'n«l tif tho diiino voar ho Hot out >n a tour thvoii'^h tho rnnjiai, ttiul whou ontoihitf TonU, fthout Ihkty-ttvo mile* wern- '»f th« iu'.'aw, lio wm niuiUlonlully killed by from hit » fall "loiihiinl, Ut Jttnuttry 1H71. Ho li||t||y imtduniKii h« WUH, unil lo lii'lovnd, Ihutlili i,)NH wiiM folt throiitskiuiit liidln to \\^ ^ national oulnnilty. DYtllfi, A I.RX ANIHCK, ..lltor (.f "Hliivkim|ioiiiti," Will* lioin lit Killiilmrgi, lit t'/Uri. I In wuM thn mm of ii uimn\ ortlour III tint K. I. (Jiini)iuiiiy'N»(nvrw,iiiiil wnHOilni'iitiMl at thn Itluh HiOuml of |||„ nallvo oily, ami at I'ltntnr ColUiiin, Oj. fiiiil. whom ho gradiiaioil H.A. In IH19 III) afloi'wariU «intoiP(t tho oliiin)li, Imt aft«i' 1% Hhort ttiiio ho nhoiio a lltrrury oarooi'. and Mottlod In Ijoiiilon In 18]/, Tlirouuhont hlH Ioiir and lalioiinuH lif«; Mr l>yoo ohiolly dovotml hlinMloto odltlon of Hhak«m|i«iini'rt works, ! which Hiipoannl hotwoi'ii Miti yt>nr« 18801 and IHM, ho edited tho woiKh of I'Hf, tJi'ocino, Wolmtor, Mailowo, Hdiuiinont : and Metoher, Ac. Ho contrlliuttid iiic- niolm of Muveial of the iiootH fur tho Aldino edition, uiid iiubllMlKHl tlunvorkiii of Kontley thu orltiu. IIIh laat wnrkj wa« an o»lltloji of Jford, tho tlruiimtirt, Ml- J)yoo wiu one of the fuiuulum ul thif Tcruy Suoloty. Ulod. lOtli Muy 1809. E. in lit ISASTI-AKK. Sir OiiAUi-Ka Look. P.U.A., wa« horn ftt riyinimth In 1(93. In his earlloHt art Htndli>« ho wiw alilod hy Haydon. who wan n friend of IiIh father. After goinit throuBh tho nauftl oourHO of studloa ut riyinjiton llranunar Sohool. ho wiwi sent to t(»o I'havtorhonse ; then studied ftt home, and in 1808 camo to lAindon. Ho soon became a student at tho Koyal Academy und««r Fuacll. onjoy- Ina at tho siimo time tho HbHiHtanco of Uay»lon. Through tho friendly inlluonoo of Mr J. Uarman, a grout iiatrou of artists, ho was sunt to Tiu-is to oony soine of tho jiicturos in tho Louvre; but the return of Nmiolooii from Elba in March 1816. ctunpollcd hiu\ to Quit Paris. Ho then settled in hia native town na a iioi- trait vv)\inti'r. A visit to Italy and Greece occupied several years, and though ho roturuod to Kngland about 1820, ho soon set out again, and spent a long time at Rome, whence he sent several pictures for exhibition. Hia " Isadaa repelling the ThebauK," exhibited in 18'J7. luocured his election ns A.H. A. In tho following year one of Ida moat popular works was ex- hibited— "Pilgrims arriving in sight of Rome." Of this picture ho painted many replicas. Returning to England the same 1162 year (1828), he was ohosen R.A. In 1890; was appointed Beorotary to the Cnir.niit slon on the Fine Arts in 1841 ; lltiriiriu to tho Royal Academy in tho (ollowini year, a post which he reslKHLul in 1844; was Keeper of the National (Jallery (rom 1843 to 1847; and in 1860 wiw flecW President of the Royal Academy «nii knighted. On tho revision of tho Oomti' tutiou of tho National Oallory in 18% Hlr Oharlcs received tho uppointmcnt ol Director, In which capncity lioumikMiunj valuable additions to tho (iallcry. Tin same year ho exhibited ]m last iiioluie, "Beatrice." His most celebrated «rk is tho picture of "Christ wwiiingow Jerusalem," exhibited in 1841, a replici of which is part of the Vernon collection in the National Gallery: which lUsojw scsses hia " llaidCe" and "Ksciiwi of tbe Carrara Family." Among liisotliermim aye-.-'' Christ blessing little clnldrtii,^ "Hagar and Ishnmcl,''^" Byron's DreMn, and some very gracefully painted femtt heads. His reputation as a lenriwl ut- critic stood higher than bis fame mi painter ; and bcsUlos romU'riug valiiMM services in his various official aipaciWJ ho mailo some- important contributioiaw the liter aturo of art. He was RUtlior« " MflforlBld for ^ H|»f,nrw «# mi •. . . " rcniiy ( ivni.i II.. " . '. ^ri"""*. '■!» Mi-i *"»»prenirnf. •"•I/, Mil (.riliiltlKl >rf.)iil »,. Vi H — -- l*''i' '' fcl'nmnninn, of |H<4 fc'^ll "M.I; ftn.l "I'lln, ()(.iii,,„„y ,,,. ■'/''[^'if tlia Ktt«fc 'vaiM;,;n'iVr."r:'':"?''k '•• NiiUoiiril I'lHtnilf, (liillnr ;;im;ii;ii;H;i;;,;^;:v^'^'*;:,, '^i^...- flio KiiulUli (iiiim,(:„ry ad frio,',,.,., 1 (lixt far! of. OuvorniiMl,,, ,nf|' , '.f,^ wiiM Lorn ii 7'J(). Iln w ij. f .« ,. i 'i' ""' iU;(ii anil Ht JoJiii'b („|i„„„ ,,'"' IMlJo, and took IiIn ilcarftH .? V a • ' iiimiihcr for till lioroiijrh of Ht iMi,?i.„ fi vliim lui toolc lijn miafc In u,, ir..J ' noil 111 mi. i„ a f„w ,„o„ths ho wan 111! fill ti,,. _..i . '•i ''"••••y"'i.'HniJ, M;^;'"/;'iy•v'''^^t^^ •' '".'fiwifc .7 1 ' ':; • •" v^''. an-l \m iViMinmon tho "rrlncii.lim and rractlif hl« in..t.t(.. "Truth." ho n-Holutoly ai.a •rKlatontly adhi'ro.l. thrtcardiiiK autlio- •lly an.l cuHt.nn ro (ar as th.jy interfore.l with tho froo a.lvanco of truth. Ihm m 1 oarc^.l In Hinall thln«H an wel as .. u •! . . Ah oarly us 1820 ho ihKo.vr,k« hocamo an ...ma to •if tho fauil'.y of Dr I'i. H. Hynies, oiio or i.lH oftvlloBt pupllB and n.ost devoted tUmiU. and there. roflHug Pca^^ }} V t rouKh tho RtaKOS of docl.uo, did 2atl. July 180R His remains were interred .ii KonsaldreonCometery. ICtTlH. Hir llKNHY, Pr.nclpal L.lira- rlaii of tl e Mrltwh MuBOuni, was bon. ii. T ml.l 11 In 1777. Ho wiw educated at Moic n Tay .r'» School a..d Ht Jo hr.;B S OK • Oxfonl. where he gn.d.mtcdH.A, about iVo'J. Ho was chose., fellow of l.m lectures beKano aj.pe... ;i'i„„^^" ,,««,, ^ lf(^^l> X &h?waiLm«loil[.. Leo^ m'J. 110 was eiiuni II ','-""" V' ■ '" colloBO, hut vacated hla fcllowshipby l\, 1800 ho S a 'pointed Keeper of the 1) onart.mmt of Printed BooUh and ... iri1j ICcener of tho Manuscnpts. Two 1812 ^V^" '"\ " i.nnn.nn Sficrctarv Svl hvt^rhe bec^no Smo^^^^^ to th« &tee8 and held that post unt.l his - 1^., Jim.M Principal 1 JV)rarian in 1827. How saTelloW andafterwardsSecretary fT.nV. Society of Antiduarics; was elected 1? ll H .°n istl ; becaino a niember of the Oouiu-i Of the Canideii Bociety; and VAi i»....« .lout of the Royal liiterary fS n 832 he was created by AyiUiam IV vKniKhtof Hanover. The prmc.pa workBofHTr Henry Ellis are an edition o »«r.,, .VsPomilar AntUiuities;'' a eanied '• Woductkn to Do.nesday Book i.e 1 ?„l M,n roinmissioners of TiiWic Re- pared f "' "\° V}!''^^^^^^ 1816 ; two series of ?.T)' ilZ Cum lllustratWe of Engli^, « jridinu "^^^27\ • and an edition of SimWe's ''mS tlcon." He published 11C4 EMi;] ■Supplement. trfv, IIhuIjImo, Ac, till 1823, when tlioy HuUloil ill Hiiwail. In coiiKoquoiico of tliu fiiilnni of Mm KIIIh'h honlth tlmy v\Mwl AiiHU'icii ill tlio Hprliig (if iH'j/i, 1111,1 r'>- tinnod to KiitfliiiHl tlio hiviiki ycur, Mr Kills «iiH iifturwanlH PiiKiigod in tlm lioino liiwIiiCHS of tiio Hockity. HaviiiK lost liix wife ill 1835, lie inarriud again, IiIh second WIfo boliiR Misa Hticltiioy, who niudo lior- Hulf known by HOToral jiopular worku on female education, &o. Mr JCIUh puljIiHliod a reniarkalily intorontlng account of IiIh inisHloiiary lal)our« in a work entitled " I'dlyiiualan UcHurvrcliOB." Ho was iilno author of a "Jlmtory of Madagoacar." "Hummer and Winter in the Pyrenees," "lIlHtory of tlio London MiHBloiiaiy ai)ciety," " Moraoir of Mrs EIUh," his ilrHt wife, &c. Died at Uodilcsdon, Uortfonl- shire, 9th Juno 1872. luMERHON-TIONNKNT, Hir Jamrh, Bait,, LieutoniintUovernorof (Jeyloii. an einliuiiit HtateHinau and historical and misccllaueous writer, avjw horn at Belfast in 1804. HIh family naiiio was EiiierHon, but hoon after liis marriage in 1831 ho iissiiniod the additioiuil name of Ttinneiit, which was that of hia wife's family, lie was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, Htiidied afterwards for the law, and was calliMl to the I'higliali bar at Liiicoln'a Inn in 1831. Ho had already entered upon a literary career, and ho did not practise his profession. In 1832 he entered Parlia- ment OS member for his native town, for which he sat many years. In 1841 ho was ai)pointod Secretary to the India JJoard, ami four years later W(;iifc to Ceylon as Colonial Secretary and Lieutenant-Gi> ver- iior. He was at the sanio time knighted by the Queen. After his return to Eiigiiiiul ho was elected M.P. for Liaburn, and was appointed in 1852 Secretary to the Toor Law Hoard, a post which after a few months ho exchanged for that of Joint-Secretary to tho Board of Trade. This post he continued to hold till 1867, and on his retirement he was created a baronet. His earlier literary works were -an account of hia travels in Greece, "Letters from the ^<]gt'an." and a " His- tory of Modern Greece." These procured liiiu a knight commandership of the Orilcr of our Saviour from tho king of Greece. His most important works are— ''91"'''^''"'"'*y in Ceylon," published in 1850, and his later "Ceylon, an Account of tho Island." Ho was also author of works on "Belgium," "Copyright of DesiKu," and " Wine, its Use and Taxa- V™-, ^-JJ'^'^l suddenly, in London, 5th March 1869. ENCKE, JoHANN Franz, German f^^onomer, waa born at Hamburg in 1791. Educated under Gauss at Gottingen, he served in the war of Liberation (1813), and at the conclusion of peace in 1815 he was appointed Assistant in the Observa- tory of Seeberg, near Gotha, In 1825 he was called to Berlin to fill the posts of Secretary to the Academy of Sciences and [EOT Director of t,h„ (n„i, rvntory. HU moat i luportant service to aatr.n.o ny was the Trnu!.:'/ "^r'^'T "! •*'""' ^^^" " 111' conHit kiiiiwii by his ihlhui jio. obaorvedby Ponsin Nuvembe'r"ii"„ ^.^ its period being f.miid by Kncko to be "•"»;; *•'[«" yo'vra and a (juartor? it wnS identified with that whioh w.ui ohierved h. 1786, 795, and 1805. Prom tT.o Suar aceeleration of ita inoveinent Kncko wa« led to the hypothoHla of tho exiatcnce of jco^'" pal ether. Ho waa editor of the iHin " n/^1*';??T'?°'"''' 'J'^hrhuch" from 1839- „PI"<1. 2d Heptc^mber 1865. „,.! . . ./^' •''•fKi'ir, Haron, a diatln- guiahed lliiiiKarian statesman and politi- cal and niiHcellaiK^oua writer, waa born at Buda 111 1813. His father held olllce under the government, and hia mother waa a (Jerinan lady. Ho waa first taught the Oernmii language, but being taunted Willie a boy with hia ignorance of Hunga- rian, he aet hlm.self to master it. Ho completed hia edueation at tho IJnivoraity of Posth 111 1831, and obtained a situation in the Comity Adminlatration. Ho was utterwarda employed in tho Hungarian Ohancery at Vienna. During the same nonod he had also begun to inakohimaelf known in literature. In 1836 he visited Jiiiigland, France, and Germany, aiidsoon after began his career as parliamentary orator, and a leader of tho opposition in tho Upper House of tli,j diet. He also wrote various pamphlets on (luestiona of political and aocial reform. Ho took part in the diet of Presburg, after tho Itevolu- 7°" rr ^^*^' *"'^ ^""'' * member of tho first Hungarian administration as Minis- ter of Public Instruction. In conse- (lueiico, howorer, of the violent scenes winch followed, and the outbreak of civil war, ho soon resigned and went to Munich, where ho remained three years. He continued his literary labours. On the restoration of the Hungarian consti- tijtion in 1866. ho again accepted tho post of Minister of Public Instruction, which ho held till his death. In 1841 Baron Jiiotvos was elected honorary member of tlio Hungarian Academy, of which he was named Vicf;-President in 1855, and Presi- dent in 1866. He was chosen President of the Kisfaludy Literary Society in 1847. He rendered important service to his countrymen by his zealous endeavours to promote a higher culture among them. His principal works are~"Tiio Carthu- sian" (1841), a novel which first established his reiii'.tation as a writer; "The Village Notary" (1845), a national tale, intended to depict the faults of the county adminis- tration, and which was translated into German and English ; "Hungary in 1614," a tale of the Peasants' Insurrection ; and an important treatise on "Tho Influence on tho State of the Prevailing Ideas of the Nineteenth Century," published in 1851-5'!. :•! his early life. Baron Eotvds, in conjunction with the historian Szalay, originated a review, the "Budapesti 1165 u\\ ! i jfr ilM % jncttJ JDni^jetrfnl «J5io0vnpt^ fRvTl [evk I ^®iM?nPV KAiiKii JABOMIB, n (listln- hiH country, ft>m e.^ches api>eare(l aiuUhc fruits 01 iu» » ^ ^j „„^g,. in nunieroUH hU •• Regesta Diplonmtica Si«"° H^SblKlalargo collection o( the fiB«°y^f"7 several years' nervice in Hi^ho erve.rw th the light Dnigoonj in Se Pen nsuVar War am was present nJ Kr.ma of the greatest actions. At the rattle of Tonlouse he had a horse shot Al^r. wm In 1814 he served as heuten- Sifhil!! at Waterloo; tookpart in tbe /Mintiire of Paris, ami vunmhied in 1 ranee with tCamy of occupation. Reentered aa..fn elected for the same borough m 1847 Meanwhile, he took command in i^QK r.e thn British Legion raised as an iSil ary foS for the^ Queen of Spnin auxiliary lu'V'^ ^ greatly distin- "gKd\iim?eYf-'fn mVenga^ ^ ;!v. *v,P irmureents : in October IWb '* ^ ^ , rjanilir dge and S'e1e?J ?- ?nfl>a'*"""™' him. His wife died in 1869. 1166 FAl] F. F.H.A., A diHtiiiBniHhwl dniughtBiiian ui.tiquary, and nnsci-llaneous wriUir. was born 111 London in 1814. His father maI aPruMianwhol.ad been long fletlled in hngaii.l. The 8on, voungtst of Hiiteen cliiUlnu. nnd th., oiify one wlio aurvived III anc;, found his Ant employment as an artiaf ustrating the various rublica- \\T -Qrv"".';'*'" KJiiKht; and from that more than the list of his numerous works ri!"aH"V '.T '^^ ''°'' l'« illustrated are-^ Chatto fl Treatise on Wood Engraving," Hawkins's • Si ver Coinage of Englan.1 " P. C. HaJlfl "Mansions of England" Wright's "Archojolomcal AlJmm '' t he aaineautlior's "Celt. Komun, nnd Saxon," au( Wanderings of an Antiquary" snd Lord Londesliorongh's "Miscellanea Graphica " &c Of hisfterary works may be named the learned "Historv of Cos- Ru'r" E"«la}'f'Ti 'i^''ory or Magenta. In V m^v Lh ??"^'«t^»; 01 Marino and of tlie Army, and was made a senator, but after dfnfthA ^^^ eoi'duct with Ccieral Cial- tnnl P c^Pertitioii to the Eomagna. He tZd n.«* P- ""i'^ * ^^"^ <»«y« l«ter caj^ tured the Papal army under General Lamorici^^ro at Castlefldardo He reti^^^^^^^ ^n'k a?;!>r'!S""^.^°^'''^l^«"'edinLSon* educalnn of "''"^ * merely rudimentary education at a common day-school ha was apprenticed at the ago of th Xen to a bookseller and bookbinder. Hs natural passion for science showed it"elf diS his apprenticeship in the devotion of "if leisure momenta to study, and of E pocket-money to the purcla.se of books and apparatus for experiments. Amona 1 1 m.^ST''"'!^,:^''^ he delighted in ft that i.r?nt.Tr *^1*'"f.*^'^« 0° electricity re- Sf^o --'^ '^°™*hp^" Encyclopaedia Britan ni^'-i,.^"^*^'.^ Marcet's " Conrersations 1«19 *K"'^*l.y-l ^li'J^^ ear^y months of 1812, through the kindness of a member hi] '^ I I ' 1 ( i i r 1 I i ' l\ 1 H67 FAU] K jflcuj iDniUerifal "^Bioornp!)?. [far 01 the Royal Institution, whose notice he had attracted, be obtain.ed permission to attend some lectures on chemistry, rte- ] ivcred at that institutiou by Sir Humphry Davy, He tooli notes, and wrote the lectures out carefully, and before the end of that year he wrote to Davy expressing his desire to escape from trade, tlie selttsU- ness and tricks of which disgusted him, and to devote himself to science. He inclosed his notes of the lectures. Early in 1813 Davy procured him the post ot assistant in the laboratory of the Royal Institution, which he at once entered, and with which he remained connected till his dcatli. In October he accompanied Davy to the south of France, and thence to Italy, as his assistant in experiments and in writing, and after about two years absence resumed his post at the Institu- tion. Working on steadily and unknown for five years, lie attracted attention in 1820 by an account of his discovery of the chloride of carbon, and about the same time he commenced the long series of re- searches on electricity and magnetism, which resulted in the most brilliant dis- coveries of the age, and made his name famous. As early as 1823 he was named corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris ; and two years later he was elected F.R.S. In 1827 appeared his flrst work, a treatise on "Chemical Manipulation." In 1829 he read the Bakerian Lecture before the Royal Soci ety, " On the Manufacture of Glass for Opti- cal Purposes," in which he gave the results of a long course of studies and experi- ments. The same year he was appointed Chemical Lecturer at the Royal Military Academy, "Woolwich, a post which he held for thirteen years. The publ.cation of his investigations on electricity in the "Philosophical Transactions" was com- menced in 1831. and was continued from year to year till 1852. ' ' There is not one of them that does not contain either a discovery of importance or a criticism arising out of some original discovery upon the labours of others" (English Ciido- pcedia). These researches won for their author the reputation of one of the greatest investigators of natural laws. In 1S6Z the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him by the University of Oxford, and the Copley Medal of the Royal bociety was awarded him for his discovery of magneto-electricity. In the following year he was appointed the tirst Fullerian Pro- fessor of Chemistry at the Royal Institu- tion In 1835 his extraordinary services received State acknowledgment in the grant of a pension of £300 a year, on the recommendation of Lord Melbourne. He received the Copley medal a second time in i8S8for hia researches in specihc elec- trical induction, and the Royal and Rum- ford Medals in 1864 for his discoveries of dia-magnetism and the magnetization of light. The next year he discovered the magnetic character of oxygen, and the magnetic relation of gases and Hames. He was some years later appointed scien- tific adviser on lights to the Board of Trade, and conducted between 1856 and 1865 important experiments on the ap- plication of the electric liglit to light- houses. After the death of Dalton, Faraday was chosen to succeed him as foreign associate of the Paris Academy of Sciences. He was also an officer of the Legion of Honour, a knight of the Prussian Order of Merit, Corresponding Member of the principal continental academies of science, and a member of the Senate of London University. In 1858 apartments in Hampton Court Palace were allotted to him by the Queen, between which resi- dence and his beloved scientific home he ?pent the last years of his lite. The gradual decline of his faculties com- pelled him to retire from the chair at the Royal Institution in 1861. His " Re- searches " were collected and rcimblished from time to time, the first volume ap- pearing in 1839, the second in 1844, and the third in 1855. These were followed by his "Researches in Chemistry and Physics" in 1859. Faraday married in 1824. He was a member of the religious sect ot Sandemanians (Glassites), and regularly frequented their meetings, As scientific investigator he stands pre- eminent by his rare combination of the speculative and imaginative power in originating experiments and the mam- , pulativeskillinconductingthera. Scnipu- i lously careful in respect to the latter, he was equally cautious in making his deductions. He was singularly distra-i guished as a popular lecturer, and espe- 1 cially as a lecturer to children. He began courses of lectures to children as early as 1827. His moral qualities were as noble , and beautiful as his intellectual were high. ; Unselfish to a rare degree, absolutely truthful, and modest as the great alone -, are he was no less sincerely beloved than | be was admired. He preserved through- \ out life the freshness and vivacity o , voiith in the pursuit of truth. Died a ] Hampton Court, on Sunday, 18th August FARR AGUT, David G l ascoe, Ameri- can admiral, was born in Tennessee, in 1801. He entered the United States navy in 1812, and after holding v^noiu commands was appointed in Iwi ^• sistant Inspector of Or«in'i»fev/5^„* years later he was charged with he con- struction of a navy yard in Califonui. Proinotedcaptain ill 1855. he wixsappomtea j at the beginning of 1802 to Uie command , of an expedition sent against the ton- federates, in the war of Secession, to ac in the Gulf of Mexico. At the close o April he succeeded i^J^^;^^^^^. the moutn oi ihu jriisainsi);:''. •'■■x-r... pelled the surrender of New leans^ The capture of Natchez, higher up he river, soon followed, and m May an un successful attack on Vicksburg. laMarch 1168 !fet] 1863 he waa raised to the rank of Vice- ! Aamiral, and in the following summer he again cscended the Mississippi, passed Fort Hudson, occupied by the Confede- rates, and took part with General Grant m a renewed attack on Vicksburg, which capitulated early in July. In August 1861 he engaged the Confederate lleet at J^'^.'i'JS\.'^®^^**®*' and took the town. In 1867 he was charged with the command ■ the European squadron, with which he visited the principal seaports of Prance Russia, Sweden, Denmark, England, and Spain. His reception everywhere was of the most flattering kind. Died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U.S., 13tli AuKUSt 1870. • FETIS, FRANgois Joseph, French musical composer, and historical and biographical writer, was bom at Mons m 1784. He studied under Boieklieu. Ttadher, and Rey, at the Conservatoire Paris, and in 1813 settled as organist and professor of singing at Douai. Five years later he returned to Paris. In 1833 he became director of the Consematoire. Brussels, a post which he held till his death, and in 18S5 he was admitted a member of the Academy of Belgium As I musical executor of Meyerbeer, he super- ij intended tlie production in 1864 of his I Afncaine. The same year he was made iOfflcer of the Legion of Honour, and promoted Grand Officer in 1869. Amonc i his works on the theory of music are- I iraite du Contre-point et de la Fu^ue " Science de I'Organiste," and "Traite Completdela Theorie et de la Pratique de 1 Harmome." In 1827 he founded the ,o?,^™e Musicale," which he edited till 1W5. His most important work is the Biographie des Musiciens," &c., in three .volumes (1835-44) He left unpublished , his Philosophie Gengraledela Musique." lO^gf^t Brussels, 27th March 1871. iJiiUiiRBACH, LuDwiG Andkeas, a German philosopher, was born at Lands- lut, m Bavaria, in 1804. He was one of w '°"^ A°* *l'« celebrated jurist, Paul fol^!}"" Anselm von Feuerbacli He m,w p"'T^°^y at Heidelberg University 1 der Paulus and Daub, the latter being an ardent Hegelian. Catching Daubl n husiasm, he went to Berlin to study uuder Hegel himself, and he soon re- hhSl"'?°l''^y ^"^ resolved to devote himself to philosophy alone. At Erlangen he qualified as Pnmt-rfoc«U, but after a n,t f M -' t'^^ H^°'''"» '^nd coiiflned limiself to writing. In 1830 he published and Uiisterbhchkeit," in which he ex- fpresslycleniesthedoctrmeoflmniortality. ,Ui3principa works are-a "History of Koza" a'^?rt^ ''^^ ^■^^"V to |oyiuoza [iiSJi). ExpoHit.io" Dovoion- i?'<^."'^'.«",';l Criticism of the Phi'loso'nhv of Leibnit2" (1837), " Pierre Bayle,''^'^he feence of Christianity" (1814. "Ele .^iippltment. (1845) s^^SSB of his labours as law reformer in 1840 by fectsZ^ bf o^.°' "Observations on dI?: r.* r.1 ? """Ay^es, Practice, and Sy.stem of Costs of the Equity Courts." This w i^ ZltnT''''^ by."6hancer; Re or„^ •' S?„, ?.i*'l® suggestions contained in these pamphlets many of the useful chanzes afterwards carried out were in a grfat degree owing. About the same timi Mr Field urged the necessity fMtC con- centration of the courts of justice W^nt y^t effected He took a leU ng part Chari'?!fn^^P^''"S of the Dissenters' thpilfon'' = '^^^ ?;«, active assistant in the establishment of the Flaxman G/rllerv WPii T-!*"? establishment of University Sp!:n^^"^°° ; devoted much time to the ConvS?"T?n* pro^.otion of the Artists- Copyright Bill; and during the three years preceding his death, gave his con^ q «H*. « '.^ *1 the establisiiment of Z. Slade School of Art. Mr Field was an enthusiastic lover of ^rt, a warm friend of artists, and an accomplished artist him- self. Among his writings, besides those above named, are-" Recent and Future Law Reforms " " Observations on Limited Liability Partnerships." &c. Ho also con- tributed to the "Westminster Review," the Legal Observer," and otherperiodical and "The Essence of Religion" 4f works. He was twice married." A great lover of the Thames, and an excellent swirnmer, he was nevertheless drowned by the up-setcmg of a boat on that river, rfUtliJ Illy 1871. Ills remains were interred il! ¥'^i'P'S p'-'"ieteiy, in a grave next to *^l;T?t^L^^'^"lH. Crabb Robinson. FLIEDNER, Theodor, German phil- anthropist, restorer of the Protestant Order of Deaconesses, was born at Eppstein, in Prussia, in 1800. He studied i theology at the Universities of Giessen and Gottingen. and at the Seminary of Herb()rn. In 1822 ho settled as pastor of a small Protestant congregation at Kaiiseis- werth To collect funds in aid of the church, the school, and the poor, lie visited England and Holland, and was well received. The activity of the nume- rous religious and benevolent societies in England fostered the desire in him to pro- mote a like activity in Germany. In 182G he founded the first German society for the improvenient of prison discipline at i-{)"seluorf . He made a second and a tiiirJ visit to England and Holland, and in 1833 opened in his own house a refuge for liberated female prisoners. Three years later he established the first infant school in Germany, to which was afterwards U69 fM-1 I i 1 I I « I 9t 4ficv» IE»m\jer^at ^iogvnptg- roa] . The great work of hishfe.ho^^^^ lftM«eT|^^es - 1846 the Rl^enoAVestpha ban sent out n}i°»«'°"!,'Sdrei,, prisoners, *^^^i?SnSrt^ate'■ «^^ «ot only in and ""^°r;;V'"l? over Europe and in Germany, ^,^* J'^^carrying out and exten- America.. lo *^® ''^^^^ Xections Pastor sion of this system in all ^'^^'g^'ionducted His last seven ?ea«ijv^'^ . ^t Kaisers- suffering from ""i^ss. ^^v'^'rao SS'an English painter, fogethefon the b-,"J«/^°JJI AideS ^^«?816° and George 'hrefyears later .-"Christ attl^ePoolof Ketne^ac^. the ''^^"to^^l'^ArSh'ciS in St altar-piece in the |rencn ^i > Martin's-le-Grand Lonuon. a^a ca^ ^* 1^0 ?3^'' jSes cUed^nS aged 71. ni 1840-43. ..^ ^,^r., " v'libit at various in- George continued to ex^iD" ^^^^ stitutions till 1864. He e^jor years in social rnfo'f^fff,^'^,.,,?! K^^^^^^^ °*'"' other public coUectionb He ^ ^^^ member o* *^° V^S'^Design. and taught m^rpet was built from tne ii^sigiin ffiiers Foggo George was author ., of '] ' ' Catalogue of Pictures in i>ie ^^iigj^g^i PnIS' SfediKondoS,°&Bepteniber _ !fefl Sfes^ofs^BEM the United >;0'\^se8 oi ^as born near iSbrgh^n^&n'psV fon of Sfr WilUam Forbes Baxt of ^^t^ £^„°LS^.^"artL'uKrB[t^ bureh inl833 hewas appou'tedrroic^wx 1170 [for Vwill health, he was appointed Principal of St Andrews. He won high rank as an oriKinal investigator by his researches on heat, and liis important discoveries on the polarization of heat. He was wi.lely known asanAlpineexplorerandasauthor of a theory of glaciers, to the observation "^..f .^.,^„^^» TirViioh he had zealously de- of a theory of glaciers, lo ine uuscnauou and study of which he had zealously de- vSed himself . Among his wri ings are- '• Travels in the Alps of Savoy." "Norway ami Hs Glaciers." and ''Papers on the Theory of Glaciers." He wrote for the ''Encyclopedia Britannica" the "Dis- sertation on the Piogress of Mathernat.cal and Physical Science," and contributed rnore than a hundred memoirs to tlie "Transactions" of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, receiving from the former the Rumford and Royal Medals and from the latter the Keith Medal three times. He was a correspond- ing member of the Institute of France, a Fellow of the Royal and Geological Societies of London, and received the T hnnoralr decree of D.CL. from the Uni-ll ve™f oxford. ^ He -n^arried in 1843, Died at Clifton, Slst December 1868. , FORCADE. EUGilNE. French ]ou^ naSist and littSrateur. was born at Mai- Lilies in 1820. At the age of twenty he went to Paris, where, three years after- ^ovVia hp, becan to contribute to the " Revue Indlpendante," and became one nf the staff of the "Revue des Deui Moides.'- to which he thenceforth re|u. larly contributed. He originated m 1845 the ''Revue Nouvelle," which was discon- tnued after about two years ; aud in 51 commenced the " Messager de lAs- semwie." For an article in it announciiiB the S d'ttat of 2d December of that veir the paper was suppressed, and the Sr imprisoned. In 1856 he undertook The editorship of the " Seuuuno Finan- cidre" Attacked with naanity.ho™ compelled to lay down l^s. peu m M arGuir?e'iorieiit" (1854). Died 6th ^FORCHHAMMER, Johann Gmo an eSntDaiiish chemist and geplo^s, V as bora at Husum, in Schleswig, in im H^ completed his studies at the UimtK^y of Keil and became secretary and assist- f f^ Opr^ted After making sevfral Two years hjter lie ^vi^r^^^^^^^^ Academy of Sciences, oiwmL , other"forergn Bocietie.. i^ic^i au .^:~- ; hagen, In the spring of 1866- for] FOEEY. Eli Fnivtsic. Marshal of France, was bom at Paris in 1804. He was educated at the Military School of Saint Cyr, and took part in the campRigns in Algeria between 1635 and 1844, returning t<) France with the rank of colonel Pro- moted general in 1848, he took a con- spicuous part in executing the coup d'€tat of 2d December 1861, and for this service was named commander of the Legion of Honour, He afterwards rendered valu- able service as Inspector-General of In- fantry. In the war with Austria in 1859. General Forey was the first to encounter tlie enemy, and defeated them at Monte- bello. The same year he waa promoted Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour and created a senator. In 1862 he was charged with the conduct of the expedition to Mexico, and was also appointed minister plenipotentiary, thus uniting in his own hands all powers, both civil and military He issued a decree sequestrating the pro- perty of all Mexicans who refused to side with the French. The success of the ex- pedition was decided by the capture of Puebla m May 1863, and in the following July Forey was created Marshal of France. After establishing a provisional govern- ment, he gave up the command to General Bazame, and returned to France In WJ^f, ^^^ *^ command of the camp 1872 ' ** ^^'""' ^^"^ "^""^ ^FORRESTER, Alfred Henry, an English humourist, designer, and miscel- aneous writer, whose nom de plume was u 5119™S?"^'^'" ^as "'orn in London about 1806. He practised as a notary in the Royal Exchange, a profession which his family had followed for a hundred and fifty years. At the age of sixteen he began to write light papers for the periodi- cals, and soon became the illustrator of his own works. He was one of the as- sociates of Theodore Hook in the produc- tion of the "Humourist," and afterwards joined the staff of "Bentley's Miscellany " |He also contributed to "Punch," the Illustrated London News," &c He retired from business in 1839. Among his works are-" The Wanderings of a Pen and Pencil," illustrated, "Comic English Grammar." "ComicAj^ithmetic " Phantasmagoria of Fun," "Picture F|bles," &c. Died in London, 26th Ma? Pr!?nV*^'*i^^> J^^ Bernard Leon, & n" i«iS^^ P^iilosopher, was born at tiontnM,i^^^- ^^ devoted much atten- i ,^,;^ fi daguerreotype from the time of proK"nf"'i'V"i"^^ 5P"°« '^"d various TOtio.1 h,=/ ^'^^*l and invented several Tnn^?; instruments. For the Board of men? "!'' ^^ J?'*^° ^ ^^"^^ «* ^xperi- ivlbrafinn^ mechanics and on luminous known i?.^-.,-'^"'^ Vs name became widely freero^^iii?-^PP '^*"°'^ °* * pendulum |ireei^ oscillating m space to the demon. ioweVn h,v,'iu^ i.ofcation of the globe. We pweto him the invention of the gyroscope, Kc?en?ffl^J^a°ve^'e *^. f °^"'"-^ procured hTm ♦^»°T?"?._^nd Inventions iSa?^ett-5S if S^feSces^'Tori^f "' the Acadfmy Fom T^^r^' "'^^ Pebrua;?y 1868 *^' TOa= fF^^' -^CHILLE, French statesman was the son of a Jewish banker, and was Ivr'Jpn.,^^'' ^" 1800. Educated at The JhL ffn^?f ^"'^^i'®' '^® afterwards studied thi F«tf*'*^ ^-'"^ travelled in Italy and ^nP« «f n'v^o^,^'''"^ K*^"'^*! much eiperi- hfe in ifiio*"^^'' ^t '^"*«'"ef^ on political Pho^i^l^^i ?^h^» ^e was electedto the Chamber of Deputies. As a speaker he ^onfined liimself to matters of fining Aftr"f hlT ^^'°.*?" ^««a™^ an au?horiS tl^J^^ Revolution of February 1848 he was chosen member of the Constituent tTf}lh T'^ 'I -("ly 1849 member Sf litPr tfi'^''*'''^ ''°'^y- ^ ^^"^ months fenanP^\7ff appointed Minister of «rfi^h?f ^y,i'i^ ?""''® President, a post iffi^.^^^^^'*^^°J-*^oyears. Re-appointed after the coup d'etat, he resigned in a few weeks in consequence of the confiscation 2l=^^*?u*^*^^ °* "le O'-leans family. He Zfrf it*il>^ °^"? t™^ ™a<^« a senator, and of qtit™[^f^"'e^ *° °ffi«=« as Minister of State and of the house of the emperor. lie vvas about the same time made com- mander of the Legion of Honour. In M?nf=?^^^l|^l h^ was. again appointed Minister of Finance, and finally retired in trT^7 1867. Died at Tarbes. 5th Octo- ber 1867, and was buried at Paris with much ceremony. POWKE, Francis (Captain Fowkb, ■K.i^.), eminent as an architect and engineer, was born in 1823. Having dis- played much skill as a military arcliitect in liermuda, where he served several years, he was charged with the building of the Raglan Barrack at Devonport, which IS acknowledged to be a model of its class. Various official appointments f ol- *i^^"-r.^nl853he was named Inspector of the Science and Art Department; was employed in erecting several of the new galleries at South Kensington ; prepared the design for the Industrial Museum of Scotland, completed since his death, and opened in May 1866 ; designed in 1860 the new buildings for the South Kensington Museum, and soon after, the Dublin National Gallery and the International Exhibition Building (1862). His original design for the last named was, however, greatly altered. Captain Fowke died suddenly at South Kensington, .December 4, 1865. FRERE, John Hookham, diploma- tist, humourist, translator of "Aristo- phanes," was born in London in 1769. He was educated .at Eton and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1792, and M.A, in 1795. At Eton began his life. » . »3 i IS 1171 GAU] K jl^.m jOnilicrKJal '55iOBrflp?)p. [OAV long friendship with Canning, and he was with Canning one of the contributors to the "Microcosm," a college Periodical published during part of the years 1786-87. He became fellow of his college, ana gained several prizes for daMical C|om- positions in prose and verse. .On leavmg the University he entered the Foreign Office and iu 1796 was elected M.P. for The bofougix of Vest Looe, in Cornwall for which he sat six years. In 1797-8 ne joined with Canning and others in the publication of the ''Antj-Jacobin/' which was intended to support the existing order of things against the attacks of the Republican party. I'> 1799 EVere was appointed Under Secretary of State for FoVeign Affairs, and iu the following year he was sent as Envoy Extraordinary to Portugal. Transferred to Spam in 1802. he remained there as minister nearly two years, and on his return home was made a Privy nncillor. In October 1808 he was a^, i sent to Madrid as Minister Plenipotentiary to Ferdinand VII., but some blame being cast ou him for the failure of the first Peninsular campaign, he was recalled in 1809. Sensible of the injustice done him, ho thenceforward renounced public life. In 1816 he married the beautiful Dowager Countess of ErroU ; went to reside in Malta in 1821 ; lost his wife ten years afterwards; and died in Malta, 7th January 1846. In 1817 and 1818 Mr Frere published, under the pseudonym of "Whistlecraft," a humorous poem en- titled "Monks and Giants," intended to form part of a larger work on the legends of King Arthur and the Round Table. His "Translations from Aristophanes," esteemed masterpieces of their kind, appeared in 1840, and his "Theognis Restitutua" in 1842. a GAUTIER, Th^ophue, French poet, art critic, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Tarbes in 1811. Educated at the College Charlemagne, he first made some attempts in painting, but soon renounced that art in favour of poetry. He became an enthusiastic ally of the leaders of tho Romantic School , In con]unction with his college friend, G6rard de Nerval, he edited for a time "La France Li^Graire, to which he had previously contributed a series of articles on the poets of the time of Louis XIII. republished under the title of "Les Grotesques" (1844). For twenty years he was on the staff of l-a Presse," contributing at the same time to the ' ' Revue des Deux Mondes," and other journals. In 1856 he passed to the " Moniteur," and in 1869 to the "Journal Official," as director of the literary feuilleton. M. Gautier travelled exten- sively in Spain, in Italy, and the East, and published accounts of lus wanderings. Iu 1858 he was promoted officer of tlie Legion of Honour, received a pension in 18G3, and five years later was aPPpinted Librarian to the Princess Mathilde Among his separate works ate his first " PoJes." published in ipO^^'Albertus ' (1832), "La ComiSdie de la Mort ' (1838), several novels, plays, and vaiidevilles, " Tra los Montes," "Zigzags," Constan- tinople," "Voyage en Russie" and in con- junction with Richebourg, "Trgsors d Art de la Russie." In 1869 he was an unsuc- cessful candidate for a seat in the French Academy. Died at Pans, 22d October 1872 GAVARNI, whose real name was SuLPicB Paul Cuevalieb, the cele- 117? brated French caricaturist, was bom at Paris in 1801. After following for Bome years the occupation of a working, engineer, he became a student at a School of Design, and about 1835 began his artistic career by preparing designs of costumes for the theatres and for the journals of fasluoii. He established the periodical eutitlea "Les Gens du Monde." and the series of pleasant satirical lithographs of certain classes of Parisian society which iirst appeared in it made his reputation ami his fortune. He continued the series m the " Charivari," the success of which was in great part due to his talents. Graver themes engaged his pencil at a later period. From the "Lerettes," ' Actnces. " Fashionables," " Artistes," " B^ Masques," &c., he passed on to the " Enfants- Terribles,'* " Parents Tern- bles," "Politique des Femines," ' Reves, " Maris Venggs," and the like. In allhia designs, and in the "legends" attMhedto them, he displayed rare accuracy of obser- vation, philosophic insight to human nature, and genuine wit. In 1849 Gav arm visited England, and the spectacle of the destitution and squalor of tlie lowest classes of the poor of London is said to have had a permanent sa^ldening influence j upon his serious and sensitive nature. For some time after the subjects of lus pencil were the wretched frequenters of London gin-shops, the thieves, the street boys, the Irish, and the dwellers lu bt Giles's and Whitechapel. Gavarni de- signed illustrations for Eugene Sue s I "Wandering Jew," Balzac's Works, 1 and other popular bOo.i3. i'\. "'•"..•"":: I years he gave a good deal of attention to aerostation. He was admitted to the Legion of Honour in 1852. Died at Auteuil, Nwember 23, 1865. His pseu- donym onginated in a mistake of the compiler of the " Catalogue of the Salon " who inserted, as the artist's name. Gavarnie," the name of the place where he then lived. GERARD, Cbcilb Jules Basixe. French military offlcor and traveller known as "The Lion Hunter," was borii at Pi?naus, in the Department of the var, m I817. He served as a volunteer 111 Algeria m 1841, and soon after his arrival distinguished himself by killing the hoii of the Archioiiii, which had long been the terror of the country. In the subsequent years of his residence in Algeria, he killed twenty-five full-grown hons, besides leopards and other animals and \yas designated by the Arabs "the terrible Frank." Visiting France in 1847 he was made chevalier of tlie Legion of • "I'oSo""- ?? finally returned to France in 1852. and two years later published a narrative of his exploits under the title of Le Tueurde Lions." In 1862 he was charged with the formation of a society for the protection of reconnaisancesinthe desert south of the French territory. In 1%3 he was sent by the Royal Geographi- cal Society of London to Western Africa to explore the interior. He made several unsuccessful attempts, and was at last SaEbe"l86r"« *^^ ''°"« ^^^^^' '^ ^?^^HARD, Edouakd, one of the most distinguished archaeologists of his time, was born at Poseii in 1795. He studied at Breslau and Berlin, and having graduated at Breslau, accepted a pro- fessorship at Posen. Tiiis he had soon to resign 111 consequence of an affection of the. eyes. In 1819 he visited Italy, and again in 1822. Remaining at Rome fifteen years, he became a collaborateur '" P'a''"''.': s great work, the " Description of the City of Rome." and undertook to prepare an elaborate bibliography of witers on the topography of Rome, which however, w^ not completed. In order to escaojisn a better system of communica- &.T"^?'l^.^"^??^^'^^osi3ts. he projected he Instituto di Correspondenza Archeo- ogica," of which the King of Prussia became in 1828 the patron. Gerhard was [Director of the Society till 1837. On Ws return to Prussia in that year ho was ^appointed Archaeologist to the Royal Museum of Berlin, aiitl Professor at the .university, and was received member of the Academy of Sciences. His works are I ery numerous. Among the collections I f engravmgs from the antique are- Autike Bildwerko" (1827-44), "Auser- jteTOne griech. Vaseubilder" (1839-58), I Etruskische Spiegel" (1839- 05). &c Among his descriptive works-" iffeaples ,ntike Bildwerke" (1828). "Berlins an- itikeBildw«rir«" nQ^^i^a'hi^ r.T^,'!.*? mtorno i vasi Volcenti" (1831), &c. A fournSs" St J"«/«?.t'ibutl^^ri7S7e GERSTAECKER. Friedrich n.. Sr ^ w lV°"^"«*' '-^"Scel^anS^ writer, was born at Hamburg in i sir The son of a celebrated si " er he ^p,,!^' sTonaf }''' '^"^^' «" his various S": sional tours, and acquiring a restlM, he went tn' a'°^^"^^ *° ^'"'srfte l'i837 e went to America, and spent six ve.ors Uniof on\T "i'^''"?'^ the states of «[| west 'H>'^r^l'"*'°^^" "^-^ "^"'18 of the fa? west. Ho returned to Germany in iKiT published various works, and in 1849a-ain SmA°"'^J" "^""-^ extensiv " travels S A f?Pr w '"?*• C'^lif 0"'ia. and Australia Lei.tioV*''^" ".^ ^852 he settled at ijeipsic. He set out again in 1860 for n vea°r^ In °"f "^ ^™"^ America and two years later he accompanied the Duke of ?ons ;Vo?'f ?' and Abyssinia. His works fX i. . '"'^Vratiyes of his travels, and tales einbptlymg in a vivid and granhic Amon^ it 7*"°"^ '*°^^« 'i« visited. Among the former are-"Streif- und JagdzUgen durch die Vereiniutei) Sta-itpn Nordamerik^^" (1841), "D^feRegulSo m ]iL^^-''''''^ SW^' "Die FluHspirate ns^^lf''"i'P' <^8*S), and "Ileisen" (1853-54) Among the tales are-" Die H^^.!".,^'^.'"^^'""^." "Im Busch." "Ta- hiti," "Die Colonie." and "Gold." He published also many collections of shorter ^ ^^ -AH^t ^^^^^ Welten," " Hell und Diinkel." "Insehvelt." "Uuter Palraeu und Buchen," &c. Most of his tales have been translated into English and Dutch and some of them into French. Died at Brunswick, June 1872. GERVINUS, Georo Gottfried, a distinguished German historian and poli- tician, was born at Darinstiidt in 1805 Destined for a commercial life, he resolved to devote himself to the pursuit of science, and in 1824 attended lectures at Giessen. The following year he went to the University of Heidelberg, where he was led by the influence of Schlosser to turn to historical studies. After spending two years as teacher at Frankfort, he returned to Heidelberg to take his degree. In 1831 he visited Italy. The imblication soon after of his " Historisehe Schriften." procured hini in 1835 an appointment as Professor Extraordinary at Heidelberg. In l;.ie following year he -as called to the chair of History and Literature at (xottingen. Having signed, in conjunction witli Dahlmann and others, the protest against the suspension of the Constitution by the new king of Hanover, he was deprived in December 1837 of his chair. He made a second visit to Italy, and iu 13*1 accepted au iiouuiaiy professorship at Heidelberg. Three years later he 1173 ¥■ ] f. gib] 2t 3flcto J^niter^atWoraplbe. [OLE founded, in conjunction with Mathy and others, the "Deutsche Zeitung the organ of constitutionalism and liberal process, which for a time exercised a Sowerf ui influence. Ger^inua was elected Cuty toihe Diet in 1848 by the Hanse Towns and was a so a member of tne &naf Assembly. But the triumph^ '^?/'^lri'Mf?hirfree tTdevote IS '•Xle^Sr^en Goethe'schen Brief. den Wiener Vortragen" (1855-65). Died, ''S?IBSoWf JOHN. R.A.. the^distin- guVshSi sculptor, was born at Conway m North Wales, about 1790. His tanner, a gardener, removed a few years later to Lfverpool. purposing to emigrate to America but this project was abandoned. TKoy showed remarkable skill in draw- ing and used to study the pictures at the m-intihODS. and then make copies of them Apprenticed first to a carpenter, and then to a firm of wood-carvers, his talent was soon recognized ; he was m tro- diced to William Roscoe, and through the eenerosity of a group of friends, was sent^to stKt Rome He armed there ?., 1R17 and at once became a pupil or Canova to whom he had an introduction g-om rVxman. His first important worK wosthe group of " Mars and Cupid " for which the Duke of Devonshire gavb him a commission in 1821. Soon after he exe- cuted for Sir George Beaumont the «:oup of "Psyche and the Zephyrs. After Canova's death, Gibson studied for a .ime under Thorwaldsen. His life thencef or h w°s spent at Rome, in faithful labour in h Wosen vocation, and in the enjoyment of steadily growing reputation and success ?sl5iarSand tlie highest eBteem and nflFection as a man. He paici snors oSoiial visits to England, was chosen A R A in 1833. and R.A. three years later He was honoured with many com- m ssions from the Q"f ° ^^"^ when the Prince of Wales visited Rome m loo'> Gibson was a frequent guest at nis table 1 He was a member of the .Legion^ o* I Honour and of many an societies ; and SSwas erected t5 him at Munich by ' command of King L^d^ig- .^Kfieen mimerous works are statues of the Queen ?n Buckhigham Palace and in the Palace o" Westmiuster; of Huskisson at Liver- nool and at Lloyd's Rooms, London ; of Sir ?l Peel in Westminster Aobey and of George Stephenson; a group of Hylas Sk "theiyrnphs/' in^the ^Natioi^ai I ^ScSinTof the'^interna^n^ExW^^^^ tion of 1862; and a great number of 1171 classical and mythological Bubjects. There are casts of some of his best groups in the Crystal Palace. Gibson was an imitator of the antique, and the critical estimates of his genius and productions vary accord- ine to the school the critic belongs to. That he excelled in the style he adopted, and was a highly-cultivated and accom- plished artist, is generaUy acknowledged He died at Rome, January 27. 1866, and was buried in the English Protestant grave-yard ; his funeral being attended by niany artists, the members of the various embassies, and a large number both of Endish and foreign residents and visitors. GIDDINGS. Joshua Reed. American statesman, and political and miscellaneous writer was born at Athens, in Pennsyl- vania in 1795. His family removed in ■"805 to Ohio. He was brought up to the profession of the law. and was admitted to the bar in 1820. phosen member of the State Legislature in 1826, he declined re-election, and pursued the practice of the law till 1830, when- he was elected a memberof Congress. He at once tookpart zealously with the anti-slavery advocates. For a series of vigorous resolutions which he moved on the "Creole" slave casern 1842 be was formally censured by Con- gress, and immediately vacated hia seat He was, however, re-elected and sent back to Congress in a few weeks, and remained a member till 1861.^ In that year he was appointed Consul-General, for Canada, which office he filled till his death His writings consist of a series of politick pssavs published under the assumed Xe of^^Paciflcus- (1843). anarratiTeof the sufferings of the negroes and other races of Florida, under the tit e of "The ^iles of Florida" (1858). a volume of his -Speeches." and a •'History of the Rebellion" (1864). Died at Montreal, m Canada, 27th May 1864. „^^^^^ . . GLENELG. Charles Grant, Lord, British statesman, was born in Bengal m 1778 He was the son of the Right Hon, Charles Grant, a director of the Ewt India Company, and the brother of bir Robert Grant, GovernorGeneral of Bom- bav He studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he became the warn friend of Henry Martyn, the missionary; was called to the bar at Lincoln s Inn in 1807 and the same year entered Parlia. J^nt as member for the Montrose group of burghs. He was at first attached to the Tory party, and supported M Castlereagh ; took office as a Lord of I e Treasury under Lord Liverpoo in 18 . and was appointed su«^ssivey« Rpcretarv for Ireland (1819 , yice-psi S of the Board of Trade (1823), and President of the same board and Treasurer of the Navy under Canning's administra- tion (1827) He quitted the latter posts at the beUning^f the following year j was Pr_esident of , the Boa^-d of^^^jf »} under Euii iirey umu , an^i '-'^''-XwpT State for the Colonies under Lord Mel bourne from 1834 to 1839. His imprudent policy at the Cape led to a war with the Kaffirs, and his sanction of Lord Dur- ham s policy in Canada destroyed his reputation, and necessitated his resigna- tion of office. His elevation to the peerage took place in 1835. Died at Cannes, unmarried, April 23, 1866. GODWIN, Benjamin, an eminent Nonconformist divine, was born at Bath in 1785. He began to preach in 1805, be- came pastor of the Baptist congregation at Chipping-Sodbury, in Gloucestershire, in 1808; removed afterwards to Dart- mouth, and then to Great Missenden, in Buckinghamshire, and in 1822 was ap- pointed Classical and Mathematical Tutor at Horton (now Kawdon) College, a post which he held for twelve yoars. He soon after became pastor of a small congrega- tion there. Ho took an energetic part in the Anti-Slavery and Reform movements, and in the Roman Catholic and Atheistic Controversies; promoted the establish- ment of the Bradford Mechanics' Insti- tute, and of the "Bradford Observer," and took a zealous part in reconciling and reuniting the separate branches of the Baptist Mission in India. From 1838 to 1846 he was paator of the Baptist Church at Oxford, whence he returned to Brad- ford. Among his published works are— "Lectures on Colonial Slavery" (1830); "Lectures on the Atheistic Controversy," originally delivered at Bradford in 1834, re-delivered there in 1853, and republished the same year; and "Examination of Dr Pusey's Sermon on the Eucharist" (1843). Dr Godwin married in 1806, and died at the village of Rawdon, near Leeds, where he had spent the last sixteen years of his life, on the 20th February 1871. GOLDSTUCKER, Theodou, one of the greatest Sanskrit scholars of his time, was born at Kbnigsberg in 1821. Educated at the university oi that city, he first studied history there under Professor Von Bohlen, afterwards at Bonn under Schlegel and Lassen, and at Paris under Burnouf. Wliile at Paris he collected materials for a great work on Indian philosophy, and for a new edition of the epic poem, the " Mahabharata," and copied many important Vedic manu- scripts. Establishing himself next at Berlin, he was engaged as a tutor at the university, and assisted Humboldt in the matter of Hindu philosophy, in the "Cosmos." As a Liberal in politics, he willingly left Berlin after the reaction of 1849, and came to England for the pur- pose of further prosecuting his favourite Btvidy, and also of assisting Professor Wilson in preparing a new edition of his Sanskrit-English Dictionary. He soon resolved to settle here, and in 1852 accepted the Chair of Sanskrit at University Col- lege, London, which he held till his death. Notwithstanding his profound learning andhis immense industry and capacity for work, he has left few published works h??S?im»\roi!? kS "' "p'^^"* tifat'he'?ouirharaV^ve,;'b'e W'^^'iT give the fruits of hi?lXu??o'thoToVd° His greatest undertaking, the Sanskrit Dictionary, assumed such vwt proSr- tionsthat its completion in anyllfeC; became impossible. Six parts on y W ing the first letter unfinished, appeared ^^*^??,1856 and 1863. His other worlS w^T*^^*'""*" translation of tJie "Pra- W<. P^£''^"'^'u°^"^^'.' ?" °* Hindu r n . ' , l^'- , I^rofessor GoidstUcker con- tributed to the "Westminster Review." rfV'; ,?^f»^er." the "Athenseum," the _ English Cyclopsedia," and Chambers's Encyclopajdia." For the last-named work he wrote all the articles on Hindu philosophy and mythology. During the last two years of his life he superintended the production, for the Indian Govern- ment, of a photo-lithographic edition of the MaMbhashya," a commentary on ,*"i"m ?n 1866 he originated the San- skrit Text Society. He was an active member of the Philological Society, and was chosen president in 1871. Died in London, 6th March 1872. GOLTZ, BoGUMiL, a distinguished humourist and moralist, was born at Warsaw in 1801, He was of a German family. Brought up to an agricultural life, his passion for knowledge led him, m 1822, to study at the University of Breslau. In the following year he married and settled near Thorn. Uiiprosperous for some years, he at length, about 1830, aevoted himself to his studies and hterary work. He removed to Thorn in 1847. In that year appeared his first work, the "Buch derlvindheit," which was followed immediately by "Deutsche Entartung in der lichtfreuiidlichen uiid modernen Lebensart." In 1850 appeared "Das Menschendasein in seinen weltewigen Zugen und Zeichen;" in 1852, "Ein Jiigendleben : biographisches Idyll aus Westpreussen." Among his other works, all marked by great originality and power of thought, arc— "Der Mensch und die Leute" (1858), " Die Deutschen," "Feigen- blatter," "Zur Cliaracteristik und Natur- geschichte der Frauen," "Die Bildung und die GebiLIeten," &c. Died about November 1870. GOODALL, Edward, an eminent en- graver, was born at Leeds in 1795. He is especially distinguished for his plates after Turner, and his happy rendering of small landscapes. He was employed in the illustration of many books, especially Rogers's "Italy" and his "Poems." Among his larger plates are Turner's "Cologne," "Tivoli," "Cabgula's Bridge," and "Richmond Hill;" andofhisnume'r ' 1175 1 ' n i^m l&nitcr^aX "^ioompbg. GUO] oTis other works mw bo "^"^'^Xtf • plfttea in Turner's "%Kland an^^Y He '•Dufbar Otistle," "Florence," &o.. He wSthefatheroftheaiatln«ui8l.eapamter M' Frederick Goo(lalj^ ll.A. Ulea m [qou London, llth April 1870. ,, . . _,..uea GOODS III. John, » '|'«Wltfro ScoUiih anatomist, was boriy n FifesnYO in 1814. Hia father and grandfather, bom and was with him among, tiie numerous nn-^ila of Robert Knox. Licentiate of the oXge ofSurgeons. Edinburgh, he i.nic- tiwd for a time in the country, u xl m 1841 settled in the capital as C^irator of Jhe Museum of the College, of Surgeons Two years later he took a sim'to 'Of^ '^* the I) nlTcrsity Museum, and after holdmg fSr a time the post of Demomtratox- of Anatomy, ho was called in 1846 to the P'TiZ "vL^tccSlfy, tfra si scientillo work. By his mcessant hiUovus he'overstrained his bodily Powej^^- mental energies, a",^l ^^ .\°fj, ^„f;ch ho pelled to take a year's l^oli^^'^y^'p'^Jjl^^-Ji? ' snent in a visit to Frann and Germany. The rest of his life was one courageous Jt^ggle against ill health and before cSmas 1866 he bad .final y to ret'^^^ Three mc'iths later he died at Edmtourg , 6th March 1867. A ^J^^<^^P'\Pi^^J^lX able "Anatomical Memoirs, editelhy his successor in the cb.air of anatomy Br Turner, with a memoir by Dr iiousaaie, "^S'tCHAKOFF, PfiifCE Pkter DMlTRivlOH.Rus3ian general and states^ man, was born at Moscow in 1783. tie wasa brother of Prince Michael Gortcha- koff and was descended from an. ancient nobie family. Entering the artillery of the Imperial Gua,rd in 1807. he soon saw active service, being engaged in Finland n 1809 and in the Turkish war of 1810. lifter assisting for a short time m the editorship of the "Mditary Journal ot ♦"at Petersburg, he took part in the great French war of 1812-14. He was chosen To cSto the Czar Alexander the report nf the iiassaEe of the Beresina, and after- Ws accompanie'i Wittgenstein in tne campaigns which ended ^vitb the capture of Paris He next joined the army ot the Caucasus, where he took a tbstrn- cuished part in the suppression of the Cklable revolt of 1820. and for l„s services was promoted Major-G^neial, pu.l annointed Governor of Imeritia^ Tills post he held for live years, bcfoic the close of which period he had vigor- ously suppressed the Abkhasian remU^ 1826 he was appointed Quarter-Master General, and called to take part in tlio Turkish war, in whlcl . lie especially dis- tinguished iiimself at the attaclc on rthumla and in the advance on Adriaii- Sple i.i'l829. Prince GortchakofI ,va« appointed in 1836 Govanior-Generftl of Western Siberia, a post which he held for fifteen years. Under his able and bene- flcient administration the resources of the country were largely, developed, t he hardships of the recruiting systoin alle- viated, and facilities for colonization in- creased. About 1851 ho resigywl and retired to Moscow and private life. Tlie Crimean war recalled him to action, and he took part as leader of the Vladimir iTcsi nent at the battle of the Alma. In 1855 ho quitted the array, and was niade a member of the Imperial Council. Two years later, on the fiftieth anniversary of his entering the army, he. was named Commander of the Vladimir Regiment He spent the last five years of his life at Moscow, and died there in April 1868, OOUGH Hugh, Viscount, British field-marshal, was. born at Woodstown in County iimerick, .Ireland, ni . 1779. He entered the army in 1794. andmtlie following year was engagecl m active service at the Cape of Good Hope, whence he passed to the Vest Indies He ser>od at tL attack on Porto Rico, at the capture of Surinam, and in fhe brigand war m St Lucia. Having attained his majority, he jdned in 1809 the army under Wellington n the Peninsula, and took a hrillian nart in the operations against Soult at Oporto. At Wavera he was severely wound4d, and had a horse shot under hkn For his conduct on that occasioii ho was promoted lieutonant-colonel Ins commission being antedated from the day of Wellington's despatch recommending it Xw^thus-'the first offlcerwhoever recdvedbrevetrankforservicesperformei in the field at the head of a rogiraeiit. AtBarossahis regiment captured aFrench eazle- at the defence of Tarifa he ™ aein wounded, and at Vittona his regi- fuent captured the baton of Manlia Jourdan. He was severely wounded a Sue. and received soon a ter the god cross and was made a knight of he SishOrtler of St Charles After the Elusion of peace he beW/orat.mea command in Ire and, and in 1830 attained the rank of major-general. Sent out n 1837 to take command of a di™^^^^^ Tr..iinn armv. he was called in Marca 84^rto tKost of Cqmina^ler-ii.Cl«e^ of the British Forces '^f'^^uJim- the attack on Canton, sailed uptle Yang tse-Kiang. captured or.des royed many towns and fortresses, including Amoy. cTusan, Shanghai, &c., repeatedly routed Sesearmies,andwa8preparedt^^^^^^^^ Nankin, wheii.a treaty of peace was cm rhsf'pd ther« in Auzust 184^. ^or "'» ' services he was crea'ted a barouewud G.c!S and received the thanks of both 1176 ora] ^^r^nLh ^'''"ament. In August 1843 Sir Hugh Oough was appoliit'.l Com- mandor-in-Chief of the BrltmU Forces i". ludla, and in the following Dtccml)er he " was engaged in the Sikh war, the aovernor-aeneral. Lord Hardnigo. volunteering to servo under him. In three memoraV)le battles, closely following each other, at Moodkee, Feroze- Hhah, and Hohraon. the Sikhs wore de- feated, and peace was dictated at Lahore I' or his services in that war he was raised to the peerage, aa IJaron Gough, and again received tho thanks of Parliament ?il2 ^T*"^ ^"1^'"*^ broken out afresh in 1H4H, Lord Gongh once more took the Leld against them, and displayed tho dash and decision of a younger soldier. Ho fought and defeated them at Rain- uugger, Chillian wallah, and Giizorat, their power being completely broken in tlio aat battle. I,ord Gough, on his return homo, wascreiitod a viscount, was awarded a pension of £2000 a year by tho Govern- ment, and an equal pension by the East India Company, and a third time received the thanks of Parliament. He did not again undertake active service. In 1854 he became Colonel of the Hoi.,e Guards and two years later was sent to the Crimea to invest Marshal Pelissier and other officers, French and British, with the in- signia of the Bath. He was subaequentlv made Knight of St Patrick, a Privy Ooun- cellor, and a Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India ; and in 1862 received the baton of Field-Marshal. Lord Goush married in 1807, andjosing his wife a few years before his death, married again. He Mardi 1869."^ ^^ '"°^ ""'''■ ^'^^'' ^^ GKAHAM, Thomas, a distinguished chemist. Master of the Mint, was born at Glasgow 111 1805. He was educated at the High School and at the University of his native town, where he graduated M A and ticen continued his studies for two years at Edinburgh University. In 1829 lie was appointed lecturer on chemistry at the Mechanics' Institution, Glasgow and in the following year was called to the chair of Chemistry at the Andersonian University, a post which he filled for seven years It was during this period that he made important experiments on the aitfusion of gases, and discovered the law of diffusion, for which the Keith prize of the Royal Society of Edinburirh was .vwirded to him. In 1836 he was elected F.R S, In 1837 he removed to l^pndon, on being appointed Professor of Cheimstry at the University (now Uni- versity College). He was one of the founders, and was chosen first president, of the Chemical Society, in 1840. The same year he received the gold medal of ihe iioyai society for his researches and i discoveneson the character of phosphoric OmoHa (the diffusive force of liaM Professor Graham was a corresnoS; St' of the French InstitB and * foreign member of tho Academies o^ Sciences of Berlin. Munich. Turhi and Washington. In 1853 the hoilomry degrS TT , •^•fl- V a« conferred on him bv thn £ ''y.«"ity of Oxford. His maiteriy work ii 1842 ''ll w^' ?' Chemistry," appeared m„i „ • " ^^ translated into G'erman P llsliifid "°'n' 7^'*'°? ^^ after«"rd8 phyJioi^iX'^' ^'''"' ^'^^''^' F«"ch wis H rn l^ T- ^"'»l"ira"vo anatomist, in 18 R T. ^''•"'«-*:"y. i» the Gironde in 1815. riie son of a medical practi Hr.„,>- I, -"" °"'> "» " lueuicai practi- tioner, he was brought up to his father's fn"l8f^'°"'J'"'? *°"1^ bis degree of m!i) J ^?v- .Having obtained an aimoint- Par'i 'he K"'""^"' ^'^'^'^ MuS'of ■I aris, he became assistant naturalist for Br,! M,"" *^*'^ science in place of M. de Blamville, and afterwards at the CollCgu do France, on the natural history of VXTi^ bo'lies, in place of M. Duvernoy. in 1862 he undertook the course of ana- H^ H,'?g'"'?;"''° physiology, and geo- logy at the Sorbonne, and in the following year was nominated professor. He was a member of various scientific bodies, and I>ied. letli February 1865. GRATRY, August Joseph Al- PUONSE. Irench Catholic theologian, was born at Lille in 1805. After studying at the Polytechnic Scliool, he entered the Church, iiiKl was named in 1841 Director of the College Stanislas. Five years J'^t?'' Jhe was appointed Almoner to the Chief Normal School. In 1852 he left that post in order to take part with Abb(5 letitot in reorganizing the "Oratorians of the Immaculate Conception." Chosen Vicar-General of the Bishop of Orleans. M. Dupanloup, in 1861, he was appointed two years later Professor of Evangelical Morals at the Sorbonne. Having been publicly censured by the Superior of the Oratorians in 1869, for his adherence with tatlier Hyacmthe to liberal principles, he appears to have withdrawn from the order. Father Gratry was author of a JSil'""^,"' philosophy wWch appeared in 1855-57, 111 three narts, entitled— "De la Comiaissance de Dieu," "Logique," -'De llli Citnnn.iftnunnA /lo r A vv>a " \^-x^*^^t.t. u:~ other writings are- "La Philosophie du Credo" (1861). "Jgsus-Christ, r«5ponse 4 1177 H jncto jigni\>et^ftt <'gioo):apb^ at Moutreux, h: Switzerlftud, 6lh FuUruary ^^fiRAY DAViu, a young BcoltUh poet. faVfrom OlaBiJOW, In 1838. Ul» f**""" "^'"^"uSiSry life.3poMe«»ea with a Kfkto^Mim.alfi'ilouBhtun) lil- ies" sSoncompellea him to return home. ?t was hopeleas consumption; ami a ter Sugaring, especial ytrojn tl. dis- [QBE The f athir of the young poet »oou fol- ,n?8hea naturalist assistant keop^^^^^^^ Zoological I^ei'a'^t'"';"*^' Is a In 808 Museum, was b«"iUr «¥ Gray and a Ker o'f D? JohMwfra?® of the T\rHiali Museum. He first entered the rStoSK. but\lS U>0 J^ "^ G& Kert, Hshop of Capetown. 1178 In 1831. and M.A. three years later. About the same time ho took holy orders inHl after holding a perpetual curacy an.l a Vlcara«o. he was mado honorary canon Sf DSrh?"ra. and in 1847 promoted to the new Bislioprio of Capetown. Hm name WM chiefly known in connection with , tV^ grave dispute hctwee'.i him and Dr Oolenso, Bishop of Natal. He assumed. M meUpolitan. to depose Dr Colenso as a heretic, and a long tedious course o litigation followed. The resu twas that is act was declared to be illegal. He then undertook, in .January 1869. to con- secrate another Ijlshop at Capetown "for tlie clergy of the diocese of Natal,' dis- reaardinii the protest made by a large S e of persins at the time aanvahd. Dr Gray published seyeral of his CharKes. journals of his visitations, and pampl. Us Tn the dispute abo"t the See of Natal. Died at Capetown. 1st September mi. New York, obtained soon after a partner- K In a printing house and started, all w iklv lournal, to which he was chief j Utera?y contributor. He became a con- vert to the doctrines of Sociahsra as itShtbyFourier.andeagert^^ tliem established in 1841 the r^ew xow ' iXuneTot which ho was editor tillh drath The early extravagance of his; ;few8 wai to some extent corrected by, time an"experience. and he^^^^^^^^^ came a powerful organ of the Bepun ican mrty In opposition, however, to a large lection of that party. Mr Greeley kept up; 111 almost fanatical opposition to free trkde He became a member of Cmigress i.. laia hnt was not re-elected. He waa i imfoVemostTn the ranks of the Aboh- tZstroT^yerr. contgougdje^ fnllv to the election of Mr ijincoin w aud amnesty orig-'.ated with hnn H , visited Entrland m 1851, ana was one u S iurymen of the Great Exhibition, u , J^iveS of Liberal Repubhcan^ gsinsk£n=^-r^S' S^KS^dSS^-^Kri Sst with heart and soul hut mvaiui At the elections in November P^ade^ Grant wa8_re-elected by an immep. ^Xt BtSr^^^oyer^^ sorrow for the lou of his wife, who died about the same time, he fell ill, ami died at New York, 29th November 1872. Mr Greeley was author of several works among which are— "Glances at Euioik;,''' a "History of (he StniBgle for Slavery Extension or Reatriotion in the United States," "The American Conflict," "Tra- vclti in California and Texas," and "Re- collections of a Busy Life." GRESWELL. Edward, an eminent English chronologifit. was bom at Denton, in the parish of Manchester, Ik 1797. His father, W. P. Greswell, perpetual curate of Denton, was known as author of " Annals of I'arisian Typograpliy," and other works. After studying at Mau- cliester Grammar School, he became in 1815 scholar of Briisenose College, Oxford, but soon after was elected to the Lanca- shire Hcholarship at Corpus Christi College. In 1818 he graduated B.A. as flrstclass both in classics and mathematics, took his degree of M.A. and was appointed College Tutor in 1822, and in the follow- ing year became fellow of his college. He resigned his tutorship in 1 833, and devoted the rest of his life to literary labour, the fruits of which were given to the world in a series of important works on chronology. They are entitled —" Fasti Temporis Oatholici " (1852), " Origines Kalendaiise Italicaj," in 4 vols. T1&54), "Origines Kalendariea Hellenicao " in 6 vols. (1862), and "Prolegomina ad Harmoniam Evan- gelicam" (1840). He also published "Dis- sertations on the Principles and Arrange- ment of a Harmony of the Gospels," "The Three Witnesses and the Threefold Cord," a reply to Dr Oolenso's criticism of the Pentateuch, and Greek metrical ver- sions of Milton's "Cbmus" and "Samson Agonistes." At the time of his death Mr Greswell was Vice-President of his college. Died at Oxford, 29th June 1869. GRILLPARZER, Fiianjj, a celebrated O'irman poet and riiamatist, was born at Vienna in 1791. He was the son of an advocate, and was educated for the pro- fession of the law. After completing his studies he was engaged for a year or two P3 private tutor, and in 1813 ol)taiued an appointment in the pui>lic service. Pass- ing througli various oflSces he rose to be Director of Archives to the Imperial (Chamber in 1833. Court Councillor in 1856, and Imperial Councillor for life in 1861. His life passed quietly, hardly broken by any incidents more memorable than occasional travel in Italy, Germany, Turkey, and Greece. He first made him- self a name as poet in 1816, by the publi- cation of his tragedy, "Die Ahnfrau." It was followed by "Sappho" (1819), "Das Goldene Vliesa" (1822), "Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen" (1840), and the historical tragedy. "JKSnig Ottokars Gluck und Ende" (1852). Besides these, he published "Ein treuer Dieuer seinsa Herrn ;" a comedy, entitled " Wehe dera der lUgt ; " a dramatic tale, "Der Traum, eluLeben;" anovol, "Der Hnfclmi^nn- rifli'M"^'"' '"*'"<^^ " Kad "K "U848). (rdiarzer was never tnarrli-d. l-:*rlVin Frehlicii and became ahn.Mit one of hi. household Frtihlich hnd three daiU.tm and after tl,e death of him and his S the poet i.ved with the orphans gv"*g up the Tiope once clieri8h«.\ of marrlV w>th nin. '*u"*"' ^"? ^" ^*"» ^"»' o« •''• life calling the^serond Bister. Katld, bis "liebe Braut. • He left to her bis ht jrary remain, and other proiwty. Died at Viredly lluinrich Lau»>e. UKISI, GiVLiA, a celebrated operatic singer, was a native of Milan. The date ?lin ^-.'oin *■"' \^ ^ariou^ly stated as 1808, 1810, 1812, and even later still. She was one of a family of singers, and made aer liiat appearance on the stage at Bologna, where Rossini heard her and predicted great things of her. She soon passed to Jlorence, and thence to the "Bcala" of Milan. In 1839 she first appeared at the Opera, Paris, and shone uiirivahed in Semiramide," "Anna Bolena." "Don Giovanni," and "I Puritani." She appeared at the King's Theatre, London, in 1834, and during the next twenty years spent the wint'jrs at Paris, and the summers in London. In 1854 she visited America, resuming her place in London on her return. The failure of her powers compelled her. though with inflnito re- luctance, to quit the stage in 1866. Her singular beauty of feature, sweet yet penetrating voice, unfailing vivacity and energy, gave her irresistible power to charm, and secured to her a long career of almost uninterrupted triumph. Died at Berlin, 25th November 1869. Her remains were interred in the cemetery of Pdre la Chaise, at Paris. GROTE, Geouoe, th6 historian of Greece, philo.sopher and politician, was born at Clayhill. near Beckenham, in Kent, in 1794. He was educated at the Charterhouse School, and in his fifteenth year entered the banking house of Pres- cott, Grote, & Co., of which his grand- father was one of the founders. Devqting his leisure hours to his classical studies, and in association with James Mill to the science of political economy, he conceived at an early age the project of re-writing the history of Greece, in a spirit, wiiich should harmonize with modem criticism, and with the fulne; i of information made possible by the immense advances of the Germans in the study and knowledge of ancient times. Mitford's work had been completed in 1818, and five year.s later Mr Grote began to collect materials for his own. For some years, however, the earnest interest which he took in politics, especially in the agitation for reform in ^ar!!2.msnt. int^vrtinted his Drosecution of his chosen task. In 1821 he published a " Statement of the Question of ParUa- 1179 l-ir "t ( ■W? li 11 mentary Reform." unci In 1832 Rnother pamphlet on the " KMentlalH of Parlia- mentary Reform." EU-cted M.P. for t e City of London in \m. ho Bat in Parlia- ment for nmo ycarrt, dnrlnR wnlch i>crior« till 1832. Re-appointctl his followers till 1832. Re-appointctl preacher at Copenhagen, at the Vartou Hospital, in 1839, ho began to take an eauor part in politics. In 1848 ho was a member of the Diet, and afterwards of tho Volksthlng, and vigorously opposed tho German claims on the Duchies. He Drevented the establishment of a Supreme Council for the State Church, and pro- cured the abolition of the law respecting the compulsory baptism of infants. Subse- ouently he desired to promote a recon- ciliation with the Germans, and published in 1861 his "Versbhnung mit Doutsch- land." Among his works, in addition to those already named, are— "Kortbegreb af Verdenskrbnike" (1812). " Haandbogi Verdenshistorien" (1833-43), ' Saugvark til den danske Kirke." and "Nordiske Sraaadigte." In 1825, in conjunctioinvith Professor Rudelbach, he founded ihe "Theologisk Maanedskrift." and later originated the "Danske Kirketidende, the chief organ of his party. Two colle - tlons of his sermons have been published, Grundtvig was at flrst the champion oi r.rlmitive Lutheranism against the pre- , valent Rationalism, but later he departed from Lutheranism, proclaimed a new basis of dogmatic belief, and became the founder of a sect which has grown into considerable importance m the Scanm naviaii countries He rendered immense service to his country by his unwearied endeavours to promote and improve popu- lar education. Died, in August or Sep- tember 1672. 1180 Hal] [han H. HALLECK, Hkntiy Waokh, Amerl- Cftu gcticrnl, wag horu near IJtica, New York State, in 1819. Ho wuh fdtioated at Uiiioti (JoIIpko, wlieiiCK ho pftased to the Military Acatlemy at West Toint. lliiviiic graduatod there in 1839, ho took tho rank of second lieutenant of engineers, and waa asHJHtant i)rofi!HHor of engineers from July 1839 to Juno 1840. IlaiHed to the rank of first lietitonant in 1845, ho served Boon after in California nnd in Mexico, took part in framing tlio constitution of California, and was iiromototl captain of engineers in 1853. He soon after with- drew from tlio urmy, and practised the law at San Francisco ti!l the summer of 18G1, when he re-entered the service, and distinguished himself on the side of the North in the war of secession. In No- vember of that year ho was charged with the Department of tho West, and pro- moted Major- General. He maintained rigorous discipline among his troops, and treated with unrelenting severity the negroes, all rebels, and all who succoured them. In March 1862 he was placed at tlio head of the Department of tiie Missis- sippi ; besieged and took Corinth, occupied Chattanooga, and in July was aj)pointed Commander-in-Chief, Two months later he was called to the post of Secretary of State for War, which he held till Marcli 1864. General Halleck was author of a work entitled "Elements of Military Art and Science." Died at Louisville, in Ken- tucky, 9th January 1872. HAMPDEN, Renn Dickson, bishop of Hereford, was born in Barbadoes about 1792. After studying at Codrington Col- lege in his native island, he came to England and entered Oriel College, Ox- ford, in 1810. He took his degree of B.A. in 1813, obtaining a first class both in the classical and mathematical schools. In 1814 lie was elected Fellow of Oriel, and was there the contemporary of Whately and Arnold, Keble, Newman, and Pusey. He became tutor of his college soon after, and was examiner in tlie schools in 1829-30, and again in 1831-32. In 1832 Hampden was Bampton Lecturer, and de- livered a course on "The Scholastic Piiilo- sopby considered in its Relation to Oiris- tian Theology." Tliese lectures raised a storm against him. They were denounced as heretical, and it was rumoured that tlie lecturer had been assisted by Mr Blanco Wliite. In 1833 he was neverthe- less appointed Principal of St Mary's Hall, and in tho following year Professor of Moral Philosophy. On the death of Dr Burton^r Hampden was called to the "egiug i rofeBsordhip of Divinity, notwith- stianding the opposition both of High and Low Church parties, and in spite of a vote of cenmre passed on him bT ttiA iTni vcrsity Convocation on ZoJnt „f hla Bamnton Lecturer. In 1843 ho was a meniWr of tho Theological Examina- tion Boanl. In 1847 ho w^ olectedSop r,;i.n,? ♦ 'I; • ^ ^"f*^"'"" <>I>P08ltlon w.i m1 *o t'^18 ttl>l>OMitment, even the b shops joining in u written expresHion of disapproval. Bishop HamiKlen was a profoun.l thinker, a groat sciokr an enthusiastic student. But i.o was not 2 practical man, and little was heard of him flJ"! ■ *':l^''l'"?i'.i° "'« Kpiscopato. He lost his wife in 18C5. anen Jiry of Paul's, and was appointed Clerical Reg .. frar to the Privy Council. He was tne, ' fend ancl associate of Byron, Moore Southey, Wordsworth, Joanna Bai lie, mss Mitford, the Kembles, and oth eminent persons- was a fFeatlovej^f the theatre ; wrote plays, articles m .eriom cals on the church, the PO?.'-^ &«/ „^^a«" he published an edition of Shakespeare. His last literary labour was the Memo^ of his friend. M ss Mitfoul (1870). pre- nared in conjunction with Mr L Ebtrange. Died at Battle, "th November 1869 A "Literary Life" of him. published by Mr ir »T7t_i.— ,1.- •^'«, o»%v\AQron ITI In/1. HARTMANN. MORITZ. German poj, politician, and missel aueous writer, wm born in Bohemia in 1821. He was eim 1 cated at the Universities ofFrague_aiid har] .^upptcment. [hen Vienna, and after a visit to Italy, Switzer- land, and South Germany, became private tutor at Vienna. He was there the intimate friend of Nicholas Lenau. In 1844 he went to Leipsic, and soon after published his first volume of poems, entitled "Kelch and Schwert," which by its ardent sympathy with liberal ideas excited much attention, and drew on him the suspicion of the Austrian government. To escape danger he went to Belgium and France, returning to Leipsic m 1847, and to Vienna about the close of the same year. Proceedings were commenced against him, but he escaped, and soon after the revolution broke out. At Prague he was the head of the Grerman party, and was elected Deputy to the National Assembly at Prankfort, in which he was an active member of the Left. With Blum and others he succeeded in pacify- ing the people during the days of Septem- ber 1848. The next month he was sent with Blum to Vienna, to take part in the insurrection, and he served to the last under General Bern. After the capture of Vienna he escaped to Frankfort, and there published his satirical poem, the " Keimchronik des Plafifen Mauricius," which had immense popularity. In May 1849 he went to Stuttgard, and after the dissolution of the remains of the parlia- ment, left Germany, wandering in Swit- zerland, England, Ireland, Scotland, and France. In 1854 he went to the Crimea, as correspondent during the war of the "Cologne Gazette." After further wander- ings he settled in 1860 at Geneva, and gave lectures on German literature and history at the Academy, In 1863 he went to Stuttgart. Among his numerous writings are— "Der Krieg um der Wald," "Adam und Eva," "Schatten," "Tage- buch aus der Provence und Languedoc," "Erzahlungen eines Unsteten," "Novel- len." &c. Died at Vienna, 18th May 1872. HARVEY, William, an eminent engraver and designer, was born at New- castle in 1796. He was apprenticed ut the age of fourteen to his distinguished fellow-townsman, the wood-engraver, Thomas Bewick, whom he largely assisted in his edition of "^sop's Fables;" and after seven years' service came to London in 1817, and pursued his art-studies under Haydon. His cut from Haydon's ' ' Death of Dentatu8"was executed in 1821, and is one of the largest and most admirable wood-engravings ever produced. In 1824 Harvey abandoned engraving, and thence- forth applied himself wholly to book illus tration. He was an indefatigable and conscientious work'^r, and displayed in his very numerous designs not only accurate observation of animal forms and life, but also a very fertile imagination. 0ns of his most im^'^ortant undertakinfrs was the illustration of Lane's translation of the ' ' Arabian Nights." Died at Rich- mond, where he had long lived, January 13, 1866. HAY, David Ramsay, writer on de- ?Sno*'^?,"'t' "^^ ^^^^ at Edinburgh in 179». He learnt the business of liouse- paintmg, which he carried on throughout his life, but in conjunction with it seriously pursued the study of decorative art, and especially investigated the science of colour, the principle of beauty in form, the science of proportion, &c. His pub- lished works are very numerous. Among them are— "The Laws of Harmonious Colouring" (1828), his first work, which passed through six editions, " Natural Principles and Analogy of the Harmony of Form" (1842), "Proportion," "Nomen- clature of Colours" (1846), "Geometric Beauty of the Human Figure Defined" (1851), "Harmonic Law of Nature applied to Architectural Design" (1856), &c. In his earlier years Mr Hay was employed by Scott in the decoration of Abbotsfonl, and at a later time he designed and exe- cuted the decorations of the hall of the Society of Arts, London. Died at Ecliu- bursh, 10th Sei mber 1866. HAYTER, dir George, Principal Painter in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, was born in London in 1792. As early as 1815 he was named miniature painter to the Princess Charlotte. He studiedduring the following three years at Rome, and was admitted to the Academy of St Luke. In 1826 he again visited Italy, and also France, returning in 1831. He was ap- pointed Historical Painter to the Queen in 1837, and four years later. Principal Painter in Ordinary. His works con.sist chiefly of portraits, and a few historical pieces. Died in Loudon, 18th January 1871. HEAD, Sir Edmund Walker, Baronet, Governor-General of Canada, writer on art, was born near Maidstone in Kent, in 1805. He studied at Oriel College, Oxford, took his degree of B. A., as first-class in classics, in 1S27, and was chosen Fellow of Merton College. He took his Master's degree in 1830, and was afterwards University Examiner. On the death of his father he .succeeded to the baronetcy, and in 1841 he was nominated a Poor Law Commissioner. He held tlie office of Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick from 1847 to 1854, and was advanced in the 1 at ter year to be Governor- General of Canada, which post he filled seven years. As a writer on art. Sir E. Head made himself known by a learned and serviceable " Handbook of theSpanish and French Schools of Painting," pul> lished in 1848. He also edited the English translation of Kugler's "Handliook," and contributed the article on "Painting" to the "Penny Cyclopsedia." Sir Ed ward was a Privy Councillor and K.C.B. Died, 28th January 1868. „ HENftSTENBERG. ERJJST WILHELM, an eminent German theologian, long one of the leaders of the Orthodox Protestant party, was bom at TrOndenberg, in West- phalia, in 1802. After studying under hiB 1183 pr^' K \1 i I 8 i I I t i 1 ! . 1 ! i M • ' ; ; 11 ?l jfleuj jDnilun-^nt '55ioornplbp. [heu father, who was a pastor there, he went in 1819 to the University of Bonn, <}eyotinK himself at first to pii.losophy '^"'1 0"ent»l languages. In 1823 he removed to Basel, ami thl influences under which he came iA that city drew him to theology an I to the theological party to which he ad erecl throuch life. In the following year lie wis appo nted Privat-Docent of Theology at Berlfn hi 1826 Professor Extraordniary. and fwo years later .Ordinary Professor o Theology, in association with »^»ieier ^SfNeander. and Marhexneke H^^^ took his degree of D.D. m loiy. as emuui of the "Evangelische Kirchenzeitung from its commencement in I6il. iJr Hengstenberg exerted a powerful iiflu- enco on theological discussion, and on affairs of Church and Sbate. He took his stand on the strict Lutheran doguias, re- listed Rationahsra in its mildest forms, Sanctioned the persecution of dissidents and desired the deposition from their chairs of several distinguished Rationalist wofessors. His influence, however, had considerably declined before his death. The nrincipal works of Dr Hengstenberg, mostTthem well known i" England are -thB "Christologie des Alten Testa- ments," published^n 1829-35 "Beitrage ^ir Einfeitung ins Alte restanient (1831-39), "Commentar UberdiePsalmeu 1842-45 "ErlauterungenUber diewich- gSen und schwierigsten Abschnitte dea Pentateuch" (1842), and..^'"^l^» «"/^^^ "Apocalypse", and the "Gospel of St Tnhn " &c Died, May 1869. '^ HERSCHEL, Sir John Frederick mLLiAM, Bart., the . ■Pnrpien Uliice, was uuiu i" ,*',V,'" r SS the appmn^tmentof sub-lj^^^^^^^^ in the Fore gn Office, London, in is^i; knd was predicted to .he Libranan a. , Keener of the Papers in 1810. . ims iio»i , he'heUi for fifty-sW years, retiring J^. pension in November 1857. His nanui | widely known as the compiler of He M't Treaties." a collection of treaties , aeSreatBritainandf^^^^^^^^^ and also of a work entitled ,Britisli am Foreign State Papers "He died at West minsiir IJth March_1870.^ ^^\ HEliT/i, jrtis.-^Kitv a- ^--"l;;;' ■'-—.; high reputation, was born at «^oi in 1793. His parents were Jews. -- i destined for the law. and entered 1184 heb] .Supplement. TTuiTersity of Copenhagen tu study it, but he disliked and forsook it for literature and poetry. In 1832 he renounced Judaism and oecame a Protestant, and the same year his name became known as the author of a satirical poem which he had published anonymously two years before. In 1833, the travelling pension for young men of letters being awarded him, he visited *he principal countries of con- tinental Europe. His principal works are— " Lustspil," "Letters of a Ghost," "Svend Dyrings Haus," "King Renfi's Daughter," and " Lyrical Poems." Died at Copenhagen, 25th February 1870. HERVEY, Thomas Kibble, poet and miscellaneous writer, was born probably at Paisley in 1799, and was taken with the family to Manchester in 1803. He began to study for the bar, but abandoned the law, and entered Cambridge Univer- sity about 1818. He left without taking a degree, and about 1824 settled in Lon- don and entered on a literary life. His first essay in authorship was a poem entitled "Australia," written in competi- tion for the University Prize. In 1832 he commenced a poetical work entitled " Illustrations of Modern Sculpture," which was left unfinished. He edited "Friendship's Offering" for 1826, the "Book of Christmas" (1837), and "Eng- laad'a Helicon in the 19th Century" (1841). In 1846 he was appointed editor of the " Athenajum," a post which he held eight years. He liad been a contri- butor to that journal for twenty years. He was a contributor to several of the annuals, and during the last years of his life to the " Art Journal." He married in 1843 Eleonora Louisa Montague, also well known as a poetess and tale writer. Mr Hervey died in London, 17th February 1859. A collected edition of his poems, with a memoir by his widow, was pub- lished at Boston, U.S., in 1866. HERZEN", Alexander, a celebrated Russian political andmiscellaneous writer, and long the chief of the Russian revolu- tionary party, was born at Moscow, just before the French entry into that city in 1812. He studied at Moscow University, where he obtained a high degree. In 1834 he was arrested and soon afterwards banished to Viatka, whence he was per- mitted to return in 1837. He was expelled from Russia in 1842, visited Italy, joined the " Reds " at Paris in 1848, took refuge at Geneva, and soon after came to Eng- land, where lie remained the greater part of his life. In 1851 he set up in London a Russian printing-press for the publication of such works as were prohibited in Russia. He was a fertile writer, and under the Emperor Nicholas the publica- tions of his revolutionary press passed into Russia in very large numbers. Among Herzen's writings are— "Dilet- tantism i" P''5flncfl " '1P.45*. " TiPt.tsrs nn theStudy of Nature" (184A6), '•'who'sto Blame? " "Development of Revolutionary 4a [hes Ideas in Russia" (1851), "Memoirs of the Empress Catherme," "My Exile" (1855), and RussiaandtheRevolution"(1860 -61). M. Herzen was editor of the magazine named "The Bell" (Kolokol). For several years he lived near Geneva. Died at Paris. 2l8t January 1870. HESS, Heinrich Hermann Joseph, Baron von, Austrian field-marshal, was born at Vienna in 1788. He entered the army in 1805, and.was soon after placed on the stafif of the quarter-master-general, and employed in trigonometrical operations. He distinguished himself at the battles of Aspem and "Wagram in 1809, and was promoted to be captain-lieutenant iu the regiment of the Archduke Charles. He resumed his scientific labours till 1813, when he was again in active service. After the peace of Paris in 1814 he was charged with a special mission to Pied- mont. In the campaign of 1815 he served with the rank of major under Prince Schwarzenberg, He was next employed as second military commissioner in Pied- mont in repressing the poUtical agitation in Upper Italy. He was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel in 1822, and colonel in 1829. In 1831, as chief of the staflE of the quartermaster general, he accompanied Kadetzky to Italy, and rendered services of the highest value in the tactical train- ing and exercise of the troops. lie was raised to the rank of major-general and brigadier of the troops in 1834. In 1840 and 1841 he was sent to the South German and Prussian courts to discuss matters relating to the organisation of the forces of the Bund. Promoted lieutenant-field- marshal in 1842, he remained attached to the army of Italy, and during the cam- paigns of 1848-49 contributed powerfully by his strategic plans to the final success of the Austrians. He was rewarded with the Grand Crosses of Leopold and Maria Theresa, was named a Privy Councillor, and in 1850 placed at the head of the general staff of the emperor. In the following years he was sent on military missions to Warsaw, St Petersburg, and Berlin. He negotiated the convention with Prussia during the Crimean "War in 1854. After the battle of Magenta he was appointed to supersede General Giulay, and he arranged with the Emperor Joseph the plan of Solferino. He was soon after created field-marshal, and in 1861 was called to the Upper House of the Reichsrath. In the following year he was appointed Chancellor of the Order of Leopold. Died at Vienna, 13th April 1870. HESS, Peter, a distinguished German painter, waa born at DUsseldorf in 1792. He was the eldest son of the engineer, Karl Hess, and at a very early age began to practise his father's art. In 1806 he began to study painting at Munich, apply- ins himself chiefly to genre-painting. For tlie sakeof^his art he accompanied the German army in the campaigns of 1813 to U85 " ■ I E '9 ill I; 1815. BketchiDg Bcenes on the spot, and obtaining subjects for aomo of his best works. He travellwi a few years later in Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. Inl~'^ be accompanied the young King Otho to Greece, in order to commemorate by pic- tures the incidents of his arrival. &c. in 1839 he was called to St Petersburg and employed by the emperor to paint a series of battle pieces of the campaign of 181^. Among his principal works are mentioned :t" The Battle of Arois-sur-Aube ' "The Surprise of a French Village by the Cos- aacks" "The Defence of the Bridge of KinziK. near Hanau," " A Combat in the pSf BodfnbUhls.intheTyro)." "The Battle of Leipsic." &o. Hess was Court Painter to the king of Bavaria, and a member of the Royal Academies of Ber- lin. Munich, Vienna, and St Petersburg. He founded, in conjunction with Quaglio, the Art Union of Mumch. Died at Munich. 4th April, 1871. _ . HESSE. Nicolas AuausiB. French painter, was born at Paris in 1795. He was one of a family of artists, and studied first under his brother. He was next a pupil of Baron Gros, then entered the Ecole des Beaux- Arts, and won the grand prize in 1818. After his return from the usual course of study in Italy he devoted himself -almost entirely to historical and religious subjects, especially forthe decora- tion of churches. He also painted the principal hall of the H6telde ViUe, Paris, Many distinguished pupils were trained in his atelier. In 1863 he was received at the Academy of Fine Arts, as successor to Delacroix. Died. 14th June 1869. HILDBETH, RiCHABD, a distin- guished American historian, publicist, and miscellaneous writer, was boni at Deer- field. Massachusetts, in 1807. He was the eldest son of a Unitarian minister, was educated at Harvard College, and then applied himself to the study of law. He began at the same time his hterary labours as a contributor to magazines, and became in 1832 editor of the Boston "Atlas." The story of his life thence- forth is little more than an account of bis writings. His tale entitled "Archy Moore," published in 1837, was written during a visit he made to the southern states for the sake of his health, and was the forerunner of "Uncle Tom," and other anti-slavery novels. It was repub- lished, under the title of Tlie White Slave," in 1852. In 1840 appeared Hil- dreth's translation of Dumont s edition of Bentham'B "Theory of Iiegislation, and about the same time his "History of Banks," followed successively by Des- potism in America." " Theory of Morals, ''Tlieory of PoUtics," the laat two In- tended to form parts of a series on the "Science of Man," which, however, was not continued ; and in 1849-52, his most inrpuri=irv — - - -" — and honest labour, and is esteemed for its philosophical impartiality and judicial sobriety. Hildreth did much other literary work as Journalist and editor of various cyclopsedias. His last separate work was "Japan as it was and as it is " (1857). Died, July 1865. HINCKS, Edward, an eminent philologist, was bom at Cork in 1792. He was the son of D. T. Hincks, LL.D.,tlien minister of a Presbyterian congregation, and afterwards Profegsor of Hebrew and other Oriental languages in the Belfast Academical Institution. He completed his education at Trinity College, Dublin, took orders in the Church of England, and was appointed rector, first of Ardtrea, and afterwards, in 1825, of Killeleagh, County Down. He is specially distin- guished for his persevering labours in the fields of Egyptian and Assyrian learning, and as one of the scholars to whom we owe the deciphering of the cuneiform inscriptions of Persepolis, Nineveh, ic. He contributed many papers to the Royal Irish Academy, the British Association, and the Asiatic Society, and wrote occasionally for the "Journal of Siicred Literature" and the "Athenaeum." In- dependent in thought and liberal in senti- ment, he was a bold advocate for reform in the Irish Church, and his views on this matter and on education hindered his promotion. Died at Killeleagh, Decem- ber 3, 1866. ^,. t-KT^, HINDS, SAMTJEl, bishop of Norwich, theological and miscellaneous witer, was born in the island of Barbados in 1793 He completed his education at Queen's College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated B.A. in 1815, In 1818 he obtained the Chancellor's Prize for the Latiu essay, and took his degree of M. A. The following year he was ordained pnest, went as missionary to Barbados, and was appointed Principal of Codrington Collese in that island. Having returned to England, he was named in 1827 Vice- Principal of St Alban Hall, Oxford, Presented to the vicarage of Yardley, m Hertfordshire, in 1834, he held it mnfl years, and in 1843 became Chaplain to Archbishop Whately, and Kector and Prebendary of Castlekuock.DublinCathe- dral. Three years later he was appointed Chaplain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ire- land, the Earl of Eessborough, coutmuiiig the same oflSce under the Earl o Clarendon. In 1848 he was promoted to the Deanery of Carlisle, and in the follm- ing year to the See of Norwich. He resigned his bishopric inl85S. The pra- n cipal works of Bishop Hinds are- 'The History of the Rise and Early Progress ol Christianity," which has passed through j several editions, "An Inquiry into the Proofs, Nature, andExtent of InspiratioD, and into the Authority of ScriPtoe (1«?1), "Scripture and the ^.uthonsed u;S?«d"8ta*eB"in 6 vols. Svo." It em- i Version" (1»4&|,. and "A rree ^i^oussion bStSSuts^ seven years' patient | of Religioas toptcS.'' pubUshed m 1868. 1186 hit] ^ujjpKenient. Died at Notting Hill, London, 7th February 1872. HITCHCOCK, Edward. American geologist, was born at Deerfield, Massa- chusetts, in 1793. After holding for three years the office of pastor to a congrega- tional church at Conway, he was called to the chair of Chemistry and Natural History at Amherst College, a post which he held for twenty years. In 1830 he was appointed State Geologist, and undertook a survey of the geology, &c., of the state of Massachusetts. He published succes- sively three reports on that subject, com- pleting and crowning his labours by his " Final Report," in 2 vols. 4to (1841). which became a standard work. He was honoured with the degree of LL.D. by Harvard University, and later with th- 1 of D.D. by Middlebury College. In 1845 he was chosen President ot Amherst College, and at the same time held the chair of Natural Theology and Geology. In 1850 he was nominated State Agricul- tural Commissioner, and was sent to visit and report on the principal Agricultural Schools of Europe. Dr Hitchcock was author of " Elementary Geology," " Out- lines of the Geology of the Globe," and "The ReUgion of Geology," besides many papers contributed to scientific journals. Died at Amherst, 27th Feb- ruary 1864. HITTORF, Jacques Ignace, a dis- tinguished French architect, was bom at Cologne in 1793. After some professional training in his native city, he went to Paris in 1810, and at the School of Architecture studied under Perier. He was also a pupil of M. BCIanger, on whose death in 1818 he was appointed architect to the king. Continuing his studies he visited England, Germany, Italy, and Sicily. He spent about a year in Sicily, exploring ancient remains with his pupil Zanth and Professor Stier of Berlin, and collecting materials for several works of great value. His greatest work as archi- tect is the church of St Vincent de Paul, at Paris, built between 1824 and 1844. It was commenced in conjunction with M. Lepere. Among his other buildings are— the Panorama Rotonda, the Cirque de rimpCratrice, Cirque-Napol6on, and (in conjunction with other artists), the H6tel du Louvre. He revisited Italy in 3f 'i. M. Hittorf published in 1380 an annotated translation of the "Unedited Antiquities of Attica," a work prepared by the English Society of Dilettanti. In conjunction with M. Zanth he published " Architec- ture Moderne de la Sicile," and "Archi- tecture Antique de la Sicile," both pro- fusely illustrated. In 1851 appeared hi, "Architecture Pulycrome chez les Grecs.' H« contributed many articles to the " EncyclopCdie des Gens du Monde," and memoirs to many artistic societies, lie was a member of the Institute and of the A ^..^^_: _il T» i:„ Tijr i_i, Tri ~ .tivtruciuico ui jL3cii:i:, iTiuiiici!, r iciiiia, &0., and received the royal medal of the [hub SeSen ' Dild 1^72' """ ^^^^^^^i HOEVEN, Jan Vander. an eminent P^jS*' zoologist, was born at Rotterdam T ^^- ^® studied at the University of • 3fl,„,?'^^^'"^h6*ool"'hedegree8ofPhD in 1822, and M.D. in 18?4. After pra^tisl ing at Rotterdam, he was called in 1826 to Leyden as Professor Extraordinary, and there became in 1835 Ordinary Professor of Zoology. He was a member of the Academy of Amsterdam, and member or correspondent of many scientific pocietiea of Europe. In 1858 he was aiipointed Director of the Natural History Museum of Leyden. His most important work is his "Handbook of Zoology," first pub- lished in 1827-33, and recast in 1846, &c. It has been translated into English and German. Among his other works are— " Recherches sur I'Histoire Naturelle et 1 Anatomic des Limules," written in French; "Studies on the Negro Race;" "Scientific Discourses and Dissertations ; " " Philosopliia Zoologica," &c. For twelve years (1834-45) he was joint-editor with De Vriese of the Dutch "Review of Natural History and Physiology." Died at Ley- den, nth March 1868. HOl,j[,AND, James, an English water- colour painter, was born at Burslem, in Staffordshire, in 1800. After some years' practice as a flower-painter on pottery he came to London in 1819, and gradually extended the range of his subjects, study- ing landscape and architecture. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1824. but was never elected a member. lu 1830 he visited France, and six years later Italy. He began to contribute, as as- sociate exhibitor, to the Society of Painters in Water-Colours in 1835, but was not chosen a member till 1858. He was /or some years a member of the Society of Bri tish Artists. His services were much in request as an illustrator of the " Annuals," and he made many visits to the Continent for the purpose of making drawings for them. Among his more noteworthy pictures are— "A View of London from Blackheath" (1833), "Interior of the Cathedral of Milan," " Greenwich Hospi- tal," which he painted frequently, "Lisbon," &c. Died 12th February 1870. HUBER, Victor Aunt, a distin- guished German historical, political, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Stutt- gart in 1800. He received his early educa- tion at the Fellenberg Institute, at Hof- wyl, and afterwards studied medicine at the Universities of WUrzburg and Gottingen. In 1821 he went to Paris, and in the following two years travelled in Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain. Renouncing the medical profession, he thenceforth devoted himself to literature, for some years writing f or tlie ' ' Allgemeine Zeitung" and other journals. He led an unsettled life, travelled in France, taUoIlt; 111 Ct SJlllI^W'*'!* f- •'.•-■»."- tm^ Professor of the History of Literature _ _ ||:'.f' - % 4 •■ I r I -.? hud] n jl^m j^iiitctj^nt "^Bioccaplis. [iNO and Modorn History at Rostock, was for seven years Profesasor at Marburg, and afterwards, about the same time, at Berlin. In 1851 he retired to Wer- nigerode, in the Harz Mountains, In politics lie latterly took the Conserva- tive side, but at the same time advocated the wildest schemes of social change. Among German scholars he stood espe- cially distinguished by his thorough ac- nuaintance with Spanish and English literature. Among his works are- Die Geschichte der Old," "Chronica del Cid," "Skizzen aus Spanien." "Die neuroman- tische Poesie in Frankreich, Die EnglischeUniversitaten" (1839-40), a work translated into English by Mr Frank Newman; and "Reisebriefe aus Belgien, Frankreich, und England." He wrote many pamphlets on political and social nuestions. was one of the most active collaborateurs of the "Neue Preussische Zeitung," and was the founder and editor of "Janus: JahrbUcher deutscher Gesin- nung.Bildu..und That" (1845-18). Died at Wemigerode, '26th July 1869. HUDSON, George, once notorious as the "Railway King," was born at York in 1801 He was ore of the earliest specu- lators in railway!, a, id was appointed in 1837 Chairman of the York and North Midland line. He made a huge fortune by successful ventures in the next few years, and in 1845 was elected M.P. for Sunderland. To such a. length did the paroxysm of popular admiration run tnati it was proposed to erect a statue to the hero of the share-market, and a very large sum was subscribed. But about 1848-49 his throne was shaken, his auaa- cious frauds were exposed, and the money in hand for the statue was returned to the BubBcribers. In 1859 he lost his seat in Parliament. He had been Deputy- Lieutenant for Durham, and thrice Lord Mayor of York. Reduced to very narrow circumstances, he was reUeved by an annuity presented to him by his friends. Died in London, 14th December HTJET, Francois, French philosopher, was born at Villeau in 1814. Ho was appointed in 1834 Deputy Professor of History at the College Rollin, Paris, and in the following year was called to the Chair of Philosophy at Ghent. This post he held till 1850. He made himself known by his attempts to reform philo- sophy and the Church, and to bring about a harmony of reason and revelation. His principal works are— "Elements de Philo- sophie pure et appliqu6e" (1848), "Le Cart6sianisine," ''Le R6gne social du Christianisme," published in 1853, and placed in the Papal "Index," and " Essais Bur la Rfiforme cathollque," written in conjunction with M. Bordaa- Demoulin. In his last years M. Huet was engaged at Paris as tutor to the young prince of Servia, whom he conducted to Belgrade on his accession to the throne. Died at Paris, 1st July 1869. HUET, Paul, French landscape painter, was born at Paris in 1804. He became a pupil of Paul GuSrin and Baron Gros. and at the same time a student at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He first ex- hibited at the Salon in 1827, and from that time seldom failed to appear. He was one of the most distinguished leaders of the romantic school. His pieces are very numerous, and include many in water-colours, and some etchings and chalk drawings. He was admitted to the Legion of Honour in 18A1. Died at Paris, 9th Januarj 1869. I. INGRES, JBAN DOMINIQ'JB AUGUSTE, one of the most distinguished French painters of his age, was born at Montauban in 1781. His father intended to bring him UP as a musician, but his own strong bent to the painter's art, first stimulated, it is said, by a copy of one of Raphael s works in the Museum of Toulouae, decided his course. After receiving instructions from the landscape painter Briant, he became a pupil of David at Paris, and studied with him for four years. In 1799 he won the second, and in 1802 the first, prize of the Academy. He went to Rome about 1804, and, in consennence of the unfavour- able reception ot ^ome of his works in Paris resolved ncfc to return. In 1813 he married; and aft:r the evacuation of Rome by tba French he was reduced to 1188 great straits, and depended for a time on the sale of his pencil sketches. He was at the same time engaged in the produc- tion of some of his best works. He spent some time subsequently at Florence, was engaged in 1827 in painting his "Apothe- osis of Homer," in the Louvre, and an years later succeeded Horace Vernet aa Director of the French Academy at Rome, He settled at Paris about 1842, and there , spent the rest of his life. Ingres v/as the most eminent painter, in his day, of the French classical scbool ; but while retain- ing a profound veneration for the great artistic qualities of his master, David, he modified his t'-iwhing, and worked m an independen:. spirit, ascending, as DaviQ aia not, :;. ;;-•■-. urrccn auuxvco. "■■re- duced a liiBtt number of important worKs, and the principal of these were exhibited in a separate salon at the Oreat Exhibi- tion of 1855; on which occasion lie re- ceived, like his rival, Eugdne Delacroix, one of the grand medals of honour from the International Jury. Among the most celebrated works of Ingres are— "Pius Vll. officiating in a Chapel at Rome," "Virgil reading the .lEneid to Augustus and Octavia," "Francesoa da Rimini," "Death of Leonardo da Vinci." " Vow of Louis XIII.," "Birth of Venus Ana- dyomene," "Joan of Arc at the Corona- tion of Charles VII.." "Apotheosis of Napoleon I.," in the H6tel de Ville, and the "NaUade," better known as "La Source." He a'so painted the portraits of Napoleon as First Consul and Emperor, and of many royal and noble persons, Ingres was named successively knight, commander, and grand officer o".' tlie Legion of Honour ; was admitted to the Institute in 1825, and long held the Pro- fessorship of Painting in the Bcole des Beaux-Arts, of which lie was the most powerful supiiort. In 1862 he was created a Senator and named a member of the Imperial Council of Public Instruction. Tlio latest ^7ork of this distinguished painter is a superb drawing, a new "Apo- theosis of Homer," executed in 1866, for a description of which see M. Vinet's article in the "Fine Arts Quarterly i*"- view," January 1867. M. Iigres die Paris, on the same day with M. \. I Cousin, 14th January 1867. J. JACKSON", Sir George, an English diplomatist, was bom in 1785. He was the youngest son of Dr Thomas Jackson, Canon Residentiary of St Paul's, and commenced his long career of diplomatic service in 1801, as unpaid attach6 to the special mission to Paris, which was en- trasted to his brother, Mr Francis Jackson . In the following year he accompanied his brother in the same capacity to Berlin, pursuing his own studies at the same time. He left Berlin in May 1806, was sent there again on a special mission later in the year, brought to England the treaty concluded with Prussia, and in July 1807 was appointed Secretary of Legation and Ciiarge d'Affaires at Berlin. In conse- quence of the Peace of Tilsit, he was recalled; witnessed on his way home the bombardment of Copenhagen, and brought the account of its capitulation. In 1808 he was named Secretary of Lega- tion to the Spanish Junta, and was the next year appointed to the like post at ■Washington; but the interruption of diplomatic relations prevented his going. In 1813 he accompanied Sir Charles Stewart as Secretary of Legation to Germany, and was at the head-quarters of the allies during the campaigns of that and the following year. After entering Paris with the allies, he was sent to Berlin, where he remained till 1816, when he was appointed Secretary of Embassy at St Petersburg. In 1822 he went to Madrid, and in 1823 to Washington, where he was occupied four years as a Commissioner under the Treaty of Ghent. He was sub- sequently employed on various commis- sions for the suppression of the slave trade at Sierra Leone, Rio Janeiro, Suri- nam, and Loanda. In 1832 he was made K.C.H. He retired in 1859. Sir George was twice married, and he left his second wife surviving lilm. Died at Boulogne. 2d May 1861. His "Diaries and Letters." from 1801 to 1809, were published by Lady Jackson, in 2 vols., in 1872. JAFFE, Phiupp, a distinguished Ger- man historical scholar, was born of a Jewish family, near Posen, in 1819. Edu- cated for the medical profession, he early left it for literature, and influenced by the teaching andexample of Rauke, he devoted himself to historical studies, and especially to researches into the history of the middle ages. For about nine years he was one of the chief coUaborateurs of Pertz, in the publication of the "Monumenta Ger- manise." In 1862 he was appointed Pro- fessor Extraordinary at the University of Berlin. His earliest works are- the "History of the Empire under Lothaire the Saxon," and the " History of the Em- pire under Conrad III." But his most valuable works are the "Regesta Pontifl- cura Romanorum," and the "Fontes Rerum Germanicarum," both immense collections of the indispensable materials of history. The "Regesta" contains 11,000 papal bulls, letters, decrees, &c., chronologically arranged and carefully annotated. The "Fontes" is a similar collection. Professor JafEe, on the death of his father, had renounced Judaism and become a Lutheran. Overtaskec by his arduous and persistent toil, he at last killed himself in April 1870. JANET-LANGE, Angb Louis, French historical painter and draughtsman, was born at Paris in 1818. He became a pupil of Collin, of Ingres, and Horace Vernet, and imitated in many of his works the style of the latter. He became very popular as designer and book-illustrator, and executed lithographs of soine^^ „ " own paintings. Auiong his vp'"" •""': mentioned— "Christ on the Mount of 1189 n i^m l^niMtvm «:5ioornp!)p. jkl] bliye8.""Al)rtlcation of FontBlnobleau," "The Good Shepherd." "Noro U Bputlng the Prize of the Chariot-riice. Iho Emperor at Solferino." &c. Died. Decern- bar 1872 JELF.HicHAunWnxiAM. theologian. Principal of King'B College. V>»'><"'!,^^^ horn about 1708. Ho 6'*' '"'^''i,^' nltnr Oxfor.1 in 1820. berftme fellow wul tiit or of t)rlel ColK'gf, took Ins M.D.clegroe tn 1823 amltho following year >vu8 ordametl Piiest In 1826 he was appointed private tutor to rrince George of Cumberland, an office which he held for thirteen years Meanwhile, he was made Canon of Christ Church, and in 1844 ho was appointed Bami.ton Lecturer. The same year ho wa" chosen Principal of King's Col ege He took a loading V'J^'^ J" tH'^ft^o rS with Mr Maurice, which led to the retire- ment of tlio latter from Ins chair at the College. Besides his Bamnton lectures on tlie "Means of Grace." }ie published some sermons and ficveral pamphlets. Died at Oxford, 19th September 1871. JERDAN. William. «- f;» 1817 he became a contributor to tie newly-esta\)li8hed "Literary Gazette, the first periodical of its class, and in July of that year he was appomteil its editor. That post he filled till 1850, having in the meantime become vroprietor as well as editor. He published in 1852-53 his "Autobiography." and afterwards a volume entitled "Men I have Known.' A pension was awarded him under the ministry of Lord Aberdeen. On occasion of the murder of Mr Percival by Be ling- ham, in 1812, the assassin was seized and detained by kr Jerdan. Died at Bushey Heath, near London. 11th July 1869. JESSE, Edward, an English natural- ist and miscellaneous writer, was the , _a of a clergyman., and J^a« ^o™ "^SJ/l^^': fax, in Yorkshire, about 1780. He was early appointed Private Secretary to Lord Dartmouth, and filled afterwards various official positions till within a few years of his death. Among his numerous writings are— "Anecdotes of Dogs," and Glean- ings in Natural History.^' He pnV^^f^'^l e"l!tion8, with notes, of White s '^atural Historv of Selborne." and Waltons "Angler." Died at Brighton, 29th March ^^JOHNSTON. Alexander KEim the eminent geographer, was born ^^ "';;•: hill, near Edinburgh, in 180*. He first studied medicine, then learnt the art of engraving, and finally resolved to devote himself to the science of geography. [JOM Ho mastered the principal Kuropewi languages, and studied the best vo- doru works on his chosen science. Ah early as 1830 he had conHtructed and published some Improved maps of tho north of Scotland, and about the fiumo time became parti;er with his brother William as engraver and printer. In 1842 he visited Germany, and the following year appeared his first great work, tho fruit of years of labour, tho " Natii-'uvl Atlas." in folio. This procured hlin great reputation; he was elected F R G.8., and was appointed Geographer Royal for Scotland. His next work, suggested by Humboldt and encouraged by Kitter. was the "Physical Atlas." in folio, published in 1848. It was received as one of the grandest monuments of tlio scientific genius of our ago. Its author was elected honorary member of the Geographical Societiesof Berlin and Pans, fellow of the Geological Society of Lon- don, and of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh, &c. He soon after constructed a physical globe of the earth, the ttratniade, for which h« received the medal of the Great Exhibition in 1851. In the following year he published a chart of the distrihu- tion of health and disease. His other works are a copious " Dictionary of Geography" (1850), and aseriesof lulmir- able school atlases of physical, general, and classical geography, and of astronomy, A new edition of the folio "Physical Atlas" was published in 1856, and in 1661 appeared his magnificent "Royal Atlas of Modem Geography." The honorary decree of LL.D. was conferred oii Mr Johnston by the University of Edinlmrgh in 1865. Died at Ben Ehydding, m York- shire. 9th July 1871. ^ „ , JO MINI. Henri. Baron, trench general and military historian, was born in the Pays do Vau'' Jn 1779., Brought up to a mercantile life, he joined the Swiss militia in 1795. and became afterwards lieutenant-colonel ; but after the irench conquest of Switzerland m 1799 he went to Paris. Resuming the pursuits of busi- ness, but applying his leisure to the mih- tary studies he had commenced in his earlier years, he made t,he acquaintance of General (afterwards Marshal) Ney, and on the appearance of the first portion o his work on military tactics, he was named in 1804 aide-de-camp to that general, lie attended him in the great carnpaigns o the next five years, and d'?tingv>.'sM himself in action no less than in delibera- tion. He stormed and carried the lieights of Michelsberg. contributed to the captwe of the Austrian army under Macl<, ana rescued Ney from serious.peril at Jena He had meanwhile been raised to the rank of colonel, and was after Jena creatett a Biiron bv the Emperor Napojeon 1. in 1808 he accompanied Marshal i^ley^^jo w<| Peninsula, but through some evil sugges tions made by Jealous rivals Napoleon was induced to suspend him m 18W. •r"r 1190 JON] Ibtipptement. poainff then to ent«r th« Mr vlo« of Russlfti no (leraanded his (UBcharge ; but thli waa rofused, And he wax at ouoe raiit'd to the rank of brigadier ceiicrol. Ho wan soon after nominated hlHtorloKrapher of tli* empire, and was cliargcd to writo the his- tory of the Grand Army. He dlHtin* guiihod hiniaelf greatly in the Russian dampaign, rescued Mey a second time, and was nani«<.'..~>r>^ 1J }*m uu.lor l'iofciM.>rHii.lKwlnl< A'> ■■ iiii«Vlii« K muvoy of Nfwfoui i .1' ■■ <" '^ *J|' llollltVtl IUU»U-Allxt ti> lUl r4,.t..lti,a . MMV.l- llon. iin.l Bivllo, -> .»'» ' Ti:Ji!\ AiiUnvUiv, l>i« iii.tMi iw.ui «»• *'•'"'»'" ■urvoyotl. AflT »iU rutiirii t.» Kn«U»U known "HtmlunU' Miuiuiil of Om>lo«y " uuil oMi«r worWH. Ilo iilno wrotn lh« iirtli'lo "" wivN Ik iminilitir, to tlio Hntlnh AMOOIftfclon. tho lloy.il IrlNl; Aoiwl.'iiiy, Ao. l)lo«0' '«'<''■;"» fftvonrlto. In 1H30, luul mjuln. i» 18.19. ho TlMtotl Aniorloii. In 184'J ho niurrUvl Kllou Troo. 11 poll"!'"" ftntroiw, iiml from that tlmo thoy connnonly iilivyo.l tho inlnolpivl partH totfothor. Altor 11 Ih nl VlRit to AuierltJiv. uot-oinpiuiloil by hl« wlfo. ho hocinno U^nmo of tho I'rInooHrt n lM\outro, whoro ho »llitlii«ulrthoil hlnmolf \.y tho rovlviil of HhiiUoHiuiuro « Hlntorlcul Plftya. with costly Hoonory iind l>rlluiint offoots. Fi)r Bomo tUno ho was Dirootor of tho Royiil TluiiitruMiln ftt WniiUor. llotwoon 18C3 and I81W ho iniiiU) a tour round tho world with a ooiupany of nlavers. Dlod lu Loudon. SJd January IckBLB, JoUN. M.A., Vlciir of llurs- U>y. llAuta. an.l author of "Tho OhrlHtlan Yoar." wiw horn at Kulrford. llloucoijtor- shiro, 26th April IW. lie Htudiod at tlrst under hiu fathor, Jt)hn Kohlo, who was for ntty-two years vioar of Cohi Bt AldwyoH. Ho tliou eulorod Oorpus Olirlatl Oollouo, Oitford, whoro. at Iho iiKo of oightoon. ho Braduatod H.A.. obtaining with oaao nrHt-olawi honoiira both in clftsaicn and nuithoinaticB, Ho was Boon after choson follow of Oriel CoUogo. and graduated M.A. in I8IJ. Among hla contoniporarloB at Orhjl wore Dr Arnold, Bishop I'opleston. ArcliblsViop WUately. and Bishop Hanipilcn. Ho bccamo one of tho tu^ws «)f Oriol, was rublic Examiner in 18H 10, ami in 1816 was ordained priest. Again appointed Public Examiner in 1821. lie riitirod soon after to his father's llviiig "^^^ J ^'ifi?.!^.' Jf^ ueivitik Uioro a icw jiupii", :t:iit Jirr-iitviiv-j visiting Oxford. Among tho friendships he gained during this period wiw that of Sir William Heathco^o. Ho hold aiio- cessively soverftl country curacies, con- 1193 llnnlna. howoTOr. to rosldo at Fairfonl, oS'tVor a Bh..rt interval, till 183.V '•Tl.. OlirlKtlan Year" appeared anonynxnwly in '827 was roiHiived with onthuHiiwiii liytlP' Oxford world, and was not long In wliining a hliih and pormanent jilaoti In the larger '• world olHowhoro." In its form, au.l to a largo extent lu Its sjiirlt t.x). ptMulmrly n book for niomburs of the Oliurdi of Kmrlaud. it was novortholeas sooii wol- oomoil for its high religious worth, ft.iii its boautifvil poetic uttornncos of trutli und wisdom, adai.tod t(^ Mui wanta am sorrows and asnlratlons of all dovmi human hearts. \)y men of all ohurc .ca iind seets. It thus became ono of tlw . most widely circulated and most power iii\ reliitlovis books of tho ago. piissing through ninety two editions many them unvwually larg. during the Rut lor lifotimo. Iul83l Kol...Vlo's Hfe. It «; pSsfuronly why he joined tl^ Ox or^ movement, and became one of the mig > men in its foremost rank ; b"t 'Use. .^J still more, the Bpocial part hf J>a,3 * f" in it." In 1835 took place the death ot his father, his own mairlage and his I «^ sentation. by Sir W. HeaUicote, to tl e „i "„Va2« of Hnrslev. which he held till iiVrheathr Out 01" tho ia'^i(« i;^;?5s^'i; the sale of " The Christian Voar M-eoie I Kbul?t the parish church of 11 'rsley Je 1 was author of the "Lyra lunocentiiun . 'k (1840). ftnd joint author with Nownmii, Krouila and othtirn, of lUn "Jjyru A|K)ii- tolloa." HU louturoii. at Oxrnnl, wcra i>ubllMhoi1 In 1844, undttr thu titlu uf " D« I'lMitinH, VI Mtxihiii;" and wo owe to lilm n now und viilinihln nditlon of tho gnMit work of Iluokor. K*i)il() won thn linartof nvoryhody about hlui, hiiyn tho "Tlnum," by III* B<>"dn(iHN, hii« wit, IiIm uotitlH hu- mour, unil hlM fruiidom from atiuotatloii. niud ut liournninoutb, 2'.)lh March imi HIn funiTUl took iiluon at liurHlny, Anrll Oi.h, and wan attondtid by n laruo numbor of (ilHtlniiuliihed niomborH of tlio unlvor Hlty. llUwifiMllud, nth Miiyfollowin aKoil (18, and win* huriud by hiii Rido. (mbBorlptlon won wmii aftur m't on foot for the nuriionu of fnundlng tho Kublo Memorial < 'olliiuii iit. 'Uford. KKr(>iri'LK\ I'll >MAH, hlRtorlnal and mlKcolliiiHMiUM Wi r, wiVH burn at Oubllii In 1781). Ho ooni|>lot:id bi^ oilunatloii ut Trinity Oollouo, and ronnuncinu tho pro fcwMJon of tno law, for which bo was ilcHlliiud, caino to KiiKland In 1824, und cniiinicncuil hU loiitf IniliiHtrlouH cariiar in liti'ratiiri) OH BHHmtant to Urofton (Vokor in tho production of bin work on "Tho Fiilry LcKondH of tho Hoiitli of Iruland." lliii nanio woh niimt widely known by bin uarufiilly coniiillod Hchool IllRtoriuH of (Iroono, Homo, and England, which paiwcd throui,')! many oditioim, and Ioiik hold thoir grotuid as the bcHt bookH of thoir diiHa. Among IiIn othor workw aro — "Fairy Mythology," "Mythology of GroL'co an»'IUh«d crttl.. •ohiobti) and " HandwOrt^rbticli .kr I " t Hpra<;b-, tli.) two lujit unllnUbiid. Kloli wail Joint uillt..,r of th.i "J»brl,(kher f«r IMiilolou,., und I'adagogik" from 1832 to 186fl Di.d at I, •l|iMi", mil August 1870. KNI(iHT-UUU(;E, Jamm Lbww iiOrd-.Ju«tlc(i of tho Court of Appeal tn Chaiicory. wm born at IJarnstapIn, of an "Id HhropHblro family. In 1791. Hii fathor'H namo w«h Knight, and to that ho a.libid bv lioonco, in 18.37, that of hia mother, Urucn. Aftomt ulyliigat Exctor College, Oxford, heontoK -I l>lnwln'« Inn. and WOM called to tho liar In 1K17. Ho acquired a vory largo practice In U,n Court of Chttncf'rv, and was ma he undertook tho business of the three courtsduring tho lllm-KS of tho other Vice CliancollurH, and special acknowledg- ment of his service was made by tho whole bar. On the institution of the Court of Appeal In Chancery In 1851, Sir Jamos was aiifiointodHonior Lord-Justice, wliloh orllco ho filled till within a fort- night of ills death. Ho roHiitned in October 1866, and died on the 7th Novem- ber following. Ills judgments were learned atid weighty, and not seldom brightenod iiy touches of refined humour, KOCK, CiiARLBM Paul i>k, French novelist and dramatist, was bom at Passy, near Paris, in 1794. He was the son of a Dutch banker who had settled in Paris, and had boon put to death at the close of 1793 by the revolutionary tribunal Hrought up by his mother, imperfectly eng« J-.^iK','"'^ fi^ oy ttixl power of oxpriiwilon. ihey & been rcproducoa i«»J ''"«'! vSm faacy. Ua loft many ptud-cslwhiud lum. [I'^M Died "in hi* U»lrlf-flut |«»r, at Berlin. '^ScilU^MAOHEK. FEiKPunm Wu- lIKi.M. O.-rn.un thfoL^aliui. waa the mu of Fne'h Ich Ao.rj ator W.UI aj.pointed Court P»each« »t inoRt elociuont proacherB of hi. day. Tlie J? rk« by which ho IH wididy known are- ••EUaH der ThlHbltcr " which haR pusMd ti.r..u«hn.a..yodit,ion.l.;Gor".an.KnKW^^^ and oilier languagoH, and* B.U«a. llapnb- liRled ttl«o m ^oral coilcotloni of .ernioni, S at PotMam. lOtU December 1868. L. pJ^hJdFSh SeC,>ollUci«rj. hiHlor|a^^^ in ? mifvcellaiieoua writer, waa born at Ma- rm, in 1792 Ho was tho son of a cavalry office? in the ro?al^rvico and his f aunly n?nfo was Du ^^^""^ ,S\mZ"xlcS^- nanie of Laniartiiie about 1820. on rtctiv hm a larg^ fortune left to him by an uncle. H? receded hi. education iri the .To8mt| Oolkco at Belly, visited Italy In 1811-1 J, and in 1817 settled at Paris. Betwoen the Srst and second Eestoratlon of the Bour- bousG seized in tho army, and then' Smencfd his literary cuveot^^ innrnalist He rev sited Italy in 18ia. ft o years later he laid the foundation of bis reputation as a poet by tho pub icalioa of his ••Meditations Po6tiques." which v^ received with extraordinary adnnra- U^ It procured him a«» ^^W'f ™"'* bvtlio government as attach6 to the embassy at Florence. For a.short time b?wM secretary of embassy in Loiulou. S^cr^hlle here^arried a wealthy English iT-il Wfl returned to F orence m 1824 as l^fetaS of emba^y. and was afterwards charBfi d'affaires, but l'i3„ '^'Plp.^**'? ckfeor ended just before the fall of Sles X. While at Florence he fought iffi » Colonel Pepe, afterwiirds *-idely known as a tUstinguishe^ Italian v,*"'J.^.'^"^ Klutlon of 1830 bis period of pol.facal nativity began. Failing to secure election Ka^cffiber of Deputie8,heset out m in the East. He travelled in a style of 'aSce? retZeS to France in Novembet 1194 1833 At Beyrout a heavy Wow fell on himlnthf death of his aauuhtor. He held no office under Louis Pliihppe.liut laklnK up a position between extreme ,arK.ll^ became, prominent as 0.,^^^^ the "Social party, ' and at last, in 1845, lolned tho Liberal opposit on. At be same time lie was working, at nscelebtatd •illistoire des GiroudiiiB," which appeucd ir. i«i7 and is said to have powerfully SntriLt^"toh.ingabouttheK^^^^^^^^ of February 1848. In the first weeks of i the Revotutiou Lamartine was he foi^ most man. His eloquence proved acci«.« , ™t more than one critical monitu , wJ ,L« tn the hichest point of Butiliuiity: when °n f ro, t of the^IOtel de ViUe. he i Sod aUhe'risk of his life and courage- , mislv resisted the demand of «>e "is" ' Kent multitude for tho red flag in jtoeo . the tdcolour. But it was a lioght he culd not long keep. Ab a rnento^^^^^ , after ?ho RevXtlonpublished a renmt So ''KnifeBto^rilurope.'' , Before to »^ 1 ,,f thfi vear he made his views further .1.0 Pn-Ridency 0( the Keimblic. wiJ f*' hs wSS;h.b.rdlF.W«y paiCrlnnga d'Hwold" (1W5), "Ki'ltreB." " HArmoiiioi iioOtlques vt r6ligie"iUiitun Voyage en Orient" U835), "Yuen, Dixcourii. r mill engraver, wan tioru in 1800. Iil8 father was TheophiluH Lane, a TrelMJudary of Uireford; Ills niotlior, whoBU niaUlun name wuHHophla Gardiner, was a niece of the painter (iainnlioruugli, a woman of remarkable cliuracttr and abihty. His ))rotlier, Edward I/ano, is titu well known OrientaliHt. liichard I;ano cliose tlio iirofesHion of lino ouKravcr, Riid was In 181(i articled to OharloHl loath. Hut in the course of a few yearn lio was iiidiuied to apply lilmHelf to the newly iiitroilucod art of lithography. In tliishe attained a skill and mastery almost unrivalled, and as early as 1827 ho was elt'Cted A.R.A. Ten years later ho was iiuininated lithographer to tlie Queen, nnil soon after to Prince Albert. He practised lithoBniphy for about thirty years, and produced more than a thouRund works. Among tlieni are admirable re- productions of 8ir T. Lawrence's iiortraits and jiortrait sketches, of drawings by Gainsborough, anil of pictures by Leslie and Landfloer. Ho also executed many charming pencil portraits, some of which belong to the royal fannly. After the decline of the popularity of lithography, Mr Lano resumed his early pursuit of engraving on copper, and becanu; superin- tendent of an etcning class at the Houth Kensington Museum. He was an accom- plislifd musician, and a skilful modeller in clay. Died In London, 21st November 1872. LAUDKR, RoBKKT Hcorr, Scottisli painter, wac born at Silvurmilis, near Edinburgh, In 1803. His early fondness for art, fostered by association with David Roberts, seven years older than himself, was raised to enthuBiasni by an exliil)ition of paintings in Uir H. Hae- bum's gallery al)out 1817, and by the aid of Sir Walter Scott he was admitted a student in the Trustees' Gallery at Kdin- burgb. After several years of study ho came to London, and on his return to Edinburgh in 1826 was chosen Associate of the Scottish Academy, then newly founded. He continued his studies, and in 1833 went to Italy, whero he worked for live years. He then spent some years in London, and in 1849 settled at Edin- burgh. Among his best works are men- tioned— "The Bride of Lammermoor," "Trial of Effle Deans," "The Glee Maiden," " ('laverhouse ordering Morton to be shot," " Christ teaching Humility," n;:v. ■u:;j:si TTa,ijlIUjJ UII 111" TT Ulfrr. The last two were exhibited in West- minster Hall in 1847. Died at Edinburgh, 21stAprm869. LAWRENCE, Sir Wii.LUM, Bart., an eminent Eiigll»b suraei.n, wiu bom at CireiictRter in 1783. Ho became a pupU of Jdlin Aliernethy, tlirough wlioite Uv- Uuence he was appointed, in bis twuntiutti year, DemoiiNtrator of Anatomy ut Bt Jiarlliolomuw's Hospital, London. Ad- mitted M.R.C.B. in 1805, he had already counnenced the quarrel with IiIh master which lasted so many years, coloured hl| lectures and his writings, and bttcarne a scaiulal in tiio profession. In 1813 he was choBon F.R.S., and two years later wa» named Trofesnor of Anatomy and Surgery, Uoyiil C-'ollege of Surgeons. While he held that chair he d( llvereought up the whole remainder of the third, and stowed It away in a cellar. It is stated that it still remained in concealment at the time of the lecturer's death. The same year in which the lectures were published, Lawrence resigned his chair at the hospital, and in 1824 was appointed principal surgeon. He delivered the Htmterian Oration in 1834, and ligain In 1846. In 1840 ho was a member of the Cimrt of Examiners, and was elected Pres. R.C.S. in 1846 and 1855. Three years before his death he was elected corre- spondent of the French Institute, and within u few months of his death was created a baronet and named a member of the Council of Medical Education. Among his works are— an " Introduction to Com piirati ve Anatomy and Physiology," a translation of Blumenbach's "Manual of Cominuativo Anatomy," " Treatise on Venereal Diseases of the Eye," "Lectures on Surgery" (1863), &c. Lawrence was, in his early manhood, a zealous promoter of medical reform, and contributed some powerful papers to the "Lancet" on the corrupt appointments in Loudonhospitals, &c. He also wrote the articles on Ana- tomy and Surgery in "Kees's Cyclopaedia," Notwithstanding his early unpojiular'ty, he obtained a lucrative practice, was re- cognized as a leader in his profession, and after the decline of his passionate radi- calism, became a safe and courtly old man. He was a member of several foreign Bcientilic bodies; married in 1828; and died in London, 5th July 1867. LEE, Robert, a distinguished Presby- terian theologian, was boru at Tweed- i.u :.. i.u^ ..^.A«*<^f T^.i..Viaim in lAlU IISUUIJI, III lUC tuuuij '•» •- — — . -— - — Of humble origin and stuiiious turn, he early applied himself to self-culture, and in' 1824 entered the University of St 1195 H ( i^ <1 i.ee] K 3fic\jJ l^ninerjgflt '^ioflragbg. [lex AndrewB. After studying there eight years ho obtained a liceuco to preach and in 1836 became parisii ni mist er of Campsie. In m3 he removed to K'li"';'f 8»\')" Sf appointed to tlie Old Greyfnars' Church He floon after took the degree of »•»• »^ 8t Andrews, and in 1847 was called to vhe ?h«ir of Biblical Criticism and Anti- Sea at the University of Edinburgh, riSst whicSrhe held till bis death Jn wK known in connection with the con- flict which he maintained during the last ten years of his life respecting the use of iftureies and organs in public worship. aSdesin prayer, &c. His first attempts at reform in tho church services were ^ aI^I ML^7 and they led to his bemg ^t^dbefor^ the Presbytery in February im The question was brought by ap- iS before the General Assembly. an< ¥feo was acquitted. He coutmued the usaft.^ he had introduced became Vice- pSentof the Cliurch Serviee Society in 18G5 ventured on the celebration of a rLar?iagIm church at the close of timt I,i„l ond in 1867 was condemned first tay [ho 'Presbytery and afterwards by the Kod Ho then published an important "Her to Members of the General As- Romblv" A few days after he fell ill, scmniy. ■»■ I . •» ^ ^-^ ^^0^^ ^vas ended Dr ffSished "The Family A^'a -nnHpV" "Reform of the Church," and ''fficai rSsion." He lost his Sulv8oni"l862. Died at Torquay, 14th \lAoSrEuNJ."dSguished t££^oi engS iu 1829, he made a The'corps of" Sersjat We.t Pointy i^ari'etcfeShXff^yGi^ari^^^^^ nurfnp the Crimean War ho was sent, •iu ifiJ^nilpaKue Muclel an, to watch SUratTonfae siege of S^^^^^^^^^^^ and on his return was appointed to the pnnitnand of ft regiment of caval^r. When rwar of secession broke^-t, Colonel c^e^terL^'^ommfuK'til^-Cpn^ Amy. which was being organized in his native State. He was also named Military Governor of Richmond. From June 1862 he directed the operations in the defence of Richmond, defeated the Federals at Oaine's Mill, with Jackson pursued the army of the Potomac, routed the army of General Popo after four days' fighting on the Rappahannock, and again defeated him at Manassas. In September he in- vaded Maryland and Pennsylvania, but was defeated by Maclellan at Hagerstown, at Sharpsburg. and at Antietam. Mary- land was thus cleared of the Confederate forces, and Lee retired beyond the Rappa- hannock. In December he won the victory of Fredericsburg over General Ihirnsub. and there strongly entrenched himself. At the beginning of May ho was unsuc- cessfully attacked by General Huoker at Chancel lorsville, where General Jackson was mortally wounded, In June he i^ain made preparations to invade tlie ledera territory, but he was defeated by General Mead at Gettysburg, in the first days of July. From August 1803 to May 18W General Leo was engaged in conducting 1. - _... i.:»na rvn t.Vio K.n.nr>n.hiinnnn :. tiro" operations" on' the Rappahannock. | The advance of General Grant made it ! necessary for him to concentrate hia army for the defence of Riclr.nond. Several [ bloody battles were fought in May. and | Lee was hemmed in more and moreclosely. i Named Commander-in-Chief of the forces o' the South, he lield his ground till April , 1865, when he was finally defeated hy Graiit at Petersburg and Richmond, and on the 9th capitulated and gave up Ins . sword. He soon after made his submis- sion to the Federal Government. In the j following October he was appointed Pre- sident of Washington College, at Lexinr- ! ton, in Virginia, and there he died, 13tli i October 1870. ,.. . „-n„„^,<' LEMON, MARK, editor of "Puncli, dramatist, and song-writer, was born m Lcmdon in 1809. His early tastes were ; She stage, and his earliest attemps a composition were dramatic. In t"«o>','? of his lite he wrote sixty pieces for the ; stage, many short essays and stories anA ; a hundred songs. At the age of thir 5,; two on the establishment of Fundi, hl^as appointed joint-editor and soon after became sole editor, an oflice which he filled with remarkable success and satisf ction to all till hi3 death. He w^ also literary editor a"V^f " Scraeof the " lUustratedLondon News Seme f ),is miscellaneous P'eces,.coiitiibutea to^ the •'Illuminated Magazine, we e pub lished under the title of Prose ana | Verse." An accomplished actor as wen as writer, he joined in later We tjie amateur troupe under Mr C. Dickens,^ and in public readings from Henry iV, gave a clever impersonation of Faktatt^ Died at Crawley, in Sussex, 23a May ^^LENNEP, JACOB VAN, adistiiigiushed Dutch poet and dramauat. ""'^j'-" -j" iranslator. was boru at Am-^terdam in 119G v-% 1802. He was the son of the poet, orator, and philologist, David Jacob van Lennep, and adopted the protession of the law, which he practised throughout his life. Ho was a devoted student c? the English language and literature, frequently visited England, and in many of his poems and prose works ac'opted the stylo and manner of Sir Walter Scott. Ho tlrst made him- self known wi a poet by his " Legends of the Fatherland," which appeored in 1830. His works are too numerous to mention. Among them are— a series of novels en- titled "Our Forefathers," " History of the Nortn Netherlands," related for cliildren, •'The Rose of Dekama," "Tlie Adopted Son," translations from Shakespeare, Byron, and other English poets, and nu- merous plays. Ho edited the works of the Dutch poet Vondel. An edition of his own dramatic works was published in 1852-55, and an edition of his poetical works in 1859. Died, 25th August 1868. LEOPOLD II., last Graiid Duke of Tuscany, was the second son of the Grand Duke Ferdinand III. expelled by the French in 1799, and was born at Florence in 1797. He was educated at Wurzburg, returned to Florence in 1814, and three years later married tha Princess Marie Anno, daughter of Maximilian of Saxony. He succeeded his father in June 1824, and ill his system of administration followed the example of Grand Duke Leopold I. Having lost his wife, he married in 1833 the Princess Antoinette of Naples. At the commencement of the reform move- ments in Italy in 1847 Leopold was one of the first to yield to the demand of the time. Ho granted a constibutiou to the duchy, and in 1848 took part in the war against the Auatrians. But the demo- cratic party erew more powerful, and in February 1849 the Grand Duke fled from his dominions. He took refuge at Naples, and in July was restored by Austrian intervention. Thenceforth his govern- ment was reactionary, and clerical in- fluences predominated. At the outbreak of the war for independence in 1859 he again fled from Florence, and the duchy was occupied by Sardinian tvoops. In July of that year he abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, and joon after saw Tuscany annexed to the kingdom of Italy Leopold It. testified his love for literature by the publication in 1825 of a magnificent edition of the works of Lorenzo de Medici. He (lied 27th February 1871. LEROUX, Pierre, French philoso- pher and political economist, was born at Paris in 1798. Beginning life as a reader in a printing office, he took part at the age of twenty-six with C hevardifire and Dubois in the establishment of a liberal news- paper, "Le Globe," of which he soon hecamo the chief editor. A few years later he became a convert to the social principles of Saint-Simon, but in conse- quence of a serious diflference of view Detween bim and P^re Enfantin, he left ^? .^Jobe- He afterwards edited or contributed to the unsuccessful "Revue i-ncj-clopCdique," and to the " Revue des deux Mondes," and in 1841 started a new journal, the "Revue ludGpendante." He settled ui 1846 as a printer at Bouasac, where he organized a Socialist Asaocia- tion, and at the Revolution of February 1848 he was chosen Maire of that town. The same year lie co-operated with Reynaud in the "EncyclopCdie." which, however, did not succeed. M. Leroux was a member of the Constituent Assem- bly of June 1848, and of the Legislative Assembly of 1849, but his political in- fluence was small, and after the coup d'etat ho left France, not returning to Paris till after the granting of an amnesty in August 1869. His most celebrated work is that entitled " De I'HumanitC, de son Principe eb de son Avenu-," which appeared in 1839. Among his other writings are a translation of "Wertber," " D'une Religion nationale," " De la Plou- tocratie," " Du Christianisme," &c. Died at Paris in April 1871. LEVER, GiiAKLES James, novelist, was born at Dublin in 1806. Destined for the medical profession, he stuilied at Trinity College, where he graduated B. A. in 1827, and B.M. in 1831. He afterwards studied at ihe University of Gottingen, and having taken his physician's degree, returned to Ireland and commenced practice. Soon after the establishment of the "Dublin University Magazine," he became a contributor to its pages, and in 1837 appeared the flrst chapters of the tale which made him a name as a novelist, "The Confessions of Harry Lorrequer." During the course of its publication he accepted the post of physician to the British embassy at Brus.sela, which he held for three years, returning home in 1842. In the preceding year his second work, "Charles O'Malley," liad appeared, and this was followed by a long series of others too numerous to name. Lever was for about three years (1842-45) editor of the magazine in which his first novels appeared. From 1845 he lived abroad, filling various official posts at Florence, at Spezzia, and at Trieste, and only visit- ing his native land occaaionally. Lever'p novels have seldom any unity of purposo or coherent plot, but abound in good stories of Irish life and manners, told with boisterous fun and overflowing animal spirits. He adopted a different style and class of subjects in his later works. He was the author of some capital songs. Died at Trieste, 1st Juno 1872 LEYS, Henbrik, one of the most dis- tinguished Belgian painters, was bom at Antwerp in 1815. Ha was intended for the church, but at the age of fifteen began to study painting under his brother- in-law, Brack«leer. In 1833 he exhibited his first work at the Salon ot Antwerp, and to complete i -^ aitisiic caui^iinn 1197 ■III ' ii '' ' :l . , i« , lib] 3C IficttJ |!>mt»erigaX '•gioorayfeg. [lie — ■ ; „ • , •: — ^ wa I which he had visited as inspector. The travelled in France and Holland. He ^^^^^^ly^ion of February 1848 interrupted traveiiea in «ranuo »""''"• -"-■,- found a generous patron in M. Couteau. fHvhom l,e executed a large number of his works. In 1840 he was made chevalier rf the Order of Leopold, of which he was wxbsenuently promoted offlcer and con - nf Honour He was a member of the ^nval Aclde"y of Belgium, and was 1 Seated Bar 'Tby Leopold I. Some of his 1 cioa^ea uar y^ ^^\,n,itoi\ in London. Bmo' • .as an archaeologist m art. Hfl ^ ctf a nis subjects chiefly from the Srtory o? he Netherlands and the middle Sges. the outward aspects of which in dress manners, architecture, &o.. he naa Sundly studied. He was also a 1 Fflarned colourist. At the time of his ' A<^t^, he was engaged in the decoration ofthelKdeVilleof Antwerp with a series of mural paintings illustrative o the history of the Nether ands. D^d^at Antwerp, 26th August 1869. Ho was honoured «ith a imVillc f^mcral. LIBRI-CARRACCI. GUOLIELMO ■RRdTUS IctLiua TiwoLEON. Count, a Sst nguished Italian mathemat can, was the son of an Italian refugee, the Count Libr'-Bagnano. and was born at Florence hi 1803. Devoted from an early ago to scientiflo studies, he was aiiponjted m 1823 Professor of Mathematical Physics if fh« TTniwrsitv of Pisa. At the same ?;trVodiyeShimselfknownby ' mJmoirs contributed to the proceedings Kariom academies.. I'^PlJ^f^^iVs" he political movements m Italy in iBJi.ne fled to France, where he obtained the Sndship of Arago letters of natur^.za- Sncts He"e a^e Sr^arl aif ad heren° of the "Doctrinaire" party and wad named Professor of Analysis at the Sorbonne He was at that^time censured which no nau. viaiocu u» innijsi/»v/.. ^.-lo Revolution of February 1848 interrupted the proceedings in the matter but warned of attacks intended, he fled from 1 raiice and settled in London. Meanwhile the charKe was investigated by the courts, and M Libri was condemned, deprived of his public appointments, and sentenced to ten years of confinement The Ben- tpnce cave rise to much and long-con- fci^ued^ controversy. Libri himself in- dienantly and repeatedly repudiating the charge In 1869. while the Newton-Pascal fortteries were causing much discussion, some of the French journalists pretended to detect the hand of the veteran Libri in the ffaud. The great work of this eminentman is the "Histo re des Sciences nVathCmatiques en Italie," published m 4 vols, in 1838-41. He contributed nianjr Irticles to the "Journal des Savants," ?he'' Revue des deux Mondes. • and the "Journal des DCbats." Libri mamed for his first wife a Frenchwoman, and, after her death, a young I'.ngUsh lady. Died at Fiesole, near Florence, 28Ui September 1869. . .■.,.-, L1EB1':R Franz, an eminent publicist, was born at BerUu in 1800. He began to Ttudy medicine, but in 1815 enrolled himself as 'olurj^eer and served in the campaign against Napoleon I He fnneht at Ligny and at Waterloo, and was severely wounded at the siege of Naraur. After his return to Berlin he was arrested in 1819 as a demagogue, and was imprisoned for four months. On Ins rpleaso he went to study at .Ten a, and theie gradulted. His political liberalism exposing him to frequent annoyances and hindering his advancement, he went from Hallfi to Dresden, thence to Marseilles, Sfnt",e autumn of 1821 to Greece ^ share in the war of independence After Induring great hardships he went to ta y, Ind was received as an inmate .of tlie household of Niebuhr, then rnisaianam- baSoratRome. Returning to Germany SNiebuhr in 1823. he was again ,.• |t|1 rndbarSroriirForme? .friends Soon after he accepted the appointment ?f Inspector-General of Public Instruction and of PnbUc Libraries. He was also Si"^e chevalier of the I^egion of Honour jinrt annointed editor of the journal riPs Savants" He formed an immense Slelwon of- books and manuscripts, the lareer part of them being Italian and mlny of great rarity, and offered the Ke for sale to the French Government, Tn oondTtion of their being kept t^ogether I and bearing his name. The offer was declined, and the library was after- wards broken UP and dispersed in suc- ^Ue sales in England. I" Je later wfiara of the reign of Louis i nuippe. su. Ens were spread, and a report s^ecretly prepared and P'^septeajia iti- vr-. ,; thekhoad of the ml."'stry, that M. Libri had been gudty of pillaging the libraries Sorbonne He was at that^timecens^^^^^^ So^ed! and hi 1825 fled to fngland as atimeserver. and accused ofingrai^^^^^^^^ ^^,^^ t^ ^ ca. delivered ._^ !.„„- offanVfl nn his former frienas. ] |" ^° ' politics and history in the Z.at towns founded a swimming school Jf iSSw" orks wcMy ««'«»'*,£ Si UcSmA .octaltopio. a™«™ "»g. oipal are-" A Maiiniil of ^<>' ''S„S",t llftwi whicli became R text-unuK at HnVvard^Colege. "Laws of Propert mrSz^ and "Civil Liberty a"*! ,.»f: (imi), a""„ ,^j,M» He also published government be"Jf'"n"M^8B ra ''In- i tical Herraeneutics." an address on 1198 "KSS'.^Bl- liq] Supplement. [lud dividuallsm and Socialism or Com- munism." i&c. Died at New York, 2a October 1872. LlGUOEI, St Alfonso Mama, dk, a celebrated Catholic theologian, founder of the Order of Eedeinptorists or Lig- uorians, was bom at MarianellEi, near Naples, in 1696. Of a noble family, and early distinguished by his piety and fond- ness for study, he was brousht up to the law. but after several years of practice ho renounced it, and entered the priesthood in 1726. His labours lay chiefly among the poor, untaught, and vicious classes, both in Naples and the country districts. Impressed with the need of a class of men who should devote themselves especially to such work, he founded in 1732, at Villa Scala, the congregation known as the Order of the Holy Redeemer (Redemp- torists). After much opposition he ob- tained for it the approval of Pope Benedict XIV.. and it spread rapidly over Italy From 1811 it extended into other countries. In 1762 Liguori was raised to the see of Santa-Agata de Goti, "wliich he held for thirteen years, when, disabled by ill health and physical infirmities, he was permitted by Pope Pius VI. to resign. Ho returned to the principal house of liis order at Nocera do Pagani, and there spent his last days. He was author of a large number of theological works, moral, dogmatic, and ascetic. Among them are— "Theologia Moralis, "Institutio Catechistica," and "Homo Apostolicus instructus in sua Vocatione. The French version of his works is in 3 vols. Died at Nocera, 1st August 1787. He was beatified in 1816, canonized in 1839, and in April 1871 the title of Doctor of the Cliurch was conferred on him by Pius IX. LONSDALE, WiLMAM LOWTHEE, second earl of, statesman, was born at Uflaugton, in Lincolnshire, in 1787. He studied and graduated M.A. at Trinity College, C;...ibridge, and on attaining his majority in 1808 entered Parliament as member for Cockermouth. In 1813 he was returned for Westmorelaud. As- sociated with the Tory party, he became a lord of the Admiralty iu 1810, and a lord of the Treasury three years later. Under tlio "Wellington administration he was appointed First Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and had a seat in tlie Privy Council. Sir Robert Peel made him Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1834, and Postmaster-General iu 1841. He was at the same time raised to the peerage as Baron Lowther. He succeeded hisfatherinl844,andinl852 was appointed President of the Council in the Derby Ministry. Lord Lonsdale was a fellow of the Royal Society. Died, unmarried, in Loudon, 4th. March 1872. LOVER, Samuel, an Irish novelist, Boiig vn-iter. &c., was born at DubUri in 1787. He iirsii Btudiuu ited Ihe post of manager. Among his greatest parts were '"Hamlet " and "Macbeth." He was favourably known also as a lyric poet. Died at Vienna, in March 1871. LUDWIG iLmiis) I., Karl August, king of Bavaria, was the son of hia pre- decessor. Maximilian .loseph I., and was bora at Strasburg in 1786. He was edu- cated at the Universities of Landshut and Gottiugen, visited Italy in 1804-5. and served in the French campaigns of 1806-7-3. In 1809 be married the Princess Teresa of Hildburghausen. He early showed a strong taste for the fine arts, and while Crown Prince he lived chiefly in retirement, taking little interest in political aflCairs. He accompanied the allied sovereigns to London in 1814. and succeeded his father on the throne in 1825. After his accession ho set himself to carry out his cherished design of making nis capital one of the most magnificent seats of the fine arts and of learning. The transfer of the University of Landshut to Munich, the invitations to scholars and artists to that city, and the re-organization of the Academy of Fine Arts, were the ear- lier steps towards tlie f ulQlment of hia pur- pose. Among the noble buildings erected intliecityweretheGlyptotbek.thePinaco- thek, the Odeon. the Royal Palace, several churches, &c. The Walhalla, near Ratisp bon, was founded by him, and was com- pleted iu 1842. Under his patronage many great works in sculpture, in pain^ ing, especially fresco and encaustic, axid painting on glass were executed, and the influence of the School of Artists which arose under his patronage was widely felt. Among its chief names are those of Cornelius, Kaulbach, Schnorrvon, Karols- teld, Klenze, Schwanthaler, &o. As a king, hia absolutist tendencies, and the support which through the greater part of his reign he gave to the Ultramontane party, at length made him very unpopular. by the ridicule to which he exposed bxm- f 1199 n l^cto U^n iticrigat '•Siogcagtg. LUS] disturbances broke o^?^"^^™'^^^ "n March 1848 a 'evolutionary raoven beean. the arsenal was seizeo. uy son, Maximilian Joseph 11. ^ ^. j^^^ time he livod '^retirement. ^^^^^^y ?SS '°Ludwig^.^as author of a volume Roems published in the early paxt o£ ^^TTT^FrrnGTON, Stephen, a distiti- gu^Sfd MKntician. Judge o the Sinsistory, and. afterwards Jf ge "f tne Court of Admiralty, was Dorn i" ^'° TT« was the second son of Sir ""^epneu and D.t'.li.. waa i'*''^^'- " _, vears later and other boroughs, ti'/J^-^t^^nnrters of yeara.lster to b| JMja I" ^^ j„„ Si»Si SMumtoom,»ndimporto^ i3«Jsro"S5*sS I «^ouni,»i. _n-^ ■liTnr.Vi riMKina his last i ve^ S"a qu^t retoemt^t. alive i-o the JmUo afltliat was passing around mm. [lyt and rich in all that could be desired to accompany old age. Within a few weeks of his death he had undertaken the ?ourney to Oxford in order to vote for Dean Stanley at the election of select preachers for the university. Among his Snthropicdeedswastheestablishment Sear his country seat of a Home for Cou- v^lescents. which is under the manage- ment of hii daughter. Dr Lushington was for many years one of the trustees of au/s nStal. On the occa8i9n.of the quarrel between Lord Byron ana his wife the counsel of Dr Lushington was sought bv Lady Byron and her family, and it waa in ccns^uence of his letter, written in 1830. that the permanentseparation of the oTdr was resolved on. Dr Lushington lied at his seat. OckhamPark, m Surrey. ^^LYNCh' THoLs TOKE. theologian, poet, and Miscellaneous writer was born at Dunmow, in Essex, m 1818. In 1849 he married, knd the sameyear waschosen miSr of a small Nonconformist con- Jie"ation in London, and this office he lllefl tm his death. His first literary work was " Memorials of Theopbilus Trinal " consisting of short essays, poems, fnJi sketches strung together on a thread ^FiltSs &a|y. fuU of t^^^^^ beauty, and sparkling with wit. llus volume -vas followed by " Essays on some I?fViZT?nrma of Literature." and "Lec- tures to S^g Men." both published in 1853 Threeyears later appeared a volume of hymns and sacred poems, . entiled " ThSulet." remarkable f or originali y, .rirlfnal insiKlit, fervour, and sincerity, KwlVtioTof '• The Eivuiot; with . ■ d^Honal hymns, was published m 18?0. SevCTal volumes of Mr Lynch's sermons ^^^ lectures were published at mer- vaS underlhe titles of " Three Morin iSfor^fSlS'^'^^^^^ ^'-Sr;uS^^^^^^^ sion of tne purp"'" "^ " ,, ,,y ii. rhi-iat^ "Church and State, Letter!. ri^ V^« '^nattered " &c. Althoi.gh some- to the bcaiiereu, "'^- . ,-H«t-,ip form times lacking the charm of aHi^tic torm his discourses are rich i^ .^;5V .? 'fand humourist. «e^"ed r*f"Sds Mt unknown to the larger ^orlu. fh ™ his death appeared a sma volume ot 1 1 "Tunes to Hymns m the K^vule*. com pos?d by himself many of whchd^es^" J a place among the hest pro(iuctwn| , their class. Died in London, 9tn m J i ^ ^^LYTTON, Edwakd Geobge EAiu^jjj im A.3 ToKB, theologian, leous writer, was born sex, in 1818. In 1849 e Fame year wascliosen 11 Nonconformist con- on, and this office he bh. His first literary loriala of Theopbilus of short essays, poems, ig together on a thread ,phy, full of truth and j kling with wit. This edby " Essays on some jiterature," and "Lec- en," both published in later appeared a volume sacred poems, entitled tnarkable for originality,; fervour, and sincerity, " The Bivuiot,' with ad- was published in 1870, of Mr Lynch's sermons! jre published at inter- itles of " Three MoriBJ Momington Lecture, ray Curates." "Among (a remarkable discus- rport of the .death of, h and State," "Letters L " &c. Altho\igh sorae- B charm of artistic fonn, ire rich in the higHes cs. truth clearly seen and en- earnestness of the tidsen^'menfcofthfipoet, ly sportfulness of the ■vered and intensely be- ■Q. circle of frienus, Mt onforyfjarscomparatiTey e larger worla. Hu ma i stfufigle, painful 111 the^ n-oically maintained, WKuj ^hich he at last died. He I clover of music. and afte ■ared a small volume of na8intheEivulet.'com., If many of which descm ! led in London, 9th mi \ LynoN Bn-WER, Lord, the distin- guished novelist, dramatist, and states- man, was born in 1805. He was the son of General William Earle Bulwer, of Wood Balling, Norfolk, by his wife the heiress of Richard W. Lytton, of Knebworth, in Hampshire. Care- fully educated under the direction of ills mother, he went afterwards to com- plete his studies at Trinity H-all, Cam- bridge, where he graduated B.A, in 1826. He had before that time made his appear- ance as an author, having printed an Oriental tale at the age of fifteen, a poeir on "Sculpture" in 1825, and a collection of poems, "Weeds and Wild Flowers," in 1826 In the following year appeared " Falkland," the first in the long series of his novels, which was published anony- mously, and was afterwards sunpressed. The same year (1827) he published a tale in vrse, in the manner of Lord Byron. r>at his first triumph as a novelist was won in 1828, the date of the rublication of "Pelham, or the Adventures of a Gentleman." In quick succession fol- lowed "The Disowned," "Devereux," and "Paul Clifford," the hero of the last being ahighwayman, whose character ischanged and elevated by the influence of love. The success of this tale led to the production of many similar ones by other authors. In 1831 Mr Bulwer entered the House of Commons as member for the borough of St Ives, and took a zealous part in the agitation for parliamentary reform . The same year he ])ublisheda satirical poem en- titled"TheSiameseTwins,"andhiEpow r- ful tale, founded on facts, of " Eugene Aram." About the same time he was appointed editor of the "New Monthly Magazine," which post he held till August 1833. He contributed to the magazine a series of papers -literary, political, and metaphysical— most of which were pub- lished in a collected form under the title of "The Student." In 1832 Bulwer was returned to Parliament as member for Lincoln, for which place he sat for nine years, and during that period was an ad- herent of the Radical party. His pen, however, was not idle. A tour m Italy furnished him with much picturesque material for his great stories of the "Last Days of Pompeii," which appeared in 1834, and "Rienzi," which almost im- mediately followed. A political brochure entitled "The Crisis" (18.35). attained con- Bidfcvable popularity, - . -"red him in 1838 a baronetcy frr L. . :. Melbourne, then First Lord of ti T- 5ury. In 1836 Bulwer made his iirs .ttempt as a dramatist, in his ' ' Duci. .ca de la Valhere, which did not succeed, He then returned to novel-writing, and published "Ernest Maltravers," and soon after "Alice, or the Mysteries." In 1838 came his first dramatic success, in " The Lady of Lyons," which was produced at Covent Garden '.. .leatrpi hv MAcrt-ftflv. " Richelieu " fol- lowed in 1839, and "Money," a comedy, 4h in 1840; the latter was produced at the Haymarket. Two years later, several other novel"- having in the meantime appeared, Sir Edward Bulwer gave to the world his noble and beautiful philoso- pheme "Zanoni," the story of which is of the days of the first French Revolution. "The Last of the Barons," an elaborate study of English mediaeval life and man- ners, .-'ppeared in 1843. "Lucrctia," pub- lished icrr years later, was the subject of severe censure on the score of immorality. In 1848 appeared "Harold, Last of the Saxon Kings." In the following year Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton (the addition t,n his name had been assumed by royal licence on his mother's death in 1844, when he succeeded to the Knebworth estates"; entered upon a new field of fiction, in "The Caytons," a ^tory of cor.temporary life, which first appeared in "Blackwood's Magazine," and was warmly welcomed. A sequel entitled ' ' My Novel, or Varieties of English Life," was pubhshed in 1853, and was welcomed as heartily. In the meantime ;he author re-entered Parliament, having been retiirned for I Hertfordshire in 1852, no longer as a Liberal, but as a Conservative and Pro- tectionist. He retained his seat till 1866, the time of his elevation to the peerage by the title of Lord Lytton. In May 1858 he was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies, and served in that capa- city till June 1859. His term oi office is made memoi able by the erectio ^t British Columbia into a distinct colony, and by the abolition of the monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company. He was elected Lord Rector of Glasgow University in 1856. In addition to the novels already named must be mentioned ' The Pilgrims of the Rhine," "Night and Morning," "What will he Do %ath It?" and "A Strange S'^ory." At the time of his death he had just completed the revision of the proof-sheets of another n vel entitled "Kenelm Chillingley." His most im- portant political works are the "New Timon, ' a satirical work containing bril- liantly executed portraits of living states- men and other men of note, published anonymously in 1846; "King Arthur," also anonymous, in 1848; a series of successful translations from the "Poems and Ballads of Schiller;" and a volume of Greek legends under the title of " The Lost Tales of Miletus.'" in 1866. This enumeration of Lord Lytton's works is still incomplete, but includes the most important of the forty or fifty which we owe to him. Since his death it is known that he was the author of the remarkable book entitled "The Coming Race," pub- lished anonymously a year or two pre- viously. The Guild of Literature and Art was established by Lord Lytton conjunction with Dickens and^ other m inen"cf Tetters and art. ?>.nd Lord Lytton wrote u play entitled "Not so Bad as we Seem, " winCu waspnTuiCiy k,c •.;=•.;. i-Ji --■•"' m 1 rp» 1£A0] ?C mMi ]lE»niVJCViiflt <55io0rn?l)p MAC Bonio Fatt? in tfS Sorage. and the other a I were "built. Tl.o honorary »»<«»«« J'Jf/^*''-K»m>,orury tloBroo />' I V\iti,sS interred in WoBt.ulnRt^r ro 111""'' "'. '" „io(iuent d Hcntirso oti tlio V''^"tet?/n was do m«d in tl.e Abl..y Coll«io. oxford, on Buttday 2d Feb- ruary. M. ^: ^»'*'.'.»oiri Road- works ar^'.H'^T.. isiS '"Girl going to ins?," exhibited »\.^|,f ■,„a,''row " '' Vir- |,tueB of l;'>^ji^^J ;;" Jrtlu, Earl of Hospiti!.!. f\^.>«„ninator Talace. and Cnathaui for Wostnpt^'; ^^^^^ gS^a^ta^affin London ou bar 1812. }^'^^f•}f^■,r^ut^T oi tlio Scot- was a -lift'^S'Vnf, .^S' U'4 G udic scholar tish Kirk. '».\^.^'\*,'^,f'i;\tiH.r^^^^^ of his. lay. «'^;i= X^^^ parish of Morvon in ^ SY eshne- x ^^^^.^^ this no ice wa. cHlucatcci ^.^^^^^^^.^^^_ ^^^^^ afterwards trav^uea in " j^^ ^^^^3 BOine stay at Woimar i i^^ ^^ j^^,^. appointed mm. er of the la^ ^^^ ^^^^ ,doun JU A-rsyieNnir-,»>- called in 1843. and «'g^'M,^'^\''(Jg|:^^^^^ 1 to the Biu-ony pavihh ot uia,h=,u>^ . ^^^ ^^^^ jhe remained ui.ui^tcr-:=- tsT'DrM^ervisitedCauada^andthe TT u«fl Rffttea in 1850, and Palestine in Assombly. Ul8 \\^^'^^;,i„ 11350 to 1860) jmnierouH. For ten yi ^..^j^j^^^ ^ ciuis- l,e WiMj °'\' °' ". to wbiob ho coutrilmted t.an Magazine. t« ^ino^i i ^^^^^ uiany paper.. ^, 1™ ^°;J^,.. to which he ifififlii j.^,u Maola; t^sh iho ^oxm ^^^. " Eastward. 1 eeps "•.' >"'" „ „»,, " Tho Old Lieutenant and his Son. lie c.^„ .ii„ir " imd •' Hcmin scencesof aHigh- lSdParish •• D edatGlasgow. Ifit iJime 1872 lio ioft a widow and eight chil- 1 '^'maCLISE. DA.NIEI.. a distinguished mmM 18tl6 the preside, cyot t»^'- K''/^',,,i,ed it. ISofrtt'^mr- Sar^ahle of h.s Among w»«3 '"'/-:.- ;-„ru "Ail-Hivliow numerous 0.1. pain ings are A , « Eve." • Mokanna^^ ^ y of ^'le Ladies "Cantain Kock ,.^"y„°\„n Oii^fs ' an.lth. Peaeock.' . ,»'ii°Si," " PW 1 ISy oi'SS aVWmi"-;^ 1202 ^buppYcmet^. MAO] Dttath of Nelson," w.d the " Meetlnsp of Wollliigton and MItlclicr ftftor WMefloo." Tliew vew! unrtertiilten in 1867, hyflpoolal deHire of th« Prince Omiiort, anil In order to tleyoto hJmiie'.f ontirely to their ex« August 1872. MAGNUS, Heinrich at/ WAV, a dis- tingxiished German chemist and jiliysicist, was born at Berlin in 1802. Ha to >lr lus degree as Doctor of Piiilwopliy at the university i>i 1827, havihg before that time made himself known by several important cheiiical investigations. In 1831 he was appointed Professor Extraor-Unary of Physics and Technology, and became Ordinary Professor in 1845. Ho w;v3 ad- mitted member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1840, and foreign member of the Royal Society of London In 1863. The labours of Professor Masrnua exrended to [MAQ chiefly attracted him In his earlier yeara. pnyirtcH afterwards, end daring the last ten years of his Hf,. i.o wsw engagod lu studying the polarization and absorption of heat by various media. The fruits of his InTiistlgations appear in tho numerous memoirs which he contributed to Pogaea- dorlT's "Annalen," and tho JouruaU of the Berlin Academy. Many of his papers were translated for the " Philosophical ! Traiisactions." Died at Berlin, 4cli April MAGUI'tlH, John Francis, politician' and nil«cellan(!ous writer, was born at Oork in 1615. Ho was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, stadicd for the profession of the liiw^ and was called to the Irish bar in 1843. He threw himself ardently into the movement of tho national party in Ireland, then under the leadership of O'Connell, oflPorod himself twice (1847 and 1861) unsuccessfully as a candidate for election to the Imperial Parliament, and was at last returned, in 1852, for the borough of Dungarvan. Ho originated in 1841 the Oork " Etamincr," of which ho continued to bo proprietor and editor till his death. His energetic management and vigorous writing soon gave the " Ex- aminer" a character and indueuce almost unique among provincial Journals, lyir Magiiire was an active member of the Ten:int Right League, and an advocate of Home Rule for Ireland, lle-elected for Dungarvan in 1857, he sat for that borough till 1865, when he wag elected for his native city. Mr Maguire was well known as an active proiuoter of the establishment of manufactures in Ireland, of the temperance movemsnt under Father Mathew, of the National Exliibi- ticn at Cork, and of the introduction of the flax manufacture. Aa member of various local boards, and of the Town Coun il, and as chief magistrate of Cork, an ofi'tte v.liich he several times filled, he contrUi'iSea ijowerfiiliy t.^ the suppression of street beggary, the bettor regulation of workhouses, and the repression of opoa vice. By his courageous intervention on occasion of the riots at Cork in 1863, he effected the dispersal of the mob, and saved the city the worst extremes of civil strife. He visited Rome in 1856, and was received with marked sympathy by the Pope. The visit and the reception were repeated in 1858. He was again at Rome during the sitting of the Council of the Vatican in 1870. A few years before he liad spent some raontlis in tlw United States and Canada. Mr Maguire was an enthusiastic Catholic and I.iihman, but he did not sympathise with those who advocated change by physical force. An indefatigable worker in many fields at once, his end appears to have been hastened by oyerwork. His prhicip,iU literary works are-"' The Industrial Movement in Iretar.d" (IBS'?). "Rome and its Ruler" (1857). of whxh a _ third a iarge vaneiy ot suojecta. ohemisiry j euifciou appeaica uuuer lac »cv.' »if.iw vi law MAl] 9t JflettJ IDntUeritfal '^Sioorapib^ [man "The Pontificate of PiuB IX." in 1870. "Father Mathow, a Biography ,U8M). which wasaed through several editions, "The Irish in America" (1868), and a novel entitled "The Next «eneration (1871). Died at Dublin, Ist NoTember 1S72 MAITLAND, Samukl RorTEY, a ifimed theological and l'i«tor.cal writer, was born at London in 1792. Be- onging to ft PreRbyterian fanv'^' i.^,? entered Trinity College, Cumbndge, but to"Ko degree'; and ««}opti"8 "'« £ ?^ his nrofession, was called to the bar In 1816 He married about the same time. After a year's practice at the bar he retired and gave himself un to study, and in 1821 took holy orders. Tvyo years later he was appointed perpetual curate of a new church at Gloucester a r<«t ^h'ch ho held about seven years. I" JP^e settled in London, having accepted the Ljl-ranan- Bhip of Lambeth Palace. Tins office he rotaincd till the death of Archbishop Howley in 1848. when ho finally settled at Gloucester. Ho had shortly before re- ceded the degree of D.D. Dr Maitland 8 writings are very numeroijs; the no'st hnportant are-" The Dark Ages." a series of essaye illustrating mediaival, religious, and literary history, and forming a pro- test against exaggerated notions of the "darkness;" "Facts and Documents illustrative of the History. &c, of the Albigensea and Waldenses," '' Essays on Subjects connected with the ReformBtion in England." " Krwin. or Miscellaneous Essays on Subjects connected veith the Nat-.ire. History, and Destiny of Man. and "Eight Essays on various Sub- lects" Dr Maitland was an accom- plished bibliographer, and was a fellow of tlie Royal and Antiquarian Socie- ties. Died, alter a long period cf failing health, at Gloucester, January 19, ^^MALAN, ABBAHAM Henri Cf BAR, Swiss theologian and miscellaneous writer, was born at Geneva m 1781. tie was educated at the acatlemy of his native town, and after a brief experience of mer- cantile life at Marseilles, returned to Geneva to study theology. In 1810 he was ordained minister by the Presbytery, the " V6n6rable Compagnie of Geneva. He so much distinguished himself in the pal- pit that he ms appointed preacher m the cathedral. He was also named Regent at the Academy. But in the course of a few years, during which he had aimed at infusing fresh life into the dead forms around him. the Presbytery became hostile to him, and demanded that he should cease preaching such doctrines as the/ di-.approved. As he could not yield, l;e was deprived in 1818 of his offices, botii m the Church and the Aca^emy^_ Hesoon and named it "Chapel of the Testimony." There he continued to preach more tlian forty years, retiring, on accoun t of Ulneas, In November 1863. The degree of D D. WM conferred on him by the University of Glasgow in 1826. Dr Malan was the first to establish a Sunday school in Switzerland: he organized a Religious Tract Society, conducted a Theological School for the training of young ministers, and wrote a largo number of works. He was an accomplished linguist, a skilful painter and lithographer, and sufflciently , practised in sculpture to assist on some occasions Thorwaidsen, who was his inti- mate friend. He wrote lioth the words and the music of the collection entitled " I,e8 Chants de Sion." first publiHlied in 1826. Died at Geneva. 8th May 1864. MALTITZ, AroLLONiUB, Baron von, German diplomatist, poet, and draniatiHt, wan bom in 1795. He was a younger brother of Baron Franz Friedricli von Maltitz, also known as a poet. Entering early on a diplomatic career, he was for some time Russian Charg6 d'Aifaires at Rio Janeiro, and afterwards at the court of Weimar. He retired from ofllcial life in 1865. His first work, " Poetische Versuche," appeared in 1817. Mine years later he published a humorous tale en- titled " Gestandnisse eines Rappeii mit Anmerkungen seines Kutscliers. These were followed by a play^ "Der Dichter und der Uebersetzer." "Gechclite, ' ' DramatiBche Ein f iille," and several other volumes of verse. Among his later works nre the plays of "Virginia, Anna Boleyn," "Spartacus," &c., besides a "Selbstbiographie." and a metrical tale entitled"DieWundercurderHblle. Died at Weimar. 2d March 1870. M ANSEL, Henry Longueviilk, dean of bt Paul's, a distinguished plnlu- sopher and theologian, was born at Cos- grove, in NorthamptonBhire, of which parish his father was rector, in 1820. He was educated at Merchant Taylor a behoof and at St John's College, Oxford which he entered in 1839, andof whichhebecam fellow three years later. He graduated B A in 1843, taking a first class both iii classics and mathematics, and vf&V- pointed tutor in his college In 1845 he took holy orders, and in 1855 he was ap- Sn-edReaderinMoralandMetaphysica Ihilosophy^at Magdalen College the readership becoming m 1859 the Wayn flete Professorship. Appointed Bampton Lecturer in 1858. he d^l^Yf Jie^ the ~ of lectures on the hmits of rehgious thought, which made him very widely, known, knd on which, chiefly, his reputa- tion as a philosophic thinker rests; It gave fuetrmuch animated controversy^ in which Professor Maurice, Mr Goldwin Sn^th Mr J: S. Mill, and othew took part 1^1867 Mr Mausel succeeded Dr itaiiley in the chair of Ecclesiastical History, "nd as Canon of Christ « T„ fv,o fr.iinwinB vear. on the deatft ot bean' Miiman, he was aPPoinUj. iicar ^ St Paul's. In politics. Dean Mansel was a Tory of the most unbendmg wrt. Hm mah] SJujjptcment. [mat principal worki are— an edition of Aid- riciv's " Logic," with a valuable Intrmluo- tlon and notes (1849), " Prolegomena l,ogica" (1841), a popular worit on Kant'a philDRophy (1856), the treatiHe on " Meta- pliysica" lu tlie " Kncyclojiiudia Britan- nica" (1857), the Bamptoti IjecturoH named above, and the " Philosophy of tlio Con- ditioned" (1866). Dean Manscl wasjoint- editor with Veitch of an edition of Hamil- tou'B Lectures on Motapliyaics and Logic. As a philosopher, he was a follower of Ilauiiltou. Died suddenly lu London, 30th July 1871. MAltOOHETTI. CARLO, Earon, Italian sculptor, was bom at Turin in 1805 or 1809. After stuflying at Rome, ho settled at Paris in 1827. The first im- portant work which gave him a reputa- tion was his equestrian figure of ' Em- manuel Philibert," set up in Turin in 1838. It was rewarded by Charles Albert, king of .Sardinia, with a patent of nobi- lity, and procured for him a long course of success under royal patronage. Ho was naturalised in France in 1841, and was employed on various commissions for the Orleans family, especially an equestrian statue of the l)uke of Orleans, executed in 1844. About the same time he executed an equestrian statue of Wellington for ihe city of Glasgow. On the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1848. Raron Marochetti came to London and settled there, obtaining a large share of court favour and aristocratic patronage. His large model of "Richard Ccuur-de-Lion," first seen at the great Exhibition of 1851, became a popular favourite. In 1861 he was chosen A.R.A., and five years later R.A. Among his other works may bo mentioned his "Sappho," " Bust of Prince Albert," "Bust of Queen Victoria," "Cupid and Greyhound," the statue of "Wellington" at Strathfieldsaye, the "Scutari" monument, the "Inkermaun" in Sb Paul's Cathedral, &c. The Baron was made chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1839, and grand ofllcer of St Maurice and Lazarus in 1861. Died at Paris, 28th December 1867. MARRIOTT, Whakton Booth, As- sistant-Master of Eton College, was born in 1825. He entered Trinity College, Oxford, in 1844, graduated B.A.. and was afterwards chosen fellow of Exeter College. In 1850 he was ordained priest, and appointed to the post in Eton College, which he held to the time of his death. Ho made himself known by a learned work on church vestments—" Vestiarium Anglicanum" (1867). Died at Eton Col- lege, in December 1871. MARTIUS, KAHLFlUEbKICHPHILIPP VON, a distinguished German botanist and traveller, was bom at Erlangen in 1794. He was educated at the gymnasium and the university of that town, and graduated TLX T\ Ai. 1 ..J- 1 .« l.>«i.AH«* •**.i-'. *i.o urn x:siiiy sm^ ziiz iuvc '-l ^r*jvtr!i - showed itself in the production of a work on the flowerless plants found near Er- laogen. In 1817 he woi sent with Spix on an expedition for the sciontitto explora- tion of Brazil, whlcii occupied them three years. Von Martius formed a largo col- lection of plants, and gave to the world the rich fruits of his observations and dis- coveries in several elaborate works. After his return Co Bavaria, ho received the ap- pointment of Professor of Botany, and Director of the Botanic Garden at Munich. His works are " Reise nach Brazilien," 3 vols. (1824). "Genera et Species Pal- marum, " Nova Genera et Species Plan- tamm," " Historia Naturalis Palmarum," "Flora Braziliensls," and "Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis." Von Martius attained the highest rank both as traveller and as deacrintivo and systematic botanist. He was elected F.R.B. and F.L.8., London, and was a member of many ContinenUl scientific societies. He was also for many years Secretary of the Bavarian Royal Academy of .Sciences. Died at Munich, 13th December 1868. MASON, OEOuaB, a distinguished English landscape-painter, was norn in Staffordshire about 1818. He first studied for the medical profession, but his strong passion for art had its way. In 1844 he went to Italy, studying and practising his art in various places, and at last taking up his residence nt Rome. He returned to England in 1858, having exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time in the previous year. Mr Mason was entirely self-taught as an artist, never having studied under any master, and there have been very few amon^t English land- scapists so original, poetic, and refined. His first exhibited picture was "Plough- ing in theCanipagna." This was followed by " In the Salt Marshes— Camnagna de Roma" (1859) ; " Mist on the Moors," the first of that remarkable class of pictures which have made him his special reputa- tion, was exhibited in 1862; and after that time, in addition to many small works, he produced several pictures of larger size, among which especially noteworthy are the '^Evening Hymn" (1868), "Girls Dancing" (1869), and "Harvest Moon" (1872). The last was left unfinished in consequence of the painter's illness. Mr Maflon was elected A.R. A. in 1868. Died in London, 22(1 October 1872. An exhibi- tion of his principal works was held at the rooms of the BurUngton Fine Arts Club, London, in January and Febru- ary 1873. , MATTEUCCI, Cahlo. a distmguished Italian statesman, mathematician, and naturad philosopher, was bora atForli, in the Romagna, in 1811. He studied first at Bologua, where he took a doctor's degree in mathematics, then at Paris, at the Ecole Polytechnique, the Sorbonne, and the College deFrance. Returuingtoltaly in 1831, he was soon after appointed Pro- «»«<../%- o* iUrx TTniversit" of BoIoKn^j ftnd there commenced the^ series of experi- mental researches which mode his name ! til UAV] [max the "tuJy of .o^tro- pliyiJ<»Ji'«y. Iw i^^^'j fftmooa. UowiwiculUtU to Uu) clijUr ..I Phfwo" ut Ettvomia. aiia ILr. o jfuura !»ter lu the ■iiuio ohuir at Timt. A^I'<""V;'"l',^'li .*?:, lio i«ooiv*ia tli4i iirUu »t Ih- l'ari»lnnUtut« tor Kxi«^niuiuilal riiy.lolouy. tuxdy^M iiKiuud a u«)ir»)iipi»n(\iii« luoiiiUfir. At ii»o ; U..0 Uu»» th« Oiplcy Sl«U.U ot lo lloval a«oi'.-ty of Lou'l"" '^"V"J'*''"'f*^..Mh,; M.vll*uccl toMk a wivrn. Il't"'"* I." '»'" IH.Ullculmov.mcnt 1)» IihIv i» J**"."' Iho rollawliig yi'ur ho wim4 i.utni'.l wmotor (.r TuHOiiity, wid u« comiiuwiiry iitooiu- vaiilua Ui" Tiiwiui foiooit iuUt Ldnilmrtly. Afigr tho rutiirn of tho Oiftiid Duko in \m, ho ruHUiiiua hU |'0»t ut PiHft. In 1869 h« wimyi'oof Uio thruo luHcauUe- nivtiwB 81'i.t to N*»M)l<^oii Ul. l.y the i)rp- n.ent c.f tho kiimaonj ot Italy. h« wuh oroutod ft Koniitor, ami nttmod Iu»)iuctor- Gen«inl ul IVlograiihH in Itiay. lie liud iiitnidiui'il tcli'Kniiih liucH luto'lu»rany ni 1840 In IflOa lio wiw iiiiiH)inturt Mnnntor of I'lihho InMtiuction. and a* Buch coufcri- hiitod i.»w«i fully to tho hhoral rorguiiiziv- tii»n of ttchoolH. llowuiittOf oightcen he entered Trinity (JoUego, Oanihrnige where ho V)ecnuio the friend of John HtAsrlniB. and with hlinntudled niujer JnliuBlIaro. In 182<) ho roniove.l to Trinity Hall, a.id In tlio following year took a degree (lirat- class) in tlio Law Hehool. Unable, iw a conwjicntlons DiRscntor. to qualify hiniaelf for a degree hy '•giihseMi'tum' to the Articles, he left tho University, dccliuing at the Banio tinut a fenyw»hi|. whicli was offered him. Ho «ottled m London, ftpidied hiuiBolt to literary imrsuita. and with BLcihng wrote for tho " A tlienajum, then ricently CBtabUHhod. His Tiews as to suliBcriiition having nndiinone some luodirtcation, he ,^'»t"t «¥''l'"'i?^'} a?ui' Oxford, and graduated B.A. iu 1831. antf M A. in 1836. In tho latU-r year ho waa orilidnod a prUwt. and was boou after annointed Chaplain to Guy s lloHpital, a pbst which he hehl for ten years. In i840 Iw becamo rrofcHSor of Modern History and KngliBh Literature at Kings Coljege. IiOndon. and »»* years iiu-r £-roic3=u^ ui Eccksiustical Uistory. Ho held the oflice oiUhaplaiu ami Reftdor at Liiifiohi s Inn from 1846 till I860. On Uie publication of his "Thoologlcal Essaya" lu 1863, amyi- ciontt arose about h i n ' )rthod oxy, cMiicoially in reter«nc«i tothed< trines f tho '•Atoii*. nieut" and 'Etera. . runiminent." Dr Jelf. then IVluclpaJ of Xbm'» College, brought the matter I «for8 tiio Couuuil, and BO vohem( Sit wa« lue feeling wxniuti Mr Muurico I: •' ho t* it it neceBHrtiy to loBign luH i;ba lu tlio followuiu vtnr ho founded in I )ii.iou tho WorkiiiK Mon » College, of wi icU ho hecjuuo rrinoiiial, und to lit) conduct of wliitJi he dcvotaa for sonic voars muoii of his tiiim and energy Kifiigniiig his chaplaiiuy at Lincoln's Inn, ho was appointed n 1860 |'( imtnnl Cutato of St Poterti, VtrD 8ti ot, whon ho coutiuued to preuch till 181. tthcu ho was called to the chidr ..t M"r'al I'hilosophy at Carnbridgo. 'li lionorary degree of M.A. was boou uttn conferred on him by tho yniverHity. Mr Maurice waa ouo of the olnof ropro- sentatlves of the views «nid aims of tlic narty known as "Broad Church. He t«)ok » prominent part in tho origniu! oa of tho "OhriHtian SoclaliHt nioveniBut, and yt'idously advocated tin; cause of tlie hlKht 1 education of women. The cliarm of his chai acter, eo Biiniile yet so rich, so trutliful yet so fervent, bo swoet ami so seveio, was irresistible, and his iierwuuil inlluonce waa immense. As reli«iou! teacher, Ivo was, says tho Spectator (GthAprdl872), "tho man reco«uiml by ahnoBt all who knew him as couibiiiing most clearly fipiritual principles which disowned all comproiuiso with Bcciiticism. andintelleotualprincipleswhichdiMm'ut^l all compromise witli kdgotiy or suptrsti- tion " Mr Maurice's writings are very iiuniorouH. Among tho most iinp.rtaBt are tlio " Kingdom of Christ. PuWisl'^d in 1838, " lleligions of tlu; World' (M), "History ot Moral »"'! Metaphysical Philosophy" (between .1850 ftnil IW, "Patriarchs and T ^wgivers ot the OKI Testament" (18f''„ " Prophets ami Kings of the Old T- ..ament" (1853), "Doctrine of Sacr.'.vo" (1864). "l^ectures on the Eccl'^.astical History of Ist and 2a to ♦ -..lies" (1854). "Tho Conscience ISbS), aud "Social Morality" (1869). Died m London, lat April 1872. ,, ,„ . MAXIMILIAN (FeriUnmulMm milian Joseph), archduke of Austria and emperor of Mexico, was born atVienM in 1832. He was the son of tho Archuuke Francis Charles Joseph, and the younger l>rother of tho Emperor Francis Joseph, Remarkable for his studious habits and abstinence from the gaieties of tne capital, ho received his education at Yienna, and in 1846 entered the nan, with which he visited the coasts ( f the Mediterranean, and in 1852 Madeira, ue continued hia studies, especially making himself maater of naval science. lulSM !,„ «ruo rr>a/iM rAar-admiral, anu '|«' pracedat'tiTo iieatl'of the small AuswrnW navy, which under his control waffboffi increased and improved. In the summet 1306 M ..^ ;t'i!pptemcnt. [mat of 1. ' vlilted Oroeco, Hyrla, and the Reil H 'II III ia tho following year France. aeci I'ttrli, Cherbourg, llavro, and Cal.tn. On this occMlun lie untiit a furt- niglit with tlio i'luuieror Nupoloon 1 1 [. at 8t Cl< '>d, anil on Ins ruturn Inuiiuiy he bpoauiu u< luainted at DrimsolH with tho I'nncowi Cliftrlotto, dauKhtiT of Lfopokl J.of Bulgiurn. Karly in 1857 Maximilian was uppolnted Vic("-"V of Loinhardy and Venic«, In which o ho soon won tlio good opinion and aii^.tiation of Ilaliann. In July of that year he married the IMiicess Charlotte, then at the ago of seventeen. Recalled from Italy In tho autninn of 1859, ho resumod his poRt and duties as hoad of tiio navy, living witli h\n wife at their oafltlo of Miraniar, on the Adriatic. In tho winter of 1859 they visitiul Madeira, and thencomado a v ne tn T^razil. His atudioun and happ> .o- tir( f-nt was interrupted in 18C3 hy tho project of Napoleon HI., who had placed iiiuiself in an eniharrasBing position in Mexico, to OBtahlish foreign rule there— ail empire with Maxindlian as emperor. In October of that year a de[)iitation from Mexico arrived at Miramar, and in purauance of the resolution of an As- semlily of Notables, clergy and nobles, offered him the crown. Personally averse to tho Kchemo, he consulted his friends, atiil at length agreed to accept tho offer if it were sanctioned by the will of tlio nation, and V)y the emperor his brother. In tho disturbed state of Mexico tho taking of a ptibUcite was impracticable; tho votes were therefore obtainod only (mm the districts occupied by the French. Oil tho second visit of the deputation in llu) spriiik! of 18C4, when they reported a larRO majority of votes in favour of tho archduke, he finally accepted the crown, resib'iied his reversionary claim to tlio imperial crown of Austria, paid farewell visits to Windsor, Paris, and Brussels, obtained tho benediction of the Pope on his undertaking, and sailed for Mexico. He landed at Vera Cruz at tho close of May, entered the city of Mexico in June, and at once assumed the government. He devoted himself zealously to the re- organization of the governnunt, but from the first was embarrassed by tiiu state of the finances. His proposal of a conference with Juarez, President of tho Republic, was rejected, and the clerical party be- came hostile when ho refused to restore to them their confiscated properties. He issued several proclamations agaiust the armed adherents of the Liberal causo, and even decreed, in October 1865, thai on the capture of such persons they should be shot within twenty-four hours after trial hy court-martial. In 1866, in pur- suance of a convention between France and the United States, the latter power steadily RHiinortinfr JnarP7, and resolved not to allow foreign rule to estab h itself In Mexico, the French troops v re gra- dually withdrawn. The young emperor, thus abandoned by Napoleon, whose In- strumont he had been, struggled bra»ely hut vainly to hold ins ground against the rising Ldieral and Repuhlicaii fdrceg. The young Empress uiiibriook » voyage to Euiotmln thosummerni 1866. to obtain lif^lp of Nanoleon, and utlurlw failing, sh« fell ill and lost her reasun. In June 1867 tho end cainti. Maxlirulian concentrated I his forces at Qiieretaro, which was at once Invested l>y tho Jiiarists, and by tne treachery of (J "ueral I,oj)CZ, one of his staff, ho was itotrayed, found guilty of treujion, and on the 19th June shot. tJreat liritain and the United States hail earnestly but in vain remonstrated again«t this execution. The remains of the Emperor, after months r,t delay, were given up to the Austrian admiral, con- veyed to Europe, and buried with great ceremony at Vienna, on the 18th Jauuary 1868. MAYEIJ, KAiir Frirdrich Hart- MAN^f, one of the linor German poets, was born at Neckarbischofshelm in 1786. He received lii» early education at Stutt- gard, studied law at the University of Tubingen, where lie acquned the friend- ship f)f Uhlutid, J. Kerner. and Schwab, and 111 1807 was admitted advocate. After filling various official posts for nearly half a century, he retired, continuing to reside at Tdbiiigen. In 1833 appeared a colle-. tion of his " Lieder," which till then had lain scattered in newspapers and periodi- cals. A second edition was published in 1840. and a third, tho title being changed to "Gediclito/'inl864. He also published "Lenau's Bnefe an eiiien Freund,"and a "Selbstbiographio." Died at TUbingen, 25th February 1870. MAYO, Richard SotmrwELL BouKKE, earl of. Governor General of India, w is born at Dublin in 1822. He was educated at Trinity College, where he graduated B.A. in 1844, MA. in 1851, and LL.D. in 1852. He entered Parliament in 1847 as Conservative member for tho county Kildare. Two years after, on the succession of his father to the earldom, ho took the courtesy title of Lord Naasi, by which he was known for eighteen years. He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons in February 1849, in support of the continued suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland. In the spring of 1852, under the first Derby au ministra- tion, Lord Naas was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, without a f-eat in the Cabinet. He was then returned M.P. for Coleraine. During his tenure of office he vigorously opposed the liill in- troduced by Sharman Crawford respect- Tenant-right in Ireland. In December of tho same year he quitted office with the ministry. In 1857 h« was returned for Cockermouth, for which borough he con- tinued to sit till he succeeded to theearl- dom. In the seconi Derby adniinisirac tion, 1858, Lord Naas again took ofiice aa Chief Secretary for Ireland, without a sea* 1207 I . it IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V] J^' ^a /: % ^% > m & ''^^' M... ^W 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.2 us !f 1^ MM vs. liio 1.8 U ill 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation A V \ <> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 [/, HAZ] K jFieto IDnitoeriBal *JBioBj:ftpl)p. [mer in the Cabinet, quitting office in the fol- lowing year. He returned to that post a third time in 1866, then as a member of the Cabinet. In August 1867 he succeeded his father as earl of Mayo. During his third tenure of office he made a speech which became memorable by its results, on the subject of University Education ill Ireland, in which he disclosed the scheme of the Government for endowing a Ca- tholic university So general was the disapprobation of the scheme that it was abandoned. In November 1868 the earl was appointed Viceroy of India, and in his energetic and conscientious discharge of the duties of that office he justifle ;1 the eulogy and prediction uttered respecting him by Mr Disraeli. Soon after his ar- rival in India he had an important inter- view at Dmballa with Shere Ali, ameer of Afghanistan. In January 1872 he visited the Camp of Exercise at Delhi, re- ceived the king of Siam at Calcutta, and before the end of that month sailed from Calcutta on a tour of observation to British Burmah, the Andaman Islands, and Orissa. At Port Blair, a convict settlement in the Andamans, he was assassinated by Shere Ali, a convict, on the Sch February 1872. His remains were afterwards brought to Ireland, and were honoured with a State funeral at Dublin on the 25th April. Lord Mayo married in 1848 a daughter of Lord Leconfield, by whom he had four sons and tw& daugh- ters. MAZZINI, Giuseppe, the great Itahan patriot, for forty years the apostle and martyr of Italian unity and independence, was born at Genoa ou the 28th June 1805 or 1806. He was the only son of his father, a medical man, and Professor at the University of Genoa, who designed him for his own profession, and gave him a good education, which was completed at the university. Tlie ruling passion of his life, early aroused by the proofs which surrounded him of the political degrada- tion of his country vmder the absolute governments of home or foreign sove- reigns, was fostered by his study cf Dante, and raised to the highest pitch by associ- ation with many like minded young men ; and almost from the outset he maintained that the only hope of Italy lay in organized insurrection. He joined the secret society of the " Carbonari," but soon dissatisfied, Projected a new association which should e of a higher character. He was sus- pected and arrested by the Sardinian Government in 1831, and expelled from Italy. He settled at Marseilles, and it was there that he originated the famous association of '* Young Italy " (La Qiovine Italia), whose motto M-as "God and the People," and whose aim was a free and united Italy. A vast con piracy was formed, but it was discovered before the Srojected rising could take place, and lazzini was banished from Marseilles. In 1833 he appeareri in Switzerland, pre- pared another insurrection, and sent a small force into Piedmont. The attempt failed. Another, made early in 1834, also failed, through the treachery of the gene- ral in command. Mazzini had already been sentenced to death by the Sardinian courts, and after three years' seclusion in Switzerland, he was expelled, and came to London. He formed a revolutionary committee, conducted a journal entitled " Apostolato Populare," and kepta school, He also contributed to several English and French journals. In 1841 immense indignation was excited by the discovery that Mazzini's letters had been opened in the post-office by order of the Home Se- cretary (Sir James Graham), and that in- formation derived from them had been furnished to the Austrian Government, who in consequence of it arrested and executed the brothers Bandiera. The professions of a liberal policy put forth by Pius IX. at his accession induced Mazzini to write to him, and drew the Italian Liberals for a time to his side. Ou the outbreak of the revolution at Paris in 1848, Mazzini hastened thither, and the movement spreading to Italy, he soon ap- peared at Genoa, then at Milan. £ut by the victory of Custozza, and the capture of Milan, Kadetzky secured the continu- ance of Austrian dominion in Lombardy, Mazzini i-a August 1848 joined the volun- teers under Garibaldi. Ketiriiig soon after to Lugano, he issued thence a mani- festo declaring that the war of the kings wasover, andthatof the people must begin, After the proclamation of the Eepublicat Rome in February 1849, he went there— for the first time in his life— was chosen a member of the Assembly, and one of the Triumvirate. He was the acknowledged chief of the Republic, and seconded by the courage and devotion of Garibaldi, sup- ported with enthusiasm by his colleagues and the people, he conducted the heroic defence of the city against the French army under General Oudinot from April to July. He refused to joininthecapitu- lation, and again came to London, where he afterwards chiefly lived. In 1850 the Mazzinian loan was raised, and renewed attempts at insurrection were made in 1853 and 1857, but without success. In 1866 the sentence of death recorded against him was revoked by the Italian Government. In 1870 he recomnienced a secret agitation in Italy, travelling there in disguise, but he was discovered at Pa- lermo, and imprisoned for two months at Gaeta. In 1871 he started a newspaper to be called " The Home of the People," and to be published at Jfome. In Janu- ary 1872 he left England in very feeble health, and went to Geneva. Died at Pisa on Sunday, 10th March 1872. A uniform edition of his miscellaneous writings was i published in 12 vols, between 1864 and 1870. MFRCADANTB, SAVEKIO, a cele- brated Italian musical composer, was bom 1203 in the province of Bari in 1797. He be- came a pupil of Zingarelli at the Eoyal College of Music at Naples, and at first distinguished himself as a flute-player and violinist. He composed his first opera in 1818, and three years later obtained great reputation by his " Elisa e Claudio," pro- duced at Milan. In 1833 he was appointed Chapelmaster of the Cathedral of Novara, and in 1840 Director of the Conservatoriuni at Naples. He had recently become blind. In 1856 he was chosen Foreign Associate of the French Institute. Mer- cadante was a prolific composer both of operatic and church music. Among his best works are—" I Briganti," produced at Paris in 1836, "II Giuramento," by some esteemed his masterpiece, produced at Milan in 1837, " Due illustri Rivali," "La Vestale," &c. Died at Naples, 17th December 1870. MERIMEE, Pkospeb, a distinguished French historian, novelist, and miscel- laneous writer, one of the leaders of the "Crusade Romantique," was born at Paris in 1803. Educated for the profession of the law, he early abandoned it for literature, and as early as 1825 attracted great attention by his volume of dramatic pieces, entitled "Theatre de Clara Gazul." He became a contributor to the " Revue de Paris," and soon after the accession of Louis Philippe he was named Inspector- General of Historical Monuments. "With decided taste for archaeological studies, he travelled, in discharge of his new duties, in the south and west of France, in Auvergne and Corsica, publishing from time to time the more valuable fruits of his researches. In 1833 he began to con- tribute to the "Revue des Deux Mondes," and for that journal his subsequent tales were written. In 1844 he was received at the French Academy, and was made a senator in 1853. In the controversy which arose about M. Libri, M. Merimge wrote in his defence, and suffered in consequence a prosecution, with fine and a short im- prisonment. In 1860 he was named com- mander of the Legion of Honour, and promoted grand officer in 1866. The prin- cipal works of M. Merim^e are— "La Guzla," professedly translations of Illyrian poems (1827), " Chronique de Charles IX.," his longest work, and displaying at once his remarkable skill as a novelist and his learning as archaeologist (1839), Mosaique," a collection of tales (1833). 'Histoire de Don Pddre I., roi de Caatille" (1848), "Monuments Histori- Ques" (1843), and " Les faux D6m6trius" (1854). He also contributed many essays ?,",airt and archaeology, &c.. to the ^ Moniteur," the " Athgnaeum Francais," Kevue Contemporaine," and other periodicals. Died at Cannes, 2d October MJERLE D'AUBIGNlS. Jean Henri. a distmgmshed Swiss ttieologian and ??^'^''ly?*''P*"' ^as born at Geneva in i/SH. His family name was "Merle;" went to the University of Berlin ^^^ there attended Neande?8 courses n1 church history. Having cor^pffi W« theological studies, ho becarSe KJaJ'! tl Hamburg, afterwards at K^els where he was President of the ConSatoi^ of the French and German pKtaSt mte^ff°i ^^):?° 0"^ "f^lit years, and ?n 1830 settled at Geneva. He was apDointed Professor of Church History Kt the TheS logical CoUege of the Evangelical IS of Geneva. The work on which hS repu^ uation as a writer chiefly rests is Ms «?','*5i''^«, ^t la Reformation au XVP r«^i?;?£, ■ ^-c. '' ^^ ^^^" several times eprinted in France, and has had a very te nT^**'^", ''' England. It is th^ iTli °'^* scholar, and is written in a lively a,nd picturesque style, but is at the same time distinctly the work of a zealous partisan. In 1862 appeared the first volume of his "Histoire de laRgforml tion en Europe, au Temps de Calvin " Which was still in progress at the time of the author's death. This work also has 5l®'; "translated into English. Among Dr Merle d'Aubigng's other works are-"Le Protecteur"(1848), "Germany. Fngland. and Scotland" (1848), " Trois S.ecles de Luttes en Ecosse," &c. This distinguished theologian made several visits to England where his views found general sympathy! Died at Geneva, 19th October 1872 MIGUEL, DoM Maria Evartst (of Braganza) king of Portugal, was born at Lisbon m 1802. He was the third son of John VI. and Charlotte, sister of Ferdi- nand VII. of Spain, and therefore nephew of ^ the Pretender Don Carlos. Taken with his family to Brazil in 1808, his edu- cation was so grossly neglected that on his return to Portugal at the age of seventeen It IS said that he could neither read nor write. He rebelled three times against his father, on the third occasion driving him from Lisbon and Imprisoning his chief minister. Twice pardoned, he was at last (1824) banished the kingdom with his mother. On the death of his father m 1826. he assumed the title of king, dis- regarding the title of his elder brother Dom Pedro, emperor of Brazil. He. however, accepted the offer made by the latter of the title of Regent, on condition of his marrying DoSa Maria. Dom Pedro's daughter, to whom the sovereignty was given up. He arrived at Lisbon in February 1828. soon after dissolved the Chambers, then convoked the Cortes, aud got himself proclaimed king. He re- fused to keep his promise to marry DoSa Maria, and prohibited her landing. His tyranny and excesses produced wide- spread disaffection, which broke out in civil war. In 1831 the fleet of Dom Miguel was captured in the Tagus by the 1209 1^ I f i r ; I "' ( (1 < f/i . ,* i 1 i 1 ! , JA French, who BupportedDoiia Maria. His brother, Dom Pedro, at last left Brazil to conduct the war against him. Aided by Bjglish volunteers under Captain (after- wards Admiral) Napier. Dom Pedro took or destroyed the Miguelite fleet oflf Cape St Vincent in July 1833. and about the same time General Villaflcr entered Lis- bon. In a few weeks Dora Migiielretired to ETora, where in May 1834 he capitu- lated, and itgreed to quit the country. He lived some time at Rome, tnen at Vienna, and died at Bromhach, in the duchy of Baden, 14th November 1866. He was the last of the male Ime of Bra- ^*MI*LLER, WILI.IAM Allen, Professor of Chemistry, King's College, London, was born at Ipswich in 1817. He was educated for the medical profession, and studied at King's College. London, where he soon became assistant and friend to Professor Daniell. In 1840 he went to Germany, and studied for a short time undt r Liebig at Giessen. The same year he T/aa appointed Demonstrator of Che- mistry at King's College. Having for several years assisted i'rofessor Darnell as lecturer and experimenter, he was, on the death of the latter in 1845. appointed to the chair of Chemistry. He was subse- quently named joint-commissioner with Graliam and Hofmann to examine and report on the water-supply of London. He was also appointed Assayer to the Mint, Treasurer to the Royal Society, President of the Chemical Society, and a member of the Senate of London Uni- versity. His principal work is the '* l^le- ments of Chemistry." published in 3 vols. (1855-57), which has passed through several editions. He contributed some valuable papers on chemical subjects to the ''I'hilo- sophical Transactions." to, the British Association. &c. Died at Liverpool, 30th September 1870. MILMAN, Henry Hart, dean of St Paul's, a distinguished theologian, his- torian, and poet, was born in London m 1791. He was the youngest son of Sir Francis Milman, Baronet, physician to George III., and President of the) College of Physicians. He was educated at Dr Burney's school at Greenwich and at Eton College, passing thence to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1813. In the preceding year he had obtained the Newdigate Prize for his English poem, tho "Apollo Belvedere. He thrice carried oft the Chancellors Prize. la 1815 he was chosen fellow of his college, and in the following year took his degree of M.A., and was ordained deacon and priest. He was tlien ap- pointed Vicar of St Mary's, Reading, where he remained nearly twenty years. In 1821 ho was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford tTniversity; was Bamp- Ion lecturer in 1827; and was preferred to be Rector of St Margarets, West- Riinfttef in 1835. becoming at the same 121C time Canon of Westminster. In 1849 he was promoted to the deanery of St Paul's, and the same year took his degiee of D.D. His literary works are numerous and im- portant. The first published wus "Fazio, a Tragedy " (1815), which, without his con- sent, was performed first at the Bath Theatre, and then at Covent Garden. Tho discovery that their vicar had written a stage-play created some scandal among hla Earishioners. In 1818 appeared " Samor, lOrd of the Bright City,'* a reUgious epic founded on a passage of the legendary history of Britain . Th e reputation of the author was greatly raised by his dramatic poem "The Fall of Jerusalem" (1820). This was followed by three other dramatic poems, "The Martyr of Antioch"(1821), "Belshazzar," and "Anne Boleyn." A translation from the Sanscritof the "Nala andDamayanti"appeared in the collected edition of his poems in 1840. The first of Dean Milman's historical works was the "History of the Jews," published in 1829. Its freedom of investigation and discussion exposed the author to much obloquy: he was charged with cavil, irre- verence, scepticism, and speculation, and a bitter controversy ensued. A new edition'of the work, partly re-written, ap- peared a short time before his death. In 1840 he gave to the world his "History of Christianity from the Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman Empire;" and in 1854-55 his greatest work, the "History of Latin Christianity, including that of the Popes." . It is brought down to tho close of the pontifloate of Nicholas V. His other works are a splendidly-illustrated edition of the works of Horace, with a life of the poet ?nd criti- cal observations, and an annotated edition of Gibbon's great work, since repuhlislied with additional notes by Dr William Smith. Dean Milman also contributed to the "Quarterly Review." As liberal in principle as he was ripe in learning, he advocated the abolition of subscription to the Articles, and proposed subscription to the Liturgy instead. Died at Sunniughill, near Reading, 24th September 1868. MIRAMION. Marie de Beauhab- KAI3 DB, a distinguished Frencli phihrn- thropist, was born at Paris in 1629. bUe was the daughter of M. Jacques Bonneau de Rubelie, a Councillor of State, and in earliest childhood was remarkable tor seriousnes?, which was deepened into a morbid depression by the loss of lier mother before she was nine years old. She began to inflict bodily suffering on herself in imitation of the saints she read of. and to visit, nurse, and instruct the sick and dying. Taken into the midst o the cav society of Paris at fifteen, ner beauty, intelligence, and enormouj wealth attracted to her a crowd oi suitors, and at sixteen she mamedM.d^ Miramion. After six mouths happin^ she was left a widow, and firmly rejected the numerous offers of mairiasejfter- MIR] Supplement. wards made taher. I& 1648 the profligate Bussy dq Babutin, a ooueiin of Madame de 8evlgn6, and one of the disappointed suitors, waylaid her with a band of armed horsemen and carried her off to his ohft- tean. She did not yield, and made her es- cape, Bussy being prosecuted, but escaping punishment through the Prince de Oondfis fctervention. She then began to lead an ascetic life, and to spend herself in works of charity. She educated her daughter very carefully, saw her happily married. Ana then gave herself and her wealth entirely to the service and good of others. She established an orphan home, a foundling hospital, a refuge for fallen women, more than a hundred schools, a reformatory, a dispensary, &c. She gave her personal services as courageously as hei* money, and enlisted many others of the higher ranks in the same noble work. Tied at Paris, 24th March 1696. A " Life of Madame de Miramion," by A. Bonneau, has been translated into English and edited by Lady Herbert. MIRAMON", MiGUBL, Mexican general and president of the Republic of Mexico, was born at Mexico about 1830. The son of ageneral.he enteredatsixteen the mili- tary academy at ChapuUepec, and early joined the army. In 1856 he levolted, but unsuccessfully, against President Comon- fort. Under Zuloaga he was appointed commander of the army, and attacked and defeated the Juarists. He was then named Governor of Guadalajara. As- suming soon after the chief niruagement of affairs, he overthrew Zuloaga and be- came President (January 1859) . Pressed by financial difficulties, he seized the funds in the house of the British ambassador, made a fraudulent contract with the French bankers Jecker & Co. {'* Jecker bonds"), and signed a treaty with Spain. These measmres proved the occasion of the joint Mexican expedition of Great Britain, France, and Spain. The civil war wiis continued: Miramon besieged Juarez in Vera Cruz, but was obliged to raise the siege, and being defeated at Yalulpalam, shut himself up in Mexico. Finally defeated by Juarez at San Miguelito in December 1860, he escaped to Spain. While in Europe, he was re- ceived by Napoleon III. and by the Queen of Spain, and used his influence to pro- mote intervention in Mexico. He re- turned thither at the time of the joint expedition, but waa not permitted to land. He afterwards entered the service of Maximilian, who named him Grand Marshal, and soon after sent him am- bassador to Berlin. In 1866 he again returned to Mexico, faithfully served the young emperor, commanded the army at the defence of Queretaro, was wounded, captured, and shot at the same time with his master and General Mejia, 19th June 1867. „MONTALEMBBRT» CHAUiils Foebfs de Tryon, count of, a distln [moh torian, waa bom m London in 1810 Ha ^»« *«««>« o' a colonel in the EiglSh army, who married a Scotch lady and was afterwards created a peer of Prant* and sent ambassador to Stockholm The son completed his education at the TJnfc yersity of Pans, and first brought himself nto notice in 1831 by a powerful sS m the Chamber of Peers, which he had just entered on his father's death, in favour of the establishment of free schools for Rowan Catholic instructioij He was one of the disciples of Lamennais, ??oA . ^" *.'^^^" ?^^^ ^it-h Lacoi Jaire in 1830 m originating the journal entitled L'Avenir." -When Pope Gregory XVI condemned the alliance of XJltramontan- ism and Democracy advocated by Lament nais in the "Avenir," Montalembert sub- mitted. For some years he devoted him- self almost exclusively to literature, and made a great reputation by his biographi- cal and other works. He visited England IP 1839, and in the following year travelled m the East. In 1843 he again took a pro- minent part in political discussion, and as orator of the Ultramontane party, distinguished himself by many powerful and eiV ' r iastic speeches. In one of his greatest efforts, the speech of 1847 on the Sondfrhund, which he defended, he predicted the outbreak of revolutions in the following year. He was a member of the National Assembly of 1848. and of the Legislative Assembly of 1849. He visited Rome in the latter year, was re- ceived at the French Academy in 1852, and two years later retired from public life. The principal works of Count Mon- talembert. re— "La Vie de Sainte Elisa- beth de Hungrie," published in 1835-36, "Du Vandalisme et du Catbolicisme dans I'Art" (1839), " LA venir Politique de I'Angleterre " (1855), " Les Moines d'Occident" (1860), and "L'Eglise libre dans I'Etat libre" (1863). Among his shorter works are an essay on Catholic interests in the 19th century, and a letter to the Cambridge Camden Society on the relation of the Reformed Church of Eng- land to the Catholic Church of the mid- dle ages. He was a contributor to " Le Correspondant." Count Montalembert married in 1836, und by bis marriage con- nected himself with the Belgian family of Mcrode. Died at Paris, 13th March 1870, MORSE, Samuel Ftnley Breese, inventor of the "Recording Electric Telfe- graph," was boin at Charlestown in Mas- sachusetts in 1791. He was educated at Yale CoDege, and in 1811 he came to Eng- land to study painting at the Royal Academy. He remained here two years, and at the close of his studies exhibited a large picture, entitled "The Dying Her- cules,'* and gained a prize for a sculpture model. Returning to America in 1813,.be practised as a portrait-painter, settled 9t New Ydrk in 1822, and pain ted a po rtrait I ! 1 ' I i I •Mr iifli -t u MOS] ?C Bm m\\\ittm "55io0rapl)p. [mur of General Lafayette, then visiting the States. He was again In England from 1829 tUl 1832. During the return voyage, in the course of discussions with a fellow- passenger on the passage of the electric current through a conducting wire, tlie possibility of using it as a means of com- munication by a system of signs occurred to him. lb is stated that he devised his method during the voyage. He carried out experiments to test his theory, and m 1835 had completed a model of his re- cording electric telegraph." His patent was perfected in 1840, and four years later he saw his plan in operation on a line of forty miles between Washington and Baltimore. His system was gradually adopted in all parts of the Union, Its great advantages are simplicity and conse- quent speed of communication. The re- cording by chemical action which he first adopted was af terwardsgiven up in favour of that by electro-magnetic action. The inventor held the chair of Natural His- tory at Yale College, and the office of Electrician of the Atlantic Telegraph Company. In connection with tho pro- ject of an Atlantic cable he visited Eng- land in 1856, and took part in some ex- periments to test its practicability. The decisive experiment was conducted br bim in conjunetion with C. T. Bright, O.E., and Dr Whitehurst, on the night of the 2 "' October of that year, and he soon after < ..ourned to his retired home at Pough- keepsie. in New York State. Died, 2d April 1872. , ^ ^ , MOSCHELES, Ignaz, a celebrated musical composer and pianist, was born at Prague in 1794. He commenced his musical studies at the conservatory of that city, unc'er the director D'onysius Weber. At the age of eleven he had at- tained extraordinary skill as a pianist. In 1808 he went to Vienna, and by the ad- vice of Haydn and Beethoven, studied under Albrechtsberger, and he .....on be- caraeone of the greatest pianoforte-players in Europe. After visiting the principal towns of Germany, France, and Holland, he came in 1820 to England. The favour- able reception given him induced him to settle in London, and in 1825 lie was ap- pointed Professor of Music at the Aca- demy. He added to his reputation by many classical compositions, and by his successful labours as a teacher. In 18» he conducted with Mendelssohn the musi- cal festival at Birmingham, and the same year accepted a professorship in tlie Lei psic Conservatory. Among the pupils of Moscheles were Mendelssohn and Thal- berg. Died in March 1870. MOSELEY, Hbnry, canon of Bristol, a distinguished mathematician, was born about 1802. He completed his education at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A., and was seventh wrangler in 1826. Two years later he was ordained priest. In 1831 he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy and As- tronomy at King's College, Londou, t post which beheld fourteen years. Hctook a warm interest in the cause of popular education, and was one of the first In- spectors of Schools appointed by the Go- vernment. He took his degree of M.A. in 1835. was made Canon of Bristol Ca- thedral in 1863, and appointed Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen in 1855. His scientific attainments procured him elec- tion as F.R.8., as member of the Council of Military Kduoation, Corresponding Member of the French Institute, and Pre- sident of tho Society of Naval Architects. His principal works are— "Lectures on Astronomy," originally delivered at King's College, and "Mechanical Principles of Engineering and Architecture," a work very highly esteemed, which was reprinted in America, and used as a textbook at the Military Academy at West Point, and also translated into German. He was a constant contributor throughout Lis long life to various scientific journals, wrote the article on "Definite Integrals "in the " Encyclopsedia Metropolitana," devoted much time to the study and illustration of the problem of glacier movement, and published some valuable formulie for the calculation of the dynamical stabilities of ships. His genuine love of children contributed to his success as a teacher and promoter of education. He long held the vicarage of Olveston, and died there, 20th January 1872. MUNRO. Alexander, sculptor, was a native of Sutherlandshire, and was bom about 1827. He came to London under the patronage of the Duke of Sutherland. His most important monumental work is the colossal statue of Watt at Birming- ham. He executed many portrait busts, and was especially successful in the faces of women and the treatment of children. He died at Cannes, where he had resided for some years, 10th January 1871. MURC^^SON, Sir Roderick Impey, Bart., ty ustinguished geologist, Direc- tor-Gene. A of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, was born at Tarra- dale. in Ross-shire, on the 19th February 1792. After studying for twoyears at the Military School atMarlow, he entered the army and served in the Peninsular war in 1808 and 1809. After the close of the war he left the army, and began to apply him- self to scientific studies, especially geolo^. In 1825 he was elected a fellow of tlie Geological Society, and in the following year a fellow of the Royal Society. In company with Professor Sedgwick he visited the Highlands in 1827, thus com- mencing a systematic examination of m older sedimentary deposits in Great Britain, to which he devoted years oi labour and study, the grand result of which was the estabhshment of tne "Silurian System," and the classification of itT^o^anic regains. With Profes^ Sedgwick he made two visits of explora- tion to the Rhenish Provinces, and m 1212 company with M. de Verneuil and Count Keyserling he explored in 1840 the geology of Russia. On the inTitatiou of the Czar Nitliolas, he returned to Russia with De Verneuil in 1841, to direct a geological survey of the country. In the following year lie travelled extensively in Germany, Poland, and tho Carpathian Mountains, and the fruit of these la>)oriou8 examina- tions in Eastern Europe was the estab- lishment of the "Permian System." In 1844 he visited Sweden and Norway. Honours fell fast upon him. He was President of the Geological and Geographical Societies, was made knight of two Russian orders, was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1846, presided the same year at the meeting of tlie British Association at York, received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1849, and the Brisbane gold medal of the Koyal Society of Scotland in 1859, Bident of the Geologic J Societv ami" was afterwards createl KcSanS* Bar His works are-" The Silurian Swtem" Phi'iT^'T'^" ^^^? :. "Geologvof RuSXi the Ural Mountains." in 1845 ; "Silurla " his best^known work. In 1854 f and a Geological Atlas of Europe," in 1856 Besides these separate works, he contri- buted a large number of valuable memoirs to the transactions of various scientific ^""J'^i^'^'u. Si": Roderick married in 1815. and lost his wife in 1869. Died In London ^ftP^^°^r^^lh His title beciie ex- tinct by his death. N. NAPOLEON III. {CkarUs Louis NapoUon Bonaparte), emperor of the French, was born at Paris, 20th April 18C8. He was the youngest son of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the brothers of Napoleon I., and king of Holland, by his wife Hortense Eugfinie, a daughter of the Empress Josephine by her first hus- band. Baptized at Poutainebleau in No- vember 1810, he was brought up and edu- cated by his mother, v7ho was separated from her husband and lived at Paris. At the age of seven he was presented hy his uncle, the emperor, to the soldiers and deputies at the assembly on the Champ de Mai. After the fall of the Empire Hortense retired with her sons to Arenen- burg, in Switzerland. liOuis Napoleon studied for some years at the Gymnasium of Augsburg, and afterwards at the mili- tary college at Thun. Refused permission, by Lou's Philippe, to return to France, and soon after expelled from the States of the Church (1830), he joined with his brother the revolutionary party in Italy, and took an active part with the Carbonari in the movement of 1831. On the suppres- sion of the insurrection he returned to Arenenburg, and was naturalized in the canton of Thurgau. In 1832, on the death of the duke of Reichstadt, since called Napoleon II., he became heir to Napo- i|o>i I. under an imperial decree of 1804 regulating the succession. From that time his thought was directed to the re-establishment of the "Empire and the Napoleonic dynasty. J. • published in jf33 his first literarj work, entitled KSveries Politiques," in whichappears the germ of Lis later "IdCea Napolfioni- nmes. In the following year he obtained the rank of colonel of artillery In the canton of Berne. His first attempt to carry out his project and realize his dream was made in 1836. At the close o£ October in that year, encouraged by pro- raises of co-operation and support by Colonel \audry and other officers, he ®,°?®?'I°"'^®d to get possession of the cita- del of Strasburg. But he was immediately arrested, and a few days later was sen- tenced to banishment from France, and sent to America. In the following year the illness of his mother drew him back to Europe, and he was present at her death, which took place at Arenenburg. Compelled to quit Switzerland in 1838 in consequence of the menacing attitude of Louis Philippe, he came to England, where he quietly lived for two years. In August 1840, with a few attendants and a tame eagle, he sailed for Boulogne, where he attempted to excite an insurrec- tion, but after a few shots had been fired was again arrested. Tried before the Chamber of Peers, and defended by M. Berryer, he was found guilty of treason and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in a fortress. He was sent to the fortress of Ham, whence by the aid of his medical attendant, Dr Conneau, he escaped in May 1846, and again took refuge in Eng- land. It was during this second residence in London that he was enrolled as a special constable on occasion of the threaten -d Chartist demonstration (April 1848). Two months later he was elected deputy to the National Assembly of France, and after some debate was per- mitted to take his seat. In September he was again elected, this time by six departments, and in the following De- 1213 li \ ' n ! » H. !J llili:: nap] K i^eto jante^^ioginp^ [nar cembOT was appointed President of tho Fronch Republic for a term of four ycnrt, and formally took the oath to maintatn the CoiiBtitution. Tho first year of his preBldency was made tnemorablo by tlio expedition to Rome. Rigorously reprosg- ing the " Reds," winning popular favour by vleits to the departmetits, ■nd main- tftinliig a long conflict with the ^.egisla- ture, ho went on towards the accompllBU- menb of hia purpose. In January 1851 he Tentured to dismiss General phangarnler from thecommnnd of tho National Guards and the army of Paxls. Later in the year he denounced the Assembly as resist- ing all reforms, and on the pretext of a conspiracy against him collected large bodies of troops in Paris. Tho inevitable crisis came in December. On the 2d took place the too-famous coup a etat: ft decree of the prince president dissulved tho Assembly, declared Paris in a state of siege, established universal suffrage, and xiroposed aten years' presidency and a second chamber. In the night some of the most influential political and military leaders were arrested, M. Thiers among them, and fearful slaughter was per- petrated in the streets of Paris. About 180 deputies who met for conference under the presidency of M. Berryer were also arrested, and under a deci-eo issued some days afterwards, large numbers of persons were transported, without trial, to Cay- enne and other penal settlements. On the 'Mbh and 2l8t of the month Prince Louie Napoleon was chosen by more than seven million votes (the pUhiscite), accord- ing to oWoiBl returns, President of the Republic for ten years. In January 1852 he rtublished R new constitution, had the Niitlonal Guard reorganized, and restored the titles of nobility. After processes of cfftffcy preparation, he procured from the Senate in November a vote in favour of re-establishing the Empire, and the same month, by n second pUbiacite.v/as chosen heretlitary Emperor of the French. He formally accepted tlie title, as Napoleon 111., in December. Tlie Empire was im- mediately recognized by the English Government. In January 1853 the emperor married Eugenie Marie de Mon- ti jd, the ceremony taking place in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris. The story of his eighteen years' reign cannot be tiild as part of this brief bior-aphical nWsioe. A mere mention of some of the leaditig particulars must suffice. In 1854 the emperor was the ally of Englnnd and Turkey ir> le Crimean War; in 1855, with thb etapreas, he visited Queen Victoria, and was in turn visited by the queen and the prince consort ; in 1856 the Prince Imperial was born ; in January 1858 an attempt was made to assassinate tlie cQiperor by Oi-siui ; in 1859 took place the Franco-Italian campaign against Austria, id which Napoleon 111. took part per- sonally, and which. lifter several victories, BuScLeuly came to aa end with tLe Treaty of VUl&franca. lu return for bla part in this war ho demanded and acanirert for France tho territories of Savoy and Nioc, In 1861 came tho disastroua Muxicwi expedition. [See Maximiuan, eiuiicror of Mexico.] Two yuara later the tnipcrur proposed tho assembling of a congrtHsor. the aflalrs of Europe, but tho project wai rejected by England. A aimilar proposal iu 18C6 met with the same fate. In the spring of 1865 ho visited Algeria, and in the following August held a review of tho IVench and Engiisli fleets at Cherbourg. At tho close of the Seven Weeks' Wat between Prussia and Austria, Napoleon III, acted as intcrmediiiry for tho cession of Veue ti a to Italy , lie at the same period claimed of Pruswa, by way of compoiiM- tion for her aggrandizement, territory on the Saar, which was of course refused. In July 1870 he declared war on Prussi*, then head c f the powerful North German Confederation. He joined the army at Metz, where he issued a flattering pro- clamation ; led an attack on Siu.rbrUck, the young prince being also prei-ent, on the 2d August ; and ex actly a month later, after the battle of Sedan, capitulated with tho whole army of Marslial MacMahon to the king of Prussia. He was then sent to tha palace of Wjlhelmshbhe, and on the 4th September a revolution took place at Paris, and his deposition wm proclaimed. This was confirmed iu March 1871 by the National Assembly at Bor- deaux. At the conclusion of the Peace of Versailles the ex-emperor wis liberated and came to Kngland, taking up his resi- dence at Carhdcu Pljice, Chiselhurst, in Uussex. There, after enduring great suf- fering from organic disease, and submit- ting to repeated surgical operations, he died on the 9th January 1873. After lyiiy in state on the 14th, his remains were in- terred at Chiselhurst on the 15th, the funeral being attended by a very large number of Frenchmen. In addition to the works already named, Napoleon III. was author of " Fragments Historiaues, "Extinction de Paup6r.sme,"auda 'His- toiro de Jules CCsar." _ NAltVAEZ, Don Ramok Mama, Marshal of Spain and statesman, was born at Loja, in Andalusia, in 1800. He entered the army at the age of iifteen, became an officer in 1820, and the same year fought under Mina in Catalonia. On the entrance of the French into Spain in 1823 he retired to Loja, where he Uved retired and studious for nine year& Having re-entered the army, he served with distinction in the civil war (Carlist) of 1834-36, and was promoted brigiidier- general. He estabUshed his reputation as a soldier by the rout of the Carlist leader. General Gomez, near Ar«8lon ti «n^ 5i '^^ ^""^ *^« purpose of inspecting ^ «„^rP"''*"'8 «° the situation of thS Eeae of M^"^ ."^nd the operations of the ho Laum^ f"*."^'"'- ^*"^° ™°n*h8 later enoi^PPr^T?* '}• commander-in-chief of enginceru tho direction of the siege onera- aMtT\''!\'''J^^ '^««" and^apTure of the Malakhoff was ma.ie grand cross rf tlie Legion of Honour. Two years after- wards he was created senator He took war'Sfiif ^a^'^i'^'''' )!! *^« Austro-Italian ZvrLr. ' ?"i ^^sthen created marshal nffi^i «r;T-^>l'°'^ in January 1867 to the Jn.f ]«fifl^"T^** V^\?.'"',^« I'^ld it till JUiy i8be. Marshal Nie nubligh»>d an account of the "Siege of^KtoJol" NIEPOE DE 8AINT- Victor, thedistin- tnguished inventor of photography on glass, was bornt at Sain+.Oyr, near Chft- lons-sur Saone in 1805. Ho was educated at the school of Saumur, and entered the arniy. While still a lieutenant, his at- tention was accidentally drawn to the study of colours, and then of chemistry At the same time his uncle, M. Nicephore JNifipce, was engaged in the researches Which led to the Invention of photography and after his uncle's death lie resolved to apply himself to the same researches, and complete the task left unfinished. In ^•^."l ^^l^.h® settled at Paris, and in October 1847 announced his important discovery of photography oi' glass. Dur- ing the revolution of February 1848 his laboratory and its contents, in the bar- racks of the Municipal Guard, were destroyed. He continued courageously his labours, announced successive im- provements in his processes, waspromoted captain in November 1849, and admitted to the Legion of Honour in December M. Nifipcewas alsothediscovererof a pro- cess for producing coloured photographic images, which he named "hehoclirome," but he did not succeed in fixing the colours. His third discovery, "Tielio- graphy," the process of producing photo« graphic engravings on steel plates, was first announced in 1853. In 18S4 his scientific services were recognized by the Emperor Napoleon III., who named him Commandant of the Louvre. The vari. im ■ 111!- ! i 1 f ti f 5i I 1 i ii nob] K Ji^m 3©ni\i«vtfal "iJSiOflrnpbs* [nor oufl memolm of M. NlCpce on hl» dU- covorles were published In a colleqtea edition in 1855, under the title of Kf- cherches Photopraphlques." His Traite Pi-atiuue de Gravure Hnr Acier et sur Verre^' appeared in 1866. Modest ami dUinterosted to a rare degree, ho refusea to patent hla inventions. Died at fans in April 1870. , _ xiiiyrTaT NOEL. The Hon. and Rev. Baptist WRtoTHKHLEY, an eminent Church ol England, afterwards % Nonconformiat divine, was born in 1'98. lie was a younger son of Sir Gerard Noel Noel of fexton Park. Rutlandshire, and waa edu- cated at Trinity College, CambrUlge. where in due courso he graduated B.A. andM.A. Having taken holy orders, he became a zealous adherent of tlie li,van- gelical party in the Church, and was for many years minister of 8t .John's Chapel. Bedford Row, London. His name was made widely known by his vigorous pamphlet against the Corn Laws, written du ring the agitation for their repeal. He was soon after appointed Ciiaplain to the Queen. In 1848 he withdrew from the Church of England, and published his reasons for doing so in a work entitled "Essay on the Union of Church and State.'' He then joined the Baptists, and soon after succeeded Mr J. H. Kyans as minister of John Street Chapel. Eloquent and impressive as a preacher, an earnest advocate of ail philanthropic movemeiits, and especiall/ the warm friend of City Missions, he continued to discharge the pastoral duties till his seventieth year, when he retired. He was a voluminous writer, but many of his publications were of merely passing interest, and many were sermons. More noteworthy are his " Essay on the Duty of Englishmen .o the Hindoos," " Essay on American Freedom and Slavery," "Notes of a Tour through awitzerland," and '' Notes of a Tour through Ireland." Mr Noel died atStan- more. Middlesex, 19th January 1873. NORMAN, John Paxton, .Acting Chief -Justice of Bengal, was born inl8i». After studying at the Grammar School, Exeter.heenteredExeterCollege.Oxford, and took his degree of B. A. in 1841. He then studied law at the Temple, and after some years of practice as aspecial Pleader, he was called to the bar in 1852. In May 1861 he was appointed one of the •?"eiit the rest of his life at Ronu\ in quiet iiiifiagKlng devotion to his art. His works are very numerons. and almost all of them religious. Bometlmea inyatloal In character. Ue painted both In fresco and in oil, and executed many designa In hia later years in chalk and charcoal. Many of hit pictures arc well known by enKravinra, Among hi« principal works are- a "rf*. donna ^' (1811), the Hrat which ma«(e rout* In ■>il he canturuu the privateer /.a tWdon Incl in tfio following year qulttt^l ih* U»M«m. In the War^fHte, to which he kw appointed in 1837. he nerred nj the ile°"« "'« f'iends of K n'^M""^*""^ ?' **>« distinguished Nn o; the day. Among his satirica bieces are a " Satire on King George 11 *' N "Character of a Jacobite/' ried at t™'"-in 1776. A volume contaiu- te" .°^^!^ ''^^*y« "»°^ "'^J'='' appeared in a work Intit led "Remarks on Church Architec- Kre," published in 1841. He assisted in bimdiDg the British Archasologicallnst" Me in 1844, and became a regular con. tibu or to its Journal. He v^ an ao- Jomphshed artist, and left a large number I drawings from nature, all finished on m spot, and many etchings. His mo«^, bportant work is the " Architectura Jtudies 111 France- 1854). He was also served hi8'°app'*e;ft?cSin\''» "!?:«« painter in tharcitv bnfeu*? » house. 183^brtire7enerZSo7L?rte^^^^^^ to whom his casp wa= ^„ ^■^'^"'nure. Sdvillp " ''i*^- ?r '.. Letter Writer of ss^ofs^vme-^fen;:^^^^^^^ distas " ''Tn 01 ' • ^P^"JsJ^ tJontraban- (1864) "■PnvtW°"'^- ^ Spanish Wake- ami "'a nw^ ^^""^F o^ Muriilo" (1865) ,1 , :^«s ivienifias, the masterpiece of mciples and .Prejudices." Mr T^f^l. ns%f „ffl: ,1 ? Hous-'--^ ■? fimciples and Prejudices." MrPetit ha fellow of the R.I B.A., a iembej L ? Archteological Institute, and of teSlSTsel*"^- ^-^'^^I^ichfielX IPETP^E, GEoioE, LL.D., the Irish fctiquarv, was bom at Dublin in 1790 Irought up to his father's profession that ■My to antiquarian pursuits, and ob- lined several prizes for his various es^-avs f the antiquities of Ireland. He took n Fominent part in the discussimi of t^e Nd question of the "Round Towers " [origin of which he zeiUously S lined to be Christian. He was^auU or lelami L*;'"^''^.' ^^''^^ Architecture of Insli^f'^!'"-' *° "^^ Anglo-Forman liSS!' *T President of the Roval feRnv^Pr'^'i^l.'^'^y' Vice-PresideKf LmT'-^''1^'^ Academy, and director of I teal aiid antiquarian sectfons of fieSn nf T ■^^'^''y. °* Ireland Ms r^lP. John, R.A., one of the n'acqr ^''Y"."'' , .^f"^ House of Commons" |a|ya^^sSaSiA=.s PHILLPOTTS, Henry, bishop of l^f^l'J'^^ '^ i^^"y« of Gloucester ^ He was the son of a hotel-keener and xZlt born in 1777. He entered Corpus Chrl^ hn7'q?'.?f °'^'' "^ l^^l- sradifatLg B.A m 1795, and was soon after elected felloW Sie^^lffn 1 ol "^^ff^- ^' ^'^^ «^Sd priesc in imi, and the same year vacatod his fellowsbip by marriage. In 1806 he was appointed Chaplain to the bishop of Durham, and three years later became prebendary of Durham. HTtook iTis degree of D.D. in 1821. was nomhmted ttep^^ ^^^'^%' '" 1«.28- '^"d proZt"d to the See of Exeter in 1830. Dr Phillpotts especially distinguished himself as a polemical divine, and he was tho recog- nized chief of the liigh church party. As a peer m Farliamciit he was the vigorous opponent of all liberal measures- the Re- S;'i?^^r'"i,^V^'? Church Temporahties mil, the Ecclesiastical Commission, &c. mi ■••*r"in i < ill : ! . -J. i il si 'fl^f pie] n Jfictt) ir>nibev?at '^iocrnpfe)?. [poJ In 1849 he refused to institute Mr Gorham to a living on the ground of hia heretical views on baptism. His decision, on final appeal to the Privy Council, being set aside, he addressed a letter to the arch- bishop of Canterbury as a party to the decision, and held out a threat of excom- munication. In 1851 he violated the law by convoking a synod at Exeter. Among the more noteworthy of the controversies in which he was engaged, in addition to those above mentione. and was frequently ensasced in the defence of political prisoners. In 1828 he was imprisoned as an accomplice in the conspiracy of Avelhno, and was only liberated In 1838. Again imprisoned in 1847, he was released in January lii» and soon after organized an importanj demonstration. The revolutionarymovel ments of that year o))ened the way fol him to honours and office, and he wj named Minister of Public Instruction! After the reaction of 1849 he remained i member of the opposition in the net( parliament: was arrested on a fal* charge, and sentenced to fine and Iml prisonment in irons for twenty-four yearsj Subjected with many of his political comi rades to the harshest usage, and draggeq from dungeon to dungeon, he was » broken down in health that his death Tfaj anticipated. A visit of Mr Gladstone f. Naples in 1850, and his personal obaenr* tion of the cruelties perpetrated in thj political prisons, led to a public exposnn by means of his letter to the earl ol Aberdeen published in the following yeMi In 1859 Poerio, with other prisoners, ma shipped for South America ; but the| mastered the crew, and Poerio reachw London, and thence Turin. lu 1860 hd was elected deputy to the pairliament o| the new kingdom of Italy, andwasnamei Vice-President. Died at Florence, 28tt| April 1867. POIRSON, AuQUSTE Simon Jeaij ChrysostOmb, Frenchhistorian,wasbon at Paris in 1795. He completed his eduf cation at the Ecole Normale, and then became the friend of Augnatin ThierrjrJ After being for a short time Reader, thenT Assistant-Professor of Rhetoric at thq College of Henry IV., he was appoints in 1818 to the chair of History. In tlid following year appeared his first work, i "Tableau Ohronologique do I'Histoirf Ancienne." In 1833 he was named Mas«< of the College of St Louis, and touryearj later was transferred to the same post iJ the College Charlemagne, which undej his direction took the highest ranf among the colleges of Paris. He retin in 1853. Meanwhile he had held sereraj honourable offices in connection witlf public education, and was admitted t the Legion of Honour. His most iml portant work is the "Histoire de HenrT IV.," which appeared in 2 vols, in 18571 and for which the Academy awarded hir aGobert Prize. Among his other worki are " Histoire Romaine " (1824-26), anl several useful "PrCcis" of history aiicienj and modern. He also contributed articlej to the "Revue Francaiae," " Revue def Deux Mondes," &c. Died in July 1871. POLLOCK, Sir Frederick, Cliiel| Baron of the Court of Exchequei', born in London in 1783. He was son of I saddler, and after studying at airmt School, entered Trinity College, taw bridge, in "102. About the sametimj having c! .i the profession of tbeiaw hp fint.firfi( lie Middle Temple. Alter | brilliant course as Undergraduate, took his degree of B.A. in 1806, fj out " as Senior Wrangler and firstSnuWl I POL Supplement. Prizeman. In the foUowing year he was chosen fellow of his college, and after- wards took hia degree of M.A. In 1807 he was called to the bar, rapidly obtaining a reputiition for great and accurate legal knowledge, and extraordinary capacity for work. After a successful practice of twenty years in London and on tlie Northern Circuit, he was made a King's Counsel, his success continuing and in- creasing. In 1831 he entered Parliament as member for Huntingdon, for which borough he sat for thirteen years, retiring only on his elevation to the bench. In December 1834, under the Peel adminis- tration, he accepted the office of Attorney- General, and was at the same time knighted. He held office, however, only for a few months. Re-appointed in 1841, ho was raised to the bench as Chief-Baron of the Court of Exchequer in 1844, and was (worn a member of the Privy Council " He exhibited." says the " Times," " the highest qualities of a judge, firmness, patience, clearness in his explanation of points of law, and a lucidity in his sum- mings-up which was beyond all praise " In July 1866 he retired, and was at the same time created a baronet. In hi.s later years he took great interest in plioto- graphy, and became one of the best amateur photo^aphers of the day. He was twice married, first in 1813, and again m 1835, and had a large family by each of his wives. Died at Hatton, in Middlesex, 23d August 1870. POLLOCK, Sir George, British Field- Marshal, Constable of the Tower, was born m London in 1786. He was brother of Sir David Pollock, Chief-Justice of Bombay, and of Sir Frederick PoUock, Ohief-Baron of the Exchequer, the three bemg sons of a London saddler. At the age of sixteen he entered the service of the i-ast India Company, and joined the Ben- gal Artillery. In 1804-5 he served in the armyunder GeneralLake, and was present at the battle and siege of Deeg, and the fil^K^^T^"?!??';^- **« became captain • lu -KT " ^^^^ ^^ served as a volunteer m the Nepaulese campaign : he became major in 1819, and two years later took '='"n™a",d of the expedition sent to Bur- mah. For his services on that occasion he was created O.B. Ho attained the rank of colonel in 1829. During the OJsastrous war in Afghanistan he was Mosen to command the armies west of ae Indus, and after the memorable re- i!*u*'}JJ..'"^^*<'''e of the British forces I. .?^^°^'^.^^''"' P»38, he marched across the Punjab, forced his way through rlf^i?''®'' ^'"^s^' and in April 1842 re- hSL^fii'^^^.^'^' besieged in Jellala- R^SfZu-'^'^^^.': ^'^'^"- I" t^he following ?)!? A^r""' ^^^^^ several times defeating !r.^.l^8^^*°8m the Jugdulluk Pas« r„rd en& T?*!? ?®°l?*^ ^°"' a°d witli axm tKf^**"! ¥^ ,*°o'^ measures for tie safety of the English prisoners, who, C^<^^ of the army beyond theSutlej iWH.^fi memorable achievements 1^ was nr« sented with a sword by the Governor" General of India, was promoted a Go B and received the thanta of both Houfei of Parliament. Various other mfrK f,V m^^liP""^""*""" were conferred on him In 1843 he was appointed British E voy at the Court of Oude, and the next yea? becanie a member of the Supreme Coundl of India. A pension of £1000 per annurn Z^ awarded him by the Company S which he was afterwards nominated I director by theCrown. Inl859TeatSed the rank of full general; was afterwards created Grand Commander of the SUr of India; was promoted to the rank of field-marshal in 1870; made Constable of tlie Tower of London in 1871 ; and created Baronet m 1872. Sir George Pollock wis 852^ "m^r^l- i"? ^" 181« and again'^in Wio •.. ?\^'^ at Walmer, 6th Octobir 1872. His Life and Correspondence," edited P0N(;ELET, .Jean Victor, French general and mathematician, was born H«^^*^ "^ K^-u >"er studying S the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole d Application of Metz, he entered the army in 1812 as lieutenant of engineers lakeii prisoner m the Russian campaign. he returned to France in 1814, and was appointed Professor of Mechanics at the licole d Application, a post which he held for fifteen years. During this period hia researches and valuable memoirs on geo- nietncal science, the latter contributed to the Annales de Matliematiques," placed hiri in the highest rank among mathe- maticians. In 1834 he was received at the Paris Academy of Sciences. About ;, same time he became Professor of Mechanics at the Sorbonne, afterwards at the College de Prance. He waa pro- moted colonel in 1845, general of brigade and commander of the Ecole Polytech- nique in 1848, and at the same time was elected deputy to the Constituent As- sembly. Ha was President of the Scien- tific Commission for the great Exhibition in London. Commander of the Legion of Honour from 1850, he was promoted grand officer in 1853. Besides memoirs contributed to the Academy of Sciences. &c., M. Poncelet was author of " Traitfi des Proprietes projectives des Figures" (1822), " Mfimoire sur les Roues hydrau- liques " (1826), crowned by the Academy in 1825, " Coxu-s de Mfioanique appliqufie aux Machines" (1826), &c. Died in De- cember 1867. PONS ARD, FRANOoia, French drama- born at Vienna in 1812. He tist, was „. , ., .„ ^„^„. „„ began at an early age to write plays, made himself known in 1837 by a translation of Byron's "Manfred," and having settled 1223 I J :i i , pon] ?t J^evo J^niiiersal "vJ^ioompbg. [pre =t1 at Paris, got bis classical drampi " Lucruce " froduced at the Od6on Theatre in 1843. t was followed by " Afcnds de Meranie." "Charlotte Corday," "L'Honneur et 1' Ar- gent," "La Bourse," &c. In 1855 Ponsard was received at the French Academy. He was also a commander of the Lejiion of Honour and librarian at the Elysee. Died at Passy. 7th July 1867. PONSON, PlERKE ALEXIS DE, known under the title of the Vicomte de Panson du Terrail, French novelist, was born near Grenoble in 1829. In his twentieth year he went to Paris, and soon after commenced his literary career as a writer of feuilletons for the daily and weekly journals. The fertility of his pen was "prodigious," and the mere titles of his tales would fill a column of the "Bio- graphical Treasury." One of the most noted, chiefly for its voluminousness, is the "Exploits de Kooambole," carried on in the " Resurrection," and the "Dernier Mot de Rocambole," He had sometimes in hand at the same time five or six serial tales, and to assist his memory as to the positions of the various characters of each, he used sets of representative puppets. Died in January 1871. PCTTEit, CiPBiANi, a distinguished musical composer and pianist, Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, was bom in London in 1792. One of a musical family, he ;showed at a very early age the fondness and faculty for music which had distinguished lus father and his two grandfathers. Ho learnt pianoforte Slaying first of his father and then of oseph Woelfl, and was taught the theory of music by Attwood, Callcott, and Crotch. As early as the age of fourteen he com- posed symphonies and chamber-music. In 1807, and several following years, he travelled on the Continent, continuing his musical studies in Germany and Italy, and making the acquaintance of Beet- hoven at Vienna. He was one of tlie first to recognize and adequateiy estimate the genius of Beethoven, and probably contributed more than any other man to the wider knowledge and appreciation of his works in England. In 1823, on the foundation of the Royal Academy of Music, Mr Potter was chosen one of the professors, and nine years later he suc- ceeded Dr Crotch aa Principal of the In- stitution. This office he filled till 1859. He was an active member of the Philhar- monic Society, and was present at one of its concerts only a few months before his death. As a teacher he was remarkably successful, and was idolized by his pupils; among whom were Sir Sterndale Bennett, Messrs G. and W. Macf arren, B. Richards, &c. Among his compositions are several symphonies, an overture to "Cymbeline," overture to "Antony and Cleopatra," &c D'ed 'n Lf^ndoD- 2fi^■h Saphernber, 1871. , ■ POUCH ET, FELIX Abchimede, French naturalist and physiologist, was born at Rouen in 1800. Brought up to the medical profession, he completed his studies at Paris, and graduated M.D. ia 1827. In the following year he was appoint- ed Director of the newly-founded Natural History Museum of Rouen, which under his management rose into considerable hnportance. He was at the same time named Professor of Zoology. In 1838 he accepted the professorship of Natural History at the Rouen School of Medicine. Admitted some years later to the Legion of Honour, he was also a correspondent of the Academy of Sciences, and a mem- ber of many scientific societies, botli French and foreign. M. Pouchet is most widely known as the zealous upholder of the doctrine of Heterogenesis (Spontane- ous Generation), on which subject he found a distinguished opponent in M, Pasteur. The rival series of experiments conducted by these eminent investigators have excited intense interest. In 1859 M. Pouchet published his "Heterogeneity," and the same year, in reply to the objec- tions of Pasteur, "Nouvelles Experiences sur les Animaux pseudo-ressuscitants," These were followed by " Corps organises vecueilies dans I'Air par les Plocous de Neige," &c. Among his other works are- " Histoire Naturelle de la Famille des Solanees" (1829); "Histoire Naturelle du Rdgne Animal ;" "Th^orie positive de rOvulation spontande et de laFe'condation des Mammifdres et de I'Espfice Humaine" (1847), a work which gained him the prize of experimental physiology at the Aca- demy 01 Sciences; " Hi!?l.oivo des Sciences uaturelles au Moyen Age" (1853), &c. Died at Paris, 6th December 1872. PREVOST-PARADOL, LuciknAsa- TOLE, French political and miscellaneous writer, was born at Paris in 1829. He was educated at the College Bourbon and the Ecole Normale, quitting the latter in 1851, and gaining the same year the prize for eloquence at the French Academy. After holding for a year the chair of French Literature at the Faculty of Aix, he joined, at the close of 1856, the staff of the " Journal des Debats," and was after- wards on the staff of the " Courier du Dimanche." His articles in the latter paper were oitensive to the Imperial Go- j vernment, and for one of them, in August 1866, it was suppressed. He had already suffered fine and imprisonment m 1860 for his book entitled " Anciens Partis. M. Pr6vost Paradol was twice au unsuc- cessful candidate for election to the Corps L6gislatif, first in 1863, and a second time in 1869. He was received at tlie French Academy in 1865. In the summer of 1870 he was sent ambassador to tlie United States, and soon after his arnviU committed suicide at Washington, 19tli July 1870. His principal writings are- " Revue de I'Histoire universelle, W R51e de la Famille dans rEducation, , " Essais de Politique et delalitterature,^^ "AnciensPartiB,"and "France Nouvelle. 1224 PBlJ PRIM, Juan, marquis -Je los Oastillp j08, count de Keuss/ PreairW «?■ it and soon diatinguislied himself in the war of succession whicli broke out in IS^TfW a. commander of a free corps. andSenfn Cariis?''BS- h"' ^°"«'^* againsuhe jyanists. Jiefpre he was twenty-two ho was promoted captain, and three ve;ir^ later colonel. After tile close of the^cMl war he entered political life, and in 1843 WM elected Deputy to tlie Cortes Ho took a leading part in the formation anH management of political clubs ami for h? rendlred^o"Vt'«^"* Berv/ces whiS ne renaerea to the successive rnlinir ffcemint °\\f ^.l^ P™motiorand S he entered th« nL?"^y®*'^ in which ne enierea the Cortes he was marlp Sf'lf lIL^V^"^ createdTouKf iveuss. in 1844 he was implicated ^n t conspiracy agair.st Warvaez then fil.f minister, and was con4ted?but his sen tence was revoked by the queen a few ffi^TaWtSya^Sii !KSff£%TS-i^^^^^^^^^^^ We Qu-e^n^atet*' l?«. -^^^^^^ andwM uamed Minister "f ^* ""■°°«' Provisional Goverameut °w}^*'" "^ f'e following summer Winf'^S^'^^ »> the under the regency of «» *^® ministry monarchical form of L^®'''"'^no- Tho adopted, I'r m offered^thP^"""'^* ^^"'B sively to the duke of ri ^''°^» ""^ces- Leopold of HoheiiLuerS an[^' fl° ^"'"=« duke of Aoata Thn o • . finally the second, afterwards lrh°fP**"^« ^^ tl'e the occasion ortheiv'^^' ?.'''"• ^«c"me assassins Pt Madrid on ti,»^°- 'I'i^ '^o^' ''y «ame(?m^'SiSP''»'."-.andwasatth, tenHa«, rnu^P"'"*^^ minister plen -. 'o Bubiueaf H 1 1 1 ii French remain ng banshfifl fn n„i J -'^•"Sust 1864 he was M^i'iinl^^eb'xt was recalled to allied himself wifi,^' ^® ^°°^ after "Pro^™4t ■*'-"' Espartero and the sa^ihE'^r^sss at C^mbric^; ' whe^e in 1816 'if. T"^"^ s assess Sfu^^^caifdiia ^;^^p£r"" |bSfr?eif^-s?sSi-ji the Liberal measures. In 1863 he r^MrPri oy persevering efforts procured the p" was horn in 1820. He began to exhibit as early as 1841, and made his last contribution to the Royal Aca- demy Exhibition in 1867. Among h 1226 more successful works are mentioned "The Village Church," in 1847 ; "Fetch- ing the Doctor," " The Pharisee and the Publican," in 1856; "Return of the Prodigal," in 1858; and "A Sower went forth to Sow," in 1863. Died at Kensington, 7th December 1872. RAU, K ABL Heinrich, adistinguished German political economist, was born at Erlangen in 1792. He studied at the university of that town, and took his degree in 1812. Six years later he was named Professor Extraordinary, after- wards Ordinary Professor ; but m 1^ he removed to Heidelberg to take the chair of Political Economy, and continued to reside there till his death. In 1837 he became a member of the First Chamber of Baden, in which he sat three years; and in 1851 he was .ent to England as ioint-commissioner of the Zollvereiu to report on ihe Great Exhibition. He was a member of several academies, and in 1856 was chosen Corresponc'ent of the French Institute. His great work is the " LehrDuch der Polit. Oekonomie, fiiw published, in 3 vols., between M and 1837, and of which a fifth edito appeared in 166*-o0. Amorg ua y--"^ works are-"Malthus und Say <|ffl^' "Archiv der Polit. Oekonomie' (1834-381 rat] and the same continued in coniimn tje Jubilee of his doctorate, ffitt HeiflelberK. 29th Marcli 1870. ^ ** jflAYMOND. Henry jIkvis. Ameri- '■ nJwX* k *l5°T^'' and editor oMhe v 1 oi r . J-i^es,' was born in New York State m 1820. He was the sou of I small farmer, and in his boyhood was em* ployed m farm-labour. Ho afterwards studied at Vermont University, tod hil degree in 1840, and then studied law tor a short time. In 1841 he became V,h editor of the "New York Tribun^' two years later passed to the staff of the '' New York Courier; ■ and in 1851 established and became editor of the "New York Times." He was elected in 1849 a mem ber the State Legislature of New Yor™ ?a"Ki u^^ following year was Speaker. In ^§5< he was elected Lieutenai t-Governo? of the State which office he held for three years. He took an active part in the or^ ganization of the Republican party sup- ported Mr Lincoln in his candidature fw the Presidency, and warmly advocated the.war against the Southern States on READ, Thomas Buchanan, Ameri- can poet and painter, was born in Penn &f \"^?2^- ^r^ of the flSe art he, first studied sculpture, then turned to painting, and in 1841 began to practise portraitpainting at New York. He soon removed to Boston, and later to PhUa° ° ^10% x?'^ ^^* Poeins were published in 1847 ; these were followed bv '• Lata and Ballads," "ANewpSal^' -^l ral Poems.-; "A Summer S?ory/'&c He" also wrote "The Female Poets of A mo rica," and "The Pilgrims of the Grelt It S.tt;^MaTlf72^*^«- ^-^**^e«- JtEADE, John Edmund, an Enelish are'' ^ In itin^r ^"^1 ■ 'n GloTet rersnire. m 1830 he published anonv- mously a dramatic poem entitled "Cam the Wanderer," which attracted attentfo": In 1838 appeared "Italy," which was followed by two dramatic poem^ " LiTe^s Episode," "Revelations of Life." •'& in Paradise" (intended as a prelude to hisfirstwork). "Youth "(aseriesof Iwics) f"i J I^aureate Wreath." Severarcol l«£t,trtTr' ^^ ^-"-Sr? nS^mil^^J'' Ai-EXANDBB Georges a&HRi. French painter, was born in 1847 ¥lZ^^ a son of the director of the Sevres manufactory, and became at seven Sfr.h?^P,'^'2r '''■*, °f Lamothe and liter nf thf r^i- ^^ obtained the grand prize of the Academyin ] 866. and wpn*-- ?"»""- to TSr'^'l!!;^ •'^P*'"' aod th'encrwent R'ar.^^^P ' ^"' ^° consequence of the *Tanco-German war returned to Paris in •i ! great sortie againaM-VxT?? •^'^'«" *« the i9th January 1871 »« Sfl™*"' «' the on the 22a. but ihe f ace w.2. 1 ^a^found by the shot which strno^^'i?? """'ated could scarcely be idnnJ^flf i *'*™. ^^at it few works which he hLefi-h'" '''."• ^^e much attention by tCrr'' ^*^e attracted ST'^' £^ teSin c^^S^-'o^?. equestrian "Porlraih nf A„ , ^ His through 1 ife A memo r "?i."\° habit PhTwMn^rz7rb?t"i^"l"7a']''"''|?- ^entto the University of Halle hi l«n* -aTrnL'enThe^iS^^^^^ excCVel?tophi"Sh'VS"?^ ^J'"^'^" later settled at GottSn "'''UT ^T^"^ tne Geschichte der Philosonhifi " T« i o vols., between 1829 and ms ®'i '°f,!! second edition, commenced hi 1836 He ^story 13 brought down to the time of Kant. Among his other works are-™v«r ZL^,^^ Verstandigung Uber d/e^euT^te deutsche Philosophie seit Kant" (I853) Die chrislliche Philosophie." "Vorii' sungen zur Einleitung in d e LoS " "Uphl'r .^.«'^^Pl"I'^sophi8chen Lof k'" '^vLr.,^,'®^"/ P^i'°^°PhischeSchriften " System der Logikundder Metanhvailr " "iincyclopadie der philosoS^eu W 's senschaften," " Unsterblichkeit," &c R t-' ter was not an adherent of any school n philosophy. His aim throughout was to exhibit and illustrate the process of the Tt^i?! r.°.^*'» of successive systems S a fathful history of them ail. Died at Gottmgen, 3d February 1869 ROBERTSON, Joseph LLD Scot- tish antiquary and political journalist was born at Aberdeen in 1811. ^ The only son of a merchant, he was educated unde? DrBissetand at Marischal Collegrand studied for the law. which, however, he did not practise. As political nriter he was editor successively of the "Aber- fintl'nF" "'^i^'^^iS^-^t," " GlasgowConstitu- tional.'-and "Edinburgh Evening Cour- a\ V ^^f ^ ?"® of *he founders of the Spalding Club.Jor which, as well as for the i.Tia,iiiajia ana uamiatyiie Ciubs, he edited many works ; among which are the M^'S'^x-Of Cteneral Patrick Gordon." Collections for the History of the Shires 1227 il^tl ^ I r I !■ I II bob] K Bgto jDitibKisal "SSioornpfi)?. [noG of Aberdeen and Banff," "Inventory of the Jewels and Personal Property of Queen Mary," and the " Statuta Ecclesiro ScotianBO," an authoritative collection of wit canons and councils of the Scottish Church. His first antiquarian worlc was the ' ' Boole of Bon-Accord," on the history and antiquities of Aberdeen. He contri- buted many learned papers to periodical literature, the most important of which are thoso on the " Ecclesiastical Archi- tecture of Scotland," in the "Quarterly Review," and on the "Secular Architec- ture of Scotland," in the " Archii;ological Journal." In 1853 he was appointed by Lord Aberdeen curator of tlio historical department of the Register House at Edinburgh, and was engaged at the time of his death in preparing several volumes of historical records. Dr Rol)ertson was long one of the Vice-Presidents of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1864. Died at Edinbiirgh, December 13, 1866. ROBERTSON, Thomas William, dramatic writer, was born in 1829. Tlie first production which gave him s. reputa- tion was "Society," produced at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in 1865. It was followed by other realistic comedies— "Ours." in 1866, "Caste," and in the following years. "Play," "School," and "M.P." His "Caste" was greatly ad- mired, and "School" was played 381 nights. Died in London, 3d February 1871. ROBINSON". Henhy Cbabb, E.S.A. the friend and correspondent of Goethe, was born at Bury St Edmunds in 1775. He was educated at a private school kept by an uncle at Devizes, and afterwards articled to a lawyer at Colchester ; but after serving his articles he travelled on the Continent, studied at the University of Jena, and then made the acquaintance of Goethe, Wieland, and other eminent Germans. In 1809 he was at Corunna as special correspondent of the " Times," to which journal he frequently contributed. He was one of the earliest admirers of Wordsworth, and became his intimate friend ; as he was also of Charles Lamb, Mrs Barbauld, William Blake. Fiaxnian the sculptor, Sir T. Lawrence. Coleridge, Southey, and other distinguished men. In 1813 Mr Robinson was called to the bar, at the Middle Temple, and practised on the Norfolk Circuit, of which he became leader. He retired from the bar in 1828. Jn the foUowmg year he was elected F.S. A. He was one of the first members of the Athenaeum Club ; took part in founding University College, London, and became a member of its council and one of the vice-presidents of the Senate ; and promoted the formation of the FJaxman Gallery, for the maintenance of which he l6ft A' large bequest. Mr RobinFon "rs-atl" resembled Goethe in countenance" was a j vivacious talker and a clever mimic, j and had a very retentive memory, well stored with racy anecdotes. He contri- buted some ver ' interesting jjassages to Gilchrist's "Lify of William Blake,^' and wrote a vigorous defence of Clarkson, the Anti-Slavery philanthropist. Died, un- married, at his house in London, 5Hi February 1867, and was buried in High- gate cemetery. ROBINSON, John Henry, a diatin- guislied English line-engraver, was born at Bolton, in Lancashire in 179G. Ho studied his art under James Hcatli, and attained great distinction. At the Paris Exhibition of 1855 he received the first gold medal, and in tlie following yearwa.s admitted Associate I^ngraver of the Royal Academy. In 1866 ho became R A. Among his best works are the prints of Stephanhoflf's "Sisters," Lefilie's "Mother and Child," Wilkie's "Napoleon and Piua VII.." Mulready's "Wolf and Lamb," Vandyke's "Theodosius," "Rubens." and "Countess of Bedford," and Murillo's " Spanish Flower-Girl." Died at Pet- worth, 21st October 1871. ROCK, Daniel, an eminent Roman Catholic theologian and ecclesiastical archaeologist, waa born at Liverpool in 1799. After studying at St Edmund's College, Ware, and at the English College at Rome, he was appointed domestic chaplain to the Earl of Shrewsbury. In 1852 he was made one of the Chapter of Southwark, and came to reside in Loudon three years later. He was long devoted to antiquarian studies, was frequently consulted on such subjects by the autho- rities at the South Kensington Muaeum, and was one of the most zealous promoters of the Loan Exhibition of 1869. Among hisnumerous learned worksare— "Church of our Fathers;" " Hierurgia," in which he illustrates the ceremonies of the Church amongst Latin, Greek, and Oriental Christians, and of which a second edition appeared in 1851 ; and the valuable cata- logue of "Textile Fabrics" in South Ken- sington Museum , published in 1870. Died at Kensington, 5th December 1871. ROGET, Peter Mark, an eminent Englisli physician and writeron medicine, was born in London in 1779 , He studied at Edinburgh University, and toolv his degree of M.D. there in 1798. After practising j for several years at Manchester, wlierehe held the appointment of Physician to tlie Infirmary, he came to London in 1808. He soon became known for his scientific tastes and acquirements, and Avas elected a fellow of th , Royal Society, of which in 1827 he became Secretary. Ho was also chosen F.R.C.P.. was appointed President of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, Ful- lerian Lecturer at the Royal Institution, and Examiner in Physiology at the London University. He had been a member of the Senate of the University from its foundation . Among his works nn medical science are the Bridgewater Treatise on "Animal and Vegetable Physiology | 1223 ' Engliai,..- and ..7,'!, ""'° Qtmrteriy " cyclopedia Br ta, 'n L ^'''in? i° ".^ ■^»- paedia of Practical Med i?/''i }}'^ ' Cyclo- papers to the TranqanM "^'I ^n^i "^"■ny andMedico-ChirSa qn.'°/ *''° ^oyal name is perhaos mnc.^°,'','^.*'«'«> &o. Hia oni author oft e ?"K '''^'^^^^ ^''^^n as ' ' Words and Phrasi^'T.?' "/English "- 'Astronomical! fL*r.'^^"«' 9^ Jl'e t=lil tinguished for ability, energy, and honesty, he wau wariniy beloved, and earneHt en- deaTOiira were mode to save his life, but In vain, lie spent his last days in prison in study, writing and conversation on tiie most sacred themes, and completed his work on the art of war, which was pub- lished afto. ■ '- ■._:'.:. He was nhot at Satory on cne 28th November 1871, and met Ilia end with unaffected, ciihn courage. In 1872 appeared his " PoBthumoua Papers," some of which, detailing his prison experiences, reflections, fuid feel- ings, are of singular interest. The book was translated into English. ROS8ETTI, OABniELE, Italian poet and liistorical critic, was born at Vasto, in the Abruzzi, in 1783. Ho commenced his literary career by writing several cantatas for the theatre of San Carlo at Naples. In 1813 he obtained the appointment of Keeper of the MuseoBorbonico of Naples. Welcoming with entlnifliasra the promise of constitutional government in 1820, he oompoaed a patriotic hymn, commencing, " Sej purbeliacogl' astri sul crino," which became at once a favourite with his coun- trymen, and hiva remained widely popular. But ihe triumph of absolutism compelled him to leave Italy in 1821, and after re- siding for a time in Malta ho arrived in England in 1824. For some years he gave lessons in Italian, and in 1830 waa ap- pointed Professor of the Italian Language at King's College, London. This post he held for fifteen years, and in consequence of his sight becoming much impaired in 1845, waa compelled to resign. Rossetti'a best linown prose work ia the "Comento Analitico " on tlie great poem of Dante, which appeared in 1826-27. Hia other prose works are— "Dello spirito antipa- pale che produase la Riforma," "Roma nella meta del secolo 19," " 1 Misteri dell' Amore platonico alio eta, di mezzo," ' ' La Beatrice di Daute," &c. His poetical works are—" II Salterio," " IlVeggente ni Solitudine," " L'Arpa evangelica," and c copious volume of miscellanejua poems. Gabrielo Rossetti married in 1826 the daugliter of Gaetano Polidori, p literary Tuscan resident in London, and became the father of the distinguished poet and painter, D. G. Rossetti ; the art-critic, W. M. Rossetti; the poetess, Christina Rossetti, and Maria F. Rossetti, autlioreas of "A Sliadow of Dante" Died in London, 16th April 1854. Rossetti died in exile, but hia reputation in hia own country, as a patriot and as a writer, is firmly established. A memorial tablet lias lately been decreed to him in Flor- ence, and his statue ia now (1873) in pro- gress for the Piazza Gabriele Rossetti of hia native town of Vasto. ROSSINI, GiOACOHiNO, one of the moat distinguished musical composers of bis age, waa born at Pesaro, near Bologna, iu 17;72. His father \Yua uii obscurti musi- cian, and hia mother an actress and singer, and a very beautiful woman. After some 1230 training aa a chorister in a Bolom church, he became a pupil of Father Mattel at the Lyceum of tliat city, fiuk he did not long continue his studies there, and thenceforth perseveringly educated himself. He produced several operas now forgotten, but as early aa 1813 made him- self a sudden and a solid reputatiuu b; the production, at Venice, of his first masterpiece, "Tancredi." It was received with astonishment and boundless cntbu- Biasm, and was within a few years a favourite of the world. Two years later the composer was appointed director of the great theatre of Ban Curio at Naples, a post which ho held for eight years. In 1816 he brought out at Rome his second masterpiece, "II Burbiere di Siviglia," which had a success perhaps unparalleled. In 1821 ho married Mdlle. Colbran, acele- brated tragedian and singer, and two years later no left Italy. He first visited Paris, came to London in 1824, in purau- tuice of an engagement at tl'.o Italian Opera, which, however, waa not satisfac- tory to him, and was suddenly broken off. The next year he was named director of the Italian Opera, Paris, land this posthe held till the Revolution of July (1830). Hia negligent administration was nearly ruinous to the theatre. After a long period of inaction, he p-oduced, in 1829, a third masterpiece, the "Guillaurae Tell," which, however, did not make so great an impression as the former two. He then deliberately laid down his pen. Having lost his appointments in Paris, he returned to Italy in 183C, and took up his perma- nent residence at Bologna. In 1855, how- ever, he again settled at Paris, arid there spent in retirement the rest of hia life, Rossini's works are very numerous, and were chiefly composed before his first removal f/om hia native country. Tlie more noteworthy among them, in addition to those already mentioned, are the "In- ganno Infelice" (1812), " Otello " (1816|, ^' Gazza Ladra" (1817), " Mos6 in Egitto" (1818), " Semiramide '* (1823), tho last composed before he left Italy, and one of the finest of his operas ; "La Donna del Lago," "Si6ge de Corinthe" (a reproduc- tion of hia "Maometto Secondo"), and "Zelmira" (which was produced on his visit to London). To these must be added a ' ' Stabat Mater." composed in 1842, and a " Messe Solenuelle," composed in 1863, but not produced till after the master's death, It waa first heard at Paris in 1869. Rossini was married a second time, to Madame Pelissier, who survived him. Died at Paris, 13th November 1868. His remains were 'nterredin the cemetery of Ptola Chaise, after a solemn celebration in the church of La TrinitS, ROTHE, Richard, one of the distinguished German theologians of the; age, was born at Posen in 1799. After] atuuyiiij; au otcLtm aUu JJivom,! — in 1817 to the University of Heidelberg, where he studied theology under Daub, ,m] 20th August 1867. ** Heidelberg, cemberl867 *' ^a^bison, 22a jDe ^,L^^y.^P internal- ^.?. 9^^<^^- I T ! ! BAl] K jf^cU) II>ni\)fro«l ^ioorapftp. [SAR I lillil s. SAINTEBEUVE, C'iiahi.eh Auouh- TlK, the diatiiiguiglio'l French critic, his- torian, ami noot, was born at Houlogne- f)ur-Mer in Decomlxtr 18U4. Ilia father died in the preceding October. His mother was descendeil from on Engiiali family, and made him at an onrly age acquainted with Engliaii literature. At fourteen ho went to Paris to complete his education at the College Charlemagne. He tliun applied himself to the study of medicine, and obtained an appointment in the Hospital Maint-Louifl. IliH literary tastes and longings soon drew him away from his profession, and he Regan to con- tribute to the "Glol)e." His articles in that journal, historical, philosophical, and critical, procure 1 him the friendsltip of the philosopher Jouffroy. His entire de- votion to literature was determined by the "Odes and Ballads" of Victor Hugo, which had an immense influence on him. Ho threw himself heartily into tho Ro- mantic movement, and joined the staif of tho "Cunaclo," on which he was as- sociated witli Alfred de Musset, the two Deschamps, &c. As early as 1828 ho pub- lished his "Tableiui historimio ft critique de la PoCsie FrancaiHe ot du Thtfltro Fran- «;ais a\i 16me Siecle," a work which he afterwards enlarged. In tho following year appeared a volume of his poems under the title of "Podsies do Joseph Delorme," which won the praise of Bc- ranger, but not nmch popularity. It was soon followed by another series of poems, "Les Consolations," which are esteemed his best. At tho Revolution of July (1830) the "CC'nacle" was discontinued, and its staff dispersed. bainte-Beuve for a short time felt the attraction of Saint- Simonism, andcontributcd to the "Globe," then edited by Pierre Leroux. But ho soon left it and began to write for the " Revue des Deux Mondes."and soon after for the "National." Under the influence of a t amporary enthusiasm for Lamennais and mysticism, ho produced his t ngular work entitled " VoluptC," a curious study of moral pathology. In 1340 he was ap- pointed by M. Thiers Keeper of the Mazarine Library, and in 1845 he was rereived at tho French Academy. In 1850 be commenced in the Monday numbers "•i the " Constitutionnel " the famous I.apen known as the " Causeries du L'i 'i,' in which the originality of his geiiiiis OS a critic and the fascination of his stylo especially display themselves. The characteristic feature of these papers is the happy union of biographical in- cident with keen critical analysis. In their collected form the "Causeries" fill m.-re than twenty volumes. After the coup d'etat of 2d December 1851, Sainte- J232 Beuvo was called to the chair of Utln Poetry at tho CollCge do France: but lo hostile was tho attitude of tho Btudonti, in consequence of his political convursion to ImiHirialism, that lie could not continue his course of lectures. Inl857hoacce|ited a similar post at the Ecoio Nurmali', am held it till 1861. In 1865 ho was created senator by Napoleon III. In addition to tho worlis alreatly named, Saiiitn-HdUTe was author of a vohuneof poeirid ni'ied "PenHCoH d'Aoftt;" a volumini, aij. toiro du Port-Royal," conmienced in IJW and completed twenty years later; "Por- traits Litt6raires;" "Portraits Coiitem- fiorains;" besides numerous prefaces, ntroductions, and biograplilcal notices &c. Died at Paris, I3tii October 1869. By his own desire his burial took place without any religious ceremony. It vai attended by a large number of friendi and admirers, among whom were some of the most distinguislicd persons of the] day. SAMSON, Joseph Isidork, a cele-l brated French actor and dramatist, wd born at Ht Denis in 1793. At an earlyage| he began to play at a Paris theatre, eu' tered the Conservatoire in 1812, obtainei the prize of comedy, and having marriei in 1814, went with his wife, also an actress,] to play in tlie provinces. In 1819 lie sti tied at Par's, and after several eiijagi raents at other theatres, joined the Conii die FrauQaise in 1832. He had then ltV.^,;a^'^ ,'t^^'';^,;v.. -«vel,8t a„,i t»t!p work; tlio flrT'^,?^f„«/"';a^^•omark- l "The Falron Fainlly or Vn'-V •"?""*"' *■< piiMiBlicl n 101 vinf,,X?J''?«f Ireland." WM followed in 184^ V '^i'" ,\®'°- I* of tlio Albany." .n.iin'fiin ,^''.*! .V«'"'e'or the Oiirato." I ot 1 uo.ivm ^^ ^X ^nclo was first filtaobli'To i^rr- "'«n'"ne Kculien McdJicotf nr / '""rth novel. 'ul.li«l.cd in S"'h[ * t^oming Man.-' Voman of Business^' ±L"'»rK' ".Ti'o "^--^^^^"^^mmm^ inotcd colonel In is^i "" was pro- — , *'"'"nei In 1 El' , A .light tal.r evils' '^Siyi *'" 1870° , irrittcu byMrSavnl ,V'°^^? ^0"OKo," hif a comtuiiStta. ••!?! '"^ff".'! the l^asia jUw." pro "" tho Churcl,.'*i,o%»\",iL%, Int^-nded for towns of ihi ,,,, " '''^",''"t in several education at Jena ^' jf?;^ eompletecrffl as teacher or pr'o?efls^r a7fb"i^ '"«^«'^ School of Nei saf !-!.?«„" M*",^,<^''amnrar. Bottled in 183w'i"'^°""'H""Knry he f'inifitlf es,,eciallvt.^Yl!«"'?' ""^l Stif languages ^ and mi?„*f''*' "'"'^^ of Slavonic the «ubject"of a ft, ?":;^vr^'^?^ {""""d waa named Censor Rov^l hvk ^'i ^^37 he Goverimient. and hM,af^**'°.^.V,'''flan the BUiijireasion of thi ^°''*, *''' after movements of 1848 I,^i«i?r'"t'o«ary pointec Asfiistftnt T ii>- • ^''*^ ho was an- sity of PrSue and fln?r/i" *° the Uni ve?- Wbrarian fYoKi i'?86o' T^ "^ ^^'''^e'f work is ti.o "f..TT?. , '''t'"- Hispriujipai 4 s Antiquities." "SJavonin ^fr Slavonic and " Orig nes " nJl°L "". obsciiro Tartar guished from S;S^^ b"^^?^^. Disth,!: fondness for study he xrL^''r''"«»es3 and solute, and independent ' t''" ';!°'«1. re- arlopted the doctrh e 'f ib Jv? '^I'^V ^^ then supreme cl ef of H,?''rt^""?J'. 1 tribes ; and this doctrinp o Caucasian ' fnjism, became the bon of n«*''''™i of the Fcattcred tribe, of Tw.""l"" °^ i*" commenced his carlr «. ^l'?''""- He ^hen he took part Tn fh^°^'r, ^» ^824. I'loclaimedagainstMoP ° • ^°^^ ^'"ar" that time hehLd livi^^"^''??^- ^P to "nder Gener"a ■R"o'.en'"'ft|i. LSCH ber 1831, he was severely wounded. Hie reputation for sanctity was greatly raised by liis escape from death on that occa- sion : and on the death, in 1834, of Hams- sad Bey, wlidliadsucceededKasi-MoUah, he was elected head of the sectilmaum) . He then set himself to organize, by the aid of religious enthusiasm, the various tribes into a kind of military theocrSCy. The opposition of a rival, and the consequent schism of *lie people, came to an end after hi I defeac of the Russians under Geusral Ivelitsch ill 1837. Two years later he re- newed the war, and for twenty years maintained it with marvellous ability, audacity, and success. Often with small bands of men he held in check powerful armies, drew the enemy into ambuscades, and compelled them to disastrous retreats, and taxed in succession the courage and resources of the Russian generals sent against him. Among the more important episodes in this war were the siege and storming of the fortress of Akulgo by General Grabbe in 1839, when SchamyJ escaped to Dargo ; the rout of the Rus- sians at Dargo in 1842 ; Schamyl's con- quest of the country of the Avars in the following year ; the capture of Dargo by General Woronzow in 1845 ; the capture of the new Russian fortress of Gerghebil in 1846, and its defence by Schamyl in 1847 ; the siege and capture of Akulgo by the Russians in 1849, —hen the wife and son of the Prophet-Cli . were taken pri- soners ; the Russian victory at Aul Ismail in 1859, and the storming of Wedeu by the Russiicus in April 1859. Schamyl's power was now broken, and in the following September he surrendered to General Baratinski at Ghunib, and was sent pri- 3oner to St Petersburg. He soon after took up his abode at Kahiga, and there, in 1866, took the oathof fidelity to the Czar. Died in April 1871. SCHLEICHER, AUGUST, a distin- guished German philologist, was born at Meiningen in 1821. He studied theology and Oriental languages at the Univer- sities of Leipsic and TUbingen ; and then removing to Bonn, applied himself espe- cially to classical philology, with Sanscrit and Arabic. Having taken his degree of doCuOr in philosophy at Bonn, lie was appointed in 1850 Professor Extraor- dinary of Philology at Prague Uni- versity. There he studied the Sla- vonic tongues, and at tlie expense of the Academy of Vienna visited Lithu- ania in order to acquaint himself on the spot with the Lithuanian language. In 1857 he removed to Jena as Honorary Professor of the Science of Language and old Gjrraaix Philology. His principal works are — " Sprachvergleicliende Un- tersuchimgen " (1848), "Die Sprachen Europa's," " Handbuch der litanischen Sprache," "DiedeutscheSprache," " Com- pendium der vergleiclienden Grammatik /^(ai.Tj-jrlrt-flQrjijo.iiiecVion Sprttnh»*i.*' **JNXQr- phoiogie der Spraciie," and "Die Dar- 1234 win'sche Theorie." He published in 1858, in conjunction with Kuhn, the ' Beitrilge fUt vergleichende Sprachforschung," and contributed many papers to the Acf'^lemy of SI Petersburg, and to other learned societies. Died, 14th October 1869. SCHOOLCRAFT, Henry Howe, American traveller and ethnologist, was born in 1793. He was a native of Albany, New York Staiie., and was educated at Union College. In 1817 and 1818 he made a geological exploration of Missouri and neiglibouring districts, and was sooa after appointed geologist to the exploring expe- dition sent in 1820 to the sources of the Mississippi. Two years later he became agent for Indian affairs in the North- Western Piovinces, and availed himself of] the opportunity thus afforded of obtain- ing acquaintance with the Indian tribes,j their language, ethnology, and antiqui- ties. In his researches ho was aided bj his wifo, whose mother was au Indian. He attended several conferences with tlu Indians, and while member of the Terri^ torial Legislature introduced various lai for the benefit of their tribes. In 1832 h( conducted an expedition to the Upi Mississippi, and succeeded in reaching il source in Itasca Lake. Four years lat( he was made commissioner to negotial the purchase by the United States of large tract of country from the Indian In 1842 he visited Europe, where his soiei tiflo researches secured him a warm ception. In 1845 he was directed to tal a census and collect statistical informati( about the Six Nations ; and in the folloi ing year a still more elaborate inveatit tion was intrusted to him by Congrei Mr Schoolcraft's works are numeroi Among the more valuable are- Expedition to Itasca Lake " (1834), gic Researches" (1839), "Notes on t| Iroquois " (1846), and " Hr^orical a| Statistical Information respecting Indian Tribes of the United Statf (1851-60). Mr Schoolcraft wasthe foum of the Michigan Historical Society, of the Algic Society of Detroit, and one the founders of the Ethnological Soci] of New York. He wan a member of principal literary and scientiiio sociel of America, of the Geograpliical So< ties of London and Copenhagen, of Ethnological Society of Paris, and Society of Northern Antiquaries, (^o| hagen. His researclies on the All quin language procured him the medal of the French Institute. He also honoured with the degree of L: by the University of Geneva. He twice married. Died at Washington, December 1864. SCHWIND, MORITZ vox. Gen painter, was born at Vienna m After receiving instruction in his art Ludwig Schnorr, he went in 1823 to nich to study under Cornelius, in wi numerous and importo'it tnidertalunc soon became an assistant. One ui first works which tion rt-as a paintiK pro«m entitled " Ifahrte." In 1839] Iruhe, where he de( I and the hall of th( I States. In 1847 he 6or of the Munich He afterwards und coration of the 'M occnpied himnianj outed a large num addition to his nun at Munich, 9th Feb SCOTT, WiNFi Chief of the United 5on of a Scottish Ja near Petersburg, in was brought up to tl to the bar, but soon tered the army. Hesi lin the war with the land was taken pri eichanged. He ca^ defeated General Rj 1814, and was sever( jbattle of Niagara. ] Ijope, and studied i Paris. In 1832 and (feneraliScott was-em mg the revolts of the was appointed comr m. His greatest dist ftom his brilliant cone Mexico in 1846-47 ] {ma several victories limade himself master c diKedanadvantageoi Scott was twice a cand Stacy of the United I ™wf^I. Atthecoi; I War of Secession, in is Itoprotect Columbia ag j'lie South. He resigr |»on after the battle of ffladuotof the war n bands Died at West P^Sl^th May 1866 K^sor of Geology in C abridge, was born a t«V"^ ^Jeath^ In' ron\?°^"'^"d Pries won the death of Pro tf appointed to the P"fed at Cambridge bv Wosopii^^- ?'»*hefc m P,„i ^ »oi,;ety at NchipfT^i^'fi'^-' His stui L^J^^ydirected to th L«CH IscoJ fahrte.'^"lni839he wnJ /^P^'J^ ^raui- ^r«he, where he decoratfri .^"^4 *° ^arlg- and the hall of the St oil ^j"" °' ^^ State.,, In 1847 heVT/t^^^^^J'^r of the being sef, forth in s>3" which he pTe&xed"",:::^^-^ °'^°P'\ fter 1^1847 h'iV^'"^* Chamber of the" I Sr.£n^ ?■ °?*alo«ue of " Briti^ Professor He afterwards undertook thfii.^"?^^.*^- duction of ?)?« i?^J^^"<'<^ *» the intrn j ^noV; Scott'^shXobltf.T?- ^^^^'^e near Petersburg^ in Vir^f^io"^ Vl born Tras brought up to the ifi ^ i" ^^^6. He to the bar, but soon abin^'.^"^ 'yj"^ <=alled J teredthearmy. HeserrP,\^P/A'-* »"'^'* ^n- jin the war /Af'ltushtf^f^'?!' land was taken nrisnnL? 1 J" 1812-14, lerchanged. HeSnrI;i ^"\^^^ soon [defeated General RfaU «? ?,°JP George, ||l814, and was seVS w„, ^^'?,P^"^a in jibattle of Niagara Lat''r°?°'^?'^. ^* the [rope, and stadfed ml ftarf J^f ^"'^ ^"■ I Pans. In 1832 and ?h« fITi ^^'^nce at iGeneral Scott was emnlov^^"""'"'^ ^^^^^ JiDgthe revolts of thTlXn '? .?"PP^ess- |»a3 appointed comma^i*" -^^^^s- He Ifrom.his bSntSSoTthT ^^^'^^^ I Mexico in 1846-47 Hp f^v'll ^a»" ^ith fwa several vi^ories ove? Sayf.'"\'^''»^' I made himself master of Mn^*'^*'* -^"na, IcliKied an adv™itaceo?„^o^'*'°' ^^"^ "onl lltetwas twice aSt1o?^^°^- General Itocyof theunftedq ^^ ^e^*^« Pre- Isnccessful. At the comm» "' ^"* ''«''' """ I War of Sece^ion in ififiO hf'^'^^lof the I to protect Columb a Sr.^^ n^^^'^^'^'Sed l-tte South. He re^iS°^^"'« forces of iMou after the battle K'l^i" command Ifiduct of the war r)^,5/"1' ^»^«st- found in Profes the his death. He decl&^'^^ ^i ^"ed till doub e post of SurSlon anrf p'^f «' *h" King's College Lon^L ^ ^^fessor at ooupled with tl^e con&n*';?f *"'? ^* ^^ arfarof \"hS'=tr f?,f°F°; Midwifery. HostSh'lf^ ^iil'. !?°ilf «er becaTeT^ealS"!?!"/:. and in ib7q: f^, -^"ysiciansof Edinburch in 1849; four years later he was electPrl « foreign associate of the Fmiph Aonr?!^ of Medicine, and in iSSfi fh- ^^-^^^y soon after becameT^ *"^ Surgery, and of ExamLers "'|n%'S|3'"t'f of th/court highest honour the onil ° obtained the on him in the appoiSSnf'i'"'i<'°»fe? sidency. Mr Skev «,o= t"^ *o the Pre- committee for theTpv^.n^f'-'"'"^ of the tagious diseases in nf^ f "*'°" °^ con- andforhissS^in ,L*™.^ ^"^ na^y. paring the now famonrS^'P-^^dprel created C BWiii^"^ -^^ts he was "On theTreatment^of nJ?''^ ^""^^^ a'^- Opium," " VenS tH£^^°° ? ^^^ers by erative Surgery ^?th«wf'' ^""^ "ol a-fo'^tua-ts. Z &es\^n*n^? otnu^c uauic rapiQiy uito general u' " ^^^ °« fea""es'" (1855), which haa passed through four editions ; "The Parish " perhaps his most valuable work, not onV as a treatise on matters of law and custom, but as a store- house of curious and out-of-the-way learn- ing. It appeared in 1854, and reached a Mcond edition in 1857. And "English Gilds," which was not quite complete at the time of his death, but was afterwards edited by his daughter. Died at Lancing, in Sussex. 28th April 1869 ^""^'"B, SMITH, William Henky, moralist a"^ "Miscellaneous writer, was born about 1809. He entered the Middle Temple. 1838. but soca abandoned the profession and retired to the country. His first lite- mii^I^MiMq? l\®-l^°'^* "Discourse on Ethics (1839), which was well received. In the following year he published "Re- marks on Law Heform." His other works ro';?7i?''i°i? °^ 'J ^''^""8 and Dramas," one of the latter of which, "Athelwold" was adapted and produced by Macread'y atDrury Laiv, Theatre ; " Thorndale, or the Conflict of Opinion" (18571- on^ "Gravenhurst; (1862).%lr*Stia was also acontnbutor to "Blackwood's Maga- zine and to the "Contemporary fie- Tiew, his essays on "Knowing an« Feeling^^-' written for the latrer \e1nS left unfinished . at his death. Died at Bnghton early in Aprill872. mow, John, an eminent London pliysician, was born at York in 1813 He !f,i*ii? son of afarmer. was educated at a private school in his native city, and at the age of fourteen was apprenticed to a SZ f,? Newcastle. At seventeen he adopted the vegetarian system and the ff T^ T"^^ °* *^® total-abstinenci choo, but was compelled practically H'nn'".''!^"*"'^^, ^°*^- His first observa- tions on cholera were made in 1831-32 when he attended the sufferers at the Killingworth Colliery. After several STi^T ^°i^^«?'",^"„*s as assistant, he came to London m 1836. and ente^ xi the Hunterian School of Medicine in ^ind^ mill Street. He studied afterwards at the Westminster Hospital and was admit ed hi Jf^in^T^^J ^^^- He established S L wP?'''^°'l' connected himself mth the Westminster Medical Society, and became a visitor of Charing Cross dS« 'if ^tS ^^^e^n^r 18*3 he°^ok the &®*i?/^-^- ^^^ in December 1844 n*tl°^^,-^-!^'*^® ^""don University t,?r».i°*°""''^y^*r..^^ was chosen lec- Khn°i^^°f °iJP^'?'?'°« at the Alders- S tm islo^^^P'^Pi'^^' \°'^ held that mt\ a?*S ^^®5 5.^^ school was dis- solved. Slowly and bravely winning his w yas a practitioner. Dr Snow waf led oL„^^^''"^'?ur ^cld of research, the action of Anaesthetics, by the report from ^uppTement. s1S&ciffi\°'pite^^1^^ in the followiW v^ar ?! operations, and work on hit sUj"t ^?^^'''l"*^ ^is first after superseSvDr^irn'*'''" .^""8 soon of chloroform DfsiiP^'°"''^''''=°^'''y same time he was engaged in the sttdv n? water and the breaking out of^chJlem''"ln ^lir^?"^^^^^ case of the mSSv iS fff^^Fl'^^^' Golden Square, he at once advised the removal of the handle o? Sas?d%f q?"* P'^^^p: ^^^ the plagu°e' «?M •nT-'^^ ^."ow was named President He waJ^f f«n^^ ^°''^\^ °'' London fn 1855 tie was also a member of varioiw nth^^ Kf-'Mn^e^dt^ffk^etpSeSs on various volatile agentst in the CI of discovering a new anaesthetic, more safe Snfh".'i-f ^ ■??" ^^'^^ chlorofor^.Zd paid much attention to the subject of local ansesthesia. He had nearly completed S most important work " On Chloroform and other Anaesthetics," when death sud^ w'^oT'i°°^ I"""' 16th June 1858 His labt-named work was edited, with a me- moir of his hfe, by Dr B. W. RichiJd. ,t,ihS^^^^^',^^»^' a distinguished mathematician and natural philosopher. 1^7^ hornat Jedburgh, in Scotland iS I A ■ ?o? T^ the daughter of Vice- Admural Sir WilUam Georie Fairfax, who hS'°f'^ the Fe«era6Z. at ' the fonH .f"* Camperdown. Studious and lona ot mathematics in her childhood she was educated at a school at Mussel- !^Tifi''T^'"">"'"gh- At Edinburgh, i.^f ilP' f^^ received a medal for her sol «v,l ? f ,?°™^ mathematical problem, ane took her place among original in- vestigators of nature by a memoir pre- sented to the Royal Society in 1826, on the magnetising power of the more refrangible solar rays. Five or six years later appeared her first important work, entitled "The Mechanism of the Heavens. It was commenced at the sug- gestion of Lord Brougham, as a popular resume of Laplace's " MficaniqueC^leste." to be published by the Useful Knowledge society, but outgrowing its proposed l™'ts. appeared as an independent work. in 1734 Mrs Somerrille made herself more widely known by her "Connexion of the Physical Sciences," almost the first at- tempt to present an elaborate view of the 1233 4 it I ^1 lliiil sou] n .0CU3 jr>nilitr>5aTt '?5JODj:ap6p. various physical plieuomena of tlie uni- verse in their correlation to eacli other. The design of tlie work wasidenticalwith that of Hnn.boldt's famous "Kosraos." It has passed tlirough nine or ten editions. lu the year following its publication the autlioress was elected an honorary mem- ber of the Royal Astronomical Society. Her next work was the treatise on "Phy- sical Geography," published in 1848. How ardently she continued her intellectual pursuits to extreme old ago was shown by the publication in her ninetieth year of a work on " Molecular and Microscopic Science" (1869). In it she traverses the whole wide field of modern scientific in- quiry, and notes the most recent dis- coveries. And in the last year of her life she applied herself to the study of Hamil- ton's work on Quaternions. In 1842 the Royal Society honoured Mrs Somerville by placing in their library her bust, exe- cuted for them by Chantrey. In 1869 the Victoria Medal of the Royal Geographical Society was awarded to her. Mrs Somer- ville was married iia early life to Captain Greig, a young naval ofticer ; and after h'3 death she was married to her cousin, Dr Somerville. By her first marriage she had one son, who died before her, and three daughters by her second. Two daughters survived her. The family left England about 1839 or 1840 and settled in Italy. Mrs Somerville died at Naples on the 29th November 1872. SOUTH, Sir James, an eminent Eng- lish astronomer, was born in London in 1785. He was the son of a druggist, and was brought up to the medical profession. He practised for some years as a surgeon, and then gave himself up entirely to scientific studies. He was, in 1820, one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in the following year was elected F.R.S. At the same time he en- faged with Mr (afterwards Sir John) lerschel in researches and observations on the double stars, which occupied them three years. In 1826 he received the Cop- ley Medal of the Royal Society for a new series of researches in the same field. In 1830 ho was knighted by William IV., and at the same time a pension of £300 was assigned liim for the advancement of his favourito science. Sir James had taken an active part in the revision and exten- sion of the Nautical Almanac. In 1829 he was chosen President of the Astrono- mical Society. He contributed scientific papers to that society, to the " Annals of Philosophy," and the " Quarterly JoiTrnal of Science." He was a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg, and of the Royal Society of Sciences at Brussels. Died at Kensington, 19fch October 1867. SPALDING, Martin John, arch- bishop of Baltimore, Primate of the Ro- man Catholic Clinrch in the United States, was born in Kentucky in 1810. At the age of twenty he went to Rome, and 1240 [sta| entered the Urban College of tho Prom ganda, and having obtained his detrrcc n? i D.D. in 1834, returned to Kentuckv t 1848 he was named coadjutor to the hi'siinn of Louisville, on whose death soon after hi succeeded him in that see. He M-ns mn I moted to be Archbishop of Baltimore '111,1 1 Primate in 1863, and inthofollowiiiirvpl'j was installed by Papal brief. He- di'J I sided at the second Plenary Council oVr Baltimore in 1866, and took parb in tit I assembly of prelates at Rome in .lii,o| 1867. In tho Council of the Vatican pI was one of the supporters of the now\ dogma of Infallibility. Archbishop Sm I, f ing was author of "Sketches of Cil Catholic Missions in Kentuckv" "Tifll and Times of Bishop Flaget,"anda "Hi- 1 tory of the Protestant Reformation"! Died at Baltimore, 8th Februarv 1879 P SPARKS. Jaued, President of Ha J vard University, a distinguished historian and biographer, was born at Willinftm, l Connecticut, about 1794. He was annrenJ ticed to a carpenter, but from love 7 learning became a schoolmaster, and bvl friendly help obtained a scholarship flrsM at the Philips Exeter Academy, andthpn at Harvard. In 1817 he was appointed tutor in mathematics and natural philo sophy, continuing his studies in theclci at the same time. Ordained pastor ofL Unitarian cimrch at Baltimore in I8I9 iJ took a prominent part in the controversiei of the time, and wrote several theoloKicii works. He retired from the miiiistrv jh 1823, and settling at Boston, devoted himi self thenceforth to literature. He becama proprietor and sole editor of the " JTortM American Review;" but his priucinal task for some years was the preparatioa of his "Life and Writings of Washina ton." He visited England and Prana for the purpose of historical research ad the work appeared in successive volumaL between 1834 and 1837. During tlie saiul period he prepared and published tlJ "Diplomatic Correspondence of thl American Revolution," in 12 vols, M Among his other works arc tho "Corra spondence of the American Eevolutiori being Letters of Eminent Men to Geord Washington," "Life of Governor Morris' an edition of Franklin's Avorks, and tli "liibrary of American Biography," i« two series, 1834-48. Mr Sparks was ad pointed in 1839 MTjean Professor i Ancient and Modern Historyat HarrarJ and in 1849 President of that Institn tion. Died. March 15, 1866. 1 STANFIELD. Ct.aukson, R.A., adil tinguished English land.scf.iie-painter,wi| born at SunderlandinlTyJ. Hisfatheni anirishman, whomaOc severalsea-voy in his early life, became afterwardsknoa as an authoi, iind was an intimate fried. of Thomas Clarkson, the anti-slavel advocate, after whom the son wasnam^ Tho latter was .-"Iso a sailor in his youu and at one time was sei-ving in the m ship with Douglai Jerrold, Inconi sta] — °*"yr»»> m^nt. shown extraordinary skiinn7,"?,.,l!l!:''„^.':'y yi^e-PresidEf the R°n ^^.^ Force"^and m January 1855 becam« p "^ ^* ^racTe. and Board. TJiia posfc^R^reeident of'that September 18& he ^i il"^^ 1858. in "o was appointed Post navy about 1818' and' hnVin,V" ..T" ",'" shown extraorduiary skill iSir'"'''''? painting, and ProduLd maSy BkSs of ships, sea-scenea. &c., he Lnm.f „,i ^ engagement as scene-painter at t,oP.i'" alty Theatre, near Welldose ,?*„*i° ^^^e fforked afterwards in thn r<«i^,T"mu----"o aity ineatre, near Wellcloso Square Ho fforked afterwards in the Golmr^Ti,„n'r° (now "Victoria"), LaXTlfKiffe' to with David Eoberts: and fate,' -ff K,^Mu\!i ^^ ^'^°P^'=d the minner o s^'^in'i^^re s St^nrr Academy, and two years attrnt f '° British Institution. It was not tn I 1S9? that he gave up scene-paintin"'' n i\^,^^ samo year he fiecame one of'tlTe Vist members of the Society of Briti^l. a ..^^i^ and exhibited at the British InstthH^'' his first important picture " Ivvi i '°" oil Fort :ftouge." He wn<,^^f ^'''■? A.R. A. in 1832, and R. A in 1835 ^nnf very numerous works we m^Zi:,^ ^^^"^ Bomeof the best, tlie ' ' Motn^ q^ K^' ,^^ 1857. Stanlield painted a serl- nf^^-'"^' of Venice for the marquis ofjl?,l/'^^^ iatBowood, a similar Ss for fffTl'^ of Sutherland at Trent! nVn nLi'l'^"'^® for the summeSioi se hi t he i«rl*'''°^ Buckingham Palacr HeeleSTli''^ many designs for book iIh,stmt?ons and ipubhshed a set of lithograjihs from IM, drawings of views on the Mnciiii ^^i"^ Rhine, and the Meuse TlTe ^itu*^'^ Gallery possesses four of theksf im?^^ tant works of Stanfield ThilrT^?'"' artist died at HaSj^d l«n°^iii-'''''' lS67.and waa h„,;„,"V.^ .?"' J^th May master-General wiiiw.''^ appointed Post- Resigning iSrheZl neVt'j^ 9^^*- Gladstone ministry in rfpi*^'^, *" ^"i" the account of fai" ng healtl. T^'^f i«68. on married in 182fi thi ii i" .^^^^ Stanl^v Viscount Dillon, £ whom',' t"«hter of family. Died in ri ? ''° '''"^^ a large 1869. ' ^" I-ondon, l6th June n.Stl^?o^;,^,^^^j^. American etates- was the son of a Dhv^^.- ""^ ^^^^- -^^ the ^yhit^ronsBVu^^ president In President BuchiuaS^,^ 'T employed b? iit-gotiations w th thP mT"'^ ™Portant mt^iit, and from thaUii^rf^''-''^ ^o^'^"!" Pnictico as an advocate ii\v°"l"'"^«'='l lu 1860 he wV.-. n. • . Washington General under PesidTt'ff'^ Attorney: January 1862 hf wTs c "lid '/Jf??"' ''•'"^ »» Manster of War w! I* V^^^ Pos* of duties of that office wifif'^^'^'e'^'J ^^e energy, infusing fresh ii,^*'''?^!'''*^^^ branches of the milftarv S^ • ^"*° *^^^ An unfortunate r/val7v™-'i"''>'''',"0"- exists: between Mr SH,L.?"'^ , Jealousy Sberman. He continn^i '^'^ ^^ General President Jolin^^S^^'^ office ""^^^ he quarrelled in 1866 fiZ:^^}?' ^^o^vever. K^a^lSfthJCfL?^ tholic graveyard at Kensal Green C-^me: STAJfLEY, Edward John second Lord f^tanlci of Altlerlpu «7n„' .''econa AlJerley I'ark in 18of He\v^isl,te ^^ at Eton and Christ Cimrcb rw^^i^ .here he took his de^e?^ " rI f gf,^' Heeiitered Parliameiit in is^ . ' , "^^ for Hindon. in wffii- fn I'XTthI ,; disfranchisement of that bornn^h ^ returned for North Cheshire In fs-i^'?' Il was Under-Secretary of SHfifi^^.^^ I Colonies, and for some month^ fn \f ff lowingyearUnder-SeTaryfortheHoml" Department. Helilled H.« ,iiw« iT"™*^ of Patronase Secre arv to f hf^"^* P'*''^ from 1£35 till 1841 iTj^ne of tfe"'^ Iitration. In 1S48 he wS Sd ' r""A''" peerage ns Lord I'Jddisburv mfiti ^^ ""^ (ateraicceededhiS&KteffiJ l-quan.lled|TB6r:st^^5^e. the policy of me president nf -'8ruptlon joined the SececlerB ami tn ^9»Bregatioa kosneath 22rl November ism" ^'"'^ ''* moirof hia life, hyhH nnn i w4 ^'^^• was published in 1862 ' ^- ^' ^^^ly, S""!s b'^^aT^St'^fct^^ P'^"«l° his father was then amhnL^^''''^' '"''''"•e Ho was educated at m™1."';' "' ^^25. Merton College OTfnr7i™7 ?<^'»°ol a»d twenty wasSpoiS AttaP ■« *l\" ^^^ "^ isli Embassy at Oowfnf ■ ''^.**' *'"^ ^^"t- he received the anno n?,^ "'^F'^'j I" 1857 Secretary, and L tCsam«'v'i* «<" ^"^"''^1 to the title on the death^^^^t""- 8HP<=^«led He soon after return«H^^'V'''■°"»er. Viscount StrangfS i^'^ *° ^^^elsLnd. quirements as an Orfpn'?„Ti»» and ac- rery high order and nf?**^^'^* ^^^'e of a His studies embraced nll^T.f"'^. «tent toonic and Celtic fang°a*es W^'^'^A alone m his full and m n,,f ' -"^ ^'ood with the ''Eastern St^'^'l^.'^'n'ance political worlHnTwa^'i^S'ona" of the an ardent votary anrlnr!.! V'® ^^^^ time He held a disti/gSffi X '"'^"'=*'- chiefs of the GlogranhrP^] « ^'P?"^ th« ™s President of the aS l"''^^^^' and contributed to the ''0?,«v ^"^l^^y- He tte "P-vii Mall Ga2etf?'*„"^T r Review." day P^view;-' wrote t1;« ^P/i "'"^ " ^^tur- »":: political portions nf ^t^n,°«raphical , lord's "EasterS Shores of fh^'^X i^.''"^"^" -tn. valuable Ss for MrMatH''"'" :^udy of the Ce?t'ic LaSage^ i^ ^Tvni^f *,^® "Pe thought "■"f 8tranS^''«° °.^ their I Francis Beaufort, who survivi^/'^''''US"• {{. London 9th Janua^ 1869 ^ ^i''?/.^/^^ lion from his Writin<»/" ,„ "^ . Selec- after his death ^^ ^'^^ published STPART, JAMES Era {cneral, was born invt^^t ■' ■ -American I received his miHtLw^^^^'"^*. '° 1835. Ho PojntAcadem^ ancTtooftf^^^" ^^ ^^st im. He then entered thl'f'^*^^'-^ became in raniH o;,!,^ • tne army and fctlieutenant Vn"l857 h« ^'''°»^ ^"d "ounded in an enifl ^® Y*^ severely Cheyenne Indians Ind^^^i'* ^'^ ^^^ aptaiu in 1860. In th« f^i]^ Promoted fterthesecess onof theSon h^"!/^^'-. eresifmed his appoin?m!n?c "^^T ®'*tes. tlie service of VirXi?^'^'^*'^^ entered «ralry, in which^fnl'*.'"J» "olonel of army ne^I^ »l!^o°nd''f "r,-^^ ^^'^^^^^^^^^ lowing maile a i^Kht a^i^ ^"8»«t fol- quarters of General Po ,«'''' °',' "'" *>ead- ilia papers and privatA* L''"'' captured Hs most famous e,iJoir''°"^«"°°- raid across the Potomac i. nTl t^'^ the same year wl,;.,. Y?^* " October of land. captH U e "town of'rf*^ ^f^^" hurg, and effect ^'"'i' tioned. many sacred aScts a '^f. T'""- number of statues and rnnm,^' ' ' »ia»'Ke born at Versailles j 1802 "'°ii"«'''^V ^»« the School of Fine Arts i,, TS^q** n*"" T'^ years later was sent hv ♦. ^^^^' '"'^l ten to exi.Iore the ancient rnmn? ^"rernment ; iu Asia Minor On tlK^r^n' T*' *°- I engaged for ten y^ars mali.i'^'i ''° T-*^ tiuct journeys, and visiVi i^,, '5 •^?"'" ^^s- 'that time almost nnTn^*^ ^'^V''''*'' "P to ,wa3a,l»ntt"ed to t ; »• I" 1837 he and in 1855 in ti,o a ^ * °^ Honour, tions The fruits oMw^''^™^ «'. ^"^^"P- given tothe wor d in thefnifn^'^''''^'^^ ^»'«ro 'DescriptionTKrmffi-' nK'i^^^ TOs.n folio- anrl 'w^'toi^ • i. (lo*2-45 , 2 i Mineure " 1839 &o » 4 vni?*- "'i 1? ^'^^'o also wrote the volume on '^ 'Ji ^^■''- "« tlie series <,f the '' Uuivor. p ?f ^'"°' ^" :"Eaesse et ses MonS t3^'"°f «'l"o. '' ! reus separate papers ami inl'm^"'^ ""'"°- J/1. -» -"J" uuiy «tGenevainl812 H>«?f 1' '^'^^ "^orn un.ler Sechfer aid H^nSl'V^*^/'^""'^ early to compose. HZ^TtrnJ;,^",^ ^'^^'^n imethoa and newe^cts in Htaln. II" next wont to India, and In 1819 was secretary and Arahlc Interpreter In tlio ext)e> T..!.. a ^mt.t ,,^„. .....,..„„„„, wiisaccKiontallyklllml .t his ropi. onco la London. Jyxlyiim m |..ibli8hod workH relut . almost ox ,tU|liedatthoUnivorsitie"j;fK"ieffi,"o" ml litrlin. and after being for seven yea™ engage, aa tut(.r at the faHt-narned SnN rersity, lie was appointed in 1833 Professor Eitraordinary of i'hilo.sophy. Four yea?H plater ho became Ordinary Professor. Ho rartceJved member of the Berlin Aclv demy of HcieuceHn 1846. an.l the fo owinrr bar was chosen Its Hocretary. He was a ucmbtr of the Bucond (niarnber of ti,« P.ussian Parliament fron 1849 to IM ° :A> a Hcho ar and philosopher ho was inieniuly di.stniguished for his riLtoni^ r.^i . .•.T>,".-'^?'^ ^'0 published a work lentiled-'Piatpnis de Ideis et Numerls [Doctriiia ex Aristotelo illustratl" and Ijerai years later a dissertation on The iCitegoruH. His most important works j ro . Logische Unterauchungen " (1840) MurrecF.t auf dem Grun.lo der Etl.ik'' ^m), Hiatonsche Beitrttge zur Pwio- chusettfl, lu 1813 A t th« „2^ J\^"*"*- No w YoS i' te'""".';. "« "ottled at noteworthy of his w irwfl.^? ?. *'".."'""■« in Knglami" -Art/'i- T ?-~ **°"*'' u. _ UNGER, Franz, an ominonf. Anofvu^ IK"!' '"?•! »at«>-al science, and com" J^ted h,3 studies at Vienna. >v"iere he Itoiilimdegree of M.D. in 1827 Hecom Ifflenced practice at Viennaf then soeut Iwri.i A ,"" """^ members of the Im- |WmenweIt.» ''Die "urweit in tt verschiedenen Bildungsperioden " b*. 8ides numerous monographs and mor« JK)pular treatises. Dfed 'isth^FebruaS URQUIZA, Don Ju.ste Jos* t,v Argentine general, gorernor of Enfre! & Zt'aX^^y.'^? province of Entrt l^^yeaVaTnlhe-T/rii: a^Jd tViZ' I l^'^^S ^SV^rS ^'h^e'^nt^o? Ifm the chair of BoCiv ViSth;' S^neral Rosas, and in 1842 was named tectorship of the Botanic UGardon a? I S^^^™""- of his native province uS lie Polytechnic Institute of Grati"VT« ^'^ '""^*"'^ «' ^ieneral Oribo he invaded !»Moneof the first members of the Im ?,*^f"^y'i^nf^ after various fortunes cS- P«nal Academy of «^ia."., ,P/ 4^*=^ J'™" I Pjetely defeated General Ribera in l«S at the battle of Indianuerta Five yeara ' It^V^^SH'^ \y "'« treachery of Dictl^ I «n ^i?r^'' ^° ^eplared against him forme* otTSnl A "® **^*^° ^°°^ possession PreSdent «n^t'' "^!"^^ » Provisional X resiaent, and convoked a coneress of governors to frame a constitS. He 1247 ii t\ I, VAI] K .iFieVD .©ningr?al '53ioorapl)5. retained the offices of Oeneral-in-Chief and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and was Boon named Ijy the congress Trovisional Governor of the Republic. In conse- quence of a revolt at Buenos Ayres in 1852, he besieged the city, and then blockaded it, but was ultimately obliged to retire. About the same time he was chosen Director for six years of the thirteen other states of the Confedera- tion by the Congress of Santa-F6, and without assuming the titlo of rresidenti really exercised the supremo power In I 1861 he was named Goneral-in-Chief, and I conducted the war against Buenos Ayres I Defeated by General Mitre in September I he concluded peace, and remained Cover- 1 nor of Entre-Rios. In 1868 he unsuc-l cessfully contested the presidency, and! two years later was assassinated-r April 1870. V. VAILLANT, Je4N Baptiste Phili- BERT, Marshal of France, etatesman, was born at Dijon in 1790. He studied at the Eeole Polytechnique, passed thence to the School of Metz, and lu 1809 entered the army as sub-lieutenant. He served in the latercampaignsof the great war, especially distinguishing himself in the Russian campaign, and in 1813 was admitted to the Legion of Honour. Taken prisoner by the Allies a few weeks later, he re- mained in captivity till tlie conclusion of peace in 1814. Jn the following year he served at Ligiiy and at Waterloo. After the peace, devoting his time to the stmlies and pursuits of his profession, he became captain in 1816, and chef tie bataillon in 1826. The expedition to Algiers in 1830 recalled him to active service. While directing the siege of Fort Emperor he had his leg broken, and was compelled to return home, when he was rewarded with promotion to the rank of lieutenant- colonel. In 1832 he took part in the siege of Antwerp, was promoted colonel and made officer of the Order of Leopold. Sent again to Algeria in 1834, he directed the constniction of numerous forts and commanded in many engagements. On his return in 1838 he became marichal de camp, and in the following, year was appointed Commander of the Ecole Poly- technique. He attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1845, became Presi- dent of the Upper Committee on Fortifica- tions, and in 1849 took part as second in command in the expedition to Rome. He had, however, in fact, the chief direction of the siege. Immediately after the coup d'etat of 2d December 1851 he was created Marshal of France. The charge of Grand Marshal of the Palace was also conferred on him. Marshal Vaillnnt was Minister of War from March 1854 till April 1859. He next served in the cam- paign of Italy as major-general of the army of the Alps, and remained at Milan as commander of the army of occupation till May 1860. Appointed soon after Minister of the House of the Emperor, he carried out a re-organization of the School of Fine Arts, and various reforms in the 1248 regulation of theatres, museums, _„ Marshal Vaillant was Grand Cross oim Legion of Honour, member of the Acs demy of Sciences, member, and sereru, times President, of the Board of Lodm tudes. Died at Paris, 4th Juno 1872. J VAUGHAN, Robert, a distingiiisliei Nonconformist divine, historical aii| miscellaneous writer, was born in \Vale( about 1795. After studying at Brisk College, he was for some years paster ol an Independent congregation at Won cester, wlience he removed to hold a lik| post at Kensington. Jn 1830 lie acceptet the professorship of History at Londol University. On being appointed Preside^ of the Lancashire Independent College il 1842, he resigned his pastorate at Kensini ton and removed to Manchester, whithi the college had just been transferred froq Blackburn. He filled at the same tin: the chair of Theology. In 1844 he pn jected the "British Quarterly Eeviewl as an organ of the more moderate sectiof of Dissenters, and of this review he w| editor from its establishment till "" Ill-health had compelled hira to retiJ from his appointments as president aj professor in 1857. He was afterwards f J a short time pastor at Uxbridge, ail spent the latter years of his life in Londol removing to Torquay in 1867. Among tlf numerous works of Dr Vaughan arej "The Life and Opinions of John Wycliffe" (1828), reconstructed and i published in 1853; "Memorials of tl Stuart Dynasty" (1831); " Protectorate f Oliver Cromwell" (1838); "History England under the House of Stuarl written for the "Library of Useful Knoj ledge" (1840) ; "Congregationalism view in Relation to the State" (1842): "T Modern I'uliiit;" "The Age of Grd Cities," &c. He contributed niauyartiM to the "British Quarterly Eeview,'! selection from which was published sejf rately in 1849. Dr Vaughan died at T quay, 15th June 1868. VILLEMAIN, Abel FKANfOi3, of France, a distinguished statesman a historian, was bom at Paris in 1790, _ studied at fii6 Lyceuin, ant-Lreior?.'— - , WADDINGTON, Diirham, ecclesiast raijcelianeous writei He wus the eldest i oiiigton, vicar of Tux shire, and was educi house find Trinity i He graduated B.A. eUow of his college, Iheld a college living I no was appointe «ad m the followin Durham University Ims an accomplished plities, a generous tatiedral and to th iWa subscriber ton jg''0P'a/' "A Visit |™fnt Condition an Greek Church," "HisI I from the Earliest Age toj"and "History o Ion the Continent." B IDurham, 20th July igf JALEWSKI, ALE Joseph Colonna, Co Iman and diplomatist, v I /iiPoleon L by a P IW was bom at tJieC IiiPoland, inl810. Ho fn^'^SVu^^'^ condition fa,f^'*K'*seofninet Ite to conduct negotiat Jatesmen in favour oi Perevolutionof Julyl C ''^° Prussians, S*^^^°^^ himself IPoiitics, and in Ifi^n ont" r^^areer as Envoy i [m hlming the reign of Tmn?^.*f-^' °^^^°'^ I ua. created a Peer of l"rm^i"^'P5^- ^e Minister of pS Tn«tr ^f-' '"'^- ™»^« aaministration of Gi lot °* Xri," .^^•'^ J post iiG retired in 184^ «mi ♦, "^ .""^ perpetual Stary iJ mf "'^nuT^'J Pans in Anril lSfi7 „^ 4»''*-.^Died at been long ^engaS ^ ^' ?.*!? *.° ^"^^e Gregory vil.»® ^^ on a " History of Ihouse and TriniV^ ?--fii .'^ Charter- Iprpop' J %„ jt*-. visit to Greece," "Thfi lElTe ESiest Ages Yoli^?, ^^""'h K'-i ::Hffor^'o7 L'tf^'iZT. W. ion/'and ''Historv nf ^u *^e Keforma- -.ntiiecontine^ rDedX?mte"°? iDurlmm 20th July 1869 ' ""'"'*"^e^. «* ■TOsmen m favour of Pnlanri ^"f"^" |Uie revolution of Tnlw laqn i ''• -'^^ter ■fed in 'prar.^ ^ ^^2^' ^>® wasnatur- Be rrenK^v'7''^^ «'^ort time |n"iitary crow n^P.o^', "-'ii^ ^^'ned the iHnBxTdevTted KsSto m"^ '°I""y«''>-^ ■sstio career an '-p^tTi "i. iP'i '"^ dipio- I : ^'^ as Envoy to Mehemet All. 41, riori?ce 'ihenne ^oV^'P^^^'-^a^y *« capacity ' In 1854 L^^'^a" *» ^'^^ same ferenceof Pn'r!. P^?^'^^*^ at the Con- peace of Ifi^fi'w""^ ^'^"^'^ *^^« treaty of ator i° Anrii 18^1 Z^^^^H? ^"^^^'^d S^n- the HielMoSd Si 5"/eSS At.' £sffl^ffhrsa?Sg 1891 "v>'^;/^"'^ ^^as admitted advocate in S? "i^Wow, wS'hl held tiffi cteath. Amon g his works are-"Prodro- 12i9 ?C jncVD xr^nitierj^nl «2PioornpI)p. WAT] mna Florin Indira OrientaliB " (with Dr WiRht). the "Indian Cyporocere,' "Bo- tniiy of Beechey's Voyage," " Contribu- tions to tlie Flora of RouMi America and tlio Islands of the Paciflo" (witl> Dr Hool?er), and the well-known "BritiaU Flora" (also with Dr Iloolu-r). Ho wrofco also tlio article "Botany" for the seventh edition of the " Eneyoloiiradia Britan- nica." During his last years lie made important discoverieB relating to marlufi diatoms. Dii'd at Glasgow, 17th Juno WATSON, MUSGIIAVK Lkwthwattk, one of the host English scul ptors, was horn in 1804. He was the son of a farmer (one of the "Rtateamen" nf the north country) in the vale of Sebcrgliam, 'lear Carlisle, and was educated at Kaushtoi: School. In Riiite of the taste for dvawnig and tlie imaginative power which he early showed, lie wan destined for the law ; but after spending several years in an otnco ho resolved to follow tiie luuit of his geni\ia and be an artist. In 1824 he went to London, whore ho studicid privately, ciieored and assisted by the great senlptor Flaxman. Tie next spent two years at Rome, steadily rcRistine all temptations to an idle and frivolous life, and devotnig himself to serious study of art and litera- ture. After his return, in 1828, ho was employed for a time in his native district, and then settled in liOudon. Of a sturdy independence of character, and unversed in the arts by which popularity and suc- cess are usually won, Watson did not suc- ceed and was compelled to become assistant, first to Chantrey, who was then loaded with commissions, and who treated him so ill that he left him in disgust ; and next to Behnes, whom ho assisted in his fine statue of Dr Babington. In the intervals of his scanty leisure during this period he executed several notewortliy sculiitures, among which were small iiauies of two monks, and of a chimney- sweep. Watson was on several occasions a competitor for public monuments, but was unsuccessful. But he showed that he had strength to stand alone, and with calm courage and dignity bore the blows of adverse fortune. His greatest achieve- ment is the group of Lords Eldon and Stowell, in the Library ol University College, Oxford. Among his other works are a poetical bas-relief of the burial of Sarpodon, and a statuette of Chaucer. Died, October 28, 18t7. A good account of "Watson's Life and Works,' by H. Lonsdale, M.D., with photographic lilus- strations, was published in 18G6. WATTS, Thomas, keeper of the De- partment of Printed Books, British Museum, was born in 1811. Having dis- covereii U\ his visits to the reading-room the absence of Russian and Hungarian literature from the library, and the great deficiencies in other modern languages, he published some letters and suggesfcious on the subject. In 1838 he obtained an ap- 1250 [WPL polntmont in the Museum, became Assist- ant Keeper of Printed Books and Hiipor- intendent of the Reading-room, and aljoiit 1866was advanced to be Keeper of Piiiiteil Books. Mr Watts was distingulshert for his great attainments as a linguist and fililologiHt, bat has left no aenarato work. wrote a large number of biograpliicid articles for the English Cyclopaedia, and contributed to the "Quarterly RoviRw," "Gentleman's Magazine," and "Atlio- ntcnm," and the "Transactions of the Pliilological Society." He wnsaniemherj of tlio Hungarian Academy. Died attiioj British Museum, 9th September 1869, fioi tho effects of an injury received while o; a tour In Shropshire three weeks before, WAYJ-AND, Francis, Amerirai Baptist divine. President of Brown Uiii' versity, in Rtiodo Island, was bom oi English parents at New York in 1796J After graduating at Union CoUego In applied lilmself to the study of inedii,'iiie 1)1. after several years abandoned tin profession for theology. He studied tliei at Andover Seminary, held a tutorslii In Union College for four years, and i: 1821 was chosen pastor of a church i Boston. After holding the chair of Mathi niatics at Union College for a few moiill in 1826-27, he was called to the Presideni of Brown University, a post which he he! for nearly thirty years. By his energy ar perseverance he caused important cliaiig( to be made in the system followed at t^ university, which resulted in its increns prosperity. From the time of his retii ment, in 1855, ho wasehielly occupied \vi literary labours. Among his worlfs m "Elements of Moral Science," first pi lished in 1835, and which long held ground as a standard text-book; "El ments of Political Economy" (183 "Elements of Intellectual Philosoph] (1854), "Life of Judson," and sever volumes of sermons. A volume eiititl "Christianity and Slavery" (1845), ci sists of the written discussion which held with Dr Richard Fuller on the si jeet. Dr Wayland received the degree D.D. both from Union College and Hi vard University, and sulisequeiitly degree of LL.D. from the latter. Die( Providence, Rhode Island, 26th Septi her 1865. „ , WELCKER, Friedrich Gomi a distinguished German archieologist, born at Grllnberg, in Hesse, in 1/84. studied at Giessen, spent two years! Italy, and in 1809 was appointed Frofef of Archaeology and Philology at LMir In 1816 ho removed to Gbttingen, three years later to Bonn, where he the chair of Philology and wasalsoUi rlan to the university. In 1834 lie nee joint-editor of the " Rheinisches Mui fllr Phllologie." Among his prin; works are admirable t-ansliitioiis oi " Clouds" and " Frogs" of Aristoplir the ■' Liife and Letters of nOig^ chyliache Trilogie," "Die gri(!clui -^uppftmcnt. Gbtterlclire,-' Ao""" Yn"iRM », ""fcniBohe ia^stb5!■t18FK?■"™ nent sculptor and wriw^^ "■" ^™'- in London in l7qq w^^ ^^^^^' ^^^ born of Sir Richard WesSfaZV'r "^"''''^ ""^ he received his earh^ft ° il'"'"]!' '^'"'"i Kulpture. At thfl «iLlf ".'sfructiona in came a siudtt'l" Xlov.fA?„\'" ^'■ ofllieMnrni.i<.«f T^ f '" ^'''^ collection Davi(P'irn /;™y<^r and Resignation-" « lecturer on the hiJfn^*'' «Iso Jinown as ^i3 art He wL o r,'^^"'' J;"'iciples of ,*eiefy from m? Ti^'i"^ ?^ *''« «oval lApril 1872 ^* -^'^^ ^"^ I-ondon, 19tii G«^'^5aiI^Lm^1;'lf„^f «««• a celebrated ■T-r„i :F^^?^ was born near Oi*.BQ«» ancl practised nndw Dall^ „^™,*'"'"'**«1 rest of his life wTiu^\^"'^ 8'*nt the distinction by the Srat« „?"»'' 8^«»' prints which ho exeSinff ''"'* t>»-'"iant and died ft Par H 8. ha": ''^ ??L"J«0" i- the Court „f O ormnon' Pi««o^^' '^V'k*' "f ♦-'ork in 1814 Tin .^ , *"• ^'is •>orn at College l]ui,ii"7'ff"ra*«d at Trinit; was called to Jio T.^,„iTl?'f y^"*" ^a^er he ;rernp,e. nml ,,r'Sed ml " ,"'°^""«' Circuit. J I, ifiiio i,« ,.,„ *''® Home member of ho (.oinmJ^ appointed a l^avv. in Jj, 1° ca 'a?^fTi?„" °" Common valuable servicks^pSftin.fi;"''-^''''^ "'• ment of legal adn n r/i„!^ *¥ improve- paration ^1 pass i- '/?i.'°" ^V "'e Pre- Proceduro Acts jif hJ^^ '""^'^r'^' ^^aw age of fortv^onfi tl ° """.sually early benchasaKsife inrir"/*?^"> *» the' rj^^ns. He wweitepm/r °' "'.^ Common and most Jcarmvfnfv^'^v",^°^"'e wisest playing in his decision^^ifnV''"^"' '^•''• and profound knoSo of°n'^ *• ""^^^ but a wonderful power of Iff'""''''*''' complicated facts ami ^ti^f*'''"* ^'^^ decisions on ouesti".^" «» *''^'^*"'°e- His maritime la^S' «np.^fi''°^"*'> *"d convincing UeLTT^^^^l '"<^'^ and , gout. withloLotS'^™ o™^?"'''''^^^^^ survivinghim ^' ^"'^ '^^"^ bis wife guffi YhtoSan''^;?;fff W^. <^-*i'>- I'oet, was born n W„i ?'' *"^'t'C, and father. Rowland Wim«,^'. '" ^«^^- His a parish in Fhntsh re^^^,"^*" '^''^°' "' years, he was appo fted in fsso'v^^* charact™"nd8ta?n:'l«,«P^eatly raised the „ te-?riKi^iS-H.Kibibj$|i = --'^.». .ao. Af^ter making some in Ko^owin^^'■''^»^ ^"'^e'^'t^^^^^^^^^ ;i.ng by his of £co°S enS'^'^^'if^^*^ * ^o'"»e I'DQUished I ness: after the M?,? ., M'"?*' GodH- ir :- I wil] K Bkuj ir>«(toeri5"at <55io0iflp&p. [WlJf Written Voices of His Church." In thia work he announced the views on inspira- tion which led at a later period to liis prosecution in the Court of Aiches. A petition against the book was presented Djr some clergymen to the liishop of St David's, who criticized it temperately in his charge of 1857, and a controversy began whicli lasted for muiy years. In 185G Mr Williams published his " Hindu- ism and Christianity," which is considered his most important literary work. He took his degree of D.D. in 1857, resigned his college fellowship two years later, and was presented to the vicarage of Broad- chalke, Wiltshire, to which place, how- ever, he did not remove till 18G2. Mean- while he had contributed a review of the works of Baron von Bunsen to the volume entitled "Essays and Reviews" which appeared in 1860. For this review a pro- secution was instituted against him by the Bishop of Salisbury, and being con- demned by the Court of Arches, he was sentenced to a year's suspension. This sentence was reversed on appeal by the judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and the prosecutors were condemned in costs. Dr Williams continued to labour in his parish of Broadchalke till his death. Besides the works alreiuly named, he pub- lished in 1866 the first volume of his "Hebrew Prophets," of which the second has appeared since his death ; " Broad- chalke Sermon-Essays" (1867); "Orestes and the Avengers;" "Lays from the Cimbric Lyre," his earl'est work ; and a dmmatic work entitled "Owen Glen- dower," published soon after his death. In his rehgious philosophy Dr Williams was a disciple of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, whose works, especially the "Confessions" and the "Aids to Reflection," he had studied with deep sympathy in his youth. Dr Williams married about 1859. Died at Broadchalke, 18th January 1870. [See article in "Contemporary Review," April 1870.1 _ ,. , WILLIAMS, Sarah, a young English poetess, whose nom de pliivn' was " Sadie," was born in London in 1837. She first became known by the publication of a little volume for children entitled " Rain- bows in Springtide," which appeared in 1866. She then became a contributor to several periodicals, but health failed, and she died in London at Easter 1868. After her death appeared a volume entitled "Twilight Hours," containing a series of poemsremarkable fororiginality, thouglit- fuhiess, power, and pathos. A very brief memoir by E. H. Plumptre, M.A., ac- companies the poems. WILLIS, Nathaniel Pauker, Ameri- can poet and misoellaiitjous writer, was born at Portland, Maine, U.S., in 1807. He completed his education at Yale College, where he gratluated B.A. in 1827. He at once conunenced his literary career as editor of two periodicals. About 1831 be visited Europe, was atta<;hed to — ' "■ the American embassy at Paris, and tra- velled in France and the south of Europe, and in Asia Minor. He then spent some | time in England, and married liere, re- turning home in 1837. He twice revisited I England, travelled in the Southern States of the Union, and in the West Indies, [ and llnaliy sottled at Idlewiid, on the Hudson river. His writings are nume- rous, but chiefly light and of ephemeral interest. Among them are— "Pencillings by the Way" (1836), a sketchy record of I his first visit to England; "Inklings of I Adventure," " Loiterings of 'rravel,"! "People 1 havfl met," " Hurrygraplis," "Poems," &c. Heoriginated the "Ameri- can Monthly Magazine," which was after- 1 wardsmergedinthe "New York Mirror," I and at various times was joint-editor ofl " The Corsair," the " New York Mirror,"! and the "Home Journal." Mr WilliJ was twice nnirried. Died at Idlewiid, on! the Hudson, 20th January 1867.-Hi9l sister, Sahah Payson Willis, who be-l came the wife of James Parton, was al popular writer for the young, and wasl known under the assumeu name ofl " Fanny Fern." Shedied atNew York,atr the age of sixty-one, in October 1872. WILSON^ Georqe, chairman of tliej Anti-Corn ijaw League, was boni a^ Hathersage, in Deriiyahire, in Brought up in Manchester to a raercani tile life, ho early sliowed public spiritJ energy, and ability, taking a useful parf in various local matters, parliamentar] elections, the promotion of mechanici institutions, and the incorporation ol Manchester. In January 1839 he becamJ a member of the Council of the newljf formed Ijcague, and in the followinl April he was elected chairman. TliJ election was owing chiefly to the stroiil recommendation of Mr Cobden. For till following seven years his life was almof entirely spent in the serviceof the Lengui all the practical details of its busine] being under his control. On the triumji of Free Trade in 1846, Mr Wilson's sel vices were acknowledged by a public m timonial of £10,000. He was afterwarJ President of the National lleform Uniol and took an active part in electorf matters, and in the direction and raaj agement of railways and telegraphs. married in 1838. Died suddenly in a raj way train on his way to Liverpool, 291 December 1870. I WINDHAM, Sir Chari.es As! British general, was a member of ancient Norfolk family, and was born I that county in 1810. He entered tl army in 1826, became captain in 1833. af by the usual steps reached the rank I colonel in 1854. He served in Canauij 1837-39, and on the outbreak of Crimean war was appointed quarM master-general of the Fourth Divisil At Inkermann, on the fall of SirGeo| Cathcart, he took the cuinifiand Ot - forces through the remainder of woo] distingnishert himseif""':",'^ j>« fifeatly column in the attacfconthi*'^'^?'' °^ the same month ho waJ^nrn.^^.^l"- ^he general, and receiyed ^thT^^"^, '^'^i""' clasps. Ill Noremh^? uu '"^'^'^l i"id f of the staff of the 'fcr? ''^'''"n« chief ^ I fol owing year he recdvod ;hn"f- ^" "^e of the Legion of Hono,,' r,^?fl^;?^a"«n part m the Sepoy m-" « ^^^^ ''o took I lieutenant-general in ifl«Q 1 '^foniotod Woodontheln'dVispnm^^ "^ V"t<5"ant maiKl of tl.e K';^,?nT'•'';^'^*h«com- &4ciwfets;^^ lished in 1812. a secon^^*?!, "'as Pub- by his son. Ca^aln a h. °''"J°»' ef^ted with an "Essay on the^!""*"^!' ^0"^'. Va ley of the Oxus " ).^ n^li^Phy <^t the BROKE. Lil.niViin to tfe^'^^^.^oWNo- "■"l ^''i.■'cc]l.., "o rwK"«en. historical Norwchiniaifi It ^^' ^^'^^ born at Woodward m ell' k^. """^ " '°" «' Samuel ^ntiquary?k,^l'-ii^e'^°^f,a^ageoIogistand Iforwich school Tr«^„"i?*'''"cation at a tutor in a nriv.Vo . * ?hort time he waa bankinil^JS IndlSaq*^^" '''^ ^^^ i lent at the ThooWirni ?? , became a stu- ' -tti^arziKt'^ljir^^^-^^ Wmrch at Wortvvdl Lf^r ^T^'.^^^^^onal .Jforfolk. He8oonaftPri.^^'''''^.«ton. *«» nnselfto literary work anH^*"- *°. "Pf^l^ I p( tbepruiti, ., i'oi Joi n Childs, head hi'.» '» some of ik lar^'"^'',^' assisted ^ft,r.soina VA.JV, ^"■'^^er undertakinffi? ft-'^sional man nf Jtl ^'"i'°"'^'on iusnro- f osenfeliZo°ti e&v.'pV^? ^'« '^^^^^ and three years aterhnl"^"''*!^''^'"'^-', s^lf a reputation by vado.^Jw.i ™*^° him^ Fs^™t,'sS^?is.s' „s £ Si f ?:« *i'i Si Hyderaoad! and rennfm.*,''- '"m*''° «ea to ordering the? Urn^;^Vv.*''V°«"^ tarn Its periodical ri e a, dfau'T/ *'' '■'''='^'•- of Its mundation. ami ot , ^ .Vu '® 'P''^"'^^ He next joined a" assii^a,^^?!>°™e"a. mercml mission to AfJu. -K *he coni- Burnes, by whose i„str1,cfcfi^" ""^^'-'r the course of the InrinfP"'^ ^e surveyed toAttock. examfnhfj „ f*"""' '^^ ™o»tIi o'lthe Physical geo"^^.,t„ //porting also &°^Kooah)to"^SdS|.a^",^!'*^\"^ .visited ^ew wiiLhlf.ifif PIJ: 9? Wales -"i««rf^ iPfomotednantain Ti. laVi"/-.'"".'^ "« ^vas Jwitted the IiKli M. „ ^^^ Captain Wood Ifrcantile pursnuf «n/f''''?o^S§^"sed in lAustralia. Pressed /o In ' ^^^^ went to iJOfernment of Vic oJh «n i l'^^"""^ "» the PatmtlieLe''isiVHl«n' ^"' ,t? accept a h{ retiring'" SSre K?,"^-"' 4^ ™«flest I «line. He reta rned to T.^'"' ^""^^ *« reappointed t "It V .^'"V;- '" 1857. I "le Oriental In an f Ul?'' ^^r^'^ager of mpmy, whicl too , fif]^ ' ^'\^>S^ion |««Pted the noJ^ n?V^"'^^''' '"'"^1 "i 1861 ^dtts Steam FJoti?,^. ^S''i'^*7 °^ the FS-ie/?r-:^-i -^ S IS was "a" Hisforv^nf "-tir 'i "','S'"ai work ;vhichhecarSydisnSZ ^l^^^). in legend and liistoi^ anH n.i '^^^.^ between autliontic view of t h n "i^^^^nts a more Pnncipality than h. IV? history of the His o'thor"^ SS'al-V^^ .^^^«^« America," which h^ i 7 ^ History of by. W. h: Bar e t • a " fft? commenced s hire." of which however '^'""^ °^ Hamp- *']« portion relatinrto wfnu» il. n.c. 600 Alcman Alexandor, Sir W. d. 1040 Alfleri. V. 1749 Ammonio, A. d. 1517 AndrleuK, F. G. 1759 Andronicus, Ltviui fl. n.c. 240 Ansuillara, U. A. 1517 Anstey, Ch. 1724 Antar Anvari d. 1200 ApoUinarii 430 Apolloniut Kliodius Q. B.C. 149 Aratus b.o. 300 Arcliilochus Arlon Ariosto, L. 1474 Aristophancii n.c. 450 Armstrong, J. 1709 Arndt, E. M. 1769 Arnim, L. von d, 1S31 Ausoniua Ajton, Sir K. 1570 B Babrius Bacchylidcs fl. n.c. 450 Bacellar, A. B. Bafcgesen, E. Baillie, Joanna Baldi, B. Barbauld, A. L. Barbour, J. d. 1395 Barton, B. Bayley, J. H. Beattie, J. BesiiiBont, F. Beddoei, T. L. Bellamy, J. Bellay, 1. du 1266 IGIO I7li4 1762 1553 1743 ) 1784 1797 1735 1S03 1752 1524 POETS. Born Bellmann, C. M. 1741 Berabo, P. 1470 Hcnacrade, J. de 1612 B(j I Cowley, H. Cowpcr, W. Crtbbe, 0. Craihatr, R. Cntlnui (] Crebillon, P. J. de Creech, T. Creiclmbenl, O. M. Croly, 0. Crowne, J. Camberland, R. Cunnhigham, a. ! Dslln, O. Ton Dancourt, F. C. Daniel, S. Dante D'Argcnsola, I,, l. ! Darwin, E. j Parenant, Sir W. Daries, Sir J. Dtlavlgne, J. F. C. Deliiie.J. DcmoHstier, C. A. Bfnimm, Sir J. Pfiinis. J. [i ncrmody, T. 1 1 DiTshawin !l Dntouclics, P. N. iDibilin, Ch. I| , T. Dincz da Crui Donne, J. f Dorat, J. j— -,C. J. I Dorict, Earl of j Drayton, HI. Drummond, W. Drydcn, J. Dufrpsnoy, C. A. Dimbar, W. D'Urfcv, T. Djcr, Sir E. — , John fl. Ij Plleimcre, Earlof I Elliott, Eb. J Cnnliis, Q, ■IWoharmus fl. n p 41 ■ EfcillayZunlga ' l| E'pronceda If"!'.""' fl. n.c. 42 |Eiald,J. ■■ JlWrfu, E. Jftlcontr, W. IFaniliawe, SirR. tlariaySousa liWquhar, 0. IFmton, E. ||ffrdusl ||,%imon, R. ('weira. A. |™'"'». V. da l™cuj,C. V. ineckroc, R, iWclior, J. -,G. [ —.P. Ifnucii, p. '"■ Iffaotcn, F. m. r"«»ni,C. J. S f\ |S;,".M. p. A. c. p»deJIa,carenh«i- d.K , G. PcfNlUI Pt'tiifl, Alexander Ppirarch Pli^Mlrus Phlllipi, A. Phrynichut fl. D PI«iiotll, L. Pliiilar Plnilcinont*, U. PIrnii. A. Pitt. C. Pl:iutiii Pop. E. a. Pullok, R. Pomfrc t, J. Po|)c, A. Portem, B. Potter, R. Praed, W. M. Prrstoti, T. PrliiRlo, T. Prior, M. Procter, A. A. Proncrtlus Pulcl, L. Pyc, H. J. Q Quarlea, F. Qiicrcnghl, A, Quevedo y Vlllegos Quinault, P. Quintana. M. J. Quintus Calaber Quita, D. R Racine, J. Ramler, K. W. Ramsay, A. Randolph, T. Rcgiua, Urban Reynard, J. F, Regnicr. M. Riccoboni, L, , A. F. Richardson, W. Rinuccinl. O. Rioja, F. de Roclieater, earl of Rogers, S. Rolli, P. A. Ronsard, P. Rosa, A. Rotrou, J. de Roucher, X A. Rousseau, J. B. Row9, N. Roy, P. C. Ruckert, F. Q. ■.0. 154 d. 1S98 17'jn 34 1301 d. 174D I ig:(i 0.600 ! 17311 1 II. C. it'i'i ! 17.V1I IB8!»| lli'lilt n.O. 2.Mi| INIIi 17!l!l Ivor iriXH 1731 \r-i\ 1801 d. 1593 i;s9 16(i4 18Xi n.c. 5'-' U31 1745 d. 1541 d. 1814 d. 1621 1592 I54n 1580 1635 1J72 1728 1639 1692 1725 1685 1605 1 1656 1573 1674 1707 1600 1648 1762 1687 1524 1699 1609 1745 1570 1673 1683 1789 Saiiitiiie Sniinazaro, J. Snp|iho Savage. R. Scarrnn, P. .Sclilller, J. C. P. ton Sihlcgfl, A. W. von iScott, J. , Sir W. Sidli-y, Sir 0. Kc'.tlp, E. Soviard. A. Sliadwi'll, T. shnkPBpfare Mil lley. P. B. Slu'iutone, W. .Mii-riduii, H. B. Slilrlry. j. Sidiiry, Sir P. StKourii(-y, L. .siiiua Itallcui Simoniilci Six, Jau iilietton, J. Smart, C. Snillh, J. . II. Snorru Sturtcion SoliiDPiia. F. Solla. A. do Sonif rviilo, W. >opliutlc8 Soiitlii'rn, T. Sonihoy, C. A. •, R. Soutliwdl, R. Spenser, E. Sprat, T. Ktagiitllua, E. J. Staplcton, tjlr It. < Sti'piicy, 0. Sterling, J. StPsiclioriia Stolberg, C. Count von . L, F. Suckling, Sir J. SuraaroKoA A. Sylvester, J. Szalkal, A. von 1798 1458 1098 1610 1759 1707 1739 1771 1630 1081 1747 1040 1504 179'^ 1714 1751 1594 1554 1791 25 B.C. 650 1618 1460 1722 1775 1779 1178 1047 1610 1092 U.c. 405 1060 1787 17!4 1500 1553 I63S 1793 1660 1663 1806 B.O. 640 1748 1750 1609 1727 1563 d. 1804 Talfourd, T. N. Talicsiii TannahUl, R. Tanaillo, L. Taaso, B. Taasoni, A. Tate, N. Taylor, Jane , John Togner, E«. IVIIez, G. Tennant, W. Terence Testi, P. Theocritui Theognlt Tlipspia Thomaon, J. Thirlakson, J. Tliornton, B. Tibullus TickcH. T. Tieck, L. Tiedge, C. A. Tighe, M. 1795 1774 1510 1493 1544 1565 1652 1783 1580 1782 d.1648 d.1843 B.C. 194 1503 fi. B.C. 280 fl. B.C. 550 fl. B.C. S35 1700 1744 1724 B.O. 54 ? i6S6 1773 1752 1773 TImon Tlniothoui Tobin, J. Tollent, H. C. Trlttiiio, 0. 0. Turberville, a Tuner, T. TyrtiBUi Uhland, J. L. Bom I A. n.e. w 17701 1710 1 14:il luol ISItl fl.a.c. HOP U Vanbnigb, Sir J. Vaughan, H. Vega, Lope d« VIda, M. G. Vigny, A. do Virgil Vuiienon Voltiire, V. VolkolT, Th. Vuitaire Vondol, J. Tan VoM, J. H. imi l» mi lyf \iti i;i ■,c. i| ill lint Ki IS9| lit nil w d. IIU Wace, R. Waller, E. la Walsh, W. d, 1608 Walther Ton der Vogelweide, liviDg, 122S Warner, W. li! Warton, T. i;! Watta, la. 1«| Webater, John Weiaae, Ch. F. i;| Wergcland, II. A. IW Wesfey. Ch. 1?| Weat, O. Ill White. H. K. IjI Whitehead, W. I?! WIeland. C. M. uf Wiffen,J. H. I'l Wilkie, W. i:| Willmott. R. A. llT Wilson, J. Wither, a. Wolcot, J. Wolfe, Ch. Wordaworth, W. Wyatt, Sir T. Wyoherley, W. Yalden, T. Young, E. Yrlarte, T. do Zacharic, J. F. ZhukoTsky W. philosophers! Abclard, P. 1 Abercrombie, J. 'f i€;gidiiis de Column* d. 13l» L Agricola, R. " Albcrtus Magnus , Ainmonius Sacca a. •« I Anaxagorai ...ja'l Anaxarchua d.B.O.wi Anaximander J-'^' Anliatheneo lived, n.c. 4W Apellicon l'»ed''''';V,»l Aquinas, St ThoniM ■ ArcesilauB lired, B.C. I« Arcliytao '"' AriitlpBuf Ufed, j>.i Arlilolla I Artrroei I AficoDQn I naeoQ, R, — , I^rd ! niimignrUn, A. O. Illllo, p. HrH':irla, C. B. Bt'iiilmin, J. !' R'rkfky, O. ■Bofhrnun, J. IjBoellilui I Bnnircntun, St Brown, Th. J Bruno, O. 1 Buridan, J, j Butler, J. "' ICibanls, P. J, o. |C«lanus d. a e iCalliiilicnes ___ l|Ciim|janclIa IChimneaux, O. da d. ICIiryiippiii ■ Chubb, Th. CUrke, S. Cleanihet Uyed, a.o. % Coleridge, 8. T. '•olllni, A. Combe, O. Comle, A. Condillac, E. B, do Condorcet Cudwortli, R. IVmocrltua _ Ifcicarles, R. Ifcthampa, Dom [DiJerot, D. i Diogenes _ piini Scotui jDrmond, J. ■ ^ Ijlurhwd, J. A. luvards, J. ■Epicurus l%iia ■Fwguion, A. I "trier, J, p. IFitlile, J. 0. Jftino, M. ■fiuiior, r. C. M. |tu»ndi, P. ° ■wmiitlma Pletho ■faoreil, A. ■wfando, De ■tobertl, V. RlUTill, J. ■«Kii, J. H. a, A. 8i KnTr"^'**' "-law ■«»^llton, Sir W. |&>F.Ton IJ*I.,G. W. F. te% fl.B.O.S0O • 151 1258 irrol irul liMl liltl mi urf m V\ B.C. I| Iti list Ki I69| d. iiu IN Arlltlpjpui UT»d. BO «TA **"° n ,._ I Arliloiia I ArtrroM I AvIcoDoa B "•"»• Hatclieion. F. i I'UOQ, R, j , I-ord I Biuniffarun, A. O. I n.ijlp. P. I ba'nrln, C. B, P Benihatn, J. ' Rorkf l»jr, O. "Boplimon, J, jBoelhlui I Bootrsiitura, St I Brown, Th. I Bruno, O. I Buridan, J. I Buller, J. '2M JacobI, F. II. "* IMI [Janiblicui "■' JohnofSalUbury Born I'll WhewoII, W. «»• «is I WoUaiton, W. w iru 1017 lT3f, 1748 I6«4 Wi 470 l»l 1778 , P. S. Reid.T. Rouueau, J. J. Royer-CoUard, P. p. S St Martin, L. C. da St Simon, C. H. Schclling, F. W J. Schlegel, F. von Schopenhauer, A. Seneca Sex t us Emplrlcua oimonidei SirapUciua Socratei Spinoza Stewart, D. Stilpo Sulzer, J. G. about 1500 1632 1709 1712 irc3 d. 1500 d. 1069 d. 15S9 1103 7S9 d. 124S iTeleaio, B. '''-Ihalet T..-! . B.C. 300 ».^M"''-''«''Mlvan,„,l. Abbadle, J, Abbot, O. Abelard AbWll, L. Al-endana, J. Abrabanel, U. AUa^^ert, fip Priigu. d. 097 AdamTPBTrnfen""""*-'"'' ^^^I-a^n^^ilte' ''•"«»., Adamain, P. * "•» ., Atldlion, L. "" ^«.^iu- do Column. ^,3,«>«3 Agelnoth Aglionby, J. Afrricola, J. Aldan, St Ailly, P. d' Aituw( rth, H. Alan, W. Alban, St A Ibertu. Magnus Alcock, J. Alcuin A id red Aldrich, R. Alcander, J. Alexander, S. Allein, Joi, Allix. P. Aloy.iu. Goniaga, St ^X";e.st "*'«« Amlot, Fattier Ancilion, D, Andrews, L, Anschar, St Anselm, St Anthony, St -— — — ofPadu* A pel, .T. Apollinarlus , CI. fl. uj Aquinas, St Thomas **' "'ij,, Ar.aldus, St j lofla Arminiu, «"• ^.^, Arnaud. H. J?°y Arnauld, Ant. ,"?* Arnobius '*** Arnold, Abbot Uvijjg, mt Arunde'l, Th. }!?* Asffiii. j: *"• . IW AtEanasius, 8t "* m. Athenagoras ^ 1480 1799 1623 1631 1564 840 1718 1617 1565 801 1033 251 IM I486 JEntrex. AttwburTj f. AiiffuttI, 0. J. W. Dorn 1M3 1771 Auguitin, St, Dn Hipp* 314 — , Abp C» AtIU, J. d« D n»Bonthorp*>, J. nailttr, R. Baldwin, Abp Bsir, J. BalKuj, J. , Th. Bulmoz, J. L. naliliam. Iltisli do BaiobiUlgf, Abp Onncrofl, Ab^ — — — , J. SArcUy, R. ———, John CautcrburT d. BOJ d. isnq d. 13ia 1 d. 111)1 d. I2K6 d. 1514 1 d, lOtO liOO 1 110.^ lOHO 1710 1810 • (Brrcan') Btrloir, Th Barlowe, W. d. 1025 Baroiitui, C. Fi.irrow, Ii. Bikrtoll, D. Baill, 8t Dainaffe, B. do Bcaurat, J IJ4I 9 1048 I64S 1731 1607 BatM, W Uathurit, II. Baur, F. Ch. Baxter, R. Beaton, Card. Boaurort, Card. Brauaobre, Ii, Bcekct, St Thoma* Bcde Bcdoll, W. BcUarmln, Card. BoUham, Th. Benedict, St Benedict Biscop Benftel, .7. A. nentlTORllo, Card. Borengcr Borniircl, St Bernard of Menthon Bcrnardine, St IteruUe, Card. Beiiarion, Card. Bcvcrldge, W. BoTorley, John of Bcza Blckentoth, E. BIddle, J. BlUon, Th. Bingham, Joi. Blafr, H. . R. Blayncy, B. Blomflcid, C. J. Bochart, 8. Boehmen, J. Bogue, D. Bonaventura, St Boniface, St Bonner, E. liorromco, C. lioiiuet, J. B. Bourchler, Abp Boiird.aloue, L. Boyd, Z. Bradwardlne, Abp Braincrd, D. Bramhall, Abp Broiighton, Th. Brown, J. , R. prnwne-. S, Bruno, St Bryant, J. d. 1447 d. 1S'J9 d. 099 153S lO.KI 1008 320 15S0 1053 1025 1744 17«2 1015 1404 7 1050 II10 673 1570 1542 480 d. 1083 1687 1579 d. 1003 d, 1029 1031 8 1380 Bu««r, M. Buchanan, CL liuddaui Bull. O. nulllnger, H. Hunion, C. Biinyan, J. Burcard riurdcr, O. Burgeu, Th. Iliirkitt, W. Uurnct, Th. ,a. J. Butler, Joi. Born 1401 I7ian, E. d. 1581 Cardwell, E. 1787 Carey, W. 1701 Carlyle, Al. 1722 Carpenter, U 1,'ko , K. llrlng, 1600 Carpocratei Carpzov, J. B. 1630 ,J. Q. 1079 Coi, R. Craig, J llvlnjr. 1700 Crakanihorpe, H. " a, uj, Cranmer, Abp Cram, D. Crelllui, J. Cmwo, N. J |M, OrolT, 0. ^' Cruden, A. Cudworlh, R. Cumberland, R. Ciireton, W. Cu«i«, N. dn Cuthbcrt, St Cyprian, St Cyril, 81 Bor It d. 14«4 d. Mr d. 2U d.44t .t*". II ii mi Ui)7 Carranza, B. do Cartwrlght, Th, Caryl, Joi. Caiaa, Lai Caiaubon, If. ,M. d. 157G d. 1673 1534 d. 721 1305 1038 d. 1622 1519 1780 d. 1S01 d. 1480 l.'S30 1608 1718 1508 1 1780 155!) 1575 1749 1221 6S0 1495 1538 1504 1627 d. 1653 d. 1349 1632 d. 1003 d. 1774 1717 1722 14.50 1680 ioio 1715 Caialanut Catherine, St Cavalier, J. Cave, W. Cclller, R. Ccrlnthui CesarinI, O. Chalmeri, Th. Clialoncr, E. Champeaux, O. do Chandler, K. -. S. d. 1071 d. 443 1474 1550 d. KOI 1317 1679 1037 d. 1025 d. 1121 1398 1780 Channing, E. Charnock, S. Charron, P. Chemnitz, M. Chicheley, Abp Chllllngworth, W. Chrysostom, J. St Chubb, Th. Claire, M. Clarke, A. ,5. Cliiude, J. Clayton, R. CIcmeni Romai ui CIcmeni, T. Fl. ('lowei, J. Coccelus, J. CochliFus, J. Cole, II. Coleridge, S. T. Colet, J. Collier, J. Columba, St Comber, Th. ,Th. d. 1680 1738 1039 1780 d. 407 d. 1C87 1541 1522 1302 I60i 7 1679 1812 1-fl.' 1«f5 7 1695 d. 220 d. 1552 d. 1579 '.743 1003 1772 14flG 1650 Conybeare, J. J. Copleiton, E. Corbet, R. Cosln, J. Caaravcr, P. F . Is Courtney, Abp Coverdalc, M. d. 1063 d. 1099 1779 1776 1582 1594 ICO I 1311 1487 . Oallle, J. I DanilanI, P. Delaiiy, P. Derham, W, Dick. Th. DiodfttI, J. Dodd, W. Doddridge, P, Dodwcll, II. Docdcrloln, J. C. Doleino Dominic, St Domlnli, M. A, ds Donne, J. Douglai, O. I J. Drellncourt, C. Drew, 8. Duchatcl, P. Duharaei, J. B. Dimi Scotui Dunstan, St Duporron, Card. Dupin, L. E. Duppa, B. Duprat, Card. Durand, D. Dwight, T. E Eadmer U'iiig, lloo Enrlc, J. d. loci I Edmund Rich, St d. 12lo| Edward«, J. Th, d. 10171 d.l d. mi Egcde, H. • P. d. I78»| Eichhorn, J. 0. Eliot, J. EII».,od, Th. KIplilnttonc, Dp EIrlngton, Th, 1. 1S35| Elatob, W. Ephracm Syrus d. 37J Epiphanius d. I0| KpillCoplu^ S. Erasmus, 1>. Erlgena d. 894 Erncstl, J. A. Ersklne, E. , J, Escobar y Jlcnrtor.a Kuselilus Eutyclies Ev.-\iii, J, d, 182| Ewing, J, Fabcr, G, 9, Fagius Farel, G, Farmer, H. Feckenham, J. d« A 15 r-ll c — ,J, Fcllovrci, B. Fn)«lon. Abp Ffrrar, N. .R. flfld, «; Fttlitr, •>• FTumI, J- rionilnir, n. ., rionrr, Cl- I nudd, R. i Forbfi, P. || Fordyce. J- Foitar, ilamei ,—— , John J Foi, 0. hi l{ Fnncia of P«uto, (It I deftalea, .St FnnkP, A. H. Frjlh.J. {Fuller, A. -, Th. O Oilf, Thsophilui — , Thoma) Gill, SI Cindolphy, P. Gardiner, a. Gitiktr, T. Gindtn, J. „Gfdd«i, A. , M. jGnnlithuaPletho !|G(rl)l!lon,J. P. OtnoD, J. C. do GIbion, E. CilbmofSomprlngham Ciltwrt Foliot ■ T I Gill, J. GllpiD, B. ,W. „ Clibome, T. iGlintill.J. l'Glui,J. Cod»ln, P. Gollui, P. (;"mjr, F. fimion, S, Gotfthalk Cute, J, E. [Own, J. H. Grwnneld, W. CffRiiIre, II, li'fgory Nsilanien 'riiaumaturgua d d. 1 d.] d, d, II tr -ofNyaaa I — ,Z. Tjiieibnch, J, J. Iwlmaldl, D. I:: — . 0. Iwmdiil, E, I CroHelcitc, R. IJroiiui, Hugo tjmn,].], Jjotilaff.C, |vii;iiii, Madame d-SB. d. no |"«l:ft,J. IB'lilane, R. |5rAi.Mnder„f Hl^, I Hill, J," feip «!■ "" 1-^' y^Pnea d. 1184 iHw,J,'c.' 1 1260 ■It*^^ Born. • 8»l niirir.fr. T. ... ••■'•'nrd, J. IWIl Hawker. R. <1. «0 „(,er. H. u. H3I Hrnrr, M. 1720 I(erin<-i, 0. U. \m d. 17VA 1U07 i7ro l«24 i.'ii: H16 1507 "«^ "III. Rowland ,„, ""'Pi. «lio elder 102S Hody, H 1030 ■■ Her»..j, J. fylln. P. iiickM, a. niJarjoD, se !l|i*[^St(ofPoltleri)d.,io7 :^:^— (of Arlct) d. 449 (I. ItSS d. H«2 d. 23fl Fn)«lon. Abp fm%T, N. .R. FIfW, R; Fliher, '• FTumI, J- Flcmlnif, R. ritnrr. Cl- riudd, R. ForbM. P. Fordyce. J- FoiMr, ihmtt ——, Jobn Foi, 0. I—, J. I— .R. _ ! Francli of P«uto, 8t d«f(«|e«, SI Fnnkc, A. II. Wi*'<^: d. 1533 Fuller, A. ,Th. O Gilf, Theophlliii — ,Thomu Girdlner, 8. Giiiker, T, Giadtn, J. Geddei, A. , M. JGmlithuiPletho !|G»rl)lllon,J. P. iGtnoD, J. C. d* Clbion, E. ..CilbfriofSprnprlngham Gilbert Follot ■ "l.J. ?ln, B. -,W. , Clibornif, T. iGlintrill.J. <'Glui.J. :Cod»ln, P. GoliQi, p. (;"mjr, F. '■mion, S, Gotfthalk Cute, J, E. fCwn, J. H. Jrmlleld, W. d 1832 %ory Nsilanirn '^^aW^^'n,, — riiaumaturguid ws \]^^' ^i ... ofNy,.a *u.3„T r;;^„'„;,s''""^''ofco„- 1093 Irenipul, St lost Rom 171S rndnh II«kk»i,>.h 1103 Jiid.Ui. """''''•'' Judai Uriu Ju>l«oti, A. •'iirleu, P, ----, JuulRl.nl. A. 1/4* - ^1 I •Juitln Martyr ' Juion, W. 1783 1602 1S03I ■ 4S0P I77S 1714 inoo 161'.' 202 d. 16S« d. ins 1381 IU2 Kaldl, 0. Kttye, J. d. 1741? 1760 1483 1S74 1605 1737 10S4 130} 'y. Hook, J. Hooker, R. Hooper, O. "opWn'i, S. Horns, d. ~ .T.H. Horneck, A. jloriley, 8. .-..J Hotttnger, J. J. 1609 Houblgant. C F 1084 Hoiigh, J. d.U«7 Howe, J 1007 Ilowley W. IM7|Huct,r. D. 1724 I Humphrey, U 1758 II unto.-. If. 1630 lluntlnKdon, W. 1503 Hum, John 1554 Hutchlnion, J, 1554 1040 '.405 1721 1047 1730 K'-'ly. J. Ken,''T • '^''*'"*' ' 1744 Kennedy, J. Kennct, W. jyennlcott, B. Kettlcwell, J. KinichI, D. 1076 KliiK, P. KI|>plt.A. KItto, J. Knibb, W. Knott, P,. Knoi, John , V. ifi'o I Kr,.'m,S*'', *'*'••'"• 1041 *'"■' *"• *• 1733 , 1652 Labbe, P. loss Laoordaire, Father ^"" I.aclaiitlui Laiiicz, J. Umennali, R. p. j, l.aiifrano I-ai.Kham Slmindt d d. I78S d. 1240 d. IMS 1C53 d. 325 ? d. 86S 1066 1701 17.'! Huttcnj^UlrUhron Tbai I—.Z. ICfinbach, J. J. ICrlmaldi, D. i:: — . 0. Iwrndal, E. I CroHelcitc, R. IJroiiui, Hugo ICundulf " |'i"n,fr.J.J. IWiUff C, |C«jon, Madame jHickft,j. ^ iB'lJsiif, R. W', Alexander of Bill J." rJ^H'V R. J'fflllion, P. 1087 1745 d. Ilos 1S97 1510 .1175 1583 Irving, E. lildoreofPeluilum of Seville d. 1851 d. 1245 Jablonikl, P. E. Jacob, U. - ^ Jnhn, J. 1788 Jansen, C. 1803 .lanscniui. C. 1048 Jarclil, S. Jay, W. Icbb. J. Jenynt, S. Jerome, St ; of Prague Jcuey, H. ISWUewell, J. 1592 I7bi d. HI7 l;C4 I'angton, 8. Lardner, N, Latimer, H. Laud, W. Law, E. Leclere, J. I.ee, Anne — .S. i.elbnltz, O. \(r J-pWi, Sir E. Leighton, A. -. —^~~ R _^ iLelnnd, i. . „„ "9 Unftnt. J. d202 Utlcy, J. Leuiden, J. Levi, D. Lewii, J, [.eydon, John of LIglitfoot, J, LImborch, P. van LIndjey, T, Lloyd, W. r.ombard, P. Love, C. Lowtli, W. . n. Loyola, J. Luther, M. d. 1228 d. 03a d. 1757 d. 1817 Joachim d. 1418 d. 1063 1S8S 1510 1104 170!) 1730 1704 331 a. 1134 1.103 IfilU I.M2 JohnofSallibury Johnion, 8. Johnitone, B. Jortln, J, d. 1202 d. 1182 1S22 1049 1747 Macarlun, St M d. 1722 d. 1535 d. 1164 d. S87 1795|jovlnlan' Mackenzie, Bp d. 182; i Mncrai.TbVA;' 1726 Madnn, M. ... 1098 Maddox. J. d. before 40« iMagee.W. , „. a. 887 Mac c;;;,^i!:'y''""«f"> ««•'«., 182S 1721 d. 1804 1720 1097 17C5 1261 Enttex. Matllard, O. M*l, A. MalraonldM Mi^Jor, J. Manei Mant, R. Map. Walt«r Marcion Marah, H> MnrAlimnn, J. Martin, Si, of Tour* Unrtyn, H. Martyr, P. Ma«on, .?. MaMlllon, J. B. Mather, >l. Mathow, Kftthor Matiirin, R. C. Maur, Nt Maury, Cnrdlnftl M'Oaul, A. 1 Mpchltar Mode, J. Mclancthon, P. MeMola, R. Melito MelvUlo, A. Mpiino, S' Merrick, J. Merton. Walter of MlchacUa, .1. D. ; 3. H. fl. 1170-1200 Born d. ISOS ir«J iisi 1400 d. 274 1778 d. 1823 17RS 17bD 3IH 17RI l&OO 1700 IAn:t la3» IBd.H 1700 d. 1828 n. 1S0-I72 1740 1700 in7« I SHU 1407 d. 1277 ISIS I4im 1720 Middloton, C. . T. F. Mill, J. Mllncr, John ', Joseph Milton, J. MinucUii, F. Molina, L. Mollnos, M. Montanua, , B. A. fl. 170-212 Montgomery, R. More, Hannah , Honry Morgan, W. Mornay, P. do MorrUnn, R. Morton, Abp Moshcim, J. L. von Moulin, P. dv MugKloton, Li. MuUcr, P. E. Myconius, V, — ,o. N Naros, R. Nathan, Uaac Nnylor, J. Neal, D. Nennder, J. A. W. Neckain, A. Ncotlham, J. T. Nelson, R. Neri, St P. de Nestoriui Ncwcome. W. Newton, John ,T. Nicole, P. Nicolson, W. Nicmeyer, A. H. Niouwentyt, B. Noalllea, Cardinal Nori8,H. Norrirt, J. Novatian Nve. P. Oberlln, J. F. d. 1004 1717 1608 168;« I7(m 164S 1752 1714 1 60S l!i35 1627 1527 180- 1744 1014 1549 178'J 1410 1604 1508 1610 1770 14HI 1488 d. IS29 d . before 451 fl. 250 161G 1078 1780 1157 1713 1650 1515 1 172D 1725 1704 1625 1055 1754 1654 1651 1631 1657 1596 1640 Occam, W, Ochino, B. Odo, St, ofClugny . Abp — — , of Baycux , of Kent CEcolainpadlui Oldcuttle, Sir J. Ollvelan, P. R. (>rlRf!n Oroalui, P. Orton, J. Ontander (>»mond, St Ontervald, J. F. Owen, H. Pace, R. I'lixnlno, 8, Piiloy, W. Pftllttvlcino, S. I'andulf, Cardinal Parker, M, . , 8. , Th.. Bom d. 1847 1417 87B d, est 1032 d.1200 1482 d. 1418 d. 15SB 185 A. 10«» 1717 1498 Parkhurit, J. Parr, 8. Pancnl, R. Pasaionnel, Cardinal Patrick, St Simon d. 1707 1063 1710 1616 1482 1406 1743 1607 1211 1504 1640 1810 1740 1023 1682 1620 Paul, of Samoiata, fl. 2C0.070 PaiiUn de St Barttailemt 1748 Paulinui 720 Poarco, Z. 1690 Pearson, J. 1612 Pccock, B. fl. 1417-57 Pettice, S. 1704 Peragius fl. 410 Pcnn, W. 1644 Pcnry, J. 1859 Percy, T. 1728 Peter of Bloii , Clugny Philo Judsufi Photlus Pocock, E. Pole, Cardinal Polycarp, St Fool, M. Porteus.B. Potter, F. .J. d. 1200 d. 1156 fl. 40 fl. 850-886 d. 166 1604 1500 d. 1678 1624 1731 Powell. B. Price, J. Price, R. Prideaux.H. Priestly, J. Priscillian Pylc, T. d. 387 1674 1706 1000 1-23 1648 1733 7 1674 Q Quadratua Quarles, F. Querini, Cardinal Quesnel, P, R Ranee, A. J. de Kawley, W. Heed, A. Uc-es. A. Regius, Urban Romi(;iua, St 0.126 d. 1S41 d. 533 d. 876 1592 1680 1634 1626 1588 1787 1743 Ridley, N. Robrrtson, F. W. Robinaon, E, •, John Rogert, J. J. Uomalne, W. Roacnmiiller, J, O. . E. F. 0. Routh, H. J. Ruinart, T. Ruaaell, M. 1U5 ^ H If li I s Sabatler, P. jl Sabelllua j SaclicTerell, H. d. 1724 Sacy, L. J. Sadeel, A. SadoUto, Cardinal St Martin, L. C. de St Victor, Adam of d. ll»2f Sancrolt, Abp Sundotnan, H. Sanders, N, Sanderson, R. Sandya, E. Sarpl, P. Saurin, J. Savonarola Schloierraachor, F. E, D. SchoU, J. M. A. Scott. T. Seeker, T. Scmlcr, J. a. Servctua, M. Sharp, Jumos , John Sharpe, O. Sheldon, O. Sherlock, W. .T. Shuckford, S. d, 17Si Shuttleworth, P. N, Simeon, C. Simon, R. Smith, John , J. P. , Joseph , Thomas Socinua, L. Sorhonne, R. du South, R. SoulliwelU R. Spencer, J. Spencr, P. J. Spotawood, J. Sprat, T. Stackhouse, T. Siftidey, E. Stillinafleet, E. Stock, S. d. HI Stolbcrg, Count Ton Sturm, 0. C. Ronneil, T. 1753 , — (the younger) 1 787 Heuchlin. J. 1455 KhodCB, A. of d. 1660 Reynolds, E. 1505 Uicbmond, L, 1772 Suarei, F. Sutcliire, M. Swcdcnborg, E. Swithin, St Synesiue Tauser, J. Tausnn, J. Taylor, la. , Jcr. , John , Kowland Teniaon, Abp Tcrtullianua Tetzci, J. I Tiioniatio, A. I TiilolBon, J. I Tiudal, M. d.ll d.; V TIndal, W. Toland. J. Topladr, A. M, Tunitall, Bp Turner, Bp umita Urtlnui, Z. lliiher, Abp V I Taldi's, J. de |VsIrto(«'aIdo) Van lVllldert.Bp Venn, H. ^ Vincent do Paul VInet, A. Voet, 0, Vont, C. ffsdding, t. Wsfjcniell, J, c. w'alio, Abp Waketlold, 0. I IValdonils, T, J! Wall, W. Ii Walton, B, T| Warburton, Bp ffardlnw, Bp i;;; — -"^ liwhsn), Abp Watcrlarid, D. Waiion, Bu «stt<,Ii. ^ :%.flete, Bp ;«nlcy,8. -, John ■i ~ — -. Oharle* |[ "Miel, J. I Wtiton, W. I »ef loin, J. J. I '""ton, H. I Jh«tely, Abp P catW. ch. I Wheirel/, W. J whiiion, W. IJhiiby.D. ■{ "hlte, Jos. ■ jMiJfid, G. l5' '^K'' Abp i;"freii, St I'llliamf, Abp ■ -> .lohn rjiji^.'sT . iJ^'iitn, Card. ■ Nlaiion, W. IJoliey, Card. ■Jooliton, Th. |r"'''ngton, W. il'"'' Bp ■ •yketism, W. of [Wr.StF. * l&icliie,0. ^ d. 1 d. 1 d. 1 d.l) d. 17 11 1! i; 14 1262 V TIndal. W. Toland, J, Topl»dr, A. M. Tunitall, Bp Turner, Bp umiai Urilnui, Z. Uiiher, Abp II V I TiHi'i, J. de V«Irto( Waldo) Van Nlldert-BD Venn, H. ^ ^ Vincent do Paul I Unel, A. I Voet, 0. Vont, C. Wadding, t. Wa)!cn«ell, J. c. wako, Abp Wakedpld, G. Waldonili. T. I Wall, W. I Walton, B. Warburton. Bp ffardlnw, Bp |ff»rhiim, Abp "atwlarid, D. !»»tion. Bp »alt»,Ii. !~" — I John r— -, Oharlei Wfuel, J. mm, w. J'te icin, J. J. IJharton, H. I Jhiiion, W. |!flillby,'D. I "nlte, Jos. ■jTr,'"'- Blanco IJhiiflold, G. Igred. St l"i"iami, Abp -. John lj|l'im, Bp DJ,l»cman, Card, ■Joliey, Card. ■jMliton, Th, ■jorllilngton, W. IJ""! Bp ■ •ykeham, W. of STATESMEN AND DIPLOMATISTS, A amen, P. van Abbot, Abp Aberdeen, Eorl of A binder, Lord Aoclaloll, D. Aceoltl, B. Acton, Jos. A'lalr, Sir R. Born li72 I7N4 1700 d. 1478 141S 1737 170.1 Bathnrtt . A„ Btrl S^'hytnl, fonnt Beauin, Card, jeauchamp, Bp Beaufort, Card: "eauharnali, A. d« -, F. da -. E. da pHer.StF. * IfiBthle, 0. ^ Ife."^,'. Count l!»iBjUu, ■ ^ d. Hio I , Count de d. 1802 Canning, O. 1770 -, Ear! 1812 Canterbury, VU • at 1780 Cfti)el, A. d. 1633 CaiicUen, Baron van der 1778 Capo d'I»tria, Count 1780 Caprara, Cardinal 1733 Carleton, Sir D. d. 1632 Carlisle, Earl of 1802 Carnarvon, Earl of 1800 Carnot, L. N. M. 1733 Car»tareB, W. 1649 Carteret, J. 1690 Casa, G. de la 1503 Cassiodorus 468 Cassiui Longinus, C. d. b.r. 42 , Spuriui fl. B.C. 500 Castelnau, M. da d. 1592 Caitiglione, B. 1478 Cato, M. P. n.c. 234 , M. P. d. B.C. 46 Caulainoourt, A. A. L. de 1773 Cavalgnac, L. E. 1802 CaTour, Count 1810 Cecil, II. 1565 Cesarini, Cardinal 1398 Chaloner, Sir T. d. 1565 Cliateaubriand, F. A. 1769 Cliathara, W. Pitt, Earl of 1708 , Jy Earl of 1 756 Clieke, SirJ. 1514 Chesterfield, Earl of 1694 Chicheley.H. 1362 Choiseul, Duke de 1719 Cicero, M. T. B.C. 106 Cincinnatuf, L. Q. fl. B.C. 460 Cinna, L. C. d. b.c. 84 Clarendon, E. Hyde, Earl of 1608 , H. Hyde, Earl of 1B38 Clark ion, T. 1760 Clay, H. 1777 Clemcucin, U. 1765 Clcoa d. B.C. 422 Clinton, G. 1739 Clive, Lord 1725 Oobden, R. 1804 DamtanI, Cardinal Danby, Earl of Danton, ti. J. D'.Argenion, Marquis Daru, P. Daunou, P. Davison, W. Delauney, E. L. H. Dclflco, M. Demetrius Phalereu* Demosthenes Dcnman, Lord D'Eon, Chevalier Derschawin, G. R. Dcsmoulins, C. De Witt, J. Diemen. A. van Digby, J. ,G. Dlggc3, sir D. DoddinRton, G. B. Dolabclla, P. C. d Dolgorucki, V. V. Dorset, Earl of Dousa, J. Draco fl. B. Drouet, J. B. Drummond, Sir W, Dubois, Cardinal Duchatel, P. Dudley, J. ,B. , Karl of Cobentzel, Count von d. 1770 , L., d. 1808 Cockburn, Sir 0. 1771 Coke, Sir E. 1552 Colbert, J. B. 1619 Colchester, Ix)rd 1757 Colocotronis, T. 1770 Congleton, Lord 1776 Consalvi, Cardinal 1757 Cooper, A. A. 1621 Cornwallis, Marquis of 1738 Courtney, W. 13^ i Coventry, Lord d. 1640 Cn''vley, Lord Cowper, Earl d. 1723 Cranmer, T. Crassus, M. L. U. B.C. 53 Croker, J. W. Cromwell, T. Cusa, Cardinal d. 1464 Ciackl, T. Czartoryskl, A. , A. 1773 3 1489 1780 1490 1765 1734 1770 Dunstan, St Duperron, Cardinal Oupin, A. M. Duprat, Cardinal Durliam, Earl of E Edmund Ricb, St Egerton, T. Eginhardt Eglinton, Earl of Egmont, Count Eldon, Earl of Elgin, Earl of Eliot, Sir J. , Sir T. EUenboTough, Lord Ellesmere, Earl of Ellice, E. Kllis. Sir H. Elphinstone, M. W. Born 988 1631 1750 1652 1-67 1761 d. 1112 1744 B.C. 3)5 B.C. 385 1779 1728 1743 1762 l'j25 d. 1645 1580 1612 1583 1691 D.C. 43 1667 1536 1545 c. «23 1763 d. 1828 1656 1495 1502 1532 1781 d. 988 1556 1782 1463 1792 Bom I Florida Blanca, Count de 17231 Follctt. Sir W. 1 799 1 Fontanes, L. de 176l| Forest, Cardinal de la 1314| Fortescue, Sir J. il. 1440-70 Fossombroni, V. 17D4i Fouchff, J. \;«i Fouquier-Tinville lut Fourcroy, A. F. de irsi| For, E. d. 1533 ,H. , C. J. , R. Francia, Dr Francis, Sir P. Franklin, B. Froinsart, J. Fucntcs, Count of Galiani, F. Gardiner, S. Gascoignc, Sir W. d, Gattinara, Count di Gendebien, J. F. Gensonn^, A. Gcntz, F. Ton Gerando, Baron de Gibbs, Sir V. Gilbert Foliot d. Gioberti, V. Godolphin, 8. d. Godoy, M. de Godwin d- Goertz, Baron von d. Goethe, J. W. von Gore, C. Gothofreduj, T. G. •, J. G. iri 1413 1197 1712 i; 1053 1719 ll if Epaminondai Epcrnon, Duke d' Erskine, Lord Espremenil, J. D. d' Essex, Earl of Evelyn, J. 1195? d. 1617 d. 850 .'' 1812 1522 1751 1771 1811 1590 d. 1546 1748 ' 1800 1781 d. 1855 1778 1437 D.C. 862 1554 1750 d. 1793 1567 1582 1620 Gracchus, T. S. ■, C. S. Grafton, Duke of Graham, Sir J. -, Sir R. Fnbre d'Eglantine 1755 Fabricius, C. fl. B.C. 280 Falkland, Lord d. 1633 Granville. G Grattan, H. Gregoire, H. Grcnville, O. •, Lord B.C. n.c. d. i7:o| Greviile, Sir F. Grey, Earl Grimaldi, Cardinal Grimm, Baron de Grimoard, P. de d. Grimston, Sir H. Grotius, Hugo Guadet, M. E; Guerrero, V. d, Guicciardinl, F. Guise, F., Duke of Ih',- Guyton de Morveau \m H d. 15« Dalbcrg, Baron Dalhousie, Marquis of Dallas, Sir G. 1264 1744 1812 1758 Fanshawe, Sir R. 1610 1608 Farp, Cardinal de la 1752 Fauclier, L. 1S03 Feltre, Duke of 17li5 Ferrier, A. du 1506 Fesch, Cardinal 1704 Feuerbach, P. J. A. 1775 Fevre, A. la d. 1615 Fiennes, W. 1!)82 Filangieri, O. 17.V2 Finch, H. 1021 !i> JH!7 Fitigibbon, J. 1740 Fitzwilliam, Earl 1748 Fleury, Cardinal 1653 Haddon, W. Hale, Sir M. , , Halifax, Marc^uisof , Hallam, Cardmai d. HIJ Hamilton, A. , W. G. ., Sir W. Hampden, J. Hanmer, Sir T. Hardenbcrg, Prirce von Hardlnge, Lord Hardwicke, Earl Harley,B. , ,„ Harrison, J. "• '" Hastings, Warren ^ Mnrnuil or Hatton, s'ir C. ' "J' '^ Hatifeld, Prince of Haagwiw, Count ■Heioilus, A. lUcuault, 0. J. F. iHcnriot, F. Illenryof Bloii iHcnry, P. iHorault de Sechellef IHtrbort, Lord lilerniau of SalzA lljertzberg, Count Ton lllfrrey, J. I Holland, Lord iHollii, D. lHol(,Sir J. lH6pital, M. del' I Hopkins, S. iRopliinion, F. I Homer, F. iHortensius, Q, I Howard, T. I Howp, J, I Humboldt, W. tod ■ Hume, J. O, I , Joieph 1 Hiukiuon, W. IHolcbinsoD, T. I I JHirahim Effendl lloslii, Sir R. U. IlKton, U. Born 1641 1685 1781 d. 1171 1736 1760 1810 d. 1239 1725 1606 1773 1597 1642 1505 1707 1737 1778 n.C. lU d. 1646 d. 1720 1767 Littleton, E. Lludprand Liverpool, Earl of Bom 1589 .970? 1727 Livingstone, R. E. 1770 1746 Newelrode, Connt von Newcaitle, Duke of I 5th Ouke of Lomtfnie de'Brlenne Londonderry, Marquig of Louvoij, Mar'quij de Ludlow, E. Luyneii, Duke de I.ycurRua Lyndhurat, Lord Lyttleton, G., Lord Nlcol, J. ..^>. Niebuhr, B. G. 1764 Niemcewlcz, J. V i^?I Si""""''- I'uke d« 17,8 NiiamolMuIuk 1769 Noaille., Duke do coJ~ .Viacountde IS^ulZ" . Count de .u,a iiuf^urei, niiijam n.c.^395 NoHoIk,EMlof 17091 ' Duke of a. H35 Born 1770 P 1691 1811 1530 1776 1757 1718 10)7 1678 1753 fe';i'';^:!!"?i"of ^."u 1774 1777 1770 1711 1786 1737 1800 1469 1766 I'ir.J. IWvIl, |takin», Sir L. Wvll, Sir J. M Macartney, Lord Macaulay, Lord Machiavclli, N. Mackintoali, Sir J. Maecenas d. n r a Maiatre, Count d. •*• "•'=• * Maitland, Sir R. Malcolm, Sir J. Malcaherbea i.oi xt . ~ Malmesbury, Earl of .-' ^"**"'' ^'^ Manchester, Earl of - — .Manin, D. 1610 Manalield, Earl of Marat, J. p. Marccllus, M. C. d. b c 2(j« ^,?!i?.-?"?»',Duko-of''-''"',650 d. 1270 d. 1307 d. 1399 d. 1524 1473 Normanby Marquljof {jIj North. F., Lord duildford J637 , i:^.Mra d.l691 JI5« NorUiumberland, Earl of ""' d. 1408 Duke of 1745 1664 1623 1228 1771 1744 1535 1711 1685 1733 1669 1755 iJoimille, Sire'de ;Mrdin, C. 'oiellauoa, G. M. de Ijw, N. Ilianitz, Prince von Ikeith, G. lf«»ron, Lord |%,Lord |;-,R. fhrn, Sir F. d. 1596" L .\>^'if, A. L. J. de 1773 ;UftTetto,Marqulade {757 IjJondoLadebat ,7^ "*"'"''• A. do ,760 li >^- 3-— .Sirlt, , 1058 Pelhara, Sir H. 1480 , T. 1549 Polissier, Marshal 1811 Pelletier.C.le 1S58 Pclonidaa d nr fSi d..58l""rf'^^="»0' ^••^'« 1410 IVpya. S, 1758 Perceval, S. d. 1830 Perez, a! 1772 Periclca about 1530 Perier, C. 1762 Pe'lhion. J. 1720 d. 12S5 I7S0 lC5b 1810 1744 1790 1722 few?' S...I0, c. S. -ZcTro ""^ S„%^''nil)iil, Marquii of I'umpriui MagQlU Pope, Sir T. Pophani, Sir J. Portalis, J. E. M. Porter, G. R. Potoclii, Count I. . J. . S. Pottinser. Sir H. Pownall, T. Pozzo Ui BorffO, Count Pradt, AbW do Prior. M. Procida, John of Puffeiidorf, S. Pultency, W. Pym, J. Qulntana, M. Q R Born Vi 1761 laso i&oo KIM 1661 1692 B.C. ?« Ififtll 0.0. 106 1508 l.Vil 1746 Kltt 1741 1 769 1-57 I7HII Vi-i 176H 1759 ir>li4 1225 IU31 1682 1584 1772 Rnliaut de 8t Etienne 1741 Rftdowit/,, J. von 1797 Baffles, Sir S. 17S1 Kaehib Pasha 1702 Rai^lpn, Lord 1788 RaleiRh, Sir W. 1552 Rnmusio, G. 1435 Kttinlolph. Sir T. 1523 Ratcliffe, T. d. 1583 Rebolleilo, Count da 1597 Hedrsdftlc. Lord 1748 Redscliid Pasha 1802 ReRnault, M. L. E. 1790 PeB-iiier. C. A. 1738 Reid, Sir W. 1791 Repnin, Prince 1731 Reuuoscns, I., de Z. y d. 1576 Retz. Cardinal 1613 Reveilli'irc-l.epaux 1753 RewbcU, J. B. 1740 Richelieu, Cardinal 1585 , Duke of 1770 Riego, R. del 1785 Rienti, Cola dl [d. Rlpon, Earl of Ripperda, Baron de Rivifere, Marquis de Robenpicrre Rockingham, Marqnla of Roe, Sir T. Roederer. Count Ruhan, Cardinal de Roland do la Platriire Rolle, H. Rontagnost, G. D. Romanzoff, Count Rote, G. Russi, Count Rosalyn, Earl of Rontopchln, Count Roy, A. Royer-Collard Rubens. Sir P. P. Rucrllai, B. RulTo, Cardinal Russell, Lord W. Rzewutky, W. S Saaredra-Faxardo .Sackville, Lord G. SaUler, Sir K. 1354 1782 1680 17(i5 17:.9 1730 1589 1754 1734 1732 1589 1761 1753 1744 1787 1733 1837 1765 1764 1763 1577 1449 1744 1639 1705 1584 1716 1507 InXstx. Born Sadolcto, Cardinal 1477 St Germain, Count of 1707 St Just, A. i'6» St Simon, Duke of 1675 Sarpl. P. 1412 Saunders, Sir £. d. 1683 Say. J. a. 1767 Scala, K. Suhwarzenberg, Prince hvbustianl. Count Segur, Count de , Mar(iuli do 143U IHflO 1776 175.-J 1724 1584 Selden, J. Seymour, E. d. 15&2 Shadwell, Sir L. 1779 Shell, R. L. 1794 Sheridan, K. B. 1751 Sidmuuill, Viscount 1757 Sidney, Sir P. 15.i4 , A. 1020 Siey^s, Abbi? 1748 Sleeman, Sir W. H. 1788 Sleidnn, J. 150U Smith, Sir T. 1512 Soissons, Count de 155U Sumcrs, Lord 1652 Southampton, T., Earl uf d. 1550 , H., Earl of 1573 1629 1782 1612 1619 1648 1673 1673 Spanheim, K. Sjiencer, Earl Stafford, Lord Stair, first Viscount , llrst Earl , second Earl Stanhope, James, Earl Staunton, Sir G. L. d. 1801 Stein, Baron vou Stephen, Sir J. Stepney, G. Stigand, Abp fi. 1043-72 Story. J. Siowell, Lord Strafford, Earl of Stran^ford, Lord Struzzi, P. .F. 1757 1789 1663 1779 1745 1593 1780 1372 1488 1737 1619 Struensce, J. F. Struve, G. A. Suffolk, Duke of d. 1545 Suger, Abb^ d. 1152 Sulla d. o.c. 78 Sully, Duke of 1559 Sunderland, second Earl of 1641 , third 1674 Sydenham, Lord 1788 Talbot, Earl I/ord Chancellor Talleyrand -P^rigord, C. M. de Tallien, J. L. Teigiimouth, Lord Temple, Sir J, , Sir W. 1660 1684 [. 1754 1769 1751 1628 1762 1715 B.C. 514 1553 Tentcrdeu, Lord Terrny, J. M. Themistocles Thou, De (Thuanui) Thrasybulus d. B.C. 389 Throcmorton, Sir N. 1613 Thurloe, J. 1616 I'll urlow, Lord Chancellor 1732 Tierney, G. 1750 Timoleon d. B.C. 337 Tindal, Sir N. Toler, J., Lord Norbury Toreno, J. de Tott, Baron do Tonnsliend, Ch. Yigcoun ,Ch. Trenchard, Sir J. TrcTor, Sir J. Tribonianu* d.»4? ' Trumbull, Sir W. im- i Truro, Urd {^l Tucker, St George d. 1121 Turgot, A. 11. J.* ,;j,i Ulpianui Urquijo, L. de U d. 228 iml Vane, Sir H. •«, Varnhagen von Enie ijii Vergniaud, V. V. uu Volney, C. F. C, Count d« ]«] W Wake, Sir Is. ,.„ Walpolo, Sir R. \"J^ ■ , H., Lord ii;] Waisingham, Sir F. d. ISM Ward, R. P. ij^ Warham, W. d. 163J Webster, D. |;|< Welicsley, Marqulj ,]., Wellington, Duke of ijci Wetherell, Sir C. |;-| Wharton, Marquis of iiul Wl.itelock, B. ^" Wliitworth, Ch. Lord \a , Cli. Earl i;jj Wilbcrforce, W. u" Williams, iloger jsjj Williamson, sir Jos. id Wilson, J, ij, Winchester, W., Marquii of about wA Windham, W. ,;a >/inwood. Sir R, i5( Wolsev, Cardinal ut Wotton, Sir H. ijj Wrede, Prince ];] Wyatt, Sir T. i« Wykeham, W. of m Wyndhara, Sir W. la Wynn, C. W. W. i^ Tork, Richard, 3rd duke of d.1460 Z Zamoyskt, J. S. lU , A. ii| NAVAL AND MILITARY COMMANDERS. Abercromble, Sir R> Ahisbal, Count Abu-l)beiSM Blood, Cclonel 939 Bliicher, Marihal d. IIM d. 1509 d. n»s d. 012 d. 1347 1030 d. IS4I n. I&IO d. 14M d. 1640 IV. Anckaratroera, J, J, Andrcossi, A. F. A»l.al^l)es.au. L., Prlnc. of loTe \ BrcS ' '*""'"• ^- 1«»7 Bremen. E. P. Boliemond Boiffne, Count de Bonehamp, A. de Borgia, C. Boscawrn, E. Botiarls, M. , 17«« 5""=''=a»t. Marshal do ,%«* «°""e". Mar.hal 1508 BouKninville, L. A. de BouilW, Marquis de Itourbon, Conttable de Bourchicr, .1 . j 1530 Bounnont, Marshal do ' '1773 Braccio KortebraccI uno Urasidai j. „ « ^m Brtfautrf, Fulk da d. 122S Uii 1717 1758 1761 Bom d. 1680 1743 d.nii 1761 d. 1793 d. 1507 1711 1823 1364 164't 1729 1759 1489 Champlaln, S. da Chandoi, J. Charei „. „ , Chnrlet the Great Cliarlei MartuI Charles the Bold XII. Barn d. 1634 . <•• I36» fl. B.C. 870-333 d. IKO 742 68S 1433 1882 1771 I Anion, G, lAntlgonua lAnliuchus III, I. IV. lAnlonius, M. ■ Aralui lArcon, J. C. d' lArminius J (maud, II. ■ Arnold, R. Ia.ioii, Sir A. lAililuno, Earl of lAttila I Auclimuty, Sir S. jAiipcreau, Marshal lAiirolianus lAuningzebo livalos, F. d' 1 ,A. d' |i;Kue, Sir G. B I ^^^' 1 483 iBaccalary Banna d. 1726 I Bihram iBiird, SirD. d. 1829 jB^iazrtl. iBildtvin I, I Bmnicr, J, |BarbaroBsa, H. -, Khair-Eddln Id V . « •!• '5<8 JBirbazan, A. G. ^. thrchy de Tolly d, d. B.C. 278 d. 1839 d. 1814 d. 1237 d. 1829 1786 Bridport, Lord Bricnne, John of Brisbane, Sir C. Broglle, F. M. , V. F. Broke, Sir P. B. V. Brown, Sir G. Browne, G. , V. M. Bruce, Robert Brueyj, F. P. a i-oo Bruni. G. M. A. "• ^'\e3 Brunswick, F.. Duke of 1721 ■ vv p n f ""^nburgr, C. . .•.J->.?"!J.°9.? ^ '!• 1808 Charles, Archduko Charnock, J. Chasae, D. H. Cliaatoler, Marquis du Chatcl, T. du h Cid, The " JJ,™"" d. B.o. 449 C ncinnatui fl. b.c. 460 clcoT'-^' H "« j;irj;?z'-.r<>'«>tde'-Y,'7S 1449 1765 1763 1010 1071 1718 1776 1700 1698 1705 1274 Clifford, O, Clinton, O. •, Sir H. „ , yuivuor (I. 1SO8 Jirutua, M. J. d B c 42 Bujjeaud, Marahal " ' 1784 Bulow, K W. {jH Buonaparte, Napoleon 1769 Clitus CUve, Lord Clovis Clyde, Lord Coburg, Duke of Cockburn, Sir G. Codringion, Sir E. toeliorn, L. Cohoni, M. Coli^ni, G. de ColMiiffwood, Lord CoiJoredo, H. d. 1795 d. n.c. 328 d. 1704 1S58 1730 1347 1170 1601 1475 iBimey, J, "Ba^^J. jBaiscmpierre, Marshal Bajard [Beaufort, Duke of d. iBeaidmrnais, B. de IWford, John, Duke of > 1432 .1818 _ — , Jeromo Burgoyne.J. Burnea, Sir A. Burney, J. Buxhowden, F. \Y. Byng, J. Byron, J. C d. 1792 d. 1811 d. 1757 1784 1805 1750 1723 1709 |Bck,A. de iBclisarlus >' 1 |Belle.l«le, Count of J W hard, Count de |Billot,J. R. I&nbow, J. Ilaningscn, L. A. Ijereiford, Viscount |«madotte Cadogan, Earl of d. 1726 Cadoudal, G. "• i'« Ca'sar, 0. J. _ ■i-«l/S""'"?"<'a' fl.B.0.466 Ifl?? n'""P""e<'>»ukeof 1774 J?5I £'""'""o»"e, P. J. ii-n 1579 Camillua d bc ini 1069 Canulo d. 103S irei Capcl. Lord a 1649 ,,„"90 Caraccioli, F. 1748 "11 ICaractacus living a.d. 50 \ir . „ 'S8S • ^*"^.<'. Count of 1 738 Colocoiro,!h,:T""''^°"°'"'J"5 Colonna, P. ' j 15'>3 "* ^"™,^P"nere, Lord " ,769 Cond.?.Loui,I,PrInceof 530 3—. Loui, II., . ,52? Conor/ •'•• -^ ■ »"e Constantino the Great 27a CooTsl^"!.^'"'"'"' «>•«<'«' Coriolanus ''*' co^-rerF:''""""^"'"" j"« Craasus j „_ j,,"*^ Crillon, L. do ^" "•"• ",,„ — , Mahon, Duke da ins Cromwell, Oliver fji' Ji^mberland^ Duke of "If Cujtine. A. P. Czerai-George d. isir *" d. 294 d. 1808 a. 1766 |5 1'64 Castanoa, F. S. B.rti;icr:A^*"-^*'°>" }««» Castelnai.Marqui.of d. 1821 1753 1770 1670 1708 1777 1524 1562 -. M. de Castillo, B. del Castracani. C. Cathcart, Sir G. Catiline Catinat, N. Cato, the Cenior . Uticensia 1756 1620 d. 1593 d. 15C0 1283 1794 d. B.o. 62 d. 1712 n.o. 234 1770lCauIai"ncou"rA. da"' "■"• ''*1773 1775rhl"s'^"'^'^=- W02 n75|Chabrla» d, b.c. 337 D'AIbret, C. Dale, R. Dandolo, H. Darius I. D'Aubusson, f, Daun, Count von Davoust. L. N. Decatur, S. Dccebalus Decius Mus, P. (son) d. 1415 d. 1205 d. B.o. 485 d. I05 d. B.C. 341 295 r ; , (son) — Demetrius Pollorcete* n ., d. B.C. 233 u jaosthenes fl. b.c. 425 Derby, Earl of Desaix de Voveoux Despard, E. Af Dick, Sir R. H. ^ Dicbitsch, Count Diez, J. M. Diocietianui Dionysius I. Doigorucki, J. M. Doria,A. ' ^' ^* Douglas, Sir J •, W. d. 1651 17W d. 1803 d. 1846 d. 1831 1775 245 B.C. 430 1764 1667 146« fl. 1330 d. 1353 1267 Douglas, W. SUrll. Uouaa, J. Drake, Sir F. D-a,)pr, Sir \Y. Drouct, J. B. Drouot, Count Drusus, C. N. DuKommlcr, General DuRuay Trouln, R. DuRUCsclin, U. Dumaroq, H. A. Dumouriez, C. F. Duncan, A. Dundoi, Sir D. Dundonald, Earl of Ounois, J. Duquesne, A. Durham, Sir P. Duroc, SI, Born 1384 1388 13D0 1421 148S 1462 1S14 17T0 1545 1545 S72I 1765 1774 B.C. 3S 1730 1673 1314 1838 1739 1731 1736 1775 1402 1610 17C3 1772 Edward T. 1230 Edward III. 1312 Edward, the Black Prince 1330 Edward IV. Egmont, Count EUott, G. A. EUey, Sir J. Elphlnstono, A. , G. K O " d. 1339 1442 1522 1718 Enzio Epaminondas Essex. Earl of EstainV, C. H. Eugene, Prince Eumenes Exmoutli, liOrd \V. K. d, B.C. 362 1 688 1747 1782 1224 d. 1793 1507 1582 d. D.c, 316 1663 1757 Fabcrt, A. do 1500 Fabius Maximui Rullianus, fl. B.C. 325-296 . , Cunctator d. n.c. 203 Fabricius, C. fl. B.C. 280 Fairfax, Lord d. 1671 Falierl, M. d. 1355 Farncse, A. 1555 FastolfF, Sir J. 1378 Fawcett. Sir W. 1728 Fcltre, Dulte of 1765 Ferraris, J., Count de 1720 Flamininus, T. Q. d. B.C. 175 Fleetwood, C. d. 1692 Fleurieu, Count de 1738 Foix, Gaston de 1489 , III., Count de 1331 Folard, J. C. 1669 Foley, Sir T. d. 1833 Footc, Sir E. J. 1767 Forbin, 0. 1656 Ford, Sir J. 1605 Foy, M. S. 1775 Frcdericlt Barbarossa 1121 II. 1194 Frederick the Great 1712 Frobisher, Sir M. d. 1591 Fuentes, Count of 1560 FulkofAnjou d. 1144 O Galas, M. Galen, C. B. van Gam, D. Gambler, Lord d. 1415 1589 1607 1756 Intstx. Born Garav, J. de »54l Gardiner, ColoucI 1888 Gardner. A. d. 1800 Gates, 11. iras Gelon d. u.o. 478 Gengis-Kban 1163 Gcnsorio d. ilJ Gerard, M. E. 1773 Gormanicui n,c. 15 Glanvil, R. de d. 1100 Glcndowcr, Owaln 1349 Gneisenau, N. 1760 Godfrey of Bouillon d. 1100 Godwin, Earl d. 1053 Gonsaivo 1453 Goidianus, M. A. 225 Gortschakoir, Princo 1795 Gouvion St Cyr d. 1830 Graham, J., of Clavcrhouse 1650 Granby, Marquis of 1720 /.. „. „ jj^j 1596 1723 Oranvllle, Sir R. ■, Sir B. Grasse, Count de Grimaldl, R. •r fl. 1304 — 1350 — 1430 — 1570 , R Grouchy, E. Guibert, J. Guichard, K, G. Guiscard. Robert d. 1085 Guise. Francis, Duke of , Henry, Duke of •, Henry II. 1766 1743 1724 5 1519 1550 1614 1594 Gustavus Adolphui Guy of Lusignan '. d. 1194 H Hamilcar Barca d. b.c. 229 Hatrilton, A. 1757 Hannibal n.c. 247 Hanno Hardingo, Lord 1785 Hardy, Sir T. 1769 Harold H. d. 1066 Haroun Al Raschid d. 809 Harris, G. 1747 Hassap Pacha d. 1790 Hastings, Marquis of Havclock, Sir H. Hawke, E. Hawkins, Sir .1. Hawk. rood, Sir J. Hayne, J. Head, Sir G. Henry the Lion Henry IV. of France Henry V. of England Heraclius Herman of Salza 1754 1795 1781 1595 1393 1809 d. 1 1772 1129 1553 1388 575 Hieron II. Hill, Viscount Hociic, L. Hofer, A. Hohenlohe Ingel&ngen, Prince of Hohenlohe Kirchberg. 1230 d. n.c. 215 1772 1768 1767 1746 Prince of Holkar Hood, Ix>rd Hotze, Gen. Howard, Lord Howe, Lord .SirW. Hunniadet Hutchinson, Colonel J.H. 1796 1811 d. 1799 1724 Hutten, Ulrlch von Hydcr All Hyrcanus d. Ibrahinr Pacha Inglls, Sir J. d. B.c 1814 14SS 1736 1725 1782 ,106 1616 1757 1488 1789 1814 Iphicrate* fl. b.>„ 393-360 Ireton, H. t.,J Iturblde, A. da ,;il Ivan III. ,., Ivan IV. ill Jackson, A. |;|| Jackson, ** Stoneit all " \^ Jars, Chevalier de d. leto Jervls, J. I, Joan of Arc John of Gaunt Jones, Paul Joubert, B. C. |;| Jourdan, J. B, |;| Joycuie, A. de Juan, Don \y Juan II., Don igg Juel, N. d. 1697 Jugurtha d. o,c. IM JuRui II. Junot, A. Juttiniani, P. d. 161< K Kalb, Baron i;| Kalckrcuth, Count von irf Kameel, MaIek el d. 1238 Keanc, Lord d, 18(4 Keats, Sir R. G. Iri Keith, G. i(| . J. F. E. li Kellermann, F. C, \i Kent, Duke of i;j Keppcl, A, d. KM Khaled d. f ! Kirk, Colonel 6. 16^i Kleber, J. B. \i Klciit von Nollendorf li Kmety, G. i| Knolle9, Sir R. d. lur T Kosciusko, T. i| Kray, Baron li KutusoifSmolentkoi, M. If Labfi'doy&re, Count de Lafayette Lake, Lord Lally, Count Lamnrque, M. Lambert, J. Lambton, W. Lameth, C. Lamorici^re Lancaster, Henry, Duke of d. 1362 Langdale, Sir M. d. 1661 Lannes, J. La Rochejaquelein, H. de La Salle, Count de Lascaris, Tb. d. 1222 Lascy, P. , J. F. M, II 11 l| d.i:6< i| a. 1.10-9 d. 1823 1 ll ll Latour. Th. D'Auvergne Corret Laudohn. G. E. Lauriston, Count de Lawrence, Sir H. M, Leake, Sir J. Leclerc, C. £. Le Conteur, J. Lee, C. ,H. Lefebvr«, F. J. Leo the Isaurian Leonidas fl. b.c. 491-480 Lichtenstein, Prince of d,ir8l| d.mi Ligne, PrJnce de Ligonier, Lord a. I;;' Lifle, Sir G. A '«" 1268 B.I Bon . 393-360 161 m 111 m J eyi, de d. 16W 1} n 17 It d. 1697 d. 0,c. 106 17 (L161S K unt Ton \M el d.l233 ■ d. 18(4 I ■ fl. 168i ■ endorf l| d, 1(071 ntkot, M. l| L ■ unt de iH d. 1766 I fl. lvlO-90 '1 d. 1823 ■ 1 d, 17831 Uoji, H. \obau, Count ^ndomlcrry. Marqulj of _x)uli VIII. Eouii IX. ^iouls XII. Miie, Sir H. Jtfwendal, Count of Lucullui, L. I« „ Jiudlow, E. ■ ILuKmbourg, Duke of Ujrnedoch, Lord iLfon), 1,01'cl ■imndor j. „,, gg |Lfslmacliu) j. o.c. 28 M [HjcJoiiald, ManhM lick, Uuron fickinnon, D. Jiliomet II. (jilleboii, Marqulj of (iltland, Sir F. JL. lalcolni, Sir J. Sanby, Captain (uicficitor, Earl of (infred j linllu!, T. fl. B.C. 301-340 hnsfcld, Count linud Coninenus larci'llui, M. C. ji c 2fi8 hrcoiofCfryneafl. n.c. 255 irdonius u. n.c. 479 ar gnano, Marquis of d. 1558 arlboiouKl,, Duka of ull taont, Marshal i,,^ liMcna, Marshal Uuiicc of Nassau luimiliun I, (uimiu, M. (mnne, Duke of IthcmctAIi (mdoza, D. H. ("in, J. F. Irawhikoff, Prince [mch, Van der KMlaCorvinm i' Jwtalff, Lord Mh8 (Macedonlcui) ,„ .3 d-n.c. 115 (Numidicus) ,„.fl- B.C. 110-100 (Pius) d. B.C. 63 iMuramlui, L. fl. „ - ua Munchhau«,n,J.;on i ?97 Munnich, Count ,„«, Munstcr. Earl of J?" IMurat, J. ''"'» Murray, Sir O. J"' ' J , 1772 ' *'• d. 1807 [Philip VI. Bom mI7,Sn"''^""'-«""''y)"'^ I'hoclon '•.C.242 Pjiormion n. u.c. m"- *'" 1585 1120 d. 388 d. 1792 O.c. 3 N Kabit Nadir Shah Napier, Sir C. — — . Sir C. J. — . Sir W. Nnrborougb, Sir J, Narsei Narvaez, P. de Navarretc, M. F. d* Ncarchus Nelson, Lord Novel », Duke of Ney, Marshal Nicias Nizam al Muluk Noailles. Duke of Nolan, L. E. Norfolk, Earl of -—- — , Sir J. d , Northumberland, Earl of Nott, Sir W. '•• "»«,„, Noue,FdeIa Jl^f Nourcddin Jf?' Nugent, Count ,„? Nunez Alvarez HH •l- B.C. 192 d. 1088 d. 567 fl. 1528 d. n.c. 413 V d. 1766 d. 1307 1 d. 1593 d. 1749 1817 Offa 0«/.''l'./«fder r— 1 Andrew Othman, I. Ottol, Otto IIL Oudinot, C. N. Outram, Sir J. Ovledo y Valde« 1758 » "urinion Pjceolomini, O, P «licgru C. P oton, sir T. Plzarro, F. Pomiiclus Magnui S — ; • Sextui Poniatowski.J. Ponsonby, Sir P Popliam, Sir H. Porlier, J. D. Potemkin, Prince Pottinger, Sir U. Pratt, Sir C. PtolcmiPus Soter d. nc 281 p.r4tf'"'- '"« ^y"""' d. n.c. 272"" nadetzky, J. w. "OKlan, lord HalciKh, Sir \V Iiamel, J. p. JJantzau, J. I "app, J. Refcolledo. B. Kedlng, Aloy, Kcgulu., M. A. fl. n.c. ■ Held, Sir \V, Kepnin, Prince Kequescns, L. de Rfynier, L. E d.1326 Pliadei I ina, Don F. Pranda, Don F, Tilchell, Sir A. iTT' Sir D. ■oairij'ali [Kllcndorf, Count vou pncej-, A. fl. n.c. 500 1782 d. 1816 1757 d. 1719 n.C. 131 610 1724 1754 woe, J. JJOS «»«n. Sir \V. }:?' S?;''"'.AIarquisof in? »uim, Marquis of irio [wccuculi, R. de illo W|. Simon de d. 1218"*" ,"~~i oimon de d. 12fl.l taolon, Count , wtmorency, A. de j iTr;; — r— . Duke de i ta^^^Marqulsof , rannt, C. J *"u, J. V. i >iin!, F. j fe'B^r""' . 1. ' Papan, Count de P-i,iol, C. P. Palnfox, Don J. Pallisor, Sir H. Paoli, P. de Pappenheim, Count Parodcs, D. G. de Parmenion d. Parry, sir W. E. Pasklev' ' - • B.C. -— ievich. Prince Pasley, Sir C. W. Pausaniaa d. n.c ' elissier. Marshal Pelonidas d. n.c. Pembroke, Earl of d. I Pciin, Sir \V. Pepe, O. Pepin d'H^rlstal d Percy, H. d 1 Perdicca. d. n.c. i Pericles d B r . Pwiffnon,D.dc ''•^• Peter the Great PffiiTor, F. L. P lelippeaux, A. Philip II. (Macedonia) n I. (France) IV. gibas, J. do SJ^i'^dCoeurdel.lon Richelieu, Duke of Riego, R. del B^S.J*""'.''""' Count de Rodney, Lord Roger l. (Sici/y) go.han, Duke d^ Romana, Marquis de 'la Romanzoff, Count Rooke, Sir G. Rosslyn, Earl of Rostopcbin, F. Rupert, Prince Russell, E. ;; . W., Earl Ruyter,M.A. Sackville, Lord G. St A maud, Marshal St Germain, Count of Saladin Sale, Sir R. H. Sancerre, L. de oandwlch. Earl of aanterre, M. Sapor I. n. Saumarez, J. Savary, A. J. Saxe, Marshal Scanderbeg Schank, J. Schill, F. von Schomb erg, H. ,io Schulembourg, Count voi?"i(!61 Sclnvarzcubcrg, Prince 1771 ict;joTffe".'^°° „,T, Sebastian ''■'•\l',^^ JEnlrer. Born Scbkitliinl, Count i;;o 8cKur, Marquli d« 1*24 Mfucui Motor B.C. Sil Scrturiui, Q. u. B.C. 73 Sforta, J. 136!) , F. HOI ■ , L. USX iJhoTel, Sir C. 16^u Shrapnel, II. Sicklngpii, P. Ton 14*4 Sidney, Sir P. 1»S« Slni'lnlr, C. O. d. 180S Smith, Sir U. HRft , J. l.vn , SIrW. 8. 17«i Smyth. W. II. 1788 Soblenkl, J. 1020 Sollman, iho Mnf^nlflcent 14!)0 Soubisc, Solpiieur do HhO .Prince do i:i.% Soult, Marihal 1'6!> Spartacui d. o.c. 72 Spinola, A. ISG!) Sprannc Sir E. d. 1073 Sti'.lironiborff, Count 1057 Stair, 80<:ona Earl 1073 Stanhope, Karl 1673 Staplcton, Sir R. d. 1069 Stephen Bathorl 1S33 Stilicho d. 408 8tra7.Kl, P, d. 1558 Suchet, Mamhal 1772 Suetonlui PauUnui fl. 41-01 Sulla, L. C. B.C. 138 Sullivan, .r. 1741 Sully, Ouko of 1%59 Suworuw, Marihal 1730 Talbot, J., I,ord Tallard, Duko of Tamerlane Taylor, Sir E. Tekcll,* Count Tcmpelhof, O. Thackwell, Sir 3. Theminocloi Theodoric Theodosius Thrasybului Thurot, P. Tiberius Tilly, Count TOn Timolcon Tlmotheus Tippoo Snlb Titus Fl. Vcspasianus Tordenskiold. P. Torrena, Sir H. Torrljos, J. M. Torri'nRton. Viscount 1373 lfl.W 13.10 1775 1786 1737 1781 B.C. 5i4 45S 346 d. b.O. 389 1727 B.C. 42 1550 d. B.C. 337 d. B.C. 854 1749 40 1691 1779 1791 1663 17fiS 1595 Torstenson, Count Totlla d. 652 Toussaint L'Ouverture 1745 Trajan 52 Tressnn, Count de 1705 Trorap, M. H. van 1597 , C. van 1620 Trowbridge, Sir T. d. 1807 ? Turennc, Viicount do 1611 Valette, P. de la Tandamme, D. Vauban, S. le P. Vendome, Duka of \ere, Sir F. , Sir H. Vernon, E. Vespasian Victor, Marshal VilUri, 157r> 1494 1771 1633 1654 1554 1565 1684 9 1766 1653 Born VillrneuTp, Admiral 1783 Vlrinthus d. B.C. 140 Vlvlau, Lord irr6 W Waahorn, Th. ISOO WHlker, O. d. IWO WallHi-c, Sir W. 1270 WRllenslein 15N.< Waller, Sir W. 1507 Warren, Sir J. B. 1754 , Sir P. 170,1 Warwick, Karl of 1428 Wellisley, Marquis Of 1760 WcllinBlon, Dukeof 1789 Werner, P. von 707 Whlttinffham, Sir S. F. d. 184> Wlllanmer, Admiral , 1753 WUKhiro, SlrT. 1789 Wiliinn, Sir R. 1777 WindischKratz, Prlnc* 1787 Winter, J. W. van 1750 WlttBenstcin, Count Ton 1769 Wolft, .1. 1720 Woron7.ow. Prince 1782 Wrangel, C. O. 1613 Wrede, Prince 1707 Wurmsor, Count 1724 Xonophon B.C. 450 York, F., Duko of 1763 , II I chard, Duke of d. 1460 Young, Sir A. W. d. 1835 Ypsitauti, Prince A. 1702 Znhrtmann, Admiral Zaionczek, Prince Zamoyski, J. S. ', J. Ziethen, J. J. Ton Zizka, J. Zumaiacarregul 1703 1752 1541 1620 16SI0 1360? 1789 d. 1709 17 HISTORIANS. Abdollatiph 1161 Abuirnraglui d. 1286 Abulfazcl d. 1604 Abulieda d. 1333 Abulea/.l 1605 Accoltl, B. 1415 Acoiitn. 3. de 1539 Adlerfeldt, O. A'tolphus, J. ,i¥;iianu8, CI. 160 /TImilius, P. d. 1529 Africanus, J. Almoin Aitzema, L. 1600 Allen, J. 1771 Alurcd IWlng, 1129 Alvonslcben, P. K. 1745 Araailhon, H. F. 1730 AmclotdelaHoussaye d.l706 AnieK, J. 1689 Ammiauua Marcellinus d. 890 Ammirato, So. Anlp^re, J. J, ~ F. Aneillon, J. P. Anderson, A. Andreossi, Connt Anquetil. L. P. Antinos, M. F. d' Apion d. 1830 1531 1800 17B6 1690 1622 1761 1723 1688 Applonus Archenhoti, J. W. von Aretin, Baron Ton Areliiiu, U Arnauld, Anfrellque Arndi. E M. Arnold, Th. Arrlnnus Astle, Th. Angnitl, C. J. W, Avilay Zunlga, L. d' Ayala, P. I., d" AyloflTs, Sir J. Balnes, E. Baker, Sir R. Hale, J. Baluze, E. Barrns, J, de llartliitlemy, J. J. UaKuaKO do Beauval. J. Bayle, P. Reccadelli, A. Beckmann, J. Bclo Belsham, W. Hembo, P. Bcntlvnglio, O. BerluKton, J. d. W, Uiancliint, F. Dingham, J. Bircli, Th. BInnieflcId, Fr. Boethlus, Hector Bnllandus Bossut Bntta, C. O. Bottarl, G. Buulll(<, Marquis d« Boulainvilliers, H. d* Bourrlcnnc, L. A, F. de Bouterwek, F. Brant6mo d. Itlj Bredow, G. G. Brcnton, Captain d. 11^ Brucker, J. Buchanan, G. Buckle, H. T. Bunnen, C. C. J. Burigny, J. L. d« Burnet, G. Burney, Ch. Busbequius C Calderwood, D. Calmct, A. Camden, W. , Campbell, J. d, V\ , Lord Car Iwcll, E. Carte, Th. Casas, Las Cassiodorus Castillo, B. D. del d. IS Cave, W. J Chnlcondylas, N. liTed, IJ Charnock,J. AH Cicognara, U, Connt of Clarendon, Ehfl of Clavigero, F. S. Clemencet, C. Clement, Fr. Clinton, H. F, Collier, J. Comes, N. Cnmines, P. de Commelin, Is. Conde, J. A. . Costania, A. di J jl Coudre .te, C. "• '■ Couto, D. de C«xe, W. Cram, D. Ciriias fl, Cunningham, A. Curtlus Uufus, Q. D Dalrymple, Sir D. -, Sir J. Daniel, S. I D'Argeniola, B. Dnrii, P. A. N. B. D'Aiil)ign.<, Th. A. Daunou. P. C. F. Davila, II. C. Di'lljle. C. Wolme, J. I^ jlempsier, Th, Denina. C. G. M. Dopping, O. B. I)'E«e», Sir 8. I nindoriH Sicului fl. i Dion ('assius jDlonyslusof nallear! Doii»a, .Ian Tim, F. X. J. Diilio^, ,1. B. Diicaiige, C. D. niionrel, A. C. Diii'lH'sne, A. Du^ilale, Sir W. Diilinlde, J. B. Duplcix, 8. Kadmer Kchard, L. Kclilinrd, J. Q, Eilwarda, B, Ki;inliardt Eiclihorn, J, O. . K. F. E IWlnff KIphlnstonc, M. KnAelri, W. Enticl:, J, Eujoblus Kulropiui Kragrius Ut( llTlOg, Fahlan, R. Fnbius Pictor, O Fnzin, B. ^ Fprirunon, A. Ferithta Fcrrcras, J, de Fleury, C, Florez, E. Florus Fordun, J. de Forkel, J. H. Fosbrooke, T, D Foicarini, M. Fox. J. Freinsheira, J, Wret, N. Froliiart, J. Fuller, Th. Guillard, G. H. Csrcllaso de la Vemi tJarnler, J. J. "^ Gaubll, A. Gwldcs, M. d 1 Ofijer, E. G. Geoffrey of Monmouth ulannonc, P. Gibbon, E. Gildas Gillies, J. Gingu^n^, P. L. uiraldns Cambrenils C«x*, W. Crant, D. Ctrilnt a. Cunningham, A. Curtlui Kufuf, Q. O D»Irymple, Sir D. -, 81r J. Born I7<7 I72S O.c. 400 d. irar d. i«io 1720 Dunli-I, S. D'ArKPiuoU, n. d. 1631 Dnni, P. A. N. B. D'Aiil.iRn.f, Th. A. Daiinou, P. Ci F. Davila, II. C. ni'll«lc'. 0. Molrni', J. I,. iJcmpmor, Th. IVnina. C. G. M. Doppitin, O. B. IVE««ii, Sir 8. nindorin Slcului fl. n.c. 80 Dion ('aului Dionj'iiui of naltcarnaiiu* Poiua, Jnn Drnii, F. X. J. Diibop, J. R. Ducmiffe, C. D, Diionrcl, A. C. I)iiflic«ne, A. DuifdalP, Sir W. Diilmldp, J. B. Duplclx, 8. ISC2 OtonpMJor, Hobrrt of (•mtfrpy nrVU«rb« '-•(Hlwjn, W, Oonupi, A. y, OihmImI, W. (<»r(lon, A, , R. Cintliufrpdui, T. 0, O. O. Born d.l7M d. 17tO IJSH « 1700 IS'O (Irii villa •iiClon, R. 17(17 (trniiifpr, J, ISM (irc'norlo, II. 17(11 Urojfory of Toun l.S7fl Crlinnnnl, P. do KlU (5riinovlu«, J, 1740 (iroiiiu, H. 1579 (Jriihor, J. 0. 17.11 (iiiliTlHrdiiil, F. 1784 C.iiiilmnl, K. O. lliOi fiiilicnca, J, do Gutlirip, W. 15i Uulzloff, C. d. 1770 Karamiln, N. M. Kdtona, S. Krmlilc, J. M. K(>niln<|y W. Krnnpt, w. King. Lord , Klniirolh, H.J, ISIolKlnlt. A. lillSiKniKht, R. P. 1U32 KnlRliton, H. Kdtifbiap, A. F Kranti, A. Kraaioiki, T, d. Idis 17.M M4 Bom I7M J 794 1*07 17M lOM !•«• 17M |71» F- TOB I \m d. im l.^4.^ Kit) 1070 lain 171.) 1.V : Mil,'! 1074 lies FTdblnRton, W, llakluyt, H, Miill, F.. Ilallam, IT. liumiltnn, Count d. IM7 inns 1333 1777 104(1 I liiinim-r-Purgitall, Bm. TOn 1 774 Eadmcr Eclinrd, L. Kcklinrd, J. Q. 'l KdwBrd!!, B. 1 F.Rinliardt i Eicliliorn, J. O. K. F. in27 1064 Elphinstonc, M. Enflelrl, W. Entick, J, Eujobius Eiilropiui Eragriua II«rilyii«, J llarrif, W. II""!:', ^^-o, . d. 1773" £ Hawklnn, Sir J. „ , MaywanI, bir J. nylag, JlOO Heath, J. 1070 llcoreii, A. II. t. 1(174 llonilnifford, W. do 1743 lU'iiuult, C. J, F d. 840? licnry, K. 17.V.' Ilcrhplot, B. d' i:si lliTodlanus 177S llcrndotiia 1741 ll.Trora Tordcalllaf 1780 jiortzherif. Count Ton 1.17S 17'.'0 3 1719 Fahlan, R. Fabius Pictor, Q Fazio, B. ^ Fcrifiison, A. Feriihta Fcircraa, J. do Floury, C, Florcz, E. Florua Fordun, J. da Forliel, J. H. Fosbrooke, T. D Eoicarini, M. Fm, J. Ereinnhelrn, J, Wret, N. Eroiiiart, J. Fuller, Th. Gaillard, G. H. Carcllaso de la Vemi Uarnler, J. J. "^ Gaubil, A. 204 830 lived D.c. 225 llrlogr, 1000 1724 lfi.S'. 1640 1701 HiTvcy, S., Lord liidy, H. Udll.iTK, L. Ilolinslird Hoofl, P. 0. Hook I', N. Ilornc-ck, O. von UoltiuKcr, J. H. . J. J. B.C. 484 155(1 1725 lOfMi 105!) 1G84 d. 1580 P 1581 d. 1704 fl. 1280 ifl2n 1052 Hrivoden, R. de IWng, 1200 Ijoward. Sir R. d. 100 1749 1770 109S 1517 1008 1088 1337 1608 GiKldes' M. Ofijer, E. O. Geoffrey of Monmouth uiannonc, P. Gibbon, E. Glldaa GUIiei, J. Gin«u(t du Fresnoy, N, I't'voaiiiip, p. c. I.pwla, Sir G. C. l-lii»rar(l, J. I.ittip, W. j.iiidprand d.970P' . -ri.ntp, J, A. Lloyd, D. -, H. Lobo, J. j-omonozof, M. W. I.oiin, E. [.niiKUcval, J. i.o|m«, F. Lyttloton, G. Lord M Wably, O. B. de Macaulay, C. — , liord MacCrip, T. Machiavfclll, N. Mackintosh, Sir J. Madox, T. Uvlnjf, 172« Maffei, G. P. Ma^iiacua, A. Maimhourff, I* MaitlanU, W. Major, J. Malcolm, Sir J. M«llet,P.n. Malmcabury, WiUIamof d. 1143 Manptho Mariana. J. de 1536 Waraham, Sir J. igoj Martinez de la Rom 1789 Ma.dp.i, J. F. • 17« Masudi d, (5^ Matthew ofVTettmlnttar 1760 1085 171H 1025 1711 1730 1711 1636 IMT 177S I02S 1703 •■ 1020 17311 1760 1728 1674 1030 1738 Koa 171 IIM 1756 1025 1739 1593 1711 1734 1080 1380 i7oa 170» 1730 1800 1772 146* 1766 1536 1063 1620 1693 146B 1709 1730 1676 1737 1747 1748 ■Taclcson, J, .lames, W .lameaon, Blra Janiipaon, J. Join viiio. Sire de •Iniiaa, A. Jonaiun, P. .loH'iihua .louvcncy, J. de Joviua, Paul Jurien, P. Juitinus R 1086 d. 1827 1790 X758 1228 1545 1704 87 1043 1483 1037 Idu. Cambrenili I'uj | Kaempfer, E Matthew Parli Matthieu, P. Maurice, T. Mavor, W. May, T. RIofnpra, C. Mclvil, Sir J. Mendoza, D, fl. Mpuraiua, J. Meyer, U. Mcyricki Sir S. R. Mezerai, F. E. de Michaui], J. F. Mieria, F. Mimiot, V. Mill, J. Millingen, J. MlUot, C. V. X. 1200 1561 17SI 1758 1594 1747 1530 1501 1679 1750 1491 1783 lfl]7 1787 1686 1780 1774 1774 1738 Enlrer. Born I MUli, C. I78S MUiifr, John ir.v„> , JoiepU 17 u Milton, J. louH Mltfori!, W. i:n Mochnackl, M. 1804 Mollnpt, C. dii 1020 Monil relet, E. ile uto Montcaqiileu, Uaron d* UKO Morale*, A. isi.l Morirl, L. lill.l Moroilnl, A. l.MSR Moiholm, J, L. von 1034 Mottley, J. 1602 Miiller, C. O. 1797 , O. F. KOS , J. Ton 17S2 , L. 1734 , 1». E. 1770 Muratorl, h. A. 1672 Mure, W. 1700 N NanI, a. n. Naplor, Sir W. F. P. NardI, J. Karuttcwlch, A. S. d. 1700 Navnrri'tc, M. 1''. do Ncal. U. Neandor, J. A. W. Ncpot, C. Nlceron, J. P. Nlcnlai, Sir N. 11. Nlelmlir. B. G. Noblp, M. d. 1827 Nordbcrir, G. North, IloRcr Nugent, Lord iflin I78S 1470 1761 1078 1780 16. Petii dc la Crols Plgnottl, I^. Pliikcrton, J. Platlna, B. Plutarch living, 120 Poegio Uracclolini Polybius PontopijUIan, E. Potocki, J. Prescott, W. U. Price, T. Procopius Prudliomme, h. 1078 1075 1728 1710 1624 1788 1607 1540 K,S7 D.c. 19 1624 1694 1583 1654 1739 1758 1421 Rollln, C. Hoicoe, W. HutininI, C- du tloii, J. Uotteek, K. von Hiivellal, B. Itumohr, K. von Huithworlh, J. Kumell, W. Kymer, T. S Siemund Sahngan, B. de St Palaye 8t Simon, Duk* of Salluit Salmon, N. Sandrart, J, SarpI, P. Stixo Grammatlcu< Scala, B. Scanner, J. J. Schiller. J. t!. F. von Schloetzcr, A. h. von Hchmauai, J. J. Schoepflin, J. D. Schomberv, J. Sett, Sir W. ScKur, Count da Sclden, J. Scpiilveda, J, O. d« Scwell, \V. SlRonlo, C. Simeon of Durham Siri, V. Sismondl, C. 8. Sleidiin, J. Smith, T. SIrT. d. 14ni Born IMI I75t| 1775 1440 1785 1607 174U d* 1380 B.C. 204 1698 1709 1796 1787 d. 505 I7S2 R Raffles, Sir T. S. 1781 Raleigh, Sir W. 1552 Ramaay, D. 1749 "Rapln de Thoyrai, P. 1061 Raynal, O. T. F. 1713 Renaudot, E. 1640 Ricaut, Sir P. ' d. 1700 Richard of CirencMter d. 1401 Robertion. W. 1721 Roedcrer, P. L. i754 Rohan, H., Duke de 1579 1272 Smyth, W. Socratei Solis, A, do Sozomcn Speed, J. Spelman, Sir H. Spotswood, J, Sprat, T. Stanley, T. Stephen, Sir J. Stow, J, Strabo Strada, F. Sirypo, J. Stuart, a. , John Suetonius Sulplciui Severui Syncellui, O, d. 1713 d. 11SS d. 1590 1007 1875 n.c, NO d. 1742 1606 1552 1430 1540 17.'S9 1737 1090 1604 3 1771 1753 1584 1491 5 1520 1013 17-3 15cl|| 1038 1512 1704 1610 d. 1813 d. 1725 Turner, Kh. — , T. H. Tyrrel, J. Tytler, W. , A. P. . P. F. Ubaldlnl, P. Uiiber, J. Bora] iiijI i««| 17471 I7m| fl. 1510 Volerlui Matlmui Van Mandcr VarnhnKen von Enjo Varro, M. Tcrentlui n.c. Vaiarl, (i. Nlonl, G. B. I'olzot, L. 8. R(.l, F. ! BombcIII, .S. I Bonasoni, Q. i "one, 11. ^''''niiiBtf.n, R. p. Bord'jne, P. B"Kognoi)o, A. fl. 1400-1522 JoihiJ. andA. , Bourdon, S. J Bourgwl., Sir K ""•la, J. van wwnbcrg, B. Breughel, P. 2; .J- Bfonilno, A. Brown, J. ^wgkmair, Han. I7&9 1639 IbH3 t'aldara, P. t'alettl, O. Callooit, Sir A. W Ciilvarl, V. Cniri, L. ''aniMnio, L. 'jamphiiyien, D, < smpl, B. CiiniiK.'clul, V. Cf.nalcltl, A. tone, A. •'Sntarlnl, 8. Ottraccl, l„ — ■ . Annlbal* r- , Agoatini CaraynnRlo, M. da < iir.H ,i,i cigoll, L. Carducclo, B. V. Bom 14SS d. IMO 1770 d. isie . ,T. 1600 Cclcatl. A. Orlnl, a. D. t'osarl, G. Coipcdci. P. de l-hnmbera, O. Oliamjiavno, P. i'liatel, t: du C'lioudct, A. D. Cifinanl, C. Cifrnarull, G. ^isoii. h. c. da Clmabue, O. Clprliinl, O. B. Claude l.orraino l-loa^rman, J. Cochran, W. Coollo, A. S. ! , C. Collins, W. Conatable, J. Cook, U. , Cooper, S. 17A7|Ckiiach, L. KilRrlt(«n. O. ii K. T«n KuiwKky, J. Kuyp, A. Bom 1725 1740 17im 147? 1777 IW7 MM I-aor, P. de Lnauerr*, L. UairciM, O. Lambert, O. Laiicn, O. I.anvrinck, P. H. Laiifrane, O. Unl«r, N. UarKllll^r*. N. do Lawrence. Sir T. Lebrun, C. Leccc, M. da lA^ch, 3. I.efe»re, H. lyeirnan), H. U. I^ly, Sir P. l^moine, F. I^iille, C. R. I.enueur, E. l.eyden, L. Tan I.lut, P. Tan Llppl, Flllppo — -— , Flllpplno Lorcnxettl, P. II. ■. A. fl. d. irw 181) l)M3 1840 Nut, C. Muilano, U, My lent, A, Naraiyth, A. P AlIM d. 1881 1105-43 1824-40 1802 1628 1581 15H8 1050 I7H9 1618 1817 1 1A60 1617 1688 1794 1817 1494 1609 1412 1400 1606 Irfiutherbourg, P. J, Lutnl, a LuttI, B. M Maat, N. M abuse Man, C. do Mantcfrna, A. Mnnuvi, N. MarattI, C. Marftarlton* Martin, J. Martini, ii. Maanccio Masolino Mnttyt, O. Mnzzollnl, L. Mar.zuoll, F. Mclozzo da Forli Mcmllnc, H. fl. 14T0.08 Mongs, A. R. Mcrlan, M. , M. 8. Metelli, A. Metzu, O. Meulen, Van der Meyer, F. 1740 1460 1660 • , r. Naudet, T. C. Ntif.,?. Neer, A. Tandtr , E.H. Tandtr NeKcher, C. Newton, (1. 8. Newton, Mrt C. T. Nnllekeni, J. F, N ornate, E. Northc'ote, J. NuTolono, C. F. , G. MuMl. M. Oderaoro, J. D. ( tKKlone. M. da Oliver, J. , P. Oort. A. Tan 1741 l«« Ople, J. Orcngna, A. Orlay, B. von Oitade, A. Tan , .1. van Oitcrwlck, M, van Oudry, J. B. dverbeeck, B. Tan Owan, E. P. . W. d, l««4 d. ira Pacrhlarottl, J. Pachevo, F. 1^ Palm a, .1. U , >I. (younwr) \t Palmi>//.uno fl. M97-1S34 II Michael Angelo Mlcl, J. Mlerevelt, M. J. Mierls, F. MiKliura, O. MJKnard, P. Misnon, A. Mola, P. Monnoyer, J. B. Montcn, D. Moor, K. van Morales, L. More. Sir A, Morland, G. Moter, G. U. Meter, M. Moller, W. J. Mulready, W, MurlUo, B. E. 1832 1499 1621 1431 1484 1625 -., 12:46 raluniino de Caitro 1789 I'lircJR, .1. do 1283 Paro'.ll, D. 1402 Parrhaiiut 1383 Paianvant, J. D. I460i Pnaserl, U.B. 14H1 ! Pnuslat 1504 I Prnrson, M. £. 1438 Pcunl, O. F. Perrlcr, F. 1728 Pcruijino, J. 1621 Toruzzl, B. 1047 IVtltot, J. 1«(19 Pryro, A. F. 1615 Peyron, J. F. P. 1634 Phllllpt, T. 1653 Pinzctta 1759 I'lerce.B. 1735 rilet, R. de 1475 Pinturlcchio 1599 IMombo, Scbaatlano dtl 1508 riiano, Glunta 1635 ' Place, F. 1785|Pocock. J. 1010 Porli'mburg, C, 1639; Pollajuolo, A 1612 ? Polygnotui 1635 {Ponz, A. 1799 1 Pordenone 1656 ' I'orporate, C d. i«;t I fl. B.C. 350 d. IK3 I d, 1«M f fl. 1840-60 d. i;2tl fl. B.C. tU Porter, Sir B. Potter, P. Pouiiln, M. ,0. 1509 1525 1764 1704 1744 Prcvoit,P. 1812 1 Primaliccio, F. 1786 Frocaccinl, C. 16IB , 0. C. 1274 rrofdcelnl, 0. rr.ilogpfet rrniit, M I'million, P, l'il(t«t, P. Pyut, w. u. A. «' n r. }80 QuiIIInu), E. , J. E. I n«demack*r, (1. .A. 17(10 l«K irro 1007 n . E. Ruehurn, Sir h! nnnirnglil, B, Kftiiiiny, A. Ilnphael rUirl, (>. Kt'Riiaiilt, J. B. n»mhranilt Kpiioiit, J. HoiKcli, M. lli7noldi Sir J llil.nlia, /', Hlbrra, J. Hlclmrclnon, J, niilolfl, C. niccllnifpr, J mnau.r it. till..}', ,r. JllnKRll, G. lliihert, II. 7~r — • ^* Hohcrfi, D. Ilohion, O. F, I[orla«, J. do Is« ' Hnnianlno, II 1 llntnboiiti, T. i nnmiicy, O. Ho»a, halvator ItlMlplII, c. Hoial, It. do i Hoiimi-au, J. ; tl(i\vlaii(l«on, T, I Hiiboiu ! IlnKPiulai, O. P. Riiriclman, A. Ruycli, R, "uyidncl, J. q Satiballnl, A. I' Sncclil, A.' hSjilvintl, F. R. del Sandlij-, P. saiidrart, J. I Saiitcrrc, J. B. I Santl. G. ! Sarto, A. del ; Sassofrrrato, II I Solialken, O. ; Schpffer. A. Schlnvonc, A. Schnorr, J. Schocn, M. Scott, 8. i Shpp. sir M. A. I SiBnorcllI. L. S^^'IRP'ondt, P. van ! Smirke, R. I Smlili, O. I Snayprs, P. I SnvdPM, F, I Sofario, A. oolimcna, F. Solomon, A. Sowerby, J. Spaendonck, O. tar. Speck tor, E. Spinello Aretlne oprangtr, B. d, 1833 167% I07A KM 14R4 1713 I4fl3 uro 1754 I Ron l«iw 1770 17?3 ISSI inuo I6fl» ISO I l«05 iao3 184(1 I.'i7» 173:1 1704 1700 >>ttiart, O. C. Stiibhi, U. ■Siiierhout, D. Nubtermant, J. oybroclit, J. Bom I3«4 IflSS 15M (Xouottr) 1511)1 I. MM laon 17S5 17nn 15(0 IA74 1755 1724 fl. 14(m d. IC«1 15(10 14R0 1507 1734 1(115 1430 14!M 1030 1750 1577 ICHO 1730 1004 1025 1 Tempeita, A. Icniori, I). r— — • D. (yoonRpr) lerl.iiruli, O. " ^ Teileiln, L. Thonnon, J. 'ni'.rnlilll SIrJ. Ibul.len, Th, van TIartnl, A, TIbaldl. P. Tlllemanf, P. a 1734' 1 Imotoo dclla Vltp Tlntorptto, 11 Tliclibeln, J. n. (younger) 1553 I5a2 1010 IflOS 1015 177S 1070 1807 1577 1527 WMnInx, i. B. Wp.ta ll, R. Whpatlp'y, F. " llklp. .sfr D. WlLon. H. JVIthprlnBton, W. r. "'"iiverman«, P. ^^rlKlit, J. \^'jnanti, J, Titian TrcvlRl, G. d« 1 royon, C. Trumbull, J. Turner, J. M. W iJMoni, I'. 1470 1512 1722 17,M 1477 14Dr HI.-) 1750 17011 1825 ZelottI, n. /iMpko, C. F. fcoffany J. 2"l'l«>, M. Ziiccbarelll Zuecliero, T. F. 1431 I8M 1734 leoo isn iiTiiir, MM Zurliaran, F, ENGRAVERS. Uecelll, P. Udlne, O. da U 1300? 1487 d. 1577 14S0 jBpa, P. del Valentin, M. Vandcr Werff, A Weyden, R. Vandevelde, W.' (younger) d. 1484 d. 1520 1:00 1800 185t) Adier, P. AffRaj, H, Alilenrapf Alpsjo, M. P. Altilorfer, A. Amman, J. Andrleu, B. Aiidobert, J. R. Audran, C. A. — ":::•?• d. 1580 d. I57B d. 1000 d. 159l' 1502 I 14S8 d. 1404 I59S 1510 1725 1 808 1651 d. 1772 1488, 180^ 10431 1705 1522 1704 1420 d. 1408? 1709 1441 1040 1752 1714 1593 1579 1382 1857 1824 1757 1740 1806 Vandyck. Sir A Vanloo, J. n. , C. A. van Mandcr VannI, F. Van 0«, P. o. Vanionior, P. VurRas, L. dc Vasarl, O. Vpcchletta, II VplaiQucz Vencziano, A. D. 1S46 Veniui, Otto Verelit, S. Vernet, Carle -1 Horace . CI. J. Verrocehio, A. del vrrschurlng, H. Vien, J. M. Vinci. L. da Voltprra, D. da Vc)«, M. de Vouet, S. VricB, n. F. db Vroom, H. 0. I. 1370 d. 1401 i.'>r.c 1004 1758 1780 1714 1432 1827 1718 1452 150 Castifflione, G. B. Cocliin, C. N, Col Iyer, J. Coriolano, B. Corr, E. Cort, C, Cotraan, J, S. Crespi, G. M. Oanckerti, C, ISCl 1275 Knticx. Dsnckerti, P. , H, k J. Dauier, J. , J. A. David, F. A. Dorigny, M. -J^- Donoh, E. Duchangc, O, Durer, A. Earlom, K. Edelinck, O. Faithorne, M'. Finiliti, W. Fournler, P. 8. Frey, J. J. Frye. T. Garamond, C. Gardiner, W. Gbisi, O. D. Golti,' II.' Green, V. Grimaldi, G. F. Gunst, P. van Born 1800 H Heath, J. ,C. HoRarth, W. Holbein, Hana Hollar, W. Houbraken, J, Houel, J, Jcuft'roy, K, V. Kilian, L. =::=:• J' , P, A. Knorr, G. M'. Kobell, F. Kocli, J, A. Landseer, J. Lfclorc, S. I.e Keux, J. Levasseur, J. C. Leyden, L. van Loggan, D, Longhi, G. Lowry, W. M Mnntegna, A. Mellan, C. Mcrlan, M. Mets, C. M. Mitan, J. Slorcau, J. M, Morshen, R. MUUeir, C, F. von — — , J. O, von N Nanteuil, R. O Owens K, p. Perrler, F. Picart, B. d. 1763 d. 1759 d. 1824 1617 16S7 1640 1678 1662 1471 1649 Pine, J. PincUl, B. Plrancsi, G. B. F. d. 1G91 d. 1852 1712 I6SI 1710 d. 1561 17(!0 1500 1524 T55R 176S 1606 1G66 1757 17S4 1697 1495 1607 169S 1735 1749 1579 1580 1630 1714 1705 1740 1768 Place, F. Pontlui, P. Porporate, C. Rademacker, A, Ralnibach, A. Raimondi, M. A. Ramberg, J. H. Ravrnet, S. F. Rembrandt Retzach, M. Riedlnger, J, E. Kosapina, F. Ryland, W. W. Sadeler, U. — ^^:o: Born IfiHO 1781 1720 1748 d. 1728 1596 1741 1675 1776 1487 1767 d. 1774 d. 1714 1761 1784 1734 1494 1630 1768 1702 1431 1593 1021 1755 Sandby, P. Snndrart, J. Schiavonetti, I.. Schmidt, G. F. Schocn, M. Scnefc"cr, A. Sharp, W, Shcrwin, J. K. Sicgen, L. von Smith, A. Snaycrs, H. Solvyns, F. B. Strange, Sir K. Striitt, J. Sturt, J. Thulden, T. van V Van Oa, P. G. Vcneziano, Agostino Vertue, O. VisBcher, C. Volpato, O. W Warren, C. Waterloo, A. Wohlgemuth, M. Wooliett, W. Worlidge, T. Wray, R. B. Wyon, W. d. 1790 1606 1779 1695 1762 1732 1550 1555 1570 1725 1606 17C5 1712 1420 1771 1749 Audrouet du Cerceau, J. fl. 1570-1600 Bum Anguier, F. , M Anthemiui Apollodorai Arnolfo dl Camblo d. 1669 d. 1686 d.&3t 1232 1609 1759 1612 1700 1721 1749 1658 1607 1776 1490 1684 1629 1733 Bachelier, N. d. 1565 Bacon, J. l•^(, Raldnccio, O, 1300 Bandinelli, B, mj Barry, Sir C. jroj Raaevi, G. 1755 Bcauchamp, R. d. 1481 Bccerra, G. d. 1570 Bchnea, W. i;jki Bernini, G. L. ijgg 1 Bolchot, G. 1-38 ; Boirot, L. S. 1743 Bologna, John of 1530 ' Bonomi, J. d. ISOS i Borromini, F, a, leo? Bosio, F. J. iriio I Bouchardon, E. lenj Brnmante D'Urbino H4( BruncUeachi, F. 1377 Bullant, J. fl. 1540.15D8 Bullet, P. Buono Bupalua Buachctto da Oulichio Busti, A. d. ISIO C d. 1823 1618 1434 1735 1700 1715 1795 SCULPTORS AND ARCHITECTS. Adam, L. S. ■, N. S. .R. 1"7G, Agnsias 1711 ■ 175S 1783 1747 KCO irs? d, IC50 Agcladna fl. n.c. 500 Agcsandcr Agnolo, B. Agoracritua Agrippa, C. fl. 1580 Aiberti, L. B. d. 1485 Alcamcnci Alcsal, G. Algardi, A. d. 1C54 Allegrain C. G. d. 1705 Alvarez, iU. 1 \ D. J. 1 1663 Ammanati, B. Audronicua Cyrrhestat 1700 1705 1728 1460 1500 1727 1768 1511 Cafl"a, M. Cagnola, L. Callimachua Cano, A, Canova, \. Cellini, B. Chambcra, Sir W. Chantrey, Sir F. Chnudet, A. D. Cibber, C. G. Colin, A. Colothca ContuccI, A. Couatou, N. , G. Coyaevox, A. d, 1687 fl. B.C. 440 1762 161)1) 1747 ISO) 1728 1781 1703 1630 1626 14C0 165? i6;s 1610 Dance, G. d, I7C« , G. (younger) K40 1 Dannceker, J. H. ir,')Sl David, J. P. i;89 Delorme, P. 1518 Deagodcta, A. 1653 1| Dinocratea Donatello 13i Dupaty, C. I"l| Elmea, H. L. IS" I Esaex, J. KM] Eupliranor fl, n.c, 335 Falconet, E. M. KI«il Fcrri, C. I«31 Fillana, J. HMil Finigucrra, T. d, H'5 Fiacher.J. B. IMO ,K. von i;!2| Flaxman, J. Vbit Fontaine, P. F. L. ir62l T>.-tar,s,D, !M3i Foater, J. ''"I Francia.J. irwi G , Ga«rtner, F. von ''»! Condon, J. Ghiborti, L. Ghisi, G. B. Giambcrti, F, Gibbona, G. Gibba, ,1, Glocondo, Fra G. Glrardon, F. Giulto Romano Gutgon, J. Grcenough, H. Grimaldr, G. F. Gnilt, J. H Haller, J. Hamilton, D. Hawksmoor, N. j hiltz, J. Holland, H. Uopper, T, Ictinua fl, 54 Iiembert of Xalntca iiidoro of Milctua Jonea, J. Jullcn, P. Kiss, A. Klenze, L. von Krafft, A. Lnnghana, C, G. Lapo Uvlng, Lecomte, F. Lcmot, F. F. Lombardi, A. Lorraine, R. le Lynippua M Maderno, C. lUalano, B. da .G. MaitanI, L. , JIansart, F. , J. H. Margaritono Martos, J. P. Michael Angelo Miclielozzi, M, di Moitte, J. G. Montelupo, B. S. da Montorsoll, G. A. Morelll, c. Jfurphy, J. C. d Myron N Nahl, J. A. Nash, J. Nollekena, J, Olimacht, L. !Orlcanf,PrinceBsof Ottraer, K, T, Pmoh, A. alladio, A. Parodl, D. -Pweier, C. Perrault, C. Perazil, B. "yf*. A. F. PhtdiM 127C Gnndon, J. Ghibcrti, L. Gliisi, U. B. Giambcrti, F, Gibbons, G. Gibba, J, Giocondo, Fra G. GirardOD, F. Giulio Romano Guiuon, J. Grcenoueh, H. Grimaldi, G. F. Gwilt, J. Born I 1740 Pierroarlnl. G. 1381 Pigallo, J. B. , , Pintclll, B. ,,„ ,m3 Piranejl, G. B. 1 J7Z1 _ p 1883 PUano. A. H35 ,;n. 16'.8 Ig, H92 Pitti, W, PoIIujuolo, A. d. 1572 Haller, J. Hamilton, D. Hawksmoor, N, liiltz, J. Holland, H. Hopper, T. Ictinua H 1803 Polycletus 1606 Pradler,J 1784 Praxiteles Pu(fCt.P. ,^^|Pugi„,A.W. KCS Q 1886 Querela, G. della Quesnoy, F. du Born 1734 1714 d. 1590 fl. 1470 1720 1748 1270 1206 1240 1700 1426 Wyatt, M. C. ZabagUs, N. Bom 1777 1674 fl. 450-410 n.c. fl. O.c. 360 1792 1622 1810 MUSICAL COM- POSERS. 1745 1774 1371 1592 - - fl. 540 B.C. jjembert Of Xalntca fl. 1200 iiidoro of MilctUi Jonei, J. Julicn, P. R Klsi, A. Klenze, L. von Krafft, A. Kauch, C. KeveloT, W. Revett, N. B'okman, T. RobbJa, L. della — -— — , A. della Roland. P. de L. 1572 Rojii, J. C. F. iraiJRoubiiiac, L. F. RoTczzauo, B. da Rysbrach, J. M. d. 1799 177; Lnnghana, C, Lapo Lecomte, F. Lcmot, F. F. Lombard!, A. Lorraine, R. ]« Lyuipput M Maderno, C. 1 iUalano, B. da Maitani, L. JIansart, F. , J. H. Margaritono Martos, J. P. Micliael Angelo Michelozzi, M, di Moitte, J, G. Montelupo, R. S. da J ontcrsoU, G. A. Morelll, c. Murphy, J. C, Myliie, K. iilyron "vinff, 1289 1802 1784 1435 1733 1737 1773 1487 16G5 d. 1762 172 17-ii 1400 1437 1746 1762 I 1490 1693 Sandbr. T. Snngaflo, A. da Sanmlcheli, M. Sansavino, J. Sarazin, J. Scliadow, J. G. Z. R. d. 1540 1721 Albrecbtsbcrger, J. G. Androozzi, G. Arlostl, A. Arno. Dt Arnold, S. Atwood, T. Bach, J. s. Beethoven, L. Ton Bellini, V. Bird;, W. Biahop Sir H. Blow, J. Bocchcrini, L. Boieldiea, A. Bontempi, G. Boyce, W. Brahara, J, S""' ''•..« "»'"(?. 1623 Buononcini, O. B. d. 1750 ? 1730 1763 1660 1710 1740 1767 ) 1734 1C85 1770 180C 1543 1786 170» 1740 1775 1630 1710 1774 Scheeniakcra, P. Schinltel, K. F. Schwanthaler, L. von ocopas Sergei, J. T. 155B Soane, Sir J. H42 Sceur, H. le 14o2 Sustratus d. 1330 Soufliot, J. G. Spiller, J. Sticgli'^, C. h. Stiller, A. fl. 1630 1740 1752 Nahl, J. A. Nash, J. Nollelcena, J. N O 1747 1503 1500 1732 d. 1816 1734 n.c. 480 1710 1753 1737 1598 1C45 1236 1753 1475 1396 Tacca, J Olimacht, L. Orlcanj, Princess of Ottraer, K. T. W«i', A. Pwladio, A. I Parodi, D. PMci^r, C. Perrault, C. Perazil, B. P«yf«, A. F PllldiM fl. 4«4.432 D. c. Tcmanza, T. Teasia, N. Tliorwaldaen, A. Tibaldi, P. Tieck, C. F. Torrigian >, P. TriboTo, II V Vanbrugh, Sir J. Vanvitelli, L. Vecchietta, 11 Verrocchlo, A. del "ignola Vinci, L. da Vitruvius Voltcrra, D. da Wailly, C. de W einbrenner, F. WcstniaooH' S}r R l?i'4|Wiikin8, W.'~ 1613 Wilton, J. 1181 v.ien. Sir Ch. 1739 Wyatt,J. I , R.J. d. 1640 1184 Callcott, J. W. H77 Carey, H. 1598 Cherubinl 1761 Child, W. 1691 Cimarosa, D. 1781 Clarke.!; 1802 Clementl, M. Cooke, B. :: — -T. Corelll, A. Cramer, F. , Croft, Dr 1713 Crotch, W. 17G3 1756 ISOOlDavy, J. Dibdin, C. Donizetti, O. Uulon, L. Durante, F. Duasek, J. L. d. 1743 1766 d. 1697 d. 1707 1760 t 1810 1754 1760 1813 1800 1705 1654 1771 1527 177B 1472 1485 1752 17.39 1781 1653 1772 1677 1775 1765 1745 1798 1769 1693 1762 1730 1518 1688 1666 1700 I4I2 1432 1507 1452 1509 1729 1766 l'7a 1778 1723 1632 1743 Farrant, R. Frescobaldi, G. Gafori, F. Galuppi, B. Garcia, M. Gardiner, W. Gasparini, F, Geminiani, F. Giardini, #. Gibbona, O. Oluck, C. Gossec, F. J. Graun, K. H. Greatorex, T, Greene, M. Grctrey, A. E. M. H HaWvy, J. E. F. Handel, O. F. d. ISS5 7 d. 1793 1451 1703 1782 1770 1665 1680 d. 17SS 1583 1714 1733 1701 1758 5 1744 1795|Hasse, J. A. 1799 1684 Ie99 'lUi Wccatx, Bom Bom Bora Haydn, J. 1732 Tartlnl.O. 1692 Cardan, J. d.1576 Haye». W. 1708 Carnot, L. N. M. 17SJ Himrael, F. H. 1705 V Casslni, J. D. 1615 Hook, J. 1748 Vlottl, G. B. 1755 • •'• ™ 1077 Horn, C. E. 1786 W , d« Thury, C. F. 1714 Hummel, J. N, 1778 Cavalleri, B. 1591 Uunuii, W. Wallace, W. V. 1814 Cliabert, J. B. 1724 Webbe, S. 1740 Clalraut, A. C. 1713 J Weber, C. M. von 1786 Ciavius, C. 1537 Jacopona d. 1300 Wesley, S. 1780 Cleostratus Jomelll, N. 1714 Weyie, C. B. F, 1774 Wilbye, J. living, 1598 Colby. T. 1784 Collins, J, 1624 K Winter, P. von 1754 Commandino, F. IJM Kalkbrenner, C, 1755 Wise, M. d. 1687 Condamine, C. M. de la 1701 C F 1784 Condorcet, Marquis da iTii Keiaer, R. ' 1673 Z Copernicus, N. 1473 Kelly, M. 1702 ZingarelU, N. 1752 Cotes, R. 1682 Kemp, J. 1778 Craig, J. Kent, J. 1700 Cramer, G. 1704 Kreutzer, R. 1707 rv L MATHEMATICIANS D'Alembert, J. lo Rend 1717 Lalande, M. R. de Lasso, O. di 1657 1520 AND Dalton, J. Dee, J. 1766 1527 Lawc», H. , W. 1600 d. 1045 ASTRONOMERS. Delambre, J. B. J. Demoivre, A, 1749 1677 d. 1595 Leovcs, W. 1749 Digges, T. Leo, L. 1694 Abel, N. H. 1802 Diophantus Lcsucur, J. F. 1760 Albategnl d. 929 Ditton, H, 1675 Linley, T. d. 1795 Alhazen d. 1038 Doppelmayer, J, G, 1671 Lock, M. d. 1677 Allen, T. 1542 Douglas, sir H. 1776 Lulli, J. B. 1034 Anaximander B.C. 610 Drummond, T, 1797 Andreossi, F. 1633 Dunn, S, d, 17iB M Andrews, H. 1744 Dupuis, C. F. 1742 Mainzer, J. 1801 Apian, P. 1495 E Marbfck, J. Apollonius of Perga fl. o.c. 240 Marcello, B. 1686 Arago, F. J. D. 1786 Eratosthenes B.C. m Marpurjf, F. W. 1718 Aratus B.C. 300 Esper, Johann Friedrlcli 1732 1 Martini, G. 1706 Arbojtast, L. F. d. 1803 Euclid fl. o.c. 300 1 Mattheson, J. 1081 Archimedes n.c. 285 Eudoxus Mayer, S. 1760 Archyta fl. n.o. 400 Euler, L. 1707 1 Nazzhingi, J. Mehul, E. H. d. 1844 Aristarchus fl. B.C. 280 ¥ 1 1734 Hh 1763 Arnold. C. 1646 p 1743 ■ , v. Mendeluohn-Bartholdy, F. 1809 Atwood, G. 1745 Ewlng, J, 17»H Meyerbeer, J. 1794 Mitzlcr de Kolof, L. C. 1711 B F Morley, T. d. 1604 Bailly, J. S. 1736 Fabriclus, J. d. i6» H Mornington, Earl of 1720 Baity, P. 1774 Fabris, N. 1739 ■ Mozart 1756 Bainbridge, J. 1582 Fallows, F. d. 1831 ■ Baldi, B. 1553 Ferguson, J. 1710 ■ N Barlovr, P. 1770 Format, P, 1608 M Nares, 3. 1715 Barrow, I. 1630 Ferrari, L. 1522 ■ Nicolo Uouard 1777 Bayer, J. 1572 Bchaim, M. 14^0 FeuiUe'e, L. d. 1732 ■ Flamsteed, J. 1846 IM P Belidor, B. F. de 1695 Fleurieu, Count do 1738 H Paer, F. 1774 I^crnard, E. 1638 Frauenhofer, J. von d. 1826 ■ Paieiello, G. 1741 Bcrnouilii, Jamos 1651 Frisi, P. mWM Paleitrina Pepuscii, J. C. 1524 1067 l.i.» met Fuss, N. von 17»B D 1700 G Pergoleii Piccini, N. d. 1737 Bessel, F. W. 1784 d. 1800 Bianchinl, F. 1662 Galileo Galilei IS64H PurcoU, H. 1658 Biot, J. B. 1774 Uasscndi, P. Bode. J. E. 1747 Gauss, C. F. 177^H R Bombelli, R. Gellilirand, H. lur^H Rameau, J. P.' 1683 Bonnycastle, J. d. 1821 Gilbert, W. IM^I Ravcnacroft, T. lleichardt, J. F. d. 1040 Boole, G. 1815 Gioja, F. 17S1 Borda, J. C. 1733 Graham, G. isrt^H Rius, F. 1783 Borelli, G. A. 1608 Gravesande, W. J.i' 168S^H Boscovich, R. J. ' 1701 Greaves, J. leo^H 8 Bossut, Charles 1730 Gregory, James ie38^H Sacchlnl, A. M. G. Sarti, G. Scarlatti, A. 1735 1730 1658 Bouguer, P. 1698 Bowditch, N. d. 1838 Bradley, J. 1693 •"t\ 166I^^H 'o 17;i^^H Guntor.'E.' li3^H Schneider, J. C. F. 1786 Krahe, 'rycho 1548 Brires, H. 1536 Brinkley, J. 1760 H Schubert, F- 1797 Schumann, R. 1810 Hachette, J. N. P. 1761^^1 Shield, W. 1754 Brouiicker. W. d. 1684 Hadlcy, J. d, 1744 ^H Spohr, L. Spontini, G. 1784 Uuilialdu*, J. 1605 llalley, E. Hamilton, Sir W. H. 16!^^H 1778 Burckbardt, J. K. 1773 ISt^^H Steffani, A. 1055 C Harlot, T. 1S6^^H StevenBon, Sir J. A. 1761 Harris, J. 1719 _^H Storace, S. 1763 CalUe, N. d 1731 Seguler, J. F. Shaw, O. Sherard, W. Sibbalcl, Sir R. Slbthorp, J. Sloane, Sir H. Smitii, Sir J. E. Solander, D. C. Sonncral, P. Sowcrby, J. ,G. B. d, 171 ■ 71S 1603 o Iloolcer, Sir W. J. Iluber, F. 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A, Tournefort, J. P. tie Tratlcscant, J. d. , (younircr) Tremblt-y, A. Bom 1703 1751 1659 1613 96 1660 1759 1736 1745 1757 1783 K29 1747 1780 I?8I 1766 1770 1773 1702 1811 305 \m 1728 1779, 17561 Tumor, W. (Jvedale, R, d. 1363 1805 1 1758 17«l ICSil itnl IS I 1609 1 iroo 1561 1508 17521 17411 1567 1742 1803 1726 1775 1756 1718 1773 1640 1642 1730 90 1719 1815 1781 1027 1683 1626 1640 1754 1787 1652 1550 ) 1759 1734 1630 1670 1626 Vahl, M. Vaillant, S. Vallisneri, A. Vcsling, J. W Wahlenberg, 0. Waterton, Ch. Wells. C. W. White, G. Willdcnow, C. L. Wiilughby, F. Wilson. A. Withering, W Woodward, J. Tarrell, W. I6»l 17491 16G9| loeir IS9tl i;8i PHYSICIANS AND! ANATOMISTS. Abemethy, J. Acosta, C. ^gineta Agricola, 0. A. 1 Akenside, M. I Albinus, B. S. 1« Alliitius, Leo d. 1669 Alpini, P. 11 Alston, C. II Amatus ■' Amman, J, C, K , J. d. 17« ., P, d. 1691 1825 Saussure, H. B. de 1740 Sauvagei, F. B. de 1762 Schaeffer, J. G. irOD .--hncidor, S. G. Sc^poli, G. A. 1632 1 Scrope, W. 1740 1706 1715 1750 1723 1771 Arbutlinot, J. Arctspua Armstrong, J. -, J. Asclepiadci Aselli, C. Askew, A. Astruc, J. a. lo'-Ti 1280 Aaenbrugger, L. Avenzoar , Averroet Avieenns Babington, W. BagliTl, O. P. Biirer, J. J. Btillie, M. Biinbridge. J. Balfour, Sir A. Barbeyrsc, C. Rtrry, M. Barthez, P. J. Btrthollne, T. Baatwick, J. Bate, O. Bauhba, J. .O. Bayley, R. Bell, Sir C. BeU.J. "^, J. Belon, P. Berenger, J. Bcrkenhout, J. Berkhey, J. van Bertrandi, G. A. U. Bichat, M. F. X. BIdloo, G. Btrkbeck, G. Blackmore, Sir R. BlaiovUIe, B. M. D. < Bltne, Sir G. Blliard. Sir W. Bloch, M. E. Blumenbach, .). F. Boerhaave, U. Bonnet, T. Borde, A. Borelli, G. A. Bowdler, T. Brigm, W. Brockleaby, R. Brodie. Sir B. C. Brookes, J. Broussais, F. J. V. Brown, J. Browne, Sir T. ;; , Sir W Brownrigg, W. , . Brugnatelli, L. I BruguiAres. J. G. i Bachan, W. Burmau, J. Caianii, P. J. g. Cawlpinus, A. Camper, P. Cardan, J. Carlijle, Sir A. Celius Champier, S. CharI«ton, W. Cheielden, W. Chsyne, G. Clusius Colden, C. Combe, A. . G. Commelin, C. Commerson, P. Cooper, Sir A. P. CofTliart. J. N. Cotton, N. Coward, W. Crulkihank, W. Cteiiai Cujieu, W. Culpepper, N. Currie, J. Ctt««r, Baron d. d. 1 d. d. Aa«Dbrugger, U Avenzoar Averroet ATieenn* Babington, \V. Baglirl O. P. Bafer, J. J. Btillie, M. Bainbrldre. J. Balfour, Sir A. Barbejrac, C. Barrr, BL Barthez, P. J. Bartboline, T. Battwick, i. Bate, O, Bauhin, J. .O. Baylev, R. Bell, 8ir C. BeU.J. "^, J. Belon, P. Berenger, J. Berkenhout, J. Berkhey, J. van Bertrandi, G. A. U. Bichat, M. F. X. Bidloo, G. Blrkbeck, G. Blackmore, Sir R. d. Itss d. 1823 980 irs7 1867 1677 Darwin, E. Oaubeoton, L. J. M. Democedei Denman, T. Dleffenbach, J. F. Dimadale, T. Dioicorides Dippel, J. C. iDodonaeui Douglaa, J. Dupuytren, O. Dutrochet, R. J. H Durerney, J. u. 1 731 1716 d. 180O 1733 1705 d.l564 d. I6S0 1619 IS93 1593 1541 1560 1745 1774 1U90 1763 1672 1518 1675 1777 1776 1648 d, 1729 1731 1729 1723 1771 1649 1776 Eoitachlo, B. Fabriciun, G. Falconer, W. Fallopio, G. Floyer, Sir J. Fludd, R, Fordyce, G. FotherglM, J. Frank, P. Freind, J. Fucba, L. d. 1570 d. 1619 d. 1562 1743 1649 1574 logvnhoiuz, J, J Jamei, R. Jebb, J. ; — jS. Jeffriei, J. Jenner, K. Johniou, A. Johaitone, J. Joubert, L. Junius, A. Jurlc. J. Kaye, J. ^ Klretentui, P. Kitchener, W. Knighton, Sir W. Knoi, R. Krunitz, J. G. L Laennee, R, T. H. d.I772 1836 BlaioTUle, H. M. D. de Blane, Sir G. Blliard. Sir W. Bloch, M. E. Blumenbach, .1. F, Boerhaave, U. Bonnet, T. Borde, A. a 1540" Borelli, G. A. I Bowdler, T. E;&.Ty,R. «^'^"" Brodie, Sir B. C. Brookes, J. Brouiaais, F. J. V Brown, J. i Browne, Sir T. ';; ,SirW Brownrigjf. W. d. isoo" , Brugnatelli. L. , Bachan, W. Burmau, J. 1778 1749 1742 1723 1752 1668 1620 1608 1754 1722 1783 1761 1772 1735 1605 1692 G 1761 1729 1707 Cabanli, P. J. g. Cawlpinus, A. I Camper, P. 1 Cardan, J. Carlisle, Sir A. Celiua Cham pier, S. Charloton, W. Cheielden, W. Choyne, G. Cluslus Colden, C. Combe, A. , G. Commelin, C. Commeraon, P. Cooper, Sir A. P. Corrliart, J, N. Cotton, N. Coward, W. Crulk.bank, Vr. Cteilaa I Cujleu, W. Culpepi,er, N. Currie,J. Curltr, Baron d. 1603 d. 1576 1757 1722 Gaddeaden. J. of Galen Gall, F. Galvanl, A. Garth, Sir S. h itio Gaubiua, J. D. Gavard, H. Geoffroy St Hi lalre. E. Gerard, L. ' "'" Gcsner, C. Gilbert, W. Glauber, J. R, j ,-0, Gliason, F. ^* Goddard, J. Good, J. M. Gordon, W. Green, J. H. Gregory, John James 1736 Lanclai, G. 1712 Lanfranco, G. 1735 Larrey, D J. 1675 Latliani,J. 1501 ;j, Leclerc, N. O. Leighton, A. Lettaom, J. C. 131 Leyden, J. 1758 Linacre^T. 1Z37 Liaton,R. Lobel, M. 1705 1753 1772 1805 1733 1516 1540 M Gulllotin, j. 1. 1596 1617 1764 1801 1791 1724 1753 1768 d, 1540 d. 1776 1619 1688 1771 1526 d. 1-22? d. 1800 1797 1788 1C67 1721 1768 17f5 1707 Haen, A. ran Hahnemann, S Haiford, Sir H. Halier, A. von Hallidav Sir A. Hartley, O. Harvey, W. Hawea, W. Heberden, W Hedwig, J Heiater, L, Helmont, J. B. vop F. M. von d. 1654 1712 4 I75C 1769 Helvetlus, C. A. Henry, C. Hermann, J. Hewaon, W. Hill Sir J. Hlppocratea Hoadly, B. Hoffmann, M, F. C. L. Holyoke, K A Home, Sir E. eJUuOr, J. J, Hunter, VV. ,J. Huxham, J, d. 1814 d. 1776 1755 1766 1708 d. 1840 1705 1578 17JI6 1710 1730 1683 1577 1618 1715 1775 1738 1739 1716 B.C. 460 1706 1621 1660 1721 1728 1756 1707 1718 1728 . 1763 Macbrlde, D, Itfagendie, F. Halpighi, M. Mandeville. B. dt Mascagni, P. Maty, M. Mead, R. Meibom, J. H, Mercado, M. des Molin, J. Monardea, N. Monro, A. Moore, J. •• Morgagul, G. B. Morton, S. G. Moufet, T. Mudge, J. Murray, J. Musgrave, W. d. 1593 d. 1578 . 1802 1666 1697 d. 1604 d. 1703 d. 1820 1657 Naud^, G. Newport, G, Nicholls, F. Nuck, A. N 1692 Ocder, G. C. Ok en, L. O'Meara, B. Orflla, M. J. Oribaaiua O Paaw, P. Papin, D. Paracebus Par^, A. Parsons, J. Pearsonj G. Pecquet, J. Pemberton, H. Percival, T. , Pereira, J. I Petit, J. L. d. 1716 1 d. 1590 1584 1493 d. 1S25 d. 1674 1705 1 1281 Itcatx, Burn Born Bora Ptttlerow, T. J. PIncC V. 1791 ValUiniert. A. ValiaWa, A. M. 1061 Geber 1742 1666 Glauber, J. R. d. 1688 Pltcalrno, A. 1652 Van Swleten, 0. 1700 Gmelin, J. F. 1741 PoiMonnlcr, P. J. 1720 Veiallui. A. 1514 Goddard, J. 1617 Pott. P. 1713 Veiling, J. ViDcLX. da Vrolik, W. 1598 Guytou da MorTcaa 1737 Prlchard, J. C. 1786 1452 H PrInKl«, Sir J. 1707 Prout, W. Pultenoy, 11. 1786 1730 W Helmont, J. B. van 1577 Henry, C. ISII Willan, R. 1757 1771 Q WlUli, F. 1717 Qupkftt, J. T. Qunmiayi ?. Qiiluty, 3. 1815 leM Th 1621 1 Winilow, J. B. ie6g Ingenhoust, J, ITM d. 1723 T J R Toung, Th. 1773 Johniton, J. F. W. I7M RadtUffc, J. 1650 Z Raminy, D. 1749 K Raiori, G. 1767 Zimm«rmann, J. G. 1728 Klrwan. R. d. 1812 Redi, F. 1626 Klaproth, M. H. 1741 Renaudot, T. Roy, J. 1583 d 1645 Kuuckcll,J. L l4tvoliac, N. 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There are nearly tVee thonfftJ.^^?"? *" *^® ^a^** o'uBingsuTh book, which contain more^than thirty thoutnd'^dilT- ^'^H'^ «'^^"™"« i" "ho Zt^ down to so recent a date MSf 1372 t?«^L°^* references, the latest mdustry scholarsliip, and accuracvofita iLf o „f 1* "°V'e monument of the •As a book of reference for dateJ ihlvJ^^f^^^^--^^^^^ Mercury. extant equal to this Encudonoedianff^^Jl \' ®° ^2' **" ^« have seen, none iographkl and it isnoTZirei^SlT; u?* ^"'■\*« hi«torlckl a„| for Its excellent arrangement, aiKr f h« «n^« \*'°"P''®^«"«^^ene8s. but .;re stated Nothing appearsVhavXen too SiS'^Y '"^ ^^'""^ **« ^cts tion In fact, the work is thoroii^hlv en^vn^lT^*'^ ■'' \*^« received atten- works of a similar kind have bpen confin^S fe^l° "" character. Hitherto , t^'sisnotonlyadictionanrofdateS bu?fi^f?'^*°''^ "i^t^ biography, but bargain It compresses i7to ihAwlttt^^^^^ Wographylnti ?he i Zf\^ *>'"er>-aphical dictionaries extant ofrotr^?!!'?^*^*'. is worth much j but for purposes of reference this is verv rLX «! '^ ^"^ "°' *^«'r f^^ness : 'tis desirable, the names of theiuthoritLforlLTf'^'^-. '" <^«««8 ^here This, however, is not often requisite One iLtannl^^^^ made are given. the facts are given will shew Wf;,. 1^ **°*'® "'^ *"® manner in which wann whichUe book iscompilel'!: ^^^"^ ^^^ ^"°""fc of descripUon the the Sp^:fsti:i?:^SZ%^^^^^^ Oct. 1788-Wrifr to -«'ffrapti,cal knowledge.'— Scotsman. "' "" ^'^^'=^°^''» xiisiovicai and London : LONGMANS and CO., Paternoster Row. LORD MACAULAY'S WORKS. The following are kept os sale : — HISTORY of ENGLAND, from the ACCESSION of, JAMES the SECOND :— Library Edition, 5 vi.ls. 8vo, £4. Cabinet I. .Uou, « vols, post 8vo, 48^. Peoplu'fl Edition, 4 vols, crown 8vo, 168. 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' INDEX : ICTON'8 Modern Cooltcry 27 IIHD'8 Blackstone Kcoiiomised"!!!!!!!!" j; llpine Club Map of Switzerland 2i Ulpine Guide (The) .'...,... 23 Kmos's Jurisprudence !.."!.."...!!! 6 ■ Primer oftlie Conatitution 5 f txuKBSON's Strengtli of Materials 13 ARMSTnoxo'sOrKttnic Chemistry 13 iKSOliU's (Dr.) Christian Life .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.' u Lectures on Modern iiistory 2 l^Iiscellaneous Works 9 School Sermons jg (T.) Manual of Enjflish Literature 8 lAtherstone I'riory «, lAutumn Holidays of a Country Parson o lAYBK's Treasury of Bible Knowledge .*.'.'.'.".* 21 Baoos'8 Essays, by Whatbi-t Life and Letters, by SPEuiViifQ Works, edited by Spkudinq pilS's Logic, Deductive and Inductive — Mental and Moral Science . on the Senses and Intellect IBakkii'.s 2 works on Ceylon IBall's Alpine Guide '..'.." Ibaxchoft's Native Knees of the Pacific "" jBucKEU's Charicles and Gallus IBuck'S Treatise on Brewing InuCKLKY's German- Knglish bictionarv "' iBuisii's Rural Sports poxAM's Metals ...."."'" IBooltuee on 39 Articles iBopusK's Catechism of the SteaniEngJne"! Handbook of Steam Eusine Improvements in the Steiiin Engine I; Treatise on the Steam Engine iBowDLBR's Family SnAKSPKAHB ■■■ v!iUuT*^°°"^'^ Six Sisters "ofthe Bu^^Sn^-c^'s^^^ JBuAY's riiilosopiiy of Necessity IBmXKLEY'S ASTEOJfOMY . 6 5 li 10 10 10 22 23 U 24 27 8 25 13 20 19 19 19 19 25 SIO- B^'S^^f ''t^'^" ^*"'«'"2»"'^'«cies: ICRCNJiL, S Life of Bbunel BncKLR's History of Civilization ■.■.".■ Ir Jliscelliineous Writincs LiCKro.V8 Health in tlie Hou'ae'cpii;' I logienl Lectures) ^ jBtTLi/s Hints to Mothers ".'.'.'.".'.'.".'."".;■.■."; 1^ Watemal Management ofChilflri>n |Bur?omQ9ter's Family (The) ^'"'"'^n IBDUKE's Hise of Great Families" pnsK 8 Folk-Lore of Rome — ~ Valleys of Tirol .. 24 16 II II 20 4 3 9 17 27 24 5 5 23 , S2 Cabinet Lawyer Campbbll'h Norway ~* '* Catjss's Biographical Dictionary ^ — and WooDWAfiu's Encvcion.)?!- .. Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truth. n CHESNBy'g Indian Polity .......... " • Modern Military BioCTaphy" Waterloo Campaign. 21 21 20 18 9 8 6 n Cnvuu on Protection from Thieves o« CLODGH's Lives from Plutarch ^^ Coj)rinc;tox's Life and Letters ! COLKxao (Bishop) on Pentateuch " on Moabite Stone, &c. .on Speaker's Bible Cominentary CoLUNs's Perspective... ^ Commonplace Philo8opher,'byAVKHB CoMTK's Positive Philosophy ^"•^' - Co.NcnEVB's Politics of Aristotie CONINOTON'S Translation of the .iS „ n ■ Miscellaneous WritinM '" « CoNTAifsBATJ's French Dictionarie^^ « CONYHKARE and HowsoN's St. Paul ,n C0TT0N\s (Bishop) Memoir . *? Counsel and Comfort from a City p'ui^u a Cox's Arjan Mythology *" ' ■ Crusades f ■ History of Greece". '* School ditto... ' CUEASY on British Constitutions I Cresy's Civil Engineering ,? Critical Essays of a Country Parson o Crookes'8 Chemical Analysis ,? "Zr- I^yeing and Calico Printing ii. CUI-LEY'8 Handbook of Telegraphy, l:::;: IS Dead Shot (The), by Marksman ~ Novels Rnd Tales -„ DOBSON on the Ox »* Dove on Storms ^ Doyle's Fairylaii'd " Drew's Reasons of Faith '.■.■.■.■.■.■;;.■.■.■."; '' ipSSS7-»«^".......'.' « Elements of Botany ^ ^COTT^s^meniaryoiEph^^^^^^^^^^^ JJ Oalatians 20 • Pastoral Epist. 20 ■Pliilippians.&c 20 Thessalonians 20 IISSS?"-"'::: " ai 80 NEW WORKS PUBLISHBD BY LONGMANS A^^) CO. FairbAIRN's Applications of Iron IS Information for Engineers ... 18 . Mills and Millworlt 18 FARiiAR'sChaptcrs on Langruafce 7 Families of Speech 7 FiTZWYGRAM on Horses and Stables 20 FoiiBKS's Two Years in Fiji 22 FowLER'8 Collieries and Colliers 27 Francis's Fishing Boole 26 Freeman's Historical Geography of Europe 3 FUESiiFiKLD's Itolian Alps 22 Frocdk'S English in Ireland l History of England 1 > Short Studies on Groat Subject! 19 Gairdnkr's Houses of Lancaster and York 4 6«N'0T's Elementary Physios 13 ■ Natural Philosophy 13 Gardikkb's Buckingham and Charles 2 Thirty Years' War 4 GiLBfBRT and Chcrchill's Dolomites 22 OiRDUtSTONH's Bible Synonymes 20 GOODBVB'S Mechanism i.-j Mechanics 13 Grakt'S Ethics of Aristotle 6 Graver Thoughts ofa Country Parson 9 Greville'8 Journal 1 Griffin's Algebra and Trigonometry 13 Grove on Correlation of Physical Forces ... 14 GwiLT'a Encyclopadla of Architecture 18 Harrison's Order and Pi'ogress 6 Hartley on the Ahr 12 Habtwig's Aerial World 15 Polar World 15 ■ Sea and its Living Wonders ... 1.5 — Subterranean World is Tropical World _ 15 Hattghton/s Animal Mechanics ^ 14 Hatward's Essays „ 4 Heath on Energy 14 Heer's Switzerland 15 IlEMrHOTZ on Tone ..." 13 — '■ Popular Lecture's 13 Hemsley's Handbook of Trees and Plants 16 Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy n Holland's Fragmentary Papers n Recollections 4 HowiTT's Visits to Remarkable Places..!!!! 23 IlTiLLAii's History of Modern Music 13 Hume's Essays lo Treatise on Human Nature lo iHNE's Roman History «i Ingelow's Poems !!!'!"" "I Jameson's Saints and Martyrs ■ Legends of the Madonn^ Monastic Orders . Jameson and Eastlake's Saviour Jklp on Confession in tlie English Ckurch Jbnkin's Electricity and Magnetism Jerram's Lycidas of Milton Jerrold's Life of Napoleon Johnston's Geographical Dictionary"" Jukes's Types of Genesis • on Second Death ...!!...! KALiscH's Commentary on the Bible Keith on Fulfilment of Prophecy Kerl's Metallurgy -••■ Kino DON on Fasting Communion KiRBY and Spenoe's Entomology Landscapes, Churches, and MoraUtieg, by) A, Jv. xi, B I Lang's Ballads and LyriM" !! "* Latham's English Dictionary"'!!.""!!!!! Handbook of the EnglisiiLM-." guage Laughton's Niiutical Surveying Lawrence on Rocks ! Leoky's History of European Mor^'!!!!!".""| ■ Rationalism ...„ Leaders of Public Opinion .. ! Leisure Hours in Town, by A.K.H.B Lessons of Middle Age, by A.KJI,B. Lewes' History of Pliilosophy ... Liddell and Scott's Two Lexicons LiNDLEY and Moore's Treasury of Botany I Lloyd's Magnetism ^„ ' Wave-Theory of Light ~!!!!!' Longman's Edward the Third Lectures on History of England I Old and New St. Paul's Chess Openings Loudon's Agriculture !..!., Gardening !!,.! — — Plants !! Lowndes' Engineer's Handbook ..!!!!!!!!! Lubbock on Origin of Civilisation ....!..., Lyra Germtnica Macattlay's (Lord) Essays History of England ■ Lays of Ancient Rome| Lire and Letters... ■ Miscellaneous Writing Speeches Complete Works,,., NBW WORKS PUBLisraro bt LONGMANS and CO. 81 MACLEOD'S Economical Philosophy 7 Theory and Practice of Banking 26 Mcculloch's Dictionary of Commerce ... jM Mademoiselle Mori 24 Malleson's Genoese Studies 3 Native States of InrMa 3 Mabshall'8 Physiology 17 MABBHUAB'sLifeofHaTelock „ 6 History of India 2 Martinbau's Christian Life 21 Hymns 21 Maundsa's Biogri4)hicaI Treasury 6 — — ^— Geographical Treasury 12 — — ~— Historical Treasury S Scientiflc and Literary Trea- sury M ■ Treasury of Knowledge 27 Treasury of Natural History... 15 Maxwell's Theory of Heat 13 Mat's Constitutional Historyof England... 1 History of Democracy I Melville's Novels and Talei ...„ 24 Menqelssorn's Letters „ 6 Mbbitalb's Fall of the Bomen Republic... S General History of Borne .... 8 Romans under the Empire ... 8 Merbifisld's Arithmetic & Menfiuration . 13 Magnetism 12 Miles on Horse's Feet and Horseshoeing ... 86 — Horses' Teeth and SUbles 86 Mill (J.) on the Mind lo Mill (J. S.) on Liberty 6 ^— — — on Representative Government 6 on Utilitarianism 7 's (J.S.) Autobiography '. 4 Dissert- .tions and Discussions 7 .— Essays on Religion &c. 19 Political Economy 7 System of Logic 7 . Hamilton's PhiloB(H>by . 7 — Subjection of Women 6 Unsettled Questions 7 Miller's Elements of Chemistry 16 — Inorganic Chemistry 13 MiNTO's (Lord) Life and Letters 4 Mitchell's Manual of Assaying is MoKSELL's Spiritual Songs 21 Moore's Irish Melodies 24 LallaRookh 24 MoKAXT's G ame Preservers 15 MoKELL's Elements of Psychology 10 Mental Philosophy 10 MtJLLSB's (Max) Chips from a German Workshop 10 ■ Lectures on Language ' Science of Religion W New Reformation, by TitEononTrs 1 New Testament, Illustrated Edition 17 NoRTHCOTT'8 Lathes aud Turning 18 O'CONOR'B Commentary on Hebrews so O'CoKOB's Commentary on Romans 20 Odlinq's Course of Pra<;ticalCliemi8try ... 16 Owen's Comparative Anatomy and Physio- logy of Vertebrate Animala ... 14 Packe's Guide to the Pyrenees 23 Pattison's Casonbon 4 Payen's Industrial Chemistry .'..'.'.".".'.' 19 Pewtnbr's Comprehensive Specifier 87 Pierce's Chess Problems jy Plunket'8 Travels in the Alps 88 PoLBon Whist 27 Pbbnderqast's Mastt ry of Languages .!.!.. 8 Pre8ent-DayThoughts,byA.K.H.B 9 Proctor's Astronomical Essays n — Moon H New Star AtJas la — Orbs Arounc* Us.. n PluraUty of Worlds xi — Saturn and its System n — Scientiflc Essays 14 Sun 11 Transits of Venus 11 Universe 11 Public Schools Atlases (The) 12 — Modem Geography 12 RAWLINSON'B Parthte. 9 Sassaniftn Monarchy ........ 8 Recreations of a Coimtry Parson g Redgrave's Dictionazy of Artists 17 Reillt's Map of Mont Blanc '. Z4 Beresby's Memoirs ..J..J 4 Beynabdson's Down the Road 25 Rich's Dictionary of Antiquities 8 Rivers' Rose Amateur's Guide is BOGEBS'S Eclipse of Faith „. 10 ~ Defence of ditto 10 Essays 9 ROGET'S Engl'sh Words and Phrases 7 RONALDS'S Fly-Fisher's Entomology 25 Russell (Lord) on Christian Religion 20 's Recollections and Suggestions 1 Sandars's Justinian Institutes 5 Savilk on Apparitions \i on Primitive Faith 20 SCHELLEN'S Spectrum Analysis 12 Scott's Lectures on the Fine Arts 17 Poems, illustrated 17, 24 Papers on Engineering 18 Seaside Musings by A. K. H. B 9 Seeboum's Oxford Rpfoimers of 1498 2 Protestant Revolution i b2 NEW WORKS PUBUSHBD By LONGMANS AXD CO. Sewell's FMainsr Thoughtu on KcllRion ,.. 21 Preparations for CommunioH S2 . Tales and Stories 21 Thougliti for the At?e 21 Shklley'B Workshop Appliances 13 Short's Church History 3 Simpson's Meeting the Sun 23 Smith's ( Sydne/) Esgayn 10 Life and Letters 4 Miscellaneous Works ■■• lO Wit and Wisdom 10 , (Dr. B. A.) Air and Rain 12 SouTHKY's Doctor ^ Poetical Works 25 STANLWY'S History of British Birds 15 Strpukn '8 Ecclesiastical Biography 5 Stepping Stones (the Series) 27, 28 Stiblixg's Hamilton 10 Hegel lo Stosehssgb on the Dog 26 on the Greyhound 20 Sunday Afternoons, by A.K. H. B » Supernatural Religion 20 8Wl^■lJ0UJlNK's PlcturcLogic 6 TAYLOR'S History of India 2 (Jeremy) Works.edited by Edkn 22 Text-Books of Science 13 Thomson's Laws of Thought 7 Thorpe's Quantitative Analysis 13 Thorpe and Muib's Qualitative Analysis 13 To DD (A.) on Parliamentary Government .. 1 Todd and Bowman's Anatomy and Phy- siology of Man 1' Trench's Realities of Irish Life 3 Trollopb's Barchester Towers 24 ^ Warden 24 TYNDALL on Diamagnetism 14 . Electricity 1* Heat 13 , —Sound 13 . * . American Lectures on Light . 14 Tyndall on Belfast Address n Fragments of Science ,". u lectures on Light ." 14 — — MoleeuUr Physics ..,..„ j' '\ Dbqbbweo'b System of Logic Ure's Arts, Manufactures, and Alinei , ia I lal'' Warburton's Edward the Third Watson's Geometry ^ \^ la 12 Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry., Webb's Objects for Common Telescopes Wellinotos's Life, by Gleig Whatbly'S English Synonymes Christian Evidences „ Logic , Rhetoric White's Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionaries White «c Donkin's English Dictionary ... WiLCOOKS'a Sea Fisherman a Williams's Aristotle's Ethics Willis's Principles of Mechanism li WiLLOTJGHBY's (Lady) Diary , Wood's Bible Animals . Homes without Hands , Insects at Home Abroad Out of Doors Strange Dwellings TONGE's English-Greek Lexicons., Horace , YoUATT on the Dog ontheJlorse Zelleb's Socrates Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics , SpoUiswoode & Co., I*rinters, New-street Square, London, ^ ). "« u Science U U r Jght »gJc .andAIinei 18 le Third ^ U jtniatry ig )n Telescopei ... if liEIG nymes iences „.,.. ii id English-Latin ah Dictionary ... n liics chanigm ary ands , exicons., OS, and Sceptici , mdon.

    iu." """fy of the Old "■ rho successful nnni ."'^l- '"' rrrsi,l,.,i ov,t^^,^"''««rafpn. "^'•'-;^u:t'':nd:,f'"r'^i^' •''"">•■ ^Vhile tutor inilril '« ot ..Irdruitv," ,viiifi r„ ;:;;"■;" into ,hc-i{ova?s,"i *'<« h'Tc also that his poliS■ ;;; jr.^t ,„anif.st..ai„a/''£ "" , '^"'"' aflPr this liHoftl • M,l wont to Leeds, where he I ropm,rsofHx.d„ir,f.,rwh>'chI •-• in i,,6 he foiiimunlcated niriirahoclyhisobsomtinnsoj " vvhuh he first exptrimemallv Hat the nirranswiiiiits.sy. I»'J'I. as it iiassrs ihn.ash the ;a(| already dcelarrd hiin;e i|„(irine i.« ^ iJlfUu CUiiliciiBnl HJiograpOy. [rill vhls c\citcd tho IndlKiiation of tho iiarty; and in the riots whicli Jiilv, 1791. hlshousn, library nud aiiparaf lis wcro I'oniinittcil ■","u Mnirch iiarty; and in the riots which ] iSpeinW.nsi. hi" house, library. 1"T>. 1 1 OS by tlui mob, nndlie wasoxposca :S P'.nal dauKcr. After this he r.- ' ^ I to Hickiiev, where he Miceeeded ])r C:'' u'lnKl'lbo"-.ttotheU„i.e.l I'm of America, took up his ubodn a Nortl «"''"-••'•""•• '" l-''M..sylva.iia.und died ilicru iu '*"• "" "■"'■''" ' '" - '"'■'*-'"''" 70 and 80 volumes vorslty of KdinlmrKh were completed, he obtulnea u cIirkHhip in the register office ■ but in 181(> his "Scenes of Teviofdule " contributed to tlie " I'oetie Mirror," ImyiiiK attiactpd the notice of Sir W. (then Mr) Hcdtt, he was led to einl)riice literature as a profeshion. lie wiit. fora short period editor of niuckwood'M Maifuzine in 1H17, but a dif- ference of ptditics between bimiiml the piit)- lisher soon led to his resiKiiation. Al'tersoiiie abortive attempts to establish a newspaper liesidcs those before in i:dinbur({h, he was enabled. fhroiiKh Sir innntioiicd arc, " Kxperinients nud Observa Walter Seott's influence, to n, ^rate to the innq on Air," " Lectures on (iencral His- (ape of Good Hope, where ho settled, and "•,',. yi, the "Thcorv and History of l.an- for some years throve under the sjoNernur's ,, ''fii'and on the " I'rineiples of Oratory luotection ; hut in consequence of liis de ml Ciilieisin," " Hartleian Tlieory of the termination to j)ubliBh a liberal journal •'"" ^ ..:.. .. .1 x,etters to a I'liilosophical against the wish of the authorities," he was I'nbcrover," -History of Marly Opinion, obliged to return to Kn^laud in iHJfi, and i Hiiicernini; Jesus Christ," " (leneral Hislorj beeamesecretary of the Antislaverv Societv. I ^f ,],(, Christian Church,' "Institutes of Hesides beinn: editor of the annual, " I'l iem'l- IVitural and Revealed l(eii«ion," &c. Asa ship's Olt'eriiiij," he published in IWJH his I I'J.unl philosopher, his fame prln 'Ipally " Dpheinerides," a collection of sonys, son rests on his pneumatic imiuiries. Jlis Auto- nets, and other Juvenile pieces , and in ls:il i hioRraphy and Correspondence were pub- appeared his "African sketches,' which, I lished after his death. together with his interotini; account of a 'i I'lU.M V'l'l''«'I"' FltANCKSCd, Italian " Narrative of a Uesidenee in South Africa." I ' n Inter, born at lioloKua, in lJo4, was a serve to perpetuate his name. Died, IH.'il i' oil of Innoeenzio da Imola, and afterwards I'KINSK1',,J \MK,s, nn eminent orientalist ■issi.staut to (iiulio Romano. He was one born in Iwio. He entered the service of the ' iif the artists employed by I'raneis I. and I'ast India Company, an-i lonif held an office Henry II. to decorate the palace at I'ontaine- in the Mint, first at Henares, and then at hlcau; was sent to Rome to forma (ollection Calcutta. He was a diliifcnt student of In of casts of ancient works of art; and was dian history and antiiiuities, became secre- afterwards named superintendent of royal tary to the Asiatic Society, and editor of its builiiin(fs. The numerous larpe frescoes " .loiirnal." was chosen i'.U. S. London, and which he painted at rontainebleau were by his laboursand writiiii?s rendered inipiot- (Icstruyed in 17;iH. Trimaticcio was made ant services to the cause of eivili/ation and abbot of St Martin de Troyes in 1511. and education in Hindostan. Died, IHlo. (lied at I'aris in l.'):o. There is on!> of his I'RIOR, MATlllKW.an I"ii«Ush po.t and best works at Castle Howard— the" Clysscs diplomatist, was horn in li;. 1. He lost his returned to IVnelope." father at an early uxe, and was brout'lit up rUI.N'Ci;, ■I<1IN, a divine and antii|uary, by his uncle, a tavern-keeper at Cbarin}? was born at Axmi'ister. in Devonshire, and Cross, who sent him to Westminster School; diodaho.it 17'20. Ho published a work, en- but, after some time, took hiui home to assist titled"TheWorthiesof Devonshire," which in the business. His classical knowledge iseuriousandvaluable.but very scarce. b.'coniinjf known to the earl of Dorset, he I'lUNOLK, Sir JOHN, an eminent physi sejit him to St Johns College. Canibrid({e, cian and natural philosopher, was born in where he obtained a fellowship. In D;s7 17(17, in Hoxburtflishire; was educated at St I Prior wrote, in conjunction with Charles Andrew's and Kdinburffh, and afterwards | .Montajju, afterwards earl of Halif.ix, the studied at Leyden, under noerhaav.und Win ] biirlesiiue poem of "The City .Mouse and I Swieten. After settling at KdinbuiKh, wh.'re ] Country Mouse." In It.dl he was appointed he hocaine professor of moral pliilowi'', ■•, . s. retury to rl.c Kn^Iish embassy at tho ho was appointed physician -ijeneral lo n.e i HaKue, and, soon after, Kin« William made ' forces abroad, and was ffenerilly on the con ; liiin one of his ^tentlemen of the bed-chum- i tinent eiUthepi aeeof Aix la-Chapelle , afler , ber. In 1ikI7 be wassecrelary to the embassy which he took up his resilience iu l-oudon, J at the treaty of Uyswick, and the following i ; d eni;at?td in inedical pr:>ctieo In 17.Vi ] year he wciit iu the same capacity to Iraiue. ' I.e communicated to the Itoyul ."-oi icty, of. At len),-tb he was made undersecretary of' which ho was a member, bis " i;\piriments | state, and in l7ol be sucei'eded l.ocke as a 1)11 Septic and Antiseptic Substances." for 1 eoinmissioner :it the Hoard of Trade. After which he re< eived tiie Copley medal. In | the accession of Queen Anne he joined the 175.' he piiblishrj bi.s admirible " Observa- ; Tories, hjr whom he was employed to nej^'o- tiate the treaty of Vtrecht, and was sent ambassador to th>' French court ; from whence, at the commencement of the next riixn, he was recalled, committed to cus- tndy, and threiitened with an impeac'ament, which, however, did not take place. Heins without any provision for his detliniiu; vears exeefit his fellowship, he ag.iin applied him- sflf to poetry . and havinff tlnishcd his ■' So>onion, " he published his poems by sub- 8'i7 tinns on the Diseases of the Arniy," and In : 1701 ho w.is appointed physician to the i queen's household. In 17t'>ii he WiW cnatert a h.iroiiet.and, in 177'.', wag elected president of the Koyal Society , which office he resigned , in cnsequeiue of ill healtli, in 177M ; and ■lii'din 17k:'- I'llINOr 1,, TliOM.\s, poet andmiscellune- , uiis writer, was bor« at Hhiiklaw, in IVviot idale, 17H9. Soon after his studu-sat the unl 'I ■ (i i ';;!., 1.1 * l: I IN Fur] tutn. tl... Kna, ,.,,ari„ of »,l, luxiry j u llM I hr. ' '' ^' •> "• v.r l.,.rlrM ,... po.,,, i„ »l»<-rul.iti,M,s. faHhi.,nal.lt. in hii day . r "n,', inK ti„. M.at of ,h.. soul, lonncrly ,[ m r , Dorn at ( a»ir-a, in ihv ,'>ili ..mturv wh,.J name i. fanmiar from the provS\! ' ^ of one who«rii,8 faUe l.atin.that he l„ au 1 riscians hea.l He « as hea.l of a ^cho , n cniUleU 1)0 Arte (ira,-...natiea. • and .evenil other Kranunatual worKs »»'<»« >iiai rUlS(.'lI.I,IAM.s.Hh..retl(„fii„,Jthien on.'' ,T;'n " ""."'■ "' T''""- " '"~^^' »'*» ''Pi - oiu Mire ..ind.Mined in ;t?*o, i,y u (ouii, i .old at f^ara«o>,a. l•ri^c,ll.an M a, o . , j ' .hop of Avjla l.y his own par(v .° / He IS .;nd to liave uiutia in hix M-Htem il,. Irrror. of tt... (inos.i.,. i,„. M ml ,a " ' Anan,. .nd .he SaLellian, . and e 'ri.c aniM. were charged ,vith ii.fanuu. mac- IKom ^. MAUdsAl K.r.H«VAI.KIUl^ m,\ol.i'.'T''''' ^"*. ''"'•" "' «irn,iu.n in ... **"» '"'J*' «"'I'eror l.y th. army tliere obtained M.veral victories over the barbarV 2t bin : 1"'.'' '"I"',"'""""" '" """»'lf. »"" ^"i I I'lto ArlTv ? '"' "'"""""» ""opV in ;;s.- lKO(AC(IM, (AMii.l.d, un eniiii.iii the MTorlj. of I'arni.Kiano and Mioha-l \n ■ fiv"?f m'""";'' " '"«" ^'P'"""'" n-r tl e ' hT.To K '' «.'';'7'nn« «„d the llKhlne.. of ^tMAUK.born in lilH, adopted the ^tyle of tator. II, d. I<..!6~( Alti.o AM.)M„, „n- plh'Ter "' "'''"^'' ''^ ^ ^^"'^ ""J «"^»"'- l'Ut>eil)A. John ,„ , the ,.r.„l Siellmn : patriot and Chief promoler of th- oi , r .:y atl'«lernio. about 1-V Jlf «... .duratedi • he great e.np.ror. Krederi. 1. II . „.,a of hi, ^m Conrad IV. and Manfr. d 11.. ,,.ok p In (onrading unsmcewfui uti.a.i.t to i ■ eon-r hi. dominion, from Charlc.'f Anj- i. | • nd hi, ...ta e, nere contl,eated. The c». r. of Ara«o« then recen.d him and uuflJi I ?. r^e'r'S'I't"" ""^ '"''■""" • ''"• ''^ 'i"^ "'•« 1 -She uu'",''':'' !""^ '<»"PP.v,Mon. In I-.3 he \i»it.d huily.and bi«aij Dr.Dnrini- obldlned the aid of l|,e emperor, Miihael Nifhola, III. , „„., returned loSi.ilr m l-^I The lnM.rre.(,.,n br-.kr out in Mar'ch I -H • •na was complttily .ucccMful. jJhii' Jf ^L^f^^toi^^ [PIIO foiiMsellor of th,; , '"'"''""filto he the •■t'lKll., l'H()(i/| '■mil. where h.. f^,.,.i..' ■ """ "t ( ui Work, •'"•"•Mana, •'^'■i-rol History; orA,,'.'!'.',' !'"' """'' „ ^ ruoiniai, ai '••"tJlisli poet I..U1)K Annk, •••'Kllsh poetess, dailL'hl(.rnf.i' " '"""i? ••harmiiiK - I,ei:,.„ds „;„. i .'/'''';. ^"'"'"o of •"1 iH,,";v,;rS:"^"">>" ">r-..ii;h many editiu r'ri ''"'.'''"^HJ and Mmplnity of tie ,!;..,„. , «.''""""i'liess V'''""'snu.,^;nd7r„: j';7'-"'''"SM. ^''- "'■••"•)• and vatiety ohrsUI ,;"'"' ""^ t-il. ■•ind their entire frc.d, 1 •• ''*'''' "'"'i- trieli.andrxaK^.cT.ti ,''''''''''•'''<'"■ »>i«h place, and a 1, l.V ; ^'"■'■" """" a , '"^'"y or then, is )".,,'', iK '^■•■"'^•'■^- '"i j ut'''P devotional spirii.tlK •xprcssuiiofa ilivutioiiofacon !;=!x:^; a^:-' £3?- I'KO.N \, (iAsi.AUD-ClalH-FRtNflom >rv.UKU.(„Kl.K,lturendH-r«,fy3 ., KUi.h.d Inneh muih. :,.,,. ,.1,,,,. 110 j l.f pupil, aiMUul„u,u,aily th, usM„a„, : ! of I', rronet and ,va, much nnpiot.d by\ , ^,,'I'""';". tl.ou^h the l.,tt(r «as-ai,.pl ■ oir-nded l.v rr.mys rofu,.:l t , ;,««„ p/ i .... to K^ypt. lnd.p..nd.nt„fl,i,v,,Hjii' i..i.ilon% as an eiiKine. r, and of liis lal.„iirs! a» a prof..,s.>r at tlu' I'ulyicclinic ,vliMl,i! irony wa» author of h.tniTu tliirly wA' f'.iiy viduiuen, (hi,.(|y of most lalioriuu.^aiid extennlve nih illations. One w,.rli, funnliK' 1- voluin.R ,„ |\,i,„, „.„ ,.x,.i.,„^,j ,„ „,,^,j|. i eiice to an order .,f the l-rwuli K^vcriimcnl j for tables wtu. li should In- us ixait as jws- 1 Hide, and, at H.r ,,,iiiie time, tlicurialfstaiid | iiioKt iniposiii- nHmuiiuii! ofriilciiiiitum tliat: had ever been e.xerut.d.un'Ma tlu.ujrlitM- ' ■ It 1« .uppowd that the Irfnih govwiinai:! I l''Jpr(.f,.,t,f,. „','•>'« ■ I'Pticr known hvi.L.'^J''" "' "10 ponii,, their thoiis , "'"•1" "f "i'''rown,i,i||,o »|Mi t.tlic devotion of , uun- '"ftl„.el,u,Tl,ofKo„,o, ,"„ "c.ond volume uf the" i' ^■*V "'"'••' «■■'» followed in' aneeda);e,una "i"K vomh. J'rodicu, ,vas W.II kuottu fable uf the Jlo " M-AUD-CUIK-FRAN^OI'; >;. Ituicn ilcl'rony.adisiin- niuilii inaiiei.in. Jli? was ulisKiucaily the assistiint, I '^.l» much employed by i '' lilt' lattir was'aeeply j> !< refu>.;l I , ai'coiiipanr i lnd( p.ndeiu cjf hisv,iriour "Kineir, and of his lahoiirsi! t the I'olyieehnii' >dun)I,i! iir of l)ti«e('u thin/ ;,i'i K'tly of must lahoriouM.i. ; tioiis. One work, foriiui;ij o, wa» ex.euted ill okje : if Ihe Trench (("vernnitul i 1 should he us exact ii.s jws- 1 ■line linic, the (jrealcstand | ilHliU'iit of I ah-iilaliou Iliat : i'iited,ori'\en thuut;htof"! .It the J'reneh govenimeotli pro] ^ iflfto 8ln(bcrsnl 13(o5rnpI)y. [PKU ;;^onodi.yBiv.'t<)tl.o world tl.U rxtrnor- .rnirv work which at pn-HO.U re.nuin* in ^{';;''"i^ii;;riil,Vary""u' in Mine i.as, tl.n.UKli vvliom ,e%ht'.i..nl th.- favonr of tho cn.peror Ho ; nno'irs to have bi'cn the bosoiu fneml of ovid and was nlso on torins of intminfy vth' other ciiiincMt conteniporaru'M. IMh 1 fe appears to liavo hern a Kcrics of nmours, ami his " cl('!.'i(s " are for the most part cx- nressions of Ills passion. ^, . . VUOTV(JOK.VS, ft (irork Rophlst, born nt Vhdera, ii r. 4S(i, wasfuiKlit ''y Donioeritiis, and hecaiup a tciichor nt Athens ; travolb-d through the chief cities of (ircrcc. tcnchinK for pay, ami a-ain wont to Athens, from I whicli lity ho was banisbod on tlio cb--ta;.'otas are extant. I'ltorotil'.MIS, an eminent (ireek paint- er, who flourished about 'SM) H.f., was a na- tive of ("ainius, in ('aria, a city subject to llliodcs. A considerable part of his life wns passed in obscurity, but bo was nt length hroiisht into notice by Apellos ({iviiiK n laru'O pi'iec f'T his pictures. On the sie^e of I Rhodes by [)emetrius J'oliorectos, I'roto 'penes is said to have continued tranquilly UvurKing lit his house in the stiburbs, and Demetrius spared that part of the city for the sake of the famous artist, and his pre- i cinus works. •• ■ I I'UOI'DIION', riKitni: .loT.rn, n eelo- brated I'reneh publicist, was born at llo- j sancjiin in Iho'.i. Occupied with rustic labours I in his earliest years, bo received Kratuifous I nstruction at thecolleue of his native to\vn, land at li) lipcame a compositor. He was ! employed in various printing; ofllees till ' 1837, but had found time to think and study i,nd make considerable ae(|iiironientH. The sense of the inequality of eonditioiis nmonK men, andof the social stiKntaattacbed to po- verlv, early '.veik'hed on bis mind, ..nd (jave permanent direction to hi-> speculations and endeavours. In IMO, after several small I works, appeared hi" famous nienioir on ■ j titled "(lucst ce (lue la I'roprit^ti' ? " his answer to this (|iH'stii>n, " I.a I'ropritUi^o'oit lie Vol," heini: almost all th.it in popularly known of him. A second memoir on the same subject exposed him to a nroseeution, but he wa.i ac(|uiit('d. After the revolution of Veliruary, ISIN, Troudhou became editor f" I.f llepn'sf ntant du rouple," and at- tracted preat attention and popularity by his articles; so tliat in .lune ho was clior Uol.o^piorro, and wan in consoiinrnto iir- r^«lo.| ii« ,1 n.ynlUt, but havliiK Htwodlly obtMiii.rt iiU lll.f'rty, ho (,iiilfMl iMrii, nnd WiiH iilnoiii till itiPdoiUh i.f thit inoxor.ible dn-tat'T. ,\ii\«n({ hix nmncn.iis work* U n »!oni>r:il HiMor^r of (he Criiiu.. .■(.ii.iulltcl diirin*f tlio K.volutioii,' i; vols. Dici \hm\ I'lirnilON, IMKiutK I'xn.. „ Frmch pnlnlrr, horn in iTiio, ai cimiy. whrro Jio Wn^ cdncilodhy tho monk* of the d l.liritrd nhhoy of (hat plrn'o. Alter haviUK ftndh l at Komo, ho *.tilid ut VarN, and gnlnrd colohrity by hifi allegoric al piittiro, '•('rliiic pumuod by Iti\ iiio Jimtiio. Hiw too onrly inarriano turned out ill, and wai followed by a dhorco ; and that, by anothor triumph of pa<.«i.in and bitt« r reniorno Died, Is g 1'KYNM;, \\i\ \ .AM, II In.rnod Inwyer. political writer, and antiquary, wan born tn KUW, at Swanswiek, ill Soiiiernetshirc , wnn oduiatcd at Hath Kranimar mhool.and orii I ColU'ito, Oxford; and rrmovln)? to I,inooln» Inn to pttudy the law, became b.irrUter, bcnehor, and reader of that doci- ty. IIIm uttondanro upon tho lectures of Dr rrc»ton, IB dintintfuished Puritan, sironKly 'twehed j him to that NO! t, and ho be>:an t i write as I early a* IG'.'T. attnekinn tho drinkiuK of health'*, loto loek^, INipiry, and .\rniiiii.iii Urn, which ho doomed the enoriiiiiies of the «Ko. In ICTi he publiuhod hl< work against theatrical exhibition*, entlthd " IliNtrlo- Ma»tlx , " and httvlnj; therein lllu lied the <|ueon. ho wa» tho nubject of a Htar eh.inibor prosecution, and eond.miied to piy a tine of i:.V>0<), to bo oxprllod tho univer-ity if Ox- ford and Lincoln'ft Inn, to bo de»tradod from hi* profos>ion of the law. to d.ind twire in thi piUory, lonin^ an ear eaeh ttmo, and to remain a prinonor for life. I'rynno roii linucd writintt a»rainr of thi- nioniK in the Tower, and died in lCi;;i lie wrote a prndn;ii,u>i number of books, chii fly nn politieH and re Ilgion, alto the "History of .\rehbi,b..p 1-aud, "and I Ivesof Kln^s John, Henry III and Ldward I. l'SAI,MANA/.AU,f}KOariK, a literary im- postor, was Imrn in France, in l»)7l», aiid re- ceived an excellent idueation. Hi- coin menced hit career by loudinsf a wanderinif life, and atiuiutd the habii of a pilgrim ; ? fr^^' gtntiicr aal ISiogrnpijO. |;"J,'„';'«>;"« answering,.,, n "111,1 to ,„, u ,„„j k-'Pup tio. ,,„„„(;, 'l\'>rum. •■•"■• Kiaiiiiu.ir „f ,|,--, an,! Ion -lie with a cleiKyin,,;,"",;,,,,, '•-•'vuKhoeould tur L , M:.n. ..ceo.,,,,, p.>rM,a,le,t p': "P/'Mur t„g„ j to M,frer Inn, self .,,',"'"' ''"""o,. clnireh of F„,^.a,,,, ; ;, " '"yertH ,,, ! «'«' ^v disciple w.nt V '■'»'> liiii, a, l.ill'r wan present,,! to ;n.d others,aMil the lormor hii /oal ,vith cl,u,-,h " {•hur''h?r"^""«'^"n<- fliunh C-ateCusm i,„„ hi lormosan ,^aj,K„«ge '^ ''^"•>n>I.Kt.i|' "I •" uutbentic by m, nvp i '*•''''•"'*. -'-'uoehoatdis..;;:: ,;■ "^^^^^^ •'<•;•" H-nt to Oxfor.l. After hi l' ''^' ^'"l "'«l rnniod on bis e,,,,,,' •;''"•»•'« worn- ^'7«>'''fhi.ma,s,e ,;'.';''! ""'^^ <"'''••''^•Kyptfu,hi, pr ■■,,;;■'.!•'''"'? 't-- ycarshowasrilii^^o;, mivr""^ war. Hedifi.it.d 1 is r V 1. ^ '''"'"^'' quired ri.a-nie.a H ,1 {' ,' '^'■''^''■'•';i« .riUH.a.oln.eivedt.lc^i,^;,^'^.,;^^;^- do.ninio„s,.,,i,o.op,,:'r'';u:i;:^£^^ K.itlieioil lo liMeourt and i)u> ff,„n i.e wcro.aidof.,,,.,:„„,,u;:K;;,^:^'^« aidMuseuiii. n. >.5,I>tul.Mnyr,M™dTi •my riMnncaiiis »''n,»iirn.,i„Pd I'hilailclphaj, crown to hi and died. 'js:). i'roi,i:.M.,;i>:.:„i^^„^.,,.j,,, I>vpt,bor„int,„,n.r.;!U,«nsUH.jo est hoii of he Pncdinirhy hisfa.urie wife licrenice. II.. Locarno kini{„„,l,.a die»t,.,n : bHfaIberinJs-,,„ndh.,i.,|oas an, f. the most p,,rt rea.'ifiil ifijii He ba' neon carefMlly , dtu'at. d. :in,l 1,P tntercJ ..eartily Into his fatliir-s plans f.irpromotiiii! ..• prosperity of his kingdom. complelin the Aex,,„d,i.ui l.it.r.iiyaiid Mii.cum.pa- ronlzintf loarnii^' .md i,Mni...l nun, found- ll«eo|o„i,.«, ,„„i i,i,r..asiiii{ hi, armv and his reyenue. III. luiidea lrriitv,.faliiaiice with tho Homans.an.liThuiirasid the resort of Jews to I'.Kvpt. Aaurdiii.' to traJilion it was by his order that the S.-pHiaic'iit vori-lon of the old T,stami.iit was made. I'hlladeiphus wastHiii in.irricd; liinerenJ wifi- beinit bis sister .\rsinoe, widow ot I.ysimaclius. Iiied, :'17. I'TOI.KM.Iir., |;PI1'1I.\N'E8, kiDi? of ■»'i9i»(r,„„ ,,1, ' u iiat I" (I'llISi ■^ji.Mi..;;;;- ,&"'''• p.. th "!-'.-aiiil , .., •'" n, v' ,"7'«W" I'lplp wrrit f, 1 ' "^Whi 111 III, '•"ltlirr„rn,pr„,,";l' Cim.pt,,, l-"rm(),„,",v,,j VP"''l"Wa ■at -lisi'TKR. •>'• ilyn.uty nf "1. MipiKiSCd to I ' Died, /•«i;irf(r, wii, ';'•". Wliom he iii'cnm "•* '"SPMiitioi, tn \jlft „ ?■ .n,„a,teon>r.ntlye S ■■e.ml the till,. ofsoTKK's. :';r H-f..l!,.fA,.ti,onu,,;;,. i«H«',ana the arts in hi, o^n 111' t:iiiious.VI('x;iiiJri;inI.il)r,,r. • I" '■i"), I'lulcmy riMCTiili » »on,»iirnaiiip.I I'hiladolphu,, f:t's:':nLAi)Ki.i'iii's,kin^„f in !■<>'. n.r.;iU,«asiiif your lie pr.'ccdiiKr hy his f;iT.ai,u :v. He t.i'fuino kinifmi iheab- isfatliorin :!'''.,iinJ h.il.ilont' most p.irt pca.'cful r,,.,,, Hp i'f"llyt(liu'Htnl,:iiMhPcnterctl his fiitliiT's plans f.iriiromotiBj ly ')f liit kiiisilom.d.mpleiing liiii I.it'iary iiii.l Mii.cuni.pa- riling .y.i,\ liMrncl nun, found- mill iriiniisiii^ hi^army and lie iu;iil(> a tKaiy (if alliance lann.aii'l iTU'ourastnl the resort ■«ypt. Accurdiii.' to traJilion i« (inlcr that the S.-ptuagint 111- (iM Tistanicnt waj nude. was tHin tiiarrit'd; hiuecond iiiit nisiiT Aminoe, widow of l)ii>il,ai7. il'ii KPIl'HAXES, king of It jHciu STnibersnl IMograjp^. I'TO] T'^n. .Tn 'o7pfolpmirn<« I'l.llopi.tor. an.l • '■"*»?>;, ,ad»ou of l'hlla.1.>l|>l>ui., «a5 born M.fithrr Tho ai.lofthr KomanN wiim .iD- „K.in»tthe kln«-.of Mar.-l..n .i and u .ihiitlircatriK'd todlsinrml.fr hii. do- '"nnill niid crowMcd at M.inphii. ; and IT v,'.r« lat-r Ihi marrind Clropatrn. !'',;'MoAntiocl.u, of Syria, Hr l.a.l nn cam uprlRl't .ni..i«t.>r in Ar!Htn,ncnrH , „ot«ith»tandin« M» (fn-at -..■rvic.-H, had , n.'n todfatli. Most of th.« forolKU poo- l:S!mn-noK,yptdurln«.hUrelgn. Pt,,ii.niv was polxinnd, II <' l"' 'prSTus .■Mii.'Mirn.u, kinj? of 1','vnf son "f I'll' pnndmif. MUiTrcdt-a his .iit'i'i I. INI, iinil'T the roften'-y nt tir»tt ;-|,imnotlier ciinpatra, and thm of iVchle nl corrupt ministers who Involved tho k?,r,o..i a r» tr'iod to rcipn Jointly, supportrd by the lomaiisihut they .luarrell.d. and I'hilo meinrwas driven a«ay. II. was restored l,r ihi' Homans. and his broth, r ' Kuerxeto* li or I'hysioii) wn" made UuiR of Cyicne. I'hilomctor was killed tn i balih- near Antioch.ii.c. 14fi. l>TOl,KM.KIj'i», CLAI'DH «, .i epJcbnUed astrononiiT and j);ro«raph>r who (lourlghed at Alexandria ah.mt A. !■. 1 10— ICo. He wan aathorof a Rreat work on astronomy, en- titled " Syntax of Astronomy," hnt nsually odilod the " Almajrest," the name Kivon It by the Ambian Bcholars. Its tin ories, In- CliulinR that of the central position and stalnlity of the earth, and that of "i pi- cycles'' to explain the movementit of otli< r heavenly hoilies, held their >;ronnd till the true system was expounded hy Copernii'Ui inthemiililleof the lUth eentury. The work instill valued for lt8 catalogue of stars, cur iTctecl from the earlier one of Hipparchus. I'tolemy also wrote a ^reat work on ceo- jjraphy.ehielly CDiisistin); of lists of places in the various countries, with latitudeij and kingitudi'S and simie notices of objects of interest For thirteen centuries it was an authoriiy, and was only superseded after j the great Kfoirrapliical iliscoverii's of the liihcenturv. I'l'I'l'DNDOUl". Samuki., liaron von, an eminent (iennaii civilian and histoiian, horn near Clieiiiiiii/^, in Saxony, in 1(131. Me was successively in the service of tho elector-palatine, Charles M. of Sweden, and tlieeloctorof Jtrandeiiliiiri,'. Very nunierouH are the Works of this liariicd anil excellent man; but the most important is his treatise ''l)e .Tare .Natura' et (ientiuin." It is ii «'ell-di|!ested work, iiiid in one respect in icf nseful than the wreal work of Orotius, " |)e Jure llelli et I'acis," since the same suhjecls are treated in ,i iiuiro orderly manner, ilio Hther principal \»,irUs are,'' The Klements of .lurispriidcnce, I'he State of the (ier- III lii Kmpire," "An Introduction to the Study of lOiirope," the " Life of Oustnviis ofi Sweden," tho " Life of Predcrie III. of lirandeiiburB,' &e. He died at llcrlin In \im. [I'lKi PtKJATHrUlai'. .IKMKUAN, ..r YKM i.t.KA. the l.ader of a predatory band In Husslft.nnd i (hiring impostor, was a l)iin i:()«sa(k, and horn In I72(i. After »ervln« In tho I'riisslan and Austrian arniles, he sculptor, painter, and architect, was born in ViTi,m Marseilles; resided for a ronsiderahIi> timi- at (ienoa, hut was rei illed to I'ranec by Colbert , aii.l died there, in Kiltl of hi his mei < olhert , iiii.l died there, in Kiltl. Mnnv lis (Inest proiluetioim are at (ienoa; luU colossal Rr.iup of Milo, and hU Andro- da, arc it \ crsailles. with ()« ri .Tones and Kdward Williams, of tho important eolleetion of and ehronieh » entitled Archu Welsh poems the " Myvyrian tory of born in taste fortiotbic nr-.'hi rn. PUtilN, AiciVSTrs Wki.hy, whose name will be lunt; associated .with the h architeetiirc in this country, was 1810. Ho inherited teeturo from his i.dher, who published several valual ',e works on that and kindred subjects, and was an enthusiast in art from his earliest years. IIuviuR joined the Itoinun Catholic Chiinh in 1h;|», his archi- tectural ! dents soon found extensive < in ployiiien? and the Cathedral of .st lieoi'Ke Southwark. the tlhun h of St li.iriiah.is at .NittiiiKlmin, the Cistercian Abtiey of Nt Heriiurd in Leicistershire, tho Cathedral Churches of Killarncy and Knniscorihy, and Allm Castle, which are anion(fst the best known of his works, will lon<; remain me- morials of his Konlns aiiil ti.>'e. His .irchi- tectuial iP'itises arc full of v.iluableartistic sttidii s , -among thise may be mentioned his"(,,,;hic Furniture," " (\>ntrasts," &c., " The true V^f^uiplesof I'ointed or Christian Architecture, I'he (ilossary of I'.cdcsias- ticul Ornament," Ac, \.-. ,t)f the revival of niedlii-val taste In bnlldini; and decoration he was the chief promoter, and " The Me- diiival Court" in the ( rystul I'alace of 1M51 was associated in the mind of every Tisitor with the name of i'ujfin. While still in the prime of life, he w;.» uillicted with &31 fy '! ^?ir- ! l4- 1 1 K I ■ } ; . 1 a L IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.0 1.8 ■•25 mu 111116 ^J W 7 ^w Hiotographic Sciences Corporation A \ ^ ms^ S % h 4^ O o^ w^ W' 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTSR.N.Y. 14380 (716) 873-4503 ■ A .«^ e- .^ «?, ^ 1^ 4 f3 v^^o ;\ ^ PUIj Inganity, from which he only rt-covcrod to pass into the shntlow of death. Pled, \srri. His ' >iotes of Travel in Italy, Switzerland, Glanders, Germany, and France, with Pho- tographic Copies of 500 of his Drnwincs," was published in 1805. , l'YJ^"^^'^''^"""'*^"'^^-P"'**'*"f"cl» royal- ist chief, was descended from an ancient and noble family, and born nt Mortagne, about 1/54. He was intended for the church, but preferred the military profession, and ob- tained the brevet of colonel in the royal Swiss corps. He sat in the Constituent As- sembly, and regularly voted with the par tisans of political regeneration. In 1793, forces having been collected in the northern departments to oppose the Jacobins, he was appointed to act as second in command under General Wimpfcn, and was conse- quently proscribed by the Convention. He took refuge in Brittany, where he organized a formidable body of Chouans. He visited ICnitland in 1791, obtained a considerable succour, was inveotcd with unlimited powers by the Count d'Artois ; nnd, on his return to France, every pi-eparation was made by the nretons to join the English end emigrant troops as soon as they should appear oa the French coasts. Ituthin hopes were blasted by envious invrigncs of his own party ; the ex- pedition was divcrtod to La Vendue, and the disaster at Quiberon fullowed. He at length resigned hisc^mmi.ssion and wenttoCaniida; but he subsequently came to l^ngland, where he resided till his death, in 1827. FULCI, Lvioi, an Italian poet, was born at Florence, in 1431. He wa,s the personal friend of Lorenzo de Medici. His principal performance, entitled " Morgante Mag- giore," is a poetical romance, and was printed at Venice, in 14KS; and a spirited translation of it, by TK)rd Hyron, was given in the I.ilicral. Pulci also wrote sonnets, published with those of Matteo Franco, in which the two authors satirizevl each other for their amusement. Died, 1487. — His brothers, Hkunardo and Luca, were also poets. The former published a translation of the Eclogues of Virgil, and a poem on the passion of Christ ; tlie latter was the author of" Giostra di Lorenzo de Medici," and an epic romance, called " II Ciriffo Oalvaneo." I'UETENEY, Wil.l.lAM, earl of Ihith, the political antagonist of Sir Uobert Walpole, was horn in KiSJ, and educated at AVest- minster School and C^hristchurch, Oxford. After travelling through Europe, he was elected into parliament, and became distin- guished as a zealous NVhig. On the acces- sion of George I. he was appointed a privy- councillor nnd secretary at war; but a dispute with Sir Itobert AValpole caused his removal to ih<' ranks of the opposition. He Jclned Itolingbroke in conducting a paper, called the Ciafiimati, the object of which was to annoy the minister. This produced a duel between Fulteney and Lord Hervey; and the king was so much displeased with the conduct of the former, that he struck his name out of the list of privy-councillors, and also from the commission of the peace. On the resignation of Walpole, in 1742, 1'ul- teney was created ' url of Itath ; but from that time his popularity and influence ceased. ^ £lm gan(Dcrgnl IStosrapftp. Ho became prime mrnUteTlirTriTT in offlce only two days. Died ? J'""'^"' botanist, was bor, atiSbo^oi!'' '"" """' He first practiso9. Having nt an early age incurred the displeasure of the government for the liber ality of his opinions, he was removed lo.i distant province of the empire, where he discharged various ofllces ; but he was re- stored to favour on the accession of the Emperor Nicholas in 1825,andappointedlm. 832 urRoonatLoico.,;, e .'"nff'' printer. He was the Hrst that introduced the Uoman letter into vvi°,«V,';^- J^'"'^' !>'•"»>»''')•, about 1529. i..i< .V"' V"' '^'"''''''■"''''l Pliilosopher of Mis. and founder of the sect called Sceptics or Pyrrhonists, flourished about li. c 34o' He was originally a painter, but afterwards became a disciple of Anaxarchus, whom he accompanied to India, In the train of Alex- 2nl»i 1" ^^ct\' "."•* ^''"^ 'here obtained a knowledge of the doctrines of the Hrahmins Oymnosophlsts, Magi, and other Eastern sages. On the return of Pyrrho to Greece the inhabitants of Eloa made him their high priojst, and the Athenians gave him the rights of citizenship. Died, U.c 28h rVKUHUS, king of Epirus, n.c. 3()6, was one of the greatest warriors of ntilioulty. He ascended the throne of his father when but 12 years old ; and being driven from it five years afterwards, by Neoptolemus, ht' soon regained it, and increased his power by th{> conquest of Macedonia. Of his various wars, that with tho lloman republic occupies the largest place in history. The Komans entertained the highest opinion of his mill- tary skill, and from him, in fact, they learned much of the art of war. He was fond of glory, nnd personally brave, even to rash- ness ; but his faults of ambition were coun- terbalanced by acts of courtesy and benevo- lence. He was killed by a tile thrown from the top of a house at the siege of Argos, Bu. PYTHAGORAS, the celebrated Greek philosopher, was horn in Samos, probably " ?K ' "•/• «8"-«"'>- So many legends have gathered about his history, that it is almost impossible to trace its details. He was the son of Mnesarchus, and, perhaps, a disciple of I'herecydes. He is said to have travelled extensively, especially in Egypt, and to have been initiated in the most ancient Greek mysteries. He attached great importance to matliematleal studies, and is believed to have made several important discoveries in geo- metry, music, and astronomy. Aversion to the tyranny of Polycrates. in Samos. is said to have been the cause of his quitting that island after his return from the East ; and he ultimately settled, between B.C. 640—530 at Crotona. one of the Greek cities of South' Italy. There he set himself to carry out the purpose, probably formed long before, of in- stituting a society through which he might to some extent give embodiment and practi- cal shape to his ideas. It was, saysThiil- wall, at once a philosophical school, a reli gious brotherhood, and a political association and was composed of young men of tho noblest families, not exceeding StKt in num- ber. Pythagoras himself was chief or gen- eral of the order. The doctrines he taught, the discipline and observances he established and tho ultimate objects of the society are wrapped in mystery. Similar societies were founded in other cities of Italy, and through all of them Pythagoras exerted a considera- ble Influpnco on political affairs, and espe- cially in opposition to democratic and revo- lutionary movements. This became at length 9B m i II t I ! Uii, i i i I I il / i ( I i m f I .' ■1 !l-i lii t • . ' ,1' i 'A '*n *; 1 pyt] the occasion of a popular rising against the 1 ythaiforeans at Crotona, b. c. 504, thr house in which they were assembled was burnt, many perished, and the rest were exiled. Similar tumults with similar results took place in other cities.and Pythagoras himself is believed to have died soon after, at Meta- pontum. Among the doctrinesof this extra- ordinary man arc the following ; that .lum- bers are the principles of aH things ; that the universe is a harmonious whole (A"c»»ios), the heavenly bodies by their motions causing sounds [music of the spheres) ; that the soul is immortal, and passes successively into many bodies (metempsychosis) ; and that the highest aim and blessedness of man is likeness to the Deity. He was regarded with the highest veneration as a superhuman being, and a favourite of Heaven, and ho probably en- couraged such a belief. And so far as re- spects his aim to train his followers to a wise, noble, rational, and religious life, it is evident that he was successful, and his in- fluence on some of the greatest philosophers of later times was very great. He left no ^ i^cto ganibfrsal l3iogrnp!)n. Pythagoras f said toK bf„',^ Pi>i'<»au . took the title ofpVhsr^^ZrZt^'"' '^'"' applied the term A'o/,, oTVo ?h? ,![^' ''•>» He shares with Thales ami vl ""iversc. high distinction of ?'rti«' H rj?'"'.r'"'» physical science; the s idv nl , F™""'""" <" tion of nature as moMm\',^^l ""f P'^'"' changing laws. instoZra' n e^A'/ "'- S^a^^erl^^i^'^^Jfe Sn;^$rP^LS'"^-S mathematician, andi" „i!'J!f * «<"><• have explored the coa af r a, Cadb^K*? ^ni?e .^^"'^"•^'"^"^''^^AneieX'- ch. Q. QUADRATUS, a bishop of Athens, whg lived in the early part of the 2nd century. He was the successor of Publius, who was martyred in the persecution under Hadrian ; and when that emperor visited Athens in 126, Quadratus presented to him " An Apology for the Christian Ueligion," vhich Ensebius says, had the effect of occasioning a temporary cessation of the persecution. Of this work only a fragment remains ; but it is curious for the testimony it gives to the miracles of Christ and his aposMes, assert ing, that several of the persons were then living in whose favour the miracles were wrought. QUADRIO, FRANCIS Xavier, an Italian Jesuit, bom in the Valteline, in 16!)5. He was the author of " Dissertations on the Valteline," 3 vols. ; a " History of Poetry " ' vojg. ; &c. Died, 1756. QUARLE8, FUANCIS, an English poet, was bom in 1,W2, near Romford, Essex, and received his education at Cambridge. He obtained the place of cup-bearer fothequeen of liohemia, daughter of James I., and was afterwards cecrctary to Archbishop Usher in Ireland ; from which country he wasdriven, with the loss of his property, by the rebel-' lion of 1641, and was appointed chronologer to the city of London. At the commence- ment of the civil warn he wrote a work entitled the " I^yal Convert," which gave offence to the parliament ; and, wnen he afterwards Joined the king at Oxford, his property was sequestrated, and his books H ^i^-^}"^^"^^- "c ^M w much af- fected by his losses, that grief is supposed to have hastened his death. In 1G44 Oftlie works of Quarles, in prose and verso, the most celebrated is his " Emblems," a set Of designs in prints, illustrated by quaint verses, which, with all their false taste, hare the merit of pious sentiment, and still con- tinue to be printed. His other worlis are, Argalus and Parthenia," a romance ;" En- chiridion of Meditations." " Divine Fan- cies," and " The Shepherd's Orsclos." QuvruEMEp.E i)i; anxcY, .vxTuixE CllllY.«OST()MK, French archa-ologist and writer on art, wa.s born at Paris in 1739. He early began his literary career, but it was interrupted by the revolution, and he be- came a inembtTof the Legislative .\ssemWy. As a constitutionalist he was imprisoneddur- mg the Reign of Terror ; narrowly escaped the guillotine a little later, and deportation to Cayenne in 1797 , andthenceforthtookno part in I olitical affairs. He had several ap- pointments at the Uestoration, was admit- ted to the Institute, and appointed secretary to the Academy of Fine Arts. Among his works are—" Dictionnaired'Architecture;" " De la Nature, du ISiit et des Moycns de I'lmitation dans les Utaux-Arts; " Lives of several great artists, &c. Died, 1819. QUEKETT, John Thomas, an eminent mieroscopist, professor of histology in the Royal College of Surgeons of Kngland, and curator of the Hunterian Museum, was bom at Langport, in Somersctshir*, in 1815. H« 831 M'mmmim.'aiammmmsrtMr^*'- qi-e] % £ltbi ajnifacrsal 33iogrnpIjt). [que sfidlcd at till" London Hosplt.il, obtained in m one of the studentships in anatomy at the College of SnrKeons, and two years later was aDPointcd assistant-curator of the Hun- tprian Museum. In I806 he succeeded Pro- fessor Owen as principal curator and as nrofcssor of histology, which posts he held till his death. He compiled a valuable " Il- lustrated Cataloffue of the histoloKical scries contained in theHuntcrian Museum," which magnificent collection, including l(i,000speci- fflons, was entirely formed by hira ; con- tributed memoirs to the Microscopical So- ciety, which he assisted in establishinff, and wrote a " Practical Treatise on the Use of the Microscope," and " I.*cturef. in Histo- logy." He was chosen F.U.S. in ISCO. Died i[''l'angbournc, lierkshire, 20 August, 18«1. QUELLINUS, EKASMi'S, an eminent painter, was bor;i at Antwerp, in 1607. He was a pupil of Uubcns, and executed gevcral pictures of great merit. He died in 1678, and left a son, John euasmus Quklmnu.s, whose historical pieces are held in estima- tion. He had also a nephew, AiiTiii'R (IVELtiNUS, who was an excellent sculptor. QUKRCIA, GIACOMO DKLLA, also called MCOPO DKLL.v PONTE. a distinguished Italian sculptor, was born at Sienna in 1371. He learnt the goldsmith's art from his father, and studied sculpture under I,iioa di Giovanni. In 1401 he was one of the com- petitors for the Baptistry Gates at Florence, 111! j his design held tha first place after those of Brunelleschl and Ghiberti. One of his liest works was the beautiful Fonte Gaja at Ferrara.executed between 1412—1419. Among his other works are the fifteen bas-reliefs on the facade of St Petronius at Pologna, the monument to Ilaria del Carretto at Lucca, and that of Antonio Bentivoglio at Bologna. There is a remarkable likeness between some of the reliefs at St Petronius and the frescoes of the same subjects, by Michael An- gelo in the Sistine Chapel. Before painting these frescoes Michael Angelo visited Bolog- na, and made drawings, it is said, from (Juer- cia'8 reliefs. Querela died at Sienna, 143S. QUERENOHI, ANTONIO, an Italian poet, born at Padua, in 1,54«, distingul.shed him- self at an early nge by his erudition, was secretary of the Sacred College under five popes, and died at Kome in 1633. QUERINr,ANGK:.0MARlA,Cardinal,wa8 bom at Venice, in ICSO. He entered the Benedictine order, travelled in the principal countries of Europe, was made archbishop of Brescia, in 1727, and cardinal soon after- wards. Cardinal Quorini collected it magni- flcent library, whiili he gave to the town of Brescia, and though he was a zealous cham- pion of the papacy, his writings are marked by candour and moderation. Ho died in 1755. QUER Y MARTINEZ, JOSEPH, a Spanish botanist, born at Perpignan, in 1693. He was a surgeon-major in the army, and made gooa use of the opportunities which his visits to the coast of Africa afforded him, while attached to his corp.s. of collecting numerous plants and seeds. This led to the formation of a royal botanic garden at wr»t .'nH*''"^^!."','' ^"" Pi-esided. He rpw» r P"-i'>!''h«'d the first 4 volumea of atlora Espauola, Historla de las Plantag que so crian en EspniTa," which was com- pleted by the publication of 2 volumes more, by Ortega. Died, 1764. QUESNAY, FRAN^oia, the distinguiphr.l French economist, was bom in 1694, near Montfortl'-Amaury. Brought u^ to the medical profession, he practised first at Mantes, and having gained some reputation he was appointed, in 1737, .secretary to ihe Academy of Surgery, surgeon to the king, and professor at the schools of surgery. He attended Louis XV. in his campaign in the Netherlands, in 1744 ; afterwards graduated M.I)., and long enjoyed theconfidnnc! of the king, who called him his "thinker." Quesnay was ft membe.- of the Academy of Sciences and of the Royal Society of London. He was author of a curious " Histoirc do I'Origine ct dcs Progrds de la Chirurgio en France : " '• Essai Physique sur i'Economie Animale; '• ' LaPhysiocratio, ou Constitution Naturelle des Oouvernonients," published in 1768, and called by La Harpe, " The Koran of econo- mists ;" ;in20,on u chargoof libel, and con- fined for tlircc years to liis coiintry-lioiisc. He took no further pi«rl in political afTuirs; Rav.? ii,'' liis churcli bencflces in. 1U31, and married, >ut soon lost bis wife. In 1641 he wnH ag.iin imp.'isoncd on a false charge, thrown into n damp dungeon, treated with the greatest harshness, and only libe.-atcd after nearly two years. His estate wras con- fiscated, and bis health broken up, and in September. IG45, he died. Uuevedo was one of the most original of 8pani:ih writers, and, like VoUiiire, distinguished himself by ex- traordinary versatility of talent, shining fn almost every variety of composition, verse or prose. A large nuntber of his writings were seized and destroyed in his lifetime, cspeciallv the dramatic and historical works. Among "those most celebrated are the " Suefios" or " Visions," touching the grav- est themes, yet abounding with >vit and gaiety. They were translated into English by Sir lloger L'Eitrange, and passed through ten editions in about forty years. Among his other prose works are," Advice to Lovers of fine I^anguage," an attack on Oongora and l.ope dc Vega ; the " Life of the great Taea- no," a romance painting the national man- ners; several religious works, and treatises on moral philosophy. His poems, collected under the title of " Kl I'arnasso Espanol," constst of lyrical poems, satires, burlesque pieces, and more than a thousand sonnets, some of remarkable beauty. The complete works of Uuevedo forn> 1 1 vols. 8vo. QUICK, JuHN,a comic actor, was the son ot a brewer in London, where he was born in 1748. When only 14 years old he left his home, and joined a company of provincial actors ; and as he gradually rose in his pro- fession, he obtained n\ engagement nt the Haymarket in 1709, and subsitiucntly estab- lished his fame by his admirable perform- ance of Mordicai in " Love i la Mode." He afterwords went to Covent Garden, where for many years he held a prominent station, filling the best parts in light comedy. In 17'JH he retired from the stage, and died in 1831. QUIX, Jamks, an eminent actor, was born in I/ondon, in lt:>lned« UUIXAULT, Phimppf a Prn«„K . tic poet, was born at I'aris in i T*" "':'""''■ m lVaK. QUINCY, John, an En(rli«h «»,. . , and medical writer of the las Jnt^uV/S ' Lexi. tures in London, where lie died in\Vn Among the works he produced was a "' "'edicum," wliicli ooper's Mcdica JSeUUeilt. rnmni similar nature. con I'hysico-Medicum," which served a« (ho basis of Dr Hooper's Medical Cio ar. QUINCY, QUATRKMfiuE DE MftKE.l QUINTANA, [QtATRE- . Manuel jose a dintin guishcd Spanish poet, bom at Madrid 7n l,tl. He early became the friend and as- sociatc of Mclendez, Jovelliinos, and other eminent iiterary and political leaders anj the fearless champion of liberal principles in politics, ile practised as an advocate, and obtained several govcrnmnnt appointments • took a prominent part on tlie popular side during the Peninsular war, and suffered six years' imprisonment after the restoration of Ferdinand VII. Kestored to his oi;,cei in 18'Jo,and again deprived on the Frenctunva- sion tlirce years later, he lived in retirement till 18'28,whenhe wrote a poem on tlio king's marriage, and soon regained his former honours and more. In 1855 he -vas publicly crowned with laurel by the queen of Sprain. Besides his poems, among which are some spirited patriotic Odes, Quintana wrote " Lives of celebrated Spaniards," and edited the " Variedades," then one of the bcit Spanish periodicals, and the " Semanario ratriotie.-)." Died at Madrid, 1857. QUTNTILIANUS, Makcus Fabus, the celebrated Uoman rhctorician,wa9 a native of Spain . In his early youth he was at Home, and heard the lectures of Uomitius Afer.whodied A.I). . He accompanied Qalba to Rome, in the y ..r 68, became an cmi 'rit pleader, and still more eminent as a f er of rhetoric. Ho taught at Home for 'M , .ars, was named preceptor to the grand-nephews of Domitian, had also I'liny the younger among his scho- lars, and had a salary from the public ex- chequer. He retired fnai his public duties in 81), and is supposed to have lived about 3u years longer. His great work is entitled, " De Institutione oratoria," and was written after his retirement, but during the reign of Domitian. It is the most complete course of rhetoric handed down from ancient times, ond is distinguished for its elegance of style as well as for sound Judgment, cultivated taste, and various knowleilRC. The first com- plete copy of this work was discovered by I'oggio, in the abbey of St Gall, about Uli), and the first printed edition appeared at Home, in 1470. Ten other editions were pub- lished before the close of the same century. There are translations in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Two Eng- 8^ IQUl] . i IliT^^ationT appeared In the 18th ccn- 'V'gy OutLrie ind l>ttl»,.ll, both Inco.n- , fc ami unscholnrly. A now and complete f nHl. ion by Wntiton hm born rt-ccnlly Ti hid u iohn'8 Cla.ssicul Library. CSl^-S CAIAllElt, or aUINTUS SMYU'XKUS, Greek root, who wrote a u icment to Homer'* Iliad He is «up- oLd have lived in the 6th century, and oTavc been a native of Smyrna. "'* Pocn «» first biouKlit to liRht by Cardinal Ues- Solas, near Oiranto, in Calabria, whence rte author had the name of Cahibor. , QUIKOOA, 30>r., a Spanith Jcxult, wa« horaatLugo in Oallicia. and dwlluKuiihed himself as a missionary in America. During h 5 ri'siJence there he collected much inform- ation rwpcctiug the countries ho visited, ^ i^ctn ainibersnl 18iograpf;i}. [llAO and on his return published a" Journal " of his travels. Died at Hologno, 1781. QUIU08, I'KDiio FKiiNANiiEZ i)K, a ce- lebrated Spanish navigator of the IGth cen- tury, who explored many of the Islands afterwards visited by Captain Cook. Died 1614. ' auiTA, DOMiNoOfl »09 liKi.s, a rortu- (fueso poet, born in 1728. He was appren- ticed to a barber, but his attachment to learning enabled him to overcome the difll- culties of his position ; and malting him- •elf matter of Italian, Spanieh, and French, he wrote verses, and at length obtained the patronage of Count San Lorenzo. He was author of " Inez do Castro," and four other tragedies ; besides many sooncts, ele- gies, pastorals, Ac. Died, 1770. R. IlAllAUT DE ST ETIENNE, JEAN PAUL, one of the most steady, moderate, and hon- ourable of the French revolutionists, was JbomatNismes, in 1741; for which city he Iw,i8 chosen a deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1789. He attached himself to ihc party of the Girondists. His father, a brave I'rotestant pastor at Nismes, was pro- scribed at the time of his birth ; and he ro- btes, ia a short memoir of his life, attached to his romance called "Lc Vieux Cevcnol," that his infancy was passed in continual (liiDj^ei and alarm, and that he never knew whua he awoke, where his mother and her frieajs would conduct him to sleep at night. He was proscribed, like the rest of the mo- dcratists, for opposing the excesses of the .Mountain party in 1793. He was sheltered by friends for some days ; but being at length discovered, he was immediately guillotined, after a short form of identification before the revolutionary tribunal. His wife killed herself, and all those who assisted in con- cealing him were guillotined. One of his numerous political works is " Sur la Nfices- tki d'Etablir unc Constitution." IIA B E L A 1 S, FliAN^oiS, the celebrated French wit and satirist, was born at Chir-,a, in Touraine, about U»3. He was at first a monk, but in consequence of having been punished for some indecorous behaviour, he quitted the Hencdictine order, studied me- dicine at Montpclicr, and for a time prac- tised as a physician. He subsequently ob- taned, through the Influence of his patron. Cardinal du liellay, whom he accompanied to the court of Rome, the rectory of Meu- don; and died in 1663. He was author of Mverai books; but the only one by whicl ne ij known is the romance called " Tb Lives, Heroic Deeds, ond Sayings of Gargan- tuaand Pantagruel," an extravagant satire upon monks, priests, popes, and pedants ; in wh'ch much obscenity and absurdity are Hended with learning, wit, and humour. Hubelnis was c. conscientious teacher of his flock, and it was his pleasure to instruct the children of his parish in sacred music. His house was the resort of the learned, his purse was always open to the needy, and his medical skill was employed in the serv- ice of his parish. KAUi^NKK, Gottlieb WiLiiELM.a Ocr- aaan satirist, born near Leipsic, in 17U, was educated for the legal profession, and ob- tained the olHce of comptroller of the tr.xes in the district of Leipsic. He died in 1771. His works have been frequently republished. UAUUTIN, HOOKU, Count do Bussy, a French wit and satirist, was born in 1018, at Epiry, in Nivernois. Ho entered the army at the age of 12, under his father, and w oiild probably have obtained a high rank but for the offence he gave to persons in power by his scandalous lampoons. In 1CG5 he was sent to the Hastile for writing a libel, en- titled "Histoire amourouse des Gaules;" and on his release he was banished to his { estate, where he remained till lUSl, when he i returned to court. His other works are, "M^moires," 2 vols.; and" Lettrcs," 7 vols. Died, IC93. KACHEL, ELISA, a celebrated tragedian, was born at Mumf, in Switzerland, in 1820. Her father, whose name was Felix, was a poor Jewish pedlar, whose avocations led him Into Franco, where his daughters Uachel and Sarah gained a precarious liv- ing by singing in the streets. In 183'i the voices of the two sisters having attracted notice, they were placed by the kindness of some connoisseurs uudei' Choron, a cele- brated singing-master; and in 1833, the elder sister Uachel, having ^own great 8S7 (i i 1 li m jLl ■1 1 t ( (? 1 ! ii hi ! r Iff \vM I BAC] "a ifUto anibcrsal ISiograpf)^. tragic powtr, entered the " Conteryatolre," at Pari*, where »ho waa carefollr trained by Saint- Aulaire and Saoiion, and in 1S38 made her first appearance ai the Th^itre Francais, in the character of Camille, in " Lea Ho- races," where her d£but was not auspicious. Hut the coldness of her reception was not of long duration The aharp critical eye of M. Jules Janin siH>n discorerod in her a worthy interpreter of the chefs-d'a-uyre of Racine andCornelllei and his brilliant criticisms on her performances sonrx rouM'd the public sen- timent in her favour, which was fully Justi- tte-.l by the re>'ilt In the course of a few months Mademoiselle Ilachil completely re- vived the classic school of tragedy which had fallen into decay ; though her crowning triumph was gained in \Hi in her repre- sentation of " Ph*drc." Soon after this she made a provincial tour, visited the chief continental cities, and at last canie to Lon- don, in 1W6, reaping large harvests both of fame and wealth wherever she appeared. In 18.3.} she made a professional visit to the I'nittnl States, which was understood to b« a failure both in a financial and artistic point of view , and soon after her return slic fell into a decline which resisted all medical treatment, and died at Carmct, near Toulon, on January 3, 18.W. KACINE, JK.VN, the eminent Frinch dra- matic poet, was born at La Fert* Milon, in 1'j3», and was educated at Port Uoyal. He commenced his poetical carter in l»i60, by an ode on the king's marriage, for which he was handsomely rewarded. In lfi«4 he pro- duced his tragedy of " la Thebaide," which was followed in 1666 by " Alexandre." In 168S appeared his " .\ndroma(iue," which placed him far above all his contemporaries except Comeille ; and his fame was still further increased by the production of " nri- tannicus," " l»<^renice," and other tragedies. In 1677 appeared his tragedy of " Ph^dre," which was opposed by one on the same sub- ject written by Pradon, which gave him great uneasiness ; and on tng to a bate cabal that was formed aga!..ist hini, lie was induced to desist from writing for the stage. After • lapse of 12 years he wrute, by desire of Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon. the sacred dramas of " Esther " and " .Vthalie," which were performed by the young ladies of her institution of 8t Cyr. Besides his dramatic works, he wrote " Canticles or Hymns for the Use of St Cyr," the " History of Port Uoyal," ±c. In 1673 he was rccei-red into the .\cademy, and continued to enjoy the highest favour at court, but having offended the king by a too free use of his pen in drawing up a memorial on the dis- tresses of the people, he died of chagrin, in 1699. RACINE, Lovi!». a ton of the preceding, was bom at Paris, in 1692, and educated tinder Uollin. He was eminent for talent, piety, and modesty, was m ■ ' an inspector- general in the finance depa. nent, and died in 1763. Among his works are two poems, entitled " Grace," and " Ueligion," " Epis- tles," " Mcmoirt " of hit father, and a trans- lation of Milton's Paradise Lost. KADCLIFFE, lOHS, an eminent physi- cian, was born In 1630, at Wakefield, in 83«i Yorkthire, and wat edw^t^dTrihn mar school there, and at Vni,.!.. f S"*' Oxford. Having Obtained h^'^^'"''"'^ gree, he settled in London in Jlf' ^'' joon acquired great repuu,?oK, Xh h"' ready wit and con versaUonal «»«„« ^ *"» buted. In 1686 he wat appo u'^.^n^""'"^- to the Princess Anne of Demlii P''!""" the revolution, he was ofun".;.:.!'. 'f'"! King William III., whose favoS t'i,«t Ji consequence of the freedom with ws I i" delivered his opinions wh^n in a.T.„ '^„'" i on his royal master. When Arn„ '^^''" to the c/own, oUolp'hS^co^rn'roK' fo >im the post of chirf nhr.!.- ""'•"I had ,.„n her^offenL^b'^tXy ^ ?^Cher ailments were nothing but the ynj^uX though deprived of office, he wns coni' n all case, of emergency, tn^r^S^^ large sum of secret service money for h'Vpre scriptions. Dr Radcliffc left £lO,,.o o ,h: university of Oxford for the foundation of a public hbrary of me.'.ical sdenc He provided also for the purchase of no^. books the cost of keeping the building in ,eZ ' ".li ***'' "'\"^ «*f '^"^ librarian Br C' cliffe was also the founder of thetwo Tra . veiling Fellowships, and of the Obsemtorrl and Infirmary at Oxford. Died i:u '\ KADCLIFFE, ANN, novel; st\ho,e maiden name was Ward, was born in Un-! don, in 176t ; and in her i.lrd year was mar. i '!,'w '" /Ik ^^r- lj?'l'^"ff'>. proprietor and editor of the EngUsh Chronicle. Her fit- performance was a romantic tale, entitled "The Castles of Athlin and Dumblaine " which was succeeded by " ibe .Sicilian Ro- mance " and " The Romance of the Fort st , " but that which made her reputation was the " Mysteries of Udolpho," in 4 vols., foi which she received the sum of £.500. She also published "The Italians," and" Trarels through Holland and alons the Uhine.'in 1793. Mrs Radcliffe pol KW EM.\CK Ell, GER.VRD, Dutch painter, j wat the son of a carpenter at Anuterdim,' and was born about 1672. He learnt draw-' ing of his father, working also at his trade ; | then improved himself in painting under! Van Ooor, a clever portrait-painter, and' afterwards spent three years at Rome. .i\ large number of his pieces are of architec-j tural subjects. Died, 1711. j R A D E M A C K E R, ABR.tH.Ut, Dutch ; painter and engraver, perhaps a relatire ^^^'^!? yl^^J^^^J, 'TnnirT in Europe. Kiii«cd to the rank of SMrshV. In ms. he, thouKh In hi. Strt wear, displayed Kreat ikiU and iMMin checklnsr the tirst insurrectionary Sen" that broke out at Milan in IM-J, iod though at first cumpelled to retire with hiiirmy to the fortre.se. of Legnano, Pes- Ztti Vtrona,ar.d Mantua, he afterward. ijranced against the Italian force., and fiined the important victory of Custoi^a, which led to the capitulation of Milan on AiLiajt 6th, and the armistice between the iiutnin* and Sardinians. At the espira- m of the truce. March iTth, 1*19. he in- iided Piedmont, took possession of Montara, md within three day. completely annihilat- ed the Piedmontese army and Italian inde- pendence on the field of Novara. Soon afterwards he proceeded to bombard Venice, which he forced to capitulate, after a heroic resistance of neurly three month., and in reward for hi. strTices he was appointed soremor-general of the Austrian proTince. ,ia Italy. In 1»56, when in his ninetieth year, be retired into private life, and died jinuiry 2, 18W, leavinij behind him the rt^putatioQ of a gallant soldier, and a con- tuu'.tuate tactician, though tarnished in iome degree by military excesses, which his iierotiOQ to absolutism led him to indulge. r.ADOWITZ, JOSEPH Von, many yeara the favourite adviwr of Frederick 'Wiliiam IV.kingof Prussia, and some time his re- cogniied minister, was bom February 6, 179', at Blankeuburg, among the Harti moaatain«. Of Hungarian extraction, a I'rotcstant by birth, on his mother's side, aada: first educated in that faith, he was ii^nt afterwards to a Homan Catholic Kbool, ind he conformed from that time to the Catholic chnrch. At the close of his aca- demic course at Paris, in ISl'J, he wa. ap- pointed an artillery officer of Westphalia. At the battle of Leipsic he commanded a Westphalian battery, wa. wounded, and taken prisoner. Vpon the diwolution of the Westphalian kingdom and the return of the elector of Hesse-Cassel, Radowita en- tered the service of the latter, and made with the Hessian artillery th«» campaign against France. In 1815 he was appoint- I'd first teacher of mathematics and the military sciences to the school for cadeu at Cassel. But bein,- dismissed from the Hes- sian service, Radowitx, carryin^' a letter of recommendation from the elcctress, was provided for at the court of Berlin. He be- came, in the first instance, mathematical tutor to Prince Albrecht of Prussia, and was a caprain on the general staff. He puMished two formal works on geometry, aad one on ricochet, during the first ten yean of hi« new career, and waa elected member of the highest iinlltary board, a professor at the military academv, and an examiner of artillery students, in l»28 he became mi^or, ami In 1830 chief of the ar- tillery general .faff. A religious mystic and enthusiast, his disposition agreed with that of the crown-prince; and this conge- oialiiy of temper proved of far greater power than the diversity of dogmas which, as Pro- testant and Catholic, the one and the other held. His " Pialogues on Church and State " are taken from actual conTersutions with Oeulach, General Von der (iroben. Count Brandenburg, and others of the old school. In 1929 he puMished two books remark- able for the diversity of their subjects. The first was " Iconography of the Saints," containing historic notice, of all the repre- sentations of the taints which have cotne down to us in pictures, coins, and other memorials ; the other wa. '• The Theatre of War in Turkey." In 18J6 Kadowitz was named military plenipotentiary of Prus- sia at the Uenuanic luit. In 1840 the pros- pect of war with France upon the accession of M. Thiers to office Kd to the recall of Radowltx to Berlin, whence he was shortly afterwards sent to Vienna, to stir up the government of Austria to the defence of Germany. On his return he tried to curry out several reforms calculated on a cautious but comparativcl) grand scale. He was the author of the proposition for abolishing the censorship iu Prusiia, which was debated in the cabinet, and declined, but several alter- ations of the old oppressive laws were in- troduced by the dccwesof February 23, 1843. In INT the king cailed Radowit* from Frankfort, and commissioned him to draw up a memorial upon the reconstitution of the Confederation. With n view to make good hi. views with Prince Mettemich, he w?nt to Vienna in the following March, when the revc'ution broke out. which made all the proposed reforms seem insignif.cant. In April he retired from the Prussian serv- ice. In the elections to the National As- sembly, which wa.« to meet at Frankfort, he was returned for Arnsberg, in Westphalia. There he spoke and voted with the extreme right, desiring to see the thirty-nine sove- reignties formed into one state, of which Prussia should be the head. The melancholy end of the Assembly, upon which Germany had built so many and great hopes, is too well known. But to the last, Radowit2 was faithful to the principles which had always guided him ; to the last he sought the unity of Germany by a voluntary arrangement between the goremments and peoples. When his hopes in the AMembly had been frustrated, he returned to Berlin, by desire of the king, and became the author of the scheme called the Vnion. But delays and hesitation took place; and when Austria opposed with growing strength the estalv lishment of a league against her, it was felt that Kadowitz was bound to come forward and assume the responsibility of his own measures. He accordingly entered the ca- binet in Idjo. The Prussian army was mob I ilixed, and the Landwehr called out ; troops M& '[ } ' ] ' • l\ . ¥■: ; !'■ ' . .1 J -: m J - - i 9 1 I t ', i iL. 1! i ' 1 1 (t .'4 ' *«1 4 ^^» i i 1.1 mii -.i-^ISi ill I II bae] * ifktD «nit)crsal 13(ogrnpI)p. efffndt. • ptcha of thrte tail,, and in .7.7 ho w„ cler,,.:/;??^- 7,„»^TPU •ocw«». occupied iho Ktnppen-ttratMibrouKhHctM Cauel, In which . iitrU had Intcrrcncd 8hoU were aotoalty exchanged between AiutrU and Prntaia, when the king fc«vc way, and •acriflccd, with r«prca»ion» duubt- ICM of tincerc rejfre t. hi* mint»tir and friend. Uadowtt* undentood the wanta of hU coun- try ; and althouffh the rerolution atruck the Kruund from under hit feet, and compelled him to worl^ upon a new baalt, It can hardiy be doubted that. I* hi* policy had been car- ried out. It would hare placed I'ruula at the head of the German moTcmcnt for prac- tical and ronititntiunal reform. Died, 1M3. RAKHl RN, Sir HENRY, an eminent por- trait-painter, wa5 born in 17M, at 8tock- bridice, near I'dinburich , waa apprenticed to a Kuldtmith, but turned hi* talent* to paint- ing, and acquired extrnsire popularity, be- init conddered aecucd only to td, n 1W5, I of the army. In the August of th.t^ear J! I' W ales n U- • married the second daughter of Lord i!'ni. ' libr.iry, museum, branch schools, Ac.; but the impaired state of his health rendered it neccfiary that he should return to Europe ; land he accordingly, in Efbruary, 1821, em- barked, with his family, on bo.\rd the F.-tmc. On the evening of the same day, when about fifteen mile^ from IVencoolen, the res- , ,,.. ^ scl took fire, and all his valuable collections | p<}inted commander of the forcer ordered to that post till the duke s death, in Septem- ' ber, \M2. In the same jear he was appoint- i ed mastcr-soncral of the Ordnance, an cfflc* i since aboLshed, made a member of thepriry. ; council, and raised to the peerage bj tlW': title of I»rd Kaglan. On the treakins! oat 1 of the war with llussia, in ISM.hc was sp- 1, and manuscripts became a prey to the flames. The crew and passengers, in utter destitu- tion, with difficulty sared their lives in the boats ; and Sir Thomas, with his family, again embarked in .\pril, and arrived in England in the following August. He sur- vived this event only about two years, dying of apoplexy, at Highwuod Hill, Middlesex, in July, 1826. His chief work is, " The His- tory of Java," 2 vols. 4lo. Sir Stamford KalBes was the founder and flrst president of the Zoological Society of Ix)ndon. His portrait, by Joseph, is in the National Por- trait Gallery. RAOHIH PACHA, MOlUMliri), grand Tlzir of the Ottoman empire, was born in 1702, and manifested, at an early period, such a decided taste for learning, that he 'acquired the name of Kaghib, or the 8tu dent. In 173(> he was appointed secretary- proceed to the Crimea, commanded at the battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkf- mann, was promoted to the rank of field- marshal, snd tlurin;; the protr.icted sicjre of Seba.sf'j-ol whiih followed, in the midst of winter, in a severe climate, and surrounded by difficulties, maintained a ca!mne«, dij- nitr,and fortitude, which nothingcouliltur- past. Grief at the unsuccessful attack oa the Malnkoff and the Kedan iip-in the fiut 18th of June, and the loss of life which ilea- tailed, preyed upjn his mind, and he mc- cumbed to an attack of diarrhcea.Junemii, 18i3. MAOOTSKI, Fn.vsri<>, prince of Tru- sylvania, was bom in I»i76. Zealous for the independence of his countrj, he set-retlr en- tered into a negotiation with Louis XIT., which being betraved, h. w.m arrested, and found guilty of high treason. Hehsd.bow- general to the grand vixir; became reia 1 ever, the good fortune to escape; reccivmj 640 „«St V" offered to h.m by he n.r 1 cte: Srhmfux'-li' . andhi* patrk.tic exertion i?";d.feil«J br the Hungarian iUIM ein RAl] Zianna* o( iiiceour (rwin France, he eiv ^HoBftry. and. by • nmnlfcfto. anted ;^«op? to fre* themKltc. fr«m the rwaT of the Au.tr.an.. For a time he lKce».ful. and in irol was proclaimed •" * ofTf*n»vlTania, and protector of Err The crown of Poland, at that time irl'eter, ion* »,^ uto a treMfwilh the omperor. he Tarker. where he died In l.3i. I'AIKE^. KOBKRT. a printer at Olouceater, .ho haTing realised a good property, em ploTtditwiihhii pen and hi. nfluence In Su of btnetoltnce. Coujomtly with Dr itati he planned and instituted Sunday. rSoli. about IM. Horn. 1735 . died. Itll. RAIMBACH, ABRAHAM, a distinguished list engrarer, wa» boru in London. 17:6. Kdioated in .Uchbi.-hop Tiui»on » library- Khaol "here he had Charlea Mathews for.i Khool'feUow. he showed an early prtdilec- lottforthe fine arts, and after terTicg hia j-prcnticeship with Mr Hall, the engraver. i< beesme a student of the Koy.il Academy, indsoon obtained such proficiency in hand- ling the pencil, that by uniting the prufea- tm of a miiii.iture painter with that of fiurr«Ter,hc » as enabled to earn a handsome litelihood. In IWJ he illustrated Smirke tnd Fonter's edition of the Arabian Nights , in l.*J he ni.iUc the acquaintance of Sir 1>. th«n Mri Wilkie; an acquaintance which tooa ripened into friendship, and led to his bfinj employed in engraring that distin- (sithcd paiuter s work* from Iffli down to hisdctease. In fact.it was chiefly in con- DNtion with Wilkie that Kaimbach achieved t;s well-deserved reputation. Died, 1W3. RAIMONUI, Giovanni IJATTisi A, a cele- braied oriirtalist, bom at Cremona, in Italy, ' iiont IWO. He passed several years in .Vsis, where he acquired a knowledge of the .Uabic, Armenian, Svriao. and Hcbn-w lan- nages. Returning to Italy, Cardinal Fer- dinatd dc' Medici made him director of the oriental press, whence originated the famout ! iostitution of the I'ropag.inda. RAimondi 'wu living in 1610. RAIMONDI, Mahc Astomio, a very dia- liaguished Italian engraver, was born at Bologna about 14^7. He was first a pupil of i Francia, but admiration for some of Albert Durer's prints determined his choice of cn- imriog as a profession. Ue spent some timeat Venice, and whileliving there copied ; on coppt print, Ac. Marc Antnnio was living in IJC9, but the year of hia death is unceruin. lie it said to have been assassinated. There li a fine eollrrtion of his prints in the lirliish Museum, including tome of the woikt of hia best pupil*. HAINOLDS, Jonx, a I arned divine, waa bom at I'inho, in Devonshire, in IM'J.and became president of Corpus Chriati College, Oxford. lie W.U considered the leader of the I'uritan party, and distinguished him- self greatly at the Hampton Court confer- ence, in lo«3, where he suggested the ne- ceasityofthe present translation of the liible. In which work he was afterward* engaged. Died, 16.17. • UAI.EIGH, or RALF.GH, Sir Waltkr, a distinguished statesman, scholar, and war- rior, in the reign* of Klizabeth and Jan.e* I., wa*bom in liJ.'.at Hudleigh, in Devonshire, and educated at Oriel College, Oxford. At the age of 17 he made one of a troop of a hundred gentlemen volunteers, whom Uucen Eiixubeth permitted to go to France, under the command of Henry Chan pernon, for the service of the Fro'.estant princes. He neat served in the Netherlands, and, on his re- turn from the coutineut, his half brother, .>*ir Humphrey dilbert. having obtained a grant of lands in North America, he engaged with a considerable number of gentlemen to go out to Newfoundland . hut theexpi'dition proving unsuccessful, Sir Walter returned to Kn.;land. He proceeded thence to Ireland, where he made his bravery ao conspicuous in quelling the insurgents, that he wnsrecilved at court with considerable favour, and ob- tained permission and supplic* to prosecute his discoveries in America, which ended in hi? settling a colony in that part uf the country, called, in honour of hi* maiden sovereign, Virginia; whence he is said lo hare flr»t introduced tobacco and potatoes into Eur ipo. In the mean time the queen conferred on him the distinction of knight- hood, and rewarded him by several lucrative grants, inclu>:ing a large share of the for- feited Irish estates. ^Vhen England was threatened by the Spanish Armada, he raised and disciplined the militia of Corn- wall ; and afterwards, joining the fleet with a squadron of ships belonging to gentlemen volunteer*, he contributed to the (ignal victory which it pleased I'rovidence to give the Fn^lish over the Spaniards. He waa now made gentleman of the privy-chamber; but »hortly after fell into disgrace, and was confined for some months, partly on account of a tract which he had published, entitled "The School for Atheists," which was un- fairly construed by his enemies into a vin- dication of atheistical principles ; and partly on account of a clandestine attachment to one of the queen'* maiJs of honour, the daughter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton ; which lady, however, he afterwards honour- ably married. During his seclusion, he planned the discovery of Guiana, in South America, in which he took an active part -1\ Ml J ! ^ t ' » ( , :| ■,' ,^1 I :i r >i • ! . y I i \ i ^! f uam] % fitto anibcrsal IBiograpfiQ. himioir, M loon lis ho wan Ni>t nt liberty ; but tho tfHion bfliiK unfRTuur»blu, ho rr turnrd to EiikIiiiuI, nnil wan loon after ap- puinted to a comniiind In the t-xpeditlon to CadlXiOf which tho iuocvm wu« in ii Rrnut niciisiuro owing to hit valour und prut« but he subsenuently brought ou? T'' other, by which be «cqulu?d hlrt'.er.' th.n. Ho also wrote Turloii.rxcel «„. J, l' on music, of which the (hlofii "at "''.''' on Harmony," Died, 17h7. '^ "Mtlie K'ncral, chief fencM Jacobins, and nurr.;wry%';e;;;d7'f'h« nacrltlce to their vengeance ilin!; * * tho ylcthns of the r''ev'ol;.tion"of"K;h Eructid.,r, he was banUhcd with ITcT, persons to (aycnne. whence llsnie , Pi h. gru llarthHemy, Wlllot, nnd othe t, ld„ tbelr escape In June, 1798, to the Co colony of Kurlnani, After tho clevat nn « Huonaparte to power, Uamel SS o !• ranee, and entering into active icrylcc made many campaigns. In 18U he wai! made a major general, nnd In 1818 appointed commandant at Toulouse. Ho rctalnedthnt post after the second restoration of I,,„il XMII. and he exerted himself to citabllih tranquility among the inhabitant., but hav- Ing enileavoiired to disarm the companleiof the 80 called Verdcts, whoso existence was not authorized by the government, he became all at once the object of public ditpleaiure and was assassinated by a band of rufflsnj who rushed Into his hotel, August, 181J • KAMELLI, AiiOHTiNo, nn Ingenloui nie chanic and engineer, was horn in the duchy of Milan, about l.Ml.and distinguished him- self by his attention toiimihematicalituaiei Having adopted the military profession, he signalized himself on several oceasioni in the armies of the Emperor Charles V,,and afterwards going to I'rance, he was well received by tho duke of Anjou, who nude! him his engineer, and subsequently bestowed on him n considerable pension. He was the author of a rare and curious wo^k, entitled " 1* Diverse ed Artlfldose Machine." Died, 1590. UAM EN O HI, BARTOUniKO. ItalioB painter, called from his birthplace, " Ii Hag- nacuvallo," was born in Uh4. He was a pupil, first, of Francia, who Inspired him with the tusto for simplicity of design, and I made him a good colourisi, and then of Uaphael, who became his Idol, worshipped and followed to the exclusion even of nature. | He assisted Ilapbnel in the Vatican, indl after the sa-jk of itonic. In 1.5'.'7, Introduced! tlie style of the Uoniun sehuul at Bolo^a. There he excel 'cd most of hii works, which were especially marked by the grace of Uaphael. One of his best paintings ij the "Madonna in Qlory, with Saints," now in the Dresden Gallery. Died, 1512. UAMLEK, Kahi. WiLflELM, a German poet and miscellaneous writer, was born In 1725, at Kolberg. He became teacherotthe belles Icttres at Derlin ; where his numeroas , courtly odes procured him the name of the | German Horace; but though he did much, to polish German vcrslfleation, he wasfar below his moilcl In htms as well as in genius. Uamler niadc a complete transla- tion of the Odes of Hotuce. Died, 17SS. 842 iam] S w"»*""' """"' ""; ^t" ""• 'I;.""" o"d ^ducntlo... «n.l trained him In th« doc- K of hl« m-t : t...t thn »on ..b.crylnK the ZZi amon^f M.iMiilnmni and Chrl. limn, rmnTnionK l.l. Hindoo l.rothrrn. do- t.rmlnf"'"«". ^"r "'« PJ"" no." (if liiv«'»tlK»<"'>f « »"""''' "" '*'''•■*' •"' Inrned In Thibol, mid on hu return to «ln- do«lan hp ilevotcd hlnnclf to lhi« ntudy of the i sjnicrliand "thi-r liinunnRt'i ; after which i: iip wa» t miiliived by tho Kiut Indlft Coinpuny ' iDrlmlpal ii'::ti¥o offleer In the eoUectlon „f the reviniiii In the dlittrlet of Hurdwan. ()u the dcith of his fnther. In iwi:), he np- nearn to hiive conimcneed hU pliins of re- formlnK the icllKion of hU countrymen ; and im removing to Moor«hedul.ad, ho piih- llihed, in I'eislun.a work entitled " AKiilnut the Idolatry of nil UellKlon*." ThU ruUed up against him ii ho»t of enemle», and In 1914 he retired to Cakuttu, where he dlll- jfntlv npiilieil MimHcIf to the study of the Kngll'nh lunKuaRe. He afterwurd* trannluted from the Sanscrit Into the Henpulee and lllndoitanee liuiKunges the "Vedant," an (xtract from tho Vcdus, the principal tx)ok of Hindoo theilogy ; and prefixed to some cliaptcmof the Vedas, wlileli he aflerwardH published, It a letter contuinlnif the follow- ing sentence : " The consetinenec of my lonK jnd uninterrupted researches Into religious truth hui been, that I have found tho doc- trines of Christ more conducive to moral principle«,and better adapted for the use of rational beings, than any other which have conie to my knowledge." In this spirit, t'avlngncqnircd a knowletlKO of (ireck and Hebrew, thu he miifht be conipetciit to iludy the orlKinal Kcrlpturea fur I imitclf, he publ.iihedlnKnKllsh.Hanscrit/nnr. Kengaloe, n series of selections) from the C/ospel, enti- tled, "The Precepts of Jesus the (iulde to Pejcc and Happiness ;" which beln^ anim- adverted upon by Dr Marshman.of Ber.iin- pore College, the learned Hindoo published his "Second Appeal," and on this being re- plied to by the doctor, a " rinai Appeiil " appeared. During his residence at Calcutta, Kammohun Hoy connected himself with the periodical press, and he was nt difTcrent times the proprietor and conductor of news- papers printed in the native languuges. In April, 1831, the Kajah, accompanied by his youngest son, arrived in Kngland, where he was received with every mark of distinction and respect. In every kind of assemblage, roliKious, political, literary, and social, the amenity of his nuiiinets, his distinguished attainments.and his universal philanthropy, rendered him a welcome guest ; and his ad- Tipc was sought by ministers on topics con- nected with the future government of India. lU did not, however, live to carry Into effect the various plans for Improving the condition of his countrymen, whose welfare he hud so much at heart, having been taken while on a visit to liristol, where he ex- pired in October, 1833. KAM8AY, ALLAN, a Scotch poet, was H ifltto fflnibc.snl Ifllogrnpby. [UAM born nt UadhllU, In 1884. Hi, served hli apprenticeship tottwhln-makcr, which trade he followed for a time, and then bccanio a bookseller tti Kdlnburgh, where, In 1721, he published a <|unrto volume of his poems which were so well received, that he Ha* eneouti»'ted to print another In 17iH. The principal piece In the last collection Is the celebrated pastoral, called "The (ienllo Hhepherd '■ Hit poems and fabK* rendered him in the highest degree popular) and while he ac(|Ulred fame by his talents, he anmssed a fortune by hli trade ; hisai ijualnl- aiice was courted by many dlstinguisUed persons, and his shop became the common resort of the literary eharacten and wits of Kdlnburgh. Died, 1788. UAMHAY, AM.AN, an eminent Hcottlsh nortrult-painter, "on of tho preceding, was born In 171.1. Ho studied three years in Italy, founded at Kdlnburgli the Select Ko clety In l7ftl,so Ordnonce Survey of Great Krilain. He was a F.ll.S., and received the Copley medal in 1795. Died, 1800. UAMU8. PETEK,or riKHRKLA IIAMEE, a - icnch philosopher, was born in o village of the Vcrmaudois, foon after 1500. AVhen a boy he obtained the place of servant in tho college of Navarre, where ho devoted his lei.surc hours to study, and became a great schoiar. Having vcnt\ired to attack tlie doctrine ot AriKtollc, he was interdicted from teaching philosophy; but this judg- ment was reversed by Henry II., and in 1.5,">l he was nude royal professor of rhetoric and philosophy. His spirit of free inquiry ultimatelj' kd him to Itccome a Protestant; and he was obliged to leave Paris, to which city iie returned in 1.571, and lost his life in tho massiicre of St liartholomew, in the fol- lowing year. His works on mathematics, philosophy, logic, &c., are numerous. A French work entitled " P. Uamus, sa Vie, ses Gcrits, sa Mort," by Charles Uesmazc, appoarod in 18G4. HAMCSIO, OIAMBATTISTA, a Venetian Ncholar and diplomatist, born in 14«5. He was employed as ambassador of the republic on several occasionn, became secretary to the Council of Ten, and on his retirement, Inle in iifi-, went to Padua, where he died, in i:.57. ile published an important " Col- I. ction of Voyag-s and Travels.'" in 3 vols, folio, enriilung St witli numerous disserta- tions and historical and geographical notis. The manuscript of a fourth v.)lume was burnt. KANCK, AUMANU JE.\N LK llOUTHIL- HKH l>K, the reformer of La Trappe, wis born in Ui'/6, at Paris, and adopted the ci'cl.'sias,tleal profession. He obtained sever- al benehce; befoie he was iu orders, ac- nuircd Rreat celebrity as n preacher, and might have risen to the n.^st elevated sta- tions in theeiiurch.had he not taken the re- solution of k'fcliring from the world. Various reasons are assigned for this , tlie most pro- bable of which appears to be, that although he was a man of large fortune, and ia^iulged In nil the pleasures ';t the world, the dea;h of the duchess nf Mcntazon, to whom he was attaclitd, prouuced such a revulsion in his feelings, that he abandoned society, and re- tin>d to his abbey of l.a Trappe, where he Introduced a reform of tho most rigid kind in the monastic discipline. He was the au- thor of several theological works, and died in 17. UANDOT.PH, Sir ThomaR, an eminent stuiemuHn, «ras born in Ki iil, in I.'ii.'i, uliU died in 1590. Oh the accession of Klizuljelh he WBSsentoncmbassie* to Scotland, Prance, and Hussia. His letters ar" In diflTcrcut co!- [rap lections, ana his account of llussiuin H^ luy t's Voyages. "''''■ HANUOLPH, Thomas, an English dra matic poet, born, 10U5; died, l(i31 Uei*: educated at Cambridge, and settled at Lon don, where his loose livinc dcstrnro^ i ■ health, and shortened his ul is -Civ Looking Glass," a comedy, was mucl a? KANSOME, Jamfs, one of the most on terprising mnnufacturors of the age , us '''1?k"k"'" IP*W'ch, 1783. The firm', th which he was connected is known not on h throughout England, but in very dkhnt parts of the globe, as manufiicfurers oiuhe largest scale t ' -Agr cultural implements and machinery; b c his chief title to resmct consisted m his almost incredible efforts in promote tho comforts of his workmen and dependents ; some account of which will be found in one of the admirable works nub lished under the titlo of " Small Books nn Great Subjects." Died, 18(9. ^' "" KANTZAU, JosiA , Count de, '. French marshal in tho I7lh century, was descended from an illustrious family in llolstcin and entered when young into the Swedish army In ItiHi he went to France with the rHaii- eellor Oxenstiern ; and Louis XVIII. beine pleased with his agreeable manners, he made him colonel of two regiments. He served undi- .lie duke of Orltans and tht great Condd, with high reputation, rose to the rank of a marshal, completed the conquest of Flanders, and was made i, llfS. He received his earliest in- struction from his father, Giovanni Saati 'see notice], afii-r whose death, in 1:91, he became the scholar of Perusino, with wliom he leinainod at I'crugia and other places for several years. In 1504 he visited i'loreiu'e, and ihiclly lived there till 1.5(:8, when he was called to lionie by Tope Julius 11. and employed to paint the 8tai;zo (chambers) of the Vatican, ilaphael (.pent the rest of his short life at Home, where he formed anu- merous school of painters, anionp whom the most e"ainent were (Jiulio Komauo, Gian- francesco Pen.:i, I'itrino tUd Vapa, I'oliJoro da Caravaggio, and Oarofalo. In the nu- merous works, frescoes, and oil -paiiuiiigs, of tills rnrivalled master, three stvles m distinctly recognizable. 'I'he first ii the Peruginesque,in which sentiment proilorain- otes, and was the pure imitation ot his master's manner. The second is the Florin- tine, marked by a fjreat advance in respect of form and dramatic compositicm; it«as the result cf his studies at I'ljrence, where he was iinprc.ised by the cartoons of Leo- narilu .la vinci, ami .liichur! .-."s""i ■•- works of Masaccio, Fianci.i.aiid I'ra l>artolc»- meo di San Mario. The l».si-named painter, wh-< especially excelled in his colouring, »H bap] "Z^e treatment of light and shade, was he intimate friend of Kaphael. The third ?vle is called tUo ttomnn, and is peculiarly nanhacl's own ; that which constitutes him ireatcst cf painters. Its supreme excellence is (he tqiiable development of nil the essen- tial Qualities of art, composition, expression , desicn, colourin,!! ; thus forming a truthful rPDrest'ntation of nature, both in the ftrand- cu conceptions ai d in the minutest details. It is impossible he e to name more than a very few of the \ orks of llaphacl, who is (iisi.ngulshcd abo\ o oMicr painters by the factof liaving executed no merely common- p'ace work. Of the paintings executed be- fore his visit to riorencc, must be named— "Coronation of the Virgin," now in the Tilican, and the " Sposalizio," or " Mar- riage of the Virgin," In the Urera at Milan. Among those in hii> second manner, are— tho "Entombment of Christ," in the liorgheee Gallery at Home ; the " Madonna del llalda- chino," in the Pitti Palace at Tlorence ; the "Madonna del Gran Duca," in the same paliue; the " St Catherine," in ths National Gallery; and the grand fresco, " Theology," or " Dispute on the Sac ims.it," the first he ciccuted in the Vatici-:!. The " School of Athens," or "Philosophy," painted in 1511, first showed truces of his third and highest style. It was followed by the " Parnnssus," or "Poetry," " JuWsprudence," " Kxpulsion of Hcliodorus from the Temple of Jerusa- lem," founded on a narrative iu the book of the Maccabees ; the "Mass of liolscna," "Attila," and "Deliverance of St Vetcr from prison." These frescoes are in the Stanza delia Scgaatura and Stanza dell' Eliodoro. The frescoes in the Stanze dell' Incendio and deOostantino, chough designed by Raphael, were chiefly painted by his scholars; to whom he was compelled, by the innumerable commissions given him, to in- trust the exccu.lon of many of his later works. The Loggie (colonnades) of the Vat'can were decorated under his direction ; tliesublimo works of Michael Angcio in the Sistine chapel stimulated him in the pro- av:ctijnofhis"lsaIuh"and" Sibyls;" and in 1516 he prepa.od the " Cartoons " for the tapestry of the Sistine chapel ; three of which are lost, and the other f''ven,8ent to Flan- ders, were bought b" Charles I., and under Cromwell were purcftised for the nation. They were placed in Hampton Court by William III., where, with the exceptior of a short interval, they remained till May, 18(i5. They now form part of the National Collcc- j tion in South Kensington Museum. Among i Raphaels oil paintings are the" 8t Cecilia," ! at Bologna; the famous " Madonna di San ;Si8to,"now in the Dresden Gallery, and of which the National Gallery po8ses3e.^ a tracing; the " Spasimo di Sicilla," now at Madrid ; and the " Transfiguration." his last work, and periaps av once the chef-d'tt'uvre Of Kaphaei aiu' of painting. It Is now in tM Vatican. The fine portrait of "Julius "• In the National Gallery it one of numer- ous repetitions by Haphael or his scholars. /•w B.nguiaHy beautiful catiluet picture— Madonua and Child with St John "— u,?T1/* J'"' "Oanragh Kaphael," was liought for the National Uallery , for £»D00, in ^ i^eto ©nffaeraal 13(ogrnpf)p. [rap 1866. There is a fine altar-piece, " The Ma- donna Knthrr.ied," at Jllenheim, painted by llaphacl iu 1505; and two other of his numer- ous Madonnas in the Uridgewater Gallery. His drawings are very numerous, and arc to be found in most of the public and private museums of Europe. In this country the finest are to be seen in the Koyal Library at Windsor, the British Museum, and the Uni- versity Galleries at Oxford. But the greater part of those commonly ascribed to him are spurious. H.U.H, the late Prince Consort made a collection of representations of the works of Raphael in cngra -ings or photo- graphs. It lacks very little ot absolute com- pleteness, and is contained in above 60 large folio volumes, which form one of the grci t- est treasures in the Royal Library at "Wind- sor Castle. Rapliael, who had occupied him- self with architecture as well as painting was charged, on the death of his friend Bramante, in 1514, with the direction of the building of St Peter's. Raphael died at Rome from the effects of a cold caught in the Vatican, and after an illness of a fortnight, on his thirty-seventh birth-day. Good Fri- day, April 6, 1520. His body lay in state, and was interred with great pomp in the Pantheon. Hit school was dispersed at the snck of Rome, seven years after his death. There are Livesof Raphael by Vasari, Duppa. Quntrem^re do Quincy, and others. The most recent arc those of Passavant and Ba- ron von Wolzogen. An English translation of the latter, by Miss Bunn<^tt, has just ap- peared (1865). Tlicre is an important new work by W. Watkiss Lloyd, entitled " Chris- tianity in the Cartoons." And among \he latest p-v'ications is a series of twenty pho tographs or " The Great W orks of lUphaei," with Vasari's Life, and a complete list of his works from Passiivant. RAPIN ])E TIIOYRA8, PAvr,, an his torian, was born in IGGl, at Castres, in Lan- guedoc. He studied law under his father, who was an advocate, until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes drove him from his native land. He went first to England, and subsequently to Holland, where he entered the company of French cadcis. In 1688 he followed the prince of Oranfro to England, and distinguished himself at the battle of the Boyne, and the siege of Limerick. In 1707 he settled at West:, in the duchy of CU'ves, and devoted himself to the compo- sition of his " History of Km;land," which was published at the Hague in 8 vols. 4to, and was for a long time in great repute, as the only complete narrative of English events. It was translated into English by Tindal. Died, 1725. B APP, JOHN, Count de, a French general, was born at Colmar, in Alsace, in 1772. He attrncted notice by his skill and bravery in the early progress of the revolutionary wars ; was aide-de-camp to (Jencral Desaix during his campaigns in Germany and Egypt, and to Buonaparte when first consul. In 1802 ho was employed in Switzerland, defeated the Russian imperial Kuard. and took Princp Ucpnin prisoner at tlie battle of Austerlitz, was appointed governor of Dantiic in 1807, and after the retreat of the French army, he defended the city with consummate ability, V ^ ! I,?, , RAS] ^ JlctD anibcraal 13(o5rapI)p. tin he was compelled by famine to capitu- late. Ketumlng to France in 1814, he was Teceived with distinction bj- Louis XVIII., but Joined Napoleon on his return from Elba. He was, howeyer, again taken into favour by the king, and died lieutenant- general of the cavalry, in 1821. RASK, ERASMUS Christian, a distin- guished linguist and comparative philologist, was bom in Denmark, In 1787. He studied nt the university of Copenhagen, visited Ice- land, Sweden, Finland, and Russia to in- crease his acquaintance with the languages of the North, and in 1809 was attached to the library of, the university. About ten years later he was sent by the Danish government to Russia, Persia, and India, and returned after several years' absence, bringing above a hundred valuable oriental manuscripts. He was then named professor of literature, and in 1829 professor of oriental languages and librarian to the university. Among his works arc, " Anglo Saxon Grammar ;" " Re- searches on the Origin of the Icelandic Lan- guage;" a new edition of the "Icelandic Dictionary " of Haldorsen ; " Comparative Table of the Mother-languages of Europe and of South-eastern Asia ; " a treatise " On the Age and Authenticity of the Zend Avesta," &c. Died at Copenhagen, 1832. RASORI, OiOVANM, an eminent Italian physician, was bom in 1767, at Parma ; be- came professor of pathology at Pavia, was employed in his medical capacity by the vice-regal government, was imprisoned by the Austrians as one of the Carbonari, and died in IS24. RA8TELL, JOHN, a learned printer in London, who compiled " Chronicles of divers Realms, and most specially of the Realm of England, otherwise called the Pastime of I'cople," and also wrote a " Description of Asia, Africa, and Europe," " Canones Astro logic:,"" Dialogues concerning Purgatory," &c. He married a sister of Sir Thomas More, had a controversy on religion with the noble John Fryth, and was converted to the re- formed faith. His name appears as printer on the copy, dated 1520, of the long-sought " Hundred Merry Tales " of Shakespeare's time, discovered In 18fl4 In the O'ittingen Library. Rastoll died in 1.M6. RATCLIFFK, Thomas, earl of Sussex, who died in 1583, went as ambassador to Charles V. to negotiate the marriage between Queen Mary and Philip of Spain. On his rettirn he was made lord deputy of Ireland, iind chief Justice of the forest north of Trent, and '- the succeeding reign he was appointed to the office of lord chamberlain. RAUCH, CHRISTIAN, a distinguished (Jer man sculptor, was bom at Arolson, in \Yal- dock, in 1777. His parents occupied a hum ble station in life ; and he himself, after having received instruction at Cassel in the art of modelling, went to Herlln In the capa city of a royal lacquey. Here l.ls genius was discovered by Queen Ix)ulsa, who sent him first to Dresden, and then to Rome, where, under the fostering care of Thorwaldsen and Oanova, his talent was steiidiiy dryejopi-d. In 1811 he received a commission from the king of Prussia to execute a statue of the queen to be placed in tho Mausoleum at __ [raw Maximilian of Mavarin, Ooeti e sivn"' Luther, &c. The monnmont "f Prp,^' '^ the Great at Uerlin was tl o Lan&''i of his works It was comm need fn To' and occupied him above twenty years ,:„ ,' nt Dresden, in 1857. ^ "'^'' w^t^'^v^^S' ^'"'^'^■QOIS, the murderer of Henry IV. of France, was born at An™,, Ume, in 1578. Having been ruined hv lawsuit and for a long t.me e "nfine/in pr.son for debt, his natur.miy gloomy dig position degenerated into a morbid fir a cism ; and he became accustomed to consider the king, Henry IV., as the arcI^ene„yof the church, to destroy whom would be doini G"d service. Filled with this notion he followed the royal carriage on the 14th Mav 1610, from the Louvre to the Rue de la PcJ' ronnerle, and while it stopped in the street In consequence of some obstruction he mounted the coach-whcol, and thrustlnlrhis hand in at the window, armed with a linifr stabbed the king to the heart. He was in •tantly seized, Interrogated, and underwent the torture ; but he declared he had no ac- complice ; and, on May 27, 1610, his limbs were torn asunder by horses. RAVEN ET, SIMON FRANQOli?, a French engraver, who came to England about 17Jo and executed many large historical prints iii an excellent style. Died, 1774. RAVEXSCROIT, THOMAS, an English musician, whose collections of psalm tunes songs, &o., were at one time in hleh reDute' Died, 1640. " RAVIUS, or RAU, CHRISTIAN, a learned German professor, was born at Berlin, in 1613. Coming to England, and being nn admirable orientalist, ho was patronized by Archbishop Usher, who sent him onavoyngc to the East for the purpose of procuring manuscripts. He afterwards resided at Utrecht, I'psal, Kiel, &c., where he read lectures in Arabic, and wrote several useful treatises (in Hebrew, Samaritan, and other eastern literature. Died, 1G77. R AAV DON, FuAycis. [IlASTINfiS, Mar- quis of.] RAWLEY, V» II.MAM, an English diTine, editor of Lord liacon's works, was bom at N(ir«ich, I'lSH. He studied at Cambridge, and brcaino a frilow of Itono't College. In l ISnibersBl ISfograpl^^. [rat ''rAWLINSON, Dr RICHARD, the fourth son of Sir Thomas, was on eminent anti- '"".ronH tnooernDhcr. He was educated r John'«cK' oxford and founded tha university an Anglo-Saxon lecture- hin He wrote "The ^^nglish Topogra- Z," and translated" Du Fresnoy 's Method fStudyinp History," 2 vols. Died, 755. nAY JOHN, a distinguished botanist and ,nl"ist. born at Hlack Notlcy, in Kssex, in i S'^He srudicd at Cambridge, became fcl- i oif'of Trinity Col'.ege, in 1G49, and three rears later mathematical tutor. He had 'ion" his pupils Francis Willughby. who i teame his intimate friend, and the almost constant companion of his natural history I (tadies and travels. Ray's first publication !i M8 a Catalogue of Plants found in the ncigh- I'bourhood of Cambridge, which cost him ten I rears' labour and appeared in 1660. About tliesametime he took orders, but did not hold any living ; and under tho Act of Uni- fwmity he lost his fellowship. Thenceforth lie gave himself np wholly to his favourite itudies; travelled on the continent with jwillughby; after whose death, in 1672, he jwas guardian and tutor to .his sons, and tipent the last twenty-flve years of his life at ^Black Notloy. Among his works, which holdahigh place in scientific literature, are "Catalogus Plantarum Anglite," 1670, of I which several editions appeared, the title itieingaltered to" Synopsis Methodica Stlr- JpiumBritannicarum ; " the " Method us Flan- iiarumNova, 1682, in which he made a new Isrrangementof plants, basis of that which is litill accepted; the" Historia Plantarum," In 3 vols., published between 1686—1704 ; " 8y- Uopsis Methodica Animalium, Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis ;" and " Historia Insec- Itornm." He edited Willughby's " Omitho- logia" and "Historia Piseium," and trans- lated the former into English ; and published a collection of Proverbs and several theolo- gicalworks. Ray was chosen F.R.8. in 1667. He died in January, 1704-6. j RAYMOND \I., countofToulouse, son of EaymondV., was born in 1156, and succeeded itiis father in 1194. He married for his fourth ;ffife Joanna, daughter of Henry II. of Eng- jland, and widow of William, king of iSleily, land was allied. to the chief sovereign houttes lof Europe. His reii?n is memorable for the I terrible crusade ngain.st the Albigenses and for the heroic part he played as their de- fender. Charged with favouring the heretics, lie was excommunicated by the legates Ab- bot Arnold and Peter of Castelnnu, who had been sent by Innocent III. into the south of France to preach and persecute. A crusade «s threatened, Peter ofCustelnau was a.s- WMlnatcd, and Uaymond wag accused of tho crime, He made his pi'nco, however, with the pope, and obtained alisolution, delivering upseven strong places to the legato Milon. m 1209 the crusade was undertaken, and Kaymond himself w.is compelled to Join it. .liter the cavtuicuf Heziers and (Jarcassone, and tho slaughter or expulsion of their in- nabitants, the chief command of the crusad- ing army was intrusted to Simon do Mont- fort, carl of Leicester. Raymond wiis required to deliver up, under pain of excommunication, all tho heretics of Tou- louse, but he went to Rome, and appealed in January, 1210, to the pope, who acquitted him of the charge of murder of Castelntiu, and showed him great favour. Continuing to protect the Albigenses, he was again ex- communicated by the legates at tho council of Aries in 1211. An interdict was laid on Toulouse, the clergy quitted the town, and Simon besieged it, but had to retire. Ray- mond then took the offensive, and marched against Castelnaudari, but ho was com- pelled to raise the siege. Pedro II., of Ara- gon, in defiance of the pope's prohibition, came to the aid of Raymond and began to invest the town of Muret. Their united forces were totally defeated in 1213, by de Montfort,and Pedro was slain ; the power of Raymond was broken for a long time. By the council of the Lateran'in 1215 the county of Toulouse and all conquests of the crusaders were assigned to Simon de Montfort, and Raymond became a refugee at the court of Aragon. Two years later the Toulousans rose in arms against the cruelty of their new master, and Raymond, aided by his brave son, recovered almost the whole of.his states. Raymond was one of the ablest rulers of his time, and his .court the most brilliant. He was the patron and friend of the troubadours, the welcome ally or the formidable foe of the greatest sovereigns, and had the glory of successfully contending for his independence against the most powerful combinations of ecclesiastical and secular forces. Died, 1222. His son, Raymond VII., who succeeded him, was th(' last count of Toulou.se. RAYMUND LULLY. [LULLY.] RAYNAL, OUILLAUME THOMAS FRAN- COIS, an eminent French historian and philo- sopher, was born at St Genies, in 1713 ; and after quitting the Jesuits, by whom he was educated, he became an historical and poli- tical writer. He joiaed the French philo- sophical party, as it was called, adopted their principles to the ftillest extent, and became one of the writers in the " Encyelo- p<^die." He also published several works at Paris ; the principal of which was his "Philosophical History of the Europcin Set- I tlomcnts in the East and West Indies." This was followed by an essay on the " American ' Revolution," full of enmity to the I^nglish. j In 1791 the Abb* Raynal addressed a letter ' to the Constituent Assembly, in defence of j the rights of property, which greatly irri- i tated the revolutionists ; and though he | escaped the tyranny of Robespierre, ho was | stripped of his property, and died in great | indigence, at Passy, in 17i)B. Among his other works are, a " History of tho Stadtholder- ship," 2 vols. ;" History of the Parliament of , England," 2 vols. ; " History of ithe Divorce ' of Henry VIII. of England," &c. RAYNOUARD, M., an eminent philo- logist, was born at Rrignolc, in Provence, in 1761. Until he was near 40 years of age, he practised as an advocate : whon, hnyini; fortunately attained an honourable inde- pendence, he determined to gratify his love of literature by steadily pursuing it ; but tho ovents of tho revolution forced him to 847 mi ' i if 1^ r '- I \ t'3 ■1« r' ,1 M 'i i ' !i if •) ■'" ! ; ! Q r t ■ i^' J 4 ral ! i ,..'h il t m 91 ificto ©nibcraal 13iogrflpI)i}. I I ■! It ': take n r It in public affairs; and In 1701 bo was iKuiuuatpd a member of tlie l.eRlslative Assembly. Shortly after, bclnf? uncloeclvcd in the favourable opinion he had formed of lis tendencies, he attempted to escape, but was thrown into prison, and did not recover his liberty until after the 9th Thermldor. In 1806 he was elected to the Corps 1,6- glslatif, by the department du Var. Kay- nou.iru was a member of the French Academy and of the Academy of Inscriptions; and he held the post of perpetual secretary to the former from 1817 to 1827. One of his most Important works is the " Choix dc Poesies originales des Troubadours," in f> vols., which appeared in 181C— 21. Two additional vol- umes were published in 183S. Died in 1836. IIAZZI, tiiANNANTONio, a celebrated Italian painter, born at Vercelli, in Piedmont, about 1479. He was called II Sodoma, his sur- name being properlySorfoua. He issaidtohavc studied the works of Leonardo da Vinci ; and after painting some fine frescoes in the con- vent of Monte Oliveto representing scenes from the Life of 8t Uenedict.hc was called to Home, and employed in the Chigl Palace and in the Vatican. He afterwards settled at Kicnnii, and was one of the first to intro- duce there the better style of the 16th cen- •ury. Among his best works there arc, the " Scourging of Christ," a " Deposition from the Cross," and two frescoes of 8t Catherine. Among his pictures in the Chigi Palace fFarnesina) is the " Marriage of Alexander and Hoxana." llaz/.', from his strange habits, was nicknamed "Arch-fool;" he wasted his property, and died poor in the hospital of Sienna, in l'>i'j. KKAUMUU.UKNfi AMOINEFERCHAVLT TK, naturalist and natural philosopher, was born in 1683, at IlochcUe ; studied under the Jesuits, at Poitiers; and afterwards went through a courseof law at Dourges. IJut his tastes led biin to the observation of nature ; and, having made himself acquainted with the mathematical sc ienoes.he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, to which he hud presented some memoirs on geometry, lie made valuable researches and discoveries on the arts of manufacturing porcelain, of converting iron Into steel, of tinning Iron plates, and of making artiflcial pearls. He ascertained, also, the existence of mines of turuuoiscs in Franrc CQual to those of Persia ; and ho invented a method of hatching eggs by artilkial heat. Unt be is principally celebrated as the inventor of the thermometer which bears hisname. The most valuable work he has left is the "M<^- moirespour serviri IHistoircdes Inseetes," in 6 vols. 4to. It is tlie fruit of his own acute and patient observation, and abounds In in- teresting and curious details. K^aumur also published " Trait " »I8 '; was born in 1777 andmiirrlednttlie C8 llose llecamiPr, lightly over abjws ti'iTor anil licence )lution ; and at the usuhtc she was the )oauty, wearing her ivng the singular untouched by the } the advantages of iness, and of sweet iladamc llecamlcr's of attraction land, Fouehl!, Kapolcon's Dndeavonrca to cn- service by offering Illy of honour to the Kecamier had no nd she exhibited all ous sympathv with ; her, in the height » the ranks of the nd occasionally mln- Imperial court ; but I visit those who lay Lfter the restoration camier experienced ine ; and he retired jlcr abode ; but her ind affections of her I 30 strong for this I •r effect than thai of) oeicty to which she f dame Reeamier re- •actions till far ad-, her latter days she I Ifsaeriflciiigzcaltol B of M. de Chateau- n very eminent Drit- 1 \ atTenby,inSouth| century. He studied! bridge, graduated in I at Oxford, mathc-j , and anatomy ; was f ) Edward YI, and] I author of varionsl iposedin the form ofl lare— "TheGroundef practical aritliDiciic; igc," which troatsofi VhetstoneofWitte,' I historical and theo-j ilicd man died in the] 15aS. X FUKKMAN MIT-I I'nt English lawyorl irr. in \U». He was! '.Oxford, and havingl in, he was called tol limself to chauceryl ed a high reputation J ilicd " A Treatise onT the Court of Chanj ards made a WelsM hosen M.V. for Hcer-j appointed solicitor-] paeity he assisted iir iiilsof Hardy, Horna He BuccccdtJ Sin i) as attoriii-f sfEenS vhcn lie sat in parj ;h of East Looe, beT .. Lhoscn speaker of the House of Com- "^'^ he resignation of Mr Addlngton Tim he was raised to the peerage, and mVelor'lehanecllor.and n member of the "y council in Ireland; but he resigned • S Veals in March, 18()«, in conseciueneo of h d« UofMrritt. He died in 1830 iiEDl Fit\NCi.sco, an Italian physician an naturalist, one of the best observers of h . ace was born at Arezzo in lb26, and h canw first physician to the grand-duko of Tuscanv. He distinguished himseif as a man of science, by his experiments on the Ison of the viper and the generation of insects, and his disproof of the theory of sDontaneous generation. Kedi was also a tjood poet, and cultivated the belles lettres «iili such success, that the Academy Delia Crusca. when compiling their dictionary, mrc proud of his assistance. Died. 1698. KEUINO, ALOYS, Haron von, landam- mann and general of the Swiss, was born in i;5;. On the invasion of Switzerland by the Froneh, in \'9b, he commanded the troops raised to repel them j but though he obtain- ed some advantages over the enemy, his forces were inadecjuate to the task assigned them, and the Swiss were compelled to submit. Having afterwards endeavoured to iecure some decree of independence for his loimtrv, Buonaparte had him arrested and confined in the fortress of Arbourg, but he was set at liberty in a few months. He was at no pains to conceal his antipathy to Buonaparte; and he is believed to have favoured the passage of the allied troops through the Swiss territories over the Uhinc, '. after the campaign of 1813. Died, 1818. REDSOHIl) PASHA, grand vizier of the Turltish empire, was born at Constantinople in 1302. He tjok part with Ali Pasha in suppressing the Greek insurrcetioi. in !825, and besieged Missolonghi ; served against ithc Russians two years later ; was scut on a political mission to Mehemct Ali, and in 1831 was ambassador to the courts of Lon- don and Taris. He was created grand vizier in 1837, but was soon dismissed. On the accession of Abdul Mcdjid, in 1839, he was appointed minister of foreign atfairs, and distinguished himself during his long tenure of office by the steady pursuit of important reforms, both social and political ; profiting by the knowledge and experience he had (tained during his residence in Kiigland and France. He was for some time president of the council of state, was again madevi/icr in \m, and directed affairs during the Cri- mean war. Died, 1858. REED, AXDUEW, D.D., nonconformist di- me andadistinguished philanthropist, was bornatLo.don in 1787. After studving four jcars at Hackney College, then under the direction of " good, cheery Mr CoUison," he became pastor of the coiisTcsation at New Roadchapcl,St George^ in the East, in 1811. This post he filled for fifty years, removing in the interval, however, with the congrega- tion to AVyclifle chapel, a mut-h larger build- ing in the same neighbourhood. In 181!) he created Ronip nx'-i'mnont ;i, ti... »., „aii-.i __ Ujioug world by the iiublicatiou anonym- ously, of a novel, entitled •' No Fiction," which had a great run, partly, perhops, be- C.1US.) of the gplco of scandal In it. The book passed through at least ten editions. Dr Uced was sent in 1834 with Dr Mathcson on a visit to the American churches, as a de- putation from the Congregational Union of England and "Wales, of which visit ihey published a joint account. IJut the name of Andrew Iteed will be chiefly remembered in connection with his philanthropic labours. He early conceived the project of an Orphan Asylum, and in 1813 succeeded in establish- ing the " London Orphan Asylum." The noble building at Clapton was opened in 1825. Soon after, he projected and founded the "Infant Orphan Asylum," atWanstead, to which ho gave, besides money, his services for 16 years. In consequence of a dispute with the managers, Dr Heed pro- jected, in 1841, a new institution, called the "Asylum for Fatherless Children," now established at Coulsden, and to which he contributed £I8(K), and gave his services for 18 years. The care of idiots next occupied his attention, and after much study, inquiry, correspundcncr, and foreign travel, he found- ed, in 1847, the " Asylum for Idiots," at Earlsvrood, to which he also contributed largely. His last great service of this kind to the world was the establishment, in 1854, of the " Hospital for Ipcurables." His "ruling passion" was strong to the last. When a purse cf 500 guineas was presented to him by his congregation in his last illness, he at once gave it to the asylum at Coulsden (or Keedham, as it has been re-named). Dr Keed was not only a hearty worker, and an able administrator— perhaps he relished a dictatorship too well— but he was very suc- cessful in soliciting the co-operation of the rich and noble. The dukes of Kent, York, and Wellington, and the Prince Consort were among his counsellors and supporters Died at Hackney, Vebruary 25, 1862. A Me- moir of his Life and Labours has been since published by his sons. KEED, Isaac, critic and miscellaneous writer, was born in London in 1742, and brought up to the conveyancing business, which he relinquished for literary pursuits. He published the poems of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, edited the Seatonian prize poems, and revised and enlarged, Dodsley's " Old Plays." He afterwards also published the " Biographia Dramatica," 2 vols. ; and four volumes of humorous pieces, under the title of the" Kepository ;" but the work by which ho is most advantageously known is an edition of Shakspearo in 10 vols., which he extended, afterwards, to 21 vols., embodying in its pages all the most valuable notes and elucidations of former commentators, with much origiunl infornia- lion. He was also a great book collector, in which iie di.spiuyed considerable Judgment and perseverance. At his dt>ath, in 1807, his library wrs sold by auction, and the sulo occupied si V weeks. Ui;i:s, ■ UAH.A.H, D.D , dissenting min- is'er, wh>-;»c labours as an encycloptedist have gaineu for him great and deserved coiebrity, was bofa in MoatfjOiuCfj'shirc, in 1743. hoing intended for the ministry, he was educated at Mr Coward's aeadeni). at Hoxton. On the death of Dr Jeuuings, in : s . mmmast ^aix/v 819 .-/[: Hi sm m '; i i- M i ! 4 li^HH 4 i" ' * 1 y m kke] % i^cto ajnifaeranl 13iograpl)i). 17H2, though Mr llpps wag only 19 years of age, he WU8 appuiutcd mathciuuticnl tutor of that inetitution, which office ho flUod till the academy was dissolved, in 1734. Soon after this he became theoloKical and philo- sophical tutor in the new college, founded Ht Hackney, which place he held till 1795. In 1776 he was employed as editor of " Cham- bers' Cyclopa-dia," which he completed in 1789, in four vols, folio. After a lapse of 14 years, the proprietors embarked in a more comprehensive undertaking, the well-known '• Cyclopicdia " wi.»ch boars the name cf Dr Rees, and which, also, he brought to a con- clusion in 45 vjls. 4to. Besides these great literary performances, he published two volumes of" Tractical Sevmons," and sever- al other works. It was at the express re- commendation of Kobertson, the historian, that Dr Kees obtained his degree from the university of Kdinburgh. He officiated more than 40 years as minister of the congregation in the Old Jewry, was a fellow of the lloyal Society and other institutions, and died in 1H25. REEVE, CLAiiA, novelist, was born at Ips- wich, in 1723, and was the daughter of a clergyman, who guve her an excellent edu- cation. Her first literary essay was a trans- lation of Barclay's "Argenis." Among her subsequent productions, the roost popular was the well-known tale of "The Old Eng- lish Baron." Died, 1808. REEVE, JouN,a celebrated comic actor, for many years the focus of attraction at the Adelphl Theatre, in the Strand, and whose matchless representation of burlesque characters will long be remembered, was born in London, in 1799 ; made his first ap- pearance on the boards of Drury Lane, as '' Sylvester Daggorwood," In 1819 ; was sub- sequently engaged at the Haymarket, Eng- lish Opera House, and Adelphl ; and died, aged 38, In January, 1838. John Ueevc was the personification of jollity and good hu- mour ; and was as much beloved by his friends for his frank and generous disposi- tion, as ho was admired by the public for his facetious drollery. REEVES, John, the founder of the cele- brated association for protecting liberty and property against republicans and levellers, was born in 1752, and died in 1829. He was called to the bar in 17bO, but discontinued the active practice of his profession, and was deputed by government to regulate the administration of juslico in Newfoundland, for which purpose he made two voyages thither. Soon after his return from the first he published "The History of the Ijiw of Shipping and Navigation," a work that proved highly useful. But having, in 1795, published a paniphlet,cntitled" Tlioughts on the English Oovcrnnient," in which an alleged libellous passage appeared, the au- thor was prosecuted by order of the House of Commons, and underwent his trial at Guildhall, when he was acquitted. He was appointed one of the king's printers in 1799, and from 1803 to 1814 ho had an appoiut- njont in tho nlii'ii nfflce. REtilOMOVrANUS. [MULLEK, JO- HANN.j REGIS, PIKRRE SYLVAIK, a French phl- MO [keg losophcr, was born nt Ageiiois in \fiw~7r' studying in the Sorbonnc, e' reid Lt, ' ' upon the Cartesian philosophy tiUm'" dieted from doing so by them7nda eo T ay, archbishop of Paris. He, however 'T hshed an elaborate view of that svstpm T 3 vols. 4to ; and «r,.tc several defe^cSi? Sie"i", no7. '° ""''' '''' ^'•""=''""'1 »ft REGIUS, URBAN, or LE lloi.a learned pact and controversialist, distinguished aUo as one of the early reformers, was born at Langenargen In Oeru.any. He competed hi8 studies at Ingoldstadt, under Eckiusinnd when the Emperor Maximilian visited thiJ university, he made llegiushia poet-laureate and orator. He afterwards obtaiued a pro- fessorship ; but when the controversy aro«P between Luther and Eckius, he heartilv adopted the reformed doctrines, and sided with the former against his old tutor in 1530 he accepted au Invitation from the duke of Brunswick to settle as pastor of the church of Luncnberg, and died in 1511 HBONAliD,JKANii'iiAN(jois,acdebrated Erench dramatist, was born at Paris in 1650 He went to Italy about 1G76, and was re- turning home with considerable property when he was captured by an Algerine cor- sair, and sold for a slave. During his cap- tivity he obtained the favour of his master by his skill in cookery ; but beins raughtin an Intrigue with one of the women, he was required to turn Mahometan, or suffer death. The French consul, however, saved him bv paying his ransom ; and Kcgnard returned to France about IfiHl. After this he wrote a number of successful comedies, besides poems and other works; was made a treasurer of France, and died in 1709. Among his best comedies are " Le Joueur," "Les Mdnech- mes," " D^mocrite Amourcux," and "Le Distrait." His works have passed through many editions. HEGN.\ULT, .IKAN Baptiste, Trench painter, born at I'uris in 1754. He obtained the grand prize of the Academy, aud com- pleted his studies at llumc. On his return to Paris his picture of " Perseus and Andro- meda " procured him admissiou (l"82)tothe Academy as associate, and he was received a member the fol'owini; year. Hepainteda " Descent from the Cross," for Fontaine. blcau, a " Jupiter and lo," and many other historical and allegorical pieces. Guerin was one of his pupils. Died, 1829. KEGNAULT, Mli'lIKI. LOUIS EnEX.M:,a French advocate and stiitesmiin, was born at St Jean d'An^ely, in ITliO. Haying dis- tinguished him^elf at the bar,he was chosen deputy to the states-general from the (wi itat ot Aunis.and became editor of a daily paper called the Journal de Versailles. He was proscribed in 17y'2,andl)einKdisiovered and arrested al Douai, he did not obtain his liberty till after the full of llobcspierre. During the consulate aud the empire he was honoured and promoted, and acquitted him- self with great ability as attorney-gen..'aI, &e. He continued faithful to Napoleon, and &c. xie conimueu iuiiu>ui iuiii«t.v.v"..i ■■- followed Maria Louisa to Hlois. Alierthe battle of Waterloo he pleaded lor vac re- slgnaUon of Buonaparte in favour of ms son; and his proposition being rejected, ho beg] _____ ~ •.. I vr.inri- far America, where he re- *"inPdfo year* He nt leugth, in 1819, Sued pn«!*«ion to return ; but being in ?h.ifl«t staKC of siikncss when he landed, Sp ' d '■ ■' f«^^ """" """'■.'"* "".!*"'• UEGNAULT, NOi':i.. French niathemu- tidan and natural phiiosopl.er, boni at AnM in 1683. He entered the Society of &, uud was for a long time professor of mathematics at the college of Lou U le Grand. Sis worlvs are-" Kntretiens I'hysiques." translated into KDRlisliimd Italian ; ' Orl- le Aneionne de la rhysuiue Nouvelle;" ''Entretiens Math^niatiques," &c. Died at Paris, 1702. . , . » REGNIER, CLAUDE ANTOINK, dukc of Massa.minister of justice under the govern- ment of Napoleon, was born at lilaiiiont, lu LaMeurtlie,in 1736; practised as an advocate at Nancy, was a member of the Constituent Assembly, retired from public affairs during iheEeiKn of Terror; but, after the fall of Bobespierre.became a member of the Council of Ancients, and took an active part in the wnatc. He assisted in the elevation nf Duonaparte as first consul ; and, in 1802, he was appointed graad judge, minister of jus- tice, &e. In 1813 be became president of the legislative body, and died in the following REGNIEU, MATimuiN, a Irench poet, and the first who succeeded in France as a satirist, was born at Chartros, in 1573. He was brought up to the church, which he disgraced by his debaucheries ; yet ho ob- tained a canonry in the cathedral of his native place, with other beneflces, and a pension. Died, 1613. His "Satires" still retain a place in the standard literature of his country. REGULUS, MARCUS Attilu's, a Homnn general, celebrated for his patriotism and devotion in the service of his country/.was made consul a second time about 256 B. C, and with his colleague, Manlius A'ulso, com- manded in the flrKt war against Carthago. Made prisoner by the Carthaginians, he was sent to Home with an embassy, that peace might be procured on favourable terms, and bound himself, by an oath, to return if the terms were rejected. He, however, con- sidered it bis duty to advise the continuance of the war; which being determined on, no entreaties or supplications could prevent |liimfrom fulii'iing his solemn engagement ; and the Carthaginians, on his return, put him to death. KEICHARDT, JOUANN riUKUniCH, mu- sical composer and author, was born at Konigsberg, in 1751 ; studied nt the uni- versity, nnUer Kant, was for a long time director of the Italian opera at Berlin, and subsequently bad the direction of the French and German tlieatrcs at Cassel. Among his compositions are the music to the " Tnmcr- lane " of Morol, ,.nd the " Pan then " of Her- quin. His literary productions are, " Fami- liar Letters written during Journeys in France in 1792, 1803, and 1804," 5 vols. ; ^ Fami bar Letters on Vienna," &c. ; und ftapoleon Buonaparte and the French Pen- '"Ji^'i'iVr"'' Consulate," &c. Died, 18U. REICHENIUCH, GEOEGK OF, a distin- guuhed mechanician, was born atManheim, % ilcto ?anifaersal l)iograpl)i). [rei in 1772, and died at Munich, in lH2t|. He and his coadjutor, Fraunhofer, were unsur- passed in the manufacture nf optical instru- ments generally, and ciuite unrivalled in the construction of telescopes, licliumcters, thcodulites, &c. KEICHHTADT, Dukc of. [BUONA- I'AllTK, N. F. C. 1.] IIEID, Sir ArViLMAM, a distinguished officer and man of science, was Ijorn in 17»1, at Kinglassie, in Fifeshire, of which parish his fatlier was minister. lUlucated at the military academy of AVoolwich, he joined the Koyal Engineers in 180'J,and was sent to Hpain, where he served under the duke of Wellington till 1814, was present at the battle of Waterloo, and took part in Lord Exniouth's attack on Algiers in 1816. In 1838 ho was appointed governor of the Iler- mudas, where he remained till 1846, when ho was transferred tn llarbadoes ; and his government was marked by such enlight- ened vigour that he received the appellation of the " Model Governor." Scon after his return from Haxbadoes he received the com- mand of the garrison at 'Woolwich ; and in 1851 he was appointed chairman of the com- mittee for managing the Great K.\hibitioii, the duties of which he discharged witl such skill and success as to obtain for himself the honour of K.C.H. and the governorship of Malta, whicli he filled with great ability during the Hussian war. liut great as was Sir William Reid's administrative capacity, and highly as it was valued, it is us the author of the able work on " The Law of Storms," that bis name is likely to be best known to posterity. This v. ork, which was first publisthed in 1838, has gone through many cditdons, and is regarded as an au- thority both in Europe and America. Gen- eral Held was a fellow of the lloynl Society, to which he was admitted in 1839. Vied, 1858. K£ID, Thomas, a celebrated Scotch di- vine and metaphysician, was born in 17U9 at Stractaan, in Kineardine»ihire, and educated at the Marischal Collese, Aberdeen. In 1764 he sticceeded Adam Smith as professor of moral philosophy at (ilasguw, and died in 1796. His principal works are, " An Inquiry into the Human Mind," and " Essays on the Intellectual and Active I'owers of Man." Dr Keid was the first writer in Scotland who attacked the scepticism of Hume, and he endeavoured to refute his theory by an appeal to what he called " Common Sense." A new edition of lUid's works was under- taken, but not completed, by Sir W. Hamil- ton, whose notes and commentaries arc of great value. KEINHOLD, EHASMU3, a German mathe- matician and astronomer, was born at Saalfeldt,in Thuringia,in 1511 ; became pro- fes-sor of mathematics nt Wittenberg, and died there In 1553. His works are, " I'ru- tenicu' Tabulne Ca-lestium Motuuni," "I'ri- mus l.iber Tabularum Directionum," &c. KKISKE, JouANN Jacob, an eminent philDlogist and oriental scholar, was born at SorbJK. in Sasony-. in ITlfi \ studied at Hallo and Leipsic, became Arabic professor at the latter place in 1748, was appointed rector of the college of 8t Nicholas, and died in A774. \ u • ! ! %\ ■! ■ it En] 191 iflctx) Slnibersal 19io9tapi)|Y. Hi"* wurk« nre nuniprnusnnd erudlto. Tlicy rorutiiitclik'll.v of editions and translations uf the oriiMitnl nnd classical outhors. AmuiiK tlii-in nre tlut Annuls nnd OcoKniphy of Abulfcda, editions of llicocritus, I'lutarcli, the Greek orators, &c. lie wiis assisted In his rcsoarthes by his wife, KllNF.STINA CliUiariNA, who lenrnt (Ireek und Latin for the purpose : after hit death she com- pleted some of his undertakings, and pub- lished his autobiography. Hhe died in 17I)H. UKIZ, or KEITZ, FBIEDKICH WOI.F- UANO, a German philologist, born in 1733. He held »uccessiv<;ly the professorships of philosophy, Latin and Greek, nnd poetry, in the university of Leipsie, of the library of which he was also director. He edited tho works of Herodotus and other classical au- i thors. Uicil, 1790. llKf AND, AKUIAN, a learned orientalist, was born at Alkmoer, in 1C76. He studied nt Amsterd.nm, Utrecht, and I.eyden ; nnd was successively professor of philosophy at Harderwick, nnd of oriental languages and eccltsi.i8tic!il history nt Utrecht, where he died in 1718. Anioni? his works nre, " l)e Hcligione Mohammedicn," " Antiquitates Hucra* Vetcrum Hebra-orum," " Disserta- tiones quinuuo do Nummis Veterum Hebrne- oruni," " I'ala^stina ex Monumentis vcteri- bus lllustratn et Chartis Gcosrnphicis," &c. The last named is his most imporuint work. 'I vols. 4i<>. Ui;MHlt,\M)T, HEBMANSZOO.V (VAN UHVN),onoof the most celebrated painters andengraversof the Dutch school, was born in KKHi, at I.eyden. His passionate love for ait disappointed his father's desire of edu- cating him as a lawyer; he received instruc- tion in the art of painting from several mas- ters, nnd then pursued his labours at home, taking nature as his sole guide. Rembrandt was master of nil that relates to colouring, distribution of light nnd shade, and composi- tion, and though delicient in other requisites of a true artist, it cannot be denied, that his pencil is masterly and unique, possessing an energy nnd effect btlonging to no other painter. His etchings have wonderful fi-ee- dom, facility, and boldness. Uembrandt was twice married, resided during the greater part of his life at Amsterdam, and acquired n large fortune. After the death of his first wife he was involved in serious pecuniary embarrassments, partly perhaps from his lavish ejpendituie in procuring works of art, nnd partly from tl>c condition of his country the conscqmiice of war. He dlel at Amnlerdam in liiti'J. Tlic National Gal- lery possesses thirteen pictures by Kem- brandt , amonj: which are the " \VomHn taken in .\daltcry,"" Adoration of the Shepherds," two portraits of himself, and a small copy of liis largo picture known as the "Night Watch." In the Hrltlsh Museum is a large collection of his etchings. HICMIGIUS, Sr, or UEMI, was arch- bishop of Uheims.and converted King Clovis to Christianity. He died In 633. There wru3 a::u;i!trr ^i nh-....,. ••; ■i- — bishop of Lyons in the 9th century. He de- fended St Augustine's doctrine of grace and predestination against Ootschalk, and pre- [hen sided at the council of Valc^^Thil^iT^- KKMU8AT, JKAN PIF.RRe AliFL an p™i nent orientalist, wnt born nt I>i i, ?" -'5 ' He was professor of the Chines" o /a S '""?"???\"5^^" Co'l^RO do Francn; in 1816 ; and, after VIsconti', death ''' he was appointed editor of tho Jou'r »i , „.' Savnns. His principal worksarc ''eI S .V?*""'."® "^^ .'» Lilt^raturc ChinX, . 'Plan d'un Dictlonnnlrc Chinois," •' i langet Aslatlques." and " Comtcj Chinoi '■ angei Aslatlques," and 3 vols. Died, \mi. IIENAU D'ELISAQAUAY, BERvum ai\ able French naval architect, wa„ born h,' l«arn. In 1682. He was employed aUirc In tho construction of large ships; and in 1680, he conceived the Idea of bomb-vcssc . which were used at the bombardment of Algiers, and the success of which led to liis being appointed to conduct several sicees under Vnuban. For these services he was made a captain In tho navy, and rewarded with a pension of l2,(Hnj livrcs. These ro wards, however, he lost by the death of lijs patron Seignelny. He was afterwards made a member of the Council of Marino, and re- ceived tho grand cross of St Louis. He wrote " Thtorio do la Manoeuvre dcs Vaisseaux " and died In 1719. ' llENAUDOT, Tufioi'HKASTE, a French physician, was born atLourtun.in I5S3; and died at Paris, in 1053. He was the projector of " I^ Gazette," which he published from 1631 to 1603. He was the author of a "Life of Henry II.,Frince of Condi!," and other biographic.il works. llENAUDOT, EV8KBE, French oriental- Ist, grandson of tho preceding, was lorn at i'aris in 1646. He was educated by the Jesuits, made great attainments in oriental literature, becan\u a member of the French Academy aud the Academy of InseriptJons, and In 1700 accompanied Cardinal dcNoaillcs to Home, where ho enjoyed the friendship of I'ope Clement XL llcnnudot bcqucuihcd his numerous oriental manuscripts to the abbey of Saint Germain dcs I'r^s. His works comprise a Latin translation of Tes- timonies of the Eastern Church respecting the Eucharist; several treatises on the same subject ; " Hlstoria ratriarcharum Alex- andrinorum Jacobitarum;" "Liturpiatum Orientnlium Collectio," &c. Died, 1720. KENfe, surnamed THE Good., dulie of Anjou, count of I'rovcncc.andking of .Sicily, was born at Angers in 1409. He was son of Louis II., count of Anjou, married in lliO Isabella of Lorraine, but was driven from that duchy, and kept prisoner by the duke of Hurgundy for several years. He suc- ceeded his brother Louis III. in 1131, and was chosen successor to the kingdom of Nai)les by Queen Joanna II. Being still a prisoner, he sent his wife Isnholla to receire the homage of his new subjects. He was, liberated inl 136, and wasafterwardi! engaged i In war for three years with Alfonso of! Aragon, who. In 1 ' ':X, llnally got possession nf KnnlP«. llenft retired to Trovence and devoted himself to the ndmimstraiwa M his estates, and to the cultivation of po try and the line arts. His daughter Margaret ben] ;«i marrleU In 1415 to Henry VI. of Kng- mi. on tho seizure of Anjou, by Louis tl of France, in 1473, lient retired to Alx, u.PfV'ncc, where lie spent lil» Inst lU * . .1. - ».««»•.« anil 1/\va t\t Kl« % £itio Bnibtxfsnl 19iograpf)L). [rep TMT« nJoTlng the eitccm and love of hl« luhlcct*. His work on tournnmentg, and Mine of his poonis and paintings, arc atill Htant. I'ieJ, l^**"- A marble statuo was roctcd to him nt Alx In 1823, and hiitorlcs of hU life have been written by HolMon de la 8alle, and the Viscount de Villeneuvc- BarRcniont. KKNNF.I'. Mfljor JAMKS, wag bom at Cliudleigh, in Devonshire, In 1742 ; first cn- lerccl tlic naval service as a midshipman, and lorvcJ in India, but quitted it for the £mI India Compan) '» military service, and bocame survcynr genrral of Itcnftnl. Itc- lurnlng to Knitland In 178'.', be was elected a fellow of tiic Koyi.! Society; and from Ihisrcriod he held an extensive correspond- ence with Mien of learninff both at homo and abroad. He now published his celc- br.itcd " Memoir and >Iap of Ilindostan," i and lie assisted in the formation of the Asiatic I Society. He was also author of "Observa- 'lions on the Topo|?raphy of the I'laln of Troy," memoirs on the " UeoRraphy of Afri- ca," the "(ieograpbical System of Herod- otus," and the "Man hes of tlie Hritish Army intlid'cninsula of India," i&c. He died In 1830. ItEN'NELT,, THOMAS, D.T)., denn of Win- chester, and one of tlic most learned and eloquent preachers of his time, was born, 1753. In 1781) he was inducted to the living of Alton, in Hampshire ; and in I8ii5 nc was appointed to the deanery of Winchester, by his admirer and friend, Mr Pitt. Though his scholarship wa.s at once profound and viirious, ho pulilislied notliing but a volume ofscrmons,priiH'ipally a selection from those which he pre:i 'M at the Temple church, London, and in iiic cathedral of Winchester. This volume atfords abundant proof that, "both as a theologian and a scholar, In the most comprehensive sense of the words, Dr Renncll was one of the most remnrVable and accomplished men of tho age." Ijite in life he lost liis wife, the daughter of Sir William Blacljstone. Died, 1840. RENXKLI;, THOMAS, son of Dr Ken- iiell, noticed above, was born in 1787, and was placed ni an early age nt Eton, where he distinguished himself by his proflcieney in classical literature, and obtained Ur Itu- chanan's prize for the best Greek Sapphic- ode "On the rropagation of tho Gospel in India." In 1806 he removed to King's College, Camtividgc, and two years after Rained the Urunonian prize for the best Greek ode. On taking his lirst degrer.-, he entered info orders, and became ussistant preacher to his f.ithcrat theTemple church ; in 1811 he puldishcd "Animadversions on tne Lnitarian Version of the New Testa- nient ; "about which time he undi-rtook the editorship of the British Critic. In 1818 he was presented to tho vicarageof Kensington, and m the same year he was elected Chris- tian advocato in the university of Cam- OlldRe, in which Mnnrity l'" pi.Ki:..!.— 1 ^~~ excellent treatises ; 'onc,"en"titled"Ucmark8 on Scepticism, especially as connected with I the Subjects of Orgnni/atlen nnd Lif«- . •• the "iH^r* '^''■?"^»"fJn»P'''~«"onontheOr'ound« of Distinction between the New Testament and the Apocryphal Volume." In I8i'«. Mr Konncll was presented to the mastershif of 8t Nicholas's hospital, and a prcbenU in Salisbury cathedral ; but a violent attack of fever, which terminated in a gradual decline put an end to the hopes of hiii friends and admirers iu the following year. He died at Winchester, Juno, 1824, Just as he had com- pleted his last work, a new translation of Miinster's Narrative of the Conversion of Count Strucnsce." llENNIi:, JOHN, a celebrated civil en- gineer nnd mechanist, was born at Phan- tassle, in East I.oMiian, settled in London in 1783, and first became known by the talent hedlsplayedin the ecnstrucilonof the Albion Mills. His next task was to superintend tho new machinery of Whitbrend's brewery, the execution of which increased his fame. He soon, however, became eminent in labours of a superior kind, and stood at the head of the civil engineers of this country. Among his public works may be mentioned, Itamsgate Harbour; Waterloo, SouthwnrU, and New London Bridges; the Hreak water at Ply- mouth; the Crinan, Lancaster, Kennet and Avon, and other canals ; several docks nnd harbours, among which are those of London, Hull, nnd Sheerness, and the extensive drain- age schemes for the Lincolnshire fens, which he planned and executed. Forsteady resolu- tion and Inflexible prrscvernnce Mr llennie was rarely surpassed ; and it was these (iualltles, combined with eminent natural talents, that so admirnbly fitted him to con- tend with or guard against the great physi- cal operations of nat^ye. iJied, 1821. His sons, George and Sir John llennie, have ably followed iu their father's footsteps. KKNNIE, GKORCiK, eldest son of the pre ceding, and like him a distinguished en- gineer, was born in 17!il. Educated nt St Paul's School nnd the university of Edin- burgh, he learned the art of engineering un- der his father, nnd took part w ith him in many of his great works. He afterwards carried on business in partnership with his brother. Sir John llennie, executed Import- ant dock and drainage works, was la.gcly employed by the llussian government, con- structed bridges, railways, steain-enginea, &c. He was a fellow of the Koyal Society, and of other learned bodies, and published several scientific works. Died at London, 30th March, 18(;«. His sons carry on the business. liEPNlN, Nicnoi.AS VAsiUF.vicn, Prince, born in 1731, was a llussian field- marshal, and served under Peter I. He was afterwards appointed by Catharine 11. assist- ant to tho Russian ambassador at tho eleva- vation of Stanislaus to the throne of Poland, In 17<-esden in 177» Ho received his education as a painter In tho academy of that city, and in 1821 was named professor of painting. His fame as an artist rests on his wonderfully vigorous and beautiful etchings illustrative of the " Faust " of Goethe, and of Shakespeare's H34 [heu ;; *!?"1?»':,"* Mncboth^-'-nomeoandJ^m^ "Othello," nnd several other pl«T« tC ■'Faust '• etchings appeared la IDla.and the Shakespeare illu8tr;illon« at varioin tlniM from lHW-1845. lietzich aho publ hod some admirable llltistrations to Schiller', poems, nnd several other sots of Rkutche. and Designs. Of gonial temper, warm hearted and cheery, and simple in hIswnT of life, he enjoyed tho traoit csteom of hl« fellow-eitlzens, and tho love of a htel circle of friends. Dicdat l)reK,lfii,Juiicll 1 8.^7 . ' UF.UOHMN, .TOHANN,oneo( the Rroatest classical and Hebrew scholars of his time was born at I'forf zheim, la the nmr -raTlati' of Jladen, in 11.').'). His fine voice iw one of the choristers in the church having iittracted the attention of the margrave, the latter selected him in 117;! to accompany hii son to the university of I'arU. There he studied under John AVessel, and wiiii such distinc- tion, that at twenty years of age he tauehl Ureek and Latin at llasel. He subsequently entered the service of Kberhnrd of AVurtem- berg, and in 1487 ncconipanied him to Italy, where he became acquainted with Chalcon- dylas, Pico of Mirandola, ami other scliolars, and delivered a Latin oration before tho pope. Ueuchliii was employed in several importaii* negotiations, and obtained the title of count-palatine. After Kberhard's death he had to quit Stuttgard, and take re- fuge at tho court of the Klector Philip at Heldellierg. He continued his scholarly labours, and spared neither painsnor money in collecting Hebrew and Greek manuscripts. Ho was sent again to Rome in 1498. His studies were not limited to philology, but extended to theology, nnd although he 'nver quitted the church of Home, his views leaned towards those of the Ueformers. In 1509 he was consulted by the Kmperor Maximilian I. on the measure proposed by the Domini- cans of Cologne, of burning all Jewish books except the lliMe, The edict had been ob- tained, nnd the hooks were given up to the; Inquisitor and the monks; but KeuchlinI gave an opinion ngainst it, and the books i were restored to the Jews. His work en- j titled " Speculum Oculare" appeared in IJll nnd provoki.d an outburst uf tierce hate and \ persecution against him. He was denounced as a heretic, was condemned by the Inquisi- , tor, and his writings sentenced to be burnt. This brought I'lrich vou lliltten into the | field as a reformer; he publisbed his"Tri-' uniphus Capnionis," and put himselfatthe head of a Iciiguo of 8tatesn\en, preachers, and literary men to oppose the Obscurantists (IHinl-etviiinner) of Cologne. Iteuchlin ap- pealed to the pope, nnd so did bis enemies, and the cause was htili undecided when the itreater questions stirred by Luther put an end to it. Ueuehlin was afterwards pro- fessor of (ireek and Hebrew at AVittenbcrg, Ingolstadt, nnd TiibinKcn, and was rcsorte(. to by crowds of students. Ueuehlin was the cousin of Melancthon, who studied unuor him at Pfortzheim. The labours of ihn eminent ma,, contrimuedgreatly^^^^^^^^^ a Lalin Dictionary, a Greek Granunar «nd the first Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon igfEFr % iflttD ffin(ber«al laiograpl)!}. [bey which . Stuttgard Died at 'uFuniNrt ' OHN KvKnAUD ono of the "fnSuml lawyer. Honana ha. pro;^ ffin; acqulro.1 grent reputation at tho ffi'counS ."r'?o''the curt of /JitUn of '? .tnpn of llolliind. In 1801 he became "■" '"^n , f thohKh court of Ju.tlce ; nnd SSmln t'dcoun'dlor of .t.ite extraordinary, nomin.ueui vie,..preKiilont of the coun- Jirim he uniL of Holland to Franco. In in 10 became prchident of the court of ap- „l^ the HaKuo ; but wa» «oon after In- ! S; 'arir«^ counsellor of the cu of Ca«mltlon, which ofHco he relln- „lh.'d when, in IH14, the independenco of 2 n^We country was secured, and returned ,ito ho presidency he had quitted at the 'iHaKue. Ho «'''" '" ^"■""•'"' '" l!* '"■."'I "^ !wa ralMion, nnd there perished. thejlctlm infVoon9Piriu'y,the author, of which have Dolitical knowledge enabled him to flU hi. (Ifferpnt ottlces with efKelcncy ; and ho earned a lasting reputation by the cnmlna code of the Netherlands, which was almost Mitlrplv his work. . 11 F V E I I.L 1 K n E-Ii kVAVX, l.OUia Makie la, one of tho members of the French Directory, was horn at MontalRne, in 1753, and hrouRht up to tho profession of the law. On tho breaking out of the revolution, he displayed Rreat ardour in jupporting popular opinions ; became a member of the Constituent Assembly; and, in 1792, of the National Convention. He procured the decree of the Convention, purporting "that the French nation would give ajsistancc to all oppressed people who wished to recover their liberty;" and voted for the death of the klnjf, and against the appeal to tho people. He afterward. opposed T)anton,and In vain defended the ^proscribed Girondist.; was compelled to seek for safety in concealment, but returned ; to Paris after the death of Kobesplcrre. On ' tlio creation of tho Institute, he wa. nomin- ated a member of the class of moral and poli- tical sciences; advocated some religious cere- monies in accordance with the principle, of the thcophilanthropist.; and wa. represented • M the hitjhpriest of that sect. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon, and retired to the neighbourhood of Or- I leans, where he lived in obscurity for a Itlme; afterwards returned to I'aris, and died in IH'24. He le't " Memoir*!," with di- reetions for their being- published at a future 'time. i RFA'ELKY, WILI.KY, an Kngll.h archi- tect and antiquary, was a pupil of Sir Wil- liam Chambers. He tr.ivelled through : (Ireece, nnd lived for « time at Athens, mak- ilng numerous drawings during his progress. jHp was employed to edit the 3rd vol. of ;" Athenian" Stuart's great work on the "Antiquities of Athens." Mr Ilcvcley built jthe church of All Saints nt Southampton. I Died, 1799. i KKVETT, NICHOLAS, an F.ngiish archi- tect, was born in Suffolk. In 1721. In 1750 ho met Athenian Stuart at Home, accom- panied him in his travel, through Ure«co, and with him edited tho " AntiqultlH. of Athen.." In 17110 Kcvett accompanied (Ihandler to Asl.i Minor, and tho work en- titled " Ionian Antl<|ultle*" wn. tho fruit of their Joint labour.. One of hlamoit remark- able work, as architect was the church erected In 1778. for Sir Lionel I.ydc, bart., at Ayott. St Lawrence, in Hertfordshire. Died at Ix)ndon. 18(»4. HKWHKLL, Jkan UAniHTi;, one of the director, of the French republic, wa. born at Colmar, in 1748. Ho wa. chosen deputy for the tier. <^tat to the States-general in 1789, was nominated deputy to the Convention In 1792, voted for the establishment of a repub- lic, and strenuously recommended the trial of Loul.XVI. After filling .everal import- ant situations, ho wa. at length raised by hi. colleagues to the highest magistracy of tho state. He held the oftlce of director till 1799, when he was replaced by the Abb< Kleyes ; and he died in comparative obscur- ity, in 1810. UEV, JEAN IlAi'TiSTE, an cmlnont French musician, was born at Lanzerte, in 1734. While at Nantes, hi. reputatlor as a com- poser having reached the court, ho wa. tent for, and appointed chamber-musician to the king, with a salary of'2000 francs; and though tho revolution interfered with his promised advancenent in the royal household, he con- tinued to direct the opera orchestra for more than thirty-five years, nnd under Napoleon was appointed to superintend that of tho chapel royal. Ho composed a number of operas, Ac , and died in 1810. UEY.JKAN.aFrench physician of the 17th century, one of the precursors of the scienco of pneumatic chemistry. He publisheu an interesting work in 1630. from which it appears he had discovered that the Increase of weight In calcined metals arises from the absorption and solidification of air; and on this the antiphlogistic theory of chemistry is, in a great measure, founded. He dled.ln 1645. , , ^ llEYNFAir, CHAIU.KS RKNK, an eminent French mathematician, was born atHrissac, in 16.56, and entered into the congregation of the Oratory. Having become well acquainted with geometry, and studied the Cartesian philosophy, he taught mathematics and phy- sics at Toulon and Angers. He was the au- thor of "Analyse D<>montr^c, " 2 vols. 4to; and " Science du Calcul de. Grandeurs." Died, 1728. KF.YMER, JFAN l.OVia FBENK/F.Il. French general, was born at lAusanne, in 1771. Ho entered into the army, nnd in the early campaigns of the French republic he so far sipnali/.cd himself, as to be a\r- pointed general of brigade during the con- quest of Holland in 17'.»J. He afterwards served under Moreau, as chief of the staff; and In the memorable retreat In 1796, as well as on other occasions, gave proofs of his su- perior military talents. In 1798 he aciom- panied Huonapartc to Egypt, was present at the battle of the Pyramids, commanded for a time nt Acre, overthrew the Janizar- i ie», Hud thus contributed Krcull; ti> t'so I victory of Heliopolls; but having subse- 855 ■ll'l rey] ^ iflctD Slnibersal 13iogrnpI)t}. qucntly quorrrlird with (Irncriil Mcnou, »ia wm coolly rocclvftl bjr lluuiiupitrtu on M» return to Fninop. lUvinK killcil Ucnrru' d'KitalKn In n ilurl, lio \vn« oxIUmI from I'nrU; hut In IHOJ ho Mrni neiUlcd, an«. IIo WBi one of tho AHiombly of dlvlnci, and bo camo bUhop of Norwich, whcro ho died, in 167fl. HKYNOI.na, Sir J08HVA, tho Rrcntcst EnKlUh portrait painter, wa» tho ton of the rector of I'lympfon, In Devonshire, whero be wni born, in 1723. JIc was educated at tho Orammnr School (if hi* nntiTo place, and early diacovcrrd a predilection for drawing, which induced hit father to place htm, at tho nno of 17, with Hudson, then tho most fnmoua portrait painter in London, with whom ho remaini.l two years. After prartislnff several years ns a portrait painter, first at Plymouth and nffer- wnrds in London, ho wont to Itnl/, vLsited Rome and all the principal cities, and studied the works of Michael Angelo, Unphnel, Ti- tian,. ind other fcront ninsterH. On his return to London, in 17S:i, his talent placed him at tho head of I'.nRlish portrait painters; and being a man of literary ability nnd an nmi- abk' companion, ho soon numbered among his Intir.i'ite friends tome of the most dls- tinffuUhed characters of the day. UojeclInK the stitT, unvaried, and unmeaning attitudes of former artists, he gavo to his flgures air and notion adapted to their characters. When tho Koyal Academy was instituted, in 176H, ho was unanimously chosen pro- tldent, and was knighted; nnd although it was no prescribed part of his duty to read lectures, yet his zeal for tho advancement of tho fine arts Induced him to deliver nn- nunl or biennial discourses before the Aca- demy on the principles nnd prnctiec of paint- ing. Of these he pronotinced fifteen, from 17e9 to 17!»>, which were published in two sets, and form a standard work. He was a number of tho celebrated club which con- tained the nanus of Johnson, (inrrick, liurke, and others of tho first rank of literary eminence, nnd seems to have Ik en beloyc.l and respected by his associates. In ITTIl tho university of Oxibrdconferredon Sir Joshua tho honorory degree of doctor of laws, nnd In 17H4, ho was appointed principal painter to the king. This great nrlist died un- married, nt his house in L<^icester Square, Feb. 23, r!»2, and was buried in St I'aul's cathedrnl. Speaking of hiit tali-nts nnd his general tNnr;ict?r, Hurke happily remarl's, " Ho hid f'Ki ) »i- 'i merit not to excite gome Jealous.', ti' ' rk8 of Sir Joshua aro 7ery r,KT" 'r.T.T s. Ths? N.atinna! (-.'iIUtv po.g- ■esses f'.iurtocii, among which are tho fine portraits gon' Samui'l erected to [RHO traits of I/)rd HcathfieM snd iZTu ler the" Holy l^,mlly,■^,„^,hc.•^nf'; A mcMiument, by I'laxman n« liim InKt I'aiil'.. liu Z,;,!i, painted by himself, Is In 11,. ^0^1'' ira t (iallery ; and a mon.oir on h" Z and Times," undertaken by l.rsi |V 1».)!; ° completed nnd published by MrTom V.^ '" 11 1; /. Z O N I V. o , ANTON,,, (IT.sJ'p ":• Count, an Italian nobleiiiun, horn nt (■,,,,;' in l7o;... 110 bteamo n,«rsl,:,i of t ho '' chamlxrlain to tl.o duke of I'arnm n!,' governor of tho citadel, ico dcvotr 1 mt f of hi,t:motoli,erary pursJur ,7; duced several -.vorks, among »i,ich u\L very learned M)is.,uUiil.M,o,i;|i„i ;!',•; me1-lt""l?ied^"[?;5. ''"''"'""« ^-''"-"^''^ IIHAZKS, or UAZI. MOlIAMMRn Aiur IVEKa Il.N-ZACl.AiUA, ..» Ar.iblnn phv" Bician.wns born in Khorasan about K.'.Ound resided nt llaghdad, whore hf was sum' 1, tendentof the public hospital. He nave a distinct account, tho enrllest whii'h Ls c\ taut, of tho small. pox. which dlsoaso main its first appearance In Kffj pt. In tho rolgn of tho Caliph Omar. Died, prohably |),12 UHLl'.DK, IIKNUY AllllUN l»ll\UKN. STKIN VAN, n celebrated Dutch liutiinist'of tho 17th century. He early went to India and distinguishing himself in the scrviwof his country, became governor of the Malabar coast, lie studied the botany of tlic country and published a work entitled" Hortua In dicug Mnlabaricus," in 12 noIs,, the tint of which appeared in 1078; nnd lutcr, " I'lora Malabnricu." Died between lfi!i6-i:03. UinOAS,or UIGAS.n modern Gicik pa- triot, born nt VclcHlini, in Thcssaly, alumt 17.');i. Ho wns soon dlslinRuished for liis ready apprehension and extensive arquiro- ment.s, being intimately ncquainteil with tlio ancient literature of (Jrccec, as well n» with tho Latin, French, Ocriiian, nnd Italian languages. lx)okin« forward for an oppor- tunity when his country mi(,'ht throw oirthe Turkish yoke, ho conceived tlic projector a grand secret suciety, and umonij tho ilib- contented chiefs who bcpnineassnclateawilh him, was tho p.icha Passwau Ojjlou. He then proceeded to Vienna, whleli place he made the focus of an extensive correspond- ence with persons of iutelli);enec possessing similar principles with himself in various parts of Lurope He also cnnimeiu-nl Oreck Journal for the Instnietion of h countrymen, eonipo.seda treatise on milil:ir.v tactics, drew up a grand riiirt of all Ori'Peo, I in 12 divisions, and tr, 1 1 U' il the tnudsof ; Anacharsis tho Younger nrl (ilhor "rench works. Dut being tre 11 iTrie, .iy J , mocd to tho Austrian gov ' iincut by dih of his associates, ns a conspirator againsf thebtiito, ho wai nrrfsted at Trieste, nnd ordered tobe delivered up to tho Ottoman I'crtP. lliscun- ductors, however, fearini; to be intevcoptfJ by I'asswnn Oglou, drowned him In the D.inube, tutjethcr witli 8 of liis coiupaniwis, who hnd been arrotcd at the same time May, 17!W. UHODKS, At.f.xandur pf;, a rrrnch Je- suit missionary, who in l(il8 went to the K:iHt Tnt'les. and after rci^idina: for 'onie time at Ooa, proceeded to Toniiuin and Cochin I DK.arronchJe- 1018 wpiit to ilie ili!!(jfor'finintiinei incjuin and Cocliin jEl £lt\xi 8lnii)(rsal 13iogr.ipt)i}. [rig t:,., ,,, „.-,ch Chrlntlanlty ; hut b«>lng, KuV^/rrncutlons rompcllrd to r..lln^ '"""''l.i/ i»h.,iir« thero, h« rrturnoit to niilih hi mnoiirs i"^" ■• Sope.an.l «f.rnranl» ••nKn«';J " " i..imi to I'cr.ltt, whnro ho died In S 'wrote c»er«; ^ork,, rolatlnK rhle.., ., ih*progr'"of the «.m,..-l In tho»e purti of KeK which 1.0 Jmavliltca. mtchphyililan ..nd nuturulliit, born at De«ntrr, ftb-iut UilO. HoinK appolnf.-d ohTilc an to th<. Dutrh Knit Ii.aiftCon.pnny, f„ IflM ho romiilncd «(.mp tlnw at the Cnpc "Jnnod Hope, to pxiiiainc the prodiictloni the country nnd tl..- i.uinniTH of th.- Inho- e" . c olOoct, and tmployod hinue f In «i"n mc rcitarehc. While there. It U Mid, he made a voy .^p to Jnpiin and curod V\e impernr of a lunK'T-His muU.ly. On hU ireturn I' rul'll'-'ie'l the result of hit ob i'*iuV\U'A, ru\NClsro, an eminent Span- ish painter, boiu at CugtlUon do la IMana In 1,1 Ho itudiod iovoriil years In Italy, line hli ityle egpfcliilly on that of Hebua- itluno del riombo, and after hU return to iSoaIn icttled at Valencia. Ho painted 'many picture) for the principal town* of '< Spain, amoni? which arc named a " Lntt Sup- iMr'an " Kntombnient of Christ,"" Death ITf fit Vintent de I'crrer," Ac. The picture at Oxford of "Christ bearing his Cross " is mojt probably by thU niastet. Died at Vnloncin, IfiJft. His Kon Junn was a good painter, but died the same year as his fatliiT. Hibalta was the teacher of lllbera. UIltAS, JOHKI'II 1>E, a (fcneral In the nnnslan army, was a native of Naple*, and born about 173.5. «cln(( at I-eghorn at the time Aloxii Orloff arrived there with his fleet for the purpose of earrylng off the nati\ral dauBhtor of the Kmpress Kliiubeth, whom Prince HadziviU had taken to Home and then abandoned, he assisted In this un- dertaking, and then went to Itussla to ob- tain from Catharine II., the reward of his •erriccs. After uttendhiR on the son of the emprcHS by Ureuory Orloff, In his travels, he obtained a rPKiment of carabineers; and in 1790 he conimiindcd, with the rank of ad- miral, the licet destined for the attack of Kilia nnd Ismail, to the success of which he greatly contributed. Havlnfi; aKnin siitnal- ijed himself in her service, both as an olHcer and a diplomatist, the empress. In i;'.)2, made him a rear-admiral, nnd further rewarded 1 him with a pension of ao.ooo rubles. RIBEUA.JnsK, called Lo SiMciSOLKTTO, m eminent Spanish painter, was born at Lvatlra, in Valencia, in 15.SH. Ho was at iHrsta pupil of Uibaltn, but went early to Italy, and had for hU master CaravngRio. whose bold naturalistic style was the nioil'.'! iOfhiaown. lie afterwards studied the works of Raphael, the Caracci, and CtirepBio. He visited rarnia and Modena.and thciiec went to Naples, where the viceroy namrd hint his painter. According to some accounts, he left j his house suddenly In IGJH, and was never 1 again heard of. Others state that he died at Naples, In K;')!;. His histmi.jal pictures nre PlMCily rppresfntnti-in^* of ;«.»pty:>t>:>».»S tor tares, &c. ; the genius of Spagnoletto, in fact, II: seemed to revel In teenes of horror and cruelty. Jllbfr« was oncof the thirfartlsti who conspired to stouro li> themselves the art patronnfff! of Naples, rxp'-lllnR all com- petitor*. AmonK hit pupils were l.ueatilor- dano and Hulvulor Uosa. Two exninplei of Ulhern nre In tho National Oallery. UICAUno, DAVID, celebrated for IiU writlnKs on iinanco and statistics, wot born In I ■udon, of a Jewish family. In 177i. Hii> haracter for probity. Industry, nnd talent, early procured for liini tho means of support i and, lieeonilnK a member of tho stock exchange, ho aeeumtilated immense property. In IHlo he appeared as n writer in tho Morning Chronicle, on tho subject of tho depreciation of the national currency j he advocated the principles of Mnlthus con- cerning population i and published a trea- tise on" i'olltical ICconomy and Taxation," which forms n luminous exposition of the origin nnd fluctuation of national wealth and expenditure. In IHl!), Mr Ilicardo was elected into purlinmcnt for the Irish borough of rortarlington ; ho seldom spoke, except on subjects of flnunce and commerce, on which occasions he was always heard with great deference. Died, 1823. liis works were collecteU and published by Mr M'Cul- lorh. UK'AL'T, Ok- RYCAUT, Sir VAt'l,, an English diplomatist^trnvellcr.and historical writer, was the son of a merchant In I^on- don ; received his education at Trinity Col- lego, Cambridge ; and in 1661 went to Con- stantinople, as secretary to the embassy, and there wroto his " Present State of tho otto man Kmpire." He was next appointed consul at rtmymn, where, by the command of Charles II., he wroto " Tho present State of the (ireek nnd Armenian Churches;" and on hit return home ho was made secro- tary totho lord lieutenant of Ireland, privy- councillor, and a Judge of tho high court of admiralty. William III. employed him as Knglish resident in the Hansc Towns, where he continued ID years, llcsidos the works before mentioned, he wrote a continuation of KnoUes'i " History of the Turks," and translations of I'latina's "I.Ives of the Popes," and Oareilasso de la Vega's " His- tory of Peru." Died, 1700. IIICCI, I.onKNZo, the last general of tho Jesuits previous to their suppression by Pope Clement XIV., was born at Florence, in 17U3 ; entered into the order of St Ignatius at the age of \ii became, tuccesslvcly, spi- ritual director of tho Roman college, ond secretary of his order; nnd succeeded, on the death of Centurioni,in 176t(, to the ofllce of general. On tho suppression of tho Jcsuita be was confined as a prisoner in the castle of St Angelo, and there died in 1775. llICCI, S(ii'lONK,an Italian prelate, was a nephew of the preceding, nnd born at Flo- rence, III 1711. He was rai!.. l.Iu 1.lut>nr...ln « •> . I ai the antiqK f/*''' j East were exteng' ,e, as may be seen hvl'' "Memoirs of Ancient Habvlon •• and^ 5!* ' valuable collection of oriental MSS^L • . the Hritish Museum. Died, at ShimTs ? RICHARD I., king of England s^ed ^TV^. "^^.J-'O"- ■»■ *» H.°-n in 1137, and mm- ed the throne on the deatli of his fath.r ' Henry 11 in 1189. He had taken the S previous to his accession, and now resolvM to fulfil his vow in the ields of Palest J. for which object !ie raised monev by the sal^ of the crown pro ptrty and offices, and a mat number of English barons joined in the euter prise. In 1190, Richard joinou tiieCmsade with Philip Augustus of Frr.nce; andlOOOOi) of their br vest subjects met together ou the plains of . rztlai. The two roval crusaders proceeded by separate reutes to Sicily Theve they quarrelled, but made it up by means of a large money payment by Rich- ard. After some months' stay in Sici'lv, they again scL forward; Richard on the' way making himself riaster of Cyprus, and giv- ing it to Guy of I.usignan. In Cyprus Rich- I ard married the I'rineess Ecrengaria of Na- varre. Early in June he arrived at .'lore I which was then besieged by the crusaders' It was taken sorn after; but mutual jea- lousies arose among the Christian princes, and Philip returned to Europe, leaving be- hind him 10,000 of his men. Richard re- mained in the East, where he displayed the most heroic valour against Saladin,' whom he signally defeated near Caesarea, and hav- ing made a truce, embarked in a vessel, which was shipwrecked on the coast of Italy. He then, in the disguise of a pilgrim, travelled through part of Germany: butbe- Ing discovered by I^opold, dake of .\u5tria, he was made prisoner, and sent to the em- peror, Henry VI., who kept him confined in a castle some time. He was at length ran- somed by his subjects, on the payment of| 150,000 marks, and landed at Sandwich, ic j 1194; after which he was again crowned. | Philip having, contrary to treaty, seized on part of Normandy, Richard invaded France with a large army, out a truce was concluded in 1 196. The war' was, however, soon renew- ed ; and Richard, in besieging the castle of Chains, In March, 1193, was wounded by a shot from the cross-bow of one Bertrandii' Gourdon, who being asked what induced him to attempt the kings life, replied, "You killed mv father and my brother wiih your own hand, and designed to put me to in ig- nnnitnious death.' The prospect of his own , death inspired Richard with sentiments of ^ moderation and j\istice, and h< "■iered! Gourdon to be set at lilicrty.anda.. weda , sum of monev; but the savage Marcad'e, i who commanded the Braban(;on5, cause.! i him to be flayed alive. Richard died of his : wound on the 6th of April, \m, in the tiiia . year of his age, and the 10th of hi^ reijn.j leaving no issue. His character was strongly j marked, presenting much to admire and : much to condemn. "<",?:••" ,"'^ "^.'^ , generous ; at the same time, he was hauslity, violent, unjust, and s.mguinary ; «n"i''f'f i Oibljon observes, " the ferocity of a ft.iw"- bio] r„S"^ neUheX« he deficient in the ,tnf Doetry.as some of his compositions. • .prvCamonR those of the Troubadours, Snt wftnesT Tfvo volumes hare already ff^,Sa?ed of "Chronicles aud Memo- ' *^'nf ?hrKei^ of Richard I.." edited by , w 8?abbi Maunder the authority of the ■SrdSmmis.ioners of her Majesty sTrea- '"kICHARD II., kinf? of England, was son .tvAwa<.\ the mack Prince, and was bom BoSx in February, 1366. His father ? ,in n-fi nnd he was created prince of Sea"; ''ucceedtng his grandfather, Edward III on the throne, 22nd June, 1377. During is minority the government was carried Si bvicouncil of regency, and the state was 'Liictedbv the intrigms and contcmions :« the young liing's uncles, the dukes of linc^ter (John of Gaunt) and Gloucester. Wchard showed no small courage and pre- face of mind on the outbreak of the insur- wtion provoked by the poU-tax and the Kandaloas manner in which it j^as col- ifiotcd- meeting the insurgents with their li der,' w"t the Tyler, in SmithfleUl, and : persuading them, by Pro^'f* «f./"" «''"; I KM of freedom, to quit the city. Their i chief, however, was killed, and they were soon dispersed by miliWry force. Before •the month (June, 1381) ended, the king re- Toked the charters, had the insurgents tried, and about 1500 of them put to death. Wi;r was going on with France, and the Lollards wore rising into importance enough to be ncrse'uted. In 1382 Hichnrd married the Princess Anne of liohemia, who acquired the title of the "good Queen Anne." On the ' departnrpof the duke of Lanca.ster for Spain, in 1386, the king was deprived of power by a council of regency with Gloucester at its head; which, however, was declared by the judecs to be illegal. The king assumed the (Tovemmcnt in May. 1389. made William of Vykeham chancellor, and drove from the court the duke of Gloucester and his ndher- cnts. The queen died in 1394, and the same vcar Richard visited Ireland. Great agita- tion arose about the same time in i-onse- queneeofthespread of Wickliflfc's doctrines. His writings had been already condemned sad seized as heretical. In 1396. the king ! married Uabcllaof France, then only seven years of age ; and the French war was ended ; by a truce for 25 years, and the surrender of i Brest to the duke of Urittany. The mar- ' riageand treaty increased the popular dis- content, and Gloucester was encouraKCd to attempt to regain his power. Hut he, with teveral of his accomplices in conspiracy, were seized, tried, and condemned. The duko was put to death at Calais. The famous : (inarrel between the dukes o.' Hereford and '■ Norfolk took place in 1398, when both were banished In- The king. After the death of I Ijncaster, in the following year, Hereford ji{now duke of Lancaster) returned, pro % i^tD anibcrsal ISiogtapi)^. [rio resign the crown. Richard was sent to the Tower, then to Pomfret Castle, where he is commonly said to have been murdered. But nothing is certainly known of his end. and there are strong grounds for believing that he soon escaped from Pomfret and lived In Scotland till 1417 or 1419. RICHARD III., liing of England, brother of Edward IV.,andyoungest son of Richard, duke of York, was born at F'otheringay Castle in 1450. Soon after the accession of Edward IV. he was created duke of Glou- cester, K. 0.,and lord high admiral, though only in his eleventh year. Other dignities and offices were afterwards conferred on him. In 1470, he accompanied the king to Flan- ders on the restoration of Henry VI. by the earl of Warwick ; returned with him, and took part in the battles of Bamet and Tewkesbury, and in the expedition to France in 1475 ; and commanded the expedition against Scotland in 1482, when he took Ber wick and Edinburgh. Already popular suspicion attached itself to Gloucester as the murderer of Prince Edward after the battle of Tewkesbury, and of Henry VI. in the Tower ; but conclusive evidence is wanting. The attainder and death of bis brother, the duke of Clarence, which took place in 1478, were more certainly instigated by him. On the death of Edward IV., in 1483, Gloucester, who was still on the bor- ders, set out for London, got possession of his young nephew, Edward V., marched to London, end was named Protector of the kingdom. Th-.> duke of liuckingham associ- ated himself with Gloucester in these mea- sures, aud was at once appointed chief justice and constable of the royal castles in Wales. The sudden arrest and execution of Lord Hastings was followed by that of Earl Rivers, Lord Grey, Vaughan, and Haute; the young king and his brother were sent to the Tower ; and a sermon was preached at Paul's Cross by one Shaw, setting forth the bastardy of 1 i wanl IV. and Edward V., and the claim ot (.iloucester to the throne. T. a was supported two days later by a sp«>ech of Buckingham, and the Protector was offered and accepted the title of king on the 26th June. The young princes were no more seen , and the belief established itself that they wero murdered there by order of Richard. After his coronation he made a progress through the country, and was crowned a second time at York. But plots were already forming, and an offer of the crown was conditionally made to Henry, earl of Richmond. Buckingham, who had Jnst been made constable of England, joined in them, and falling into the king's hands, was l)eheaded at Salisbury. In the follow- ing yesr Richard lost his son, and a year later hiS queen, Anne, daughter of Warwick and widow of Prince Edward. On the 7th August. 14!^3, Kiehrnond landed at Milford Haven ; the battle of Bosworlh was fought on the 22nd, and Richard was defeated and killed. His remains were buried in the fcMpHly to claim his estates wliich i>->d l>cen i mnna.«tery of thj Grey Friars at I^eicester : seized by Richard; he was joined by the j but his tomb was destroyed on the dissolu- Percies and other nobles, and on Richard's tion of the monasteries. Riehard III. was return from Ireland, made him prisoner at ; th« last of the Plantagenets. Whatever Flint, AuKust 20th. and compelled him to 1 doubt and obscurity involve the crimes com- t H3i) if "f •: I i 1 'u I ! , I r i ! ■ I * \ RIC] % Jtctj) ainibcrsal IStograp!)!). T .1 monly laid to his charge, it is certain that ho was author of some wise and important law» ; was watchful of the interests of trade 't' >"»JJo«»«»l< y in i:'>: ; and, iis he be- lieved w»* dixiivered ill manuscript by Rertram. a C.iHnhagen I'lofessor. ten years i earlier. No one ever saw the manuscript Dut lUtlram, wi.o sajs il came to hi? "Sj-.- in a very wonderful way ; and he, with flat- tering Hpceches, palmed off upon Dr Stukeley a pretended copy of it. Erroneous state- menu derived fro>n this trtatlso havo found bGO [ric their way into many standard English works from Lingard's History to Smith's Ancieni Geography. (For a detailed account of this remarkable forgery see the papers by Mr H. R. ■Woodward, F.S.A., publishca in the Gentleinan's Magazine, ISOG.j Richard of Cirencester appears to have visited Rome in the latter years of his life, and died about HOI. RICHARD, duke of York. [YORK ] RICHARD, L0UI9 CLAunE Mauik, an eminent French botanist, was born at Yer sallies, in 1754 ; completed his education at the Mazarin College, Paris, where he assi- duously applied himself to the study of bo- tany, comparative anatomy, luineralogy and zoology. On being appointed natural- ist to the king in 1781 , he sailed on a voyage of research to Frencli Guiana and the An- tilles, and returned in 1789 with an immense collection of newly discovered plants, in- sects, birds, quadrupeds, minerals, geologi- cal specimens, &c. On the formation of the Institute, he was chosen a member of the first class in the section of zoology and com- parative anatomy, was also a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Loudon, and was made a member of the Legion of Honour. Pesidcs writing many valuable memoirs in periodical works, he was the author of " Demonstrations Uotaniques, ou Analyse du Fruit constdii^ en general," Died, 1821. RICHARD.SON, Cn.\nLr.S, L.L.D., the dintiiiguished lexicographer, was born in 1775. Itrought up to the profession of the law, he soon abandoned it from a strong pre- ference for literature, and led the unevent- ful life of an industrious student and writer. His great work is the '" Ncav Dictionary of 1 the English Language," in 2 vols. 4w, which appeared as an independent work in 1835-37. It was originally compiled fortlie Eneyclopxdia Metropoliiana, and the fim part was published in connection with that work early iu Ibll. This Dictionary has been several times republished, and a " Supple- ment" to it appeared in 1855. The great merit and interest of Richardson's DicUon- ary is in the field of etymology. He con nects the words with those related to themin German, Dutch, and Swedish, or in Italian, French , and Span ish , and trace* them to their roots , deduces from their primitive meaning the successive usages, and gives illustrative quotations arranged in chronological order. A smaller edition of the Dictionary, in which the quotations are cmilti-1. was pub I i shed in IWH, and has been severa tiuit! reprinted. Dr Rich.-irdson was also auiiior of Illustrations of English Philology," Ms grst work ; " The t- tuiiy of 1 jinguagc ," "His- torical Essay oh English Grammar and Eng- lish Grauimurians," ic. ; and was a contri- butor to the Uentlf man's Magazine, and to Notes and Queries. Died at Fcltham, Octo- ber 6, I'M..'). ,. . . , RICHARDSON, Sir JOHN, a distinguish- ed Arctic vuyager, physician, and naturaliit, ^.«iv„rnut Dumfries, i.i ITST. He studicl medicine ut the university of tumburgb, and in If j7 entered the navy as assistant- surgeon. The same year lio w.is P/-;"'' »' the taking of Copenhagen, and the following [YORK.] nt Mahik, an as born at Yer lis education at , where he assi- :he study of bo- y, mineralogy, minted natural- iled on a voyage na and the An- vithan immense ;rcd plants, in- inerals, gcologi- formation of the member of the :oology and com- a corresponding :iety of Loudon, it the Legion of many valuable :ks, be was the 5 Botaniques, on i^ cii general," .ES, L.L.D., the ?r, was burn in profession of the Tom a strong pre- led the unevent- udcnt and writer. CAV Dictionary of in 2 vols. 4w, 'pendent work in compiled for tlie ma, and the flist nection with that ictionary has been , and a " Supple- 185). The great lardson's DicUon- tiiology. He con- related to them in lish.or in Italian, race* them to their primitive meaning , gives itluiitratiTe ironological order. e Dictionary, in omitted, was pub )een severs tiuiM m was also auilior ish Philology," Ms ljin«ii;ige.""His- LiMUimarandEng- and was a contri- I MaKaziue.and to Ultrcltham.Octo- iHS.a distinguish- , ian.andnaturaliit, I its:. He studied I sity of J:.uinburgii,ji navy as assistant- j ■ hu was present at J, and the following ' ^ i^ctD IKnlbersal IStogrop^u. [bic irf,r at the "convention of C intra. He '^ /fhpn engJCCil in less exciting nnval ■'"• » .illlSU He applied himself afresh in di udlcs! an.r'graduated M.D. at l.?j^hm-/h in ISIO. Three years later be- ^ SsSe of Arctic expedition., when ho iflntcwed to accompany Captain (after- i wards Sir JohnJ F.auklin. as surgeon and ; ,.nralist ou the Urst Overland expedition. ?nl^'5 he' again sailed with Franklin in the an c capacity on the second Overland expe- Sn to the .\rctic Sea, during which he con- ducted a separate exploring party along the S between the Mackenzie and Copper- mine rivers. He filled the post of physician ?o the Melville Hospital, Chatham, for ten ears, and in 1838 was appointed physician L the flcet.and removed to Haslar Hospital, oarGospo^t. He was knighted in 1JM6, and tffo rears later again sailed for the Arctic iveious, as coniinander of an cvpedition in search of his old and dear friend Franklin, He descended the Mackenzie river, explored the coast as far as ice permitted, visited the Great Bear Uke and Great Slave Lake, and returned to England late in 1819. He resumed tiis duties at Haslar, where he had the care of the Museum, and where he happily effect- ed a valuable reform in the treatment of lunatic sailors. In KH,5o he retired from the service, and spent the last ten years of his life at Lancrigg, near Grasmerc ; actiyc, kindly, and unselfish to the last. The lite- rary productions of Sir John llichardson arc very numerous. The most important of them is his "Fauna Uoreali-Amerieana," in which he was assisted by Swainson and ; Kirby, and which was published in parts '; between 1M9— 1837. Among his other writ- ings are the " Arctic .''earelilng Expedition ; I a Journal of a lioat Voyage," "The Polar Kcgions," and the sections on Natural His- jtoryin the Voyages of Uccchcy, Uoss, llel- cher, lie. He was a fellow of the Hoyal So- ! ciety, commander of the }tath, and inspector of naval hospitals. Sir J. Kichardson was I thrice married. Died, 6 June, 1865. I RICH.VKD.SGN , JONATHAN, painter and author, was born about 1665. He quitted the profession of a scrivener to become the pupil of Riley, the portrait painter, whose niece he married. After the death of Kneller and Dahl, he was considered at the head of his profession in this country. He painted por- traits of Lord Chancellor Cowper, Matthew Prior (for Lord Harlcy), and Alexander Pope; taught Hudson, the master of Rey- nolds; and was author of an " Essay on the Art of Criticism in Fainting," "An Argu- ment in behalf of the Science of a Connois- seur," "Account of Statues, Bas-reliefs, Drawings, and I'ictures, in Italy ;" " NoH* and Remarks on Faradise Ix)St," &c. Died, 1745.— In the two last-mentioned perform- ances he was assisted by his son, who died in 1771. RICUARnSON, SAMVKI,. the celebrated novelist, was born in 169'J, in Derbyshire, and received his education at a common day-school. At the usual aire he was bound uppreuticc to a lAinUon printer, and after the expiration of his time he worked as a compositor and torrcctor of the press some years. At length he took up his freedom, and set up business for himself, first in a court in Fleet Street, and afterwards in Salisbury Square. He became eminent in his profession, and by the interest of Mr Onslow, speaker of the House of Commons, obtained the printing of the Journals. In 1754 he was chosen master of the stationers' company ; and, In 1760, he purchased a moie- ty of the patent of law-printer to the king. In i7<0 he published "Famela," the popu- larity of which was so great, that it ran through five editions in one year, being re- commended even from the pulpit. Two years later appeared the " Joseph Andrews " of Fielding, written as aburlesquc of the prolix details and high-flown moral sentiment of "Pamela." In 1748 "Clarissa Harlowe " fully established the literary reputation of Richardson; and its pathos, its variety of cl aracter, and minute development of the human heart, will cause it ever to be re- garded as a work of genius. The " History of Sir Charles Grandison " appeared in 1753, and was received with great applause. Re- sides these works, Richardson published " Familiar Letters for the Use of Young People," and "-1-lsop's Fables, with Reflec- tions." His "Correspondence" was pub- lished in 1804, with his " Life " by Mrs Rar- bauld. He was pious and benevolent, but immensely vain, and lived surrounded by a circle of affectionate friends, mostly ladies, who valued him for his moral worth and amiable disposition. Died, 1761. The por- trait of Richardson, by his friend Highmore, is in the National Portrait Gallery. RICHARDSON, WILLIAM, poet and mis- cellaneous writer, was the son of the minis- ter of Aberfoylc, and was educated at the university of Glasgow. He accompanied Lord Cathcart, who had been his pupil, to Russia ; and was for more than 40 years professor of Humanity at Glasgow. Among his worksarc"Anecdotes of the Russian Em- pire," "Essays on Shake>peare'8 Dramatic Characters."' "Observations on the Study of Shakespeare." poems, and tales. Died. 1814. RICHELET, CisAK PiKKRE, was born at Cheminon. in Ifi.'ll. and died in 1698. He compiled a" Dictionnaire des Rimes," and a " Dictionnaire Francjais," the latter full of curious information, with much satire and obscenity. It was first published in 1680, in I vol. ; but was afterwards enlarged to 3 vols. RICHELIEU, ARMANI) Jean DUPI.ESSIS, Cardinal, Duke de, first minister of France under Ix)uis XIIL, was born at Paris in 1585. Destined at first for the army, he turned to the church on his brother's resignation of the see of Luqon, studied theology at the college of Navarre, and was consecrated bishop of that see in 1607. He occupied himself with his episcopal functions, especially aiming at the conversion of Calvinists, till 1614. when he was chosen deputy to the States-genenil ; and having attracted attention by his elo- quence, he was charged to harangue the young king, and was named almoner to the queen-mother. Mary of MeUici. Two years later he l)ecarae secretary of state tor war and foreign affairs. He had at this time the protection of the queen s favourite, the Marshal d'Ancro ; after whose assassination, Ml • 1} 1 ! ' Hi r i ■ i '■ V I ; I ! RIC] ?l JUU) anlberaal 13iograpt)5. m I and the exile of t)ii! queen to lllois, lie was banished from the court, first to his diocese, and then to Ayignon, where he employed himself in writing theological works. He afterwards managed a formal reconciliation between the king and the queen ; was created cardinal iu 1622; and iu 1624 took his place in the council of state, as first ministe'* a doe: which he held for 18 years. He made himself absolute master of France, owning neither colleagues nor equals. His history for the rest of his life is the history of France, the government ot which he chiefly contributed to make an abs )lute monarchy. In working out his polio.?, whether do- mestic or foreign, he was unscrupulous as to means. He broke the power of the nobility, put many of them to death, and imprisoned many more; he suppressed the CalYinisU as a party in the state by his seYcre measures, and besieged and took Rochellc in 1628; while at the same time, to humiliate the house of Hupsburg, he aided the Protestants of Germany. Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Kiehelieu, mean- while, like some other despotic ministers, distinguished himself by a liberal patronage of letters and the arts. In 1635 he founded the French Academy ; be greatly improved the royal priutingoflice; built the I'alais Cardinal, since called I'alais Koyp.l, and re- built on a grander scale the Sorbonue. By the imposition of additional taxes he excited in his laller years general discontent, and conspiracies were formed to assassinatehim ; in one of them Cinq-Mars i»nd I)e Thou were implicated, and both perished on tlie scaf- fold in 1642. The queen mother died the same year in want and m.scry at Cologne. Kiehelieu had lost by death four years before his friend and diplomatic ajjent, the Vere Joseph; and the crdinal himself died at Paris, 4th December, 1642, having recom- mended Cardinal Mazririn as his successor. KICHELIKC, lAllia FKAN(,OlS AUMANU uv Plessis, Duke of, French marshal, de- scended from the same family as the cardinal, was born in 1696. After the death of Louis XIV. he wa > admitted into the court of the regent, the duke of Orleann, and he largely participated in its protligacy. He was sent to the Uastile in 1716. for fighting a duel with the Count dc tiace, and again in 1719, as an accomplice with the Spanish ambaftsador, in a conspiracy against the regent He distin- guished himself under Villar8,andafterwards at Kehl, Philipsburg. Dettingen, and Fou- tenoy ; conquered Minorca, forced the duke of Cumberland tc submit to the capitulation of Closlerseven, and devasUted the elector- ate of Hanover. In 1781 he obtained the rank of dean of the Frencli marshals ; and he concluded his long career, varied with acts of heroism and villany, in 1788. UICHEMEU, AKMANU F.MANUEL DU PLESSI8, Duke of, grandson of the preceding, was born at Paris, in 1776, and eventually became prime minister to Ixiuis XVI II. He emigrated at the commencement of the revolution, entered the Kussian service, and disninguished himself at the siege of Ismail, for which he was rewarded with the rank of major-general. In 1801 he revisited France, when Buonaparte endeavoui'ed to [ric attach him to his Kcrvice. but hoTZ^,,^,, to llussia, and in 1803 he was aDDoi m governor of Odessa, which citf. by^hU ", , dent measures, he raised from insignificance to the height of prosperity. On the rmZ tion of the Bourbons, he took his spa t in X^ III. to Ghent ; and,returningwithhi!iitn Paris after the battle of Waterloo wa, in pointed president of the council of ministeT and placed at the head of the foreicn denart ment. He soon resigned his post, but aeain held the office of prime minister in 1820 and KICHMOND, Henky, Earl of. [HENRY VII. of England.] i^MKi RICHMOND, Leqh, a clergyman of the established church, was born at Liverpool in 1772; became chaplain to the Lock Hos- pital, London, and afterwards rector of Turvey, in Bedfordshire. He was principallv known as the author of •' Annals of the Poor," containing the " Dairyman's Daugh- ter," and other devotional tales, written with great force, originality, and pathos. He also wrote a work, entitled "The Fathers of the English Church," &c. Died, 1827 KICHTER, Jeaw Pavl Friedrich, com- monly called JEAy Pavl, the great German humourist, was boin at "Wunsicuel, near Bayreuth, 2l8t March, i;ti3. The son of a village teacher and pastor, he was educated for the church, and was sent in 1780 to the university of Leipsie. Theology was soon abandoned for more attractive studies, poetry, philosophy, and general literature; and impelled by sheer want, he early began to write. His first book, entitled "Giija- landibche Processe,"— Greenland Lawsuits —appeared in 1783. It was live years before he could find a publisher for bis second, the " Auswahl aus des Teufels Papiereu," — Selection from the Devil's Papers. Mean- while he was bravely struKt!ling aRaiiist penury ; had gone to live with his luuiher iu a one-roomed house at lluf; tried tutor- ships, and continued to read and study and make chests full of evccrpts. At last his works attracted attention, his prospects brightened up, and he became the friend of many of his most eminent literary contem- poraries. After the death of hif mother he left Hof, and settled in lTii8 at 'Weimar; three years later he married, and about 18u3 took up his residence at Bayreuth. A liberal pension lifted him al)(;ve llju; oppression of the cares which he had known so long, and his latter years vere sweetened by the warm affection of friends, and the high esteem and admiration of his countrymen. The worlis of Jean Paul are very numerous, and in the complete edition which appeared after his death thev fill 60 volumes. Written in prose, they are full of the truest and most splendid poetry ; and though most of them " novels" in name, they treat of every variety of sub- ject, from the profoundest questions of phi- losophy to the trivial details of vulgar hfe. The writings of this wonderful man are not for idlers, they are hard enough for enthu- siastic student*. Hul liie toil of iEastcr;Eg the peculiar language and style, of pene- trating through all the harsh outward ob' atructions, to the very core and inner lifc.n an of, [HENRY % i^to anibcraal ISiograpI)!}. [rie rl^udfuld repaid by the truth the LlStr ?he wisdom, thu geniality, and the 'fXand rare humour with which they : "hind \mon^ the principal of these '"T.nrn ''Titan," which the author con- £ed his n!asto;piecc, "Hesperus," " Le- wnT" an admirahle treatise on education ; "*SiebeS^, oacr Biumen-Frucht- und Uor- npnstUcke," " Das Campancrthal," a dis- Ine on the immortality of the soul, a.id Cr chSl <>m the year 1813 to 1825 he resided in England, and produced numerous musical compositions, some of which possess ttrst-rato merit. He died at Frankfort, Jan., 1838. RIOAVn, IIYACISTHE, an eminent por- trait painter, was born at Perpignan, in 16G3 ; settled at Paris in lf.81, and died there in 1743. He was called the Vandyck of France. He painted many royal and noble persons, and the most illustrious men of his af,o. In 1700 he was received at the Academy, of which he ultimately became director. RIUAUU,Stk.I'HKN PetKR, Savilian pro- fessor of astronomy in the university of Ox- ford, was born at Uichmond, in Surrey, and may almost be said to have been the in- heritor of scientific pursuits, both his father and grandfather having filled the office of observer in the Royal Observatory at Kew. His contributions to the scientific works of the day were both numerous and valuable. Bom, 1775; died, IsJ'J. RILEY, jDii.s, an eminent portrait pointer, born in London, in INS. He learnt his art under Isaac Fuller and Gerard Zoust. [bio After the death of Sir Peter wTbTr" appointed pamter to the king, ciiarif, u and rose greatly in public esiima on .«' according to the opinion of Lord Orford h J modesty and humility were great S' menta to his advancement. lUllyDaimi.f portraits of Charles II,, JamesYl a^n^ k' queen William and Mary.^o ^fS ^^^a! named painter, Bishop Burnet thtlll Waller, Dr Busby, and Lord-kceWr Uth He died in 1691. '^^ '^""h. RINOGLI, GOTHAUU, a celebrated «»!« RINTOUL, ROBKRT STEPHK.N, projector editor, and proprietor of the "Spectator" newspaper, was born in Scotland in 178- Little is known of his early lif.. i,„i u ' s early liff bm n s. certain that before 1813 he had been an pointed editor of the " Dundee Advertiser '• H is superior intelligence and splendid enercv were soon shown in the improved character of the paper, and procured for it a greatly extended circulation. In 1818 he first met Joseph Hume, whose practical charactCf made a deep impression on his mind, and with whose aims as a reformer he heartily sympathized. Rintoul gave up his con- nection with the " Dundee Advertiser " about i825, and soon after accepted the editorsliip of the " Atlas," just established in London. Thiscngagenient.hoAvevcr.soon terminated, and with the aid of his friends he started the " Spectator," of ^vhich he was for thirty years editor and propriel. ■ The first nun;- ber appeared on the 6th July, 1828. It at once took, and steadily held a very high place as weekly journal of politics/liiera- ture, and art; and its iuflucncc was espe- cially powerful on the subject of parlia- mentary reform, and contributed to the passing of the Reform Bill of 183'J. Eintoiil was the friend of Whately, Grote, Moles- worth, BuUer, and other eminent men. had a great capacity for work ; a very kind heart under a rough exterior; aud enjoyed the kindest regards of those connected with him in business relations. Be was married be- fore he settled in London, and left his wife, son, and daughter, surviving. Died, April 22. 1858. RINUCCINI.Ottavio, a Florentine poet, who went to France with Mary de' Medici, in the year 16U0. He wrote " Daphne," " Eurydice," and " Ariadne," lyrical dramas oroperas, besides many graceful and pleasing poems He contributed to the reviyul among the moderns of the lyrical drama. Died, 1621. RIOJA, FRASCISCO PE, a Spanish poet, was born in 1600, and became librarian and historiographer to Philip IV, licsides his poems, he produced seyiral comic dramas, and other pieces adapted for scenic repre- sentation. Died, 1659, UIOLAN, JEAN, an eminent French phy- sician, born at Amiens, became dean of I'ue faculty at Paris, and died in IW'O. newas defender of the doctrines ct iiippocraKsaud the ancients, against thcchtmists.-Hisson, of the situifc Uamr,ccrii in i'T'.lrCstr.w.ja! professor of anatomy aud boUny,an(lpiiy- J^ician to Mary de' Medici; and :o him the university of Paris is indebted foritt botanic II 8Ct titributed to the' iiicnt French phv- ■came dean of lie I in IW'G. he was ■t Hippocratfsaiid ■litiiusts.-Hisson, i'?",l-?i'S!r.<'fnj3! i botany, and phy-i i ; and ;o him the ! btcdforittbouuici :rip] ^ Jlcto filnibfrsal ISiograpIji}. [UIT garden. JU- made discovenos In anatomy piibli The vork on«hi.l. l.U'•eputat.ona8ana- c rrsts is tlic •' Anthropograplua." 'ZlVoTim-.mvK JOHN ItOi.INSON, ."i nf an inelibh stalfsman. was the Earl of, "" „VTi..,iiias second Lord (iiiint- ^"""^nVbSrn in London in 1782. He «as ••f'',?Pd a? Harro°i^^>vher. he Ma» the 'Snow of Sir Itobert l>ctl. Lord Aber- !i'''r lird I'almerston, and Lord Uyron. 1*""' H'^rrow '.c procwdcd to St John's Col- P""rSLo where he obtained Sir Wil- SKS medal ?or the be.t Latin ode nS and graduated M.A.in the followinR .; fn 1804 he was appointed private sec- l?«;vto Kative.lZl Hardwicke, then SutcS of Ireland. In 1S07 he wa. Xrncd for llipon, which he eontlnued to rcnrescut for twenty years. After flllinK m ous subordinate offices, he was appomted n?e ident of the Board of Trade in 1818, hTncellorof the exchequer in 1823. created Viwount Goderichand made secretary for the colonies in 1827, and on the death of Mr Canning in the autumn of the same year elevated to the highofflccof prime ro nister, which position, however, he held only for a few months. On the formation of Lord Grey s ministry in 1830, he resumed the seals of the colonial office, which post he held till 1833 when he was appointed lord privy seal, and was created earl of Kipon. In 1834 he re- tired from the Grey ministry; and In 1841 be accepted the office of president of the Board of Trade under Sir Kobert Peel. He subsequently presided over the Hoard of Control, and finally retired from official life on the breakinK up of Sir Uohert Peels ad- ministration in 1816. Died, 1859. RIPPERDA, Jon>- Wii-MAM, K?»ron de, a celebrated adventurer, was born of a noble family in Groningen.in 1680; served some time «8 colonel of infantry in the Dutch army; and, in 1715. was sent on a mission to Spain, where he acquired such an ascend- ancy over Philip V., that the monarch took him into his service, made him prim^ minis- ter, and created him a duke. At length he fell into disgrace, and was imprisoned In the castle of Segovia, whence he escaped in 1728, and came to England. In 1731 he went to Morocco, where he was favourably re- ceived by Muley Abdalla, and declaring him- self a convert in the Mahometan religion, and taking the name of Osman, he obtained the chief command of the Moorish army at the siege of Ccuta. Hut the Moors being defeated, he fell into disgrace ; and, retiring to Tetuan, he there died in 1737. RIQUET, PiKRKE Pavi. 1)K, a celebrated French civil engineer, born at Heziers, in 1604. He projected the noble canal of Lan- guedoc, which opens a communication be- tween the Mediterranean and the Hay of Biscay. It was commcneod in 166i), and carried on during the remainder of his life. After his death, which occurred in KisO, his two sons completed it. RITCHIK, JosKi'H.an English traveller, who, in 16U), in conjunction with Captain Lyon, engaged in the mission to explore the interior of Africa. They set out from Tri- poli, and reached Mourzouk.the capital of Fe//.nn, where for Home months they re- sided in cLrcumstanccs of distiiss, arisinir from the waiil of fund<, lieiglitened by the treacherous conduct of Mukiii, tho bey of that country. Mr IMtciiie fill a sacrifice to the hnrdships ana vexation lie experienced ; but Captain Lyun returned to England, and published his " Narrative " in 1821. HITSON, JOSKI'H, an Fn^lish antiquary and miscellaneous writer, was born at Stock- ton, in Durham, in 1752; settled in lx)ndon as a conveyancer ; obtained a lucrative post in the duchy of Lancaster ; and died in 1803. As an antiquary, p.^rticularly in the field of our early poetry, he exhi'.itedmuch industry and intelligence ; but his morbid singular- ities of temper, and his avowed cor.tenipt for religion, were great drawbacks to the merit of his services. He appears to have laboured under a species of protracted men- tal deringement, of which he died. His prin- cipal publications are, "A Collection of English Songs," "The English Anthology," " Metrical Komances," " Hibliographia Po- ctica," the " Kobin Hood Hallads," &c. RITTENHOLSE, D.wiu, a celebrated American mathematician, was born in Penn- sylvania, in 1732. In 1769 the American Philosophical Society employed him to ob- serve the transit of Venus; and he after- wards constructed an observatory, where he made some important discoveries. After the revolutionary war be was appointed director of the mint, and treasurer uf his native pro- Tince. He also had the degree of LL.D. con- ferred on him, and be succeeded Franklin as president of the Philosophical Society. Died, 1796. Dr Kittenhouse was regarded by his countrymen as the Newton of Ame- rica. That he possessed great talents and industry is indisputable ; and his exertions in the cause of science contributed in no small degree to the diffusion of a taste for mathematical and physical knowledge in the United States ; but their encomiums of him were pardonably extravagant. KITTER, JOHANN ^VlLIlELM, n Cele- brated German natural philosopher, was born at Samitz, in Silesia, in 177G. The study of electricity occupied his chief atten- tion; and in 1798 he started the idea that the phenomena of animal life are connected w ith galvanic action ; but, though highly scientific, he advocated the reveries of ani- mal magnetism, &c. He wrote " Physico- Chemical Memoirs," 3 vols., and other works. Died, 1810. UlTTEU, K ARI., the distinguished founder of Comparative (ieograpby, was born at Quedlinburg, in I'russia, in 1779. He was educated at theunivcrsity of Halle, and was engaged for several years ns private tutor. In 1820 he was appointed Protessor Extra- ordinary of Geography in the university of Hcrlin,to which several other appointments were subsequently added. He became a member of the lierlln Academy of Sciences, and was chosen a foreign mcmLcr of the Royal Society of Ix)ndon. His great work, entitled "Die Erdkuiide iin Verhi '■\ ! • ■ I ,, I ! \\- ;■» . I M- ^^^Hi i i, -ifS ;-■ Wj 'I RIV] H i^eiD BnibersBl 19iograpf)^. between the pliTslcal and historical science*, and will form « great landmark in tho his- tory of science. Hitter was a laborious student and writer, and his works are Tcry numerous. AmoiiK them arc—" Kuropa ; '' " Die Htupas," a treatise on the Topes of India ; " l>er Jordan ;' an " Introduction to Comparative Geography," &c. Ho con- tributed the article " Asia " to the Penny Cyclopirdla," and introductions to many hooks of Rpoffrnphy and travels. Died at Berlin, fieptemlu-r 29, 18i5!>. niVAROl-, ANTOINK, Count de, nn able Fronch writer, was born iii LanRuedoe, in 1757, and settled at Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with the most eminent literary characters of the age ; but, on the breaking out of the revolution, he wept to (Jeiiuanv, and obtained the patronage of Prince Henry of Prussia. He was much ad- mired for his wit and satirical talent, and died at llerlln in 1801. Ho wrote " Discours eur rUn.versalit« de la Lnngue Francoise," translated into French Dante's " Infern".'' edited tho" Journal Politique rt National,' and published several other works of tem- porary interest. KIVAZ, Piv.nnF JosKPn dk, a skilful French mechiin.st, born In 1711. Ho made a watch which liad the singular property of winding itself up; Invented an Improved pendulum, &c He also drained tho mines of PontpCan, In Brittany, and made many mechanical discoveries. Died, 1772. KIVS, JKAN JOSKi-n.a French bibliogra- pher, was born in 1730, at Apt, in Provence. He was brought up to the church ; but, on the breaking out of the revolution, he became a furious anarchist, and ended a tuibulenl life at Marseilles, in 1792. He wrote numer- ous works, the most Important of which Is, "LaChnsseauxBibllographcsetAntlquaires raal ovists," 2 vols. lUVERS, Earl. [WYDEVILLE, AN- THONY.! , . , . UlVlERE, MFKCiER i>E lA, a celebrated French political economist, who obtained the post of counsellor of the parliament of Pari* in 1747 ; was afterwards made In- tenda'ntof Martinique; and, on his return, published his noted work, entitled " LOrdre Naturel ct Kssenilel des SocUtes Politlques." His schemes and pretensions were ridiculed by Voltaire, (irimm, and others, for their slngularitv and novelty; and his prudent counsels were powerless to check the ad- vance of the revolution, which he lived to witness. Pied, 1794. UIVII:i{K, the Marquis de, governor of the young duke of Bordeaux, was bom in 1765, entered the army, and was a devoted servant of the Bourlwns. He emigrated with the French princes in 1790, served in tlie army of ('ond<», and became aide-de- camp to the count of Artois, afterwards Charles X. Seven times he entered France In disguise, to correspond with tho friends of his royal master, but in 180i he was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death, from which he escaped through the intercession „r i,..<,n>.in«>. his nunishment being mltl- [rob ambassador to Constantinople. In WaT was appointed irovemor of tlie duke of'unV deaux, and died i.i l^js ' "'• IUVINU8, AtJGUHiis QuiiiiNvs nn ,.,ni nent botanist and physician, whose re i name was Bachmann.was born nt Uipsi" gated into an Imprisonment tor 4 years. At the Restoration he resumed the military •errice, was made a peer of France, and sent In 1652; practised medicine, and was nr, fcssor of physiology and botany in his nativr. city, and died In 1723. He wj, the S of " Introductlo gencralis in liom Hcrhi riam," and " Hystema Plantanim," Inwlii,')", he divides all plants into 18 classes, di,tin guished by the number and form of ih.ir petals. Died, 1723. "^" UIZZIO, RIZZI, or RICCI, David, the son of a music and dancing master at Turin was born there In the earlier part of the 16th century. His musical abilities procured him not ice at the court of Ma voy, whllehis talents as a linguist caused him to be selected by the ambassador from the grand-dulio to Mary, queen of Scots, as n member of his suite. In 1664 he first made his appearance at Holyrood House, where he soon became so great a favourite with the queen, that he was appointed ; er secretary for foreign lan- guages. The distinction with which he was treated by his royal mistress excited the envy of the nobles, and the jealousy of Darnley. A conspiracy, with thckinuatits head, was accordingly formed for his de- struction, and before he had enjoyed 1 years of court favour, the Lord Ituthvenandothers of his party were Introduced by Darnley himself into the queen's apartment, where they assassinated the unfortunate object of their revenge, who fell at the feet of hit royal mistress, having received no less than 56 stabs in her presence, a. D. 1566. nOHBIA, I.ucA i)Ki.i,A, a distinguished Italian sculptor, was born at Florence in 140O. He first learnt the goldsmitli's art, but soon devoted himself to sculpture, and is said 'o have studied with Ohibcrti. He executed a beautiful series of bas-reliefs for the Can- toria in the cathedral of Florence, thebron/e door of the sacristy of the same cathedral, and the tomb of Bishop Federighi. But his name is best known for the numerous works In enamelled terra-cotta, named "RoHia ware," executed by himself and other mem- bers of his family. Among those attributed to l.uca are the "Coronation of the Virgin," an altarpiece, medallions for the facade of Or Han Michcle at Florence, an "Adoring Madonna" formerly at Usa, and a fountain in the Bacrisiy of Santa Maria Nonella. There is a valu.able collection of theseenj- melled terra-cottas in the South Kensington Museum. Ltica died about US!. ROBBIA, A.NDKKA l)ELI.A,!lPphCWOfthe preceding, and like him an admirable sculp- tor and worker in Uobtiia ware, was horn at Florence in 1437. He worked iuconjunction with Luea, and after I-uca'« death applied their art still more extensively in architec- tural decoration. One of his most important works was the frieze of the Ceppo HospiUl at Pistoia, on which he spent, with his son Luea, eleven years. In the South Kensing- ton Museum Is a charming relict of tno " Virgin and Child,- by Andrei. Di^'.'-; —The four sons of Andrea della Robbu, Giovanni, Luca, Ambrouio, and Gitoluno, miNvs, an «nl. an. whose renl liorn nt Loipsic e. nnd wai pr,,.' liny in his native was the autlmr in Horn Horha- nnim," in which •* classes, distin- 111 form of ihi'ir rob] "17, ChAtoau but nt the revolution he was t^r, 'When he obtained his release '.•: keeper of '.*\o Museum oftheJjou intinufiln i/ieexcrcise ofhisprol,' ■ death, in 180.S. ROBERT, J, /renih painter, bom inNeufchfitei. ..: ,94. He studied nt Paris undcrthe engraver Oirardet and the painter David, and after supporting himself awhile byportrait painting, he went to Italy. He was an unwearied worker, produced few pictures, and seldom satisfied himself. Hut his works at length attracted attention, and brought him fricnJs and patrons. Among hisbestpriHluctionsaretbc " Moissonncurs," the "Improvisatenr Napolitain," the "Ma- donna deir Areo," and the " P^cheurs de I'Adriatique." He spent his latter years at Venice, where a love-cross threw him into a hopeless melancholy, and he killed himself. March 20, 18,15. ROBERTS, B.vviD, an eminent painter, as born st V.dir.hurgh in 1796. He b.-Kan life as a house-painter, then became a scene- Winter, and was associated in London with 11 iBteb) ^nibersal ISiogropI)!). [rob Clarkton Stanfield. w ho remained his friend through life. He first exhibited In the IloTRl Academy, Ix)nilon, in 1826 ; soon after visited Kpain, and piil>llshed a volume of "Hpanish Bketehes;" became a member, nnd then vioepresidcnt, of the Society of British Artists ; nnd in 18il was chosen ll.A. Thefruitsofa long visit to theKnst appeared in 1842, in his spb ndid work, entitled " The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia. Egypt, nnd Nubia," In fouc vols, folio. Among the very numerous paintings which he subse- quently cxhiliited, ar» — " Outer Court of the Temple of Kdfou," " Temple of Denderah," "Thebes." " Entrance to the Crypt,'Uoslyn Chapel," " Ruins of the Temple of Knrnak," "Jerusalem," "Destruction of Jerusalem," and "Rome." He excelled as an nrehitec- tural painter, nnd a large proportion of his pictures are eccleslnstlcnl interior*. Hroadly treated, rapidly painted, and with no mi- nute finish, his works were very popular, and have fetched high prices. Died at Lon- don, November, 18'>4. ROKEHTSON.J'ATRICK, an eminent Scot- tish Judge, wns born in Edinburgh in 1794. He passed advocate in 181.'5,and the clear- ness of his Intellect, with his readiness, ver- satility, wit, and humour, served in no long time to establish him in great practice as well In the Parliament House ns at the bar ofthe General Assembly. liuthe wasnolesi remarkable in private life for his genial dis- position ; and he was without a rival in the Scottish metropolis for the same qualities of wit and humour which rendered Theodore Hook the life of London society. He wns chosen Dean of the Faculty of Advocates in November, 1842. A twelvemonth afterwards, he was promoted to the bench of the Court of Sessions. In 1848 the students of Marischal College nnd University of Aberdeen elected him their Lord Rector. He was author of a volume of verse entitled " Leaves from a [ Journal and other Fragments." Died, 1855. ROHERTSON, FllF.nKKICK "WlI.M.VM, ! M.A., Incumbentof Trinity Chapel,llrighton, one of the most suggestive thinkers and elo- quent preachers of the age, was born In Ixin- don.ln 181fi. He was the sonof a soldier, and his earliest associations were with the Inci- dents of a military life at Leith F'ort, which gained a powerful fascination over his mind. After studying nt the New Academy, Ildin- burgh, he was bent on being a soldier, and applied'for a commission; but yielding to his father's wish, went to Brasenoso College, Oxford, to prepare for the church. In 1840 he wns ordained ; held a curacy at Winches- ter for a year ; vent abroad to recruit his health, ln.tur''d by hard work, and a. semi- ascetic life ; found, nt Geneva, a wife in the daughter of an F'ngllsh baronet ; nnd after his return to England, held a curacy at Chel- tenham about five yearn. He worked with great energy ns a clergyman, and found eager listeners among all classes. He continued to be also an earnest student, not of theology alone, but of philosophy, physical science, and political economy. The natural result of his wide and liberal culture, and of his eee!c»i:isticai cipeflerscf-, vras a xvtj great change in his mode of thought and way of apprehending the truth which he was set ' ^j ■t- .i Wy i !■! : 1 1 in; 1 1 1 I I lU! 1 *i li 86? ill II il rob] H ^\» arittJerwl 19(o8inpf)8. [rob pronch. Ifp pntiert through nil the nRonj of doul)t ; nn I in tlu- fiur and tliukno** nnd perplexity tliul fell upon lilm for a time ho Rave up liU Chcltrnhuni curacy, nnd HRBln went iibroud for ft f« w months. UeVurniiiif hcnlthier, and in comparutlvc cnlmni s» of mind, he resumed work, flrot at Oxford, where he spent about two months, nnd then Bt HrlKhton. Tliere, as minister of Trinity Chnpel, he laboured lor the last six years of his life; and notwilhst.in.llnj? great bodily weakness nnd llie sradual advances of d «- ease of the brain, eausiuR him nt times the mon fearful sutferinRH, he never floKKCd nor failed in enerirv. nor lacked the cheer of hon- ourable success nnd hearty public esteem. The impression produced by his prcnching was extraordinary ; nnd the hiah estimate formed by those who lieard his " words that burn," is fully Justitted by his printed ser- mons, which, rich as they arc in Renins, truth, and poetic eloquence, arc likely to hold a hlRh place in our literature for some tline to come The interest of Itohertsons life is very Rreat, nnd of a kind peculiar to n period of intellectual and religious revolution, such as the present a«c. A man nobly true, in- tensely in earnest, heroically brave, nnd per- ftictly hcncst in utterance, yet endowed with a feminine sensitiveness which shrank from publicity, nnd still more from popularity; totally indifferent to honours nnd prefer- ments; he started In life with a thorouRh belief in the traditional doRmns of the i.van- Relical school, passed throuRh the flety or- deal of modern doubt, which consumes the worn out forms and garments of belief, and ended with a firmer f.iith than ever in the old truth, and with nn absorbinR love for Christ as the Divine Saviour, the abidinR source nnd substance of truth nnd life for the world. He died— like Raphael, llyron, ^^il- llamCollins.Mcndelssobn, nnd many another man of Rcnius— at the early ngc of :i. , Au- gust 14, 1853. His grave 1» in a hpHow of the Downs ho loved so well, and within hearing of the sea. His " Mfe nnd ptters, Rcnially edited by Stopford A. Urooke, M.A., appeared in IfiCS, and have already reached a third edition (March, IH(iG). HOIJEUTSON, AVn.MAM, D.D., a cele- brated historian, was born In 1721, at Uorth- wlck or Kdinburfch, where his father was minitster. Having completed his theological Hudies at Edinburgh, he obtained a licence to preach, and in 174;! was presented to the IlvinRof Oiadsmuir, in Ka»t I.othian. He ioon becimc distinguished by his eloquence na a preacher ; but it was not till 17.VJ that, by hit " History of Scotland." he acquired n place nmonx liritish classical writers. The distinction he acquired by this work, which reached a fourteenth edition before his death, appeared in .his successive prefer- ments. He became chaplain of Stirling Castle in 1759, king's chaplain in 17(il, principal of the university of Kdinburgh in 17'J2, and historiographer loyal of Scotland in 1(04. At the head of a flourishing seat of education, he was minutely attentive to all its duties ; and cooperated with the greatest liberality in all the iinproveiiients which have raised Kdinburgh to its present celebrity. Vet not- withstanding his numerous pursuits and K% official avocations, ho found timo to wrlf<> his eelebrnteii " History of Cbiirlcs " " which, in 1777, was followed by tije " Ill's tory of America;" nnd his \m publication was An Hintoricnl l>i«qul»ltlonooncernlnff the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India." He died In i;i).l. As nn historian I)r Uobcrtson is ndmired for luminous ami skilful arrangement, graphic description, and a singularly pernpicuous style. H<)l»ESl'li;UKK,ruAN<;oiaMAXlMlliEN .I08KPH IHIDOKK, one of thc moat Violent of the French revolutionists, was the son of a counsellor nt Arras, and was born In 1759 After completing his studies nt thc colipitc of Louis Ic Grand, nt Paris, he adopted the law as a profession, nnd diotinguishcd him- self as an advocate. At the convocation of thc «tates.gencral,in 1780, Robespierre was chosen deputy, and spoke for the tlrst time in the Constituent Assembly, on thc 17th June. He Joined the .Incobin Club, and soon became one of its most influential members. His voice wns raised ngainst martial law, against the frequent punishment of death, nnd ngnlnst slavery; and so invincible ap- peared to bo his justice and integrity, that he obtained the title of " The Incorruptible." The flight of the king in 1791 (jave Robes- pierre nn opportunity of announcing clearly his republican views. In June of that year he wnsnamed l'ublicAccuscr,nn office which he held till April, 1792. He took no active part in thc attack on the Tuilcrics in the following August, nor [did he sanction the September massacres. He was named deputy for Paris to the National Convention, and was almost Immediately accused by Rcbecriui and Bar- barous of aiming at thc dictatorship, buthe successfully resisted them. In thc discus- sions respectlnn the fate of thc king he vehemently demanded his death, even with- out the form of a trial, as already condemned by thc people. Robespierre was nt this time one of the chiefs of the party named the Mountain, who were earnestly opposed by I thc Girondists. The influence of Robes- pierre prevailed, and the Girondists perished by thc guillotine at the close of May, 1"M. Hehad now virtually the power of a dictator, for in thc Jocobin Club, in thc Commune of I'aris, in the Committee of Public Safety,and in the Convention, he was supreme. Thc 1 " Reiun of Terror " had begun. DantonwasI gatriliced and the anarchists who followed i H<^bert, and now the dictator set himself t" the establishment of a new worship. Tlic convention decrtrd "the Kxistcnce of the Supreme Ileing," and on thc 8th of June, I 1 794 , Robespierre, in person , celebrated what he impiously termed "The Feast of the Supreme Reing." Rut, powerful and secure , as he appeared, his tyranny and mysterious denunciations hud alarmed many of those, who had been most intimately connected 1 with him, nnd a conspiracy was formed or his destruction. Instead of acfing with im accustomed decision, ho socluaed himself lor more than a month; and wliwi he afjaiu made his appearance in thc National con- vention, Tallien and others openly accused him ; and amidst cries of 4 has lefyrM.J'O,, with his bioUi.-r,nnd his ff-*:-rf /,;„;";: C.uthon, and I.e lias, were arrested anilsent H i^tD Snibcrsal Iditigrapf)^. [rob ',0 the Luxembourg pri»on. In tho night. hnwcyer he wn. .ct free by tho kci-pcr, and '' .Hn, t.. 1 to tho hall of the Communo of 5.S vho e Honrlot. commander of the !,7n,ul BUiirJ, and othi>H were wultli.K .ZoApA to action. Jlarra* and other SSne". directinK the militury of rnX seized the fallen tyruit and his uhko- ia »i and ho entered .1. tol tary room wuhnnoarent Indifference. Le Uai.,httvin« IvldT' P«ir of l"»'">«' '^"'•••'l himself wUh oae of them ; and Uohe«p.erre. takinR rhc other, put the muzzle to hU mouth, In- nnaimt to hlow out hl» braini, but the ball ny fractured his lower javf. On tho next !juiyi», KOI, he and hi.aHSOciates were Tuil otincd. The fall of Kobc»plcrrc U the IcSZx of 9th Thermldor. It 1. the bse of the KclKn of Terror. 'Ihe name „f Uobpspicrre U abhorred. For long it w'ltt j 0, It pronounced with bhriek8 and eur»ei , Hut the lapse of time has calmed tho nuturoi ' aeitalion of terror and hate, and made it Isiblc to be fair to him. U U now ad- mitted that, while Kood (lualities and great Qualities are scarcely discernible in hiui.ho luscemed worse than he wa>. Ho was not juilty of all the atrocities charged on him ; lorac of his cdllcaKues surpassed hlni iii cruelty; the terror became more terrible Jiirlng his retirement ; and it was hU hope Mil purpose to put an end to it. A "life of Kobespierro " has been written by MrU. U. L6W09* UOHIN HOOD, a celebrated Knglish out- law in the 13th century— whose personal coiini(,'e, skill in archery, boldness of en- terprise, and gciierous disposition, .have rendered his name famous in the Icj^endary history of our country— lived in Sherwood Forest, in NottiuKliamshire. Tho heads of his story, as collected by Stowe, are brielly these:— " In this time (about the year ll!iu, in the reign of Uichard I.) were many rob- bers and outlaws, among whomlCobin Hood anil Little John, renowned thieves, contin- ued in the woods, despoiling and robbing the goods of the rich. They killed none but such as would invade; them, or by re- sistance for their own defence. The said liobin entertained loO tall men and good archers, with such spoils and thefts as he got, upon whom 4U0 (were i>y ever so strong) durst not give the ohm ;. He suf- fered no woman to be oppressed, violated, or otherwise molested ; poor men's goods he spared, abundantly relieving them with that which by theft he got from abbeys and the houses of rich old carles." lloliiii Hood was the hero of many popular stories, songs, and ballads, a collection of which was pub- lished by llitson in 17U5. In modern times he has been the subject of many curious speculations and controversies, his existence even being doubted by some critics. A bold defence of the substanti;'.l historical trtith of his story has been made by Hunter the anti- quary; to whom those will be grateful who would rather not see all old popular beliefs swept away by the remorseless tide of criti- cism. He died iu 1247. KoBl.N, JKA.N, a celebrated French bo- tauist, to whose care the Jardiu dcs I'lautes, at Porls, «vai flrit couflded. Born. 1880; died, 1S!)7. • ' KOmNH, liENJAMlM, Oil Kngllih mathe- matician ol great genius and euilncncc, wni born at llnih, In 1707; wai a teacher of mathematics, became engineer-grncral to the Kast India Company, wrote " NewTrln- clpleg of dunnery," and wa» tho real nar- rator of iMtd Anson's " Voyage round the World." though it was published under tho name of Walter. Died, 1751. IIOIIINHON. Ki)W.\Ul>. the distinguished American philologist and biblical scholar, was born in Conuectieut. U. H., loth April, 171)4. His father, William llobinson, was pastor and farmer at Southiiigton above forty years, and the son worked on the farm in his boyhood. He studied at Hamilton College, and graduated in 181(1 with the highest honours. Continuing diligently his Ktudies, he became associated, iu 18:22, with i rofessor Htuart nt Andovcr in preparing u nc >■ f'uiiioii of hi* Hebrew Orammar, and soon after was appointed assistant instructor In bacred Literature, a post which he tilled for four years. Ho visited Europe in l(l2fl, studied at Halle under Uesenius, Tholuck, and other scholars, and at llerlin, where he enjoyed the society of Neander, Uengstcn- berg, and O. von Oerlach. On his return to America, in 1830, he vras appointed Tro- fessur Extraordinary of Diblical Literature at Andover, where In the following year he established tho " lilblical Kepository," which he edited fouryears. In conseciucnce of failing health he removed in 1H34 to ISoston, still devoting himself to work In his chosen Held. He vras chosen, in 1837, I'rofessor of Hiblical Literature in the Union Theological Seminary of New York, but be- fore entering on his new ofllec visited Tales- tine for the purpose of geographical explor- ation, and then spent two years nt Hcrlin in the preparation of his " Diblical llesearches in I'alcsline," which appeared in IHII. It gained hima European reputation, and also, by its courageous disregard of ccclchiastical traditions, provoked much bitter contro- versy. Ho received one of the gold medals of the Ituyal tjeographical Society of Lon- don, and was created D.l). by the uni- versity of Halle. He visited Europe again in IHJI. and I'alestinc in ISo'i. The latter years of his life were devoted to the pre- paration of a great work on the Physical and Historical Cieography of I'alestine, the only completed portion of ■which has ap- peared this year (lbU5). l)r Uobinson was author of the well-known " Greek and Eng- lish Lexicon of the New Testament." the first edition of which appeared in 1836, and a second, revised, in 1850. He published translations of Wahl's "Clavis Novi Testa- mcnti," lUittinann's" Greek Grammar," and Oesenius's" Hebrew Lexicon," of which tlve editions have appeared. He originated the " Hibliotheca Sacra " in 1813, and published a " Harmony of the Four Gospels" in Greek ill 18i>. His name is held iu high honour as one of the soundest and most accomplish- ed scholars of his age. Died at New York, 2.5th .Taniiary, IhCM. In IK'iS l)r llobinson married for his second wife Teresa, daughter of Professor von Jacob of HOle, who hiw eev 1. t ii Ti«i ' t r ! '■■ b* I i i ! ft / ;■* I ' ;- ! 1L ■ 1; _, 1 ! 1 ■ i ! :il. Li J hi j| rob] H ifttto IRnibersal Viograpf)9; dtttlnRutthca hvricir at a writer unUir the B»«unioil iiiiiiiu uf'TiUvl." UOlilNiSUN, John, the dUtlnKulnhcd PurlUu niliitiitor, iumetlmi-i callril the I'li- thrr of IiiilcimiiJi'iicy, Wtt» born, prolmbly in Llncoliuliiru, in 1S78. At IUm uk« of 17 Uo cntcrfU CambrldKo uniforiliy, Mid wan greatly inlliiuncuddurinK lil« reitldi-neo there Ity thu preuciilnn of ieroriU I'uritun olorny- men. On qultllnn tlio unlvi-rilty he nppcari to hnTO ottltlutfd a» a tlurnymnn In the nelKhbourltood of Norwich, without how- ever takinx full orders, rtunpended by the binhop.hp withdrew to Norwich, and there nalhereU aconHrcnatlon, who became deeply attached to hini. After a period of grave and painful mental oonttleti, ho felt it his duty to Kepiiriite from the church of Knglund ; and in '*it)4 he left Norwich, gave up hit fellowship at Cumhriddc, and settled In Lincolnshire, lie became assistant and then sole pastor of a church at Scrooby, a village In NottinKhnmshlre,near the borders of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, and when persecution dispersed thu sepiuulislH he etcupcd, with the remnant of his church, in 1608, to Aujsterdam. In the followinu year ho removed to Leyden,und there collected and ministered to n conKrcKiition of fellow- exiles ; attended lectures at the university, and became some years later a member of it ; and took a icalous part on the Calvinlst side in the great controversy which led to the Hynod of Dort. A desire grew up among these exiles to remove to the New World, and permisHiou was obtained for them to settle in Virginia. Accordingly on the 22ud July, lOiO. the embarkation of the " I'ilgrim Fa- thers "took place, at Uelft Haven ; a solemn B"TV\oo having been held on the previous day. They sailed In the " Spredwill " for Southampton, where the " Mayflower " was awaiting them, lloblnson remained at Ley- den with those who deferred their voyage till the roughest pioneering work should be done. He hoped then to follow with their wives and children. Hut early in Ifi'JS he fell ill with an " inward agiu," and died at Leyden, on the 1st of March. IIU remains were interred in a hired grave in St J'eter's church, the oldest in Ix-yden ; the members of the university and the miuislfcrs of the city attending his funeral. A collected edition of the works of John Uobinson ap- peared in 1H5I, in 3 V(d».: I'imo, with a Memoir, embodying thu scattered and very scanty materials for his biography, by Uobert Ashton. Among these works arc— "A Justitlciition of Separation from the Church of Kngland," " Of Ueliglous Com- munion," an "Apology for Certain Chris- tians no Icsscontumeliously than commonly called HroH nisls or Harrow ists," a " Defence of the Doctrine propounded by the Synod of Dort," " Kssays.or Observations Divino and Moral," Ac. UOniNSON, HlCHAUii, archbisl.op of Armagh and Huron Uokeby, was born in A'orkshire, in ITo'.t, and died 17U1. The archbishop, besides building a palace at Armagh, with an observatory, founded a BtUwu! anii a puM::c iiuVaTj juvrv, -•••••• •--'• he furnished with a large collection <. I books, and left a liberal endowment for its support. 870 He also diocese [hob erected four new churches in hU "*UOHiNH<)N,THOMAH.«u KnglLh „«(„,. allst, wan an episcopal cUrgyinan, «,,a | ,,, the rectory of OuNley,ln fumlierland vr Ir. hH died In 17H). HI. long rcMdniic in a mountainous and mineral diiirlct led him i! turn his attention to the study „f mlncrH |„.y geology, &c. Ho wrote aulntereKtln,," t,?/.' towards a Natural Hlttoryof WestmorcUnd and Cumberland," 4c. """reianu UOHISON, JOHN un eminent mathomii- tielan, prolesnor of niitural plillownhT at Kdlnburgh, was born at Hoghall.lnKtiriinB shire, In 173!!; was educiitcd at (Jlaigow became director of the nisrino cudct aca' demy at Cronstadt, in Russia; and on hit return to his native country, was unpointed professor of natural plillosopiiy at (ilmgow '"■■•" •"' " '■■ " )vcd to EdinbuiKb', Dr UoliUon publlnh- ' ■■lieal I'hllodophy," ydoptfUlaliritan- from whence he removed' to EditiburKb' where he died in Ih.i.-). ])r llobUon publish- ed " KUments of .Mechanical I'hllodophy " several articletln thu iCncyclopa>Ulaliritaii- nica, &c. lioH nov, or IK.ukut thk Rkd, was a celebrated Highland freebooter, whose true name was Uobcri Macgregor, but who assumed that of Campbell, on account of the outlawry of the dan MucKregor by the Scotch parliament, in ltiG:j. He wu;. born about l«(iO, and was the younger ton of Donald Macgrcgor of Olengyle,8uid to have been a licutcnant-coloiicl in the serrlieor James 11., by his wife, a daughter of Camp noil of Olenfiilloch. I,ike other lUijhl.ind Bcntlemen, U u y ,,' , a.le known to the world r„ wo wo kM>"lili.l>..d r...p.c.lv.-ly In IHM Ml Hi/Hr.t literary proauetlon ««• "Blr Bortram,' a po.m In .Ik cant.*, pub- 11,1 cd in IHIS; "»'>»''» ''"" W"? ''.'■' ^'*P" Z ■■ the fruit of a tour made In 183rt. Hut ?e,ldci coiidiietUiK un txtcn. vc bu.li.e»., and eng«KinK i" 'i'""^» purtult.. Mr Iloby d^livZl lecture, on variou. .ubjeet. of Sure and .elenee. II U aetlyc ear.cr wallet .hort by the calaiult/ which beff 1 the" Orion," on her musaxe from Liverpool toOlmiJoW, June 17111, IHiO. , , ., KOCCA ANiiKLO, a learned cccleihi.3 became tlrst lord of the treasury. American affairs formed ut that time a leuditig subject of discussion i and Uoeklnghain took the middle way, by repealing thu stamp act, and declaring the right of (iicat llrltuin to tax the colonies. He was, tlierefore, deserted by some of his supporters, and retired from the ministry in 17(i„W. wUh se?ln others, and sinkiAg one of Syndic of the department of the Seine. He ' iTi, Vrrest vessels The VuU de Paris was was sent for by the king during the attack I^on after lost tn a storm. A barony and a on the Tuilcries of 1792, and was consulted ^nsion of £2000 were bestowed upon h.m ^r his serticcs . and on his ''^V^'^e. >n 1<92, a monument was voted to hi5 memory, at ^h^natlmal expense, in St Paul's cathedral. The celebrated n.anoeuvre of breaking the Hne is usually said to hare been first adopted by Hodncy. in the battle of »2;h AP"1. 1-82. 1 iinmn PH I., euiperor of the west, ana r }l?nf the imDcrial house of Austria, founder of the impcrai ^^^ ^^ ' XraV.,c"oun{o'f ulpsbirg -/landgrave of Alsace He first served under Ottocar. Sln'i of Bohemia, against the rruMinns,and 3 Kuishcd himself by his prudence, va- four Ind the spirit of justice wi'h which he 'p^o ected the i'nhabitants of the town, from their baronial oppressors. In 12.3, as nc w.*s encamped before the walls of l!a»cl;^o Teceivcd the unexpected intelligence that he was ejected king of the Komans and em- . in nrofj rcncc to Alphonso, king of SlV anTottrar Vi„''g of l.ohemia oitocar afterwards made another attempt to v^r what he had lost, but in August, Ti-S was Sated and slain. After a relgri if' ?9 Tears Kodolph expired, in 1291, aged ?S ''lie was bra/e. IndcMlisable affable, j-K-ll^^^l^i^Sir^CSlmanand {lr^^k^.reS?^^2^Sa^ ana soiju .. ^ ^^ 3„ j,n^. '■ K to the"G cat Mogul, Shah Jehan. at »»msP court he rmiaincd tUrre years. Of Th rrmbaw he left an interesting account. i «»»i.» the Alexandrian M «. oi inc ""».■. b'". a. a present to Charles I • ^rom^lynl, fjaUavusAdolphus entrrcd Germany as Wdcr of the I'rote-tants in the Thirty \ ears' l-i" AUer the victory of I>eip.le. the king kcnt him a present of £-'^>" In on the Tuilcries of 1792, and was consuUtd on the measures to be taken. It was by his ! advice that Louis XVI. with his family went to the National Assembly, never tol enter the Tuilcries again. >Vith his usual ; caution he kept himself in retirement during j the Terror, appeared afterwards as the de- 1 fender of the emisrants, and conlributtd i with Talleyrand to the revolution of the hth j brumaire. He was consulted by Napoleon I when first consul, made successively coun- ] cillor of state, president of the section of the interior, director of Public Instruction. senator, and commander of the Legion of Honour. He assisted Joseph Buonaparte in the organization of the kingdom of XapUs, and was appointed his minister of fiuance. He soon returned to Prance, and v»a3 loaded with honours and offices. After the fall of Napoleon, he remained in retirement till the revolution of July, IS-SO, entered the Chamber of Peers two years later, and died at Paris, in Kecember, 1835. His" Opuscules mil.^5 de Litti^rature etde Philosophie" ap- peared in 1502—1804. Anion? his latci writings arc, " Chronique do oO Juurs, du 20 Juin au 10 Aoiit 1792;" " L' Esprit de la lUvolutiou de 1789 i" and " I.a Premiere et la Seconde Ann^e du Consulat de Bona- parte." „ . Ilor.LAS, Jr A5 l)E i,A«, a great Spanish paint' r, born at Seville, about \m. He probably studied painting in Italjr, andi afterwards returned to his native countrr,' residing chiefly at Seville and Madrid, ia which cities are many of his works. The most celebrated are " Death of St UlJcre," " St lago, " " Holy Family with Jesuits," "The C'oi'iception," and "The NatiritT.' Uoclas excelled in oonipf>"« ^'^ formed on that of Titian. Uicd at Olivares, 16"5. Koelas was the master of Zurbaran. KOrMKU, t)l..vis, a Danish anrocomcr, was born .it Arhusen, in Jutland, in l«l. He studied at the unlver-ity of CopenbJEeii, where he applied so diliiiontly tothexi-; thematies, that he was app^-inttd tutor to, he" auphin of France. Um\ he returned to his native place, and held serora! «».•: derable offices previous to his decease, whick; took place in 1710. He made ir.anr *nM- , ific diMOVcries, the n-.ost in>P«">« f xvhich wa.H that of the velociit of luh, cred of Hau.eville, ^nd jou^O.;^ trotW w;Veh"o.en (o represent the -;«n^v«^r*ity of Oxford in parliament. The next JC.'r ni ^. lent ambassador to the diet of Rat »^ ^„ .,?,! on his return was made chancellor »>?".l*"^.°".," ..n.\ privv-couuc.llor. Uicd, v>'r» P n r UF. II. I'IKUUK I.utl!», Count, "'-"■■... n.,i„ ,1 hi the co.iir.nionuiu» UoSeru^ard in Italy, about UHH. Kii^l^d'uoNrtiuthecouiplonuno^ I,A«, a great Spanish ■iUe, about IJW. He inting in Italjr, aadil to his native countrT,!j Seville and Maiirid, ia;i [ly of his works. Theii • Death of SUsiJcro,"il Family with Jescits,''|| and " The Natiritv. ' 'onipfxitioa and ia co- s api'dts to have beta tian. Died at 01iv3res, c master of Zurbaran , a Danish anrocomcr, 111, in Jutland, in IWl. iTpr-ity of CopenbageB, ) diliKontly to the x»- ; was apptiintid tuior to, CO. In \6i\ he relumed and held serora! cctsi-; nis to his decease, whick' lie made ir.anr Kien-j, ho most important of; f the TelooiiT cf lijkt, n of therclipsMofJapi- mprinventedibefnaiit I69t'>. It wa4flr«tus«4iii tcry about 30 Tears iJM. icror and Count of Sieilj,, rthr twelve wnsottaa- , end jui..od hit tr«tW 1 Italy, al«»t 1^>- °* i,i- 9 jiohlp and tnfef'Ji ,'^.,n!!dgrvate:';iume.a in thecoiiip.ftionoliM I Tia, and in lOol P«*«i Irog] rTTi,ii» which had been held by the Mus- '" ° !i,fK years. The conquest of the inniil war for about thirty years; Ta- continual «ar ^^ j^.,_ ^^^ lermo was pesii.;. o .^^ '^'feVwith th go'vV?nment''under the title :?Sn Syracuse fell in I'm, and Girgontl n the following year. Kogcr Rovrrned ti y with much wisdom, and re-established fhc Christian religion there; zealously sup- ^,tpS the party of the pope ngaiust the rmnmrf loa'^hed Sicily from the Greek S and brought it under the jurisdiction of Uomc and for his services the pope, tr- t,n II created him and his successors le- wfes apostolical in Sicily Koger married fh fc wives successively, but had sons only % ^m ©niljfraal 181ograpf)D. [roo by he third, Adelaide, niece of the marquis "J.'. ., — » tris (laughters foi-med illus- and his sons ofMontferrat. His daughters formed illus trious alliances, ana nis sons succeeded hiin as counts of Sicily, llogcr I. died in '^KOGEK II., Count, and first king of Sicily, was the second son of Roger I. and Adelaide, and was born in 1097. He was proclaimed count on the death of his father, under the resency of his mother, who in 1103 associated with herself in the goTernment Uobcrt of Bur-'undr giting him in marriage one of her daughters or nieces. In 1113 Adelaide mar- ried llaldwin, king of Jerusalem, who sought her rich dowry, and after he had got pos- session of it repudiated her. and sent her back to Sicily, ^he died in 1118. Kogcr e.xccutcd his difficult task of governing Sicily, with its mixed population of Mussul- mans and Christians of the Greek nnd Uo- man churches, with great ability and suc- cess. In 1121 he invaded Apulia, and on the death of his cousin. AVil'.iam, he got himself Kcogni7.ed duke of Apulia and Calabria. This led to war with the pope, Honorius II., Mho led an army against Roger, and excom- municated him.' Their armies lay opposite each other on the river lirculano for forty Idays, and the pope at last yielded, and in- vested him with the duchies of Apulia and Calabria and Naples. In 1180 Roger espoused the cause of the anti-pope Anade- , tu8, wh0:C sister Alhcria he had married ! about ten years before, and received from him the tj.tie of the king of Sicily. Naples >nd Amalil soon after submitted to him, and he was thus king of the Two Sicilies. He ; assumed the title of king of Italy. He ruled despotically henceforth, and his subjects frequently revolted. In 11.17 he was driven from Italy by the Enipcitir Lothaire, who I was urged by St Bernard to suppress the I schism in the papacy and restore Innocent I U. But Roger recovered his dominions as I rapidly as he had lost them. Negotiations I and war followed, and in July, 1 139, the pope I was taken prisoner by Koger, but was treut- jcd with all honour. I'eace was made, the I pope annulled all excommunications against ' Koger, and recognized his title of king. I Roger was afterwards engaged in a career jof conquest on the coasts of Africa and in : Groect*. (in,» tif hiy adiuiralft. -U 1141). res- cued Louis VII. of Trance, then a priM>ner in the hands of the Greeks, and Kouer g.ivu him a uiaguitieeat rocepiiou at I'otcuza. Died, 1134, and was buried In the cathedral of Palermo. ROGERS, John, an eminent English! divine of the 16th century, was educated at [ Cambridge, and became chaplain to the fac- tory at Antwerp, where he assisted Tindal ' and Coverdale in translating the Rible into , English. In the reign of Edward VI. he re- 1 turned to England, and obtained a prebend : in St Paul's cathedral. He was the first person executed in the succeeding reign on the score of his religion, being burnt at t>mithfleld,in 1553. . KOGERH, John, a celebrated divine, was born at Ensliam, in O.xlordshirc, in 1C79, nnd educated at Corpus Christi College, of which he became a fellow. He wrote nn '] able treatise on the " Visible and Invisible Church of Christ." against Hoadly ; 4 vol- ^ umes of Sermons," nnd an " Answer to , Collins' Scheme of Prophecy.' Dr Rogers i obtained th*" living of .St Giles's. Cripplegatc, and died in 1729. ROGERS, SAMUF.r,, the poet and connois- seur, was born at Stoke Newington, near London, in 176-'. His father was a banker, and the poet, after a careful private educa- tion, was introduced into the banking estab- lishment, in which he remained a partner through life. The perusal of" Ik-attie's Min- strel," when he was nine years of age, first gave him the desire of becoming a poet. When he was in his fourteenth year, his boy- ish enthusiasm led him to wish for an inter- view with Dr Johnson, and it is said that he twice presented himself at the door of Johnson's well-known house In Rolt Court, Fleet Street ; but on both occasions he fail- ed in his object. Mr Rogers appeared as author of " An Ode to Superstition, and other poems," in 1786. the year of the first appearance of the poems of Robert Hums. In 1792 he produced "The Pleasures of Memory," with which his name is most fre- •lucntly associated. In 1812 he published " The Voyage of Columbus." a fragment ; in 1814." Jacqueline," a talc ; in 1819," Human Life;" ana in 1822, " Italy," a descriptive poem in blank verse. His collected works have been published in various forms, one edition containing vignette engr.ivings from designs by Stothard. His wealth enabled l.ii-.i to cultivate his favourite tastes, to en- rich his house in St James's Place with some of the finest and rarest pictures, busts, Vumks, und gems, and to entertain his i friends with the must generous hospital- itv. His conversation was rich and va- rious, at>ounding in wit, sl.rewd observ- ation, and interesting personal anecdote, specimens of which may be seen in the '•Table Talk," published by Mr Dyce. He was familiar with almost every distinguish- ed contemporary author, orator, and artist, and many works were dedicated to him as memorials of friendship or admiration. His benevolence was equal to his taste ; his bounty soothed and relieved the last days of Sheridan, and was exerted to a large extent in behalf of suffering or friendless talent. An interostinu volume, entitled " Kccollec- tums by the late Samuel Rogers, Esq., ' has been publislitid since his death. Died, l I f- s I t ; 1 ■ ) ' 1 , i ! '■^=1 ' i i .;■ ; ' ■ ■■' ^ ' ! i , I. r ROOEK8. WOOim, i\u r.nglisU circum- navigator, who was serving in tlie royal navy in 1708, when he was invited by the mer- chant), of IJristol to take the command of an exiuditiou to the South Sea He set sail with two vessels, taking out Dampier as a pilot. Passing to the south of Terra del Fuego, in January, 1700, they entered the Pacific Ocean, and in lebruary arrived at the isle of Juan Fernandez, where they found Alexander Selkirk ; they then visited the coast of California, crossed the Pacittc, and returned to Kngland in October, 1711. Captain Kogers was afterwards enii)loyed with a squadron to extirpate the pirates who infested the West Indies. Died, 1732. KOIIAN. HKNUl.Duke of, a very distin- Kuishcd peer of France, born in 1679. After the death of Henry IV., in 1610, he became the chief of the lluguenou ; and having ably maintained three wars against Louis XIII. procured a peace upon advantage- ous terms, lG-29. He distinguished himself also as a political writer, but at length died of wounds received at tlic battle of Uhinfeld, in 1638. Among his works are, "Memoirs on French Afifairs," "The Per- fect Captain," and " Memoirs relative to the War of the Valteline," 3 vols. His widow, M.MtuiKUiiK VK BETUUNK, daughter of the great Sully, was a courageous woman, and defended Castres against Marshal dc Theiuincs. Died, 1660. ANNK RoHAN, sister of the duke, was distinguished by her spirit, learning, and piety. At the Uking of Kochelle, she and her mother refused to be included in the capitulation, and were made prisoners of war. Died, 1646. IIOUAN, Lof 18 RESK KDOUAUD, Pflncc dc cardinal, archbishop of Strasburg, was born in 1734. He became coadjutor to his uncle in the see of Strasburg, and after- ward* his BucccMor; W08 sent In 1772 am- bassador to Vienna, where he di6,dayed the most ridiculous luxury, but vainly sought to obUio the favour of the Empress Maria Theresa. As coadjutor, he had ceremonmlly received the Princess Marie Antoinette on her entrance into France. On the death of Ixiuis XV. he returned to Paris, and for ten years bent all hit energies and efforts to winning the favour of the ciueen, but all.in vain. Nevertheless, he had meanwhile be- come, in spite of his known profligacy, archbishop, grand-almoner, cardinal, and commendator of St Wast of Arras, one of the richest bcneflces in France. Associate of the quack Cagliostro, and of the infamous Madame l.Amotie, he was duped by a forged letter with the signature of the queen, and induced to buy of Hoehmer,the court jewel- ler, the now too celebrated diamond neck- lace, in the name of the queen. The neiklaee was placed in the hands of Madame I amotte, forged autograph messages Irom the queen followed, and an interview in the park of Versailles, between the cardinal and a fair adventuress personating the queen, on the discovery of the fraud Rohan was sum moned before the king, answered vaguely ana uasavisioctvinj , S'f — - — - — Imprisoned in the Rastile, 15th August, 1785. After a year's procccuingi ho was acquitted and released , but at the same time 874 exiled from the court, and deprived of hi grand-almonership. He grunu-aimouerbiup. lie was a dcnutv tn the States general in 1789; was afterwards accused of various disloyal intrigues imi maladministration, pave up his see in isrVi and died in 1803. His character and career are admirably sketched by Carlylc in hi. Essay on The Diamond Necklace ROLAND, PUILiri'E UK LAIUINT in eminent French sculptor, was born nearlluie in 1746, and after studying at Home, ac- quired great reputation iul'aris. lie became member of the Institute, professor at the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and was employed five years in the palace of the Luxembourg and the Tuileries. One of his best works is the statue of Homer Died, 1816. ROLAND DE LA PLATRIEllE, Jean Mauie, a, French statesman of the revolu- tion, was born near Lyons in 1732. He obtained an appointment as inspector- general of manufactures at Amiens, and married, in 1780, Jeanne Phlipon, after- \v>urd88o distinguished as Madame Roland. He iisvelled with her in Italy, Bwitzerlandj and in 17b4 in England, and afterwards re- moved to Lyoixs, where he held the office of inspector of commerce and manufactures at the outbreak of the revolution. He was engaged at the' ^anie time iu preparing a Dictionary of . ianufactures for tlie new Encyclopidie. He and his wife enthusiastic- ally welcomed the promise of the new epoch; and in February, 1701, he wa» sent to Paris as deputy extraordinary to the Constituent Assembly, Madame llolamt ac- companying him. He was occupied in arranging the municipal aflfairs of Lyons with the committees of the Assembly, and at the same time made acquaintance with P^tliion, Uuzot, Robespierre, and other popular leaders, who spent four evenings in the week at his house. After a stay of seven months iu Paris, he returned to Lyons, where he founded a Jacobin club. After the abolition of liis king's inspectorship he agi.iin went to Paris, February, 1792; to claim his retiring pension ; to renew inter- course with the patriot Icaders.and to finish and publish his book. His wife was with him, and they on tliis visit first met the brave young IJarbaroux. On the formation of a patriot ministry, in March, Koland was named minister of the interior on which occasion he astonished the court usher by appearing at a reception without bucliles to his shoes. He applifd himself dillKintly to the duties of his oliice, guided, however, both in speech and action by the genius of his wife. In consequence of a very plain- spoken " Letter to the King," wiittcn lu f ict by Madame Kolanil-he, with the rest f the ministry, was dismissed. Kccallcd after the events of the li'th ."lugust, he i xtru22led conscientiously against the law- lessness and violence of the time but his | influcnr.' declined with that of the whole ; moderate ( Girondist) party, the .^CF'.cmber, massacres took place, and the day a rterthe ..SPculion of Louis XVI. he rcsiKnedhl8| ofWce on the tali of ii>t- Uiruna;si3, i» > June 17i»3. Roland tied, no one knew whither; hi. wife was ane.ied. He found -gl j^cto Sluitoewai lOiograp^p. rol] — 7~" „t Houen. but on licuring of the exe- J^'^^t^- uoLAVD), wife of the preceding, ^*' w/r of an ensraver ; received a good 'dStfon, and 'na"' extraordinary progreBS in hei studicB, and early gave proof of griat 'KMitvnnd energy of character. At nine ""'' ^nAce she pored with enthusiasm over ir °^/vf LWC9 and wished she had lived ?'" he aays when heroes lived. Soon re- If.ious feel "S became predominant and hidesired tt enter a convent, which she i,? for a time as pensionary. On the death filr mother in 17-5, she divided her time fnd au"n 'ou'l-ctween the house affairs and Zt favourite studies and readings. In 1 , 80 she marrkd M. Koland, who was by twenty- mo vears her senior. She travelled with htm ent red with sympathy into all that eiKaKedund interested him, and welcomed he revolution with passionate joy. hhe Assisted him in editing the " Courier de Lvon " and -ntributcd to it a narrative of ^he Federation of Lyons, of which G0,000 coDies were sold. She accompanied her husband to Paris in 1791, frequented the sit ings of the Assembly and the Jacobin Club and exercised a marked influence on the leading men and political affairs. On his second visit she was again with him, and so great was her influence that it was said ihe was minister of the interior. Se- rene and queenly " she was in the saloons once occupied by Madame Necker, ' as in her own hired garret of the Ursuliues con- vent " The course of evcuU soon excited in her painful misgivings. In January, 1793,8he was accused as a spy, and suiunioncd before tlie Convention ; but with few words completely cleared herself. Hoeing the hopeless decline of the Girondist party, she urged M. Roland's resignation, and after the destruction of that party, 31»t May, favoured his flight, which, however, she would not share. She was arrested and im- prisoned in the Abbaye the day he fled, and after five months' confinement, during which she wrote her remarkable and well-known "Memoirs," distinguishing herself to the last by a sublime calm courage, she perished by the guillotine. 8th November, 1793. She left one child, a daughter, for whose benefit she wrote some counsels in her prison. LSee also preceding Notice.] - UOLLE, UENMS, a native of Devonshire, who professed to trace his descent 'vom llollo, flrstdukcof Normandy. In 17t>6 ho purchased a whole district in Florida, whither he pro- ceeded with a thousand persons to people his new possessions ; but through the unhcalthi- nessof the climate.and the desertion of those who escaped disease, he soon found himself without colonists and without money; so that, in order to revisit Knj^laud, he Wii compelled to work his passa^-e back in u, American vessel, lie was then sntisfli o j:¥c Ofi his patcrir"*! CStutr, hiiu n Si-iv 'Ti the House of Commons, and filled the otHco of sheriff for the county. He devoted much [rol of his time to the improvement of the con- dition of the lower classes. Died, 1797. KOLLE, Hknry, an eminent lawyer and judge, was born at lleanton, in Devonshire, in 1589, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford ; after which he became a student of the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar. In 1G40 he was made a scrjeant-atlaw, and in 1648 he accepted the ofiBcc of chief justice of the court of King's Bench. He wrote "Reports," 2 vols, folio; and "An Abridgment of Cases and Resolutions of the I,aw," which was published by Sir Matthew Hale. KOILI, Paolo Antonio, an Italian poet, born at Todi, in 1087. He came to England, and was employed in teaching the children of George II. ; and died at Rome, in 1767. He published a collection of poems ; also editions of several Italian authors ; was the editor of Marchetti's Lucretius, and the trans- lator of Milton's Paradise Lobt into Italian verse. R0LLIN,Chakle8, an eminent historian, born at Paris, in 1661. He ■:r?s intended for bus .ess, but his talents obtained the notice of a learned Uenedictine, and he was enabled to gratify his inclination for learning. After going through a course of theology at the Sorbonne, he received the tonsure, and was twice chosen rector of the university of Paris. "When elected a third time, he was deprived of his situation by the intrigues of the Jesuits ; but he employed his leisure in composing his work, " On the Manner of Studying and Teaching the HcUes Lettres," 4 vols. This was followed by his " Ancient History " and nine volumes of the " Roman History." RoUiu's works, especially his " Ancient History," obtained great and wide-spread popularity. They are written in a pleasing and attractive style, and nar- rative is freely interspersed with just moral reflections, without being burdened with profound thought. They are entirely un- critical, and of no value to the student; but they still And readers, at least in France. Died, 1741. ROLLO, or ROLF, the conqueror of Nor- mandy, was a Norwegian chief, banished from his country on account, of his piracies, by Harold Harfager, who conquered Norway in 870. He first retirrd with his fleet among the islands of the Hebrides, whither the flower of the Norwegian nobility had fled for refu--" when Harold had become master of the kingdom. He was there received with open arms by those warriors, who, eager for conquest, waited only for a chief VJ lead them on. In 876 he sailed up the vSeine to Rouen, took the city, the capital of the province, then called Neustria, twice defeated Renuud, duke of Orleans, and took part in many expeditions. So terrible were the ravages of these Northmen in France, that the king, Charles the Simple, was glad to procure peace by the cession, In 911, of Neustria and Rrittany to Rollo, with the title of duke. Rollo was persuaded to em- brace Christianity, and was baptized by the archbishop of Rouen the same year. The „f..., j,f ij'.iHo's death is not known. It is given a8*917,9'io, and 932. But it is certain that the la»t years of his life were spent in 873 ,- I i t i \ i i \ ■ \ \ i It m ^ I I: ]■'■ i ■' I ! .: ( i ; ! i ' 1 , 1 1 ; .; ' ' ^ If i I ;, ; h. .i \\ i r , 1 j: ■ 1 J U: ' ■ ^ 1 li i J ft '^ •v^«Mi5H.| ROM] % i^cto ^RniDcraal 38iograpi)p. retirement, after he had abdicated the duke- dom in favour of Ins son,"NViniam LonR- snord. This ({feat cliieftaiu wasof giRanllc size and sti'^nKth. It is said tliat ho was too bit? to ride on horseback, and thus ac- quired the surname of tlie Walker. IIOMAONOSI, OIAN UOMKNICO, a distin- guished Italian publicist an-l jurist, was born near TiaconEa in 17G1. He became ai; advocate, held the othce of chief magistrate of the city of Trent, and in 1802, havinf? Rained some reputation by his writings, was choser professor of law at the university of t Varma. Ho took part in revlsinn the crim- inal code for the kingdom of Italy constituted by Napoleon, and after teaching civil law at the university of Tavia for two years, ro- moved to Milan in 180'J to lecture on juris- prudenoe, which he continued to d- till 1817 From that time he taught privately, and occupied himself in writing his numer- ous works. Among them are, " Ofnesi .h11. was a rtial logs to nls country. ,.,,., , «.. t\ KOM.\NINO. IL ailUul.AMO KOMAM), an eminent Italian painter, was a native of [itOM llresc'fl, and was born about 1180. He was the rival of lionvicino, in Itrcscia, and is supposed to have Imitated the stylo of Titian and Gorgionc. Among his finest works are named a " Descent from the Cross," now in the Berlin Gallery ; the" Dead Christ, with ' Mourners," at Venice ; and a " Nativity " i in the National Gallery. This master paint- ed as late as 1541, and survived till about i 1560. 110MAN0,QIUU0. [GIULIO llOMAXOl KOMANZOFF, Pktku Alkxandkovkh I Count, a Russian general and fleld-marslial' was born about 1730, and having entered the army when very young, his courage and abilities soon procured iiim promotion He succeeded Friuee A. Galitzin, as com- mander-in-chief against the Turlis, in 1770 and obtained many advantages over the enemy in that and the following years, inc- viously to the treaty which he compelled the grand vizier to sign, in his camp atKat- nardji, in 1774. He soon after set out for! I his government of the Ukraine. He w.is again placed at the head of an r.rmy against i the Turks, in the war which bcj^an in 1787 ; but being thwarted by I'otcmkin, lie retired iu disgust. Died, 179fi. j KOMANZOFF, NICHOLAS, Count, son of I the preceding, was born iu 1753, entered i early on his public career, became privy- 1 councillor, senator, minister of comraeice,' of w'lr, and, in 1807, minister of foreign affairs. He accompanied his sovereign, in 1308, to the conference, with Napoleon, at i Erfurt. He was afterwards employed in! several important net;otiations, and retired] from office in 1814. He had rendered Rreat! services to his tuiiutry by his intelligent promotion of commerce, of cdueaiion, of literature, and religion. He employed hit wealth in erecting churches and mIiooIs, and was at the expense of fitting out the ex- pedition of discovery conducted by Captain Kotzebue. The sculptor Canova, a short time before his death, sent him as a present, a colossal statue representing the Goddess of Fcacc holding the olive l>ranch,and loan- ing against a pillar, on which is engraved, " Feate of Abo, in 1713 ; Peace of Kutchiik Kainardji, in 1774; I'eace of Vredricksham, in 1809;" these treaties having been sever- ally signed by himself, his father, and his grandfather. Died, 1820. UO.MBOUTS, THKODOKE, an eminent Dutcli painter, born at Antwerp in 15!)", was a pupil of Janssens, and went to It.ily in lt>l7. He soon made himself a reputation, was employed at Florenco by the grand- duke, and settled again at Antwerp about Kl'i.V He hoped to equal or surpass llubens, and did not fall far short of his aim. Hn best works are those iii which he especially competed with Uubens; "St Francis re- 1 ceiving the stigmata," " Sacrifice of Abra- ham." " Themis wiili her Attributes," and, a " Descent from the Cross," the last-named ^ being in the cathednil of Ghent. Uicdat; Antwerp in IB37 or 1610. , UOMIM.Y. Sir Hamvk.I., a celebratod, Knglish lawyer, and M.I', for Wcstmnislfr; left France after the revocation of the Wict of Nantes), was born in Loudon, m l.JM LIO ROMANO.] LKXANDROVICH, ! id fleld-marslial, having entered nu, his courage iiim promotion, i ralitzin, as com-, le Turlis, in 1770, i itages over tlic iwing years, pre- eh he compelled his camp at l\,il- af tcr bct out for : kraine. He wns ran army against! h began in 1787 ; unikin, lie retired ! AS, Count, son of' iu 1753, entered i r, became privy- j ter of commerce,' nistcr of foreign his sovereign, in vith Napoleon, at I irds employed in! itions,and retired! [id rendered great ' l)y his intelligent! of cduf!\iion, of! He employed hit' ches and m'IiooIs, i ' lilting ouithe ex-' ducted by Captain ■ Canova, a bliort; t him as a present,! iiting the Goddess ' ; branch, and lean- •hich is engraved, Peace of Kut(huk| R of Vredrieksham, - having been sevcr- his father, and Ids; — , .„nn,i i,. - office of a iolicitor, which I ro?u'itted . .dy for the bar. Culled to he qu'"«" '"„■> f'f gene years his pvac- !•!. was ch fly confined to draughts In ^""•tv bu he Rraduaily rose to distinction SeVoirtoci^ancery.and ultimately took III Hi being equally distinguished by nrofound information and forcible eloquence. ?lUBcneralpolit'"''SreelnK with those of he Whigs, he was. during the short ad- ministration of Mr Vox, in 180G, appointed to The office of solicitor-general, and knighted. He elonuently pleaded the necessity of a re- vision o the criminal code ; and wrote a very Tie mmphlet, entitled "Observations on h Crffil liw of England." His know- dgc of the law, h»/««t V"*^"'*'^ »"<* hisknown integrity, rendered him the high- e autliority of his time. Orief for the death of his wife brought on n- brain fever, and, during a paroxysm, he put an end to his life. Nov.. 1818. There is a Life of Sir Samuel Komilly, by his sons. ROMNEY, GKOiiGK, an eminent English nainter. was born at Dalton, in Lancashire, in 1734 At the age of nineteen he was ap- nrenticed to Steele, a portrait painter at Kendal ; married in 17' . and soon began to paint on his own acco> a. In 1762 he went to London, where he nuickly made himself a name, and got full employment as portrait painter. He Bubscquciuly spent two years in Italy, and after his return was recognized OS the rival of Reynolds and Gainsborough. He lived more than 20 years in Cavendish Sauarc, whence, in 1797. he removed to Hampstead; his wife and family all the while remaining at Xendal, and visited by him only twice during 37 years. In 1799 he returned to them, bu. soon became imbecile, and died in 160J. llomney was an admirer of Lady Hamilton, and is saiil to have paint- ed twenty-three portraits of her, in a great variety of characters. One of these, a study for a Racchante. is in the National Gallery. Hia portraits of distinguished persons are very numerous, and his poetic and historical compositions are scarcely less so. The latter were very highly piiised by Flnxman. who affirmed that few artists since the 15th cen- tury had done so much as llomney In so many different branches. Romney's por- traits of riaxinan modelling the bust of Haylcy, and of Cumbf land the dramatist, are in the National Portrait Oallery. He never exhibited at the Uoyal Academy, and was therefore not a member of that body. ROMULUS, mythical founder and first king of Rome. According to the legends, he was the son of the vestal Uhea Sylvia, by tlie god Mars ; Sylv-a being a daughter of Numitor, rightful heir of the king of Alba, but deprived by his brother. Kxposed with his twin-brother, Reiniis, the babes were suckled by a she- wolf, and afterwards brought up by a shepherd. Their parentage was discovered, and they determined to found a city on the b'lnks of the Tiber, the scene of their exposure. The right to choose the site was acquired by llomulus. and Uc- mus, not acquiescing in his disappointment, was sUiin. lr,!-,!;hitsnt= f.>r thv ?!€•- fit? w?r." found by establishing a refuge for murder- ers and fugitive slaves on theCapitoline hill. and by carrying off the Sabine maidens at n feast to which they were invited. This led to war with the Sabines, which ended, through the intervention of the Sabine women, in a union of Iloiuans and Sabines under their two kings. Uomulus and Titus Tatius. The latter was soon slain, and Ro- mulus reigned alone. He was regarded cs the author of the fundamental division of the people into tribes, curiae and gontes ; and of the institution of the senate, and the comitia curiata. After a long reign Romu- lus disappeared; taken.it was uaid, up to heaven in a chariot of fire. The date com- monly assigned for the foundation of Borne is U. c. 753. IIONSAKD, riKRRE DE, a French elegiac and epigrammatic poet, of a noble family. Born, 1524; died, 1585. KOOKE, Sir OKOUGE, British admiral, was born near Canterbury, in 1650. He en- tered the navy early, and in 1689 command- ed a squadron on the coast of Ireland, to in- tercept comniinications with James II. He took part in the engagement with the French fleet off Beachy Head, and, as vice-admiral, in the battle of La Hogue, aftfer which he performed the service of deslroying the French ships which had escaped. Soon after he was knighted, and received a pension of f 1000 a year. In 1697 he entered parliament as member for Portsmouth, attaching him- self to the opposition. The war of the suc- cession recalled him to active naval service, and he commanded, In 1702, a joint English and Dutch expedition against Cadiz ; which failing, he co-operated with the duke of Or- mond in an attack on Vigo, and destroyed in its harbour the Plate fleet and its French convoy. On his return to England he was made a privy-councillor. His last exploit was the capture, in conjunction with Sir Cloudcsley Shovel, of the fortress of Gib- raltar, in August, 1704, followed a few days later by a severe and indecisive engagement with the French fleet. His last service was not rewarded by the government, and he spent the rest of his life in retirement. Died at his family seat, near Canterbury, January 24, 1709. IIOOKE, Lauuence, an eminent geome- trician and astronomer, born nt Deptford, in Kent, in 1623 ; became astronomical pro- fessor of Oresham College, and was one of the original members of the Uoyal Society. Died, 1662. ROSA, SAi.VATOR. a celebrated painter, poet, and musician, was born near Naples, in 1615. After studying under Fraoan- zano, and displaying his genius in many studies of wild londscape.he went to Home. But his taste was mrincd more from the study of nature among the v^ilds of the Appennines, than from the lessons of other artists ; and he delighted in delineating scenes of gloomy grandeur and magnificence. Ho aUo wrote plays, and performed parts in them ; besides which he composed many can- titas. He was liberally patronized by the grand-duke of Tuscany, and lived some years at Florence. Salvator executed many pic- *^.«pd <#^.. ^ij.,*...»»nj ; I;.!* liis nriiiciniii merit lay in the representation of the wild scenery of nature, storms, &c. Died, at Rome, 1673. 87p^ l\ n ,f ^r_ ^ . ^p^ »fm l" J ' 4 1 \ t 1 't . 1 ,ii; I ii 'i ! 5 . ! ! ''I i '' i KOS] % iatto Slnibcrsal 1Slograpl)y. There is one good example of Salvntor In the National Gallery- a landscape with Mercury and the \Voodman ; and nvmy of his pictures are in English collections. „ , ,, , _ ,_ KOSAMOND, usually called lair Kosa- mond. was the daughter of Walter de (lif- ford, baron of Hereford, and the favourite mistress of Henry II. She had two ^on» by Henry ; William, called Long-sword, and Jcflfery, who became archlshop of \ork. noSWlNA, FRANCKSCO, a felfbrated Italian engraver, was born near Kimini,ln it"'' and settled at IJologna. Many noble i;Vravlngs from the old masters owe the r existence to his superior skill ; but his grSperforman e is the 7or^,*;"°J" " the " Gallery of Hologna," of which all the drawings and most of the -"Kravings were fxecutcd by his own hand. I>ied, IMl. KOSCirs, QviNiVs, a Roman actor,born near linuT urn, was so celebrated for his SowerTof representation, that his name has be^)methe common designation of perform^ crsoT pre-eminent merit. Uoscius enjoyed the friendship of Cicero and Sulla. Died, "koIcoF., WnxiAM,an eminent historian and miscellaneous writer, born at Liver- Dool h^ 1753. His parents, who were in an Cwe sphere, gaNre ^m the mere rudl^ ments of a commc. education. Placea very TarU in a lawyer's office, he found le sure to make himself master of the Latin and Greek ^nguagcs . and he then went through a ioum 'of s'tudy of n>odem languages read- ing the best authors in each. On the cx- Difation of his clerkship he entered into JLmer^hlp with Mr Aspinall an aUorney of considerable practice. "«* '^f''^,,"^ strictly attended to his professional dutes he did not lose sight of literature and the arts ir 1773 KoMoe took part in found- ing at Liverpool a society for the encour- agment of the arts of painting and desicn^ InThc early gained the friendship of Mr T ..„,« npvnolds Fuscli, and Mason, the ftlend of O ay- When the abolition of the [ure trade became a object of P^Wlc d t^ cussionhc warmly Interested himself mi t. success; and his ardent love of liberty icd him to'hail the commencement of th p , revolution as an era of happiness to tne human ra.e. His studies, however gradually MtUed in the field of Italian h'^ory and Hterafur" In 179« the first fruits of these Itudfes appe.ired in his '• Life of l^renzo de' second great work. "The Life and Pon- Ufleate of l>eo X." These two ^^rks ».e _ ame immediately popular, and gained him a great reputation throughuut J-uroPC; The cool impartiality, however, with which he treated religious controversies offended l^th ttomanists and Protestants, and whUc an'd his lenient cor ments on their opponents, PnnUts wercrcially dissatisfied, and Pope Leo XII consTgned the Italian translation I of the " Life of Leo X. " to the Index Koscoe being attached to the Whig party they supported him as a candidate to repre- sent Liverpool, and arter a severe contest with General Tarletou, in IBOfi, he was re- turned. He retired, after the dissolution of parliamenl, ia 1807. Sometime previous to this he had become a banker at Liverpool but the house to which he belonged failed', and his private property was lost; his valuable library, prints, drawings, &c., pro- ducing about £8000. Hoscoe had long been considered as the head of the literary and I scientific circles of his native town; and' much of hin time was spent in promoting' •■ ■ «S8 )i iis many noble public institu- ', was one of the first to recognize ai age the genius of the great seulp- toi -1 Gib.ion. A statue of Koscoe was executed by ChantiO.y, and placed in the Uoyal Institution of Liverpool. Died, June 30, 1831. ROSCOE, HKNRY, youngest son of the> preceding, was born about 1800 ; studied the ! law, and was called to the bar in 1826. Lilte his father, he united with his professional! studies an extensive acquaintance with polite literature, and was an accomplished writer. Independentof many " Digests "of different branches of the law, he was the author of " Lives of eminent Uritish Law- yers," In Lardner's Cydoptedia ; a " Life " of his father, 2 vols. ; and the editor of " North's Lives." Died, 1836. UOSCOMMON. [DILLON.] IIOSE. OKoROE, a statesman and political writer, was born at Itrcehin, in Scotland, in 1744. He was a purser , in the navy, but; through the interest of the ear! of March- \ mont he was afterwards n>ade keeper of the records In the exchequer. Here his talents for business were soon discovered, and he was appointed to superintend the publication of the Domesday liook, and to complete the Journals of the Lords. Krom this period; his advancement was rapid; and when Mr i Pitt (whose friendship and full contiilence he possessed) returned to power, Mr Hose , , was raad>' president of the Boara of Trade, ! and treas -er of the navy. On the death of ; that mm. r he lost these situations ;bu when the dministration formed by Lord Grenville retired, he resumed h.s former station, and continued in it till his d^alh, whh happened at Cuffnells, his seann : Hampshire, In 1818. He published A brief Examination into the Increase of the , He venues. Commerce, and Na^'ga^ion of. Great Itiitain," " Considerations on the Debt due by the Civil List," " ^^^^'TULl specting the Public Expenditure, and Ue Influence of the Crown," &c. ( llO>out 1800 ; studied tiie | the bar in 1826. Like with his professional I ; acquaintance with was an accomplished of many " Digests "of the law, he was the munont Uritish Law- ;yclopa>dia; a "Life" . ; and the editor of ed, 1836. ilLLOX.] itatesman and political \ \ rechin, in Scotland, in i •ser .in the navy, but i| of the ear! of March- ; ! rdg roade keeper of tlie \ luer. Here his talents ' on discovered, and he ; ■rintend the publication \ )k, and to complete the \ •ds. From this period j g rapid ; and when Mr ; i lip and full contiilence '; led to power, Mr Kosc i of the Board of Trade, navy. On the death of It these situations; but •ation formed by Lord le resumed his former icd in it till his death, CufTnells, his seat in i. He published " A nto the Increase of the ce, and Navigation of ; nsidc-ationsonthcDcht ist," " Observations re- ^ ! Expenditure, and the I wn," &c. I >OLiTO, one of the moit, ogisU of modem times, i i(X); completed his studies j, his native town, in 1821 ;ii btained the chair of on-" hith ho had prosecuted; lilc with great zeal under, linalMezzofanti. Having I .quitieshis peculiar study,, r ir. till-- -t-;~ : 1 whom he accompanied. t'en to Egypt in the P»- 1 rCTTThkiT searches ; and on whose n he unS ertook the publication of the •^ 1 „Hi,i work tho result of their united Srtl'tnTiUed the " Momnnen.. of Egypt 'toS^Fv' r*uiKm!icn AuovsT. a dlstln- ■mished orientalist, professor of oriental hJuases in I-ondon university, was born « Hanover in 1801 He studied at the unl- vcrsities of Leipsic and Berlin, and afterwards Itudied Sanscrit under I-rofcsBor Bopp. Hav- n7distingui9l.ed himself by the publicat on of his "Sanscrit Knots," he was appointed nrofessor of oriental languagesin the London Snivewity, a post which he held for scTcral mrs He wa* afterwards professor of Kan- 8cr tin Lniversity College, honorary foreign ecretary to the Asiatic Society , and secretary the oriental Translation Committee. His tudies and literary labours were gradually concentrated on the earliest-Indian litera- ture, and he began to publish out did not live to complete the hymns of the Rtg V tan with a Latin translation. He edited the "Essays" of his friend Colebrooke.and the " \lgebra " of Mohammed Ben Musa, with an English translation ; prepared the cata- logue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum, which was published by Forshall ; and contributed many articles on oriental literature and geography to the " I'enny Cyclopffdia." Hosen was the correspondent of the most eminent foreign scholars, and was as much esteemed for the charms of his character as he was respected for his scho- larship. Died suddenly at London, 12th Sep- tember, 1837. KOSEXMt'LLER, JOHANN OF.ORO, a celebrated German theologian, was professor of theology at Erlangen and Leipsic, and dis- i tinguished himself as a preacher, and by his ' activitv in the cause of education. Born, , 1736; d'ied, 1815. His son, ERNST FRIF.n- I RICH Cakl, a distinguished orientalist, j was born at Leipsic, in 1768 ; In which uni- : versify he became professor of Arabic, 4c., i'and rendered important services to oriental : I literature by various learned works. One of Ij the most important is his" Scholia " on the |i Old Testament, in 23 vols. Among his other |!works are, a " Handbook of Biblical Anti- hquities," and a useful Arabic Grammar, llDied, 1«35. .Another son, Johann Chiii.x- • TIAN, celebrated as an anatomist, was born at Hessberg, in 1771; became professor of jj anatomy and surgery nt Leipsic, and diod in ' ISjn, lie was the author of "Anatomico- ; Surgical Delineations, " a "Manual of Ana- iitomy," &c, ii IIOSIX, JOHANX.or 'iOSINUS, a German antiquary, wjis born at Eisenach, in 1561, I and died of the plague in 1()2(). He wrote i " Antiquitatum Itomanaruni Corpus," a work of considerable value, and several times reprinted. j KOSMIN'I, CARLO I>EMta n historian and biographer, born in the Tyrol, in 175«. He wrote a History of Milan, and Lives of I Ovid and Seneca, of Guarino Veronese, IVittorino da Feltre, ITlelfo. and Trivulzio. I He was a member of the Florentine Aca- ; di?!iiy,and died at Mil^^n i,, 1°'*7 i ROSS, Alkxandeu, a native of Aberdeen, WIS master of the grammar school at South- ampton, and chaplain to Charles I. His works are very numerous ; the most known of which is, a " Viewof all Keligions." He was also author of a curious book, entitled " Virgilius Evangclizans," a cento on the life of Christ, taken wholly from Virgil. He died in 16M. ROSS, Alkxanhkr, a Scotch poet, bom in Aberdeenshire, in 1639. He was educated at the Marischal College, Aberdeen, and spent his life in discharging the duties of a parish schoolmaster, at Lochlee, in Angusshire. It was not till ho was nearly "o years of age that he first appeared as an autlior, when he published " Helenore, or the Fortunate Shepherdess," a poem which in the north of RcotlandTs nearly as popular as the writings of Ilamsay and Burns. He wa's also the nnthor of some favourite songs, and died in 1784. KOSS, Sir JAMEfJ Clark, Captain R.N., a distinguished maritime discoverer, was the nephew of Sir Joi.n Ross, noticed below, and was bom in London, in 1800. He entered the nary at twelve years of age, accompanied his uncle on his two voyages in search of a north-west passage, and in the interval between them accompanied Parry in his three arctic voyages. He was promoted to the rank of post-captain in 1834, for his serv- ices during the second voyage of Sir John Ross. His most memorable expedition was that to the Antarctic Ocean, undertaken in 1839, which occupied four years. He com- manded the Erebus, and was accompanied by Crozier in command of the Terror. The dis- covery of Victoria Land, the observation of a volcano, Mount Erebus, then in action, and valuable additions to scientific knowledge, in magnetism, meteorology, zoology, Ac, were the fruits of this expedition ; a narra- tive of which by Ross was published in 1847. The discoverer was knighted and created n.C.L., Oxford, after bis return. He had long been F.R.8., F.L.S., F.R.A.8.. and F.R.O.8., and he received in 1841 the gold medal of the last-named society. In 1848 Sir James Clark Ross commanded an expedition to the Arctic Seas in search of Sir John Franklin, but without success. Died, 3rd April, 18(i2. ROSS, Sir John, a distinguished navi- gator, was born in Ballarocli, in Wigton- shire, of which parish his fiithcr was minis- ter, in 1777. Entering the navy when a mere boy, he was iwomoted to a lieutenancy in l^ol , and during the war with France earned great distinction in all parts of the world. In 1818 he was associated with Sir Edward Parry in the expedition to Ratlin's H.'.i , and on his return published bis " Voyage of Discovery in search of a North-AVcst Pass- age." In 1829, aided by the muniticenceof Mr, afterwards Sir Felix Booth, he fitted out a steam vessel with the view of prosecuting researches in tln' same direction, and after spending four winters in the arctic regions, during which he made very valuable dis- coveries, he returned to England in 1833, and published his " Narrative of a Second Voy- age." For his services on this occasion he irCn Tr-n t,,»- .,..*,...,, .-♦ .* ii.j^.l. .....— ^. distinctions; and in 1839 he was appointed British consul at Stockholm, which office he 878 'l • it i ■ : ! t :':!, t i j t ' • : ; » j I i j i »: ) i !■ 1 I ' ;■ i J 1 .> I , U08] -a ificto Btnibcranl 13iogrnpl)p. held tin J8J5. In 1H50 he innde a list oxpo- dlilon to tlic Arctic Ocean In Rcnrch of mi- Join Iranklin.nnd returned in 18jJ- J'l'- iide« live worksnbovespecitted, Sir John Koss wnn the author of " Utters to youuK Navul Officers," a "Treatlne on Navigation D) Steam." " Memoirs of 1-ord do Saumarez, &C..&C. Died, 185fi. KOSS, or UOllSi;, JOHN, coiled the antl Quary of Warwick, of which town he wa» a SauVe, studied at Halliol College Oxford, and afterward, became canon of 0»n,y After travellina over the srcatcr part of the klnBdom to c-Uect information rcspecnK historical event., ho .ettled nt Guy » ( ff. in Warwickshire, where he f f ; \" '^'^j He wrote a work on the Anliciumes oi Warwick " and the " History of our Kinp. and le t a MS. on the " History of tho KarU of Warwick," which is in t'..o Itodlelan *' KOSSEU.l. CosiMO. Italian Pointer. Tras born at Florence, in 1 139. He «^'» « «;^J^«'"; of NeridiHicci.and «*.. perhaps, afterward, connected with Jtenozzo Oo/.zoll. ««'»'« ;a?ned .omc reputation a. a Po'ff'-^^ ^»/ cinDloycd by Sixtus IV. to paint in the 8i»- Une Chapel : but hi. work, there >»."««", worthy of the ma.terpiece. >vith which they wore placed in competition. To make up fbr artistic defects he made free use of gold and ultramarine, and obtained the priz.e of- ?er'dt/ the pope. The ^eU of his frescoe. there i. the " Sermon on the Mount, me aXape n which is .aid to be by I'.ero dl Co.T.no.'^Hi. best work however is ju. ho chapel of St Ambrogio at Florence, ami re oresent. the exhibition of achaUce with he blood of the saviour in it. There are several o uossolli.. pictures »» t'','; "-■'." ^STh J and a" St Jerome in the Desert is in it National Gallery. Cosimo Ho**-"''':?!^ master of Fra Hartolomeo. Died, aft" 1*^- ROSSI. JOHN CHAUl.KS r"-'^ SCUlptor wa. borii at Nottingham, in !'»•.-•«',"" Uallan family, and was "PPr'""^";'^, *" * local .culptor He went young to London. l"nd sttS at the Uoyal Academy ; ob.a ned the gold meJal, and went to Home in 1.85. ie wa. chose.. AH A. in 1800. and .A^in im-y He executed the monuments to I-ord HeaihfleUI Marquis CornwalliH. I..rd Hod- ney. cap ain Faulkner, am! •^•v''-;\!' '■•;!, " 8t I'aur. cathedral . the flgure of Hr]'''""''* at the Liverpool Kxchange. a .tatue of Thorn- ion the poet. &c. He had the appointment of .culptrr to the prince regent, and to William IV. Died. 1839. U0S8I. I'Kl.l.KCilUNO, Count, wa. born at rarrara in 17H7. Though of humble origin, herecelTcda iberal education, studied law St r ia ard commenced practising at the Imr of Jlologna in IHc-j, where his success wa. ripd and complete.' Hut In >«»\. ^[^.^,7'^ the ambition of giving fre^-dom to Italy. »'" renounced his profession for that ofjTm^, and, on the overthrow of Murat, fled into Swltterland. where he sought consolation for political' disappointment, in «»"-'?";■ i iuit. of w^ience. At Geneva , where he fixed I KU r..«i.lence. his varied acquirements, his 1 ireat oratorical powers, and ins ^"""»a»°'"j; I Intellect, .oon made themselves felt and ' acknowledged. In 181!. he wa. appointed I professor of l.iw. In ISJ) lie was elpotod 11 member of the council ul' (lentva, i»nd soon afterwards he was sent iis ilcpniy to the diet, Mhen he drew up bis celcbruti'd report oil the revision of tlic HwissfiJoral constitution, which has ever since Ixni as- sociated with his name. Meanwhile the moderation of his political views, so closely resembling those of the French Ductrinaircs, had brought him into connection witli tho leading mcmbiis of that party i;i Paris, Messrs (Juizcl and Do Uroulie i and will' Ingly availing himself of their friendly .ervices to open to him a more extensive career than Switzerland prcsontod, he quit- ted Geneva for I'aris in IK.13, witli a view to employment in the servic; of the French government. On his arrival iit Paris he was appointed professor of politienl economy, was soon chosen member of the Institute, wa. created a peer in 1839; and in \m, being now a naturalized Frenchman, he was appointed ambassador to Uomr. Through his influence Pius IX. ascended the pontifi- cal throne in 1810: andat hisinstisationthc pope entered upon tUu liberal career, sogoon cut short. In 1HI8, he heard with delight the cry of national independence ralacd in Piedmont. He immedialeiy set out for Car- rara, where he was welcomed with enthu- siasm ; which still further increased wlicn he sent his son to join the army of Charles Al- bert, to contend for freedom, liut the vic- tories of Kadctzky and the triumph of despot- ism for a time consigned him to privacy and neglect. He was permitted, howtver, to have one more glimpse of fortune. In the midst of confusion and danger he was ap- pealed toby the pope, then in the Quirinal, to aid him with his counsel. Uc>pondinjj to the appeal, he took office as prime minis- ter, Ifith of September, and for twomontlis laboured to secure freedom for the lloman people and peace for Italy ; but his eareerof noble promise was cut short by an assassin, Nov. 11, IHIH, and immediately afterwards the revolution broke out, which compelled riu. IX. to take rtfuge at Gacta. Count Hossi has not left behind him any litcary production commensurate to Ills great reput- ' ation ; but his " TraitiS du Droit PSnai " [i vols.), and his "Coursd'Economie Politique ' may he consulted with profit- UOSSI, lti)>so i)K', or IL ROSSO, Italian painter, born at Floreuce about 1196, or per- haps ...mewhat earlier. «« a^a^'^^J ';»'» hi. study of the cartoons of Michael Angelo a bold" and grand .tyle ; painted at riorence ttome, Veni.-o. and "thercilicsontal ;and in 1530 entered the service of Framis Lot vrance who employed him in tho decoration of the nTw palace of Fontaincbleau, giving him a good SA .-.ry, and a bouse at Paris. He 51"hered a g oup of pupils about hi^.and S" roundest the "'-^'-l; "^".^^^ ^ S^-^-i^^^r^d^J man ; but either iron. J-a^o'^.f V'"L ti, or remors" for baviiig f > Om^^^ r.-.-_;i ..piipjrvini With then, n« r'"" »%9 '•^•1 lie was elfotod il uf (Ji'ntva, and BOIlt IID llcpdly to up liis eelebniti'd ' the HwissfiJcral pvrr since be i ii as- !. Meanwhile the al views, BO closely renth Ductrinaires, onncciion witli the :»t party in i\,ri9, Uroglie; and win. of their friendly i\ a more extensive j I prcsentod, he quit- lH;i3, with a view to •vic<; of the French rival utVarishe was political economy, jcr of the Institute, I 1839 ; and in Iftl.-i, 1 rrenchinan,he was i to Home. Through I ascended the pnntifl- ! at hisinstiRationthc liberal career, sosoon ■ heard with delight Irpendence ralacd in ately set out forCar- t'lcomed with enthu- ncr increased when he army of Charles Al- cedom. liut the vie- the triumph of despot- cd him to privacy and rmittcd, howtver, to »e of fortune. In the id danger he was np- then in the Quirinal, counsel. Uc^pondiniJ ; ofBce as prime minis- r, and for two months ecdom for the Itoman italy i Ij"! his careerof t short by an assassin, nmcdiately afterwards out, which compelled fuge al Gaeta. Count chind him any litcary irate to his great reput- 16 du Droit Ptnai" [i d'Economie Politique" ;h profit- ■.', or Hi ROSSO, Italian euec about 1106, or pet- ior. He acquired trom cons of Michael Angelo Id ; painted at Florence, )ther cities of Italy land service of Francis I. of ■ed him in the decoration ,f l^ontainebleiiu, giving nd R house at Parij. He f pupils about hire, and icliool of Fontainetlcao. incs in the palaccwere ■iocio, who succeeded hira er works are scarce. II Isomc and acfomphsbtd n. jealousy of Primaticcio viiiK Wi-rly charged bis *ith theft, h« poisoned LASD>-RWKDDEEBm%| m ilcU) antbcfgal ISfograpf)!). [rot Earl of, an ''"''"J j''",; ^,' 33 lie received was born mStolUnd, .^ ^^^ ^.^„^.^ hiseducation nt Kdin . B" j„„ ^.„, ,„. "■''"''f, kin.' toun I. Not long afterward. P*" f,iuned to parliament for Uichmond. hcwasre urneaiop opposition to the He joined > '^''•"V' ji "i„lislied himself i'^rfelorcnceanV-iitlc^.l flrmne« In f,n;wir;p;ointedsolicltor.gcnera;ln F«' "rrcCmt'lS: with Thc'tlUc ^if i^rd i. b" S lle'adhercd to the "' „f vni when ritt flrst came into Cr but joi ^d Iho administration, with ^Iv others under the alarm produced by irFreTrevolutioninl7!.n,and»ucce^^^^^^ 't^nlThurloNV as chancellor, which office Keld ti I'oi. when he retired wi^th tnc fuie of the earl of Kosslyn and died in m. In legal atfairs he was abc. plausible. iubtle, and eloquent, in his political capa- diT asieady partisan, highly serviceable to hJcau e he espoused. His lordship wrote AimDl le entitled " Observations on the ; Mateof thl'Sl'sb Prisons, and the Means YS^!^^^ SX CAIH EKSKINK 'jar' of, ddtst son of Lieutennnt-Bcneral Sir Henry Erskine, and nephew of the pre- ! ceding, succeeded his father as a baronet in i 17C3, and commenced his military career in ; 1-78, as cornet in the 1st horse-Kuards. In <\vS'>he served on the staff in Ireland, as 1 aide-de-camp to the lord-lieutenant, and I was subsequently appointed assistant-ad- ' jutant-Rcncral in that country. In 17H3 he 'obtained a majority in the 8th light dra- 'goon8,cndiu 1702 the lieutenant-colonelcy iof the lith light dragoons. He served with Ithat regiment at Toulon in IT93, and aftcr- i wards as adjutant-general to the forces in the Mediterranean, under Sir David Uundas and Sir Charles Stuart. In 1705 he obtained 1 the rank of colonel, being appointed aide- iidecauipto the king. He was employed as il brigadier general and adjutant-general to i'the Uritlsh army in Portugal, from Nov., 111796, to the end of 1797. In 1709 ho was ;! appointed major-general, and was present |! at the reduction of Minorca. In l!*0^hewa8 I appointed lieutenant-general, and praced on :|the staff in Inland; in 18i)6 he was again 'I appointed to serve in Portugal, was nt the j'Siege of Copenhagen in 1807, and in I8ii9 In lithe Zealand expedition. In 1810 his lordship ll received the colonelcy of the 9th lancers; li and in June, lSU,Iie was appointed general. i|Sir James Erskine was a member of the House of Commons for 'i3 years before his accession to the pcer.ige in 1805. In 1829 he was appointed a keeper of the privy-seal, and sworn a member of the privy-council ; and in Ucccmber, 1831, ho was lord president of the council in Sir Robert IVel's brief administration. The earl of Uosslyn was one of the most intimuti} friends of the duke of M'cllington, ant', a firm upholder of Conservative principles. He died in 1837, and was succccJe'i by his son. Lord Lcugh- borough. RObloPCHIN. FEODOR, Count, a Rns- •ian statesman and military officer, was born in I7CS ; entered the army as a lieutenant In the Imperial guards ; received high pro- motion from the Kiuperor Paul, but wng dis- missed in disgrace ; and subsequently, under Alcandcr, became governor of Moscow, lie exercised an important influence over the campaign of 1812, and is charged by the French with having caused the conflagration of Moscow, which is the general opinion even In llussin, although Uostopchin has positively denied it. It is cei-Uin, however, that he took measuroa for the destruction of the magazines in that city ; and if his emis- aarles set Hrc to the ancient capital of Russia at his express commands, it must be regarded as the act of a patriot, which deprived the French invaders of a resting-place, and w as the death-blow to Napoleon's boundless am- bition. In 1814 Count Uostopchin accomp.i- nied the Kmperor Alexander to the congress of Vienna, afterwards spent several years in France, and died nt Moscow, in 1826. KOTHS CHILD, NATHAN M.VTK.K, the greatest tuillionuuire of the age, was one of five brothers, who, by their wealth, connections, nnd financial skill, exercised a great control over the monicd, commercial, and political interests of Europe. Mayer Anselm, their father, and the founder of the house of Uothschild, was born nt Frank- fort. Though educated for the priesthood, he turned his attention to commerce, became eminent as a banker, and being trusted with the most Important affairs by the landgrave of Hesse during the don.inion of Napoleon in Germany, he e.\ecutcd his trusts so faithful- ly and successfully, that his house ranked among the most celebrated on the continent. Mayer Anselm died in 1812, leaving for in- heritance to his sons the example of his life and wise counsels, an immense fortune, and unbounded credit ; nnd they, by combining their operations, and always .icting in con- cert, formed among themselves an Invincible phaKinx, whose power at one time was suffi- cient to influence the counsels of a mighty empire, nnd to regulate its financial opera- tions. Their names nnd residences were as follow: A.NrtKl.M.at Frankfort; SOLOMON, at Herlin and Vienna ; NATHAN Maykb, at London; CIIAULES, at Naples ; and JAMES, at Paris. N. M. Uothschild, whose life we are recording, came to England in 18uO, and acted as agent for his father in the purchase of Manchester goods for the con- tinent. Shortly afterwards, through the agency of his father, for the elector of Hesse | Cassol and other German princes, he had ] large sums placed at his disposal, which he employed with such extraordinary judgment, that 'his means went on at a rapid rate of accumulation. Uesides the essential co- operation of his brothers, he had agencies in almost every city ii. the world, with hosts of minor dependent capitalists who participated in his loans, who placed implicit confidence In the family, and were ready nt all times to embark with them in any operation that was proposed. Nothing, therefore, was too great or extended for him. His great success in loan operations made it a matter ol rivalry with all states which wanted to borrow, to obtain hisco-operulion iaiid jelliecoi.iinucu to steer clear of all bud bargains. His trans- 3 L 83L t I f \ i i p : 1' h t ! I. !. ■; t 1 . \lv i :'' ' J ■ i ,; •• I if / ' ' 1 4 f ■ ll ■ I ■ -i :l ■ 1 r' .ml L"' ll % Jleh) Sinibcrsnl Idiocjrnp!)^. octlon* In bullion ami forclKn ixchanRCS were nUo on im immense mule, nml not less lucrullve, pirliapn, tlmn hi» forrlKn loan». Mr Uollisclilld hail Kono to Iriinkfort, to be present at the umrringe of his eldest son, Lionel, with one of his cousins, « dauRhter of Huron Ansolm, when he was taken Ul, and speedily died. Ills corpse was conveyed to London, and deposited In tho burlal- Kround belonging to the (Jerman "yVK/'K"" in Duke's I'lace, on the 8th of August, 18J0. KOTKOU, JKAN I>K,, n French dramatic poet, was born in lfiO», at Trcux ; and died n 1630. He was the author of .t- pla)B, many of whi.h were highly popular ; but he willingly bore pul.lic testim''»5' t" t^^ superior merit of his rival CorncilU;. llelng t'l'ariswhen a pestilential "'-'•J'^r broke „ut at nrcux, he hastened to afford r. of to l,is fcllowclti/.ens ; but, three days ufter h s 'mlval. In KM, ho died, the victim of his benevolent I xerllons. i,..,.rtn,n KOrrKCK, C.VKI- -VON, a celebrated mo- dern hlstori.in, was born at Freiburg. In Itiden, m 1775. Carefully educated under the lareof his father, who had been ennobled for his medical skill, ho entered the university of his native town In 1790 us a law student ; and eight years later he obtained the chair of his- tory, his lectures forming the foundation of the great historical work which has secured im so hi«h a place among the h stor aiis of Furone 1.; ii>« 1"> exchanged his chair of history for that of politics and the law ..f na- tions in ISl'.t he was chosen member for the !:;';\Vrsit> m .he nrst chamber of the state, of Haden , and th,' liberal f'tior "^ »f' «^ tures and sperehes was well seconded by numerous able works whiih flowed from his p n cm various constitutional 'I'^.tlons^ \-he outbreak of the French n-volut o n in 1h:)o having given frrsh vigour to his liberal views, he founded various journals to propa- pute his opinions; but his '•' ^'» ^•«» >^',^, .'^ with a jealous eye by the Kovernn.ent,wbidi not only deprived him <.f 'V\'"^''' '" f.' f ' but interdicted him from . dmn« '«/?».- c.,1 journal for five years, and >*''''«'»'',;"''■ ous ways to thwart h.s designs ""^ <='["/'; he was regarded as a martyr to the 1 boral ■ause ; bis name became a watchword to tho pjos tion; and though in l(t»H he was re- st', "red trluMiphanlly to his P»V""?,"f X-' the redress came too late. '"' ''f, f '^"^. »^'"- fciine vear to the general regret of hlatoun- U mindlcd u passionate admiration of them. Onlcaring school he was hrst placed with an attorney, who soon dismissed him for negligence; lie was then apprenticed to an engraver, from whom he rVn away before he was .xee« ,ui,l wandered about for someumemba oy, where he was saved from starvingbjapricst. who'sVnthim to -^--yt^'^.\""f ^ of the noted Madame dc ^^"^cns ar « convert to the Catholic church. Ihi Und- learted lady caused him to be ins ructed^n ".lP„.-e and music, and procured him adM Bion to a school at 'lurin.wiitiOBcprj-aw 88a writer, was born at! ohtttiiicd from Tur- fi'tiiic dcpanmeni. k pace, 111" oppowa violent politicians; uircrcd by the gull- ielpalworkli"Lcs MK FUANQOIS, one noilcrn cliemUtu in n, In 1703. Having to chemical sciiMUc, l»rhr went to VarUto try strun a "musician. He failed, hut ob- led the place of secretary to the I rcnch '" ? Van- In Venice, In 174'.'. Hut It was Sm 17 ta he mu'nlfested bin .plendid m,rnrv talents. In that year he Kalned the roffcrcd hy the neauen.y of l>lj..n. on Cquestion, '• Whether the revival of learn- ing has contributed to the improvement of 9 JUtD IRniberssI ISiograpI^ff. [row neKUtive Bide of the at the HUKRCStion of morals "-taking the iniieitlon, It 1b "aid, 'niderot From Ibis period his pen became rtile and popular. He soon after brought out his " Bcvin du VillaBc" a comic opera, which was received with Keneral fiivour ; hut the appearance of his celebrated ' I^etter onFrench Music "(17.W:,in which he pointed out its defects, cx( ited a general storm. Singers and connoisseurs, who could not wield the pen, contributed to spread calum- nies paKiuinades, and caricuturci against the author, who retired to Geneva. He now again embraced Protestantism, and was form- ally reinstated in the privile^'CH of a fiee citizen of Oeneva. Kousseau had recently [published his essay, " Siir rorigine de I'lm- g,ilit^ parmi les Ilonimes," which excited 'still more sensation than histlrst pri/.e essay. ' Soon after he went nRain to Varis, and there accepted the ofter of Madame d'Kplnay, whose friendship he had enjoyed for several years, of her house called the Hermitage for his residence. His mistress, Thf'rese Levas- seur, and her mother accompanied him. In 1760 he published " Julie, on la Nouvelle H^loise," a romance, of the most reductive description. This was followed. In 1702, by "Emile, ou de 1 Education ; " which was anathematized by the archbishop of Paris, and ordered to be burnt by the parliament of Paris and the authorities of fieneva. His famous "Contrat Social" appeared soon afterwards, and his bold though superficial speculations on the condition and destiny of man and society alarmed and irritated men still more. Obliged to flee from France and Switzerland, the author took refuge In Neuf- ch.ltel, where he published his " Letter to the Archbishop of I'aris," and " Lettres de la Montagnc," a remonstrance against the pro- ceedingsoftheGcncvcse republic, the citizen- shipofwhich he renounced. Thenceforth his existence was passed iu frequent changes of place, to escape real or fancied persecution, for his mind was now completely under the tyranny of the morbid habit of suspecting all his friends of insulting and conspiring against him. This was particularly the case with respect to Hume, the hlatorisn who socurcd for him a hoipttuhto asylum In England, but whose friendship he solemnly renounced, and returned to France after a stay of 16 months. In 1770 ho was permitted to return to VnrlN. His Inst days were spent at Krmenonvllie, where he died suddenly. In 177H. Kuusscau was the author of many works besides those we have noticed, all of them exhibiting his peculiar warmth and energy of style, and vigour of thinking. That he exercised a great Inttuence over the opinions of the age at the period of the I'rencli revolution, there can he no doubt; but his works, with all their fascination of splendid and passionate elo- ((uenee, have no place among the lights that men love and walk by. His social and poli- tical theories have no ba»is more solid than his personal feelings ; and these bo inter- preted falsely. His " Confessions," one of the most singular books of its kind, ap- peared soon after his death. KOI TH, MAiiriN JosKi'H, D.D.. presid- ent of Magdalen College, Oxford, was born at South F:imham,near Iteccles, in 1735. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1770. In July, 177fi, he was admitted u Fellow, and in the same year proceeded Master of Arts. In 1781 he was appointed College Librarian ; subsequently he was elected Henlor I'roctor of the tJniverslty, and Junior Dean of Arts. In 1780, he pro- ceeded Uachelorof Divinity, and In 1701 was elected president of Magdalen on the resign- ation of Dr Home, Bishop of Norwich. His principal work is the " lleliqulo! Sacra;;," and he also edited Hlshop Hurnct's " His- tory of his own Timee " and his " Kelgn of .lames the Second." He bequeathed his valuable library to Durham University. Died, in the 100th year of his age, 1854. HOVEZ/ANO, HENKDKTTO DA, Italian SI iilptor, was born at llovczzano.near Flor- ence, about WiiO. He executed a noble monu- ment to Han Giovanni Gualbcrto, founder of the convent of Vallonibrosa, adorned with numerous life-size statues and bas-reliefs, but it was wantonly destroyed by the troops during the siege of Florence in 1530, and only a few mutilated flgurcs now remain. In I5'J4 Ilovezzano came to England, and un- dertook his second gre.u work, i tomb for Cardinal VVolsey. On vVolsey 's fall the king ordered the sculptor to finish it for him, but It WHS not finished when he died. Charles I. wisliei' to be buried in it, but it remained unoccupied till the death of Lord Nelson, whose remains were deposited in it. Ilovez- zano acquired a fortune In England, returned to F'lorcnce, and after several years of total blindness, died in 1650. HOVIGO, duke of. [8AVARY, ANNE J.M.R.] UOWE, EtiZAUETH, miscellaneous writer, was the daughter of a dissenting minister at Ilchcster, where she was born in ltl74. She was married to Thomas Rowe, a young littt^rateur, who died a few yean after; upon which she retired to Frome, where she resided for the remainder of her life. Her principal works are, " F'riendship in Death," " Letters, Moral and Entertain- ing," and " Devout Exercises of the Heart." Died, 1737. ROWE, KICHOLAS. poct and dramatist, 8S3 fi 1 I i. i { ilUfilil i >! •ttt'tpj m i M 'i I * I ' : , I ! r. 5 i iL M now] % ifl(t» ffinibersal 19iograpI)t). whou futhrr wui a icrjfitntAt law, wni born 1«7:), iit l.lttlo Hcikford, In Hodforil- •hlro; wanduculidiit NVcHtmlnttir Hthool, niul was Intoiutra for thu bar ; but on thu Ufuth of hl» futhor >u« kuvc up nil ihouKliU of tho profoislon, und arvotiJ hlmnrlf to literature. lll»ni-«l triiRcajr,publUhni.,„"T omce. It was distinguished hy ,„&"' sures of reform, which won fur h'!.. , hono.irn of tho peerage. 1I« w .. „ . i''" of the MartigLc allminl^lraX" Ttif but I. .lire. froM, oin.e wh-u VHuw Zm^i became minister in Im;., ,„„t iiiu'lrT accepted of no office under tho ri^ai,,?. „f Louis I'hiiippe, his long experlcw?,Zu clous Judgnient,and inodtT,,!,: couiuds Z n for many years placed at theiervlo.of he Chamber of 1 eers. Hi, prlvale fortune w«, immense. Died, 1H17. »>"> win UOY, Jti.iKN LK, a celebrated clock and watch-maker, was born at Tours, In \m \\ hen very young, he showed a decided m- tlaliiy for mechanical piirsuitfl.ttnd acnuirmi the reputation „f being « first rate li nrolo gist. Died, 175U.-Ilis sun, Vmun. i,k iC- w.is watch-maker to the king, and died in 17M3. He published " Mcraoires pour les Horlogers de I'urls," " Ktrcnncs Clirunom6- iriques," &c.— JVMK.N David, another »un became a member of Iho National Inititutc' and attached himself to the study of archi- tecture. Ho wrote "On the Uuins of the ttnest Monuments of Greece," " On the Con- struction of Christian Teinnlcs," &c. UOY, I'lKitiu; CiiAitU'.s.aVronch satirist and dramatic poet, was bora at I'aris. in 1«M3. His principal pieces adapted for llic alrical representation are, tho operas of " Callirhoe " and " Heniiramis," and tho comedy of " Tho Captives," imitated from riautus. His satires against tho inumbors of the French Academy prevented Ills Ruin- ing admission into that budy,audhudi(.'din 1704. UOY, WIM.I.\M, llrltish general, a dis- tinguished geodesist and anti(iuary, ivai employed in 174(1, at which time ho was colonel and assistant qnarter-master-gcucr- al. to make a survey and map uf Hcolland for military purposes, of wliich only a re- duced copy was ever published. Ho was chosen IMI.8. in 17il7, and made Bovcral important contributions to tho "Philoso phical Transactions." llulhis(.'reatachluvc ment was the sueoessf\il mcaBuremcntof the Hounslow base, in 17»4, the first step in the great Ordnance (Survey of the United KIiir- don> ; for which he received the Copky medal of the lloyal Society. He afterwards directed the observations and measurements for connecting the Kngllsh triangulatiun with the French; a task which he completed in 17HH. Died at London, Isl Jul),1790. His elaborate work on "Tlie Military Antiqui- ties of the Uoinans in North llrilaln"was publishtd by the Society of Ant-iuarics after Ills death. U()YKU-COI.LAlU),riF.UltErAVI„a dis- tinguished Ireueh statesman and phlloso- plier, was born at Sommepuis, 1703. Not long after his admission to the liar at I'aris, hi' embraced the principles of the rcvolutlou of 17Hii , but he cuon became di»(»« on the Kfiund, dl«- noscd nicordlnn to the different dfgror* of the briifbt and dark tints, which ihc applied with Kri'iit JiKlKiDcnt nnd tntte. In tlii* manner die pxicutcd historical «tibjcct«, lindscapej, and portraits. Dlrd, 1C8'2. UOZU:U,JKAN, botanlit nnd nRrlcutturnl writer, was born at Lyons, in \'3i. He was an ccclp«ia«tlp, and obtained h priory, but |dcvotcdbim!ielf almost wholly to botany and naturiil history. He conducted the Journal ;dcl'hy5iquc ct Ilisitolre Naturrllc, nnd was author of a " Course of Agriculture," " Kle- 'mcntary Demonstrations of Jlotany," Ac. ^He was killed durinK the siege of Lyons, In ' i:s3. KUBEX.'', VVTV.n PAri,, the most dUtln- juished painter of the Flemish school, was born at Siegen, In Westphalia, in L^77. iWhcn he WHS ten years old his mother, I then 8 widow, returned to her native place, Antwerp. He received an excellent educa- tion ; and, after studying in his own country, especially under Otto A'an Veen, he went to Italy, where he improved lilmielf by co) >• injf the works of the best masters, but cliietly Titian. 'Wbile in Italy he wns employed by ,the duke of Mantua, not only ns nn artist, but on an embassy to Madrid. He returned j to Antwerp In IwiH, and wns soon nfter made court-painter to the Archduke Albert, Span- ish governor of the Low Countries. In 16^0 he was employed by the Princess Mary do' Medici to adorn the gallery of the Luxem- bourg with a series of paintinRg. illustrative of the principal seines of her life. While thus engaged, he 1 naine known to the duke of Hucklnghani, who purchased his museum. }Io wns uftcrwnrds employed by the Infanta Isabellu nnd the king of' Spain in some important negotiations, which he executed withsmh credit ns to he appointed secretary of the privy-council. On going: to England with a commission from the In- fanta, he obtained the favour of Charles I. While herehc painted the fine picture called Peace and War" now in the National Gallery, the Apotheosis of James I. (or of William the Silent, us it is now named), and the picture of Charles 1. ns St OeorRc: for which he was knighted, and received a Chain of gold. Uubens nciuired immense lime in 1631, to a lovely girl of sixteen. Ho died at Antwerp, in 1640. Uubens, beyond % iictn Slnibersnl Idiograpln). [nuo Bllconiparlion, was the most rapid in exe- cution of tho great masters ; and nccordinii to HIr Joshua UeynobU, he was the Kieultst matter of the mechiinicnl part of hit art that ever existed. His works are very nu- mcrous and very dIvcrHlfled In lubleci There are nearly a hundred In the riciiiro (inlicry at Munl( h. The '• Descent fron> the Crust," at Antwerp, Is perhnps his master- piece. It is ns a composition remarkably similar to tho line frenco of the tame subject, painted by Daniele du Volterra. in the pre- ceding century. Tho National Oallcry con- tains eleven of the workt of Uubens. The j.ortrnltof his mother in the Dulwlcb Oal lery it a charming cxampio of bin tkiil at u portrait painter. Ulf UKNS, AMiERT, ion of the preceding, wasbornat Antwerp,in Kill. He succeeded his father as secretary to the council, nnd WHS greatly esteemed by the Archduke l/copold, governor of the Low Countries, nied, 1(1.57. He wrote "De Uc Vestiarla Veterum," " Ucguui et Impcratorum Uo- manorum Nuniismafn," "I)e Vita I'lavli Manlil Theodori," &c. urniNI,oiAMnATTi8TA,oneof the most nceomplished yocnlists of his age, was born at Uomano, in 17i)5. He wns early Initiated in the study of music by his father, who waj a professional musician. In Ibl.'), he was engaged ot Naples at a modest salary, and his reputation continued to increase till he went to I'aris In ISJS; there be obtained triumphant success in the " Cenercntoin ' "Donna del Lngo," "Gnuza Ladrn," nnd Otello;" and he soon afterwards became the acknowledged " King of Tenors," not only at Paris, but in London, Vienna, St Petersburg, and all theother European capl tats, which ho visited repeatedly, and in suc- cession. Died, 1851, leaving a fortune of nearly £!00,000. UUHUUQl'IS, a distinguished traveller of tho middle nges, whose real nome was WiM.KM DK Itt'YsiiKOEK, wns born in Hrnhant, probably about 12;)0. He entered the Franciscan order, set out for the Holy I^nd,and, in 1253, was tent by St Louis, who was then in I'alestlne, on nn embassy to Manchu, the great Khan of Tartary, and In search of the famous but undiscoverablu Prester .'ohn. He was accompanied by two other monks, and had interviews with Batu Khnn nnd his ton, the great Sartak,nnd the grand Khan Manchu. After nn absence of two years and a half, Uubruquls returned to Syria, and entered tho Franciscan monas- tery nt Acre. Ho sent the narrative of his Journey to St Louis, and wished to visit France ; but whether he did is not known Ho was living in 129.1. His norrative is full of curious information, and is remarkable for occuracy and sobriety. KUCKLLAI.HKUNARDO, on Italian states- man and historian, born at Florence, in 1449. }lavlng married the sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, he wns promot<'d to the ottlce of gonfalonier of justice, .ind employed on several important diplomatic missions. After the deoth of Lorenzo, he protected the mem- bers of ihc new I'iatoiiic Academy, for whose use he erected a palace w Ith gardens, eni- belllshBd with noble monuments of ancient -J 889 Hi'J W i- f4 s 1 t i -ik .,1 I !' \ i III IS I' Ii' .ii 41 I.I vwN I ■I 31 ^ 'II M i '■■. BIB H B^l ''' viH ^¥ RUC] -^ i^eb) ^nibersal 13iograpl)p. and modern art. Died ISU.-Hls son, GIO- VANNI, born in 1475, was sent ambassador to Venice in 1505 ; and in 1512, be took an active part in the measures which led to the restoration of the Medici family. He was afterwards papal nuncio in France, apos- tnlical prothonotary, and Rovernor of the castle of 8t AnRelo. Died, 15i5. aUCKKKT, I'KIK.DUICII, one of the most dlstinRuislied German poets of his time, »ya8 born at Schwcinfurt in 1789. lie co.np . ed his education at the university of Jena, where he was for a short time lee urer ; as- sVed in the editorship of the ' Morgen- blatt " at RtuttRart, between 1815-17 , visited Rome, and on his return settled ut CoburK, where he married. There he applied him- Telf earnestly to the study of oriental liter- Iture the influence «f>^hich is so marked in much of his own poetry. In 826 he was named professor of oriental literature at ErlanRcn. whence be was called >» l?i<»to IJerlin His heart, however, was not m his Sessional work, and in 1849 he left 1 eilm and took up his abode on his estate at Neuscs, a charming retirement in the coun- try near Coburg. and there he passed tlie rest of his life. lUickert excelled as a lyric noet but he wrote also epic and dramatic Soems and made many admirable transla^ UonTfroni oriental poems. The themes and the forms of his verse are almost endlessly diversitlcd. His first volume of pocms- " Deutsche Gedlchte "-appeared under an assumed name In 1811; and be conlinued writing almost to the last. Among his works too numerous to be named, are "Kran* der Zclt," " Oestllcho llosen," " Morgenlandlscbe Kagen und Oeschlchten, "Koslem und Subrab, elnc Heldenge- schlchte," " Die Weisheit der Urahmanen, &c. Kuckert was the warmly beloved friend 1 of Uhland. Died, at Ncu.ses, Jan 31, 1K6«. KUDBKCK, OI.AUS, an eminent hwedish anatomist, botanist, and antiquary born In 1630. When about twenty years of age he discovered the lymi-hatlc vessels, of which he soon after published an account. After Tisliing the principal seats of learning in Oermany and the Netherlands at the ex- pense of Uuccn Christina, he settled at Vp- Ll, founded the Holanlc (iarden and be- came professor of anatomy and bouny, rector ot the university, and perpetual cura- tor He complied a voluminous work on the early history and antiquities of Nw<-«''n. but the whole perished in the «>-eat fire at Upsal of April, 17oU. Overwhe uiod by tli^ loss, he resigned his rla^''. «"'l ''t'^' "/,'''! months later, lludbe.k was ;'" h^M'^ "^ curious book, in 4 vols, folio, entitled- At- lantlca, sivc Manheim vera Japheti postc- rorum sedes rt patria." , » , ilUDltKUK,Ol.AVS.Bwedl.h botanist and philologist, was son of the preceding, and was born at Upsal about l«7o. He travelled In Lapland, Germany, HolUnd.and Kngland; .l-.^i;^ 1.. ««niu"" with llenselliis. the i SodeV of Kclenies at Vpsal; prepared u Treatlie on Hotany, of which be lost the greater part of the manu-cripts by the con- flagration of 170'.! i published s. veral bo an- ileal and philological works, and died in 1740. [b ug IIUDDIMAN, THOMAS, grammarian ^ critic, was born in 1674, at Boyndie, In Banff shire; was educated at King's Co11«d Aberdeen ; became assistant-keeper ot thii advocates' library at Edinburgh ; set un a printing-office in conjunction with his bro ther ; was one of the founders of the earliest literary society in Scotland, in 1718- and died in 1757. His " lludlments ot the Latin Tongue," long used as nn elementary book in schools, was the most popular ot his pro- ductions ; but he wrote other grammatical works, and was the editor of the works of George Hur.hanan. He also established the Caledonian Mercury. IIUDINO, llOGKUs.an English divine and distinguished numismatist, born at Leicester in I'fti ; became fellow of Merton College' Oxford \L Merton College -,._ , was presented to the living of Mor- den, in Surrey ; and soon after was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to whose Archajologia ho was a contributor. He published, In 1817, an elaborate and important work entitled "Annals of the Coinage of Britain and its Dependencies," in 4 vols. 4to. Died, 1820. IIUDOLPH. LRODOLPH.] HUVFO, FAliUlziO, Cardinal, born at Naples of an ancient family, in 1744. He en- tered the church, held the office ot treasurer- general to Pope Pius VI., was created car- dinal, and became intendant of the royal palace of Caserta. On the French occupation of Naples, he followed the king, Perdinanil I., to Sicily, and the next year, 179!), he was sent into Calabria to excite an insurrection of the people against the French republicans, and restore the royal authority. In this he succeeded, but his career of conquest was marked by the most atrocious proscriptions, and blood was shed without stint. He also invaded Apulia, and entered Naples, which was the scene of fierce contest and terrible carnage. llufTo at length made terms with the republicans, but the convention was set aside by the king, and many ot them were executed. The cardinal afterwards cntoted the service of the pope, attended the secona marriage of Napoleon, and was admitted to the legion of Honour, rejoined Pius VII. on his restoration, assisted at the election ot Leo XII., and died at Naples, in IS'27. UIFINUS, by some called TORAMS, a priest of Aquileia, in the 1th century. He became attached to St Jerome, and accom- panied him to the East; but being perse- cuted by the Arlans, lie was banished to a remote part of Palestine. After his rpturn he founded a monastery on .Mount Olive , and employed himself in translating Greek authors Into Latin. H is version of Oriijen gave such otlriKC to his old acquaintance, Jerome, that be wrote bitterly aKainstta, and lluftnus was cited to il""f, f'J"'* Anastasius. The pope '-'"Jf'n'nf'l •>''";'' upon which he retired to Sici y, "here ded, about 410. The works of osepta. Kedesiastlcul History of K<'>«'l"»»',»°J,5f writings lit urrR.iry h;i?.i.in?vn ana -.!»-. were also translated by l"'";"'*; ,j. bratinl battle-p.;int.r, born at AugW urn. such was bis 7,cal for the ad « „uKt of his art that, during the siege « AS, grammarian and , at Boy ndie, in Banff- fit King's College, sistant-keeper of the Kdinburgh ; set up a unction with his bro- ounders of the earliest otland, in 1718; and vdiments of the Latin 8 nn elementary book 38t popular of his pro- ite other grammatical ditor of the works of le also established the an English divine and atist.bornatLeicoster, w of Merton College, d to the living of Mor- 8oon after was elected ety of Antiquaries, to 10 was a contributor. 17, an elaborate and itled " Annals of the d its Dependencies," in !0. DOLPH.] 10, Cardinal, horn at family, in 1744. Hecn- d the otflcc of treasurer- s VI., was created car- intcndant of the royal 1 tho French occupation I'd the king, Terdinand next year, 1799, he was i excite an insurrection the French republicans, 1 authority. In this he career of conquest was atrocious proscriptions, without stint. He also I entered Naples, which roe contest and terrible length made terms with t the convention was set and many of them were linal afterwards entered ope, attended thesccona on, and was admitted to lur, rejoined Pius VII. on sistedut the election at at Naples, in IS'27. lomo called TOR.\NVS, a in the 1th century. He J St Jerome, and accom- ? Kast ; but being perse- IS, he was banished to a lestine. After his retura lastery on Mount Olivet, self in translating Greek I. H is version of Origfn to his old acquaintmce, rote bittvrly affainethim, cited to Kome by Pope iipe condemned his wotki, ctired to Sicily, where he ■he works of Juseplm.t^e torv of Kusebiiu, and the .-. -! „ -».t St Rj«ll, ry r^iixiaitj'vit •"•« --i-^— I ed by Hutinus. UKOUd I'lllUPP, at* Iter, horn at Augiburg.in his Jical for the advance- that, during the siege ot % £itixi ^^[nibersal ISiograp^y. ni'ii] K„«» hfi freely exposed himself amidst Sa'n'd ca«a!fe,th'«t he might be able to sketch the scenes around him. Died, "tniHNKEN, DAVID, a celebrated philo- tn^st wasbominPomerania.in 1723. He Sdie'd at Wittenberg, and under Hemster- huys, at Leyden, whose assistant in the Suorship of Greek ho became in 1757. SrSrs later ho was appointed professor of eloquence and history, and was after- wards rector of the university, and keeper nf tha library. He edited the Lexicon of T miEUS, and many classical works, w th »ntaries; wrote a Life of his master Send Hemsterhuys, and various ' Opus- o„!a " Which were published in a collected i'onln 1797. Died at Leydrn, 1798 RUINART, THlEKiiY, a French theolo- eical writer, was born at llhoims, in 1637. He became a llenedictine, and was the {.s- sociate of Mabillon in his literary labours. He also printed an edition of the works of Gregory of Tours, a volume on the Martyrs of the first four centuries, and other books on ecclesiastical history. He died in 1707. RUMFOIID, Count (a title conferred on him by the elector of Bavaria), whose real name was I!KN,TAMiN Thompson, was born at Woburn, New England, in 1752. He ac- quired, when voung, a knowledge of natural philosophy, and employed himself as a teacher, till he was raised to independence by an advantageous marriage, when he be- came a major in the militia of his native province; and when tho war took place be- tween Great Uritain and hor colonies, his local knowledge enabled him to render serv- ices of importance to tho English com- manders. He came to England, and ob- tained a situation in the foreign office. Towards the close of the war, he was sent to New York, where he raised a regiment of dragoons, of which he was appointed col- onel, and returning to England in 17H-1, re- ceived the honour of knighthood. He was for some time one of tho undcr-sccrctarios of state. Soon after he went to the continent, and through the recommendation of the prince of I)eux-l'oiits (afterwards kinR of llavaria), entered into the service of the reigning elector-palatine and duke of lUi- varia, when he ellfctpd ninny important and useful reforms in both the civil and military departments of the state. As the reward of his services, he received various orders of knighthood, was made a lioutcnant-K''nernl, and created Count llumford. He left lla- varia in 1799, and returned to England, where he employed himself in making expcrlnicnts on the nature and application of heat, and en other subjects of economical and philoso- phical research. He suggested tho plan, and assisted in the foundation, of the lloyul In- stitution. In I80i he removed to Paris, married the widow of the celebrated Lavoi- sier, and died in 1814. KUMOHU, KARIi FniKDUlCII Ll'DWIO Feux von, a distinguished German art- critic Jini, ht'^toriftr:, b-Orfi rivftf l/fr-iurii, xii 1785. He began a course of study at tho university of Gottlngin, but soon left it for his favourite art studies. He visited tho principal Oerninn galleries, and went to [rxjs Italy in 18M, to study the great works of art at Kome, Florence, and other cities. He revisited Italy in 1815 and 1828 for the same purpose, and also to search for and examine original documents relating to the history of art and the biography of artists. The fruits of his investigations appcaml in his great work entitled " Italienische Forsch- ungen," which was published in 1827 and 1831. It is highly esteemed, and has contri- buted to the correction of various errors, and to the clearing up of many doubtful matters in the history of art. Kuniohr was author of many other works on art, some poems, tales, and political pieces. Among them may be named "Drci Reisen nach Italicn ; " " Zur Cicschichte and Theorie der Formschneidekunst ; " and " licr letzte Sur- illo," and " Kaphaels Lchr- iind AVandcr- Jahrc," poems. Kumohr was the friend of "Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt, of Thorwaldsen, Koch, tho two Tiecks, Over- beck, &e. Died at Dresden, 25 .luly, 1813. UUMPF, GEORO EVKliARl), botanist, was born at Solm, in Germany, in 1626. He took his doctor's degree in physic, after which he went as consul and senior merchant to Am- boyna, where he made vnluublo botanical collections, the results of his labours being published by Hurman, in 1731, under the title of "Herbarium Amboinense." Died, 16'J3. IIUNCIM.VN, ALEXANDER, a Scotch painter, was the son of an architect, and born at Edinburgh, in I73ti. After serving his time to a portrait painter, he went to Kome with his brother John, a promising artist, who iied in Italy. Alexander con- tinued his studies, and on his return home was employed by Sir James Clerk to decor- ate his house with scenes from Ossiun. Among his pictures nre, an "Ascension," in the episcopal chapel at Edinburgh; ■'Lear," "Andromeda," and "Agrippina." Died, 1785. KUNJEET SINGH. [SINGH.] itCPEKT, or KOHEKT, 01' HAVARIA, Prince, the third son of Frederick, elector- palatine, by IClizabcth, daughter of James I., was born in Itil'J, and received a military education. He commanded the cavalry of Charles I. during the civil war, and on va- rious Occasions manifested the most daring valour; but his impetuosity and imprudence more than counterbalanced the ctTccts of his bravery ; and at length, having surrendered Hristol'to General Fairfax, by whom it was besieged, the king dismissed him from his service. The prince, however, was- more successful as a naval commander, particularly after the Itcstoration, in the great Dutch war ; on tho conclusion of which he led a retired life, occupied wholly in scicntittc pursuits. He invented a composition, called ■' prince's metal," improved the strength of gunpowder, found out a method of fusing black lead, and practised the art of engrav- ing in mezzotinto. He was an active mem- ber of the Hoard of Trade ; and to his influ- fxict: 13 :i3t:riLrru int.- vstftl'n-ittit^-ttt -■• •"» Hudson's Hay Company, of which ho was governor. Died, 1082. RrSH,HEN.lAMiN, a celebrated American physician, was born in 1741, in Pennsylvania; 887 I, it: ' ■: r* ;l 1 ^ ^ .'. t 1 1 i ! i. ; : -M'. •; ■ 1 , :''■;). '■■' ■ ■ '\ I Mil ■9 4 H i p Is' if 1 If RUS] ^ i^cto Slnifaersal 33(ogrRpI)p. was educatod at Princeton CoUoge ; took his degree at Kdinburgh, In 1768 ; was chosen a member of congress for Vennsylvanla, in 1776 ; was appointed professor of medicine and clinical practice at the university ; and died in 1813. During the devastation caused by the yellow fever in 1793, Pr Hush highly distinguished himself, and his history of that epidemic is a worlt of great value. He also wrote " Medical Inquiries and Observ- ations," and " Kssays, Literary, Moral, and Philosophical." llUSHWOllTir, JOHN, historian, was born la Northumberland, in 1607; studied at Oxford, and became a barrister. In 1640 he was appointed assistant-clerk of the House of Commons, was much employed In nego- ciations during the civil wars, and after the Restoration lie became secretary to the Lord-keeper IJridgeman. His " Historical Collections," In 8 vols., is a laborious and useful compilation. KU88LLL, KUWAIIH, ' of Orford, a British admiral, was born ViI.i.i.\M, tifth tail, and first duke of Uedford, was born in liiU ; received his education at Magdalen College, Oxford; was a member of the Long Parliament in 1610, and commanded the reserve of horse at tho battle of Kdgchill; but in 1(;»3 he joined the royal standard, and fought with great bravery at the battle of Newbury. Ho was nat, however. In favour with the royal party, and he retired to private life till the Restoration, when he asuistcd at the corou atlon, and was elected a kniKhl of the Garter. He also attended the coronation of William and Mary, who, in 16!)1, mode lilm marquis of TuvKtock and duke of lledford. Dica, i;f-"'. RUSSELL, William, lx)rd, third son of the preceding, was a distinguished sup- porter of constitutional liberty, and was 888 born 1639, In 1G79, when Charles^lLfollJ It necessary to ingratiate himself w ih ,h. Whigs, Lord Russell was appoin ed?„e"^^f the members of the privy-council. He "oon however, found that his party was nnt in tZ' king's confidence, and the rcLll of the d"U o York, without their concurrence hdueed him to resign. Although his tcmporTa« mild and moderate, his fear of a Cathpi! succession induced him to tiikc dcc\,v^ steps for the exclusion of the dukcof YnrV In June, 1080, he went to AVcstminstcr Hall and, at the court of King's Kench, presented the duke as a recusant ; and, in November following, carried up the exclusion bill to the House of Lords, at tho head of 200 mcmbera of parliament. The king dissolved the par- liiunent. resolved to govern thenceforward without one ; and arbitrary principles were openly avowed by the partisans of the court. Alarmed at the stite of things, many of the Whig leaders favoured strong expe- dients, and a plan was formed for a Bimul- tancous rising in Kngland and Scotland Among these leaders, including the dukes of Monmouth and Argyle, the Lords Russell Kssex, and Howard, Algernon Sidney, and Hampden, different views prevailed; but I.ord Uussell looked only to the exclusion of the dukeof York. He wa9,however,accuscd of having engaged in " the Rye-house I'lot," which had for its object the assassination of the king on his return front Newmarket; and on tills pretext he was committed to the Tower, tried, condemned, and executed in July, I68:i, being then In the tith year of his age. After the revolution, the proceedings against him were annulled. A portrait of I-ord W. Uussell has been recently added to the National Portrait Gallery. RUSSLI,L,I.ady UACIIKI,, wifeof thepre ceding, was tlaualitor of the earl of South- ampt(in,and wiilow of Lord Vaughan. In icy" she was married to Lord William Uus- sell ; and the allVctionate zeal withwliidi she assisted him when in trouble, and the magnuiiiiiiity of her behaviour atti'r his death, have exciteu lor her general rcspod and nynipaihy. lieing refused counsel upon his trial, and allowed only an amanuensis, she aceeptiil that otHce, and took down the notes. She surviveii his lordship ifl years, which period she occupied in the discharge of pious and social duties. Her " Letters," wl:ich do equal credit to her uudorstanding and heart, have been often reprinted. Died, 1723. A Memoir of Lady Uachel Russell lias been written by M. tiuizot. ill' SSKLL.Wii.i.i.vM, an historical writer, was born in Midlotliian, in ITid. lie was liruught up as a printer, which business he followed for a time, and then became au- thor by j>rof( ssion. lie is now known chlcHy by his'" History of Modern F.urupe," 4 vols. 8)0 i " A History of .\neient i;urupe,"whi(h was left unfinished at his death, in 1793, was completed in 3 vols, by Itr (,'uote. UUTHl'.UroUn, Damkl, natural pW- losopher and physician, was born at Edin- burgh, In IT-l'.i, studied In the university; iisji'cefdi'd !)r ■J'lti.n Hi>p'' as professor of botanV a"-.d" keeper of tiie botanic garden, In 1786; nnd died in IMH). l)r Rutherford was the dUcoverer of nitrogen, and was the =rr.i en Charles 11. found te himself with the as appointed one of 'y-council. Ilesoon party was not in the he recall of the duke ioncurrcnce, induced gh his temper was 9 foar of a Catholic n» to take decisive of the duke of York. ■0 AVcstminster Hall, ig'sHench, presented and, in November c exclusion bill to the head of 200 members ig dissolved the par- )vern thenceforward rary principles were >e partisans of the state of things, many voured strong expe- i formed for a simul- ?land and Scotland, iduding the dukes of !, the Lords Russell, Igernon Sidney, and lews prevailed; but ly to the exclusion of vas, however, accused the Rye-house IMot," ;t the assassination of rom Newmarket; and as committed to the led, and executed in n the 41th year of his tion, the proceedings lulled. A portrait of cen recently added to Gallery. ciiKF,, wifeof thepre- of the earl of South- f Lord Vaughan. In Lord William Kus- Mate zeal witli wliicli It ill trouble, and the behaviour att'T his )r her general respect ; refused counsel upon Illy an amanuensis, she mid took down the his lordship 10 years, pied in the discharsc ities. Her " Letters," to her understanding often reprinted. Died, dy llaehei Russell has uizot. M, an historical writer, ian, in ITK'.. He was 'T, which business he and then became an- 3 is now known chiclly iidern F.urope," 4 vols. ncient I'.urupe," which his death, in 1793, was ^ iJlcto ©ntfatrsal 13iograp!)»- [SAA ^^ITwho represented oxygen gas (then cnllod ?[taUir) as the necessary constituent of nil "'nnvtsrH rRF,T>KRlCK, an eminent ann- tnmist wns'born in 1038, at the Hague, and S n 1731. He was professor of anatomy at Amsterdam «nd was'very skilful in making f '"Seal preparations. His anatomical works wer«> collected and published in 17.17. IhIs son HKXKY published " Theatrum Aninialium," 2 vols, folio. ] I YSCll. KACHKL, daughter of the pre_- cedinff, was one of the most cclobratod minters of fruit and flower pieces, and was Cn a Amsterdam in 16C4 and died in 1750 Heriucturesare distinguished for truth and splendour of colouring, united with great * UUYSDAEL, JACOB, a celebrated Dutch oninter, was born at Haarlem, about 162,i. He stood un rivalled in the representation of woods and waters, particularly waterfalls ; and (lied in 1C81. lluysdacl is supposed to liave been the master of Hobbema. The Na- tional Gallery has three of his works. RUITKR. MICIIAKL AiiUlAN, a gallant Dutch admiral, was born In 1U07, at Flush- ing. He entered the naval service when he was only 11 vcars old, and by dint of bravery and skill, ro'sc to the summit of his profes- sion. On many occasions he nobly distin- guished himself when engased against the English, especially in the terrible battle fought in February, 1653, near the mouth of the Channel, when Wake commanded the English, and Van Tromp and Kuyter the Dutch. In the veign of Charles IL, Kuytcr gained an aa vantage over Prince Kupcrt and Monk ; but, two months afterwards, another battle was fought, in which the Dutch were defeated. The following year, however, he avenged himself, by sailing up the Thames, and destroying several English men of-war at Shccrness. He died In the port of Syracuse, in lG7fi, in consequence of [a wound received a few days before, when j engaging wiih the Trench fleet off Messina. UYCAUT, SIUPAIL. [IIICAUT.] I ltYL.\ND, "WILLIAM "Wyknk, engraver, j was born in London, in 1732. Ue attained j great excellence in his art ; but his end was i melancholy, for, in order to extricate him- Iself frim some eniban'assments, he, in 1782, committed a forgery on the East India Com- pany, and was tried and executed the year fullowinK. RYMER.TiiOMAP, critic and antiquary, was a native of Y'orkshire ; studied at Com- bridgc and at Gray's Inn ; and, succeeding Shadwell, In IC92, as royal historiographer, employed the opportunities afforded him by his office, to make a valuable collection of public treaties, which he began to publish in 1704, under the title of "Fccdera, Con ven- tiones, et ciijuscunqueOoncris Acta publics, inter lieges Anglia>, et alios I'rlncipcs." This now well-known work extended to 15 vols, folio, five more being added by Kobert Sanderson. liesides several minor works, Kymer left an unpublished collection re- lating to English history, in 58 vols., now in the Hritish Museum. Died, 1713. IIYSHUACH, JOHN Mkhakl, an emi- nent sculptor, was born at Antwerp in 1693. He was the son of a painter, studied his art under Vander Voorst, and in 1720 settled in England. Hemadehimself gradually known, and was at length employed on almost all important works of sculpture commissioned in th.s country. Among his very numerous statues, busts, and monuments, may be named the equestrian statue of AVilliam III., at Hrlstol ; the monument to the great duke of Marlborough, at Hlenhcim ; statues of Sir Isaac Newton, in YVestniinster Abbey ; of Locke, at Oxford ; of George II., at Green- wich Hospital ; and the celebrated figure of Hercules, at Stourhcud. The reputation of Uysbraeh declined, as that of Seheemakcr and Koubiliac increased. Died, 1770. RZENVISKY, or IIZRWIESKY, WkN- CKSLAUS, a Polish nobleman, born in 1705. After travelling through the principal coun- tries of Europe, he filled various high cilices, among which wos that of grand general of the crown, to which he was appointed on the invasion of Poland by the Tartars, in 1739. Hoving opposed the election of Sta- nislaus Ponlatowskl to the throne, he pave great offence to the empress, and v*as sub- jected to six years' imprisonment in Itussia. As he possesi-od an extensive acquaintance with natural philosophy, and indulged his taste for literature, music, &c., ho employed himself during his confinement in these pur- suits. He translated the Odes of Horace, and was the author of some poems, dramas, and other works. Died, 1779. s. S.um.RholkhMosi.niEiiTiiN.onrofthe Mecca. He .tfterwnrds made the same pll- inostcelebrafeil poets of Persia, was born at Slilnu.iii 117'), and died in the lltithycar of llisage. He studied nt llii.L^hiluil.nnil nur>»!eii a reli.^MOus course of life under the direction »( the famous Sophi Abd nl Kadir Ghilani, whom ho accompanied on a plljfrimage to IE grimagp fourteen times. He fought agiinst the infidels, and extended his wanderings inlo Iiuliii iinil AKia Minor. Heing. however, taken prisoner by the Turks, he was put to work on the fi)rtitications of Tripoli; but was redeemed by a merchant of Aleppo, who 889 'h.. j t ' 1 ,il i! 1 i i t i ,! i ^ ' t • 4,1 saa] 31 £lm (Mnifacrsal 13(ograpf)p. gave him hia daughter in injiiriaKe with a dowry. Towards the close of his life ho built a hermitaKe near tlic walls of Shiraa, where he passed his time in exercises of piety ; and his tomb, on the spot wlicre he had lived, was long visited by the admirers of his genius and devotion. The " Gulistan " is the most celebrated of Saadi's works. It is a collection of unconnected moral stories, historical and fictitious, with admixture of verse. It has been several times translated Into English, German, Vrench, and Dutch. The " Kostan " is of like character, but en- tirely in verse. lli» other works consist of miscellaneous odes and essays. SAAVEDUA. :CEKV ANTES.! SAAVEDKA FAXAUnO, IIIEOO ])E, ft Spanish writer and diplomatist, was born at Algezarcs, in Murcia, in 1584. He became secretary to ttic embassy at Home, and afterwards was appointed ambassador for Spain at the papal court. He took part in Important diplomatic negotiations for more than 30 years in Italy and Switzerland, and received the collar of St Jago, a canonry of the church, and ft seat In the council of the Indies. His " Idea de un Principe Politico- Christiano" was tran.slatcd into Latin, French, and Italian, and with his other works has been frequently republished. He died in lfi48. SABATIER, ANTOINE, was born at Cas- tres, in 1742. Ho was a very celcl>rated lYcnch writer, and was early connected with Hclvetius and the philosophical party ; but he soon left them, and showed his opposition to them in his work, " Ix-s Trois fSi^cles de la Littirature Franqaise." He emigrated at the revolution. At the Kestoration he ob- tained but a small Income, and continued his attacks on the court and clergy, till sickness reduced him to find shelter in the house of the Charitable Sisters at I'aris, where he died in 1817. SAHATIEH, or S.\HHATHIER, PIKRHK, a learned Henedictine, born at I'oicticm, la 1C82. His great work was an edition of all the' ancient lAtin versions of the Hibl«, 3 >oU. folio. Died, 1742. SABHATINI, ANDIIEA, or ANDREA DA SALERNO, one of the first painters of the Neapolitan school, was born about 1180. He studied under Kaphael.and imitated his Florentine manner with great success. He died at Nap.es, in 154.V Lorenzo, called also Lorcn/Jnoda Hologna, was another ad- mired artist of the Kith century, and his pic- tures are sometimcH mistaken for those of Andrea. He died at Hume, in li77. SAHELLIUS, a diHtinguished heresiarch of the third century. He was an African by birth, and became a disciple of Noetus, and an eminent church teacher. He was one of the most profound thinkers who took part In the controversies respecting the insoluble problem of the nature of God and the mode of his existence. He was one of the so-called Monarchians, and (specially insiitted on the oneness of the Divine essence, treating the t»"Tms rather, Son, and Holy Hpir't r,- n-.i-rrly dirrerent names for the same person accord- ing to the different relations in which he is conceived as standing to his creatures. Sabcllius was opposed and formally con nov He [sac demned by 1 nysius of Alexandria, buu^ followers lo.,.. oxisted as a distinct sect S.MIINE, JOSEPH, F.U.8„honorary secre- taryofthc Horticultural Society, treasurer and vice-president of the Zoological Soci/fv &c., was born In n70, and wastr ginslW^^^^ tended for the bar. In 1808 ho was'lppointed Inspector-general of taxes, which offlti' ,o held for 26 years ; and when itwasabolislicd In 1835, government allowed him a comopn! satlon pension of £350 per annum. Mr Si bine was a most accomplished man ; and for many years previous to his doatli, which occurred in January, 1837, his time was al most wholly engrossed in managin- the affairs of the scientific institutions of which he was a functionary. SABINUS, Georok an German, Sciif.i- TEN), a modern Latin poet, was Iwrn In Brandenburg, in 1508. He studied at Wit- tenberg, when but 1.5 years old, under Mc- lancthon, whose eldest daughter ho married He became professor of the belles lettres at Frankfort-on-the-Odor, and afterwards rec- tor of the new university of Konigslier" His great repute made him known to the Emperor Charles V., who ennobled him, and employed him on several emliassies. Died 1560. SACCHETTI, PIJANCO, Italian poot and jvelist, was born at Florence, about 1335, ...e was probably engaged in commerce during part of his life, was a memher ofthp council of Eight in his native city, and .suli- sequently held the chief magistracy in sev- eral towns successively. Ho was the con- temporary and friendof Hoccaccio, and like him, one of the earliest Italian prose writers. His " Novellc " were reckoned inferior only to those of Hoccaccio, and were cited as models of style by the academicians of I„i frusca. They were not printed till 1721. Sacchcttl was author of a comic poem, en- titled " I,a Hattaglia dellc Yecchi c delle FanciuUe," printed or reprinted in 1619. Died, probably between 140o— 1410. S.VC'CHI, ASDUKA, an eminent lloman painter, born in l.')!i8. He studied under Albano; and, assisted by the patronsje of Pope Urban Vlll., his talent raised him to great eminence. The churches and palace? of Rome contain many specimens of lii« skill and genius. Died, IfiPl. SACCIIINI, ANKiNio yixiiis. OASP.Mn:, a celt brated Italian composer, was liornnt Napli^;, in I7.'i.5. He studied under Durante. and, .ifl( r being employed in Home,Venioi. and several other cities of Italy with great Cclttt, ho came to I.ondon, where he com- posed several operas. Meeting some opposi- tion there, he lift f'.r r;oi*. where lie reached the height of his fame, and oMained a pension from the (|ueen. He died In 1>|>, leaving upwards of 80 dramatic pieces. SACllKVKUr.l.l., lUSIiV, an English divine, was educated at Oxford, »hm,.'n 1708, he obtain( d the d.gree of D.D. Jnl.i» he was appointed preacher at St Haviours, Southwark, during "hich period he preached i,i» fu-,^ fimniis f.. /mons, the object oi which was to create alarm tor thesufelf oi the church, and to excite hostility .ngainst the dissenters. Being impeached m the House.if t'ommons,he was sentenced to be HIH) H 0.ti» Stniberjsal ISiogrnpt)?. [sad Shrewsbury -7 ..nn,. shrewsouFY , and the snme » "^l'1,"t his "''pension tcrminato.1, he f S 'Tl)o? o't.Cd >vns bom in 1716. He ^""'pdu Ud a Wcstminstor, and aftor- *".„, Trinity College. Dublin, when his wards at Tr tty^ou « . j j^^d. En- !fH^'^rheamyh"distingui8hedhin,selfat 'E^KfttVpVof Pcttingen and Fontenoy ; and ! ^^53 he "as nlade a lieutenant-general ; lat the year following he fell Into disgrace f«r his conduct at the battle of Minden. «Lre he commanded under Prince Verdi- "* f.f Mrnnswicli, whose orders to advance "^m hs "opTdurlng the engagement he rsobcyeV His behaviour bcmg, at home, f ?ibuted to cowardice, he was tried by a ?™rt martial, and sentenced to be dismissed UmZ^y^'^'-'- t-ndcrthc admin.strat.on of Lord Bute, however, he was restored to ?avour, and in 1775 he was appointed co- nnial Bccrotarv of state, which ofHcc he held during the American war. On quitting nfflcc in 1782, ho was created viscount. On rccc'cdingtothc estate of Lady Ocrmaine, he took, and was for a long time known un- Ser that name. He died in 1785. From Ms talent,and the bias of his opinions, the Let- ters of Junius" have been attributed to his ''^S\CKVILLE, THOMAS and CHARLKS. [DORSET, Earl of.] S\CY, LOUIS ISAAC, whose real name was I.E MAI8TRE, was born at Paris, In 1613. He entered into orders, and was chosen director of the nuns of Port Koyul. where lie settled, and to which he gave the chief part of his property. Persecuted as a Janscnist, he quitted Port Royal In 1661, and concealed himself, but his retreat was dis- covered in 16»;6,and he was sent to the Has- tile, where he was confined three years. He I spent his time chiefly in making a new I translation of the Scriptures. Died, 1684. 8ACY,ANT0iNK Isaac 8YLVK9TRE. Baron ide, a celebrated French orientalist, was born at Paris in 1758. At an early age ho was in- spired with a taste for oriental languages, by the learned Ilenedictine, IJerthereau, and he made rapid progress in them. He was elected associut > of the Academy of Inscrip- tions in 1785, and assisted in the preparation of Notices and Extracts of unedited manu- scripts in the Uoyal Library. He contliiucd hiS' studies, and was forgotten during the Reipn of Terror; became a member of the In- stitute on its reorganization by Napoleon ; and In 1808 was named professor of Persian at the College of France. The same year he waschoson a member of the Legislative Hody , and sat in it till 1814 ; when on the return of the liOUtboyia hc* bCCanir ^ nlrmt*^F vt tuv Chamber of Deputies, and afterwards was for sonic years a member of the Commission of Public Instruction. After the accession of Louis Philippe, do Racy was created a peer of France and keeper of oriental manuscripts In the Royal Library. He was one of the founders and first president of the 8oci*t6 Asiatique. His principal works are. " Prin- cipes de Grammaire Ot^n^rale ;" "Chresto- mathle Arabe;" " Grammaire Arnbe ; " i "Calila et Dlmna," the Arable text with a French translation of the fables of Bldpai ; and " Exposo do la Religion des Druses." Died, suddenly, at Paris, in February, 1838. SADEEI-, Antoi.m:, a learned French Huguenot and theological writer, was born of a noble family, in the Macjonnais, in 1534. At an early age he preached the reformed faith ; for which, however, he was imprison- ed, but obtained his release through the in- terposition of his royal patron, Henry of Navarre. When Henry became king of France he made Sadeel his chaplain, and he attended that monarch in some of his campaigns ; but, on the reconciliation of the king to the churchof Rome, he retired to Geneva, where he was chosen pastor and Hebrew professor. He died in 1.591, and his works were printed the following year. SADELEU, Hans orJEAN. a distinguished engraver, was born at Brussels, in 15.50. Hc executed many masterly works, and was honoured by the patronage of the elector of Bavaria. Died, 1610. Rai'HAKL, brother and pupil of the above, was born in 1555. He worked in conjunction with his relative, nnd executed upwards of 500 engravings. GILI.KS, the nephew and pupil of the above brothers, excelled both of them in cor- rectness and taste. He was horn at Ant- werp, in 1570. went to Prague on the Invita- tion of the Emperor Rudolph, and there executed most of his works. Died, 1629. 8ADI. [S^VADL] SADLER, MICHAFL THOMAS, F.R.S.was born at Snelston, in Derbyshire, in 1780 ; and it may be f rulv said of him th.it he was a scholar, an orator, a gentleman, and a philanthropist. He had chiefly devoted him- self to mercantile pursuits at Leeds until 1829. when he was elected MP. for Newark- upon-Trent. At the general election (1830) he was again returned for Newark ; nnd, in the ensuing year, for Aldborough, Yorkshire. His chit f object in parliament was to benefit the poor, for the agricultural portion of whom he sought parliamentary aid, to pro- vide them with allotments of ground, &c. ; while for Ireland he eloquently urged the necessity of a well-regulated system of poor laws. To spare the sacrifice of life among the children employed in the manufactories was another of his great objects ; and on each he wrote as forcibly and clearly as he spoke. His parliamentary exertions, and the intense anxiety they occasioned, are said to have been the primary cause of his death, whlcu occurred In July, 1835. while hc was in Ire- land. Mr Sadler's two principal works were. " Ireland. Its Evils, and their Remedies," nnd his " Law of Population," in which the Malthusian doctrines were Impugned. SADLER, or SADI-IER, Sir RALPH, an v....ii<.k ..tofnomnn -u'lKhorn in 15()7.at Hack- ney',"in' Middlesex.' In early life he enjoyed the patronage of Thomas CromweU, earl ot E'isex. who introduced him to Henry yH-. in consequence of which he was employed '•!'.' I ii 1 t V r; ;■ ,t ? ^' 691 ■ 1! i i; sad] % £im Jftniijeraal 33(o8rapl)M. In mariT politicnl nfT.urs, nnu in tho dissolu- tion of the inonnsti'rlrs, partaking nlso of tlie spoil. l{e was sent on various embassies to Scotland ; and at the battle of MusseUmrgli, Sir Kulpli greatly distinguished himself, and was made a knight banneret in reward of his servicFs. At the accession of Elizabeth he was again sent to Rcotland ; and when Queen Mary cnnic to Kngland, she was for a time committed to his care. lie died in 1587. A collection of )iis " Letters and Negotia- tions" was published In I8i»9, in 2 vols. -Ito, with a memoir, '.yrittrn l>y Kir Walter Scott. SADLKU, WILM.VM AVINDHAM, a well- known aeronaut and chemist. He was in the establishment of the ftrst gas company iu Liverpool, where he also erected accom- modations for warm, medicated, and vapour baths. During this period, however, he practised aerostation, and made 30 aerial voyages, in one of which he crossed the Irish Channel, from Dublin to Wales. In the last attempt from }»lackbum, in Lancashire, Sept. 30, 19J4, while descending, the car of his bal- loon struck against a ihimney.and violently precipitated him to the earth and caused his death, aged 'J8. SADOLKTO, JACoro, a learned cardinal, was born at Modeaa, in 1477. Ills father was professor of jurisprudence at Verrara, where he received his education, and at- tained great cch'brity by his Latin poetry and philosophy. On the election of Leo X. to the pontificate, he was made one of his secre- taries, and soon after bishop of Carpentras. Ho suffered much from the vicissitudes of war, and was several times compelled to quit the city , leaving his palace, &c., to the plun- der of the soldiery. Clement VII. restored him to his office ; and the succeeding pontiff, Paul III. ,anain recalled him to Ki.me, raised him to the purple, and employed him on many negotiations. Died, 1.'>17. SAEMIND, SioKUss<)N,a celebrated Ice- landic priest, port, legislator, and historian of the 1 1th century. He had u share iniorm- ing the ecclesiastical code, wrote a. " History of Norway," and was thccompilerof thecol- lection of Scandinavian poetry and mytho- logy termed " The Kdda," printed at Copen- hag'en,in 17H7, 4to. Died, 1135. SAOK. [l.KSAOK.] 8AHAOLN, HKUNAUDINO I>E, Spanish historian, was bom at Kahagun, in .Spain. He was educated at Salamanca, entered the Franciscan order, and in 152!» was sent us a missionary to Mexico. There ho laboured with great zeal and disintrrestedness through a long life, studied also the history, antiqui- .ics, and traditionsof the country, and wrote several voluminous works in illustration of them. The most important of these, and the only one yet printed, is the " Historia Inl- TPrsal do NuevB Eipafia," which he first wrote in the Mexiian language, then trans- lated into Castilian, and sent both versions to Madrid for publication, liut the manu- script was no more heard of, except as a valuable lost work, till the close of the IHth century, when it was discovered in a convent ^[bai that he was the tlrst to give it to th^^^ Sahagun's work is the most imnorbi^f „^' Aztecs, and is frequently cited bv pl. '.5 S^hagun died atMexico,';.tan''aa';Srg:i STAIONAN. [BEAUVILLlEin ST AHNAUD.JACQUKSACHIUE Tp„„„ pp. marshal of France, was born at pS 1801. He entered the army in 1816 but n" several years' service he quitted i and be came an actor. Ten years he gave to the "ta/e and in 1831 re-entered the army. Henss Zi in the suppression of the insurrection in t. Vendue, excited by the duchossof Herri and was charged with her custody in the r'aX of Illaye. In 183C he was sent to Al.i ',' and there he remained fifteen years. Hn dk' tinguishcd himself at tlie siege of Constan tine, displayed a brilliant and dashine cour age throughout the various campaigniof the war, and was rapidly promoted. ]le became a member and commander of the Legion of Honour, general of brigade in 1847 and three years later commander of the province rf Constantina. In 1851 he conquered the country of the Kabylfs, was named general of division, and on his return to Paris was made, in October, 1851, by Louis Napoleon minister of war. Ho became the intimate friend and supporter of the president, took a leading part in the C'oM/) antiquities of the f cited by Prcscott. at an advanced age, VILLIER.] :8 ACHIUE Leroy vas bom at Paris In myml8l6,butafter 5 quitted it and be- ne pave to the stase earmy. He assisted ! insurrection in La uclipss of Herri, and jstody in the castle jas sent to Algiers, ftocn years. Hedis- siege of Constan- it and dashing conr- ouscampaignsoftlie imotcd. He became iter of the Legion of igade in 1847, and ndcr of the province 1 lie conquered the . was named general return to Paris was by Louis Napoleon iccanie the intimate the president, took a I d'Etat of 2nd Dccem- rcpublic was over- enator, marshal, and ;ion of Honour. In with the chief com- y sent to the Crimea, ities with great spirit ng himself nspeciilly Hut his health had I week after the bat- id embarked forCon- ca, September 29th, 30 francs was granted LLAVMK EMAXUFL urncd French writer, ■on, in i;4C; studied , Grenoble ; obtained I the grenadiers, but terary pursuits; suf- -^ revolution, anddied work is a "Critical itorians of Alexander >N RT CYRl RVni-MOND.] ['UK Loiis, Count of, IT of war under Louis j oble but poor family i nil the army of tlic earnt the art of wnr I sctved afterwards in 1(1 aftera visit to ller- ffcring his services to vhose rigorous di>ci- 1 inuloingso.he entered: was created licutcn- [ il soon after wa'< ap- 1 Lower Alsace. He ' i'cn \ .irs' War; cfini- 1 ilarslialSoubiseatthel ! saved the remnants ftcr the defeat; was ^ i^to Bnibtrsal ISiograpfin. [SAI "Ideated at Crcvelt, and coTered the retreat :„ Minden. Ho ni'xt served on thi- lower RuK co-operation with the duke ,1c Brogllc. and took part in the combat of t^or- K 8iiKl>ted "•"* '""K'-accd, he passed iu i7fi' into tho service of Denmark, and was Zrired to reorganize the army. He returned ^France in 1768, lost his property by the failure of his banker, was presented to Louis ?VI atFontainebleau.in October, 1775, and „ 'the suggestion of Turgot was appointed McretVy of state in the ministry of war. He entered heartily into the hopeless strug- »le then going on for financial and general re- form and failing like his coUeaRUCs, resigned in September, 1777. Died at the Arsenal, Thi'Se. [OKOFFKOY.]' 8T JOHN, HENRY. LBOLINGBROKE, Viscount.] 8T JUST, Antoisk, one of the associates of Robespierre, was born in 1768, and was educated for the legal profession. He voted for the death of Louis XVI., materially as- sisted In the destruction of the Girondists, acted as a commissioner of the National Con- T«ntion to the army in Alsace, where he was distinguished for his severity ; and, on his return to Paris, becoming involved in the ruin of Robespierre, was guillotined In July , 1794. This demagogue, who was the author of several works, among which were some licentious poems, has often been confounded with LOUIS Leon St Jcst, the writer of " Esprit de la R(S volution, et de la Constitu- tion de France." ST LiVMliEllT, Chakles Fras<;ois de, a French poet, and member of the Institute, was born at Nancy, in 1717. Ho entered the army, but left it at the peace of Aix-ln-Cha- pcUe, and obtained an olfice in the court of Stanislaus of Poland ; became a devoted ad- herertofVoltaircand a favoured admirer of Madame du Chastelet ; again entered the army, and died in ISUS. Among his works are, "The Seasons" a poem; "Oriental Talcs," and a philosophical work, in 3 vols., entitled "Cat^chisme Unlverselle." He also contributed to the Encyclopedic. ST MARTIN, LOUIS CL.VUDE i)E, a cele- brated French mystic, styled " the Un- known Philosopher," was born at Amboiso in 1743. He was of an honourable family, and received a careful and religious educa- tion. The first book which gave n decided bent to his mind, and led him to meditation on divine mysteries, was the " Art dc se con- naitreSoi-m6me,"of J. Abbadie. For n short time he was set to study law, and then he entered the army. He soon quitted it, how- ever, and with restless, unsatisfied spiritual nature, he fell under the inUuence of the Portuguese Jew, Martinez Pasduction aux'ltavaux Scienviflqucs du 19« Silicic. Years elapsed before his theories attracted much attention, but about 1S14 several young men, afterwards distinguish- ed, became his disciples. Amonn these were OUnde Uodrigues, Augusiin Thierry, and Auguste Comtc; and later, Hazard, and (I'erc) Enfantin. Disheartened, neverthc- les-), by the slow progress of his doctrines, anil struKglini? with poverty, 8t S»mo«i at- tempted, in IS.;3, to kill himself. He failed in the attempt, but lost an eye. Among the works in which he expounded his nystem, ore, " De It. ll6orin„>,^? his task by the publication 7 a TaKlhit work entitled, '' aint-8imon co„SS comme H istoriende Louis XIV." Itcon.iVi of a biography and a critical examination of some portions of the Memoirs. 8T VICTOR, Adam of. one of tho mn.t distinguished Latin hymnologlsts of the middle ages, flourished in the 12tli centurl He is called a Uriton, but it i, unknown whether he was a native of England or of llrittany. He studied at I'aris.where hi entered the religious foundation of St Vio tor, and spent his whole life there ■ surviv ing till 117' • - '.sutviv- or more probably till ugj, jig was uuiiiu in the cloister, and his epitanh engraved on copper, existed till the French revolution. Adam of 8t Victor wai the personal friend of Thomas Beeket, who dur- ing his exile found a home at St Victor's Till recently but a smaii portion of his Hymns were known ; but thanks to the re- searches of M. Gautier in the Imperial Li- brary of Paris, a consiUcrable addition has been made to their number, and the whole were published by him, with an Essay on his Life and Works, in 1858. A selection of these hymns, with an interesting critical notice, forms part of Archbishop Trtneh's " Sacred Latin Poetry." BT VINCENT, Earl of. [JERVIS, JOHN.] 8AINTINE, Xavikii liOMFACE, Irench litterateur and dramatic writer, born at Paris, in 1798. He published, in 18'J3, a volume of " Po6nies, Odei, et Epltrcs," and about the same time became one of the col- laboraleurs of Eugene Scribe, and wrote a great number of dramatic pieces. His re- putation rests, however, on his "Piceiola," 8 most touching story of a flower and a pri- soner, of which twenty-four editions have appeared in Prance The tale was first pub- lished iu 183('>, and procured him, in the fol- lowing year, the cross of the Legion of Honour, and the Moiityon prize of the Aca- demy. It has been Iniiisliited into almost nil languages, and several times into Eng- lish. Among his other prose works arc, " Jonathan le Visionnaire," " Le MutiW," " Le» trois lleines," and "Seul." Died, January, 18t)5. " .Saiuline " is only a nomdt ylttme : his family name is " lioniface." 8AI-ADIN, or more properly, SALAH- EDDIN, tho famous sultan of Egypt and 8yria, was born about 1137, or A. H. 532. He •yas the son of Ayub or Job, of the pastoral tribes of Curds, and after passing in obscur- ity the first thirty years of his life, he fol- lowed, by command uf the Sult.m ^■oureli- din , his uncle Bhiracnuh to Egypt, to combat the crusaders. Py his courage and sliill he contributed to the success of his uncle, who became grand vi/ier, and ou his death suc- ceeded him in that office. "Without openly rebelling, he made himself muster of ligypt, and was proclaimed sulun on the death of Nourcddin, in 1173. He soon after under- took the conquest of Syria, took Damascus, Aleppo, and Diarbekir, and protected Mecca -_.4 M„,iino f,nm theattiieks of llenaudM Chauiion.' In 1187 he invaded tho Hulyj ^ i^eto Slntbcrsal ISiograpijp. [8AL ' — r~T„,.i„cd a great victory over the Land, liud giuiicJ » » ^ ^ Lusignan, Christian ""'/;J^^'*„j%i^.rL.. Tho king l;'a",^atn S^ 2«t was treated honour- was '*'"^'' ' ,, „i,.,,8Cd for a ransom. Ue- "'''^llaUo cap urcd and put to death. rthirv ctory Sttladln wa« manter of almost ithMownsofSyria.and In three months all the towns oi j ' j before Jcrusa- ,V?'Tft ' omi 'j;>bf!' efforts of defence It I "taken 2. d October, and Sula.linmadehl. triumplmnt entry, lie displayed great hu- nlnTtv and moderation after his conquest ; oh bitcd.n"s.sacreand pillage. allowed the Sand Syrian Christians to remain In \ he city, but required all the Franks to quit t The Kold cross was taken down from the ; dome the mosque of Omar.and the mosque taTpmitted with rose water, and recon- verted from a Christian church to a Moham- I'ln, .n sanctuary. In November he besieged i T re bufu was successfully defended by Conrad, marquis of Montfcrrat. Meanwhile Europe was agitated by the reports of his jlprogrew.an'l »"«* *"'''' ^^'Tf '^'"' ""'*'''" [•ken in H89 the siege of Acre was com- i nencedbythc crusaders, and Saladm hast- ii Md the relief of the city. It lasted two years, and nine battles were fought near MIount Carmcl with llucluating fortune. At ' a-t the twokinRs of I'rance and England I with their fleets arrived ut Acre, the city Icapitulatcd. and Saludln. after many more battles, in which lUchard I. distinguished himself, and won his surname of ^u;ur de Lion, agreed, in September, 1192, to a truce of three years. Kichard soon after sailed ,for Europe, and SaUdln, In the midst of vast ijchomes of conquest, died at Damascus, 4 March, llli;^ (.v. v.. 5H9). Salaflln, like Nour- eddin, is reclioned among the Mohammedan saints. His virtues were recognized even bv the Christians, whom his prowess and victories tcrritied. He conquered himself before he began to conquer nations, and was distiiiKuished for his temperance and chas- tity, humanity and generosity, patience and atfability. He founded hospitals, colleges, and mosques in Kgypt, Syrin. and Arabia, and fortified Cairo. The emperor of the West was proud of his friendship, and the emperor of the East desired him for an ally. The terror he inspired in Europe led to the imposition of a tax called the Saladlne tenth for the service of the crusade. The clergy were not e.\empt, and this was the origin of the grants by the popes of all the tenths on church benttices. SALE, GKonciF., an English writer, who W.1S well versed in the oriental languages. His greatest work is an excellent transla- tion of the Koran, to which he prefixed a curious dissertation. Sale was also one of the principal authors of the " Universal His- tory." Horn.lGSO; died, 173G. SALE, Sir lloiiKUT HKNKY, known to his I countrymen as the" heroof Jellalabad," was jthe son of Colonel Sale, of the East Indi? Company's service, and entered the army in 1795, when only 13 years of age, as ensign in the 36th foot. He served at the siege and storming of Seringapatam, in 1709 ; at the storming of tbs TraviincGrt^ lines, it 1^9 \ at the capture of the Mauritius, in 1816, and of Hangoon. in 1824. On these and many other important occasions this gallant officer distinguished himself ; and in 1U38 he wai appointed to the command of the first Hen- gal brigade of the army of the Indus, which advanced on Affghanlstan. He commanded the storming party at (ihuznee, and was severely wounded ; received the rank of major-general, and commanded the forces sent to subdue the Kohlstan country in 1840, when. aftT numerous stormings and cap- tures, he compelled Dost Mahommed Khan to surrender himself to Sir W. M'Naghten. In 1841 he commanded the brigade which stormed the Khuord Cabul pass, and was there shot through the leg; with eminent skill he next forced the Jugdollock pass, stormed the fort of Mainoo Khali, and finally retreated upon Jellalabad. Iltire he and his gallant band were besieged by the Affghan troops, from the I'ith Not., 1811. to the 7th April, 1842 ; on which day the wearied garrison attacked and utterly routed the besieging army under the noto- rious Akbar Khan. He afterwards con- tributed to the capture of Cabul. &c., and received the thanks of parliament for the share he hud in redeeming the Uritish name In Aft'ghanlstan. He was quarter-master- general to the army of the Sutlej, when he received his fatal wound in the action of the iHth of December, 1845. being then in his (iSth year. Lady Sale, whose heroic conduct during the too memorable retreat from Aff- ghanlstan will not soon be forgotten, was married to Sir Robert in 1809 SALES, ST FUANQOIS DE. [FllANfOIS DE SALES.] 8AL1SHURY. JOHN OF. [JOHN OF SAL1S15UUY.] SALISHIUY, Earl of. [CECIL]. SALLUST, (;aius Ckisi'US. the Roman historian, distinguished equally for his talents and prolligacy, was born at Amiter- num, n. c. 86. He was expunged fl-om the list of senators, in consequence of his ex- travagance and shameless debaucheries ; but being restored by Julius Civsar, and made governor of Numidia, he there amassed an enormous fortune by acts of rapine. He died B.C. 35. His Histories of the Jugui- thine War, and the Conspiracy of Catiline, l)ear ample testimony to his genius ; but the rigid morality displayed in his writings forms a strange contrast to the vices of his life. SALMASIUS, or SAUMAISE, Cl.ALUE, an eminent French scholar, was born at Saumur. in 1.588, and succeeded Bcaliger as professor of history at Leyden. In 1649 he wrote a defence of Charles I., king of England, which was forcibly and con- clusively replied to by Milton. The year following he went to Sweden, on an invita- tion from Uueen Christina ; and died in 1653. His principal works are. " Historiip Ausustx> Scriptores Sex." the ," Defcn.'iio Regia pro Carolo I," a very learned com- mentary on the " rolyhistor " of Soliuus, " De Modo Usurarum." &c. SALMON, Nathaniel, an English di- vine, biographer, and antiquary; was ad- mitted of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. ] in 1690, and entered into holy orders, but j £05 ! ■"", ( ll I Iff. • 1 ! ' sal] 131 i^b) IRniiiersal ISiograpI)!). •ub!>C(iiipntly htiidipd lupiliilne, and dlod In X'i'i Hi' wroto l\\e History nnd Antiquities of srvcnil of tli<« Kn«li»h C'ountlt<», bcsiacs two worUson the Rjiimn 8t«tlon»in Krttnin, ani. ia cstccnifd lor his accuracy unU patient reieareh. HAl.VATOUUOSA. lllOSA.l 8AI.VI, 01AMUATTI8TA. LSASSOFEtt- KATO.) 8ALVIATI, iaANCESCO lloR«I DFI., an eminent Italian painter, horn at Ilonnec, 1310 ; died, 16ti;). Ho was a fellow-sliidpnt and frieud of Vasarl the biographer, and cxecuud many works at Home, Venice, Florence, and other Italian cities. Ho was also employed for a short time at Fontaine- 8ANCERUE, l.otia DE, constnMc of France, was born of au Illustrious fuiiilly In 1312. His father fell at Crocy, and !..• wns brought up with the children of the duKe of NormonUy. At the i.^je of 17 he served In the war aRalnst the EnKlish, and by his bravery attracted the notice of I ertrand DuRuescIln, whoso intimate friend he be- came. Created marshal by Charles \. In 1369. he took a brilliant part In the cam- paigns of 1372-1375, in which Voitou and part of (;uiinnc were recovered by the French. -NVith Dugueselin and tlisson he undertook, in 1380. to drive the English out of (Juienne, and though Itertrand was killed at the first siege, and Clisson returned to Paris, Sancerre continued the enterprise. He assisted at the coronation of Charles > i.. contributed to the victory of Uosebecque in nsi and again passed into Ouienne to op- pose the English. Hanccrre was named Constable in I3i)7, and died in »\"^- 8ANCU0n\ -NVILMAM, archbishop of Canterbury, was born at lre»Hingfli.hops sent to the l^wer hv James II.; but at the revolution he re- ?JserJo take the oaths, for which he was deprived of his see. l>ied, le«a. 8ANCT0B1UH, or 8ANTOKIO. an emi- nent physician, was born at Capo d Istria, in 1361, filled the professor's chair in the university of I'adua, was the first physician that endeavoured to ancertain the heat of the skin by a thermometer, made important experiments on the insensible K«l""t"'"' and rendered his name meinoraljle by his vrork, entitled "Ars do 8tatica Mcdlcma. ' ^ 8ANDUY, PAfL. an eminent painter and engraver, born at Nottingham in 17JJ. He look numerous views in Wales and Scot- land, which he engraved on copper, m Imi- tation of drawings In India ink , a method of aquatint engraving which he carried to ureal perfection. He especially distinguish- ed himself by his admirable water-colour DHlntlngs. On the Institution of the U.-yal A< ademy he was elected a member, and. in l-HS he was appointed thief drawing-master ?'*:?' "...".T:!TA.,.,i»m. ,i. Woolwich. Died. '*^NDBY, TUOMAB, first professor of [ban architecture at the lloyal Acadcm/. wm brother of the preceding, and whs bora « Nottingham in 1721. After holdInK the situation of druughwman under the uovcrn nient of Scotland, and to the duko of Cum berland.ho was appointed. In ITIO.d.putr ranger of •Windsor Ureal I'nrk, a post which he held till his death. He was a nicmljer of the Society of incorporated Artists, and as- sisted in the pniject of an Academy of the Fine Arts ; was professor of architecture at the lloyal Academy from its establishiutnt in 1768 till bis death, and died ul Windsor in In 1768 till his death, and died ul Windsorin 171)8. SANDEMAN.IIOBERT, a Scotch minister was born at I'rrth, in 1723, and educated at St Andrew's. He accepted andpromulgattd the peculiar theological vicwsof Johnlilass whose daughter he married. Ho thus be- caino tho recognized head of the small sect known as Sandemanians. In 1765 lie went to New Kngland, made many proselytes, and died in 1772, The chief practices in which the sect differs from others arc, the weekly administration uf the Lord's supper, wrcldy offerings for the poor, washing each other's feet,&e. SANDERS, NirnoLAS, a zealous Roman Catholic writer, was born at Charlewood, in Surrey, about 1S27. He was professor of canon law at Oxford, and about 1560 went to Home, was present nt the council of 'I'reiit, and was sent by Pope Gregory XIII. as nuncio to Ireland, where, to avoid falling into the hands of the English, he wandered p.bout in the woods and bogs, and pcrislicd of want in \!)»\. His principal work is his treatise ngainht the lli furniation, entitled " l>e Uriginc no Frogrcssu Bcbismatis An- glicani." SANDERSON, Robert, bishop of Lin- coln, an eminent casuist, was born at Uo- therham.in Yorkshire, in 1587. He studied at Oxford, became fellow of Lincoln College and reader in logic, entfred the church, and in Itilii WHS presented to the rectory of Hoothby i'aniiell.inLincoliisbire. Through the friendship of Laud he bi( ame chaplain to Charles I., whom he attended at Oxford, at Hampton Court, and in the Isle of AVight Charles made him leglus professor of di. Tinity nt oxford, but he was ejected in 1618 At the Restoration he was made bishop of Lincoln. Snniirr^i>n was author of "I.ogicic Artis CompciH.iuiii," and many polemical works, among which are, " Kpiseopacy as established by 1 iw not prejudicial tollegal Power," "Nine Cases of Conscience re- solved," and " DC JurameutiObligatioDe," Died, 1663. SANDERSON, ROBEUT, a learned anti- quary, was usher of the court of Chancery and clerk of tho RolU. He continued ' Ity- mcr's Fu'dtra" from the Ifith to the 20th volume, and died in I'll. SANDFURD, Sir DANIEL KEYTK.DC.I,., professor of Greek in the univeri-ity of Olas-i Kow, was the son of Dr Sandford, onoof llie| bishops of the Scottish episcopal cliurch. This accomplished scholar and linHioiU orator was not more distinguished forhisj classic altainmrnt8,than for the enthusiasn, | with whitU au advGcatrd the ff '•;'''''• •••";; and other meabures which had for thci 898 [SAN iral Acadcm/, wai J, nna WB9 bora at After holdlnit the » undiT the Kovcrn- > the dukfl of Cum- fJ.ln 1710, deputy Vnrk, Ik post which te Was a member of itid Artists, and ai. m Academy of the r of Brchltecturc at II its establishment I died at Windsor in f, a Scotch minister, 23, and educiitcd at edandpromulKattd vicwsof JohnGlass, rried. Ho thus be- id of the small sect H. In 1765 be went nany proselytes, and practices in which icrs are, the weekly )rd'* supper, weekly rnshing each other's s, a zealous Roman rn at Charlewood, In e was professor of nd about 1560 went ' at the council of Pope Gregory XIII. Here, to avoid falling nglish, he wandered I liogs, and pcrislicd principal work Is his I formation, entitled essu Bcbismatis An- F.HT, Wshop of Lin- St, was born at Ito- in 1587. He studied w of Lincoln College cred the church, and 1 to the rectory of icolimbire. Through ho became chaplain attended at Oxford, in the Isle of Wight. ,■ and writer on art, was born at Kfolu thcMnlnln 1005. He was n nn^lsucces vely of Matthew Merian. Hude- r Id Hon l.orst. lived Ions In Italy, and f trwarls returned to rrankfort Ho wai aiiirn." __ i...„„.,r„i. Ferdinand III- » worku ,re 'Teuische Acadcuile." a leriei of 1,1 vet. Sflhc painters. '•IconoloKlaDeorum Ad. mninTPd by the Kniperor lerdinai "Cdukcofliavarlu, Among hi, mlranda Heulpturoj vetcrl.," &c. Died at "SmVICn; KLWABl. MONTAGU Earl of.adi.-.tinKuishcdnaval eommnn'ljr In the r ign of Charles II., was born in 162.y At tlieaKHof 18 he raised a regiment for the mice of the parliament, and wa» prenent n several battles ; but in the Dutch war he eft the army for the navy, and wu« asso- ciated with llluko in the Mediterranean. Afterwards he comniandcd the fleet in the North Sea; but at his return was deprived of it on suspicion of beiuK In tho royal interest. Monk, however, procured his re- storation, and ho conveyed the king to England ; after which ho wnsereated earl of Sandwich. In the war of 1064 he commanded under the duke of York, and had a, principal share in the great battle of Juee 3, HitiS. On the renewal of hostilities with the Dutch, he was again employed, and in the battle of Southwold Hay, after he had by his conduct rescued a great part of the fleet from the most Imminent danger, and given ustonUh- Ing proofs of his bravery, his sli.p caught Arc, on •.«lilch he leaped into the sea aud wa» drowned in 1672. SANDYS, EDWIN, an eminent English prelate, w.is born in 1519, at Hawkshend, in Lancashire Ho was educated at Cambridge, became nutter of Catherine Hull, and at thoaeccssion of Mary he was viee-chancellor. For preaching in support of the succession of Lady Jane Grey, he was deprived of his ocBccand sent first to the Tower, and after- wards to the Marshalsea. Liberated In a few weeks, ho was again pursued, and escaped to I'laiidcrs. Biniilar danger there i^rove him to Germany. He lo,st his health, h.» wife, and his child ; went to /urieh ; and on the death of Queen Mary r<;turned to England. Klizabelh appointed him one of the commissioners for revising the Liturgy. He was also made bishop of Worcester, and had a share in the translation of the Herlp- tures, commonly called the " Hishops' Hible." In 1570 ho was translated to London, and in 1376 to York, where a conspiracy was formed by Sir It'bert Staplcton, to ruin him by the imputatuin ol 'adultery ; but it was discover- ed, and the parties concerned in it were piinislied. Hi- died ill 1.^89. SANDYS, ^^ir Kdwin, eldcRt son of the preceding, was liorn about 16t)l, and edu- cated at Corpus Christl College, Oxford, under the learned Hooker. He then went on his travels, and published the result of iiis observations under tiio title of ■' Kuropas Bpeculum " He was knighted by Jamei I., who entployed him in many important mU- skns; nnl.), ho published an account. Among his Works are, a trans* latloii of Ovid's Metamorphose!*, and para- phrases of various parts of Scripture He died in 1043. HANtiAM.O, ANTONIO DA, an eminent Italian architect of the L'lth century, was born nt riorenci). and on visiting Uome, w here he had two uncles who were architects, ho was Instructed by thvin, and subsequently perfected himself under itramante.whomhe succeeded as architect of Ilie church of 8t I'cter. He was employed under the Popes Leo X., Cli ment VI I., and I'aul IIL, both in fortifying towns, and in the construction of puldlc buiUlinK», the grandeur and solidity of which have been much admired. Died, isin. SANMICHELI, MiriiKi.K, a celebrated architect, born ut Verona, UtH. He erected several eathedmls and other magnificent edifices, and excelled in the construction of fortified works. Died, 1559. HANNAZAUO, JACOI'O, a distinguished poet, w ho wrote both in Latin and Italian, was born In 1458. ut Naples, where he died in l.^ao. IIu was author of sonnets, canzoni, elegies, eclogues, epigrams, and a poem enti- tled, " De I'artu Virginis " His elegance of expression, no less than the poetical beauty of his thoughts, gave him a distinguished place among modern Latin poets. KANSAVINl). [CONTUCCI. ANDREA.] SANSAVINO, JACoro, whoso reol nome was JAtoro I'ATTI, a celebrated Italian sculptor and architect, was born at Florence in 1 177. He become a pupil of Andrea Con- tucel di Monte Sansavino.and the friend of Andrea del Sarto ; went to Home and learnt architecture under Glullano dl Snngallo; enjoyed tho friendship of Perugino, I uca SignoreUi. Hiainante, and other greatartists, and was employed by Pope Julius in the Vatican. About LV27 he settled at Venice, was appointed J'lvtomnUro of the Uepublic, and there spent the rest of his life. He re- stored the cupolasof St Mark, built the Pub- lic Library, his chief work, the Zecca, and a large number of palaces and churches, and founded at Venice, as well as at Florence and Home, ii school of architecture. Among his works of sculpture the most beautiful perhaps was a " Hucehus," for which his pupil, Pippo Fabro, stood as model. The ex- posure to cold made poor Pippo ill and mad, and at lust killed him. Sansavino's archi- tectural works were rich and picturesque, but extravagant and overloaded with orna- ment, and his style and Influence helped ti hasten the decline of art. His reputation was immense, and his services eagerly sought by princes and popes. Died at Venice, 1570. 8ANSEVEB0, K.VYMOND DI 8ANGR0, eminent for his mi hanical InTcntlons and scientific discoveries, was born at Naples, m 1710, and died iu iT7l. Among the uiuiii- »j| 697 fl 'm < ! ■; ! 1 . i I i 1 t ■ .■1 ■ ' ■ '1 1 1 'It • .!i if 1 1 I , * 4 5i,? , t- ,. ! i i .i I. j i m J * ban] H i^cb) Bnibcrknl Idio^rapbii. fHrtoutniid rxtrnordliinry ii)«rhlnpi In vrntut by hini wiu ■ fuur-whicU-d vi-lilclf, lo pint over tlio nurfiirc of Uie wHti-r, which he ««■ bH)itr(l on the hny of Nnjilr* KANHON, NIKil.AH.H rclibrntpd (li^otrM- phcr "nU cnKlnerr, wa» li'irii iit Ablicvilli-, In IBOO; Hiid conKtruttrd, rvon while ii youth, ■ irtHP of iiniU'iit (inul, rcniiirknbli' for lu i-xtMllrnif rnul uniiriu y. Uv Mil.iip nurntly vnuluiod upwurdx of thrrf huiulr.-d umi'8. all on a iHrue ».nl.', with m-».t.«1 voluiiiM to iUuMinl.- th.in; rrttrh.'d the h-nd of »il« profi-snion. iiiul wnt. uppo rit.-d HcoKTHphi-r ond cnnlni-cr to th.' klnR. l»iod, |[o«7_J_Hli thr.r Kon». NKoI.Ah, Oril.- LAVMK.nnd AKIIIKN. wh.i alM> wrn-rxrol- U'lit Kiottrnph.TH, .(.U.-.-t.-d and puMul.rd the worku of thtir fiithi-r, ni well at ttvcral BANTKKUE. J KAN HaPTIkTH. i» PrPtich natntrr, wb» l>orn m Miinny, iionr I'oiilolte, in IHAl. He piiinHMl lii»(oriiiil Kul.Jntt, on a ■mall tcale, iind with Brtat delicacy. Died, 'kaNTEUKF. M , comtnnnilnnt of the nn- tloniii Runrd of riirU, and K'ntrnI In the rep\ilIU«r. urmv. w'olutlon. He rendered himtelf notorious at the demolition of the Hn«lUe on the memornMe Ulh of July, 1789 ; hut. denrlrnt in the talenlt which are mcenmiry to form the leader of a parly, he wa» tatlsfled to fol- low the ln«plriulon« of hi* more forninnte compelitor, for public favour. Appointed to command a biittallon of the rurlntHn auard, he flKured on the 'iOlh of June, bUl, at the !»«< nt to intimidate the minority In the l4-Kl»lallve AMcmbly.and ahtltt In de llTcrInK up l-oulu XVI. and hit unhappy family to the violence of an Infuriated mob. He pretided at the execution of the klntt on theaUt January, 17'J;); and, by ordering the drumt to heat when hit Majc tty addretted the people, prevt.ited his voiio from belnR heard He wan nftei wards intrusted with a rommnnd in l,n Vendue ntjnlntt the roynllst army hut, lis he possessed mere couriiRp without any military talent, his cnmpalKn was a failure. He lost his counsellor by the death of Danton ; and the Committee of Tub- Jic Bnfcty tuspoctinK his tlilellty, he was arretted In April, 17!i4. After obtaining hit liberty, which he did in a short time, San- tcrrc tunk Into deserved obscurity. Died, RANTKUI., JF.AS tiK,or RANTOT.IVS,n distinguished modern l.atln poet, was born at Paris, m icno , niid after studylnu unuir the Jesuits, entered amonp the (imons of the abbey of «t Victor, and di( d In lfi!t7. He was eccentric, wittv, and capricious , gener- ally licentious, and endeavouring to atone for It hv sudden fits of devotion. 8ANT1, (intVANM, an eminent Italian piilntcr, and the father of Uaphail. was n native of Colborilolo, In the dm hy of frlnno, where his jjrandfather had settled in 141H About U50 the family went to L'rbino, and he appears to have been known as n painter in Jl»)8. It is not known who Instructed him, bnt his woik* show tne uifiucncr of MeloMo of Forll and I'letro I'eruglno. His i>i«'.<.i4.M:-Ti;;Na;i;„;:i';i:;' •* one pUtnro, a Madonna „nd liiRtrurtlons lery i)oi.«e«ses one picture, a Madonnn'nnH Child, by (llovrtnni Kami. """""""» "nd HAl'OH 1., kInK of Persia, wns ion of Ar. tnxerxes I. 'Ardshlr), and succpclcfl hli father A. I«. afl. He carried on war with the Uomans, taking from thcnurvprid lowni • -' ...... iiiiMiiiiiini'U nu • - •"» war of thirty ;e,ir., and Armenia was made a province of Vrrsla In M« the Emperor Valerian arrived In thp East, and took up lii< (iiinrters nt Antloch After a fruitless man li Into Cnppadoda ho encountered Hapor near I'.ilrssa, In 'iKO, and was defeated and captured. Hapor then crossed the Euphrates, and advaTicpd on Antloch, which he surprlM-rt and pillaiscrt ■ conquered Syrl.t and Cilicla ; hesiPKcd C'a'sa- ren. In Cappadocia, and gained It hy the treachery of a physician. In ti\i the pro. gress of Sapor was successfully oppospd hy Odenathtis of ralmyrn, who cumpellod him to ri'pass the Euphrates. He wns as»aMin Bted by some of lils satrap?, a. ii, '.';], it was In the reiRn of Snpor I. that thcfiimous hi'reslarch M:inrs (Mani), founder of the Maiilrhiean system, appeared. SAl'OU II., the (ireat, king of Persia, posthumous son of Horniouz ;Hormi»(las) II., was crowned kiiiR by a stranijo ceremony before his birth, anout a. I), im or Sua. Iiji niartlal character fhowcd itkclf first in bit invasion of Yemen, about 3'i6. Afttr llie death of the Emperor f'onKtanlinc.heheitjn the war with the llonuins, wlileli ivascarrled on through almost his whole n'lsn.againit Constantius II., Julian, and Juv.in. Mae urcat battles were fuuKlit. In two of which Constantius coniinaiuled in person, the Ro- mans usually being ilefealiJ. Sawr l^ sieged the Important town of NisiMs, in Mesopotamia, three times, in the yearjJS), 34n,and 3.VI, each time unsuccessfully. In 318 he won the battle of Hinpara aRainil Constantius, took the son of the ciuperor prisoner, and had him shamefully put to death. After fruitle-is iieuotiations witll Constantius In 358, Sapor in the follosiiij year Invaded Mcsopotaniia.and lalJslcfcIo Amltla. It was heroically di'fcnJiil Iron July to October, but was at last t.iken, and the people miKsu red. Sapor lost in Ihil siege 3i',isH)of his soldiers. The next JW betook Sinuara and lle/ahde, and tlien re- tired. In 3ii3 he attempted t" avert by nejo tiatlon the thrinleiied Invasion of hij do- minl'nh by Julian, but hU overture* itere despised, and 'ullan advancid to Antiocli, passed the Eui.tiratcs and the Tigris, tool several towns, burnt his own flect.andiooi; ..... ^^^A \..» ratrnat .(sjtnnr nUrtUtd ! and harassed the Uomans. and in a tatin • pulnu.,1 A Ht -Jerome at [rsntHnnn.iudrndiiri, nnt '•'«• 1" tlic liut ntid In snme ork. arc notlccl q„ui|,|„ I'' "f 111. grriitcr Mn, who '■•I.U'M. Th.. Nation,,! 0^1! -^Pic.nro, a Madonna ana \«;'f '•••'•''I^.WMionof Ar. •amiir), and luccpcdcd hli I. llf nirrli'd on war with InR fnim them several towns i'«"potninl:i, which were ro Inn. I'.arly In hl:j, it tn of Sapor I. that thcfamoai nes (Manl), founder of the iti'in, appeared, tlip (Ircat, king of PcrsU, in of llornioiiz illormlndas) od kiiiptiy a stranije ceremony h.ui'out A. I). a()Hor3()!). nil ■tiT Hiowcd ItM'lf first In bll cnirn, ahoiit 3'i6. After the liiiperor r(in»tantlne,he hcgjn he llnnuins.wlikli ivascarrled must liU whulu rel:;n, against I., Julian, nnd Jov.. in. Kloe irerc fouulit, In two uf which umniaiulcd In periun, the Ho- ' beUiK ilefealcJ. Saiior le- iportant town of N'isihis, in , iliri'P tlinen, in the yearj]?!), each time unsuccessfully. In the battle of Sinpara agalnrt tdok the son of the emperor I had hlin shamefully put to fruitless luKotiatioiis with n 358, Sapor in the follo»hj Mrsoputunila.nnd laldslcselo *as heroically defenJiil (rota ler, but was at last t.tkfn, and iviK>.u red. Sapor lost in this if hiH Mildiers. The nest jeir ira nnd Ite/ahrto, and then re- lie uttrniptcd to avertliynejio- hnittiud Invasion of hU do- lullan, but hU overiurci «re 1 'ullan advancid to Antioch, :upliratc» and the Tigris, tool », burnt his own flect.andiooj ^^j^^ l.ja •.atrfiat^ .^flpt.ir nUrtUtd ! L the Uomans. and in abattUj ^ £im aniuersal iiiogtapbu- [SAS — 7--~„ ,H,r Julian wnt killed. A UvtxtJ '''""'''Twa. made with Joylun.snd Hi.por 0' peace "f",,"! Hini^ara, and the five pro- """""I'lro d the TiKH.. After- temporary ::Za.l'n»r Armenia and Iberia. Hapor !J''«';:.\.%''C;eu'hr«ted Oreek poete.. ■ ".'^r iv'e the l»l..nd of l.e.tHm. niul |(lourl.l.ef'''''"'''f «»"»''''"''«'''''« /SI/ISacuvks. a French .culptor, wa, born at Novon. in Vm. After learn ng t"e rudiments of \u» art at I'nr she wen to loine.wlu'"' he Mudiud |mintin;j a» well n« rulntire.aud.onhi* return, he wiia much SloyeV"' t'!' P«"«^" "f Veraaillc. Died, "'sABVI, PiKiKO. belter known by hia monastic name of FUA Paoi.o or FAHIKK Paul the ilUi»triou» historian of the Council of Trent, was born nt Venice in ]m lliiBieat intellectual faeultiea enrly . showed theniselve.H in the oune and rapid- i iiy of hii studious ncquireinentn. I'hy- !i|ical science, matheniutic*. and Iodic, phi- lloiophy and theology , and tho cliinaicnl and oriental hiiitiuaues enRaiied hU iitien- tion, and in all he distinKuished liimM'lf. About 137:; he became u monk of the Servite order; wa» for a short time profenaor of theology at Mantua , wu» toniiulied at Milan by the Archblnhop Kan Carlo Uor- touieoiandln l.iSJ was proelor-geiieral of his order. This drew liim for a tinio from his cell, and brouuhl him, by the variout missioni intrusted to him. into reUtlon with some of (lie disliiiKUiahed men of the time, In IJ'j; he \05. He was first taught hy his father, and afterwards studied particu- larly the works of the Caracci nnd their fol- lowers. He chiedy painted Madonnas, churiicterited by great sweetness, resigna- tion, and also sentimentality. There are many points of likenett between hia pic- ture, uud thofce of Carlo Dolci. There is one specimen of this master, a Madonna in •99 i , ffll ; i i I : ! . t ; ■ 1 1 fc % i ,■ 1 K , ' . ■ f- ' ! S (■■ i ■ ". - ' :'i. ' ' ; ■ '*■ t ; 1 i I I i I i H^ 3 I t ' 4^ ■'I i ' '^s I SAU] H iHcto Sinibersal 13iogrnpI)|i. P'.ayor, in the Niitional Gallery. Died at lloiiio, 16H5. SAUMAnr.Z, Jamf.s, Lord do. a distin- Kuishcd otBier in tlic liritisli nnvy, was "jorn 111 the island of (inn nspy, in I7J7, nnd was dcstendrd from a rrciich fiiuiily, whose an- cestor, it is said, ncionipanifii 'William the Conqueror to this country. He entered the naval service at the urc of \!>, accompanied Sir Peter I'arkcr across the Atlantic, and havini? signalized himself in an attack upon Fort Sullivan, received the command of the Spittire ; but the cutter having been much dnma)jed, was burnt, to avoid falling into the hands of the enemy, and he returned to Enaland. After being actively engaged, under Sir llvde I'arkcr, at Uoxjter Hank, and Mltli Admirals Hood and Uodney, he was sent to cruise on the Trench coast, where hecaptured I.all^union, aflne French friirate, wilhoat the loss of a sinnle man, while r.'O were killed or wounded ea the part of tlie enemy ; which gallant action procured him the honour of kniijhthood. lie afterwards saib d with Sir John Jervis to the Mediterranean, and shared in the vic- tory off (ape St Vincent in 1797; and goinff attain to tlu- Mediterranean, was second in command to I.oid Nelson in the glorious victory of the Nile. On hi* return to Kng- land, Sir James received the decoration of the order of the Hath, and was appointvd colonel of marines ; and in IHOI he was made a rear-admiral of the itlue, created a baron, and appointed to the command of the squad- ron ofi'fadiz. On the 6th of July he made a d.irins attack on a superior force In the bay of Algesiras ; but owing to the protec- tion of the batteries, and the windfailinsj.he was compelled to withdraw his ships after an aetion of five hours, and repair to (iib- raltar to retit. Willi unparalleled expedi- tion he again put to sea, and offered battle to the enemy's fleet, now amounting to 10 bail of the line, hi* own squadron consist- ing of only half the number; two of the enemy s .t-decktis being blown up, and a 74 gun ship captured . and though the dark- nes> of night gavi- the remainder an oppor- tunity of escapin«i they were so crippled that they were lai : up at Cadiz, and never again during the war lift that port. For this brave action sir Jamis received the thanks of both huiiscs of parliamfut, nnd a pension of ill.'W per nnnum. Afli'.thls he performed a series of signal services to his country, as commander-in-chief of the iiiitish licet in the )*,iltie ; and in ISH, when this country was vi^ited by the em- peror of Uussia and the king of Prussia, he received the p<'rsonal thanks of those mon- archs. tou'ftber with those of Prince Met- ternlch, on the part of thr ctiipiror of Aus- tria, for the services he had rendered to the common cause of Kurope. In IH31 he was appointed vice-admiral of F.ngland, and not long afterwards peni'ral of marines ; and at the coronation of William IV. hi was called to the House of Peers, os Haron de fciuuma- rei:. Died at Saumare/, his sent in the island iif (jii'.-riiM-y , IB.iii. SALM)i:U8, Sir KliM'.vD, an Kngllsh Judge in the rtlgn of Charles 11.. who was originaUy an errand hoy at the inns of cour;. A lawyer of St Clement's Inn no,„ • . his talent, took him into h soffl e'Sr,''' him his clerk. He afterwardrw-J "'''' eminent counsel. and ro.rrbe ch onn!,"" m the court of King's liench HiJ!f'''^ character was as low as l.iroriirii ?°"" ders' •• Ueports." which are hig fvLe^ ,m were published in 1086. IMe 1 «ri "^' SAUNI)KpoN,NicHOL.A', a, eminent rnathcmatician. was born in IcVfat S ton, in Yorkshire. He lost his siHit uhi 12 months old, by the smnll pov^bu *^'l sent to the free-school at Penn stin , i L"'"a*; fr*' P^°^'i^'''<^y in classic" ea J Mr V\e8t,a lover of the mathomatics Vvhn instructed him in algebra and Sry and he made such progress, that his friend^ sent him to Cambridge, where he dilive ed lectures on the mathematics to crowicS audiences. Having been created MA l,v royal mandate, he was appointed Lucasiim professor of mathematics in 1711 ; and in 17.18 he received t)ie degree of LL.D Dipd 1739. ' 8.VUIIIN, J.\C{^^.•E^!, an eminent French Protestant preacher, was born at NiMnc in 1B77. Upon the revocation of the I'dict of Nantes, in l(i8,5, his father retired with luH family to Geneva, where Jacques made considerable progress in learning, but quit- ted his studies and went into th? array AVhen the duke of Savoy, under whom he served, made peace in IG'JC, he returned to fieneva, with a view to cn!r,i4;c in tlie min- istry, lu 1700 he visited i;n;,'land, where he preached nearly 5 years to his fcllow-ie- fugees in London. He subsequently bcciiine pastor to a congregation of IrenchVefuizces, who assembled in a chapel IxlonfinK to the prince of Orange, at the Hiigue. He w;is author of I'J vols, of "Sermons," "The State of Christianity in France," "Dis- courses, Historical, Critical, and Moral, on the most remarkable Kvents of the Old and New Tostnments," &c. Died, 1730. S.\CUIN, lUght Hon. William, an emi- nent Iri>h lawyer, lie was called to the bar in the year 1790; in ITim he received a patent of precedence, which was soon fol- lowed by his nppointmeui to the oihco of( Roliiitorgeneral. As a member of thcliish parliament he took an active part in the politicsof the latterend of theI8th century; yet, turbulent as were the times, and fierce as Avere the political antagonists towhomi he was oiipotcd.hls personal intcf?rityand: honour were on all hands admitted. His powers as a debater, and his eminence as a lawyer, cntiscd liim, in 1807, to he made attorney-general for Ireland, nnd he held that office until 1H:''2, when he wiwsunceiled by Mr, nftr rwnrds l.erJ, I'lunkntt, Though f«ir many rears previous to his death he had been in ill-health, his faculties remained ua- impaired. Horn, KO"; died, IMD. SAUSMAUKZ. [SAUMARKZ] SAUSSUKE. HOUACK. HKXKDICT DE,a celebrated naturalist, was born at Geneva, in 1710; attained an early proficiency in the maihrmaticai and [ihysical scifr*", .im was for several years professor of philosophy at Geneva. He enjoyed the friendship of HaMtr, and at first applied himself to the •03 SAU] Tj, /,/ botan?. 'ne travelled in Fniiice, f ''Lri Ital? Ac. ; and by the valuable „K"uoJ which ho made, particularly monrthc S^'ciers of the Alps, he contrl- JT/much to the adTnnccmcnt of ReoloKy ! meTo oloVy. Saussure tlrst visited Cha- mnun in 1 «". ''is interest in the district raving bfion c.cltrd by the narrative of the vfrfninLof ^Villiam Windham, father he rn"lish statesman. In 17^« l^e spent 4nt en dnys on the Pass Col du G4ant. Siussiirc constructed several improved sci- S instruments, viz., a thermomptcr,n hygrometer, a eudiometer, an electrometer II His most important work is the record of his Alpine observations," VoyaRes dans les Alpcs." in 4 vols., published between 177S).96. Dird, ITOO. S^UVAGES, ri:AN(J0is nois.'siKR nr, a celebrated French liot.niiist nnd physician. bom in 1700, at Alais; became professor of medicine and botany at the uiiiversity of Moiitpelier, was a member of nearly all the iearned societies in Kurope, nnd acquired, by his wntincs and lectures, ns well as by his ZMl, a hi«h reputation. His principal worli'is entitled "Nosoiogia Mcthoduu," 5 vols. Dicd,i:«7. SAUVKUK, .losKPii, a French mathema- tician, hern in 10.53, at I.a FK^che. lie was dumb till !io had pas.scd his 7th year, but such was his love for the mathematical sci- ences, that bo jicquircd them with scarcely any instruction, and became professor at the royal coUosie. lie was received at the Academy of Sciences in 1«!)C. He was the discoverer of that branch of science called musical acoustics, and died in 1716. S.VVAGE, lU'.n.^iin, an Enelish poet, celeliratcd for liis (•enius.irrefiul.iranddlssi- p,itcd life, nnd misfortunes, was born in Lon- don about 16!iH. The singular story of Savage, narrated by the ponof his intimate friend, Pr Johnson, has acquired prcat interest. He was the natural son of the countess of Mac- clesfield by l-arl Ilivcrs. No sooner did he sec the light, than a most unnatural hatred took complete iwsscssion of his mother, who placed hiin with an old woman in the lowest state of indigence, with dirictions that he should be brought up in utter ignorance of bis birth, and in the meanest condition. He wasannpprentice to a shoemaker, whin this woman djins suddenly, some of Lady Ma- son's vthe mother of the countess) letters, which be found amonR her papers, discover- ed to him the secret of his birth. From this moment bis nttcu)|its to obtain the notice of hismother were incessant, but all his assidui- ties and applications were uiiavailiiii: ; and injustice to the rountess of Maccleslleld it must be oh>('rvod, that she always asserted that her diiUl died while quite younR, and that Savaf,"' was an inipostor. He now be- came an author, and iii 172:1, produced the triiiteiiy of •' .*;ir riioinas Overb\iry," the profits of wbich amounted to JE'.MKt.'nnd he was rising in reputation, when in 17J7, he aceidentally killid ii .Mr Sinclair, at a house of ill-fame, in a drunken quarrel. For this H" v,-a5 trieJ, a!:d fiuind ;,-u;;!y ; but nbi.Tir.od [itlie royal pardon, tlimiiKh the intercession JofLady Hertford. Soon aft<.r. Lord Tyr- Ijconnel botame his patron, received him Into ?l i^eto Stnibcrsial iaiograp^p. [SAV hi!i house, nnd allowed him £200 a year; but the bard nnd the peer quarrelled, and lie was ORain turned adrift upon the world. A " Jiirth-day Ode," addressed to the queen, procured him a pension of £50, but on her ■M:ijeRty'8 death this was discontinued, nnd he subsequently endured much iiiLsery and privation ; till at lenpth, in 1713, he died in the debtors' prison, at Uristol ; exhibiting, as his biofrrapher, Johnson, observes, u lamentable proof that " nesjliRencc nnd ir- rcRHlarity.Iontf continued, will niakcknow- IcdRc useless, wit ridiculous, and genius contemptible." SAVAKY, AXNK JF.AN MAniE llF.Nfi, duke of lloviRO, a di.stinRuislied French Reneral, was born in CliampaRno in 1774. He entered the army in 1790, was rapidly promoted, and haviiiR distinguished him- self in the army of the llhinn he was named aide-de-camp to General Desaix, nnd ac- companied liim in the e.xpedition to I'Rypt and Syria. At the battle of Marengo, in which Desaix was killed, Savary rescued his chief's body and conveyed it to the head- quarters of Napoleon. He was then made aide-de-camp to Napoleon, and was almost constantly employed ' y him on important missions for the ne.xt i.ve years. The mock trial and shameful nuirderof the young duke d'Engbien was intrusted to his direction, and he never cleared himself of the disgrace which it brought on him. Uencral of divi- sion in 18'»4,he was sent on a private mis- sion to the r.mperor Alexander l)i)th before and after the battle ef Aasterlitz; won the victory of Ostrolenka over the Ilussians in 1807 ; and received the gr.iiiil cordon of the Legion of Honour ; and for the part he took at Fricdland was created duke of Kovigo. The next year he was sent to the Fenin- sula. to observe nnd to nenotiato ; and the conferences at Hayonne were the result of his influence. He accompanied Napoleon to the conferences at ICrfurt ; thence to Spain, and in 180l», throughout the campaign of Wagr.im. In June, IMlO. Savary wa-i ap- pointed minister of general police, nnd while he lu 1! that post the formi'Vible con- spiracy of .Mallet broke out. On the return of Napoleon from F.lba, Savary was created peer of France. He would have followed ills master to St Helena, hut was refused' permission, and wa.-. conftned some mouths in Malta. Seiiteiice of death for contumacy having meanwhile passed against him at Paris, he tied to Smyrna, afterwards to Austria nnd to England. In lsl;t, he re- turned to France, submitted to a trial, nnd oeiug acquitted, was reinstated in his digni- ties. He attempted a vindication of his eon- duct In the murder of the duke d' F.ngbicn, and threw the Maine of it on l'rinc(> Talley- rand ; but it only deepened his own disgrace, nuu he had again to leave I'rance. On the accession of Louis I'hilippe be returned, was commander in Algeria for a short time, and died in 1H3:I. S.VVAUY, NICOLAS, a French traveller n.id author, wa« a nativi' of Vitrf*. in Uri.- tany ; tr.^Viiird to J":gypt and tiie Levant, where he gathered much information rela- tive to the antiquities, manners, and customs of the country, and died in 17hs. He trans- ■rS il vff ri'f !' t I -'A »01 !f :i ■ n latPdthu Konm.wrotea" Life of Mahomet," | politic Lorenzo^ The latter, however, sent ■8 on Kgypt,"&c „- I. ^ .«-!..» ui -..--. Mar- Letn ^ SAVEUII'N, ALKXANDRE, a French ma- theiniitician, wiw born nt ArlcB, in 1720 ; and died in 1805. His principal works re- late to naval tactics and maritime affairs ; but ho also wrote on philosophical and other SUbjtH'tS. ..T^.^w SAVII.I-K, OFOP.OK. LUALIFAX, qiiisofl , . . SAVILT.T:, Sir IlF.NUY.onc of the most profound and clcgar.l siholars of his age, Was born in I54!t, and after Rniduatuij? at Hrasenosc CoIIpkc Oxford, removed on a fellowship to Merton ColleBC in the same university. In his 29th year he made a tour on the continent, and on his return was appointed tutor in Greek and nmtheiiia- tics toCUueu Klizabeth. Seven years after, the warden!>hip of his college was conferred on him, which ho held for about 3(! years, the provostshlp of Kton bclnt? added to it in IS'jH Sir H( nrv Savillc was the founder of the Savilian professorships of geometry and astronomy at Oxford. He had printed at his expense a splendid edition of the works of Chrvsostom, tr.inslaled Taeilus, and pub- lished "a valuable collection of the hngiish historians. Died, 1G22. SAVONAROLA, FuA OlHOLAMO, the irreat Florentine piviichcr and political re- former, was born at Ferrara in U.)2. Of a deeply relleitive and even ascetic temper which was eontlrmed by the splendours and frivolity and corruptions of the court of the princes of Fsle. he lived therein his youth a sad and solitary life ; pravms.fastaiB, and study inj; the llible and the works of FhomMS A(|uiii.is. The passion of love was iiwaken- cd in him by a nuiidcn of the stro//.l family, but she W..S proud, and refused his offer At th.' ate of 2;i he secretly left home and cnteivd the Dominican order at Holo^'na, where he spent seven years. The preseiili- m.'iit tliat be was called to some extraordin- ary mission had lona been fixed in his mind, and gave a tone to his preachin;,'. About 14.V3 he entered the convent of St i Mark at Florence, with high unselJish hope* 1 and purposes; but soon, with the bitter sad- I ness of a man who finds such hope* illusions, I nulited it. He pn ached at San Oemiiuano I and at Itreseia, distinctly Hiinounced the 1 idea which pervadid all bis discourses as it ruled his life-" The church will be seourtred and recenerated. and that (lUickly ; " and I produced the most extraordinary '■"P"'*';';;" I on the crowds who listened to him. In U.m be wa* re> ailed to Florence by l.oren/o de 1 Medici re entered St Murk's, the walls of 'wbohc ap.irtuients and cloisters were cover- ed with the inspired and inspiriuK frescoes of the saintly artist. Fra Anh'elic , and the coiiv.nt church becminR too smull.be soon '>ci;an to pn acli in the Duomo. He spoke with the fervour and authoritative t»ne of a and aetiuircd almost unbounded both political and social 'l"he vernment of the Mediei. adniin- al jj.iictirs a:iu im- moralities, ns well as ecclesiastical abuses, were the common theme* of bis vehement oratory ; and in all these matter* he found himself in collision with the scholarly and 00) for him to give him absolution on his u'eath- bed (April, UOi), and a memorable interview took place between tticni, of which there arc two conflietinpr accounts. The invasion of Italy by the French under Charles VII[ appeared to be the fulfilment of the al irm ing warnings repeatedly uttered by Savon- arola, who was twice sent ambassador to Charles. After tiie expulsion of Pieio de Medici, successorof Lorenzo, in consequence of his disgraceful submission to the Fieneb to whom he gave up some of the chief cities of the republic, Savonarola rose hi|,'her and higher ; was real though not nominal head of the state, restored the denio-'ratic form of government, reformed taxation, abolished usury, passed a general amnesty, and im- proved the administration of justice; not a sword being drawn, nor any blood shed, and not even a riot taking place. Great social and moral changes gave the city a new as- pect ; but these fruits of mere legislation were very transitory. Meanwhile the pope, Alexander VI., was bent on the destruction of the friar, and the exiled Piero was at Home. Savonarola courageously disobeyed a papal mandate ; refused with equal de- cisiveness a cardinal's hat ; talked of a general council; was excommunicated, but not silenced. At last the pope sent an ex- press order to the signory to prohibit his preaching whi^h they did in March, 1498. Then followed the famous " ordeal by lire " (which has been for the Urst time set in its true light by I'rofessor Villarl), the imme- diate result of which was the loss of his credit with the populace. lie returned to St Mark's, of which he had been prior since 1491, and with a few faithful friends, awaited the inevitable end. An attack was made on the (Oil vent by his enemies, he and his friends were seized and Imprisoned; and after n peatcd examinations with brutal torture, they were hung and then burnt ii the Piaz/a at Florence, 'iSrd May, 1193. The most contradictory judgments have been passed on this extraordinary man, and there are points in his life which must probably remain iiisiduble problems, liut one thinj,' iscrrtain: that he was a man of rare sin- cerity an-1 intensely in e:ir.iest. Itisnote- worthy that the results of his action do not appear to have lasted beyond liis own life- time nor his influence to have hern more Ihan'loeal. Among the disciples of f^aTon- arola %vere the fauiou:, painters Fra liaito- loiueo and Lorenzo di Credi,and thesculpior Lnca della Uobbi.i. His principal written work is ontilled, "The Triumph of Hie Crosi " In the" Compendium Ucvelaiionb he vindicates his prophetic gift .aiyl mission. Many of hi* sermons remain, and arc sutti- eicnt to (.onllrm the reportsof his marwllou power us a speaker; and to testify to In P""" , '„:... .-1. ion, his profound pr'iphit, influeoce despotic gov Utralivi" wrongs, us a slie.i rli'.irness of spiritual vis — :: "or mere^hows, his deep aiul ten to human alfections, and his bi^'h prim, 'f moral. tv. The be^ aecoiuit ol him is i. !'.I" : .jl.nev „f his Lifeaiul Times of «liuli ttirKnglisl.tnnislathm,byi~ihcnicr^ F it S., appeared in 1H3), and ! the other French, by M. Stllen^-Taillaudler, 1(1863). I 8AXE-C0BUUO, FRUl)., Prlnfc of. [CO- ! BUHti.] 1 8AXE WF.IMAK, BKK.SIIAUI), Dukc of. i[liliH.NUAHl).) I S.WEWKlMAll, AMAI.IK, Duchess of, was born in Italy in 1739. She was of the historical family of the Ounlphs ; married the duke of Saxe-NVeimar in 175lc appointments under I the government. In 1775tluM!ucheK»re»ii!ned ! her authority to her s-on, and retired to her icountry seat. She viniied Italy iu KHf-no, and had (ioethe for her companion. Deeply affected by the humiliation of (Jermany by the victorycf Napoleon at .lena, in ISOii, she" urra- daally detliueu and died In the foHowinj? year. 8AX0 OIIAMMATICUS, a Danish histo- rian, who was secretary to the archbishop of Lund, and died early In the 13th century. He is known as author of the curious and in- teresting work entitled "Danorum ReBum Herounique Historia ;" which is in great part composed of popular traditions and ballads, and Icelandic sagas, and is elegantly written. It was first printed in 15U, and has been fre- quently repuldished. SAY, .IKA.N It.vt'TisTK.nn cminentFrench political eeunoniist, born in I7. SAY and SELE, Lord. [FIENNES, WIL- LIAM. J SCALA, HAUioi.OMF.O, an Italian states- man and historian ; born, 1430; died, 141(7. L'nder the Medici he was made- chancellor of Florence, secretary apostolic by Innocent VIII., and afterwards gonfalonier of the re- piil)lic. His chief work is a History of the Flo'cntiiic Kcpublic. S(,\VLI(ii;R, .M Lus C.T.SAn, ifonerally known as the elder Scali^cr, a celebrated clas.vical scholar, was iiorn in Hb4, nt the castle of Kiva, on I„»ke (inrd,i, and became page to the Empt-ror Maximilian, whom he served in war and peace for 17 years. When he was about 40, he quitted the army, and applied himself to the stmly of natural law, medicine, and the learned languages. In 15J,> he aecompaniel the bishop of Agen to bis diocese in France, where he died in 15.5H. His work " I'oetlces Libri VII." gained him muc'^ reputation, and few men have sur- passed him in erudition : but his vanity and insolence were on a par with his talents. His critical worksare numerous. Ht'AI.KiEK, JosKPli JfSTis, a distin- guished philulosist and chronologist, was sou of the prccedi'i:;, and was born at Agen in 1510. He was educ.ited by his father, on whose death he continued his studies at Paris, chietty in private. He travelled through the principal countries of Europe, and thus added to his immense stores of knowledge, and gained the acquaintance of many emiiK nc men. He became a zealous rrotestani . but did not take part in relisrious controveriiies, ami wasfntMU'cd in his philo- lotrical labours, wiien.in l'ill3, ho aceepled an inviialiou to fill the chair of lielles Icttrca in the university of I.cyden. There hespent the rest of bis life, nintnilarly ahsoriu'i! in his literary occiipation<,and «o:iisr, it is said, occasionally for (lays without meals. He ua» ?hf te.'iehi r ai\A wuriti fi'ieiul of (irutius. Scaliger's learning and critical acumen ex- cited the astonishment HJ,and which has since gone through many editions. The material of this Lexicon was stolen by Scapula from the grand "Thesaurus" Junt before pul.lishe.1 by Henry Stephens, in whose service he had been. , , . . 8CVUI ATTI, AT,KSSANI>RO, musical com- poser, born at Napb-s. in l.i.%H was educated at ll'jme un.ler raiisMmi, and died In 1..H. The Italians called him the- " glory of the art •• and the «r,t of composers. He com- posed about 100 ..peras. a great number of inotctt and neari) 2"u iu.«»'''". '"t very ivn of them w.re printed. HoMKNICO SCAU lAiTI, his son, born In Ui>i3, resided for a time at Rome and Naples, but finally sr tiled [SCH at Madrid, where he obtained the annoint ment of chapol-mnater to the queen of Sn i," He produced several operas aim somo eood church iv.nsic, and was on terms of frlpn.i ship with Handel. \)wA, 17,5". "' Antonio, a celcbrrttnaitalinn vas born in 174H, at Priuli ; and 11 died at I'avii, in Iff^G. Ho became professor of anatomy at Pavi.i.m 1783, and held th'it post, with brief interruption, till lbl> iL obtained a lirst-rate feputaiion tliroiHiout Europe, by his admirable (iesuription uf the nerves of the heart. His ticiitiscs on the organs of hearing, sight, and smell, and on aneurism, hernia, and litltotomy &c farther contributed to liis surgical famo' while his exquisite taste for the fine ar»8, and his amiable disposition, rendered him a great favourite in a more extended sphere. SC.MIRON, Vait., a comic poet and sa- tirist, was born at Paris, in l(il«, and was intended for the cluirch, in whiclj he was averse, and for which his habits were de- cideilly nntit. M ihc nijc '<{ 24 he travelled In Italy, where he gave himself up to in- dulgences of every kind, and continued his excesses aftiT hi-* return to V, vis. At tlie age of 27. having api)cared dm in;' tlie car- nival at Mans as a savage, lie was p\n-siied by the populace, and being o'dised to lijiio himself in a marsh, lie lost tlie use of his limos. Notwithstanding liis suil'eriii);s, he never lost bis gaiety ; and sotUiiifrat i'aiis, his wit and social powers gained him a wide cirolo of acqiiaiutanee, ainoui; wliom was the beautiful Madonioisdlo d'.\uliii;iii}, wlio became his wife, and was eventua'.ly ten- dered still more famous as Madame deM.iia- tenon. His principal writings arc, his" Ro- man Comique," andliis" KniiideTravcstie." Died, ICtiO. SCHADOW.JoirANN (iOTTl'RlKP.a dis- tinguished modern sculptor, was Iwn al Herlin, 1764. Having evinced an early i>rc| dilection for the line arts, he repaired to: Rome in 17S*5, and after studyinj in thcj school of the best Italian masters, he re-i turned to Herlin in 17HH, wiiere hewasapj pointed professor of sculpture in llieuiiiver-i sity, and subsequently director-in-ehief ofj the Acaaemyof the Tine Arts. Here lie lired and laboured for «2 years, not only uesi^'ninp and producing the great works whieli liavei placed him in the tirst rank of artists, but' forming the school so nobly repri-entcdhj' such men as Haiich. lianneeker, Zaiinfr, [ Tieek. and others. One of liisearlio-tMotlis was the monument of Couni, van der Mark | in the church of St Dorothy, at Herlin, and , among his most eel. brnted productions may ; he mentioned, the statues nf IreJeritkllif; Great at Stettin. Marshal lihiolier at I'.o;- tock, Luther at Witt< nl'org, and the Q!U(1-| riua in bron/e on the Itnindenlmrg Mtoat Herlin. Died. IbW. One uf hi; sonsatMinei!!^ distinction as a sculptor at Kome.andaaottierij is a very eminent painter. ji SC'H.\1)()\V, /.UNO KiDOT.FO, an ItalM|i sculptor, was born at Komi, in KSii; ana: „,-, ij-s.,...;.,;.;! i.v (ViRovu iwni 'I lior waldsf H. 1 1 He'ex'ec'uled many admired sculpiuri'i andji bas-reliefs, and died in ISJi I HCHAEFFEH, Jacoh CilUlsrUN', a (lis ' »04 blalncd the appoint- c lliequc'-n of Spain ppras ana some good on terms of frieml- 'il, 17 j". !> ti'lcbratna Italian 1 1<4«, lit Priuli; and Ho liocamc professor «n ITHa, ana held that lipliOM.till lbl2. Uf,| 'pulaiion tliroii^'lioutl bic (icsoription of tliel His treatises on iliol ifllit, und smell, and mill litliotomy, &c I his surgical fame';' taste for the fine! ilisposiiion, rendered i ) in a more extended a cotiiic poet and sa-| aris, in Kilo, and was' rch, III wliicli he was! 1 his lialiits were de-' nuo of 24 he travelled ; ivi; himself up to in- ; i nil, and ciintinucd liisij urn to V, ris. Attheij itared duiia;' tlie car- j| avage, ho was p\n-suedii bi'lns; o'cliscd to liiilo j ho lost the use of )iisi| lin« Ills sull'eriiics, lic'l and sottliiifrat rans.ii vers KaiiiPilhima wide •e, aininn- wiioia wasll oisi He d'AuliitMiii, wlio 1 was nventua'.ly ten- us as Madame de Main- writings arc, hia" Ho- is" KnildeTravcstic." , s-N OoTTrniKP, a dis- ] sculptor, was Iwn at! K evinced an early pre- j' arts, ho repaired to:! after studyini in thcij Italian master-, lie re-]l 17HH, wiiere he wasapjj culpture in the uiiiver-i' tly director-in-chief ofj ■'inc Arts. Here he lived rears, not only uesi;;niiij! treat Works which havei irst rank of artists, but' 90 nobly repri-entcd hj ' 11, Uannecker, 7,;iiinfr, ; Uni'of liisearlii'-tMorks of Count van dor Mark, i Dorothy, at llcrlin, and . brnted productions mar; ilaliies iif I'reJericktlif! arshal llhicher at I'.c;- tcnboru. and the (l'.ud-| lie )trandenliur!J|.Mti'at, One of lii:s sons attained j tor at Kome.andanotherij jiitcr. I' () UiDOT.FO, (in Itatoji at Home, in KSii; andjl isnova ami 'rhonvaldsfn.jl admired sculptures andii . in 1H22. I uoii Ciiui'>ruN, adis-i sch] r^oH r.erman naturalist, wns bora in "If 'nd di d ttTlUtlsbon, m 1790. "'"^^iTK \ OODFRKY a Dutch pnintor ^^"^\ i'ldP n erit. who chiefly excelled U5;SS^St-nos. Born.l.«; 11 Jtelu ^nibcrscil 13tograpI)i}. [SOH American war a» an able engineer. After . „np<. he devoted himself chiefly to the f' '"vpment of shippin;.', and, amo.iK other 'TSs iiivS o^e for «avi«ating ::£?nSllo'vwatcr,bymeans.ofsliainK f He was actively employed m the ae- ana in. the tvans- f»nceof the Hritish co.ist, „,t .ervices durini; the war with France, Tm He was one of the hr,t oundcrs of ■ e society foiPromotini? Naval Arthitec- SS^ wrote several ^^luable paper* for ! the institution. Hied, Inii. i SCHKKLE, CHAULKS ^VI^LIAM, One of the nuist illustrious chemists of the 18th cen- un" vas born at btralsund, the capital of Swedish Pomcrania, in 1742. He wa8 ap- n enticed to an apothocary at OotheborK. rCained there eight years, and by h.s Siesand experiments, constantly pursued acnuired extensive chemical UnowledKe and mat practical skill. I'rom 17ti5 he was tn- Ued as assistant in apothecaries shops in various towns ; and soon after his settle- ment at Vpsala, in 177a, he was introdueea I to lieisman, who became his steady friend. 'lln 1770 he removed to Koping us lyiovmor 'of the apothecary's shop. He afterwards i bou"ht the business, and engaged to marry 'the widow of his predecessor; which was, ! however, not fullilled till he was at the point ■of death. He continued his researches and i experiments durinij hisresidence at Hoping, andpubhslied many chemical papers, every one containing a discovery. Ho was one of the most con.stant contributors' to CrcU's Journal, then the chief journal of chemistry inGeniKiny. He gave himself up wholly to his chosen work, and seldom allowed himself any social relaxation. Scheele's most ex- traordinary work is that entitled " li.xpcri- imunts on Air and l-ire," containing an immense number of new and important ub- servations. His papers and memoirs were j collected and publi>hed in 178S. The result* jof his labours are thus summed up by l)r sculptor, was born at Antwerp, in ir/tl. He twice visited liome.and about 1735 settled in London. He soon found full employment, and become the formidable rival of Kyhbrach and lloubiliae. Among his numerous works in Westnunster Abbey are the monmnentg to Shakespeare, Dryden, the dukes of Albo- marleand Uiickingham, Admiral Watson, and I)r Mead. Seheemakers was the master of NoUekens. He is supposed to have died at Antwerp, about 1770. SCHKFFKK, > UY, the distinguished painter of the French school, was born at Dordrecht, in 1795, just after the occupation of Holland by the revolutionary aruiy of France. His father was a German, his mother a Dutch lady ; and the former dying in Ary'8 childhood, he with his two younger brothers was brouglit up by his wise and noble mother. They settled at I'aris in 1811, and Ary, who liad already given promise of artistic excellence, became a student in the school of Ou6rin ; under whom he learnt little. He was one of the first to feel the new influence in art, out of which grew what is known as the llumantic School, in contradistinction to the classical. One of the first pieces which brought him into notice was the " Soldier's AVidow." Some years later he bcime the intimate friena of In- gres, through whoso iutluence his style was much changed. In I81s SchelTer became ac- quainted w ith General Lafayette, and began to take a warm and active interest in politi- cal affairs. He was of course on the side of the opposition to the arbitrary measures of Charles X. ; took part in the unsuccessful at- tempt at insurrection in 1822; fought on the barricades at the revolution of July, 1830, and was deputed with M. Thiers to otfer the crown to Louis rhilippc. Scheflfer stood in the most intimate relations with theOrleans family, and was especially attached to the Queen Anialie and the Frinccss Mario, his pupil, whose beauty, genius, and goodness, too soon lost to the world, he has well de- picted in one of his letters. At the revolu- tion of February, 1818, SchcfTer was captain of the national guard, and assisted the royal family in their departure from theTuilerics He fought under t'avaignae against the Ued Uepublicans at the insurrection of June ; refused the Grand Cross of tlie Legion of Honour iinuu'di.itely presented to him; was greatly discouraged by the turn events took -, . - under Frince Louis Napoleon; and did not Thomson:— '"k'iieel'o extended greatly' the i iccover hope after the destruction of French 'number of acids, inaerd, he more than Idoubledthe number of llicse bodies known ' when he began his chemical labours. The following acids were discovered by him, or I at least it was he that tirst accurately point- jedout their cliaracters ; lluorie, niolybdic, j tungstie, arsenic, lactic, gullic, tartaric, oxa- ; lie, citric, malic, saelactie. and chlorine. To I him also we owe the llrst knowledge of baryies, and of the characters of manganese. He determined the nature of the consti- tuents of aminonia and prussic acid ; he first determined tb.e compound natur of common air and the prupvriics ot the two clastic fluids of which it is composed." Died at Koping, 2lst .Mav, irsil. tjC'HUKMAKi:u», PiSTEU, an aminent freedom by the foi