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WaR, AKD BY NeW Details coNrEUNiNO the JIanneiis and Customs of the Indians ; witu TorooKArnicAi, Mai>s. l'.V M. POUCIIOT, ClievuUer qf the lloyal and Military OrderqfSt. Louis; former Qiptain qflhe Hegt. qfJkurn ; Vummandant uf f\>rts JSiagara and Levis m Chnada. TRANSLATED AND EDITED BT FRAXKLIX V>. HOUGH WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. VOL. II. PRINTED FOR AV. ELLIOT WOODWARD, ROXBURY, MASS. i i i I Entered nccordlns to Act of Congrc»f< In llic jenr 18fl0, ]!>■ Fhanki.in n. Iloroii, In the Clerk'rt OIHcc of the District Court of the United Stnten, for tlio Northern DlHtrlctofNew York. >, r IT' 'if EDITION: 200 coriES ARE rniNTED, OF WHICH 5(1 coi-iEs ahe (JI-abto ; 143 copies AnK KOYAI. octavo, AND 7 COI'IES (JfAllTO ON whathan's DUAWING PAI'En. I MEMOIR UPON THE LAST WAR. « • » ■ ■ Oh the 27th of June, 1760, a Choiiogiitchi Indian brought in an Onondaga from the Kenchiage river.' lie was one of a party sent against us, composed of three Senecas, two Cayugas, four Mohegans, two negroes and an Englishman, with the son of Sonnon- guires. lie announced u visit from tlie hitter on the morrow. Our Indian related that the Mohegans had done all they could to induce the others to take his scalp, hut that the Onondagas did not wish to do this, representing that this was not necessary, as in wars between Indians, that the whites were satisfied with prisoners, from whom they could get news, that they might give them something, and that therefore they had let them go. The two Onondagas came, having relatives at La Presentation, and the re- mainder of the party wcj-e released. We may judge of their simplicity, as i'\-:,y thought they could tell us something of their missiou. ' Black river.— Ed. I 4 I'UISONElta FROM TJIE MOJIAWK SKXTLE.MKNTS. Our Loups who arrivcMl from their war l>iiity, l)n)iight ill two English prisoiu'i's, and t)iio Hcalp. One was a militia captain, and the other his brother, who lived on the Mohawk river. M. Poiieliot had lodged at their house when ho was going down to New York, and they had not received him very well, and would scarcely admit him. The Indians had dressed and painted them after their manner. They were about six feet high, and they made, them danco the chiehicoy, the common danco of tho slaves. This is an indispensable ceremony. They were very happy in escaping the ordinary beating, by cduiing directly upon the island to the quarters of M. l'ouelu)i, no recognized them in the dance. This mortiticatioii did not absolutely humble them. They were directed to lodge in the quarters of tho post surgeon, and sent to eat at his mess. They infornied us that General Amherst com- manded the army, which was composed of eleven thousand men, who liad much artillery, and tliat they were every day passing towards Oswego. M. Pouchot also heard the son of Sonnonguires, who told him that all the Indians had sung for the war against the French, and that we would be threat- ened by them. The Five Nations liad carried belts as far as to the Miamis, to engage all the nations to lay down the hatchet, and that they should be all recon- ciled among tliemselves. M. Pouchot questioned the truth of these statements, and replied; '*See how INDIAN ACCitl'NT.S 01' JUK KNOMSII MOVHMKN TS. Jj your fiilher is, lie cim iievci" boliovo what tlio Imliiiiirt miy." Ho ulfi,v iii;ri,AiiATi()\s of 'riiK inixans. < from tho Fivo NutioiiH, but tliat tlicy liad not rcprud to tliuin. On tlio Ist of .Inly, M. Pondiot sont tlio {(I'lHonorri with tlio ni'ws to Montreal. Sevoral otlior Indians nnuli; similar rc'itortH. Tliuy (k'st'iibL'd the uniforms of eat'li ivgimi'iit, and M. I'oucliot know, fromlmving 80011 tlicm, that thoy tohl the truth. On tlio 3d of July, the won of Sonnonguiros cnmo to say to M. J'ouohot, that ho would return to his vil- laj^o, ami hereafter rcnuiin quiet. His father pledged liimsolf for his good behavior, and to prove this, ho sent to M. I'ouehot some certificates from the Ohio, wliieh had boon given him by a friend who was in tho battle of Niagara, and who had taken them from some iidiabitants of the Illinois to whom they belonged. lie assured him that sooner than go to war against the French, ho would go among tho Fhit Heads, tho ancient enemies of his nation, and that when the Eng- lish army was ready to leave, he would come to notify us. On tho Gth, there arrived a detachment and an offi- cer whom M. Pouehot liad sont to carry provisions to our vessel.''. Thoy liad been as far as to tho bay of Corbeau, without iinding them, because they liad been cruising in the lake to observe what was passing at Oswego. On tho same day, the chi'^fsof La Presentation came to reply to M. Pouehot, by a very fine belt which he had sent them, to induce them to make a party to Ml s THE MISSION OF LA PRKSEXTATION DISMANTLED. i t: f; I take some prisoiioi-rt ut Oswego. Tliey hegujod him to be assured of their attachment, that they were very well contented to have him conduct their affairs, and tliat tliey never liad a better fatlier, but that this would be bringing a tomaliawk upon the head of Kouatagete and his band. They exhorted M. Pouchot to have a little patience, nntil they could get some news froni this chief, and said he had reason to be satisfied with them the more, as they were well encouraged and sus- tained by the nations below. On the 1:5th, M. Pouchot sent a detachment to La Presentation,' which had been abandoned by the Indians of that mission since winter, to bring some planks and iron-\\ork for the use of the fort, and to dismantle and ruin the missions so that they should not serve as a shelter for the enemy. ' The mission of La Trcscntntioii, wnsfonncd by tlic Abliii Frjiiiijois PiiMluct, a Sulpiciim in 1T4!(, tbr tlu' scttlcnicnt ot'i'iniirrants from tlic Five Nations, cliictly Onondagas, wlio liad licon induced to settle iindcr tlic pi'otcclioii of the Fi'eiu'li. Tliis cstalilislinient was on the; west side of tlic < )s\vc,iral(liie, in the iireseiit village of Ogdcnsliurgli. A store house and small fort were built, and the natural facilities of the country under the enterprise of the French soon rendered the colony prosperous and happy. After the coiuiuest, IheOswcfratchies remained near their former village, a considerable iiortion having removed to the north shore. Upon laying out the town of Johns- town, towards the close of the last century, they were removed to Indian Point in the town of Lisbon, some three nules below Ogdeiisburgh, and in ISOd the few that remained finally left for other parts. Some settled at St. Kegis, iind a few individuals returned to Ononilaga. See y. Y. Due. Hint., i, 421 ; IIM. St. Jjiiirmifc anil Fi'ii nklln ih it n tiix. La (Tallettc, on the north shore lU'arly opposite to La Presentation, had been proposed in 170y,asafavovablepoint for settlement, but tho K. * «' -^'■^. %%, i,";'U -r * -T- ^"^% f '■ "U ^vo Moun- d reported rrcstod by Y'UWx], so that that they " 'T't. n-coded lor Qc quarters lat the son r strongly Orakohi- ■en him lie k without tie same, cxiicctiug r. Col. j/M., ■■# .* II 17!»(l. Tliu iHailroiiil. — ' '^ff^'^i^tm'j mv i m i ^ v m^ 'i i wf .t^ «,* iiiiflit, at tlic Tlioiisaixl IsIuiuIh, u littlo bolow till' Hay ofCorboaii. Oil tilt' 1st (if AiiiTiist, r.a Vorco Hoiit liis shallop to uivc iioliro tliat liis vissi'l tlu' Jrotiiioi.'>th, in llii' I'veiiini;, Kouatagete arrived in three days from Oswego, with an Oneida and a Mo- hawk, as di'puties sent hy the Five Nations to engage our Imlians to remain neutral. Koiiatagete informed M. I'oiiehot that Oeiieral Amherst had been fifteen days at Oswego, and that he had seen and spoken with him several times ; that their army was about ten or tifteen thousand strong, eonsisting of eight regiments, a red with blue trimmings or red and yellow, a8eoteli, a red with little blaek trimmings, Gage's regiment, light infantry, blue and red- and a great many with * A nmss of Inriri' [iclililts, which form hi the river liivc a roci<. — yulf ill On'i/iiKil. -'The uiiifori!! !;f iiic .Icrscy Uliics, was l)liii' I'aifd willi scarirl. T!i('\ were coiniiiandt'il liy Sclnivlcr, a linivi' ami ('Xpert olllccr. — Kitiu'n Jiiiiriiiil. — Ki). if rOUNCIl. AT ISI.i I'Kil'KT. 17 rapH,' and that ho liiid rouiitt>(l Hixty ciuuion. Tiioro liacl bi'Oii loft, aooonliiiif to IiIh account, lour Iarf?o oiKM (it Mic V'alirt wIh'Io tlioy li:ul Idiilt a road hy land t(/ f(t't tluin aionnd. lie Haid tliat the jiortaj^c of tho mortal/* liad not yot l)oon made, and lie tli()ii<,'lit they could not 1)0 soiit within ton (hiyH. I To added, that ho had riu'l tho vortrtols iu thu rlvor, and that thoy wore at work fortitying ()«wogo. On tho Idth, M. I'out-'hot was at tho fslo I'iquot, to assist in a ooiinoil of tho doputios of tho Five Nations. Thoy prosontod a vory lino holt, not on bohalf of Colonel .Johnson, and u[ton which was roprosontod tho Kuijlish, tho Fivo Nations and tho thrct; viila^^os of our Iro((uois mission, Chouogatohi. Tho Lake and 8t. Louis,'- with a nuui, and a tino road that lod from ono to tho other, to invito our Indians to take it, and remain neutral, and lot tho whites tiu;ht and would soon make peaoo, and return tho way thoy came witliout arms. Thoy assured them that thoy would bo well rcoeivod, that Johnson ami thoy had preceded the army only to see tho whites t\y;ht. Johnson liad told them that ho only invited them for this purpose in 17o;"), 1758 and 17o9, as they had been able to sco tho affairs of M. Dieskau and at Niagara, where with- out the Five Nations, tho French had been beateu, without wishing to wait for better things. Another large belt from these nations expressed tho same ' Milititi. — Kute in Original. ■^ Oswrgiitelii, Luke of Two mountains luul Cmighniiwiigu. — Ed. 3 I 18 ADVICE TO THE INDIAN DEPUTIES. . thing, and invited them to speak truly to them, tliat is to say, abide by tlieir sentiments. Then came soiiu > 'rings on behalf of General Am- herst, to engage tliem to give attention to what these belts said, by which they assured them, that in live or six days, he would arrive at Chouegatclii, that bo was eoming to tight the French, and that the Master of Life alone knew what would liappen. The reply of our Indians was, to engage the depu- ties to go down to Montreal, and tt) the end of the road they had marked out, that as for them, they had no longer a fire kindled, since their father and the Iroquois of the Baut liad agreed that tlio words that should come from the Five Nations should go directly to Montreal without stopping with them. The deputies after having reflected much upon this answer wliich they were not expecting, replied that these words had been given them by the Five Nations at Oswego, and that they were sent lierc without having orders to proceed to Montreal, and that there- fore they must return. M. Pouchot, after having allowed them to tinish their council, said to these Indians : — ^^It' you chose to go down to Montreal I have nothing to say, and would let you speak with your father, but since you are going to return, I wisli to say to you what I have in my heart. I do not give you formal words, and therefore they cannot listen to you. Onlv say from him whom you call The-midst-of.good-aftairs, to your i It i M. rOUOlIOT S Sl'EECII 10 THE INDIANS. 19 brotliors the Iroquois, that tlioir courage is lost, and that Johnson, with a little brandy, has made you follow him without wishing to look at the precipice towards which he is leading you. He makes all these war- riors to march after him without having first consulted their chiefs, as you told lue yourselves in 1755. lie then wanted to go to Montreal to tight the French, and gave you supplies of merchandize. The lists of the French stopped him at Fort CJeorge. In 1758, the same thing happened. You reproached him, that a little troop of French had driven the English, and you returned ashamed of them. Did not I show you at Niagara, that you should not quit the hand of your father, if you wished to rest quietly upon your mats, and that they should he no longer stained with blood-? You listened to me then, and you retired to allow us to tight. J las Johnson heard these good things since your chiefs and those who came from the Ohio and wished to labor there in bringing peace to the land ? lie is mocking you, because he is the stronger. If the great canoes of your father, the great Onontio, had not been taken, and if he liad time to make others, rest assured that his children the French, would cover all this country like the trees. The English would soon be obliged to go and hide in a corner of the country,' where he would fly to the Abeiuikis. The French have only sought to have pity on his cliildren, * Acndia. — Note in Original. I .: ! rp ' 20 MISERABLE DESTINY OF THE INDIANS. nnd to furnish them their wants. Tliey have never disturhcd your mats, and your fires with tlieir arms, to go and find the English in their country, from fear of killing you. You have never tried to stop them from passing, and now you ai'c encircled hy their forts, which they have asked of you to trap beavers. Where will you already go to seek the supply of your wants ? See the condition of the Abenakis in their country ! They go to the waters and the woods to got something to eat, and can no longer plant their Indian corn. They are the Englishmens' dogs, and they beat them with clubs or hang them when ever they please. The same thing will happen to you when the French are gone, and when you remind the English of tlieir promises to supply your wants, they will mock at you, instead of its being as when you had the French and English for neighbors, and they gave to you out of jealousy of one another. Any Belts would have been useless to enable you to retain my advice, when you shall recall with the old people the good things which you have lost." The deputies, although friends of the English, agreed that M. Pouchot had told the truth, and thoy confessed that they had not the courage of their ancestors. The Indians of Chouegatchi applauded this discourse very much. He made a present to the former, and sent them away. On the 13th, live Indians brought letters from M. de Vaudreuil, to M. Pouchot. They informed that ADVANCE OF THE ENGLISH. 21 the English vessels were at Three Rivers, from St. Frederic and that the enemy were preparing to march. They were only waiting for Amherst on this side. On the 15th, the Iroqmise was repaired. I ought here toi-elate an incident that deserves to he reported. Seventeen militia had deserted some days hefore, and one of them returned to the Cedars where lie lived. His father, named Bray, a good old man, brought him back to his duty. He arrived this day and took his leave of him. The young man was unfortunately killed. On the IGth, at seven o'clock in the evening, two Indians returning from the chase, announced that the English army was encamped at Point au Baril, and the advance-guard at La Presentation.' They had first gone on hoard the Outnovam. La Broquerie, however, wrote nothing, but he fired three cannon. M. Pouchot sent two Frenchmen and two Lidians iu a canoe on board, to know what this meant. lie sent word that the advance-guard of the enemy,^ and the ' The English viin-ftuard consisted of grenadiers, liglit infantry and rangers, under Colonel Francis Grant. — Kito.v's Jourmtl. — Ed. 'On the 5th of August, Sir William Johnson mustered 1,330 Indians, comiiosed of the following tribes; Senesagos 320, Cayugas, 384, Tusearoras 37, Canasaragas 20, IMoliawks 51, !Mohegans 12 Oquagos 18, Oswegatchies 15. The Belt Party 12, Senecas 114, On- ondagas 203, Oneidas 00, Canajorakies 85, Schoharies 22, Chenno- goas 31, JIawas 3, and Cannadroghas 34. Notwithstanding this large number, when the army came to em- bark on the 14th, they were reduced to 700 iu number. — Knox's Jour- nal, ii, 403.— Ed. 22 ATTACK UPON THE OUTAOUAISE. i I Indians in great nnmbcrs hud landed at La Presenta- tion, that he was observing them, and that the bulk of the army had encamped at Point au Baril. On the 17th, at three o'clock in the morning, M. Pouchot dispatched a courier to M. de Vaudrenil, to notify him of this event. At about seven o'clock, the weather being very calm, General Andierst ordered an attack upon the Ouldouaisc, which was in a place whore the currents could not be felt, — by six barges called carcassiercs, each carrying thirty men and a twelve pounder. They surrounded this vessel, which they first made to swing astern towards the north bank, but a land battery obliged her to stand oft". After a cannonade of three hours upon both sides, she was taken.' M. Pouchot dispatched four shallops ' Mr. Diivid Ilumplircys claims for Israel Putniiin, flien a liciitcn- aiit-coloncl iif Provincials in tlic English army, flic merit of leading the party that iittaclieil and took this vessel. Alllioiigh we i)laee no reliance upon this author as nliistorian, we will here give his account: " Two armed vessels ()l)structed the passage, and prevented the attack on Oswegatchie. Putnam with one thousand men, in titty bateaux, undertook to board them. Tiiis dauntless ofHcer, ever sparing of the blood of others, as prodigal of his own, to nccomplisli it with tlie least loss, put himself (with u cho.sen crew, u beetle and wedges), in the van, with a design to wedge the rudders, so that tlie vessels sliould not he able to turn their broadsides, or perfonn any other mana'uvrc. All the men in his fleet were ordered to strip to their waistcoats and advance at the same time. He promi.sed if he lived, to join and sliow them the way up the sides. Animated by .so daring an e.\ami)le, tliey moved swiftly, in profound stillness, as to certain victory or death. The people on board the ships, beholding the good coimtenance witli which they approached, ran one of the vessels on sliore, and struck the colors of the other. Had it not been for the dastardly conduct of the ship's company in the latter, who compelled the captain to haul m.'MPnUEY'S ACCOUNT OF THIS ATTACK. 23 >.•' witli soino swivels to the orders of La Force, captain of the Ifoquom, but this vessel had sun-endered before tiiey could join her.' M. Pouchot had iioped that the Outaouaise would huvc approached and put herself down his rnsigii, lie would Imve given the assniliints ii bloody recep- tion ; I'or the vewselH were Avell provided with spiirH, nettings, and every custonmry instrument of amioyunee as well as del'enee." Tills poetieal historian has f;iven an aeeount ol'the subseciuent cap- ture of tlie Ibrt, wliich, If d( viation from facts, be rejrarded as a measure of merit, deserves the higliest rank anionjf works of fiction, lie says : " It now remained to attack the fortress, which stood on an island, and seemed to have been rendered inaccessible by an high abattis of black ash, that everywlierc projected over the water. Lieutenant- Colonel Putnam proposed a mode of attack, and ottered his services to carry it into effect. The general approved the proposal. Our par- tisan, accordingly, caused a sufficient number of boats to be fitted for the enterprise. Tlie sides of each boat were surroinuled witli fascines, musket proof, wliich covered the men completely. A wide plank, twenty feet in length, was then fitted to each boat in such a manner, by having an angular piece sawed from one extremity, that when fastened by rojjcs on both sides of tlie bow, it might be raised or lowered at pleasure. The design was, that the jilank shoidd be held erect, while the oarsmen forced the bow with the utmost exertion against the abattis ; and that afierwards being drojjped on the pointed brush, it would serve them as a kind of bridge, to assist them in pass- ing over them. Lieutenant-Colonel Putnam having made his dis- positions to attempt the escalade in many places at I Ik; same moment, advanced with his boats in admirable order. The garrison perceiving these; extraordinary and unexpected machines, waited not the assault, but capitulated. Lieutenant-Colonel Putnam was ]>arficulnrly hon- ored by General Amherst, for his ingenuity in Ibis invention, and promptitude in its e.xecuticm. — lliniip/u'cj/'n ]\'riliiigii, p. 280. It is unfortunate for the permanent fame of General Putnam, that it depends upon such authority. — Eu. ' The account given by Kno.x, ii, p. 404, is as follows : " I7tli. The Outawa brig attemiited to escape up the river verj- early in the morning, but was intercepted by our row gallics commanded by Colonel Williamson, who attacked her vigorouslj-, when after an obstinate engagement of two hours and upwards, wherein she had ll ■ « ! s I! I '■ fli 24 KNOX S AfCOl'NT OF THE CAPTmE. uiidor the iirotoction of tlic fort, wliicli she could linvo (lone had slie hoeu able to phice herself at the head of the enrrciits. On the 18th, the eiionij left La Presentation with a linccn iiiiii killed mid wniiiidcd, lirr comniiuuhT, M. dc In Rrcxnicric, tlioiiiiht ])r()i)('r ti) strike. It lias lieeii <)l)served before, (Imt tiiiir of these jjidleys eanied cMeii ii lirass twelve pdUiuler, and the linii a liowit/er. This Is a reiiiarkahle action, and does };reat credit to the colonel, who was a volunteer on the occasion ; for the l)rijr nionnled one eiirhteen pomuler, seven twelve |inini(lers, two eights, with four swivels, and had one Inindred men on i . ml, liciiitr " <<'!> ^'nil, of near one hundred and sixty Ions. She discharited seventy-two rounds, and the ^rallies, who had tivc oiUcers and Iwenty-tive artillerymen oidy exclusive of |irovinciul rowers, tired one hundred aiul eijriiteen. The jjreneral was hiirhly [ileased at this capture, which he testitied by his aeknowledLtmeiits to the colonel and ollicers, with a .i;enerous reward to the irimners. Such was the service performed l>y four j;uns and one howitzer, with the sole loss of one nuin killed and two wounded." An account ([uoted liy Knox (ii, 40!)), says, that the action lasted two hours and a (piarter, and that the howitzer only fired twice as some timbers in that i^alley j;ave way. It further adds: " On board (»f the jcidleys, independent of the |)rovincials who only rowed, were twenty-tivc of the Hoyal Artillery, tofiether with Captain Starkey, J/ieuls. Williamson, Standish, Davis and Conner, si.x to each vessel, nnd Colonel Williamson rowed in u small boat from galley to iralley, giving directions how to attack most elfectiially and with greatest safety." The general gave the artillerymen twenty-live guineas. The alfair is related by Mante as follows: "On the ITlh, the row galleys well manned, advanced with the utmost intrepidity, under a very heavy fire from the enemy, but it did not in the lea.st damp the ardor of the assailants. Their tire was returned with such resolution and bravery, that atlera severe contest of about four hours, the FreiU'h vessel struck her colors. She mounted ten twelve pounders, and had on board one hundred men, twelve of whom were killed or wounded. Two of Col. "Williamson's detach- ment were killed and three wounded. The general immediately named the vessel the Williamson, in honor of the colonel, and to per- petuate the memory of so gallant an action." — Ed. fffn/^* t)^ •»- " — jn. --» , I I'i- ■■'.>' 4.? # i^ rj^.- r^' 4)r- >*• '.t! ^ Sgii^a^>"-.i:lLfe. . '4. * ^^ Mi *;. •v **«!'- . UUji. 5/ --«j*»'' ■^:W i'*^. *a f. *■?.■ .£ r±- A-I A- ••";a:;f«f -"<"r'»"' PLAN f> ,'f7ci ■ .'.it ■s-.SVf^T^^ .^)l.\j !. -.fa i*' tt- ....-S^-^fi. T^ V « .a. ^:- '%. :/ ^.- -fL ■*'■'? ¥* ^•. f THE ENOMSn PASS THE FORT. n fresh breeze. Their whole army remained ahout f(Mii hours ill Imttlo array in their bateaux at the heginuliig of the rapids, forming a very fine spectacle, M. Pou- chot then thought that they intended to attack with a strong force, and make an entry upon the Island. IIo liad accordingly so placed nine cannon to tight up the river and had placed the others in the epaulment, so that they could make eleven rebounds upon tlie water. It is thought that the enemy would have lost heavily before they could have secured a landing, if tliey had entertained such a thought. They determined to file along the north shore with a considerable interval between one bateau and another, to escape the fire of artillery from the fort. They caused the Ouiaoiiaisc which they had taken, t6 approach to within half can- non shot to cover them.* M. Pouchot only sought to retard their passage by four pieces which he could bring to bear upon them. We fired a hundred and fifty cannon shot with very little damage, which appeared to us to bo occasioned by the wind being strong, and the currents made them quickly loose the point of aim. As M. Pouchot knew many of the officers of this army, several of them bade him good day in passing ; and others thought from our allowing them, to pass that they were his friends, but did not stop to pay any compliments. The \> I M ' Umlcr Lieut. Sinclair. — Knox.— Ed. ' Under Genrrnl Amherst in person. — lb.- -Ed. •jt; INVKSTMKNT iit»'r |iiiit ot' till' iiriuy I'licaiuiu'tl at roiiit d' Ivro- yiit . Tlicy also throw ([uito a force upon Ln CuisHO, hi MaifiK'hiiiu' ami Lts (iahtts IslaiKlH. On till' I'.Mli, thiir rtiriiiu'iit of artilli'iT loft Okl (jiallotto, witli all thoir fioM artillory, ami doftloil past HM tho foriuor liad done, to yo aMiii. wh<» l)o^'iiii to tlirow up uartli works on tliat h'uIu, as also on the island I.a Cnissc and I»a, Ma,i;dt>- laiiii'. \\\' liifd Hoini' vollovs of cannon at tlu'tn to disturU tlic lalxirtTs, l)nt had it) Ito fxtn-nu'ly saving; in our itow4o for royal grenades and two howitzers, making in all seventy- five mouths of fire. 1i 1* ! > THE ENULISII VESSELS ATTACKED. 2d M. Pouchot received quite a bruise from a piece of wood ten feet long, and fourteen inclies sijuarc wliicli a twelve inch bomb knocked over, iiijurinsr his back, but this did not prevent him from being wherever ho was needed. All tliesc batteries were served with the greatest vigor and witliout ceasing till noon, and made the fort lly into pieces and sjdinters. Our men remained under cover, each one at his post, and the sentinels only observed the movements of the enemy. Think- ing from our silence that we were perhajjs discon- certed, they advanced their vessels to within pistol shot of the fort. They were tilled with troops, even to the rigging, and were supported by the fire of all the land batteries, Fortuiuitely thoy could only come before the fort one by one, from the nuinner in which the first vessel came up, and which saw as far to the entrance of the fort, which was also enfiladed by the battery of La Magdelaine. M. I'ouchot had in advance covered this with heavy blindages, leaving only a passage sufficient for one man. He thought that the enemy intended to attack with a heavy force. At least three thousand men, volun- teers, grenadiers and light troops, were embarked in bateaux, and placed behind the point of La Cuisse Island, from whence they could emerge under the aid of the tire of the three vessels and the land batteries. The movements of the vessels soon induced M. ill ■■)■■, it •J m ''M 30 TUU KNULItiJl VliSSKLis DISAIILKD. roucliut to place 150 men, and ibur olKcers on the «'ulo opposite the epauhiient. He tcnif!;lit the vessels one after another with live gnns, the only ones tliat were monnteil, charged with balls and grape, withont replying to the land batteries. Notwithstanding the su2>eriorit3' of the enemy's fire with our five pieces and our musketry, we forced the Oulaouaise and then the Oneida, to run aground half a league from the tort, near the Galot Islands. One of the two was not in further condition to serve. The Seneca of 22 guns, in trying to come nearer the fort grounded also, and was so cut to pieces that she struck her flag, having then on board three hundred and fifty men. The side of the vessel towards the fort was in very bad condition, her batter\' touclied the water and her port holes nuide only one opening. The water she had taken in made her lean towards the fort.' AI. Pouchot gave orders to discontinue the i"Tlic Mdhtiirh- vM\w down witlioiit tlu' other two, who scchuhI inclhmhk' to follow, niul filed l)riskly, when very near the tori, lor a considcralilc tiini', Imt was so rouLrhly liandlcd that she was ()lili;ri'"- anie into play, hut receiving a shot at an unlucky place, slartvd a plank, which obliged her to relire to a neighboring island to be repaired. The Oiiondiiijii al lenglh came down, but not taking the same course, stopped in shallow water pretty near the enemy, who fired every time into her, when she could not help herself Though within foni hundred yards of one of our batteries, sheslrnck to the enemy, and sent a bateau to them with four men, and Mr. Thornton, the commodore's second, who looking at that distance so like Loring, they thought al the batteries it was he. The same boat rowing back again to the ship, with one of her crew, i)robably to fire her, Capt. Adam Williamson, the engineer, pointed a gnu and ONE OF THE VESSELS SURUENDERS. ni fire as lio wished to save his powder. The second captain, and some sailors came to surrender. Af. Ponchot I'ctaincd tliem as hostages, hut couhl .lot receive tlie whole, as they were more numerous than his garrison. In the intervals between these combats, the enemy attempted to land two or three times, to make an attack from the point opposite the Isle hx C.iisse. Two guns that were pointed in that direction re- strained them, and made them retire behind that j)oint. It is probable that the bad condition in wliich tliey found their vessels, took away tlieir desire of advancing. This action lasted from live in the morn- ing, to half past seven in the evening, without the lire ceasing. AVe had forty men killed or wounded. We cannot too much praise the firmness which the officers, colonial soldiers, militia and especially the cannoniers, who were sailors, displayed on the oc- tiivd through her, taking both tlmt fellow's anus olF, -wiiich made her row into shon; directly. Perceiving then there was a squah- lile on hoard the Oiionihuja, about what they should do, the general sent an ollieer's party on board [Lieutenant Pennington,] who hoisted the colcvs again and saved her i'ui' ourselves." — Ai'CDunt qiKitidlii/ KiKKV. The (Jeni'ral ordered Lieut. Sinclair from the WiUiniiison Urig, and Lieut. Pennington, with two detachnients ot' grenadiers under their command to take possession of the OmiiHUuja, " and they obeyed their orders with sudi undaunted resolution that the English colors were again hoisted on board her. But the vessel after all, could not be got otl"; and was therefore abandoned about midnight. The Knglish batteries, however, put a stop to any attempt of the enemy to board her. Capt. Loring being wounded, was in the mean time sent ashore." — Maiik. — Ed. i'l I'tl 32 EXCITEMENT OF THE INDIAXS IN THE BATTLE. 1 W-! :i - 1 I casion. Three or four of the hitter could never bo rewarded for tlieir address and activity in serving their pieces. The enemy, like ourselves, tired ball and grape constantly. M. rouchot directed a blacksmith to cut up some old irons with which he tilled sacks and put into the bore of his guns, adding a ball, which did terrible execution upon the vessels, on account of the height of the ramparts which placed them under our tire, so that we could see upon their decks. One thing which anuised the garrison at the most serious moments of the battle was, that the Indians, who were perched upon their trenches and batteries, to watch the contest with the vessels, which they re- garded as on their side, on account of the names that had been given them, and because they carried an Indian painted upon their tiags, — made furious cries at seeing them so mal-treatcd. The English had as- sured them that with these vessels alone, they would make the place surrender. When these Indians saw them drift otf and ground, they redoubled their cries, and sung out railing names at the English, sayiu": "You did not want to kill our father at Niagara ; see how you are taking him ! If you had listened to us, you would not have been lierc! A Frenchman's fist has made you cringe ! " This action liad, however, dismantled all the tops of the parapets around half of the fort, thrown down the fascines that were placed on the side of La Cuisse Island, and in front of the two demi-bastions. ■*|!; THE SIKGE CONTINUKI). 33 At night, M. Poucliot cmlciivorod to ropuir with sat'kri of earth, the batteries of the bastion opposite the ishiiul so that they (.'ouhl be served. This bastion was really to tinnbledown, and wecoiUd iiave walked upon the slope formed liy the earth that had fallen down. The enemy continued through the night to bombard us, and fired volleys of cannon from each battery, loaded with shot and grape, at intervals, to prevent us from making repairs. We had two men killed and several wounded. On the 23d, the enemy continued to bombard and cannonade vigorously all day. At night wc tried the same bombardment and vctUeys of cannon at intervals as on the night previous. On tl'.o 2-tth, they unmasked a new battery to break down the wooden redoubt at the end of the island, and to enfilade our intrenchments on the side opposite the islands. Their batteries continued as violently as on the preceding days, and fires caught in the ruins of the magazine, and in the (piarters of the commandant, but these were happily extinguished without the enemy observing our dithculty. Wo had but little troul)le to take care of what little powder and balls we had left. The enemy's batteries dismounted all the cannon of the bastion opposite the islaiuls. The cotters of the parapets were razed down to within two feet of the terre plein, greatly exposing the powder nuigazine, which was only nuide of some large beams. 5 !■ '' U IB I' :i 34 THE FORT SKT ON FXUE. Oil the 2olli, at day break, M. Poucliot tiretl vigor- ously throe piocos upon the batteries which troubled us tluj most, and whicli wore tlie only ones left on the side attaeked. Even one of these three pieces and tlie most important one, wanted a third of its length, having broken twice. Xotwithstanding its calibre, we put in two or three small balls. We had per- ceived by the enemy's movements, that tliis kind of tiring troubled them much in their trenches, but we found it out of our power to ruin or even to materially injure their batteries. The activity of our tire put the English in bad humor, and in the aftciiioon they redoubled theirs from all their batteries, and tired red-hot balls, fire-pots and carcases. This was too much for this miserable fort, which wiis now only a litter of carpenter's wood and fascines. The liot shot set fire to the saucissons of the interior revetment of the bastion, already down, but we extinguished it. From this we may see how tlie rampart was ruined. Some fire-pots also kindled twice in the debris of tlie fort, and we also extin- guished these fiames with water found in the holes made by bursting bombs. This determined M. Pouchot, with the advice of all the officers of the garrison, to write to General Am- herst, complaining against this kind of warfare never used but against rebels, and which should not be prac- ticed against a brave garrison which deserved not such treatment. In reply he sent his aid-de-camp witli a THE FOUT SUHUKNDERS. 35 kind of caiiitulation for us to siirrcndor as prisoners of war, with tlio throat that if wo did not accept witliin lialf an hour, ho would resume hostilities. M. Pouchot received the otftcer, and read wliat Amherst demanded before all the oflicers and the gar- rison. The latter made the most urgent entreaties for him to accept thorn, in view of the impossihility of escaping a general conflagration in case of a tire, on account of the small capacity of the fort and the incum- brance of the ruins. There remained at this time on the front attacked, only two cannon in condition to tire, and no more halls. The outer batteries of tiie fort were all ruined, as they were commanded by the islands, as were also the epaulments of the iritrenchments, which were no cover against an assault. On the 2(}th, in tho morning, when the enemy entered,' they wore greatly surprised at seeing only a ' IStli Aiijiiisl. The wcullicr is ('NUcmcly uiiliivoriilili' tii our opcni- tiims, yt'l lln' jjciuTiil iiitciil on the vii^oroiis jtrosci'iilion of liin iiiL'ii- siircs ri'solvcs to lost' no time; this nioriiins;- was l:ikcn up with the ri'imirs of tlic row iiii'lcys :ui(l prize vessel, and at ten o'eloel\ the eiifliiieers wilii the coverinjr i)arly returned, and nnide their report ; hut his KxeelU'iiey was preiU'lennined, and llie army are in readiness. Tlie first division, eonsistinf,' ol" tlie irrenadiers, two hattnlions of liirlit inl'imtry, tiu' right hrigade of reguhirs, Scliuyler's regiment, tlie greatest pi.rt of the Indians with Sir WilJiam Johnson, three row- galleys and some lii'ld artillery, are to jiroeeed down by the north shore, eommanded liy the general in person; pass tlie fort and take l)()ssessi(ni of the islands and coasts below it. At the same time the seeoiid division, eomjiosed of the left brigade of regtihirs, Lyman's regiment, two ranging eoiniianies, the re nainder of tlie Indians, and two row galleys, under the command of Colonel Ilaldimand, to row :'i 1 ■^ mi m LOSSES OF THE OAUIIISON. few soldiers scattered around tlieir posts wliidi tlicy left, and some sixty militia, with liaiulkereliiefs on their lieads, in tlieir shirt sleeves, and with neeks hare as is the Canadian fasjiion. They asked M. I'onchot where was his garrison ? lie replied that they saw the wliole. AVe had more than sixty men killed or wounded. All the otKecrs had been more or less wounded. down tt) the soulli fdiisl, ami tiikc post opposite to the fori, whcro tliiT will not lie exposed to the tire of the pliiee, whilst tlie|)i'i/.(' now deservedly eidled the \\'illi»as one. llo had been watchiiiii; most attentively. This general politely reproaehed M. roncliot, who answered : "Sir, we only wanted to pay you the honors to whieli you are entitled." the liriir to conn' to iiiiclior iil raiulom sliol I'roiii the fort, mikI if ciiii- noniidcd not to rcliini it. Tlic ri'iiiiiiiitlcr of the iiiiny cxcf'pt one Coiiiicclicnt rciiinunt, iirc onliTcd down IVoni Osweiridcliic, wlicnci^ otir liciivy iirtillcry iirrivcd latf iit nii^lit, and tlic row Lrallcy willi licr finn were wciitlicd np. The tort tired on tlic l)rin yesterday ''.vlncli slie spiritedly rctiiriicd tmtil ordered to desist. 'iid. The troops iiavc \vorl\cd witli sucli diligence lliat onr liatleries will be completed this niiilit, and ready to play on Fort Levis to- morrow. 'i'lil. The l)attcries were opened this inorniMir, and had such etrcct thai tlie enemy drew in their irniis anil endeavored to serve them rt niiin rlf. Alter some honrs lirinu', a disposition was made to storm the tort with the irrenadicrs of the army, in which the three vessels were to have assisted ; for this pnrpose a nnmher of marksmen were jndicionsly placed on hoard each ship, with the view of compellinij; the enemy to ahandon tlieir u'in.s ; and tlicy wcri' ordered to tidl down on the fort, within tlie raii;,'e of sntall arms; but whether the vessels were coid'nscd with the wcifjhl of tlic enemy's tire, or that the mis- carriap' may be imputed to the navijration or the w ind, is dillienlt to determiiu', for the jieiu'ral, not approvinj: of their manner of work- inj;' down, sent ordei's to them to return to their former station and desisted from his project for the present. The garrison expended a great i»ointfd in liiiding notliing in tlie fort wliich the soldiers had pillaged, miglit wish to do some harm. lie thanked them for their attentions.- llaving landed on tlic shore, many Indians came to see M. I'ouehot, wlio recognized several of their chiefs. He said to them : "You have killed your father; if tiiey are not pco[)le of courage so much the worse for 'On tliccapituliilion of Fort Li-vi, tlic Imliiins, ImviuR f'ouiul in liu' (Icsci'icil ciiliins of the iMicniy II few Molmwk sculps, wisiii'd at oiico li> fall upon llic pirrison and coniincncc a ^jcni'i'al massacre. Sir Wil- liam's intlucncc, however, a;;ain prevaileit, and, tliony;li not without mnch ill temper, they retirecl to theirencampment. That same nijjlit, while the savages, deeply eha.;;rined, were hrooding over this fancied ffrievance, an olllcer, partly in aii.ij<'r and partly in jest, observed to some one in his tent, that the Kiiftlish would, on their return from tho expedition, exterminate the Indian race. An Indian, overliearini; the remark, eon>muiiieated it to his companions, seven hundred of whom imnu'diately loa tiik st. i,A\viti;Nt'i:. you." Tlu'V rt'iiliiil : *' Hoii't l>i' dislu'iirti'iuil, fallicr; you will go to tlu' oIIkt side of the jjriiit laki', wi'will Hooii lid ouisi'lvcrt of till' Kiijilish." Tiicy wnv nur- in'isod to Hi'(> liiiii so ti'!iii<|uil. (it'iionil Aiidii'ist lii'ld a conversation tor an hour with M. I'oui'hot in juivati'. Jit' wisht'tl iiitonnation as to wiiat rcniaini'd to ln' (h)m' in tlio c'an»pai<;;n. It may l)o pivsunu'd that tlio latter did not nnike Idiii think lu" iiad an oasy task. IIo, in common with tho whole iirniy, appcari'd ospociivlly to droad tho i>assat;o ot'tho rauids.' Thi'V tookamonj; tho Canadiiins thirty- »i.\ giiitk's tor their Imteaux. Tho jjjarrison and olK- oors woro oondiictod hy way ot'Oswogo to Now York. M. Bollo-Gardo, iSuiiiician missionary at Lu Prcsontu- tion, wlio lia(. ohoson to ho shut up iu tho fort to sorvo tho woundod, ohtaiiiod loavo to go down to Montreal with two or three women. This priest was very worthy on aecount of his zoal for religion, which iiad led him to Canada for tho sole purjtose of convertini;; the Indians. The Englisli sent liim hack to his mis- sion.- Tho English army remained fihout fifteen (hiys, making arrangements to go down the river, hut not- withstanding their guides, of whom perliaps some ' In this ])i»ssiifrr tlic Kiifjlisli lost I'orly-six Imlcaux, si'vi'iitccn wImlclKmis, OIK' row galley, ami ciirlity-foiir iiii'ii. — Kd. 'There were two priests named IjH (Jarde in Canada at lliis lime. .Jean I'ierre Hesson ile La (Jarde arrived in l".")*), and died April II, 171I0. I'ierre I'aul Frs de \m (Jarde arrived in lT.V),aiiil died at Mont- real, April 4, 1TIS4. — /.iaie ('/iniiii>l(i(/ii/iit: Tiiu latter was witii I'ou- eliot al the time of the siege.— Eu. 1 i FtNAI. SirUlli:NI>i:U OK CANAItA. 41 Hoiitflit llic worst cliiuiiu'ls, tlioy lost oij;lity butciuix and tlioir ciuvuHHierw jit Cotoau lii Liic. Till! Chi'valier dc la Cornc, wIk. was watcliliiu; tlio Kii,u;lisli, with a body of ii>ilitia at tlii> lioad of tlio (\'f Marine, had determined to send some provisions, but their price, with lii.icli frciirlils, delayed day atlerday, the departiU'e of the transport vessels, which were tinally unable to enter the river St. Lawrence, and were bnriu'd in the bay of C'haleurs- The Mar(|uis do Vaudrenil had foreseen this want of succor, and had ordered Sieur de Minville tr) cruise with his frijrate at the mouth of the river, t'ourteen Hnnlisli ships laden with mimilions lor liue- bec were taken, but he was obliged to burn them without bein.tr able to derive any advantajte from them. — Anti' in Driyimil. 6 I I i !i 1.!: 42 SPECULATIONS IN WAR CLAIMS. If I ,! servo for all the extrnordiiiniy expenses occasioned by the scarcity and higli price of all the provisions, but he would not convert them into bills of exchange, except for those whom he favored, so as not to sur- prise France at these enormous expenses. There remained in the hands of the inhabitants and other individuals, an enormous quantity- of orders and certi- ficates, which he would not convert into bills of ex- change. The Knglish being masters of Canada, felt their advantage over the French in collecting these at an early moment, as we nniy well believe, and to solicit for their paymertt, which they obtained.' It is no exaggeration to say, that the sums which France was forced to pay under this agreement, would amount to from twenty-three to twenty-six millions. If the fear of paying this entered into the consideration of ceding Canada they were mistaken. M. Pouchot and all the French officers with the French and Colonial soldiers were by virtue of the capitulation of Montreal, to be sent to France, and the Canadians to their own country. The former departed from Xew York on the first of January, and after a very stormy passage arrived at the roadstead of ■I 1 ' By a spceitU declaration signed at Paris, on llio lOlh of Fcliruary 17(i3, tlie kinjj: agreed to pay tlie l)ills of exiliange and the certirteales wliicli had been given to the Canadians for siipplying tlie French troops, by II li(|nidation that shoidil cease ^vitllina <'onvenient lime, according to distance and dilHculticB of rendering. — Sute in Omjinal. NATUllAL PUENOMKNA SEEN AT SEA. 4a Spitliead, where they reniiiincd fifteen days and finally hinded at Havre de Grace on the 8th of Marcli, 1701. In this passage, thoy witnessed three very curious plienoniena. The first, was that in a very great storm, tlie sea sparkled on tlie tops ol' all the waves like lightning in a dark night. The second, was a rainbow whose two ends reached from larboard to starboard, across the stern of the vessel, and followed its wake like a cord drawn after it. The third, was a fine lunar rainbow, well formed, but with colors less bright than a solar one, and the moon was at the same time quite yellow. i i 1 ri \ i, '.■> If It >ti i^ ! ' [44] FRACJMENT UrON THE FRENCH COLONY OF (CANADA. (^iuiada was at first settled by iishonnen ; by iiiili- viiluals wlio came to trade wltb the Indians, — by dis- charged soUliers, and finally by people who had been sent thither from France, under IcUrcs dc cachd. Some of these latter, were for three years before they could recover their liberty, and others were for life. Some others, if not the greater nund)er, had been scut out by the Seigneurs of the country to establish themselves. The lands liad been at first ceded by the king to the foreign missions, the Sulpicians, the Jesuits and to ofKcers. There were found in Canada few lands, and l^'rhaps none, that belonged to tlu' merchants or pea- santry. That which still further contributed to the increase of these establishments was, the discharge of the Regiment of Carignan, of wiiich all the soldiers be- came colonists, and the officers, proprietors of the lands belonging to the laity.' Such were the actual ' This occurri'tl about w coutury previous to llic tiiiic the ahovc was wriltt'u.— Eu. i-KciLiAurnios of thk Canadians. 45 Hoiirccs of iiopiiliition of tliis i!iiiiioiiso country. It iippoars straiigo, from the little care and aid jj,iveii to iiu-reasc it, tliat this colony, which was so loni; vi'iy feehle, and often ready to perish with misery from the little help it got from Franco, shoultl notwithstanding this, liave gained a poimlation of thirty thousand souls.' From this we may infer that the climate is line and the soil fertile. It is not unusual to lind from grandtather to grandchildren, as nniny as si.\ty jtersons. The Canadians are very well formed, rohust, and active, endure pain and fatigue admirahly, and are accustomed to long and painful journeys for their trade, which they accomplish with great aihlress and patience. These voyages are usually made very de- lihcrately, on account of the kind of life which they leail on these occasions. They are hrave, love war, and are ardent patriots. They evince a strong attach- ment to their mother country, and their little know- ledge ol the world renders them volunteer braggarts and liars, heing little informed upon any suhject. There is no country when- women leatl a hajipier life than in Canada. The men sln)w them great at- ' Tliis is ii^mil error. By ii I'cnsiis taken hIkiuI llie iniiUlle of I lie ceiiliirv, it iippears llial the colony of Canada llien had alioiil SH,()(M» soiiIm. The last enumeration, under (lovernor C'arHon, liroujihl up the iiopulalion to l.j:!,()()l», of wliieli :!,tMtO were Knjrlish and protest- antx, wlio liad settled there since the peace. The latter held all the coniniereein their hands, and sought to make Ihemselves sole masters of the administration.— .V"^ m (Jrii/iiKil. < 1 !i k' I 46 INFI.UKNCE OF THE CLEUGY. '<> I ji I : ; i, I • h ■t teiitions, and spiiro them all the fiitlgne they can. Wc mi^ht also add, that they dosorvo all this, being mod- est, of t'omoly figure, vivacious in spirit, ami full of intrigue. Il is oidy through them, that their hus- bands procure employment that puts them at ease and above the common lot. There prevails in the villages, a tone of good societv which we would not expect in a country so remote. They dance and demean themselves very gracefully, and this without masters. The Canadians are generally religious and of good morals. The voyageurs arc hut little trusty in the aftairs of trade. Their priests restrain them severely, being their temporal and spiritual masters, and have brought all under their sway, even to the general and intendaiit, for it would be a misfortune for the two latter not to secure their good will. The curates are rich and removable. The bishop of tlie greatest dio- cese in the world, — that of (Quebec, has rents of six- teen thousand livres, and is responsible only to the pope. Since the death of M. de I'ombriant, the Eng- lish have not nominated one, and the whole country is under the direction of two grand vicars,' ' Tlic liiiuous liill of 1774, allowed llic ('iinii(liai) rjilliolics to Imvo a, l)isli()|), but upon coiulltioii that lir should not Ih' consecrated in France. They raised all nuiniu'r of elaiiiors and troubles from one rauxe and another in F^iirlaud, upon thu proniul^'ation of tliin bill. This justilies the rellections of tliCMUithor of Olm rnitiniiH Kitr le tniitf (le pnix cniiclu a l' on thu aOlh of i; -i MODE OP CONDIICTINO TnAKK IN CANADA. 47 The governor of Canada, U also governor of Lou- isiana. Although clothed with ample authority for the police of the country, and negotiations with the Indians and foreigners, he is greatly restricted hy the intendant, who is ahsolute nnisterof linancial matters, is charged with all the trade and justice, and is at the head of the sovereign council of the country. The trade of (^anada is made on the king's account, and hy individuals. The intendant has the general logiijii(\ p. vi, vii. — Eu. « mm •: n ■ . - j f '„' if jj f i ;■ 'ill ! i. •11 .1 4H AIU.SKS IN TIIK INKIAN TItAltK for tlio kiii<,''s service They also in part, Hiipply tlio artillery. Tlie king lias at all tiiCHO i)lacos, Htoro-kot'iicrH iioniiiiati'd l»y tin- iiitc-iidaiit, to whom tliey report direet. The iiiteiidaiit has tinder him a eoiiimissary of ordnaiiee of tin; Marine, who reniains at Montreal to attend to the details of the upper country. Munitions, provisions and goods, intended for trade or presents to the Indians, eome from Fraiict! in ves- sels laden on tlu^ king's account. The Bureau of the Marine furnish all these effects, ami many therein concerned liave doulitless an interest in the pur- chases. Tliey send ventures, which amount in isvery way to tlic Ijcst possihle account, and which apparently they pay to the king, over the footing of current merchan- dizes in Canada. But the greatest evil is, that they send goods whicli are not proper for the Indian trade, such as large mirrors mounted upon morocco, silk stuiff iiul renin lints of various other (idtrics, liand- kerchiefs, liose, and in short all the renuiants of tlie shops. The iiitendant who was attach(;d to the ma- rine, dared not refuse all these articles, and sent them in form to separate stores, where tliey spoilcrod\ict to the intendant. The connnandant had a right to see that the Indians wore not cheated, and to take of those goods what he thought necessary for presents. The dif- ferent interests of these persons often nnule them dis- agree. The governor almost always found them wrong and recalled them. To avoid these embarrassnu-nts, it was usually enough for them to come to some understand- ing, when they could conduct their atlairs together. The posts in the interior of the country were assigned to otKcers in favor. Hank was counted there as no- tliiuir. Thcv took with them a store kee|)or who was to trade on their account. As they had no money, tliey found merchants at Quebec and Montreal, wlio sup- plied upon credit all the goods necessary, wliieh they called o(iuipping them. They agreed upon their prices, and gave peltries tc» the merchants in return. Thoy liad to earn protits for both parties. These oflicors often had occasion to negotiate for tlie king witli the nations near their posts, and to give them goods as presents. They were paid by tlic intendant, upon the approval and order of the governor. This occasioned N MANNKK OF CONI)lI("TIN(< TIIK INDIAN TUADE. r>i iiiiuiy lij'pnthoi'Utc'd iicoountH wliicli tiinnMl to lliomost ctM'taiii itroflt of thono (.•oimnaiulaiitH, osju'i'mlly in tlnu* of wivi". Tlu'si' I'oiuniamliuits ns woll us jtrivatc traders, wore! oMiifcd to take out ru'ciiwcs from the a;ovi'riior wli'u'h cost from four to five liuiKhvd livn's, in ordor to lit- allowod to carry tlii'ir goods to tlio posts, and to rliartifc sonu' I'tK'cts to the kinj^'s account. This feature always |ircscntod a prominent obstacle to trade and estaldislnnents of Camula, as tliey were oMiijeil to take out these licenses every time they wished to ^o into the interior of the country. The most distant posts in the north west were the most hi<:;hly coveted, on account of the abundance and low prices of peltries, and the hiijb price of i^oods. A third kind of tratle was followed by those traders, or coiiriiirs dc hois, who, liavin■"• 1 ; f II i ' 11 ^ ' il •I , J ^1 I'l b'Z IlKMAIIKS IIV Tin; ollKilNAI, DIHTnii. 'I'd llie details here frivcii, .M. I'lnicluit liiiil mliluil Home uIx-lt- vntii'iis uiMiii ilic villus wliicli ('jininlii iiiiMht li;ivt> lict'ii to I'l'iuico if tlii>y liiiii lii'ttcr liiinwn its rcstnirrfs, ami iiad iiii- |ii'iivt'il tilt* ^rcat iiilvaiita^eH wliicli lliu soil and sitiialiuii of tliu (■oiiiitr;/ iiffereil; but as tlio nntlior had only iiitroduoud tlio suliJL'i't, anil jiroiuisod at sonic time to rotniii to it, and to fur- ther exjilain it. and as we liavo not found tiieso iiajiers with further remarks, we liave thoiiulit |iroiier to supiircws the nH)ro early and tliereliire nmre su|ierticial and ntiKnislieil om-. An for the rest, lie advanees nolhiiiM; \\\ these lint what the Ahh(5 Kaynal has been and discussed with care in his work, where lie has had the enuraiic the first to rise ahove the unjust ]irejiuliees which the iiulilic had ae(|uirtil against the French coloniu!* njion the continent of North America; — ]irejudices which they were forced to justify in the course of the Jlcmoirs ]irinted in the first volumes of tin- L))/inii^rii/is dii Ci/nj/iii. Ueeauso the j^overnmcnt had committed faults in the adminis- tration of the colony ol' Canada, ou^ht we to conclude that, it was worthless, ami that we should eoni;ratulate ourselves ujion its. loss ':* iSueh, nevertheless, when reduced, are all the ar;,'u- ments of our economist; a member of the political sect which always takes enthusiasm for rca.son, and who himsell", the ^^lavc of his system, nnikes everything yield to it, and in doiriir this spares neither parado.xes nor eniitnuliction of words. ilt I h U ■ 4.7 '^ %• ip ^ f V* -ate »:<,» "•^ Q... ■»«rta /JJ^ v .-*> M -^•^' ..„s,^^di.j^. 1 M • I r I • ri H < ' s 'i fi /.if/' on /'/if// ■ i Ui^Ott ti/"if fi/f I'l l>/> ' J f Ttytii i St tjHI.i, U>H '' (ti^fiin '*' -Jtir '/'f/f/tft/f f> (In i.if<: m^ft^mir '/nw/f f4/ .JftiM'. / (/ft /.///irti> ('' CSrintf ///,>ai//f,- .'> L^iiftt/f (I /ii //(/hn//( ff/r If) dJi^tt'f 'J//(i/tf/t/f' // *" Wf//,- . '4f-r/j,,j I.' Ji '///,in /,,4f/ /.i , /iutt'r no Ciiri /mi/' /f) . f\nftn V Utn/ ly ^i't n/f /f(UiA J'/iCo/.t /*! l)/t.U'ttfUr^ .'t' Ai/f fi fii fnt.ttf ?l li/e ^///nf/e^nn,t/' J'*^ttn(fti/ /iftX/'H' 'J ^>.jO-im',','/ fin/r r fJ /"t iinriM^j , ,">,„.,/, (A// /rfiutfi*ttt i(i.)i ,\i On \^. I'.lllil llVlli llH III V'r - VJ i^W^K , /■'^';>'^ l.Ar ON'l V-- ^'k ^1 V*! tii^iinTd rar ITnHghfi TrMinlitlioo V O" .' i1&»^ ^f, ^i ■ u 4; 4o t9 r*. • » • • » I .i');] .\/ <„ '1 \\ V \ 'N' .V. \"l ■ < \ . ,■'. ■> , 'V I ^ ' V'iSw ''' ( ■ >> .\ v,^ • V -x^V ^•^v^^' -^ ' ^V s'** •;y^■■^^.. ^- : ' ■ , n v>>V "V*-^ •■-J miavoidahlc in tills rt'tJUftioll.' — Ao^.V ill (h'ljilntl. • m ' M. I'niii liiilV 111:111 Wii-; i'Iil;i:i\ 111 for iln' iciilli miIiiiiic i4' llif A- c y,,r/, ('"/I'lii.il llm/'ii-i/. M>'\ llir iii:;r.i\ ill- » ,is linn ,lr-lriiMM|. || is ri|iriiihiiiil (III «i'inr, inr ilir proiiii nliiiini. — Mo. ■VM ;-» M '» 1 T(»r(>(;UAl'lIl('.\l. (M'.sKUVATloN; t \\\n[ \< i MKNT. M. r.uicliot liinl ri«rL'<'ttcii iii'tliiiiLT ill iiiipartiiiLr ;i CllnW IriiLTi' "t III*' tcijii'L'Tal hv i>r N'ni'tli Aiiuii.M. W have ti'Uiiii dt' the (•(Hitiiiriit. iiiii'ii-l'f.'t. il i- triK' in *(iiim' imint', Init tiiii- aiHl <' t uiiu-iial ati'iiracv as itLraii Is Ih. (•dUIltrv wlilcll liail It ■11 tin' tlicatlr i>t tile lat<' Will'. IIo liail cNtraittd limii that |.ai-t i>\' his work, thi.- nli-iTvatidiis \vi' >hal! |iri-fiit. ami uhii h -ifsr to jii'ojii'liv (.'Xiihiiii his iiiap. 'rin'i:rrat t I'liatr tc>oli«.'|-\ atiou- l 1 "iMoUlf ami ' rill' lliiril viiluiiir h1 till' iiri;;jii;il work. \* liii li Im ^'iii- .il llii~ pl;u i-, i- inmlr il|i (il :i lliimlx r i>| -i]i:i|:il< -iilijc rl« u |iic li \\ i-rr :i|ili;irc Iilly iiiitiiii«lio| i«>a_v> III' tlic' iiiiilii>r, 1 iillcrtii! :iiii| |iiilili»lir.l \,\ lii« i liiinr litter lii» (Iralli \Vr llHVf ilicliiiil till-Ill all MllllIlM)' ruiltritillliuM- In till- lii'tiiry of till- |"rii"l to wliirli liny n l:iti', iiiiil rii:iiii lliiiiiin tin ir ri -|M ( t'lM- nrili r — Ki» Tiil'dCl; Ai'lIlCAl, (iI'.SKItVATHiNS. .).) to serve as a truide to tlinse militaiT men who miulit -oine (lav lie eiii|ilovt'(l in tliat eouiitrv. The aiilhor haxiiii:' written only iVom the (lesei'i|itions ot' othei's, as to what relates to the parts nuitli ami ea>t of ( 'anaila, we eoiild les-, ilepenil n|ion iiis aeeouiits, and have theifl'ore -uiipi>s>ei| them, without injnrv to his rejiii- tation. A- tor the re-t, he hini-elf e.)nle>-eil that the " 11 roil, Mirhiuau anil Superior Iv t'eelih- l wej-e not known, ami that he ait on leiii;-e ot' the enUIltrieS sittia ted to tiie north and we:>t. noi lli-we>t ot' these lake-, and inliahited hv the A>sini- hoiie-, the Miin>oiii- and th the ( 'ri-tinaux. MM. d. a \ eramhere ("aiiadiaii ollieers. pen trated into that eoiintrv and remained ahoiit t'orty-two 'I'hev Went a- far as thiee hundred leau;nes Veai's. We-t lit Mijieiior, and di-eoxered maiiv new lakes whieh led one into an luiiii' Icil Iliioiii; l.akr Supiiiiir. aiii llirlir.' «( -l\s:inl to I.illir \Viniii| M'lr iiiKl up till' .V-iiiil.i.in-i ii\rr. hill I'll'err lu' na.ii. .1 lln' H"< K^ inoiiiilaiiis, liis i:ill\ i.'1'l 1 lilailL'li'l ill ":'>' " illi Imliaiis ol'iliat ni:i"ii. hikI lii^ inuvey illa< ki 'riiwaiils till- iiiil ill' .luiii' llii' ('li>\aliii- ilr la \'( ran ilii IT aL'aiii -1 I "ill llulll Mniilival llliell all lAlinlilinn l.i the S.illlll .N ) !■■''. Ill'' . i\,'.tll. IIHIO. \. I'i. I'.l. Oti iMirii n.Tii:- in i:.\1'1.(i|iiN'. ihk iai: \m.-t. r\iairt> iit a r.Tiani cli-taiu'c lu'cdiiH's uiiiiitcIliuiliK' even t,i till' luiliaii- who -« TVi' a- irnnl' >. i iini. tin' ili-iii- ti'i'o.'ti'iliu'-" raiclv I'.'IIIkI in |i< tmui- ciiLiair"'! i" »'iitrr- l)ri-i'> dt' thi- kilnl. tli«' lihxt 111' wlioiii wh.li tln_v liiivc till.'.l tl u'lr t'aiiiMS \\ 1 til jH'ltrit'-. 'IP al'iiiiilaiit iii that rouiitrv. think only d' ritiirniiiLr. Kourlli. the I'.iitli- Ir.-s or (iiiiriiiatiial ;ifi-or,iit- ot' thf Indian^ who oticii seek to (h'c'(i\i' aint Uii-h ad t ia\ rlrl'-. -o th;it tin v may ]iii-i'h. ami th> ii thry can |'il il;-!' tin ii'ctrcil-i. It inav he (loiihth-- ho[.i(l. that tlu will ili-ai'i'tar N'oith Aiiniiia is xlthd. or (liniini-n m proiioi-iion a- and till' I'rlatioii' IicIwith tin' ditlri'int iiai'I- ot' the north luTdiur thm inoir niTc»-arv. 'rhi-> rrvolinimi will I'.' tin' Work ot thf liii'Ttv wiiirli tins \a>t tdiiti- nciit will not \ir «low ti> enjoy, i KuroiH' ari' ira'.i/A'd.' t' thr lioiio ot' 'I'll'' variola iici-ilioii' ill which M. I'oiichot. cap- tain ill the rci.^iniciit o|' jiuain wa- placed, and thr journeys he was ohliired to make ou the jii-iinipal lines ot' comniunicatioii hctwccn the French and I',ni:Ti-li |Mis-e>>ions in Aiiieiicii. l]a\e decidi d him to i.'i\c the liio-t exact d ui'oii thi- -uhiect lio-.-ili We >hall -I e that there ii|c tin- ic iiait^ unknown ev .ell to liic hiii;h-ii 111 tin' cdimtry I't the i'i\c Ir.HjiKu-; nations, and -hall iiotici- the imiiicii-c laho|> thcv wcie ' It Willi"- niiiciul"ri il ili.-it llii«r 111! nil. ir- vm ii- piinti iii(]ian'il. the |iai:s ii ilialiilfil liv Ihc r iiiicli ill Caiiaila, uli'uli mav ln' Idiinil mi dihcr -|iri'ial iiia|is. Xcitlirr will 111' imiicr |iarliriilarl_v tiic [larls inlialiilnl liv llir I'iiiuli-li. uhicli ail' SI) well i:iv(ii nii Miiiiirl's iiiaji ' ami t'>|>('i'ia Iv oil thai of !• van- wliii'li IS tin l.rst. Ir Will oiilv atli'iiijil to mark tl ic roiir-^c of lli( liriiiri|ial nviTs whu'li -crvt' a- (■oiiiiiiiiinraliniis to tin' frontiers, ami llic |iiinci|ial |ilai'c- wliidi -ervc llii'iii as i'iilrr|iols. '■'A iu:i|i nl' ilir lirili-h :iiul i'lriirli I )i iriiiiiinii-. in NdTlli Aim lici, lilll il- mad-., i|i-l,Mll l~, lillliN, ailil iMrlll ol'lllr ^rlljrrilllll,-. i!v .liiM Mil.-ji, II,' I'ulili-hc.l Vi\>. |:;. i; , in s -In ri- r If IMa|i nl' Ciliaifi lia-l ililii li\ r. thai ha- liirli pnlili-lir.l is l|.il|l,||,-> llial nf \|. DrlMr Allrl- ||il|l. I',i|.|r. all Kll-li-ll -rd L;ia|i|ii r. Iia> |iiilili-liiil "In ill IwMilv -liicN uliiili iiii linli- tjic I lidlc ill' Ndilli All M. I!i Hill liM- jKiiiilril iiiit all lliiir riidi- : See 111- riiiiai'U- - /Ii"'. ili /./ A'""' /'./•'/.'/,,■,, ii.in. V. Allliniii:li In' hail al hi- i niiiiiiaihl llir inlliiliun.-. nl' thi' Mariiir, hr i- iml hiiii-iH' til !■ iif 1 rmi- W'l' iiia\ lilaiiir liiiii I'nr li;iviiiir ilipiiiilril Imi iiiinli ii{i Mr l'.\;iii- hail In .;.in liilnii' him hi- r\ri Hint lii.i|i- hv tliu-r (if I'l iin-\ l\.i I hi Mill' Ilia ami .Nr« .lii-i\ wlm-r |iiihlirarnili- ilair- liai U In ; r.i, .\.'^ ni ihiiiiiKtl. )« «f I ."iS Kill Ti:s IIK'M ( AN \1>\ T" IJii; INiil.HM >i: T Tl I M rMS. C'aiiatl;!. iililu>Ui:li nt' vtrv i:i»;it iMint. ha- luii l«\v (•iiiiiiiiuiiitatinii^ willi till' Kiil;Ti>1i culniiio a-; \\i|l l._v llic r(iii"tcin-.N III' ill!' iiili;iliiiiil iiait-. a- mi arrniiiit nl' ciiunlrii'- lilud uitli nnniiitaiii- that arc t'lniiiil. .\'>t rxait li-r;il(lu >. M. riHlillnt foulil Uaiii dt' i>\\\\ live |iiiiii'iiial ruiiiiiiiinii atimi-. nt' whii li hf will 'Swf a |iaitirul;ir ai roiint. l>t. KiHiii the C.iiiaila liuiiliii' li_v Wiiv nl' I.iikf ('haiiiiilain. Ilv tlir KiviiSt. I,a\\ rtlirc, I'lolti M(i|ilr>;il lo 0«\\ I'l'i'. ih V>\ the (>-\Vf::i» \\\\\\ til ihf l\ii_u'li-li \> >iiiii 4lli. l')V l,;ikc < Mitai'iM ti) ihr Miiuli-li tViiiititi-, I'V the livtr ("a-iiiiH liiaL'tHi. ."itli. I*"i"iii Niai^ara to the <>lii,i. jm.l tVuiii tlic Oliin. til I', iiii-vhaiiia aiiil \ iiirinia. Iirt'nrc ( iitiiiiiL'' U|"iii all ' it I h» -c i li t ;ii I -. we -h'Hilil >lirak nt' thr liv«|- St. l.aw l<||( r tVnln il> Ilinlltll ill till' ( illlt' nt' that liallU- Iirar tn (^hlrlni-. hut ill a t'nW Wnl'il- lnTall-c ihi- part nt' thr |i\( r In inli:^> tn Iia\ill, I'atlni' than tn lainl n[irraiinii>. At till' flltlallrr nl t lie li Vil' St . I ,a\V ICII. i ■. at thl«i' K'aLrui'' -"iith nt' ( ' IliC lie- Ui I /li T-, U <■ llllil tl i«' l.av (if tia-jiL'. It has an ii|i. iiiiiir ot' aimiit lu n lcaL.Mli' and \vc -cc It 111 the (h-taiicc mi account nl tlic \\hil« snil cut iiitn iiank- wiiich ale iniuccii il> ciilialH ami Cabc ih - \i n/lcr- W c iiiav -alclv aiiprnacii tl liaiik nil the imith >iih' nlthi- cntiaiicc, whcif thcic \r 'iiii; lii i.r (ir .-r. i.awukmi;. fiJ) a little fock iiiiincil Kdiirijl.iii, wliirli nt a ili-tain'i' ri'-;('iiililc-i a liatcau iiiiilcr sail, tiile lifaiiii"- it awav li'oin til (• >iiiirt' vaiK'cs Oil the -nlltll >ii|r, wliirc tlic|inilit -till ad iiiti) till' s»';i. :iiii| ulici-i' the lamls arc Idwcr; tlinc ni't' sdiiii- I'diks iiiiili'i' wati'f at lall' a IraLiiH' iVnin the ciitrain'c, uliicli arc (laiiiii'i((ii> when ilnir jpIiut i> imt kill lU II. 'I'llcV alwaV^ allillDl' on llir linllji -iiji'. ;it tllli'C i|iiartiTs (if a lrai;iic iiitu lln' hav. in lil'lv-tisi' tatlnniis of w atrr, ami at u'liii >liiit fimii li rliiiiiiiiT is nut Lfiioil. if ~niirt'. I nr an- lii'i'iiiisi' till' liotiuni IS sl(i|iinLr. At liiiir Ifaunrs i'uitlii'i' ii|i, wliiiji llicv rail ri'inni- illi'. tlir aiiclinraiic is \ciy ^I'ml. ami tlic lai'u'c>t ships ran ra-t anrlmr tin ro in t\\rl\r latlimn- anil tmnli till' liaiik. W'l' ilniT timi ;i platian \ri\ [ii'ii|Hr fur ImililiiiL'' a u'immI fiirtiliratiuii. It is ditliciilt t.i 1 ia\ . lii'i :iu--r one niii'-t wait fur a uimi i|iiilc fii'-li fru?n llic I ill' lami, witli- • Mit w liirli, till' iTi'ttiiiu' unt is (iaiiL^riuiis, oii iiiTuimt I't tni' tiiririi nirlltiulli i|. Is wliicli ilrisf ii[iun till' ii'iks al W •n \vr lia\r ijut iiiit ul' till' lia\, ami liu\ f Ul-ll tu ciiiiT till' rivir St. Lau rniri', \\i' inav salrU I'ulluw tin .-liurr at rariniH' raiiur m tiirniiii ( 'aiic (|r> I kU/ll'lS. .\ llliuiiiili tlirv -av tlii'ir ail' suiiu' >aml liaiiks in tlii> part, we liavi' iifvcr fuuinl tluin, altliuiiiih \vi' si'airli' li till' wliuli' ut' (111'.' (lay, t>viv every |iart am! very neai' the himl. I ;m navii;.\ti'ix "V rin: i.nwiii! .-r. i,\\m;i:n(K. Vi>«i'ls wli'bli wiiiti r ill llii« Imv. r;iii -c;ir.'rl_v Cl'lll 1 tlu' St. l,;i\vi'(ii( (■ «iiiiiiri tliaii tlii>-i' wliirli Icavi' Kiirii|ic at ;iii cailv I'liii wliuli all' iiuilf il. lircaux' tlir N. v.. u in Olll' s l^t |.i-fvalciit ill thf -priii'_'. :irc nLTiiin-t •ttiiii;- lUit ci|' tli>' lia\.aiiil tlnow u|> llic ice tlii'i'i' ;i> It i'(iiin> tliiw II tin' I ivcr. Till' iiavi.'atioii d' tin' ri\iaL;r- mi tlic -uiitli -ii|i', wiiicji i» iiiucli the tiiic-t. and \vc laniupt aiichm' until \vc 11 ach St. Itarnal'c nf Hi. It i- \cr_v priilial'lc tliat tlicfc arc i>ii the iH'iih «i.lc iiiaiiv iS<«n\ aiiclim';iir<* imil tliic liailMir>. luit lliat >linl'C i^ alllin-t IlllklinW 11 til us. ailij \\clia\c init t'cW soiniiliin.''^ inailc ii_v cliaiici'. aiHJ vcrv inn'citcitiv. W'c will iiiciitimi lor c\aiii|ilc. the L'ult' which we ilicail like till' Chan l"li-. The I'lntrli'li lia\e anchmeil thcie. ami whcie \vc hail thniiijhl it alnii>-t iiiipa-'-ilili- thev toiiiul a |ia--a'_''e nine Inii'ilrcil tuincs wide. \\..,,,.|» ut' a IiIIImIiciI '_Min>. have l;'<'Ii# thi-mii:li the I'liaiiiiei Miiil, (ifihc l-h' 111 ( irleaii-. where the hii';:c«t t'riij;atc- have al-n jia-ied ; and tin' lari:e«t nieichaiit shi|i> have i^mic up a- liir a- In the fapid iicj.iw Mmit- leal. 'rhi> i:- eiimi:.di to show how little the -hores of tlii< river weic k iiown, a~ tiic-e ini»takc' in oiij- kiiowlcdLfc wci'i' ill the iiiii-l t'rei|iic|itcd ph M. I'oiichot iciiiarked. that the |-|e aii\ ( l\ I ollilrer- 1- I'l.Ai i;s .-I riAi;i.i: ini; i.i:ii:.\ri: (51 Will lMi;ilri| lul' ill rilKT ilu'ilill-t \i--('U U'ltili^' i||i, liy phlfiliu- liMttflic^ U|iii|| lllO rllllilMilli;' Itilllks i|i' llic IlilllciW !■•<; |ililrc. r>V llN" |il;irillL;- I i;it tcl'ic- of licaVV lilllis M|>i<|| (';i|ii' 'I'l'ili iiii'iK', that jioiiit wiiiild aloiH' \>k- .-iitli<'it.'iil to >tii|i Vl'SScN, a> till- rlllTtlit I'lMi'tS tllilll til |ia>-- Vrl'V lirai". 'I'lli'V riUllil lint, lii>\Vi'\rr, >|i)l) llirfr to liatlil' tlir J'lari' (•II ariiilllll i>\' this MI'V cllllrlll. wliilhiT ihf tiili' In- niiiniiiu'' Mp 111' (hiwii, ami tlnv wnuhl niii a unat li^k i|' iniuiT oil the |ias>a; III- liiaic <\ lis I Ill-It lull iiii;,'ht lie iiiaih' \ i iv ri'-|nitalih', hiiiiL:' ii|i«iii ii li'mli rmk, Miii'i'i'ly ailiniiliiii:' ul a himiin^" in its i'ii\ irmis. 'I'lir |ii)-itiiiii ul' (^Mirlii'c is vi'iy tinr, and like tliat if N (it .Naiiiiir, It Is l'\fll hctti r, hilt till' i'lii'tiliratiiiiis art' \riT iniMilv laid I'lit iu- I'l'Liai'ils huatiiiii, and its raii^i (if ciiiiiiiiaiid IS iiaiiiiw. 'I'hc Krt'iirli M'tthiiiciits lii'L;-iii at ('a|u' Mmira-ka, and fxlriid withinit intiTrii|itiiiii to (^tiichcc. Tlio villaircs arc thicf h'ai.'iif- a]iart iVma rcnti't' to ri'iitn-. Ni I villa','''- ill Canada arc di'lriidrd, and thr hmi- arc all twu ar|i»'iits apart. This i- all \vi' t'aii say of till' iiiit'riiir 111' th.' iniiiitry. to hriiii^ us to cuuntrirs K-s known and to tin- troiiticrs. pk I • ■i Sl 'i ■^ t'J CIIAI'TKU I. i)y TiiK rimsinit iiv W.w ni \.\ut Cii \mii,ain. Tlnrt' ;ii"i' two iDiilt'-'. iVi'iii llif •-fttlciin'iit-i (>1"( 'aii;iilii t'l I.;ikr ("li;iiiiiil;iiii ; oiu' I'V the llivrf Smcl. wliirli i> its nutlet into the St. I ,au rtiicr. ami tlu' otln-r i- tlial liv iio--iii.' at Moiiinal to l,a I'l.iiric. ami Lroini.^ l.v ami to CliaiiiliU or M. .lolill. 'I'lli' St. I. lu inii 1' i> tlii'i'f KaLTUt'- ' wiilr lutw i( II .Moiitii al ami I. a I'laiiif, a villairc (>|iiio>itc. From l-a I'lairif to St. .lolm. it i?. tlirci' K'aLTiifs." At tliiTc ciiiartir- ot' a Icairnf tVom llii^ \illa','r. wo til liaiiU- tuciitv tc'it a|iart. ami iiaiiH'. w lihh \s (• ]ia>> a little ri\ > r \vi lu'Volltl lllis we col lie to tli.' dldUlH cj | iiaiiH' >'/ia/(/" >. at tlii- |ilaic a Irairui' wiilo. Wr -ink into the iiunl ami water kmc ilrcii. Init lulow tlii> thr lioitoni i-i ifood. 'Plie rr-t ot' tlu'Way to St. .ImIhi. i> tliroUL'li tlic \\oim1- lull di' -|irinL''«. uliiili ninlcr tin- roail alnio-t impa- -alile if not kejit in icpair. This s'lrnniii nii^ilit lie (Iraiiiiil at a tiiall lApcn-c it' a :«ri,i:lit currtnt \va< Lrivcn to tlie watir-ot' tlir ri\rr of St. Tilt iv-c. ami in the Sorrl. Th.' r.iail ilii'ou'jli tliu woods would ho iiujuovid liv tiic .-aiur Work. Tin 'li-tMin 1 in !iii air liin i- Imir inili ~ uti St. .Iiphii !iv Wiilir. W (• n't I ( liiwn the St. Law Hint' iillit'ii I. ai^iic tu ."-^Mlil at till' Ilinlllli (>t tlir ||\-.|' (irt|ll> lialllf. It IS a> lafiTr a-i the Satiiir inai' Lyiiii^, aii|ii'iiii:' liiiK'. 'I'ln' <'iii'i<'iit \^ rapiij. r>aik> cMiiiiiiir tV«iiii tin' St. Law I'fiicf rmi i^ct ii|i as I'ar a^ tin' l>a-iii oj' Ciiaiiililv .' 'I'lif i;i'iiri'al lirrclldll (i| lis ciMir-.i' I ^ N. N. W.. ami iN 1 uihI-' ai'i' I ijHailtT \ a li'a'_^iic Ipai't. It lirliils coll- sidi ralily I'diii' Icairm'- IV'Mii ( liaiiilil v,' wIhit it riiii- a little iiiitrc to tin' N. K.. aihl in this IhikI i> tin j^i'catf't 1 iirii'iit. I{r\(iiii| ('liaiiililv is a ra|iiil ot two leaLfUt's. alinvf w lu- ll to till' little villaL'i' of Saute 'I'lieii -e, the lis'er IS iiMlti' \' I'le. a ml lull o| lar^c 'tom ll l> lieees- sai'V tc) lie tliele Well e'uii h 1 1, Si i as 111 it to strike the liateaiix uiioii I'mI;^. Ahove .*>aiiite Thefese, they t;'o ii|i liv |iolini; to St. .lohii with eiiipty hateaiix." The >« I ' Aliiiiii cmi' liiiriilnil iiilli- l".i', •' l"nrt\ «i\ mill- I'.ii. 'Tlicp- i> ni>\\ ;i1.mU.'iI SI. ( »iir^. - Ki>. • CImiiiIiU \v:i- .1 l.iililii ll |iiiiiil I'll llii' Siiiil. 'rill l"ll.M >loMi' .lru< liirr, -hiiiiU Ml 111- liMil el till' ni|ii'l-. ;iii Mil Ml llir lii'Mil III' iiM\ i::;i rpiiii ilii Si I„i\\ nnii'. Il N\M> liiiili in llii' luMiliiliiiiiMrv wmi' ll i> still ill M ^iMlr llllAClllllll |>ll-l l\Mliii|l Nil« -linin Ullllil ll\ M IMIIM llnlll Si .lellM III ( llMlnlll\ l!l>. »l .liilni i< M I III! ll ml III' sIl'MlllllilMl MM\ iL.'Mliilll mi [.mUi' ( llMIII IWII. IMP >11UI' |ii.iiii. Mini liM- Mh\M>> tin II 111 ini|"iilMiil iViinliii- I- 111, rcMiliiiiiiii A Hull- Hiiiili III ilie \illM;re ili«ni-.ii niiliiMn is- Miiisiiii i" Ki jii. Till' riMi' i> liriik'.iil »t Si. .1- iillMlIll IllMl IllMlk llli' -ille "I till' Mlllirlll liiriili- iiililillil;:<' i>. llllrr It'ilirHf- ' tVulll >I. .I.'llll to ( 'liiltlll'lv . Kiwiii tlirii.r ti> till' I.iIm'. the ri\t r i^ niucli laiir« i' ;iii'l .-tilUr, ;iii|ii liii;- make the ri\ w ijitli.iilt |.> Intv.f, alni till' ill' i- a!\\av» |ii'iir. At li\(' Icau'lK-' aliii\r St. .I.ilili, \\r inliir ti> lllf l-lc aiix N"i\. ulii.il til.' Ki'.'ii. Ii jni'titi. .1 ill IT.'.'.'.' Till' riv.r i- a -iiii«li..t w iilc ail ar.iuml tlii- i-laii-i. aii.| lllf lainl ainl \v.i...i« in it- tiiviri.ii> ai'i' ov trtluu i .1 at ica-t tu.i tf. t uli.'ii til.' uati r- ar.' |.i\v. We cl.i-.il til.' riv.r ill r.' l._\ a r.iw nt' pilr- .1. tni.l. .1 l.v tli.' iiitr.'ii.'liiii.'iil- .HI til.' i'laini. 'I'lii- \va- tin' -.iilv ]M.>t I'ai'ai'lf lit' .'KVi'iiiiLT til.' ciliiiiv. \\\,,u .hi..' the ciiiinv wa- iiia-tt'i' iif St. !• r<'l''i I'-. I lii'V I luiiii turn tlu- pla.'.' ii_v im i.tlnr u a_\ . imi' ..iiil.! tli.'v luiiii: tin ir arlil- l.'i'y li_v laml. \l. I'milIi..!. in L.'iiiiiu' i|..u n I.> ( 'aiillnii 111 1T.>. lia.l III. int. -.1 ..lit tl |.ii-iti.>ii t.i tl,.' ( 'li.'\al II r .|.' I,.'\i>. It r.iiilij a.'i iiiiiin.i.lati' tw.inr tliiii- tiii.ii- >aiHl III. II in la-i' t>\' iii'..!. l.Miilili.- iiii«-.— . I \ti';i..|iliiiHr.\ lii-t.i|ii :il iiii. ri-l fr .miiN tlmi wi r.' ..riiiii r ... I iirr.ii. . iliaii iIi.im- .Ii'm riln-.l li\ llir milli..i' I'.n. '• Tui h. mil. ~ - i;i>. ' Kl. \. II mil. - I'.ii 'Til. M. ;iu\ N.ii\. liir.iiii. nil im|...ii:iiii |„,iiii in ii„. Aiii.rii-iiii It. \M|lHi.l|l, mill li:i- I Ml- -illl. I...I1 Jir !' II NAVIiiMiMN III I.VKi: ( IIAMI'I.AIN. A It'iiLTHf iiliovf. We tiiul -I'Vcinl i'liiml- cnvcicd uiili rutin's.' lull ihc rliaiiiii'l i-i iilwavn l"*'"! I<'r li;iii|iiis. I. a Prairie :\ ItnsliiMi ami I'Dintc an Mniilin Koiicaiit, nil- tlir only ijiy |ilaif^ wlnr.' cainii-. iniilij lie IdiiihiI (•oiivfiiiihllv . Wlnii uc ciit.T l,alt \'alr(Mii't i-laml.' ami in tl ll. K -I (■( iiii| t lit'i'i' ai'i' si \'i'ral tim- liai'lMii'> mi t lie hjh'i I -\<\<- UrII -.llclliTiil tlir^r (jitft T.iil iick^ imiic than tuu hnmliril hairaux liiiirht lie iilactil. Tin- rot nl' ihr "Iidi'cs oT tlii> i«laml art' -tfcii iiick'. Kmir haLTuc-i almvi'. i^ a kind of I'mky i a|>r.' witli a liltlt' hay. ulitic tun nv thici' haliaiix miirlit timl slnltir in hail weather. <>|i|"i-ite. is the l>|e an ('lia]>nii." a little liodk nl" :f I ■A-.!! M:iMil;il M:llia, iVr Kli. 'M'niiit nil Fir i> ill ('ii:iiii|il:ilM. (liiituii ('■>.. N. V, en llii- iioril >ii|i' III till' liioiilli III' ('|i:i/\ |(i\ii' - I'.li 'Niiw ( iimliiihiiiil 111. 111. ll \\;i^ ~iiiiirliiiii- « liltiii Si|iirNinliiii or Siiiiilliillliill 1 1 i- ililiMii rinlllllir Miili;i\\ 1% WiMil 0'/v/i.«.'./;,.»-,i^«i 11 ilr.T. — ■/>. .1'" .1/1^/'/. >"'• . ii, :ilit . .\ ) ' •' III-' . \, l**". — Ki>. M'riili Nliuiil — I'.ii ' Nrar I'lirl Kiiil - Ki> •SiliiivUr Ulan. I. — Ki>. lit) \ \\ \>, \l I'i\ III I. \Ki: 1 II will M\. land oil the ii]i|u r -\>\f d' wliidi \vr iiiav verv coii- Viiiiiiitlv laiiil. aiul ln'M liatcaiix in -Ik Iti r. All aiMiiii'l lln- ii-tnt'ilii- i-laml air onlx LT'-al link-, wliiili wi'iiM li"\\(\(r atliiril -lultcr tVniii ilir uiml. Tlii- r,i|.i I lia\i' 111! iiti.'iK'il I< Tiuinali - tln' l"ii!,'i-l liKMiiiIaiii- ill llii- i|Uarli'r. Kr. 'Ill \\iv l-\'- ail < 'hai"'ii, \\r is<> t" lli.' Tnini ni tin- l-lc- lie- ( >lia;ir.\Tlil-. alnl ill li lie U « a 1 1 1> T Wf iiiav ■rii«- III III,-,- i-hin III l7-"i''. tirii.ial Aiiilin-t w l-liiii:,' III alia. ill'' \-\<- aiiN Ni 1 '.. liillir w nil a (li'IailiiiKliI "I ti\r IT -i\ ill iii-aiiil ii:iii I" < iHaiiil'uli llii- |"'iiil, !ait \\a- -Iiii.k li\ a N. W. wiihI wliiili hrhl ll\ 1' iT -:\ il.lN -. Ii\ W hlrll lie l.i-i a i|i>/(ii liahaiix. Thr ImiI >r.l-iill lln II In -ilillihi: I'nlricl llilll Ii> lillini W I' iiia\ (in aiiiii iK'ar a n Mr \\ llilll i- at ill'' In ail i| a lia\ In ar >|i;il kn.k. l" ll ir -iiiitli. I 111* n\ • r laki - ll> llM' Inal l,al\i >t. >ai lalin lil. ainl -"Iiir In'-- lili |.,irlii'« iia\i' im r.i-.i.iii;ill_\ taki'ii tiii- iihiIc u> rcaili iki- ( 'liaiui'laiii. ' I'.. 'N. Mill >|.|il Um k. III.- 1, ikf n -i iiii'U « a ri\ i r. ami tin' -iirKuiiiiHii^- iin>iiiilaiii» iiiaki- a \< i\ tiin' lia-iii a- Tlii- !• -iiii i- ill ihi iiiw II III \\ ilMMirniii;li r.--i \ t iiiu . N \' :illi| I'l 111 l!;i\ lAli li'l- ilji lirlilinl it Tlii M.m.U ;ili iim\ i :illi'l '.lie- F..in- lin.ili: 1- i;n • 'I'lir « n < k- I'l llii -I Im,:i|. iii:n -I ill III «i t II 1 1 lull r Willi 1 1 .11 I III riM I :iii-'.M liiij iii:iii«l ti. lln- .li -i rijilinii i- I'n |!iiiii|iii i l!n Mill iiiiiiilii I'l ilii- -in ;iiii I- -i.iiH null - iii'iili I.! >|i|ii liiM U , 1,1 1 :i linilii :i ,'1 III, l|ii'l-"li, il li;i- 111 1 II ll 1 1 lillv |i|ii|i..-i i| 111 liiillij :i r.iilrii.nl lln ! f i>i:i i;N( i:- i>\- -t. i i;i;i'i:i;ir l;l|- H> 111 M. 1' ii'il'Th'. I lie \V(>t -Icli'i-. \ry\ liu'llll- tililhiil-.. All ill^|iirtiiPli III' ||||. Iii;||i will i,^i\c ;i licllcr ilcii dl iIk' I'oiiiil IN' tliaii :iii\ ■npl Iclll. On ih (•;l>l -i'lr. I rllc;illl|'illL:\ it'll' ai'i' 111 Ihi-^ i< lihiii SI \cral tiiir !iii\> li W r.inl\' rcillnw ilic ra-t -hli' i<\' llii' laUr rillii'i' in iiiir n|i III' iliiw n. ami \\r ^ImhiM rmiaik liial in li'uiii; il'iNv n. w I' >lniii 111 kt'ih III iIh' lilt Ml' w r-t -ill tin- li-k I r u-ittiiiLf int" \li-~i-kiiiii ii I'.av. T I', iir run II' haiiK^ Laki' ( 'liaiiijilain air 'j-nai iiniiilial'ili'il I'laiii-, III' -nil i- M'l'x ^-iiml III iiijiivaii'. ami tlir timliiT liiu' n- III St. !' riiliiic w t'l'i' ami |irii|irr I'nr -liip liiiilijiiii:'. Hi liiii' llii' war. till' iii\ ii'i iiihaliili'il. 'I'lii- I'lil. Imill a- wt inav -ic I'luiii llii' Ilia|i, nil a ]ii II Ml-llla. \Va- a rrilnlllil nf llia-ulllA. In wliidi wa'' a'I'Iril a wall nl -Iniii' williniit tcriaiinu'. iiiiiiiiiii1iiil;' wall wa- iiinr<' ilian two Inl tliii M. ill' I >>\-t in IT.".'.', w I 1(11 111' I'l'll liaik iVi'iii ( '.iiillmi I'l llii' i-li' aii\ N'nix. Till' i'liii^ii-li lia\<' I'uill ijiiili' a liiil llii'i't'. ii|iiiii a -|iiil wIhIi' a wiminiill -IimhI. |i i- a |ii'nlaL;iiii. aimiil i'i^'lii> or a liumlnil Ini-i'- ainiiml, ami Imill ciiiii-i'ly orwcii.il. Till' pii'i'i'- III' till' i'i'\i'liii('nl mi llic iMii-iilc jn'i' I hill' In I -i|iiari'. Iiiiiinl in I'V luail- nl liinlni' Wii rk. lilli'i! with I'arlli, aii'l -iirriHimliil li\ a l;iiiii| I'lw- I'linii -nini' -inal! rnrk- in llir \iv-l«'iii .\l; i-lial >a\«' il I I" iMi'k- Inrni a kimi nl nrr irniiml III"' nia'i' Till' hi^lu'-l iiia\ 1m' ihiiU I't'i'l in I C8 TIIK SIInUKS OF I.\Ki: . IIWII'IMN. i>It'v;itiiiii. mill tlicv tall awav with a >]<<]«' tn the cniintiv a'' mnd with virv litlK' ^I'il 11)11111 tin in. The interval truiii tlu' lia,\ ' t" tlu' river i- cld-cd liv lildik liousis a liuiiiliTil tniscs a|iarl, w itli a wninl.M iiitri'iuliiiHiit liitwccii tliiiii. Till- I'tnl i> iiiin li lultrl- 1,1. Mild I'.ir llir I'lllLrli-ll than tm- thr Klrlli!l ('1 i|i iiiii'«, I HI airniiiit aliiiVf ^t. r ndirie, ainl on the saim «i(h' 1' thi' ri\ el a la l>arlii|e.- It ha- a -amiv IihIImiu ami t'uiir tret nt' water at InWf-i. m- at h a>t >e\|iriiiL:. Ii- hrd i- all eiiNeiid witli rii»iie>, :ind veiA thieklv hmderi d hv willi.w -. Ii ha-nlliit. The hank IIMIIi ."-^t. I''|ede|'ie is ;diiillt liirtV teit ahn\e the wal«r aiie iif thi> ri\er i- eiitiielv all mil:.'- ihe-e nil iiin lain-, and i|iiit. iIll|la^^illle Im- an ariiiv. It- ien^rii leai'lle-. On tl 1 I- -eVeli i>V elLlIlt i|iii-ite -h.iir i, ii tiiiiL'iie lit' land, and th nKHIIitain- .nine diiwn tn the lake. l^»iiit army eniild eni;ini]i tin re. e a laiL'e Tl !«■ liver ui Cidilliin at tl ii> plaee i- lint ni'He than 'llilh\;iL'l.M I'.iV -Kl. ' I'miiiiurn Cm k. — Kn n ^ / ItHI CMtUI>L«IM «i. /•../.r{«» » ' !• A H T •^ i.*> fi(Cy « '* *m,*^/f^ ifi^ ft^^*^ ^** ^t,,A*-K' f4* m-mi ,; W»Bi«. K»««p.,, V. ,., . . y- <••../ ' /^u Moovr DnnmnM -0 '/ rt «#.4 *•*•/ y^.- i*^d/ w^>^ t*-4*A /' «... 4. /^ /4fn /yMt AtA/f /*///» ^ A^mr.,f/k<, Ii4" -r ■/ 'MtfutAy tu s saltirf. "", I '" I 1 1 II ' n fif ii i iii|i> "I II ttii w uM .1 1 1 II i nTtHjn ' * iikCliOBaGKAi»tiir4i %f4» ... Xn^Kni *. *n.«»i tif .1<4!» • i3»«r .ilijiutf . " -jJ wtmk w n I iff i 11 'ii? 5 i ill i u V // . . — ■* i^ *i . ■. - rv\\\ M' ■ w !^ UEKEN'CES OF CAUIIJ.oN. 69 'IP II j,'uii nhot ill widtli, jiiid it is the imrrowcHt placo botwt'cii St. Frcilorir ami ('aiilloii. This post could not lit' tiiriifd to cover St. Krodcric. IJy its rear, it woiihl hiive coinmmiiciitinii witli that fort. It lius ii cove or hay \vhi*li TicoiuUroya, ami in liuliiiii Teaontwoijtn. — Xok in Dri'jinal. i , / 70 lU.I'KNt'KS 01- (AUn.I.oN. stoiii' IVoni till' tlclnis of till' iiKiiiiitaiii. Its cxtorlor works arc a lU'iiii-luiii' liii'lnn- tin- iiiiirli' of tin' liill, a fosso of five or six toisos wiili', with its loviTid way and a irluris in tin' ivar of tin' fort, at tin* t-nil of tin' liiiiil". It has also a rt'tlmilit, wliirli roniniainls thi' watiT. This fort is Imilt iiiion a nn'k vfrv storp almost ail aioninl. Tin' sidi' nn)st I'Xposi'd is i-oninumdi'il li.v a hi'iuiht whrif an introni'hnii'nl is Imilt, Iniii' hundird toisoH distant. Around this plact'. npon the front I hast' di'scrihud, tlirrr is no I'arth for opining trfnchrs, bcraiisi' it has all \>vvn takt-n off to form thr i;laaii-i,' of the hay and that of till' river of the falls, lint it would iml hinder from goint; to St. Kredtiie \t\ land. O[iposite Carillun is the mountain Serpeiit-a-Son- nette,- from whenee also Carillon could he hatteied hy artillery. At the entranee of the hay isuditlieult foot path in this mountain which eomniunieates with Lake (jieorif'j or St. Sacrament. The Kni;:lish have huilt a line saw mill at the Kails, ' .Moiiiil liKlciMiiilrmc (III llii' NtTiiioiil ^idc. - Kn. ^ .MiHiiil Uiliaiiie. — Ku. TIIK |[u\l) I.KAIMSiJ Til I.AKi; (iKnitCi:. 7| iiiid ii lilni-k lioiisi' witli luiir ciiiiiKHi, iiml hirifi! i-noiiuli li>r 11 limitlrtMl iiicn.' 'I'licy liiivc iilso slioilchcd tlic; iKii'liiirc iniid at least ti (|iiarti'r (tl a Ifan'iic. Tl If !•( 111(1 is ii'iiDd, and littk- lialdc Id disjuilc, bciiitr (HI tin- tnoiiiilaiii sldjic •.vliicli is wry j^i'iitic, and Ixmiidi'd (111 (iii(« side liy tlio iiiouiitaiii Scrpciit-iVSoii- iicttc, and (111 tiio otln-r liv tlii" river of (lie K nils. I Set; ir»! rvacliiiia; tlic Kails after icaviii-;- Carilloi 1, \\(! '■ »' <(' !i raviiio, wlilcii ((iiiiiiiaiids almost eiitirt'iy across lilt- istliiiiiis. It is very di'c|i and steep on tiie side towards Carillon. On tlie left there is a liilloek,- wliicli striki's llie passaire liy tlie Falls, and on the right the hank eonnnaiids ton stream, and to the cove of the river of Carillon. This is till' hest point to hold with an army, as it eoveiN Carillon and the wliolt! course of the river, and we cannot ite seen in reverse, as in the iiitrenchmeiits that are actually hiiilt. The I'liiii'lish havi' cut down nearly all the wood in this part, iiloiin' the road to tlu- portage, at the foot of Mount Serpeiit-a-Soniiette and upon hiaiiiond point. In i;"oiii:;" to Lake tieorii'c hv the rii-lit ot' tl le river ' Till' (lUllcl of !.;iUi' (ir(ir;:c is llini' inili lU'ji. Mliil I 111' (lix rill is •.'•.'() till, 'riic \(iliimf of Wilier i)iis>iiii:, i> i-.iiiiiiiliil Ml I, III:! Ini pir SCI I. iilul Ml lowest Kill licl, ll is not liiililc lo cMl-clilcs of JiiLTll iiiiil low wiiliT, IIS the lake is t'i'il liy >|iiiiiy:s. l{(-.lrirlioiis upon the title IlilVe llilliello plevelllecl the lull iliAelopliielil of llii^ livtinilllic I low ■r. — < ;„,/,'.■, Tifi'iiiti .1', I'l, IT. - Ki) -"I'lii- is, I lielie\e, .Moiiiil liiilepeini peinleiiee. .\"/( ill Orii/iliiil. .Moillll lli(le|ieiu|eliee is on llic east side of the lake. — K Ii Vl STUATKUU' I KAllllKS ul' I.AKi; (IKolUlK uLTI.KT. abovo till' Kiills, \\(y iiiid (Iu> nvcr llcrnoH, wlilcli in luirrow, Imt dcop, ami so (lifHciilf to juiss tliat it could III' di'ti'iidi'd. In t^oini; up, wi- next iiu-ot tlio iMirrriit III" till' Ariiri's Miitaclies. Jiuki- (u'orjjo is sfiiicilv more tliaii a lfai,'m' and w half widi', liy sixti-oii in Kiitrtli. It is siirroiiiuU'd l»y vory sl. cp inoiiiitaiiis, i's|n'iially on tlio li'tt. In ptinjif I'roni Ciiiillun tu I'oit (IcmLrf, it is almost im- passaliif to |nT.-on> I'Nin on loot. Tlif rii^lit side altlioiijxh vi'Py luid, is. liowcvir. passalili'. 'I'lii' dc- taciimi'nl umlcr tlu' orders of tlu' Clii'varu'r di' Levis jiassod that way, wiu'ii tlu'V went to invest Koit (it'orire in 17oT. We had a camp ot ohsi rvation at the entrance npon tlie lakecalleil tin* Canipof ('outre Coelir. It was not well loeati'il, hecause it could he turned hy the .Arhres Matachos, and hythe lake. At this place the Khulish iandeil in IT.Vs. It was not then occuiiied. ' The position would have heen hettei', had it heeii a little I'urthcr ailviiiiccd, at the toot of Mount I'elue. A Jiost upon tlii- mountain would have heen vi'ry advanti.ireous, as it couhl not have heen turned hy land, hut it woiild have run the risk of heintf [la.ssed hythe lake, evpceially hy laru'c vessels. The north point o? the hay of (Janaouski, would ho a good phic-e to defend the passage of this lake. A eamp there, would he very sun- of not heing turned. 'Siiic' Known MS llowV Lmuliiifr — Ki»- ft luliT AT TIIK 111; Ml iiK I.AKK (IKiiltliK. Till' liiUe is vcrv iiarri>w at thin |iniiit, iiinl liv (k ciipv- iiijrwitli artilli !,)■ tlif (wo littli' islaiid.i wli'uli aif iiciii', it Wdiiltl scaivi'ly lu' |u).ssilili' to i riiist' u|iiiii liic lak«'. 'I'lic Incalidll (•!" Knft (ifoiiif wiiiili we tiidk iillil • It'xtiovftl ill 17."(7, \\i\H on a kiml of imcU. Tlio Kiii;- lisli Iia. ]() IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 12.8 lis Ui m m lU 140 IL25 nil 1.4 12.0 I 1.6 HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM (716) 172-4503 K\ ^V ^'^\ ^.V' ^ 6^ k '4^ 74 DESCRIPTION OF FORT EDAVARD, lilt ' Hit : Towards tlio middle of the portage is the hut, which is a little fort of upright timbers to serve as an entre- pot and to favor convoys. It is capable of holding a liundred men. At a league and a half from this fort, the road strikes the Hudson or Orange River and upon its banks at a league and a half beyond, wc find the fort called by us Lt/daifi, and by the English Edward} This fort is a square of forty or forty-two toises on the outside, with one side upon the river bank. The ditch which surrounds it, is about five toises wide and FOKT EDWARD. ■ ' h) I .^soi'-^i"'''''- V )i m: A. Magazine . H. Haiiafk.1. C. S/(ir(/inuf(!. D. JIOKplttU. IlEFKnENCES. K. Plaitker at the Watergate. V. Jhitlge. G. Moat in front of the Parapets. 1 This fort was sometimes called Fort Lj-maii, from the offleer who construeted it. It was named Fort Edward in honor of Edward, duke of York, grandson of George II, then reigning. The village and town of Fort Edward iire named from this fort, the last vestige of which has long since disappeared. — Ed. BLOCK HOUSES DESCRIBED. (0 shallow. The rampart is of earth paj'tly revetted Avith saueissons, and partly with tiinbor.s laid piece upon piece. The parapet is made of coffers of wood filled with earth, with a fraise around the cannon on the flanks, and upon the points of the bastions. The em- brasures are closed with Chevaux-dc-fraise. A little brook runs along these works at the lower part of the place, whieh is commanded all around at good range of cannon shot. They have there built several block- houses to cover, and thus form an intrenched camp. On the island before the place ' is a poor intrcnch- nient, quite commanded on every side, and several groups of barracks. The blockhouses of which we have spoken, are re- doubts of wood, consisting of two squares. The best are those of St. Frederic. They liavc a ditch fifteen feet wide, and the earth thrown out is made into a glacis. A stockade is built obliquely along the ridge. The first story is loop-holed, and serves for the guard. In the upper part, the angles of the square correspond with the middle of the square faces below, which gives the structure an octagonal form. There are usually some embrasures for cannon in the upper part, besides loop-holes. The country around Fort Edward, although hilly, appears proper for cultivation. The landscape is very pleasant, being upon high ground. m ' Monroe's Isliiiul. — Ed. ■.ft ' (I I 70 DESCRIPTION OF FOKT MILLKU. The river is not navigable a league above this fort on account of its swiftness, and it there conies out of the great mountains.' It is there only a gunshot across and quite deep. At a quarter of a league be- low Fort Edward, we cross the river upon a wooden bridge, and the road continues through a low and marshy country for a league. Two leagues still be- yond to Fort Miller, they turn down to one side where they have cut down trees to build the road. The earth being washed away by the river, had to be covered at considerable cost with round pieces of wood, to make it iirm. Fort Miller is a little square for holding two hun- dred men, and is built partly of earth and partly of timber, placed piece upon piece. It appeared to be newly built, and was not finished when M. Pouchot passed there. It is in low ground, marsh}' and muddy. They join the river at a gun shot distance froni this fort, which is the beginning of the road above described. It is called twelve miles from Fort Miller to Sara- toga or Saracto. At a league and a lialf before reach- ing this fort, tlie river passes between two high hills, - which form a good post. The mountains to the right "Glen's Falls.— Ed. 2 Bj' thi.H tlcfilo the iiiiluoky Bui'goyne eoimtcd upon milking liis retreat, but tlie Americans having got liel'orc liini, he was forced to sign on Uie ITtli of October, 1777, the capitulation of which the public is informed.— ^Vo/« Iti Oriijinal. !k ::;:t I SAKATOOA — STILIiWATEIl. 77 and left of this valley are quite elevated, and tiie waters of the river are liiie. Saratoga ' is at the cud of a flat in a beud of the river. It is built of cartli revetted with sauoissons, and will hold a garrison of three hundred men. There is a bank at cannon shot from the foi-t which com- mands it.. It is a bushy ridge of gravel and stones. From Saratoga, we continue to follow the river through a kind of meadow or pasture ground. We meet two fails of water upon this route to Stillwater. At the first are some saw mills, and tliey were build- ing some bateaux. We can come very near to the Falls by water, and embark inmiediatcly below. It is the same at the second fall. Stillwater''' is a little smaller than Saratoga, and built in the same manner, being only a large star redoubt of earth revetted with saueissons, Avith a ditch eighteen feet wide, fraised. This fort is in a meadow, and commanded at gun shot distance by a terrace which surrounds it, and behind which could be placed three or four thousand men, which renders the place very bad. It is an entrepot of provisions and other ' On tho East bank of the Hudson in the present town of Easlon, Washini^toii County. — Ed. '^At StiUwatera stockaded fort was erected on the elevated ground at the north end of tlie vilhige, about wliere the Presbyterian eluireli now standi;. And on the tlat below this, a few rods from the river, were the store houses, — two long buildings whieh were kept in good repair, und coutinued to be used in the public service through the revolutionary war.— Tr. N. Y. Ag. i>oc., 1848, p. 912. — Ed. 11 il il K 1 i 1 il 78 ROAD FROM FOUT MIIJ.FR TO THE MOHAWK. !'WI m I'ii; ;-: I It; goods going lip from Albany, to he carried to Fort George. Tliey come up from that city hy water in flat bottomed bateaux resembling ferry scows, hut which have sails. The tide conies up to this place. The carriages from this place are by land, on account of the two falls, and some sand bars which are found along the river. It is otherwise large enough, with u good and deep current. The entrepot for wagons currying stores from Still- water to Fort George, is at a place called IIalf-^[oon, where in IT^VJ four hundred wagons were collected for the service of the army, being paid twelve livres a day, and the men and teams fed, whether employed or not. From Fort Edward to Stillwater, the valley is shut in with mountains towards the Connecticut. The slopes although steep, are however susceptible of tillage. There is a road from Fort Edward leading to the Connecticut and to Boston. The mountains begin to fall oft" at Stillwater, and the country is there cultivated. Ilalf-moon is a poor redoubt, at the end of a flat at the confluence of the Mohawk River which here forms a semi-circle, which has given name to the place. At the end of the flat, which may be a quarter of a league, we go up quite a stcej^ hill, and two miles beyond cross the Anglers or Mohawk River in a scow, half a league above the fulls in that river. Upon the v; I % il I 4' 1^ I' ■ ii t : I • I ■ :' ' • • ; 1 , . M I . ,', . , ■.>■^■• .. ■■■• 1, . • ' j ' 1 j.v Mi'liuuliir. ^'■•lu)i' rl,.- iiexL "wi.i ] .;L,ni'.:- wn.i ■ '• t'll'.'iUh the br.'tlMi;. v.t ,il H;i(l-.>i! < 1. lii I-, \-trv f;i voifi ! • ' !■■;■ m .v-r.^.i.v '■ \ iif \ i\ -i- ■■ ... ■ . 1 ., • M ■ i't .1 ■ ii t' ,: ■ . ,\ ' .•; ■ . -.M .■' .■■p-ul-. .-■Jth'.nl mvdli.i'M li_\ ,■■ .; ■ : ;!:■. '..'I'./ivi iM'it; Crtti.J; iUiil i',ij-ii. r:i • , j., , ::i ■!■■.;. ■'l)^■'! llH* P 'ifCli M cr.i./j ^;.:ir 'r- ,. ,,,, .■■'•.^■. •■ jiri'«p!ii »> >]iM't«ok. '• nV'/r :i :i>i^"i ::• ■ , :.,■;^ :' i'"- '-ri ■•l(. TUMI- ciiuu,^ r»i I 'f. iiM... •, ••'.-.• i , : 'i-li-n, I i ';«V COIlDKS lAM.S — IIOAI) To AMIANV. Tit side opinisiti' the t'crrv a rcdoiiltt was In'iriiii tor Iniir (('n'ci's lo covor this imssiigc aii'iiiiist dui" part'u's. 'I'lu' fall of this river is line sovfiity-livc llu't hitili,' and almost ixTpi'iuliciihir. Tho road Ibr tlie next two lea^t,^iK'.s winds anionic the hills to reach the liottoni of tho Hudson valley, and this part is very favorahle for anihuseades. Wlien we roaeli tho foot of tho hills, we then follow the hank of tho Hudson, alouii,- tho foot of little hills whieh ari' ([uite stoop. They nro higher on the other side of till' river. Just heyond the suhurh of Oranoje, wo pass upon a hridge, over u stream- upon whieh nvv several mills. Alhany, or Orann-o, is huilt ui)ou the slope of a hill whieh honlors the llivor lEudson, otherwise eallod Al- hany or Orange. It is the form of a triangle, the hase of which is a tine (piay along the river, with jettoi's, forming a very line port. Ijanpies, snows and sehoonors, come up from tho sea as far as Alhany, at whieli place they do a good trade. At the apex of the triangle, is a citadel revetted ' And not liny, as JI. IJiiU'oii wrote— l/M, .\,ii. I, i, ji. s!l..— y,it,; ill Orii/iiiiil. This ciiMude at the prcscnl vill:inc of CoIidcs, Alliiiny Co., liils liccii si'icf urcally reduced in voliinie \ty the withdrawal of its waters for tlie enlari;ed Kiie Cmial. and for liydraulie power, in tlie extensive niannfaetories llmt liave lieen ereeted there. In lime of iiiuli water, tliey, however, i)resent a spectacle of nincli jrrandcm-. Tlie Alhany Northern Hail Uoad crosses the river a short distance helow. — Eo. U'atrooM's creek, now chieliyuscd to supply the Albany city water works. — Kv. • I ^■: \l I. 80 lil'.SCHll-rinN ()!■■ AUIANV. . ' u n.i Im with stone' It is s(|iiiiri', I'orty toisrs on ii siiU' oxtor- nallv, with u sinj;ii' ditrli twenty Ibet wido, and without a ,i;la. ' This liospiliil stoDil il liUle north of the Ibrt near tlie |)resent site of tlie Liitlieran eliiireli. — Ki>. 'The lliulilunils.— El). NAVIUATION (IK Tin; Ml I»S()N. 81 (li'ptli i^ootl, with l>ut fiiw Hlmllowrt. Porliaps no imvi- i^ation Is inoro sure, antho vohsoIh tliat_m> ni> from New York to Alliaiiy, liavo usually l»ut tliroo iiu'ii for a crow. TliiTf irt almost aiiywlu'ro' tjood bottom for aiicliorajj;c' fillic'r on the oast or west sidi', and thi-y fuii <^o wIkto tlioy i>K'asc aecordiiifjf to tho wind. Till' hanks on oacli Mo aro hijfh, and form a chain of liilirt covered witli poor soil. The dwrllings are Heparati'd hy intervals of al)oiit three (iiiarters of a leatiiie. Kxeept Home liouses in particular places, the country has a poor and desert-like aspect, like the poor countries in our mountains in Europe. We lind some mouths of streams aloni^ the course of this river, which appear to he not navigable, and Home mean villages. They say tliat tlie interior of tho country along these streams is Itetter settled, especially along the Sopus river.' The country however, prom- ises nothing fine, being very mountainous and tilled with great boulders or detaclied rocks. At six leagues below Albany, we find two islands which form bars across the river, so tliat loaded vessels can only pass at full tide. There arc two channels; the one goes to tlie right of the left hand island, and then turns very short, being the worst of tlic two chan- nels. The other is between tlie right hand island and the west shore, where there is a village.* Tliey then > Hondout Hivcr. — Ed. 'Coxsaokic. The imvigation ncnr this place ami above still coii- tinuea bad on uccount of the bars that form in the river. Large sums 11 .f, :■ 1 1 - .T I 1 1 1 ■ [ 82 NAVIGATION OF THE HUDSON. go right towards this village, turn towards the island, and then coast along it. Although this navigation is ninch nsed, vessels often ground here, hut without injury to the boat. They call it the Devil's bar. This is the only difficulty worth noticing that is met with in this navigation. It is curious to sec the prodigious quantity of sturgeon who are constantly springing from the water in the summer season. At twelve leagues below this passage, we see on the right a group of large mountains called Kaatskills, which extend far away into the upper parts of Penn- sylvania. They are higher than in those regions, and are scarcely second to our Alps except that they do not retain their snows in summer.' They are very steep, and nothing but simple rocks covered with woods. At fifteen leagues beyond, we enter the mountains called Isinglas," which although not so high are almost vertical on the river. They usually form chains of rock, covered with poor wood, of which considerable quantities are sold in New York. of money lii\v(! lu'cii spent in reniovinu; tlieni iind in bniUlingdylies to deepen and stiaijrliten tlie eliannel, tlie etleet of wliieli has generally been to only sliift tlie liar to another place. In a river where the tide and current meet, these trouliles must always necessarily occur. — Ei). ' The elevation of the Catskill ^Mountains is far Ic.ss than that stated liy the author. High Peak is ;!,Tlo, and Hound Top ^,804 feet above the Hudson. — Ed. 'As we enter the Highlands from above, IJutter Hill on the right is 1,520, and Xev: Bacon on the lett is 1,085 feet high. — Eu. THE HUDSON BELOW THE HIGHLANDS. 83 We wind among the curves in these mountains about four leagues. AVc lind some anrhorages in lucky places for sbeltcr, but if these are lost, one would be in danger in bad weather. The river still preserves about its same breadtli, and the current is so strong that they only go with the tides, which are very strong, both up and down. They lay at anchor when the tide is against them, through the whole conr^'of thisnavi- ffation, unless thev have a good wind which can enable them to overcome its current. This forms a division of the country, which may be called the upper and the lower regions. There are here some very good points for cutting off communi- cation from tlic lower country and the sea. At the entrance of this gorge is a little island which would very well bar the river, and is not itself comnuuided from tlie land.' In coming out of tlie mountains, the river forms on the left a little bay, which in coming up might be readily mistaken for the river channel on account of its opening between the rocks.- After coming out, the country to the right for two or three leagues presents very high banks. The country, after leaving the mountains, is very > PoUopel Island opposite New Windsor. — Ei>. ' Peeliskill Creelt. Tlie illusion described in tl>e text is verj' striking, and one could scarcely doubt at a mile distance, in coming up, but that the channel was about to turn to the right, iustcad of the left. — Ed. 1 1 • i li .1, ; !li )■ 111 ' !• i:S t. f ! ;;. . I i' U; ;.'l^ 84 SUPEniOK ADVANTAGES OF TIIK IIIDSON. iigrooablo, and appears like a tiuo plain with pleasant landscapes, well cultivated and occupied with well built liouscs. The river is usually a league wide from this outlet to Xew York. This cliain of mountains which we have described, extends east and west along tlie wliole of the English provinces, at about the same distance from the sea, preventing the other rivers of these countries from communicating between the coast and the interior of the continent, as we sliall see hereafter. The Hudson River is the only one that furnishes a profitable navigation with the interior of the country, and where the tides stop, we tind ourselves above the sources of the J)claware and the Suscpiehanna.' The route of this river, Ibrms without doubt, the iinest entrance to that part of the continent of America called OnKd/ii, as it can l)e used the year through, to communicate with Europe, which is not the case with the St. Lawrence. By wa\' of the Mohawk River, wc find ourselves without much ditiiculty in the midst of the lands and the lakes. The province of Xew York embraces the whole course of the Hudson River and twenty miles on each side, the whole length of the Mohawk, and also Long Island. Xew York or Mencde, is a very fine city, on a kind of island formed by a little branch from the Hudson wliicli falls into an arm of the sea which sepa- >An importanl oljsci'vatiou in judiiing of the duvation ami llio laiul-slopes of the coiitineiil of North Aiuunca. — JS'ute in Uriyiiml. mr. W^'t . 1 '\\'h r ^ It 11 ' i''' ',it NEW YORK CITY AND IIAKIIUII. 85 rates it from Long Island and the main land. The streets of this city are very wide, all paved, and some of them ornamented with rows of trees. The houses are in the Dutch style, many of them of wood and of fine construction. The city is thrifty and quite com- mercial, and every one has an easy air. There uro about fifteen or eighteen thousand souls ' The principal harbor which is on the side towards Long Island, is always full of merchant ships which come and go continually, and there are usually two hundred and fifty or three hundred in port. Vessels of more than thirty guns cannot anchor there. It is a little deeper on the Hudson River side, yet it is much less frequented, because it is not there sheltered from the south winds. The bars that we meet near Sandy Hook, doubtless would prevent vessels of the greatest force from coming up the river. At New York they have coast pilots, for conducting vessels from Sandy Hook to the city, for whicli the charges arc very high. Along the quays of this city, they have constructed piers to receive the vessels which come up directly to the shore, and unload by planks or flying bridges. This city is not fortified,^ and has only a citadel at ' This cstinmte is vcrj* nearly corr(!('t as referring to 1708. In 1750, tlie population of the island was i;5,040, anil in 1771, 21,802. The two steel plate views of the city, which wo lieregive, were made from sketches dated the same year that these memoirs were written. — Eu. ' We should remember that the author is speaking of the state of the country as it was in the late war. — Note in Original. 0^1 ■^ *l ■ n ■iV •■■,' f?:~ ^3»" 1, -i 'I ,. ■ , v ! -t i.'i^: :(';;■ :H r i. i!' 86 THE CITADEL : CAPACITY FOK DEFENCE. the point of the two passages. This is square, ai\(l about sixty toiscs on the outside, revetted in good masonry, without ditch or covered way. It is well fortified with cannon. At tlio front, which is on the point of hind, they have built upon some notches in the rocks, a wall twelve feet thick, which forms an intrcnchment and a kind of false-brayo to the citadel, where they have ninety jtieces of cannon in battery, of from twelve to twenty-four pound balls. The plat- forms arc all of large ilat stones. These pieces arc mounted on marine carriages, and sweej) not only the bay, but a small island used as a hospital for the Quar- antine.^ Vessels can go up the river by bearing a little to the west side, and they can land above the city, which is only defended against the country by some upright timbers like those of Orange. The place is capable of being well fortified, having oidy one front on the land side, which is very favorable for defense. This place gives naturally cross fires on the low grounds in its front, and its sides being elevated commands the river at an elevation of thirty or forty feet. Ships of war can only come up to Sandy Ilook,^ ten A fort bad existed at tho lower point of tiie island for more than a century before this period. Its mime was usually <'lianjred to that of the reigning sovercisrn, and it was then called Fort George. — Ei). ' Governor's Island. — Ed. 'Admiral Howe in 1778 found that be could come and anchor much further up. — Note in Original. KNTllANCE OF THE IIAIUIOK. 87 or twelve leagues below ^N'ew York. Tlie anchorage there is very good, and sheltered from the south winds by the hills which form the (;ape. There occurs at that place a great reef, which runs out into the open sea from Long Island, and obliges vessels in coming up to gain this anchorage, and the same precautions arc necessary in going out. In coming from the sea, they bring the Cape in line with these hills, when they come towards the Sandy point which they approach to within gun shot, always with sounding-lead in hand. As soon as they have passed this point, they find good bottom. When they wish to go up the river to reach Statcn Island, they have also several turns to make. Thoy must pass near the Jersey shore a little way, then follow N. E. of the Island, and then keep in the mid- dle of the river to the upper part of the arm of the sea where the citadel stands, where they enter this arm, which is the port. In coming from Khode Island to New York by this arm, we find a" narrow strait called Ilcltgat, which must be passed at full tide, on account of the currents and whirlpools which form there, and cast the vessels upon the rocks. ].i i.-: three leagues above New York. Above Staten Island, we come to a small island with a country seat upon it. This would be a very proper place for a depot.' ' Bcdlow's Island, now covered by Fort Wood. — Ed. : ^]? :l ik3 88 NEW KNdr.AND: TirKtU MIMTIA SYSTMM, ni m iiti Tlio country to the oast of Now York, in tjoiiiif to Conncotiout, is full of little hills, and is well culti- vatod. r will not _i,'o into details concerning those parts, and will only say, that they are all usually divided into ct)nntios or shires, that the liousos are very scat- tered, and that there is to each three hundred arponts of land. Tiioy limit the one to the other in every sense. The cities, or cliiof places of each county, arc groups of houses with nothing of particular note. When the government of each province raises its militia, they are not held more than six months at a time. They only issue papers to the otHcers for this time, which does not give thoni much importance among thcni, and after a man who has hocn an otKcer in onecampaign, he will return as a soldier in the next, and then again an otHcer, iScc. All the inhahitants are classed into companies of a hundred men. When they form hattalions, they are made iip of a certain numher of men from eacli of these companies. Each inhahitant may put a sultsti- tute in liis iilace, whom he pays for the six months campaign, from May to the 1st of Novcmher. iSomo have given as high as eighty piastres to their substi- tutes, and several assured M. Pouchot, that they had received as mucli as twelve or fifteen hundred livres. The militia are mosth* composed of people liircd in this way. One may judge of the ])opulation of these countries from the following details. During the war against ^'- i t \m i; •I. ' !i M\ h> f r :l . 1 i' . '. . \hi'y ;l! i- 1 • I u'y ■.•\'\' 1 ■ ' 1 ' .• tiir'.! I'll .lit' ,M1 UfJ', ' I ' 'I "' !l> 111 •■..■>' ■-!•.- , '■■ ri5 lii . I ! S! . ilfi li ■I'll. 1 Mil! ^1 <■■■'• as.-u, I . I •! 'IS 111!,. !• :i?" t\s . ' ! /ri:i ,'ue iiii'^fily ( • :■■ > V. • ^mc I'.iov jiiilcr'^' '>t" Hii.' ;. ■!-"i!u Ml i 'le Ji.iHdwii,.' (kv.ii! • ' '■ ■•■■■ t^' lli'.'ir ni' li- j.-- jiit! irriMl ill I' ' ■•■• '.:l':trH.~, li Q 'A ' .■) ■-.■ m , ii i i 'v'\ ( ' 1 it M)N(i rwi.ANlj: NI'.W .JKIl,«HY. 8U Cuiinda, tlwy mined twelve inoii from ciu-h company, New En>rluiid aii.j ( >miecticMit fiirtiiHlu'd 7,00(», New York 2,:J0(«, New Jerrtoy .'5,000 and tlio ..tlicr coIouieH in {ii 'jinrtion. Loiijir Island In two, tlirof, and four and iivo lea^'iuM widi', and tiiiity lonjr. Halt' of the island, iMpecially timt towards New York, is level, very thrifty and Wi'll Hettled ; and althon^ifh the Hoil is a <,n'avelly sand, it is fertile. The remainder is more hilly and not as fer- tile. They sow some wheat, hut inueh more Indian corn. They raise many tine cattle and furnish lar^e (|uantities of salti'il meats for the Ameriean Islands. There are as many inhabitants in this island alone, as in all ('anada.' They do not sow mueli vdieat in the provinces of New England and Conneetleut, hut they raise a pro- digious quantity of cattle, with which they trade ex- tensively with the islands. New Jersey is a magazine of grains. This pro- vince is almost entirely level, tilled with little tidal streams, which greatly facilitate the importation and ' Tills is a mistiikt'. >[. Poiicliot states in a MS. note that tlioro arc about ;i(),'")0 souls on Lon^ Island, while in t'linaila we reckoned in the last war niore than !l(>,(l(l(). — A"^' /// Oviijiiud. From Hoiiehette and other authorities, we iirepare the following HUinniary of the population of Canada at dill'erent periods: InUI(IO,:{,4l8;— in KlTd, S,41,5;— in UiHS, ]l,24Ui— in 1700, :.'O,0(HI; — in liOd, 20,000;— in 1714, 20,004;— in KoO, or),(lOO;— in 17H4, 11I!,0()0. A capitation list of Canada in 1754, triive (Juelicc 8,000, Montreal 4.000, Threi' Rivers and the Fouj;cs 800, the rural distl-icts 42,200, and all Canada .■)r),(MIO.— ^V. Y. Cut. JIM., .\, 271 . Long Island had a population of 23,783 in 1750 and 27,731 iu 1771.— Ed. 12 \'% i li 90 THE CONNECTICUT : THE DELAWARE. cxpoi'tiition of eomiuodities. Tlioy also raise many cattle. There arc mines >' iron and copper, and foundries of artillery for the use of their merchant vessels. There are no large rivers in this province, but many line harbors, surrounded by woods, where they say the largest vessels can anchor. As regards the Connecticut river, although deep enough and with a gentle current, it is still of but little use. The tides do not extend far up into the land.' Besides this there are four or live falls or rapids, where it is necessary to nnike i)ortages. The Delaware serves for navigation to the interior of Pennsylvania, yet is scarcely less dithcult than the Connocticul, and it has no communication with any frontier of Canada. The same is true of the Schuyl- kill river, which is shallow and has many rapids. In the province of Pennsylvania, large vessels go up the Delaware bay to within iivc leagues of Phila- delphia. The Loup mition came down from near the sources of these two rivers to attack the English settlements of tliis province, and they did much mischief, being very scattered along the whole frontiers of the inhab- ited parts. ' The tides ascend the river to Iltirtford, about fitly nxiles. — Ed. 'ir [91] CHAPTER II. Of Tin; IlivKR St. Lawuknck, from MoNTRKAr. to OSAVKOO. Altliouu'li tho River St. Lawrence is vory well known, its navigation from Montreal where the rapids begin, to Lake Ontario has heretofore been but superticially described. "We will now give a minute detail of this passage, and of some of the diihculties that arc encountered. We will observe in the beginning, that tlie river is only navigable from about the loth of April, when the ice breaks up. It is usually the full moon of March that decides the season, according as it is earlier or latei". The rivers begin to freeze in Canada about the 1st of December, sometimes sooner wlicn the winds are N. W., but the ice is usually not good before Epiphany. During the general freezing, we may go from Que- bec to Montreal and the Cedars with all kinds of freight even artillery, upon the ice of the river, ex- cepting in the rapids where it never freezes. But in these parts they have built excellent roads upon the land. This freighting dorie in winter, would gain lifteeu days of time for the navigation of the upper country, .w^'^ i'^ ^'^^ I'ii * '\l ■' ^■1 f : 1 i 1' i ^l ■ 1 i;. 1 : i, i ] 92 NAVIGATIOX Ur TO MONTREAL. bocanso Lake St. Francis ' breaks up before tbe river, and as soon as this lake is free, we may sonietimcs in forty-eight hours make tbo voyage to Frontcnac. This is on aceount of tlie ditferenec of climate. From (Juebec to Montreal we do not find much dif- ficulty in the navigation, except at the liapids of Kichelieu, where the tides cease to be felt. They may be ascended with a good wind.* The winds are more frequently from the S. W. than the N. E. in Canada, which renders tbe navigation longer in going up in some places than in returning. We may anchor anywhere in the river, for we often meet islands where we can find shelter from the winds. Frigates can go up as far as Sorel, and large mer- chant ships as far as the rapids of St. Marie, a quarter of a league below Montreal. They can anchor between Ste lleleine Island and the north shore. Vessels are sometimes fifteen days and even a month waiting for a X. K. wind strong enough to help them up the rapid. The common navigation between Que- bec and Montreal is by schooners. Montreal, from its position, would be susceptible of a good fortification, on account of a stream and low grounds between the city and the mountain. It is, however, commanded at good cannon shot by a hill. •This hike is properly only an enhirjiement of the river. — yok- in Orii/inal. 2 By the aid of steam tugs, ships can now readily aseend with a head wind. — Eu. i:li a- MONTKEAL : LA CJIINK, 93 which is at the foot of tlie moimtaiii. But this place, being the centre of the coh)iiy has no need of any defense tlian the isLand itself. This place is surrounded by a wall without terraces, three or four feet thick at the bottom, and reduced to eighteen inches at the top. The plan signifies nothing, and its only benefit is to slielter against a surprise. The island of Montreal is susceptible of defence, because we cannot land everywhere on account of the rapids and currents which occur around it. Its position is admirable on account of the beauty of its scenery in the environs, which are very wide plains. It is of the liighcst importance, because it is a necessary entrepot, where the navigation changes from the St. Lawrence to the Outaouais, or the great river. The second rapid which we find, is that of the Sault St. Louis, two leagues above Montreal. It continues a league, and the voyageurs regard it as the worst in the whole river up to La Presentation.' They go up with empty bateaux on the north side, and pass with difficulty through a channel made near a mill, which they call La Chine, belonging to the Sulpicians. This leads to a place higher up, where they have made a general entrepot with magazines, and where they leave the goods that have to be sent by land from Montreal to the village of La Chine. 'The lockiigo up to l^iike St. Louis, by the cnlnrgod Luchine canal ia 44 feet 9 inclios by live loelvs, anil tlie distance is a little over seven miles across a beml of tlie river. — Ed. ;|- :|i ■i i ■IF ill ill - ■ I ' r ( M;i ■ ! i' 94 LA chine: lake ST. LOUIS. The road of this portage is very poor on account of the miul, especially in the spring, when the wagons are more numerous. This I'oad would he ver^' good if they should make ditches to drain ott the water. This neglect has occasioned a large expense in wagon- ing, and leads to much delay and cmharrassment. If the country were hctter settled, we could make a canal from La Chine to Montreal, along the little stream which enters hetween the hill and the city, and which would lead to hclow the rai>id of St. Marie, and avoid the portage of three leagues. The hateaux used for the navigation of the ujjper part of this river, carry six thousand pounds, and are of a peculiar form to enahle them to resist the eftbrts made to take them up the rapids. Those that the English builtatthe latter place, were larger and lighter, but could not endure this navigation after the first voyages. They were always tilled with water by the efforts made to keep them up, and those of the French did much better service. The English did not furnish their bateaux with sails, which are very essential on good occasions, but they provided good ash oars while the French used those of pine, which were poor, badly made, and used up in great numbers. Bateaux leavmg La Chine, follow the north side to within a league of the church at Point Claire. They always go up by poling on account of the currents, which are strong, especially around the points of laud. If they wish to pass by Chateaugay, they cross over u %■} m ISLE PEIIRAUT : THE TllOU. 95 at tlie point. Iftliey wish to pass to the point of the Isle rciTiiiit, they gain the chureli of I'oint Chiire. From the Isle Perraut they cross to the Cascades. The first that they meet, is where the river makes a little fall across its whole breadth. Near the land on the west side marked 1 on the map, there is a gutter in the rocks which forms this fall through which the bateaux pass in ascending. Some men on the rocks hold the bateaux by hand, being waist deep in the water. From thence they are taken by towing and poling, a gun shot further up, where there is another rapid, but not so bad as the former. In going down, we may leap the falls, when wo know the two passages on the east, opposite the island. Commonly, however, they go down through the gutter where the bateaux go up. The third rapid is the Trou, where they lialf un- load the bateaux, and carry the goods a hundred and fifty paces above this point of rocks. In going up, they pass the bateaux quite against the point of land marked 3. It is necessary to hold the bateau by a rope drawn by several men, while others jump shoulder deep into the water to make it advance in turning this point. The river is encumbered at this place by large rocks under the water, which falls against them boil- ing like an abyss. One of these especially, forms a great cavity by the .'■■Hl i |--rl r h : • II ':! m TUE CEDAKS. side of which iv thread of water is thrown up by com- pression into a ridge, down which they pass in de- scending. If they miss this passage, they fall into these gulfs, and can scarcely escape ; — which has given it the name of the IVou.^ These different rapids are called the Cascades, At a league below the village of Cedars, is a point of land where the river boils extremely. It is neces- sary to make the bateaux in going up, jiass very near the land. They have there made a channel, to escape these great currents, but it is not finished, and is often without sufficient water, and hinders more than it does good. The jiassage marked 4, is named the J3uisso»,'^ and is more tedious to the canoe men on account of the shallow water. From this they pole up the bateaux to below the Cedars whore they laud the goods to carry them half a league by laud above this village, while they draw up the bateaux by tow- ing. Some men go into the water to hold them, especially around a mill belonging to M, de Longueil. There are some very bad shallows here, because the river is not deep, and runs upon great boulders or rocks, which reiuler the passage dangerous and diffi- cult in descending. Above the mill is another shallow, but not so bad as the former. If, at the place where the mill stands, they had made a little canal inside of the islet upon •A trough or hole. — Eu. "TheTliicket.— Ed. THE CEDARS : COTEAU DU LAC. 97 whictli it is placed, it would liavc saved tlie voyagcurs much trouble. The spot where the clniroh of the Cedars stands, would be very favorable for a fortified post at the head of the rapids. The Ini)f1 *here forms a natural fortification, and we find plenty of land easy to dig.' A cauip placed at this point, would well cover this approach of the colony. The enemy absolutely could not descend the river under this post, and they would be obliged to make a passage by land througli the woods at least four leagues on the side of Vaudreuil. It is not to be supposed they would venture to do this and leave this post in their rear. From the point of rcembarkation, they go up by poling to the portage of Coteau du Lac, marked 5. This is a point of land where the water is so broken atid boils so strongly-, that we uro there obliged to unload the bateaux. The portage is sixty paces. It is necessary to get into the water to make the bateaux ascend, and to turn this point. Above this they cross with oars to gain another point called Point du Diable, which they pass by tow- ing. If, unfortunately, the bateau lurclies* at this point, the current carries it into the great cauldrons, ' Tlie Enjjlish have siiipc built a fort at the Cedars, wlicrc Major Sliert)unic coiilil not long resist an attack in 17T0, alter the raising of the siege of Qiieliee liy the Americans, who were ut\erwarils mastera of this fort. — yote in Oriyiiial. ■^Theyeallit lurching [ eniharder J when the currents strike the boat ()l)Ii([uely, when it is impossible to retain it, and it must be left to r\ui the rapids. — 2^'ute in. Oriyimil. 13 98 TUE CEDAKS: COTEAU DU LAC. \in and it is inevitably lost. This has happened to voy- agourawlio have attempted to pass this place by poling. The island marked 6, above this dangerous place, is extremely advantageous for defending the rapids, either right or lel't, and in going up or down. It can be landed upon either from above or below, and is altogether one of the best places to defend in tho colony. The enemy could not use the river, nor could they carry their bateaux from thence through the woods to the foot of the Cedars. This island is well wooded, and sulHoiently large. The bateaux go by poling along Coteau du Lac, using oars in some places. The current is very strong, and the banks encumbered with trees that have fallen into the water. The island marked 7, is remarkable, because in going down the Coteau du Lac it is neces- sary to find a current which is directly opposite this island, where the passage occurs for going down to the Cedars; otherwise they would fall into the great cauldrons, where they must perish without rcmcd}'. The army of General Amherst, in going down to Montreal, from the want of proper guides, lost in this passage eighty common bateaux and four bateaux called carcassieres, carrying each one twelve pound cannon. If he had but four men in each bateau in going down, at least three hundred and thirty-six men must have perished.' ' Tlic Hcnuliiirnois Canul, on the south side, in a disfnnce of twelve miles, surmounts uu elevation of eighty-four feet, between Luke 8t. LAKE ST. FRANCIS: CUKNEAUX. 99 Lake St. Francis is seven leagues long, and three or four wide.' At the entrance of the lake we find Bateau bay, on the north side, which is the side they always follow. From thence they go with oars or sails. Two leagues i'urthcr up wo find Point au ]iano, which is a usual camping place. The land there is very good, and there are there some good houses. If we do not stop at this place, we must cross the lake to find a camping ground, because the bays are deep, and the country all covered with water. Point Mouillee, marked 8, is tlio end of a meadow which extends into the lake. The country is covered with water, and they sometimes halt there. Further on we find Pointe a la Morandierc, marked 9. It is a tongue of land where we may encamp, but only with a few people, the spot being small. The woods on this north side are cedars and pines, of which the roots are nearly all the time under water. The whole interior of the land here is greatly encumbered by dead and fallen trees. From Pointe a la Morandierc, they always navigate through rushes. We must always follow the north shore without getting too near the land, in order to find the best channel of the river. We pass through the rushes between some fine islantls called the Chcncaux, and at the beginning of these islands cross to the south Louis ami Luke St. Francis by nine locivs. It comes out into Lalvc St. Francis above tlie bateau rapids. — Ed. ' About twenty-seven miles long, and from one to five wide. — Ed. 100 8T. IlEQIS : MILLE ROCHES. •■i " I if wo wish to visit the mission of St. Kogis hitely foiiiidod by the Jesuits ' and very small in numbers. The lands in the vicinity are tine for cultivation, and it is a very good country for hunting. Opposite Ht. Regis, on the side usually followed, the land is quite high, and in going up wo find a very abrupt and double point, called Poink Malignc," marked 10, where it is necessary to put on a towing line. Beyond this we roach the llille Jioclies, marked 11. This is a fall of the waters of the Long Saut by a nar- row channel, and from thence passes to the north. The river, which nuikos a great bend at this place, is much encumbered by great rocks. Tliey have made a chaimel so as not to be obliged to go around them.'' At the entrance of Jlille Roches,* we find the lower point of an island," which we pass on the north side in going up, but on the south in descending the Long Saut. We may land on this island by the lower side, and if 8up[)lied with marksmen might easily prevent bateaux from descending. ' Founded by Antoinc Gordon, a Jesuit, with a party from Cau^li- nawagn. Tlic details are given in the Hint, of AY. Jjiierence and Frank- lin Counties. — Ed. 'Just al)ovo tlie present village of Cornwall. — Ed. 'The Cornwall Canal, beginning just below that town, and follow- ing up the north bank to Dickinson's landing, opposite the Long Saut Island, now enables vessels to surmount the Long Saut rapid. This canal is about eleven miles long, and rises forty-eight feet, by the help of six locks. — Ed. 'The north channel opposite Sheik's Island, close under the north shore, a canal for steamers and small vessels is now built there. — Ed. ' Sheik's Island on modern maps. — Ed. NAVIOATION OF THE LONG SAUT. 101 From Mille Roohcs wo go to Monlincl^ iimrkod 12. \Vc tliero turn two Hmiill islivudH (wlicro the water is very Htill), and enter an arm of the river wliieli is very rough. Besides using poles, tlicy are obliged to get into tlie water shoulder deep to make the bateaux advanee. They have there made aeliaimel lor passing. We then gain a little island on the right, and come to the loot of the Long Saut. The Long Saut is a full quarter of a league in length on the north, and three leagues in length descending on tlic south. The waters boil like the sea in a tem- pest. Although the current is very rapid in the north passage, they nevertheless bring up the bateaux by towing with four or six men to a line, and two in the bateau to guide it. Fortuiuitely the currents always bear towards the shore. There are some rocks in the channel which renders this passage difficult. They might be taken out, and a road made along tlie side to greatly lessen the labor of towing. They usually en- camp at the head of the Long Saut. This country is full of very line wood, and would be very proper to cultivate. The river above the Long Saut has a very strong current, especially around the points of land which we often meet, and where we must always use the poles vigorously. No. 13 is Pointe Ste Marie, one of the most remarkable of these. No. 14, is the Mc au Chat,' • Now Dixon's Mills. — Ed. ' Still called by this nnmc. It is the towu of Louisville. — Ed. 11 V I F ' I M )« 102 rolNTE AV CAllDINAL: IIAPIDE PLAT. noti'd for beiiij? the pliui' wlioro wo croHs iiiulor thia isliiiid to tlio Hoiith, ill jufoiiij^ down tlic liOiijjf Suut.' On tlio island below,* tliere is a jioint from whence both tlie north and Houth channels might be raked by artillery, and a camp might l>e formed. No. 15, is I'ointe an Oirdiiial, eiiuaily noted for its utrong current, besides which trees have fallen Croni the bank, very much hindering the navigation. No. lii, is the Uapklc Plat, the currents being of great strength, but not dangerous either in going up or (h)wn.'' We tind tliere a great eddy, which we take to the foot, and then go up by poling, so as not to lurch.* No. 17, is Poinic mix Iro'pioisi'.'' It is not very rough, and is chietly noted for being a place where they almost always stop, cither in going up or down. 'Just below Isli' nil Chat, there is now a short iiieee ot" canal with n lock of Ihri'e I'eel six inches, to surmount a rapid aromul Ferren'a Point. — Ed. ' Chrysler's Island. .Inst helow this, on the north siih' u small tort was eri'cted in the war of 1812-1.5, to connnand the ehannel. It was called Fort Ingles.— Ed. •■' The Hapide Plat canal is four miles h)n(j, with a lock of eleven feet si.x inches. — Ed. * The Junction canal alon;; the north shore begins hclow Point Iro(iuois, i.s about seven miles long, and has two locks, together amounting to fourteen feet nine inches. The river is navigable from the head of this canal to Lake Ontario. The total rise from tide wa- ter to Kingston at the outlet of the lake is 2^4 feet. — Ed. * Still known by this name on the maps, but locally iironounced " Point Hockaway." It is in the town ot Waddington, St. Lawrence Co., just above Ogdeu's Island.— Eu. . :,» U'i ISI,K ATX (lAl.OXa: ISLE PlgUET. 108 Tlio (iiilotH iiro two vory ntron^ clu'i-kH, uiid the* riviT across its wliolc breadth dosciiinls in boiliiitj wavi's. Tlii'y follow tlio shore of tho first rapid, and whoii tlicy c'onio near a kind of jctto of rock tlioy put out tho towinif lines. CJreat care must be taken to hold tho forward end of tlio bateau towards the shore if you do not wish it taken by tho current. The second, above, is not so lon^. At a <;un shot above is a bay called Aiu. Peri'/ics, bccausi' here the poles are left. There are no more rapids, and henceforth they need only oars and sails. In goinuj down the Galots, tl: y follow the middle of the current. No. 18, opposite this bay is the Isk aiw Galois whicli nuiy be seven hundred toises around. It can siearcely be lauded upon, except above, aloujf adislait,,o of 150 toises on account of the currents meeting i flow. This island liavinj^ a good range on the north i lannels, was cntrenclied in 17o9. No. 19, by the side of the latter is tlic island called Piquet, because tliis missionary took refuge tliero with tho Indians settled at La Presentation. Witli a camp and artillery on this island and with the Galot islands occupied, it would not l)e possible to descend tho river. This post is the best to stop an enemy, if we liad men enough to guard these islands. The Isle Piquet, is a league around, and cannot be lauded upon ex- .1 •».! 104 ISLE A LA CUISSK: POTNTK A LA COIINE. .;; i' copt in some places tliat arc easy to dofond. They may coino to it iVotn above or l)cIo\v and it is well wooded. We may go np or down on the south side of the river very coiiveniontl\'. Tliis cliannel was unknown until 1759. The English encamped a detachment of their army there in 1700, Avhen they besieged Fort Levis. There are some little islands between Isle ri(pict and those already mentioned, but they are not of much consecpience. No. 20, is tlie Isle a la Cuisse, a quarter of a league in circuit, elevated in the middle, capable of holding a camp of twelve liundred men, and of being entrenched. It sweeps well, at half gun shot the north sl)orc, and with Fort Levis would defend the passage of the whole river. It was from these, that the enemy di- rected their chief attention against the fort. They lilaced fourteen cannon in battery and six mortars, which commanded, l)y more than twenty-four feet elevation, the Isle of Orakointon, on which Fort Levis was built. No. 21, the Isle 31ar/(kl(ime, is a little larger than the preceding, and also commands Fort Levis and enfi- lades the whole island. The enemy placed eight cannon, eight mortars and two howitzers upon it. No. 23, Folnlc a la Come, would be susceptible of a good entrenchment to cover this frontier by also occupying the Isle k la Cuisse and that of Fort Levis. OllACONENTON ISLE, 105 No. 22, is FohUe a I' Ycro;jne,^ upon wliicli was the priiieipiil camp of the Englisli, and the head quarters of General Anilierst. Ora/iointon,'^ is a little low island nearly level with the water, of wiiich Fort Levis covered two-thirds. This fort was a redoubt of 108 toises in circuit. On the front where tlie landin;j^ was, there was built a horn- work of 42 toises on the outside. The landing was perfectly enfiladed by the Isle h la Magdelaine. The two larger sides were quite uneciual, that on the north being the longest. They were terminated by a little tiank of about live toises. Behind, it was composed of tiiree faces like the three external sides of a hexa- gon. The rampart was twenty-seven feet wide at the base, reduced to eighteen at the top, revetted with saucis- sons. The exterior height of the rampart was seven feet, and tlie interior eleven.'' AVe have added above this, wooden colters Ibrming a parapet nine feet wide at the base and seven liigh. The height within was six feet. There was a fraisc between the paiapet and the rampart. The ditch was five toises wide and two deei), of winch one foot was under water. Upon the side of the horn-work was a ditch bordered by an oblique palisade attached to ' Point Ivcrogm", as writtoii in a preceding iiage. — Ki). 'Oraronenton, as elsewlu're wriUcii. — Ki). ^ The aeconipanying steel plate engraved for tliis work from Mante's llislorv, gives an aeeunite view ol'tlie work here described. — Ed. 14 ''I ' ii; t.'i h i! h^ ,1 |!l !: IW'I ^, i: il lot; I'OKT LKVIS. bc'd-piooos l)_v wooden pins, of little strength, because tlu'3- were not iinnly bedded.' We have built around the island on the north side, an e[paulnient nine loet at the base and iive or six feet high, and on the X. E. point a redoubt, piece upon piece of timber eighteen inches square, pierced for five guns. The south side, where the landing was, we had closed by a palisade up to the foot of the glacis, where were formed wooden boat slides for the use of the fort. At the S. AV. point was an epaulement as a parapet of the covered way. Around tlie whole island we had placed an abattis of the branches and tops of trees, which extended out iifteen feet into the water. AVo had left a passage to land on the north side, of forty toises, and all from the i'oii to the end of the island. This fort is easily commanded by a point of land on the south side called 0'«/(rt^(/ra^o/;/,'" distant 4")0 toises from the island, where the enemy placed four catinon, four niLrt.' "s and two howitzers, which enfiladed the island fijiu south west to northeast. On the same shore and opposite the isle of Orakointon, there is a little river'' of the same name as that of the point we 'Tlic whole work could only last a liltk' wliili', and we believe that even in the late war, tlu' English had ahaniloncd it, as it was useless to them. — Xotc in Orir/iiinl. " Now " Indian Point " in Lislmn. — Ei>. 'Tihliitt's ereelv in Lisbon. — Ed. I: fthili iil: ijl LA I'KIISENTATION. 107 have just incntioiiod. It has coiisidorahlo width and depth for a h'ag'ue and a lialf. If a camp and a re- doubt were phiccd there, they would very well defend the 80uth eliannel of tlic river. The islands we have mentioned, and Pointe A la Come,' are the only posts ca^jable of defence at the head of the ra[)ids. The (Uirrent at I'oint Gaiia- taragoin is strony;, and follows that sliore. The river has a good current opposite the Isle Orakointon, and forms at tlie lower i)art of the island a great eddy on the south side, which affords good ground for ancluniigo. Vessels could v.'inter there ver}' conveniently, Init they wonid need a fresh wind from tlie X. E. to enable them to overcome the cur- rent, which begins at Point ( Janataragoin. Vessels can actually go down as far as in front of the Isle Piquet, but the anchorage is good for nothing, and the currents, both to the right and left, arc very strong. La Presentation, or Chouegatchie,'- is an Iroquois establishment formed by M. V Abbe J'ic:! i ^1 ■Hi •J1 If ■3 -'i i '■ i; il 1^ .. -. ! ^\ u 108 LA PRESENTATION. lislicil l)y the king, oci-npied the four quarters of lliis etructuro. In 17")9, this mission, wliioli was quite numerous, retired to the Isle Pioquet, unci the fort was dismantled so that it should not afford shelter to the enemy. The mission was very prosperous, heeauso the lands there are excellent for tillage. They can go very far into the country by the Chonc- gatehie Kiver. The ii\terior of this country is very little known to our Canadians, and the Indians only visit it for hunting. There is a reef of rocks in tlu" river almost ojiposite the Indian village, whore the Abbe I'icquet had built a saw mill. Vessels can anchor in front of the village, but they arc not secure on account of the winds, and the river is subject to freshets that bring down trees. This river has a fine navigation of twenty leagues,' but the remainder can oidy be passed in canoes with portages. It approaches the h"ight of land, and our parties sometimes took this route in going to the Eng- lish frontiers. Back of Fort do La Presentation is a bluff very suita- ble io build a city or village. The location is very advantageous.'- The Kiver !St. Lawrence is line, and its shores beautiful in these parts, until two leagues above J'ointe > That branch known as Ulark Lake, into whii'li tlows the Indian Kiver, formerly much useilbythe natives in going hy wayt)t'thi' Ulack Hiver.— Kd. ' Till' village of Ogdensbiirgh is laid out upon this blutl'.— Ed. t '11 POINTE AU UAIIIL. 109 an J^aril, as woll for cultivation, as for liuntiiig and tisli which arc very abundant. The I'ivor is hero not over u good ([uartcr of a league wide, audits channel is very straight for eleven leagues from above the Galots to Toniata. It is not encumbered with islands, and it has a considerable depth of watei'. At three leagues above La Presentation, on the north side, is a point of land called l^oiiitc an liar'd. It commands the river well, and would protect the vessels which might be stationed there to defend it. A camp might be there very advantageously placed, as aleague and a half furtlier up, the shores are steep rocks, and an enemy could not establish themselves there in force. These baidvs continue to the Bay of Corbeau. Near point No. 24, is abay called Ancc a la Conatmc- tlon^ from the vessels which were built there in 1750. It was very convenient for building, the water in front being deep and timber near. They might hero make a good entrenchment to cover the workmen. A league and a luilf above Pointe au Baril, is a little island nuirked "25, which nuiy be oOO toises around. It is a rock upon which a fort might be l)uilt. It pre- sents a view of the river as far as Toniata, and would sweep it very well with artillery. It has a good anchorage at tlie lower part. We sent the vessels to this station to observe the river. 'v.v,'i i :! %''m Probably the present site of Brockville.— Ed. I f u 110 TONIATA : PETIT DETROIT. From the htii'l of this island, on the south shore, almost to the Bay of Niaourc,' the hanks are low und full of creeks and niarsliy hays, and are very thickly wooded. At live leagues from Pointe uu Baril, is the Island of Toniata. The main channel of the river is hetween this island and the south shore. The north part of the river is filled with rushes, and in summer it is a famous eel fishery. The Island of Toniata- is three leagues long hy a half a quarter of a league wide. Its soil is good to cultivate, as is also true of another island situated between it and the north shore." It is a league long, and a quarter of a league wide. At the upper extremity is a little passage, with hut little watcr,^ and full of rushes, which they call the Petit Detroit. This is the route that bateaux always take in going up, to avoid the currents. We should notice that we ought to pay no attention to the little channels which we meet among the rushes, and which have no outlet and would ground a vessel. ■j" I } ii.il ' Clmmout Bay. — Ed. ' M. ik' Frontcnac gave this island loan lrof|U()is, and tlir latter soon after sold it for four pots of brandy to a Canadian who would have iu turn sold it back for a beaver skin. — yote in On'r/inul. On modern maps it is Greiuidkr or nurthnixt Island, on the Canada side of the boundary. The signilieation of Toniata is said to be " Beyond the Point." — Ed. 'Tar Island on Owen's chart. — Ed. * The surroundings are here from four to si.\ feet. — Ed. TIIK THOUSAND ISLANDS. Ill At tlio Petit Detroit, they perforin tlic ceremony of baptizing those wlio have never before gone up this river. At a league and a half above, begins the Thousand Islands, which continue at least three leagues. These are an infinite number of little rocks covered with trees, which have channels quite large in some places. In others, vessels in passing through would almost touch them. They are very safe, almost always have u good depth all around, and there is but a slight cur- rent. At the end of three leagues, wc find larger islands. "VVe should take care and not go astray. In following in bateaux the channel nearest the north side, we shall notice several inlets ending in marshes which arc near the shore. It is necessary to turn very short to enter the Bay of Corbeau,' which is large and fine. "We pass between the south point which is very straight and a little island, which we have to pass very near. From thence they coast along the Isle an Citron Avhich is a good league in length. It is fine and avcII wooded. They make a crossing of two leagues to reach the Isle Cochois, which is three leagues long, and half a league wide, abounding in game and fish. The view from the foot of this island, with the neighboring islands and the north shore, forms a pros- ' On Owoii's clmrt puMislu'd liy the English llydrogniphical ottice, this is nanii'd Bdininjanlt limj. — En. ^•il f 1 1 ,, I I H,! 112 FOllT KRONTKNAO. pect most (lolifjlitfiil on account of the beauty of the cluuincls. This part appears to bo very proper for cul- tivation, ami good for bunting and fibbing. From tbonco to Fort Frontonac; is three leagues. Wo tincl a bay sufficiently deep and quite good, before coming to Montreal Point, whioh is the south point of the Hay of C'ataracoui. Afontrcal Point would make an advantageous camp, being only accessible from tlie iront, which would oblige the enemy to make a wide detour to approach it. It is a hill which slopes down to the point. ' Cataracoui or Frontenac,'* is a square fort of masonry without terraces, the walls being tiftcen inches thick and the outside square and forty-two toises on n side. The tlanks arc very small, and a wooden scaiibld serves for a terre-jilcin. The fort is commanded on the side of the country, at a half gun-shot, and the lands in the vicinity are us curtains to one another, and so com- mand them as to prevent this from ever being made a good post without great expense.^ The anchorage, which is directly opposite the fort, ia 'Fort Ilcnrj- is now built on this point. — Kn. 2 Cataracoui is tlio niinie of tlic Fmuti'iuu^ Hay; tlie latter, that of 11 fort liuilt in 1CT2 !>}• order of the Count Frontenae, aud theu aban- doned but resumed in 1005, aeeording to the intentions of this governor of N(^w France. — JVote in On't/iind. The city of Kingston now occupies the site of the fort described in the text. — Ed. 3 This post was only built to hold the Iroquois in cheek. — A'ote in Ori'jinal. r' it; liAV ()!•' CATAKACOlil. II; I'xcelloiit tor vi'ssols, mid as wiiitor (|UiU'tcrs. Yovy iioartlio oiitraiU'L^ of llio hay on tlic nortli s'uU', is a cove Yvvy propoi- tor sliip luiildinu'. At tlic lu'ad ol' tlic liny is a Icind of iiiarsli, cxtrc'incly peopled liy a(|iiatic liirds. 'I'lic lands around have l)nt a thin soil,yet yood to till, and the interior is vei'y tine. 'I'his hay has the fault of not heiny-onthe lake, and it is didieult to know from thert' what is passing-. TIk^ coast exec'iit the hay is ail rook, and vi'ry ditlieult to land upon, it is hetter to sot^k the hay of T.itthi Cataraeoni, uidess you wish to enter the lari;-e hay. I/ittle Cataracotii has the same ent ranee as the hu'u'e hay, and has a di'pth of only a ([iiarti'r of a lea^'ue. The bottom is full ot' rushes. This t'ormor hay is of conse([uenee, hei'ause the enemy miuht come and land there without heintj seen from Froutenae, and from thence easily come across, it hein^-hut a slu)i't leaii'ue, as was ext'cuted by iJradstret't in IToS, with foui' thou- sand mi'n, to attack this fort, which had a u'ai'rison of only lilty men, and thirty voyageurs who were there hy chance. A (piarti'r of a league from Jiitlle Cataraeoni is a large hut shallow hay which tlu'V call Shih/// V<''//. it is here where they come for materials in building Frontt'inic. At a league and a half f.irther, is anothei' bay, formed by the mouth of a rivei'.' The sides are high, ' Now MillCivLk,— Ki). i' 1 %i * I 1 ^'t' m 114 NORTH SHOUE OP LAKE ONTAUIO. I' I SS' I I' in ; iji'- :1 . 11; < ; H-' r !-'! ■f i K I fj and bordered by grout rookn, and bateaux can not rest there in safety. Two leagues further, in folhnvlng the north shore of Frontenac we meet tlireo little islands called 'J\iiii'i- ifxjnon ' now deserted by the Indians. It is dillieult to pass between these islands andtliat of Tonti, on aceount of large shoals that extend nearly across. We pass between the two little islands whieh are north and south to rcaeii the Isle of Tonti.- This island is three leagues long and a league and a half wide in some places. They follow in bateaux its north side to the end. Vessels pass to the open side of this island, in coming down, and come direct upon Jjittlo Cataracoui. There is an islet of rocks covered with trees whieh we must not too nearly approach on account of the shoals, especially on the ujiper side. I'ateaux make the traverse to the shore of t'ae ]5ay of (Juinte, which has an oi)eninga league wide. They leave this bay on the right, unless they wish to make its portage, which is lifteen h-agues distant at the head of the bay. This passage would enable us to avoid making the circuit of the great penisula,'' which is not very easy. The portage is about a league, and all the way iu the sand. 'Tlio islands are railed " The Urotlu'/s," on V\\\>\. Owen's eliarl of the L;ike.— Kl). H)lli('r\visc called Ainlierst Island.— Kl>. M'rineeKdward's.— lOi). t NOIITII SIIOUE OF LAKE ONTAIIIO. 116 Wc follow llio Hhoro of tlio pcniiisuhi two l('iii:;uoH and a liiilf, ami thou mako the traverse of a buy,' which 18 throo k^agiics wide at the mouth, and five deep. Wo do not know whotlicr there \a good anchorage. The north point is a rock. All thin pcniiiHuhi is filled with line woods. At a (pnxrter of a league from the south point, it forms a narrow strait. We then pass near the Isle d' Ecoui,^ behind which is a good anchorage. On the side of the open lake there are two baidis between wind and water called Lcs Gai'lmis. The whole north shore of Lake Ontario is formed of points of from n quarter to half a league, all of which have quite large shoals, which it is difficult to double when there is but little wind. They are llat rocks. At two leagues from the Ecouis, is a sinuosity two leagues wide and about a league; dce[), ol" which the north part is sandy, but not witli sullicient depth for the anchorage of vessels. The rest is Hat rock, or galets. At its S. W. cud is Point aux Gravois,-' where they anchor. For two leagues the shore runs N. E. and S. W. They always coast along I'oint aux Gravois which is Hat rock. In the turn of this point to the S. W., and in the ' Prince Edwanl'.s Uiiy.— Eu. ■'Inner Dniko Isliiml.— Eu. 3 Gull Point.— Ed. 1 r ■■'! 'f N ii' l>i^ Nilii ■,;{ *r in; NoiiTri simiiF. or i.akk untaiho. Wt'Mt )iiirr (>!' Ilic lirsl Iiciid it liii.-; :i liottoiii of siiiid, wlii'i'i' llicy aiiclioi'. 'I'Ik! second liciid has ji Hal rncU lioltnm. Kitpiii tliciu't' \YC iiMss to I'oiiitc dii I)(';t()iir. wliicli I'Xtciid- I'ai'tlu'-^t into III.' laUc' lis liolloiii is Ihii roi'k, and it is ilillicult to doiilijc it wiifii tlu' wind is 11 littlo stroiii;, Tlio wavo.s ai'ti wry Imd on arcoiiiiL ol' tln' .shallow Itottoiii. W'c iiu'ct iii'iir litis point, sonio ^'I'cat luMids ol' iiall' a Ican'iU' in di'iptli. and iIu'It is one lu'l'orc coniiim' to ilic i>ay ol' Dimes, oi' wliiih the Kottoin I'or hall' a loaifiK.' is of sand, imt the west side is roek, as is Ilic ease with all the otluT jioiiils, whose l)ays liave a hol- toni ol' Hat roi'k. Tlu' Way of Dunes,'- is three leai^'iies wide. The wind has tluri' I'oiliied hills of sanil as at Dunkirk, wliieli separate the lake from a nuirsli'' whieli is lliree lea>;'iies deep, and full of water fowls. The coast of the lake as far as to the i'oint of (^uinto,' is evi'ry wliero rock. In tlie eddies formed ijy tliesi' points are . 'ISig.'iiiii.Iy JJiiy.— Hii. 'West Lake— 111). ♦ IIujTks or Nicholas I'oint.— J^d. ' Nicliolus Island. — Kit. NOllTII SIIOIIIO ()!• l,AKi: MNTAUIO. Ill From till' I'oiiit « sliilioii dii tlic (iiaiid Trunk road, near lliis iil:icc. — Ed. "Now known as Slioul IJay. — Ed. 'Aloni? tliis shore now runs tlicdnunl Trunk railway, with llic villau:cs of (.'oUiornc, (iraliton, C'oburi^ ami Port lloiio. — Ed. ''.loncs's (Jrcck at I'ort lloiic. — 111). >?! 118 NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO. i '< I, ■I (:■■ raske and Salmon Rivor arc only remarkable lor being well stocked with iish. The Petits Ecors arc banks cut down forty or fifty feet, almost from a peak. Tiiey form little cajjcs and bays at the bottom of which arc the mouths of rivers or marshes, and we can only land at the bottom of the bays. After liaviiii:; doubled th.e Petits Ecors, we come to a large bay wliicli is two leagues wide at the opening, and the river which comes in at its head is of conside- rable size. Its mouth is concealed in the rushes even to the lake, which is very unusual, because almost always these mouths arc gravelly, and have but a little channel leading into the lake. They here take pro- digious quantities of fish, which at certain seasons go from the lake into these rivers. At the beginning of the Grand Ecors, there appears the mouth of a considerable river.' These "Ecors" are banks cut down almost from a [loiut, and eighty or a hundred feet liiiih, and continue for live leagues.- At the end of this distance is a point of sand, wooded, and forming a peninsula, and in the rear a large bay partly covered v.ith rushes. Vessels can here anchor and pass tlie winter. At the point of the jicninsula, there is a good anchorage, and at the bottom of the bay a river very proper for building mills, as there is line pine timber ' Hivtr Hoiiirc. I'l'i-l Union is nt its luoutli. — Ko. ■' Known as tiic " llui'.Oits of Scarboro." — Eu. ■fif' . ii !« NOIITII eilOUE OF LAKK ONTAKIO. IIU ill the neigliborliood. Thoy make ji portage wlieii tliey go ill a oanoe I'rom the bottom of this bay to the Ecors. Tlic fort of Toronto is at the end of the bay, upon the side whieli is (|iiitc eU>vatod and covered .ith flat rook. Vessels cannot api)roach within cannon sliot. This fort or post was a square of about tliirty toises on ji side, externally with Hanks of fifteen teet. The curtains formed the buildings of the fort. It was very well built, piece upon piece, but was only nsel'ul for trade.' A Iciigne west of the fort, is the mouth of the Toronto river," which is of considerable size. This river communicates with Lake Huron, by a portage of fifteen leagues, and is frequented by the Indians wlio come I'rom tlie north. The other streams which occur towards the head of the lake, appear also of consiilcrabic size, and are advantageous chiefly for hunting and lishing. Tlu' head of the laki' forms a bar of gravel of two leagues which separates the great lake from a little one'' which is niostlv covered with rushes. At its ' Tlio fort at TiU'oiilo was imili Id inlcncpl ilic Inili:iii Uviilc from Oswt'ijo. It '.vas lirst callcil l>iiiilK'> afli r the I'liiuli iiiinisttT of the Mniiiii'. — .'A //("//'( •< «"/' '' ( 'iiiiiidii, to. — El). 'The liivcr lluinliir. — Ed. 'Biiiliiii-'tiin IJay. A place near tlic licait of limliiiLiiim liay was I'linmily naiiU'd'"Co(>U'> I'aiadi -e," ^■ll|K'(^nill^■ wliicli lj((ii(lKlt(' gives tin; fullowilif; expla'ialdiy mile: " This spot owes ils name to the rhapsodic c\prcs>ioii of iin eiilliu- sia^lie si>orti-maii, who liciiij; here >lationcd in Iwceii lJiniiiij;loii H;iy i 120 Tlir, IIKAI) OK LAKi; uNTAUIo. ' I !i:| lt'5! hr 1 ^■i!: oxtromily is ii rivor wliicli llioro liasa (all. This place is curious on account ol' tlu' (juantity of water I'owl that pass ihci'e, sui'h as duclcs. teals, bustards, o-eeso and swans. We can shoot tlicm very easily in their passage of the rocks at this fall.' This river ^'oes iar into the land, and ooniniunicatort with two rivei's liy jiortau'es, of which one falls into Lake Krie, and the other altera course of sixty leagues, tiills into Lake St. Clair above Di'lroit. This country is very line, and very good for hunting. The river, of whose nanu' M. I'ouchot has never been informed, is without rapiils, and (piiti' na\'igable through its whole course.- The Indians or Canadians sent in winter from Xiagara to Detroit, went by this routi', and com- monly took ten days in passing from one place to the other. They call it a hundre(l h'agues by this I'oute from Niagara to Detroit. Several river> occur between Mild a iiiMisli to llic \v( stwaril, liiinnl llir spdi't so cxci'llciit. as the ;;ainc i>a^>c'd in licavy lli>;lil> I'lnin llic one to tlic oilier, tlial lie iliirMi- lii il tlic spol, othci-wisc mrnitcnsliii'j-, w illi ils iircsciit (1< liiiIiiinaiiiHl- liilioii. .Major C'oolcs licloii^cd to tlic l!i'ili>li army. — /In'ti.ih Doiniiihii'K in .\',rl/i Ahnn'r.i t\s:\-i) i, "IS. 'I'lic city of liainilloii at tin- Inad ol' ilir liay, was laid out in isl;!. Til jstil it had a |ioiiiilation lo Diiiidas. — • Ij). ' Near the in'iscnt site of l>uiidas. — I'.i). ■^Thci'c is no .sircain ol" any note that ciilcrs the lake al this poiiil. (iraiid irivcr, a iriliiilary of l.aUc V'.uv, li-rs far to the noithward ol' Lalii' (»iilarilalc of iiatnic was iiavi.L;alilc lor\issi'ls lil'ton niilcs. and liy lialianx nearly to its soiirei'. i| I I LAKE ONTARIO WEST OP NIAGARA. 121 the head of the lake and Niagara, which is a distance' of tifteeii leagues. They almost all issue from ranges of land which they call cdU's, which come down to meet the river from the head of the lake. The inter- val hetween these cutrs is a line and well wooded plain. There are jiincs towards the Great Alarsh and the Marsh of Three Outlets, which were used at Fort Niagara. This kind of timher is rare in these parts, where there are usually found oak of ditt'erent kinds, walnut, chesnut, and yellow wood,- which is very proper for building and wainscoting. They also find the black walnut — which is very tine for furniture — beech, syca- more and maple. From the latter they draw a sugar which is very good, and less corrosive than the white. In the parts uorth of Toronto, we more freipiently iind pine and cedar, on account of its vicinity to moun- tains. They arc not as high as the Vauges, but covered with tine timher and good soil. They arc not cold like those near Carillon. Before 17r)4, our voyageurs almost never in their journeys followed the north shore of the lake, where they had, however, more shelter than on the south, for a considerable number of bateaux. The route is a little longer in going to Niagara, yet they would ' Tlii'sc siri'iiins art' (Icsijiiiuti'd : Four, Kiiflit, Ten, Ki;;litci'ii, Twi'iity, Thirty and Forty Mile Crci'ks, atrordiiifr to tiieir distauci's IVom Niairara. — Ki). - Wliiti'wood or tidip tree. — Eu. 13 h I t: 122 SOUTH SnOKK OF LAKE ONTARIO. prot'or now to follow this nortlicrn route, even if Oswogo (lid not exist. AVe will reserve our description of Niagara to the chapter upon the Ohio River, for tiie purpose of follow- ing the south shore of the lake. The coast from Niagara to the great Riviere aux Ikeufs, runs east and west ahout twenty-four leagues. It is straight, and the hank is generally ahout thirty or forty feet high. The streams that we meet do not go far into the land. The Little Marsh distant from Niagara a league and a half, is a little bay into which two or three hundred bateaux can enter. The Englisli landed there in 175'J. The rivers Aux Ecluses ' aiul Peux Sorties,- distant five and six leagues from this place, are only noted for the pines which grow there. Wo see above the river Aux Bteufs'' on the lands above the shores a little uiountain which appears round, called La Butk a Gcif/non. It is a land mark to know that we are ou the lake at fifteen leagues from Niagara. When they come opposite this, the vessels bear as much as they can to the open lake so as not to puss the mouth of the Niagara River, wliich cannot be seen until this is passed. Vessels would be embarrassed if they could not enter it, as the N. E. winds are usually very fresh, and they could find no shelter between Niagara and the head of the lake, winch would oblige them to seek ' EijxhU'en Mill' Crrck. — Ed. HSoUU'ii IlilK'nrk.— El). s Oak Orchard Crock. — Ed. SOUTH SnOllE OF LAKE ONTARIO. V2'6 the nortli shore. In this navigation, the gales of wind from the west, and especially from the north-west, are often severe, and drive npon the south sliore. The shores form a very uniform bank along the whole course, and we tind no otlicr landmark to recognize except this hill. The navigation from Frontenac to Niagara with ves- sels is usually of four, six or eight days, unless favored by a north-east wind, which usually prevails at the moon's change. To go from Niagara to Frontenac, we are seldom out more tlian one night, as the winds are usually from the south-west, and are fresh. The mouth of the Riviere aux ]?aMifs is a good place to land, but in coming from Niagara it is l)ettertopass this point in the open lake, on account of a long and bad bar to the west of it. From Niagara to this river we tind few, if indeed any, shelters for bateaux in con- siderable number. From this river, the shores of the lake arc lower. Tiiey turn to the south-east, and form a series of very shallow bays of about a league across. A little before coming to Fortdes Sables, we find the mouth of the River Caseonchiagon,' which forms a bay of suiHciont size and depth, but there is a bad bar at its entrance. This river has a much longer course into the interior than any other on this coast. It has three falls with banks on the sides almost as tine as those of Niagara. ' Ocnc8ce River, t'lmrlolti' Liiiuling is ii villnge at tiiis place. — En. '} t ■v,lii Ill if i: y 1 124 SOUTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTAUIO. ■ 1 ' ii i 1 ! 1 I ■1 d i 1 r'l 'i r •■ i 1^ ' hi I hi y They enter to the head of the Baye des Sables,' to begin the navigation of the Casconchiagon. There is a portage of three leagues, whioli is the most eon- venient route. We will give the details of this navi- gation in a separate chapter so as not to interrupt our description of the lake shore. The Fort des Sables is only some high l)anks of sand, which are formed around the bay of this name. It is three leagues in depth, with a good depth of water. Beyond this bay the land as far as to the foot of the Rideau des Cotes, is very low and marshy and the wood thick. The Cayuga Bay* is very fine and deep. The Bon- cats'' is a little bay full of little islands, or rather ot great sand hills covered with wood. The shores are steep almost to the water's edge, and if this part was sounded we should probably find very good anchor- ages for vessels between these islands. The land adjacent is elevated and sandy, and the curtains of the shores come down near to the lake. The lake shore is stony and strewn with rocks from this bay to Oswego, of which we siiall speak in a future chapter. The land from Oswego always sloping towards the lake is still more elevated, and the shores are usually "I ' Iroudcquoit lliiy. — Eu. » Greiii Sodus Bay. — Ed. ' Port Bay. — Ed. h EAST END OF 1-AKE ONTARIO. 1: nothing but rooks as far as Poiiitc an Cabaret.' This is a long point of rocks vertical from the watei", from thirty to forty feet high, and forming the most advanced point. Half a league east of Oswego is a little bay with sandy bottom, where M, de Montcalm landed and encamped when he besieged Oswego in 1756. The English have since made a clearing, and built redoubts which look upon this bay. In this navigation wo may enter with bateaux into the Kiviere a hi IManchc — in Indian Temurti-Ncfioni, and into that of the Grosse Ecore, or Cas^ionta-Chcf/onar. These rivers do not extend far into the land. The Kiviere j\ La Famine,^ in Indian KcyoiKmouar/iu', enters very far into the interior and goes quite near to the portage of the height of land. By this route, our parties commonly went to that frontier, and along the lake and the river of the Oneidas, so as not to be dis- covered. 'In tlic prcsi'iit town of Scriliii. — Ki). ' Thus called since M. ile la Harre, irovernor of Caniula, lost liis whole army in l(iS4npon its hanks hy laininc, in going to make war against the Irocniois. — yotc in Oriijiiutl. Tin' army of I>e la Harre nmnhered lin" hundred French and three linnilred Indians that came up the St. Lawrence, and six Inmdred from Niagara, of whom one-third were French, making in all eigh- teen hundred men. Having encamiied for some time on the lake shore with a sv.-ump in the rear, many were taken sick and he retunied to Frontenac and Montreal greatly reduced in numbers, and willing to sue for peace from the trihes he went to exterminate. The site of this disaster was in Jell'erson County, N. Y., iiiul the locality best answering the description is at the mouth of Sandy Creek in Ellisburgh. — En. i '4 r . I ,'■ K i I fiilj \t' i . * r 'I ,'V H^ 126 EAST END OF LAKE ONTARIO. From roiiite an Cabaret to tlic Rivifere A M. Ic Comte,^ the shore I'orius a great Hcniieirelc o*^ Hand, with sand hills covered with trees. Behind these aro marshy meadows as far as to the shore, and through these the rivers wind. Between the Kiver An Sahles and that of La Famine, is a little stream called in Indian OnKifjaiiron. The Kiver Au Sahles,^ in Indian Etcataragarenri is remarkable in this, that at the head of tlic south branch,'' called Tccunonouaronesi, is the place where the traditions of the Iroquois fix the spot where they issued from the ground, or rather, according to their ideas, where they were born. Between the river Aux Sables and that of M. do la Comte, is the little river of OuUn- essoucla. The river of M. de la Comte has a good shelter for bateaux on account of an eddy of sand formed at the mouth of the river. They can navigate all these rivers in canoes and their environs are good for hunting.^ 'Stony Cri'i'k in IIi nilcrson. — Kd. 'Smuly Creek.— Ki). •■* The source of Uie south linnieh of Smuly Ci-cck is in swamps in Pinekney, Lewis Comity, N. Y. Anotiier I'ork of tiie soulli l)rim('h heads in a swiimp near the vilhigo of Coptnliagen, in llie town of Dennuirk. — Ed. *Tiiere is some imcertainty as to the identity of the streams men- tioned in tiie text. Tlie prlneipal streams that How into the lake arc Nine Mile Creek, Sjirinj,' Brook Creek, Catfish Creek, Buttertiy Creek, Little Salmon Kiver, (Jrindstone Creek, Salmon l{iver, Little Sandy Creek, Sandy Creek, ice. Of these the Salmon Hiver is mueli the lar;,a'st, and is prolialily the dnme. h'rore of the Freneli. The geo- grapliy of the east I'ud of the lake, between Stony I'oint and tlie i l\l '! *- - ! HAV OF NIAOUKK. 12< TIk' Bay of Niaoure or Noyuouiiir6 is five loagucH in do^jtli, ami Hovem! .stroanirt of coiihidorablo size dis- charjjji! into it. Wo tliore find good ancliorago for vos- scIh, the host being between the islands and that ronnd peninsula' where M. de Montcalm oanic to encamp with Ilia army before going to Oswego. It appears that this is the best place to make an establishment on the cast end of thclake. This place only connects with the main land by a bridge of gravel. The lake has so little depth that nothing can approach larger than bateaux. It would be easy to fortity, and protect vessels at anchor. The lands around the bay are admirable for cultivation, and the fishing and hunt- ing are excellent.^ There are two large rivers'* by which we can go ■i cnlrnncc of the Buy of Niaonrc, (Cliiiuinont Hiiy), as tiiulcrstood liy till' Frcndi, was iiltogelhcr incorroct. In fact, so lali' as 17i(2, atlcr the great i)inTlia«e luaile l)y Macomb ami associates, tlieir only know- ledge of tlie rivers of tiial pliici was derived from Sautliier's map of 177!), with manuscript additions made up at guess work, from tlic nceouut.s of hunters. For exanii)le, tlii^ IJlack Hiver, [La Fannne] was marked as running in nearly a right line from the High Falls to the lake, and a sale was made in Paris, sui)posed to include six hun- dred thousand acres helween tlie river and the 44° of north latitude. I{iil upon surveying tlie tract, there were found but a little over two hundred thousand acres in tliis tract. See I/M. Ltirin Co. — Ed. ' Point Peninsula, on the nortli side of (.'haumont Hay. — Ei). 'The fisheries of Cluunnont Bay have proved an item of great im- portance to the country. In sonu' years the product has been estima- ted as high as ten thousand barrels. — Ed. ■'Black Hiver is the o.dy stre-im of any iu)te that comes into this bay. It was a great tlioroughfare for scal[iing j)arties during this war. — Ed. 18^ V n ; 1- 128 UKAD OF THE LAWRENCE. oasily upon tlio routes of tlio English and to Oh- wogo, and nuu'h hotter observe thorn thiui by going from Froiitoiiac. Tlioro is a good unrhorago in- side of the (.iah)t Islaml, and all the convonioncos for a post, and to favor the navigation of tlie hike. From thonoo we ooidd always find onrsolvos rendy to go to the Oswego river whenever the occasion de- manded it. The vessels which come from the south side of the lake and wish to enter the river, pass between the main land and Long Island, which they call the Cheimhlf la (Jaktle. It is necessary to pass In'yond this island to go to Frontenac, or between the Isle A la Forut and the Isle Tonti.' r I |S(|,„.; I Ifi'i' 'Tlio mitliDi- iimkcs no inciitioii dI" llic niivi'jiilion of tlic chuniirl soulli of Lonj; Isliiiul. Tlicrc cxisls iil llic liciid of Cnrlluii or Uiick Isliiiul the ruins of a fort piirlly cxciivatctl in the rock wliicli foin- lilclcly comniantli'd tliis cimniicl. It was Imill at jircal expense by tlie Knglish in llie revolutionary war, and inij;lil readily be made ten- able at the present lime. The ditch and well, eul in tlu' rock are as perfect as when made. The history of this work is somewhat obscure, as it was never the scene of hostile operations, and llierefore is scarcely menlioned by historians, e.\- cept as the rendezvous of sea Ipinj; parlies, or as a depot for prisoners of war. The entire absence of any noliie of ils exislence by M. Pouchol, is almost our oidy aulhorily for the statement that il was built in the revolu- tionary war. This post was occupied by a Hrilish force imtil the commence- ment of the war of ISl'.J-l.'), w lien its feeble pirrison of invalids was cai>tured without resistance by a stiuad of volunteers from the Ameri- eun shore. — El). rOIlT t.\UI.T()N. P- ISLANDS AT THE IIKAU OF TIIK ST. LAWKKNCE. 12!> Tho bntoaux which leave Froiitoiiac to go to O.swego, paHH between the IhIo A hi P\)ret and Long iHland, instead of coasting with diilieulty around hy the open lake, heeause tlie waves arc always liigh and when tlie wind rises tliere is no shelter. They cross from thence to the Isle au Chevrcuil,' and, to tho poih' of the Bay of Niauure. There is a good hay in tlie lower part of tli Isle au Chcvreuil.'' The point of Long Island upon the lake are flat rocks or galets. All these islands are very tino to cultivate. There is an eddy at tlio lower part of the Isle aux Galots near the land, where one could find a shelter in rough weather. There is a reef near the east point, which must be pasecd in tho open lake, u.-id then como back to the island. The anchorage for vessels is very good. » Gri'iuulicr Isliind, in the lake 8. W. from Capo Vinrcnt.— Ed. 'Basin lliirlxir, wIhto tlie tleet of (Jen. Wilivinson reiule/.vonseil wlieii aljoul to descend the St. Luwrence in tlie full of 1S13.— Eu. M I 17 f)iJ';i: VI. ) ': ;i ! • \s a [ lao J CIIAITKIJ III. Ok TIIK ('(IMMINICATKIN IIY WaY (iJ' TIIK OsWKCIO UlVKIl It) riiK KMii.isir PossKssioNS.' Oswogo acc'onliii"^ to the latest coiistructioii,'' is Ituiit upon the site where Fort Ontario stood,' and the Kn_<,Mish liave niuneil it the same. It is a jienta- ifoii, of wiiieh the outside is ahout eighty toises. It is jiartl^ of earth, revetted with saueissons on the side towards the lake. The rest is eonstrueted of pieees of wood ahout tlirec feet square. Tlie parapets nuiy he twelve feet thiek, and the terre-plein is a platform, made of large heams tifteen inches sfpnire. The under part of these i)latforms, form huildings or ease- nu'nts. The diteh is at least five toises wide, and it ;fv 'An ItliuTiiry |>ulilisli((l in the .V. Y. Col. IIM., x, flT4, jrivcs tho (l(l!iil> ()( this rimic willi irrriil niinulcncss. — Ki). ■' This iKist wiiH tit tirsi only a tnidini; honsi-, which the Iro(|Ui>is hail allowed the Knv;lisli to Imild in 1T1:1. It was chan.ired to a I'ort ill 17','T, liy the ailroitiiess of the latter, who were eoiislantly eiilargiiif; it. It haviiii.' Iieeii hiiilt ii|)oii French territory, the .Maniiiisde Heau- liarnois, jioveriior ol' Canada, jn-otested a^'ainst this manifest usiir|iu- tion — .V"'( /" Orii/iitiil. ^The fort east of the river at Oswcl'o was hnill in the winter of lT."il-">, aliont ITt> yards from the old one. It was HttO feel in eireiiin- fereiiee, Imilt of lojjs twenty to thirty inches thick. The wall was fourteen feet hiirli, and surrounded liy a diteh fourteen feet liroad and ten deeii. It (diilained barracks tor three hundred men, and was in- tended to mount .si.Mcuu g\.ii\n.— (hiilkiii'in'K Mmjusiia, x.wi, 0.— Ku. n 1 1 Si K.WKIATION 111' TIIK OSWKOO UIVKIl. i:il lias a glacis. We ditl not iiotlcu any out work. It WUH iioaily tiiiisluMl in IIM. Tliu Kiij^liuli liavi- built around the tort, at lon^jj^un Bliot, four wvy coinplt'to Idot-k Iioumcs, one of which lookn upon tho sidi' ot' wliidi wo have spokrii, and anotlicr upon the nvui'. This fort could l)u tui'ncd at cannon wliot. On the side above the river, there in a kind of curtain which connnaiiass. They are then obliged to fall in line, and to pole vigorously. They get into the water, if the bateau lurches. Above the rciimbarkation the river becomes wider, and the water quite deep. The country is level and covered with fine tindier. There is quite a current at the bends, which are about a mile apart, but in the same general course. The general direction of the river is always E. N. E., and there are several islands in the channel. That, where M. de Villiers attacked liradstreet, is five leagues above Oswego.' ' In 1750, n short time lii't'ore Oswcfro wns invcstrd In- llic Krcncli, Col. Ilriidslri'i't liad liccii sent tliitlicr to coiivry some i>r()visions and stores. Oil his ret\irii he was aintmscaded on tlie Oswe;;o river, hy a party of Freneli and Indians, and alioiit seventy hateaii.x men were liilled. The Klifilish hailed on the opposite shore, and then took I l! NAVIOATION OF Till!; USWKOO IIIVEK. US Above this place tlio islands are more ooumioii, and we can scarcely get through among them. They arc found every mile. The river at the foot of the Falls is full of islands. It is necessary to hold the north side to prevent running aground. They land at a long gun shot I'rom the portage, and send up thu bateaux by poling in the current to the foot of the Falls, where they have a road made with round pieces of wood to draw up the bateaux. A^ a hundred paces above the Falls the water is of good depth. The English have built at this portage ' a star fort, of timbers iifteen feet high, and a loot in diameter. This fort is commanded on the N. K. at half gun shot. It might liold u hundred or a hundred and lifty men. They have here built soni'i store houses for the storage of goods. The river above the portage is line and wide, like the Sorel, and with but little current. The bends are from a (juurter to half a league apart. There are three shallows at the forks of tiie Henet-a and Oswoi^o I ■m ixisscssion i>r ii small isliiiiil wliiTi' the river could be fonlcd, and soon alter attacked a pari ot'tlic enemy that had alreaily criissed, and runted them with much loss, as he also did another part that crossc'! at another plac4'. The French had aliout a huiiilred killed and seventy taken prisoners. The ihicf loss of the Knvrlisli oi'curred amoni; the liatcnux-men at the hejiiniiiii!; of the attack. The next inornin;; Urndslreet was larp'ly reiiil'orccd.hnt the French had disap- peared, havini? returned to their vi.sels, orto the camp at the cast end ol'the lake where they were prepariiii; lor a descent upon Oswci,'!). — MiiiiU; (il ; h'litii-k; i, 171.— Ki). ' Now tliL' villiige ol' Fulton, Oswcf^o Co., N. Y.~ Ki). : -;' I 134 NAVKiATIUN Ol' ONKIUA lUVEU. River.' That wliidi is lialf a loaguo IVoin tlio foiillu- t'lii'o is the largest. It is to he ohservod, that the whole river lias hut little depth, and the hottoin is lull of tlat stones covered with a very sliitpery mud, whieh ohliges theui to iron the poles and oars used in this naviiijation. The Kiverof the Five Nations, or the Seneca Jiiver, is fine, and a little larger than the Oswego, its depth is good, and the navigation is reliable to the end. This river coniniunieatcs with nnmy lakes, and with the diiterent Iroquois nations, as we see by the map. The land in the vicinity is very tine, and full of beau- tiful timber. We tind at the conHuenee, a fort of four bastions of about forty toises on the outside, nnide piece upon piece. There are three large store houses in this fort. It is located on th<' east side of the river. The country around is very tlat. At three Icagiies above this continence, there are two shallows which arc not very ditHcult. Three (piartcrs of a league before coming to the Oneida Lake, there is a bar of Hat rock, which leaves only a passage in the middle of the river. It is necessary in passing to get into the water waist deep. The Knglisli have thrown great trees across the river to turn the water ' The Junction ol' the Oneida mid Scni'ca rivers, is since l»nin\ii as Tliree Hivcr I'oinI, in llie presi'til li>\vn of Cliiy, OMcpndiijrii ('i>. In llie enrlv years cilSettlemenl. tind wlien llie iialiirid naviir:ilii)ii ol' llie c(iiiMli> was |iriiw'i|ially used li\ the eniiixranls, it was an ini|i(irtant |ii)ilil, Iml il liM- lori'jr siiiee ceased Id l)e ol'any C()nse((iience,— Kl). I i lij NAVIOATION OK ONKIUA LAKK. 135 into this passaii'C, which is tho worst sliallow in tlio river.' At tho cutriiiici! of tlio hiki- tiuTc occurs still another shoal, but it eaii he easily passed with a little care. There is a fort at the entrance of the lake, which serves as an entrepot. It is entrenched hy earth revetted with saucissons, poorly fraised, and with a ditch a dozen paces wide." The English had built two large flat bateau.v, to transport across this lake. The New Jersey nulitia, on their return from Canachi in 1700, having crowded upon one of these boats to be carried across, were taken by a gale of wind upon this lake, which is Hoinotiines very rough on account of its shalU)w water. The boat was stove, and more than two hundred per- sons perished. The Oneida Lake'' is eight leagues long, two and a lialf leagues wide at the widest jiart, and on an ave- rage a league to a league and a half. The two sides appear to have no banks, and the country is low and bordered with rushes. The Indians only navigate this lake with elm bark canoes. It freezes every winter, and breaks up in March, when the moon is full. The ice does not go ' Tlif Oiic'ulu Kivcr I'linns now a purl < if tlic ciiiinl system of \\w sluti' of 'Sfw York. It liiis two stcniiilioiil locks I'JO liy UOIi'fl, iiiiil ol'llirrc iinil llini' iiiul ii liuirtci'l lil\.— Kd. 'Fort Hirwcrtoii. — Ki). "This lake is 111 \W{ above Lake Oiilario.— Kl). 13G ONKIDA LAKE: FORTS. out, wliifh hinders the navii^atioii a little. We see above this lake at three or four leiiifuos to the ri<;ht, some mountains whieh are (luite hitfh but rouniled. They are the Cayuga mountains.' There is a sand bar at the mouth of Wood Crc 'k, where a bateau never passes without touehin\,vV\\- K\x' Vwvw A nN\n . 'A \\\n hu Vs\ snaX\ v\\>\ s\^Vj- m i I I 1 . 1 NAVIGATION OP WOOD CRKEK. 187 r//////f( r/' \ ' y/u . 4/r/fffii/>' /t*n r/ A 11 ff r/ .' \ S//r/r///f/ \^ //n /*f/f//fif /y,sf/fr/f ; ' , . . Jt\n\ iiull, Jmt ll\\\\ * f//fr/ » ■ ' y/ff fjf///tff/f ///^/// - ■ 1 \ \ h, r/ Hull n N • 111 .\ ' ' V ■ 1 1 ..i L 1 _ i. i -i 137 "^u.;r f// ///I '(/A 11/ f f/ f'/'f f A' I ^ "■-^.. '/'A ^( _l L __L_ I 1 1 1. h'lt'l 11 •> ■<• Mil.' \ \ 1 ^^ . ^ \ ' \Z'"'*"^ ^~\^ , ''•nitrnt/nitttK ..;■•«- l-fi; P 130 01 a1 8C - T & ai ONKIDA LAKE: FOKTS. tl.\\\\\NA\>\\ ^s\\ \\\\n\ \\ v\\ ui I .Jlir<» tKjAt f J / li I yijl. ii ' li ,? ^ r? 7S\\V>\\N\\\ In > I' W. s ■ :N'^'i 'k: IWJ tc NAVKUTION OF WOOD CREEK. 187 was tlioii uiion tlio banks of a brook, and it is tbe vil- lii, the English niiide in this way an abatis a mile in length, to cover themselves from the Frencli, who had taken Oswego. The trees were cleared out with great difK- culty, althoiigli tliey had oidy to open them so as to pass bateaux in single tile, when they would almost touch on both sides, and had to often drag in the mire for want of water. The river is the most suitable place to cut the Eng- lish communication with the lakes, by abatis, which they could make to close the channel of the river. A land road wouhl be very long and difficult to make, because the country is intersected by marshy bottom lands. At three leagues from the source of Wood Creek, there is a little fort of u[)right timbers, to cover the sluices which they have built to hold the water, and to iiivor the passage of loaded bateaux. While they are retaining the water, they are obliged to get into la a WW' n:' 1 1 ': 1 11 i;i8 I'OUTAllK AT FOUT 8TANWIX. I \l! il H-i f\ tlio Htrcain, niul drag the Imteiiux uloiiurovortlie gravel, wliere there is noinetiniert not more than wlx iiichcH of watiT. Tlieso shiiees are not so well guarded but that they might he Itroken at the name time that the ahatirt wuh nnide. When we eome to the Hummit of the land, the country U full of swuinprt and the woods thick and covered with pines. Several rivers which tlow in different directiouH, take their rise in these elevated lands. A ijuarter of a league from this, hegins the river J)es Agniers or the Mohawk, whieh is larger and much deeper than the jireeeding. Its least straits are knee deep even near its source. The lands adjacent are good to cultivate. Fort iStanwix is huilt at a gun shot from the river, upon a slope of land which falls towards the river hank. The slope at the fort is slight. Wo ohserve this, because the surface in coming from the woods into the clearing commands the fort a very little. This fort is a Kt|uaro of about ninety toises on the outside, and is built of earth, revetted within and without by great timbers, in the same fashion as that of Oswego. In Septcnibcr, 17G0, it was not entirely tinislied. It is the grand entrei)ot of the English for all that passes from their colonies to the lakes, and where they usually assemble their armies, and all the bateaux employed in the navigation of tlicse countries. They arc obliged to make the portage of half a FOIIT STANWIX : TIIK MOHAWK. 18U l('a,mm upon (Imys to fliiiii^o rivcrn. TIiohi; drayH luivo two piiirrt of wheels, very liglil, joined toi^etluT l»y a roiieli, proportioiiod in lontjth to the hutoaiix. Tliey ean be lontliMl hy eij^lit men and even Iohh. Tlmy plaeo ilvor a niilo wido, and tbo bouses liave not an air of atlluonoe. Opposite tbo fort, is tbe moutli of a rivor,- wliiib oomes down from very far among tbo mountains. It is ([uito rapid at its moutb, wbore it forms a sboal, wliicb compels tbe liatoaux, great and small, to como oloso under tbe fort. 'In Novcinlicr, 1T5T, M. urs, and the ))arty returned laden with plunder. — IkiitoiiH llirkiimr Ca., \). 51. -Ei). 'West Canada Creek. — Fu. iiiK larri.K kai.lh. 141 The HOtth'inciitrt ill tliin (luartof iiri' too liir ajuul lo protect (»iu! anotlior. From tliirt tort for ii Hpact- of I wo Icni^iics, tlm rivir lias »iuito a ntroii^ «-iirrt'iit witli HlioalH at ovory boiiil, that are (itiiti' ditliciilt to pass. They are easy to iipM-t upon, which oonisioiiH niiu'h injury to the I'rcii^ht. The ehaiii of little iiioiintaiiis hecoiiics hii^lierat tliirt part, and we enter a kind of ^or^e of wliicii the siden arc detaelied roeks, mingled with a poor growth of timber.' At two miles helow the Falls, tlu' Knglish have a Htatioii where they keep wagons to transport goods and Itatoaiix. The road ol' the portage is in tliirt gorge between the roeks upon marshy ground, which is covered with round sticks of wood. The river tlows a full mile hefwei'ii these roeks, and forms at the bottom a little tiiU, at the foot of which they very easily embark. The rock of this fall is not very high, and the water at its foot is very still. It forms a very fine basin between high elitls, that rise vertical from the water, and are crowned with woods. The basin may extend three hundred toises before coming out from these rocks. This it) the best post that could be found on this route, and a few people stationed upon these rocks would be able to stop (juito an army. This place appears to have been made for a natural boundary. f I n LiUle FiiU^ - Ku. i m 142 VALLKY OK TIIK MOHAWK. f, Tlio laiulsciipo hero chaiij^cs entirely, as well as the nature of the soil. In eoinini; out of this mountain the eonntry widens, and the valley is ahout a leajrue aeross. The soil is very tine and well eultivated, tlio dweHin. 'Nowmlity-a t'leik. — Kd. IIOtrSK »)K sin WIM.IAM .lOIIN'SiiN. 14a hiohawks, wliert' tlioir is »jiiilc a lari^i' Ibrt hiiilt jiioi'i' iipoii [licci', railed Fort Jlunlt'i'.^ It is luiilt npoii ((iiiti' a luru;o river whit-ii wiiuls past tlu- tort, it coiiu's Irom the inoiiiitaiiis Itohiiul tlio sourccH oi" llio iJi-lawari'.-' Tlii'sc two viliaiTi's iiiav have ii liniulriMl and lifly or two liuiiilri'd warriors. TIk'sc Indians aro tlic most devoted to the English, and they are of tin' protestant. reliifion. From this villaire the mountains liet^in to close up, and at a leatrue below there is only a kind of j^oriu;*', hut it is still inhahited on tin; slopes of thi' hills. The house of Colonel .lohnson, who is eharj^ed with every- thinj; rolatini; to Indian atlairs, is in this gorufe, at two leaiyues helow the second Indian villajfe.' It is at the head of a little (hit of lawn, which extends to the hanks of the rivi'r. I'pon the riirht side of the house is a little stream, coming irom the hills and very shaK low. This iionse is a kind of chateau, with a j»rojec- tion in front, and crowned hy a ciirh roof. It has ipiite a laige front yard, with a wall around it, and two turrets of some height on each side of the i'litrance 'This Wits 11 ^Ik III (lisiiiiuc rii-i (if Scliiiliiiiii' (irik, mill iiiljiifcni 111 till' Molmwk. 'i'lif ICiic (.'iiiiiil imsscs iliicitl.v \\ iii'il li\ \. Yniiiiir, l')si|. Cuiniiarr ilrsii'i|iiiiiii glM'H In .V. )'. r,J Ilift., \, (ITl). — Ki>. i t 1 j 144 SCIIICNKCTADV. s^iito Oil tlic side of till' lawn. Tlio roar of the house is sot ill botwooii two swolls of tlio luoiiiitaiiis, Ujioii tlio Olio on tlio ritflit is a liiookliouso to soniowliat covor tlio oliatoaii. l>iit is itsolf ooiiiniaiiilotl by the hills at pistol shot. This house is isolated, and very ojioii to an attaek. If they liad known this, our parties might d off Colonel .fohiiaon. Almost liavo veiv easilv earrie opiiosito his house in the hills on the other side, is a road that goes down the valley of the 8us(iuoliaiina. Till' river from this |ilaee, tlows always in a dei'j) ehannel, and the bonds vary from loss than a ijuii shot to a (luarter of a h'a<;-iie or more in lonirth. In all tl leso ell hoeks ot the eurront there are shoals and bars dillieiilt to 1 lass, and the land alon iinisl hciin over csliiniiic. In ilii' ilimriiry iilmvi' i|iiiilc(l, u is iiiriilioiiiii ii« a \i!liii:'' "if llinc liiMiilrnl liciiiscs. Anil is tiiiisilc- ;-rilH " I; i> •-uiiDiinilcil liy ii|iiii;lil |ii(l\il~, IliinUcil Irnin ilisltincc lo ilis- lii-.iif. Kiilc riii^r llii> viliaLTc li_v tiit- ixiilc, mi liic Fml lluiUir side, SCIIENECTADV. 14/ bio, woro it not for u Iiill in front of tlic Orange gate, at sliort musket range. Tliere is tomxl ([iiito a rugged rise of ground in coming out of the sul)urbs. The ri'mainder of the eircuit of the eity is a jieiiiiisuhi, raised ujion n terrace of hmd some forty feet high. A stream tliat is not fonhibh' extends around every sideexet'jit tliat towards Orange. I'lion the banks of this river are some very tine gardens. T\\v city is only surrounded by cedar jposts without tianks, and couM not be defended against a large party. They do not navigate the river between Scheneeta.t'it'. It is ii scjiiMic, ll.inUnl with lonr liastidMH nr (Icnii liii>liniis, ami is i onstiiicliti lialldl' inasdiiiT, and half oft iin- luTs piled line hmt the nihil' aliiiM' the inasonrv. It. Is eajialile of lioldini; Umi or three hundred men. 'I'lieieai' e siiine |iieees of ean- iKin in liallen on the rani|iarls. It is not eneinled U\ a diteh. The entrance is thrmiirh a laii;e swiiii; irate uilh lilts up like a draw liridce,— .V. >'. <'„!. ///.nr, \, (iTr,— Kii. lit \\r, CIIAl'TKli IV. Of TIIK ("(iMMl Nil ATln.N I'lliiM LaKK OXTAUIO TO TUK IvNdl.lMI KllONTIKItS ItY WAY HV TIIK ( 'AS( UNCIII A(I(IN. Till' V>i\\ of Cascoiiiliiaiioii, as wo liavo Ibiiiu rly said, would 1k' vory n'ood for tin' aiicliorai.'"i' of vessels. but its entrance is ditliciilt on aetdunt of a liar. If tlir ( oinitrv were iidialiiled, wf nii^u'lit still make a vei'v eon\ iiiiiiit |iassaii:e. They usually iiass into the I'ay nf Knri dcs Sahles. to ^'■o to niaki' the iiortai^i' from its head, and from till iiei' i;i) ii|i till' iianks. to enli'i' this river. At jii'i'M'til this navigation i> nnly made in hark eaiioes. It would he m'ef->ary In lia\r hateaux in ri'serve ahnsi' thr falU.' wiu'i'c lln' walcr is dci'i) eiiou::h, and tlic curnnt- u'ciitle fnr tiir na\iLration of Iiateanx. 'r!ii> rivei has im pnrtatir- hut tlm-c marked on thr map. It travcixs the whole countiy of the h'i\<' Xatiitu.-. and eommunii ale> w il h the (»iiiohya little lake, the wateisof whifh in [mrt f;di into the Ca-i-oni'liiaLToii. and in narl into the Ohio. It is doubtless one of tlu- most elevated iinints in Amerie.i, 'Tlii wiilc, llic lliinl II liiinilnd I'nl lii;;li nml llnrc ;ir|iriits wide. The ^iciiikI is liMlili li», rciii>iil(i:ilp|c. .Iniiili. ilii 1'. (liiiiliMii \, loin. v.. Ji. illlO. — iSiiti in Ori'jiiiiil. fH ; \i m ^ f ':n 1 lii •il li OIL Sl'UlNOS : THE CASCONCIIIAGON. 147 hIiioc its watorH divido, a part flowiii*? into the (Julf ol' St. Lawiviico, and apart into tlio Unit" of Mexico. There is near thin hike a hitmnenous oil Hpriiig of t;onHi(lc'ral»U> size.' The niuhitude ol' hdccH, the facility of navii^ation, and the few portaifcs, all indicate tliat these are very elevated plains, and indeed wo do not meet with . oliO. — /A. m Il« iii.-i<;«/.' 'I'lit' liii((inii- iiulii'ii wli'hli cDiiiiirrliciiiN six iiiiliniis, Ili;iV li;l\t' illiiiiil Iwi- |Imiii-;iii(| W ill TH irs, ilfcoiililiy' to llii' i;iiiU i1m\ 1m>Ii1 jiiihui^' ilii'iii^iU I'-. iKiiiK'Iv : 'I'll.' Olin Tl..' SrIK 'I'lir (':iv Thf OlHM Til.' A.-li Tlu' Tu^ tin '1" 111 ^.i> •!* Tl 111 ill .1 • 1^ rs I'll .} ' it' Ol' I'll.- Mul IIW ks 1, n W, i.ui'll |C lll-ilUl l-\ dl' llli- plillll ll II) l";illi( r l.iilil;iii. 'I'lii- iiii- <|cill;ll\ W:l-^ III VI 'I' ii\ inii'il lliiil III' lull \ liilii; «i;i|ili 111' liiilliil il llijil llii ( hllii -I uolil .'/ ,\ liiiil il ill (':ili:i>l;i. :illil :iHrr 'I ill lliiMiiiiMln lli'^iiH with nun ll ~iir III '/''I * ",'/. -i^''lil\ ill- " li'>rllllilill'^ il lii:ill," ir M' llir ll';ill-l:iliir ll I' Kilrlii r lrlli|ir«il ' :i im:iii'> IlliL'll. " :iliil IIimI lllf Iliii|iliii> wiilil 'jiir, i,t-"j'i< II. hiiil 111!' -;iliii' liHiiliilit;; "/i"''', ill iiiiiiuiii- -iiiiiilMiii; I 111' "lliiL'li-, " iiinlllii' " Ii'j-.' mihI ".'/'""• '^I'I''"'-' iwii lliiliL;- -i'li;ir:ilii ill lilllili^lliil llli- ili-iinrt> ill 1TI><, ill M IIUlillll I liMIUl |i|-iliri', r;il|i( iliialnl III lii- ili-liiu-- llir l!ii:ri I llli- jihiiil Aniiliiiii.i I'tiiiiiili ll, Mini 111 lllllll I- llli- 'l 11 HIS, Hint xillllS l/lll-HI III/, r,„,i> run. M S:ill:i-ill. :i |i|i\ -ii i:ill i il' Hull klliW lliilliilli; .'11111111 il ill i':ili- ll i- liillinl ill lii:ili> ■ inilH I i<- nl' Niillli AtlirriiM. uliirli Mil' nil mIiiiiiI III! -aim- paial \V 111 in r rnlin 1 I a- t 'nil T, riiilli 1 1 11 liiii-l llial llir Cliiin-r U-iv - ''• ■,ii rii/ii 1 11". iVr \,,^ /„ lllniiii'i I Ml I, r.iiitiii'i ll.,i/„.irs lli>i ./.» /"i//..«. \i. l.'io. 'I'lli- jilalil i- Ihr /*. '/"""/'■ ;./,.! nl linlalli-l-, ll i- -lill 111 illlU Ir Villllr illlailr u illi ( llilia, lull nl' \rl'\ Ullirilaill jiliri' il- llir.lii ilial lia\r III I'll allnj;(lli('l' nMI' I' iiicil. — Km *i n A. J nit I II II \illoifr.i A tItS flif .'Alini nilitrif . tfU- > \ A, ( hifl .'/n nn nfl imnlm luUuy ly.tu/, wit/tin tAf /t m i U iiir-t r^fW Cmir/u li'u/i/rf ^.< tilfc wi4Ain tAf4t /Hi'intt Ih* 'liucarfr)ri,t wkti I'rrm 'ht -fitth Suhi'ti iirr cmiUrtiit^ii rifutA^rn fefftr tA«t lifr i'n f>i»tf.i- nZ/i /Tm/ tAfm hftwffn i''H*i y^. ■j^-' r jiMMiAa^ «« If., n-i .III I y ' H'Diitiiriii O, '«!«,, 'ITIOM lli£'^ij M >/ |Mo«et^ •I'l.ly I tt. f^ cayiKja-^.j. '\. purudv ;^ rAJTJ^n • Cfl" »^1'»1.* Pill! 1,1 in ii'^ ■_, : / — "- I if <» fVj t/u «y. .y*?::. ^vjv/"^^ ~- 'f ('^#1'' er^ Td His EkceUency , /lflU)*tt* Part of itSMchuB cts BaY Part of Connedirut ,,^< Great ■^ ~*n < C «ptaiii%i«r J & Governor iii Chief 1 1 jt^ /•/ /■ V / .// ^\!% i>his Map A. (fill'/ J, nil I I'lJu/i/f *i'/tiyf.f I' „ , 1* I * - • 7y** of the Counti^ ctf f|ie^^. iVatioiJS ^^^W ■ jiiiiiii II ,/ // ///.* . ///^' .'J,)cii infli r i /yfi'^ IJ ifJiii/ii-i/ I 'V,(\/,l i/n ! " y/ /) I' If ■/fUfrif t'it/i//„- , ' "^ if \ ', ,_j ,\ ■ '[[^-'^ humhlh imcrihed lu hu fXc^Z/ertcy '■'> 1 1 Coat Ooedunt hutuhtcJet^vant '/ Sn .?#: — r-ar:--:^»- ' -» -- - M- w%^- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^ iU 12.2 lis u flUil 1 '-2^ II '-^ Ii4 ^ 6" » Photographic Sdences Corporalion 33 WIST MAIN STHET WIBSTM.N.Y. USM (716)172-4503 o \fY i v H 11 1" , I'M ;|fi i'i ! i»f 5 1 4 !: If- -« i 1 ; <&»AMB >.»«-.M«<-t»«;•. *"^, r*' K "'^^ V^^**fl|flV< .i? V:. . .* M .M'W ■' .sWV >'.■ «V *»Mt.> .{«:. ^ - k ,-C-i:.«v3« ^a ^^ ** .■.> •>»•**>»»)> i* *y ^^.v'(S. ,'■• S*'Afev'.'-.svl *■> -'XN.n .'".•."i>"l 'I^PMitft ■■aV-.m--. ■■!:** »'\vv»/ -v..,ii-. "siS i.ii :.ft'Ai.v' ^^■ ' "^;:^?^'tAflK^: ■ V*ifffT ■-VS ,M. ¥■. ■-j .%,•.. i-S? m M ■Si^-' ,>{;! ■)■; ifS^'i^^.;. I«.'! li i >. ♦■ »alt>f- H '■ ■.M' ft I m .y-f ■'.■-;jr (■■■■ ■* * '■ > > t . .:l' ■ :, J- * 'V ■ ■, • '■ ■ :' - 'Sif*^''*V '-^n '•■ ■>',' Si,. .• i m ^!-^'" i| '■".'i'. l?r-^|l 'I )i !, ' "^ i# Ii ': ::iiiii 1; I ! .1 ■ ■!■■ v INDIANS ON THE OANISIIO. 149 We may judge from this statement, the population of this nation. Can we believe that they have been much enfeebled from intercourse with Europeans?* Our historians are unwarranted in saying that armies of ten and twenty thousand men have marched to sub- jugate some one or other of the American nations. Within this time, we have had no knowledge of any particular plague that has destroyed them.-^ They may therefore have exaggerated in their accounts.* The banks of the Canestio River are also inhabited by the Abenakis. Wc call them Loups, and the Eng- hsh Mohaigans. There is also a village of the Foxes, or Outugamis, who have fled thither since the last war that this nation had with the French. The Loups who inhabit the valleys of the Susque- hanna, may put from fifteen to eighteen warriors on foot. The village of Theaogen alone has six hundred. The little village of Tateyonons, which furnishes but sixty warrioi's, is allied with the Iroquois. The Susquehanna River is navigable almost from its source. It flows through a beautiful valley filled with very fine timber. Along its course it has a very good depth of water to carry bateaux as far as to Fort Sham- okin. » There can be no doubt but that the Indian nations have diminished greatly during this period. See the end of tliis work. — JVbte in Original. ' May not tlie small pox and brandy be regarded as two great curses to all the Indians of this continent? — lb. ' This may be, but the diminution although not as great, is not the less as certain. — lb. it '''11 ■.iJ '!li(. H ' jE 1 < ••.I ( 11 1 ( 1 1 1 1 160 THK SUSQUEUANNAU. Tho west branch of this river is rather a torrent than a river. As it is buried among rude niountuius, it is very rapid. The Indians, however, go down in their canoes at high water. From Shamokin to .the Chesapeake Bay, the Sus- quehanna has rapids which are met with at the chains of mountains which run east and west throughout the English possessions. The worst of these is that of Canowega. These rapids prevent the English from using this river much for the interior navigation of their possessions. From Fort Shamokin the navigation is the easiest they have, to go to the Five Nations and upon the lakes. But the interposition of the Loup and Iroquois Indians, has hitherto prevented them from forming establishments in that quarter. Before the last war they had pressed up as far as near Theaogen, which the Indians made them abandon, and as far up as below the Juniata valley, which is beautiful and fertile. But they were obliged ro retire from this also.' * The English have returned in force since the time wlien M. Pou- chot wrote, to tlic banks of the Ohio and its tributaries, and have compelled the Indians to let them alone. A few years before the actual war, the court at London formed a project to send a powerful colony into that country. The celebrated economist Young, wrote against this project, which the troubles in America prevented them from carrying into effect. — Note in Original. [151 ] CHAPTER V. Of the Communication from Niaoara to the Belle- IliviERE OR Ohio — in Enolimii Almoenv; and from THE Ohio in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Fort Niagara is situated at the cast point of the river of tliis name, which is still only the St. Lawrence.^ A triangle terminates this point, whose base is at the head of a horu-work of a hundred and fourteen toises on tlie outside, built of earth, turfed within and with- out, with a ditch eleven toises wide and nine deep. It has a demi-luno and two little lunettes, or entrenched strongholds, with a covered way and glacis propor- tioned to the works. The ditches are not revetted. The stronghold and thedemi-lune arc palisaded upon the bcrm. The other two sides have a simple entrenchment also of earth sodded within and with- out, seven feet high on the inside, and six feet thick at the top of the parapet, with a fraise upon the berm. These two sides of the entrenchments are upon a steep bank forty feet high. The part tovards the river * This river is properly only an outlet of the grc lakes into the sea, and the Niagara River, from Lake Eric into Lake Ontario. It is there- fore useless to seek the sources of this great river in the countries situated to the north or north-west of Lake Superior. — Note in Origi- nal. V ;i Mm '■w M i''; t^- iji |M 1 1 f ' ■ '^^1' 1 H!')!;!''! 1 'it ' i'v. ■■ ■•;*■ I'A 1-. 't 152 FORT NIAGARA. would bo accessible but with difficulty. That towards the lake is steeper. There are no stones found around Niagara, and they are brought from the foot of the Cotes, or Platon.' There are there found large de- tached blocks of sandstone very proper for all kinds of masoniy, but we do not find good stone for cutting. Before 1759, we were always obliged to bring lime for the use of the fort, from Frontenac, but M. Pou- chot, commandant at Niagara, found some very good limestone at the head of the Cotes. We doubt whether the English know it, for they are obliged to bring lime from Oswego. They could build a city with these blocks. There is a bar in front of the fort, which lies a good quarter of a league into the lake, and nothing can pass over it but bateaux. The entrance of the river is difficult when they do not know where to find it, on account of the bar, and a considerable current from the river, which throws us into the eddies, and may cast us upon the bar. This passage is well defended by artillery at the point of the fort, because vessels can only ascend against this current with difficulty, and then find themselves under the batteries of the fort. They are even obliged sometimes to throw a line ashore, to haul themselves up to the anchorage, which is a tablet of sand below the middle of the fort. Vessels anchored there can ' The present site of Lewiston. — Ed. s?.f I II NIAUAUA I'lVER. 153. touch tho Hhorc, nnd thcro is notwitlistandiiig huIU- cioiit depth for a man-of-war.' Tlio paHsago by way of tho Niaj^ara, is tho most l'ro((ucnt(!il on tho conthiont of Amorlca, bocausc thin ton^uo of land communicates witli tliree great lakes, and tho navigation loads all tho riidians to pass this place, wherever thoy may wish to go. Niagara is therefore tho centre of trade between the Indians and Europeans, and great numbers come thither of thoir own accord from all parts of tho continent. Vessels cannot winter in the Niagara River, becauso thoy ai'o continually cut by tho ice coming from Lake Erie, from the month of December to the beginning of March. There might, however, bo nuido a port of shelter on tho west side at Mascoutin Point.' The river from its mouth, to a distance of three leagues above, to tho place named Le Platon, has a chaimol about four hundred toiseswide: tho current • Wo present two maps of Fort Ningiira. The larger one is from Poiichot'fi M(!iu()lrs, with the addition of llie last parallel of the ''Eng- lish on the lake shore, at the siege; of 1759. The otlier, fl-om an Eng- lish authority represents all the approaches of tho siege. The present fort ooeiipies the same site, and very nearly the same area as originally, it is one iriile distant from the modern village of Yonngslown. There is a light honsc at the month of the Niagara. On the Canada side, is the present town of Xiagara, formerly Port George, and originally Newark. It was onee the srat of government of Upper Canada. It is in the eonnty of Lineoln. and by the last censns, the town and village had ajiopulation of 4,470. Fort Missis- sauga is a strong work on the Canada side opposite Fort Niagara. — Eu. ' Now Missiassnga Point. Fort Mississaiiga now defends the Brit- ish side of the river near this place.— Ed. 20 ■[ :i riiJl ,Ul ' riffl 154 FALLS OF NIAGARA. m 1 ' ^':,.i' !!i 5 M is gentle, and it has a depth sufficient to hear a frigate P8 far as to the Platon, and to anchor any where along this distance. It has thi-ee bends in this course, each of a league, which gives a fine view to Niagara. The river flows for three leagues between two rocks, almost perpendicular and two or three hundred toises high, with such great force that it cannot be navigated between the Platon, and the basin under the falls. Half a league above the falls, the river which is about half a league wide, has only a strong current. It from thence descends in boiling waves to the falls, where it plunges vertically a hundred and forty feet, upon a bank of very hard rocks. Its breadth is about nine hundred toises. The rest of this waterfall makes a very open arc, at two thirds of which we see a little wooded island which looks as if it was even ready to bo engulphed.* At the bottom of the falls, the river forms a great basin between the rocks, where the water is so still that they can cross it in bateaux. From the foot of the fall, the waters rebound nearly forty feet high, which makes them appear like ice. Wo often liud on the shores of this basin, fish. §k .:.»5i ! ^fl • Father Charlevoix assures us that this island is quite narrow, and an eighth of a league in length. lie adds that there are many rocks scattered here and there, from the shore and above, considerably checking the upper current. We see similar rocks covered with wood at tlie falls of the Ithiue at Lautfen. — Note in Original. The ihland which divides the fulls, is now called Goat Isliuid, A bridge connects it with the American shore. — Ed. ■m PORTAGE OF NIAGA ,A. 155 bears, doer, geeso, ducks and various kinds of birds whiclx have been killed in passing over, having been drawn in by the watei", or the current of air formed by the falls. The Indians collect these. There is a wagon road from Fort Niagara to the Platon, but they generally go by water in summer. In winter they are always obliged to go by land, on account of the ice. The road from Platon to the fort at the portage,' is about three leagues, which they travel in three hours. As it passes through the woods, it is sometimes muddy. If it were properly drained it would be very fine. They have at the bottom of the banks on the Pla- ton, three large buildings to serve as an entrepot for goods that are being transported. The shoi'o where they land is at least sixty feet high, and is very difficult, for they have never built any thing to accom- modate the landing. The banks are three curtains, whoso height from the Platon to above the banks, is equal to that of Mendon, and not steeper. There are two roads for going up ; one for wagons, which is a quarter of a league longer. It has two very moderate slopes. The • The fort at the portage was subsequently commanded by John Joseph Sehlosscr a German olUcer in the (lOth IJoguncut, English, and was subseciueutly known at " Fort Selilosser." There is now a steamboat landing near this spot, wliich is at the foot of navigation on the Niagara River. The steamboat Caroline, was moored here when attacked by a party from Canada, cut loose, tired and sent over the falls, on the night of December 20, 1837.— Ed. 4m ■\ 'I m hi 166 PORTAGE OF NIAGARA. Sm- other is a foot path, which comes directly down the banks. This is very steep, and travelers and others who carry packs, always pass that way. They never stop to rest, although it takes half an hour to get up. There is a building for storage at the top of the banks. The memoir of M. Belin represents this place as if it were one of the most difficult passes of the Alps, although above and below these banks there are large plains. The fort at the foot of the portage, is only an en- closure of upright posts. They had there built some buildings for goods in transit, and for the service of the fort. It is here that they embark for Lake Erie. From this place, the river is not navigable more than a quarter of a league, and it is still necessary to be cautious not to be drawn into the current of the falls. The land around this fort is level and very good. This place is capable of having such a work as is needed. On the west side of the river, at the height of this fort, is a fine little river called Chcnondac,^ whose banks bear very fine timber, which is procured for building the bateaux used in this navigation, as well as boards and plank for the use of the fort. It requires care to get in and out of the Chenondac. After going a league above to cross, they descend ' Chippewa Creek.— Ed. KIAaABA niVER ABOVE THE FALLS. 157 along the bank to its mouth, and likewise in returning they have to go up the river and descend upon the fort, passing between the islands which are found in the river above it. The river is full of islands in its channel, up to near the little rapid, as we can see by the map. The cur- rent is gentle, and they navigate by oars or sails. Some of these islands are handsome meadows. On the east side, at three leagues from the foot of the portage, is the Riviere aux Bois Blancs.* This is the stream by which the Five Nations come down to the river. Its current is very slow, and in several places the land is cultivated by the Indians. The lands in the environs are very fine. This river is full of fish. The Little Rapid is the outlet of Lake Erie. It is a reef, where the current is smooth but strong, for half a league.* The river is a good quarter of a league wide, and has a rock bottom. Its depth not great, yet we find passages, where if the vessels were pro- perly constructed, they could go up with a good wind. The bateaux ascend by poling or towinjj. The eastern shores of the lake are higher than those on the west, and both appear to be very good. Lake Erie has never been circumnavigated by any one capable of given an exact account of the bearing 'Tonawanda Creek. — Ed. ' The current is six miles an hour at this place.— Ed. m H 'fi ''hi 'i 11 i i h 111 51 1 \-^m Lkl h m hi I 168 LAKE ERIE. of its shores, the depth of its bays, and the anchorages that occur, or the posts that might bo established to derive advantage from its navigation. The form which wc have given on the map, is according to the best known memories, from the south part around.* • Wc Ictini from a letter of the Mtirsbnl dc Bclle-lsle, dnteil July 3, 1758, that M. Pouchot hail sent a special map of this lake to M. do Montcalm who was to send it to that minister. Wc have found no copy among M. Pouoliol's papers, and it is doul)tlcss lost. — A'ote in Original. The following letter to Marshal dc Belle-Isle, copied by Mr. Broad- head from llie records of the Department de la Guerre, and dated April 14, 1758, further explains this subject. "My Loud : — I have handed to the Marquis dc Vaudreuil, a map and memoir, on tlic subject of the Frencli and English frontiers which. I have drawn up on the best informations I have been .ible to procure, during my sojourn at Niagara. I have laid down in my voyages, the course of tlic river from Montreal, Lal n ' Worcester. — Ed. ! ' I ) Ml ', 3; it I'. 1'. 'i \; ■•>■'■:■ ': ill h ■;■;/*;* ) i ]■ i n <'''Jil ■'ii 168 MOUNTAIN CHAINS OF AMERICA. we observe when we sail plong the coast of Connecti- cut, and which prevent them 1. 1; m making good roads into the interior of this country. Although the greater pj»rt of Connecticut might be comprised in this section, we still, however, find large valleys of fine and beautiful country. Among these chains, the greatest are those along the Connecticut River, which are twenty miles apart. The course of the ranges of hills and mountains gives direction to the rivers and streams of this country. On the east of the first section along the sea shore, the lands are formed by masses of ocean sand mingled with the debris cast up by the tides from the north- east an i south-west, which forms almost the whole of Cape Cod, to the east of Massachusetts Bay. Long Island also appears to have been formed by sand from the sea, mingled with the soil brought down by streams from the continent. The land as we advance westward is of the same description, but the mountains are higher in propor- tion as we approach the frontiers of Canada. The country to the south-west of the Hudson, is divided more regularly by a greater number of belts, than the parts of which we have spoken. The first object we meet in this part, is a bank of rocks of a soft kind of talc, three and even six miles wide, with the summit raised above the adjacent country. It extends south-west from the city of New York, by the lower falls of the Delaware, Schuylkill, i II MOUNTAIN CHAINS OF AMERICA. 169 Susquehannah, Gun-Powder, Patapsco, Potomac, Rapaliannock, James River and the Roanoack. This chain of rocks, which presents itself as a regular curve, anciently formed the sea shore in this part of America. From the sea to this chain, and from the Navesink hills to the south-west, as far as the extremities of Georgia, the whole country forms the first belt, and we may designate it as the Low country, being formed of the soil washed down from the upper regions, and mingled with sea sand. These plains are generally not fertilized by any river. The soil is a white sand to a depth of about twenty feet, and entirely sterile, where there is no vegetable mold to improve it. But the parts along the rivers are fertilized by the sediment which they bring down, and which get mingled with the sand, as also the mud from the sea, as the shells and other foreign bodies there demonstrate. The soil is of this quality over a space forty or fifty miles wide. Along the route from Navesink to Cape Florida, we everywhere discover a sterile country. None of the rivers present a fertile soil adjacent, ex- cept where improved by the deposits brought down from above. We only observe marshes or low gi'ounds, scarcely able to support white cedar. We very often meet with veins of clay detached by the sea, from these hills of talc, some of which are three or four miles wide. From this chain of rocks where all the rivers form 22 ii m ' :l' I 'Si ■=r A -4 I' ti'i^'k 170 MOUNTAIN CHAINS OF AMERICA. a fall, to the broken chain called the South Mountains, there is a tract, fifty, sixty or seventy miles in extent, very uneven, and rising as we penetrate into the in- terior of the country. This second belt might be termed the Upper country. It consists of strips of difierent kinds of soil and broken land several miles wide in extent, and thrown up in some places into little ridges and chains of mountains. The slope gives a rapid current to the waters of the torrents and ravines, which wash the soil into the rivers, that fer- tilize the plains below. These rough slopes, and the ravines render half this country poorly adapted for tillage. The South Mountains have not any peaks like the Endless Mountains, but they are low, rocky swells, irregularly interrupted, and in some places isolated. Some have a course a few miles long, and others have a breadth of many miles. Between the South Moun- tains and the high Endless Mountains, which by way of distinction, they call the North Mountains, and in some places the Kittatini and Pequilin, there are some very fine and beautiful valleys of eight, ten and twenty miles wide. It is here that we find the largest part of the best cultivated possessions of the English. This belt crosses New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land and Virginia. No general name has been given to this country, but we might call it Piedmont, from its resemblance to that country in Europe, in the good- ness of its soil. This is the third belt of North America. ■ 1 '• hi MOUNTAIN CHAINS OF AMERICA. 171 The mountains Sans-Fin, or Endless Mountains, so called from the Indian name translated into English, form a long and veiy uniform chain, about five or six hundred toises high above the intervening valleys. Their name sufficiently describes their extent. In some places, as towards the Kaatskill, and the sources of the Roanoke, we might imagine that we saw the end of Mount Endless, but if we examine a little in these parts wo shall see that they continue in new branches which are not less extensive. Their back chain, which is the Allegany or Ohio River chain, is parallel with the range of talcose rocks which bound the first belt. This chain is terminated by vast peaks of soil and detached rocks towards the sources of the Roanoack, and the New River. • The most easterly chains, which appear to run south, turn imperceptibly to the west making the valleys of the upper belt and of Piedmont, as we have called it, wider in Virginia than in parts further north. The chains to the south-west, appear^ to blend with the Alleghenies. In some places they are divided, forming new chains of mountains like those of Ouasi- oto. All these mountain chains are penetrated, so to speak by counter-chains or spurs, which come out from the great chains and scatter away as detached peaks, which appear to indicate good passes into the interior but which have no outlets when we try them. It is more sure to pass over the rocks, than the parts 1i 111 A' \ ;|i [l:.: i\ ■"■^; ■"■''%■ '• ' if • .;i ■ \r 'i it: ■ ' : 1 • '■ ■ H ! i i ; /' 'i 1 ! i.l 1 n ii i •M'?,^:!: m. : i ■X ! Ill am 172 MOUNTAIN CHAINS OF AMERICA. where the soil and rocks are blended, because the latter lead into ravines which form precipices. Scarcely a tenth part of the soil in these mountains can be cul- tivated. This is the fourth belt which borders the Iroquois country and the region which comes down to the plains of the Ohio. We conclude from these remarks of M. Pouchot ; Ist, that all these belts of which he speaks, are only branches of the Apalaches, or rather different portions that compose this chain of mountains, as well in length as in breadth. 2d, that all the country situated east of the Apalaches, has been evidently covered by the waters of the sea, and that the numerous and uneffaceable vestiges of this change prove that this could not have been very ancient. We may here be allowed to add that this chain of the Apalachian Mountains, and this elevated belt of land on the west, which appears still to retain its ancient limits, is a portion of the principal belt, which stretches from the south-east to north-west, from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, to and beyond the great lakes of North America. [173] REMARKS UPON THE FALLS OF lOAGARA. The most northerly parts of America being very elevated, the rivers which flow from thence must necessarily before discharging themselves into the lakes or rivers, and according to the slope of land, have falls of greater or less size. The most celebrated of all, is without doubt that of Niagara. The Indians near Quebec regarded this as at the western extremity of the continent. When the French came to establish themselves there, they assured them, "that at the end of Lake Ontario, there is a fall which may be a league wide, where an immense body of water falls into the lake, and that beyond this fall there could be seen no more land, neither on one side or the other, but only a sea, so immense that they could see no end, nor say positively that any one had seen it, — that the sun went down on the right hand of this lake, &c."' The journeys which the French undertook at an early period into the interior of America, gave them a 1 Marc r Escarbot, llist. de la Nouvelle B'rauce, p. 352.— iVote in Original. 174 FALLS OF NIAGARA, m Kfi \m :M mm w ,?!■ knowledge leas vague concerning this celebrated cas- cade. They were at first, however, very incorrect, and wo can scarcely depend upon the details which the Baron dc la Hontan and Father Hennepin had given us. The description which we derive from Father Charlevoix, merits more dependence. M. de Buftbn has not hesitated to insert it in his immortal work. Besides what M. Pouchot has related of this fall in the observations which follow, we liave found nothing among his papers which we could use. The river of the Portage, or of the Niagara, is pro- perly nothing but the outlet of Lake Erie, which discharges itself into Lake Ontario, at six leagues from the Falls. It is not easy to measure with instru- ments the elevation of this fall, and travelers who could see it only in profile, have therefore varied con- siderably in their accounts. The Baron de la Hontan asserts that they are seven or eight hundred feet high,* and the Chevalier de Tonti, a hundred toises." The estimate of Father Charlevoix is much more cor- rect. He gives a hundred and forty or a hundred and fifty feet as the height of the Falls of Niagara. M. de Buftbn had at first supposed this fall was the finest in the whole world, and that it owed this honor to its elevation, but after a little he appears to retract in giving preference to that of Terni in Italy. Al- ' Voyage, p. 107. — A'ote in Original. »Dern. dec. de 1' Amer., p. 30. Father Ilennessin gave to this fall a hundred fathoms, that is, six lumdred feet. — lb. FALLS OF NIAGARA. 176 though most travelers do not give these falls more than two hundred feet, the illustrious naturalist sup- poses them to be three hundred.' Without seeking to question his evidence, we will only here remark, that the mountain del Marmore, has a notch only twenty feet wide, by which the Velino is precipitated, whose vertical fall forms the cascade above men- tioned. It is not the height, but the breadth of a cascade which renders it considerable, and that of Niagara, having nine hundred feet in breadth, evidently sur- passes all others. It cannot be compared perhaps with the Terni, which, in relative height, is inferior to several which we know in the country of the Grisons, Valois and Switzerland. We are surprised that M. de Buffon has not cited as perpendicular falls those which occur in the celebrated valley of the Lanterbran, where nature has presented the wildest beauties. From the top of two mountains which terminate with a glacier, and leaving between them a narrow and gloomy valley, there are precipitated some streams which form cas- cades perhaps the highest in the world. That of Staubbach has been accurately measured, and its ver- tical height is not less than eight hundred and six royal feet, or eleven hundred feet of Berne. It is true the size is not large, as we may judge by the brook which forms it in falling, and which is scarcely more than ' I, -lit I? iS 1 'k I '1 . ^1 > Suppl. a r hist, natur. t. i, p. 4G9.— Note in Ori(jinnl. % « n 1 176 FALLS OF NIAGARA. ) li eight or nine feet wide. "Wo will not speak of the cas- cade of Myrrebach, and some others, whose volume of water is also small, and whose elevation is a little less. The fall of Niagara is also remarkable from the phenomena occasioned by its breadth. When the weather ia clear, we always see several rainbows, one within another, of which it is easy to observe the cause. Sometimes a light fog rises like smoke above this cascade, and seems to be a forest on fire. It may be seen from Lake Ontario, fifteen leagues beyond Fort Niagara. This is a certain sign of rain or snow, and a sure means for finding the fort which is at the mouth of the river of the portage. The noise of the fall, increased by echoes from the surrounding rocks, may be heard a greater or less dis- tance according to the direction of the wind. It is not unusual to hear it ten or twelve leagues, but as a dis- tant thunder, which rolls very heavily. This made Father Charlevoix conjecture, that in time it had formed a cavern under the fall. He gives further as a reason, that nothing ever rises that has once been carried over.' The cause of this fact is, that the whirlpools which are always found at the foot of great waterfalls, are in places where the currents of the river are contracted with great force, and are too much drawn together. ^Journal Ukt. du Voyage de VAmMque Sept. t. v; deVlmt. de la Noxivdle-France, p. Zi&.— Notein Original. ij { !■ } FALLS OF NIAQARA. 177 An anxiety to criticise the Baron de la Hontan, has led Father Charlevoix to deny that fish which are often drawn into the rapids ahove, are killed in the fall. "They have further assured me," says this Jesuit, " that birds flying over, are sometimes enveloped in the whirlwinds formed in the air by the violence of the rapid. But I have observed to the contrary, as I have seen little birds flying very low, directly above the fall and come out uninjured.* " We have ourselves seen birds plunge in below the cascade of the Khine, by the side of the chateau of Lauften, forty feet high, and then fly away safely.'' Birds of prey might be shot very easily at Niagara in calm weathei', but not when the winds are strong in the south bend. Then, as M. Pouchot has observed many times, aquatic birds which follow the course of the river and hover over the rocks, are compelled to find shelter by flying near the surface of the water, but not being able in this position to resist the currents of air, they are precipitated into the basin. It is much the same with the fish that are drawn into the rapids above the falls, which are sensi- ble as far as Lake Erie. A great many animals also perish in the vortices of the water, which are so dread- ful above the falls that they cannot swim them.^ Ten or twelve Outaouais Indians, having wished to cross at ' Id. p. 340, 347. — Note in Original. " Ou the opposite side near the forges of Neuliaussen this fall appears lower. — lb. 3 Trans. Philos. t. vi, Part II, p. 110. — 76. 23 R !■ til ' i, V': 1 1 '\ I Ij! I * h 1, if 1 . ' * t ■ im li: 'i |1^ 178 FALLS OF NIAGARA. !iu; thiH part of the river iu their canoes to escape from a party of the Iroquois who were pursuing them, made vain efibrts to resist the impetuosity of the currents, which did not hinder them from being engulphed in the falls.' Although the mass of waters falls vertically upon the rocks, there has formed, notwithstanding, by the strong impulse of the current and its great volume, a considerable talus. Baron de la Hontan pretonds that below there is a path where three men might easily pass from one side to the other without being wet, or even getting a drop of water upon them.* Neither Father Charlevoix nor M. Pouchot speak of this path, and probably no one would like to try it. Around the falls we observe the banks eighty feet high, which indicate plainly that the channel which the river has formed, was formerly almost on a level with Lake Erie. The falls of Niagara ought to have then been much higher than at present, and the bed of rock which exists, has been worn little by little to bring it to its present form. "When we come to the top of the neighboring moun- tains near the falls, we find a plain three or four leagues wide, which extends from the shores of Toronto around Lake Ontario, varying according to the trend of the shore, to the north-east and south-west. This ' Charlevoix Jour., cit. p. 345. — JVofc in Origimil. ^Voy. p. 107.— lb. !■ ■ >\ -■?!■ FALLS OP NIAOAUA. m terrace or chain of hillB begins at the northern moun- tains, and extends eastward into the country of the Five Nations. Wo cannot doubt but that these hills once formed the lake shore, and that its waters have gradually subsided, leaving the plains that surround it. The extent of all the great lakes, and especially that of Lake Erie, which is above the fulls of Niagara, hiis undergone the same change. The banks of the River St. Lawrence, which is their outlet, has not been exempt from this change. The Island of Montreal, formed by two branches of this river, furnishes us the proof of this. Its ridges are elevated considerably above its shores, and show by this, that all the grounds from their foot to the river bank were formerly covered by its waters which have gradually recoded in propor- tion as the volume of the lakes has diminished by the gradual lowering of Niagara Falls and the other rapids or cascades that interrupt the course of the river above Montreal. We also report a proof of change of which wo will speak. If we seek upon the highest mountains in Canada, we shall everywhere find sea shells of every sort, as well as in the ancient plains covered with lime- stone, sulphurous rock, shales and sandstones. The more recent plains are on the contrary filled with pet- rifactions of wood, fruits, serpents, snails, and various fresh water shells. ■ i •!:1 '•H 1 1 '1 ^11 ■|:'' I? ■I".!: [180] '■4 ON THE CUSTOMS AND MANNERS OP THE INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA. NoTICK. Wc owe to the MissiotmrieH many iirccious clctnils concerning the customs and manners of the Indian trihes of North America, although wo doubtless should have less occasion to reproach these apostles of the New World, had they allowed themselves to bo less subjugated by the prejudices of the State, by whom they have been too often influenced according to its peculiar interests, either to exaggerate the barba- rism of the Indians, or to disguise their faults. One of them, Father Lalitau, has not hesitated to compare them with the first nations of antiquity. His imagi- nation has led him to trace many resemblances in religion, customs, traditions, &c. Few persons can nov/ recognize the reality of such parallels, notwithstand- ing the fashion for such reasoning in the present age. The first travelers, and especially Champlaiu, the founder and father of the French Colony of Canada, have given their accounts with that simplicity and truth, that will render them always valuable, although 'r 'f: 1 CENSIIUE UPON CERTAIN AUTHORS. 181 r tho Htylo may bo almoat uiiiiitollii^iblo. TIioac who followed them, iiirttoud of rectifying their errors, have Tiiiiltiiilied thoni, or havo dingiiiHcd their uccoiiiitH. Some havo even dared to oxtol tho Indiims, in a muii- iier an rikes them out. The bear pressed by the tire and tho smoke, comes out of tho trunk, whoi'o ho is upright, antl avs soon as they see liim upon tho tree they tire, and sometimes they are obliged to cut down the tree to get him. They iix traps or snares for taking foxes, otters and martens. They also kill lynxes, pole- cttU, pfecaus, wild cats, muskrats, wood-ratw, caribous, moose,' deer, (of whicli the greatest liunting is done in summer), stags, liedge-hogs, partridges, (which are tho wood hens of Europe), and turkeys, which arc very plenty in certain places. They eat the meat of all these animals except foxes, otters and p6cans. They also place nets under the ice to catch fish. They cut theso animals into pieces, after liaving properly skinned * TI1C8C two latter kinds of animals are quite rare. — Note in Original. I: m TIMES OF 80AK0ITY. 205 thcin, iiiid put the quarters of the moat upon a kind of Iraino work wliiclithcy form over their fircH, tr dry and (!ure it in the Hiuoke. This meat serves them for those days wlieu they are not suceessful in hunting, or when tlio Htormy weather compels them to stay in their cabins. One would believe from an enumeration of the animals which wo have made, that the Indians should live a happy life; but their indolence, bad weather and the scarcity of game in some parts, some- times reduces them to the most extreme necessities, and compels them to seek for roots to live upon, and often even these are waivting. They then have been so reduced as to eat their prisoners, or even one another, the distance of all succors, bad weather and frozen rivers having detained them in spite of their eftbrts, in the districts where they happened to be found. They often change their dwellings to find a place nearer their hunting. When the severe cold has passed, and the ice begins to thaw, nature is soon in motion, and the trees which liave been frozen, have a water between the inner bark and the wood, which is not the juice of the tree, but precedes it about u month. When an incision is made a little obliquely, and they have fitted in a knife blade, or the end of a bark, a water flows from this wound, which when boiled, produces a kind of chrystaline sub- stance, which is bitter or sweet according to the quality of the trees. That of the walnut' and cherry, is of the • 'riic Hiip ol'llu' waluut is sweet, like Ihul of the uiuiile.— Eu. !:l < 'i ! ' i' < m ii::,:; !;; 206 MAPLE SUGAR. former kind. Almost all tho trees yield this water, which might be made of some use, oven for medicine. Tho mai)lo aiul the plane-tree or sycamore have a water so sweet that it forms a very good sugar. It m equally sweet and refreshing, and very healthy for the lungs. When they boil it down, it forms a kind of damp sugar, or little cakes of reddish sugar, which has somewhat the tat;to of manna, but very agreable, and of which we may eat as much as we please without fear of any bad result, like the sugar from cane. The Indians, who at that season can neither hunt nor fish, on account of the melting of the ice, and as the fish have not yet begun to run up the rivers, live upon this manna during fifteen days or a mouth. These trees give plentifully of this liquor, which only runs when it freezes at night and thaws by day. But if the sky is covered, or it should rain, the trees would not flow. This is a curious obsei'vatiou for tho natu- ralists. They collect this juice in a kettle or a little wooden trough, once or twice a day, and they can keep it for some time. They then boil it in large cauldrons, and the granular substance which it forms is the sugar. It is excellent for colds. They make a very good syrup with the capillaire,' although it has a taste like that of burnt paper. It is also good for all kinds of sweet meats, makes chocolate excellent, and iJi^-S * A fcm known to botanists as the Adiantem pedatem, or Maidcu's- liair, common throughout the Northern States and Canada. — Ed. I ill ii-^ '' m JO ' I game: fishino. 207 agrees very well with milk and coffee, to which, how- ever, it imparts a disagrcablo medicinal taste. There is no doubt but that we could find this same sugar in Europe, especially after cold winters, if we should seek for it when the buds are a little swelled on the trees. When the ice molts, the Indians find many swans, geese, bustards, ducks, teals, plovers, woodcock, and snipe, which return to the southern part of America to repeoplo that country. We cannot describe the pro- digious quantities which are found at this season, until they get settled in the great ponds and marshes where they build their nests. At the same time the fish begin to come out of the great lakes to go up the rivers, and as nearly all of these have a kind of little canal at thoir mouths, where it is usually not more than two, three, or four feet deep, the Indians watch at those passages to spear them, at which they become very adroit. The quanti- ties that go up on some days is inconceivable. The carp appears first, of which there are two kinds, one like that of Europe but better, and another kind which has knobs upon the head. They call them galcuscs. They are fat and very good, being from six to ten pounds in weight. Then comes the barbue,' which is a flat headed fish, with four large barbs on the side of the mouth. It has the flavor and color of the tench, and weighs from two to seven pounds. The sturgeons 'The Piinelodua, or cat flah, of which there arc several species com- mon in the waters of Canada. — Ed. ; i !fi 208 FISniNd. pi: :;:)■ ;■ nro from five to flcvoii foot lonj^. About tlic moiithfl of May and Juno they tiiul itiko, wei,i?hing from Hovon to tiftoon pouudrt, mullet, and salmon troutof from fifteen to eighteen pounds, and achigauH gilded and green. Thin latter fish is short, tlat and more delicate tluvn all the others. The mastilong6, which grows to from ton to twenty-five pounds, is a kind of pike-trout, and very good, as also the gilded fish, which is shaped like a cleaving axe, is good flavored and weighs from five to twelve pounds. They find all kinds of European fish, such as perch, of three and four pounds, eel-pouts of the same size, and eels of great size antl excellence. In the lakes above Niagara Falls, we find no stur- geon, but this is replaced by the white fish, which is very abundant and fine flavored, and a kind of herring more delicate than that from the sea. When tliis country becomes better inhabited by the Europeans, its fisheries will become a very considerable branch of commerce. For all these fisheries the Indians use a dart, composed of two pieces of iron ten or twelve inches long, pointed, and with two reversed barbs as in a fish-liook, but not so large in proportion. They adjust these two pieces of iron to the end of a pole ten or twelve feet long or over, and a quarter of an inch apart. They watch in the narrow places or in the rapids for the fish as they are passing, and spear them. It is seldom that they miss their aim. They fish also at night in their canoes. They build a fire there- in of cedar chips, and one man stands up in front with DEER HUNTtNO. 209 liifl spcnr, while nnothor behind witli hin pnddio guide's tlio Piitioo along tlio bank where the HhIi come to phiy in the light. lie then Hpears them, and a tiwh ten feet nnder water, and bh thick aw an arm, eould searcely eHonjte them. In Hinnmer, the Indians are ((uite fond of hunting the deer, as this aninud is persecuted by gnats, miisko- toes, which wo call roiimns, and brfllots, an insect almost imperceptible, with whicli the woods are filled, and seeks along the streams for places which have a elay bottom, where ho jump^ in to cover hiinscifas a protection against these tormt uts. The InVums know these places, and lie in wait, in crneealrient, where they can shoot several in a day If they '^ive chase in the woods, they have no need of dogs. The sn," is favorable on account of the tracks which are I h. At other seasons when the leaves are a Ht^f damp, and do not make a noise when they walk, the 'nin is most favorable. An Indian recognizes at once the foot of the animal, upon the trodden ground or upturned leaves, and judges whether he is far off or near. Ho follows the track carefully, looking constantly to the right or left to perceive it, and sometimes he imitates the cry of the fawn. As soon as he perceives it, ho stops, and only moves as the animal resumes its feed- ing. If it raises its head, the hunter remains in afixed attitude in which he ha: ""us to be, and when he has come near enough he ii. If he has wounded his game, he shows an extraordinary sagacity in following 27 'If I'll* ' Si: 1 Vh.U V u liili 210 DEKR-8KIN LEATHER. the trail of Mood, iiiid he very rarely returns without brinjjiiit; his prey. When the Tiulians are in the vicinity of Europeans, they trade with them for the surplus beyond their own wants. To preserve the flesh of the deer which they lay up, they take off the ribs and smoke it, after which they roll it up like a piece of leather, and cut oft' morsels as they wish. When they have no fresh meat, this is not bad. Thev alwavs save the brains of the deer, to prejjare their skins with, and which softens them as perfectly as our tanner's preparations. To prevent them from getting hard after they have been wet, they smoke them. This operation is performed by collect- ing rotten wood, setting up pieces of dead wood around it, in the form of a cone, amd covering these with the skins. They then put fire underneath, which gives much smoke which the skins absorb in every part, and then to get rid of the odor and dirt of the smoke, they wash them. They thus render them very white and pliant, and they do not harden any more than our skins prepared in oil. They prcservt) the fat of the bears in vessels, because this grease does not harden, at least until it is mixed with that of the deer. In fineness, it is much superior to goose oil, and it might even serve as a salad, being better than butter. They find in the woods in .May and June, some pot herbs such as little leeks that are very good, and gar- licks sweeter and larger than ours. They are pear- shaped, and the EuiOi)eaus use them with success as a il HAUITS OF EATING : I'lOKONS. 211 I'oinody agiuiist scurvy, which the Tndimisdo notknow iiiiioiie; themsolvos' any more than the gout or the rheumatism, although they are always sleeping upon the ground ia the rain and dampness. In the fall, the Indians eat walnuts and ehesnuts, but as the trees which bear these are usually from sixty to ninety feet high, of smooth trunk without branches, and would be very dittteult to climb, they cut them down to gather the fruit. They boil the walnuts in kettles, and extract the oil for their use. Into these kettles they like to put all kinds of meat, mingled with bruised Indian corn, which they eat without taking it frou) the tire. When they are thirsty, they dip up a dipper full of the broth, and they rarely drink i)ure water. They scarcely have any regular hour tor their njcals, which are taken by day or by night as they have an ai){»etitc, and they seldom use salt, although thcv have that which is very good. We have not yet spoken of the nu)st abimdant kind of hunting in America, that of jdgeons, to which the French have given the name of loiirtcs. The ([uantities that there appear from the nu)nth of May to September woidd appear fabulous. They pass upon the wing two or three hours at a time, and so thick that they umke it dark, and this will last a whole day at a time. They do tiot take the trouble to shoot them with a gun. ' Tlicy <'iil notliiiig raw us wc ilo, but always i.i)i)k Ihoir herbs. .\oli' ill Oi-ijjiiiiil. I 1 ■i 1 '11 J it ; ,.,(,.,,; :Slf ll?t; 212 MODES OF TRAVEL. but they kill them with a long pole at the end of which some leaves are left. It may happen that a single per- son may in this way kill some hundreds. They make their nests in the woods, which they cover over a space of four leagues in length by half a league in breadth. Wlienever an Indian gives notice in his village that he has found a nesting place, they present him with an equipment for his good news, and the whole village go into the woods, men, women and children, and estab- lish themselves there to eat the eggs and young pigeons during the whole time that the brooding lasts. This happens twice in a year, and wo see no diminution in their numbers.* The Indians travel upon foot or in canoes. Their foot journeys in Hummer are always short. The Iroquois and those who live along the Ohio, have some horses which they have stolen from the English who were pasturing them in the woods. The number is considerable, but they raise none. In their journeys on foot, every one carries his pack, which contains all the implements of the family, and from which a strap passes over the shoulders of the men, but the foreheads of the women on account of their breasts. They encamp early. The women and children make a cabin of boughs and build a fire, while the men go out to hunt to get something for supper. If the success is not ' These " pigeon rooats" ure usually in beecli woods, and ure still of annual occurrence in Canada and northern New York. — Ed. tti MODES OF TRAVEL. 213 good, they remain at least till they get some little pro- vision, and live thus from day to day. An Indian will often set oft' alone to go sixty or a hundred leagues into the woods, with nothing but his gun, some pow- der and lead, a steel, a knife, his tomahawk, and a little kettle. When the Indians have some stream to pass, they make little rafts, with sticks of light wood, fas- tened together with wj'thes, and with an oar which they construct, or a long pole. They ntation them- selves upright at one end, and thus cross rivers as large as the Rhone and the Rhine. Foot journeys are more fatiguing on account of the swamps and low grounds full of water, which are always encumbered by the fallen pines or cedars. These are often found a quarter or half a league wide, and they seldom go through them except to make war. Although the season is more vigorous in winter, they then, nevertheless, have the advantage of linding the rivers frozen, and the woods full of snow, which covers their abattises. By the aid of their snow shoes, which are less inconvenient than at tirst appears when not accustomed to them, they overcome all these ditli- culties. These snow shoes are four or live feet long, and for about two feet in tiieir widest part, they are woven with strips of hide. They pass the toe at about two-thirds from the hinder part, into a cavity formed by thongs passed behind the heel and over the foot, and so adjusted that the heel can be raised a little. It is necessary to walk with the feet thrown i I ! i 'M t ' i .1 214 SLEDGES : ENCAMPMENTS. ;i J I! '1 u outward, or otherwise they would interfere. If they fall, they have great difficulty in getting up again. The Indians have no fear of this, as the elasticity of the snow shoes throws them forward, relieves the fatigue of walking, and compensates for their incon venience. They do not sink more than four or five inches, into the lightest snows. They also make sledges to carry their equipages very conveniently. These are two flat strips of some hard and flexible wood, ten or twelve feet long, and serve to make a kind of sled a foot or a foot and a half wide, with the floor made of birch bark or elm wood, and turned up in front in a curve, so as to overcome the snow. They fasten on them their articles, and with a strap passed over their shoulders, draw them after them, or thoy are drawn by a dog. This sled will carry eighty pounds. They encamp at an early hour in the thickets, and construct a slielter on the side towards the wind, by forming a half-roof with two crotches supporting little poles covered with branches of spruce, flat foliage, or rushes gathered from the swamps. Before their shelter they build a good fire. This arrangement, simple as is is, is preferable to a tent or shelter pit, in which they might freeze, as they would then have no communication with the fire. In their journeys they take precaution against the cold. Their shoes, al- though only a simple prepared skin, are very warm, and the snow is so dry that it does not wet. They -li ' TREATMENT OF FROZEN PARTS. 215 wrap their feet with pieces of blanket, and the sides of the shoes form a half boot which prevents the snow from getting in, while their feet would freeze with European shoes, as many have unhappily proved. The Indians fasten their blankets below with their belt, and make them pass over the head like a monk's hood, arranging them so well that they only expose their nose and hands. They make mittens of skins or flannel, hung to their neck by a string, which serves them better than gloves, because the separated fingers would be more liable to freeze. They make bonnets of a square of cloth, which they sew together at the side, well covering the nock and eai's. "We go into these details, because a similar arrangement would be good for troops who are obliged to march in winter, and would enable them to avoid many of the discom- forts of the soldiers. If they find that some part of the neck or body has been frozen, which they at once know by its whiteness, they take snow and rub it until the blood resumes its circulation. They take care not to come near the fire, for if the part should thaw by the heat, it would turn into gangrene. The greatest inconvenience in these journeys, is in the spring, when the rcfiection of the sun's rays upon the snow or ice, makes them lose their sight' for some days, with very > In speaking of tlie return of the French army from an attempt to surprise Fort William Ili-nry in March, 1757, Uarneau says: " Tlieir retreat was marked by an event wliicli was repented in Bonaparte's army in Egypt, but from a souicwiiat different cause h\ . 1 i j • ■■ j I ■:i I f'r '' ( !>' J " 216 ELM BARK CANOKS. severe pain, on account of the inflammation which it causes in the eyes, and for which there is no other remedy except in the use of goggles of colored glass. Canoes of elm bark are not used for long voyages, as they are very frail. Wlien the Indians wish to make a canoe of elm bark, they select the trunk of a tree which is very smooth, at the time when the sap remains. They cut it around, above and below, about ten, twelve or fifteen feet apart, according to the number of people which it is to carry. After ha- "ng taken off the whole in one piece, they shave oft' the roughest of the bark, which they make the inside of the canoe. They make end ties of the thickness of a finger, and of sufficient length for the canoe, using young oaks or other flexible and strong wood, and fasten the two larger folds of the bark between these strips, spreading them apart with Avooden bows which are fastened in about two feet apart. They sew up the two ends of the bark with strips drawn from the inner bark of the elm, giving attention to raise up a little the two extremities, which they call pinces, mak- ing a swell in the middle, and a curve on the sides, to resist the wind. If there are any chinks, they sew them together with thongs, and cover them with chew- ing gum which they crowd in by heating it with a coal Tlie (liizzliiig whiteness of the snow, struck a third of the detuclinient witli i» kind of oplithalniia, so that they were obliged to be led by the linnd the rest of tl»e way. But two days aller their return, all the sick had recovered their sight by the aid of simple remedies."— iii, p. 88.— Ed. ! ELM AND BinCII BARK CANOES. 217 of fire. The bark is fastened to the wooden bows by thon_i!js. Tliey add a mast, made of a piece of wood, and cross piece to serve as a 3'ard, and their bhmkets servo them as sails. These canoes will carry from three to nine persons and all their cqnipa;es upon the lakes of a dozen leagues. They sit upon their heels without moving, as do also their children when they are in, from fear of losing their balance when the whole machine would upset ; l)ut this very seldom ball- pens unless struck by a flaw of wind. Their paddles are four or five feet long. The sight of such a craft, which is only three or four inches out of the water, would surely frighten a European. If the canoe over- turns, they turn it right by swimming, and then get in at one of the ends. When they land, they take great pains not to allow it to strike, by which it would be broken. They carry it on shore, and again put it afloat, when they embark. They use these vessels par- ticularly in their war parties. They make them every- where that they have occasion to go up or down rivers. The canoes made of birch bark, are much more solid and more artistically constructed. The frame of these (ianoes is made of strips of cedar wood, which is very flexible, and which they render as thin as a side of a sword scabbard, an; ;H i U\ ! :!i hi!, 'k i.nt u l.i pi 218 ntUCH HARK CANOES. soonrotl botwooii the ond strips, and tied alon^ the ribs with the inner hnrk of the roots of the ei'diir, as we twist wiMows around tlie hoops of a eask. All these seams are eoveri'd with ehewins; ffum, as is done with eanoos of elm hark. They then put in cross bars to liold it and to serve as seats, and a Ions; pole, which tlu'V lay on from fore to aft in ronj;h weather to jire- vt'ut it from liciiii;' broken by the shocks occasionetlby pitchinir. They liavc them with three, six, twelve and even twenty-four places, which are desiiiiiated as somany seats. The Frcn«'h are almost the only people who use these canoes for their ionu; vt)yages. They will carry as much as three thousand pounds. Four men will carry them in their jtortaj^cs, and two men will com- monly be able to lift them. These little crafts will endure gales of wind that would trouble vessels. They have only to take care that they do not strike. If they liappen to their traders soii<,dit to elieat tiiem. The Indians lormerU had usai^es and utensils to which they are now scar^i ly aecustomed. They nnide pottery, (h-ew tire from wood, and their arrows t'nrnislied tlieni witli food. Tliey nuido lu'cdles and tish liooks of tisli-hoiics. The ten- dons of animals served them as thread, which they ilividcd and drew into threads as tine as they wanted. Their women were skillful and industrious in making antl fittinu; their garments. When the Indian has enough to cat, liis wants are satisfied, and lii; thinks only of enjoying himseli' by smoking or sleeping, without giving a thought for the morrow, ['^nless something arouses his ideas he thinks of nothing, and exhihits an extreme tranciuility and patience which imikes him appear melancholy. The habit of being alone and isolated, nniy tend to this, but it is so strong in the Fudian's nature, that if treated in the best manner, and lodged sui»erbly, he wouhl grow weary within a month, and perish if he could not run in the woods, and lead his accustomed life, as has been actually proved. His only thoughts are of the ehase, and of his country's enemies, and he is only occupied with the means of nuiintainingliimself tranquil upon his mat, that is to say. in his country. He has no [troper I ; : .1 i >l I Hi 220 IIOSl'ITAMTY : hOVE OF COIINTIIV. idi'ii ot' what we call "//(/'///iiu' iiiul profit h\ this l)oiu'- volouri',imtlvoliiiit:inlysiil)iiiitti'(ltlii'insi'lvi's!olu'i'oiiu' iiistnniK'iits. If notliiiijLr IukI Ik-i'Ii ii'wi'U tlu'iii, iiiul if tlii'V liiid not foiiiitl ii (liiidod lulvaiitniiv in iuloptinu' ,his coiiisi', wi" shoiiM liiivi' liml l>nt low, as wo may infic from tlic small nnmlnTs that we liavo attracti'd iiotwitlistandinti' all tin- anuMiitios tlu-y liavo ivroivi'd. Their indilU'n'Mci' in ln-licvintjornot holii'v iiij;, furthiT di-tfrniiiu's tlii'in, as also promises for the life to conu'. Their children liron^it np in the ("hristian relitrioii, I'oUow the example of their jiaivnts, at least until their passions lead lln'm to ahandon tlu' missions, which is liappeninu- constantly. Those who remain, follow with mnMther, and m-vertni'iiinu; their heatls. The women, much eiivi'loped in their lilankets, sinir with the men in two chor\ises, the ja'ayei's of the rhurch. which tlie missionaries have translated fnitiiem, ;iiid which they commit to memory. Their son,irit.s which cause sinister events, and every tiling whieli appears to them extriiordinary. They j^ive these the name of Mnnitixis. Tlie sea, tlie lakes, the rivers and every- thint( created, liave tlieir manitous, that is, evil-doinuj spirits, to whom tliey make otferiiii^s or sacritices. It' they are struck hy a tiaw of wind upon a lake, and Hnd themselves in peril, they throw overhoard their tohaeco, or some implement or utensil to appease the Manitou of the Lake, and theydc the same when passini; a dangerous rapid. When they are .troin<^ out for hinit- inj; or war, to ensure success they make a kind of sat-rilict', which consists in erectini; a [lost to which they suspend a doa; or some other animal which tln-y have killed, some feathers, some lohacco, or whatever else comes into their mind. This is ahoiit all that the ccri'monies of their rcliu;ioii amount to. They are very superstitious. Any tliinij that appears to them of had aui;ury will hreak up a war party even aftei' they have trav»'led some hundreds of K'aifues, and when they are ready to strike ; ami it is the same in himtiiif; or any other enterprise. They call prayinir, I'vuiiirtiuj mali- riiir. The custom of lieinu; alom-, tjives them a hahit of revery. That which they call ,/".'/'//'"//, is as follows : A man or a woman tindini; himself or herself of this dis[K)sition, wraps up in u hlaidvcl and thus remains a i r^ii- 'iH 228 CASES OF I'KKSENXIMENT. very long time. Their iiuajiination is heated, ami an enthusiasm seizing; them, they believe that they sec future events, ami annouiiee them with eontidenee. In lint their prophesy otteii amounts to nothing;, but more tluiu once it has come to jjass. The Eurojieans who have been among them relate upon this subject some supernatural things. We will here give two facts well known in the French army : In 17')(>, M. Duplessis, commandant at Niagara, sent a jtarty of twenty-live Missisakes to Oswego, while the women remained near the fort. Thi'y assembled every ev» iiing to " make medicine," one old wonum singing, while tiie others replied in chorus. The ollicers went to see the ceremony. At the end of six or seven days, tbcv eiKjuired why they made no more medicine, when an (lid Woman ri'piicil that tiicir people liae(»ple. An (illiccr ulin knew these jugi^lerics, wrote down upon t!u' spot, the day tiiat she dcsignatrd, and when the party returned, he ipiestioned the iiidiuns and prisoners whose answers continued the old woman's account. It is at Ici.st sixty leagues from Niagara to Oswego, and no pi'rson had come either by land (.r water. The Indians had lost two men, took twelve scalps, and led away three ship carpenters as prisoners. In 1758, about the month of March, M. di^ \'au- dreuil sent a large party of domiciliatiil Indians to Carillon. These Indians upon arriving at the for-t, i : ! CASKS OF I'UESENTIMENT. 229 wout to the commaiulant and asked him to givo them some provisions, as they wished to rest some days bc- ibro going to Fort George. After returning to their camp, one of them juggled, and informed that the EngHrth were very near Fort Carillon, and that lie should at once go and attack them. The rest trusted to thirt inspiration, and went hack to the commandant's (piartors to notify him that they wanted to depart the next day, counting upon finding a party of the English. The comnumdant although astonished at this idea, was tjuite willing to get rid of them, and several officers uud soldiers volunteered to ho of the party. Before they had gone three leagues, they met the tracks of the English upon the lako which was then frozen, coming from the direction of Carillon. They followed these tracks and when their scouts came to the top of a hillock in the woods, the English were going down into a valley which was between them, vo the nund)er of two hundred and fifty. These scouts notified their party, who soon engaged the enemy, attacking them Just as they began to come out of the valley. But eight of them escaped. They were all volunteers, with theii- officers, under the orders of liobert Rogers. All the rest were killed, and they took few prisoners.' In almost every village they havj jugglers by j>ro- fcssion, who are also doctors, or rather real charlatans. They shut themselves up alone in a cabin, where they II ' See volume i, p. 100, of this work. — Eu. m Mil If ■; 'J ■. '■ ':w' I i I li 'J. ' !' .7 I 1-1 I 230 INUIAN UOCTOUS: MEDILINE.S. act like porrtoiiH pnsscfiHt'd, ami wlu'ii tiny comic out tlicy (leal nut tiifir |ii-(>[ilu'sic,-i. Tliis is ((MiiiiKiiiIy iip- (III llu' liitc of a sick |icrs(iii, or upon tlic luck oi a war or liuiitihi,' party. In tiic t'oriiicr case they will say tliat the Maiiitoii of the disease deUiamls a feast, tho result of which is tliat he will ,i;et drunk, and then In- will trive a remedy. If it has a had elfect, the self- styled doctor i-i soiiietinies well heatt'ii or even killed, liccaiise the Indians are otfendcd at havinj; hei'ii duped, Kach faniilv has its jiarticular reniedies, hut thest! jiiL'tders have nothini; that is wry tfood. The\ have Ln.twlcdiro of some excellent jilants, especially for wounds. It is at least certain that when they have any hrokcii hones, no surircon could treat them mori? .:'.Hvly, with less style or witli ^^reater proiiiptiu'ss. Tlicy arc ac(piainted with a ,irri'at nuniher o!' plants, roots and harks of trees, which they ■•iiiploy very usr- fiillv. Since Kuropcans have Itccn m America, they have not sutli(iently endeavored to induce tht'in to show these renu'dics, which miiiht he of iriciit use in our nieilicines. It is true the Indians arc \rv\ jealous in retaining their recipes ;imonir ihcniselvcs, hut with time and presents, wc miiiht he ahic in tin' end to ( 'i- tain their socrot.s. They cure themselves of ! he most Htuhhoni cases of venereal disease without mercury. They huvo a r,»ot which comes lart^'cr tiian a turnip, and which .vill hrini^ to suppuration iiiwaid .discesscs. it repr(ii'W(.-cs itself from suckers, and urows in damp and soincv.hut iiiursby localities. It* I' hmiei it at ion, which each one makes accordin;54 WAIIS NOT FOR CONyrKST. rouuili'tl tlu' liidiiins. Tlu'sc iintions liiivc liiul iiiuiiy coiiHuK'niWIi' wars t«i siistaiii ai^iiiiist llu- li'iM|U(>is, wlio had Hciit tlioin tin* nii'rt(H'tly allit' never ehaiiiretl the eomlitioii of their varioiis eaiitons. The Oiitaoiiais, the Saiitenrs or (jehihois ami the Missisakes. who have aJniost tiie sanu' lan<;ua,i;e, ami who are allied amoiiir themselves. altliou<;li verv near the h on aci'oiint of this tant and less unit. d tl rooimis, havi' sustained themselves ai'ainst them, n. Till" other nations more dis- liave, in the meantime, sntl'ered somewhat. Thev are not even eiuifederated t<»r hiint- inir, and therefore eould not tit^ht with siieeess atrainst the vast armies of tlu' lr(H|Uois which amoiinti'd they say to twenty thousand men. If siieh armies had existed, it is certain that they would have destroyeil all the nations throiitrli which they nii_u;ht pass. When the French c.iiiu' to Aineriea, they landed iiiion the shores of the .\lj;on((iiins, one of the most ancient nations upon the continent, as we may judifo from the extent of tlu'ir lanicnaire, and upon those of the Xepicins and Ilnrons who weri' at war with the Iroijuois. 'Plie French havinu; taken part a,i>;ainst these latter, thi-y hecaine thus the natural enemies of their estahlishiiieiits. They came near dislodijint,^ us from tlu' Island of Montreal, and the jilains east of the rivor tSt. liawrence wliere thev came to hunt, as wo have 'il I > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I L5 12.8 ■50 "^^ IIS lU lit ■UUU ■ 40 12.0 1 '-2^ i '-^ 1^ ^ _ 6// ► Hiotographic Sdaices Corporation A \ 4V ^ \ \ ' «!> 4!^.^. *%.• ^.^ \ >- 23 WIST MAIN STMET WnSTIR.N./. )45S0 (716) t72-4503 236 INDIANS SUPPLIED BY THE FRENCH. S"!] 2'' In, M' , .. i'j l«~l :'« ','1 ^H ^Hi W i, 1 "i' i Bl! ill' 'l.-l 242 DANCES: WAR PAKTIES. with regular but violent movements in every part of his body. He stoops down almost to the ground, and after making sundry contortions, rises quickly, making various motions in the interval. He then renews tho dance in whicli he shows great dexterity and strength. It has much regularity, and would not oft'eud iu a theatre. From what we have said we may well infer, that tho Indians have frequent occasion for war, as they must always have some nation " to eat," and can never bo quiet without it. An Indian who should pass three years without going to war, would not be reputed a man, and would be assailed with reproaches in their festivals. When war is decided against a nation, there are not found wanting war chiefs who seek to make up parties. They choose one having the most reputation. Ho sup- plies himself with brandy and some equipments, and invites the young people, and especially his relatives, to a feast, which consisted in eating a dog, which they have killed by flaying. The repast ended, they begin to drink brandy. The war chief arises, sings the war song, and each one in turn recounts all his exploits, striking a post, and thi'owing down a pledge to confirm the fact. Ho speaks of all the nations whose homes ho has attacked, and marks with his hatchet on the side towards which they are situated. He announces his intentions with the most menacing air possible, and invites those who have courage to follow him. He ends WAU I'ARTIKS. 243 by throwing down a belt of black wampum painted in red, with disdain upon the earth, and invites those who have heart to take it up, announcing that he intends to give it to the one who shall show tlu; greatest courage. All the young people sit in a circle around him, replying by a hd M in cadence, which serves as the refrain of his song. When this chief ends, the first who decides, rises up, and goes through the same ceremony, sings his war song, recounts his exploits, strikes the post, and throws down his pledges of assurance, and takes up the belt, still singing ; — protests that he shall be found worthy of gaining it, and then throws it down. The others get up as they one by one decide, and go through the same ceremony. Those who do not wish to join the party, drink, but do not dance. The ceremony being ended, all those who are to form the party array themselves as warriors. They strip to the breech cloth and mocca- sins, and paint their whole bodies with reddish brown, in streaks which they make with their fingers, and cut their hair or rather pull it out by the roots, except the forelock. They ornament the head, and cover it with Vermillion, and above they put a white tuft which is the mark they carry for war. As soon as they i ;■ all assembled, they march together, their weapons 1 1 their hands, and dancing around go from cabin to cabin singing an air, of which the final words are ha ha, he he, heu, hi hi, &c., turning towards one another, knife iu hand, and gesticulating [' I ' I 1 . j II I i m ri; ni 244 WAR I'ARTIKH. violontly. Tlioy make Homo little pi-eftoiitH. i)iinii_ I! 31 ' Ifii Ij- I i- .:. : • ,1 M ■ in.: '11 '.: the Htep niul tlio solo of tlio hIioo. Tlioy even diHliii- ^u'ihIi an Kiiixlislinmii from a Froiu'limiiii,aii(l aHciTtaln very correctly how many pcoplu there are, as well hy the tracks as hy the fires that tliey hiiild, and hy their places of 8loei)in^% if these traces are those of n party in u campaign. Those who are the first to discover are almost sure to heat the others. They will follow the track many days, until they find them in a position that gives them advantage, us in a cahin, or dispersed to sleep, or iu a, march where they are separated. Thoy will conceal themselves near the i)lace where they wish to strike, each one in the place assigned by tlie war chief, and remain quiet until he gives tlie signal hy a cry made as he strikes the hand upon his mouth. lie is answered by all the assailants, who are now all con- cealed, each with his prey selected. At the first moment of the enemy's surprise, they fire upon him, and it is seldom that they fail to bring some of them down. They issue out at once, hatchet in hand, to throw them- selves uiion them, and do not stop before they are all destroyed. If they think they are not much wounded, or that they are in a condition for defense, they give them a blow on the head with a hatchet. If they flee, they throw it after them, and plant it in their should- ers, in which they become very adroit. As soon as the man has fallen, they run to him, put their knee be- tween his shoulders, take a lock of hair in one hand, and with their knife in Ihe other give a blow separat- ing the skin from the head, and tearing off a piece. cniUELTY TO I'RISONEnS. 247 Thirtis a tiling quickly ilono ; then Hliowiiig tho sculp they utter u cry which they cull the deuth cry. During their conihats, they ruisc cries as t'uriouK uh [)OflHil»le, to uuiniute one another und intiniidute the enemy. It" they do not SCO theniHelves pressed, und if the victory has cost them blood, they exerclKe grcut burhuritics towards those they kill, or upon the bodies of the deud, whom they disembowel, und then puint themselves with their blood. Although they repent much of these horrors, they nevertheless give wuy to them, to uiiimato themselves for courage, and inspire a kind of fury, which nuikes them appear more brave among their fellows, and heedless of peril. They bind all the prisoners they can take with the belts which servo to carry their jiackets, and which they never quit. They tic them so strongly by the neck, arms und waist, that it is impos- sible for them to get free. If they fear to be attacked, they at once run and disperse to the rendezvous agreed upon, which is sometimes nine or ten leagues oil', ac- cording to the country, and the circumstances in which they find themselves. They sometimes assign two to aid the prisoners in marching, taking them by the hands. If notwithstanding this they are unable to fol- low, they take off their scalp- When they arc in ambuscade near some village or fort, as there are commonly some clearings in the environs, they seek to approach in the night. If they do so by day, they lie with their belly to the ground, iki. i ''it ttii i,5ii'i 248 MODES OF ATTACK. and cover their head and back mth herbs, leaves or straw, according to the color of the ground where they are. They advance on their hands, pushing their guns before them until they are conveniently advanced. Thoy judge according to their strength, whether the post is assailable or not, which is always decided to their advantage because the few whom they see ex- posed, they allow to pass them and watch with extreme patience the favorable moment and opportunity, espe- cially if they are only two or three in number. Their puii^ose accomplished, they raise a cry as they retreat, and leave behind some mark to designate what nation has struck. They scarcely amuse themselves by pillaging. If they have time they try to kill some animals for provi- sions. It is seldom that they burn houses, because they do not wish to be discovered. Their principal object is, to bring away prisoners, or to take scalps. "When they find they cannot succeed, they do not fire. They embarrass themselves but little Avith their own traces, or the spoils of the dead. It is important to remark here, that if they have occasion to lead oft" many prisoners or take many scalps, they persevere ULtil the operation is finished, but when the party amounts to three hundred and have taken only one or two scalps, they do not begin another operation doubt- ing their power to ruin the country or to kill other men. They say that if they were not contented the Master of Life would be oftended at them, and that ■■i :i I PRISONERS: REWARDS OF BRAVERY. 249 P ft I' thoy would run the risk of not succeeding, or of loos- ing their people. Thus they go to their homes, to touch the goal, if I may so express myself, and having traveled two or three hundred leagues, they make other parties and return. "Wlicn they have returned to their rendezvous, they dispose of their prisoners according to the taste of their nation. If he is an European, they cut their hair in their fashion, and dress them like Lidians. They secure them by night, and fiisten them to some branches of trees by their feet and hands, in such a way that they cannot escape. They put around their neck a belt of wampum, such as our ladies wear, and paint them red, which is a mark of slavery. They take care to feed him of every thing that they have, so that he shall not i>iue away on the road. They stretch their scalps around a little hoop in the form of a drum head, with the hair hanging down one side. They grease them and sprinkle them with vermilion, as well as on the inside of the skin. The war chief takes care to give the belt promised to him who was the first to go upon the enemy, or who has made the best blow, which they decide among them- selves, equitably and without a murmur. If the chief has some equipment, of which some one is in want, he robs himself to give it to him. If it is by good con- duct, bravery, good luck and liberality that he requires the reputation of being a good war chief. Although ho should succeed in his hopes in an attack, if he should have the misfortune to lose some one, every 32 t ! I it i -I F 1 ^;1 I , I' 1 > ''I «'^" : 250 RECEPTION OF PRISONEKS. fJ-' ' , 'ili thing is plunged into sorrow, and the glory with which he is covered is counted for nothing. They require him to return to war, to avenge the blood of the de- deascd, and to replace him in the family. The Iro- quois take great care to bring back all the wounded, even when they may be of a foreign nation. This is one of their first duties. They make a kind of litter, or they pass a belt under their thighs, which they fasten to their foreheads, and carry them hundreds of leagues if they have no canoes. Other nations abandon their prisoners in the woods, leaving them what they can to subsist upon, beyond which, these miserable wretches must seek in the forest the rest of their subsistence, and that wherewith to dress their wounds. Some after having been out some months have retunied, while others have perished of misery. They thus regard a wounded man or a prisoner as a dead man. Until they return to their villages, their prisoners arc well treated, and without ill temper. "When a party arrives, those who compose it, are all in file, one after another, as on their departure. He who carries the scalps is at the head. They are suspended along a pole. Then come the prisoners, with a chiohiquoi in hand singing, although they do it unwillingly. All the war- riors are silent. He who carries the pole of scalps then first makes as many cries as they have lost men. It is a doleful cry, and ends in a falling tone of voice, after which he makes as many sharp cries as they have scalps and prisoners, and a general cry terminates the :■• ill RUNNING THE GAUNTLET. 251 count. They recommence this again until they come to the chiefs cabin. We can well imagine with what eagerness the young people, the women and the child- ren run to meet them. The most active take the pole to carry to the chief, as if to ainiouncc to him the good news. Others seize hold of the prisoners, and each one endeavors to lead them to the chiefs cabin. They arc lucky if they have good legs, for they are assailed by a cloud of stones and with blows of clubs, and in this way alone they can have any advantage. All are in confusion except the warriors who remain tranquil, and continue their march as in a procession. If some one of the prisoners has the misfortune to fall, he is still worse treated, especially if he cries out, because this amuses them. It is extraordinary that they do not all got murdered in reaching the cabin, where all the chiefs and ancients are assembled. He who conducts the war party, relates his journey and the expedition, gives justice to each one, and makes the eulogy of his warriors by mentioning their actions, after which he presents the prisoners to the assembly, when each in his turn must dance. We may well imagine that they do not do this willingly, especially if they are Europeans. But the Indian pri- soners do not need to be urged, and this gives them an occasion to recount their bravery. This ceremony ended, the war chief disposes of the scalps and prison- ers according to the destination previously agreed upon. Among the Iroquois, a prisoner is commonly des- I Is I M' IL i •I'll) ^ li: mmf^\ iiT 252 FATE OF PRISONERS : CANNIBAUSM. vl tilled to replace some person deceased, by occupying Ilia place in the family. The whole nation regard him as one of their members, and the new relatives take off the collar of slavery. If the family do not wish to adopt him, and say that the}' are too much afflicted to think of replacing the dead, they give up the prisoner to the young people to amuse themselves Avitli, This is an irrevocable decree, and the unfortunate wretch is burned. AVc will not go into the details of this horrid ceremony, Avhicli we find in all the authors. Happily these events have become somewhat more rare. With other nations the prisoners have more to complain of, because they are regarded as their dogs, and they kill them without oonserpieiiccs in their drunken moments, and in times of scarcity, when they have no more scru- ple at eating them than they Avould a beast. If a pri- soner is so fortunate as to marry among these nations, his family does not enjoy any considerations, and he is exposed to all kinds of drudgery that they can invent. Some are so lucky as to find kind Indians, with whom they do not lead a hard and perilous life, especially if they take care to keep away from drinking parties, by taking these times to go out hunting. Oftentimes when the conquerors have lost some chief of great distinction, it is almost impossible to prevent them from sacrificing some of their prisoners to the manes of the dead. It is then, when to satisfy their manes, that they eat a prisoner for ceremony. We ought, however, to feel assured that they only taste •:;iii| TRAITS OF TUE INDIAN, 253 human rac.it with ropugnaiico. "We have seen young people vomit more than once, audit is only byhravado, and by hardening the heart, that they sometimes get toughened to such a diet. It is certain that the best way Europeans can take to fight the Indians is to corner theni into some narrow passage, and march on them at full run, with bayonets fixed, foY the troop which should amuse itself with firing would be soon beaten, on account of the accu- racy of their fire. If unfortunately they should dis- band they would be certainly destroyed, by their ac- tivity in attacking with hatchets and lances.* Although the Indians have but little knowledge, they are, however, often found with a quick and bril- liant spirit and much adroitness. There are many who are vciy stupid, but is not this so among our own peasantry ? The Indians have a strong memory. When any one has any thing to sell to them, they should take great cai'C about lymg to them, and it is always prudent to reserve a back door to guard against con- trary events ; in short, to make them see that you have not deceived them. They are naturally so quiet, that they cannot conceive why we talk so much, and are always surprised at seeing us raise our tone of voice in our disputes. They say that we then lose our spirit. 'The reflections upon warfare with Indians >fcc., wliicli we find at tlie end of tlie relation of tlio expedition of Gen. Bouquet, against the Indians of Oliio, in 17G4, merits a reference. Tlie principles laid down by that author do not difl'er from those of M. Pouchot, but they have the advantage of bemg better developed.— jS'otc in Original. nn H' M'' I : t:; ii k ■.'J, Hi I ' 'i:if: I. V't * i ill i: ■( r I 'ly'ii 254 FRIENDSHIP now GAINED : BRANDY. "We have said that to gain their friendship, and many are in fact capable of showing a decided preference for some one, it is necessary to be generona. It is not, however, the quantity that we give them, which gains this reputation, and it passes for liberal or miserly, ac- cording to the way in which it is done. For instance, in giving them brandy to drink ; if you present them with a large goblet half full, it is villainous, but if you oiFer a small one, providing that it is full, they are sat- isfied. If you ofler them bread, it should be a whole loaf. A half loaf, although much larger, would make them say that you wanted to kill them by stan-ing, and this alone might seiTC to bring the antipathies of a whole nation against a commandant. "When we make them presents, it is best to begin by giving them what they least desire, because if they make some further request you will be able to grant it to them, which will serve to exalt your generosity. Brandy is without doubt, the thing of all others that the Lidians love the best. Every thing depends upon the manner of leading them in the proper way to drink or to trade. It is a means for attracting whole nations, and has become an object of a too great commerce, and we should be able to draw better parties upon some occasions. Although they would not now con- sent to be deprived of this pernicious liquor they are nevertheless very much ashamed of having become accustomed to it, and vogard its use as the principal cause of their ruin. CONSANaUINITV OF TRinES. a With some minor difteronccs, the Indians of this continent all resemble one another. We observe only that those who frequent the European colonies, are more tractable and intelligent. They designate their relations among themselves, and their superiority, by the terms of parent, uncle, nephew, cousins, &c. The Outaouais and the Abenakis call the Iroquois their uncles. The latter regard them as nephews, which indicates the great antiquity of this nation. We may lind another proof in the names of many places, as Ohio, which signifies a fine river; Tluaoym, the con- fluence of two rivers; Schcmihir^ Kioffdm, and other names of places in parts more distant, which ai'C all words in the Iroquois language. The Indians in speaking to the English, give them the appellation of lirothers, and to the French that of Fathers, to show that the latter visited them first, and that they should allow their children to want for nothing. When they wish to designate a whole nation, they call the English S Mi •1 II , n' r^ ifil^i 1 1 !; M * \ ^ ■ t ■" '.'1 '- 1 !i M 1 *^ 1 i 1 t i 256 NUMBERS OF THE INDIANS. by allusion they call the king of France the Great Mountain, Ononiio-Goa, and the king of England, tlio Great Belt. Addition upon the Numiier of Indians in North Amkrica. Had the early travelers given us an exact account of the population of the Indians upon this continent, and had those who followed taken the same care, we might judge of the gradual diminution that has taken place. But this aid failing us, we are reduced to imperfect notions and vague reports. The result is not less af- flicting to humanity. "When Champlain laid the first foundations of the French colony of Canada, several considerable nations whose names are now scarcely known, occupied this country. The language of the Algonquins, still used by several savage hordes, has alone presen'cd the memory of this great nation. The Ilurons no longer form a people. These faithful and powerful allies of the French, after being scattered, have taken refuge in two villages remote from each other, the first near Quebec,^ and the other at the extremity of the lakes. The Outaouais, formerly vei-y numerous, noAy occujiy only three villages, and the Pouteouatamis two. We now find no traces of the Bersiamiamites, the Papina- ' At Lorettc, nine miles from Quebec. — Ed. LOST TRIBES. 257 chiois, the Montagncz, the Amikoiifes, the Attikamegues, &c. These latter wero surrouiulccl by several other tribes who extended to the environs of Lake St. John, and to the lakes Mistassins ani'oii pcut fuire ucee cit.e, and is I'ouud printed in tlic journal of Trevoux, in the montli of March, 1737. — Nok ill Oriyiiud. 'A recent uuthor only gives tlie Chicachas 750 warriors. — lb. i|: ■'*! fl|: : i| If 260 NUMIIEHS nAPIDLY WASTING. pcisniulod, with rcnnoii, "tlint wo miiy stato without fear of error, that in a »iii_i,'lo city liko Taris," there nro more men than there are Indians in all that part of North America inchidod In-tween tlio Athintic and the Pacitie, and from the CJull" of .Mexico to tiie I'ohn- neas, although tliis extent of country in much greater than that of the wliole of Europe.'" Tills rapid diminnatlon of the Indian nations may bo attributed, Ist, To the Inmiodcrate use of brandy ; 'Supposing this city to embrace six or scVcn Lundrcd thousnnd souls. — I^'otc in On'r/iiml. In n psiper on the present stnto of the Norlliern Indians prepared by Sir Willhiin Johnson in the fall of 1703, he gives a sunnuury which we condense in the foliowin« table. Min. Mohawks, UiO Oneidas, S.IO Tiisearoras , 140 OnondiisaB, IW) Cavufias, 200 Seneeas l.O.W Oswefjatchics 80 Nantieokes, I ti"""J''' I 200 Tntecoes, Saponeys, «S:c., J Caghnawagas, ItOO Canassadagas "1 Anuhicks, > 150 Algonqins, J Abenaquis, 100 Skaghquanoghronos, 40 Ilurons, 40 Shawanese 300 Delawares, 000 Wiandots, &c 200 Wiandots or Ilurons 250 Total, Men. Powteuataniis, near De- troit 150 near St. .loseph, 2(«) Ottawas near Detroit,... ;!00 near Miehiliniacinae,. . 250 near St. .loseph, 150 Chipcwcighs near De- troit 330 near Rlichiuck, 400 ^levnonienys, 110 Folsavoins, 110 Puans 3(i() Sakis 3(M) Foxes 320 Twightwees, 230 Kiekapous, 180 Mascoutens, UO Piankashaws, 100 WawiaghtonoMs, 200 Ottawaws, Cliipeweighs, &c 4,000 11,080 Not included in the above the Illinois, Scioux and some other •western tribes. Of these 3,000 belonged to the Iroquois confederacy, and 2,800 to that of the Ottawas.— Ed. ^Ilist. Nut., torn. V. p. 170, ed. in 12— lb. CAUSES OF DIMINUTION. 201 2(1, To f]\o ('Oiitii.i,'ioii of the Hmnll pox ;' 3(1, To tlio warn tlia, the arrival of Euroi»oaiiH hivvo occaKioiu^d ; 4tl» To the ciiHtoin of ri'pliiciiif? the (load by prlsoiiurH, which throw-* all those pcoph- into a nUiU'. of continual Wiir. Man thoru aplicnrs placed as tlie famona IFohlw luiH pretended, — and does not their conduct still Justity the thoM<,d»t (if that writer, whodetines riuin as ii vit^or- ous child who knows his strenffth ? Tn fact the In- dian abuses hiniHolf, btjcauso ho feels too much, lie yields without difHculty to the impulses of ven- i^eance, and raises tho cry of arms, which ho always takes to destroy, and never to acquire or to preserve. Ilis apiietite is tyrannical and his wants urgent. Moth have been multiplied since the discovery of the new world. To satisfy these, ho has forgotten his dearest interests, and has become the instrument of hatred between two powerful rivals, as also that of his own destruction. Api'Kobation. I have read the work entitled, Mcmoiirs sur la der- nicrc (jucrrc dc I'Ameriquc Scptcntriomdc, j|-c., and I have found nothing which ought to prevent its printing. At Yverdou, the 20th of December, 1780. E. Beutrand, Censor. ' To this epidemic wc niny add tlie most terrilile of nil, the Plague. In 1704 a king's vessel brought it to ^lobilc, where it destroyed two considerable nations, called the great and the little Thom<;8, &c. — Aole ill Orif/innl. m^ W i ' ^ 'i ft-' ' •M fl;' 1, t.' ;'."' : I?., i APPENDIX. A'ole to Yir',"'"!l i- Ih'''!!:"' '"li wmr wm (.;„ i 268 INDEX. Basin ITiirlior, ii, 120. IJassigniK;, M. de, i, 118. IJiistile, i, 7. BiiU'iiu Bay, ii, Iti). Uatcaux (li'S(!ril)t;d, ii, 04. Haltey, Jaiui'S, i,27. IJiiltlo on Moiioiigalifln, i, 30, 40 ; of Laiic Georfie, i, 47, 48; of Carillon, i, 100, 114, 117 ; losses, i, 130 ; of SilliTy, i,2;Bi of Plains of Aliraliani,ii, 310. Baunigardt Bay, ii. 111. Bay of Cataracoui, ii, 113 ; Eng- lish at, ii, 15. Bay ofCorbemi, ii, 100,111. Bay of Dunes, ii, 11«, 117. Bay of Fundy, i, 10. Bay of Gasp't", ii, 58. Bay of Niaouro, ii, 110, 137. Bay ofQiiinte, ii, 114,117. Baye des Sables, ii, 134. Bayonets, how supplied, ii, 100. Beiir hunting, ii, 304. Beards, Indians without, ii, 184. Boarn, Hegiment of, i, 5, 10, 'i«, ;n, ii8, 45, 54, 03, (i;?, 73, 7;J, 77, 83, 100, HI, lia, 114, 115, 117, 101, 108,311,331. Beati-hassin, i, 10. Beaufreniont, Chev. de, i, 20. Buauharnois Canal, ii, 08. Beanjeu, M., i, 30, 43. Beaufort, 3o(i. Beau-Sejour, i, 10, !i7. Beaussier, M., i, 3(1, 137. Heaver, value of, ii, 50. Beekwith, Major, i, 103. Bedlord, Pa., i, 130. Bedlow's Island, ii, 87. Belin, M., ii, 15(!. Belle Faniille la, i, 174, 177, 170, lH(i, 188, 101. Belle-Garde, M., ii, 40. Belle-Isle, letter to, i, 104; ii, 158. Belle-Isle, Straits of, i, 138. l?ellin's Map, ii, 57. Bellestre Sieur, i, 84 ; expedition to ^lohawk, i, 08; at Detroit, i, 140, 143 ; letter sent to, i, 140; retires to Detroit, i, 300. Belt Party, ii, 31. Belts, ii, 330. Benthcim, i, 77. Bernes CMuivalier de, i, 113. Bernes Uiver, i, 113; ii, 73. Berri, lleg't of, i, 03,100, 115. Berricr, M., i, 0. Bersianiismites, ii, 250. Bertrand, K., ii, 301. Bertraud, M., killed, ii, 28. Bie, ii, 00. Bienville, M. de, ii, 250. Bigot, M., i, 7, 21 ; gambler, i, 225. Bills of e.xehange, ii, 43. Birch bark eanoes, ii, 317. Birds earry idle rumors, i, 350. Birds killed at Niagara Falls, il, 177. Bishop of Canada, ii, 40. Bi/arre ship, i, 30, 34. Blaek Lake, ii, 100. Black Uiver, i, 00 ; ii, 3, 127. Blakeney, Lieut. Oeu., at Miiior- ic;i ! 75. Blaiii,nl.,M., i, 158. Bleury, M. de, ii, 238. Blockhouses, ii, 07, 75. Blot, M. de, i, 73. Bones in ashes of Fort Duqucs'ic, i, 132. Bonnafoux, Lieut, of artillery, i, 101, 108, 177, 184, 101, 100 ; not exchanged, i, 220. Bonville, ai. de, i, 30. Borbiic Uiver advised for u fort, i, 134. Bordeaux, i, 8; ves.suls from, i, 105. Borgo Forte, i, 4. Bory, 51. de, i, 30. IJoscawen, Admiral, i, 33, 127. Boucats, ii, 134. Bougainville, M. de, i,00, 80, 314, 310,331, 337; suggests an epi- taph to ^lontealm, i, 218, ii, 303. BoU(iuet, Col., ii, 103; Gen., ii, 353. Bouciuet Uiver, ii, 00. Bourbon Uiver, ii, 105. Bourcet M., i, 4. Bourlamaciue, M. de, i, 55, O'J, 70 ; ii, 07 ; at battle of Carillon, 1, 113, 110, 145 ; retreats from Carillon, i, 140 ; wounded, i, 05, 110, 231. Braddock, General, i, 39, 40, 43, 45,00,110, 133; ii, 103. Bradstreet, Gen., ii, 113, 133 ; sunt to Frontenae, i, 124. Brandy, love of, ii, 254. Bravi-'fy, rewartl of, ii, 240. Bray, a deserter, ii, 21. ii ' ■ 3 |i 'i ■ ; 1 , it ^ itur ■ l&^u ■ M INDEX. 2G9 Brest, i, 28 ; vessels return to, i, 119. liritiiid, Hisliop, ii, 47. Bristol, lionl, i, 194. Bnickvillo, ii, 109. Buck Islmul, i, 229. Butliilo Creek, ii, 159. BiiU'on, jM., ii, 174,250; review of M. Pmiw, ii, 181. Biiis.soii, ii, 90. Blii\viii;jf!i Bay, ii, 08. Burifoyne, Gen., ii, 00, 70. Biui^iuuly Ucj;iiiient, i, 28,30, 34. Burlington Buy, ii, 110. Butler, Thomas, letter of, i, 70, 71. Byng, Admiral, shot, i, 75. Cabins, how built, ii, 185, 180 ; in traveling, ii, 214. CaiUiratiui, i, 20, 227. Cadet, Contractor General, i, 7. 135. Ciighnawagus, ii, 200. Camp of Coiitre-eieur, ii, 72. Canada iniprotitablc, i, 12, 15 ; rival of English, 13, 17 ; surren- der, ii, 41 ; essay upon, 44 ; how settled, 44; population, 45; l)riests, 40; trade, 47, 50; frauds, 48; goods u.sed, 49; sold by Indians, 49; natural advantages of, 52; population, ii,89. Canadians described, ii, 45. Canadian troops, qualities of, i, 3(i. Canagatiron, ii, 120. Canajorakies, ii, 21. Canajoharie, i, 71 ; ii, 142. Cana'saragas, ii, 21. Canassadagas, ii, 200. Canestio, ii, 147. Canisteo Hiver, ii, 140. Cannadroghus, ii, 21. Cannibalism, ii, 295, 252. Canoes, elm bark, ii, 210 ; birch bark, ii, 217. Cape Cod, ii, 108. Cape des Roziers, ii, 58, 50. (;ape Florida, ii, 109. Cape Slournski, ii, 61. Cape Tonrmeuto, ii, 61. Capillaire, ii, 200. Capitulation of Fort George, i, 88 ; of Niagara, i, 190. Caribes, ii, 185. Carignan regiment, ii, 44. Carillon, i, 8, 11, 51, 09 ; ii, 04, 67, 08, (to ; army sent to, i, (i2 ; for- tified, i, 72; troops sent to, i, 72, 80, 107, 100; expedition from.i, 100; prisoners taken at, i, 103; jilans against, i, 107; Langis returns from, i, 107; defenses of, i, 109: ^lissisakes from, i, 140; abandoned, i,14(i; road from, i, 140 ; defense of, i, 145, 146; French detained at, i, 228; stores, ii, 47. Carlton Island, i, 229. Caroline, steamer, ii, 155. Carver, Jonatlum, at Massacre, of FortGeorge, i, 90; ii, 164. Cascades, ii, 95. Casconchiagon Uiver route, ii, 53, 140 ; Kivia-, ii, 123, 124. Cassonneta, ii, 13(i. Cassonta-Chegonar, ii, 125. Cataracoui, ii, 15 ; stolen by Eng- lish, i, 100. Catawbas, i, 77 ; ii, 01. Catskils, ii, 82. Cattle killed at Cheuondac, i, 178, 170 ; raising, ii, 90 ; said to bo introduced, ii, 183. Cavugas, i, 247, 248 ; ii, 3, 31, 134, 149, 200. Caugluiauaga, ii, 17. Cedars, village and rapids, ii, 90, 07, 98 ; deserter to, ii, 21 ; might liave been defeated, ii, 41. Celerons, M.M., i, 238. Certificate of Jl.deVaudreuil, i, 10. Cervies, M. de, i, 142, 105. Clialiert, M. de, i, 74, 155, 150, 157, 164, 105, 174, 178; post assigned to, 108, 109; notified at Portage, i, 103. Cliactas, ii, 250. Cliatfault, squadron of, i, 100. Cliambers, engraving by, i, 318. Chambly, i, 237 ; ii, 47, 02, 63. • Champlaiu, ii, 180, 255, 2.50. Chaouanon's reply to English, i, 137. Cliarlebourg, i, 230. Charles, anlndian spy, i, 340, 247, 248. Cliarleston, N. II., ii, 00. Cliarlevoi.x, ii, 147, 148, 154, 174, 170, 177, 178, 231. (Charlotte Landing, ii, 133. II ll I i ii iU'j,'iieii, i, 54, 70, 70; ii, 159. Clioiimious, scalped iiy Catiiwlias, i, 78; favor Prcncir, i, 157. Clioue^'atchi, i, 240, 24K, 252, 255, 258; ii, 17, 18,20,107,108. C!liristiiiaii.\, ii, 258. Cliurclies, Indian, ii, 224. Citadel, N. V., ii, 80. Cleveland, ii, 1.5!». Closter-seven, i, 100, 130. Col)iirg, ii, 117. Cohocs Falls, ii, 70. Colborne, ii, 117. Cold of 1750-00 intense, i, 224. Colonials, 231. Colvill, Lord, i, 234. Contlana, Marshal, i, 28. Connecticnt, ii, 88, 89 ; Uivcr, ii, 00 ; topog. ii, 108 ; troops, ii, 37. Conowega, ii, 150. Conner, Lt., ii, 24. Conoys numlier, ii, 200. Contract, sale l)v, ii, 257. Contrec(eur, M.' de, i, 23, :!0, 73, 140; camp of, i, HI. Conyoxery, ii, 142. Cook Celeroiis, i, 220. Cootes, Major, ii, 120. Copeidiajren, N. Y.,ii, 120. Corbeau, ii, 7. Corliieres, M. dc, i, 157; party under, i, 131 ; abandons Du (iuesno, i, 132. Cordilleras ^[ouutainB, ii, 100. Corlac, ii, 144. Cornwall, ii, 100; Canal, ii, 100. CJornHallis, lion. Edward, i, 18. Corsa, Col., ii, 10. Corsica, i, 4, 8, 9. Coteau,du Lac, ii, 41, 07. Coles, ii, 121. Cotre-Cliiettj Frisliani, i, 94. Courcurs do bois, i, 200, 258 ; ii, 51. C?ourte-Mauchc, party under, i, 123. ( 'ourtship, Indian, ii, 193, 197, 198. Cousage, M. de, i, 30. Coxsuckie, ii,81. Covering the dead, ii, 233. Crab Island, ii, 05. Craig, N. B.. i, 25. Craven, Major, i, 20. Cruniille, M. de. Inspector, i, 31. Cresi'c, 8ieur, erects a fort, i, 141. Cristenaux expected, i, 159. Crogan, Mr., i, 20. Cross erected at Oswego, i, 01. Cumberland, Md.. i, 10, 30. Cumberland Head, ii, 0.5. Cusicli, Nicholas, ii, 232. Cutaway Jack,i, 27. Cugahoga Uivcr, ii, 1.50. Daiiu', M., letter by, i, 104. Dalhousic, Earl, erects niomi- nients, i, 217. Dances, ii, 100, 341, 244 ; of pris- oners, ii, 251. Danville, M., ii, 57. Dauphin, Uoyal, ship, i, 30, 34. Dauphinv, De Beruier form, i, 51. Daureil, !M., i, 20. Davis, Lt., ii, 24. Davis, ,Tohn, i, 20. Dead, care for, ii, 231, 333. Deane, Capt., i, 334. De Bernier,ai(l to M. Dicskau, i,40. Di! Cervies, Capt., i, 101, 108. De Cornoyer, fjieut., i, 101, 108. Decouvereurs, i, 102. Deertield, Mass., i, 49. Deer, hunting of, ii, 209; tanning of hides, ii, 210. B ■ 1: INDEX. 271 / Drfpiisrur, ship, i, 30, 34. 1)(' 111 Hiiirc, M., ii, 135. ])(' la Court, Lieut., i, 08. I)c 111 FiTtt", JI., i, 7;i. l)e la Koch, Capt., i, 101, 108, 170. l)olawarc,li,25«,200; at Niagara, i, 80, 81. nelawaro Hay, ii, 00. Delaware, George, i, 27. Delaware Itiver, ii, i)0, 108. Delisle's map, ii, 57. De Moramhert, Lieut., i, 101,108. D(! Novellc, RL, at Toronto, i, 82. Desandroins, M., i, 55, 04, 21i{, 227 2i!8 DescomhlcH, M, 55; killed, i, 04, 70. Deserter gives aeeouiit of La Presentation, i, 227; returned, ii, 21. Desgouttes, M., i, 127, 131, 200. Detroit, i, 23, 77, 82, 243, 243,251; ii, 120; courier from, i, 140; troops expected from, i, 143, 15!) ; Indians, i, 147. ' / Dc Vihers, M., i, 2f 25, 20, 101, •^ 108; ii, 132. ' Diamond Point, ii, 70. Diana Frigate, i, 234. Diane ship, i, 30, Dickinson's Landing, ii, 100. Dieskau, M., i, 31, 35, 30, 40, 47, 49, 50, 54, 77 ; ii, 17. Divorces, Indian, ii, 201. Dixon's Mills, ii, 101. Dobl)'s Major, i, 71. Doctors, Indian, ii, 220, 2;iO. Douyille, M., evacuates Toronto, i, 200. Douville ladies, nurses, i, 103. Dress of English army, i, 110 ; of Indians, ii, 187. Droutli in Canada, i, 104. Drunkenness, ii, 225. Dubois, M., i, 30. Duchairanlt, M., i, 29. Dumas, 51., i, 30, 42, 73, 313, 328. Dumblers, i, 04. Dumot's Mill, i, 231. Duiil)ar, Col., i, 40. Dunbar's regiment, i, 38. Dunkers, notice of, i, 04. Du Plessis, M., i, 52; ii, 124, 228. Dutiuesnc, M.,1,21, 23, 34, 35, 34, 38, 70. Dwarf, regarded as a manitim, i, 1.58. Ears, cut and ornamented, ii, 101. "Eating nations" (so called), ii, 234, 243. Eighteen Mile Creek, ii, 122. Electrical liglits seen, i, 97. Ellisburgh, ii, 125. Ehi' liark canoes, ii, 210. Emba.ssies, Indian, ii, 239. Eml)ezzlenient, i, 07, 75. Endless Mountains, ii, 170, 171. England, rumored invasion, i, 258 ; king of, how named, ii, 250. English frigates, seen on passage, i, 32, 33 ;■ at Louisl)Urgli, i, 90 ; force at Carillon, i, 108, 109; moving from Oswego, i, 159 ; pretensions, i, 150 ; prisoners, ii, 4. Englishman takes a scalp, i, 78. Entreprenant ship, i, 20, 32, 34. Ephrata, Pa., i, 94. Epitapli of Jlonfcnlm, ii, 204. p](iuipnge of Indians, ii, 193. Eri(! tribe, ii, 234. Erie, Pennsylvania, i, 22. Escort fails to protect English, i, 80. Esperance ship, i, 30, 34. Etcataragarenr(i, ii, 120. Etchemiiis, ii, 257. Eulogv upon M. Pouchot, i, 3. Evans s map, ii, 57. Evans, Mr., ii, 100. Eveille ship, i, 30. Exports of Canada, i, 50. Evre, Lt. Col., ii, 30. F'alls of Carillon, ii, 70, 71. Family relationship, ii, 255. Famine among Indians, i, 258. Farcpihar, Lt. Col. i, 103, 195. Fech, M., Swiss Capt., i,207. Farrara, i, 4. Ferrcni's Point, ii, 103. Fid(>le ship, i, 30. Fighting of Indians, liow best done, ii, 253. Fires set by artillery, Ft, Levis, ii, 34. Fire ships at Quebec, i, 810. Fish, varieties of, i, 208; ii, 207; killed at Niagara Falls, ii, 177. Fisheries, i, 09'; ii, 127, 304, 207. Filch, Dr.Anson.letter from, i, 207. Fitche, Col.,ii, 10. Flan-, Knglish at Toniala, i, 253, 255. 1 i . '! it u '''i ['I m w |||| f^' kmIIIp ^?v. 272 INDEX. FlnK!<, painted witli iin Indian, ii, !ia. Fliitllcads, i,Wi,147;ii, 0,7, 185. Fliuidcrs, 1, 5. Flcrt, vessels of, i,!2l); sailed, i, Wi ; Kniillsh arrive at, i, 'i!14. Kleiir lie Lys ship, i, ilO. Fiimr, prize of, i, U)rt. Koi; at Niai;ara, i, t(ll); dense on jiassaire, i, Itit, it4. Follies, M., ii, .IT. Folles Avoines, i, 104, 1411, 150; ii, am. Fontbonne, M. de, i, 118, 119, 211). Fontes, M. de, i. 111). Forbes, Oen. John, i, 129, 182, 148. Forbodinps of Indians, ii, 0. Formidable, shii), i, 29, !12. Fort Aii;;iista, i, 79. Fort Hrewerton, ii, li)5. Fort llnll. i, (10. 70, 14H. Fort Carillon, ii. (19, 70, 229. Fort Carlton, ii, 128. Fort Cuinherhind, 1, i)7, 39, 78, 81. Fort Dii Quesne, i, 27, 39, 40, 73, 77, 128,129, 131, 132, 152; ii, 47, Kil, 1(12, 103. Fort Edward, i, 40, 47, 101, 123; described, ii, 74, 78. Fort Frederie, i, 44, 40, 49, 230; ii, 80; blown up, ii, (17. Fort FroMtenae, ii, 112. Fort CJeoritc i, 75, 77, 83, 80, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 10(1, 120,137, 145, 1.54, 204, 223 ; ii, 19, 73, 153, 229. Fort Ilarkniar, ii, 140. Fort Henry, ii, 112. Fort Herkimer, troops at, i, 71. Fort Hunter, ii, 143,144. Fort Johnson, ii, 143. Fort La Presentation dismantled, ii, 8; history of mission, ii, 8. Fort lie^onier, i, 153. Fort Levis, i, 0, 8, 10, 11,247; ii, 104; deseribed, i, 238; ii, l(t4, 105 ; invested, ii, 24, 25 ; sur- renders, ii, 31, 35, 37; name chauited, ii, 39. Fort Neeessilv, i, 25. Fort Nelson, ii, 258. FortLydius, i, 47; ii, 74. Fort Lvman, ii, 74. Fort Staehault, i, 132, 103, 187, 200; ii, 101. Fort Miller, ii, 70. Fort Niairaru, i, 5, 8, 10, 44, 52, 53,54,01,73, 77, 79,80, 82,94, 95, 118,142,100, 101, 103, 104, 190 ; surrenders, i, 194, 190, 197, 198; deseribed, ii, 127, 157. Fort Ontario, i, 45,04, 05,208; ii, 130. Fort Orakolnton, i, 287. Fort Oswejio, i, 137; ii, 130. Fort I'ittsburfjh nanu'd, i, 134, 142, 147, 153, 157, 158; ii, 103. Fort lies Hables, ii, 123, 124. Fort 8t. Philip, i, 75. Fort Hchlosser, ii, 155. Fort Sehuyler, ii, 139. FortHhaniokin, i, 70; ii, 150. Fort atanwi.x, i, 00, 72, 207,250; ii, 138, 139. Fort Toronto, ii, 119. Fort Wellington, ii, 107. Fort William Autcustus, ii, 39. Fort William Ileiiry, i, 79, 88, 89 ; ii, 202. Fort Williams, i, 72. Fort Wood, ii, 87. Fort York, ii, 258. Fossils, ii, 170. Four Brothers, ii, 00. Fourillon, ii, 59. Fo.xes, ii, 200. Fractures, trcatnu-nt of, ii, 230. France, Iiulian news from, 80 ; appealed to in vain, 224; kinj; of, how named, ii, 250. Franklin, Pa., ii, 101. Frauds in govcrmnent, i, 21, 22, 50,224; ii, 48, 49. Frazer, John, i, 40. Frazer's Scotch Ue;rinicnt, i, 231, 232. Fredericksbur/;h, i, 44. Free J{obin, i, 27. French pretensions, i, 1,50. Frigates in French licet, i, 30; pass Quebec, i, 214. Frontcnac, M. de, ii, 110. Fronteuac, i, 38, 39, 45, 51, 02, 09, 73, 73, 97, 107, 122, 123, 124, 125, 133, 141, 157, 207, 228, 229, 240,205; ii, 123, 128, 129, 1,52. Fulton village, ii, 133. Fin'uiture of Indians, ii, 187. Futurelifc, ii, 231. (Juge, Lt. Col., i, 40, 41. (Jagc, Brigadier, ii, 30, 38. u INl EX. 273 (Jane's Uoiriiiifiit, li, 10, Ifl. y, i, 101. (iatcs, ('apt., i, 71. (iaiiil('li)ii|u', i, h't. Oaiinllct, I'linnint; tlic, ii, 251. (Iciicrosity, liow ic,i,'ai'il('(l, ii, 21!), 2.TI. (}('ii('sc'(! Uivcr, ii, 12H. (ScniiiaM, ('apt., i, 51. (icrmaii Flails, (roups iit, i, 71. Ocnnaiiy, i, 5. (tilirallaV, i, 75. (Jiiif^si'iii,', ii, 14H. ({oal Island, ii, 154. (Jolilcn Creek, ii, 122. (ioniain, .M. de, i,:)l. (Soods scarce, i, 101, 1:!2, i:!:t ; frauds in, i, lli'.t; sent to I'res- (piu Isle, i, 151 ; kinds sold, ii, •lit. Gordon Antoine, ii, 100. (lovernor's Island, ii, 80. (iraflDn, ii, 1 17. Orand Hank reacluMl, i, UU, ;i4. (irand Mcors, ii, 118. Orand Hivcr, ii, 120. (irani, .Major .lames, fails at Du liuesne,'!, 128, I2it, 250. Oram's Hill, I'ittslmrgh, i, i;{0. Oreat Hell, ii, 25U', i, .'*) Htddiinand, Colonel, i. -"•« in. Halilit.\, i, 18, 1211, 2^! I. llalifu.x Hloop, on liiikr Jiaj,'ara, i, !):!. Heroine ship, i, :i0. Heros ship, i, 20. Ilervev, Major, I, 1!)4. Iliifhliinds, 'ii,HO, 82. Iloniuarl, .M., i,2!>. Holliournc, Admiral, I, 00. Horses use(l as food, I, I;i5, 224. Hospitals, Albany, ii,80; at Que- bec, i, 2:1.5. Hospital Island, ii, 0.5. Hot shot used at Xiaj^ara, i, 184 ; lired at Ft. Levis, ii, ;!4. Howe, Lord, i, 110; reforms l)v, 110, 111, 215; killed, 112; monument to, 112. How's Landinir, ii, 72. Hudson's Bay, i, 1:J. Huds(m Kiver, i, 17; ii, 74,70; navif,nition of, ii, 8:J, 84. Huml)er, ii, 110. Humpbrey's fabulous narrative, ii, 22. Hunjrary, news from, i, 81. Ilunlinii customs of, ii, 201,20:!, 207. ' Hurons, I, 84, 85, 147, 148 ; ii, 2:i5, 25(i, 2(iO. i ^1 I fi i ■ i I 274 INDEX. lliilclilns, ThonmH, 11, l(I!l. Iliils, Ciiimtliim slylc of, 1, .12, .'i;!. Ice ill ('miiikIii, il, III ; ill urils, A(., ii, ih;i. IccliriKssccii on imssiii^c, 1, llll, Ikmiiiiii, IIchIi oI; ii, \M. Illinois, I, lai, II5, IH7, aOO; 11,7, iiiusirc siii|i,i, :n. liiiiiDriM ot'Cmiiiiln, 1, Til). Iiiili'|iiii(l('lii'<' of till- liidianM, II, •,'IH. IikIIiui nccoiiiit of .liiiiioiivlllc, 1, M; I null', i, TiT; liiirlmrilii's at Ofiwci,'!', i. 'W ; (lislniilcd in coiiiicil, i, I4m, liil ; foR'liodliigs, ii, -JO. Iiullan I'oint, 11, 8, 10(1. Indiiiiis, ciisloiiiM mid iiianncrH of, ii, IHO, 181. Indoli'iu'c (if Iiidl'iliM, li,2HI. Inlli'xiliic shll), 1, ;i(). Iiiiicr Dnikc iMliind, ii, 1 15. liiHcct, iilicnoinciiii, 1, MH, Insci'ipiioii to .Monlciilin wrlttrn, 1,'-'18. Inlindiint, in charge of flnnnccH, i, -.21. lnli(Mliicllon,l, 12. Ireland dcsiTiit upon, i, '^'tt*. lroiidci|ii()it, J$ay, ii, 121. lroi|iiciis, ii, I'lO; favor Frciiili, i, M, 80, 8l ; decide for Klli,disli, i, l',';t, 12"), 1 10, I.m; repoil 1)V, i, 147, 148; fear Kii.ulisli,!, l,-)("l ; l)arley at Niajjara, i, 171 ; liirlli jilaee of, ii, 12(l> leilLtne, ii, 2:tl; liostile toKrencli, ii, 2;i0; iiiini- Jier.i of, ii, 148; ve.>.-(, 2.1(1; 11, », i;i ; cxiifdiiion of, i, |(»2 ; con- Vcrtid, i,2IO; Ipiipli/.i'd, i,'.MH; iniirrit d, i, ".'■VJ ; sciil lo ()rtwc',i,'o, i, v;ii5 ; icliinis, ii, 1(1. KiiiiiiMLrnii, i, ITK. I.ii lliivc |iliiiiii('i'('i1, i, 101. 1,11 lloulMi'diiTi.', .M., i, 2:iH. Lii l»io(iiiciic, Ciipt.,!, 141, 2!)8, 2.M ; il, 21. iill Itllltl'.'i (IllirilOll.ii, 122. liii Ciiiiif, i, ;IH; ii.uy, IM; ciinal, ii,li:t; roiiil, ii. IM. liii Citrnc, i, \')7, I7H, ITK, 207, 2()S, 2011. 212, 22S, 220; ii, 11. 1,11 K.ilr, .M. di', i, H2. Lidiliiu, Kiiliicr, ii, IMO. l.ii K()r((' dcs (iliiccs, i, 212. Jill Korci', Ciiplidn, i. 111, 107, 2;!H; ii, 12, 11, l(f, 2:t. L'l (iidutlL', I, 227, 228, 221); ii, 8, 2(1. Lii (Jiiidc, .1. I». IJ., ii, 10; V. P. !•'., ii, 10. l,!i lldiiliiii, Huron dc, ii, 174, 177, 17H, 1N1,2:12. I,:di('('liiimpliiiii,i, IH, lOH; roiitf, ii, .")S, (i2. I,idu' Kiic, i, l;i; ii, IW, 171. Liikc (iconic, i, 4(1, 70, U-l ; ii, 70,71,72. l,id;c MistiissiiiH, ii, 2.")7. liidu' Nrinisciiii, ii, 2.')7. Lidvc of Two .Mdiintiuns, ii, !t. Lal■"» 1,11 MiKiciv, Lieut., i, 1.-.0, ir)7, KM. I,a .Motile I)iil)oin,dc-, 1, 21), 1)2, 00, r,aii'iif(ter, ii, 104. Laii«is .M. de, 1, 107, 14*i ; diowiied, i,2;t(l. l,Miii.dade, M , i, 1 1:1, 150. I.aii;;iia^'e, Indian, ii, 2;t;t. l,an!;iiedoc Ueudnielit, 1, 2H, :tl, 4(i, .-17, (12, 10(1, 11.-., l.-Kl, 1(11, 210, 2;il. [,a I'aniuiefe, I, U."). I,a I'aiiM., i, 21:1. I,a I'ralie, 1, 72, 2:17 ; ii, (12, (W. I,a I'reseiilalioii, i, ;1H, 71, 207, 2.-i:l, 2.-)H, 2."iO; ii, :t, 107, lOM; pally tVoni, i, 102; Dii l'lessi>< senl'to, i, 121; lioat>< at, 1, 140; jmrtv sent to, i, I.'m; iiew.t neiit to, f, l.-i* ; vessel driven to, i, ir>H; loitilied, i, 212, 2111; di;- seiil)ed,i, 227, 220; Imlians i, 210, 241,2.")1 ; ii,7; coniuil at, 1, 2.V2, 2.")4, 204 ; seonts near, ii, 12; I'ji^disji al,ii,27; mission, ii, 40; stuns, ii, 47. r.aiiniiiae, r,ieiit. i. ''U, 108. l,a Uoelie, .M. df, i, ;^20. l,aiillen, ii, 177. I,;inrtl llili, i,2.-.; ii, K!!). Lawrence, Col., i, 10, 44. Laiilerliran, ii, 1 "t. Les (!af iini-, ii, 11."). Lei;onier, i. |:I0, I."):). Leinereii 1 :;c)es to France, i, 224. Leopiii ' -hip, i, ;il. Le Hoi V, ('ol.,-ii, 10. Le Ho , Diipout, i, 100. Li'vv \l., i, 27, 00. LeItVesde Cueliet, i, 7; ii, 44. Levis, Clievalier de, i, .I.""), 02, H(|, 100, 110, 121, l;i4, 14.-., 212, 21:1, 210, 220,221, 227, 2:11, 2:!2, 2110; ii, (14, 72. Licenses for trade, ii, .Il ; of cen- sor, ii, 201. Liiiiierv, M. dc, i, 7:1, 78, l.-.l, 1.12, 1.-.7,'10;J, 180, 187, 100, 102, 104, 10.-.. Limestone at Niasnrn, il, 153. r,iiitot, M., expocicd, i, 1.10. Lis sliip, i, :il ; ia|)tured, i, ;i!J. Little Carrying I'liicc, troops at, i,71. Littler Cataracoui, i, 124; 11,113, 111. ! I 27(5 INDEX. LittlcC'liicf, i, 2fil,20;i. Little KallM, ii, 141. Littk'-liiilcs, Lt. Col., i, 00. Little iAIiirsh, i, 103, 103, 104, 105, 1T8, ITlt, 188. Locstotr friiriitf, i, 2:14. Loii,!,'ueil, M. de, i, 1215, 125. Jwoiiiiiu'irs Mills, ii, !I0. Loni; Island, ii, 84, 85,8!», 128, 129. LoiiV' Sunt, i, 140; ii, 101, 102. Lori'ttc, ii, 25(>. Loi'ucric, JI. dp, i, SI. Loiiii!^, ('apt., ii, ;U. Lost arts of Indians, ii, 219. Lotbinicrc, i, 57. Loudon, Gen., i, 71, 83, 100, 109, 179 ; ii, 80. Loups, i, 7;!, 77, 78, 79, 92, 129, l;i7, 144, 157, 188, 22;i; ii, 4, 149, 150, 102,222,2^8. Louisania, (}ov. of, ii, 47. Lonishuiuh, i, 21, 29, 34, 99, 100, 12(i, 127, 128. 130. Louisville, M. Y., ii, 101. Loutre, Rev. L. J., i, 20. Loval Anon, [or llanninjrl •> 129, 131, 134, 143, 145, 147, 153, 154, 150; ii, 104. Luke, (Jeorge, i, 49. Lusii;niiu, >I. dc, i, 230. Luxuries of Frencli ollicers, i, 22, 23. Lynum, Col., ii, 10. livnian's Uei^inient, ii, 35. M'aeliaut, M. de, i, 99. MeCluer, Alexander, i, 80. .Maehieote, i, 7M ; ii, isy. jMaeneniara, M. de, i, 29, 32. Maeoy, Cajit., i. ii, 47. JMa0. Mills at Carillon, ii, 70. Minas, i, 20. Mines, ii, 90. Alingan, i, 138. Minorica surrendered, i, 75. Minville, Sieur de, ii, 41. Missionaries, ii, 180, 223, 224. Missions, French, ii, 224, 225. Mississakes, i, tlO, 82, 83, 84, 143, 144, 158, 172, 248, 249, 250, 252, 258, 202, 203 ; ii, 15, 238, 335, 258. IS - 11 INDEX. 277 l^li»sissiuiga Point, ii, IT);). ISIissiskouit I5ii.y, ii, 07. Slississipiji, i, 15, !)1 ; ii, 105. ]\Iistigoiicli, ii, 255. Mitiissc, ii, 101. Mitc'licir.s ^lap, ii, 57. Milu/./.es, i, 110. Mobilo, ii, 201. ]\[()liaijraiifi, ii, 149. IMoliuwk country, i, 71, 81; ex- pedition to tlic, i, itS; Indians, i, 2.50; ii, 10, 81, 300; liviir, ii, 78, 81, 138 ; vessel, ii, 20,30, 30, 38 ; villaue, ii, 143. Mohesans, ii, 3, 21. Jlonckatuca, i,37. Moleans, M. de, 31. Monekton, Colonel, i, 37, 4-1 ; (.Jen. atCJuebec, 210. Monckat\u'arton, i, 27. Moncourt, tragic death of, i, 205. Monongahela, i, 24, 40; iieruiits Injni, i, !I3. Jlonro, Col., i, 87, 88. jNIontauuez, ii, 257. M(mtaiais,M. de.,i, 30. Montcalm, M. de., i, 8, 54,55,02, 03, 04, 00, 72, 73, 7-k 75, 70, 80, 80, 00, 02, 05, 108, 100, 113, 114. 115, 110,134,135,140, 14.5, 183, 208,210, 225; ii, 125, 127, 158; killed, i, 217 ; painting of, death of, i,21S; epitaph, ii, 2(13. Montgomery, Col., i. 250. Montgomery's Highlanders, i, 120. Montigny, Si. de., ii, 113, 151, 153 ; defeated, i, 194. Montlonet,M. de., i, 29. Montmorency, Falls of, i, 21 1. Montreal, 1,30, 08, 75, 81, S3, S5, 08,100, 100, 107, 124, 13.5, 140, 141,143, 103, 182, 200,222, 235; ii, 14, 18, 47, 02; capitulation, ii, 41 ; lake ridges, ii, 170; title of, ii, 220. .Montreal Point, i, 180, 101 ; ii, 113. Jlontreuil, M. de., i, 51, 135. Moiuiment at Queliec, i, 217, 303 ; to Col. Williams, i, 49. Moraiguns, i, 175. M(ndinet,ii,101. Jlountains of North America, ii, 100. Mount Haldo, i, 4. Mount Deliance, ii, 70. iMoiuit Independence, ii, 70, 71. Mount Magny, Chevalier de., ii, 355. l\I()untPelee,ii, 73,111. Mournin-for dead, ii, 331, 233,333. Murray, (ieneral, i, 210,231,225; ii,14,303. Murray, Lord John, i, 121. Mushrooms aliundaut, i, 308. Muskingum, ii, 101. Mvrrenliach, ii, 170. .Mythologv, Indian, ii, 333, 333. Niulouessis, ii, l(i5. Nanticokes, number, ii, 200. Navcsink, ii, 109. Nepicens, i, 100 ; ii, 335. Newcastle llarbor, ii, 117. New England,!, 13; Mountains, ii, 107.' Newfoundland, English fleet near, i, 33. New llalithx, ii,357. New .Jersey, i, 70, 179 ; ii, 10, 87, 135. Near River, ii, 171. New Windsor, ii, 83. New York frontiers ravaged, i, 79 ; city, ii, 85. Nevaouinro, ii, 127. Niagara, i, 45, 59, 00, 01, 03, 09, 78, 70, 80, H4. 85, 9;!, 00,07, 104, 140, 144, 147, 155, 1.57, 100, 103, 109, 175, 1H4, 32S, 2.50, 351, 3.53, 250; ii,11,47. 120, 121,123,151,153, 150, 22H, 255; anchorage at, ii, 1.53. Niagara Falls, i, 2; ii, 173. Niagara Portage, i, 23 ; ii, 154. Niagara Hiver, ii, 122; route, ii, .58, 157. Niaoiire, l?av of, i, 02, 03. Nicholas I'oint and Island, ii, 110. North Mountain, ii, 170. Notre Dame Mountains, ii, 107. Nova Scotia, i, 18. _^ Nowadaga Creek, ii, 143. Noyan Paven de., i, 134, 133. Number I8 ; writes to ]M. Ligney, i, 187,188; Milncsses defeat" of Aubrey, i, 102; sur- renders Niagara, i, 108; passes Fori Stanwix, i, 207; returns to Montreal, i, 22:!; befriended by a woman, i, 220 ; exchanged, i,"228; scut to l.a Presentation, i, 227, 220 ; speech, i, 242 ; ii, 10; holds council i, 2.52, 204; surrenders Fort Levis, ii, ;!5, ;f7; introduced to (Jen. Am- licrst, ii,:iO ; returns to France, ii, 42 ; letter to .M. IJcUc-Isle, ii, 158. Pontcotamis, i,10:!, 104, 172,200; ii, 12, 2.50,200; perish of small pox, i,02. Powder, amount at Niagara, i, 107; explosion, i, 181; inaga- y.uw used in storing uoods, i, 20;!; at Fort Li'^vis, ii, iil. Praying Fathers, ii, 220. Preface of original edition,!, 1. Prejudices, inllnence of, i, 1. Presenliinenl, case of, i, 84. Presents, liow rciiarded, ii, 254. Pres(ine Isle, i, 22, 7il, 14:i, 147, 1.50, lO:!, 182, 187, 200; ii, 47, 117, 150, 100. Prices excessive, i,ll, 41, 42, .57, l:iO,221 2S0 INDEX. Pridcanx, Cicn. .Tolin, i, 11, 118, ii, 15!), 1(1(1, 174. Priests, iniliii'iicp of, ii,4(i ; anioiig liuliims, ii, 220. Pfiiicc Edward, ii, 1 14; Hny, ii, 115. I'risoncrs captured iit Oswojfo, i, (is ; excliaiiired, i, 222 ; sent to N. Y., Ii, 4(»; Irciitiiient of, ii, 24!); aliandoned iti woods, ii, 2.">(i; dance, ii, 2r)l : adopted, ii, 2.V2; tortured, ii, 2.52. Provisions, sliort allowance of, i' ;w. Prussia, rumor concerninc, i, JiO. Piians, ii, 2(!(). I'uliny, letter to, noticed, i, !>S. Putnam, Israel, i, 101, 12;!; ii, 22, 23. Pntnain's Creek, ii, (W. tjuakers refuse to arm, i, 82. Quarantine, ii, 8(1. Quebec, i, 20, 21, 2.'), Ii!?, ;S4, ;{fl, r.'), !)2, lo.*), 10(i, i:!4, l;i.l, i:!8, ii;!, 14."), 182, 210, 221, 227, 2;!(», 2:!:!, 257; ii, 41, 47, 01, 250; sur- renders, 21S, 220. Queen's l{e!;iment, i, 40, 51,02, 210, 2;iO;"ii, ;il, 100, 112, 117, 220. I{aiid)ow, lunar, ii, 4U. Uaislon, ))lan ajrainst, i, 1.5;!, 154. l{ainsav, !Major, i, :tO. l{anisav,M.'(le, 1,218,220, 2:!1. Haniici'sat Queliec, 1,210,227. Haiiide Plat, ii, 102. Ifapids, EuLtlisli loss in, ii,41. ]{iippalianoclv Hiver, ii, 10!). Paiicul, y[., ex|)ected, i, 150. l{avnal, A1i1k\ ii, .52, 12!). 148. HaVstown, Pa., i, i:!0. Hell S(|uirrel chief, i, 258. Heed, Mr., i, 2(>. ]{eligion, Indian ideas of, i, !);!. Henards at NiaL'ara, i, 70; ex- pected, i, 1.50. ]{epenler.irni, M. d, i, 140, 104. Hevels, Indian, ii, 2;i0. Hi^vemre, habits of, ii, 2;!8. Khode Island, ii, 87. Hichelieu, ii, 14, 02. Hiclinian, ('apt., carries news of Osweiro, i, 71. Hichmond, ('apt., i, 71. ]{ideaii des Cotes, ii,124. Hiiraud, M. do, i, 0;i, 00, 70, 77, 107, 120. 101, Uigimdieres, M. de, i, ;!1. Hi'o de la Plata, ii, 182. Hiviere a la J5arluic, ii, 08; iHa Frniine, ii, 125, 120, 127; a la Planche, ii, 125 ; a la Koche, ii, 101 ; ii la Tranche, ii, 120; A a M. de Comte, ii, 120; a Se- guin, ii, 150, 101 ; Au Sable, ii, 05, 120. Hivierc aux Bwnfs, ii, 47, 122, 12;), 100,101; aux Hois Hlancs, ii, 157; aux Chevaux, ii, 150; Hoiige, ii, 118. Hoad from La Prairc, i, 73 ; English, ii, 00, 80; portage Niagara, ii, 150. Hoaiuiak, ii, 10!», 171. Hocheblave, colonial cadet, i, 78, 158, 205. Hock Hiver, i,i;)2. Hoirers, :Maj. itobert, i, 00, 12;i, 220, 222 ; ii, 220. Homish ritual observed lij- her- mits, i, 04. Hoiidout Hiver, ii, 81. ]{ostaing, JL de, i, 20. Houles from Canada to the Eng- lish, ii, 58. Hoval Americans, i, 120, 120, i;!0, l(iO, 170, 200, 210, 252; ii, 10. Hoval Aiinon, i, 12!(. HoVal Arlillerv, ii, 10, 24. Ho'val Highlanders, ii, 10. Hoval Houssillon regiment, i 55 (12,100, li;i, 114, 118, 101,211, 2;!1. Hoval 8cotcli Hegt. ii, 10. l{nis, M. de, i, ;iO. Sagamite, ii, 244. Saganach, ii, 255. Sairninaii.news from, St.' Harnalie, ii, 00. St. Blin, i)art\- under. i, 120, 121 i, 14;!. i, 150. St. Charles l{iver St. Clair, i, 41. St. Elmo's JJghts seen, i, 07. St. Francois, expedition to, i, 222, 22:1. St. Frederick, 22;!; ii,5, 14,21 St. .lolm, i, 107, 47, 02, O;!, 04. St. Lawrence, i ii, .58, 01. St. Eegcr, Colonel 211,218. 108, 11,5, 140, 1, 04, 07, 70. 140, 2;!0, 2;!7; ii, 10; river route. ill. ■ 1. iiMMkVAB iPmni IKDEX, liSl St. Iif)Uis, ()l(l'2. Siikis,i, l.V.t; ii. ItW, -.W. Salvert, M. «ie, i. ','», :i4. Snlvisiiac, liieut., i, Hil, ItW. Siimliifilic, ii, Itil. Snuiluskv Imliiin, i, 117, HO. Hamlv H'liv, ii, IIU. Siiiidv C'recli, ii, lU.'), l^ti. Siimly Hook, ii.SC. Siiiis-'Soiiei, i,'2ri:>, i'lA. Siionc Uiver, ii, tjii. Siiotcii, i, ','."il ; ii, 5. Si»p(ni('\>, Si), of, ii, '-'00. Saniloirii, Aiuhcrst near, i, 22H ; tort, ii, 70, 77. Sairiisin, .M., ii, MS. Sarre regiment, i, 55, (Vi, (Y.i, 7;>, S2, urn, 115. 101,','10. 2:u. Satepariouaen, I'olK'liol'.s name, i. 144. 1.57, 171.240. Sault St. liOiiis'. ii, !i;{. Saul, i. 242. Sauteurs, i. CO. 14:5, 1,50,10:1; ii, 385. Sauzay, M. i'.p, i, 20. Siivauali, atl'air nt, i, 130. Sa.\e. Marsluil ii. 07. Scalpinii', ii.240, 247. Seureitv in Canada, i, 104, \'.ji. ];!4, i:{5. 1!!0,22;i. 224. Seheneetadv, i. 71, 72. 100, 107, 100, 124,204: ii, 144, 145,325. Schenatar, ii, 255. Sehiinierljourfj. ii, 104. Seltlosser, .ro.sepli. ii, 155. Selioliarrie. ii. 31. 14!}. SeliooleraO. Henry K.. ii. 3152. Seliroon Hiver. ii, Oti. Seliuvler, Col., i. 45, 00, 71 ; ii. 10. !{5.' Selinvler Island, ii. 05. SehuVlkill Uiver. ii. 00.108. Seiou.\. i. 150 ; ii. 35H, 300 ; (.abins, ii. 180. Seoteli llidilaiulers, i, 120, 315. Scoll. Major, i, 310. Seo\ns, i, 100: ii. II. S(:i:;iiieurs. ii. 44. Heiitninrial riulits, ii,330. Seine, eaptureil al Oswe^^o, i, 00, Seneea Hiver, ii. U!;!, 1:14. Seneea ves.sel. ii. 30. Sei.eeas.i. 70. 147, 150. 157, 171, 344,258; ii, :{. 300. Senesajios, ii.3l. Sen/.e/,ergue, (Jen., 310, Serpenl-a-Sonnettc, ilt., i, 110; ii, 70,71. Shuniokin, ii. 150. Sluiniokin, Peter, i. 81. Shawanese. ninuber, ii, 30O. Sliesnekti) Hay- 'i I"- Sbeik'H Island, ii. 100. Sherburne. Miijor. ii. 07. ; Sliirley. (Jener'al.i, 27. 41. 100.^ Shirley's rei^inieiit. i, 28, 45, ()7, I Shoal'lJay, ii, 117. ; Shoals iu'lludson.ii, 81. ' Shoes, how made, ii, 214. Sickness in French lleet, i,04. Siege ot'>«'iagara beguu, i. 100. Sillerv.biittleof, i,2;{2, 2:i5. Silvef- Jleels, i. 27. Sinclair. Lieut., ii. 35, 31, JJO, 08. Sireuu ship, i, '60, 105. Si\town J^)int, stockade at. i. 02. Skaghiiuanoghronas, ii, 300. ; Sledges, ii. 314. . Small Po.x, i. 83, 02; ii, 14!l, 1 201. ' Snow hliiidntsis, ii, 315. , Snow shoes, ii, 2l;t. I Soldier.s' oultit, English, i. 110. , Scmnedii. Indians of. i, 157. Sonnioto, Lignery goes to. i, 1;il. ; Sonnonguires, i. 204; ii,!!, 4.7. ; SopuslJiver. ii,81. i Sorel Hiver. ii, 02. 03. Sortie i)roposed al Niagara, i, 110, 102. Souri(piois, ii,357. . South Bay. i. 40; ii. 73. South Mountains, ii. 170. Sparkling of .s(^a.ii.4i{. Spiriltial tailli of Indians, ii, 32:!. , Split Rock, i, 108; ii.OO. Sipiaw visited by seoiUs. ii. 13. Stauwi.x. Hrig. c';en..i. 72. Slandisli.Capt..ii,34. Slarkev,Lt.,ii.24. Stalen'lslaml. ii.87. Steiivoi.x |Stanwi\|. i, 00. Step of Indians, ii, 1!I0_. Slilhvaler, ii,70, 18. 1IS2 IXDK\. Stolio, C'iijit. I{ol)crl,i,2.">. Stini- kccinTs, i, 55, !)((, 'J7; ii.-lS, 150. Sii,ir:irrniiii tlic iiii\i)l(\ii,205. Siinliiirv, I'm., i.TU. fc>uiipli('s to Dlllccrs i('li'cnclu'(l,i, Tl. Siiriii'i'v, Tiidiiin, ii, 2:10. SiiiiciKlcr dl' Ciiimdii, ii, 41 ; Ft. (icoiirc, i, Hit: Ft. [ifvi.s, ii, :U ; Kl. S'iuu:iirii, i, lltT; Oswego,!, (it. Siis(|iicli!imiiili Kiver, 1,70; ii,114, M!», Klit. Swjiiiloii, Coininodorc, i, T,ii. Siic,!,'iilcliy,i,a2H,'J2!>. 'r!ii(niii-(")iK'iuiii, i, ;i4(). 'rwanonoimroiicsi, ii, 1S(). TccliifabiU'oiii, i, KJ. Ti'iiiiU'st Iriiiflitciis Indinus, i, 15S. MViisiiri'-ucgoui, ii, 125. T('rni,ii, 174. Ti'iTltorial riglils of Iiuliuns, ii, 220. Tetc'.>; Kreneh al- taeked near Oswego, ii, 110. Vesler, ii, l