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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent Ie mAthode. by errnta ned to lent une pelure, fepon A 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MOI f fliii enlavfl I tA % VmiHTKD AN EASY AND CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO MODERN GEOGRAPHY, COKTAININO f flin enlavjieti Account of tj)e 3i{vf tfsf) ^^ortl) ^mertcan Golonrev, / Particulailjr a,®^^3i3E ^mm wspsfhie ^ji^m/A^^i FOR THE US£ OF CAIfAbl^N SCHOOLS. f ywebec, FKINTED AND SOLD BY W. COWAN AND SON^ 8T. JOHK 811UCJBT. 1841. ._ .. . -« -V p^j.MI IHttriei oft Pretk6noiary*» Office* the 23rd day of February, 1841. Be it remembered that od the twenty-third day of February in the ITeur of Our Lord Christ one thousand eight hundred and forty one, William Cowan & Son have deposited in this Office, the Title of » work, which Title is in the words following, that is to say " An easy and concise introduction to Modern Geography, containing an enlar- fed account of the British North American Colonies, particularly lOwer and Upper Canada, for the use of Canadian Schools" the right whereof they claim as proprietors. Entered according to the Act of the Prorincial Legislature, intituled '* An Act for *he protection of copv rights," by PERRAULT & BURROUGHS, Prothonotary of Her Majesty's Court of King's Bench for District of Queteo Q w A. Ge Q. 01 A. Tt orange. Q. He A. Th ence and Q. He A. T\ Q. D( A. Y( whicl lit axis evej Q. W A. T to sou th Q. W A. T axis. C south or Q. W A. T map, 1 the side of i Q. 1 (a). El II ^^ ^.^^7. J /y// / '>v //> ^ ^ PBELimilVABY NOTIONS. atyi 1841. uary in the forty one, Title of ft " An easj ig an enlar- larticularly •hools" the jefrislatore^ ghts," by Is, sty's Court tofQaeteo Q. What is geography ? A. Geography is a description of the earth. Q. Of what form is the earth ? A. The earth, or globe, is nearly round, like an orange. Q. How large is the earth ? A. The earth is about 25000 miles (o)in circanifer- ence and 8000 in diameter. Q. How far is the earth from (ho sun ? A. The earth is 96 millions of miles from the sun. Q. Does the earth move ? A. Yes, it has two motions, the one round the sun which it performs in a year, the other round its own axis every twenty-four hours. Q. Whatis meant by the earth's axis 9 A. The earth's axis is an imaginary line from north to south passing through its centre. Q. What is meant by the poles 9 A. The ftoles are the two extremities of the earth's axis. One is the north or arctic pole, the other the south or antarctic pole. Q. What are the cardinal points 9 A. The cardinal points are the nor/A or top of a map, the east or right-hand side, and west or left-hdiid side of the person facing a map. Q. What is a map 9 (a). English miies^ 69^ to a degree. A. A map is a picture of the earm or of a portion of the earth's surface. Q. What is the equator 9 A. The equator isac.rcuhir line equally distant from the two poles, cultinijc the earth into halves, called hemispheres. One is the northern^ the other the southern hemisphere. Q. What is the meru/irtn? A. The meridian is any circular line passing throuojh the poles and cuttinij; the earth into halves called the eastern and western hemispheres. Q. What \s latitude 9 A. Latitude is the distance on the meridian of any place to the equator : latitude is counted by degrees, 360 of which make a circle. Q. What is lont^itude 9 A. Longitude is the distance between two meri- dians, counted on the equator or on any circle parallel to the equator. Q. What are the tropics 9 A. The tropics are two small circles parallel to the equator on ea(th side of it at the distarue of .23 degrees and a half. The northern tropic is called the tropic of Cancer ; the southern one is called the tropic of Capricorn. Q. Wliat are the polar circles 9 A. The polar circles are two small circles situated 23J devrrees (rom the poles. The northern one is called the \trcttc circle ; ihe southern one, the antarc- tic circle. Q. What are the zones 9 A. The zones are circular bands into which the surface of the earth is divided by the tropics and polar circles. The wide band between the tropics is called the torrid zone ; the two between the tropics and polar circles are called the temperate zones ; and the two bel frozen Q. V A. I by watt Q. V A. A by watt Q. V A. A by wale Q. ^^ ' A. A joins a p Q. W A. A sea. A Q. V\ A. A the surfi are joiiie Q. VV A. A smoke ai Q. A. AI usually i Q. V A. AI Q. A. Tl water w\ inhabit : (a). JV1( '"ater neal portion distant halves, other 16 passing halves m of any degrees, svo meri- Q parallel llel to the 3 degrees tropic of tropic of es situated }rn one is he aniarc- which the ; and polar cs is called Topics and s : and tho two between the poles and polar circles, ihe/rigid or frozen zones, Q. What is a continent 7 A. A continent is a vast extent of land not separated by wali^r. Q. What is an island ? A. An island is a sirialler tract of land surrounded by Wat IT. Q. Wiiat is a peninsula 9 '^x A. A peninsula is a tract of land almost surrounded ^by water. Q. What is an isthmus ? - A. An isthmus is a narrow neck of land which joins a peninsuhi to the continent or to the main land. Q. What is a cape (»r promontory 1 A. A cape is a jxiint of hind stretchhi?; out into the sea. A high cape is calleti a promontory. Q. VVhai is a mountain ? A. A mountain is a mass of rocks elevated above the surface of the oh, be. When several mountains are joined togciher thiy form a chain. Q. What is a volcano 9 A. A volcani} is a mounfain which vomits fire and smoke and hurninii; matter culled lava. Q. What is a desert 9 A. A desert is a very large tract of barren land lUSually sandv. Q. What is a coast 9 A. A coast is a tncf of hind bordering on the sea. Q. What istlie sea or ocean 9 A. The sea or ocean is that immense extent of salt [water which covers three quarters uf the globe w« Inhabit (a). (o). More stiirily speaknis:, a sea is a very large body of ^ater nearly sutroiindeil by land. 6 Q. What is a gvJph or hay 9 A. A gulph or bay is a part of the ocean extending into the land. A bay is generally smaller than a gulph (a). Q. What is a strait 9 A. A strait is a narrow passage of water between two portions of land. A wider passage is called a channel. Q. What is a sound 9 A. It is a strait so shallow that its depth may be measured with a lead and line. Q. What is a port or harbour 9 A. A harbour is a small bay where ships may anchor. A port is a bay titled up to lodge ships safely, and repair thf'm, if needful. Q. What is a /aAie 9 A. A lake is a lari^e body of water surrounded by Imd. A very small lake is called a7>onc{. Q. What is a river 9 A. When several small streams unite they form a river^ which carries their waters to a larger river or to the soa. Q. What is meant by the source and mouth of a river ? A. The source of a river is the place from which it runs ; thy place where it empties is called its mouth. Q. Which is the right and which the left bank or shore of a river ? A. The right bank is on the right hand of the person doscenling; a river ; the other is the left bank or shore. Q. What is a canal 9 (o). There are also many bays formed by lakes and large riveri^. Smnll bays are called Creeks, Coves, Havens, Harbours, fyc. anea from Q. A. name Ocea Q. A. Indiai iheN Q. A. Sea, 1 Caspii Q. A. races, four n and (a). Europe Occani New extending ier than a er between is called a j plh maybe ships may ships safely, irrounded by they form a V rarer river or d mouth of a from which it nl its mouth. the left bank A. A canal is a sort of artificial river made to afford an easy and cheap conveyance in boats and small vessels from one part of a country to another. Q. Which are the j^reat divisions of the earth ? A. The earth is divi led into five great portions, namely : America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Ocean ica (a), Q. Which are the gr^t divisions of the Ocean ? A. The Atlantic Ocoan, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern or Antarctic Ocean, and the Northern or Arctic Ocean. Q. What are the names of the principal inland seas ? A. They are four in number, namely : the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the R^d Sea and the Caspian Sea. Q. What is the population of the globe ? A. 800 millions of inhabitants, who belong to three races, the white, the yellow, and the black, and to four religions, namely : Christians, Jews, Mahometans and Pagans. (a). America is called the Western Continent or New World ; Europe, Asia and Africa, the Eastern Continent or Old World, ; Occanica comprises an immense extent of islands, one of wbich| New Holland^ is the largest on the globe. d of the person bank or shore. V lakps and large! C(yoes, Havensjl 8 AMERICA. Q. How is America boiiidcwl (a) ? A. America is bou nded N. by the Arctic Ocean ; S., by Hie strails oi' MaL;«*l!i»ri ; E., by iho Atlantic, and VV., l)y tlio PiicKir Ocoaii. Q. WhtMi iiiid by whom was America discovered ? A. In 1492, by Christopher C'olumhus, a native of Genoa, unflor the pMlrona^e of Ferdinand and Isabella, kins; and queon ol" Spain. Q. For what is America dislini^nislied ? A. For (h(i varii'ly of lis clirnal(? and productions, the number and naj^nimdi.' of its rivers and lakes, and for its inexhaustihh? iniiiis of ooJd and silver. Q. What is the populatitin of America ? A. About 45 millions, comprising 27 millions of catholics, 17 millions of proiestants and one million of unconverted Indians. Q. How is America divided ? A. Into two continents, called North nnd South America, which are joined together by the isthmus of Darien or Panama . NORTH AMERICA. A. Froze I leganv St. Li Q. A. Onlarii Q. J rica ? A. ' of the 1 the At I the Uni kenzie flows ii whi(;h J WestWci Q. ^ A. r the* bea its watt for the Ships o as Que Mont re Q. A. nited which 1 Q. What are the principal chains of mountains in North America ? (o) The bouuilaties of countries will orpnorally be omitted, as they can easily !.«» traced by tlie (»n|»il oi; any good map — the •ame remark applies to t^everal other details, as bays, gulphs, itraitS; capes, &,c. c Ocean ; Atluntic, lovered ? I native of 1 Isabella, nluctions, akes, and Tiillions of ne million nd South isthmus of A. The Rocky mountains, which extend from the Frozen Ocean thn)ii«;li Mexico to S. A , and the Al- leganys, which extend from Florida to the guiph of St. Lawrence. Q. Name the five great lakes of Norih America ? A. Lakes Superior, Huron, Michijjjan, Erie and Ontario. Q. Name the four principal rivers of North Ame- rica ? A. The St. Lawrence^ wliich carries the waters of the five oreat lakes and «>f many trihsiiary rivers into the Atlantic Ocean ; the Missi.ssipi, which runs through the United States into the i;ulph of Mexico ; the Mac- kenzie river, which rises in the llocky M .unlains and flows into the Ar'.'tic Ocean, and the Columhia river, which takes its source in the sauie mountains and flows westward into the Pacific Ocean. Q. Which is the largest river in North America ? A. The St. Lciivrence^ which is also celehrated for the* beauty ol' ils scenery, the clearness and salubrity of its waters, the vast abundance of fish it produces, and for the falls of Niagara, the or kindest in the world. Ships of the line can sail up this mighty stream as far as Quebec, and merchant vessels of 350 tons as far as Montreal, which is 900 miles from the Ocean. Q. What are the chiefdivisions of N«)rth America } A. British North America, Russian America, the United States, Texas, Mexico and Guatimala, to ^which may be added the West Indies and Greenland. mntains in omitted, as 1 map — tlie ays, gulphs, BRITISH AMERICA. Q. What is the extent of British i^merica ? A. British America extends north to B..flin's Baj md the Arctic Ocean ; east, to the Atlantic ; south, *; ■-■ 10 to the United Slates territory ; west, to Russian America and the Pacific Ocean. Q, How is British North America divided ? A. Into Canuda, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, Prince Fdward's Island, Newfoundland and New Britain. Q. What i ; the population of British North Ame^ rica ? A. About two millions, including fifty thousand Indians. CANADA. Q. Who first discovered Canada ? A. Jacques Cartier, a native of St. Malo in France, entered and named the gulph St. Lawrence on the 10th. Aug. 1534, and in the fol.owino; year sailed up the river to Quebec and Montreal, then Indian villages. Q. Describe the aboriginal inhabitants of Canada ? A. Like all the North American Indians, except the Esquimaux, they were of a copper complexion, tall, straight and capable of enduring great f tigue. They were hospitable and generous to their friends, cruel and imphK ble to their enemies. Their principal employments were hunting, fishing and war. Q. What European nation first settled in Canada } A. The French, under Monsiour de Champlain, who founded Quebec in 1608, and entered into a treaty of friendship with the neighbouring Indians, Q. When did Canada become an English colony ? A. Canada was ceded to England by the treaty of Paris in 1763, four years after the siege of Quebec, which surrended to General Wolfe's army in Sept. 1769. Q. How is Canada divided ? was I and J or lie lativ< they provi tutio] Q- Uppe A. Otta\ 11 Russian led ? 1 Scotia and ^wfoundland "forth Ame- \y thousand A. By an act of the Imperial Parliament, Canada T7as divided in 1791 info tv7o provinces, called Upper and Lower Canada, each having a se »rate governor or lieutenant-jyovernor, an executive council, a legis- lative council^ and a representative assembly. But in the year 1840, an act was passed to reunite the two provinces with various changes in the laws and consti- tution. Q. What was hitherto the line of separation between Upper and Lower Canada ? A. The Ottawa river and the southern limits of Ottawa and Vaudreuil counties. in France, ence on the frar sailed up lian villages, of Canada ? ians, except complexion, reat f tigue. heir friends, leir principal ar. in Canada ? Champlain, 1 into a treaty ns. lish colony ? the treaty of e of Quebec, •my in Sept. LOWER CANADA. Q Name the districts of Lower Canada ? A. Quebec, Montreal. Three Rivers, Gasp6, and St. Francis. Q. Name the counties of Lower Canada ? A. On the north shore, descending : Vaudreuil, Ottawa, Two Mountains, Montreal, Terrebonne, L'Assomption, Berthier, St Maurice, Champlain, fPortneuf, Quebec, Montmorency, Saiijuenay ; on the [south shore, ascending : Gaspe, Bonaventure, Ri- imouski, Kamouraska, L'llet, Bellechasse, J3)rchester, jBeauce, Megantic, Lotbiniere, Nicolei, Yamaska, irummond, Sherbrooke, Stanstead, Mi^siskuoi, Shef- ford, St. Hyacinlhe, Rouville, Richelieu, Vercheres, "'hambly, Laprairie, I'Acadie, Beauharnois : in all 18 counties (a). Q. How are the counties of Lower Canada subdi- vided ? (a) The Union Act has nnited Orleans to Montmorency bounty, and Lacbenaie to L'Assomption. 12 "A. The counties bordering on the St Lawrence and some others origiriiilly settled by the French are for the] most part composed of Seijjjnories, each cf whi^h com-l monly forms a parish. The counties situated in thej rear of the precedintr ones are divided jpto toionship3^\ and a|e settled rhitriy by emigrants from G^eat-Britain, Ireland and the United States. ^ Q. What are the principal mountains of Lower Canada } A. A chain, called the heights of land, extends from the Vt rmont frontier to Cape Rosier*, on the gulpl St. Lawrence, and is suppo^ed to be in some pointJi 6000 feet above the level of the sea ; anotlier chain extends from the Labrador coast to the source of the Ottawa, and thence westwar'd to the Rocky Mountains. The north shore of the St. Lawrence below- Quebec is mountainous. There are also several detached ipoun I tains in the district ol Montreal, as Beloeil and Ya I maska mountains, R'>uo:eiTi(mt, Mount Johnson, &c. Q. Name the principal rivers of Lower Canada? A. On the north shore, the Ottawa, the St Mau { rice, the Saguenay, and several large rivers furthei | down ; on the south shore, the Chambly or Richelieu | the St Francis, and the Chaudiere, besides man} ^ smaller streams too numerous to be mentioned. Q. Are the rivers which empty into the St Law rence navigable ? A. They are nearly all obstructed by rapids ani f falls, some of which are verv beautiful, particularh the Montmorency and Chaudiere falls, near Quebec, ani the falls of the Manitou river between the Seven Island and Mingan. The Saguenay is navigable for lar^ ships to Chicoutimi, and the Richelieu for steamboat from Sorel to Chai ibly village. Q. Arj there any canals in Lower Canada ? 114/5 'C 44 t Lawrence and ench are for the, 1 cf whi^li com-i situated in ihe j^to townships^ n Gpeat-Britain, »> tains of Lower f land, extends er, on the gulpF in some pointj ; another chain le source of tlie )ckv Mountains, ? below Quebec! I detached moun * Beloeil and Ya t Johnson, &c. I )vver Canada ? i, the St Mau I ;e rivers furthei | \y or Richelieu I , besides man] I ntioned. nto the St Law [1 by rapids am ful, particularli near Quebec, am he Seven Island igable far larc u for steamboat Canada ?