^, ^ ^ <%1^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I US Hi lit 140 ■ 22 11.25 il.4 ^m. 6" Photographic Sciences Corporalion ^s \ 4 o 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)872-4503 6^ S? .^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographiques The( toth The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n D D D D D D D n □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagee Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicul6e Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or b(ack)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates anJ/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reiid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 fiimdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppidmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes □ Pages restored and/or Ipminated/ Pages restauries et/ou ^ellicul6es I — I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ D The I possi of th filmii Origi begir the li sion, othei first I sion, or illi Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Qualit^ indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du matdriel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I I Pages detached/ r^ Showthrough/ r~pi Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ The I shall TINU whici IVIaps diffei entir( begir right requi meth Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 fiimdes d nouveau de fa^on d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de rMuction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X V 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: IMetropolitan Toronto Library Canadian History Department L'exemplaire fiim6 fut reproduit grAce A la gAnArositi de: IMetropoiitan Toronto Library Canadian History Department The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images suivantes ont 4t6 reproduites avec le plus grand sotn, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec ies conditions du contrat de fllmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^e sont filmAs en commen9ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'iilustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'iilustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — •»• (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUiVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in vhe upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmis d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. ii est film6 d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 :^|;r--;. -^.w APPENDIX No. 22. MEMORANDA. O A^IST A.D A. FROM THB ANTIC TO THE PACIFIC AND ARCTIC OCEANS, VOYAGES OF PISCO VERY IN THE NORTH, AND PUBLIC WORKS, ETC., ETC. BY G. F. BAILLAIRGE, DEPUTY MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS. 9—1** %'> i : IVi^TROFOLiTAN TOR:v:TO /^2Sf d Kistjry Letter of TTis Honour Jolin Scluiltz, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba respeetinu: Historical Map of Canada, to be ])ub. isliod Y^xi T. — Area and population of Canada and of the World, etc , 1(;05 to 1800 Part II. — Xa\i.s?able Waters, Canals, Kailways, Telegraph Lines, Routes to Liverpool and Yokoliama Part in. — Progressive Discoveries and Foundations of various Cities, Trading Stations, etc., in North America, colonized by France and Great Britain Part IV. — Latitudes, Longitudes and Climate, etc., as observed during various Ai-ctic Expeditious and otherwise, and also the International Circumpolar Stations Pai-t V. — Natural Resources, Products and Trade, etc Part VI. — Agricultural Statistics, 160;") to 1888, inclusive Part VII. — Mackenzie liasin. Principal Forts, Hudson's Bay and Nortb-West Territory, also the Yukon Territory Part VIII. — Boundaries between Canada and the United States and (^f the Provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Quebec, of the Labrador Coast under the Government of Newfoundland, of the Provinces of Onta- rio, Manitoba and British Columbia, and also of the Provi- sional Districts of Keewatin, Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabasca Part IX. — Scoresby's Chronological Enumeration of Voyages of I '-^covery, continued from 1820 to the time of the last Expedition under Lieut. A. W. Greely and his Rescuers... ADDEN])A. Part II. — Number of Nautical and Statutes Miles corresponding to a degree of Longitude at the various degrees of Latitude, and the definition thereof. " Rise of Neap and Spring Tides at various places in Canada. Opening and closing of Navigation, etc., at various Ports in Canada Ports, etc., open to Navigation in Canada the whole year... Ocean Routes and Interoceanic Canals Railways to Hudson's Bay Expenditu re on Public Works, Canada Heads, etc.. Department of Public Works, 1841 to 189L... Part VII. — Forts, etc., of Northern Territories comprised in various Dioceses Part VIII. — Imperial Statutes relating to Labrador. l'A(iK. 8 5 to 24 25 to 61 ^\ to 80 81 to 104 105 to 112 113 to 132 j 133 to 180 181 to 194 195 to 206 a (( (( 210 211 to 218 220 to 231 £34 244 to 248 249 262 to 253 256 to 257 236 to 239 242 •* ' s. Pa(ik. 8 5 to 24 25 to 61 64 to 80 81 to 104 [05 to 112 113 to 132 L33 to 180 81 to 194 95 to 206 210 111 to 218 220 to 231 ^ 234 244 to 248 249 252 to 253 256 to 257 236 to 289 242 LETTER oir His Honour John Selinltz, LienlenanHJovenioi* of Mani UKHl'K(TINO HISTORICAL MAP OF CANADA. (To BE Published.) Be Government House, 12th July, 1889. R Mr. Baillaiuqe, — The only apology I can offer you for the long delay in answering your letter of the 15th May is, that I found it ver}'' difli- cult, after an absence of a month in British Columbia, to overtake even State correspondence, and later 1 found that I had mislaid your very kind letter. Allo^v me to thank you, thus late, for the map you sent, which displayed on itself, not only very great photographic; care, but in the additions made by hand, a more intimate knowledge of the more northern portion of our great North- West tlian I had supposed possible for one who had not travelled through it. To my mind you have collected, collated and recorded, informa- tion of the greatest possible future use for Canada, and I feel that the Gov- ernment could not possibly spend the public money on an object more likely to be of national use, and I hope to sec, before long, your map in the hands of all the members of our Legislature, and in every school in the country. Nothing, in my opinion, would do more to convey to Canadians an idea of the vastness and richness of their great lieritagc than the wide distiibution of your map. You ask me to point out any omissions in the copy which I have received, but I cm scarcely do so here, as none of the public or parliamentary libraries contain the authorities which I would have to consult ; but, in the event of your map being published, I would go to Ottawa and aid you in any possible manner. I may mention incidentally however, now, that you have, I think, the eastern boundary of the district of Keewatin too far west. How- ever, I have no doubt, that before publication, you v ill have this defined from an authoritative source. Recent decisions conflict as you are aware, with the former boundaries, and an Act of the Dominion Parliament will have to settle it. Still I have no doubt but that the Surveyor-General, or the Department of Justice, or both, will be able to give you a hint. Again thanking you, dear Mr. Baillairge, for your very valuable map which now hangs in my library. Believe me with best wishes, Very faithfully yours, [Signed] JOHN SCHULTZ. G. F. Baillairge, Esq., Deputy Minister of Public Works, Ottawa. The map has since been Hubniitted to the Surveyor-General and corrected according to the most recent data, with which ho was kind enough to furnish me. G. F. BAILLAIRGE. 9— 1^** I t P^RT I. DOMINION OF CANADA, ETC. AREA AND POPULATION, 1605 to 1890. [1890] AREA AND POrULATION. Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland, &c., 1890. PnoviNcKs, Distukth, Tkhhitohik.h. KnterwJ ConftfltTfttion or Oiyanizi'd. Sgi'AHK MiLKH. Lund. Manitoba, Province Kntered Confedera- tion 15th. Inly, 1«70 (i.\00() Saskatcliewan, District Organized fttli .May. 1882 101,400 AsBiniboia do do 8!),tjo0 Water. il.OOO 7,000 5.% Athabasca, District Ortranized 8tli May, 1882 10.V100 Alberta do British Columbia, Province. Ontario do . New Bmns wick do ....; I Xova Scotia do .. . .] Prince Kd ward Island do .... Quebec do Territory east of Hudson's Bay| du j 105,850 Kiiterod Confedera- tion 20 ; do 28,100 ! do ! 20,550 ! Kntered Confedera- tion 1st .July, 187.S 2,000 Kntered Confedera- tion Ist July, 1807 227,r)00 ; 352,300 1,200 250 2,.'»0 100 1,400 5,700 Islands in Arctic Ocean and | Hudson's Bay ! 300,000 Keewatin, District Oi-ganized 1876. Territory east of Keewatin and south of Hudson's Bay Great Lakes and River St. Law-' rence eivst to Long. (50^ and' portions witliinUnited States, not included in above areas. . 267,000 194,.300 Totals I j 3,318,500 15,000 2,500 47,400 l.S9,900 Labrador- East Coast on '.ne Atlantic from Blanc Sablon to Caiw Chud- leigh under Government of Newfoundland, say Newi-iuD.lland do French Shore, from Caix» Ray to Cape St. John, say Increase since Census 1881— Estimated at 15 i^r 100 Total, 1890— Estimated Total. Pojiula- Pentons turn, to the Census .S,964 100 ^ 108,400 if 1, 200 Nortli-West Territories 859,000 40, !00 900,000 104,500 Km, 100 .'iOF»TJLA.TIO]Sr. 1605 to 1890. ; i il 10 [1890] Chronological Record of the Population of New France, Acadia, etc. (now the Dominion of Canada) progressively, from 1605 to 1881. LtHjalities. Popula- tiun. i 1605 Port Royal 1(J08 Qufbec 1020 do ] do 1679 Acadia 1()80 New France 1681 do 1683 do 1685 do (1,538 Indians included) 168(i Acaflia . ... 1688 New France 1692 1693 1695 1695jSt. John River, N.B. do Acadia . New France . New France . Acadia, iwrtion "f Acadia, North m, Peninsula of. do do New France do 1698 1698 1701 1703 1706 1707) 1707 North Peninsula of Acadia. Li.2 New France i''-.ii' do i:i'i do ; i', l4 North Peninsula of Acadia. 1716 New France -Tu-' do .i7i;.| do 1720 do 1720 St. John Island, P.E.I. 1721 New France 17221 1723! 1724' 1726j 17271 do do do do do 1728 St. John Island, P.E.I 1730,New France 1731 Acadia, North of Peninsula of ! . ! . 1732 New France 1733 St. John River, N.B .....'.; .' 1734:New France 1735:St. John Island , , , 1736 New France 17371 do '.".'.'.'.'." 1737| North of Peninsula of Acailia, French iwpulation 1739 New France 1739iEkoupay, River St. John 1719: Nova Scotia, Br. Img., &c 1749| Acadian Peninsula, French iwp. of 1749] Ile-Roy ale, C.B., French jjop. of . . 44 28 60 76 117 240 2,000 2,.500 3,215 3,918 6,282 441 (>,705 7,832 8,415 9,400 515 9,719 9,677 10,251 12,263 885 11,562 12,431 1,009 13,639 49 15,a55 789 1,134 1,244 16,417 17,204 1,484 18,440 1S,119 18,964 1,773 20,531 22,983 22,530 24,434 100 24,951 25,053 2(i.479 26,710 2(»,396 30,613 330 32,682 6,000 35,614 111 37,716 541 39,0()3 39,970 7,598 42,701 116 2,544 13,000 1,000 ^ ^ Localities. 1749lAcadia, N.B., French noj>. of ... 1749,St. John Island, P.E.I., French IK)p. of 1752|Acaaia, N.S., English and German. j Aciwiia Peninsiila, French Ille-Royale, French IHcadia, N. B |St. John Island, P.E.I 1754'New France 1754 Nova Scotia, Br. jxjp 1760 New France 1762 Nova Scotiii, Br. jwp . 1763, do do 17641 lo do (including ix)r- ! tio.v of the Acadians) 1765 New i ranee 1767 Nova Scot-'a (a few Acadians in eluded) 1772 Nova Scotia, Br, ix)p 1775 Canada (all) 1781 Nova Scotia, Br. \K)\> 1784 Canada (whole of) I.i<)yalist8 not includetl 1784 Nova Scotia, Br. ixjp. I Loyalists includecl. 1790Canada, whole of, Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal Districts. . . 1790 Nova Scotia, Peninsula only 1793 Cape Breton (separated froin N. S., 1784).. 1797] St. John Island, P.E.I, (separated j from N.S., 1770) 1806 New Brunswick (separated from N. S., 1784) 1806 Prince Edward Islantl (so-called in 1798-1800) Canada, LTpiHT (e.stimated) do Lower " 1806 im> 1807 1811 Nova Scotia Canada, Upjjer " 1814 do Lower " 1814 do Upiier "' 1817 Nova Scotia " 1822 Canada, Lower 1822 Prince Edward Island (estimated). 1824 Canada, Upi>er 1824 New Brunswick 182.5 Canada, lTpi)er 1825 do Lower 1826 do UpiHjr 1827 do do 1827 Nova Scotia (Cajje Breton being i united in 1820) 1827 Car.ada, Lower 1828 do Upi)er I82!t do do 1830 do do 1831 do do 1831 Assiniboia (now Manitoba) 1831 Canada, Lower ... 1832 do Upper 1833 do do 1833 Prince Edward Island 18.34 Canada, Upper 1834 New Brunswick Popula- tion. 1,000 1,000 4,203 9,300 4,325 1,,5,50 2,000 55,009 .5,000 70,000 8,104 9,000 12,998 69,810 n,779 17,000 90,000 12,000 113,012 10,000 32,000 20,000 161,311 30,000 2,000 4,500 35,000 9,676 70,718 2r>0,000 ((5,000 77,000 335,000 9.5,000 81,3.51 427,4(;5 24,600 150,066 74,176 157,923 479,288 166,379 177,174 123,630 473,475 186,488 197,816 213,156 236,702 2.390 .553,134 263,.554 295,863 32,292 321,145 119,457 [1890] 11 etc. (now Chronological Record of the Population of New France, Acadia, etc. — Con. Popula- tion. 1,000 1,000 4,203 !»,300 4,325 1,550 2,000 55,009 5,000 70,000 «,104 9,000 12,9!)8 09,810 "11,779 17,000 90,000 12,000 113,012 10,000 32,000 20,000 l(il,311 30,000 2,000 4,500 35,000 9,076 70,718 2V), 000 (W,000 77,000 335,000 95,000 81,351 427,4(>5 24,(500 150,06« 74,170 157,923 479,288 l«fi,379 177,174 123,030 473,475 180,488 197,816 213,156 236,702 2.390 553,134 263,554 2i).5,863 32,292 321,145 119,457 5 ^ Localities. 1834 Assiniboift, Man 1835 do 1835 Canada, Upiwr 183() do do 1837 do do 1837 Nova Scotia 1838 Canada, Upi)er 1838 AsainilKiia. . 1838 Nova Scotia 1839iCanada, Upiwr 18401 do do 1840 New Brunswick . 1840 Assiniboia 1841 Canada, Upi>er 184l! Prince Edward Island 1842; Canada, Upner 1843!A88iniboia, Man ISlljCanada, Lower 1846|AsKiniboia 1848 Canada, Upi)er 1848! do Lower (estimated) 1848 Prince Edward Island 1849,Assiniboia 185l|Canada, Uj)i)er 18.51 ; Nova Scotia 1851 1 New Brunswick 1851 Canada, Lower 1855 Prince Edward Island 1856 Assiniboia . Popula- tion. 3,356 3,649 347,a59 374,099 .397,489 19(i,906 399,422 3,!H)6 202,.575 409,048 432,1.59 156,162 4,704 45,5,088 47,042 487,05;^ .5,143 697,084 4,871 725,879 775,000 62,678 5,391 952,004 276,854 193,800 890,261 71,490 6,691 in I860 mil 1860 1861 1860 1S<31 ]8(K)| 1861! 1860 18611 I860' 1861 1870 1870 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1881 Localities. 1890 > Canada, Upjier V do Lower }■ New Brunswick [■ Nova Scotia > Prince Edward Island \ Vancouver and Victoria, B.C., / Immigrants. British Columbia, Immigrants and descendants . Manitoba- -Indians not included. . . Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island . Ontario (Quebec N ew Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Manitoba British Columbia No. th- West Tenitories Canada estimated at * Popula- tion. 1,396,091 1,111,566 252,047 330,867 80,857 3,024 10,586 12,228 1,620,851 1,191,516 285,594 387,800 94,021 l,923,22fi 1,359,027 331,233 440,572 '.08,891 6.5,954 49,459 .56,446 4,973,532 * Exclusive of Labrador Coast and Newfoundland. Co-MPARATIVE Statement of Acadian Population in the Maritime Provinces, from 1749 to 1771, with the same in 1871. Localities. Nova Scotia (Peninsula) Cape Bi(^ton (Ile-Royale) Prince Edward Island (St. John Island). . (District of Shediac Gulf of St. Lawrence, lyew £srunBWicK< Shores I Baie des Chaleurs I^St. John River Totals 1755, Before 1749. the E.\pul- sion. 13,000 8,200 1,000 3,000 1,000 3,000 600 .3,500 100 400 100 150 200 250 16,000 18,500 1755, After the Expul- sion. 1756. 1,200 .3,000 .3,500 4,000 400 150 250 12,500 1,200 2,500 4,-500 2,000 1,000 500 1,600 13,300 1758, After the Cap- ture of Louis- burgh . 1765. 1771. 1,2001 1,700! 1,860 700: 800: 920 6,500 1,400. 1,270 .300 2,000 1,101 500 400 1,100 10,700 2,000 1,093 1,000 795 1,250 1,403 10,150| 8,442 1871. 21,969 10,864 15,000 13,008 12,916 9,412 9,671 92,740 Note.— Prince Edward Island, under the French r^(jime, bore the name of " He St-Jean." The Census of 1871 and 1881 includes all races then inhabiting Canada. f A^BORIGIN^^L OR INDIAN POPULATION OP C^IST^DA, Etc. 14 [1890] ABORIGINAL POPULATION Localities. CeiiHus 1871. Census 1881. Prince Edward Island . Nova Seotia. . New Brunswick Quel)eo Ontario . .S2.? 1,()«(> 1,403 «,S>88 ]2,!t78 Manitoba (Kstinmted) TtOO British Columbia do 23,000 Labrador, Rupert's Land and North-West Ter- ritories r^.TOO Totals. 102,.^")8 281 2,125 1,401 7,515 15,.S25 fi,7(!7 2.5,(i()l 4!t,472 108,547 1889. 314 2,0.5!» 1,574 IS.iVX) 17,752 24,522 3!»,7(i5 20,054 125.540 In 1871 and 1881 most of the population of Manitoba was included in that of the North- West Territories. See next page for further details respecting 1889. See also page 19 containing a statement which shows the number of Indians in 1856, according to the late Sir George Simpson who was formerly Governor of the North- West and of Rupert's Land, for the Hudson's Bay Company. According to the census of 1871, and the memorandum therein, on the subject of the Ind'an population, by Dr. Charles Tache, then Deputy Minister of the Department of Agriculture, Statistics, etc, the statement above referred to, greatly overrates the Indian population. See page Ixxxv of the introduc- tiou to Vol. IV of the census of 1871. I included in [isno] 15 Table showing the number of Resident and Nomadic Indians and Denomina- tions to which they belong. 1880. Localitifs. Province of Onttvrio do (hicl)ec. do "Sova, Scotia * do New Brunswick * (lo I'rince Edward Island. ... * do Manitoba, and N. W.T .... Peace. River District * Atlial)a,sca * McKen/.ie * Eastern Rupert's Land. * I.alirador Interior, Canadian t Arctic Coast t Unknown, i Protestant. 70<) 0,487 9,608 399 Roman Catliolic. 0,402 (),(>14 2,059 1,674 314 6,000 1,800 6,000 6,.50O 2,843 1,000 Pagan. Totals. 886 1 9,560 17,7.52 l.%500 2,059 1,.574 314 24,.522 2,038 8,000 7,000 4,016 1,000 4,000 Bn'tt.'ih Cohoiihid, lii,266 17,897 41,166 10,44() 85,775 1,852 4,087 1,7.35 1,708 274 735 499 108 1,838 1,241 125 3,093 914 700 202 20 16 5,001 2,560 1,910 1,(: l,{t00 941 499 Nortli-West Coast Agency 2,725 87 2,807 5,640 l,!t25 •("]• No Aiicncirn. Penilierston, Don^flas, Lillooet, &c. ITiletsiU'k . 4,664 12,8.3(i 5,969 23,469 ■ ■ " 2,274' ' 1,600 1,600 2,274 500 • 5(K) 300 .s66 Tiiiiclic (Xiihiinuic) * 400 8,522 1,000 8,.522 1,100 * ■ (I'i ■ (c) .('/). ■ (c). Pdrteurs or Cai'rier Indians , .. 1,100 .550 400 .3.50 Cliileiiten Indians 5.50 400 Akwilgate do 3.50 11,196 4,800 »K) 16,2i)6 Totals 27,462 22,5()1 58,802 16,715 125,540 The al)ovt^ is l)a,sed on the rejHirt of the Department of Indian Affairs for 1889, exceijting at item.s a. h. p. il. c. ; the classification of the Indiiius, however, has been modified, and their nuHil>er increased at ((. /;. c. it. (\, according to information received directly from the clergj of the Roman Catholic Dioceses. For details res|)ecting Labrador Indians, see following pages. See also Indians of United States. The ninnber of Indians in the Interior of Labrador, uncler the Can.'uiian (Jovernment, is estimated at 4,(KK) of whom 3,000 have lieen included in the Indian iwpulation of the Pi'ovince of t^nebec. * The number of Protestant Indians at the localities marked by aii " Asterisk " is not stated in the reiK>rt of Indian Affairs, 1889. t On the N.E. Coast of Labrador, under the Newfoimdland Government, there are about 1,000 Moravian and .500 Roman Catholic Esquimaux, as hereinafter shown. •^ ' MSee Volume IV, Census of 1871, wliich cinitains an elaborate statement resi^cting the Indian Popula- tion of Canada, 16 [1890] * y I m LABRADOR. The total population of Whites, Indians and Esquimaux in 1890 is about fourteen thousand, distributed as follows :— Loc-ftlitieH. Whites. Indians. \ Under the Canadian Oovernment. | On the St. Lawrence, from Portneuf eastward to Blanc Sablon, a dis-j tance of 579 miles-Whites.. | %*»* Montagnais ".;■■; In the Interior of Labrador, comprising 3M Naskapis, at height of land in the Roman Catholic Aiwstolic Pre .Vcture of Mgr. Bosse. . 9 ? & Totals. Under the Newfoundland Oovernment. Whites • ■, ; •_• ,•■;•■ i; Esquimaux— 1,0()0 of the Moravian missions and oOO of the Koiiian Catholic missions 2,4ir. 1,000 4,000 Totals up to June, 1890. 1,500 0,900 5,000 1,500 4,48. 1,000 4,000 2,416 1,500 14,(K)0 The white population residing on the north coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is chiefly of Canadian and Acadian origin. Apart from the traders and the persons employed in their establishments, the others live by fishing and hunting, and the great majority speak both English and French. Upwards of 600 of them are Protestants, and the remainder are chiefly Roman Catholics. INDIANS OF THE INTERIOR. The Indians of the Interior are the Montagnais and the Naskapis ; they speak dialects of the Cree language and number about 4,000. They are slowly disapnearing ; the game on which they depend is becoming scarcer every year, owing to destructive fires. They are scattered throughout the Anglican Dioceses of Quebec and Moosonee and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi, the Apostolic Prefecture of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and portion of the Apostolic Vicariate of Pontiac. Some of the Naskapi tribe are still heathen, but the Montagnais are nearly all Roman Catholics. INDIANS ALONG THE COAST. The nomadic tribes of Indians along the coast, from Portiouf and Blanc Sablon, and in the Interior are branches of the great Algonquin race, whose area once extended from the Rocky Mountains to Newfoundland and from Labrador to the Carolinas, and are known as the Montagnais or Mountaineers, the Mistasshii and the Swampy Creek Indians. The Jesuit missionaries of early times extended their labours from Canada to Labrabor, and were specially successful among the Montagnais. [1890] 17 890 is about i ■3 1 Totals. 1,500 4,4H 1,(!00 4,000 2,416 1,500 1,500 14,000 Gulf of St. n the traders e l)y fishing rich. c are chiefly jkapis ; they They are ming scarcer Quebec and le Apostolic )lic Vicariate ntagnais are !u{ and Blanc 1 race, whoso md and from klountaineers, from Canada The Roman Caiholic missions, from Portneuf to Blanc Sablon and of a portion of the interior, were placed under the jurisdiction of Mgr. Bosse, who was appointed Prefect Apostolic thereof, 29th May, 1882. His headquarters are at Pointe-aux-Esquimaux, 477 miles below (Quebec, 344 below Tadoussac, 299 below Portneuf, and 280 westward of Blanc Sablon. The white inhabitants of the Atlantic coast, from Blanc Sablon to Cape "Webeck or Harrison, above Hamilton Inlet or Bale du Rigolet, 2,416 persons in all, are chiefly British sailors or their descendants, who prefer a rude, lonely, semi barbarous life to the restraints of civilization. Salmon and cod fishing is their main occupation, and the products of their industries are exchanged with traders, on the spot, for such commodities as they require. The winter is spent in trapping fur-bearing animals. At the various mercantile establishments along the coast, a number of book-keepers, clerks, servants and others, are resident. Out of the 2,41G, 1,489 belong to the Church of England ; 486 to the Church of Rome, 285 are Wesleyans, 30 are Presbyterians, and 126 belong to other denominations. There are nine places of worship : 4 Anglican, 3 Roman and 2 Wesleyan. During the fishing season, a steamer, carrying mails and passengers, plies fortnightly on the coast, connecting with the Newfoundland coastal steamer at Battle Harbour. ESQUIMAUX POPULATION. N"orthorn Labrador, from Cape Webeck or Cape Harrison to Cape Chndleigh, is the proper home of the Esquimaux of tliis region. They call themselves "Innuits," which means "men." — the term Esquimaux ("eaters of raw flesh ") being applied to them by hostile tribes from the west. They arc_ of low stature, with coarse features, small hands and feet and black wiry hair. The men are expert in fishing, catching seals, and managing the light and graceful boat called the " Kayak," which outrides the rudest surges of the sea ; the women are skilful in making garments from skins. It is estimated that the Esquimaux of Labrador number about 1,700 souls, scattered along 500 miles of coast. For more than a century the Moravian missionaries have been labouring amongst them, and with such success that nearly all of them have been reclaimed from heathenism of the worst description and brought under Christian training. The practice of polygamy has ceased among them, and they have become, to a large extent, peaceful and industrious, and are weaned froni the wandering life to which they were addicted, living around the mission stations in winter and at the fishing posts in summer. The Moravian missionaries trade with them and export the products of their labours, giving them necessaries and comforts in exchange. Once a year a missionary ship arrives laden with provisions and stores of all kinds, and carries a return cargo of furs, fish, oil, etc. The brethern have four stations : — Hopedale, Xain, Ok-kak and Hebron. At each station there is a church, store, dwelling house for the missionaries, and workshops for the native tradesmen. 9—2=^* E 18 [1890] Nain, the principal mission, where 200 of the Esquimaux generally reside, is about 410 miles above Belle-Ile and 350 below Cape Chudleigh ; Ilopedalo is south of Nain ; Ok-ak is about two-thirds of the way to Hebron ; the latter is about midway between Nain and Cape Chudleigh. In seasons of famine food is freely distributed from the mission stores. About twenty missionaries are resident on this savage coast. The hard- ships they have to endure may be estimated from the fact that the mean annual temperature at Nain is 22".62 Fahrenheit, and at Ok-kak 27°.^2. The thermometer marks 75° occasionally in summer, while spirits freeze in the intense cold of winter. Along Hudson's Strait, or for a distance of 500 miles from Cape Chud- leigh to Nottingham Island, at the entrance to Hudson's Bay, the number of Esquimaux is estimated as not exceeding 1,500. Tho men generally measure from 5 feel 2 inches to 5 feet 8 inches, and the women from 4 feet 10 inches to 5 feet IJ inches. Their families generally consist of two childreji. They die most frequently of lung diseases. They live by hunting and generally by fishing. Each family is generally provided with dogs and sledges, and Kayaks (canoes), which they handle with great dexterity. Except in the Alaska, Mackenzie and Copper-Mine regions, where they are aggressive towards white men and the Indians of other tribes, they are of a very peaceable disposition and very kind towards their wives. They live under tents of deer skin or seal skin, or in huts excavated in the ground or made of snow and ice. Their favourite clothing is of seal skin. POLAR SEA AND ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO. They are found along the coast of the Polar Ocean, from Behring Sea to Dease Strait, and thence in the Arctic Archipelago at Prince William's Island, at Boothia Felix and at Igloolik, near the 70th degree of north latitude and 81st degree of west longitude. They have a settlement at Ka-pa-rok-to-lik, near Eclipse Sound, near the 72Jnd degree of north latitude and 78th degree of longitude. Their remotest permanent settlement is at Etah, in latitude 77 J degrees and longitude 72J degrees, on the Greenland coast of Smith's Sound. Greely, in 1882, found traces of their migratory encampments up to and beyond the 80th parallel of latitude. From Etah, southward, they are found along the Greenland coast of Baffin Sea and Davis Strait, and at various fishing settlements. Their total number has not been ascertained. • From Portneuf, westward, to Tadoussac, a distance of 344 miles, the population is estimated at about 3,500, chiefly whites. The Roman Catholic Missions along this part of the coast, and up the Saguenay to Lake St. John and Its surroundmgs, where the country is more densely settled, are in tho diocese of Mgr. Begin, who resides at Chicoutimi. The remainder of the region from the Labrador and Chicoutimi districts to the Archdiocese of St, Boniface are under Mgr, Lorrain, The Anglican Missions along the north shore of the St. Lawrence from ladoussac down to Blanc Sablon are under Bishop J. AV. Williams, and those on the Atlantic Coast of Labrador under Bishop L. Jones, of Newfoundland i: Kther tribes, :heir wives, xcavated in )f seal skin. iring Sea to im's Island, ititude and i-rok-to-lik, JSih degree 7J degrees id. Greely, beyond the id coast of miles, the in Catholic e St. John are in the The Hudson's Bay region is under Bishop J. Horden, whose diocese is called Moosonee. The remainder of the Roman Catholic missions westward from the Hudson's i Bay region are under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archbishop Tache, Mgr. Grandin and Mgrs. Faraud and Clut, as far as the Rocky Moun- tains. The Anglican missions in the same territory are und ar Bishop Sullivan, Machray, Anson, Pinkham, Young and Bompas. West of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia the Indian missions are situated in the Roman Catholic diocese of Mgrs. d'Herbomez, Durieu and ; Lemmens ; and in the Anglican corresponding dioceses of Bishops Hill, Sillitoe : and Ridley. The Indian population in the above named regions is shown on the gen- eral tabular statement based chiefly on the last report of the Indian Department ; it numbers 125,540 so far as reported, and includes most of the Indians in the Province of Quebec and elsewhere so far as ascertained. Indian Tribes of the Hudson's Bay Territories. West of the Rocky Mountains. ii K(K)looc'h Group, compriHin^ 13 Tribes ii Athabascan Group, coinpriaing 13 Tribes on both sides of tiie Rocky Mountains. East of the Bockp Mountains, I Blackfoot and Sioux, comjjrising 3 Tribes. Alffonquin Group, comprising 12 Tribes. . . Esquinumx. No return of Numbers, estimated at Estimated Population of Territorij. East of the Mountains West do as above , Total. Estimated Poiiulation Prior to July, 1857. 45,000 35,000 80,000 30,000 17,570 8,000 55,570 80,000 135,570 See reiwrt of the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, ordered to lie printed by the House of Commons, England, 31st July and 11th August, 1857. mi districts 'rence from , and those foundland. 9— 2J^ ** 20 [1890] List of the Missionaries of tlie Roman Catholic North-West. Churcli in the Canadian 1818- -Mgr. .r. N. I'rDVciiclnT. ■SfviTe Diiinoiiliii. 1820 — Til. DeHtri)iHiimiH()iiH, 1822— Jtan Har|H'r. 1827— Fr. HouulnT. IKn— (1. A. Ht'lcoiitt. 1832— Ch. K(l. I'oirt'. 183;}-.!. H. Tliibault, Vic. (Jen. 1837— M. DfimTH, late UiHliop of Vancouver. 1838— .FoH. ArH. Atayrand. 1841 -.Ton. K. Darveivu. 184-1— L. Latlt'C'he, now BiHliop of Three Rivers. •Ion. lioiiruNNa. 1845— Kev. Fatlier Auliert. Brother Taehe, now liiNhoj) of Manitoba. 1846— Rev. V. V. X. Berniond. Brother Henry Faraud, now BiNliop of Atha- baNca. Brother LoiiIn Dube. -Rev. F. A. MaJNonneuve. Brother F. J. TiNsot, -Rev. F. .F. TiNNot (Name aN alxive, (jrdained jtrieNt.) -Rev. F. H. Crollier, Rev. F. Lacoinbe. Rev. F. ReiniiN. Rev. F. Vegreville. Brother A. Kaynard. -Rev. F. Vital Grandin, now Bishop of St. Albert. paNNaKc from Lon- I to York Factory. 1848- 184)t- 1W)2- 1854- ia54- Brother BoweN. 1855-Rev. F. J. M. J. Lestane. 1857-Rev. F. Lefloch. BrotherCIiit, now auxiliary of BiNhoj) Faraud Brother HalaNNe, Brother I'erreard. j 'I'liey eaine on one of thi' Rev. F. Frain. HudNon'NBayCo.Hteani- Re/. F. l<^Vnanl. • erM. Thin Co. jfnve them Brother Kearney. I free [ (Ion 1 MoiiN. (laNcon, prieMt. 18.-)8— Rev. F. .MeNtre. Rev. F. ^Ioulin. Brother Cininin((liani. 18()0— Rev. F. Seguin. Rev. F. Cmn-. Rev. F. (taste. MonN. Oram. Brother lioisrnme. Rev. F. L. Himonec. Brother (rlenat. 1801- Rev. F. Richer. Rev. F. Andre. 18(>2- Rev. F. Petitot. Brothers Scallen and Duffy. MM. Ritchot and (rennain. M. Kmile (iirouard. Wtii — Rev. Fathers (Jenin, Tissier and Leduc. Brothers Lalican, Hatid and Mfx)ney. Note.— 1 nor to the nineteenth century we know of two missionaries who contributed to the disioverv of those remote parts of Canada. They are Rev. Father Messager who accompanied the famous discoverer Vareniies de la Verandrye, in 1731, and Rev. Fatlu'r Aunau, who was killed on an island of Lac de la Croix Cross Lake) by the .Sioux in 173«; he was accompanying one of the sons of La Verandrye, who was also killed with all his coniimnions. ' i >m % 10 Canadian of BiHhoi)Fivriui(l iiK' on one cf tlu' n';fHnyC(). Htt'Rui- "lii«Co. Kft^'' t''*''i' iHHai;*^ from Lon- York Kiictory. i:NrDIA^N^ P03PULA.TI0N OP THE (1 to the di8cov<-ry faiiioiiH diMCovercr and of Lac dn la randry*', wlio was UNITED STATE8 OF NORTH AMERICA. 22 [1890] Indians — United States of North America. PRIOR TO JULY, 1867. Statkmknt of the N»>ni>>er of Iiuliann Kft«t of th« MiHHiMNi|i|>i ; — CliiprH'WOH, Ottawa* and PotowotoniH'H.. H,(HIO r'lii|i|)<'Wiui (1,800 IiidianH in Now York 4,000 (1(1 from do aKJrwnJJuy 725 MfnouKiiiicH 4,200 MiaiiiiM 1,200 OttawoH and ChippewaM of L. Micliigan. 'kSO I'fiiolwcotH, in the State of Maine 441 I'aNNunuKpiaddicM do 400 26,79B Statement of the Number of Indiann who have tx'cn removed from the Kant to the WchI of the Mix- HiHMippi : — CrcekM 2r),00(» ChoctawH 18,r)00 ClierokeeH 15,000 ChickiwawM 5,400 Winnehagoi'H 4,(100 HeminolcH 3,000 Potawat(jmieH 1,640 Shavvnt'Ke . DelawarcM WyandotH Kicka|KM)H Wean Senecax from Han(hiHk.y. , do and Shawnese . . , Ottawa^ PiankeHhawH PeoriaH and KaHkaHkiaH., 1,250 826 (!23 470 282 251 211 200 l(i2 132 '7,447 Statement of the Number of IndianN, nati ('oinitrv WcHt of the MiNMiHHippi and Ki Rocky ^loimtaiuH : — CroWH Blaekfeet Sio'.;\ and Tetonn Man(hinN MiiietareeH I'awneeH. ANHinilMiiliM CtunaiK'heeK OitaguM Sack. CrH'H (iroH VentreM Aricarax ChayenneH Fo.Xl'H OttoeH KanHiiN OmahaM lowayn CaddocH PancHM Sat'H of the MiHHouri. (jiiapnM ArapahuyK KeewaH Ayutann KanivaviHli Kankayax PadoucoH, *f ven of the UMt of the 45,(MNI 30,INI0 27,500 ]5,(HM) 15,IHK) 10,(NN) 8,(NM) 7,000 6,120 4,800 3,000 3,000 3,(X)0 2,000 1,(100 1,U00 1,470 1,400 1,200 800 800 50(» 25,000 213,240 The number of IndianH reHiding West of the Rocky MountainH in 1820, accon.inir to the reiiort of a LommiHKioner of the United States on Indian Atfairn, amounted to 171,200. are Reix.rt from the Select Committee on the HudKonH Bay Company, ordered to be i)rinted by the Houne of Commons, England, 31st July and 11th August, 1857. i j [1890] 23 Tnman Population in tho TTnitod Stnton of North Anioricn, i)y Agencies. ( Froui Ihr Hr/xirt itf Ihr Hnnonriihlc l'(nniiiiiiiiii.iirr of Iniliiin /l/fVur*, U. S., fur /SSii. ) liaiiH, iiAtiv«>H()f the ipi ntul KttHt of tliM 4r),(HHi »»,(t(HI 27,rm 15,(KI0 ir),(KHi 10,()(H> H,(KK) 7,0<(O 6,12() 4,H(X) 3,0(X» 3,0(H) 3,()(K> 2,0(X) 1,(MX» 1,(J(K» 1,470 \,iM 1,21X1 H0<» H(M> WH) 4r.<» 25,000 2i;i,-2t() • to the n'|K.)rt of a b«' i)riiitt'd by tlif i 51 Nan>t< of Agency. Ari:inui, Coliinido Uivcr AKcni'y I'illlH (III Mull Cbi'Iom (Id IiuliuiiH ill Arixoiia, not under hii Agent CdH/ornifi, 1 looiia Vftllcy Agfiicy ^ MiHHion do Koiind Valley (lo Yule Kiver do Indiai.H in CHlifornia, not under nn Agent KlaniatliH ' 'iiliiriiilii .Southern Ifto Agency IktkoUi, Clieyenne Kiver Agency (^'row Creek and Lower Bruit' Agency l)evirH Luke Agency Kurt Herthold do do i'inc Kidge Koselmd Si»seton Standing R(x;k Yankton do do do IiUlhn. Kort Hall Agency Lfiiihi do N'ez I'erci' do indiaiiH in Idaho, not under an Agent Iiiili^iii T(rn'l,'rii. (Mieyenne and Ara|iah(M> Agency. . . Keowa, Comanche and WiJIiita' Age ( (sage I'onca, Pawnee and Otoe «i 218 2,!Mi5 2,274 2,1H2 1,322 4,K73 «,2!ll l,4!Hi 4,(i!M) l,77ti 1,444 5.^7 l,4t)(l tilX) 3,434 4,1S2 l,iK)5 l.JKW l,()4!l 2,2til (11,000 2,026 3,226 2,280 1,650 2,!)17 795 Total. 1),4(M 11,476 !»7H 2)»,«(1!» 4,0«51 75,799 380 1,007 7,313 6,038 12,804 2i [1890] Indian Population of the United States of North America, &c. — Concluded. Name of Agency. Nchranht. Santee and Flandreau Agency. Omaha and Winnebago do . Ncmila. Nevada Agency Western S, oslione Agency , Neif Mexico. Mescalero Agency . NttVBJo do Pueblo do Ncv- York. New York Agency, North Carolina. Eastern Cherokee in North Carolina and Tennessee. Oreijon. (Jrande Ronde Agency Klnniath do Siletz do ......... Umatilla do [ \ Warm Springs do ......... Indians in Oregon, not under an Agent .. .. . Texas. Indian.s in Te.xas, not under an Agent. Utah. Ouray Agency Nintah do .'...... Indians in Utah, not under an Agent ......... Washiwjtim. Col ville Agency Neah Bay do . <.^uinaielt do Nesmially and S'kokoniish Agency. . . .^ ! . . . ! , Tiilalij) Agency Yakima do ... Wiscmmn. Green B.ay Ageiicy La Pointe do .'.'..'' Indiana in Wisconsin, not under an Agent WjiDminfi. Shoshone Agency MiSCEr.LAXKOUH. Miani and Seminole in Indiana and Florida Oldtown Indians in Maine..' Total. See J. B. Harri.son'8 Indian Reservations. 1,312 2,382 4, .558 3,080 1,202 1!>,277 7,7(i2 1,252 1,050 3!tO 3,150 781 423 1,712 1,223 3,2!»0 3,000 3,706 1,210 8!)2 410 Total. 3,094 8,238 28,241 4,!l()3 3,000 4,(>47 2!)0 2,()!)8 10,.')7!t 8,000 1,.S00 1,302 235,2()3 ■Concluded. er. Total. 12 82 )8 3,694 8,238 28,241 4,0(J3 3,000 4,fi47 290 2,fi98 6 10,f)/!t 8,000 1,800 2 1,302 235,2()3 PART II. NATIGABLE WATERS. RAILWAYS. COMPARISON OF ROUTES— LIVERPOOL TO JAPAi^. GOVERNMENT TELECRAPII LINES AND CABLES. 26 [1890] "iii ill ST. LAWRENCE NAVIGATION. Distances. FROM STRAIT OF BELLEILE TO DULUTH, AT HEAD OF LAKE SUPERIOR. From Strait of Belle-Ile Cape Whittle West Light, Anticosti Father Point Rimouski Bic Ile-Verte (opp. Sagiienay).. Quebec. Three Rivers Montreal Lachine. Beauharnois Ste-Ctk;ile Cornwall Dickinson's Landing . . . . , Farran's Point Upper end Croyle's Island. Williamsburg Rajude-Plat Point Iroquois Village Presqu'Ile Point Cardinal Galops Rapids Prescott 'Kingston (See note) Port D.alhousie .... Port Colborne Amherstburg Windsor Foot of St. Mary's Island. . Sarnia Foot of St. Joseph's Island. Saut-Ste-Marie Head of Saut-Ste-Marie. . . Pointe-aux-Pins Statute Miles. To Sections of Navigation. ■( Inter- mediate. Cape Whittle _ West Light, Anticosti Father Point Rimouski Bic Ile-Verte j Quebec i Tliree Rivers I Montreal Lachine. Beauharnois Ste-Cecile Cornwall Dickinson's Landing Farran's Point Upiwr end Croyle's Island. . Williamsburg or Morrisburg Raj)ide-Plat Point Iroquois Village Ufjiier end Prei^qu'Ile PointCardinal,Edwardsburg Head of Galops Rapids Prescott Kingston Port Dalhousie Port Colborne Amherstburg Windsor Foot of St. Mary's Island . . Saniia Foot of St. Joseph's Island.. Foot of Saut-Ste-Marie Head of Saut-Ste-Marie, Pointe-au.x-Pins Duluth Gulf of St. Lawrence do River St. Lawrence do do do i do i do to Tide- water. do Lachine Canal Lake St. Louis Beauharnois Canal Lake St. Francis Cornwall Canal River St. Lawrence Farran's Point Canal River St. Lawrence Rapide-Plat Canal River St. Lawrence Point Irixuiois Canal Junction Canal Galoi)s Canal River St. Lawrence do Lake Ontario Welland Canal Lake Erie River Detroit Lake Ste-Claire River Ste-Claire Lake Huron River St. Mary Saut-Ste-Miirie Canal . . . . River St. Mary Lake Suiierior Total to Strait of Belle-He. 1,105 1,164 1,334 1,301 i,rm 1,611 1,636 1,069 1,939 1,986 1,987 1,994 2,.S84 Dred Lach Beau I Corn Willi Muri Burli Well Saut- towai Siqiei St. M Mich (Jreei Duluth is 124 miles South- West of Port Arthur, formerly called " Prince Arthur's Landing." Of the 2,384 miles from the Strait of Belle-ile to the head of Lake Sui)erior, 71j miles are artificial navigation and 2,312^ oi)en navigation. Strait of Belle-Ile to Liverixxjl, 1,942 geograi)hical, or 2,234 statute miles. The total ascent from tide- water to Lake Sui)erior is assumed to be not less than C02JJ feet above tide-water at Three Rivers, and 601 '78 above tide- water at New York, according to the most recent infor- mation obtained up to the 7th April, 1883. For details re8i)ecting the various sections of rivers and canal navigation, vi/,. : — Tlie intermediate and total distances ; the intermediate and total rise alxjve tide water ; the dimensions and depth of each canal, and of each lock, &c., on the St. Lawrence route of navigation and its tributaries, &c., .iff tabulated profiles Nos. 4, o, 13, 14, 15, 39 of ApiJendix No. 30 of (ieneral Reiwrt on Public Works, 1867 to 1882, and new Table of Canals further on. For dates of oixsning and closing of navigation, see Appendix No. 19. Rejiort P. W., 1886-87. ill I * The Murray Canal, between Weller's Bay and Bay of Quinte, is not on the direct line of navigation, and is for the use of coasting navigation in the locality. i 'm [1890] 27 Draught of "Water — St. Lawrence Navigation. [JPERIOR. Statute Miles. Total ter- to Strait diate. of Belle-Ilo. 240 240 201 41' 203 G4;( 6 (549 12 G61 3!) 700 12(! 82« 74 !)00 8(i !»H(i Sh !»94i 15: 1,0095 11: 1,021 32- l,053j 11 1,065: • u 1,070: i 1,071 lOi 1,08U 4 l,ttS5S H 1,090 3 ! 1,093 2^ i l,095g 2 I l,097g 7i 1 1,105 5!) i 1,164 170 ; 1,334 27 1,361 T'i 1,593 18 I 1,611 25 1,6.36 33 l,Wi9 ^70 1,939 47 1,986 1 1,987 7 1,994 590 2,.S84 ding.' ) es an i artificial C02S i eet above Kt rec ent infor- itermt 'diatc and h of e ich canal, bulat id profiles ) 1882 , and new 886-87 e of navigation, Sections of Navigation. Dredged Channel — Quebec to ^[ontreal — In progress Lachine Canal— Enlargement completed Beauhamois Canal — To be enlarged or another canal to be constructed or north shore opposite Cornwall Canal— Enlargement commenced in 1876— In pi-Qgress Williamsburg Canals — Enlargement commenced in 1884 — In progress Murray Canal — Completed— Not on main line of navigation Burlington Bay Canal — Not on main line of navigation Welland Canal — Enlargement completed — Deeijening to 14 ft. comnleted. . , Saut-Ste-Marie Canal— State of Michigan — Enlargement completed do Canada — Work commenced, 1888 Minimum depth available in 1890. Feet. 25 to 27' 12 9 9 9 10 10 14 168 I Depth when work now in progress, is completed. Feet. 27- 14 14 14 14 10 10 14 188 Note. — Sec Canals, further on. The dredged channel from Montreal down to Cap-ii-la-Roche, is finished to a depth of 27^ feet. At the latter place and at Ca\)e Charles, the channel will be finished to the same depth, probably towards end of 1891. LAKE :N^AViaATIOK L.\KE Superior to Tide W.vter. Names of Lakes, and of Rivers, connecting the same. Sujierior . St. Clary's River Michigan ( ireen Bay Mackinaw Straits i (Georgian Bay Huron Ste-Claire River Ste-Claire Lake River Detroit Lake Erie Niagara River Lake Ontario Lake St. Francis , Lake St. Louis L.ake St. Peter River St. Lawrence, connecting Lakes between Kingston and Threo Rivers Total length of Lake Navigation do do Statute Miles. Depth in Feet. Greatest Length. 390 35 345 100 50 "k Not added \ below. J 130 270 33 25 25 2.50 35 190 38 15 30 186 Greatest Breadth 160 4 84 25 20 55 105 25 3 60 3 52 Average Bieadthi 80 58 18 10 40 70 es o 20 1 38 1 40 4 60 200 900 50 27 37 204 600 80 68 40 i Area in 1 Square ■j Miles. |Sir W. I Logan. 900 30 1,000 500 40 500 1 31,420 1 25,590 450 35 15 20 90 30 412 36 30 8 20 23,780 360 10,030 7,330 1.32 75 200 2,112 Inclusive of River jwrtions., 1,778 Exclusive of River iX)rtions., 98,917 ; Estimated I Elevation above Sea, at Three Rivers. Feet. 6023 584? r 5783 I 5783 578S f 5763 \ 576i 570^ '566J' 240 142 58 28 [1890] 11 i^i^i:| :'iii m '111 Mil li ' li ' ■'iillj! I -I m i m ' i ^ Principal Lakes in the Provinces, Districts and Territories of Canada. Name of Lakeu. Aliitibi.N.W.T Ainslie, C.B., N.S., rlischart^es into the Margane. AtliabaHca, N.W.T.. Bear. Great N.W.T. Bras-d'Or, C.B., N.S Clmmplain.Q.&U.a. Erie, O Length in Miles. (W, Mean Area Breadth in in Square Depth in Feet. Miles. ! Miles, i 3 to 15 512 I Elevation above tlie Sea in Feet. Keniarks. 20 15 2001 250: Max. 3 20 to 40 857 185: 30 30 4,400 Deep, exceptat About (KM) 1 west end. 11,200 Over 270 60! 1 to 48! 570: 30 to 300 Grand, N.B Great Slave, N.W.T, Huron, Kootenay, B.C Little Slave, Atha- Imsca District. Lon^ Lake, Assini- l3oia District. Manitoba, Man Michigan, U.S Mistassini, N.E.T.. Nipigon, O . . , 130 i to 10 250 Max. ■ (iO Mean 38 25 3 to 300 50j 270 Max. Aver. 105 70 4301 .50 to 280 lO,030jMax. 204 Mean 90 84' 10,100 Deep as Lake Su])erior. Mean 450 Max. two 200 245 feet alx)ve Lake Teniiskaniing. Elevation given by Dr. Richardson, Frank- lin Exp. 3 to 4 at low [An arm of the sea. tide. I 05 40 1 to 12! I 3 23,780 '566 5«7 m 150 feet alx>ve the Mac- kenzie, at Fort Simp- 57(>^ son. .1. 1,800 I 300 to 400 Nipissing, O. Ontario, O.. . Rossignol, N.S St. John, Q.... Sinicoe, O . . . Sujierior, O. . . . Teniiskaniing, Q ... Winnipeg, Man . . . . Wiunii^gosis, Man. . Woods, Lake of the. 122 Max. 24 345 58 92 1 60 to 70 40 to 50! 40 to .50 20 to 35 190 Max. 52 Mean 20 11' 4 to 6 28 17 to 20; 30 18 390 Max 160 Mean 80 1 tolO 260 130 75 5 to 65 27 60 l,8i-.0' 25,590 800 to 1,000 2 000 1,'450 A 540-foot line' j found no bot-j torn. 300' ... 7,330 Over (JOO Mean 412 40 3t>6 300 31,420| 480 to 1,200 iMe.-vn egoHis. Ked Kiver (within Mani- toba), during ordinary seasons, is navigable up to head at ove Winiupcg, on a direct line. Assinilioine River .Souris River (i>robable). . . . | < ^u"Api>elle Riverand Lakes Long Lake, AssiniboiaDist. ^ !N[ain Saskatchewan to the Forks. Xorth Saskatchewan, Forks to Kdmonton. South Saskatchewan, from the Forks. Atliabasca River, from the Landing to (irand Rapids, of 8.'? miles in length. Athabasca River, from Fort McMurray to Fort Cliipe- wyan. Lake Athaba-sca. Athabasca Lake Fort (JhiiK'wyan to Fort Smith Portage. ] Peace River (tributary). ... I Fort Smith Portage to Fort Resolution, on S. side of (ireat Slave Lake. Fort Resolution, across ( iieat Slave Lake to Fort Providence. ( treat Slave Lake Mackenzie River, from Fort Providence to Polar Sea. Miles. 200 252 1(K> Width. Depth. Miles. 5 to (!5 Feet. 42 to !M) Remarks. .3i")0 12(t 2(X) 40 3ii2 481 700 1(J8 104 Below St. Andrew's Rapids, Red River, and on Lake Winnipeg, there are the " Princess 3 to l.j Royal " and •'Colvill(>," ti ft. draught ; the "Red River," 5 ft., and the "Aurora,' I !!i ft. ; 1 schooner and 10 barges of (} ft. Feet. ; draugiit. m 8 to 2i Tiie " Anteloi)e," of 3 ft. draught, is the only steamer in 1800 running al)ove St. Andrew Rapids; the "Anson Northup," the first steamer, commenced running in 1859. 70 to 150 i 3 to 4 jXo steamer since 1883, on account of shoals 100 2 to 3ii at St. .Tames' Rapids, 2 miles above Win- 100 2 to 4j' nii)eg. 800 to 1,000 800 to 1,000 oO to 2,000 800 800 :Mile». 5 to .SO 2i to Sh The " Lily, " and another steamlwat belonging I to tile Hudson Bay Co. have lieen running on 2i to 3A the river up to Edmonton since 1877. {See remark below respecting the North Sas- 5 to 8 katcliewan.) D'-aft. 2A to .3i Steamer "Athabasca,"' Hudson Bay Co., to (irand Rapids, aljove Fort McMurray. 7 to 8 Steamer "(iraham," Hudson Bay Co.. de- scends to Lak(: AthaVjasca at Cliinewyan, and thence to the Fort Smith Portage, 7 to 8 which is aljout 14 miles in length ; this 7 to 8 steamer also ascends a portion of the Peace River. to to 3(K» 1,00! I 7 to 8 Depth. 3!M) Shoalest l)ortions. 8 to 12 The steiimer "Wrigley," belonging to tlie Hudson Bay Co., calls at all the trading Posts with supiilies, and collects all the furs for the com])aiiv from Fort Smith, at tile foot of the rapids or iKirtage, on (Jre.at Slave River, down to Fort McPiiersoii, on the Peel River, the junction of which is alK)ut 07 miles above the mouth of the Mackenzie; she also plies on the lower jiortions of the Peace and Liard Rivers ; her s))eed is 10 miles an hour descending, and (> miles an hour up stream. r f RK.\rAHK.— The Xorth Saskatchewan is navigable for lioats or barges from Mountain House to P^dmonton, l.")0 miles, and from Edmonton by steanil)oats for about two months down to Carlton House, about midway to Lake \Vinni|)eg. Xavigation is interrupted at .50 miles below Carlton House, and .also below Cedar Lake (Lake Bourbon), towards Lake Winnipeg, for some miles at each pliice. The draught of water is generally 2t to 3.^ feet, but in very low stages of the water, it is scarcely more than 18 inches. For further particulars, Kei following table and remarks. / 30 [1890] M Table of approximate distances between various points, from Mouth of Rod River, at Head of Lake Winnipeg, down to Grand Rapid, at Mouth of the North or Main Saskatchewan, towards foot of Lake, and thence along the Saskatchewan up to Fort Edmonton, as per map. Department of Interior, pubhshed in 1 887. Names of Localities. Inter- njediatt* clistanceM. Lake Winnipffj. 1. Mouth of Red River to Mouth of Saskatchewan, or from Head of Lake Winnipeg down to Grand Rapid towards Foot of Ijake North or Mam River Saskatchewan. 2. Mouth of Saskatchewan, on Lake Winnipeg, at (Jrand Rapid up to Foot of Cedar Lake 3. Foot to Head of Cedar Lake ... 4. Head of Cedar Lake to Cumberland House 5. Cumberland House to Tobin's Rapids 0. Tobin's Rapids to Fort h, la Come . 7. Fort h, la Corne to Forks, North and Sduth Sa.skatchewan . . . . 8. Forks of Saskatchewan to Cole's Rapid Cole's Rapid to Carlton House Carlton House to Battleford, on original Pacific Railway Line Battleford to Fort Pitt Fort Pitt to Fort Saskatchewan 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Fort Saskatchewan to Fort Edmonton Total from Mouth of Red River to Fort P.dmonton, at about 30 miles above intersection of original Pacific Railw.ay Line Statute Miles. 220 20 30 115 .52 02 14 » 71 110 !t5 185 20 Total distances from Mouth of Red River Statute Miles. 220 813 1,033 See pages 392 to 395, Note A, Ajipendix No. 8 of General Reiwrt on Public Works, 1807 to 1882. REMARKS. The navigation between the mouth of Red River and Fort Edmonton is performed by three steamers of the Hudson's Bay Company, one of which plies between Red River and Grand Falls, near Lake "Winnipeg. These falls are impassable for vessels. Here the Company has built a tramway, about four miles in length, to overcome the falls, which involves the transhipment of passengers and freight. A second steamer runs from the head of the falls to the rapid 50 miles below Carlton House, or about 353 miles. A third steamer completes the journey, thence to Fort Edmonton, about 460 miles. The entire journey of 1,033 miles is said to occupy a fortnight. The depth available during low water is said to be from 1 J to 3 J feet. For distances from Princj Arthur's Landing to Winnipeg and westward by Canadian Pacific Railway— .SV tables of Appendix N"o. 30, Parts III and IV, of General Report on Public Works, 1867 to 1882. [1890] 81 mth of Rod it Mouth of and thence Department bor- .nceH, Total distanccH froi'i Mouth of Red River tute I Statute les. 1 Miles. U20 220 20 30 11 n 52 92 H 71 110 !»"> 185 20 813 1,033 8(i7 to 1882. <]dmonton is which plies ese falls are , about four shipment of id 50 miles There are no steamers on the Assiniboine River since 1883. This river has not been navigable since that date owing to low water at St. James' Rapids about two miles above Winnipeg ; its average width is about 75 yards and its average depth about 4 feet in low water, but this frequently changes, as the bed of the river is mostly composed of sand, and where the flow of the river is rapid there are many sand bars, which are continually changing. The " Antelope," 3 feet draught of water, is the only steamer running on Red River this side of St. Andrew's Rapids. Below St. Andrew's Rapids and on Lake Winnipeg there are : the " Princess," 6 feet draught of water ; the '• Colville," 6 feet draught ; the " Red River," 5 feet draught ; the " Aurora," 6J feet draught ; one schooner 6 feet draught, and eight or ten barges, 6 feet draught each. The average width of the Red River is about 300 yards. The depth varies greatly. From mouth of this river to St. Andrew's Rapids — 29 miles — it averages 8 feet ; from head of rapids to Winnipeg — 10 miles — 4 feet, and from ■ this last point to head of navigation, at Goose Rapids, a distance, in a direct line, of 220 miles and 450 by water, it averages 2J to 3 feet. The St. Andrew's Rapids are 11 miles long at low water. During ordinary seasons the Red River is navigable from Lake Winnipeg to Goose Rapids, with the exception of the St. Andrew's Rapids. The average depth of Lake Winnipeg varies from 7 to 15 fathoms. At Grand Rapids, at the boat landing, the*depth of lake is 7 to 8 feet. See letter of D. Smith, Clerk of Works, Manitoba, 14th May, 1890, No. 108,688, to G. F. Baillairge, Deputy Minister of Tublic Works, Ottawa. RIVER SASKATCHEWAN. Approximate estimate of the number of cubic feet of water passing down the South Branch, the North Branch, and the Main Saskatchewan. Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Cubic Feet l>er Second, per Minute. {>er Hour. South Branch 34,285 = 2,057,094 = 123,425,616 North Branch 25,281 = 1,516,856 = 91,011,360 Main Sankatchfcwan, at Fort fi la Come ,59,.567 = 3,574,021 = 214,441,290 do near Deering River 57,493 = 3,449,583 = 206,975,000 For particulars respecting the Saskatchewan, see pages 392 to 395 of General Report on Public Works, 1867 to 1882. For further particulars about the Saskatchewan River, see the Report made by Prof. H. Y. Hind, and published by order of the Legislature of Canada, 1859. n ton, about t. . 3J feet. westward irts III and 82 [1890] (CANALS OF CAXADA. I' 6 * ■ ' i 1 i' i]i.: XiiliieM. ! No. of Locks LeiiL'tli Lockn ill feet. Mreiwltli of Lot'kK ill feet. Depth of Water )ii SillH ill feet. KiitrSI. Liiwrinci taiil Lakiif. Saut Ste. ^farie— Beingconstructeiliiii St. Mary's Island, on X. wide of rapids, l)etween Lake Huron aiicJ Lake .Su|«'rior Welland Canal— (KiilarL'eiiieiit c nipleted) do River hranches ilo ( iraiid River Feeder do Port Maitland l?rancii Hnrlin^ton Hay- No locks : channel Murray Canal do ; do Calops Canal— I5ein(jf (lee|)ened to a navitfable depth of \\ feet on lock sills Ra])i|)er Ottawa River— Locks of wfK)(i ; aggregate length of dams (12.") feet RiilidH Niiiiijiition — UlUiim to Kiniixtim. Rideau Canal- ?,'6 locks ascending, 14 locks descending. River Tav Canal 1 (KK) .'7 L>7(> 2 1")0 2 2m), 150 1 l«r) Ririr Jtichilinc iinil Liiki Cliiunjiliiin. St. Ours Lock and Dam. Chanibly Canal Jiinr yiiiiiiinkii. Lock and Dam 1,000 feet long, at He a Cardiii, alniut 2 miles Mow Vamaska Village Jiivierc ilit Liivrc. Lock and Dam 288 feet long Trent River No riyatmi. Canals and Locks detached— Bay of (^uinte to Balsam Lake, r/.f Bobcaygeon, Fenelon Falls and Cameron's Lake, l(i5 miles. Bay of (iuinte to Port Perry, Lake .Scugog, via Bolx;aygeon and Sturgeon Lake, lilO mile St. Peter's Canal, Brasd'Or L 2(iA 4.-., 'S,l 45" 103 80 45 ! 45 I 45! 45 45 4."> 45 45 32 45 45 18 14 !'V !) 11 n 11 Length in Statute Miles. 14 33 4Uo5 32 " oA 1 200 45 i) 122 to 125 22Uo24 102* 31 102.\ 32.^ 13 134 200 33 48 20 V 5,^ f 11' 12(1 7 .J 8 r 5 to5J 190 Lowest water 18 Feet 2,400 '■'!' [1800] 33 Water >ii Sills ill fi'ft. 18 14 '■>■! ■I u 11 11 9 » 9 » 14 4.^ to 5 III Statute Miles. 2.,f I L'l I Hi "I 12<; ■i I Expenditure on Construction and enlargemont of the Canals of Canada, _/. 1821 to 1889. Namks. Boauharnois Carillon and (Jrim*!"!; Chanibly St. Oiii-H Lock Cornwall Cullmto Lachint' Mur KxiH'iidituro jirior to Ist July, 1807. inay. Ridfnu. Sant-St«-Marin . St. Ann'H St. Putor's Ta lay. Trent ]5i.. 'ington Bay Wellaiid Williajiislmrgli St. Lawronee CanalH not apiwrtiont^d do Hiirvcys do cliain vcsnclfi and improve- iiicnt of navigation Baio Verte Canal siirvcyH Total Expenditure . !? cts. 1,(!1 1,424 11 (,i) (13.053 (;4 ()34,711 7(i 121,537 (15 1,93^1,152 ()!» (6) 2,i}H7,532 H5 (c) 4,0,001 97 45,174 58 1,050, i;« 84 41.3,717 48 0,(j;«,(!81 87 1,043.040 41 121.097 70 42,104 01 1,039,514 24 520,743 95 407,704 72 751, a-W 48 m,KV.) 20 10,149,710 47 504.098 08 101,719 8»- 591,475 70 44,387 53 33,900,783 38 Total ExiH02 62({ .25 «4 i25 12!l m 257 m) 548 k34 12!» •81 1,085 >(;7 30 .00 82 <4(> 50 ;5!) 210 .k; 301 KH 1,32)» mploycd in tho n.af^i-unu.untin^ RAILV/AYS OK C^N^DA, BRITISH EMPIRE AM. ) arrived and sols) in 1888 FOIlEia:N- COITISTTRIITIS. Mcas- ICllt. 11,945 0,(MI9 1,217 3,171 «,]9C. (!,032 3,337 NuillllIT of Men. n{;,o.S3 2(;(1,258 278,(i2(J 040,011 li)5,00() 303,337 281,080 5,565 000,08(1 ■1 NAMES AND LENGTH. 180O. 9-34^ ** 86 [180O] I , IP l:;';l iiiil lllll'lill List ot'C'iiiiiuliaii Uailwav!*, -JOth June, 1881>. (From t/tc Railwaij Statistics of Canada, 1889.) All'.Tt Allx'i't .SDUthcrii Hiiif ilcH Clialt'iir llaic w (ilaw^fow I'rinrt- KdwanI Inland Canadian I'acitii' H,4iri'.S(t Atlantif and Ncirtli-WfMt ;«ti Kt Manitoba Soiitli-Wfut Colduizatiiin L'll'JO Noi'tli SlKiri- L'iMi lo Ht. Fiawrfncc and Ottawa rwi/^t Toronto, (Ji'fy and Uriict' 18H'7o Credit Vallf.v l?;") 2, Caraiiuet Carillon and ( Jrt'iiville Central Ontario Contral of New IJninswick Cliatliani liranch Cornwallis Valley CuHilM'rland Railway and Coal Co Dominion Line Co Druniniond County Plljj'in, Petitcodinc and Havelock Krie and Huron K«'ininialt and Xanainio Fredericton and St. Mary's Railway Bridjfe Co. . . '. . (irand «7!l- >'.}] Buffalo and Huron 1I)2' Smith Norfolk ... ......' 17 ■ (M( Montreal and Clianiplain Junction 81' Si") (irt'at WeHtern .-,3- ■ Jo London and Port Stanley ' 23'84 Wellington, (irey and Bruce KWOi) Ijondon, Huron and Bruce ']' CiHS'l Brantford, Norfolk and Port liurwell 34 7S Midland .........'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. icyjn Torontoand NipisHing llloO Grand Junction X.") • 40 ^yhitl)y, Port Perry and Lindsay 4(; • .% Victoria, Lindsay and Haliburton 53 '>,5 Northern 205 S" Northern and Pacific Junction 11 1 ' 3" Hamilton and North-Western 173' 'tO Modoc Junction and Bridgewater '. ......... . J<(;o Jaeques-Cartier L^iiion (j • ,-,n (rreat Eastern '.'..".'.'.'.. Great Northern Great North-West Central .........'......[. Hereford . ' Irondale, Bancroft antl Ottawa Joggins 45 (Nl 32 00 I3S »(l 37H 01 OH 75 Sd (10 M!t4 ()(» 72 35 21<» (i(» 4,073 40 (>S(M) 13 INI 104 (HI (IS (10 11 (M) 32 (Ml 4 HO 14 .Vl 27 75 7:! 12 78 (Ml 133 3,114(H» ('.•50 7H4 85 35 10 00 13 00 14 (Ml 14 (10 COOO 50 (Ml 13 00 4000 ■1 Kent N KinK^t L .V.sHon Lake K Lake T Lower Mimitt Sas Massaw Montri Montn Montri Montn Napani New Bii Ne« ,,> St. . ■if Frei ^1 New Bn Northen Northen North-W Nova Sci NoslKHisi ( Ittawa a I'ontiae a I'ontiac (Ju'Appi ? (Jneliec III I (^iel)ec Cj •f (/uebec, > Stanstead Shore Lii South Ea La> St. Catha St. John St. John St. Louis, Sti'wiacki Ti'niiseoui Thousanil AVi'stern ( Windsor 1 Wind Winnipeg Wood Mil [HOO] 8T cooo .■)0 (M> 13 (K) 40 (K) List of Cunndiun Raihvayd, 30th June, 188l> — Conthnieil. CxiiHtructinii, Mih'H. tlTxi 10 (Ml 5 (to (> (If; U (10 u (K> Nivmt' i)f Kiiilwiiy. Kfiit Niirtlii'iii Kiii^Htnii mill I'l'iiilii'iiki*, LA Ctlllll, Lnkr Krii', Khhi'x ami l)ftriiit Liiki' Ti'iiiiHciiniiPK Coliiiil/.iition iiiitl Kiiilwity Co. iwtT liiuirfiitiiiii. Munitoliii ami Ni)rtli-\Vi'»t»'rn. 217 24) SaMkatilii'wuii anil WeNti-in ir)'47/ MaMHawiopi X'allc.v. Mi>iiti'i'at ami Wcxtii'ii. I Moiitrt'ivl ami Suri'l. Montri'iil iiiii' Laki' .Maskimmfft' (return of IXMS) Muntrt'itl ami Vcrimnit •Inm'tinii IS'iipaiii'i', 'rainwurtli ami <^iit'li('i- >'fw Mniiiswick.. 174(M)^ \t'w hriiiiHwk'k anil Canada 127 '00 I St. .Inlin anil Maine 11200 |' Fri'ili.riotiin 2'2'M) Is'i'w HnniHwii'k ami Prini'i- Kilwanl rMlumI Xortlifrn ami Wi'stcrn, iif N'i'W lirunKHick. Niirtlicni I'ai'iHc ami Manitulia Ni>rtli-Wt'»t Coal ami NaviKation Cn Xova Scotia ( 'I'litnil NiwlninsinK ami N'i|>i.MHiii Ottawa ami (iatinra\i V I'lintiac ami Hi'iifri'w I'liir' I'ontiac I'aciHc •lum.'tiun (^n'ApiH'lli', Li>ii>f liaki' ami Saskatolit-wan . . <}iii'l)ro ami Laki- St. .Iiilin. < Jurlx'u Ci'iitral «.»MclM'f, Montniori'Mcy ami Clinrlfvoix '. Stanstcail, Slii'tforil nnd ChaniWIy Sliipii- Liiii', late (irami Soutlu'rii (rctiu'ii of ISSH) . ... . Simth Kasttrn, .Montreal, I'urtland and liohtun ; Lake Cliaini)lain and St. Lawrcnci' .runction St. Catharines and Niajfara Central ,", , St. .lolm liriilKe and Railway IvxtenHiiin ' . . St. .lolm N'alli'V and Kivi (III Li St. Louis, kicliihucto and I5ucti)iiul Stewiaeke Valley and I.insdowne le (return of IHHH). ennst'ouata. Thiinsaml Islands Western Counties Windsor and Anna|H>lis .... S4'0<) i Windsor Hrancli 3200/ Winiiipeg and Htidson's IJay Wood Mountain and i)elle (return of isks). ....[..........'......... Total. Miles. 37 <)0 112 7.") 3 INI :» (Ml !.•> 20 22 (Kl 232 71 34 (K) 44 (17 10 ()0 23 (iO 2«r)0 415 50 3(>'(H) 110 (H) 112 (H) 10!C.")() 34 (Ml 5 .".(l 4 25 71 (K) •>2(MI lillOO 154-00 20 •.")(» 43 (M) «2'.50 200 -00 12 35 175 7(X> SI -00 4-OM 07 00 110 (M) 40' 00 13,324 71 I'mler CoiiHtrui'tion, Miles. 30-00 27 (»0 40 OO 3 (Ml 15-00 30<» 12-(H» 20 -(H) 17 -fM) 410 10 38 [1890] Railways in British Possessions, 1888. > ml ConntrieH. United Kingdom . . . India Canada. Australasia New South Wales . . New Zealand CaiJe of (t(kk1 Hoi)e, Victoria (Queensland South Australia. . . . Ta>tralia . , Jamaica Mauritius Newfoundland Trinidad Barbadoes. British (tuiana. . . . Malta Miles of Railway. l!t,o78 14,383 12,701 !t,(a8 2,030 1,841 1,770 2,018 1,705 1.419 318 220 181 241 93 92 84 rA 24 23 8 Ntnnber of Persons to each Mile. 1,924 14,589 391 308 512 328 775 513 208 224 448 2,108 l.'),740 173 0,489 4,002 2,349 3,398 7,230 12,045 20,084 Squart» Miles of Area to each Mile. Railways in Principal Foreign Countries, 1887-88. Countries. Europe — Austria- Hungary. . . . Belgium Denmark France (ierman Empire. . . . . (ireece Italy Netherlands Portugal Roumania Russia Servia 8]iain Sweden and Norway Switzerland Turkey Asia — Japan Africa — Kgypt America — Argentine Republic. . Brazil Chili Mexico Peru United States Uruguay. Miles of Railway. 1.5,172 2,770 1,214 29,083 25,127 380 7,480 l,r)84 1,192 1,398 18,800 340 5,920 5,529 1,860 !K)4 721 1,109 4,700 .5,290 1,030 4,700 1,625 150.710 346 Number of Persons to each Mile. 2,613 2,12!» 1,736 1,287 1,866 5,20!» 4,000 2,772 3,950 3,934 4,692 .5,697 2,910 1,207 1,581 10,262 52,914 ti,147 731 2,443 1,550 2,223 1,661 39!) 1,724 ii 114 273 319 152 56 120 43 378 636 83 85 140 4,049 45 8 500 32 7 4,73!) 15 Smiare Miles of Area to each Mile. 16 4 12 7 66 15 S 28 34 111 55 .S3 53 9 139 206 10 23!t 608 180 1.58 28,'. 24 212 * 'S 'i T » Winds "^ total r [1890] 39 nber rsoiiH Square Miles of Area lie. to each Mile. ,!»24 (! ,'m 1 114 am 273 3tW ; 3]!» r>i2 1 152 3L>8 .')« 775 120 513 1 •*•■* 208 378 224 fJ3(! 448 83 ,1(J8 85 ,74(! 140 173 4,04!l ,48!» 45 ,()02 8 ,34'J (■JOO ,3!t8 32 ,23(» 7 ,045 4,73!) ,084 15 Sciu.are Mi es of .'.■•I illH w.li Area le. to each Mile. «]3 k; 12<» 4 73(i 12 ,287 t 8»)5 8 'M> 06 000 15 772 8 ',(50 28 !»34 34 «!t2 111 ()!!( til} !tiO .S3 207 53 581 9 2(52 139 Dates of Openings of Railways in Various Countries since 18'25, 20(i 10 31 239 43 (i08 ).50 180 >'£i 1.58 .(il 28i-) 99 24 24 212 Countries. Year, Date. Kngland Austria France United States. Belgium . ... (ierniany Canada f '\iba Russia Italy Switzerland. . . .Taniaica Simin. ....... ^le.xico and Peru . . . , Sweden Chili India Norway Portugal Prazil Victoria (Australia). Columbia New South Wales. . . Kg.Vl)t Xatal Turkey Mauritius .\lgeria Western Australia.. Britisli (iiiiana -Vrgeutine Republic. < Queensland Ceylon Uruguay Tiisniania ilondiu'as • ia|>an Trinidad Harbados 1825 1828 1828 1829 18a5 18.S5 183(5 1837 1838 lo39 1844 1845 1848 ia50 1851 1852 18,53 1863 1854 18.54 1854 1855 1855 1856 1860 1860 1862 186" 181. 1864 18(54 1865 1865 18(59 1871 1871 1873 1880 1883 17th September. 30th do 1st OctolxT. 28th December. 3rd May. 7th Deceml)er. 21st July. 4th April. — September. 15th .July. 2l8t November. 24th October. ■ — .January. 1 18th April. — July. 21st April. 14th September. 20th .January. 25th September. — -January. 2(5th .June. 4th October. 13th May. 15th August. 21st .January. 1st September. 14th December. 31st Jiily. 1st October. 1st January. 19th February. 25th September. 17th OctoVx-r. 10th September. The railways owned by the Do.ninion Government are the Intercolonial, Windsor Branch, Eastern Extension and Prince Edward Island Itailways, with ".■ total nr.ileage in operation of 1,217 miles, as follows : Intercolonial I{ailway " gj).} ' Eastern Extension Railway ..............' 80 Windsor Branch 32 I'rince Kdward Island Railway ... 211 1,217 II yi 40 [1890] 1 No. 9. — Lines of Kaihvay owuecl by Coal aud Iron Mines, for the Year ended 30tli June, 1889. Name. I* Nova Scotia. Miles. Ft. In. Intercolonial Coal Mining Co. . . 8 00 Acadia Coal Co. (ifM) Londonderry Iron Co IIOO do do 300 Albion 3rand Manan Island, N.B (4rosse-Isle Quarantine Low Point, C.B., N.S Magdalen Islands, Que Mabou-Cheticamp, C.B., N.S. . . . Newfoundland North Shore St. Lawrence, Que . . PeiJ-e Island, Ont Qu'Ai)I)elle-Edmonton, N.W.T. . Wood Mountain, N.W.T From Fox Bay to English Bay A.shcrof t to Bark<'rville j Sydney to Meat Cove I Barrington to Cai)e Sabh^ Light House. From WelchjMJol to cable landings Bay St. Paid to Chicoutimi (JasiH! Basin to cable landing Southern Head to do (Quebec to (irosse Isle vi(1 Orleans . Low Point to Lingaii Old Harry to Amherst From Port au Basque to Cap*- Kay Murray Bay to Point Esquimau.x South Dock to cable landing .... Including Branch Lines From Wood Mountain to Moose .Taw. . . Total . Distance.^ in Statute Miles. 214 276 128: 16 42 8 92 28 21 46 5 83g 14 4!)6 23 (i7fiA itOj 2,32.Si CABLES. Anticosti Island, <^ue !Gasi)e to South-West Point Big Bras-d'Or, C.B., N.S Across ^, - T, „ T , ■ — the Channel Camiw-Bello Island, N.B Eastp.)rt to Cami>o-Bello. Cape Sable, N.S Across the Channel Grand Manan, N.B CamiK)-Bello to Grand Manan Godbout, North Shore, (Jue Mamcouagan to God bout. . . Grosse Isle, Quo Grosse Isle to Isle au.x Reaux Magdalen Islands, Que Pelee Island, Ont.. Pointe aux Outardes St. Pierre, Que St. Franyois, C^ue Tadous.sac, North Shore, (jue Meat Cove to Old Harry nrid Bird Rock Point Pelee to Pelee Island Bersimis to Pointe aux Outardes L'Ange Gardien to St. Pierre, Orleans Island. St. Francois to Isle au Reaux Across the Sagtienay River Total , Nautical Miles. 44i 2(i >> 'h 12 ■} '» 181^ Proposed Cable to Australia. From Sook Bay, B.C., to Sandwich Islands iwich Nautical Miles. 2,350 Sandwich Islands to Fanning Island i '050 Fanning Island to Samoa Island I'.Mto Samoa Island to Fiji Islands 'ij-. Fiji Islands to Brisbane, Australia .■...■...........'.'.'.'..'. 1 G20 Total, PROPOSED DIRECT CABLE TO SCOTLAND. 0,75.5 Nautical Miles. Anticosti to Greenly Island, Strait of Belle-He . . .>auHcai .u (greenly Island to Mull, Scotland ..■;.' , H^ (Or to Westixjrt Island, Clew Bay,' Ireland, j '" Total length >, ]4o Proposed Cable to Japan vid Aleutian Islands. Vancouver Island, B.C., to Yezzo, Japan, probable length 3,450 Nautical Miles. [181)0] 48 Distances in \ Statuto 1 Miles. ... 1 214 276A 1281 16 42 8 . . ' 02 ... I 28 . . . i 21 ...i 46 ... 1 5 ...: m 63 14 4!« . , . ! 23 (i76A 'M 2,323J Naiitical Miles. 181^ utiorl Miles. 2,3r)0 1,050 1,260 475 1,620 0,735 itical Miles. 240 1,1)00 . 2,140 ■■A Approximate Distances and Historical Dates of some of the Principal Main Submarine Cable Koutes in operation, 1888. From Dover Prince Kclward Island. Xewfoundlane de Verdes Para, South America (11 Icwps). Texas, United States Salina Cruz, -Mexico (7 kxjps) . . Lima (7 loops) Florida, U.S Cuba (12 loops) Jamaica To Calais. (The Jst siibmarine cable laid, >]urope, 1851). .... New Brunswick. (The Ist cable laid, N. America, 1852).. ' CaiX! Bret(jn, N.S. (The 2nd cable laid, N. America, 1856). Newfoundland. (The first transatlantic cable, 1858) do (5 subsecjuent cables, 1865-66. 73-74-HO, each averaging Sydney, C. B do rid St. Pierre ... . St. Pierre Miquelon Massachusetts, United States Nova Scotia (direct) Massiichusetts, United States ... Portugal, Lisbon Madeira . . Cai)e de Verdes Islands Pernambuco, South America Buenos Ayres Vera Cruz, Mexico Callao and Liina, Peru Vali)arai8o, Chili, Cuba Knots or Nautical Miles. Kngland (2 I(k)I)s) . . (tibraltar Alalta ... Suez, Egypt Aden Aladras, Hindostan , SingajMjre (2 loops). England (7 loops) Singai)ore Kngland (6 lo20 350 ■017 •G80 •000 •900 •5.30 •170 -«(>0 12,741-929 10(iim) 3()019 278-r)(M) 220-500 795 000 508-998 31 310 3,097 143 2,870 -027 .5,071-941 459-710 79-970 1,911-050 1,091 3(K» 103-308 1-0(W 284-945 230 020 105 050 70-017 230-240 3000 49-900 135 ,530 149-280 334 000 18,988-408 II III P \ VI VII VIII IX X XI XII xiir XIV X V. XVI. XVII. xvin. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIIL XXIV. [1890] 46 SUMMARY OF CABLES OWNED BY PRIVATE COMPANIES. STEATIONS. Niuitical Miles. Of Con- ductors. 10«-1!M) 3()-01!t 278 -.")li Company Eastern Telegrapli Company Eastern and South African 'IVi^'graj)!! Company Eastern Extension, Anstialasia, and China Telegraph Companj^ Anglo-American Telegraph Company Direct Ihiited States Cable Company Conipagnie Fran^aist^ du Telegraphe de Paris k New- York » American Telegraph and Cable Company Commercial Cable Comi)any Brazilian Submarine Telegraiih Company African Direct Telegraph Company Cuba Submarine Telegraph Company West India and Panama Telegrajth Company Societe Francaise des Telegrapiies So\is-ma7'ins Western and Brazilian Telegraph Comi)any* K'ver Plate Telegraph Company Mexican Telegrai)h CoiiH)any Central and Soiith American Telegraph Company.. West Coast of America Telegraph Company No. o' Cables, 3 4 7 12 1 22 70 9 22 13 9 Length of Cal>les in Nautical Miles. Capital. 24.S()4 707-73 1,294 -059 3,015-42 340 (!,no- 21,8.")9-530 0,571 12,958 10,190-45 3,101 33 73,040 143,724 3a5,090 .5.S1,0!K) 130,000 1,825,000 5,722,450 818,300 .S.32!»,400 7,000,000 1,214,200 Total . 4 3.409-34 1,080,000 4 5, .537 2,800,000 (> 0,937-01 2,(KM),000 7,3()4 1,474,000 ( 2,743 475,000 3 940 220,000 20 4,119 1,325,5.S0 980 220,000 9 3,702 2,404.490 1 32 55, ,500 2 709 200,000 9 3,178-11 1,000,000 7 1,098-72 450,000 248 107,817 -!I45 35,427,414 "Including London Platino-Bra/.ilian and Montevidean and Brazilian Companies. GENERAL SUMMARY. No. of Cables. Length in Nautical Miles. Of Cables. Of Con- ductors. Government administrations 810 247 1 1/ 12,741-929 107,817-945 18,987 568 108,589-905 Private com[)anie8 1,0(54 120,559-874 127,577-473 w 46 [1890] I. — Cables owned by British Government Administrations. Wllliljl ■l: GRKAT BRITAIN AND IRKLAND. NoKTH Ska Cahi.ks. Lowestoft to Zandvoort (Holland) • Bi'iiaci'p, near Kessingland, to Zandvoort (Holland) A.— Irish .Ska and St. (Jkokck's Channki,. Port Mora (Scotland) to Whitehead (Ireland) Port Kail (Scotland) to Donajjhadee (Ireland) Knock Bay (Scotland) to Whitehead (Ireland) St. Bees, near Whitehaven, to Port Cornah (Isle of Man). . . Carnarvon Bay to Howth, near Dublin Aberniawr, near Haverfordwest, to Blackwater, near Wexford (Ireland) Fishguard Bay (South Wales) to Blackwater, near Wexford (Ireland) AViergereirch, near Ptjrt Xevin (North Wales), to Newcastle, County Wicklow (Ireland) B.— Channki- AM) Chaxxki, Isi.a.nkh. Compass Cove, near Dartmouth, to Fort Doyle ((Jui'rnsey)., Aldeniey to Fort Doyle ((}\iernsey) " '. . , St. Martin's Point ((iuernsey) to (Jreve an Laneon (Jersey). Hurst Castle to Sconce Point (I.sle of Wight) ... Hurst Castle to Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) Porthcurno to St. Maiy's (Scilly Isles) St. Mary's (Scilly) to Isle of Trescow (Scilly) C— OhKXKV AM) SllKTI.AXn Lsi.K.S. Sinclair Bay, Wick, to Sandwick Bay (Shetland) Dunnet, near Thurso, to Rackwick Bay, Hoy Island (Orkney) Hoy (Orkney) to Houton Head (Mainland).' Hoy (Orkney) to Houton Head (Mainland) Workhead (Mainland) to Isle of Shapinsliay (Orkney) Rerwick Head (Mainland) to Stroi.ja ((.)rkney) Stronsa to Sanda (Orkney) " Scatha Bay (Orkney) to J4andwick Bay (Shetland) . Mos.'^ Bank (Shetland) to Yell (Shetland Isles) Mainland, Shetland, to Yell Island Yell to Uist (Shetland) '.'.'.'..".'.'.'.'.'. Burra (Orkney) to South Ronaldsha (Orkney) Burra (Orkney) to Howeipiay Head (( )rkney) D.— Hedkidks AM) Wkstkhn Coasts ok Scotlanp and lUELANI). Loch Ewe (Scotland) to Branahuie Bay, near Stornoway (Island of Lewis, Hebrides) Harris (Lewis) to North Uist (Hebrides) ..'. South Uist to Castle Bay, Barra (Hebrides) " " Port na Cross, Fairlie, to Corrie ( Arran) Ross-shire to Isle of Skye Ganovan Bay, near Oban, to the Isle of Mull Date f ^ J of C.ss Laying. "S j« "8 ■ LKN(iTH IN NaLTICAI, MlI.KH, 1H84 1S8H 1H70 1S7!» ms;-) 1871 ]S8(» 1883 ;88(i 188,5 187(i 1873 l,S7r. 1884 ish:> 1884 1881 1S82 1887 1887 1887 1884 1872 188(i 1884 188.-) 1872 1871 o-si Of Cables, r, . }*^ .2*^"'^ Conductors 1884 3 1870 1 1884 3 I88(i t 188;-) 3 1880 1 188(i 1 Carried forwanl. 83 110' 481 108' 20") 25-.Sr)fi 22 040 22-884 .31 no 04 444 oo-.'vSO ()l-84r) .54-800 07-230 18-j-j()3 10-200 l-2») 2 327 27-534 1 104 32 -.5,53 11-4(W 10 -.510 0-.5<)2 0-778 ()-400 1,008-267 441 024 433- ISO 101-424 01-7011 oi-5:it; 03 -.3,57 4.51 -IDS 222 121 1 247 -.381) 210-4411 201-708 18 -.503 48-780 8 010 0-081 27-5.34 1 104 22-120 122 -120 20-505 20-505 2-300 2-300 2 .300 2 -300 1 030 l-i»3(l 0-848 !f8)s 3 3-0 (;5-883 05-883 2-580 2-5,S0 2-735 2-735 1-223 1-223 1 044 1-044 2-710 2-710 32 -.553 11-408 1(;-510 .38-248 0-778 0-4(J0 3,051-454 [1890] 47 oTH IN Nauticai. y MlI.KM. 11 Of "'"'"• Coiuluct.iis. 44l!i24 433 ISO 101 424 !)1- 71111 it! ■ 53(1 !>3-3r.7 451 1 OS 222 120 247 -SSO 21!f44ii 201 ^'S i«r)(i3 48-7SO S (ilo (! !tSI ( 034 1 104 1104 2 120 122120 or)!t5 20-)!O 2 -31 10 2-3(10 2-3(10 2-3(10 1 030 1-030 i)-84H 0-S4S 3 3-0 5HS3 (>5 - ss;t 2 .-.HO 2-.-hS(i 2 735 2-73.-. 1 223 1-223 1 (144 1(144 2 -710 2-710 2 ,553 32-5.-.3 [•4(W 11-4(1S '.-.510 1(1-510 )m2 38-24S >'778 0-77S i400 «-4(H> ^■267 3,051-454 Landing Plackn. Hrought fiirwnnl. (;iciiuciir(liK;k I'l.int, Cantyre, to the IhU- (.f IhIuj- . I'ort CniiiiiiK. Cantyrc, to Arran Ijar({.s to ( Ji-»'nt Cuiiil.ra*' Ardinc Point to ArdlMTg Point, Hut*' Mull to Coll TireetoColl Rufrlia Bfu (Scotland) to ThIc of Bute Kfniird Point (Ireland) to Valentia . E.— Ka.stkhn Coa.st ok Si'oTr.Axn. lJiirKli"ad t(. Helmsdale . . F.— BaV.S ANII EsTlAHIKH. Date (.f Laying. i-a I 1871 1885 1887 1881 1888 1888 1872 1870 1885 1884 1888 1871 AcroHs the River Dart to Chain Ferry Across tlie River Dart to Chain Ferry Across the Port of Milford . . . . Across the Tees at Middleshnniyh Across the Teiw at Middlesbrough Across the Tees at Middlesl.rough Across the Tees at Middlesbrough .... Across the Tees at Middlesbrough Across the Tees at Middlesbn.ugh Across the Tees at Middlesbn.ugh Across the Tees at Middlesbrough Acro.ss the (il(.ucester and Sharpness Canal at Sharpness . . . Across tlie (iloucester and Sharpness Canal at Sharpness . . . Across the (iloucestei and Sharpness Ciinal at Sharpness . . . Acro.ss the (ih.ucester and Sharpness Canal at Shari.ness . . . Airo.ss the Canal from Swansea Docks to Swansea Across the River Yar (Isle of Wiglit) AiToss the River Medina, Isle of Wight .\cross the River Dee at (^ueensferry, near Chester Acro.ss the River Dee at (^ueensferry, near Chester Across Firth of Forth to Alloa Across Loch Ktive at C(.nnel Ferry Across LiR'h Ktive at Connel Ferry.. Aci'oss Loch Kil at Corraii Ferry .Vcross Loch Creran at Shian Ferry Across Loch Creran at Shian Ferry Across Loch Creran at Shian Ferry Across Tjoch Leven at Ballachulich Ferry Across Loch Leven at Ballachulich Ferry Across L(K.'h Leven at Ballaclmlich Ferry 1882 Across L(K.-h Leven at Ballachulicli Ferry 1882 Across Port of Waterford (Waterford Harln.ur, Ireland) 1871 Across Port of Waterford (Waterford Harbour, Ireland) i 1871 Across Port of Waterf(.rd (Waterford Harln.ur, Ireland) 1871 Acro.ss River Suir at Waterford Bridge (Ireland) l ..... . .Vcross River Suir at Waterford Bridge (Ireland) I .... . .\cross River Suir at Waterford Bridge (Ireland) Across River Suir at Waterford Bridge Across River Siiir at Waterf(.rd Bridge Acr(.ss River Slaney at Wexford (Ireland) 1880 .Vcross River Slaney at W;'.\ford (Ireland) 1883 New Holland to Dairycoates, near Hull 1870 l)evon|.ort to Tori>oint Devonix.rt to Torpoint (iranton (Firth of Forth) to Burntisland 1871 (Jranton (Firth of Forth) to Aberdour 1882 Cove to Blairmore, Loch Long 1885 Cove to Blairmore, Loch Long 1885 188(i 1882 1884 1885 1882 1882 1888 ^ Si LKN(iTH IX XAi-ncAr. ^ 2 M,,.Ks. c.si: sjll OfCabU'M Carried forward, . 83 3 4 4 7 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 4 7 1 1 4 7 7 7 284 1,008 •2(>7 10 140 3-204 1 403 1-358 0-304 2- 175 0-443 0-444 20 147 0-205 0-281 O-S'.ll 1(10 OltiO OKiO 100 OlOO OKM) 1(10 100 040 0-040 049 0-(M0 0-074 0-071 078 0103 103 0-275 0-27(1 0-280 1120 0011 (131 0(558 0-l»(i 0-liH) 0-177 O-lOO 1-353 1-420 1-510 0-i47 147 147 0-147 0-147 0-340 0-343 1-306 0-377 359 5-071 4-510 1-550 1-558 Of Conductors. 3,051 464 10 !) 1 140 792 4(« 5 432 9 394 2 175 443 1-770 78-441 0-885 1 124 2-3(i4 1-120 I 120 0-(>40 0-(J40 040 0-(i40 (540 0-040 190 0-190 O-lJKi 0-liMi 0-29(i 0-518 0.312 0-412 0-412 0-275 l-27» 120 1 120 0-cn 0-031 2 (132 190 0-1% 177 0-190 5-412 5-680 6-040 0-588 0-588 588 0-588 0-588 2-380 1-372 9-772 0-377 0-3.59 20-284 31-570 10-850 10-9*36 1,097-248 I 3,305 -009 ! :\ in 48 [isyo] T.ANIiINd Tr.ACKS. ISrouglit Uir\ •<1. Nortli UiiffUHfcrry to Montli (^i.'fnsf..tTy 1"<'] X..ith (iiiffiixfcrry to Soutli t^UTiisfriry \'^. North l^ic'iittfci ry to Soiitli (^i.vnsffrry : 'J^ > Stnicliur, Lmh Kyii" to Kfiiniuiv '»|^U Straclnir, Loch Kyiic to Kfiiiuuri' »"2- Row to CMac'lmn Of Conduetoni, 3, .305 (Hill 8-5|i( !f 8(1(1 !l 2.M (1(1!M> 7':i7.s 2 it.")4 1 .Mid 1 3(12 0-2.V.I 2."iil 384 0185 1722 0!I84 1,10(1 l!t3 , 3,3.5(1 31(1 21 7.50 ,S7(MMI 2(1 2.50 i2r5(Mi (12(MI0 372 000 (i!l-.500 417 7 2-lS l-22(» 1 4IK) ) ;<'J2 1115 1 (»54 (» 422 (|-.S!I!I 4H4 25!l (t 25i( ;W4 dlS;") (|-24(! 24(! il'StNl !l 254 ii'iini) 7:t:s i»:.4 5!m; ;f(i2 251) 2511 ((■1S5 1 722 MJ1!I3 , 3,a5(i31(l !1 750 !(• 250 ;2(M»0 i!( 500 (i-750 I'M) (KMI 2 250 .H7 121 ;i72 417 l(i (MM) 'm 000 0(H) 750 3(i!l25 1,714 (525 !-8l8 5,071- 041 52 152 )20 502 ■<) 1!)0 51!) 570 2(i7 r40 274 140 1,714 Landiso Places, B. — IXIIIAN Adminimtration. HrailqiKirtfrH : Ciileutta and Simla, INTKKNAL MYMTKM. M AcroNH the River Myu Acroi-H tile HivM Myu AcrosM thf River liraliinainitrn to Ulmbri AcroHH the (iantjes to iJeegali (itiat Across tile (JaiiKes to Deejfali (Jlmt Across the (iaiiges to Daimikodl)out (North Shore St. Lawrence River).. Orleans Island to L'Ange (Jardien (North Shore St. Lawrence River) ,. Saanich Arm to (British Columbia) Vancouver Island to (Jabriola Island (British Columbia) Valdes Island to Port (iray (British Columbia) Frazer River crossings (two cables) Vancouver Island to Washington Ty. (U.S.) (rrosse Isle (Quarantine Station) to Orleans Island (North Shore St. Lawrence River) Mainland to Amherst Island (Lake Ontario) 1880 1880 188(» 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 188o 1883 1883 1883 1881 1881 1881 1881 1884 1885 1888 Total. 21 44-27 54-!)0 18-20 14 0-50 0-50 0-50 1 75 7 23 l-JK) 10 120 26-0 75 20 10 21-30 1-0 170 6-50 20 220-50 44 27 54 !tO 18 26 14 50 -yO .50 1 75 7 23 1 (to 1 12 26 75 2 1 21 30 1 17 6 50 2 220 50 9_4** RO [1890] ricvcliviid to Pct'I Islimil I'ccl I.sluiid ti) Dniiwii'li Oniiwicli t(>.S 2S4!Mr> [18t)0] 51 TM IN NaITIc.M, lllll'H. Of CiindiiL'tiii". iiX'A) ;w.."pii ft (") (1 '•S'*i) .s'isV :i •_•<» 3 211 4t) !N) 41MKI r.o 5 2 1.-. 2 1."i 12 20 12 '.'0 1 li.i , l.,i 134:. 13 r. 77 ' n:. 77 Ti :> (1 .-» 1 1 18 (» IS J (•> n »,-) 3 1.-. 11 10 11 I'l o-o\ •10-, 1(12 ■ 3.-. Km o:. »» 3i: . 132 !tr. U 14 II OK-O lOS I'lc. 3i:. 2H4!i4:i II. — Caiiles ownod hy J'rivatc Compaiiica. LaN|.|Ni1 Vi.AI'KS. l)att> of Laying. i I. (M'.SKLLsrHAIT ITU LIUilNd I'M) TN'I KK- llAI/riNC DKS DIU'TSCH NOKNVKiilSCIIKN INTKHSKKISC'HKN KAHKLS. ((iKIlMAN-NoHWKiilAN TKI.KIIHAI'H CoMTANV.) Hiiiil Ofiiei, 4, n'trilrriitriiiiKc, Hirlin. H<..Vfi'(S<>lilcH\viK) to AmidaK Norway), iiicliulintf the HKCtioiw : I. ' lloycr to WcMtfrlaiid (Silt. Islanil) t. 1 J, Wt^Htfiiuiid to Aivmlid I (1. DIKKCT SPANISH TKLIUJKAPH COMPANY. Hdiil 0,(tici; Wiiit'limtir I/oiisi, O/'l Hniml Strut, LidkIhii. '('Ill' Li/iii(l to liUM AiciiiiH, iH'ur Bilbao I 1SS4 liarccloiiii to MarMfillcs ; 1S74 Slioi-t Cal.lfH 1881 IWI HI. -SPANISH NATIONAL SMHMAKINK TKLE- OKAPH Ct)MPANY. Heiiil Offirr, lini Cminoii Strcit, Lniulon, E.C. Oadiz (.Spain) to .Santa Cm/, dn Tcncritfi' Tcjita ('I ciifi'itfc) to St. Lonis dc Sciii'^al Saiit.i Cruz dc Ti'Mfritfc to Las Pulnia.1, (iraiid Caimries .... Lan Paliiias t(. Arvcfifi' df Lanzarotf (taracliii-o dc 'rcni'ritff to Santa Cm/ dc la Palnias Santa Cruz dc Tcncritfc to Tcjita (Tcncritfc) .Saint Louis (Scncj^al), to Dakar (Senegal) IV.-WEST AFRICAN TELEORAPH COMPANY. I Head Office, 5il (kid Broad Htnit, London, E.C. I Dakar (Senegal) to Ratliurst (Hriti.sli jK.s.se.xsion).. , Bathurnt to Bolania (Portugiiese |K)8Mession) B(.laiiia to Bissao '. . Bolania to Conakry (Frencli iK..sHession) Conakry to .Sierra Leone ( Engl isli iHinses.sion) (Jrand iJassam (French ]K)ssesHion) to Accra (Englisli |)on»'n.). Accra to Kotonou (Porto Novo) (Frencli jHjsHcs.sion) Kotonou to .San Tlionie (Portuguese ] K).ssession ) [ San Tlionie to the (ialnioii (Freetown) (Frencli (.o.ssession). . . ! San Tiioiiie to Island of Principe (Portuguese iKwsession) j San Thome to Loanda Princiiie to Bonny 1H8-1 1H84 1883 1884 1.S83 1884 18S5 I8l^(i 188(> 1885 1885 188(5 188(i 188(i 188(i i88t; I88(i 188(! 1889 12 Lknuth in Xaiticai, •Mll.KN, Of Cal.lHH. coiuluetors. 248 (»4 48(!!'.5 220 38 •80 707 '73 8(>4 27 (17 24 171 a-) (;!>(}5 .H2 140 1.204(l.-)0 100 (10 36377 42 238 70 70 241 30 215 48(1 17(1-50 12(1 25 750 (10 180 70 .„ I 9— 4i *'i; •Worked by France. 744 12 48(1 -.55 220 .38 ■80 707-73 8(14-27 * (17-24 171 05 (10-05 .32 140 00 1,204 (150 303-77 42 238 70-70 241 30 215 480 170-50 120-25 759 (10 189 -70 3,015-42 I 3,015-42 M [1890] Lanoino Places. V. -BLACK SEA TELECJRAPH COMPANY. Head Office, Winchester Hausc, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. OdeBsa (Russia) to Kilia, near Constantinople VI.-GREAT NORTHERN TELEGRAPH COMPANY. Head Office, i.'S Konijens Niltorr, Copcnha;;. n. Lmidon Ayewy, ,i St. Helen's 1 lace, Bishopgiialc Street Within, E.C. 1st.— Cables in Europe. Peterhead (Scotland) to Ekersund (Norway) Newbiggin (England) to Mar-strand (Sweden) comprising the sections : I. Newbiggin to Arendal (Norway) II. Arendal to Marstrand (Sweden) Newbiggin to Hirtshals (Denmark) Newbiggin to Sondervig (Denmark). 0/e, near Calais (France ), to Fano (Denm.ark) Hirtshals (Denmark) to Arendal (Norway) Skagen (Denmark) to Marstiand (Sweden) Moen (Denmark) to Island of Boniholm (Denmark) Bornholm (Denmark) to Libau (Russia) Grisslehamn (Sweden) to Nystad (Russia) Grisslehamn (Sweden) to Nvstad (Russia) Grisslehamn (Sweden) to Island of -rXaland (Russia) Aaland (Russia) to Nystad (Russia) Date of Laying. 2nd.— Cables ix A.sia. Hongkong (China) to Amoy (China) ;•••■. .• .- ■ ■ Amoy (China) to Woosung, near Shangha- (China), comprising the sections : I. Amoy to Gutzl.aflf (China) II. (iutzlaff to Woosung Gutzlaff to Nagasaki (lapan). Woosung, near Slianghai (Chinn), to N.agasaki (Jniian), com- prising the sections : I. Woosung to (iutzlaff II. Gutzlaff to Nac^s-iki . . Nagasaki (.Ti'-'an) f'> VVladiwostock (Russia in Asia) Nagasaki (.1. -vp) to Wladiwostock Island of Kii'..iu (Yolmko) (.Japan) to the Corea Kowloo (China) to Hong Kong VII.-EASTERN TELEGRAPH COMPANY. Head Office, Winchentcr Hoitsi , Old Broad Street, London. 1st.— An'ot j Siv.NisH-PoKTUta'E.sE System. Portlicurno, Land's End, :o Oarcavellos, iiear Lisbon (Portugal) Porthcurno, Land's End, tu Cr -cavellos, near Lisbon (Portu[jal) Porthcurm > to Vigo (Sjiain) Vigo to Cr.min'ia (Portugal) A'^igo to Caro'.vellos near Lis' on (Portugal) Carca ""<>" co (libraltar (No. 1 ) Carcavellos to (Gibraltar (No. 2) Villa-Real de St. Antonio (Portugal) to Cadiz Cadiz to (iibraltar Carried forward . 1874 186!) 1880 1880 1873 1808 1873 1807 1873 18()8 18(i!» 18(i!» 1883 1877 1870 1871 1871 1871 1871 1883 1883 1871 1883 1883 1884 1870 1887 1873 187<; 1873 1870 1887 1888 1888 Is O.Sg Length in Nautical Miles. Of Cables. Of Conduc- tors. 3 1 1 I 1 2 2i» 346 2ti; 424 98 420 337 381 70 34 78 22(> 00 104 28 311 oitO .")7 427 4U! 7titi 703 111 2 0,1 10 8.")(J 8'.)2 022 38 2.59 383 a37 83 83 9 3,547 340 207 424 98 420 337 381 70 08 1.50 22(5 90 104 28 57 311 5!)0 57 427 171 410 700 753 111 2 (),.S3() 892 022 38 269 383 387 83 83 3,547 Trieste (Ausi Candia to Si Sitia to Rho L Sitia t II. Scar;)i Chio to Tch( Chio to Tell Chio to Ten^ Tenedos to 1 Lemnos to »■ Tenedos to ( Chanac to Y Rumilie Hit [1890] R8 424 !tS 420 HS7 381 70 68 15« 226 96 104 28 57 311 o!K) r)7 427 171 416 im 753 111 2 i to Durban 'Natal) Cape Town to Port NoUoth Port Nolloth to Mossamede.s MoHsamedes to Benguela Benguela to Loanda IX.-EASTERN EXTENSION, AUSTRALASIA AND CHINA TELEGRAPH COMPANY. Head Office, Winchester Hoiit-c, 50, Obi Broad Street, London, E.C. Madras to Penang Rangoon to Penang Penang to Malacca Malacca to Singapore Penang to Singajxjre Singai)ore to Saigon (Cochin Cliinal Haipliong (Tonkin) to Hong Kong Saigon to Hcmg Kong (China) Hong Kong to Macao Hong Kong to Cai)e Bolinao (Lsland of Luzon) Singaiwre to Batavia (.lava) Singajxire to Banjoewangie (.Java) ' Banjoewangie to Port Darwin (Australia) (No. 1 1 . . . . . . Banjoewangie to Port Darwin (Australia) (No. 21 Banjoewangie to Roe'nick liay (An.stralia) Flinders, near Melbourne (Victoria), to Low Heads (Tasmania) (No. 1).. Fhnders, near Melbourne (Victoria), to Low Henxls (Tasmania) (No. 2) Botany Baj, near Sydney (New South Wales)," to Blind iJay, near Nelson (New Zealand) Hong Kong to Foochr w '...'...... Foocnow to Shanghai '.'.'....,... Mi Lenoth IX Nautical Miles. ]8^.2 1884 1884 1884 188!) 1870 187(! 1870 1877 187!» 1879 188,5 1879 1879 1889 1889 1889 1889 •^■-■^ '=1 -J -wM Of Cabl^-H. Of Conduc- tors. '/T, GO 13,424-507 13,42i> 347 1 l.V) 155 9.3t) 93() 597 597 104 104 52 020 .52 029 1,444 1,444 1,403 1,403 1,859 1,859 1,885 1,885 (59 21,8.-)9r,3(l 21,80437(l 1870 1,4.55 1,4,55 1877 1 804 8()4 187!l 1 275 275 1879 1 IK) lit; 1870 1 415 415 1871 1 037 (1.37 1884 1 404 404 1871 1 983 983 1884 1 .38 as 1880 1 .529 529 1870 1 .53!) 539 1879 1 ! 920 920 1871 1 1,137 1,137 1879 1 1.1.33 l,i:« 1889 1 ,S!I0 890 181)9 ; 1 , 180 1,S0 1885 1 180 180 i87(; 1 1,283 1,2.S3 1883 1 475 475 1883 1 445 445 20 12,958 12,958 X. AN(1L( Hri'd ( Vnli'ntia(Irel Viilcntia(Irel Viileiitia(lrel Miumi, near I .Salcombe (En 3ui). Hi'art"s Contt jlf.art's Conte New Brunswi IMaceutia to 1 St. Pierre to i I'lacentia to .^ riacentia to f- St, Pierre to ] XI.-DIREC /hud O./) BallinskelligV 'I\ir Bay to R XII.-COMI Head Brest (Franci St. I'ierre to « St. Pierre to Deolin, near X1II.-W1'> London Aije licnnen Cove ■ Seotia), I .SiniicnCove, Scotia), f I'uuta-Rassa tioni I, Punti: 1L Key^ I'luita-Riissa tioni I. Punti II. Key ' [1890] 5ft Xauticai, lES. Of Coiuinc- tors. 13,42!» 347 155 93(i 5!»7 104 52 02!) 1,444 1,403 l,a5!) 1,885 21,8(J4'37(; 1,!I00 (!44 iiKi; 070 ;f45 43;^ 1,052 23(i 2!IG (i,571 1,455 8()4 275 lit; 415 (137 4(14 !I.S3 3K 520 530 020 1,137 1,133 800 180 180 1,283 475 445 12,058 Lan'ding Places. Date of Laying. X.- ANfJLO AMERICAN TKLEdRAPH COMPANY. Hniil Office, JH, Old linHid Street. London, B.C. 1st. — TUANSATr,ANTIt' SYSTEM. Viilriitia (Ireland) to Heart'« Content (Newfounrtland). Vali'iitia (Ireland) to IleartV Content (Newfoundland). Viilentia (Ireland) to Heart's Content (Newfoundland). Miiiini, near I?rest (France), to St. Pierre 2.\'1).- KUUOI'EAN Co.MMLXICATIOX. Salconihe (England) to Brignogan (France) 3hi).— CojiMiNicATio.v ox Amehu'ax Coasts. Heart's Content to Pliicentia (Newfoundland) Heart's Content to Plaoentia (Newfoundland) New Hrunswick to Prince Edward's Isle Pliicentia to St. Pierre St. Pierre to Sydney (Cape Breton) . . . . I'laceiitia to Sydney riacentia to Sydney St. Pierre to Dnxbury, near Boston (Massachusetts). . . .\I.- DIRECT UNITED STATES CABLE COMPANY. Hetiil Office, WincheKter Hoiiiie, 'ill, Old Broad Street, Lowhin, E.C. P.allinskellig's Bay (Ireland) to Halifax Tor Bay to Rye Beach (New Hampshire, U.S.) 1873 1874 1880 1860 1870 1873 1880 185(; 1880 1880 1873 1873 1800 74 '75 1875 XII.-COMPACNIK FRANCAISE DU TELEORAPHE DE PARIS A NEW YORK. Httid Office, <'>■! hilt. Rue de Cliideiin;, ;!>«■•■ \ester House, Old Broad Street, Lotulon, E.C, St. Vincent v Santiago (CaiJe Verde Islands) Santiago to Bi^thurst (British {wssession) Bathurst to Si srra Leone Sierrfi Leone t j Accra Accra to Lagoj Lagos to Brass Brass to Bonny XVIL— CUBA SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COM PANY. Head Office, 50 Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Batabano (Cuba) to Cienfuegos (Cuba) Cienfuegos to Santiago (Cuba) Cienfuegos to Santiago (Cuba) XVIII. -WEST INDIA AND PANAMA TELEGRAPH COMPANY. Head Office, Dushwood House, New Broad St., London, E.C. Santiago (Cuba) to Holland Bay (Jamaica) Santiago (Cuba) to Holland Bay (Jamaica) Kingston (Jamaica) to Colon (Isthmus of Panama) Holland Bay to St. Juan (Porto Rico) St. Juan to St. Thomas - Ghrried forward Date of Laying. 188.5 1885 1884 1884 1884 1885 1874 1882 1874 1884 1874 1884 1884 188() 1880 1886 1886 1886 1886 1870 1870 1875 1870 1878 1870 1870 1871 3^- o i o.S 5; Length in Nautical Miles. Of Cables. 510 15 328 88 2,a50-.% 2,388 ai 840-93 518-94 6,937-61 Of ConductDi's 62() 627 1,209 1,168 1,872 1,862 7,364 193 471 463 1,020 259 269 68 2,743 120 400 420 940 160 146 630 683 72 .510 15 657 70 2,350 .■}(! 2,388 -3.") 840-93 1- 037 -88 7,785-43 626 627 l,20!t 1,168 1,872 1,862 ■,.364 193 471 463 1,020 259 269 68 2,743 120 400 420 940 160 146 630 683 72 1,691 1,691 Holland Bay Ponce to St. St. Croix to 1 St. Thomas t St. Kitts to Antigua to I Basse-Terre Dominica to Martinique t St. Lucia to St. Vincent St. Vincent (irenada to St. Croix to Trinidad to XIX.-SOC Aguadores ( Caimanera ( M(Me-St.-Nl St. Doming! Cura5ao to ] XX.- WE! Head 0} Para (Brazil Maranhain ' Ceara to Pe Pernambucc Bahia to Ri Rio de Jane Santos to S( St. Catarinf Rio Grande sectit I. RioGi II. Chuy ( III. Maldo XXI.-l Montevidet XXII Hi Galveston I Tampico tc [1890] 57 Lanpino Places. Brought forward . Holland Bay to Ponce (Porto Rico) Police to St. Croix St. Croix to St. Thomas St. Thomas to St. Kitts St. Kitts to Antigua Antigua to Basso-Terre ((luadaloupe).. . Basse-Terre to Dominica Dominica to Martinique Martinique to St. Lucia St. Lucia to St. Vincent St. Vincent to Barbadoes St. Vincent to Grenada Grenada to Trinidad St. Croix to Port of Sjjain (Trinidad) Trinidad to Demerara (English Guinea) Date of Laying. 1874 1875 1875 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1875 1H71 XIX.-SOCIKTE FRANCALSE DES TELE(JRAPHES SOUS-MARINS. Hecui Office, S2 Rue Caumartin, Parix. Aguadores (near Santiago de Cuba) to Caimanera (Cuba) 1888 Cainianera (Culta) to M61e-St.-Nicola8 (Hajy-ti) I 1888 M Wall Stntl. New York: 1st Atlantic Systkji. Vtra Cruz (Mexico) to Goatzacoi;lcos (Mexico) 2ni) Pacific Systkm. Saliiia Cruz (Mexico) to LiWrtad (Salvador) Liliertatl to San .Fuaii del S\ir (Nicaragua) San .Tuaii del Sur to San Pedro Gonzalez (Pearl Islands',. San Pedro Gonzalez to I'anaina ■ ■ San Pedro (Jonzalez t!»8- 1,008-72 LAND-LINE WIRES OF THE WORLD. (Quebec to V Vancouver t Country. Length. ^^alue. Europe N^ortli America — Western ITnion. . . Other lines South and Central America Australasia Asia Afiica Total . :Miles. U 1,002,704 2.5,000,8.50 (>i(;,i3o 17,240,000 107,347 5,307,350 02, ,51 7 3,12.5,8,50 71,717 3,585,850 128,028 (;,440,4(Kt 12,000 048,4,50 2,002,402 01,483,7.50 Liverpool t Halifax to Vancouver AlTK'At, 12!) -50 434 50 200 3(i 071 10 48-37 357 14 484 (i8 230 37 553 3,178 11 510 •08 140 43 128 35 250 50 ;v«i 215 34 210 03 [1890] 50 Comparative Distancea — Liverpool to Yokohama. \- Routes, (it'o- grnjdiical rrnidi Canada — North A uurica, 1. (^>ncl)t'(^ and Vaneouver — PreHfnt muinuer route, the Hliorttwt acrosM the continent, conii>riH- injf 3,054 S. M., or 2,04!) (}. M. of railway, not stopping at Montreal 2. St. John, Montreal and Vancouver — IJy sliort line, vid Mattawanikeag, State of Maine and Slierbrooke, conipriHing 3,387 H. M., or 2,!KW (i. M. of railway 3. Halifax, t^uelM-c and Vancouver— By the Intercolonial and Canadian Pacific Railways. Present winter route, comprising 3,732 S.M. =3,237 <1. M. of railway direct Unitrii HtatiH — North Auicrica. 4. I'loston, Chicago and San Francisco — The shortest route of the United States, comprising 3,432 S.M. =2,077 „a v^tate of Maine, U.S do Short Line across I 823 678 581 413 898 7i58 481 443 120 1,424 1,482 ,l,.5m) 1,572 3,0.54 3,078 832 !K>7 [1890] 61 Statute Milen. 3,112 3,387 5, oat 11,528 3,08!) 3,4(i7 5,02« ii,r>8r) 3,089 3,349 5,02!) n,4uel>eo, Xlontreal, Toronto, Detroit, Chicago, St. Paul, Winniiiegand Van-j couver riVf Ca|H> Race i 13. Halifax, (.Quebec, ^Iontreal, Ottawa and Vancouver j 14. St. John, Aloncton, C^iielH-e, Montreal, Ottawa and Vancouver I !»,U73 9,831 9,84(> 9,847 !t,!)48 10,001 10,(tl3 10,042 K^O.W 10,07() 10,07<» 10,100 io,2i(; 11, LW ii,a32 ll,3i')0 11,3.51 11,4()7 11,. 528 11,542 11,.575 11,585 11,(515 11,015 11,(143 11,77(5 Comparative Statement of ])istauce8 between Liverpool, England and Yoko- hama, Japan, on the respective Routes indicated through the United States vid San Francisco. !i. 10. 11, 12, 13. 14, 15 H5, 17, Hois: )n, Chicago and Sa'i l''ranci.sco 10,342 i'ortlaiu!, rsMgara FaH,-!, Chicago and San Franci.sco ' 10,404 I'lirtland, Montreal, Chicago and San Francisco 10,41(5 New York, Chicago and San Franci.sco 10,4!»3 New York, lndiana|«)lirt, St. Louis and San Francisco j 10,000 New York, Cincinnati, St. Louis and San Francisco ' 10,037 Hoston, .St. Louis and San Francisco 10,(141 'hiladelphia, Chicago and San Francisco I 10,(183 Philadelphia, Ii'dianaiHilis, St. Louis and San Francisco | 10,703 Pliiladclpliia, ( 'inciiniati, St. Louis and San Francisco ] 10,740 Ricliniond, Loiii.sville, .St. Louis and San Francisco \ 10,757 Baltimore, ('hicaf^o and San Francisco 10,71)0 Richi'iond, Cinci.inati, St. Louis and San Francisco 1 10,82(1 Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. liOi.is and San Francisco 10,830 Richmond, .Sew Orleans and Siin Francisco ! 10,845 Haltinmre, Indian. i|K)lis, .St. Louis and San Francisco | 10,8(11 New Orleans .lud San Francisco 11,33!) 11,921 11,9!I2 12,(KM1 12,0!)5 12,21!t 12,2(12 12,2(16 12,314 12,337 12,380 12,3!»7 12,410 12,478 12,484 12,4!ti) 12,519 13,009 Note. (J. F. B. -The longest route across Canada is shorter tiian the shortest route across the United States. — FOUN PA-RT III. PROGRESSIVE DISCOVERIES AND FOUNBATIOXS OF VAIIIOUS CITIKS, TRADINf^ STATIONS, kc, TX NORTH AMERICA, COLONIZED BY FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 64 [1890] ill: rROGHESSlVE DISCOVERIES. Iceland, Grceiiliind, Liil)m(lor, Newfoiindlaiul, North Aincricn and Canudii, LticiilitifM, DiHC'ovi'rerii. Tcflami (Tliiilc). PytlicaH, iv ({('((jfraiiJuT and XuviKiitor, Inirn at MftiHcillcN, KniiK'c . . do (1.. (HiKiwland) Ntirscnit'n, uikUt ((ianlur'H Hulm) (ianlar, a Swede N'(,r»B Vikiiiff Xaddmld re-(li«{'i(vei'e(l it < ireenlftiid [(fiimilijorii, moii of I 'If Krajje, of Iceland do Explored by Kirek ( Krick) the Red, from Norway I and Iceland Coast of Lalirador and Xewfo\indland iHelliiland) land of liroad xtoneH,! \vlience they proceeded to Markland,' Nova Scotia (Land of WtxKis), V'in- land, MaH«aclinsetts, I'nited Staten, . .jAcwjrdintf to Northern Sajfan, first seen )>v Hiorn (Biarni) and 14 years later by Kirek the lieather Charles Albanel Mississippi River, descended to the Sea, ^''.V; Behring Strait— Re-di.scovered Rocky Mountains reached Mackenzie River to Polar Sea '. .'. . . Vancouver Island, circumnavigated . . .. Rocky MounUins crossed, vid Peace, June Louis JoUiet and Jesuit Father Jac(pies Manpiette do Rev. l-ather Recollet, Louis Henneiiin who accom- panied Rene-Rolieit Cavelier de La Salle R \pril R. Cavelier de La Sialic ^ BehriuL, a Danish navigator employed by Peter the Great ' Pierre (iaultier de Varennes de La Verancirye ' ' Jan Sir A. Mackenzie des.'ended to Whale lalanH. July Vancouver, an Enr^lish navigator. . | Khhi 14!i'.' John CalKit anil Sebastien, his son, from C'ai)e North, Ca|«' Breton, Hrst seen Ftnie Sebastien CaUit is reported to have discovered tliis ba.y l)efore Hudson j (Jaspard Corte Real, Portuguese Navigator I ilaciiues Cartier— Isle of Birds— first seen June 24, 14!i; Sept. Oct. May July- June Tuly 2 24, 14!l.S lodil Vt'M 1. -)•<;-. It'tia 1 ()('•' 1(1 itji;< ltd.", niio Kil.-. 1(W4 l(>4i) ]fW(! 1(',47 Km'.I 1«10 lOOU 1085 1U04 lfi4.S l(i7-' 2S, 17, ltS73 1678 it, l(i,S3 17211 12, 1743 15, 17H!I 17!K) I'raser and I'olar Sea, fi Ca|ie Tun Strait Tolar Sea, f West, to P East, to .M FOUNDATI I'ort Royal, Basin oppi ( hiebec St. Johu'.s, > Three Rivers I'ort Ko.yal ( town on SOI Ville-.Marie Fort Richeli Catitracoui (I I'niitchartrai LouislHjurg, New Orlean- Fort La Reii La Prt'sentat ChilMHictou ( Cliarlottetow formerly vi named lie St. Joliii, N( Frederiuton Sydney, Cai) Kort llnxm Tol-ont;o (Yo Belleville . Prescott .... St. Catiiariiii Hull, Ottawl Slii'rln-(K)ke, Hamilton, Ottawa Hrantford Londcm (iiielph V'ictoria, Bri New Westm Vancouver . Burrard Iiilt NoTK.— . ill F. A. Mel 9— [1890] n Progrossivo DiscovericB — Concluded, Caiiiulii. l)|lt)'H of 1 HHciivvry. 'for*' CliriKt. ftci-flirist. •)L'0 lINNI 12, UK 2t, ii'.t: 141 IS 15(111 lit- 25, 15,S4 .t. 14, 15r. t. 2, 15.35 IV 24, lti(i;i l,v ICC Hi- no i(ii:< l(il5 V llil5 l(il5 i(;34 1C.4II 1(14(1 V ic, icir 1(1511 1(110 1(15(1 1(W5 1(1!I4 l(i4S U' L'S, 1(172 17, 1(173 1(17S pil •I, 1(1S3 172!» , 12, 1743 V 15, 17H!» 17!H) Localitii'N. DlHcoveront. I I'liiMiT and Salmon IliviTM Sir AIbxihuUt Muckonzic, of thf Nortli-Went Co, I'cilar Si'a, from Copper- Mint* River to] ('ii|ic TtiriuiKnin, Wunt <'n(l, l)fuMt'i Strait Hir .lohn Franklin anil Dr. KiehardHon during firnt Kx|MHlitiim I'dlar Hi>a, from Mcaith of Mackfn/.if Wi'Mt, to Point lt)'0('hi'y, AhiHka Frimklin and Lifut. ISai'k, Imh firnt aMHiHtunt, in two lioatH Ka»t, to Mouth of Copiwr-Mini) Rivnr I)r. UicliardHon with two boatH 8imt by Franklin. Dati'H of DiNC'oviTy. May '.t, to .Inly 22, 171»3 July IH. to Auk. 1«. 1H21 Inly H, to AuK.17,lH2« July «, to Aug. «, 182« Foundations of CitieH, &c., in " La 'N'oiivclle-Fraiice " and in British ITorth America. fiOcalitii'H. FouiidiTH. (site granted to M. dc Potitrincourt). Kiiplain I'lirt Koyal, on north nidc of AnnaiKiliM Hasin oppoHite (4oat iNland I^^. Dc ^foiit (,tiit'l)f(! Haniin'l dc C St. .lohn's, Ncwfoundhuul Whitliournc. 'I'lircc Hivcrs Laviolcttc I'ort Hipyal (AnnaiH)liH), Hitc of |)rcscnt town on Month side of AnnapoliM HaMinjD'Aulnay de Charniwiy (Charles de Menou) Dates of Foimdation. — t— July ■Tuly N'ille-.Marie (Montreal). Fort Richelieu (Sorel). . f"aturaco\ii (Kingston) . . I'niitchartrain (Dt'-troit), . LoiiislHjurg, Cap IJrcton. New Orleans. . . Fort La Reino -Fort (larry- Winnipeg La I'ri'sentation (Ogdensbin-g) CliilMMK'tou (Halifax) Cliarlottetown, Prince Fdward Island, fornierlv visited by Calxtt in 14!I7, and named lie St. .lean by Champlain. . . . Paid dc Chauinedcy de Maisonneuvc ... May Charles-. laecpics Hiiault de Montmagny Aug. Louis de Huade, conite dc I'alluau et de Frontenac June Iia Motile Cadillac, undiT dc Callieres -Tuly French from Placentin, Newfoimdland (afterwards by M. Dc Costebelle, who expended 30 millions of francs to fortify it) 'Aug. Le Moyue de Bienville Pierre ( Jaultier dt^ Varennes de la Verandrye Abbt' Picipiet i Lord Cornwallis. June KlOo 3, lti08 l(il3 4, lt)34 1(!.3(}~4.5 IN, 1(142 13, 1(142 13, 1073 24, 1701 1713 1718 1737 1748 1749 30, Morris and Deschannis. The Island was named "Prince Edward" ni 17!t!t. It was first settled by Acadians after 1715, and was definitely taken, by the Knglish 17.58 .St. .Tohu, New Pnniswick ITnited Empire Loyalists May Frcderiuton do Uni' d V'n pire Ijoyalists Sydney, Caixi Breton Lt. -(■./. loi Des Harres '. tort Rouillft'(Tor(mto) .Tac((Ui,-i-i'ii'rre dc Tatfaiiel, Manpiis de la Jon-j I quiere. Kith t!overm)r of La Nouvelle France,' : 174!t 52 'roVonto (York) Governor John Graves Simcoe Hcricvillt^ Cai>tain Myers I'rcKcott Major Edward Jcssup St. Catharines ( Welland) Founded Hull, Gttawii County, P.C^ Philemon Wright SlicrbrcKjke, VAl David Moe and others J lamilton, Ontario Hamilton Ottawa do jNicholas .Sparks and others, '.) years l)efore Rideau Canal was commenced Hrantford do | Alxiut London do jPeter Mc(iregor < luclph do j.Tohn Gait Victoria, British Coliunbia 'Governor Sir .Tanies Douglas New Westminster, British Columbia. . . Col. R. C. Moody Vancouver | 18, J Canatlian Pacific Railway Company . March 7, 1708 1783 1784 1785 1793 1790 1797 1797 1800 1800 1818 18'' 18. 1826 April 23, 1827 March 10, 1843 Feb. 1859 1887 Burrard Inlet NoTK. — For the prcccdiwj and other infoniwtitm of intercut, See the "Hand Book of Canmliitn Dates," 111! F. A. McCord, Anaiatant Law Clerk, House of Commons, Ottawa 9—5** ()6 [1890] It FRENCti Forts, Lake Superior to Cumberland House, and on Hudson's Bay, prior to the Cession of Hudson's Bay to Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht, 11th April, 1783 — and the English Forti ihen existing or sub- sequently built. Frencli Forts English Forts. K;.niiiiistigoiiia William . St. PifTH Frances I St. Charles Maurt'pas Ah^xandc Rouge. Selkirk . . La It ine ( iarrv . . . Situation and Remarks. Bourbon Norway House. Dauphin j Paskoj-ac Cumljerlantl House. 'Churcl.ill. Bourbon York Factory. . . Niewasavane Severn ... 1 Ste. Anne Albany St. Loirls or Monsoni Aloose Factory. . St. Charles Rujiert House French Fort was on south side of River Kaministicjuia. English Fort is on the north side, above outlet into Lake SuiM'rior, near Pacific Jtailw.ay elev.ators. English Fort on north side of outlet of Rainy Lake intd Rainy River. French Fort w,as on west side of outlet of Rainy River into Lake of the Wo(k1s at its south or upjier end. Frencli Fort at liead of Lake of the Woocls, and on its west side, and up|)er portion. Frenc'i Fort on north side of outlet of the River Maun- pu or Winnipeg into Lake Witniipeg, towards its I)' ad and upon its east side. English Fort on .soutli side of outlet, of the River Win- nii)eg. French Kort on east side of outlet of Red River into tin- south or ujpper end of Lake Winnipeg. English Fort on west side of Red Hiver iilxjut 1-1 niilis I south of upper end of Lake Winni|)eg. Fren.h Fort, built by De la Yc'randrye in 1737, (pii Ncjth side of outlet of Assiniboine, on West side I of 'ied Hiver. English Fort, in City of Winnipeg, nearly demolished, IHHS. English Fort, at X' rth end and on East side of foot ot Lake Wiiniipeg. I'Veneh Fort, on West side of .s.nnie Lake, and (m South j side of outlet of Hiver Saskatclr.-wan. At North end and on West side of Lake Manitol)a. French Fort, on Soutii i.ideof the North Saskatchewan. I'hiirlish For:, near Pine L;ike, on North sitie of Sas- katdiewan. Eng'isii Fort, i>.t outlet of River Churchill, We.st sid.- of Htidson's Bay. On tongue of lanrl .at mouth of Nelson and Haye~ Rivers, or the Bourbon and Ste. Therese Hi vers,' on V/est side of llud.s()irs liny. Taken l)y d'Iberville, ]()1I4, iuid naini d Pxnirbon. The first on East side, and the other uu We.st side of outlet on River Severn, on the West side of Hud- son's r.ay. French Fort', on West si Moore and Abitibi. Built by the English. Fort taken l)y d'Iberville, 20th June, l(i8.5. Btiilt by the English on North side of the Rupert . River, \Nhicli is greater than the River Saguetuiy. Ihis iM).-t IS on East side and near Southend of Janies' Bay. It was "taken by d'Iberville, 2nd .July, li'tSo. do S\, 1870 Ca] [1890] 67 Ill's Bay, >eaty of g or sub- Highest Latitudes attained — North. Arctic Regions and Polar Sea. Diitf.i. ' Arctic Navigation. ! X()rth'''*' Longitudes. Remarks. nninisti(iui:i. ' outlet iiitii levators. ny Lake intu Rainy Rivir upjier end. s, and on its {iver MiUiic • towards it- ' River Win- [iver into till )(jut 14 niilr- in 17.S7, on n West sidi- deniolislicd, ide of foot ot ,nd on South Ianilol)a. katciiewau. :ide of Ha>- I, West sidi- and Haye^ K Sebastien CalM)t, son of John. KiO" Henry Hudson I(i07 "do KilO do 177.SC. J. l'iiii.i.s ISOIJ W. Scores! >y, sen Auk. lll.lf^l^ Admiral W'. Parry and Capt. John Ross. July — , 1827 Admiral W. Parry 184.5 Mir John Franklin Aufr. 27, 1*'.")2 Admiral Tnglefield (h) 24, 1H.');{ Klisha Kent Kane Jiiu!- 1, 18.")4 Dr. Hayes, of Kane Exp . . Miivi; lH(il Dr. lEayes OS W. HO 28 E. 72 W. ( (iS w. I 1)3 W. 80 48 E . . 81 12 42 7(i o4 80 Hudsfin's R.ay. Not certain. l.'t North of Sint/.ljergen. 20 E. coa.st (Ireenland. Hold-with- Hope. 80 Oil !l,". I I Hudson's Bay. Aug.ai, 1871 Capt. F. Hall, with "Polar- is'" Died of apoplexy, Kth Nov., 1871, before voyage was ended 1872 Lieut, .lulius I'ayer do 31, 1875 Capt. George Narcs, with the , " Alert " md " Discovery. '': Sc] it. 27, 187,') Lieut. Aldricii, of Nares' Exp. j May 12, 187(') Commander Markluim ai Lieut. I'arr, of Nares" Ex d(i IS, l.S7(; Lieut. Aldrich do md 1>- do 21, 187(i|Lieut. L. A. Ik-aumont, of ] Nares' Exp. June 13, 1881 iLieut. Com. Iteo. W. De Long, l^S. I Mav 13, 18821 Lieut. Adoliihus W. Creely, U.S. 82 43 77 !I8 21 |W. 78 37 IW. 7!» 43 IW. 80 W. North of Franz Joseph Land. W. 72 30 jNorth of Carey Island. E. m 15 JNorth of Spitzbergen. W. !I7 1^1) Wellington Clianuel, on east side of Cornwallis Ishuid, to i liead of Hathurst Island and i down west side of the former. 74 45 Di-icovered Smith's Soinid. 70 40 Xnn Rensslaer Harbour. 72 Cajie Fra/.er and (irinnell Land. 74 Cape Hawks. 82 11 ;w. 82 7 Ie . . 82 25 W. (11 30 83 7 W. iw. 83 20 2() iW. 82 l(i W. 82 20 W. 77 15 E. 83 24 W. 40 40 54 N.W. of LepidseHarboiir. Ca])!' Fligely, Fran/.losepli Lands, sledge jo\u'ney. The "Alert" was moored near I Cape Sheridan, Floel)erg Beach, tlie highest latitude ever attained ' by any \essel. 03 5 Sledge jou iiev on Polar Sea. 87.30 Saw Cajie Cohnnbia, W. 03 5 Planted Bntisli Flagon Polar Sea. .85 33 Sledge journey to Cape Alert, near C. Alfred Ern"st,(;rinnell Land, Westward along Sea. 50 45 Sherard Osborn Fiord, sledge jom'- ney. Polar Sea, westward of Bennett Island, nortli of Siberia, wiiere I his vessel the " .leannetti' "" was I cruslied by ice, Lockwood Island, sledge journey 1 by 2nd IJeut. .1. B. Lockwood ' and .Sergt. D. L Brainard. 155 9— 5i** I I ACADIA OR [Nova Scotia. \New Br IV. ILE-ROYALE ^^ Cape Breton. PORT-ROYAL ^^ ILE ST.-JEAN ^^ Priiiee Edward Maud. 1598 to 1783. 70 [1890] %h ACADIA (XOVA SCOTIA). The first successful attempt at the colonization of Acadia (Nova Scotia) appears to have been made by Pierre du Guast, Sieur De Monts, under Ilonry the Fourth of France. The country was then frequented by the Mikmak In- dians in the pursuit of game and fish. De Monts, who was appointed in 1603 Lieutenant-General of New France by the same sovereign, went in 1604 to Port Eossignol, — now Liverpool, N.S. — then the residence of a French trader named Eossignol, who was trading with the savages (Mikmaks) without lieeiiso, and whose property he therefore confiscated. He established" numerous settlements and forts on various parts of Xova Scotia and Xew Brunswick. Having explored the coast of the Bay of Fundy (La Baie du Fond or Baie des Franyais) he there established a town which was named Port Eoyal (1605), and was afterwards granted by France to M. dc Poutrincourt, who hiid accompanied Champlain to Acadia and was an associate of De Monts, who had the exclusive privilege of the fur trade for ten years. This first Port Royal was on the north side of the Bay, nearly opposite (ioat Island ; it was abandoned in 1607, re-occupied in 1610, and destroyed in 1613 by the Vir- ginians under Captain Ai'gall,the Governor of Virginia, in the name of Groat Britain. The second Port Royal was built lietween 1634 and 1645, by D'Aidnay de Charnisay, on the south side of the bav, about six miles eastward from the first. In 1621 the whole territory situated at the east of a line drawn from Ste. Croix River northwardly to the St. Lawrence was granted by James I to Sir AVilliam Alexander, afterwards Earl of Sterling. This noble.nan gave to Acadia the name of Xova Scotia. The Earl of Sterling, Sir William Alexander, conveyed to Claude dc la Tour, a French traitor who had married an English lady and had been created one of the Baronets of Xova Scotia, or of the whole of that Province except Ile- Royale (Cap-Breton). B}' the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 29tli March, 1632, ('harles I agreed to render to France the Province of Acadia, whereupon Louis XIII divided it among a number of his subjects. On 16th August, 1654, the second Port Roval was taken bv Sedgcwick. On 9th August, 1656, the country, having been reconquered under Crom- well,was granted to S'r Thomas Temple, William Crowne an(l Charles de la Tour. On 3rd Xovendjer, 1655, the Westminster Treaty, affecting the forts at Pentagouet, St. John and Port Royal, was passed by France and England. By the Treaty of Breda (City of Brabant) the country was again ceded to France, 31st July, 1667. The French population at that time was about 1,000 ; their settlements were chiefly at Port Royal, La Ilfeve, Chedabucto, and on the banks of rivers emptying into the Bay of Fundy. The Mikmak warriors were estimated jit 3,000. In 1686 Great Britain declared war against France. In May, 1690, Sir William Phipps, a native of Massachusetts, attacked Port Royal, which was dilapidated and defended by only 90 troops ; he also attacked Chedabucto ; both places capitulated. Jmm [1890] 71 ova Scotia) nder Henry likmak In- -todml603 ; in 1604 to such trader out liceiiso, ts of Xova u Fond or Port Koyal t, who lij'.d Vlont-s, who is first Port nd ; it was )y the Vir- le of (iroat 'Aiihiay de d from the n from Ste. LOS I to Sir to m ifavo aude ac la een created except He- es I aii'reed [II divided Sed<^ewiek. nder Crom- de la Tour, die forts at Inghind. ^ain ceded ! was al)0ut hedabucto, le Mikmak r, 1690, Sir wliich wad ledabucto ; Tlie Frenca Governor, Villebon, who then arrived from France to take coiomand of Acadia took possession of Port Royah In 1696 lie captured Fort Pemaquid between the Rivers Kennebec and I'enobscot. By the Treaty of Ry-^wick, 20th September, 1697, Acadia was restored to France. Louis the XIV having acknowledged the Pretender as King of England, war was again declared, 4th May, 1710 ; this war lasted eleven years. Ill September, 1710, General Nicholson, with 29 transports, four men of war and a tender conveying five regiments, besieged Port Royai, the com- niaiidant of wliich had only 260 etfective men in garrison ; he capitulated 13th October. Nicholson then named it Annapolis, in honour of (iueen Anne, the reigning sovereign. Peace was eoneluded between England and France, 11th April, 1712. By the Treaty of Uirecht, 11th April, 1713, Nova Scotia was definitely ceded to (Jreat Britain as far as lie Royale (Cap-Breton) which France had retained. M. de Costebelle, under the French, in August, 1713, founded and com- menced to fortify Louisbourg, tlic fortifications and outstanding forts of which were constructed from year to year until their final completion at the end of 2-3 years, and at a cost of about £1,500,000 sterling. After the cession of Nova Scotia in 1713, a portion of the Acadians emigrated to Cap-Breton and other localities. Those who remained were settled at various localities along the Atlantic and Bay of Fundy coasts. In 1744, France, under I^ouis XV, had declared war against England under George IF. Du Qucsnel who had succeeded M. Constable as Governor of Ile-Royale (Cap-Breton) fitted out an armament from Louisbourg under Pu Vivier, -vvho captured the English garrison at Canseau. Du Quesnel also despatched some irregular forces co Annapolis and other points ; he died the L^ame year and was succeeded b}' Duchambon. On 7th May, 1745, Louisbourg was besieged by the combined lleets of Commander Warren from the West Indies and General Pepperrell with an army of 4,000 men from Massachusetts ; the fortress was surrendered 16th .Tune following. During the summer of the same year, France despatched a formidable tleet of 70 vessels with 3,150 disciplined troops under the Duke d'Anville to re-establish her supremacy in North America ; this ileet Avas disabled by a series of disasters ; after a passage of 90 days, only seven of the vessels arrived in Chebucto harbour. A portion of the ileet returned to France under Admiral Jonquifere, was reinforced l>y 38 sail and was on its way to New France when it was met and defeated by the English Admirals Anson and Warren off Cap Finisterre, 3rd May, 1747; La Jonqui^re was then taken prisoner. The Colonies on hearing of the disaster to the fleet, had sent 470 troops to attack the Acadian? residing at Grand Pre, but they were badly defeated nth February, 1747. By the treaty of Alx-la-Chapelle, 7th October, 1748, Cape Breton was res- tored to France, On 17th August, 1749, La Jonqui^re was appointed Governor of New France, which he governed until the time of his death, 17th Afarch, 1752. Towards 1749 upwards of 1,000 Acadian families, comprising about 6,000 persons, occupied the lands for an extent of eight miles on the west side of River Avon, which discharges into the head of the Basin of Mines an arm of the 72 [1890] the Bay of Fundy ; Grand Pre, their principal village in that locality is now named Lower Horton, one of the stations on the Windsor and Annapolis Rail- way ; it is still called Grand Pn' in that section of the country ; it i8_ one mile from the Horton Landing Station, 15 miles from Windsor and 60 miles from Halifax by rail. FIRST fiXrULSION AND TUANSPORTATIGN OF THE ACAIiIANS. During the struggle between France and England ior supremacy in North America, and the struggle between England and its Colonists under Washington for their Independence in the portions of the continent now form- ing part of the United States, 1732 to 1783, the Acadians then residing in Nova Scotia under English rule, were " Neutrals." In 1755, under the reign of George II, Col. Charles Lawrence, the English Governor of Nova Scotia, and his Council, fearing that the Acadians might help to restore French rule in the Province, preconcerted a plan for their compulsory expulsion, although there was little to be apprehended, consider- ing that the entire French population in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick at that time scarcely exceeded 10,000. The Acadians were ordered to assemble at a stated hour, on the 10th September, 1755, in their respective localities, for the purpose of hearing the King's command, the nature of which was carefully concealed from them ; little did they suspect that it was for their banishment and the confiscation of their properties. The French settlers at Port Royal (Annapolis), and at Beau-Bassin (Cum- berland) at the head of the Bay of Fundy, refused to compl}- with this arbitrary order, believing it was not in their interest ; 2,200 of them went to Shediac and lie St. Jean (Prince Edward Island), then under French rule. Some were forced by starvation to return to their homesteads and were afterwards transported with their compatriots to various localities in North America ; others remained with the Indians, and some reached various locali- ties in the present Province of Quebec, at the Bale des Chaleurs, Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, etc. At Cumberland Basin, the soldiery sent to subdue them, burnt their church, and 253 of their houses, with a great quantity of wheat and llax. At Grand-Pre, 1,928 persons assembled and were made prisoners by tiie royed tlieir church, and 11 of their mills ; the Government of NoVa Scotia also confiscated 20,858 heads of their cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, and all their properties. At other settlements more than 5.000 Acadians complied with the arbi- trary summons to assemble, and were made prisoners, besides which their properties Avere either destroyed or confiscated. The total number of Acadians surprised and made prisoners on the 10th September, 1755, amounted to about 7,000. The heads of fiimilies in many cases were separated from each other and from their children. They were embarked and placed in the holds of several old and leaky schooners leased from the agency of Apthorp & Hancock, of Boston, and other vessels, in the bottom of which they were packed promis- cuously, without regard to age or sex, and shipped to various parts of the present United States as tar as New Orleans. Durin upwards o The J mate and were hosp' The Virginia, ' not even i tenance. Domingo sylvania, ' proposed survived f in a state of the wo of the hai InS( the survi^ vessels, o two mon river St. t Hair pursued t which no must con In ] atrocious Earl of the B harbour army of ' Lou Int quantity The The troops ai The former t( The the Frer The which w gave em The its valua Aft where 4 changed Thi St. Jean [1890] 73 During the voyage, which lasted from one to two months or more, upwards of 1,000 died, and their corpses were launched into the sea. The J^ cadians on board of one of the vessels overpowered the captain, his mute and sailors, and sailed back to St. John's, New Brunswick, where they were hospitably r3ceived by M. de Boishobert, the French commandant. The others were shipped to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Carolina, Georgia and Tiouisiana. The colonists in most cases would not even allow them to land, unless some provision was made for their main- tenance. Six hundred of them were sent afterwards from New York to St. Domingo at a time when pestilence was depopulating the island. In Penn- sylvania, where 415 had been sent, a portion of the citizens of Philadelphia proposed to sell them as slaves. They and their compatriots who had survived the miseries of the sea voyage, were landed at the various localities in a state of utter destitution, amongst a hostile population, and during one of the worst seasons of the year. Many of them afterwards died on account of thfc hardships they had to en then properties and com- pelled to leave the island. Some of them w m a 'h- 'Ugdalen Islands, to the Bale dea Chalcurs, Shediac and other localltic^ By the Treaty of Paris, 10th February, 17(58, the ',.uile ot the trench possessions in Canada were ceded to Enghvnd ; the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon were reserved to France. ^ In 17(53 the population of Xova Scotia which included iSew Brunswick, amounted to 18,000. . , ,. .. . In 1772 the population of Nova Scotia and (^ipo Breton, mchuhng '2,U\0 Aoadians and 865 Indians, amounted to 10,985. In 1784 the population of Nova Scotia proper was about 20,000. The independence of the United States having been acknowledged by France in 1778 and by Great Britain in 1783, 20,000 rofugee Loyalists arrived in Nova Scotia, r),000'of whom were landed in New Brunswick. The Aeadians who were then settled in the valley of the River St. John had to aljandoii their properties for the benefit of the Loyalists. Empire Ac SYNOPSIS. Expulsions of the Acadians. The approximate number- f Acadians who were expelled from the Mari- time Provinces at various timet was as follows : — 1. In 1755 — 7,000 from Nova Scotia, by order of Governor Lawrence, who appointed a day, 10th September, 1775, and an hour for them to assemble in their various localities, in order to communicate to them the King's command, the nature of which was carefully concealed from them. These unsuspecting colonists who had complied with the summons were seized by officers and soldiers chiefly from Boston and ^fassachusetts ; their churches, dwellings and barns were burnt and their properties confiscated, after which they were transported in several old schooners to various parts of the English Colonies of America. They were packed so close in the holds of I'/dky vessels and eudurcd so much misery during their two months' voyage in February and March, that 1,000 of them died at sea. Another 1,000 were expelled from South Carolina and re-embarked on board of two old vessels with orders to leave the country ; they went to St. John, N.B, ; 650 more were expelled from New York and sent to St. Domhigo during the time of the pestilence there. 2. In 1768 — 3,000 were made prisoners of war at Louisbourg and were shipped to England whence they were sent to France, by order of the British Government ; many of these went to reside at Belle-Ile-en-mer. 3. In 1758 — 4,100 Acadian colonists on He St.-Jean (now Prince Edward Island) were expelled and their properties confiscated by Lord Rollo when he took possession of the island for Great Britain. Many of them went to settle along the southern coast of New Brunswick and on the Magdalen Islands, which are chiefly inhabited by Acadians at the present time. NliTK. [1890] 75 4. In 1 788 — Up varcls of 2,000, who were settled in the valley of the Rivtr tt. dohn, were expelled, ix' 1 *1 jir properties given to the United Empire Loyalists, 5,000 of wliom were landed in New Brunswick. Acadian Famimks Settled at Bellk-Ile-en-Mer, France, 1765. AVhen I'Abbt'^ LeLoutre returned to France, after his long captivity at Jersey Island, "he worked for the Acadiaus with the same ardour and perse- verance he had shown during his stay with them in Acadia. On the 8th of Xovcmber, 1765, he landed at Belle-Ue-en-Mer, where he was followed hy seventy-i'ight families of Acadians, whom the King wished to settle there. Belle-Il('-en-^Ier is a small island situated some leagues from the west coast of France, opposite Morliihan. It contains four parishes, Le Palais, or north centre ; Bangor, or south centre ; 8auzon, at the west end ; and Locmaria, at the er t end. The Acadian^, after their arrival, were divided between these four parishes. Each of the seventy-eight families received a concession of land ; afterwards, at the request of 1' Abbe LeLoutre, the King ordered 78 houses to be built, one for each family, to each of whom 1 horse, 1 cow, 3 sheep, and a sum of 400 French "livres,'' were also granted. In order to remedy a deticiency in the ]iarish registers respecting the origin of the Acadians, the States of Bretagne, who then ruled over Belle-Ue, issued an order on the 12th of January. 1767, to take dowu in writing the sworn ileclaration of the heads of the Acadian families, in order to trace back their origin and filiation in France. Sixty-four declarations were thus registered, some of which relating to more than one family. Here follows the declaration of T Abbe LeLoutre, late Vicar-General of the diocese of (Quebec, in Canada, given on the 1st March, 1767 : "The Acadians, settled on this Island, were transported by the English from Acadia to Boston and other English colonies during the month of October, 1755. They were afterwards sent to Old England and dispersed in various parts of the Kingdom, during 1756. After 17ti8, when the treaty of peace had been concluded, they were taken to France on the King's vessels, and landed at various seaports ; in 1765, during the month of October, they came to settle on this Island by order of Monseigneur le Due de Choiseul, the Minister of Alarine."' See narratives by Fabbe 11. R. Casgrain and M. E. Eameau in " Le Canada Franf;ais," octobre, 1889, p. 165, et Janvier, 1890, p.26, des Documents sur I'Acadie." ^ NoTK. Foi' fiirtlifi- (Ictiiils ri'siifctiiitr Aciidia, I'tc, -ice I'art VT. K SET UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS SETTLERS AND RECIPIENTS OF GRANTS OF LAND, IN THE PROVII^CE OF QUlUBTilC ANM) IN THK MARITIME PR0VI:N^CES. 78 [1H!M»] UNITED KMPTKK LOYALISTS. i m Tlic Lidopoiidonoo of tlio Uiiitod Stiitos. wliic-h liml liceii ivco<;ni/e; two yi-ars. On 9th November, 178!», an Order in Council of the Ciovernment of the Province of Quebec was passed, providing for the settlement of the ehi dren of the Loyalists, attaining full age, a grant of 200 acres more or loss to each. In Ontario they were also provided with lands and assisted by the Goveriniient of the Province of Quebec, in virtue of the same Order in Council, j Quebec and Ontario were under one Government, until Ontario became a separate I'rovince, under the name of Upper Canada in 1792, the remainder of the Province beiiiff called Lower Canada. • In do • to ilo KiiNt|"irt to . Siiint .liilin to. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Sliciliac to. do do do do I'.liy Vcrtc to, f'iilic Toniicn Hidifux to . . do ilu do do do do do do Fri'dcrictou do do do do Mf!-! Mtm [1800] DISTANCES. MARITIME I'KOVINCES. Niiiii ,f I' .Siiiiii .liilin til j Fn'dci'ifton, «i'Ht miIc of tlic river (III CIlHt hide liy Mtt-aiiilKtiit , (I.. K:ist|«irt t Siiiiit .Iiilin to do (1(. do do do do do do do do do do ,. . , do do (lo Slii'diitc to do .. . . d(. do do do do do do do l?n.v Vcrtf to.. (':i|ic 'roniicntilU' to. Ilalifiix to do do do do do do Ht. .VndrcwM. KiiHtiMirt, )))• MtciiiiilKiat. I'ortluiid HoHton do liv IiiikI hikI wiitiT. Wiisliiiit^toii, liy land .iiid wivter. Aliiia|»ilis, liy stcaiiilKiiit lAlnlii'iHt do [ do l>y laiiil I IV wati'i' ' do do Midifa do liv land . do Dfiid, liv land. lin< i,1 A nnujHilirt do liy HtiandHiiit . Martin's llt'iid, by land SI lc|io(IV, Sai'livill .Sh.MJ lac |{icliilmfto ilo liv water Chatham (Nliraniichi) hy laml. •h d( liy wati'r Hathiirst (Haie di's Chaltuist liy land ■ l>alh(niHic, liy land do liy water Ileile(|iie. 1'. K. Island, liy steamlioat Charloltetown, I'. K. Islano 285 2(iO 325 340 104 (i2 135 3.'-)7 10!» 70 P^^VRT IV^. LATITUDES. LONGfTODES, CLIMATE, ETC. vsoBSERVKf) nriUNO VAinois arctic expeditions and otherwise AXl) ALSOTIIK INTERNATIONAL CIRCUMPOLAR STATIONS. ( 'OMi\\i{A'ri\'i': LATITUDES. LONGITUDES, VARIATIOX OF COMPASS. DECLTXATIOX AXD DIP OF NEEDLE. TEMPERATUPvE— RAIX AXD SXOW FALL. TIlIClvXESS 01' SALT AXD FPESTI WATER ICE. DAYS OF CLOUDY WEATHER, HOURS OF SUXLTGTIT At the |trinci])ul [)l;ic'es from Xowfonndlaiul to the Pacific iind Arctic Oeeann. — <;** 1st.— T I 2n(l.— 9— t OBSERVATIOI^S. SIR ALEX. MACKEI^[ZIE'S EXPEDITIONS. 1st. — Left Fort Chipewyan, 3rd June, 1789. Eeturned to Fort Chipewyan, 27th September, 1789. 2nd. — Left Fort do la Fourche, on Peace River, May, 1793. Returned to Fort de la Fourche, on Peace River, 24th Aug., 1793. 9_6p* 84 [1890] t i:'} MACKEXZIE'S FIRSf A^OYAGE. Down thk River Mackkxzie, to the Auctic Ocean, 1789, Sir Alexaiidoi' Aliickoiizie, tbo celobmtod oxploroi-, was born in Inverness. Scotland, about. 17.")5. lie camo to Can^'da wlien young, and was employed as a clerk in the Xortb-Wost Fur (Joni[)an_v. Having a desire to explore the then great unknown Xorth-Wost. 1 le rerurned to nnram and spenr a year in the study oi asti'onojny and nav.gutioii He returned to Fort Cliipewyiui (Lake of the itills). now Lidce Athabasca, ii 1789. Afackenzie had spent nine years at this Fort before then, trading witl nav.gatioii, ill .-, ith the Indians. On the 3rd ot June, 1781. he set out from Fort Chipewyan with a party of twelve persons and four bireb bark canoes on his first expedition. On Friday, the 5th of June, he entered a river at tlie western end of Great Slave Lake, to which he gave his name. He cxi)lored this I'iver to the Arctic Ocean, which ho reached' on the l'2ili of -iuly. He reached fi!»" nonli latitude, when bis progress was stopp<.d by ice. Hi-'arrivt'd at Fort Chipcnvyaii. on the return journey, on the •27th September. MACKEXZIE'S SI'X'OXl) YOYAtJE. Across the Ropkv Mountains, to the Facific Ocean. 1708. On October 1 792. MacFeiizie undertook a more darinu- and hazardous expedition to the west coast of Xorth America. IL; \ 111 pel _ He returned to iiis hcd. ,ii:,rt.rs at Chipewvan and ivsumed his duties of c'hie trader. Of all the evpi.-rers r./the Nortii-West regions of Canada- Mackenzie was the most darm^ and tlu' most exposed to war weapons of the diaiis. Invenioss. employed ■West. 1,0 iav!_i>;iition. ahiiscii, ill •ling with wyrui w\[]\ edition. ■n end of vci to the noriii lilK^wyaii. O MSI Ml V ATJ 0>s' S. FRANKLIN'S EXPEDITIONS, ETC. liii/iardoiis »e\vy;in on di'd I'oiu'o >:it. 5() 'J fie IkiwT, westward le Indian retni'ii to nearly as II. duties ol' ^'anada — )ns oftlu- 1st.— LSI!), l.S2(), 1821, 1822. Hudson Bay to Copper-Mine River and Polar Sea. o,hI._1.s2:), !s2(;, 1«27. 'Nt^w ^'ork to Fort William, thence via Lake Winnipeg, Cum- berland lEoMse and ehaiu of Lakes to the liiver ^laekenzie, tlienee down to tlu' Polar Sea, and along its east and west eoasts. ;;,-d.~lS4:), 1S40, 1847. Vict Davis Strait, liallin Sea, Laneaster Sound, Beeeliey Island, Wellington Cliannel up to liead nf (irimiell Jjaiid. latitude 77 degrees north ; theiiee tlown elianiiel along east side of Lathiirst Island and west side of ('oiiiwallis Island ; thence down Peel Sound to Loothia Felix and King William's Island, in search of a [tassage to I>i>liring St'a and the Pacilic Ocean, with two ships — "Erebus" ami "'Terror." 86 [1S!»0] A-1. FIJANKLIX'S FIKST I-IXTKBITION. Vid Iliidsoii Sti'iiil iiiid Buy to Yoik Factory, tliciico Ovorl.'iiul by cliiiiii of v\\v<\ :iii(l liikos, to Atlialiux'ii IjiiUo, (Jroat Slave J^alvc, Vcllow Knife and Co])[)er-.Mine Ilivors, MiorR'o on the Polar Sea. Fastwiird, and ret urn. 1810-1820-1821-1822. 1 )at(.<. I I DiltCS. Tiiicalitics. 'rciiiiii'rii- I , ,., Knliri'tilicit viiiii'd Nortli. lion- Kit'idcs W.'St. histiiiicc triivrll.,1. .Mil.>. ISlil Jon/ III 1/ Oii/ininl If llii I'nlnr Siti , Mil ;;i. l'"iaiilJiii .■mil pMii \' liMvr(i I- il \Val.-^"siiii.()f ll's. I!. (' I M 1111(1 Auf,'. lio. . ^■|lrk l'':ii'l(]|'y rriiclii'il. Iiciuitiiiicl lliiTr until lllli S..|,l 1 1 Oct. (1. . .NnlUJlV liliUJC, "SA', II I. a!..' W llllllli' (1,1 I'L'.. Cmiilicr-Iand II., I'inc Lake, \. side cf .\.,rlli llivc Sa>L;il,c|icuali .\(iv. (i.. I'iiic l,alicf 57 :! W2'y< i .'>;i.")(ii(» in^KUli iiiy.cii (ivcr. 1H20 dill). IH..!ljcfl Ciiiiilicrlaiid uil II s|i'ilj;cs aiiii .-uiiu -lidcs. (1(1 111. M;u-. L'Ip. . Kciiclicd l'"(iit ( llii|icuyiin, N. side imd West end of [ Alliidiiiscii I,itlf_'s irl. .Vug-. 2.. I)e|iiii-tiire with tl (idieeis, 17 V( i.ya^'eui.- and W iiil( do 1.'0. . Kdrt Kiili IWelers 1(11(1 ;t llldiiil M'^'e iiiid 2 .small caiii 1 uivcs uitli .'i clilldi-eii, ;! rpns N'ellow Knife lii\(r wl .N"(ii-tli r;astuard. I.MI.i, lis iiuildill^', TiO L'l f|.(.t, eree|(.(l li\' Vr; iicli aseeiKl.s iTI i Party 'M liMii ;!() |I2;!<> (•(inipclled til iciiiaiii tlieic !t iiHintlis f(ir pn 1«2I Indians and (itliers i'cfu:ie tn pr ed at this .seas • lune 7.. Dr. IJiehardsini and pditidii (if part.v start for tlii ('d|ipei- .M iiie lliver and the I'dlar Sea dii II.. I''raiiklin and I'einainder of part.v fdlldu . • lul.v IS. . I, Arrived at nidiith df (Nipper Mine Hiver, I'dlar Se I) isciiar^red linen IdT -17 at) 1 1.") 4!l ;WI (Id L'l . . jf/'diiinienced \(iyak'e i')ast\var(l aldiij,' cdtist of .\ict,i Ocean, 2t) persdiis in all . L'S. .Il'drt. Kpwdrth, read 27. . 1 1 tetcntiiin I larlidui 4:* 1 4:.'.. I. I I I •Auk. Is.'Kiid df reached lyajfe Kast ward, at (' Tu (17 42 111 ll2;fe (I (i7:">;H."i 11(141,211 rna^fain, mi I'dlar Sea, heydud Melvi Sdtiild midSdiilli of Dense Strait. (Jdivst fd MilK ri.Vi (!. .M. iKiiith df (,'dpper- ;is fi«'1«.'»(» I i(mi25i (I i..n 'I'dtal distance travelled im Outward .l( I'lastward aluiif,' Sea Ciia;! uriiey to I'dlar Sea., at li;iS ll.tht |.><2I .\uK. •!•:!■. S. {•• \\ (Id 2."i. . S. S( (Id 2(1. . (' \ (Id .'il.. n Sept. Ill . (' dd I'.t.C (Id 21.. W (Id 2.'i. . K (' (Id :tii. . ■■: Oil. Ci. . .\ ( lid !•.. N lid II. (Id 211.. > (Id 2.'!.. 1 (Id 2'.l, . '1 Ndv. 1 dd 2. lid 7, ill. ?t; III. . (Id 11 17 1«22 .lu»»- >l .l.iJ^ 4 d.. 14 .N'oTK DuriiiK the Keliiiii .Iduriiey, 111 f the parly was lust, finir died df exl and live lull laiistidii and .star\ati [1890] 87 A-2. FRANKLIN'S FI 1{ST MXI'KDrriON— Con//««e(/. 18Hl-lS20-1821-182li. •s l>isl:iii,v tr:i\i'lli-,|. Stallllr .Mili'>. st;ir\:il,|iiii 88 [1S!»0] B-1. KRANIvLIN'S SW.'ONJ) IIX I'KDITION. ISLT.-ISL'H-ISL'T. Uniili' 'IVmvi'IIciI ;iii(I piii'tly Survi Vfil Mil. ' thi S itnntti r < .1 /S.' Niu \'illi •lillH' i'I'ImiiiI lliiiifr, I'd/ cIimIii iif liiUi's til Klin I 'lii|ir\vy;ili :il juiirliuii ul' liiiKc Ath;iluis('a ;iliil Slinr IJivrl' llilh .llllli Flirt (' iilH'U V;in 1.1 K.irl ■li.h . inn at iiilirtiiili nl'Slavr |!i\ rr mil Irl, auiH i irat Sla \ r lilll> Mil liiL".l||i .lillv l''iil't liri-iililtiiill til Nrw l''iirt I'riiVlilnirr, at tnnt iifiiriat Slavr I,aKraliil alu till' (irraf Markrii/.ir l;i\rr, '.UM> .IiiIv In ;inil Aiii;ii>i iM' il> ' lilt III mill Nrw Kurt. I'l-iniilnirr, (ulirrr .M^'l'. ''Int Irsiilrs, |S.S!I| ilnvvii tlir .Marlirll/.ir llurr to l''iii't| Si II 1 1 isi III, I'm I III Itli Au;„'ii>l. .Mj,'r. ( 'hit iiitrnii-i in rstalilisli liis I liaili|iiarti'r-< at i''nrt < 'lii))- rwvaii, iir.-ir Inwrr iir wis St mil ami nii nuitl. -'ili nf l.iiKr Atlialiasra in IS'.Hl Knrl SiiM|isnii tn juiirtiiiii nf I5rar Lakr Wivrr, ;ii: inStli Aiif^iisl. I'liar |,akr |,'i\rr In, anil tllr rrliirn frnii> (l.u. Islailil al llir iiimit li nf llir MarUni/ir in \u^'u.-l, Isl',!. 'I'liis WHS Kr.-iiiklinV l.-l ill .llllir, IS'JIi |nll''lli . llnW n tlir Mai'kriizir. Ilr a|,'ain il rsrrlllll'il l.rii;,'lli nf llir lirar I,aki' l!i\rrto l''nrl l''raiikl l.akr. Sill Aiit,'iist. In Mil Sr|itrnilii 111 lira:' nil tin nf Sniltll Wr-I Allll nf Cival I', Dr. I,'irliaril> III s r\riivsinn 111 llir Nnilh llrar Kni't (.iinlillrlirr, (III .Inly In 1st Sr|itrllllii ,asl trriiiiiial Inn nr ii|i|iri n il nf (Jrrat I'.rar I, llll, l.iih •Jill in:! •J7I l,L'ni, Dist, ilirr IraMllnl, a> rsl iinalril liv l''raiikliii Xilllilirr nf liilirs siirvrvril slinialnl liv I'laiikliii I'nrl Siiii|isnii, iirar iniirl inn nf llir l;i\rrs Ijiaiilaiiil MarkriK'.ir, lirlnu t inal Slavr l.akr. I.al. rC iril' N. 1,1.111,'. IL'I ;t.S' W. |irr j'Valiklni. ( till l'"nit .N'nriiiaii, Inwarils miilri nf jlrar I'ivrr frniii • irr.it I'll ar l.akr. lial. (11 |i|';(,S".\. Liiiif,'. I'JI ll'17'W. \ar, :!'.l ."i7' ■"'•_'■' I'',. |irr {''laiikliii l''nrl. I''raiiklin, iirar niillrt nf (irrat I'.rar l.akr inin llrar i;i\rr. !,at. 11.". ir.Ml'.N. 1,1.11^.11':! IL'IIW. \ai. :!;i ;f II' !•:. |irr Franklin. <»|il l''nrt (innil llii|ir, nil llir Mai'krn/.ic. I.,ast 'I'railill^r I'nsI, ;!lL' lllilr,> lirlnw l''iirt N'nriliail. Fat. (17 l!.s'-Jl"N. r,niivr. Kilt .Mii.s' W. N,,,. i; -.'s' II' F. .Srr j'arf VII fi.r fiirllirr partiriiku's rrsprrt inn' llir "J/nr/ri ii ;/. Hinrmiil Iti'ii'ni.' liilv \l s IC. s. 1 1 Au.i;. '.111. IS Aiiv; Sr IS .1. 1. t.» hiiii'-. ISL'li I8!)0] B-2. KRANKi.lN'S SKCOXI) KX I'KDITIUX. lSL':)-lSL'(i-IS-_>7. 80 liollll Furl p'niiikliii hi tin I'liliir Nm. 'r(iii|ii raliiri' I'ali Slaliili' .Mil..-. Ki-oiii Til j .Mean .|;iii. I,.. Kiirl l''i;uiUliii. 'I'l'iMiiirahirr nli-.(iMi| (lui iii^rllii' iimnlli.. Id. "J ill.;! L'K.S ,liiiic '.'I . . I.i'fl l''ip|-l. l''i;inMiii Inr I'l.l.u Si'M. .hllv I In 7. ( l|i| l''lirl ll'ipr Id Wv.vt Mlnlllll ill' .M ilrkclizif i ■!! .11 ! iVl.M H.M r il r FfiiiIJi II i)/i rnliir Si ll'i.v/ 'il llii l!ii'< r Miifki Willi llii I, inn mill ll'lilllli-i linilh, S • hllv ■-; Id 111 Miiiilli 111' .MiicKi'iizIc to iliisi'hcl l>l:ni(l nil II I itrli , 17 idHI. II.imImI j.sliiii.l l.> Icy itcc'l ,\uLr, I til 17. I(V IJcc r 1(1 [{cluiii Kirf III iir I'liiiil I'l Ill l,:il. 7" -*''. \i"WA. I l^i ilii IStdltl. I(>' Ui'i'l' 1(1 till' .Miu'lvi'ii/.ic. Id'hiiniu^'. Siiil. 1 loL'l. Mdiilli dt' .Mii(kiii/ir Id |''iiri l''iMiiUliii. . . '['(iImI ^.'din;; Mini riluiiiiii^; is:;i; i'lii/iii/i iiii'lir hr, I! rliiirils'ir mi liii I'lihir Si Hii^l III' liii Murl,, II Willi llii /liil/ihiii mill I'lniiii III tfi/.^, 'i lilt II I iii'li . :«i.:»' . ."is.-i I :t.").7i ! i.'i.i'i ! ;ti.i I i:...H .Inly S til \\\\i. S.,.. Ivisl iiidiilli dl" .M;i(l ;i7i :t7i (171 L'.o7r. Naut iial .Mil^ I miles ill a diiccl liiir) Uriiclii'd ImiiI l'"raiililiii, after an alismi'i' (if 71 days. '['dial. I,-J'.lil .Vaulical .M. I, I'.IO Statute .M . . L'(! I 4(i.(i,S| so:! iiri 31 s i,'-tt(i N.I5. Tile N, !•;. eiiliaiiee iif llie Mackenzie It i\ er 1 1 1 ( 1 real Sla.vc Lake, liv l''ianklins Siiimv ill lSi"i, is 1,01.") Slatntc Miles. !>(» [1800] 0. FI{ANKLINS TIIIilD HXI'KDITION 184r)-l84(;-lHI7. F/rJ Kavis Siniii. 15iilUii Slm, l/iiiwiHtor Soiiiid, Hcooln'y Islmid, Wi'llinyloii Uliiiniul up ti» ho!i(l olMiiiiiiioll liJiiiil, Liitiliulo 77 d(!;,avos Noi'tli; llioiicc down cIijhuhI :ii(mi;- casl side ' Island ami wost side; of ("ornwallis Island ; tlu'iuo dov/ii 1 i>;i ; iiiid (>i i5()ni|iiii lA'Iix and Kini;' William's Islaml, in scaridi ol'a pii^s- a^o to Bohrin^ Sea and I'avilit^ Ocean, with two sliips " Erol'iis'' and " Ti-nnr.' KranUlin never roluriit'd from ids Ivxpcdilion. Flo pcrislicil willi Ids eiitiru jiarly. lioloie any oi'tlie i'lNpeililions si'nt tor their rcliot' could I'cacli tluun. First traces t'ound were inscriptions upon three tombstones at Ik'cchey Islan'i, di.-cnvered in Aui^iist, Is.'O, hy Captain Ominanoy, E. N., oi' Il.M.S. '' As.-istanci ' and hy (,'aptain I't'imy ol'the "Lady Fianklin." ill Octoher, ISft i, Dr. Rao ascertained from the Fs(|iumanx of lioothia l'\dix that a party of aiioiit forty white intui were met on the west coast of i\.in^- William's Island, on their journey io tliedreat I'Msh Itiver, where theyall perished of starvati;ai towards the s|)rinn- of ISfjO. Captain MeClinloek, R.N., LL. I)., durini;- h is voyage on the sniad steam vt'ssel "Fox," of 170 tons, ;50th June, isr)7, to 2Ist Senlember, IS")?), ascertained the only authentic intelligence of the death of Sir .lohn I'raidvlin and oi the tale of the crews of the " Frelius" and ''Terror," I'^'om a record found in a cairn near the head of Kini;' William's Island, in .M;iy, is,')!!, hy Lieut. W. K. Jlohson, under V ('lintock, it ajipears that the latter died 1 lih .rune, 1847, at whi(di time the total loss hy y ice since llith September, IS-IO, This document was dated 2r»th April, 1S4S, and .-ii;-iie(| by Captain F. IJ. .M. Cro/icr, of the "Terror," and ('apt ain. lames l''il /James oft he " Fi'ebus." They added a note statin!:; that tiny woulil start next day for Hacdc's l''ish River. For details see Captain MctJIinloeU's nai i-ative ri'speetiuL;' Franklin's discovi'ries and his (Avn, published in London, IS')!), See also List of the various Fxpcilitions sent for the relief of Sir .lohu Fi'ankiin, 1848 to 1S5!) inclusive, at end of I'art IX. Ills 0111 110 [18<»UJ 01 D-1. FllANKLIN'S I'MHST KXI'KDITIOX. Toinporaturo of Kogioii — Fort Hnteritriso In tlic I'nlar Sou. From Latitucio (il° to tlH^ and Longitiulo !(»!»"' lo IW. lsi!l-2()--Jl-22. UiltlS. TiiMiilitiiw, 'I'lllflllllllHllC l''alirriili('it. Mean N'ali.it mil "I Varifil. TiiiiiH'i'- ,, ," ^ Kriiiii , T -'A .\t ImiiI Kiitcr|irisi' •Si M '7 do I Id ; (i .'")7 L".!.7 (Hi • III • 111 • ill • !(> t 7;t ...: 'iilijiirMiiii' Kivi'r. l'i>iiit Ijakc I .at. 11.1 V2' 11'. lidli^'. 1l:i H' L*."i". ,Vi miles hi-ldV fort Miit^'i'iirise ■ ;!'.! II' II to 7 i'ei't lliick aloiij;' cliaiiiii-l •(■'> .( 'orta;,')' li'adiiit,' to (ircat I'x'ar haUe. I, at. (17 I'lo'. Lou;.'. nil li7'Uf<" 44 11-13 )i|MM' iiiM-difM7 :tr IS". 'olar.Siii. I.iil. 117 47' .Ml" I '43' '- V' )itciition llarlniiir oil I'olai Si'a. I,at. (17 ."ilV 4.")". Loiii;.' | n(r41"Jll' I 4(1 111 34 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^y^^ 1.0 no ^^~ 125 M I.I ^ lio 12.0 mi I 1.8 IL25 III 1.4 m^ 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation m v v> ;\ 23 WfST h\MH STREIT WISSTIR.N.Y. 14SM (716) •72-4503 '^ ^ .^> 02 [1890] D— 2. FRAXKLIX'S SECOXD EXPI:D1TI0X. 1825-26-27. Temperature at Fort Fi'anklin, a.s observed b}- Mr. Dea^se of the Franklin Fxpe- • litinn. trom Sept., 1825. to Sept., 182(i :— in Latitude (ih° W 5l'>" Xortli. aiid Lonii'itiide 123^ 12' 44" West.— At lower or S, W. end of er. Di-oeuilxr .Taimarv. . Fcliruarv. Mutch.;. is?:::: '•I line. . •Tuly .. Aiia-ii.st -4S n24 - S - S -Hi - 4 - ;i -24 - 43 12 80 ;«» IS 17 It") s." S3 SO -till. - .").S . 38. OS ; -42 !I2 14.18 ' - 20.:js 3.72 ; - 2.7'.i 21. (i3 ' -13. '.Mi 31.2.-) - 23 . 7.^ 21 71 12.7" 22.'!! - s.L'i; ii.fi!) 1 - i:i.2i 24.47 1 -311.3.-. - 4s . 1 1( 1 42. (i4 j -•"■)2.1ii 42.08 1 -."il.ii'.i *Reojrd f'lr iiiuiuh I'l .rum- \va~ .~t'ilfuliy K~fiuiiu.»r..\. iiii.-:iii tfin|>i-ninirc yivcu c, nmit l>i- nn.ii- than cue or two dfsntts a. 7:i -l.i '.ii; - L'.-i 7'^ VJ. ( " ~ s •ji; - i:. -i -;ii; ;j."i -4s nil - 'e 10 -:>l. il'.l - — II Ml-.- t hail [1890] 93 E— 1. Meaii Temperature duriiii;; tlio Siimmor and "Winter months. At various Polar Stations. ^■^;ll■.< Suitiiiiis. :?5 •rl Riiiiaiks. MaV V.\ 1SS2 L(n:k\M)0(l Isluiul ISSl 1SS;< (Jriiiiii'U Liiiiil. Laily Frank- liiTs l?ay.- iMirt CuiigiT. . . ISSl 1SS:< Dijiniiliiia (Sia iif Karii) S. siili' (if Nova /cnilila ... | ISl'.l ISL'd Mclvillr Islaiul 1 ISL'I ISi'L' WiiitiT Island (raiTV) i ISLt' 1S-_':< Ik'liiiilik ( I'arry) . . . . ' ] IS^t ISi'i I'liit TxAvi'M ■ 1.S2',) 1S;« r>ii(itiiia F(li\ lS4(i ixril Hriiul.^if r.ay- Fort Hhih.-. Above ZlTll. Helitw Zero. ISIS isi'.i I'lirt Lioiinld I 7;< -"ido !)o 1,") (I ;u.o ISIS 1S4'.I Point I'rinid.iKc CillKt Km o0M7.:^ X:i-2il> 4i)4(;(»ll.O May. Nci record. K.xtieme North readied by Lieut. Jioekwiiod of the (ireely F..\liediti()n. — ^ X. N\'. coast of (ireenland on the Polar Sea. I NV. side- Hall ISasin to I Robeson Channel. I Var. 110 VSW. S. side of Nova Zenibla, Russia. Melville Sound. Fo.\ Channel, Hudson's 15ay. do do I'.atlin Sea, Eclipse Sound. Ks(|uiniaux Settlers, (iulf of ; P.oothia. ;N. of Rowe's Welcome, I Hudson's Bay. Repnt Inlet. SI 110 C-l 4:)0;i4.4 :14.S 70 loo (14 oo;!4.o 74 470 111 oo;i7.1 (ii; 11 s:! 00 :C).o (I'.IL'l (I SL' 0,S4.4 7:5 lao so (I o;^7.o C!) .v,i !»■_> oo;is.o (iCilvjo S7 oo.s: >. I .••iS.II S.Cii 7.4 1 is. (I L'O..") ■21. ^ •2r>.\ L'7.7 L>;{.;5 ;n.7 lS4!t IS.'iOCiiloiis Peninsula... Ism lS:iO North Star P.av. . . . •JO..') .Tan. I'eiirinir Se , ... (;(;.*)S0, 17'i 4.").0 Aug:. llM" dan. K. Siberia. S4!l lS.")1!Fi)rt Simpson'... . S4S 1S.")1 Fort Conhdeuce . . . 1S4I 1S4S 711 ."{4 0: (!!i ()oa7 ()•_• 7 0:122 (MM')2.'.).rnne. 14.7 ilC.loo 1111 4;i.7 do 21I.0 IS.-1O 1S.V.' Point Clarence liO 4.") Km O 4:1. 74 ;« !C.:^oo;f4..-) 72 47 <• lis oo;<(i.7 74 (io lis oo:i().7 71 ;<.')0 lis oo:)7.o r.!) ;!0 10.") oo:t(;.!i 7. 72 01 <.I4 (! 40.1 Jtdv. ;r).,S 70 so 14.') oo:i7.7 June. 21..") 7;{12 !(1 24.1 .Sept. IS..", 1S.")2 1S.");< Nortiinmlierland Sound.. lS."i;! ISM Wellington Channel 7r> 'M !)2 X).\ 1S."m IHTi.") \'anl{ensslaer Harliom'.. 1S,"|S IS,")!) Port Keni'.edv 18»iO 1801 Foulke 78 ISO 7:< OOSC.S ,21.2 ISIKI lS7o.Sai)ine Island 74 :« 10 ;«.2 Atig. ilO.O 1571 lS72Tiiank-(;o(l Har))oui- 81 ;C) (;i44o:i7.7 ,';w..-, 1572 1S7;< Polaris House 7S IS 72 r>\ No Record 21 . 2 lS7r) 1870 Discovery Harl)our 8144 (',,") 0;«.l i;<(').7 1875-187()Floeberg' Reach 82 27 (11 22 'M.S i;il .0 I j Fast ■ 1872 4874 Franz Josef Land , 7!» M o! ,V.) 0;?2.0 20..") I West 1882 -1883 Fort Rae ! 02 3!) o! lir, 44 rCi.r> July . !17.() !N. v.. end I'atiin Sea. (Jreen- land.. R. Mackenzie. N. F. part of (ireat Bear , Lake. Piehrinn' Sea. I'eel Sound. Pieaufort Sea and Melville Soinid. McCIure Strait. N. side Dease Strait. Polar .Sea Coast-W. of R. Mackenzie. F. side Somerset Island. Franklin wintered lS4r)-4(). W. of liarrow .Strait. Franklin ascended. W. Coast of (Jreenland. Bellot Strait— The " Fox " wintered lipre. Smith .Soiuid. F. Coast (ireenland. Robeson Chainiel. Rolieson Channel. Lincoln or Polar Sea. Between (Ireenland and Nova Zembla. Head N. arm of (Ireat Slave Lake. ' Capt. Lefroy, 1842- l-i, gives Lat. iiV 52' N., and Long. 121' 25' 2" W. at Fort Simii.son. 94 [1890J E-2. Comparison of Climate at Polar stations on the West Coast of Greenland, with that of other Polar stations in Russia and in Canada. Stations. Latitude. ."iuiiniu-r Teiiipi'riitui'i' Junt', July, August. Winter Temperature December, January, February. Range of Temperature. 1. SiherUta and BiiMian North AmcrkiinSUltiouH. Yakoutsk, Siberia Yukon, Alaska 2. StafioHK OH thr Wti>t Coaxt of (imnfaiul. Rennselaer Harbour Westenhohn U])ernavik Omenak Jacobsliavn il. Station.'' Wt'«t of Baffin's Bail. Melville Island Assistance ]?ay Port Bowen Boothia Felix Igl(K)lik Old Fort Good Ho|)e. River AFackenzie Winterinsel Fort Franklin, at W. end of Great Bear Lake. f)2 2 78 37 7() 3.3 72 48 70 41 (i!)12 74 47 74 40 7314 (i!» .■)!) (i!l 21 (17 28 m 11 (15 12 Mean . + .58.3 + 5!). 7 + .33.0 + .38.0 + 35.2 + 40.7 + 42.4 + 37.1 + 3.-).!t + .37.0 + .38.0 + 3,5.2 + .30.7 + 35.1 -^50.2 ■3((.« -23.9 -29.0 -28.7 -12.0 - 5.1 + 0.8 -28.2 -20.7 -25.1 -27.7 -21.3 -25.1 -20.5 -17.0 94.0 S3.(; f)2.(l (III. 7 47.7 45. S 41.(1 r.5.3 02. (i 02.1 05.7 .5(1.5 (14. S .55. (i 07.2 02.3 The alxjve is according to Charle.s A. Schott of the United States Coast Siu'vey [1890] 95 FRANKLIN'S FIEST EXPEDITION. 1819-1820-1821-1822. Variation of CompuHS and Dip of Needle observed by Franklin. 02. (1 (id. 7 47.7 4.VS 41. (i (t'.li (;•_'. 1 (ir).7 fif!..") (!4.,S (J7 •-' ()2.M Dates. Localities. Variation of Coiai>ass I'last. First Ej-/itilitiiiii. Biivcoi Winnijtcil iinil tin- Polar Urc, viil Coji^k r-Miiu Bin r, (uul thence on the Polar Sea. 18 Oct. lit (!.. do 22. 182(1 Fcl). 2.S.. Marc 1 7.. do 10.. do 2(1.. Julv 28.. do 2 n od (14 40 ;w (17 2S 21 (IS 52 0.5 70 :. 11 70 1 (J 27 70 25 5,'J 70 m M\ (10 4(1 25 (10 i:j 15 (IS 5S 2.S (17 5S 2(1 07 47 50 SO 00 52 .S!' 1(1 S '.i;< 2s ;<;{ 04 us k; 102 21 4(1 107 .54 8(1 111 IS 20 li;i 45 00 lis 47 .5(1 124 44 47 l;tO 51 4S 110 1,'?.5,S 12:n2 44 124 44 47 i;{o 51 ;w Kid IS 15 148.54.55 lt7 8S04 14S52 00 .5(1 Ki 7 17 2S 1(( 12 ,'!;! 12 18 8!! I'.l 1121 28 I!I2(I 25 20 ;)7 22 10 '.I .88 18 21 80 57 52 47 2S 1 1 44 54 1(1 80 II 80 57 52 47 2S 41 15.8(1(14 48 15 12 41 20 00 127 80 122 50 oo 115 . .. . ' IS ()0 ! 115 ;»; 40 52 80 oil 4S 00 (HI X. B.— The longitude of Fort William was determined by the Boundary Line Commis,sioner.s, after Franklin's departure for lOngland, a.s being SO' 22' 40", New Fort X^n-man is alHiut "3 miles below the ruins of the Old Fort whicii was on the W( ^t side of the Mackenzie. [1890] 97 \\'j: liH two A'iiriMtinii Kast. ,-p(; 111 t 17 l-'S 10 IL' ;);i 1-' i:( .•f:i 111 11 L'l •Si 1!( L'll LCi i.".i ■'( •).) lit II ~i~i in ■2] 3!t •ii '<-2 t7 :js 11 41 :<\ Hi :v.) !l (1 Xt >( 'iL' 47 L'S 11 H-1 IIYHTAL OR EAIN TABLE. — DoMiNKiN OF Canada. — Ltic-alitics. Over tllc \V( ( hi •■••istiTii I Oil wcstiiii ( )m ciistcill S:iskiitclii'« I'lCtWt'lll it( |-',ast\viii'cl (1 III ( ))itai'i(i, I'liiirc Kmt ('on;;!' :i.!i.-) to sttily sl(i|ic (if tlif f'asc'iuli' Mcmiitaiii and Vaiicimvcv Island iliipc iif Cascade Minmtain slii|i(' of l{cii'ky Miiiintains sldpc of liipc-ky Mduiitains an N'allfV liivcr iiiid the Mciidian of I'MI dc^riccs of West TjDliffitnde f |{(r. M i^>'. UniiiiK (iic.'ly Kx|icditinn. 1S81 82 1882-83— ;{.82 iiiciics, ini' yi'iir Preciliitatifjii Inches of Water. TiO 20 25 20 1.-) 25 30 3(! 4 ! 1 4.">.'ifi(l| 4;< i:. i-.> 41 211(1(1 52 ."KM Id 48(Mli«l siuners, after on the West 7-^'.fi 98 [1800] I '1 1 ■ ' H-2. Quarterly Average Number of Dii ys of Eain in the ] dominion of Canada and in NeAvfoundland, and the Kuniber of Days of Snow in each Alontli dwv- ing the Year 1886. Ontaiio (^luhcc New Brunswick Is'ovii Scotia Prince Kthvard Island Afanitolia North- West Territory. British Cohimbia Newfomidland Nnn]l)('r of Days of Kain. Niinilicr of Days of Si low. b* s s > — < > 13 3L'2 ii;:i24 21 8 2t 23- 5138 on 21 1-014 23 7 20 20-7 2!l !l2r> (135 7 3(i !i;w 5 4!» 4 18 715 5]!» 133 515 !I14 3 23 2 2(! 3!l 8; 5' Ot 2 8 38' 7 22 i. !* JS I '^. ^ 88' 101 10(1 150 4(>' 102 112 5 11-3 !)-0 (i-d 8 11 (1 8 !t i»-4 1 11 -1 8-3; !) 4 8-8 7-(i 5 11 13-0 3 7 5 5 8 2 7 !• 2-4 2-8 2-!) 2-(i 2, 5-8 3i 4 7 2 7 120 S 14 S 5 o 1 (>: 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 3, 5 7i 3 'l !t 1 !t 4 0-5 (» 1-8 2 (> 1-2 3 3 /. (1-0 5 4-3 3-!t 2 (» s- 3 111 S 5(1 S 4(1 2 37 3 54 (I 34 4 30 3 IS 1 [1890] 90 loiitli (liir- Maximum Thickness of Suit AVato'- Ico and of Fresh Water Ice. 01)Sorveil at various Polar Stations. now. Stilt i( ins. , Liititiidc Nortli. Diitt TliickiicNs ill I Tllulu'M. ' Hfiiiarks. z i .■)11 a h; s Tii; s .'< !» ,S !i r !» 4(1 •_> ;i I 4 4 i 7 li ;i4 4 .'id :{ IS 1 .Vi .") Suit Wiitir Ici. \y\,'U\\\i' Island \i Winter Islinid :i I'mt r.ciwcn I (Julf of liiHithiii ,") (Inlf i)f r>iM)tlii!i i; (liilf ay II Camden Hay VJ Wellin^'tcin C'liannel in I'dit Kciniedv 14 Saliine Island i:, Kloelierg Heiuil Hi Discovery Harlxjin- 17 Discovery Harliour i; Discovery Harliour ' Frc.ili }\'iiti r Ii'c. III Lake Alexandra •20 Lake Alexandra 1>1 Ifloiilik 74 47 till II 7'A V,\ IJil .V.I (ill .")!! (ill ."i!! 74 40 71 .Ti 74 ."ili till (»a 70 OS May 17, Marcli 7, Mav 4. Aiiri! »i. April SO. .March :<1 May 10, .\liiil 1. March I.'), lS.-i;< Mav 1, lHr);{ .Inile 1, 18r)4 l.'^L'O. 1S22. 1S2.-., isao. isai. im;v.>. is.-d . is,v.'. 7.")H1 Mi.rcli24, lH.-i4. 72 01 April 11, 1S.V.I. 74;f2 Mav 21, 1.S70. 82 27 May 4, lS7(i. 8144 81 44 8144 8140 March!), 18S2. 8140 Mav 21, 1883. (i!»21 June, 1823. April a», l.S7(i.. Mav 21, 1SS2.. May 1, 1883. . Sli., !)0 72 84 111 117.^ 84 !I8 Sli (is 74 7!i 7!t. 3!l. oil. 07. X. side (if Melville S I 100 [1890] ■i yj _r 3) 7i 3 c 3 *s c:; h:; is ^M >* — « 1^ f— Cm rt o rt ■3 CO *~> 2 tr « 0) U'O B in (M oc »-H .2 q rt lo ^ a •l'i'"IO jo .Pjill(IM.l.l.ljJ |oii; III ipijA\nii)ij ^ :r-?E :S w -r • s • r. |.iiii ii; ipijiiu'}! NA'iI([ j(l.I.M(lllUX 5s •*« •IW "!"H I >lXll(X ^O .l.MllllU^ ^^ .)I|J .v>i IH.l.SVO'j •iK.lll8lJ{ ^ -• ~-*. 'T-t * -: ®. 'l'? — P « c i-i s is « 'I - M ~ 'j a j( J, pH i-< 71 CO ri i-H ■ ir; t -r tf M I I I I I I Sf22;|-!;?:5 ; ;3 ,4 ;3 W 3 If .-t ; ; : »i ~ it M j; — = •^' M e~ ■T'T" T. ' i-: " -r x -c i- >■: ^ • 15 :55:'3Si^?.5i'?.^i?i4 :: g s f2 -a 'S%\ g ^^ «'?t ; fi-5 iifii :J?iic5r:^r-^'l: 1- M ■ i v. t •irrlu.. ; =ci,i-;r; » ri di c r. I- c • S'^SSS^^S^.fiiJ^l:':-;?; I I I I I I I I I I ???M = y?rt5 -/. £K7; c :»: 1*. « — — i~ -f s vc c ■": r-: - ;. v. ?; 5: X -c X ■ ■//::( •'•'I'MAV < 5 5 tH- -, + + + ■(■ t- i t- I : 2 r- ^1 z 5 ?, \r: 5 U: ?i ?? ?. !t 2 U -slj : . -f ! i 1 I- I -t -• I I I -r ■ ■'"'•'IV I.>IIIIIII1V.{ s.ipinjiliio'j t-ssi^c5r-ri-.K = K — -«i-i. «i.i-i,i, r. -r fi X "^ « ?. I - - ?. ~ ^1 -7 « »i Ti -r 1- -r -c 1. C5 a; o r; i5 '5 — — I - f 55 "I 'M I - X ~^ ? X = >- ■/: »;t rt t^ I* t^ '"t *c • » w • w *.c '* ft T Ti 1^ "2 » ' If; 11 Ti c i-y: — S — X 1* ri -r f = X ii i-x J5 l■^ ?! X -^ c — TI TI — ;i •^ -^ I-: •- -^ -^ c — -c >— -i TI Ti — ti vr \r i-i-i-x 1- X -i ~ i-Ti I- c 2 ■'^••"X *''''l"U!1'"'I i-rTISCiISSS w XC-^XCSrXCiTTISSSCCSCTIC-r *l ir; I-: r- i~. i- M -r t i- -r ft ft i* ^ r: — Ti Ti Ti -i> rt r- -r — .~ r. r. — — -.; -r :; r: x x — '2 "'■ *i "' — ''• ^c -r i~ <-< it x c x ti r. tr = m •r t It It -r T It It It If: X — "^ 'C •■^ -f -r -r -t -rit -r -r 5 i.. "C -r -r ^. -r 'O t O K V $ •J Zt «^ 1 i^siti^^^ m :;::«:: ■y -^l \ : . ': \. \ '■^'■■^i'- '.':''■'■■'■■ • u ' '>■*■•■! ■ i : ^.S: ■ • : : : : -f^ : :^ X.-'- 2^ -.-z- •/. p ^ ~ fS ■'• - 5- ■; ^t^ z: -T- ^ " >:^5??=-= ^ ^- 2 .^ 'jj t- X' ♦S ■/. - SS7^'!=Jii ^ oo^'/'.^i':^ t^~f £ ^^-^s:o•:5S^3- iHWPSI" Iffl »t-. X C!C^f^)C<5-1- c — f^i M -r It •-2 1- X ~ p M f 1 M >rit ;? I- X r. i-H 1-1 rH r- ^ 1-1 r-l i-H 1-1 — I ?1 IT) Ji 5^ IM 5>5 fj i^l Tl f I 1-= *'" = •■}. 7- " 5 ^ [18!»0] 101 ; : : ;!?T; ^ :f: ■ -ilJ •Tl .' — _LL ' ~ f © X » 1- ,- - i^i i5 i 1^ £ ij; :5l7 ■r i^ 5 xj ,>; 5 ;r ,>; " ~ - 5 - ,? V .1 ar '-c *! — -" s -5 — — -'iC-r ?. ^™ *^ "i • ■ C W -f X 7. y. **' >-^ .c S'IZ'S z T.... hZ .— * =,^^i X ■/. ., X ■» t: 4-> >J 4^ j_) •— ■ « _r t 6 b t i i'^ si IN 54 55 i-i f ] ?i IJSSS ^ 5 - '• V. i-'-'- j^SkV"; SViS:' 4 :?,:!:' ■ x:;'^? i^ s % ; »l- •4 f VK :? ri 7. l~ n.^ t* ^ 2' 5 ,^5 'rill' I ?1 ?^ •** *• ^ ' ■" ^^ X" 5 = ^i?iriU?= ""-f J; i I I I -I- I I ' I -t; t, s © m © © © »i i*: o X ,-■ --;-■ — 1-' M 1-' X X . ?l?iV"i?l?i5~'A?'i!^ - •>■ f ') t i- I- I -t •i r T M ^i 1^ X ri X 1-1 ,^ ,? -S 5 5 /;i>^IH5-''-S ..'■^ •* it t: u E 5 , ' zX S i r = ,/ X ^ -jf 'H 5^ > ;? ^ > >•_ y .5H.= JJ5j t/']'-^ I -3 5ltx-5.j.v' ^ :; — /. 3 5" ^ J !r i 1 ^ '4^ ,w /: — 4J ij . .'■-' = ,, i 3 t- I. ; - r - 1^ "P -t^ -p X :- 5- »^< !^ £ S , m m [IH'tO] lUVKK YUKON AND MACIvKN/:!!-] lUVKU ItlKJlONS. 1887-1H8S. MA»iNr,TH' (Hl.SI'.U VAT IONS. I'lar'. Hiiti' Yuknii III (lien : Fiiiki' LvikIi'Iiiiui . . .Mivrsli liitk)' Ciirion IjfWfs Hivi'r Kort S.lkirk.... Whiti' liivi r Sti'wart IJiv.T Fortv.Milf Kivi'r 1SH7 •Iniii' Julv do Aii(f. do do I do Sept. 17. 24. 7. IH. 2li. 27. 12. Hoinidiirv do ■ . 2(t. 22. I.T 2!t. '). 27. 20. 22. 23 ! 24. LatiMide Mt 47 1 lio 21 1 liO 42 3 t(2 04 •> (!2 47 tl (13 11 !l (13 22 3 (14 2.") 5 (11 41 (• (14 41 II (14 «t O (i.") 43 (I (M 13 (I (17 23 (I (17 2(1 () (1(1 1(1 (11 .■i4 3 (14 211 7 (11 ,VJ (11 1(1 ,•) oH 43-0 .-iS 43-0 .■)S 43 (» LoiiKitud |)i'('lina- tiiin. Dip, 'l'ut;,l Kori !■. I 13.-> 134 13,-| 04 S 17 2 04 1 1311 mo 137 210 1311 37 N 1.3! I 2S .•> 140 31 7 32 32 30 33 31 31 33 3:» 1(1 s 4(1 1 .V) 2 .-.4S 17 27 !l .•(2 N 01 1 110 110 .-.4 ,V1 II no .">» II 130 III (I I3 2 4(1 :. IS 7 IS 7 1S7 Not read 3,-. »,•) 3 3.-1 47 ."> 37 14 3 :!7 23 7 Not nad. 4(1 on s 41 30 !l 33 3!l (» II 3111 37 12 3 3S l!l!l 27 1.") 3 27 ll!l •'> 27 17 !l 77 o"> 1 77 32 :• 77 43 !l 7H Hi » 7!( OS (i 7S 111 4 7H 3(1 (1 7H 4(1 2 7S 4!l !l 7H 4! I 4 7S 40 4 7! I .^ 3 7!» ."C 4 SI 24 7 51 IS '.I 52 is 4 S2 (Ml o SI .-,11 I SI l!r2 82 (l!l 1 si 21 S SI 22 .-. 12 !IH!I 13 iiTH 12 SSI 13 IHN 13 Ol'.l 12 ICill 12 1133 12 ss.-, 13 iiii-j 13 lllL" 13 Ills 13 il.-,3 12 !MiL' 12 mis 13 211.". 13 211 1 13 ;i.Mi 13 ;iiiii 13-.-P01 13 ilsii 13 711^ 13 7211 >>llt oIlscrVlMJ, L. Mackenzie River Region compared witli Ottinvii — Magnetic 01)servations. Horits ()i- siNLKiirr. I Ottawa. ; Cliipiwvaii. ' Sinipsiui. (inodjlopc. ^^(■l'll(•l■sl Latituili 4.1' 13' (11- (1(1' 1(1' ?[ours siuditclit May 1 . do .Tunc 1 . do do 21 do .luly 1. do Aujr. 1 do do 31. ! H. M. 11. -M. H. -M. H. M. ! 14 OS 1.-) 34 ! 1(1 0,"i 17 0(1 i I'' 1(1 17 311 IS 3!l 21 04 ! l.") 3(1 IS 44 10 14 •>.> 4S 1.-. 24 IS 311 l!l 02 ')•» 04 14 32 1(1 1(1 1(1 .Ml IS 1(1 , 13 OS 13 :.2 14 IIS 14 3(i H. .M. 17 30 24 III! 24 IHI 24 Oil l!l 24 14 44 lours s\ndiglit in May do .lunc do .luly do August Hours. 4.')(i 4(12 4(14 423 Hours. .-.14 .■)4!t .-.30 4(17 Hours. .-.:is .-.70 r),-.8 481 Hours. .-.112 (1(12 (12.-. r.io Hours. 70(1 720 G' : i".-. Totals 1,H05 2,0(10 2,147 2,3!t8 2,(137 [1H90] 103 Tot;il — — 1 1l» (Kill .1 i;t iiu; l.t 111' -1 1 i;t Ills •'' 1 l:i ii:,;i 1 12 IHIJ 1 iL' :i!is '.I l.'t L'll.-, i i;t L'i;i .} i:i ;;.Mi 1 l:{ ;iiiii i.t:,im 1 l.'t i;mi s l.'t 71 K ► i;t 7-11 >I)S( I'Vfd. rvations. .^r(■l•ll.•l■^.,ll ti7 L'l;' H. M. 17 .'ill L>4 oil 24 iiii L'l nil 1!» L'l 14 44 M FRAXKMN''S SKdOXD EXPHDrTlOX. 1H2'), 18i2»; and l8-i7. MAiiXETK! I'om;. 'I'lic po.sition of tlie NLignotic I'olo, uh uoinput i from Fi'iinklin'a ob.sorvn- flons, by Professor Barlow, U in )llt^ Itl' north latitude and 98' 8' west long- itiide, and l»y the olwervutioiirt of dapt. I'arry, in hit. 70' 43' north, loni^. !t8^ 54' west, its mean place hcintj in hit. 70^ north, lony;. !I8' :]l' west, whieh is between I'ort Mowen and l*'ort Franklin, the former beiiii^ situated in lat. 7;V 14' north, long. 88' 54' west, and tlu; latter in lat. Oo' lii' north, and lons^. l:.':)' lii' west. N IXTFRX.\T[OXAL(MIl(J[TV[POr.AR STATFOXS. KSTABMSIIKI) IN 18«:2-188.">. liDVcnnnt'iit. .Stiitioii. Liititiidi'. T.iiiiK'tii'lo. Cl.inf. Aiistriii-lliiiipiry .liiii Mayiii , ?• 'i!> N. Ill 11 i;7 L'4 X s lii; :!ii X r,:i .'51 s l)ttiiii:iik ( lii(ltliiiiili Kiiilaml .Sudaiikyla ... Kniiici' OriiiiK'i' I'liy, ('ai)c llcnn (■••iiimiiy Kiiixiiwa T'loril, (-iiiiil«ilaiiil Smitid liiiiiiaiiy Kdval 15ay, !S. ( ii'diffian IslaiidH • Ircat liritaiii and Canada Kt. Kai', lli'araiicli i)f (ircat Slave Lake Hiilland .• Dicksdnliavcii N'lirway ISipsstkii)) liussia Lciiahclta Kiissia NovaZciulila, Kiiniiahikfliay *7L' ;t(( X .Sw cdi'ii Spit/litijjcii I'nitcd State.-* jl'oint Harrnw United States jLady Kranklin Hay S L'S \V. liient. Kn'.il von-Wohlge- niiitli. :>\ 41 W. .Vsst. A. K. W. I'aulsen. L'l> :ili K. .Vs,Mt. K. niese. V" -I W. Lieut. Cciurcelle-Seiier.il, (;7 14 W. Dr. \V. (iiese. •M :,\\'. Dr. C. Sehradi'r. I)eniiiark Kara .Si' (l-J :tll X. ll;") 44 W. Ca|.t. II. P. Dawson, R.A. 7:i .'ill X. SI K. Dr. M. Siu'llen. (HI .jli N. L';{ K. .\sst. .V. S. Steeii. *7.'< X. 124 40 K. hient. .liirgeiis. ."•;{ K, liieut ,\ndrejew. S L'S X. 1."( 4."i K. Candidate N. Kklu.hn. 71 IS X. l.'ili 24 W. Lieut. 1". H. Kay, Hth Inf. SI 44 X. 114 l.'l W. Lieut. A. W. C'r.-ely, ."itli I Cav. (About! 71 It X. (i4 I) K. Lieut. A. P. Havtjaard. i*Estiniated. I Hours. 720 c ; 5k. 2,(i37 I< PA.T^T V. I^^A.TURA^L liESOTJRCES. PRODUCTS AND TRADE. cVrc- 100 [1890] IMPORTS OF COAL INTO THE DOMIXION DURING 1885-86-8(-88. ProviiKt'H. 1885, 188(i. Ontiirio <,»iiel)w.... Tons. I,4!t2,4r)!» ;{r.r),ir)S 25,:)i(; 4r),r)(Mi 12,2(10 870 l,'.lilO Tons. l,r.87,372 844, l.V) 20,04(i X(-\v lii'iiiiswick .Maniti)lia liritisli C(ilmnl)ia I'rinci^ Kdward Islaiifl 48,7t!7 8,4i»7 (i1.") 1,788 Total i,!t,3;^,(;!i3 2,IW1,230 1887. ISSS. Tons. Ton^. 2,180,8r)(i 2,0!m;,.M2 4i:{.87'> 481,(117 28,040 24.;i4(; 8(;,48.-> ."i.">,7Si( 1,884 I'.SW 1 1 1 ;i.V) 2,f)78 2,ras 2,(m8,48,-) 2,()18,8.')3 COAL PRODITCTTON OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF TIIH WORLD. For the most part in 18k7. Cimiitrv. I Year. <,fiiantity. Conntiy. Yi'ar. <^iiiantit\-. (iivat ]5iitain I'nitcd States (iei'many Fiance Austria and Hiuigary Helgiiini Russia Australia Canada 1887 1887 188() 1887 188(i 1887 18,S() 188(i 1887 Tons, 1(12,1111,812 llli,04!),ti04 78,(i87,r)il(i 21.402,il4!l 2(.,77!>.441 l!l,21il,081 4,fM0.000 2,8,80.175 2,8(18,8110 S|)ain India, ISenpd . .la|ian Xew Zealand. Italy Sweden liorn.'o Other conntrie- 188(i 18S(! 1884 1S8(1 l.S8(i 1885 1884 1887 T(jtal , Tons, 1,000.(1(111 il5I.()(ll DOO.IHHI .584..8.-)8 814.145 2(>4,(t(i(i 5.si;i; .5,(M(0,0(HI 482,028.S(i8 The follownig table shows tlie coal produced l)y the principal countries of the world, for the most part in 1888 : — Cfunitrv. Year. t,>Mantity. Creat liritain ! 1888 I'nited States i 1888 (iernianv , 1888 Franee ' ; 188M Aiistria and Hnngary Belgium . . Russia ... Australia . Canada. . . Spain. . . . Italy Sweden Other ecnnitries. Total. 188(i 1888 18,8(i 188(i 1888 1887 1887 1887 1888 Tons. 1(10,118.5, 12(!,811i, 81.8C.8, 22,1)51, 20,770. 10,18,5, 4,0.50, 2.8,80. 2.(1.58, 077. 248, .800, 10,0((0. 210 4011 811 040 441 ISl (Kill 175 181 .5511 825 000 (100 _ _ ! 4.57.705,8S2 Long tons of 2,240 pounds are used witli reference to Great Britain, the United States, Australia, India, Xew Zealand and Russia, and the metric ton 2,204 pounds for continental countries. The aggregate increase in Great Britain and the United States as compared with 1887 was 18,585,209 tons. [1890] 107 3-S(3-^;_88. 140 IS.) isss. T(,M,. l',(iim;,:i1:> 4ol,Mi7 -M,;)4ii .V).7,sii 2..MS -•. 11 )s. NiiViiScdtia.. . |!i'itisli ('(iliiiuhiit Xoith-Wcst 'rcrritorics. X,\v I'riiDsw ick Total. . 1,!(8!l,2tiH .")4S,017 ll.'),124 .5,730 2,(!58,1:M VillUH. 3,108,224 l,i).-.7,204 1S3,:«4 ] 1,050 .5,2,5i»,832 PRODUCTION OF COAL IX NOVA SCOTIA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1874 TO 1888. STI., s;,")., sTc... s;;.. S7S.. NSd.. SSI.. SSL'., ss;{., SM.. SS.'p. . SSIi.. SS7.. SSS., Vc.ir. Xova Sfcitiii. TiUI: Tdtivl. TlltMl lil,3!l4,282 Tims. H77,44(i 81,0(M1 1,0.")8,44(1 874,!M).-) 110,(MM» •184, '.«).-) 7!I4,803 i;«i,(M)o !);<:<, .S03 848,.S!).-) l.")4,(MM) 1,(M)2.3!)5 8(13,081 i 171, (MM) 1,034,081 8S2.8()3 1 241, (MM» 1,12.3,803 i.i,')(;,((3.") 2(18,(MM) 1,424, (13.1 1,2:)!), 1S2 22S,(MM) 1,487,182 i,:>2'.).7os 282,01 M) 1,811,708 l,.V.)3,2r)!) ; 213,(MH) 1,8(M1,2.'")!I i,.V)i;,oio ■ 3!I4,070 l,!l.")0,()8(» 1,;-.14,470 ' 3li.\0IM) 1,87! 1,470 1.1 182, 1124 1 32((,(i3(! 2,(M)!l.r)(i() I,s7i,:tt8 413,3(10 2, 284,(1! 18 1,!)S!»,2(I3 ' 548,017 ! 2,.-)37,280 3,!)34,0S3 23,328,3(15 'I'lciiitity. FISHFRIES OF CANADA, 1880. Tdiis. ]li!',!l.3."p,2r.l 12(1,81!),. (on 81.8(i;(,,Sll 22,!l51.!»to 20,77!).441 1!»,18.\IM1 4,(l."lO,(M)0 2.8;{o,i7,-, 2.(158. i;u !I77,.">5!) 243, .325 .3(MI,(HI0 10,0(M»,()()0 457,705,882 irifiiin, tlio metric ton ' in (Trent 09 tons. T(«>\ IN(KS. I'liitisli f'oliiniliiii M:i)iitiil).i 1111(1 Ndi'tli-Wcst Tcriitdiici. New I'niiiswick Xiivii Scotia Ont.-irid I'riiicc Edwanl Island <,!iicliec Home coiisuiiiiitidii - Kstiiiiatcd at Tutiil production, e.xclusivc of the ciitcli l),y foreign fislii'rincii Viduc. .3, 348, (H 17 1(17,(17!! 3,(Mi7,03!l (1,34(1,722 l.!Ml,3,122 88(1.430 1,87(1,1!>7 17,(155,25() 13,4(M),(MJ() 31,(J55,25(i N.H. The aliovc ic|iri'sciits tlic " catcli " froiii less than half of tlic Canadian Hsh'Tics, wliicii an .vet artl.v developed, espeeially in Hritisli C'oliiinhia on tiie raeitie Coast, where tiie Fisheries are very I - . - valiialile and e.xteiisive. 108 [1890] '^ I-' 00 00 o 03 i-> CO o z -<; O s^ o o H O a o H O ^ d ?) w 1.-: ec s I - s> cc rt I": -^ T. •■c I- S S-. —I -^ f 5 r: i-i — cc -r S". »- 6q i~ M i~ o — ' • Ip ^ ►^i^ 5 ! ^ ? cH^? X ■ u S-r * 5. — r2 3- S *' I ?J ~ ?5 5 i,5; £ iH -5 w rt c; t' ^ v' ~ ^ ^ ^-S — ■ a: ji rf -♦• i* M -^ 1* I C-. M 3: -J Iff « C5 I f ^X -j: c Ti 1^ t-t-i-c T 1- C: "'■ Iv '- ^ ^ C. " X 1— O ■ "" ^ l~ l'- ^ Tl L •^ cci.'^ ^ r: -^ c ?^ i- ,_ -^ tc SJ ^ -f l^-jC -A I^I-'M' • il-5 ?.vv-"':Jr:sH:S S •^■1 4 cc i.-'c-rcf yt X 7i r- -r "" x_^t X ?: 5 1^ Til- ! X c 1 1 H t- Li ^ : -e $.d ■ > ■ ISdlV. l,s(;:<... lS(i4. . . I8(i.'i . \m\. . . ISiiT. . . i,s(;s. . lS(i!»... 1870... 1H71 . . WJ... i87;h. . . 1S71. . . iH7r>. . is7r... 1S77. . 1S7H. . IS7!I. . 1880.. 1S81., 1S8U'. . 188H. 1884. . 188,"). . 188(;. . 1887.. 18>^8. . [1890] 100 GOLD PRODUCTION IX CANADA, 1802 TO ^S88, IXCLUSIYK. Year. British Ct)liiinl)ia. Nova Hcotia. lilU'))ec'. North-\Ve«t| Ti'i'i'ltorici, I including j Yukon ; Disti'ift. Ontario. Total. isi;:.'.. lS(i:i.. 181 1.') . iwi(>. . i,s(;7. . , iK(;s. . isd'.t... 1870... 1871.. 1871.'... 187K. . , 1871. . . 187r.. , 187(i.., 1877. . . 1878. . . 187!(. . 1880.. . 1881.,. 188L'. . . 188:f. . 1884. . . 188."). . 188(;. . . 1887... l.S,><8. . , 4,24(!,2(i{i 3,735, .S,4iil, L'.lMi'J, 2,480, 2,:{72, 1,774, 1, ;«(•>, l,7!l!», l,(il<), i,:«>r), 2,474. l,78(i, 1,<)()M, 1,275, 1,2! »0, 1,013, 1,04(1, !I54, 7!I4. 7.'Hi, 713, !)03, ()!I4, tilli. H.")() 205 10(i 8(18 2 8 !»5(i 440 !t72 740 ('•18 t04 (i48 182 2(i4 058 827 37 08,-) 2.52 105 7:w (i51 55! » 731 Total. 44,570,721 141,871 272,4 18 3!(0,34!l 4!Mi,.357 4!ll,4i»l 532,503 400,555 348,427 387,3!t2 ;<74,072 2.55, 340 231,122 178,244 21 8, (12! I 233,585 32! > 205 245,253 2t)8,32H 257,823 20!»,755 275,0!tO 301,207 313,554 432,071 455,5(>4 413,(131 43(i,!t3!) J S,«!»2,(;7o 12,057 17,!I37 .32,072 :«,174 .5(i,(>(il 17,003 17,787 8,720 2,120 3,!I81 1,(1(J4 3,74(» (•.2,100 (i,7(MJ 207,840 62,100 0,700 MINERALS. Can.\da's Mineral Product.?, 1889. 4,0(10, 4,12(i, 3,!I87, 3,153, 3,013, 2,773, 2,123, 1,724, 2,174, l,8(i(i, 1,5.3(> 2,022, 2,(;!t.3, 2,020. I,!l4!t, 1,5.38, 1,5111, I, .304, 1,313 1,24(>, 1,11.3, 1,0.58, 1,148, 1,.3(;3, 2,4 .5,8,-, l!t!t )(;2 5!I7 431 52; 405 ;m8 412 321 871 8(i2 ■)33 .'.33 444 304 35H 824 1.53 2(18 24(! 43!t 820 1!)(! 073 l,12(i,210 55,103,220 Antimony. .\,.stos'. . Bricks .... Huilding stont-. Cfincnt ('Iiarcoal Coal Coke ('o|)|tt'r Ft'dsjuir. . . FiTtilizers I''in'-cla,v o. Flagistoiii's (;ia.sH Cold (tranitc (irapliitc (•rindstonp.s tlyjisuin Iron Iron ore Li'ad Lime Limestone, for flux . 9 1, 424, 252, 800, ()!), 83, 570, 155 85.5, it, 2(K 4, 1 150, ,llli, 78, 1, 30, 1!I3 ;,210, 151, i>, 2(15, 21, KM) :<5o (107 105 700 573 42 043 424 100 (>(h; 8(M» 4(M) (J(M) 145 (124 (130 0(13 (158 0(12 (i40 8(13 208 90!» M.Tiigancsf iiri' Marhif and seriicntincs .Miniral paints Mineral water , . Mi.seellaneous clay liroduets retroleuni I'hosphate . . I'ig iron riatinuni Pyrites Salt Sand and gravel (exports) Silver Slate Soa|>stoiie Steel ^ Sulphuric acid Tiles The estnnated value of mineral pro-i ducts not returned, principally nickel, iron, niiea and .structural materials, was j Making a total of j $ 31.814 080 15,280 37,3(J0 230,385 (172,07S 312,182 4!m,85!» 4,.5(H) .3!)(5,212 110,387 ti!t.50(; 34.3,848 11!M(10 1.020 17,822 148,482 130,871 l,!t:i3,752 19,500,000 N.B.- All the returns of niiiu-rals had not been received when this statement was pre[iared by the .logical Branch of the Department of the Interior. f i PlTf' .: 1 I! •; y II 1"! 110 [1890] EXrORTATTONS. Abstract of the Total Value of Goods Exported from the Provinces of Canada, 1888-80. I't'ovinccs. KislicricM. Mine. Forest. Aiiiiiiiils AkiIciiI- hikI tlifii- turiil Piodiicc. I'loducts .Miiiiiifiic tuifs. Articles ''-M""'^ ISritisli Coluinbiiv. Miiiiit(il>a >iew Hniiiswick . . X.-NV. TcM'itorifs. iS'dva Sidtiii r. K. Island iOiitaiii) *(^uelK'u !l!W,(123 2,377,052 44!l,02(; 'M7,wr> 71,2(;4 314 4!» .-)4r.,3(!-. 7or),ii7 io.">,(>!»2 4,!ir).s,(i7'.i| ;}4(;,2ir) 171,444 3(i2,7r)!t 14,S3l! 4(i,!t7.113 4,;«l,»Hi .S(>,443: (;i,r)47 17.(124 7s-2,[W, Total . 4,.3S3,r)S2 (174,03.-) l,710,(>r)3 3!H;.72S (i!l3,()42, !)2H,()H3 221,210 27.") «,Olli 4(i4,i)ir) 214,.S«r)| !t7,(;(ll 3il7,Ss.-, r)(>7,43() H,47.S.C.10 (i,8()2.()27 «.7'.t3,2SH 2,141, HM2 557,0541 l,00«,3!t!t .8(14,2281 15,740,418i 7,21H,2!l(l! 1,200,180 7,32!t,735 4,(173,203 24,4(l'.),25(r 24.(l!l3,!l.53| 17,l!>2,14!t 4,8 21(i,!t28,*34,8!l.\.-)(0 882,875 84,ll(»,2.V.l Add coin and luillitin expoitcil ti> (iifiit }?iitiiin .'^ 17,075 do do I'nitcd States 1,!I4!I,27« Af)rted t< United States X Add coin and bullion e.xported to the United States 2,7()8,!l(»l 11,!K)5: *2,32.s,lii2 *2,72().S(;ii 8!t,18i).l(i7 TRADE, ETC. Pkkiod. Total Value, Value Kntered for f'on- sumption. Total \'alue. OSS Del.t. .Assets. Net Dclit. Year ended 30th .Fune, do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do 18(18. 18()!t. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 187(1, 1877. 1878. 187!). 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 188(1. 1887. 1888. 1880. 73, 70, 74, 0(1, 111, 128, 128, 123, 03, 00, 03, 81, 8(1, 105, 110, 132, 11(1, 108, 104 112 110, 11.5, .S! 450.(144 41.5,1{!5 814,3.30 002,071 430,527 011,281 213,582 070,283 210,34(1 :?27,0(12 (181,787 0(14,427 480,747 3.30,840 410,500 254,022 .307,043 041,48(1 424, .5(11 802,2.3(1 804,(130 224,031 71,085,.30(1 (17,402,170 71,237,(103 8(1,047,482 107,700,11(1 127,514,504 127,404,1(10 110,(118,(157 04,733,218 0(1.300,483 01,100,577 80,341,(108 71,782,.340 01, (ill, (1041 112,(148,0271 12.3,137,010 108,180,(114 102,710,010 00,(102,(104 105,(130,428 102,847,1(M) 100,(173,447 .57,-5(17,888 (10,474,781 73,.573,4iH) 74,17.3,(118 82,(1.30,(1(13 8!l,780.022 80,351,028 77,88(1,070 8(),0(l(:,435 75,87.5,303 70,323,(1(17 71,401,255 87,011,458 08,200,823 102,1.37,203 08,08.5,804 01,40(1,40(1 80,2.38,3(11 85,251,314 80,.515,811 00,2()3,(I(KI 80,180,1(17 0(1,80(1,(1(1(1 112,.3(11,008 11.5,003,70(1 11.5,402,(182 122,400,170 120,743,432 141,1(13.5.51 151,(1(13,401 1(11,204,(187 174,(175,8.34 174,057,2(18 170,48.3,871 1i)4,(134,440 100,8(11,537 20.5,3(1,5,251 202,1.50,104 242,482,41(1 2(14,703,(107 273,1(14,341 273,1.^7,(12(1 284,513,842 287,722,0(i31 21,130,.5,31 3(1,502,(170 .37,783,0(14 37,78(1,1(15 40,213,107 20,804,070 32,838,58(1 35,(1.55,023 3(1,(1.53,173 41,440,525 ,34,, 50.5, 100 3(1,403,(183 42,182,852 4t, *(;.5,757 51,703,(101 4.3,(102,380 (10,320,5(15 (1.8,205.015 50,(M)5,234 45,872,851 1 40,,11.S 17.(124 rio,!ni'_' 4,;wi,;(iNi 7.v',(;(k; (>,|(«I„S!IS 4(i, ir),s K,s;i:i '«i 1. «'■"!' !t7.s,773 !t4,!(i4 ;27,(;i:),sii> iti,!i2.s ♦;«,,sii:,,.-,(« W2,«7r)| H4,14o!^ 17,07") 4!»,27(> (;i,7.")l (IS,!K)1 ll.iK)') *2,32M(i:> :2,72(l,S(;(i s:MS!i.iii7 CANADA. Kedekai- Finances for the iinancial Year ended 30th June, 18'JO, and Revenue for 1888 and 1889. Cn>t(.ni^ , 22.1()5,!l2(i Kxiix' (1,(171. 4S() I',wt Oftiif 2,:57!t,241 I'liMic W.irks ;{,r.,')(i,l((l Mixrllaiiroiis Totals 1,7!>:),7(I!I :«,!M)S,4(>3 .s s 2;{,72(;,7s:< (),s,s(i,7ns 2, 22( •.">(•:( ;i,(i42,.V)7 2,K(J(i,28'.» 2:i,!i7i.3:ii 7,(i(il.42(> 2,;r)7..3SS S.SOO.lltl 2,l;Jl.()!lH 3S,7«2,«7() ,'l!t.8(il,3(HS licvfiinc . . Kx|«ii(lituri :5!»..S(il,3().S :!;■•), S.-)7, 13(1 Surplus 4,(t()4,23,S ' tlie Xo'iK. Kiir fulliT infiiiniiitiiiii ri's|M(tiii^f tlic indducts aud tia7.]3."i (;7!t 7'),S.")!l,31ll !t(;4 7.S2(i!i,742 !().") 77.7()(!.:"i17 1(»7 «2,1.S7.()7l' !I7() !l!l,.S4S.liy i)K() l(»8,.324,iiii:> 023 ll(i,(K)S,37S 173 124,;V.l,.-d4 52:. 133,2.3.-.,;i(i!) 111!) 14(>,.3(i2,(iiill (iH.3 142,!l!M),lS,s 8:.2 152,4r.l,:iSS 7r»7 ii")r>,.3!)r),7,s(i coi ir)3,(;(;i,(i,"i(i ;w!» i.">8,4(;(;,7i.". .)(ia 182,l(!l,S.-.l !lli) I!t(l,4(i7,(ilt2 234 22.3,l.V.l.l((7 s:.i 227,314,77:1 4H3 234,r.31,3.-iS [)21l i 237,.").3(),(»42 And I" li 9— I ART VI. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 1605-1888. And IS'ortlT.ern limit of Production, etc., so far as ascertained, in Jllurope and in Canada. 9 -** 'I' • r 114 [1890] AGRICULTURE IN CANADA. ii!:': ■*: -. f lie sowed wlieat Corn wheat iiiid From the discovery of Cainida hy Cartier in loSi to the heijiiniing of the 17th century, little attention was p;ivm to a,y were learned men, who cleared land, sowed seed and eiijti- vated their fields. 1G07. A water power grist-mill was erected at Port Royal — sui)erseding the laborious " quernc.'' In the same year De Monts presented the King of France, in Paris, with saiuples of wheat, l)arley, rye and oats grown at Port Royal, which was afterwards abandoneC). Talon, the Tnteiuknt, oxporfod peas, hoards and fish to tho "VVcst Indies ; encouraged the cultivation of hemp and Ihvx and the manufaeture of ropes and linens. 1GG7, Talon \\rote that Now PVanee conld then provide the ' at Indies with Hour, fish, wood and oil. AflRK't'LTURAL Census of New France, 1667-1765, as given in Census of the Dominion for the Year 1871. y, car. AriM'iitM ArjK'iitH iiiidcr I in Wlii'iit. Culture. I'nHturt'. l(i(17. KlT'.t.. ICSl . liisr).. l(iS(< . 1(1112.. Kill").. IIIIIK.. 17(M1.. 171'.t.. 17L'0.. 1721 . . 17:<4.. ]7(i.').. 11,44S 21,!MMt 'JI.K27 LM,7!M) 2H,t;tiS 2<>,ti)i!) 2S.11() ;»2,.')24 4:»,(i71 ti,s,o;{2 (;i.n,".7 (12.14") l(i:<,iii OutH. HukIi, ( )tll2 I ]2!t,ir)4 1(J(),!I7.S 2H4,r)(!(l ]:u,4.S!t 2S2,7(M> 737,Hil2 2H,-K)4 ID.MKl (1) l(i.H!»7 i;<,!i:.r. (2) 27,2o2.()r.;< (i.) r>r,,4'M) M,i)X> ((•)) (i • ^!MI W.i,'.m (7) 71.2H4 145 »4 m\ 21S 41 '0 "iHO (i84 1,H72 4,024 -.,27(» ."..(l();» ").(t.j(> 1:5,488 Horiu'd Cattlf. 3,1(17 c>,<.m ().8!I8 7,474 7,71!t 7,4.")() 11,181 l(>,2()!t 14,1 111 18,241 24,8(1(1 23, 388 33,17!t 78,01.5 Sheeii. 85 71!) 572 787 l.tMll !I03 !)18 !I{I4 1,820 8.4;t.-> 12,175 1.3,823 l!l,815 28,022 Swine. 3,701 3,045 5,333 5,147 14,418 17,!!44 l(i,2."X» 2.3,(i4() 28,5(>2 (1.) Includint,' 4.5il7 lui.slii'ls i>f itprii. (2.) di) (i.J'.IO do (3.) do 10,251 do (4.) do (1,487 do (4.) do 4(i,4(':f liuslicls of iic.i.s. (4.) 45,070 Ills, of tliix mid 5.080 Ihs. of liiiiiip not imhidcd. (5.1 Includinvj corn. 4,1.5'.) Im.sli. ; iii'iis, r'.5..331. Not iiifliidini,' (17.2(1411is. of Hiix mid 1,41811)m. of licnip. (II.) incliidin^r 4, .585 Imsli. of luirlcy, 57,400 liiislj. of pias and 205 Imsli. of corn. Not including 54,(150 Ills, of tlax, 48,038 ll)s. of toliiicco aii m 3 o .2 S o 2 M 3 S • •-4 bo <1 ., H § ?: 5 Sf ^ S « ^ i i i i i n i i 4 ^ PS 1/ 3 ;a n d 1/ -^ 3 pa 2" S' t- of ■X. § s 2i" 4 ^-( »i tX in 3 13 f 1-1 II § S 2" 5? " l: »-<.-< CQ I— ?> 5i If s CO I- I- ? s 3 'o O a s i f i- a ^11 00 00 oc « * ^ S^ I- sa ■■s" '-<'" £12 8 S So |S rH im" c^f ^rf 2 t- n! ■^ "-I •-' 00 c^ eo f o » i^ 00 X cc 06 00 Ciilloi I'fiiiiiHiila. IJivt.Mi (II was n'litiil We li its (l('Sorti< l(jl:5, (Ini-i iiiu (•fiitiii Ot' FliUUH' 171::, Kiiv greatly vvl lOHSCrt l)y t liowovor, ' Ykau. KiTl . KlHIi. III'.W, 1701 , [1890 J 117 PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. Culled Aciulia by the Frciicli ; tVoin 1710 to 17«):J it (totnpriHt'd only tlio Pciiiiirtiila. Knmi 17():J it iiicliidt'd He St.-.Ii'uii (l'riiiCL> Kdwiird Island) ; Capii Breton (IK'-Uoyulc) and New HnniHWick, till 17H4. In I8r.> Cu[ie Hivton wiirt rounitcd to Nova Sootia. We liav(Milivady mentioned the foundation of I'ortKoyal, Acadia, in l^iOS, ItB di'rtertion in lt)()7, its reoccnpation in It'lO audits destniction l)y Ar^dl in 101:5, dni'injr a tiino of peace l»(!tvveen Kranee and Kni^land. The f<»llo\v- iiitj (cntiiry was marked hy the Province passiiifj; three times under the Crown of France and four times under that of F,n. . Kills... 17(11 . (lu do River St. Jdlin li)>ivii))aHHiii it I'ort lloval . ; Port Royal . ^ MiiK'H IJaNiii J 1 Ar|H'iitN iincliT Culture. Ar|KtntM Ml I'aMture. 421) S!Hl ],s;<2 Kid 1,572 1,1.% 73 Horned Cattle. H),ee|,. Swine, (toatM, iVu. H(il! 407 3tl ■I.S(i 7".!! (iOH l,(ilS 1,!»10 1,1(14 ;w IKi 3(11 iKHiltry. 1,M4 i,:ji4 74(1 l,(il(i fruit tri'en. ],H07 l,7!Hi 1,173 118 [ISDO] O J J o 2i I x % 3^ «2 ?? X T-H X S4 CC iH l-H f5 -1" is ^ V *c*s •t. >- » § ^ Pi -I X l- •^ 3- » 1/ c s in" 't S2- §s s C5 rH (N 1. « 1-1 O S5 o "5 a© C5 1} a: - — — ' cf « -f 1-. iZ. •* •* b: P i"b-~ Si ~' x" M 1^ -* -r o ci r^ 3; "-I •— i s g Cf I- r-' t- © 2 -r «- cT I- ■* X |2 s" ?r '=5 K fl f-t 1?) L* '^ '^ ~ i- ^ * ••■r o- _- ." £5 5J cr MOO I- S C) I- IS T 1 1 § I- C) t"' rH CI o.i-i iX -« i.X «-r :;?:&' =s? x^cT d5 3 i 1 s" s IT! l" l^ 1-1 CC ■j> OC f-l ,-H S !? ?? l-( IH I-W PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. (Called Assiniboia till 1870.) Yeak. Landm TTnder I Cul- tivation. Cattle. Acres. Horses. 18.31 1,H34 1838, 1840, 1843 184(i, '84!l. j8i>(i, 2,1,52 3,230 3,8(i2J, 4,041' 5,003 5,380 0,3!»2 8,800 410 030 1,113 1,202 1,570 2,3(J0 2,085 2,081 Horned Cattle. 2,0,53 5,003 5,340 5,015 0,201 0,217 0,014 0,015 Sheep. Swine. 4,57 1,807 3,,5(i7 4,2'23 3,000 '2,245 302 2,0.53 1,008 2,140 1,070 3,800 l,5(i5 4,92!) PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. (Previously called New Caledonia — British Columbia, 1858-1871.) The returns of stock and crops published in 1870 cannot be relied on ; they being evidently erroneous. The mines Avere the great attractions.'* * Census 1871. PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. (Called Ile-St.-Jean.) In 1763 annexed to Nova Scotia and separated in 1770. The name changed to Prince Edward Island in 1798-1800. Year. Acres Cultivated. 0^;:ied. ■ Horses. Horned Cattle. Sheep. Swine. 18(11 118,417 445,103 30(),0.55 5,800 1,018,240 25,329 i 18,051 02,984 33,3;58 147,304 10,902 1871 62,514 i- ','■ 5?v ; ? : "St 122 [1890] t ii-'T C3 O O a o c a o ft 0) 1-1 M H <) H D H O u o = ^ 2 JS » ^ i~ O, 6, r^_ i~ 5? S n » I- « 3 S S «^« -s PS = o J S 3 I- cc ^ M I- I- ~. n CO u.- ?i S s t— < s f-H 1— ' I— I 1^) CC ?J S ? "-"5 S-i ~ — I - X 5 ?) 1.-6 r: r- .=. -jc ~ -re: rH I- ec T c i-J" i-T o c- r crT t^" 'T fc' ~-rWiMC ti X ec o f) (N 'M » -t C-. l^ C-i -r -i 1— -^ ec O — . i '^ '" X. I- in rt li cc r-l -^ X 1^ 'M C5 -r -i> r; C — Tl C-. •»■ C I* ^ ^ 1" II t 1" -r la it^ ?i Q S CI X -r .-. SI -c^ X M r- ci -i< ec cT im' m" id r-T if §S S S "i< « I- Lr f' » i:: 1- I- i~ {2 2' I X -f X O rH X I- 1— .-I ~v — „ '~'^ "' I- c-r ff I- f -r f •-£ r- X =5 f H ^, n w X 5^ c Oh ?g .2 u O C pa o e5 4) O P3 *j li P i ^ Si •= ■£ O o ■-= ^ o X V 1- tH L^ 1— 1 -r -r ro ^ K C) ^« 3 cc 1— • IM iTi ^ ^ 1— t >.- « ^ s * 2f '3 a ^ ;< P3 1 i' ri890] 123 '■^ in ^ -^ :o 'T X 1-^ •t" f-T icT ■^ I. I. ^ i**^ S ?i s w a 5 ! s I- (M •— M t* i^ •t" SO C2 —< If cc cj — c rj i~ X r- cc -r s cT i-T i^ :£ a. o J^ 'A 3 -^ ^ ?i X Q 1- i-l => « X ri -/■ f^'t 1— "^ ?- , .: S? s 1- i? ^. 1 >> 11 ?■) ^ X X •^ t^ 3 f fi -t p: c" 1— t ^^ §^ il -I I 5 is c > CI 'A X -r ir; c ^ o -r t so -^ -r 1-1 ?' '"' 1? ri 1-1 r C2 X C-. »*- >3 _3 6 •c X H S ^ eS i 124 [1800] Comparative yield of Wheat and Potatoes in bushels, per acre, in Canada. Pkovince. 1861. 1861. 1871. 1881. 1888. Wheat. Po- tato«>H. Wheat. Po- tatoes. Wheat. ta^::s. Wheat. Po- tato's. Wheat. Po- tatoes, Ontario Quebec 15 8 7-4 637 60-4 i ! 1 : 177 1110 10-4 10-8 107'5 83 98-1 140 9 137 105 7 14 9() 12-7 U 7 130 20 1 212 104 1 104 1 i:i")-5 122 5 1.54-6 1291 110 1 141 7 (average 1882-89.) 18-0 ilH-; ^ 10 8 ' 11 7 . Prince Edward Island 1 1 Manitoba (average 1883-87.) 20 (i (1884.) 21-6 192 (1 North-West Territories . . . 2(12 i» British Colum- bia 21-8 Owing to the want of statistics, the average yield per acre can only be furnished in a few instances. The want of detail prevents the supplying of information touching the ratio existing between the quantities sown and reaped, &c. Table showing the yield of Wheat per acre in the Wheat-producing Countries of the World publishing returns. Countries. Year. England 1885 Holland 1871-1880 Norway Average. Denmark 1876-1881 Belgium 1878-1882 Sweden 1878-1881 Germany 1878-1882 Average. France 1874-1883 Austria , Simin. . 1876 188') Yield. Bushels. 30-8 24-7 24-3 24-2 23-6 19-8 18-2 16-4 15-5 15 4 Countries. Year. Yield. Egyj)t Canada Greece United States Italy 1871 1881 18()7 1878-1882 1875-1880 Hungary ' 1876-1880 Australia ' 1878-1882 British Indies 1884 Russia . . Portugal , Average. Bushels. 15 ■; 13-7 13 11 it 11 8 11-3 10 7 9 3 81 80 Oreiit Britaui. Aiistriii Hmi|,'iii-y-- France (ierniiiny. . ■• KuskIh Iiidiiv Viiitfd States I). (1. I'nitec Hunga 1 . Austri « Italy . 9, Can ad 10. Dennii 11. Belgiu 12. Aiistn 13. Ilollai Sec Estimated wheat production of the world in 1889— 2,041,076,627 bushels. r ('i . [1890] 125 1 Canada. 18K,S. 'heat. I'... ItTllgC eH!i.) 18 UH-; fra),'c t*:j-87.) 20 (i 1!(2 I HH4.) ; 21 (i 202 !» m only be uching the s: Countries Yield. i Hushcls. 15 •; 13-7 13 82 11 !» ^ 11 8 W 11 3 (2 10 7 9 3 81 80 7 bushels. The average yield of wheat per acre in some of the principal wheat-producing countries is given below : — Country, I Year. Great liritain Aimtriii Huntjary Frame Ceriiiany Russia India United States 188!l 1HS7 1888 1888 1888 1887 1888 1888 Yield l)er acre. Bush. 2!»-8!) 17' 05 111 24 1818 111 47 8!l() !l 21 10-80 Country. Year. New South Wales., Vietorin South Australia . . , C^ueensland Western .Vustralia . Tasmania New Zealand Canada* 1S89 Yield I>er acre. 2 1883-87 Bush. 13 !»3 11-35 7-78 10-.f)(! 11.71 18 '31 20 04 1878 'Ontario and Manitoba. CANADA S TRADE AND CONSUMPTION OF WHEAT. Bushels. The crop of 1881 was 32,350,269 The importations were 8,522,724 Total 40,872,093 To be deducted (for sowing) 4,141,120 1 ic '-/ii i7j. And the exportations 11,600,054/ ^^'^^'i''* Eiilance (home consumption) 25,131,819 Canadian population, 1881, 4,324,810 ; consumption per head, 5*82 bush* Is, or 349 lbs. for the year. Tai?lk showing the production of Cereals — Wheat, Barley, Oats, Corn, Bnck- wlioat and Rye, in the countries having agricultural statistics, according to the rank they occupy. Average 1881 to 1887. Countries. Production (in Bushels). 1 . United States , 2,720,r)24,000 2. Russia : 1.7(iO,{)00,t *Australasia H\ishels 41"). 31.', 28,37ri,(i(M) ni VAX, 14. 4 273, 10;-), 7,(kK) 4(1..S7I) K7(i.i:i() H2;?.7">ti (12(1,1 IT) (J(K»,(HI(I 7()(t,(171 .H2:'.,7:)(( (I7!t.;(70 :r)(i,2.'i(i (i!i:<.7.")n (i7r),(Mio (1I'.I,(KI(I 540, 1 1(10 1.")(1,,S7.-) 2")(1.2.-iO 31 2,1 •.'.-, 7o2,."iO(( r)(lL'.."iO0 S«2,lli.' :i(i(i,L'."i(( 70(1,01111 ls7,ri(Hi .■)rj,."i(io Hl'.i.csi; s(;L',.",iii) lS7,.",(io r)S,s, 1(11 Total. 2,li-)3,04!l,l(l3 These are exporting coinitries which have a surplus of wheat. [1890] 127 HllMllfls, •41'>,HIW,(l(in 2«,37r),()0() i''n,7-it;.,s7!) 14,«7(U;iO 4,HL':!,7:iu -7.'i,(;L'(i,ii-, lor),o(Ki,o(i(( 7(),7(p(»,i;:i ]lll!,i»7!i,.')7ii 4,2:i(i,L'."i(( 7.o!t;i,7:)(i i"')l,o7r>,(Mio 2r).i,(U!),(KM( 4, "140,(1(1(1 io].i:,(i,,s7.-, 4,L'.")(;.'_'rp(t .'Ulm •.'.-, 1,7,(HHI 14,l.s7,-,(i(i h,:,v>,:mi .'i.sin.csc, l!l,«(lL',."i(MI 14,l,s7..'iii() 47,:).s.s,i(ii 2,ir)3,()4!i,4(i;< NORTHERN LIMITS OF PR01>UCTI0N OF CERI-]ALS, ETC. Canada and Europe, etc. Lon nortli Hide of the North MaHkiitchewan, ()!)() miles soiithwc^st from York Factory, travellecl distances per Fraiiklin — 42") miles northwest from Winniiieg', 048 miles east- waid from Kdnionton. Valley of River Qu'ApiK^lle west of l< ort EUice. £uropc. Northern portion Latitiules North. LonfritndeH West. Agricultural Products. 53 50 40 Norway, Drontheim. . Sweden Russia, towards .St. Petersburgh . " Ct'ntral Germany, south-east of Denmark . 51 07 30 07 05 (i4 U 02 00 15 5!) 52 102 10 41 L\ixuriant erops of wheat, barley and cdrn, with all sorts of vegetables, uru raised licrc! Meansim)mertem|)erature, -\ 02.02 . Kliva- tion of Pine Lake and North Haskiitchiwim alnive the Atlantic jut Tol. Lefroy, '.MMlftct. 100 Wild hops grow luxuriantly in tlie vallevsuf to I the Red and (iu'Appelle Rivers. They also 105 grow in the valley of the River Kaministi- (|uia, near lat. 40. Oats. Rarley. Rye. Wheat. Maize. NOR C'erillls, S Bivrley III) do
  • do do do do Kye. III! do (Jats . Mai/.e( India do do Wheat . . m do do do do do do do Hops. Potatoes 9- [1800] 129 'C— Cow. NORTHERN LIMITS OF PRODUCTION OF CEREALS, Etc. CtH. ricy and cdrn, irn liiiMid licr,.. !Sii«kiitcli|.wiin •froy,!M«)f,.,.t, 1 tlie viilli'VMdf ITS. They' also vtT KiuiiiniHti- CANADA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. t'ti'i'ftlH, &(■. CountrieK. Barley. no do do do Laiiland Poland Nortlicrn Hn«Nia. Eastern do Western du Alaska, U.H Ky.' <1o do do Oats Cnnadn. I do . Norway 'Sweden 'Russia . Canada . i J > t If Fahhrn- 11 KIT. 11 Ft. B a a: C 1 2 3 'p. o / // 70 7« !H (» IS f> 1 17 ;r. ;j7 <» 145 20 r)!c7() 412 Remarks. 04 54 3 \2r> 43 I ")8 2") IKi (17 0| 05 04 ")!» ()il23 40 I do j Norway do Sweden do Canada KuroiiofXortlu'ni). m. CANADA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. CtTi'alM, kc. Co;iiiti'it. , .iii|ic, HI) the Mackenzie, in .May, .liiiii', .lulv, .Vii^'iist, the hiiiMs of sunliKlit amount to 2,3!i.s. .\i Ottawa thev amount to l.Sii,"i. On the .VssinilHiine, nnrtli of Fort l-niiee. In Canada the apple tree \i, !.!> on as wide an area a« prn duces wheat. A collectimi (if apples friini Hamilton, On)., was pronounced by tlie jiuliri- of the Limdon Inilustrial i!\ hiliition of l.st;2, " .As tlicl»-t from any country." The .\ii- naiK)lis Valli'y, Nova Scdti;!, (Tlie liand of l']\anKcliii(), i- famed for the rpiimtity anil (piality of its apple pindiu tions. ' .SOO,(MMI ))arrels of nip- ples were grown in the ('diiii ties of Anna|K)lis, Kinjjs ami Hants in lHH!t. Sa Note' * NoTK.— Hamilton is situated Lat. 43° 54' N., Long. 79' 57' W., and at 372 feet alH)ve the sea. 'I'lic Annapolis V alley IS situated Ijetween Latitudes 44' 45' and 45° 15' N., and lietween Longitudes (;r ami CO w. [1800] lai Ac— Con. larkM, \ Hdjic, Miickfii ' (• H\/.t' (if 1|(.|1»' I'liipcnituiT ^;ivl'n 1 liy Kriuiklin in t Old Kdi-t ChhI ill's fiii'tliir (limii ii'. Till' tiiniKr- Ni'W Kdit must, ♦ till. I , illpl', nil w; III May, .liinc. st, till' h'diiis iif milt t.) 2,;tlis. Al mill Hint til l,Sii.\ lillllilll', IKH'tli (,f ' ii|i|ili' ti'iM' yi. !;!> ail lU'i'a as |iin . A Ciilli'itinll lif llaiiiiltiiii, Oiil., icfil liy till' JMilni'. Ill liulustiial H\ H(i2, "As thi'lir-t iiiitry." Till' An- li'y, Xuva Sciitiii. )f KvaiiKi'liiii'), i- lii' i|iiaiitity anil ts a|i|ili' iHiiiliii- n) liam'ls iif ;i|,- iwii ill till' ('(iiin -|.K)lis, Kiii^s ami l!l. .S,i Ndti'' )Vf till' Hi'a. Till' iiigitiult's 1)4 anil CULTIVATION OF CEREALS. Europe, in this rcHpcot, coinjiriscH three imnillel zoiioh from the Houth-wcst to the ii(»rtli-eaHt, from i'..'.- Athmtic to the IJral Mountains. Tlie first, or northern /r)no, eoniprisi's the ishmdrt of the Arctic Otean, Scotlaml and its ishmds, Norway, the greatest portion of Swe(hMi, Finhmd, northern Russia and the Ural Mountains as far as the 59tli degree of latitude. Its prineipal grain coiirtistB of oats. The second or central zone emhraces England, Ireland, northern and central France, Gi'mian^y and Poland. Its prineipal grains are huckwheat, liarlcy an -whaliiiiif and on in question, )bably exceeds )f which 1,390 may carry 800 ught sea-going )us hike, coast ave and Atlia- :on road from being a stretch art McMurray, I wliicli abont .^ement of the vigation may h of the Rivor it is now con- )asca Landing er. <• area in ■ Miles. i,000 ,000 i,000 s. ojien prairic, less; 274,000 land. Spring [lowers and the buds of deciduous trees appear as early, north of Great Slave Lake, as at "Winnipeg, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Kingston or Ottawa, and earlier along the Peace, Liard and other western affluents of the Great Mackenzie River, where the climate resembles that of "Western Ontario. FISHERIES, FORESTS AND MINES. According to the evidence received by the Committee, the quantity of sea and fresh water fishes is sufficient to supply a great portion of the North American Continent. The forest area has upon it a growth of trees well suited for all purposes of house and ship building, for mining, railway and bridging purposes, far in excess of its own needs. As regards the mines of this vast region, little is known of the portion oast of the Mackenzie River and north of the Great Slave Lake. On the westi-rn side of the ^Lackenzie.and along the head waters of its affluents, the Peel, Liai'd and Peace Rivers the auriferous area is estimated at from 150,000 to 200,000 square miles. Silver is found on the Upper Liard and Peace Rivers, copper on the Copper-Mine River which may be connected with an eastern arm of Great Bear Lake by a tramway of 40 miles. Iron, graphite, ochre, brick and pottery cla}', mica, gypsum, lime and sandstone, sand for glass and moulding, and asphaltum are all known to exist. The petroleum area along the AtTiabasca River, Great Slave River, Little Slave and Great Slave Lakes and the Mackenzie River, is so extensive as to justify the belief that it is the greatest in America, if not in the world, and that eventually it will supply the larger part of North America and be shipped from Churchill or some other great northern Hudson's Bay port to England. The Committee recommend that a tract of about 40,000 square miles of the petroleum region be reserved from sale, between Athabasca Lake, Peace River and Little Slave Lake. Salt and sulphur deposits are less extensive, but the former is found in crystals equal in purity to the best rock salt and in highly saline springs, while the latter is found in the form of pyrites. There are extensive coal and lignite deposits on the lower Mackenzie and elsewhere. Scientific exploration has not yet extended north of Great Slave Lake. The chief present commercial product of the country is its furs ; the region in question is the last great fur preserve of the world. The Indian population is sparse, and, having never lived in hvrge com- munities, is peaceable. According to the evidence received, the distances which separate the navigable waters of the Mackenzie Basin from the eastern and western sea coasts, and from navigable rivers and railways to the south and south-east, are as follows : — From the Head of Great Slave Lake to head of Chesterfield Inlet, 320 miles ; from the head of Athabasca Lake to the harbour of Churchill, 440 miles ; from Fort McMurray at the junction of the Clearwater with the Atha- basca, below the 70 miles of questionable navigation, to the following places on the Saskatchewan : Prince Albert, 300 miles ; Fort Pitt, 220 miles ; "Vic- toria, 179 miles; Edmonton, 225 miles; from Calgary, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, to Athabasca Landing, on the Athabasca River, 250 miles ; from head of Little Slave Lake to Peace River Landing on the Peace River, 65 i ' iri 136 [1890] rinles ; from Ilazlcton, on the Skeena River, to Peace River, in the Pass, 150 miles ; from Port Mumford, on the Stikeen River to Fort Liard, on the Liavd River, 870 miles. The Committee state that the region in ques'tion occupies an area greater than the Australian continent or two-thirds of Europe, covering part ot tlio British Islands, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria and a part of France and Russia. ^[ACKENZIE RIVER. The first expedition down this river was that of Alexander Mackenzie, who hatl been employed during eight years at the trading post of C'hipewyan, on Lake Athabasca. He left the fort 3rd June, 1789, descended the Great Slave River, reached Great Slave Lake on the 9th and the Mackenzie on the 29th. J le passed the outlet of Great Bear Lake River 6th July, and reached the end of AVliale Island at the mouth of the Mackenzie, on the Polar Ocean, 15th July. On his voyage down the river he found various encampments of Indians, most of whom refused to accompany him to the Polar Ocean, being in dread of the Esquimaux who resided along the coast. The various forts from Chipewyan down the Mackenzie to the i'olar Sea had not apparently been built at the time of Mackenzie's journey in 1780. They appear to have been erected prior to the two expeditions of Sir John Franklin, 1819 to 1822 and 1825 to 1827, except Fort Contidenco, which was erected in 1825 by Sir John Richardson, one of his staff, at the north-east end of Great Bear Luke and Fort Enterprise, which was erected in August and September, 1820, by Franklin himself during his journey to the Copper-Mine River. The Hudson's Bay and North-AVest Companies built forts in opposition to each other, until their coalition in 1826-27. Franklin descended the river to its niouth in August, 1825, and returned to spend the winder at a fort built by the Xorth-West Comi)any at the foot or west end of Great Bear Lake in September. This fort was named Franklin. He descended the river a second time to its mouth, with his assistants, Back and Richardson, 24th June, 1826. From the mouth he proceeded westward with two boats along the coast of the Polar Sea to Icy Reef, and Richardson proceeded also with two boats eastward to the mouth of the Copper-Mine River. Franklin returned by the Mackenzie to Fort Franklin, 21st September, 1826. Richardson returned by the Copper-Mine River and the portage at cast end of Great Bear Lake to Fort Franklin, 1st September, 1826. Av( Sixt Sho Kai Wi Hi For further iiartictilars we in Part IV, Fnmklin'.s Tliree Kxi)e(iitions.) pM I'l* Pass, 150 on the Liard area greater part ot tlio 'id a part of Mackenzie, Chipewyan, ver, readied e passed the 1 of AVliale 1 July. On icliaiis, most in dread of e i'olar Sea ey in 1789. )f Sir John , which was rth-east end Vugust and 'opper-Arini' opposition id returned tlie toot or Franklin. 5 assistants, the const of two hoats September, ffe at east [1890] IST MACKENZIE RIVER. Average width from Fort Simpson to Polar Sea, IJ miles. Sixteen to twenty-seven fathoms deep at mouth, in the ocean. Shoalest portions 7 to 8 feet, up stream. Narrowest portion h a mile. AVidest portion 3 to 4 miles with islands. From month on Polar Ocean up to Fort Good Hope the distance is estimated at about 310 Stat. M. Thence up to Fort Simpson 484 do Thence to Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake 324-.) do Total statute miles 1,118*5 There are rapids near Fort Good Hope at about 310 miles above the mouth of the Mackenzie; but boats ascend them with lines without unloading. In June, July and August the temperature is generally very hot, with occasional thunderstorms and rains ; the nights are very cold ; summer rains begin about the first of May ; snow falls about the tenth of October ; the river freezes over about the same time, and the ice breaks up about the first of June. Forest Trees. — Birch, poplar, balsams, hemlock, pine and the red willow. Minerals. — Red earth, sulphur, coal, salt, Avhite earth, limestone, iron- stone, sandstone. Plants. — Strawbei'ries, gooseberries, cranberries, blueberries, lichens or tripe k la roche, wild tea. All along the Mackenzie and the Athabasca, the fur animals are : — Beaver, marten, silver fox, lynx, otter, cross fox, blue fox, red fox, musquash or musk- rat, mink, black and cimiamon bears, wolves, wolverines, moose-deer and hares. The food animals amongst these are the beaver and bear, moose and hares. Towards the ocean, the musk-ox and reindeer are found along the coast. — Sec lists of furs sold in 1887, in London, >ind of furs received in Montreal, 188 . -88-89, on next page. In the valley of the ^lackenzie, wood and white partridges, geese of all kinds (spring and fall), cranes, wavies, swans and ducks are abundant ; the ducks and geese arrive about middle of May, and leave about beginning of October. The fish in the river are chiefly loche, Avhitefish, and the inconnu, resembling salmon, averaghig 10 to 1 2 pounds and sometimes 30 to 40 pounds in weight ; in the adjacent lakes whitefish and trout are chiefly found. Along the coast, seals, porpoises and whales are numerous. Steamers can imvigate the Mackenzie throughout, from 1st of July to 1st of October. ^:[\ ii 138 [1890] MACKENZIE RIVER REGION. Northern Furs chiefly from the Mackenzie Basin. One year's catch offered for sale in 1887, in London, by the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, and by C. M. Larapson & Co., consignees of many of the furs of British North America. DeHcription. Badger . . . Bear, all kinds. Beaver Ermine Fisher Fox, blue do cross do grey do kitt do red do silver do white .... Hair seal, dry . . Number. 3,739 15,!t42 104,27!» 4,11(> 7,192 1,440 0,785 31,597 290 85,022 1,907 10,257 13,478 Description. Lynx Marten Mink MnskOx Musquasli do extra black Otter Rabbit Sable Skunk Swan Wolf Wolverine Numl)( 2, 14,,V20 9S,342 37(s923 1!)8 4«r.,H(iS 13,!M4 14,43!t 114,821 3,r)17 G82,7!I4 o7 7.1")(> l,r.81 1878 . 1879.. 1880., 1881.- 1882 1883 1884. 1885. 188(i 1887 1888. Uri Some idea of the size and importance of the fur trade may be obtained from the following figures of the receipts of furs at the Hudson's Bay Company's warehouse, in Montreal, during the last three years. The figures have been kindly furnished by the manager in Montreal : — Kinds of Furs. Bear. . . Beaver. Fisher. . Fox. Number of Skins. 1H87. Lynx Marten . . Mink Musquash . Otter Skimk . Wolverine .... Total . 1,399 22,848 1,197 0<)9 2,055 19,204 10,002 81,103 2,708 228 24 142,157 133,714 109,380 There has been, it will be seen, a steady falling off in the number of skins, though the three years aggregate a total of 386,257 skins, and it seeins evident that some such course as that suggested by the committee of the Senate is, if feasible, highly desirable, if the principal fur-bearing animals are to be saved from gradual extinction. (See Year Book— Dep. of Agriculture, 1889, Ottawa.) 1870.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880 . 1881 . . 1882. 1883., [1890] 139 )n's Bay Com- f the furs of Numher. ! u,:^'>a '■KM'2 1 37ti,?23 •■ •! Iil8 • ■ ■ • 1 2,48,1,3(W 13,!I44 14,43!l 114,824 3,517 (582,7il4 57 • • 7.ir)t) • •• i,r.8i be obtained lulson's Bay Th le figures Skins. 188it. 2,037 ■ 18,787 1,377 1,150 4,107 10, 708 0,420 55,285 3,010 478 27 100,380 numl)er of tnd it seems ittee of the animals are MACKENZIE RIVER REGION. Opening and Closing of Navigation. FORT McMURRa /-Latitude 50" 40'. Year. Ice Broke Up. First Drift Ice. Ice Set. River Closed. 1,S78 18th April No record 2nd May 2l8t April 24th do 25th do 27th do !»th do Kith do 27th do 4th May 27th October "Vn rppnrfl 187i> 1880 1881 20th do Ist November. 14th November No record. 14th October. — The river liecame clear of ice fori 1R'<2 IfW,'} some time, after which drift ice again api)eared,' until finally the ice set and closed the river. . . . 12th November. Ist November 8th do 30th October . .. lOth do 1884 18th do 28th October. 1885 18S(> time, after which drift ice again apjwared, until finally the ice set and closed the river 4th November 13th November. 14th do 1887 22nd October 24th October. 188H 3rd November 0th November. MACKENZIE RIVER REGION. Opening and Closing of Navigation, etc. FORT SIMPSON- Latitude 01° 52' N. Year. 1870 14th May. 4th November 7th November. 1877 1878 8th 8th 3rd 7th 13th 7th 1st 12th 2nd 13th do do 1st do Kith Octol)er . . . 12th November 2nd do 12th October... 1st November . 25th October, ice in the M year was seen 11th Octolier. . . 28th do 13th do The first ( ackenzie Ist Nov . . . , 28th . . . . 20th ... 20th . . . . 26th . . . . 18th . .. 30th Irifti this! ....20th ...il8th do do 1870 do do 1880 1881 1882 do do do do do do 1883 1384 do do do do 1885 do do 2f»th do 188(i 25th do The dates of the breaking of the ice in the Mackenzie, above the Liard, for the same year are as follows : — 1870 Not givpn ... 1882 1883 20th May. 1877 lOthMay 17th do 5tli do 1878 1884 1885 14th do 1870... 10th do 7th do 1880 19th do 19th do 1880 27th do 1881 140 [1890] Tlie river U always open some time before the lake. In the latter, the ice floats around for some weeks before it is sutllciently broki-n up to puss down the river. In 1888 it was well on in July before the lalce was clear enough to enable the steamer to proceed to Fort Smith, but that was an un- usually late season. As a rule, navigation on the lake, opens in the ]!i: ,s (> .S8 2(; Ijiiiid, Liard Kiver do Nelson do do Simpson do I'rovidenee do Hae do 20 k; 42 2(1 iJig Island do .") 2(1 Totals 75 48 (13 (i2 248 Kiimpart House 80 (18 73 (15 28(1 La I'ierre's House 3(1 41 25 3!) 141 Mel'lierson !t3 87 arts New Fort (iood Hoin' Red River, West. Peel River Jimction Mouth of River Mackenzie . On the River St. Lawrence. . .Mberta District, N.W.T. ..j North Saskatchewan River. Air Line, 172 mih's River Athal)asca. Air Line, 8{> miles River Athabasca do do . . I Lake Athabasca, north side. . (ireat Slave River • • ■ • I do west side. . do (xreat Slave Lak( Between Beaver Lake, on the River .' On Island .at .Tunction of Riv- ers Mackenzie and Liard. . . ' Mackenzie River Railway 2,2{i4 York Boats or Por- tages. l!l(! !MJ and- Little. Mackenzie! do do do do do 32 mile.s below Fort McPher- son : . On the Polar Ocean 1 . Totals 2!)2 2,2r.4 Steamer «3 14 108 1«!( 5 102 litO 121 40 loS 134 180 (»-2 KiO 4 H-8 214 280 07 Total fioni Montreal. 2,2(;i 2,400 •2,'M 2,72* 2,s()7 2,!l!M! .S,(XH 3,1(13 3,117 3,.S()7 3,428 3.47 1 .S,(«2 3,700 3,!M0 .3,! 140 2 4,l(Mit; 4,ir. 4 4,33(rti 4,3r>8() 4,425 ■() 4,425-2 :'il li.i..- :i [1890] 148 ON THE e by waggon Tdtal flDlll Mdiitival. (is Hit n 02 !M» 21 48 7<» 4,3r)S(i 4,425(1 20 4,425 2 COMPARATIVE DISTATCCES, WINNIPEG TO LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND. KolltCH. Ot'oflfra 1)1 Ileal Mil.'«. Wiiinii«'tf t" York Factory, or iiKiuth of Nt'lmm River, on went Hidi- of Hud- ,«(iii 15ay Yiiik Faiitiiry t<> Hudwm Strait, at DiggeM ImUiikIh. HikIhiiii Strait to Atlantic, at Houtii end of Resolution Inland, on north side, or to Cai»' Chudleigh, on Houtii Hide of outlet of Strait, into the Ocean • •. • From Hudson Strait, acroHH the Atlantic, to LiverixKil, Kngland *T(ital— Winnijieg to LiveriKX)!, rid York Factory, HudHon's Bay. . Winnipeg to (^ueliec, liy Canadian I'acific Railway, direct, rut St. Martin's .Iimction, not calling at Montreal (Quebec to LiveriKHil, viii Strait of Helle T"'.-,- tTotal— WinniiK>g to Livr|KKil, rid (Jiiebec— Sunnner Route. WiniiiiM'g to Montreal, riil Canadian I'lR'ific Railway Moiitri'af to St. John, New Brunswick, n\'i Short Line, Slierbnwke and Mattawnnikeag St. ,Tohn to Liverpool Total -Winni|M'g to Liveri)ool, vid St. John, New ]}runHwick--Wintpr, Route n.oKJ Hud.Hon'H ]?ay and Strait generally navigable from 15th July to 15th October, Augustand Septeniljer are tiie safest months for navigating Hudson Strait. t For route vid Cape Race, add 1S2 statut: miles, 158 geographical miles. 'i'l M: PRINC N' 9- DESCRIPTION OP THE 2 PRINCIPAL LAKES AND FORTS OR TRADING STATIONS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES OF CANADA. (Arranged alphabetically.) 9—10** LiM 146 [1890] ABITIBI LAKE. MiDAVAY BETWEEN LaKE NiPISSING AND JaMEs' BaY. 1 J" 1 i ■i 'i ■f ;| ; V ■ "i ; : i .'. -; J:} I- Latitude, 48^ 38' to 49° N. ; Longitiulo, 78° 25' to 80° 20' W. Elevation above Lake Temiskaming, 245 feet ; elevation above the sea at Three Rivers, estiniatctl at 857 feet. R. C. Mission in the Apostolic Vicariate of Mgr. Lorrain. Rev. J. M. Nedeloc, OM.L, visits this post. Indians — 7 families of 24 persons in all, along the river, and 80 families, of 320 persona, residing in neighbourhood of lake. The Ipke is surrounded by level clay land, which is almost unbroken towards the north and especially toAvards the north-west. Between the lake and James' Bay the soil is fertile and the climate tem- perate and suitable for the production of ill kinds of grain and for the raising of cattle. Barley, oats, rye, peas and beans succeed well. Wheat has been grown at Abitibi House, Flying Post and New Brunswick, on or about the 49th parallel, and at Lac Seul, between the 50th and 5l8t parallel. Indian corn, a more delicate plant than wheat, has come to maturity at Osnaburgh House, on Lake St. Joseph, north of the 51st parallel. Trees. — White and red pine are found scattered over the w^hole region between Lake Temiskaming and Lake Abitibi. They are abundant and of excellent quality along both sides of the Height of Land. Several trees arc from 8 to 9 feet in circumference White spruce, yellow birch and cedar are also tolerably abundant and of good size. Sugar maple is also plentiful towards the head of Lake Temiskaming, but is not seen further north. The most abundant tree in this region, north of the limit of sugar maple, is aspen, after w^iich are cano.j oirch, sjiruce, banksian pine and Canada balsam. Elm and ash occur occasionally on low flats as far north as Lake Abitibi. A company was incorporated in 1884 by the Act 47 Vic, chapter 80, amended by Act 49 Vic, chapter 77, in 1886, for the construction of a railway from North Bay, Lake Nipissing, to Lake Temiskaming and thence to Lake Abitibi and to Moose Factory, James' Bay, the southern extremity of Hud- son's Bay, a distance of about 350 miles in a direct line. ""^ild animals and feathered game are abundant in the region towards Jameb Bay. ATHABASCA LANDING, ON THE UPPER PORlxUN OF THE ATHABASCA RIVER. AND STEAMBOAT NAVKIATIOX NORTHWARD TO THE MOUTH OF THE MACKENZIE. From the La'^ding to Edmonton there is a trail or waggon road 96 miles in 1( ngth (the direct distance being 86), over which the Hudson's Bay Com- pany ^lauls all tho trading outfit for the posts' northward. The freight rates between the two points is about two cents per pound. From Edmonton the trail to Calgary, which i^ the nearest point on the Canadian Pacific Railw^y, is 196 miles in length, which is equivalent to a journey of 4 days' travelling. ih. [1890J Ut W. ove the sea at . Rev. J. M. id 80 families, ost unbroken 3 climate tem- br the raising leat has been I or about the allel. Indian it Osnaburgh whole region ndant and of 'eral trees are and cedar are also plentiful north. The iple, is aspen, )alsam. Elm tibi. , chapter 80, 1 of a railway moo to Lake lity of Hud- 2;ion towards NAVIGATIOX •oad 96 miles I's Bay Com- per pound. :3oint on the [uivalent to a From Athabasca Landing, the steamer "Athabasca" runs up the Atha- basca to Little Slave River, 68 miles above the Landing, and up the latter stream several miles ; the distance thence to Lesser Slave Lake is about 60 miles ; thence to the post at the v/est end of the lake the distance is about 60 miles more ; thence there is a cart trail of 63 miles to Peace River Landing. From Athabasca Landing the steamer "Athabasca," on her journey eastward and northward, runs down the Athabasca 168 miles to the head of the Grand Rapids. Between this and Fort McMurray there are 83 miles of rapids, on which the Hudson's Bay Company has a line of boats capable of carrying 10 tons each. The same company have a second steamer, the "Graham," which runs from Fort McMurray down the Athabasca River to Lake Athabasca and to Fort Chipewyan, a distance of 194 miles, and thcace down the Great Slave River to the head of the " Fort Smith Portage," a further distaaice of 102 J miles. They have a third steamer, the " "VVrigley," for their service, which runs from Fort Smith down to the delta of the Mackenzie, a distance of 1,273 miles. The least draft of water in that distance, varies from 7 to 8 feet. If the Mackenzie delta has the same draft, the entire navigable distance fr-^m Fort Smith downwards to the Polar Sea would be about 1,340 miles. ATHABASCA LAKE TO GREAT SLAVE LAKE. ATHABASCA BIVER. From Athabasca Landing down the Athabasca River to Fort Chipewyan, oil the north side of Athabasca Lake, a distance of 445 miles, the navigation for steamers is interrupted about 83 miles from the head of Grand Rapids down to Fort McMurray. In July, portions of the river, when the water is high, are about one and a half miles in width. Trees. — Birch, poplar, balsam, hemlock, pine and the red willow generally grow upon the lands in the vicinity of the river. Minerals. — Red earth, sulphur, coal oil, salt, white earth, limestone, ironstone and sandstone. The indications of petroleum seen in the region west of the Athabasca, between Peace River and Little Siave Lake, are such that the Schultz Com- mit "^ee of 1888 consider it capable of supplying the greater part of North America. They recommend Government to reserve the region from sale. It comprises a tract of about 40,000 square miles. Animals. — The beaver, marten, silver, cross, blue and red foxes, the mus- quash or muskrat, the mink, wolf and wolverine, black and cinnamon bears, the lynx and others. ATHABASCA LAKE. Elevation above the sea, about 600 feet, or the same as that of Lake Superior. Greatest length, 180 Stat. M. from extreme east end to Fort Chipe- wyan, near outlet, per map of Capt. Deville, Surveyor General. Greatest breadth, 55 Stat. M., per map of Capt. Deville, Surveyor General. Ordinary breadth, 5, 20, 30 Stat. M., per map of Capt. Deville, Surveyor General. 9_10J** U8 [1890] Area, about 4,400 square miles. Bishop Glut states that it is a magnificent lake, suitable for navigation by steamers of the largest size. The country to the south and south-west cf it, is level but sandy, wooded, and in some places fertile, while on the north side it is rocky or covered with boulders, hilly and mostly barren. Hon. Mr. Christie, who was examined before the Schultz Committee in 1888, states that the country is not adapted for agriculture near Athabasca and Great Slave Lakes. The country north of Athabasca Lake is crossed by lower part of Peacs Eiver, the elevation of which is from 600 to 700 feet above the sea. The water in the lake is deep and is clear, except at the west end where the muddy water of the Athabasca River is received and also part of the Peace River at higb water,' The lake in the neighbourhood of the R. C. Mission at Chipew^au freezes to a depth of 4 feet. The ice breaks up a little earlier than on Great Slave Lake, where navi- gation generally opens during the last days of June. Fish : — "Whitefish, trout of several kinds, pike and carp, etc., are abundant. FORT CniPEWYAX (Ciiipiouyan). 58° 42' 38" K ; Long., 111° ] 8' 20" W.—Fmnklin, 1820. 58° 42" 32" K; do 111° 19' ()"W.— Franklin, 1825. 58° 43' 0"N". ; do 111° 18' T'W.—Lrfroy. Variation, 25° 29' 37".— 11th July, 1825. ^ Jsfear outlet "W". end of Lake Athabasca, X. side. Plevation abovo the sea, 600 feet. Anglican Episcopal Mission, under .Bishop R. Young. Roman Catholic Mission — Xativitc Ic la Viergo Marie, comprising a convent, 6 Grey nuns, 25 pupils. This Mission is under the care of Rev. Albert Pascal and L. Ledoussal, O.M.I., in the Vicariate Apostolic of Mgr. Henri J. Faraud, O.M.I. (The latter died 27th September, 1890, since this was written.) Mgr. Isidore Clut, his Auxiliary, is to transfer his headquarters there in 1890. Franklins winter quarte\s, 26th March to 18th July, 1820. Alexander Mackenzie had charge of this fort in 1781, and resided there several years. His first expedition to the Polar Sea in 1789, and his second expedition, 1792-1793 across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, were both from this fort. Franklin and Dr. Richardson returned hero 15th and left 25th July, on their first journey down the Mackenzie. This Fort (Chipewyan) was built by the North-West Company, with a lofty tower to watch the Indians, who had threatened to massacre all the whites. It is a very extensive establishment on a lofty hill upon the north shore of the lake. Th^ tower was built towards 1812. The Indian population in the vicinity of this fort numbers about 500. Lat., do do u " M^ '' 1 [1890] 149 navigation by mdy, wooded, covered with Committee in ar Athabasca X>art of Peac3 ea. est end where D part of the t Chipew\aii }, where navi- irp, etc., are 20. 25. comprising a care of Eev. itolic of Mgr. since tliia was rters there in resided tliore nd his second 3 Ocean, were 25th Jn]y, on pany, with a isacrc all the 3on the north about 600. + 53-97 to + 58-70. +13-57 to - 3-33. + 83-30. -49-00. -^ 24-41 to 2 7-52. 28g6 — Mean temperature, June, July, August, do do January, February, December, " Highest do in summer, " Lowest do in winter, " Mean do during an entire year, " Number of days' rain, 52 during a year. do snow, 67 do " Inches of rain — 6*74 during a year. " do snow — 78-40 do " Percentage of cloudy weather, 54-00. 1887. Hours of sunlight : 514 in May, 549 in June, 530 in July, 467 in August. " Total hours of sunlight at Chipewyan — 2,060, summer months, do do at Ottawa — 1,805 do On the north side of Athabasca Lake, around Chipewyan, there is little or no soil of any description, the country being all bare Laurentian rock. The country around the fort is wooded with pine, spruce, tamarac and poplar. The Hudson's Bay Company have a garden at the fort, of upwards of an acre in extent, and the Anglican Mission one of smaller area, but the soil is very sandy. The Roman Catholic Mission have a garden also, most of which they obtained by draining a bog. In the season of 1883, which was a favourable one in that district, being free from summer frosts, the Hudson Bay Company raised about four hundred bushels of potatoes, the Anglican Mission thirty bushel on a small patch, and the Roman Catholic Mission about live hundred bushels. Many of the retired Hudson Bay Company's servants also have small patches which they cultivate ; potatoes and fish being the principal articles of food used during the winter. Wheat, barley, rye and oats sown about 10th May are reaped about 10th August. Turnips and other vegetables, strawberries and gooseberries are also grown here with success. The wheat grown here weigVis from 68 to 69 lbs. per bushel ; it was awarded a prize by the last Centennial Exhibition. WUITEFISH. In 1888, during the autumn, the Hudson Bay Company required 36,000 whitefish for the use of their post, the R. C. Mission 12,000 and the rest of the population at least 30,000 more. Most of these were caught within three weeks, while Mr, Ogilvie was there. (See his report, 16th July, 1&S9). Fresh fish is abundmt at all the posts along the lake ; they are frozen for preservation during the winter. WILD UEESE. From 30,000 to 40,000 wild geese are killed here in the course of autumn from year to year. COAL. Coal, four to five feet thick, is found in the limestone rock of the moun- tain ; it is older, much harder and better than the lignite coal. 160 [1890] M FORT CHURCHILL HARBOUR AND RIVER, ON WEST SIDE OF HUDSON'S BAY. 1886— Lat. 58^ 43' N.— Long. 94° 10' W.— Lieut. Gordon's Expeditions, 1884, 1885, 1886. A few turnips are grown with difficulty. Cattle arc raised and bred, and excellent butter is made. See evidence of Hon. Mr. Christie, Schultz Committee, 1888. In summer, the twilight lasts a couple of hours ; the remainder of the day is all day light. In winter the nights are very long ; darkness begins at about half past three or four in the afternoon and lasts until 9 a.m. the next day. TEMPERATURE, ETC. June, July, August, 1886— Mean -• 40 00. December, 1885, January, February, 1886— Mean —42-89. July, August, 1886— Highest +48-33. February, 1886 -Lowest —55-00. Frost never leaves the ground except for a few inches, 10 to 30. Days' rain, Sept., 1885, to Sept., 1886, 65 during 12 months. Days, snow, Sept., 1885, to Sept., 1886, b7 during 12 months. Hours of fog, Sept., 1885 to Sept., 1886, 418 during 12 months. Depth of snow on level ground varies from 2 to 3 feet. Average of most windy day 24*81 M. per hour, during 12 months, 1885-86. Ice forms in harbour about 15th November every year. Ice breaks up in river about 28th June, and the river is clear about 15th July. Ice breaks up in harbour about the 15th June. Ice near Marble Island is 7J feet thick. The factor at Churchill states that the ice in the bay never extends tar e jo'i i^h to intercept the view of open water. The bay is navigable early in J ■''■"" Spring tides rise 15| feet in the bay. Neap tides rise 8 feet in the bay. CHURCHILL HARBOUR. This is the best and only safe harbour on the western coast of Hudson's Bay. It is 2,841 Geog. M.=3,272 Stat. M. from Liverpool. The basin for anchorage is about 1,500 yards north and south by about 1,000 east and west, and has a depth of four fathoms at low water. The holding ground is excellent, the bottom being mud, and though tlie tide runs very rapidly, about six knots at half tide, this harbour is an emin- ently safe one. It is admirably suited for a railway terminus. The necessary docks could be easily and cheaply built, and the deep water basin enlarged at small cost. Stone is lying at the water's edge ready to .oe laid into docks and piers and nature seems to have left little to be done in order to make this a capacious port for doing a business of great magnitude. CHURCHILL RIVER. White whales (porpoises) ascend the river with the tide, each day, in great 'numbers. Each porpoise is worth about .$100. [18!)0] 151 t of Hudson's In 1883, the Company secured nearly 200 in one tide at Churchill. "VVhitelish, salmon and trout arc abundant in this and all the streams around the bay. For further details see " Hudson's Bay." FORT CON"FIDEXCE, AT K E. END OP GREAT BEAR LAKE. Is the most northerly habitation of white men. It is bevond the Arctic circle, or at 66° 53' 36" of north latitude, and 118= 40' 0" of west longitude. Erected and named by Simpson in l'837. Simpson and Dease were there three winters, 1836-37, 1837-38, 1838-39. They never failed a single day to have an abunilant supply of food. Although the lake was closed ten months out of the twelve, the season being exceptionally severe, they had abundance of lisli, deer, musk-ox and meiit of other kinds, at all times. CUMBERLAND HOUSE. On south side of Pine Lake, north side of North River Saskatchewan. Lat. 53° 56' 40" N. ; Long. 102° 16' 40" W. —Franklin, 22 Nov, 1819. Var. 17° 17' 29" Dip. North 83° 12' 50" do do Lat. 53° 57' 33" N. ; Long. 102° 21' 46" ^Y .—Franklin., 28 June, 1825. Var. 19° 14' 21" E. ; Dip. N. 80° 21' 7" do do These observations were taken by Sir John Franklin, who remained at this post 22nd October, 1819, to 18th January, 1820, on his outward journey during his first expedition, and returned here on his outward journey during his second expedition, 15th June, 1825. Supposed elevation above the Atlantic, according to Colonel Lefrov, 900 feet. 690 miles, south-west from York Factory — ti'avelled distance, per Franklin. 425 miles north-west from Winnipeg. 648 miles eastward from Edmonton. Mean summer temperature +62'62°. Temperature observed by Chief Factor John Lee Lewis, in 1839-40, from 23rd to 30th May, 78° to 93' Fah. ; October 1—68° Fah. above zero. Luxuriant crops of wheat, corn and barley, together with all sorts of vegetables, are grown here. The Roman Catholic Indians in the Cumberland District number 490 Maskegons, in 1890 ; they are in the diocese of Mgr. Vital Grandin, who resides at St. Albert, about 12 miles north-west of Edmonton. On 1st October, 1840, potatoes being ripe were harvested. They were planted 13th May. FORT DUNVEGAN, ON PEACE RIVER. Latitude, 56° 08' ; longitude, 118° 13', per Ogilvie. 100 miles west of west end of Little Slave Lake, in a direct line ; 604 miles south-westward from Fort Chipewyan, Lake Athabaska ; 60 miles west above the Forks of Peace and Smoke Rivers, towards Peace River Landing ; 135 miles eastward from Rocky Mountain Portage ; elevation above the sea said to be 1,600 feet. Anglican Episcopal Mission, under Rev. Mr. Brick, in the Diocese of Bishop R. Young. 152 [1890] , Eoman Catholic Mission of St. Charles, under Rev. Le Serrec, Sup., and ^y^ Le Treste, O.M.I., in the Diocese of Mgr. Henri J. Faraud. Roman Catholic Indian School under the same in 1886. Mean temperature — Summer+ 52*3° ; year +• 28*8° Snow disappears ahout middle of April ; cultivation begins towards May ; the river begins to freeze in November ; the depth of snow is about 2 feet during winter ; in 1883, only 20 days of rainy weather. At Dunvegan, notwithstanding the severity of the frosts, the crops are very good both in quality and quantity. When I was there (1883) the Roman Catholic missionaries had threshed their grain, samples of which I brought back. The yield was as follows : — 50 pounds of wheat were sown on the 16th April and reaped on the 20th August, and 27 bushels threshed of good clear grain ; 15 pounds of Egyptian barley sown on the 18th April and reaped 20th August, and 15 bushels threshed, weighing fully 60 pounds to the bushel. The Hudson's Bay Company and Episcopal Mission had not threshed, and could not give their returns ; but they were well satisfied with their crops of all kinds. The Rev. Mr. Brick, of the Episcopal Mission, was already using bread, when I was there, made from wheat of the present year's growth (1883). See report of Mr. Ogilvie, 16th July, 1889. The Hudson's Bay Company have raised wheat, barley and potatoes for upwards of a hundred years at this post ; the crops have seldom failed. In 1886 a magnificent crop of wheat, barley, peas, potatoes, turnips, squashes, beets, carrots, cauliflowers, cabbages, onions, beans, lettuce, cucum- bers, &c., was raised on the prairie land, some 86 miles from Dunvegan. The Rev. Tissier, a Roman Catholic missionary for some yenrs at the latter place, tried oats and obtained an astonishin^'^f return. EDMONTON. At 196 miles, by trail or waggon road, north from Calgary. 413 miles by the North Saskatchewan River, west from Lake Winnipeg. 1,073 miles by North Saskatchewan and Luke Winnipeg from City of Winnipeg. ^% miles, by trail or waggon road, south from Athabasca Landing. Lat. 53° 35' N. ; Long. 113° 30' W. Elevation above the sea, 2,253 feet. Mean temperature, summer -57-2 ; year - 31*7. It has three churches, Anglican, Catholic and Methodist ; a sawmill, two grist mills, one or more hotels, a telegraph oflice and several stores. Mgr. Vital Grandin, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Albert, resides at St. Albert, about 9 miles further north-westward. The vicinity of Edmonton is ricli in coal, gold and other minerals ; the coal is now being worked. Red pine and spcruce are abundant ; the leaves begin to appear in May. Grain and vegetables of various kinds are raised successfully. Three steamboats run regularly between Edmonton and Winnipeg. During ordinary seasons navigation is open from April to the middle of October. For details see further on. See also in Addenda the Mission of Lake 3te. Anne, the first that was founded, at 50 miles from Edmonton. ■ec, Sup., and bowards May ; about 2 feet the crops are 3) the Roman Jh I brought n on the 16th of good clear i reaped 20th he bushel threshed, and their crops of already using rowth (1883). potatoes for failed. toes, turnips, ttuco, cucnm- vegan. ye.irs at the e Winnipeg, from City of iding. sawmill, two IS. )f St. Albert, linerals ; the ear in May. nipeg. e middle of Mission of (lonton. [1890] 153 Highest temperature 4- 88° summer months. Lowest do — 57° winter do Mean do +8-33° do do Number of days rain fell, 15 ; inches of rain, 4"53. do snow fell, 20 ; do 26-90. FORT FOND DU LAC. On north side of Lake Athabasca, towards east end. Latitude, about 59° 45' ; Longitude, nearly 108°. 140 statute miles, north-east from Fort Chipewyan, which is situated at lower end of lake. There is a Roman Catholic Mission here, named Notre Dame des Se^t Douleurs, under the care of Rev. A. H. De Chambreuil, O.M.L, in the Vicariate Apostolic ot Mgr. II. J. Faraud. The number of Indians in the vicinity of, or frequenting, this station, according to the Rev. Grouard, O.M.L, Roman Catholic Missionery at Chipe- wyan, is about 250. Bishop Glut states that the post here is for trading dn provisions and grease from the Chipewyans who hunc the reindeer on the barren grounds. It is a great resort, he says, for wild fowl passing south in the fall. Geese and swans alight there in millions to feed. FORT AT FRANCIS LAKE. Established by Campbell in 1842. Campbell discovered the Pelly River in 1840. Bell discovered the Lower Yukon, 1845. The latter went down the Porcupine or Rat River in three days, in 1842. Yukon, established 1847. Selkirk, established 1848. FORT FRANKLIN. At lower or south-west end, near outlet of Great Bear Lake. Latitude 65° 11' 56" N. ; Longitude 123° 12' 44" W. ; Variation 38° 59 20" E.— Per Franklin, 19th September, 1825. 1826 — Summer, mean temprature I 50°-20. — June, July, August. 1825-26— Winter do — 17°-00.— Dec, Jany., February. 1826— Highest temperature -f 60° 26.— July. -, o^/. 1 ^ J f — 31°-60. — January. 1826-Lowest do |_49o.oo._ do during two days. Franklin left this Fort with Lieut. Back and Dr. Richardson, on 24th June, 1826, for the Polar Sea, after having spent the winter there since September, 1825. He returned there from the Polar Sea on the 21st September, 1826, and remained until middle of May, 1827. For further details, see Great Bear Lake. ; i^ 164 [1890] iHt TEMPERATURE. Fort Franklin and Fort Rae. Mean TfluiHTature (luring \Tay... .(lUlf . July. . August ] I'iuiklin, Fnrt Kill', . (i." 12'. Lat. (i2 10', Fall. Kali. ;i,'. -2 27'-7 .M 4 ni 4 r.2"0 (11 2 ,VI' (i Mi ■.") FORT GOOD HOPE (N'ew or Upper). Latitude, 66° 16'; Longitude, 128° SI'. On east side of the Mackenzie ; 120 xniles above site of the Old Fort (lood Hope on west side ; 2^ miles above the Hare Indian River and 2 below tlie Ramparts ; 170 miles below Fort Norman ; 274-7 miles above Fort Mcl^lier- son, the most northerly fort. Fort Good is near the Arctic Circle. In 1836 the Fort had been moved up to the Upper Manitou Island, whence it was swept by a flood, and was afterwards built on its present site. Franklin, on his way down the Mackenzie to the Polar Ocean, passed at Old Fort Good Hope Ist July, 1826, for which he gives latitude 67'' 28' 21", and longitude 130° 54' 38", the variatio.i of compass being 47° 28' 41" east. The temperature recorded by him, 1st to 7th July, 1826, on his way from the tort down to the mouth of the Mackenzie, varies from -| 41°*6 to 56^"8 Fahrenheit. ^he Hudson's Bay Company has half a dozen hjuses here an 1 some stables. The R. C. Mission of Notre Dame de Boime Ei-,pe/ancc», comprising the convent of the Sisters of Charity, at this post has been under the Rev. Jean Seguin, O.M.I., during the past 30 years; he is assisted by the Re\,;;Mr. Giroux, O.M.I. This mission is in the Vicariate Apostolic of Mgr. Faraud, of whom Mgr. Glut is the Auxiliary. The interior of the Mission Church is one of the best finished in the countrji. Many of the buildings and fences are |-ainted with a dull red colouring matter, consisting of the ashes of wood tliathad \am several y^ars in the rivt^T. The white population at or in the vicinity of this post is 26, and the Indian population is about 583. The sun does not rise here from 1st November to 11th January. The hoars of sunlight, compared with Ottawa, are as follows : — At New Fort Good Hope : 592 in May, 682 in June, 626 in July, o^'J in August. At Otcawa : 456 in May, 482 in June, 464 in July, 423 in August. Total numbei of hours of sunlight at New Fort Good Hope . . . 2,398 do do Ottawa 1,805 Greatest cold, December, Janua:'y, February, 1885, varied from — 14° to — 60° per Centigrade thermometer. [1890] 155 L:it. (il' )()■, Kali. -< I r.i 4 (II '2 Did Fort (^^Jood 2 below the Fort McPlier. mitou Island, present site, c'an, passed at e 67" 28' 21", !8' 41" east. I his way from 4l°-6 to 5u^-8 n-e an 1 some irnpHsing- the le Rev. Jean he Re\.qMr. :r. Faraudjof hurch is one Lid colouring in the river. 26, and the July, 0I9 in agnst. . 2,398 . J,80o )m-.14<^to Greatest cold, December, 1884, January and February, 1886, — 14° to -50°. Greatest cold, 21st and 29th January, 1887, — 53°. In July and August, 1888, the days were pleasant and warm, and the nio'hts not unpleasantly cool. Turnii)8, carrots, onions, lettuce and potatoes arc raised at this post, and wild roses are abundant. Tlie potatoes are the size of largo hens' eggs. Flour delivered here, costs .^30 per bag of 100 lbs. In winter and in summer, those who reside at this post live mainly on fish and barley soup. GREAT BEAR LAKE AND THE COPPER-AIINE RIVER. Greatest length of lake, 175 statute miles in a direct line from Fort Con fidence at head or east end of lake, in latitude 66"^ 53' 36" and longitude IIS*^ 40" to Fort Franklin, at lower or south-west end, above outlet of lake, latitude 65° 11' 56" north, and longitude 173° 12' 44" west. Length along navigation line, 250 miles. Breadth varies generally from 25 to 30 and 45 or more miles. Greatest breadth from McTavish Bay, south-east side to head of Smith's Bay, north-west side of lake, 185 statute miles. Depth, over 270 feet. Area, about 11,200 square miles. Height above the sea, per Dr. Richardson of the Franklin expedition, 200 feet. Lake begins to freeze over, latter part of September. Centi-e of it, not frozen until late in December and e"en in January. Ice goes out towards end of June. Dr. Richardson left Fort Franklin, in company with Franklin, 24th June, ISi , descended Bear River, and the Mackenzie ; reached the Polar Sea 7th Julj-. Fro uVdin with Back and a portion of party went westward with two boats seme 374 miles to Icy Reel which he reached 31st July ; he left there 1st i^ugust on his return journey and arrived at Fort Franklin 21st September. Dr. Ricliardson with the remainder of the party and two boats, coasted f astward ; he reached the mouth of the Copper-Mine, latitude 57° 58', longitude 115° 18', 8th August; the thermometer that day was at 86° in the sun; he ascended the river until the 13th and crossed overland to north-east end of Great Bear Lake, which he reached on the 18th, at 115 miles from the mouth of the Coi>per-^Iine ; he coasted some 318 miles along the lake shore, partly by boat and partly by canoe and arrived back at Fort Franklin, 1st September, 1826. He states that the first 40 miles of the Copper-Mine, are full of rapids and that the river is practicable only for boats drawing a fevv inches of water. GREAT BEAR LAKP]. The temperature at sunset was +62°, He saw small herds ot reindeer, passed stunted spruce and fir groves, and encamped 11th August, among small pines in latitude 67° 33' ; saw many grey marmots. 156 [1890] On the 18th he left the Copper-Mine ; going direct overland to the Great Bear Lake. The rocks wore red old sandstone, clay, slate and greenstone; lie parsed scattered and thin clumps of pine ; saw wolves in the mountains; temperature was H 63*. Sandflies were troublesome. On the 14th to 17th, saw patridges (latitude G7° 10') and met with wooded valleys. Saw much wood in the valleys far to the west and north. Bog whirtle berries were abundant. On the 17th Indians came laden with tongues and fat half-dressed moat; two deer killed. 17th to 19th August. Passed over rising ground covered with white spruce. 20th to 21st August. Fished in Great Bear Lake where pike, carp and whitefish were caught. 22nd August to 1st September. Journey over lake to Fort Franklin. Dr. Richardson during his journey from the Polar Ocean, met with wooded valleys, had fish and deer meat every day, occasionally partridges, and musk- ox one day. Ilearn in his two expeditions, 17G9-70 to discover Copper-Mine River, found deer plentiful, swans, geese and partridges and killed three musk-oxen; on the barren grounds west of Hudson's Bay he says that foxes were very plentiful, also lynk, the polar and grizzly bear and the wolverine. Sir John Richardson states that in 1825-26 when he was wintering on the northern arm of Great Bear Lake, he took out 50,000 whitefish and over 3,800 trout in eighteen months, weighing from 5 to 30 lbs. each, and that other fish were there in iimumerable quantities. The temperature varied i'v^m 53° to 62° in the evening at sun-down diu'- ing the summer months. GREAT SLAVE LAKE. Greatest length, 300 to 320 statute miles, per map, Department of Interior, 1887, from ruins of Fort Reliance at east end to Fort Providence, 46 miles below west end of lake. Greatest breadth, 180 statute miles ; from south side up to head of North Arm, 40 miles beyond Fort Rae. General breadth varies from 10 to 60 statute miles. Area, about 10,100 square miles. Height above the Mackenzie at Fort Simpson, 150 feet, or about 391 above the sea. Its waters are transparent, like those of the great lakes of the St. Lawrence. Great Slave Lake was sounded with a 65-fathom line (390 feet) without reaching the bottom, which is below the sea. It is supposed to be as deep as Lake Superior. This lake, owing to its great depth, is seldom completely frozen over before the last week of November, and the ice, which is generally 7 feet thick, breaks up about the middle of June, three weeks later than the ice of the Great Slave River. Navigation generally opens towards July. The only known outlet to this vast body of water which receives numerous streams on its north and south shores, is the Mackenzie River. The eastern shores are very imperfectly known. [1890] 157 iuii-down dur- tead of IS'orth es numerous The Indians say there is n communication from its eastern extremity, by a chain of lakes, with a shallow river which discharges its waters into the Polar Sea ; this stream, which they call the Thlouee-tessy, is navigable for small canoes. _ onlv On the north side of the lake, there is. an arm comprising two extensive bays which stretch far towards the north-westward, 40 miles l)eyond Fort Rac ; tbc upper bay receives the water of a river which communicates with Marteii Lake. The Indians report that there are extensive deposits of mica on the south side of the lake. Bituminous limestone and tar springs are also found along the lake. In 1883 the Hudson's Bay Company caught and used 75,000 whiteiish in this hike ; they weighed about 2h lbs. each, or in all about 190,000 lbs. There are many other varieties of lish ; trout are often caught, weighing 40 lbs. FORT IIALKET. On the Riviere aux Liards, near Rocky Mountains; 150 miles south- westward of Fort aux Liards, which is in Lat. 60° 5' and Long. 121° 20' or thereabout at 145 miles south of Fort Simpson, River Mackenzie. Lat. about 59° N. ; Long, about 123° 40' per map. Men, Wdiiii'ii, IJoy.". (iirls. Total. White population 7 4 4 5 20 per Census, 1881. Indian do 40 47 75 48 216 53 51 79 53 236 do R. C. Mission of St. Raphai'l, under the supervision of Revs. II. Lccornte aiul J. Gourdon, O.M.I. , in the Vicariate Apostolic of Mgr. H. J. Faraud. The climate here is severe in winter and to a certain extent similar to that of Manitoba, owing no doubt to the Chinook winds. All kinds of grain and garden plants and vegetables come to maturity here, according to Chief Trader McDougall ; he states that barley ripens most years as far as the Arctic Circle or say to 66 J° of latitude N". Wheat, barley, rye, oats, Indian corn, sown about 10th of May, turnips, potatoes and other vegetables planted in May, are generally mature towards end of August. Strawberries and gooseberries ripen at an earlier date. The llowers begin to blossom towards the first week of May. Wheat is a reliable crop, four years out of five. Frost penetrates the soil about four feet ; the river freezes over, about the middle of October and opens about the 8th of May. HUDSON'S BAY AND STRAITS. This bay extends from 51° to 63° of north latitude, a distance of about 825 statute miles in length and from 78° to 95° of west longitude, a distance of about 600 statute or of 521 geographical miles in breadth. Hudson's Strait is about 500 statute miles in length and 100 in breadth, or 434 geographical miles in length and 87 in breadth. NAVIGATION. The Bay is navigable early in June, its waters being warmer than those of the Straits. I 15fi [18!)0] i< I >. The poriofl of navigation (Inriiij? an ordinary year in tho "Bay and Rtrnits is cfltiinatod m hcinj; from lAth July to loth Octobor, with ii possibility oi' a fortnight longer in spring and autumn for strongl}' built vessels with |iio. pollers of small dimensions, well down in the water. FISHEUIKS. Tho tish and mammals possessing commercial value in these waters arc— The right whale, tho white whale, the iuirwl)al or unicorn, the walrus, seals of various kinds, salmon, trout and whitetish. The right whale asct'iuU into the Ciulf of J3rick-making, moulding-sand, shell- marl for mamire, ochre, peat, flagstones, roofing slates and other substances, as well as various ornaTuental stones and rare minerals of scientific interest. Judging from the information obtained and his researches up to 1887, ho rcijards the north-west of Hudson's Buy as one of the most jjromising in valuable economic materials of the yet unexplored territories. See Lieut. Gordon's reports on his expeditions to Hudson's Tiay, 1884-1885-188(5. LA BTCIIE LAKE. Alcan latitude, H° 48' north. Mean longitude, 112°. Nearly 24 miles long ; lies in a shallow alluvial basin, and is surrounded by good land of a nearly level character ; it discharges into the Athabasca. It is 70 miles cast by water and 40 in a direct line from Athabasca Landing. It is in the Diocese of the 11. R. Bishop Grandin, and is the residence of the Rii^'ht Reverend IT. J. Faraud, Bishop of the Vicariate Apostolic of Athabasca Mackenzie, Bishop of Anemour, consecrated 30th November, 1863. Ilis Auxiliary, Mgr. Isidore Glut, up to 1889, resided at Fort Providence, near lower end of G reat Slave Lake. The Roman Catholic Mission of Notre-Damo des Victoires at this post, comprises St. Joseph's Academy, with about 30 pupils. The Sisters of Charity have a convent there and also an Orphan Asylum, and a Hospital. The IIalfJ)reeds and Indians raise a good amount of wheat and other cereals, together with potatoes and other vogetables. Wheat seldom suffers there from frost. Nearly 1,000 Half-breeds and 500 Cree Indians are living around the Lake or m its vicinity. The Methodists have an important Cree Mission at 40 miles south of this Lake. In the Mackenzie Basin tlu:. ire about 20,000 Indians in all, between its source and the Arctic Sea. LIARD RIVER. This affluent of the Mackenzie is navigable from its outlet at Fort Simp- son for 240 miles, southward and westward towards the Rocky Mountains. It freezes over about the 15th of October. The breaking up of the ice on this stream, from 1876 to 1886, inclusive, has varied from tlie 5th to 27th of May. The river is always open some time before the ice leaves Great Slave Lake. Frost penetrates the ground about 4 feet. Winds are frequent during the winter season, in the vicinity of the Fort aux Liards. .160 [1890] ; I, -i, i ' ' I LITTLE SLAVE LAKE. Lat., 55J° to 55J° K Long., 114§ to 116^ ^^^ Elevation above the sea, 1,800 feet. Greatest length, 65 Statute miles. Greatest breadth, 12 Statute miles. General breadth, 4 to H-5 Statute milen. Area, about 500 square miles. R.C. Mission of St. Bernard, at west end of lake and upon its north side, under the Rev. D. Collignon, Supr,, and Rev. Desmarais, O.M.L, in the Diocese of Mgr. Vital Grandin. R.C. Indian School — 45 pupils (Crees) descendants of the Algonquin Tribes — under the same missionaries. Anglican Mission and three Protestant ministers, in the Diocese of Bishop R. Young. Hudson's Bay Company's Post. Mean temperature in summer, (-54°. 6. Barley has been found in stack here as early as the 12th of August. FORT McLEOD— XORTH. V EST OF THE KOCKY MOUNTAINS. Lut, 55° N. Lon£:., 123°, 15' W., per Map, Dept. Int., 1887. One of the first posts of the Hudson's Bay was established here in 1805, at the foot of Trout I^ake, now McLeod Lake, which discharges into the I'arsuip River, a branch of Peace River, on the route followed by Sir Alexander Mackenzie across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in 1793, via Salmon River. One branch of the Peace River takes its rise at the Fort where it is (died the Parsnip. There is not a rapid in the river from Finlay Forks to McLeod. FORT McLEOD— SOUTH. On the Belly River, about 95 miles south-eastward from Calgary, and about 55 miles by trail north of T^'nited States Boundary. Thence to Fort Shaw, U.S., I'iO miles. Lat. 49° 45' K ; Long. 113° 25' W., per Map, Dept. Lit. The Indian population in the vicinity comprises about : 1,000 on the Piegan Reserve, south and west of Fort McLeod. 2,400 do Blood co east of do These Indians are attended to by the R.C. Missionaries : Rev. A. Lacombe, O.M.L, of Fort McLeod. L. VanTighea, O.M.L, of Lethbridge. Emile Legal, O.M.L, of the Blood Reserve. Donat Foisy, O.M.L, of Belly River. Thsre is an Anglican Mission here, under Rev. Mr. Hilton. These Reserves and the Blackfeet Reserve of 2,150 Indians, which begin midway between SLrathmore and N'amaka or at 43 miles east from (!"iilgary and end at Crowfoot at 7r< miles from Calgary, and are along the south side of the Canadian i'acific Railway, .ire all in the R.C. Dioceseof Mgr. Grandin and in the Anglican Diocese of Bislutp W. C. Pinkham. The Blackfeet Indians are attended to by the Rev. Leon Doucet, O.M.L, and by the Rev. Mr. Tims of the Church of England. [ISOO] 161 its north side, ).M.I., in the 10 Algonquin 3ese of Bishop August. 87. here in 1805, to the I'arsnip ir Alexander ►3, via Salmon sreit IS cJled s to McLeod. Calgary, and cLeod. \vliich hcgin Tom (.^ilgary south side of Graiidin and [icet, O.^r.L, FORT McMURllAY LANDING. Junction of Rivers Athabasca and Clearwater at about 225 miles north of Edmonton and 160 miles nortli-west from Lac a la Crosse, IL B. C. post. hut. 50'^ 40' N. ; Long. Ill" W, per map, Dep. Int. Indian population in the vicinity of this fort, 160 per Rev. Grouard, O.M.I., 1888. R. C. Mission — Notre Dame des Sept Doulours — Rev. A. 11. De Chand)reuil, in the Diocese of Mgr. II. J. Faraud, O.M I. Tliis fort is at the foot of a long series of rapids on the Athabasca River. From 1878 to 18>8 inclusive, the river was closed by ice between 24th October and 14th November ; there was driftingice in it from 18th October to 14tli November ; the ice broke up between 9th April and 4th May. Specimens of wheat and barley have been obtained here which have astonished every one who saw them. Man} of the ears contained 100 grains and the weight of both wlicat and barley was nearly 10 per cent, over the ordinary weight. Further west, there is a vast country which Sir (leorge Simpson, one of the Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company, calls the very Eden of the North. Rye, oats, potatoes, turnips, strawberries and gooseberries grow here with facility. Grain sown about the 10th May, is reaped about the 10th of August. FORT McrilERSON. Lat. about 67^ 20' N. ; Long. 1:34^ 57' W. (See W. Ogilvie's Report., Dep. Int., 1888-1880.) This fort is built on the east bank of the Peel Ri\er, some 14 miles above the [»oint where it divides and joins the Mackenzie de'ta Avhich is common to both, at about 82 miles from the fort. This is the most northuily point at which any one is permanently settled in this district. A Roman Catholic Mission is to be established here in 1890-1891 by Bisho[) Isidore Clut. Archdeacon McDonald, formerly stationed at Fort Y(dv()n and afterwards at Rampart Iloiise, had charge of the Anglican Mission work at this station in 1887. .Iiinc L'O July 1 t(i ;io. tii.'ii. Mean temperature 4-02-0 + ear I^ake River. On 5th July, 1789 Alex Afaekenzie passed here on his journey down to the Polar Sea. Franklin reached this point 7th August, 1825, and 25th .hiiie, 1826, going down tiie River Mackenzie. In 1844 the old fort was situated 23 miles above its present site and on the west bank of the Macivenzie. Mean summer temperature, June, July, August, 59 87 at now fort. n here amounts to about The white population Ik population in the vicinity to about 254 persons. 1' ulian There is an Anglican Mission here, in the Diocese of Bishop \V. C 1 liom- pas, and also the Roman Catholic Mission of Ste. Thercse, wldch is under tlic Rev. X. C. Ducot, O..VI.I., who has resided upwards of 22 y> irs at the post, in the Vicaiiate Apostolic of Mgr. IL J. Faraud. W. Ogilvie, I). L.S., who stopped there in 1888, states in his report of 16th July, 1889 :— [18!)0] 165 At Fort Korman the ITiulson'^* Bay Company had a garden planted with turnips, potatoep and other garden produce. I was at that point (hiring tiie last days of July, at which time potatoes were ahout six inclies high anil did not promise a good yield. The Roman Catholic Mission had two patches, together ahout an acre in extent, planted with potatoes. The soil here was much hetter than in the first patch, heing a warm clay loam, while in the other it was nearly all decay- ing vegetahle, coniinoidy called "nnuk." The mission potatoes were nnich stronger in the vines than the Hudson's Bay Company's, and ut that time nearly covered tlie ground. The Anglican missionary had planted a small piece of ground near the river, on a sheltered hench helow the top of the hank, and liacing the south. Here the growth was much stronger than at either of the other places. Some barley had heen sown i)i it and was well grown, the stalks averaging trom two to two and a lialf feet high, and the lieads heing h)ng and just heginning to till The growth of grass on this flat is luxuriant, and nettles grow as strong and large as any I have seen elsewhere. Xear the edge of the woods, wild vetches grow as long and vigourous as they do near Edmonton. 1S1-1 TO 1H88, INCLl'SIVE. First snow at l^ew Fort Norman, 23rd September to Ifith October. First ice formed on the Mackenzie, 5th October to 2nd November. Navigation closed do ind Novemb'er to 18th November. Ice broke up do 9th May to 28th May. NORAVAY HOUSE. At the north-east end of Lake AVinnipeg. Lat. 53° 41' 38" N. ; long. 98° 1' 24" W. About 130 miles westward of Oxford House and 345 miles westward of York Factory. Malcolm McLeod, who was examinee,' before the Schultz Committee in 1888, states that : — " There was plenty of ground for cultivation, but that everyone was so busy at more urgent work that no one tried to farm or to cuiavate." Col. Crofton states that : — " Corn, pease, rhubarb, cabbages and other vegetables were grown successfully at this station when he was there." OXFORD HOUSE. On the Hayes and Hill River route from York Factory to Lake Winnipeg, 215 miles westward from York Factory, Hudson's Bay ; 130 miles eastward from Norway Hous^, at north end or foot of Lake "Winnipeg. Lat. 54" 53' N. ; long. 95° 45' W., per map, Dep. Int., 1887. Malcolm McLeod stated before the Schultz Committee, ir. 1888, that although this station is on the summit of the Laurentian range, he saw a tine garden, growing potatoes abundantly. Jiarley and vegetables are grown here and much farther north in the Mackenzie River resjion. 1 n 11 1 WW w iii ' ill* ' i m aJs?^ 106 [1890] 1^^: PEACE RIVER. This affluent of the Mackenzie stretches from heyond Fort McLeod, vest of the Rocky Mountains, down to Great Slave River, below Fort Cliipewy.-'n of Lake Athabasca, or from Long. 123° and Lat. 54^° to Long. Ill, \° and Lat. 581°. The upper Peace River is navigalde for steamers drawing 3 to 4 feet of water ; with some improvement at two i)oints, a draught of 5 to 6 feet niitjht be obtained. It afi'ords a navigable streteh of 5o7 miles down to the tails, some 50 miles below Fort Vermillion. The lower portion of the river is navigable for about 220 miles from the falls down to Lake Athabasca, except- ing a rapid of about 2 miles in length. This stream was the route selected by Mackenzie during his journey across the Rocky ^lountains to the Pacific Ocean in 17!«3. Peace River Landing is about 63 miles by trail or waggon road north- eastward from the west end of Little Slave Lake, Before a Select Committee of the Senate, in 1888, Prof Macoun 'said :— "The waters of the Peace River are like those of the Mississippi, of a milky colour. It is a mighty river, 1,000 yards wide. # # ^ ^ When we reached the bank of the river, we came upon it like as if we were walking across this room ; there was no appearance of a river at all. The country was perfectly level and there was no appearance of the river until we came upon the verge almost of a steep baidc — we could see the country on the opposite side of the river. Seven hundred feet below us there wound a mighty river : I have never seen a river like it in any sense. You can picture to vourself a river 800 yards wide, meandering throuti'h a narrow but verv deep valley, because we were 700 feet above the water of the river. A\'e could look to the left up the Smoky River and to the right to the sandstone clitl's, miles below us. That was in September, 1872. 1 vi Bffll PEACE RIVER REGION. This is a vast tract of fertile land embracing about 10 degrees of latitude and 13 of longitude. It is a terraced land of rich rolling prairie, a park-like land of wood, glado and meadow where the jumping deer glance througli the dry grass and trees. The trees are of great size and of sjdendid growth ; they are like the magnificent trees around Kensington Park. The country is so crowded* with animals that it has the appearance, in some places, of a stall yard. On the Ppper Peace River the snow fidl is from 18 to 30 indies in depth ; the snow disappears towards the 5th of April, and anemones blossom towards the 20th, at which time mosquitoes begin to appear. The clinjate is mild owing to the influenee of the Japan Sea, the great gulf stream of the Pacific, which tempers it to such an extent that wheat nuiy be grown at Fort Simpson in Lat. 61° 52', and barley as far north as Fort ^SOr- man in Lat. 64° 51' 3", although it i>: 1,200 miles further north than Quel»oe. The general level of the portion of the river between the Rocky Moun- tains and Smoky River is about 2,000 feet above the sea. Between Peace River and Athabasca Lake, the elevation does not exceed 1,000 feet; it diminishes northward. [1890] 167 McLeod, ;vegt )rt Chipcnvv.in 3 to 4 feet of 6 feet iniirht » to the thlls, f the rivor is basca, oxeopt- his journey )'i road iioi'th. a con 11 'said ;_ 'i, of a niilkv ^ * ' as if we were at all. Tlie 'iver until wo ountry on the t're wound a •11 can pieturo I'ow but \-erv '"• A\'e coulJl idstoiiG elitF^, s of latitude 'wood, glade iS and trees. are like the 'poarance, in OS in depth ; iorn towards 'a, the 'Tiovsu vit.i bucccsh ; but in 1888 it was. iis everywhere else in the valley, irmii ''Girded by cool weather. Up to my departure from the post, the lo esi '- 5;;p*.iiotatoes were grown in a garden at Fort Rae ; but according to report there is not nnich land around the lake available for farming, even were the climate suitable, as it is nearly all rock. Sam{)les of seed were received from the Experimental Farm ot Ottawa, but too late tor planting in 1888. Mean sunnner temperature — June, July, August, 5o'5o. Mean winter do December, January, February, - 17*t>0. 1 75— Highest, August, + 85-00, 1875 — Lowest, February, - 51MJ0. 1875 — Number of davs rain fell, 11, 1875 — do snow fell, 44. (None in June, July and August. 1875 — Mumber of inches rain, 4"1;1 1875— do snow, 10-20. Snow falls about the 27tli September ; the lake freezes over about the middle of October ; the snow begins to disappear in April ; the trees show signs of budding about IGth May ; the ice breaks up towards 3rd June, and the trees begin to loose their leaves towards the first September. FORT RELIANCE. On the Yukon River. Lat. about G4° 15' ; Long, about 140^ 30'. There is a fiat here of some 1,500 acres. Messrs. Harper and McQuestiou liave lived there for some ^'ears ; it a[)pears they never made any agricultural experiments, believing that they would be futile. Lat. Franklin Lat. Xea llcr and the 13(>nii>as, The Mgr. H- is untlei Ind Jun (1 Jul W. At turiiiits would b( which latter st were bot San but two [IH!tO] 169 tiiicnt of tlie FORT RESOLUTION. Lat. 61° 10' 26" K, Long. 113° 45' 00" W., on 30)h July, 1825, by Franklin. Lat. 61° 10-5' N., Lon^r. 118^ 4(;-5' W., Capt. Lefroy, 1842-44. Near the outlet of Slave River into Great Slave Lake. Here the Ilndson'H Bay (/omiiany has the usual trading station buildings, and the Anglican Church Mission Society of tlie Diocese of R>isho[i W. C. ]3i)iii]*iif*i l"is " small mission. The Roman Catholic Mission of St. .Tose{)h, in the Vicariate Apostolic of Mgr. n. d. Faraud, is on an inland in the lake some distance from the fort. It is under the Rev. L. F. Dupire, O.M.I. Indian p{)i)ulati()n in the vicinity, about 300. June 1'.). Lake ice solid west of fort, do 28. Ma y plants in flower. July 2. Ice very solid in vario'as places. "\V. Ogilvie, in his report, 31st Decendjer, 1889, states: — At Fort Resolution the Hudson's Ray Com])any Avere growing potatoes, turnips and barley. The first two were of good (juality and size, but there woidd be no yield of tlie last. The Anglican missionary also had a garden, in which were potatoes, cabbages, caulillowers, turnips, onions and pease, the latter still green on tlie 21st of September. The potatoes and cauliflowers were both good in size and flavour. Sami)les of grain were rc.'ci'ived from the Experimental Farm of Ottawa, but two late for i)ljinting in 1888. SASKATCHEWAN RIVER. According to Capt. Palisser the altitude of the upper portion of the plain of the Saskatchewan River is 2,700 feet, and that of the lower portion 1,600 foot above the sea. The tem[)erature lowers 3 degrees for every 1,000 feet of elevation above the sea. FORT SIMPSOX. Lat. 62-11° N. ; long. 121° 38' W., per Franklin, 5th August, 1825. liat. 61° 52' N. ; long. 121° 25-2' W., per Capt. Lefroy, 1842-44. Var., .)7° 42' E., per>ranklin, 5th August, 1825. Situated on an island just below the junction of the Mackenzie and Liard Rivers, at about 800 miles from the mouth of the Mackenzie, 158 miles north- westward of Fort Providence, 1 80 miles below Fort Liard, in an air line, and about 300 miles below the source of the Mackenzie. Elevation of the Mackenzie at Fort Simpson, 241 feet above the Polar Sea at the mouth, and 150 feet below the level of Great Slave Lake. This post comprises the headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company for the district, together with the Roman Catholic Mission of the Sacre Cffiur, under Rev. P. Nouel de Krancpic, Vicariate Apostolic of Mgr. II. J. Faraud, and an Anglican Mission in the Diocese of Bishop W. C. Bompas. White population at this station. . '/out 39; Indians in vicinity, about 500. 1, 170 [1800] iliiii:! Mean temperature, June, July, Aunjust -t-')5'37 do December, February, December. — 14*70 Iligliest temperature during summer +69"30 Days rain, 10:3 ; snow 10, (hiring the year. Hours of sunlight, o-'xS in May, r)70 in Jdue, SfjS in July, 481 in Aui,nist. Total hours of sunlight at Fort Simpson, -,147, May, .June, .July, August. do do Ottawa, 1,H05 do ilo Around the tort, the timltor, consisting generally of hemlock, poitlar, birch and tir, is very large and is useil for building purposes. The fort in built of snuared timber. Potatoes of the same size as in Ontario are grown in abundance, and supplies of them are sent by boat to Fort (rood Tfope, 484 miles further north on the Mackeii/ie. Turnips, onions, lettuce and barley are also raised. • On 24th August, 1888, Mr. Ogilvie says, they looked as good as the same kinds seen on tlio Oti .wa market, although this post is l,loi> miles further north than Ottawa. Strawberries blossom about 7th Jiuie. Garden products are available in August. "Wheat has been tried, but with inditl'erent success. Cows and oxen arc kc[>t here all wititer, and fed on native grass. There are large nund»ers of cariboo and moose deer and rabbits, silver fox, beaver, nuirteii, lynx, and foxes of all kinds, geese and ducks, in the Simpson district. The fish used there, are whitefish and trout, ."> to 12 pounds, from (treat Slave Lake. A lish called " la loche," of 30 to 40 pounds, is caught, but is generally used to feed the dogs. In winter the ice on the Mackenzie is fully 6 feet thick. It breaks up and descends from 1st to 14th of May. The river renuiins open until 17th to 30th November, previous to which drift ice descends from llth October to 12th November. Snow 2 to 3 f'^"+ -^leep in winter. FORT SMITH* On west side of Great Slave Ri\-er. Lat. about (J0° X. ; Long, about 112° 20' M. 1161 miles below Fort Chipewyan on Lakc^ Athabasca ; 190X miles above Fort Resolution, on south side of Great Slave Like; l,273i miles above Fort McPhcrson, on the lower Mackenzie. i Fort Smith is at the lower end of a cart rpad, along the west side, over whiclt the outfits for the posts on the Mackenzi") are hauled from the head to the foot of the rapids. t At this station the Hudson's Bay Compai y have a tV'W buildings, and there is also a Roman Catholic Mission called St." Isidore by Mgr. Faraml, who gave it the name of his Auxiliary, Mgr. Isidor", Chit ; the Mission is under the Rev. A. Laity, O.M.I., assisted by a lay bro-hcr. There are about 200 Indians in the vicinity of this post. Large deposits of salt are reported on (Treat Salt River, some miles from the Fort. The salt is used all over the Peace, Athabasca and Mackenzie districts, and to the taste is pure. Mr. McCounell, of the Geologiciil Survey, visited the deposits in the fall of 1887. Ab. Lann is under miles froin Mackenzie «il Survey, FORT SMOKK RTVEU OR FORT BOUCANK. About 6 miles above junction of Peace River, or 7 above Foaco River Landing', whicli is G8 miles by trail north-westward from west end of Little Slave bake. LandlMi,^ Lat. oG^ 15' N. ; Long. 117° 1»1' W. Mission, Lit. 5G ' 10' N. ; Long. 117° 23' W. The R. C. Mission at this station is attended to by the missionaries in cliari,^o of the St. Diaries Mission : — liev. Aug. lEusson and Desnuxrais under Mg'". Faraud and Mgr. Chit, his Auxiliary. Tlie soil along the? road between fiitth' Slave Lake and the mouth of Smoking River is ot a superior quality. On the borders of the Peace; and Liard Rivers there are several magniliceiu sections of good alhi\ ial lands. For details respecting land, trees, climate, etc., see Peace River District. NdTh;. Sic " l.iilic Sii'. Aiiiu' Missidii" in Addrtidii. FORT ST. JOHN. On Peace River, near east side of Rocky Nrountains, beyond S(Mith-\vest corner of Athabasca District, 0.) miles west of Fort Dunvegan and 125 miles west ot Hudson's Hcqto. Lat. about 50] X. ; L(»ng. about 121° ^Y. i'rofessor Maeoun states that [lotatoes, oats, barley and many varieties of vegetables were in a very Hourishing state in " Nigger Dan's" garden. The oats stood nearly live leet high, and the l)arley had made nearly an equal growth, on 2Gth July, 187.'). The? barley and oats were both ripe about the 12th August. Perries on the plateau ripen about a we-ek later than near the river. From 18GG to 187') the ice on the Peace River l)r(dce up between the Pith and 2Gth of April. Towards the fall of the year, the ice begins to drift between the :Ust October and the 10th of November. Mr. Selwyn, referring to the journals of temperature, etc., kept at this station, has rei)orted that the climate of tlie Peace River compares favourably with that of the Saskatchewan or of Montreal. LAKE ST. JOHN REGION. On the northern, north-eastern and western sides of Lake St. John t'uere is a vast extent of alluvial soil of great depth and fertility. The soil on the south shore is not so fertile nor so deep as upon the north and west shores. As the lake is sheltered by mountains, the climate is comparatively mild, less subject to variation and more regular than in the rest of the Province of Quebec, as established by meteorological observations. {Sec comparative state- ment of thermometrical observations made and altitudes above the sea level measured during J. Richardson's exploration of 1870, at pages 858, 359, Gen. Rep. P. W., 18G7-82.) Heat and rain are not so excessive as in ""he great' ?• part of the district of Quebec. The climate is as mild as that of Montreal, and is highly favourable for the culture of all sorts of grain and vegetables, including fall wheat, beets and turnips, and is especially adapted for the raising of horned cattle, sheep and pigs. Spring begins two to three weeks earlier than at Quebec, and the soil is ready for the cultivation of vegetables before the lake ice disappears. 11 ;!M. 172 fl8!»0] 1 ' ■■ i ■ ' i f '''1 I 1 , HI M''- Tec lieu'iiirt to torin ii\ NovcinlxT, and tho lake is iif'tnibor, Ice lic^iins to disappear aloiiu; the Ixmh-rs of tlie lake towinds the middle of April. Tlie whole of the lake is free from ice towards the l-jth of May. The hed of the lake consists of limestone wliieh ('ro|is ont on its western shore. The dimensions, elevation and depth of the lake are : «Mil<'H. Oroatest lontjth -8 do width 20 Contour H'} Area 'M\!j}. Elevation above the sen 278 feet, jier report 8th Mai'ch, 1881, of A. h. Light, Ch. Kiiff. R., P.Q. (The Lake surfuve rises nlnhtt '20 ftct in spnuij aliore its v'inier IrviL) Klevation above the sen 208 feet, per Riehardson's report, June, 187(*. Depth of lake varies generally from 3 feet at one mile from shore to 12 and 5 4 feet at lA to 8 miles from shore, and to HO feet and more towards tlic middle of the lake, where the greatest depth varies from ()() to 22.') feet. The entire territory yet to be colonized and developed by means of rail- way and steamboat comnmnication, in the St. Maurice, Quebec. Saguenay and Lake St. John regions, contains as much cultivable land as that n(»w occupied in the t^wo Provinces of New Brunswick nnd Nova Scotia. ST. MAURICP:, QUEBEC AND SA(JUENAY RVXiM \S. In the immediate vicinity of the railway there are G million!! of acres, of which at least one-half is reported as being well adapted for settlement. Jietween the St. Maurice and the Saguenay the extent ot territory to bo settled and developed is estimated at 28 millions of acres. The settlement of the country along the main line of railway from Quebec to Lake t-it. John and the branch line to St. Tite on the Canadian I'aciiic branch of railway from Three Rivers to the Grandos Piles, on the St. Maurice, is progressing rapidly since 1S82-83 N.B.— F " ■ as regards cl G. F. Baillairg_, ...... ^. ..., ^.,.. „. „„ _^.., . . ..., _. See also report of A. L. Light, Chf. Eng. (iov. Rys., V.Q., l>th March, 1881, in answer to an Order of the House of Commons, 14th Feb., 1881. ig rapidly since 1S82-83. For a full description of the Lake St. John and Saguenay regions, limate, soil, minerals, forests, products, cSic, see App No. 8, bv irge, D. M. P. W., pp. 844 to 440 of Gen. Rep., P. W., 1807-82. TEMISKAMING LAKE. Between latitudes 10^ 45' and AT 40', and longitudes 79^ and 70 10', consists of three lakes, the lower, middle and upper, connected by narrow straits, and extends 75 miles, without any obstructions to vessels of the largest tonnage. The upper lake extends from Fort Temiskaming to the head, ami is from 6 to 8 miles in width ; it is studded with picturesque islands. The south end of the lower lake is about 40 miles north-eastward of North Bay, at north or upper end of Lake Nipissing. The })rojected railway from North Bay to Moose Factory, 350 miles in ength, is to connect with Lakes Temiskaming and Abitibi. Area of Lake Temiscaming, per Deville, 113 square miles. Kir Uivcrs,^ tides, til Th. l,v(i. K Moiitrci ill mi bo Da [181(0] 17:{ « \v occupied VS. of acres, of 'riK'iit. ■ritory to 1)0 Voiii Qiicltcc liiiii Tacilit! ">t. Maurice, lay regions, ' No. H, l)v '., ISiil-ni iireh, LS.si, nd 7!P }()', by narrow the largest head, and stward of ' miles in KIcvntion altovc tlio waters of the St. T-nwronoeor of the son, at Tl'rne Rivers, whicli in the highest poiiit alfected lu uny extent by the action of the tides. any'rt I'ost, latitude 47" 19' north. (lo do longitude 79' ;U' west. Mean summer temperature, IHHH Fune, duly and August, G9°'2 ii<> wintei' do December, Jnnuarv and February, Highest during the year IHHS luly and August, (J 7 -33. ,()west do Days cloudy and rain during the year 1888. do HI low .January, 9°-28. .72. .38. Ill this region there is good clay soil along the tlats of the rivers and crocks : generally, however, a sandy loam prevails. There is a U. C mission here, under the Uev. F. X. Tlierien, sup., .T. (iiii'^iieii, A Moiirier, and F. A. Fatard, O.M.I., of the Apostolic Vicariate of Tcntiac, under Mgr. N. Z. Lorruin. Uarli'v. oats, ry(% jieas and beans, turnips, heetp, carrots, cabbages, onions, tomatoes. iS:c., arc grown witli facility. Indian coin is grown in more tlian one locality near the head of the lake, and is said to ripen well. Y'n'iN. — White and ri'd pine are scattered over the whole region between Lake Tciniskaiiiing and Lake Abitibi ; thi'V are abundant and of good (juality on the slopes of the hills along the Height of Land, some are from 8 to 9 feet in circumference. AVbite tpruce, yellow birch and i-edar, of good size, are alimidant. Sugar maple is tolerably plentiful round the head of the lake, but is not seen further north. The sam<' remark applies to swamp maple and white oak. North of the limit of the sugar nuple, the most abundant tree in the region beyond the lake, is aspen, after w liicli comes canoe-birch, sj)ruce, bank- sian pine and Canada balsam. Elm and ash grow occasionally on lo." Hats, as far as Lake Abitibi. Fishes ill this lake and that of Tamagaming, west of it : — Bass, pickerel, pike, and salmon trout in abundance. Flagging slabs of good (piality and largo dimensions are found on the west side of Lake Temiskaming, about 7 miles above the " Ualere." Roofing slates are found .'> miles up the Montreal River, which discharges into the Middle Lake, on its west side. Wild animals and feathered game are abundant in the region towards James' I5ay. FORT VERMILIOK On Peace River, which discharges into the Great Slave River, and also connects with Lake Athabasca. Latitude, about 68 ; 25' longitude about 116°. Elevation above the sea, about 1,000 feet. About 320 miles north-east of Fort .Dunvegan, on the Feace River. •1 't'S 174 [1890] ■v'^8 m^ Al^or.t 284 miles Avestwarcl of Fort Chipewyan, near foot of Lake Athabasca. Temperature, highest, +00°. Roman Catholic mission of St. ITenri and school for Indians, nndcr Rev. C. II. Joiissai.1,0.M.I., diocese of Bishop Faraud and Mgr. Glut, his coadjutor. Anglican mission and school under Rev. Garrioch and E. J. Ijawreuce, 0100^:0 of Bishop R. Young. Indians in the vicinity of this Fort, about 300. W. Ogilvio, in his report of IGth July, 1880, states : — At Vermilior, along the river on the south side, there are about twelve to fourteen miles of prairie, with small poplar and scrub, which runs Imck from the i-ivor fd)Out three miles. The soil is good black loamy clay, loose and deep, with a gravelly clay subsoil. Wheat and barley, turnips, potatoes, carrots and parsnips thrive well. The Anglican mission school, for the teacliing ofthe young in the distnot has a farm attached, with about twenty acres under cultivation, under the management of E. J. Lawrence. Last year (1887) his crops of potatoes, barley and wheat were splendid ; this year the frost almost destroyed everything. Mr. Garrioch, in charge of the Anglican mission, also cultivates quire a large piece, from twenty -five to thirty acres, in connection with the mission. The Hudson's Bay Company has an extensive field, growing both roots and grain (wheat and barley) ; tlie Roman Catholic mission also cultivates sonic ground. Besides the above farms, several others were located, in LSST, In- private parties, ail of whom seem hop.^ful for the future. In the winter of 1887, 27 Cree Indians, out of a Band of oO, died of starvation, and were eating each other near this station ; they had no snow- shoes, and could not therefore go out to hunt. The missionaries were unable to assist them ; they receive nothing from the Government; from 20 to 2-3 per cent, of duty is collected on articles imported I'or the use of the settlers in that part of the country. FORT WRIGLEY. Lat. over 63° ; Long, about 123°. On east side of the Mackenzie. 624*5 miles above Fort McL'herson. 180-3 do 0] FORT YUKON. Ill Alaska, United States Territory, at junction of Yukon and Porcupine Rivers. Lat. fi6° 3/ N". ; Long. Mo° 20' W., per Map, Dept. Int., 18-7. Barley is grown at this station. YUKON DISTRICT. Yukon RrvER and Tiuhutautes. From Chilkoot Pass, or Lake Jknnctf, tn t/ie Alaska boundary, west oi Fort Reliance. From Lat. 60° and Long. 185° to Lat. Gj° 15' and Long. I4l° Mr. W. Ogilvie, Dominion Land Surveyor, in his report of IGth July, 1889, describes the country traversed by him in the Yukon District and I'lso- where in 1887. After describing the country seen along his route, from the Chilkoot Pass to the boundary beyond Fort Reliance, he states : — AVithout the discovery and development of large mineral wealth, it is not likely that the slender agricultui'al revenues of the region will ever attrait attention, at least until the better parts ofonr Territories are crowded. In the event of such discovery some of the land might be used lor tlie production of vegetables for tiie miners ; but even in tliat case, with the transport facilities which the district commands, it is very doubtful if it coiilii compete profitably with the south and east. The Yukon has a course of 2, '200 miles from its source to the ocean. The river is not generally clear of ice until between the 2r)th of May and the 1st of .Tunc, and heavy frosts occur early in Septemlier, and sometiincs earlier. At the boundary, ()87*5o miles from Haines Mission, Chilkoot Inlet, thoro are two flats of several hundreds of acres each : one on the west side, the (itlior three miles above it, on the east side. Both of these are covered with po[ilai', spruce and white birch, also, with some willows and some small pine. In making preparations tor the foundation of our house at our winter quarters near the l)oundary, we liad to excavate in the bank of th<' I'iver. ainl in an exposed place, where the sun's rays woidd reach the surfaces witiidiit hindrance from trees or other shade, we tound the de[»th to the perpetually frozen ground to be not more than two feet. In the woods \rhere the groinid is covered witli over a fiot of moss, the fro/Cen gnnmd is immediately lielew the moss. On tins the tind)er is generally small and of very slow growth, as is evident from the numb 'r of anmial rings of growth. 1 have seen trees i)t' only three or four inches in diameter wiiich were upwards of one hundred and fifty years old. YUKON RIVKR NAVIGATION. From the mouth of the river on Behring Sea, across United States 'iVrri- tory, the distance "-o the International l^>oundary Lmeat 141"^ of west longitude is about 1,500 s ; thence across Caiuulian Territory to the confluence of Lake Bennett, i. distance is about 0:i!)";)4 miles. The confluence of the Yukon and Porcupine Rivers is about 200 m Ics N. W. from the International Boundary Line, according to Capt. C. \V. Kay- [1890] 177 and Porcupine 18>7. /, wc.sl 01 Fort 41° of 16th July, strict and clso- the Chilk "Ot 1 woaltli, it is ill ever attract )\vded. >e used lor the aso, witii tho ;tul if it t'oulii tlie occiin, li of May and nd sonu'tiiiu's ot Inlet, tluTo 'ido, tlie othvT 1 with iui|iliir. l>ine. at our wiiiliT li" river. ;ui(l rfaco without e iierpetuiilly •(' the <>;rouii(l liatelv hclow |\v grow til, as seen trees of one huiKheil IStates Terri- est lonii'itiKk! L'onlluonce of iJt 200 niJos C. ^V. liaj- inond of the United States Corps of Engineers, who was there for some time in 1869. It is 412 feet above the sea, which gives a fall of 1-9 per mile on the 200 miles. Three steamboats, the "Yukon," the " St. Michel " and the "Explorer," belonging to the Alaska Commercial and Fur Trading Companjy- , navigate the river ; they are small and carry little or no freight, but they tow loaded barges ; the Company intended to put a larger boat, on the river in 1888, one that would carry 120 to 200 tons of freight and make 5 to 7 miles per hour up stream on the upper portion of the river, instead of the present stern-wheel boats which scarcely reach 3 or 4 miles an hour. There is another steamer, the " New Rocket," which takes supplies to the Forty Mile River ; she is about 40 feet long, 9 to 10 feet beam, with about 2 feet draught ; she was 22 days out from St. Michel's Island near the mouth of the Yukon ; she endeavoured to ascend the Stewart River Avith supplies for the miners but could not overcome the current. YUKON^ DISTRICT. Fisir. With the exception of a small species locally called the Arctic trout, fish are not numerous in the district. On the Avay down, salmon were first seen twenty or twenty-five miles above Five Finger Rapids, 316-74 miles below Lake Bennett. After coming np the river Yukon lor a distance of 2,000 miles from the sea, they are poor, and would not realize much on the market. PLANTS. A small collection of plants was made along the river, and those obtained above the I'elly, were taken homo by Dr. Dawson of the Geological Survey. (See Appendix of Ogilvie's Report). SNOW, ICE, ETC. First snow of the season on the mountain tops, 10th Sept., 1887.. do in the valley, 23rd Sept., 1887. Temperature of river water, +38^ 1st Oct., 1887. During winter, at the International Boundary Line, the temperature was as follows : — Mean Minimum Mt'iin Minimum at 7:30 a.m. at 1:30 p.m. 1887--October -118-5 November - 5-1 - December -33-6 -27-6 1888— January -25-3 -15-3 February -16-8 -4-3 First ice drifting ir river, on 21st Oct., 1887. Ice set in river, o?: 15th Xov., 1887. Thickness of ice, 14A inches, on 1st Dec , 1887. do 40.^ do on 3rd Jan., 1888. do 48" do on 3rd Feb. 1888. do 48.1 d^ on 2nd March, 1888. 9_]2=i-i: I' i." .1 SI m ^mA lis [1890J YUKOJ" DISTRICT. A>T1MALS. :^ll The principal furs procured in the district are the silver-grey and black fox, the number of which bears a greater ratio to the number of red t'oxes than in any other part of the country. Marten and sable are numerous, also lynx ; hut otter are scarce, s.r'd beaver almost unknown. Game is not now as abundant as before mining began, and it is difficult. in fact impossible, to get any close to the river. The Indians have to ascend the tributary streams to get anything worth going after. On the uplands, vast herds of cariboo still wander, and when the Indian^ encounter a herd, they allow very few to escape, although they do not require the meat. The mountain sheep (Ijig-horn) and mountain goats exist everywhei-c in the territory ; they are seldom seen from the river. ISIllDS. These are scarce. Some ravens, magpies and partridges were seen. together with a few white-headed tagles, and some owls. Wild geese and ducks are plentiful in their season, and of ducks then are many more species than in any other part of the territory, were observed towards the head of the River Porcupine. Most of tlie^c MINERALS. A seam of coal was found on the Lewes River, about six miles above Five Finger Rapids. This seam is about three feet thick ; the coal looks good. G. C. IT oilman describes it as a lignite coal. Dr. Dawson made an examination of this seam. Coal seams were also seen six miles below Kiw Finger Rapids and near Coal Creek, tive miles below Forty-Mile Rivcv. Some of the seams measure tive feet and one of them seven feet. METALS. Mr. Ogih K . tptes: It is probable that we have not less than 1,400 miles of stream in the C;ii;i«h;ii. par, of the Yukon district, upon all of which gnM can be found. Stewart Rive,- h ih" riin,000. 1'. ^miy he irae, as many •, gree tliat 'f'SO per day per man was common on manr -f J c 1 !;-s cfi the Stewart River. The quantity of p-old ivv.nd in 1885-80, l)y about forty miners, on tlie Forty Mile River, is e£-t^>;.a1t-d at from .?112,:)00 to $130,000. torv evorywliei-0 in [1890] 179 YUKON AND ATHABASCA DIST:IICTS. Freifjld Rates. Messrs. Harper, McQucstion and Co., are the only persons who have been tloina; business in the country, apart from gold mining, since 1873. Thoy occu- iiicd Fort lleliance for some years and afterwards cstfiblishod a trading post at Stewart River in 1886 on account ot the miners who were working there. In 1887 they established a post at Forty-Mile River, whither nearly all the miners Avent when course gold had been found. They do a sort of commission Inisiness for the Alaska Commercial and Far Trading Company. Their freight charges are §30 per ton for goods paid for in furs and $125 per ton for goods paid ff)r in cash, for the use of the miners. The prices paid in 1887, were $17,50 for flour per 100 lbs. , S40 for bacon [GO ; $18 for beans per bushel ; $30 tor sugar per 100 ; $1.25 for tea per per 11). Their sales during the season, amount to about $60,000. fes were seen. ATHABASCA DISTRICT. From Calgary on the Canadian Pacific Railway to Edjiionton on the Xorth Saskatchewan, the distance by cart trail is about 196 mih's, or 192 in a direct line. All the material brought into the northern district has to be freiirhted along this trail and the machinery for several steam mills has been liauTed over it," The freight rates from Calgary to Edmonton arc from one and a-half to three cents per pound, according to the state of the roads, and the necessities of the importers. It k; e YUKON TERRITORY, From Chilkoot Inlet at the head of Lynn Inlet on the Pacific Coast. Distances from Haines Missicm. Mil Distances from Haines Mission. Miles. ners, on th lliiines Mission, Chilkoot Inlet at tlie head (if Lyini Channel, to entrance of Taiya inlet J;" Hea.Iof Taiya Tnlet., ........ ^. ^-^;; - Hi ail of canoe navigation, 1 aiya Kiver 20 OJ Forks of Taiya Hivei 28 50 Siiiuiiiit of Taiya I'ass -« ^« liiiiidinK at Lake Lyndeniaii 4^ IS Fdot of Lake Lyndenian 47(il Head of T-ake Heiinett +''-'l liow.idarv line IVC. and N . W.T. (Lat. 00 ) ;.S 21 FiMit of Lak.' H.-nnett ,- • • ■ v. , "''"•'' Foot of (^arihoo CrossinK (liak >,ares of Schwatka) 111'^ Foot of Tagish Lake !••<■(_ llia.lof MaishLake !>«-2' Foot of Marsh Lake \\'-, H Head of Caiaiii '1;^ «' Foot of Canon 14.{t.« Head of White Horse HajiLIs Foot of White Horse Kapids Tahkdieeiia KiviM' Head of Lake Laharge I'oot of Lake T^aliarge Tes-lin-too liiver (Xewl terry of Hchwatka) liig Salmon Kiver of miners (D'Ahhadieof Schwatka) Little Salnion River of miners tDaly of! Schwatka^ ! Five Finger Kajiid^ (Rink Rapids of Sch- watka) Pellv River White River Stewart River Fjrt l{eliaiice Forty-Mile River IJoundarv line 1 let ween Canada and Alaska, r.S.,' at 141" Long. W U.', 07 14.-) 4.-I lliO 04 17.S1'.» L'04 34 I'.Sd 00 2()!>-4.-i 30,-) (H; .3C.4!Ci 423 41 T)!!) :23 .52!) -03 (>02-.32 (147 20 (),S I ;).! (,S'(( Reiiort of William Ogilvie, D.L.S., liitli .Tuly, IHSi), to Dt'partment of Interior, on his Flxplora- tory Survey of part of the Lewes, Tat-on-Due, I'orciipiiie, F.ell. Trout, I'eel and Mack, nzie Rivers.) 9— 12Vi==i= 180 ^.[ h'i [1890] YUKON TERRITORY. From Fort McPherson, west of the Mackenzie, up to Fort Chipewyan, Lake Athabasca. DiHtances from Fort McPherHon. Miles. Mackenzie River projwr Red River A large river entering on the east side, name tmknown Loon River Hare Indian River Fort (xfMKl Hope Ramparts Heaver River Sans Haut Rapids Mountain River Caracajm River Great B'^ar River Fort >« oniian (iravel River Riv. le Vieux (irand Lac Fort Wrigley 1 321 (iO 1 120-5 250-8 272-4 1 274-7 1 2«3-(t 2{t5-7 322-7 323 3 32K-0 444 .■.I-2 Mi) S i 550-5 024 5 River between Two Mountains. Willow Lake River Me-hauner River Fort Simj)8on Head of Line Yellow Knife l{iver Little Lake Fort Providenc;e (Jreat Slave Lake _ . . . Hay River . . IJutfalo River Buffalo Cieek Fort Ri-olution Fort Sniilli Head of Rapids Peace River ... Fort Chipewyan Miles. fiaso tlW'S 758 T) 85;') 'li KI)2-0 HKi'O !Hi2-() 071 1) o,s;V(i 27;),-, ,3!K)() (Sec Reixjrt of W. Ogilvie, IGth July, IHS!).) YUKON DISTRICT. =H= Proposed route to gold mines, at head loaters of the Yukon JRiver, and to th. Cass'iar Mines, B.C. : — Miles. "Waggon road, Edmonton to head of Polly River 840 Edmonton to Athabasca Lsmding (road built) 90 Post, Lesser Slave Lake 100 Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Landing (road built) -.tO Peace River Landing to Fort Ilalket on the Liard.... 300 Fort Halket to Lake Frances, head of Pelly River 200 840 The cost going to the mines by the Coast, with two years' supplie?, at least, '5400. The cost by the proposed new route would be $250. By the coast route supplies must be purchased in Duncan or Sitka, in American territory. The Pelly is navigable from Iloule Rapids, 25 miles from I'elly Banks Post to junction of Porcupine River — 1,000 miles without a break, while on the other hand the Lewis Riv. f, down which miners from the coast must travel, is broken by numer< rapids and three lakes, out of which the ice does not move until July, The present cost of previsions on the Yukon, is : — Per 100 ll,s. r<.r 100 lbs. Flour $10 Bacon 25 *Svc ReiMirt of Senator Schultz' Committee, 18S8, p. 155. Beans $25 Apples 25 >ewyan, Lake Hon. Miles, <>(!<■« «2!)T, HII2'0 !ll()u il(l2'0 )t!l7'0 1,II710 1,II,SH|, 1,27,T,-, 1,1.',S7-.-, • .•'I'l.S'!) PA.RT VIII. BOUNDARIES BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES (Old to the AM) OF THE I..H. 40 no , at r Sitka, in slly Banks :, while on :oast must ch the ice PROVINCES OF NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK AND QUEBEC, —OF THE LABRADOR COAST UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF NEWFOUNDLAND,-OF THE PROVINCES OF ONTARIO, MANI- TOBA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, AM) ALSO OF THK niOVISIONAL DISTRICTS OF KEEWATIN, ASSINIBOIA, SASKAT- CHEWAN, ALBERTA AND ATHABASCA. lbs. ) » 182 [1890] LI' Authority by which the Boundaries of Canada and of the Provinces AND Provisional Districts were Fixed. CANADA. Convention between Great Britain and the United States, 1818. Decision of Comrnissionei"s under VI and VII Articles of the Treaty ol Ghent, 18i2. Southern boundaries commencing from the East ; — Asliburton Treaty, 1^42. Washington Treaty, 1846. Decision of the Emperor of Gerniany, 1S72. Describoil hv Bouehette. Nova S'-iitid. New Bnmswiek, 1842. Imperial Act, 14 and 15 Vic, cap. 03, 18al-52, and Ahliburtou Treat}', '■Hclirc and Lahrailor, Soutlu-rii boundary bv 1-i ;uid 15 Vie., cap. 63, 1851-52, and Ashbiirton Treaty. 1842. Western boundar\- by Governor General's Proclamation, Novendjer, 1791, and 28 Vic, cap. 21, 1860. Xorthern boundary between Provinces and North-East Territories— dis- puted. North-Eastern boundai-y between Province and Xorth-East Coast of Labrador, under Government of Newfoundland, as deseribed in Governor Bannerman's Cominission, lOth August, 1863. OntiiriiK Southerly boundary l)y VI Article of the Treaty of Ghent, 24th Decendior, 1814, and the decision of Commissioners ap[)ointed thereunder, 18th June, \'6-12.. 44 Vic, cap. 14, 1881. Manitoba BrUisli Coluiuhia. 1884 Paris Convention, 1825. 29 and 30 Vic, .-ap. 67, sec. 7, 1866-67 ; 47 Vic, cap. 14, Statutes B. C, PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS. Kecwatin. 39 Vict., cap. 21, 1876. Prviclamation, 7th May, 1886. Assiniboia, Saskatchiivan, Alberta, AlJuittasca. Order in Council, 8th May, 1882. IE Pkovixces 1818. r tlie Treaty ot ilniitoii Trciity, -lul Aslildirtou jveniber, 1791, crritoriori — dU- ■East Coast of I in Governor ttli Dceeiiilior, thJuiio, 1&2-2. Itatiitos B. C, [18!)0] DESCRIPTION OF BOUNDARIES. 183 (^ AN ADA. V,y the Ashburton Treaty, 1842, it was agreed that tlio line of boundary >huulfl hi' as follows : — Heiriiming at the monument at the source of the St. Croix, thence nortli t'lillowiiii;' the exploring lino run in 1817 and 1818 to its intersection with the River St. John; thence up the middle of the main channel of that ri^-cr to the iiuiiith of the RiverSt. Francis ; thence up the clianncl of the River St. Fr? ncis to the outlet of Lake Pohenaganiook ; thcnee aouth-westcrly in a straight line to a point on the north-west l>ranch of ;he River St. John which point shall be roil miles distant from the main branch of the St. John and seven miles from rlie summit of the highlands which divide the rivers which empty themselves into the River St. Jjawrence from those which fall into the River St. John ; tlit'iice in a straight line about south, 8 degrees west to the point where the piiiallel of latitude 40° 2[)' north intersects the south-west branch of the St. Joliii's ; thence soutlierly by the said branch to the source thereof in tlu! liigli- !;ui(ls at the Metgarnu'tte I'ortage; thence down along the said highlands to the head of Hall's Stream ; thence down the middle of said stream till the line thus run intersects the old line of boundary surveyed by Valentine and Collins previously to 1774 as the 45th degree of north latitude, and from said ONTARIO. Westerly, northerly and easterly boundaries, by Canada Act, (Ontario Boundary), passed by Imperial Parliament, 02-53 Vie., cap. 28, 12th August, 1SK9. the shores to a point o]ipositetlie north-west corner or angle ot said island ; inence to and along the middle of the main river — as expressed in detail in the said de- ei ion— to the south ol" Grand or Long Island, keeling near its southern shore and passing to the north of Carlton Island until it arrives opposite to the south-west- ern point of said Long Island hi Lake Ontario: thence passing to the north of Grenadier, Fox, Stoney and the Gallops Islands in Lake Ontario, and to the south of the islands called "the Ducks" to the middle t)f the said lake ; thence westerly along the middle ot the said lake, to a point opposite the mouth of the Niagara River ; tlience to and up the middle of the said river — as described in said. decision — to Lake Erie ; thence southerly and westerly along the middle of Lake Erie in a direction to enter the passage immediately south of Middle Island ; thence along the said passage proceeding to the north of Cunningham'is Island and of the three Bass Islands and of the Western Sister and to the south of the Hen and Chickens and of the Eastern and Middle Sisters ; thence to the middle of the Detroit River in a direction to enter the channel which divides i'-!f; 182 [1890J B Authority by which the Boundaries of Canada and op the Provinces AND Provisional Districts were Fixed. CAXAUA. Convention between Great Britain and the United States, 1818. Decision of Comrnis ''oners under VI pnd VII Articles of the Treaty oi Ghent. 18 -.2 boutiiern boundarits (;on]mencing from the East .• — Ashburton Treaty, 18+2. Washington Treaty, 184G. Decision of the Emperor of Germany, 1872. Nova Scdtid. Described by Bouchette. New JBravswiclc. ImiK'rial Act, 14 and 15 Vic, cap. (J3, 1851-52, and Ashburton Treaty, 1842 Quebec and JjubriuJor. Soutlicrn boundary bv 14 and 15 Vic, cap. US, 1851-52, and Aslibiirtoii Treaty, 1842. 44 Vic, cap. 14, 1881. Jlavitoii'i. British Colambia. 1884 Paris Convention, 1825. 29 and 30 Vic, .-ap. 07, sec. 7, 18GG-G7; 47 Vic, cap. 14, Statutes B. C, PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS. Keeioatin. 39 Vict., cap. 21, 1876. Prochmiatiou, 7th May, 188G. Assiniboia, Saskatcheican, Alberta, Atliabn.sai. Order in Council, 8th May, 1882. rKOVlXCEs 818. tlie Ti'oatjol tiituii Ticiilv, (1 Asliiuirtc ' . 1 ' itutes B. C, [18!t0] DESCRIPTION OF BOUNDARIES. 188 CANADA. \\y the Asliburton Treaty, 1842, it wjw agreed that the lino of l)onndary yliuilld be as follows : — Hejrimiiiig at the monmnent at the soun-e of the St. Croix, thence north following the- exploring line run in 1817 and 1818 to its interserlion with the River St. John ; thenee np the middle of the main channel of that river to the moiitli (''the JliverSt. Francis; thence np the channel of the IliverSt. Francis to tlic outlet of Lake Pohenagamook ; thence aonth-westei-ly in a straight lino to II point on the north-west Itranch of the Uiver St. John which point shall ho ti'ii miles distant from the main hram-li of the St. flohn and seven miles from f!ie sinniriit of the highlands whicli divide the rivers which empty themselves into the llivcr St. Lawrence from those which fall into the I\iver St. .lohn ; tlience in a straight line about south, S degrees west to the point where the lianillel of latitude 4(!'-' 2iV north intersects the south-west branch of the St. Jolui's ; tlu'iice southerly l>y the said branch to the source thereof in the high- huids at the Metgarmette I'ortage; thence down along the said highlands to the head of Hall's Stream : thence down tiie middle of said stream till the line thus run intersects the t)ld lino of boundary surveyed by Vadentiiu' and Collins previously to 1774 as the 4r)th degree of north latitude, and from said point of intersection west along the said line to the St. Lawrence River. By the deeisif)n of Commissioners a]>pointed under the Vlth Article of the Treaty of Oheiit. ^igned at Utica l.stli June, 182i', the boundary was oiui'ied wi'st as follows : — beginning at ii stone monument erected by Andrew Ellicott in 1817 i>n the south shore of the St. Lawrence, which monument bears south 74 4iV West and 1840 yards distant from the stone church in the village of St. Kegis and indicates the jioint at whivdi the 45th [tarallel of north latitude strikes the said river ; thence rumiing iu)rth 85 dog. 45 sec. west into the river on a lino at right angles with tlu' southern shore to a [)oint 100 yards sc^ith of Cornwall Island : thence turning westerlv and nassiuii around the Bouthern and westerlv sides of said island keei>ing 100 vards distant therefrum and tollowiuii' the curvature of the shores to a [)oint opposite the north-west corner or angle of said island ; thenee to and along tlie middle of the main river — as expressed in detail in tlu' said de- cision— to the south of Grand or Long Island, keeping near its southern shore and passiugto the north of Carlton Island until it arrives opposite to the south-west- ern point of said Long Lsland in Lake Ontario; thence passing to the north of Grenadier, Fox, Stoney and the Callops Islands in Lake Ontario, and to the south of the islands called "the Ducks" to the middle of the said lake ; thence westerly along the middle ot the said lake, to a point opposite the mouth of the Niagara River ; thence to and up the middli' of the said river — as described in said .decision — to Lake Erie; thence southerly and westerly along the middle of Lake P]rie in a direction to enter the passage innnediately south of Middle Island ; thence along the said jjassage proceeding to the nouth of (hiimingham's Island and of the three Bass Islands and of the Western Sister and to the south of the lien and Chickens and of the Eastern and Middle Sisters ; thence to the middle of the Detroit River in a direction to enter the channel which divides Hi 3 ^, ^ ^1^ *^<^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ! I.I L&m 125 ■i* lU 12.2 E lit ■" IL25 i 1.4 HI 8 Hiotographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) •72-4903 4gc 184 [1890] :il m.': ifiiitaiiii hHHHHh Bois-Blancaad Sugar Islands ; thence up the said channel — as described in said decision— to Lake St. Clair ; thence through the middle of said lake in a direc- tion to enter the River St. Clair through the old ship channel ; thence along the middle of said channel — as described in said decision — to Lake Huron; thence through the middle of Lake Huron in a direction to enter the strait or passage between Drummond's Island and the Little Manitou Island ; thence through the middle of the passage ; thence turning northerly and westerly around the eastern and northern shores of Drummond's Island — as more particularly described in said decision — until it strikes a line passing across the river at the head of St. Joseph's Island and at the foot of the Neebish Rapids. The same Commissioners were authorized to d ^termine the line from the water communication between Lake Huron and Lake Superior to the most north-western point of the Lake of the Woods. By the Convention between Great Britain and the United States, signed at London, October 20, 1818, it was agreed that h line drawn from the most north-western point of the Lake of the "Woods along the 49th parallel of north latitude, or, if the said point shall not be on the said parallel, then that u line drawn from the said point due north or south, as the case may be, until the said line shall intersect the said parallel, and from the point of such intersection due west along and with the said parallel, shall be the lino of demarcation between the two countries from the Lake of the Woods to the Stoney Mountains. By the Treaty signed at Washington, 15th June, 1846, the lina of boundary was continued westward along the said 49th parallel of north latitude to tlio middle of the channel which separates the contiaent from Vancouver's Island ; and thence southerly, through the middle of the said channel and of Fucn's Straits to the Pacific Ocean. A difference of opinion having arisen between the two countries, a treaty was made at Washington, on 8th May, 1871, by which the matter was left to the Emperc of Germany. On 21st October, 1872, he decided that the claim of the Governnient of the Fnited States, viz : — that the line of boundary between the United Stuteis and Canada, should be run through the canal of Haro, as most in accordance with the Washington Treaty of 1846. NOVA SCOTIA. {Including Cope Breton.) The Province is an extensive peninsula connected with the Continent of North America by a narrow isthmus of about lb miles in width, between Bay Verte, in the Straits of Northumberland, and Cumberland Basin, at the eastern extremity of the Bay of Fundy. It is situate between 43° 25 and 47" north latitude and 59'' 40' and 66° 30' longitude west from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north-west by the Bay of Fundy and by the boundary line extending from Cumberland Basin, in Chignecto Bay, to the Bay Verte, which separates it from the County of Westmoreland in New Brunswick ; on the north and west by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and on the south, east and south- east by the Atlantic Ocean. The Gut of C eastern jn The Indi wide. -A until "ith separated Lieutena icas re-a) Note— [18R0] 185 ribed in said keinadirec. thence along ake Huron; the strait or and ; thence fid westerly d— -as more Jssing across he Neebish ine from the to tlie most e^', signed at fn the most llel of north that a line »p, until the intersection iemarcation the Stoiicy )f boundary tude to the er'd Island ; d of Fuca's les, a treaty was kit to ernnient of lited States accordance )ntinent of between in, at the 25 and 47" ch. It is idary line "te, wh'ch :; on the nd south- er P^ BRETON. The Island of Cape Breton, which is separated from the mainland by the Gut of Canso, derived its name from the Basque fishermen who first gave it to eastern promontory of the island in remembrance of their old home near Bay onne. The Indian name was ^^Coonumahghee." It is about 110 miles long by 80 miles wide. After its capture on 26th July, 1758, it remained a separate province until "ith October, 1763, ivhen it was annexed to Nova Scotia. It was again separated in 1784, and remained a separate province under the control of a Lieutenant-Governor and Council of Nine until the 9th October, 1820, when it was re-annexed. ^otc—Scc Broii'n'g Historii of Cape Breton, ISii'.}. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Formerly called He St.-Jean under the French regime, is situated in the southern portion of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is bounded on the south by Northumberland Strait. It is 40 miles from Cape Breton Island, 15 miles from Xova Scotia and 9 miles from New Brunswick. The extreme length is 140 miles, the extreme width 34 miles, and the area is 2,000 square miles. This island sui-rendered to the English under Lord Rollo in 1758 ; its name was changed to that of Prince Edward in 1799. Note. — For further |>ai'ticulars tux page 73. NEW BRUNSWICK. The boundary between New Brunswick and Canada was settled by the Imperial Act 14 and 15 Vic, cap. 63, in conformity with an award made hy arbitrators appointed by the Governor General and Lieutenant Governor, as follow.s : — On the west by the boundary of the United States as traced in 1842, from the source of the St. Croix to a point near the outlet of Lake Pech-la-wee-kaa- co-nies, or Lake Beau ; thence by a straight line connecting that point with another point to be determined at the distance of one mile due south from the southernmost point of Long Lake ; thence by a straight line drawn to the southerninost point of the Fief Madawaska and Temiscouata, and along the south-eastern boundary of those liefs to the south-east angle of the same ; thence by a meridional line northwards till it meets a line running east and west, and tangent to the height of land dividing the waters flowing into the River Rimouski from those tributary to the St. John ; thence along this tangent line eastward until it meets another meridional line tangent to the height of land, dividing waters flowing into the River Rimouski from those flow- ing into the Restigouche River ; thence along this meridional line to the 48th parallel of latitude ; thence along that parallel to the Mistouche or Petapedia River, and thence down the centio of the stream of that river to the Resti- gouche ; thence doA\ n the centre of the stream of the Restigouche to its mouth in the Bay of Chaleurs, and thence through the middle ofthat bay to the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; the islands in the said Rivers Mistouche and Restigouche to the mouth of the latter river at Dalhousie being given to New Brunswick. By the Treaty of 1842 (Ashburton Treaty), it was agreed that the line of boundary between New Brunswick and the United States should be as follows :— Beginning at the monument at the source of the St. Croix ; thence north following the exploring line run in 1817 and 1818 to its intersection with the River St. John ; thence up the middle of the main channel of that river to the mouth of the River St. Francis ; thence up the channel of the River St. ancis to the outlet of Lake Pohenagamook. Fi 186 [1890] 1 «i MEMOR.V^s^DXJAE RKSPKtTINd The Xortlierii Boundary Line of tlie Province of Qneliee, ADDRESSED TO THE COMMITTEE OF THE LECilSLATTVE ASSEMBLY AIM'OINTKI) TO EN'f Iludsou's uded within s once Xew lar au<>-nu'ii. id ri,ifhts of mitted to he Canada, or s of Ontario issed during I respecting L'rica, at the Verreau at K'gotiatioiis id Janiiarv, >.ys, on their it line from fie deviated 3, where it II order to settled, it the bottom th of Lake and to the it will he ove and to e north of >ve and to It is well to remark that " Lac Superieur des Sauvages Sioux " here referred to, cannot be the great " Lake Superior" properly so-called. This vast fresh water sea has never been named, on any map with which I am acquainted, "Luke of the Sioux Indians." It is named Lake Superior, Lake Tracy, Grand Lake, etc. On Ducreux's map of New France, 1660, inscribed in Latin, it is called "Lacus Superior"; — on that of Franquelin, 1688, " Lac Superieur." The " Relations of the Jesuits " say nothing else on this subject. But the Lake of the Sioux Indians is a distinct lake, clearly indicated on Franquelin's map, 1 68R, on which it is named " Lac Buade," or des " Isatis " or Lake of the Sioux Nation. It is designated in the same way on Mitchell's map, 1755 ; on the map of the United States, by Lattre, 1784 ; and oi. that of North America by Herman Moll. See copies herewith. The position of Lake of the Sioux corresponds nearly with that of " Lac Seul " on the maps of the present dry. Then, if a line be drawn eight leagues north of this lake, running eastward, it should strike the head of James' Bay, pass by the foot and to the north of Lake Nemisko, and meet a line drawn from CapeGrimmington, a few miles north of Lake Mistassini. In this way, the two lines referred to in the preceding extract, although established accord- ing to the somewhat imperfect geographical knowledge of the last century, meet exactly where it was intended they should, and as they are laid down on the most recent and carefully drawn maps of our own time. The boundary line thus laid down must have been accepted, for it maybe ^een, in part, clearly indicated on the English map published by Mitchell in 1755, an acknowledged authority. See copy herewith. The adjustment of the northern boundary line of the Province of Quebec, should, it appears to me, under these circumstances, meet with the full appro- val of our Legislature. Unfortunately there are obstacles in the way of the execution of such a scheme in its entirety, which involve the adoption of cer- tain modifications suggested by the actual condition of affairs. Thus, all that portion ot the Atlantic coast known as Labrador, has been ceded by England to the Government of Newfoundland, and has for a long time been under the jnrisdiction of the latter. To attempt now to reclaim this territory would lead to diplomatic complications which the Federal Government would certainly not bring about. But it appears to me that there is a middle course which might be adopted and which would prove acceptable to all the parties inter- ested. The pretentions of the old French regime, thus modified, would still com- prise a vast region of the highest importance to Quebec, and which in extent and value would be a fair equivalent of the territory claimed by Ontario. The claim of the Province of Quebec might be defined as follows : — All the country bounded on the west by a prolongation of the present boundary line between Ontario and Quebec to the south shore of James' Bay, and by the shore line of this bay as far as the mouth of East Main River ; on the north by the right bank of East Main River from its mouth to its source, thence by a line drawn to the northernmost waters of the Grand River Esquimaux, Ashuanipi or Hamilton, and by the left bank of this river to its mouth in Rigolet Bay (Hamilton's Inlet), on the easrt and north-east by the meridian of the easternmost point of the sources of the River St. Paul or Little Esquimaux, and on the east by this same river to the fifty -second degree of north latitude, following this parallel to its intersection by the meridian of Anse au Blanc Sablon, the present recognized boundary of this province. 188 [1890] This definition comprises a territorial increase of about 116,550 miles in superficies. To pretend to go further, as far as Hudson's Strait, would be in my opinion to include too much. This immense boreal territory, compris- hig an extent of about 282,800 square miles, would eventually become a source of considerable wealth, but for a long time to come would, if only on account of the administration of justice, involve great expense, while the amount of re^^enue from it would be very problematical. Further, a careful study of the accounts of the deliberations which were held apart from the Utrecht ne<::otia- tions, will show that the French settlements never extended very far towards the north on the east coast of Hudson's Bay, and that they never reached the south shore of Hudson's Strait. The arguments of the English Commissioners on this point appear to me very strong. On the other hand, the proof furnished by the French Commissioners, of prior possession by their Canadian compatriots of the south and south-west shores of this bay is so clear and convincing that it completely justifies the claim of Ontario, at the same time that it establishes the rights of Quebec to the lands in rear of the present boundaries beyond the height of land, which are about comprised within the general description given above. JSee report of Mr. Douglas Brymner, Archivist, 1883, p.p. 173 to 201. The boundaries or descriptions to which I have just alluded are shown on the map of the Dominion of Canada marked "A," liereto annexed, and to which I have the honour to direct special attention for the better compre- hension of the subject. (Sgd.) E. E. TACHfi, A. kj. L/. Jj. Department of Crown Lands, Quebec, 26th May, 1886. Copy received from E. E. Tache, Asssistant Commissioner of Crown Lands, Quebec. f G. P. Baillairge, See No. 94538, 10-12 January, 1889. \ Dep. Min. Pub. Wks., Canada. [The Gazette, Montreal, Tuesday, 4th February, 1890.] " THE I!f ORTHERN FRONTIER OF QUEBEC. " After recess, Hon. Mr. Mercier moved the following resolution regard- ing the northern frontiers of the Province ; " Resolved, That in the opinion of this House the northern frontiers of the Province of Quebec are and should be fixed and determined as follows : — From a point on the southern shore of James' Bay intersected by a due north line produced from the head of Lake Temiscamingue, thence northerly and easterly along the shores of the said bay to the mouth of the River East Main, thence ascending and following the centre of the said stream easterly to its source, a distance of about four hundred and eighty miles ; thence by a line drawn easterly a distance of one hundred and forty miles, more or less, to strike the nearest points of Ashuanipi or Hamilton River, thence descending and follow- ing the centre of the said river until it intersects the boundaries of Newfound- land Territory in Labrador, and, lastly, following the said last named boun- daries southerly to Blanc Sablon, on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. That an humble address be presented to His Excellency the Governor General of the Dominion, based on the present resolutions, praying His Excel- [1890] 189 s550 miles in •ait, M-ould be , such houtidariert, so far as the Province of Ontario adjoins the Province of Manitoba are identical with those found to he the correct boundaries by a report of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, winch Her Majesty the Queen in Council; on the eleventh day of August, oiio thousand eight hundred and eighty-four, ordered to be carried into execution ; And, whereas, it is expedient that the boundaries of the Proviiici' of Ontario should be declared by authority of Parliament in accordance with the said address : Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, in this Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : 1. This Act may be cited as the Canada (Ontai'io Boundary) Act, 1889. 2. It is hereby declared that the westerly, northerly and easterly bound- aries of the Province of Ontario are those described in the address set forth in the Schedule to this Act. 1,, .|. SCHEDULE. Address to the Queen from the Sedate avd House of Commons of Onuvla. "We, your Ma^josty's most uutifiil and loyal subjects, the Senate ami Commons of Canada, in Parliament Assomblod, humbly approach lour Majesty with the request that I'our Majesty may be graciously pleased to cause a measure to be submitted to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, declaring and providing the following to be the westerly, northerly and easterly boundaries of the Province of Ontario, that is to say : — Commencing at the point where the international boundary between the United States of America and Canada strikes the western shores of Lake Superior, thence westerly along the said boundary to the north-west angle ot the Lake of the Woods ; thence along a line drawn due north until it strikes the middle line of the course of the river discharging the waters ot the lake called Lac Seul, or the Lonely Lake, whether above or below its conliuence with the stream flowing from the Lake of the Woods towards Lake Winnipeg ; and thence proceeding eastward from the point at which tlie before mentioned line strikes the middle line of the course of the river lust aforesaid, along the middle line of the course of the same river (whethor called by the name of the English Eiver, or, as to the part below the confluence, by the name of the River Winnipeg) up to Lac Seul, or the Lonely Lake and thence along the middle line of Lac Seul or the Lonely Lake, to the head of that lake ; and thence by a straight line to the nearest point of the middle line of the waters of Lake St. Joseph ; and thence along that middle line until it reaches the foot or outlet of that lake, and thence along the middle line of the river by which the waters of Lake St. Joseph discharge themselves to the shore ot the part of Hudson's Bay, comuionly known as James' Bay ; and thence south-easterly following upon the said shore to a point where a line drawn due north from the head of Lake Temiscamingue would strike it ; and thence due south along the said line to the head of the said lake ; and thence through the middle channel of the said lake into the Ottawa River ; and thence descending along the middle of ntario adjoins e the correct Council, wliioh Alienist, ono ito execution : rr()\-iiicu of ance with the jesty, by and 'emporal and the same, as ■y) Act, 1889. sterly bound- ss set forth in (5 of Oni'iiJa, i Senate and proach lour ly pleased to ed Kingdom, ortlierly and r between tlie lores of Lake ■west angle ot orth until it the waters ot or below its towards Lake it which the the river hist ^'er (whethor t below the Seul, or the • the Lonely ) the nearest ; and thence bat lake, and of Lake St. idson's ]]ay, 1 lowing upon bead of Lake said line to annel of the le middle of [1890] 11)1 the channel of the said river to the intersection by the prolongation of the western limits of the Seignciirie of Pigaiid, such mid-channel being as indicated on a map of the Ottawa Ship Canal Survey, made by Walter Slianly, C. E., and approved by Order of the Go\ernor General in Council, dated the twenty- first July, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six ; and thence southerly following the said westerly boundary of the Seigneurie of Rigaud to the soutli- west angle of the said Seigneurie ; and thence southerly along the western boundary of the augmentation of the Township of Newton to the north-west angle of the Seigniory of Longueuil, and thence south-easterly along the eouth-western boundary of said Seigniory of Xew Longueuil to a stone boundary on the north bank of the Lake of St. Francis, at the cove west of Point au Uaudet ; such line from the Ottawa River to L ke St. Francis being as indicated on a plan of the line of boundary between Upper and Lower Canada, made in accordance with the Act 23 Victoria, Chapter 21, and approved by Order of the Governor General in Council, dated the 16th of March, 18(J1. PROVINCE OF ^FAXITOBA. By the Act 44 Vic, chap. 14, assented to 21st March, 1881, the boun- daries of the Province ot Manitoba were extended easterly to the easten; limit of the District of Keev.atin ; westerly to a line drawn between the twenty-ninth and thirtieth ranges of townships lying west of the first principal meridian in the system of Dominion land surveys, and northerly to the twelfth base line in said system of Dominion land surveys. BRITISH COLUMBIA. By the convention signed at Paris in Februf^rj', 1825, it was agreed that the line of demarcation between British Columbia and the Russian possessions shoidd be drawn in the following manner: — Commencing from the southernmost point of Prince of "Wales Island, thence north along Portland Channel until the line strikes the 56th degree ot north latitude : thence along the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast as far i\a the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude (of the same meridian) ; and from the said point of intersection along the line of the 141st degree in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean. By 29 and 30 Vic, cap. 67, sec. 7, it "was directed that British Columbia shoidd comprise all such territories within the dominions of Iler Majesty, as are bounded to the south by the territories of the United States, to the west by the Pacific Ocean and the frontier of the Russian territories in North America, to the north by the 60th parallel of north latitude, and to the east from the boundary of the United States northwards, by the Rocky Mountains and the 120th meridian of west longitude. By 47th Vic, cap. 14, Statutes B. C. (1884), there was granted to the Dominion Government 3,500,000 acres of land in that portion of the Peace River district lying east of the Rocky Mountains, and adjoining the North- West Territory of Canada, to be located by the Dominion in one rectangular block. 192 [1890] fm KEEWATIN. By chap. 53, Revised Statutes of Canada, the boundaries of Keewatin are thus described : — Beginning at the point of intersection of the northern boundary of Manitoba and the western shore of Lake Winnipeg ; theiice northerly, following the western shore of Lake Winnipeg and of the Nelson Kivor to the point where the latter is intersected by the eighteenth correction line in the system of Dominion Lands surveys ; thence west along the said correction line to a point where the same would be intersected by a line drawn due north frOi the north end of the portage leading from the head of Lake Winnipegosis into Cedar Lake, known as the " Cedar " or " Mossy " porta«'e ; thence due north to the northerly limits of Canada ; thence easterly, following upon the said northerly limits of Canada to the northerly extremity of Hudson's Bay; thence southerly, following i oon the westerly shore of the said Hudson's Bay to the point where it would be intersected by a line drawn due north from a point where the westerly boundary of the Province of Ontario intersects the international boundary line dividing Canada from the I'nited States ; thence due south to the said northerly boundary of the said Province of Manitoba ; thence westerly, along the said northerly boundary, to the place of beginning. This description was made before the western boundary of Ontario was fixed by the Imperial Act of 1889. PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS— NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. In view of the rapid development of the North-West Territories, beyond the boundaries of Manitoba, consequent upon the near completion of tlie Canadian Pacific Railway, it was deemed desirable that a portion of these vast territories should be divided into Provisional Districts for the convenience of settlers and for postal purposes. As the country is being rapidly settled, the necessity for public works is being felt, and several have been executed, or are in course of construction ; a copy of the Order in Council creating these Provisional Districts is, therefore, appended in order that +he locations of new works may be more readily determined. G. F. B. :) ! Certified Cojyy of a Report of a Committee of the Honourable the Privy Council, approved by His Excellency the Governor General in Council, 8th May, 1882. On a Memorandum from the Minister of the Interior, hereunto annexed, submitting that for the convenience of settlers and for postal purposes, a por- tion ot the North-West Territories should be divided into provisional districts and their boundaries defined : The Committee concur in the recommendations contained in the said Memorandum, and submit the same for Your Excellency's approval. JOHN J. McGEE. [1890] 198 of KecM-atin boundary of ce northerly, Ison River to ■cc'tion line in laid correction drawn due Bad of Lake sy " porta^'e ; rly, following extremity of re of the said le drawn due 30 of Ontario n the Ignited laid Province , to the place Ontario was ^ORIES. ories, beyond letion of the of these vast mveniencc of y settled, the ;cuted, or are 'eating tliose itions of new I F. B. le the Prioy Council, 8th ito annexed, poses, a por- )nal districts in the said '^al. 3^EE. Department ok the Interior, Ottawa, 8th May, 1882. The undersigned has the honour to report : — That 1 his opinion, it is expedient for the convenience of settlers in the Xorth-AVest Territories, and for postal purposes, that a portion of sucli Terri- tories should be divided into Provisional Districts, and ho reconnnends that four such districts be at onco described and their boundaries settled. lie recomuionds that the four such districts bo named Assiniboid, Suslcat- chcu'dii, Albcrtu, and AtltaUisca. Ho further recommends that the boundaries of such districts be as follows : Isi. AsslmhiHti. The District of Assiniboia, about 95,000 square miles in extent, to be bounded on the south by the International boundary line, the 49th parallel ; on tlie east by the western boundary of Manitoba ; on the north by the 9th correction line of the Dominion Lands system of survey into townships, which is near to the 62nd parallel of latitude ; on the west by the lino dividing the lOth and 11th ranges of townships, numbered from the fourth initial meridian of the Dominion Lands system aforesaid. 2ivL Saskatchewan. The District of Saskatchewan, about 114,000 square miles in extent, to be bounded on the south by the District of Assiniboia and by Ma.iitoba ; on the east by Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River, flowing therefrom into Hudson's Bay; on the north by the 18th correction lino of the Dominion Lauds Survey system ; and on the west by the line of that system dividing the 10th and 11th ranges of townships numbered from the fourth initial meridian. 3n/, Alberta. The District of Alberta, about 100,000 square miles in extent, to be bounded on the south by the International boundary ; on the east by the District of Assiniboia ; on the west by the Province of British Columbia ; and on the north by tlie 18th correction lino before mentioned, which is near the 55th parallel of latitude. Ath. Athabasea. The District of Athabasca, about 122,000 square miles in extent, to be bounded on the south by the District of Alberta ; on the east by the line between the 10th and 11th ranges of the Dominion Lands townships, before mentioned, until, in proceeding northward, that line intersects the Athabasca River ; then by that river and the Athabasca Lake and Slave River to the intersection of the last with the northern boundary of the district, which is to be the 32nd correction line of the Dominion Lands township system, and is very nearly on the 60th parallel of north latitude ; westward by the Pro- vince of British Columbia. A map of the proposed districts is hereunto aimexed. All of which is recommended. (Signed) JOHN A. MACDONALD, Minister of tlie Interior. 194 [1890] CESSION OF ALASKA, ETC., BY RUSSIA TO UNITED STATES. ■i ■ ,:ti I':' ', CONVENTION FOR THE CESSION OF THE Rl'SSIAN POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA To THE UNITED STATES. (CONCLUDED 80tH MARCH, 18(37. PROCLAIMED 20ti| JUNK, 1867.) Ilis Majesty tlic Emperor of all the Russians agrees to code to the ITiiitod States all the territory and dominion now posseflsed by His Majesty on the Continent of America and in the adjacent islands, the same being contained within the geographical limits herein set forth, to wit : The eastern limit \a the line of demarcntion between the Russian and the British possessions in North America, as established by the convention botnecn Russia and Great Britain, of February 28-1 G, 1826, and described in Articles III. and IV. of said convention in the following terms : " Commencing from the southernmost point of the island called Prince of Wales Island, wliicli point lies in the parsdlel of 54° 40' north latitude, and between the 131st and 133rd degree of west longitude, the said line shall ascend to the north, along the channel called I'ortland Channel, as far as the point of the continent wlioro it strikes the 56th degree of north latitude ; from this last-mentioned point, the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 14l8t degree of west longitude, and, finally, from the said point of intersection, the Raid meridian Tine of the 141st degree, in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean. IV. "With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the preceding article, it is understood : " Ist. That the island called Prince of Wales Island shall belong wholly to Russia (now by this cession to the United States). " 2nd. That whenever the summit of the mountains, which extend in a direction parallel to the coast from the 56th degree of north latitude to the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude, shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten. marine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions and the line of coast, which is to belong t(t Russia, as above mentioned (that is to say, the limit to the possessions ceded by this convention), shall be formed by a line parallel to the winding of the coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues there- from. "The western limit, within which the territories and dominion conveyed are contained, passes through a point in Behring's Straits, on the parallel of 65° 30' north latitude, at its intersection by the meridian which passes mid- way between the islands of Krusenstern or Ignalook and the island of Eat- manoff or Noonarbook, and proceeds due north without limitation into the same Frozen Ocean. The same western limit, beginning at the same initial point, proceeds thence in a course nearly south-west through Behring's Straits and Behring's Sea, so as to pass midway between the north-west point of the island of St. Lawrence and the south-east point of Cape Choukotski to the meridian of 172° west longitude ; thence, from the intersection of that meridian, in a south-westerly direction, so as to pass midway between the island of Attou and the Copper Island of the Kormandorski cou^ ;t or group in the North Pacific Ocean, to the meridian of 193° west lougitude, so as to include in the territory conveyed the whole of the Aleutian Islands east of that meridian." RD STATES. nr AMERICA Til OCLAIAIEI) 20tii to tlio United jyesty on the iing contained iissiiin and tlio ntion l)ot'vocn )0(l ill Articles mcncing from iHliind, wliieh the 131. St and * nortli, along >iitinent wlierc ntioned jtoint. taiiiH situafod 4l8t de^rrcc of i<^>i, tlio said Frozen Oocan. the preceding long wholly to :h extend in a sititudo to the 11 prove to be ean, the limit 3 to belong to sessions ceded 'inding of the leagues there- ion conveyed he parallel of li passes mid- sland of Eut- Ltion into the 5 same initial ring's Straits ' point of the kotski to the tion of that between the ^ -t or group ;ude, so as to il.inds east of PA-RT IX. I CHRONOLOGICAL ENUMERATION OF VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY IN THE NORTH, IX SEARCH OF A NORTHERN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEANS, INCLUDING SUCH OTHER VOYAGES AS HAVE BEEN CON- DUCIVE TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF DISCOVERY IN THE NORTH. 9_13j** ,|sipp n:) : mfr lti'»i;i !lil i '■ Chrosol oft and tot Da. Danisli Du. Dutch- E. KngUsli CllHIHT. 340. A.U. Kill. 8l>4. 865 to H-( 874. AlKrtitSiK \lxmt!t"( !»82. Alxmtimi KlOl. AbmitlOfl \m or H> Akiiit 101 1170. AlKmtl3> 1384 to 13 141)3 or 14 1492. 14114 •.' 1497. 1500. 1501. 1,502. 1,504. 1500. 1508 1524 1527 1,534 [1890] 197 Chroxological enumeration of Voyages undertaken by the dift'erent Nations of the "World in search of a Northern communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; including such other voyages as have been conducive to the advancement of Discovery in the North. Da. Danish. Du. Dutcli. E. English. Abbreviations. F. French. Ic. Icelandic. N. Norwegian. P. Portuguese. R. Russian. Sp. Spanish. Sw. Swedish. IT.S. Unite ewfound- land, and is said to have been the first who laid down a chart of this country. The coast of Newfoundland ex.amined by one \ulH'rt, in a ship called the " Pensee. Juan Verazzani sailed to America, and pri jeeded .all ng the coast alnnit 7C0 leagues. This part, included between the parallels of iierhaps 30" North and 5(i° North was named New France. Estevaii (iomer, towards the N.-W. No discovery a^>pears to have Iwen made. Two ships, (me of which was called the "Domimis \obi.scum," were sent out for dis- coveries towards the North Pole. One of the ships was lost, and little or nothing accomplished. ..i /^ ir r Jaciiues Cartier jiroceeded in search of a W. or ^ -W. passage ; sailed up the Gult ot St. LawTence. V 198 [1890] CuRONOLOfiicAL List of Vojages — Continued. Mi'i ''t m A.D. 1535. 15»>. Al)outl537. 1540. ir)4L». F. E. Sp. F. Sp. ' S|,. 1,542 or 1544. i Si). 15.-)3. E. L»5. ""i5.5(>. " Sp. 1.5(i4. 1570. 1577. E. V. 157«. ]•:. 1.5,S(). E. ].').S2. Sp. 1583. E. vm. E. T.v(i. l.-)S7. 1588. 1592. 1.5II4. 1.5!»5. E. E. E. Sp. Sp. Dii. Du. Jacque.s Cartier, with three ships, jwrformed a second voyage up the River St. Law- rence, which he examined as high as Montreal. He wintered in the St. Lawrence where 25 of his crew died of scurvy. A voyage towards the N.-W. of the ships "Trinitie" and "Minion," in which Ca|)e Breton and Newfoundland were visited. The crews suffered nuicli from famine. Francisco Ulloa, under the orders of Cortez, the conqueror of Mexicct, appears to have made a voyage, with three ships, for discoveries towards the N. or AV. or respecting the Strait of Anian iTacaues Cartier made a third voyage with five ships, towards the N.-W. Tliis, however, was entirely a colonizing expedition. For after remaining two years in North America, he was joined, by ai)iK)intinent, by RoU'rval, Lieutenantiiciicral and Viceroy of Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador, &c., who established a eohmy near (Quebec. A journey from Mexico towards the north, iindertaken by one Coronado, in search (it the Strait of Anian ; unsuccessful. Alar^on sent from Mexico in search of thi^ Strait of Anian by sea ; unsucct'ssful. Juan Rodriguez de Cabrillo, with an object similar to the two last, proceeded almig the N.-W. coast of America as high as latitude 44" N. Sir Hugh Willoughby and Hiclmrd Chancellor, with three ships, went out for the dis- covery of foreign countries. Sir H. discovered Nova Zeiiibla, and, on atteiii|)tini,' to winter in Lapland, perished, together with the i;rews of two of the A»\». Chancellor, in the other ship discovered the White Sea to near al)out the Dwiiiii, and travelled overland from thence to .Moscow. Richard Chancellor embarked on a trailing voyage to the same quarter; he was drowned on his return in 1550. Martin Chaque ; a pretended voyage through North America. Step'ien Burrough i)roceeded in a small vessel for diieoverv, kv., towards the X.-K. He visited Nova Zenibla, and discovered the island of NVeigats. Andre.T, l^rdanietta ; a pretended voyage. Dithmar lilefkens sailed froui Iceland towards the N.-E. A feeble atteni])t. Martin Froliisher, with three small vessels, proceedeedition eiitinly failed. One ship was lost, and ten is-rsons died on the vf)yage. Arthur J'et and Charles .rackiiian, with two ships, sailed in search of a N.-K. |)a.ssage. One of the ships pas.sed the Weigats Strait ; the other, after wintiriiif,' in Norway, was never heard of. \x\ attempt was made to reverse tlie N.-W. passage bv Francisco , i,', I. J--ieiiteniint-(;..iuTal '• e«tabli«li<.d a t„l„„y poronado, in .search of ; nnsucwssful. last, proccedwl al.ing , towards the \ -I' Its. 'le att('nij)t. 'f a \.-W, I.a-;,.; i"(l Mcta Incognita, N'.-W. passage, and versed. The voyan,. tfor forming a set tic <' other iniim|iortant " fxiM-ditiou entinlv ['. ' M'arch of a \. K. ther, after winteiiiiK ^Jtlalle: He saih.] -California, and then jwards the X.W., '. One vessel, witii ;_W. passage. !{,. - lunlwrland Island, od s .Mercy, Kxeter v-as inidertaken hv rner navigator : Im't f 10 tons, was lest, ; X.W. On this I named Lninlej's ^. coast of Xorth the Atlantic in an Harentz, &c., pro- ved forty leagr.'H <>f Xova Zemhia. Iiips, intended for 'U. .\.D. 1,V,)('>. I(i02. i(i(r>. KIOS. 1(10! I. Du. 8p. F. Sp. E. b:. Da. went out for the ,li,. ■ ICiOli. Da I, and, on atteinptini; B "f two of the .shins ■ Ilidli. 1 ^^ ■aralxmt the J)wini,, ■ '»'■ quarter ; he was 1 111'.;. Da . E. E. Du. imo. E. i i. Kill or IC.ll. Du. l<;il. Du. I E. Kill to 1020 1(>12. H114. 16ir>. E. E. E. E. E. Barentz, on a third voyage for discovery towards the X. and E., with two shipst, discovered Bear Lsland, now called Cherie Island, an(l Spiti',l)ergen. Bareutz, with one shi))'s company, wintered in Xova Zembla ; most of his companions got home the next summer in two open boats, but himself and some others died. Sebastiano Vizcaino sailed above 1(10 leagues to the northward, along the west coast of America. In one place he lost seventeen men. The Marquis de la Koche, in a colonizing voyage to the west coa.st of Xorth America, made some researches. A'izcjiino, in a second voyagi' to the west coast of America, sailed as high as 42 or V.V northin search of harlxmrs. George Weymoutli, with two vessels, for the discovery of a XorthAVest passage, is said to have sailed 100 leagues to the westward, in a sea ni^arly corresi)onelon«ing to Holland, is said to have been made about this time, in wliicli a distance of 100 leagues to the eastward of Xova Zembla was acconi- J)lished ('.'). Tile island of .fan Mayeii is stated to have lieen discovered in this year, by the person whose name it bears ; it is prolialile, iiowever, that the discovery was not made until a year or two later. .\ voyage towards the nortii, with two vessels, the principal object ot which was to attempt the whale fishery, was undertaken by Jonas I'oole; he sailed to latitude HO X. and idso the S.-\V., from thence until he was 125 leagues to the west- ward of ('lierie Island. Both ships were lost, but the crews were saved, (ireat part of the west coast of Spitzbergen was examined, and some liays di.scovered. Our whale-fishers, in their carlv voyages, had generally a discovery-vessel along with them. Their researches aliout the coast were productive of several discoveries, among which, besides bays, l.arliours and headlands, were Ho|ie, Bear, Ablwit's, Kdge's, Scott's, Wester, Heling, Sir Thomas Smith's, and various other islands. Sir Thomas Button, with two slii|)s, sailed in search of a X.-W. passage liy the way of Hudson's Bay. He discovered Xelson's Biver, Southamiiton Lsland, Maucel's Island, Ac, and gave names to several remarkalile headlands. James Hall embarked towards tlu^ X. W. for the discovery of a (lassage or trea- sure, being his fourth voyage, and was killed liy an Esquimau.x. Coekin Sound discovered. Captain (lililions, in attempting to find a X.-W. passage, got beset, and spent the reason in a liay in I^abrador ; this place is said to have been named in derision "(iibbons his Hole." II 200 A.D. 1616. 1617. 1610. 1620?. 1631. 1(«6. 1643. 1640. 1647. 1648. 1676. I()!t6. 1707. [1890] Chronological List of Voyages — Continued. E. E. Da. K. E. En. Da. Ru. Du. R. R. R. I(i52. Da. 1653. Da. Da, 16.54. Du. 1655. Du 1660. lt)()8. Po. E. E. R. Du. William Baffin, aniiointed an jiikit t() a Hinall vesHel, of which Bylot was master, in scuH,. ing for a N.-W. i)a«sag(', discovered and circumnavigated the bay l)cariiiB hi>s name. Among other discoveries in this bay that are enumerated, are Wniiicn's Islands, Horn Sound, Kir Dudley Diffges' Cayn-, Wostenholm Sound, WiialeSinuul, Hakluyt's Island, Sir Thomas Smith s Sound, Carey's Islands, Alderman Jones' Sound, Sir .Tamt's Lancaster's Sound, &c. Wiclies Land, afterwards named by the Dutch Ryke Yse's Islands, discovered byer, excei)ting Munk and two otiiers, are stated to have died df the scurvy. These three accomplished their j)assage home in the smaller vi'sscl. In a voyage towards the N.-W., l)y William Hawkl)ridgc, considerable researchfs in Hudson's Bay appear to have In -n made, but notliing was discovered. The year in which this voyage was made, ami the siiips employed in it, artv unciTt;un. A considerable exphiration of Hudson's Bay was made by Luke Fox, in wliieh names were given to various islands, pronie Maria, Cape Dorchester, King Charles his rroiiniii- torie, &c. A similar route to that taken by Fox, was pursiied by Thomas James, who passed tlic ! winter in Hudson's Bay, yet discovered nothing. iCfreenland was visited, in search for treasure, by a vessel or vessels, fitted out l)y tlic Danish (Jreenland Company. The navigation of the Frozen Sea commenced by the Russians, who formed establisli- ments on the banks of the Lena. A vwage in the shii>s "Castricom" and "Bresk(w," under the eominaneyond which they navigated, several islands, including periiaps the Kuriles, were discovered. The rivers Jana, Indighirsa, Alasei and Kovima, having Iwen discovered within ten years i)receding this date, a voyage for trade antl research from the Kovima towards the east, the first in this position, was imdertaken l)y Isai Ignatiew, with a i)arty of Promyschleni, under his direction : They traded with the rdiuktciii. A second trading voyage, with four kotches, from the Kovima towards tlie east, was attempted tmder the direction of the Kossak, Semoen Deschnew or Desliiietf : This altogetlier failerl. Seven kotches, from the Kovima, &c., in one of which Semoen Descimew again sailed, I were dispatched towards the east. Six, if noc all of tliese vessels, a|ii>ear to liave l)een wrecked; bvit one of them, commanded by Deschnew, previously aeccim- I plished the jiassage. it is suplMisetl, round tlie great |)romontorv of the 'rchuktciii* to the east side of Kamtchatka, and was lost near the River < thitora or .Miutori. An exi»edition of two ships, under Cai)tain Danell, was sent out for discovery of the east side of Greenland. The cast coivst, at intervals, was seen from latitude 65 .;((!' to Cape Farewell, but no landing was effected. A second <'xaminatif)n by Danell was undertaken. The east coast was again seen, but only at a distance, from Herjolfsness, latittule t!4", to Ca))e Farewell. Three siiips, sent out for the discovi'ry of a N.-E. |)a.ssage, ])assed the Weigatz, but discovered nothing. dale Hanikens Land, on t\w east coiist of (Greenland, intimated by the Dutch charts, as iiaving been discovered by a (Jreenland trailer of the same name. The Land of Edam, east side of (Jreenland, latiti. ;e 7H", marked in the Dutch charts as having been di: covered. David Melguer, said to have reversed the N.-E. passage. A ))reten(!ed voyage. A voyage nito Hudson's Bay, and for discovery tov.ards the N.-W., was [lerforined by Captain Zacchariah ( Jdlam, acccmipanied by M. de ( Jrosstdiez, a Frenchman, by whom the practicability of making an ini|)ortant settlement in this ipiarter liad been suggested. (Jillam wintered in Hudson's Bay, and built a small stone fort. The apparent advantages to Im- derived fnnu settlements, founded on the exaniiii ations of this voyage, Ac, appear to have led to the formation of tiie Hudson's Bay Company, which was chartered in the year 1660. tFohii Wood and William Flawes, with two sliips, ])ioeeed(d in searcii of a N.-lv passage. WckxI's ship was wrecked on the west coast of Nova Zeinliia, and im discovery whatever made. Kamtchatka, discovered by land, by a trfxiji of sixteen Kossaks. A country to the N.-E. of SpitnlH^rgen, named (Jilles' Land, intimated by tlie Dutch charts as having been discovered. •Captain Burney is of opinion, that this voyage mittht have been accomplislied without doublinK the proiuon- torj', by taking the vessel in pieces, a practice not uncommon with the Russians, and carrying it over a narrow neck of land between the Kovima and the Anadir. [1890] 201 Chronological List of Voyages- -Continued. t, discovered hy, 'ed tlie Wcigatz, itiiiiated hy tlie 1715. 1710. 171!l. 1721 1722 1723 1724 172S 172!t K. H. K. l). Dii. K. Da. Da. H. K. H. A.D. 1712. H. iMercnrni VVagin, a Cossak, with a ))arty of eleven men, proceeded from the river Jana across a surface of ice, in sledges drawn by dogs, towardH the north, and is said to have discovered and landed on a large island. Having s\iffered great hard- ships on their return, Wagin, his son, and another Cossak, to whom their difficul- ties were attributed, were nuirdered hy the rest of the jiarty. A remarkable jo>irney from the Jana towards the north, was accomiilished by Alexei Markoff. He travelled by means of sledges drawn by dogs, across a frozen sea, as far north, it is supiKised, as the 78th degree of latitude, witliout finding land, and accomplished a journey of aljout >MH} mdes in twenty-four days. The first voyage from Ochotzk to Kanitchatka was jierformed by Henry Busch, a I native of Hoorn, in North Holland. Two vessels, under the direction of James Knight, and commanded by (leorge Harlow and David Vaughun, were sent out by the Hudson's Bay Com])any, to search for " the Strait of Anian, in order to discover gold, iStc, to tne northward." Neitlier of these ships ever returned : Knight and his comi)anions are sup|M)sed to have I)erished at Marble Island in Hudsoii"s Bay. The (ireenlanc'. Comi)any of Bergen established a colony on the west coast of (Green- land, of which Hans Egede, theenterjirising and zealous missi(mary, was a member. A voyage from Churchill Kiver, H\idson's Bay, was undertaken by John Scroggs, in search of Knight. He examined several narts of tlie bay without success. He does not apjiear, indeed, to have ])aid nnicli attention to the original object of the voyage. A ship' sent out by the Bergen Greenland Company, for reconnoitrhig Davis' Strait, ! was lost, and all hands, it is supiK)sed i)erished. ]'rwt>siiips fitted out by the Bergen Company for discovery, one for exploring the 1 west side of Davis' Strait, in tile fi7tli parallel, and the other for examining tiie i east coast of Greenland, effected nothing. I About this time several voyages and journeys were made by the Russians, on and alxiut the Frozen Sea, in search of northern lands, in which several islands were discovered. Captain Vitus Behring was employed in a voyage from Kanitchatka, for discoveries towards tiie north, and foriuHcertaining whether Asia and Ani"rica were continuou.s. He sailed as high as 07' 18' N. latitude, having [ULSsed the place now called Behring's Strait. Behring sailed on his second voyage from Kanitchatka, in search of land towards the east. He did not, however, leave the land alxive 200 versts, aiu" discovered nothing. Lieutenant Richard made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the east coast of Green- land, in the parallel of Iceland. A ves.sel was disjiatched under the orders of the Surveyor (iwosdew and Tryphon Krupischew, a Kossak officer, for the purjiose of inviting the Tchuktchi to pay tribute ; in this voyage the West Coast of Amer.ca, in the OCith parallel, was discovered. The navigation from Archangel to the West Coast of the iieniiisula seiiaratmg tlie (iulfsof Kama and Olie, was accomplished by Lieutenant MoroviefT. Lieutenant Lassenius sailed from tlie Lena towards the east, and wintered in the River Ciiaraulack, where 4(i (mt of 52 persons, composing iiis crev., died of the scurvy. Lieutenant I'rontschitscheff sailed from the Lena westward, and after wintering m t.ie Olenec, proceeded to the height t)f 77" 25', and westward to the Bay of Taimourska. A voyage from th.i Lena somewhat to the eastward of the Charaulack, was performed by Dmitri Laptiew. ■ ,r > . d Two ships equipiK'd liy the Hudson's Bay Company, for discoveries m Hudson s 15ay and towards the N.-W., apin-ar to have accomplished little or nothing. The navigation from Archangel towards the east, by the Russians, comnienced in li34, was continued Viy Lieutenants Mlyagin and Skuratoiv, and accomplished as far as theObe. ^. ,^ , Tiie voyage from the Obe to the Kniesi .vas accomplished by Lieutenants Owzen and KoscllleW. ., , r ..IT Lieutenant Lajitieff, on his second voyage in the Frozen Sea. sailed from tlie l^ena, i wintered in the Indighir.sa, and proceeded the next spring to the Kovinia, from I whence, according to some authors, he crossed the isthmus of the Tchuktchi to ' the river Anadir, communicating with the .sea of Kanitchatka.* expedition of two vessels, under Commodore Behring and Captain Ischirikow, was disi)atched from Gchotzk in 1740, which, after wintering in Kaintcbatka, liroceeded towards America, for the purixjse of making discoveries about it.s shores. The ships lieing separated on the |)assage, Behring discovered the Continent in latitude r)S\28' and Tschirikow in Cm' .SO'. The former, after discovering several islands lost his ship on one of the Aleutians, called Behring s Island, where lie died. 'Die latter returned, having lost two boats and their crews on the American coast. • The combined result of these Russian navigations in the Frozen Sea, is briefly traced in Chup. 1 and 2 of Vol. I, of Scorcsby's " Arctic Regions," 1820. 1 1 Da 1730 or 1731! R. 1734 and 1735 17a5 R. R. . 1735 3() R. K 17.37 i:. 1738 R. i; 17:^!t and 1740 i;. 1741 An 202 [1890] Chronological List of Voyages — Continued, ■':' !)'■' 'i::i , ;'i| ■..!ill< U\ A.D. 1741 and 1742 1743 174(i 1753 17!). E. E. Am. R. E. E. R. Da. 1772. 1773. E. 1775. fSp. i 17V(1. 1 177a8Hage. A reward of £20,()6<) offered by Parliament, for the discovery of a N. - W. | lassagc, by the way of Hudson 'm Bay. (18th (Jeo. II.. c. 17. ) Two ships, under the command of William M(K)r and Francis Smith, sent out in search of a N.-VV. passage, by the way of Hudson's Bay. The first sunniici' they examined some i)art of the Welcome, and after wintermg in Haye's River, niaclea g(KKl exploration of Wager River, previously supiHised to be a strait. Captain Ciiarles Swaine, in the schooner "Argo," sailed from I'hiladelphiii fur the discovery of a N.-VV. imssage ; Init In-ing unable to penetrate throuffh Hiul- .son's .Strait, he examinea a large extent of tlie Labriwlor Coast, from ijCJ", it is said, to latitude firy". A most jiersevering but un.successful attempt was made by a Russian merciiant of the name of Shalauroff to sail from the Lena nnuid the great Tchiitk( li pronimitdry, He first wintered in the .Tana, and then twice in the Koviiua. He discdvcivd some islands and a bay, In'ing the fartliest s|)Ot he reached, which has iM'eu iiaiiii(i TKchiMH)n Bay. A sloop, untl' " the command of Captain Christopher, w.ts sent by the Hudson's Hay Company to explore Cliestertield Inlet in Hudson's Bay, with the expcctiificjn that it might be the oiiening of a N.-W. ])assage. Christo|)her is said to jiavi- penetrated alwve 1,*)0 miles, and then returned. Christo|iiier was .igaiii sent cnit to complete the examination of Chesterfield Tnltt, when he traced it by a river into a lake, 24 miles long, and (> or 7 broad ; and across this to the westward into another river, until his further progress, even in boats, was interrupted by fails. The indefatigable Shalatiroff made a final attem)it to |)ass from the Lena round the Tchutkchi promontory, in which he is stipposed to have perished, as neither liiiii- self nor any of liis companions ever returned. Baron Von Ifhlefeld througli Huds.in's Bay into the Pacific. A jirt tended voyage. acconi|)iislie!(' 11 with such a design. This vessel was fitted o\it by means of the siibscrii)tious of some gentlemen of Virginia. In a voyage towards the North Pole, with two vessels under tlie charge of Ccmstaiitiiif .lohn Phii)i)s and Skeffington Lutwidge, the latitude of Sd 4H was readied, unci some interesting surveys and ol)servations made, but no discoveries. A voyage foi discovery along the west side of North .\merica, made, by urder of thi' Viceroy of Mexico, by Bruno Heceta and others ; thev reached the latit\ule of .57' 18' N. The reward of £20,000 for the discovery of a N.-W. ])iissage extended, not liy the way of Hudson's Bay and in merchant ships only, b\it to any ships, even those of His Majesty, which, by a former Act, were excluded, and in any northern directidii between the Atlantic .and Pacific Oceans : Also, an award of £.5,000 to any ship that should approach witiiin one degree of the North Pole. (Itith (!eo. Ill, caj). ti.( Richard Pickersgill, in tiie bvig " Lion," was sent to B.affin's Bay for the ))rotectioii cif the wiiale-fishers, n,nd for the examination of the coasts. He only reached tlie latitude of ()8' 10', and then returned without having accomplished almost iiiiy- thing. The same vessel wjus ag.ain etpiiijped, under the command of Lieutenant Walter Vouiit;, who was ordered to examine Baffin's liay, .and attempt to find a N.-W. oassatje, with a view, it seems, of meeting Ca))tai'n Ccx)k, who wasexjiectedalKJut tiie siiiin' tiiiu! to Ixi trying to reverse the same track. But V^oung, having reached to tlie height of 72' 42', though so early as the month of June, tacked, and soon after retw'ned home. The adventurous n.avig.ator, James Cook, with two shijis under his direction, being ap|)ointed to make discoveries towards the reversing of a N.-W. i)assage, passed Behring's Strait on his third voyage, in the siunmer of 1778, and discovered or named Cajie Prince of Wales, Point Mulgrave, Icy CajK-, Cape Lisburne, Ciipe North, &c., and advanced to the northward as high us latitude 70^ 44' N., wliitli limit being vniable to piuss, he returned to the .southward to spend the winter. In one of the Sandwich Islands, Owhyhee, this celebrated chariK'ter lost his life. After the death of Captain C(X)k, a second examination of the icy sea, to the northward of Behring's Strait, was undertaken by Charles Clerke, in which the same two siiips reached the latitude of 70" 33', be.yond which they were unable to advance on account of ice. An expedition under Captain Lowenom and Lieutenant Egede, wassentout front Copen- hagen for the recovery of lost Greenland. Several attempts were made to reach the coast about the parallel of (>,")", without lieing able to appnjach nearer than alwut ."lO miles on account of ice ; Lowenorn returned to Denmark in July, and Egede to [18l»0] 203 Chronological List of Voyages — Continacil. A.l). 17,s7 t.. rill H. 178i». I E. 17S!l. Sp. 17!)Otul7it2. K. 17111 to 17',ir). K. 1,S0.") to IHOit. K. ISl.") to 1818. U. I ISIS. E. isis. E. i ISlS & 1H1!I. i E. 181!). j E. 181!t-20-21-22 E. iiiL' with It. 1 lie river he c uiKii'r till' oniins of .Malaspina, were .-iciit to tlie N.-W. of -Vincrica, to a navi(,'al)lf coiiiiiiunicatioii from tlic racific to the Atlantic, hftwceii Iceland to refit. The latter made another attemjit in the month of Augunt, when he rea( hed within 10 mileK of the land, and then proceeded to Icelanrl, wheie he winterefl. The ne.\t year, E^fede, with twowmall vesHelw, one commanded by Lieut. Rothe, moile other trialH to approach the (Ireenland coast, hut with leHn Kuccess than iH'fore, never lieing able to reach the land within 30 niilen. JoHeph HillingH, an KngliMhman, wivh employed in the nervice of HusNia for reHcarches about Behring's Strait and the Tchutkchi rroniontory. In 1787, he made a short voyage from the Kovinia into the Icy Wea ; in 1"!M), lie sailed from Kamtchatka to the Aleutian Islands ; and from thence, the same year, he sailed to the IJav of .St. Lawrence, on the south side of Cape I'last, Hehring's Strait, where he laniled, iiiid traced the coasts to the northward as far as Klutshenie Hay, the eastern side of which is formed by CaiH' North. From this place he crossed the country towardu the west, and arrived at the Kovinia in 17111. Ale.\ander .Mackenzie accomplished a river navigation from Fort Chiiwwyan, on the south side of the Lake of the Hills, as far as latitude till" 14', where he was evidentl.y on the Umlers of the Hyperborean Sea, or near the nioutli of a river commniiicatiiig with it. The river he descended is now named Mackenzie's Rivei Two corvette; search for the parallels of ')\\ and fit) N. Charles l)nncan sailed in one of the Hudson's Hay ships, with the view of being fur- nished with a small vessel on his arrival out, for making investigations towards a N.-W. passage; Imt, In-iiig disaiUHiiiited both in the vessel and crew provided for him. he returned to Knglaiid without attempting anything. Tin- following year he proceeded o:i the adveiitui'e towards the N.AV. in a small vessel fitted out of Lon- don; wintered in Hudson's IJay, then made some slight examination of Chesterfield's Inlet, and again returned to a [Mirt in tlit^ Hay to winter. After these failures or disappointments, nothing else l>y him was attempted. Two vessels, under the command of (Jeorge Vancouver, wt'i'esent out to the west coast of North .America, partly for receiving liack some territories which had been seized by the Spaniards, and partl.vfor discovery in regard of a navigable communication from the I'acitic to the .Atlantic, between the jiarallels of 30 and (iON. The wiiole of the west coast was .accordingl.V traced from latitude 30" to the head of Cook's Inlet, in about 01' 18'. In this lalK>rious investigation, Vancouver sailed almost 1,0(H) miles in channels, in some places very contracted, between ranges of islands and the main. The non-existence of a passage through the continent, within the limits )(rescribe(l, was well established. Several islands to the northward of that part of Russia, included between the .Tana and j the Kovima, were discovered in dilferent brief northern exiieditioiis, among which i was an extensive tract of country, now called New SilM'ria. Lieutenant Kotzebiie, in a small vessel called the "Kurick," was employed for making di.scoveries to the northward of liehring's Strait on the side of Aniei'ica. He j passed Hehrilig's Strait in 181(1, and after some little time spent in research, I returned ti, the soutli-vard to winter. The next summer, Kotzebue proceeded I again towards the north ; but having met with a personal accident, was obliged to bear iii> homeward, after reaching the mouth of Hehrings Strait. .lolin Ross .ind William Edward I'arry, proceeded with two well ecpiipped ships, for the discovery of a N.-W. iiassage. They circumnavigated Battin's Bay, proved tile non-existence of Cumberland Island, discovered S(.)nie part of the wesi coast j that was not seen by Battin, and gave names to numerous jxjsitions in the course ' of tlieir navigation. David Buchan aiid .lolin Franklin, with two ships, undertook a voyage for discovery towards tile North I'ole. One of the vessels received damage in the best part of j the st^ason, and occasioneil, it is said, the return of the e.xjjedition before that research had been made which was intended. iRewards to navigators, for advancing to latitude 83' N. and to longitude 110' W., within the Arctic circle, with a progressive increase of premiums for sailing still nearer to the North I'ole, and making further advances in the discovery of a N.W. passage, permitted by Act of Parliament, and fixed by an Order in Counc'.l. Act r)8tli (Jeo. III., c 20, and Limdmi (iazdU; 23rd March, 1810. William J-'.dward Parrv was again disnatched for discoveries towards the N.W. with two ves.sels under liis direction. 1 he issue not yet known. Sir .John Franklin's first exjiedition with Dr. Richardson, from (Jravesend, England, 23rd May, 1810, to York Factory, Hudson's Bay, which he left 30th August, 1810; thence (iverland by chain of rivers and lakes, to Athabasca Lake, Gre.at Slave Lake, Yellow Knife and Copper-Mine Rivers, and theuce Eastward on the Polar Sea to Cape Turnagain, latitude 08" 18' 50" N., longitude lO'J" 25' W., which was reached 18tli August, 1821. During the return journey, 22iid August to 2nd November, 1821, from Polar Sea to Fort Enterprise, latitude 04" N., longitude 112" 30' W., the party suffered greatly fi-om cold and starvation ; 1 man was lost, 4 died, and 5 were murdered on the way, by one of the guides. ih' ; 204 [18!)0] Chronological List of Voyages — Continued. A.D. 1825-26-27. M\ E. 1845-40-47. I !•; ''fi ■'.: 'i:l Wm 31st Aug., 1875. 27tli Sept., 1875. 12tli May, 1870. 18th May, 1870. 21st May, 1870. " 3th June, 1881. ,5 ■■,-^4 13tli May. 1882. ■ E. E. U.S. Franklin, who waw acc()ni)>anit'(i by Dr. RicharrlHon and Hepbnm, returned t(i Y(jik Factory 14th .Time, 1822, and thence to En(;land. Franklin'H second expedition with Dr. Richardson, froin New York to Fort NVilliiiin. I thence riVf Lake WinniiM'K, Cunilierland House and chain of lakes to the Kiver I Mackenzie ; thence down this river to the Polar Sea and along its east and west I coasts. They reached fJarry Island, at mouth of the Mackenzie towards latitude 0!K', luntfitiidi' I 130", - in August, 182.5, returned to Fort Franklin, ( Ireat Hear Lake and s|M'iit the winter there ; during the following year, they again descended, 24th .Tune l(] 7th I July, to tlie month of the Mackenzie. Here they sejtarated ; Franklin pmc ceded, ] on tiie Pohir Sea, with 2 boats and 8 men each, to lee Reef, latitud(^ 70" 2(1' and longitude 148" ,52', Westward, wiiere he arrived 17th August. Dr Richardson with 2 lunits and men each, proceeded eastward to the mouth of the CopptT-Miiu. River, in latitude 07" 47' .50' and longitude 11.5" 4!!' 33" ; he thence ascendi'cl this i river a distance of abo!), by Lieut. W. R. Hobson, mider McClintock, it anjjears that tlie latter died lltli June, 1847, at which time the total loss by deaths had Iwen i) officers and 15 men, out of a party of 105 who had landed tliere 22nd April, 1847, their vessels having been beset by ice since 12th Septend)er, 184(i. This document was dated 25th April, 1848. .and signed by Cai>tain F. R. M. Crozier of tiie "Terror," and Captain .lames Fitzjames of the "Erebus." They added a note stating that they would start next day for Back's Fish River. For details see Captain McClintock's narr.itive respecting Franklin's discoverii's and his own, p\iblished in Lond(m, ]8,5!t. For further details respecting Franklin's three exjH'ditions, see Part IV. Capt. (ieorge Xares with the " Alert " and " Discovery " reached latitude 82" 25' N., I longitude (!1".W W. The "Alert" was m(M)red near Cape Sheridan, Floehcit; Beach, the highest latitude ever attained by any vessel. Lieut. Aldrich of Xares' expedition, made a sledge journey on the Polar Sea to lati- tude 83" 7', longitude 03" 5' ; he saw CajK^ Colund.ia, longitude .87" 30' W. Commander Markham and Lieut. Parr of Nares' exjiedition. jdanted the British I'lag on the Polar Sea, latitude 83" 20' 2(;" N., longitude 03" 5' \\\ jLieut. Aldrich, sledge journey to Cai)e Alert near Cape Alfred Ernest, CJrinnell Land, ' westward along the I\)lar .Sea, latitude 82" 10", longitude 8.5" 33'. Lieut. L, A. Beaumont, Xares' expedition, sledge journey to Sherard Osborn Fiord, latitude 82" 20" X., longitude ;50" 54" W. Lieut. Com. George W. De Long's exj)edition of 33 jH'rsons n-ached latitude 77" 15' X.. i longitude 1,55 E., on the Polar Sea, westward of Bennett Island and northward of Siberia. His vessel the ".Teannette " was crushed l)y ice. De Long and his paitv travelled across the floating and creviced ice with sledges and Ixiats to the moutli of the River Lena, Siberia, which 23 of the party reached 12tli and 17th Sept., 1881, tile others having Ijeen lost at sea ; 21 of the party died from exhaustion and starvation. Only 12 survived ; the remains of the deceased were sent to the United .States. Lieut. Adoljihus W. Greely's exiiedition. His second Lieut. J. B. Ijockwood and Sergeant D. L. Brainard reactu'd tlie furthest jMiint ever reached by man, at Lock- W(K)d Island, latitude 83" 24' X,, hmgitude 40" 40" W., by traversing the ice of tiie Polar Sea with a sledge. Greely sailed from St. John, Xewfoundland, 7th .hily, 1881, with 22 i)ersons ; he engaged 2 Eskimos on the way, which made a i)arty of 25 in all. He reached Discovery Harlxiur in Franklin's Bay, 11th August, and there established Fort Conger, as his headquarters. Greely wintered there in 1881-82 ; on !»th August, 1883, he abandoned Fort Conger where he left all his liooks .and iiroceeded southward to Baird Inlet which lie reached 2i)th September, after being adrift for thirty days in the midst of the ice floes of Smith's Sound. His iiermanent camp was established at Cape Kabine 21st October, 1883. A.D. 1848 .52.. W8-4il... \m .55... 1848 4'.l . 18.50 51... 1H.53. Ji m returned to Ycik rk to Fort Willi,,,,, . lakfs to till. n\y^,^ r its ciwt and we„t .titudc (!!!", l„„^,it,„|^ rLakcivnds|.,.„ttl,e , 24th .Tunc t„ 7ti, iTnnklin prcicccdcl latitude 7l>' 2(>' nn/j Dr Kichardsi 111 with )f the Co|i|ii.r-.Mi„,. K'lice ascemlfd this DiiHdeuce ut X..J.;, M'aiid l)vliiiatdim'i'i arrived on tlii. 1st nee in a direct lim. ikeiizii) and n jk In,] to Kngland in ],si>7, ttin Hea, LaiicastiT nnell Land, latitiiilc alonp east sidenf 'wn Peel Sound tn iRe to Uehriiij,' Sea rror. "' and, in May, is,")!!, lie latter died 11th •tficers and lo im.,,, heir veHsels Imviii); C'rox.ii'r added a F. K. ]\r. M." They ver. n's discoveries and tlV. atitude 82" 2;')' X,, Sheridan, FloelierfJ Polar Sea to lati- S7" 30' W. i the British Flag ■St, Grinnell Land, m\ Osborn Fiord, ititude 77" 15' X,, and northward of long and hi.s jiartv )atH to the nioutli li and 17tii Sept., in e.xhau.stion and vere sent to the ''. Lock\nx)d and by man, at Lock- ing the ice of tlic idland, 7th July, made a party iif Ith Augu.st, and led Fort Conger Inlet whicli he mid.«t of the ice 3ape Kabine 21st [isno] Chronological List of Voyages — Concluchl. 20ft A.D. U.S. !He was rescued there, 22nd lune, 1884, by the " Thetis " and " Bear." ;Out of the entire |)arty of !?.">, there remaiiied 7 alive; Ki had died of starvation, 1 was drowned whilst sealing to procure fiMKl for his companions and 1 had been shot by (Ireely's orders for robbing the jirovisions oii 'hich the others relied for their sustenance, ()ut of the 18 deceased, (1 liad Ik .n partly eaten, .") haIaster (irittin, U.S.N. . .\ssistance Sir K. Belcher. Resolute Ca)it. Kellett, Pioneer Lieutenant Oslxirn. Intrepid do McClintock. North Star Captain Bulleii. . Pliienix Commander Inglefield. Rreadalbaue Lieutenant Fawcknei . . .Advance Or. Kane, U..S.X'. ; Piiienix iCommander Inglefield. iTalbot j do .Tenkins. . ■ Release Lieuteii.ant Hartesteen, Arcti( 1"\)X . . do Simnies, U. Captain McClintock. U.S.N. S.N. LIEUTENANT COMMANDER DeLONG'S EXPEDITION. The United States steamer " Jeannette," Lieut, Com. George W. DeLong, mailed from San Francisco 8th June, 1879 ; afterwards from St. Michael's, Alaska, by the Strait of Behring and reached Lat. 77° la' north by Long. 155 east, where she was crushed in by ice, 13th June, 1881. DeLong and his party succeeded to land at the mouth of the Delta of the Lena, 12th and 17th September, 1881. G. ^V. Melville and 11 others were the only surviv- ors out of an entire party of 33, of whom 10 perished at sea before reaching the Lena. The remains of De Long and 10 of his companions were found 23rd March, 1882, and interred in the United States, 22d February, 1884. + 206 [1890] 11 "1 I' ' fi| Mf; GREELY'S EXPEDITION. July 7, 1881. — Left St. John's, Nfld., with a party of 23 men; after wards shipped two Eskimo's at Upernivik. July 16, 1881.-116 reached Godhavn. July 23, 1881. — He reached Upernivik. August 12, 1881. — He reached Discovery Bay. The steamer " Proteus " after having landed Greely and his party at Discovery Bay, left, 25th August, to return to St. John's,Nlld. Greely wintered in 1881-82 at Fort Conger. August 9, 1883. — Greely abandoned Discovery Bay and arrived at Cape Sabine, 6th October, 1883. He wintered in 1883 at Cape Sabine. The extreme point reached by Lieut. A. W. Greely's sledge expedition was 83° 24' north, which is the higliest latitude attained by man, and was named "Lockwood Island," in honor of Lieut. J. B. Lockwood, the ofiicorin charge of the party who reached there on 13th May, 1882, at 40° 46' west longitude, with Sergt. Brainard and the Eskimo, Christiansen. EXPEDITION FOR THE RESCUE OF GREELY, 1882-84. 1. 1882.— Steamer "Neptune " left St. John 8th July, 1882, and reached Cape Hawks, 10th August, but was obliged to return to St. John's, Nlld. 2. 1883. — Steamer "Proteus," which had been chartered for Greely's scientific expedition in 1881, was chosen by the Relief Party of 1883. She sank near Cape Albert, 23rd July, the Relief Party succeeding to land at Cape Sabine which was abandoned to retreat on Upernivik, where they found the steamship "Yantic" stationed. The "Yantic" left immediately with the Relief Party and reached St. John's, 13th September, 1883. 3. 1884.— Steamers "Thetis" and "Bear" sailed from St. John's, 12th May, for Cape Sabine. They left Cape Sabine, 23rd June, 1884, with Greely and six other survivors and the remains of twelve of the explorers, and arrived at St. John's, 16th July, 1884, One Eskimo was buried on the way at Disco. TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT Observed 1882, uuuing Greely's Expedition. o April 27, 1882.— At Cape Bryant, Lincoln Sea — 14-0 May 5, 1882.— At Cape Britannia '• r 2-0 May 13, 1882.— At Lockwood Island " j 14-0 June 29, 1882.^ — Highest in the shade, near Fort Conger -\- 74 June, July, Augu?;, 1882. — Mean at do ... H 26*3 July, 1882. —Mean at do ... ^ 30*0 Feb. 3,1882. —Lowest at do ...-62-2 Feb. 3,1882. —Mean at do ... — 52-9 Feb. 3,1882. —Highest at do ...-44-1 Game found by Greely, August 12, 1881, to July 1883, north of latitude 81° N. :— Ice-bears, wolves, foxes, musk-oxen, ermines, hares, walrus, seals, salmon, lemmings, ducks, geese, gulls, ravens, owls, ptarmigans, skuars, sand-pipers, sanderhngs, etc. Note— (ireely states that alcohol thHnnoineter.s cannot always be relied uixju for temiMjratures btlcw 60' Fahrenheit. 23 men ; after d his party at irrived at Cape ge expedition man, and was , the oflicor in at 40° 46' west 1882-84. 2, and reached hn's, Xlld. id for Greoly's of 1883. Slie o land at Cape they found the ately with the t. John's, 12th 4, with Greely irs, and arrived i way at Disco. o — 14-0 + 2-0 i 14-0 -I- 74 ! 26-3 4 30-0 -62-2 -52-9 -441 ;h of latitude seals, salmon, , sand-pipers, tniHiratures belcw A.Dr>E.^D^ TO Fii())i iHE iiLisiic !« ii;;; mm m m\\] (icEiJii;. ARCTIC T^.xpi:r)iTioiss AND VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY. l! Il I' 1 ■'; M- I I m. SVI! ii ]i;l.'- m i^-] [r •SKIilf m ADEGl NAUTICAL AND STATUTE MILES COURKMPONDINO TO A DEGREE OF LONGITUDE AT THE VARIOUS LATITUDES AND THK DEFINITION THEREOF. 9—14** 210 [1890] liiS." The followii)g table shoAvs how many Nautical Miles answer to a degree of Longitude at every Degree of Latitude. i i JB T! ■O 1 ■c , 3 i ■/. X ■ii -*^ -" -s 3 3 1 S 1 J s 1 59.99 11 58.90, 2i; 50.01j 31 51.43 2 59.90 12 58.09 22 55.03 32 50.88 3 59.92 I 13 58.40 23 55.23! 33 50.32 4 59.85 ' 14 58.22 24' L-l.8l| 34 49.74 fi 59.77 ; 15 57.90 25) 54.381 35 49.15 <•) 59.07 10 57.08 20' 53.93! 3() 48.54 7 59.55 17 57.38j 27! 53.45 60 07 08 29.09 28.171 27.24 20.30 25.30 24.40 23.44 22.48 09; 21.50 70! 20.52 3; 3 ^ I 71! 72; 73 74' 75i 70 77 78! 79: 801 19.53 18.54 17.54 l(i.54 15 53 14.52 13.50 12.47 11.45 10.42 81 9.3!l 82 8.3.^ .s;k.3i 84(),2r 8r.,V23 80 4 111 87 3.14 88 2. Oil 811 LOT, !M)(I.O() Lengths of a degree of longitude in different latitudes, and at the level of the sea. These lengths are in commou land or statute miles of 5,280 feet. Siiioc the figure of the earth has never been precUely ascertained, these are but close approximations. c 3; ,■ ,• t ^' IS'B '^-n *^T <4--C t;"^ "t;'C ^ ^ w 5 w ;; ■~ 3 9^ if. i-c fe'*^ 1- ■A t-t .2 C 14 |- 42 51-47 ^.3 1— 1 1* hi ?. 09 16 07 12 28 01-11 50 38-70 70 23 72 2 09 12 10 00-50 30 59-94 44 49-83 58 30-74 72 21-43 4 08-99 18 05-80 32 58 '70 4() 48 12 00 .34 07 74 19 12 68-78 20 05-02 34 57-39 48 40 -a; (i2 32-55 7 20 02-20 40 53 05 54 40-74 ()8 25-98 82 9-tlli DEFINITION" OF GEOGRAPHICAL OR NAUTICAL AND STATUT.t^. MILE8. A nautical mile, or a sea mile, is the length of one minute of longitude of the earth at the equator, at the level of the sea, or the .;,, ^j ,7^ p^rt of the earth's equatorial circumference. By the United States standard, and as used by the Coast Survey, its length is 1-152664 common statute or land miles; 1865-11 metres ; 2028-69 yards ; or 6086-07 fee" consequently, one degree of longi- tude at the equatort=.69-160 land miles ; and a land milei=:0-8ti755 of a nau- tical mile. By British standard the sea mile is about 4 inches longer than by United States. Sometimes one minute of a mean latitude is taken as a nautical mile. A minute of latitude at the equator is about 6,046 feet ; and at the Poles about 0,107 ; the mean of which is 6,07GJ feet. ;o a degree of —1 <, 70 70 23 72 74 72 21-48 ^ O 1^ ^ o ?5 K5 < o 1^, ^ < HH •A K> U O O 05 U PM H !? «<) hJ H ^ [1890] o r3 g. S M "5 fa 3^ _U ■73.2 g :3 OS'"' -CO ■^5 - ^. 2 a: S oj cScSO CS cScScS cS 00 » s2 a. * ; o c o ceo 3 O so o o '=i 0/ S 0/ S-S w o lO 3^ X to "C m :t5 t5 a Ed •J. I ^ 1-1 IS •!> IS 1- ;; oc 5 I- -f ec t- » -^ oc CO ;£ I- IS t~ -r M o • ■» }. -5^ • ^ C) 3 . t^S ?j o 4j C"CiN ^ ^•s ^s ^--s 1, a s 5 li'r ^b s !< 3; J3 ■« O -tJ *^ :^H so 1 rjl y-A ^•^ ©OOMOO^aOOSOXOOCSCCWOOOOW -1" X I- ©o SC lSO©;0O©i-l!gOin©©C5©rH©©©'*©©»©i-l© f-. T-ic: x©i-wi< :.3 o.^m^ i S !p : ■ ^:2^.i i-s^l I s S-'i i.H ^-s i-§ >'^s B.f^ i ="= <1 . b ::: . ce «-;:'^ ■§■5. Si. B a b a X a >fc''5 <, >-^ P3 b: :?5 fcT o s ■B-S J3 *-* -— nU _^ ts I B B-c ^•55'x;2^ S o 5? a-^ h V. fc-r; -S ->;<', .ij pq m o o Q 'j; S B »5 .-! *j v3 tj ?=* "^ *=*' - 3SS?.(2hPh^ 5 a> 3 .^ -«J 4J h fr4 tri '3 1. ^^ii' o 0) be s li & n 9 *■ •e US'"' t ? ■; ^ •/: n 1^ IIT! FT-* rt SB ■t^ a cS +-* er M S c« S > tc ■f a C5 X a u u i 1 0) i 5 tM IjiM V i 1*. ^ u •M <«-• ^ » -^ = ;v - -r XI- *1 <.- o ® ■? T r: 1-1- ■ >. 5 D FW^^ '? «■■ rH »-<■ -r :i Tl w 5"' -J l-l^O' 1~ fj 2r iS O 5 ■? -^ '5 "t Tf Tf •* TT ii i§ii ;2 CC rH fH 1— t fH ^H r^ r-i ^H f-H iH r-l f-H ri s s J!.£_2 ceo O^ O C M^ e 3^ '2'-* 2^ - TJ 'O !» "C TS " "T "O 7303 PQ S. B. oo •c "S "S ■« x; -c -c -cc "u T5 TT -cxt: -s be ©ooeooooMoooooeos: -^ oo-t'S!isino©ina!OMO C-. = « i- 1- ;s I- » s; r. X © x S-. o c » oc 9; .5f £ S.5'5 =s -. (-. -*J »-. £ 3 -^ = « S S ? = s Ccsosscsg.sra [1890] 218 ■ 'li I?; i? 214 [1890] .!■' 'V'\- \ m o O a osccooooooos 1-1 M f -r p II I- c « »i X X N ?j rt CO ■^ w C O -^ '^ O O C O O 9 1- CCI-I f 1 M *1 .-I I o I fit J?- M tn « "■ ~' e^ '•* « 5? iS . O r: M — ^ I- •<• ^ TU- ^ 1-1 -r r- « 5*5 S -: iri Ti 1^ •?< i-J-lr-mr-^ 5 1> L. w ■*• ■ — III l*^"^ ;•? •'5 ■ rt « ^ C ''• — I". ' -^ 3- 5 "3. i, 5* & . s i w Si o X> -r : X u 5= S<: -^ ■c : 2 S : s "S 5 S fc u-^ j^ x t« i fe --^ ^ * ri -. fcJO X oQ.3. c3 S S b V^ b ss . „ > »^ w ^ .g - .0 = oooo;^^ >-' >^ M C 3 O [1890] ^ y. K iJ O 5 I y: -^ J a i-< f .-t -t* iTl t^ « 01 « T— I- l- XXX X X X X X X X X 2" 2 ^*---^0--»C3 >> - - - t-.i:;ci5~. xeotCi;ccc-i<-i< •y: . I- M Tl I- — ri(M I- WM TllM /A n T K »H 7 - li 1 3 to =8'"' I. ? -- S >> 2 . h 2 3 fS 3.2 • C ^^ a3 -*^ r OOOUW-S^^PhXH 216 216 [1890] u •Si "30 2§? 55CO -^fe- COO i^ ^§ "i-i 4-' 2 i coooooo co: :"SS[! "o •CT3 "O "cc "B "wr-c-sS . 06 •i tl 11 ¥i 73 OJ o o I— ( )b o ^ CO H K 5^0 = a! -CCT) O O 000 ccc- COOC«J -ca-c-B -c i; t: -c "c -c t: "wr-r-c-s-J 5 S 2 « S K S a oowo© i-i jj CO OV 10 10 '«' C ©CC-JC * fe- Ed Ss CCi-ii-(35X 11' c 5 = •5' ■CH; ^ P Oil ^o«i 1 • • J t. y. - if "2 ■c s dS:i 5 -AJ — ijsx> S ^ IllsJag &a a: tfE^ PS. £ «2 P3PQPQ •^1 -o« e J s o 1^ ■ Ss ?J= ©ooo o©©©©©© o©©-ro N •-£ C. M (M in lO lO i-l 10 O l~ 10 I" I- O ©©©©©©•J ©©©oc X wacM:o« ; © CC M X M S w« > lO © 10 s lOl-l©rHNN9^ •*©r- •s c :5 S £ c •0 3 s-c g-'i-i 3 c 5 C!(S tno ^ M d HfJ ^ " ^ ^ ol • ** ■ ac .SPh L-T) > •/ 4J 1 yaoo ooowHOO .0 ■•as [1890] 217 , J. M , -i X . , • * X X 3C 2 ;=■= o o_3 S-Ct! O si ?(» = 01 .x-s 5 o o s©-^ o » s =. s owe. OMCC XC 'INN •* © ^ ■ ji O e 5 c o o c o .":2. (Mi; - •i^E a' Z iti j3 4^-^ i © c o © © »s ©o©©©io M t^ t~ « •* W Q o in © *^ © iSt-n-HN »-• H I-l W iM IH © C© 12©;5©©©0© "fX CC •»• -.S i-ll-lS (Ml- S« rf (MW § ■> z 't '^ 'i «©©©©« i-ci©eci-.© I- N © © in 1" WrHWXpHIM 2 r* ^ rf ~< P-r ■£ e c P = O iS is ■ eS'S " - " C s S o s|5)i ■?^^ 1.3-E Sr IS ::^c aSo S K 1^3 : (8 e€ cd "!> '^ M 3' S)2-S a. . . X . ■ ■ 5 ■ ■ : : 5) : ■ -t- ■ '. : : i ij. • . « : 3 ■ ..S i^ i. • o-a S 3*iPH Sa ) 5 » K 5 ^•^ e«;- 3 it £ 4H 1—1 WrH >^ 1^ .'" -O O " o-i 'f ira-ii o iaSi5(5«MxH PS Ph 218 [1890] •- \ ' i , m ' T 11 ca luU o (2 « 7J ^. i I S S I i 3B 2 35 * 1-1 rH rl i-l <-! s '^ t ■'5 -=5 3Sri T-< ,-||«», „ sj- -3 -3 o y, o ;^ .s*^ ^ ~ .= 2« ^.^£ ^^ rPi 5 ,0 >= ^ v: . » •*> as-i5 S > cS ! 35 ; !» t« 2f ? ~ ■!c s c :32 '? 5-» 1- ^^.li^ 0" # r*.-S --S 2.S 5 c^ J: to: O - : = J" = .-S ; > bSa l"* 7 5>~ 1? ^Z. 5 ^^^ =C] ■*-:j^ t-**- r- ■ft — r * ^ ' 3 S 5- X r-T :^p« Sx- 2 ^ = a s-^ s - L-l ■I^J-^'B 5V5^^J|i-):_-i?:i W^S-5.-J I ■>•■ ■, i . - -i: ■ i .^ Js T--^f. ^ - — ■/; Xk* C 5P iT® = ,-12 S3 i ~, '>'> lib a-tri -c 2 'M ?i <'- rc ms5 g * S5 -- P =..= •/: H*-s '^-e ^ > ^ a -as; a 5 SSP- V<: f— tr ^ S2.!s K3 '§5 5 .2 ft t: O ^ -s 'ir. '.^ Ci;-( f 2b -'-■ !P5k>> ic? fi^V, a . *" t, a t = *"•' 3 be a .to s f* * « ^ :/:ss' ?-*•»* *"* /-I o '"' ^* !'• '^ tc » .2i-'i-i O X A A Ph ^ M SS2 ^1 X S t. t> u J X i^A *m* '^ 1. t, - 5 j-i ^ >r^ t o o . /. >.-x L. ^ w 5^ o -5^- >i C t ^ t-^:?, .r s-rS' H Xti ^ u "~~ ' c .i i r .52 T! ll c '-5 o~ ~ ., S C~~'-.- • ; "u . ^ 2" r - - 0:s=~i:22 o •:^ c 3 1- 00 1 * 1 « 1 1 £ 1 OPENING AND CLOSING NAVIGATION AT VAlltOUS CANADIAN PORTS l-UOM TllK ATLANTIC ocp:an TO avii>^:n^ii^kg. 1883 to 188i). • s 220 [18H0] Openincj and Closing of Navi^'ution at I yario"" P" Naiuo of Port. Locution. (iulf St. Lawrence. . . do do Atlantic < )cpan (iiilf St. Lrtwrencf. . . Haic (1»'» Clialt'urs . . . . do ( iiilf Ht. LawrencH . . do Kiver St. Lawrencf... do Charlottetown, P.E.I.. (ieofjfetown do .. Pictoii, N.S Sydm-y, C.H Snediac, N.H.. ^ CaniiilH-IIton, N.B Uathurnt, N.B Perce, P.(^ (t88|K'' BaHin, P.Q TadoiiHMac, P.C^ QucIh'c, I'.il «on'l, I'Xl River Ricliclifu St. .(ohnV, P.(i do Montreal, VAl River St. Lawrence, Three Riverw, P.C^ do KiiigNton, Ont Lake Ontario Belleville, Ont d- Port HoiH', Ont ril May do do do 10.. May 14.. I do 1.. April i 22 24.' 21. 4. May (i.^ 1.. l.'i.. Hi., 2)). 24. 20. 2H. I'.i. 1."). 2;"i. 21. 2S. 14. 14. (i. in 2,j. Close"' ill .Inn. !l, Sti. F..).. 2:'. ■■.(i. 1 )(?('. ;U.. .Fun. 14, '8(1 . l).f. 1 . ■ do 10. ilo I.. Nov. IH.. Dh;. 2t> . . Nov. IH.. do 21. !).<•. 4.. Nov. 30.. Ik*. v.. ,kn. *<, 'Sti. 1)K'. ;i. do 18. ,Un. f* 'Sti. IK'. 22. ao I. do it. ,Ian. f^ , 'Htl. \)h: 14 Nov. 30. !)«•. 10 Nov. 24 II ill ItWi). -'".. A|.|| 21. 4. 24.. i (lu ', '«r).iMiiv j 12..jMa,v it. 1 . Muv I H.. (i(.' 1"i IH.. ,1„ li> 12.. 11.. 2it. Ai.iil ( () do •M. •Hi IH.. May "), 31 . . April ''?S 12.. do 1!) 12.. do i:i I!».. do ■'") !!».. do 21 11..' do "S 17. . .Ian. It 2").. April 14 15.. .May (1 24..; do 1) 1..' do ;< 31.. 1 do 1 . . io.'iMiy •).. 14.. 1 do i;f 1. . Vprii ■St.. [1890J 221 f_^'f,'ation at I varioun Ports in Canada, 1883 to 1889. CloHwl ill ISH.'). .hn.'X '>**>■ Fft). 2?. ■■••i- Dec. M.. .Ittii. 14, 'Ht!. l)(f. ill 18H(i. Opened in 1«8!). 'li QUI OPENING AND CLOSING OK NAVIGATION AT QUEBEC, MONTREAL, KINGSTON AND TORONTO, 1814 TO 1889. ?,u [1890] OPENiNa and Closing of Navigation at Quebec, Montreal, Kingston and Toronto from 1814 to 1889. (JUEBEC. MON-l ■RK.M,. KiN'CiSTON • 1 ■ T0R0.NT( 1. Years. Ojwned. Closed. Opened. Closed. 1 Oijened. Closed. Ojwned. Closed. 1814 April 28.... do 28.... do 23. . . . Dec 7 1 1 SI ■"> do 5 1 1 181t> Nov. 29.... 1817 1818 May 6... April 27.... Dec. 5 do 1 ... . 181*( do 30.... do 24 do 7 . Igoo do 1 1 1821 May 3.... April 29.... Dec. 3... 1822 1 1 1823 do '>5 t 1.:;; [ 1824 do 20... do 10 Dec. 11 ! I 182.5 182(! do 22.... do 14 Dec. 21 18L'7 1 1828 do 12 182!" do 18.... do 17.... do 21... Dec. "4!... Nov. 30.... 1830 ; 18.31 Dec. 19 1832 do 29.... do 30.... April 27.... -do 4 1833 do 19.... do 25... do 7.... .Ian. 1, '34 18.34 do 18.... Dec. 9.... Mar. 19.. . Dec. 22... 1 1833 May 4 . . . do 1.... April (i . . . do 31 ... . 183G do 10. . . . do 2.... do 1.... April 23. . . . do 21.... May 4.... April 26. . . . do 1.... do 23.... do 11. .. do 6.... do 8.... Mar. 19.... Ai.ril23.... Mar. 24... do Jan. Dec. do do do do 26 1837 do 12. . . . l(i, '38 18.... 26.... 1838 Nov. 26... 1839 Dec. 19.... 1840 do 2... 23. . . 31 ... . 1841 do 14.... 1842 do 2.... 31 ... 1843 May 5.... April 23. . . . do 23.... do 14.... May 11.... April 18 . . do 24.... do 26... do 22.... do 30. . . . do 26. . . . do 1 Nov. 29... April 25.... Mar. 9 April 2.. . Mar. 31 Jan. do do 3, '44 12, '45 9, '46 1844 1845 Dec. 2 184(5 do 9 . . . . 1847 do 3 ... April 11.... do 3... Jan. 2 1852 do 19.... do 3.... 14, '53 5, '54 1853 1854 May 5.... do 8.... do 5.... Nov. 27 April 25 do 28.... Dec. 6... do 12 .. do 10.... do 17.... do do 13, '.55 1855 1, '66 April 2.. Dec. 19 185() April 22.... Dec. 2.... do 24.... do 3.... do 8.... Dec. 31 ... . do 17.. do 22 1857 do 28.... do 4.... do 18.... do 13.... do 2.... Feb. 2, '.58 Feb. 27.. do 30 1858 do 16.... do 3.... do 9.... do 12.... do 26.... Jan. 8, '59 Mar. 4 . . do 21 1859 do 26. . . . Nov. 29.... do 4... do 11.... do 15. . , . Dec. 25. . . . Feb. 7.. do 30 181)0 do 20. . . Dec. 8.... do 10.... do 7 . . . . do 12.... Jan. 10, '61 Jan. 10.. do 31 18('l do L'i.... do 17.... do 24... do 22. . . . do 8.... do 4, '62 do 2.. do 31 18()2 do 11.... do 5.... do 23.. , do 7.... do 14.... do 17, '63 do 2.. do 30 1863 May 1.... do 4.... do 25 . . . do 12 ... do 16.... do 1, '64 do 7.. do 21 1804 April 19.... do 13.... do 13.... do 11 ... . do 5.... do 4, '65 Feb. 3.. do 29 18()5 do 18.... do 9.... do 10. . . . do 16.. . Mar. 28.... do 5, '66 Mar. 25.. do 30 186(J do 27.... do 15.... do 19.... do 15 ... . April 11....! do 5, '67 April 3.. do 26 1867 do 17.... Nov. 29 ... do 22.... do 6.... do 8... Dec. 18.... Mar. 28.. do 9 18G8 do 23. .. do 28 ... do 17.... do 9.... Mar. 31.... do 24 ... April 6.. do 12 1869 do 27.... do 27.... do 25.... do 6.... April 17 ... . Ian. 8, '70 do 1.. do 3 1870 do 16.... Dec. 2.... do 18.... do 18.... do 13.... Dec. 31.... do 3.. do 24 1871 do 22.... Nov. 25 do 8.... do 1.... Mar. 16....; do 25 ... Mar. 11..' Nov. 30 1872 do 30.... do 26.... May 1.... do 8.... .•VpriI22....l cio 24 ...| do 21.... April 12.. 1 Dec. 10 1873 do 28.... do 22.... April 25.... Vov. 26.... Ian. 14, '74 do 14.. i Nov. 26 1874 do 28.... do 25. . . . do 25.... Dec. 13.... Mar. 28.... do 5, '75 Mar. 16..' Dec. 20 1875 do 2{). . . . do 23.... May 3.... Nov. 29.... April 19....: Dec. 23. . . . April 16.. Nov. 30 187(! May 6 do 24.... April 27.... !Jec. 10 ... do 18.... do 20... do 11.. Dec. 9 1877 tVpril 25. . . . do 26.... do 17.... Ian. 2, 78. . do 9.... Tan. 8, '78 Mar. 25.. do 19 1878 do 20.... do 25.... 1 Mar. 30.... Dec. 23.. . Mar. 11.... do 2, '79 do 9.. do 16 [1890] 225 and Toi'oiito I Opening and Closing of Navigation at Quebec, Montreal, Kingston and Toronto from 1814 to 18S9— Concluded. TORO.Vlo. Closed, QUKBKO. Montreal. Kingston. Toronto. Years. Oi>ened. Closed. Ojiened. Closed. Ojiened. Closed. Opened. Closed. 187it April 29.... Nov. 28.... April 24.... Dec. 19.... April 21.... Dec. 28... Mar. 25.. Dec. 24 1880 do 30.... do 27.... do 17.... do 3 ... Mar. 23... do 21.... Feb. 19.. i do 8 1881 May 1.... do 24.... do 21.... Jan. 2, '82.. April 12.... MTar. 7 . . . . •Jan. 12, '82 April 16..! do 19 1882 1883 do 5. .. do 2 ... do do 25.... 24.... do 11.... do 2(>.... Dec. do 9.... l(i.. . Feb. 27.. 1 do April 15 . . do 9 April 19.... Dec. 31.... 21 1884 April 31).... Dec. 12.... do 22.... do 18,... ao 19... do 31. .. Mar. 30.. do 19 1885 do 2!).... Nov. 21.... May 5 do 7.... do 28.... Jan. 8, '86 April 25.. Jan 8 ,'86 1880 do 29. . . . do 24 . . April 24... do 4.... do 9.... Dec. 30.... Mar. 20. . Dec. 4 1887 do 30. .. do 28.... May 1 do 22.... do 19.... do 30... April 12..' do 24 1888 do 29.... do 24... April 29.... do 14.... do 12.... Jan. 19, '89 do 7 . . do 20 188!l do 23^.. tDec .15.... do 14.... do 29.... do 2 ... do 22.... Mar. 15... do 20 1fi(H) Mar. 26.... do 15.. 1 * ! * December, 20 — Ice broke up and reformed several times. + The ice formed, the 4th Dec(!mber, in the Tidal Basin and the Wet Dock. The ice formed, the 14th Deceinl)er, in the River St. Charles. The ice lirielKe formed, the 15th December, between the Island of Orleans and the north shore, and, on the 20tli foUowinpf, the ice gave way and had not reformed at the close of the year. See ApiKUuiix No 7 of (Jeneral ReiK)rt of 1867, pages 303 to 400. For dates of oixining and closing of navigation at other ports and on the canals of Canada, together with tlie draft of water, etc., see (Jener.al Kei)ort Public Works, 18()7-1882, pages 906-935, and subsequent animal reports Public Works, also aimual reiK)rts on Railways and Canals, up to 1890. 2. 2., 7.. 1 2.. Dec. l!l 17.. do •)•» 27.. do 30 4.. do 21 i..; do .30 10.. I do 31 do 31 do .30 do 21 3..i do 29 25.. I do 30 3.. I do 26 28.. do 6.. do 1 . . do 3.. I do 24 11.. Nov. 30 12.., Dec. 10 I4..IN0V. 2(i IfK.'lk'c. 20 16.. Nov. 30 11.. Dec. 9 do 19 do 16 9 12 3 g^U** ( PORT OF MONTREAL. D^TES OP OPENING AND CLOSING OF NAVIGATION, PROM 1864r to 1889. il ah 9— 16i^ ** PORT OF MONTREAL. MEMORANDUM TAKEN FROM THE HARBOUR MASTER'S RE- PORTS, GIVING THE DATES OF THE OPENING AND CLOS- ING OF NAVIGATION FROM 1864 TO 29th DECEMBER, 1889. !■, 1864 — The ice in the harbour began to break and move on the 7th of April ; on the 13th, river was clear; close of navigation, 10th December. 1866 — On the 1st of January, the water gradually rose ; on the 14th, the ice shoved ; on the 15th, the ice remained stationary. 1866 — Opening of navigation, 19th April ; on the 5th January, 1886, the river was full of ice ; on the 6th, the ice became stationary. 1867 — On the Ist of January, the water was level with the wharves, ice form- ing fast ; on the 9tli ice became stationary. The first shove of the ice took place on the 14th April ; on the 22nd the harbour was clear of ice. 1868 — The winter was unusually cold ; the river was frozen at an early date, teams crossed on the 16th of December, 1 867 ; on the 19th of March, 186C, ice shoved ; on the 4th of April the ice shoved heavily oppo- site the city ; on the 14th and 15th the ice kept moving ; on the 17th the harbour was clear. 1869 — December 28th, the river was frozen over early ; on this date, the first team crossed to St. Lambert ; in the beginning of 1869, the ice was considered firm for the winter ; on the 13th April the ice shoved ; on the 18th shoved again ; on the 19th it shoved, flooding Griffin- town, which continued until the 23rd ; at 10 a.m. ice below gave way ; on 25th the harbour clear of ice. 1870 — On the Ist January, channel opposite city free of ice ; on the 8th, crossed on foot; on the iry F. Perley, John Kennedy, Percival W. St. Ceorge. Pub- lished by Order of the City Council of Montreal, 15th April, 1888, and in Part II of Public Works Report, 1889-lK). V J 1 1 PORTS ON THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEANS OPEN TO NAVIGATION THE WHOLE YEAK ,.»,■',.■-.,-■. ■■,-,■.. ....■\.. 234 [1890] . i-.'i-i i. ■ :''■■ Names of various Ports which are open to Navigation, the whole yoar. 1 Name of County. Province. .Art ^ Remarks. I Tort. |.3 1 Feet. 1 Annapolis .. Annapolis .. Nova Scotia 15 to 20 In very severe winters, ice forms, | =^-^ ])Ut screw steamers can always 1 Arichat Richmo n d, enter. 1 C.B do ... 40to 75 Some years this harbour may be | obstructed for a few days by drift ice in spring. Barrington. Shelburne... do ... 12to20 At anchorage, wharves dry at low water. Digby Digby do 1« About 10 ft. at end of steamboat Halifax Halifax do ... 20to30 pier. At wharves, 70 to 180 ft. in harbour. CITIES Liverpool. .. Queen's do 7 On bar, at Brooklyn, 24 ft. Lockport ... Shelburne. . . do ... 8 LouisburghCapeBreton do 30to70 Easy of approach ; safe, and free from ice in winter. Lunenburg. Lunenburg. do 12 Parrsboro' .. Cumberl'nd do ... Dry in harbour at low water. Shelburne... Shelburne... do ... iotoGO BR Yarmouth.. Yarmouth.. do ... 13 St.Andrews Charlotte.... New Bruns- wick 14 In inner harbour. St. John... St. John .. .. do ... 24 At entrance of harbour ; 60 ft. in harbour. St. Stephen. Charlotte.... do 6 30 ft. at the ledge, 4 miles below the town. 1 'i^'Tadoussac Saguenay . . Quebec 30 to 50 Anchorage for ships in from 17 to 18 fathoms, on clay bottom. 1 Morpeth Kent Ontario 9 11 ft. at outer end of wharf. 1 Wmdsor.... Essex do y *See Memorandum respecting Tadoussoc Harbour at pp. 382-383 of Apiiendix No. 8, of Reiwrt 1867-1882. Victoria, Nanaimo, Burrard Inlet and all other Ports of British Columbia, up to Skeena River, remain always open. New Westminster is liable to be closed 7 to 15 days. whole yoar t^rs, ice forms, frs can always jbour may be few days by 'C8 dry at low of steamboat 180 ft. i„ 24 ft. lafo, and free ^ water. 9 FORTS OR TRADING STATIONS, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES AND OTHER SETTLEMENTS COMPKISKIi IN THE DIOCESES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, MAMTOBA, THE PRTH-WEST, HUDSON'S BAY l» !l ir ; 60 ft. in miles below 1 from 17 to bottom. ^harf. 8i of Report River, remain AND Xii^BRADOR. ■5 1^ I \'U- FORTS OR TRADING STATIONS, CITIES, VILLAGES, ETC., COMrRISED IN THE DIOCESES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, MANI. TOBA, THE NORTH-WEST, HUDSON'S BAY AND LABRADOR. ALBERTA DISTRICT. St. Albert, at 9 miles to the north- westwiird of Edmonton, is the scat of the See of the R. C. Bishop, Mgr. Vital Grandin, since 21.st Sept., 1871, when it was first estaWislied. This See comprises : — Edmonton (St. Joachim) ; Our Lady of Lourdes, Notre Dame des Sept-Doukuirs, St. Thomas, Stony Point, Ste-Anne (Lake)-|, St. Alexandre, Cunningham School, Our Lady of Victories (Lac-la-Biche)t, in the Djstuict of St. Alukrt. — Calgary, Banff, Industrial School (High River), Blackfoot Crossing, Fort McLeod, Lcthbridge, lilood Reserve, and Belly River, in the District of Calo^^ry. — St-Lauren<^, St-Antoinc (Batoche), St-Louis, Sacro-Ccuur (Duck Lake), Prince Albert, Lake Muskeg and Ile-^-la-Crosse, in the District of St-Laurent. — Lac Froid ((Jold Luke), I-ac d'Oignon, Lac la Sello, Battleford, Ste-AngMe and the Thundercliikl Reserve, i.n the District of Pitt. — Lac Caribou, Pelican Lake and Cumberland House, in the District of Cumberland. The entire Diocese contahis 1 R. C. Bishop, 41 Priests, O.M.I., 2 Secular Priests, 20 Lay Brothers, 8 Religious Institutions, 38 Catholic Schools, 3 Orphan Asylums, 30 Sisters of Charity, 22 Female Auxiliaries, 32 Faitliful Companions of Jesus, and 15,000 Catholic Indians. A portion of the diocese, it is announced, has recently been detached from it, under the name of the Vicariate Apostolic of Saskatchewan. jNotc A. — Ste. Anne Lake, Fort or Post. At about 50 miles from Edmonton. First Catholic mission established by the Rev. J.-Bte. Thibault, V.G., in 1842; he was sent there by Mgr. Provencher. At that time there was a Methodist mission under Rev. Mr. Rundel at Edmonton. tNote B. — White Fish Lake, Fort or Post. At 40 miles south of Lac-la-Biche the Methodists have an important " Cree mission." ATHABASCA— MACKENZIE, N.W.T. The principal settlements or missions may be enumerated as follows ; — St-Bernard (Little Slave Lake) : — Trout Lake, Jawatwaway, Athabasca Landing ; Nativity of the Virgin Mary at Fort Chipewyan and Lake Atha- basca : — N. D. des Sept-Douleurs, Fort McMurray, Wabaska and Point Provi- dence; St. Charles (Fort Dunvegan) : — N. D. desNeiges (Rocky Mountains), Battle River, Smoke River and Grande Prairie ; Providence: — Trout Lake, Grosse-Ile, Montagne do Tondre ; St. Henri )Vermilio"h) : — Little Red River, Rivi^re-aux-Fouines, Vieux Fort ; St. Joseph (Fort Resolution) : — Fond du Lac, Ste. Anne and Riviere aux Bceufs ; St. Michel (Fort Rae) ; St. Raphael :— St. Paul of the Rocky Mountains, Fort Nelson and Fort Halket ; Fort Simp- Great Bwn" River, SiuT at the K^^' I' faraiid, O. braccH inoH I under l?i»^» The R faraiKl, 2' feniiiU^ inst female au: ( 1890] 237 S, [ABRADOK. I, is tli(! s(;iit of ;Vt; 1871, when |J«>achini) ; Our ', ^Stony Poinf Kiy of Viofories anfF, Industrial hbrid^a-, iJlooj ■Giiff, St-Aiitoij,, ''MCol.l Lake), J Tliinidercliild nd Cuniborland M.I., 2 Secular ^lic Schools, 3 '8, 82 Faithful I of tlie diocese, e name of the bault, V.G., in 3 there was a an irajjortant i follows ; — y, Athabasca i Lake Atha- i Point Provi- 7 Mountains), -Trout Lake, e Red River, ) :--Fond du Raphael ; — ; Fort Simp- ^S (Saor^-CcTur de Joaus) and Fort Wrigloy ; Ste. TiifiKftsE (Fort Norman): — Great l^ear Lake; N. D. de Bonne Espcrance (Fort (iood Hope) :— Peel's River, Sacred Heart of Mary on the Mackenzie River, Delta of the Mackenzie gt the Krt(|uimaux settlements. Tlicae and otliera are in the R. C. Vicariato-Apostolic of the late Mgr. Faraiul, O.M.L, and of his auxiliary, Mgr. Isidore Clut. This Vicariate em- braccH most of the territory in the Anglican Dioceses of the Mackenzie River .under Mirthop W. C. Bonipas, and of the Arthabasca, under Bishop R. Young. I The R. C. Vicariate contains bishop (Mgr. Clut since the demise of Mgr. Faraud, 27th Sept., 1890), 21 priests, 23 lay brothers, 8 male institiitions, 8 female institutions, 8 orpluin asylums, 3 hospitals, 8 sisters of el uirity and their female auxiliaries. BRITISH COLUMBIA. MAINLAND. The City of New "Westminster, wliore the penitentiary and other public flings are situated, was founded by Col. R. C. Moody in February, 1859 ; tk City of Vancouver, the present western terminus of the Canadian Pacific ifailway, was founded by the C. P. R. Co., towards 1887 at Burrard Inlet. The various cities, towns, villages and mining or fishing establishments, etc., throughout the Province, on the mainland, are situated in the Anglican Diocese of New Westminster, under Bishop A. W. Sillitoe, and in that of Caledonia under Bishop W. Ridley ; both of these Sees are comprised in the R. C. Vicariate- Apostolic of Mgr. Durieu. VANCOUVKR ISLAND. — PACIFIC OCEAN. The City of Victoria, founded by. Governor Douglas, 16th March, 1848. Esquimault where the Graving Dock is situated and the great coal mines at Kanaimo, are the most important places on the Island, where Government works have been executed or applied for. Apjirt from these there are various settlements or posts at Saanitch, Cowichan, Ahousiat, Ilesquiat, Clayoquot and Kuyoquot, etc. They are in the Anglican diocese of Columbia, wh. H was established in 1869 and placed under Bishop George Hills ; this See is comprised in the Roman Catholic diocese of Vancouver Island and of the Alaska Territory which was established 30th November, 1847, and is now under Mgr. J. Lemmens who resides at Victoria. GULP OF ST. LAWRENCE. North Shore. St. Pierre, Pointe aux Esquimaux, St. Elisee de Betshiamits, Saut-au- Cochon, St. Frangois-Xavier de Manicouagan, St. Patrice on the Pentecost River, Sept-Iles, Moisie, Godbout, etc., River Magpie, River St. John, Shel- drake, Riviere-au-Tonnerre, Mingan, etc., N. D. de Nataskouan, Piastierbee, Ste. Anne, TSte-^-la-Baleine, S. C. de Jesus de Bonne Esperance, Belles Amours, Lourdes, Notre Dame de Bersimis, and other Montagnaises missions, Naskapis and Esquimaux missions, etc. 238 [1890] ,>i ISLAND OP ANTICOSTI. St. Alfred, English Bay, St. Ludger, and Anse aux Fraises. The preceding are in the Anglican diocese of Quebec, under Bishop J. "W. Williams, and in the Prefecture Apostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The former was founded, 1st Ifovember, 1793, under Bishop Jacob Mountain and the latter, 29th May, 1882, under Mgr. F. X. Bosse, who resides at Pointe- aux-Esquimaux. HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY. iiOUTHERN PORTION. Among the various establishments hitherto or still frequented, the fol- lowing may be enumerated : — Ft. Severn, Beaver Lake H., — Osnaburgh H., Mai tin's Falls and Fort Albany on the R. Albany, on S.W. side of James' Bay ; Moose Factory, and Hannah Bay H. at mouth of Harricanaw River, at S. end of James' Bay; Lake Abitibi H. ; Lake Temiskaming H., Ft. William, Allumette, Coulonge, Calumet and Portage du Fort, on the Upper Ottawa ; Rupert H. at mouth of Rupert R., East Main R., I'ort at mouth of Fort George or Victoria at moutli of Miistassibi or Big River, on E. side of James' Bay ; H. B. Post at moutb of Great Whale R. ; H. B. Post at mouth of Little Whale R., on E. side of Hudson's Bay ; H. B. Post at S.W. end of Lake Mistassini which discharges into the Rupert River; Fort Chimo H. B. Post, on the lower portion of Kokskeak or South River, which discharges into the southern end of Ungava Bay, Hudson's Strait. The ribove, etc., are in the Vicariate Apostolic of Pontiac, founded 22nd Sept., 1832, vnder Mgr. N. Z. Lorrain, and in the Anglican Diocese of Moosonee, und<;r Bishop J. Horden, founded in 1872. LAKE ST. JOHN. Sagueriay Reserve Region. There are numerous settlements around the Lake, the ppincipal of which are S. Coeur de Marie, St. Joseph d'Alma, St. GedtJon, St. Jer6me, the mouth of tb3 R. Metabetchouan, Pte. aux Trembles or St. Louis de Chambord, Tf i,re Dame du Lac or Roberval, the Pointe Blue Lidian Reserve, St. Prime, St. Felicien, St. Cyrille, St. Methode. These and many others are in the R. C. Diocese of Chicoutimi, under Mgr. L. N. Begin, who residf s at Chicoutimi, and in the Anglican Diocese ot Quebec, undf " Bishop J. W. Williams. The See of Chicoutimi was founded 4th Aug., 18V8, under Bishop Dominique Racine. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. Winnipeg, the capital of this Province, was founded towards 1860, prior to which St. Boniface was the most important place in the North- West, having been the seat of the See of the R. C. Bishop, Mgr. J. N Provencher, since 1847; Archbishop Alex. Tach^, who succeeded him in 1863, still resides there. [1890] 239 pes. ^nder Bishop J. ir ot. J,awrence i lacob Mountain* resides at Points! Manitoba and part of the territory to the eastward are in the Anglican diocese of Rupert's Land, under Bishop R. Machray ; this diocese was first established in 1849, under Bishop David Anderson. Various public buildings and other important works have been executed at Winnipeg and other parts of the Province by the Federal and Provincial Governments. luented, the fol. Falls and Fort 'se Factory, and or James' Baj; lette, Coulonje,' n. at mouth'of ctoria at moutli 'ost at mouth of ., on E. side of hich discharges ^^'cr portion of endofUngava ^ founded 22nd 3an Diocese of ncipal of which toe, the mouth de Chambord, rve, St. Prime, coutimi, under can Diocese ot li was founded Js 1860, prior N"orth-West, Provencher, J, still resides PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS, Etc. Regina is the seat of Government for the North-West Territory and the Provisional Districts of Assiniboia, Alberta, Athabasca, Saskatchewan and Keewatin. These districts have been provided with various public buildings at Calgary and at several of the towns, etc., which have sprung into existence since the construction of the C. P. Ry. Assiniboia is in the Anglican Diocese of Qu'Appelle, which was estab- lished 24th June, 1884, under Bishop J. R. A. Anson. Alberta and Saskatchewan are in the Diocese of Calgary and Saskatche- ■van ; first established in 1874, and now undsr "VV. C. Pinkham. Athabasca forms part of the Anglican Diocese of the same name, which was ostalilished in 1874, and is now under Bishop R. Young. Assiniboia, Manitoba, Keewatin and part of the territory eastward are comprised in the H. 0. Archdiocese of Mgr. Tache. Alberta, Saskatchewan, part of Athalaasca and of the territory eastward and northward are comprised in the R. C. Diocese of St. Albert, which was established 22nd September, 1871, under Mgr. V. J. Grandin, who resides at St. Albert, 9 miles to the north-west of Edmonton. Remark. In Part II, the forts and localities described are chiefly those respecting which reliable information has been procured in reg'ird to their geographical situation, climate and resources. For further information respecting the Roman Oatholic Missions, etc., in the North- West, sec " Vingt Annees de Missions dans le Nord-Ouest de 1' A- merique," by His Grace Alex. Tache, Archbishop of St. Boniface,— new edition, 1888, which has been consulted respecting various missions herein mentioned or described. IMPERIAL STATUTES RELATING TO LABRADOR SINCE THE BRITISH CONQUEST OF CANADA, 1T60. 9_ltj** (^ IMPERIAL STATUTES RKLATINO TO 1LA.BR^I30R Since the British Conquest op Canada, in 1760, I I Definitive Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, 10th February, 1763, by which the whole of Canada or New France, with the exception of the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, was ceded by the French to Great Britain. By Royal Proclamation, 7th October, 1763, all the coast of Labrador, from the river St. John to Hudson's Strait, with the Island of Anticosti, Madeleine, and all the other small islands lying on the said coast, were placed under the care and inspection of the Governor of Newfoundland. By the Act commonly known as the Quebec Act, 14 George III, Cap. 83, Section 1, 1774, all such territories, islands and countries, as had since the 7th October, 1763, been made part of the Government of Newfoundland, were annexed to, and made part and parcel of the Province of Quebec. By an Act passed in the 49th year of the reign of George III, Cap. 27, A.D. 1809, Section 14, it is enacted that the coast of l4abrador, from the River St. John to Hudson's Strait, with the Island of Anticosti and all other small islands annexed to the Government of Newfoundland by the proclamation of 7th October, 1763 (except the Islands of Madeleine), shall be separated from i^w'ver Canada, and be re-annexed to Newfoundland. By an Act passed in the 5th year ' of the reign of George IV, Cap. 67, S-- „Uon 18 (1824), the Government of Newfoundland is empowered to insti- t.ite a Court of Civil Jurisdiction, at any such parts or places on the coast of labrador, as have been re-annexed to Newfoundland. By an Act passed in the 6th year of the reign of George IV. Cap. 59, Section 9 (1825), it is enacted that so much of the coast of Labrador as lies westward of a line to be drawn due north and south from the Bay or Harbour of Anse Sablon, inclusive, as far as the 52nd degree of north latitude, with the Island of Anticosti and all other islands adjacent to the ?aid coast, shall be re-annexed to Lower Canada. " Royal Letters Patent," 28th March, 1876, define Newfoundland's jur- isdiction in Labrador as follows : — " The coast of Labrador, from the entrance of Hudson's Strait to a line to be drawn due north and south from Anse Sablon, on the said coast, to the 52nd degree of north latitude, and all the islands adjacent to that part of the said coast of Labrador." (See Journal of the House of Assembly, Newfoundland, 1877.) (Signed) J. JOHNSTON. 12th July, 1889. Note. — See Memorandum 10th Jwna, 1889, with Map, 'oy Joiin Johnstoii, Geographer of the Depart- ment of the Interior, appended to O. C. 27th November, 1889. — G.F.B. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY OCEAN ROUTE. PANAMA CANAL. INTEROCEANIC PROJECTS. SUEZ CANAL. RAILWAYS TO HUDSONS BAY, FROM WINNIPEG, LAKE NIPISSING AND LAKE ST. JOHN. ir of the Depart- 9_16** TUL'ti m 244 [1890] ■ill; CANADIAN PACIFIC KAILWAY OCEAN ROUTE. Voyage of the "Abyssinia" across the Pacific. — The Company's Pioneer Steamship. — Yokohama to Vancouver. 1888. The steamship " Abyssinia," the first of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company's ti-ans-pacifio line, left Yokohama, Japan, on Tuesday, the 31st of May, at 7 a.m., with a cargo of 1,200 tons of tea, as well as other merchun- dize, and a number of passengers. She arrived at Vancouver dock at 5.30 am. Tuesday, 14th June, having passed Victoria at 3.10 a.m., without stop- ping there, and anchored in English Bay at 9.25 p.m. the previous day. The first 8 days out, the weather was thick, at times foggy, and the winds were high and variable, which prevented sails being used, and it was not until the last days of the voyage, on entering the Straits of San Juan de Fu«i, that sail was set. Nothing of importance occurred during the trip, and no accidents of any kind marred the pleasure of those on board the "Abyssiniii," which was commanded by Captain Marshall. She made her course over what is known as the " Great Circle," and found it to bo 10 miles shorter than tlie distance set down on the Canadian Pacific Railway map. Passengers from liiv- erpool to Yokohama, by the Canadian Pacific Railway from Quebec to Vancou- ver, avoid the hot weather that is experienced on the Suez Canal route from Liverpool to Yokohama vid the Straits of Malacca, which is 1,372 miles longer, the total distance on the former route being about 9,071 and on the latter 1 1 ,043 miles. The distance from Hong Kong to Vancouver is 5,758 miles, and from Yokohama to Vancouver, on the Great Circle, 4,334 miles. The voyage from Yokohama to Vancouver was made in 13 days and 14 hours. The longest yu:\ made in 24 hours was 324 miles, and the shortest 279 miles. A portion of t lie cargo of tea by the "Abyssinia " was consigned to Everett, Eraser, & Co., New- York, to whom it was sent through by express n the same day that she arrived at Vancouver, making the fastest time on record from Yokohama to the Atlantic coast. ■ jjK^v steamships. The Canadian i'acific Railway in October, 1890, has announced the sailing; of the following new twin-screw steel Steamships, from Liverpool to Japan and China : "Empress of India," "Empress of China," " Empress of Japan," in 1801. The first will leave on or about the 15th January; the second, on or about the h^ih February, and the third towards the 15th March. The ports of call during the voyage from Liverpool to Vancouver, will be Gibralter, Naples, I'ort Said, Suez, Colombo, Penang, Singapore, Hong- Kong, Shanghai, Nagasaki, Kobe and Yokohama ; short stays being made at each. The fare has been placed at |600 for the trip, which wnll include cost of meals and berths throughout onse?, and rail; also transportation across the Atlantic, but will not include expenses ashore, or on lines of railway, other than the Canadian Pacific, nor while stopping over at Canadian Paciilc Mountain Hotels. The voyage will last about 80 days. These Steamships have been built for the Compan}-, by the " Naval Con- struction and Armaments Company," at Barrow-in-Furness, England, where the first, " Empress of India " was successfully launched, 16th August, 1890. Their dimensions are : Length over all, 485 feet ; between perpendiculars, 440 feet; breadth, moulded, 51 feet ; depth, moulded, 36 feet; tonnage, 5,700 tons gross. Ships to be armed with 47 inch guns, and to be lighted throughout by electricity. Speed to be 18 knots on the measured mile, and 16 J knots on a 400 miles sea trial per hour, as per contract, 2nd July, 1889. FTE. |ny's Pioneer cifie Railway , tlie 31st of er merclian- -lock at 5.;^o witliout stop. |us day. nd theAviiuls it was not uan de Fuca, trip, and no "Abyssinia," •so over >v]iat rter than tlie :er8 from J.iv- ■c to Vaneoii- al route from miles lon<>\>r, latter 11,043 les, and from voyage from le longest rv\ ortion of t lie r, & Co., Now it she arrived ) the Atlantic h1 the sailing' :o Japan and an," in 1801. 2cond, on or couver, will pore, llong- ing made at include cost II across tlu; Iway, other ian Paciiic i^aval Con- land, wheiv igust, 1890. culars, 440 5,700 tons throughout ^ knots on [1890] PANAMA CANAL. 245 Panama Canal, from Colon or Aspinwall, on the Atlantic, to Panama, on the Pacific, 73 kilometres r-.= 45-4 S. U. = 39-4 G. M. in length, with an excel- lent harbour at each end, and a railway in operation along the canal. The total estimated (juantity of excavation, for a through cut without locks, on this canal, is 40,150,000 cubic metres = 00,364,200 cubic yards, English measure A CiiANOE ov Plans. Tlir Pavam'i Canal to Juivr Locks, ivstcnd nf hrhvj a Tlde-wale.r JRoatc^for the present, .so as to render it avaihilde to Niivir. done by 1st July, and a French company, on the Pacific end, will have ;"> more X. or 3'1 S.M. completed. Beyond our work, there is a 20 kilometre section that a French company has contracted to do, but it has done very little on it. If the French contractors do as they ought to do, that section w\\\ give the shareholders no concern. There is left, however, a section, 25 lv.= 15-53 S.^E. long, that contains the ridge or l)ackbone of the Isthmus, The elevations run from 50 to 287 feet above the mean level of the two oceans. A good deal of work has been done on this section, ])Ut it is here of course that the greatest amount of digging has to be done. (According to the original project examined by the Inter- national Congress in 1879, the maximum depth of cutting for a tide-water canal is 87 metres = 285-4 Etiglish feet above water surface for a distance of 1 X = 0-02 S.M. If a tunnel of (5 X. = 3-728 S.M. is constructed, the depth of cutting can be reduced to 34 metres = 111-5 feet. If locks are constructed, 13 will be required, and the depth of cutting will be still further I'educed.) M. Eiffel, who is probably best known in America as the builder of the tower 1,000 feet high in Paris for the Exhilntion of 1889, has the contract for the locks. The locks will be made chiefly of iron, and will be water-lifts. XoTK. — Owing to financial clilficulties which have arisen since tlie above statement was made by H. B Slaven, the work», which were then in |)rot,'ress on this canal, ajjiieai' to have been discontinued. 246 [1890] in PRINCIPAL PROJECTS OF INTEROCEANIC CANALS ACROSS THE CENTRAL AMERICAN ISTHMUS EXAMINED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRKSS OV 1870. 1. — Isthmus of Tehuantkpec Route, Mexico. Length, 240 kilomotres, or 149*13 English statute miles. Number of locks, 120. ., Time of transit, 1 2 days. Canal practicable only with locks. 2. — Lake Nicaragua and Costa-rica Route. Length, 292 kilometres, or 181*44 statute miles, English. Number of locks, 17, Time of transit, 4J days. Canal practicable only with locks. 3. — Isthmus op Panama Route, Columbia, with a single reach. No Locks nor Tunnels — Adopted by International Congress. Length, 73 kilometres, or 45*35 English statute miles. Time of tranf/it, 2 days. Maximum height of cutting above water: — 87 motres = 285 "^ English feet, for a distance of 1 kilometre nearly, or 0'62 Eng'ish .statute mile. The same project may be executed and the depth A' cutting may l occuii, \V(iiil(i Ji'tiiiico fn 1)11 1, I »I 'ears to be, at Company, for >'i^'h tlie canal Of fbe y,l:57 5i'itisb, loaviiir/ of Franco, lo'y -'H Austria, 26 i.i?lt tlie canal na passongoPH, 3r8,andl*j,o'10 Soi!.«n)izEn Railway— AViimipo.!,^ to or near I'ort Nelson, irudson's Bay :— Total length 050 miles. Total land subsidy 0,880,000 acres. Sec Act 49 Vic, Chap. 73, 1886, also O. 0. 11th Mnv, 1885. ]{ailway to be completed on or before 11th May, 1800. PROPOSED RAILWAY— LAKE NIPISSING TO HUDSON'S BAY 1st Section — North Bay, near eastern extremity ot Lake Xipissintj, 20 miles west of Calloiular Station, C. V. ]^, to Lake Temiskaming 81 miles. 2nd Section — Luke Temiskaming to Lake Xbitibi 04 " 3rd Section — Lake Abitibi to Moose Factory, Hudson's Bay 175 " Total length, about 350 " A Company for the construction of this railway was ineori)orated in 1884 by Act 47 Vict., Chap. 80. This Act was amended by Act 49 Vict., Chap. 77, 1880, granting an extension of time. Work to be commenced 2nd June, 1888 Ist Section to be completed 1890 2nd do do 1802 3rd do do 1894 •i LAKE ST. JOHN TO HUDSON'S BAY. Lake St John is about the same distance of 350 miles from the Hudson's Bay establishment near the mouth of the River Rupert, on the east side and near the southern end of James' Bay, as Lake Temisk^nning is from Moose Factory on the west side of the same bay, at its southern end. ;._^A straight line from Lake St. John to Hudson's Bay would pass at about 00 miles to the south of Great Lake Mistassini, which discharges into the River Rupert, which is equal to, if not greater than the River Saguenay. Note. — For details respecting the above Lakes see : — Page. Abitibi 146 Nipissing 104 St. John 171 Temiskaming 1 72 ' iPF'*'! i ■ 1 ■ ' ■ !" •. f 1 ■ ' •■ 1 i' EX PF EXPENDITURE Ox\ PUBLIC AVOPJvS, PRIOR TO AND SINCE CONFEDERATION, Ist JULY, 1867. If ) I 262 IH90J i! ii3,! ■ OTTAWA PARLIAMENT AND DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS. Detailed Statement of Expenditure for Construction and Improa^ementh since I the commenceiAcnt of above Buildings ;a859) to the SOtli June, 1800. Prior to Confederation, Parliamoit lhtiliUn|)er roofing and skyliffhts Telephonic sei vice (half cost) A'entilation Electric lijfiiting Lean to roofs Renewals, itc S|ieaker's ai)|iartnitnits Pest Office alterations, House of Coinnio.is. S cts. 1,41!),355 (38 Since Confederation. Total. • iramlTdtal. .'« cts. Totals Eaitcni Biiick : — Alt( rations and add-tioi s Attics Fire ajid water service (quarter cost) . Telejihonic service do A'anit (conii)letion of) do (new) l,41!l,3rw (IS !tl,lH,S 3()4,8r)8 LM.iVM) 3(l,2()(i 4,!l!«» 2,(172 ti.Sll 2,(l,->4 (;,()7.') 22,i)0.") 7,778 2.425 ."),2.")8 1,3(11 8!) f)l 2") !»!» 87 38 11 02 27 87 70 (13 00 ,r)10,.')44 304,858 *24,5(H) 3(1,20(1 4,!l!»!l 2,(172 (1.811 2,0.54 (1,075 22,! 105 7.778 2.425 5,2.58 1,3(11 cts. 57 51 25 .55 !l!t 87 ;w 11 5]!»,0!»7 .54 ; 1,938,4.").S 2i| (141,0,3(1 37 Totals. (141,0.3(1 37 WiMcrn. Block : — Alterations ai'd additions. ... Elevator (new) Extension of l)nilding Fire and water service (quartt Main tower (recovering) Tele])honic rvice (([uarter cost) (141,030 38 17,470 07 10,!t!)7 5!» 10,51(1 (10 18,104 85 1,027 05 12,878 02 3(1,00!) 50 107,003 (18 (15.S,.5(K1 44 10,!l!t7 5!l 10, .51(1 (10 18,104 85 1,027 05 12,878 02 3(l,lMJ!t 50 748,041) (ij cost) , 17,470 07 11,381 22 1.275 00 4(12,247 17.721 2,783 1,01 11 2.5 n 0(1 Total: LKiiviirin Bliick, WrUiaiiton Str((t :— Drains, Wellington .".nd 15ank IStree! Electric hells EUm (141,0.3(1 ;« 51.3,!)05 40 He.atm^' apjiaratus I Iron joists 1 do roofing do staii cases Masoni'y work, &c Site (jwrchase, interCi:*:, legal sarvices, &c. ) ■ Miscellaneous exjieni'iti.re (1,348 00 .3,5.55 0(1 .3,s,l,S0 00 24,733 40 15,241 .54 (13,500 00 7,:WJ 00 38(1,430 00 !)(1,5(1(1 7(1 7(1,813 (11 (1.58,50(1 45 11,381 22 1.275 00 4(12.247 11 17,721 23 2,783 71 1,027 0(1 (1,348 00 3,.55.5 0(1 ,38,1,80 (K) 24,7.33 40 1.5,241 54 (1,3,500 00 7.350 00 38ll,43() 00 !)( 1,5(1(1 7(J 7(1,813 (11 1,154,!)41 78 Totals GroHn<(.i (for details, mc A)))). Xo. 28 : — Pul.lic Works Report, 1883 84. p. 451).. Supreme Court (formerly WorkKhop.'J. . . . Zihcdg, Driiinij HoHKe, ROVEMEXT.Ssi,ice| June, mo. lal. cts. , <58 51 I Boo :v. )0(! .')o .'W r)j n rrr. 52 |05 27 78 87 -T) 70 ."i8 fi3 ; fil (H) ' • iriiiid Tf, 'tal, l.!';)8.4:,s . "48,040 « l.lHiMI 78 < 00 Oli (M) 40 54 00 00 00 7(i (il 718,718 ;i7 308,530 .-,1 •• (i7,10(J 01 15 ], M -p a V ^ ^-H o > eo -!-> 3 a H u [1890] 3 5 £ „ -s £ -^ K 3 1-1 1- s ss? 0) rt fe? SS v.' x'? i!':i c;-* " = M C; 3t S ^ :1 .2t; 22 "Sft U 11 ^1 S2i C " c: 1— ' c: I'- ir: n n* * I* »-* i- :r I - -r I - •-< r: I - — -r c ■— r; c ^ "^ I- w^ 5C ~. Ti -r ir; i- -rafi-T i-T i-T o s: VB :c « I- Ti X I- K -f — o cr i:. -i i!; '^ • X r- X :": t : a: H ^ K^ O Si Mm I . - > C •' fijz'~ ^ « glf2 .c -r r. t- r- c^ N -^ -j: -f r-. i^ cj .* c ?^ J "* ■ Members. J. Davidson, Esq . J New Board of Works. Hon. H. H. Killaly, Chairman " D. Daly \ " W.H. Draper.... Ur,,,.u„rs " W. Morris j- Members.. ^ " D. B. I'apineau... .1 j Under Stat tUe n Vic., Cap. V, etc. Hon. W. B. liobinson, Chief Commis- sioner. July 4, 184(: .* ««i8tant Commissioners and Deputy Ministers. Names. l)iit(^ of ApiHtiiituicnt. Dec. 29, 1841 1 Oct. 3, 1844 Oct. 5, 1844; Juno 8, 184ti " E. P. Tache do " J. Chal)ot do " W. H. Menitt do " J. Bourret do " John Young do " .1. Chalnit do " F, Lemieux do " C, Alley n do " L. H. ilolton do " L. V. Sicotte do " John Rose do " Jos. Cauohon, Commi.ssioner. " U. J. Tessier do " L. T. Drummond do " M. Laframboise do " J. C. Chapais do Under Statute :U Vic, Cap. 12. Hon. Wm. MoDougall, Minister... Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. B. do . . . Hon. AlexaTider Miicken/.ie do . . . Sir Charles Tuiiper, C. B., K. C. M. (J. Minister Sir Hector L. Langevin, C. B. K. C. M. G., Minister Mar. 11, 184S Dec. 15, 184!) April 20, 18.% Feb. 1.5, 1851 Oct. 28, 1851 Sept, 23, 1852 Ian. 27, 1855 Nov. 28, 1857 Aug. 2, 1858 do G, 1858 Jan. 15, 1H,5!I fune 15, 18(il Mav 24, 18(;2 do' 28, 18(i3 Tuly 23, 18(i3 Mar. 10, 1848 Nov. .Mar. Feb. Oct. 20, 184!) 31, 1850 11, 27, 1851 1851 Sept. 22, •fan. Nov. Aug. do Jan. Tune Mry do ruly Mar. 22 20,' 25, 1, Hen. Clias. Eus. Cas- grain. Second Com- missi! ner .Aug. 1, 1841) Hon. M. Cameron, Asst. Commission 'r M-.-.r. \\, 1S4,'* Jno. VVclenhall, Asst. Connii'ssioner. . . . jFeb. 2, 18."iO Hon. Jos. Bouirit, I .\Hst. Connnission'r!.\i)ril i;0, lAJO Hon. H. H. Kill.aly,i Asst. Commission "r, Feb. 15, l8."il Samuel Keefer, Dep. Commissioner Toussaint Trude.iu, Dep. Conmiission'rjMar. 15, May (■), 185(1 18(14 Toussaint Tnideau, Deputy Minister. . July 1, 18118 (!. F. Baillairgi', Deputy Minister. , Oct. 4, 187!) ■ April l:o, ls,-,o HI, n'l-jMar. 15, ISIU '.. .Tilly 1, 18(18 [1890] 257 APPENDIX I ^0- 2'^- and of the Ministers, Deputy Ministers, Secretaries, Chief Engineers and Chief Public Works, from 1841 to" 1891. Secretaries. Names. Date of Apiwintment, Chief Engineers. Names. Date of Appointment, Thomas A, Begly . . . . = Auy. 17, 1841 Samuel Keefer \ug. 17, 1841 Chief Architects. Names. F. P. Rubidge, Architect and Asst. Chief En- gineer Date of Ap))ointment. Thomas A. Begly, under Act estab- lishing Dept. of Public Works Sept. 25, ia47 Toiissaint Trudeaw. . John Page. Dec. 13, 1859 Frederick Braiin Mar. 8, 1S64 Oct. 31, 1853 fS. Chapleau.. F. H. Ennis. I A. Gobeil.. . G. F. BaiUairge, Asst. Ci.'ef En- gineer July 5, 18(1 Oct. 4, 187!) H. F. Perloy. Nov. 4, 1830 Jan. 23, 1885| Nov. 25, 1880 Thos. S. S »tt. Thos. Fuller 9_17** Dec. 15, 1841 Feb. 7, 1872 Oct. 31, 1881 I 268 [1890J 1789-.Tuly 12th to 16th. 1825-July and Aug. 1837-Aug. 1857-59. 1850-55. WESTERN ARCTIC OCEAN. TIDES. Sir Alexander Mackenzie, having ventured in a canoe in pursuit of whales, beyond Whale Island to which he was driven back by a stoi-m, observed the tide at the mouth of the Mackenzie to be 18 Sir John (Dr.) Eichardson and Mr. Kendall, during their journey p .stward fi'om the Mackenzie to the mouth of the Copper- Mine River, tound the tides, at first, to rise .-. 15 Further east the tides decreased to 7 or 8 On the 28lh of July, the tide, in the morning, was 1 do do evening, was H The highest tides, they state, do not exceed ig Thomas Simpson reached Point Barrow, Alaska, I'rom the east, 23i'd August, and started on his return eastward next day ; he observed the tides to be semi-diurnal, and commg from the west, the highest being 1,5 From Point Barrow, eastward, the tides decreased from 8 to 9 The time of high water, eastward of Point Barrow, was from 1 to 2 o'clock, a.m. and p.m. CURRENTS AND TIDES. The tides are very rapid, according to the narratives of various Arctic Explorers. In Bellot's Straits, Capt. McClintock had to contend with tides like a mill stream, running at the rate of 7 miles an hour. There is a sti-ong current to the north of Behring Sea ; it sets east. ward from Behring Sea to the Copper-Mino River, a distance, say, of 2,000 miles. The current fi-om the west, in the Gulf of Boothia, has been found as great as 4 miles an hour. ICE BARRIER (PERMANENT). According to Sir John " RichardsorCs Polar Regions." To the westwartl of " Banks' Land," at some distance seaward of the American Continent, is found the permanent ice-blockaded sea, called by the Eskimos "the landof the white bear." This gigantic floe, we believe to be formed by the continued eastern set of the deep tidal and oceanic currents of the Polar Sea, east of Spitzbergen, and that it is prevented from permanently blocking up the coast line of the Continent only by the influence of the rapid tides which enter the Polar Sea through Behring Strait. Sir Robert MeClnre and Capt. Collinson, in their voyages from Behj'ing's Strait to Banks' Land, obtained information respecting the fixed " Barrier of Ice," as being distant from 30 to 50 miles from the Continent. It is suppo!ev acre, i' "l to 1888, about every ten years.. . Wheat-producing Countries of the world and average yield ik'.v acre Wheat croj) of the world in 1888 ". Wheat cro|)s in the principal countries of the wor'fl each month of the year AiNSMK, Lakk, Cape Ukkton, N. 8.— Area, dimeiision> tlepth and elevation alMjve the sea.. . Albany, Fout. — West side of James' Bay (Hudson's Hay) Al,R.\ANI)EU, Fokt.— Outlet of River Winiii|«'g Anolican Missions and Diockses.— Labrador to British Columbia do do Northern Territories, H. B. Forts Anticosti, Island— Anse aux Fraises, St. Alfred and .St. Ludger Akctk,' Ocean — Western tides, current, ice-barrier, etc Area. — Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland Ahea and Population. — Briti.sh possessions do United States of North Amei ica do The World Athabasc^a Distuict. — Freight rates from Calgary to j^dmonton Athabasca Lake. — Area, dimensions, depth and elevi I'on above the sea . .. Athabasca Lake to Gkkat Slave Lake.— Anin. ,1s, minerals, petroleum, trees, navig.ation . . Athabasca Landincj. — Navigation, steamers, " ■ Atkato— Napipi Canal Route, Columbia— Ii:''!<' ■ vnic Paok. 28, 140 14 to 20 10, 11 75 70 to 72 72 to 75 11 114 to 131 127 114, 110 125 127 to l.SO 115 131 122 to 124 110 117, 118 119 120 121 121 121 125 124 124, 125 126 131 28 66 66 15 to 19 140 to 175 238 258 6 7 7 7 179 28 140-147 146-147 246 262 [1890] B. Beau Lakk ((Jhkat). -Area, (litneiiKionH depth and oluvation nbovu the hph Ukaveh IIakiiol'U -Vancouver iHland U. C. Tides BoiNDAHiKH— Aloska, etc., ceded by RuHMia to United States AllxTta. - I'roviHioiial District. Athabasca.- Provisional District Authorities reKulatinK same ....... Assiniboia. — Provisional District Between Canada and Newfoinidland British Columbia Province ... Canada and the United States, by the Ashburton Treaty Cajie Hretoii, Nova Scotia, Province Keewatili, Provisional District Labrador, under Nevfoundland (Jovernnient, etc 18!(, Manitol)a Province . ' New linniswick — Provii\ce Nova Scotia edition do 1882 Ogil vie, Fort V'ukon, Alaska, 1887 Vari'"' ■ ; '.. '-om Strait of Belle-Ue to the Polar Sea Various Polar stations West coiust of ( Jreenland, compared with that of Russia and Canada Coal. — ImiM)rts and jiroduction CoNKlDKNci'i FoiiT- N. K. end of (Jreat Hear Lake. — Situation, climate, animals, fish, I'tc Coi'i'KU-Mi.sE HivKK and (iteat liear Lake Cujibeklani) Hoi:«E — North of .Saskatchewan. - Situation, climate-, products, R. C. Mission.. D. Definition of geograi)hical or nautical and statute miles DfLo.vs's Expedition, 1881 82 Dioceses. — Anglican and Ronia:i Catholic -Labrador to British Columbia do Missions and Forts, Northern Territories, etc 14(5 to 17-'' Dl.scovERY. — Voyages in the North by various nations DiscovEKiE.s. — Progressive, of various k)calities in North America, colonized by France and (ireat Britain Distances. — Fort McPherson, on Peel River, towards moutii of the River Mackenzie, and up the latter to Fort Chii)ewyan, Lake Athabasca Maritime Provinces, &c., between principal towns and jtorts Liverpool, England, to Yokohama, Japan, by various routes across Canada. , . . Liverpool to Yokohama l)y Canadian and United States routes com|)ared Montreal to the mouth of tile River Mackenzie or to the Polar (*cean Pro})osed route to "Oold Mines" at head waters of the Yukon R er, and to the " Cassiar Mines," British Coluiiitiia Winnii>eg to LiveriKX)!, England, by Hudson's Bay route, compared with t^ueViec and St. John, N. B., routes Yukon Territory, from Chilkoot Inlet at the head of Lynn Inlet, on the Pacific coast, up to Boundary line. Canada and Alaska at 141"^' Long. W Dunvegan, Foht— Peace River.— Situation, climate, products, R. C. Indian school and mission and Anglican mission do do do do do do do 244 3(i, 37 32 28 148, 149 197 to 205 150, 1.M 1(13 218 8t), 87, '.11 !H! •Jiiti 177 1(10, nil 1(3 !I4 KM'., io; ir.1 1.5.'., l.Ml 1,M 2bl 204, -Jd.") 15 to lit 2.3(i to2:t'.l 1!)7 to 2(ii; (i4, (i.') 1811 7!t mt, 00 5!l to (!1 142 180 143 17'J 151, 152 [1890] 268 I'AOK. . . . 28 • ' • 218 . . . . I'M 1!)3 I!I3 182 ■ • • • li)3 18!I , 1!)1 l«:t, 184 185 IS!) 1W>. I!»l,:'i2 nil • . . 18,', IHI, 18,-i 1S!», l!Ml, im 185 l!t2, li)3 iirliu .18(J, 1«7, 188, 1811 1(13 1h;<, 184 28 :'44 3(i, 37 32 It'ptli 28 )liulu- UH, 14!) 197 to 2(15 friL's, 150, 151 1(13 218 80, «", !tl iiti 2(1(1 177 IW, 1(»1 .... 'M iWi, 1(»7 151 155, 15(1 on. . 151 21(1 204, 2(15 15 to 11) to 175, 23(i t(.2;i!) lit" to 2(ii; and (14, (15 up ... 180 , , , (1) 5!), (!)) 5!) to (il 142 tho 180 )tiC 143 171> nd 151, 152 E. Pauk. Edmonton.— Situation, cliuiato, prcKluctH, coal, gold, cti'., Indian iKjpiilation, cIhutIich, &c. , . 152, 1.M Khik, Lakk.— Area, diniitnxionii, depth and flcvation abovfi the m-u, kc 2(>, 27, 28 KBKA'I'A KngriMAi.T— Vancouver iHland, U. C. TideH -Lat. Long KwjiiMAUX.— I'oimlation of Arctic Arciii|»«flago, (ireenlaiid, HudMoiiM Htrait, Lahra<>, K'2, lti3 ... 1()3 I(i4, 105 00, 105 107, 108 168 Nelson, York Factory Norman, New Norway House Providence, New Ra Reli.ince (on the Yukon River) Resolution Rui)ert House Selkirk Severn. . Simiwon. Smith .Smoke River or Fort Boucane St. Alliert and other Forts in Alberta District ..... St. liernard, etc., in Athabasca-Mackenzie District. St. John, on Peace River 10!), 230, ltl8 109 06 66 'ifi 170 170 171 2.3<> 237 171 ; 264 [1890] Mi: ^! if P VoKn— Continued. Httt. AiiiiK Luke, etc Vcriniliiiii Wliitt. KihIi liiiko (Fort or Pout). Williiiiii oil the Uivtntreal). Franc'ih Lake, —Fort.— Pelly Kiver Fran.KI.I.n'.s— First Kxixulition to the CopjMT-Mine River and the Polar Sea, lHl!»-2(»-2l-22. . 8(i, 87, Secc'id Kxiieditioii to the Matken/.ie Kiver and the I'olar Sea, lS2r)-2<>-27 HH, Third Kxpedition to the Polar Sea vid Davis Strait, Baffin Sea and Lancaster Sound, 1H4r)-4()-47 ■ • • • Franklin- Fort.— (Jreat Bear Lake.— Situation, climate, &c Fkahkh RlVKK— British Cohiinhia -Tides Freight Ratks.— Calgary, i)ro|)osed route by Kdmonton, Lesser Slave Lake, Peace and Pelly Rivers, to (Jold Mines in the Yukon District Kdmonton waggon road to Athabasca Landing River Yukon to the (Jold Mines, 1H.S8 Frenph FoHT.s. — Lake Superior to Cumberland House, and on Hudson's liay, prior to the cession of Hudson's Bay to (Jreat Ih'itivin by the treaty of Iftrecht, 11th April, 1783 — and the English forts then existing, or subsequently built :— Bourlxm (Norway Hou.se). Bourlwn (York ii'actory). Dauphin. Kaministigo\iia (William) Kaministi(iuia or Caministigouia. La Reine ((iarry). Maure])as (Alexander). Niewasavane (Severn). I'askoyac (Cumberland House). Rouge. Ste. Anne (Albany). St. Charles. St. Charles (Rupert House). St. Louis or Monsoni (Moose Factory). St. Pierre (Frances). Fresh Water and Salt Water Ice.— Thickness observed at various Polar etations French and English Measures— Feet, Yards, Miles, Kilometres I'AOI. 23t; 173 •a; 174 175 170 ir)3 !)l,n5, 2li,S 8!l, !)2, 203 90, 2(14 153, ir)4 21 H 180 14(i ISO Gi; 99 247 I'.iot. 171 236 fi« 174 17.'. 17(i 11.5 1')3 f*<', 87, 91, 9,') •'«« • • ««, «!», !)L', 'M iter 90, L>04 m, m •2\H Uy .. l.so 141) 1«() ho id G(j [1890] o (iAHitv, FoKT, at Winiiii)c({ (Jknkii.m. Kkmaiik.s, kic, rtwiH'ctinK prixluotion of Citnadn \ Go"i> Hoi'K, Four. -Now or U|i|M.r. Kivcr Mwki.iiVif.. jiiilation, K, ('. iiiiHHioii and uonvciit. Situation, olinifttc, product)), It) MtJH, Okani" liAKK, N»'w UruiiHwick.- Area, diinciiHioiiH, di'|ith and i'li'vation uIhivu tl (iHK.\'i' Ukaii Lakk, and t\w (NippfrMinK HIvit (tKKAT Ukah Lakk. -Aroa, dinii'iiMidtiM, di-pfli, tOovation aiKmitJiKHua, .,,.,, Cliniatf, Kaino, finli, aiiinmlH '.'.'...'. Grkat Hi.avk Lakk, N. W.T. Ana, dinicnHionM, (iiptli and oicvation uUivB the Hva. '. do do .Mini'i'ivln, HhIi, navinatidii ^''^^'wJ,'^..'''JV'i■I "■'■""' '" "'" *'"'**'' """■ '"^ '*"''" ^"■*''' I'ttftinHoa and Sniith'H Sound, IMn] Mj-oo*rvt , H. Haiiii()i:iw opt'ii all wint«r Hai.kkt, Four, Liard Kiv»T.— Cliniatp, prodiictn, Indian an(l Whitt- iKjpuiation, R. c! misHion opt'iiin^' and iloHin^ of til)' river ' llKADH, K'lv,, of till- Dipurtiiiftit .f I'ulilic Worku, ]HU to iwili . . . . , . , , ,','.'.'..', " ,' ilKiilKMT Latitiiiks A'n'AiNKK. —North.— Arctic KcKions and i'iihir StJii. . . Aldrich, Lieut. licaiwnont, Lieut. L. A Caliot, Ht'l.aMtit'ii. Dt'Lon^, Lieut., Com. (Seo. W, Frankhii, Sir •loiin. i;i,.\tion. — Kesident and nomadic in Dominion of Canada do In tiie (.fnited States of .\metica iNTKHocEANit' Canai.s. Projected or eoiiHtruoted PAOi. ttt( 2&0 109 154-155 28 isa 160 lB6-lBtt 28 166^167 204 205 20« 234 157 26«, 257 67 3 157, 158 LMIt 20, 27, 28 97 99 18 242 15 to 20 22 t(j 24 245 to 248 K. Kii.oMK'niKs and English Miles Kooi'knav Lake "British Columbia. — Area, dimensions, depth and elivation above the sea., KvuyLOT Sot'.N'D— West side of Vancouver Island, B.C.— Tide.s, Lat., Long 247 28 218 I ( 99 247 La BK'HE, Lake. — Situation, climate, products, jxtpulation Lahhadou Boundakies. ImjH'rial Statutes relating tliereto I;AKE St. .loHN, P.Q. Description and Projected Railway to Hudson's Bay Lakes of Canada. — Area, dimensions, de])th and elevation alM)ve the .sea Latitliie.s observed, 1S20 to 18S:{, at various Polar stations west of (ireenland Latitude and longitu.le of i*'ort Yukon, Alaska Latitudes and longitudes, elevation alxjve sea, temjierature, rain and snowfall, and i^rcent- age of cloudy weather at various localities from Nt'wfoundland to Hudson '.s Bay, Great Bear Lake, in tlie Mackenzie River region, and to tlie Pacific Ocean Latitudes and longitudes of the " International Circumpolar Stations," established by the various nations of America and Eiiroiio in 1882-83 •;■.•• L.ititudes, longitudes, temi)erature, &c., observed bv Franklin during his first expedition, 1819-20-21-22, to the Copper-Mine River and the Polar Sea vid Hudson's Bay .... 169 242 171-249 27, 28 99 176 100, 101 103 86, 87 26b' [1890] fell f ' Ik - ft.. Latitudkh, longitudeR and variation olwerved by Franklin during his sewnd expedition to the Polar Sea lid Lake Siiijerior, Fort Garry, the Saskatchewan chain of lakes, and the River Mackenzie, 1825-r!J-27 Latitudes, loptdtudes, declination, &c., observed in the River Yukon and Mackenzie River ref-.ons LAtiTUi)K«, longitudes, tides at British Columbia, &c., according to Admiralty Charts F"quimalt (Vancouver Island). Kyuquot Sound do Nanaimo do Nootka Sound do Port Simpson — Main land. Quastsino— Ti,>vard8 N.VV. or upper eriJ of Vancouver Island. Sitka (New Arkhangel), U.S. Victoria (Vancouver Island). L.\titui)?;h. — Temperature, west coast of Greeland, compared with those of other Polar stations in Russia and Canada LlAKi) HiVKK— Riviere au.*: Liards. — Opening and clo.sing of navigation LiTTr.K OK Lkssek Slave Lake — Athabasca District. — Area, dimensions, depth and elevation above the sea Little ok Lehsek Slave Lake — Trading pest, mission and Indian school Liverpool, Kngland, to Yokohama, Jai)an. — Comparative distances via Canada and the United Stfl*,e.s....... .■•••■■. •. LoN(s Lake — Assi.nboia District. — Area, dimensions, depth and elevation above the sea M Mackenzie Riveu. — First E.viieditions by Mackenzie and Franklin, and first Forts built, down to ttie Polar Sea do Widt'n, depth, distances from mouth up to Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake Climate, forest trees, i)lants, minerals, furs, game, fish do Route from Montreal by the Canadian I'auitic Riiihvay to Calgary iind tlienut^ )■/(( Kdmonton to moutli of river on I'olar Ocean Mackenzie Rivek Recjion. — Navigation, arabh and ijas'oral lands, fisheries, forests, furs and mines _ do do Indian and white iK)pulation do do Furs sold in London and rece'ved in Montreal do do Opening and closiiigof navigation at Forts McMurray, Norman and Sim;>son Magnetic Pole.— According to Fnmklin'and Professor Rarlow Manitoha, Lake. — Area, dimensions dei>th and elevation above the sea McLeoi), Fort.— North.— West uf the Rocky Moimtains do Soutii.— Indian population and missions AEcMuKKAV Laniiini;,— Situation, climate, ])roduets, Indian population, R. C. mission. Michi<;an Lake, United States. — Area, dimensions, depth and ele- ittion above tliesea, &c.. MINEKAL.S.— Products of Dominion of Canada Mis«ion.\ries, Ll.sT '>'a Moo.se Factory. -Situaticm, cli -late, i)roducts, Indians, Anglican m'ssion Moravian Missions on N. E. cc .st of Labrador N Nanaimo— North East side of Vancouver Island, B.C.— Tides, Lat., Long N.VTCRAL Resources.- Products and trade Nautical and St.vtltk Mileis c'orresi«)ndiiig to a degree of longitude at every degree of lii*-itiide Navioable W.aterh.— Manitoba and North-West Territories. . ..... . . . . ... ...... .....'..'. Assiniboine River. Athabasca River and Lake. Great Slave Lak. > and Little Slave Lake. Long Lake. Mackenzie! River. M.anitoba Lake. Peace River. Qu'App'lIe River. Red River. Saskatchewan River. Souris River Winnipeg Lake and Winnipegosis Lake. Page. 96 102 218 ni 159 28 lUO 5!) to 01 28 130 n: 137 to 138 142 134 to 140 141 138 130, 1411 1(« 28 100 100 Kil 27, 28 lO'.l 20 28 102 101 !(i2 22(1 t< 231 142 1(;2 k; t ) 18 218 10,5, m 21(1 2!l [1890] 26T tion to nd the I River Page. 96 102 218 nations v'ation the til l.W 28 m 5!) to 01 28 clown ■ • • • • i3t; Ola ve 137 137 to 138 y and 112 rs and 134 to 140 141 ••• • 13H >rnian 13!>, 140 Hi3 28 KiO 1(10 • ■ ■ • • Kil 't^-. 27, 2S Kill ■ • • • • 20 e the 2H li;:: 101, J(i2 220 to 231 •■■ . 142 I(i2 10 to 18 e of 21 S 10,=), 111 210 2!) N XtviGABLE Waters. — St. Lawrence Navigation Lake Erie. do Huron and Georgian Bay. do Michigan and Green Bay. do Ste. Claire, do St. Francis, do St. Louis, do St. I'eter. do SuiJerior. Rivir Detroit, di Niagara, do Ste. Claire, do St. Lawrence, do St. Mary. JfKLSON, FoHT, on east branch of Liard River do Port. — Hudson's Bay. — Situation, cliniat(% products, navigation Xew Westmin.steu.— British Columbia ' XicvHAfiiA AN'i) Costa Rica.— Projected Canal [.'................ ViPlcON Lakk, Province of Ontario.— Area, dimensions, depth and elevation above the sea. . . >irissiN'(i Lake.— xVrea, dim Hudson's Bay.— Projected Railway .VoOTKA Soixi).— West side of Vancouver Island, Pacific Ocean. —Tides, lat'., long .VoKMAN, Fo"T (>ew).— Situation, climate, products, mission, population XOKTHKUN J .- IIT — t>f cereal production, &c Aliiska. Austria. Canada. Cumberland House. Chipewyai;, Fort. Denmark. Dunvegan, Fort. J)romtlieiii (Norway). Kduiontou, Fort. KiU'ope. (iermauy. u'Aii])elle, Fort. Russia -Central, Eastern, Northern, Western. Scotland. Sweden. Simpson, Fort. Yukon. o. Ol'ENINt; AM) Cl.OSISO OK Navkjatio.v : — Athabasca l{i ver Kdmonton (ircat .Slave Lake Hayes Kiver Hudson's Bay and Strait Liard River Moi )se F.'icti iry River Churchill River Mackenzie — Fort McMurr.ay do Nortiian do Simiison Riviere au\ Liards Fort Hidket Various I'orts in Canada. - -Tides. -Opening and closing of Navigation, etc OntaIUO, Lake. -Area, dimensions, de|)th ainl elevation above the sea, itc Ottawa Pahi.i.uient and Departiuentat Buildings. — Kxpeuililure tirreon. .... Ottawa Riveh, navigation, including St. Ann's Lock, Caillou, ( irenville and Culbute Canals OxFOUi) Hoii.sE. --S tuation, i/roduots, &c Page. 26, 27, 32 163 175 6.5, 237 241), 247 2S-103 28-104 24!> 218 104, 10.5 127 to 130 148 1.52 1,56 17.5 i 1,57, 158 i i;W, 15!» i 102 1.50 130, 101 140, 1(15 130, 170 130, 157 212 to 234 20 to 28 252 to 253 32 .< 105 \ * r<'' :|; w\ fi w l, '1'' W''' 268 f •89(»] I H Pace. I 24r.tc247 Situation, climate, products, animal, navigation, etc., 29, 127, IW), l(l(i, 171 1 167 180 237, 238 11 7 7 Panama Canal Peace Rivkh and Reoio!; Pfsl Rivek.— Navigation Pklly Riv;:i{.— Houle Rapids to Porcninne River PoiNTE Ai;x EsyuiMAlx— St. Pierre, etc., North .shore of River St. Lawrence Population, Acadian, 174!» to 1771, compared with the same in 1871 do of British i«).>)sessions in the world do of the ITnited States of North America do of the World Population . —Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland : — Alberta, Assiniboia, -Athabasca, North-West Territories and Saskatchewan. British Columbia. Islands in Arctic Ocean and Hudson's Bay. Keijwatiii and Territory east thereof, and south of Hudson's Bay. Labrador. Manitoba. Newfoundland. do French shore. Cape Ray to Cape St. John. New Brunswick. Nova Scotia. Ontario. Prince Edward Island . (^uelH^c. Territory east of Hudson's Bay. Population — Indiaiis. — Dominion of Canada do Indians and Whites. — Mackenzie River Region do India'.iS. — United States, North America Porcupine Rivkk to the Pelly River Pout Moody— Burrard Inlet, B.C. —Tides Pout Nelson, Htidson's Bay or York F; "tory. — Situation, climate, products, navigation PoRT.s open to navigation the whole year PoKT Si. Ml'.soN— British Cohimbia. --Tides, lat., long Pui.s'CE Alheht. — Situation, climate, products, pupulation PuoDUCTs AND TitADE., itc, of Canada Pkoohessive Population of New France, Acadia, av.— Projected Rain and Snow Tadles.— Dominion of Canada At various |)laces, Newfoundland to (Jreat Bear Lake Red Rivek.— Widtli, depth, navigation Reliance, Fort. —On the Yukon River Relief Expeditions for the re.scue of Franklin, 1848 to 185!) do ^ do (irei'ly, 1882-8;m Resolvi'io.v, Fort. — Situation, climate, products, Indian iHjpulation, missions RlcilELiKU RiVKR and Lake Ch niplain navigation RiDEAU NAVKiATloN, Ottawa til Kingston Rivers : — Athaliasca A.ssiiiilx)ine Belly Churcliiil.. . Coi)|ier-Mine — Franklin's Expedition Forty-^Iile — Yukon District Eraser- -Discovered by Mackenzie Great Bear (ireat Slave Hayes. . H 141 22 t(. 24 •2\H 17a 2'M 21S 107 • ■ ior> to u 10 to 11 ftion. ],j; 102, VJi 21 H 2!) sion ],.^ .'W, 37, ;i!i .■{s ■10 2-t!) lll(», 1(11 2.L.S., 1887, at the International Boundary Line between Alaska ."'d the Yukon District, Canrnla lyj do West coast of (Jreenland comi)ared with that of Russia and Canada 94 Tkmi'KKATUKE— Anticosti, S. W. Point, Province of Quebec 100 101 Anticosti, West Point do Kmi 101 Belle-Ile, Lighthouse do im \(\\ Calgary, Alberta District in the North-West KM) 101 Charlo'ttetown, Capital of Prince Edward Island ](X) 101 CumVjerland House, south side of Pine Lake, District of Saskatchewan 100-1(»1, 151 Dunvegan, Peace River, Athabasca District 151-102 Edmonton, Allwrta District in the North- West 100-101, 152 153 Enterprise, Fort, built Uy Franklin during the first ext)edition 8(i to 91 Fort Chii)ew_yan, Athabiwca Lake 100 101, 148-149 Fort Churchill, west coast of Hudson's Bay 150 Fort Chinio, Hudson's Strait, Capt. (lordoii's ex|_)edition ; lOO-lOl Fort Conger, Lady Franklin Bay, (Ireely's exiiedition KM) 101 Fort Franklin, (Jreat Bear Lake, Franklin's second exiKsdition 89, 100-101, 153-154 Fort (j(x>d Hope, River Mackenzie 154 155 Fort Nonnan, River Mackenzie 100-101, KH Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, Circumiwlar Station 100-101, 154, 108 l(!i)-170 10(>-101 94 100 101 100 101 100 101 100 101 HiO Ml 100-101 100 101 100 101 100 101 100 11)1 100 101 im) 101 100 101 KM) 101 KM) 101 100 101 1(10 171 100 101 100 101 Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River 100-101, Fredericton, Province of New Brunnwick Greenland, west coast Baffin Sea, Gulf of Boothia and westward Halifax, Province of Nova Scotia Hamilton do Ontario Kilmahumaig do Prince Edward Island Kingston do Ontario. Little Slave Lake, St. Bernard, Athabasca District . McPherson, Fort, Y\ikf)n Territory Montreal. Province of (^uelwc Moose Factory, Hudson's Bay, south of James" Bay Ottawa, Province of Ontario Port Arthur, Province of Ontario Port Burwiil', Hudson's Strait, southeast end entrance to Ungava Bay. Port Clwirchiil, Hudson's Bay, west coast Port Laperriere, south eastern entrance Hudson's Bay Port Moody, I'rovince of British ('oluinbia ' Quebec Citadel, Province of (Quebec Regina, District of Assinilxna Sable Island, ."Atlantic Ocean, Nova Scotia Saskatchewan River — Plain. Up|)cr and lower |)ortions St. John Lake, Province of (^uelM'c St. John's do Aew Brunswick St. .fohn's Ti'ovince of Newfoundland Sydney, ' ■ • Breton, Province of ,>'ova Scotia Teiuisk '111.'., Lvkes, »'.o Quebec and Ontario Toronto, cfo Ontario Thiw? Riven, do Quebec Verniilion Fort, 1'' .• " River, Athabasca District Victoria, Vii Winnipi .; ''■ Windsor, YariuoiU. York Faot'ir, Y'.ikon Din. -i TiDEH. — Neap and .S;: Gulf ft nd Ri>. • H I' TllKNT RiVKK NAVICATION. . ■jouv-T Jf-l'ivd, Pre- ince of Bv.ti o i!;!!' )i .M.nifol'i. i'>» Opt-tiic- .p ','r> and Hayes ]{iv;'rs ;, ne.'.i- Alasku n t,'.-- '. -..'.'•iour, ^eajKivts on the Atlantic and I'a-ific Oceans ami in the l,;T. T- ;■; 'f, &i . '1 i(!i.' curre :'■, ice-barrier, etc 100 172 KM) KM) 17.'! 100 100 KM) 100 101 17:! 101 101 174 101 lol 101 101 100-101, 1; 212 «<.,' 1,7 218 25S lb) Vancouvkr Vahiation c the mou missions Vessklh an do VllTOlUA Cl " ViN»5T An Archbis VoVAliK of VOVAOKH of do D u. Unitk!! Kmi'ihk LovAi,ii-tT.s.--Settlers and recipients of grants of land in the Province of Queb do F(jRT.--Hituation __ _ 170 do River and tributaries, and n.avigation 176, 17" do Territory.— Distances from Fort !McPliersoii, west of tlie Mackenzie, up to Fort Ciiipewyan, Lake Atlia))asca I'"* do Distances from Haines Mission, Chilkoot Iidet,to Boundary line Ijetween Canada and Alaska '79