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III. — Archaeology of Lytton, British Cokinibia By HARLAN I. SMITH. "... ' May 25, 1899. ,M,l ^jis^W, AV./.-t^V %•/'•*' ' --^ *« ,y4~t ,j,s ttbc tRMdKrMctcT pnw, «cw I^Mt ->*.. . •*r5)i ; i| ■C^:l ., \i i -. - ■« fr. ^ III. — Arch/eology of Lytton, British Columbia. By Haki.an I. Smith. n.AiK. XIII. Lytton is situated at the conduence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers, in southern British Columbia. Below Lytton the Fraser River breaks through the Coast Range, forming a deep carton, while above Lytton it flows through the plateau which extends from the Coast Range to the western range of the Rocky Mountains. The climate of this area is rather dry, and consequently the vegeta- tion is somewhat scanty. The higher parts of the country are covered with open timber. The Indians inhabiting this area at the present time subsist largely on fish, of which there is an abundant supply in the rivers, particularly at the time when the salmon ascend to spawn ; but fish is not by any means as important a staple as it is among the tribes of the coast. Roots and berries, which are gathered on the hills, form an important part of the diet of the people, who also hunt deer and bear, on which they subsist when living at a distance from the rivers. On accoimt of the importance of the fish diet, the more permanent villages of the Indians are located on the larger rivers, principally on the Fraser and Thompson. Places on the banks of the river which are not too far removed from berrying and root-digging grounds are the favorite resorts of the Indians. Lytton is most favorably located for all these pursuits, and consequently it has always been an important village. Evidently the same conditions prevailed in prehistoric times, as is shown by the extensive remains of villages and the large burial-grounds found at this place. A large burial-ground on the point of land between the Fraser and Thompson Rivers has long been known. It was first described by Dr. George M. Dawson, who investigated it while engaged in geological work in southern British Columbia during the years 1877 and 1888-90.' The collections made by Dr. Dawson are in the Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada. The botanist Diercks, while studying the flora of this country, collected a number of fine stone carvings, princi- pally from the region below Lytton. These are now in the Royal Ethnographical Museum at Berlin. In the Provincial Museum at Victoria, B. C, and in various private cabinets of antiquities, are several small collections, the results of casual visits to the old burial-place near Lytton. The specimens from similar sources which were preserved in the City Museum of New Westminster, B. C, were totally destroyed by fire in 1898. ' Transactions of I Royal Society of Canada, Section II, iSgi, pp. 10-12. ■i riHi l.lO SMITH. AKCM.KOI.Or.V OT I.VirON, MRrilSM CDH'M IlIA. Kl.(»(;V OK I. VI ION, IIKIIISII ((II I \||:|\ m wt Many evidences of the association of animals witli man \v< ic ftrnml. W hiU; it ma)' lie that sonu' of tin: animals wliosc remains arc foimd in liic villa^ic sites and burial-grounds iliil not live with the |)eo|>le, having taken up their abodes in these |ilai.es after they hail been d( serted, nvnneroiis worked and broken bonis and teeth show that the animals to whom they belonj^cd must hase been useful to the prehistoric iidiabitants of l.ytton. Hones of fooil animals, such as the deer, black bear, birds, and ("ish, were found with the remains in the villajxe-sites. When the salmon come up the river from the ocean to spawn, they swim in such immense schools that they are easily dii>ped out with a hand-net. Their bones, freepiently found in the old hearths, indicate the use of this tish for food. .Shells of the uiiio were too rarely foimd to indicate its use as common food. The mountain-goat, — whose llesh is excllent, and from the wool of which the Indians on the lower p;\rt of braser Kiver still make blankets, — as well as otluT game, is yet jjlenlifid in this region ; and although its bones were not found, it was probably used for food, and its wool may have been spun (sei' p, I4(>). The jaw-bone of a dog found on du; surface of the sixth site may have been brought there since contact with the whiles, as then: was no proof of the age of this surface specimen, Hone of deer and other animals was made into awls, scrapers, adzes or chisels, needles, pendants, knife-handles, etc. No poi Us madi; of bone, that were suitable for arrows, were foimil. Teeth of the elk and of small carnivorous animals were used for beads or penilants, Woodcluick-teeth were; made into dice, and beaver- teeth into points for knives. Antler was maile into wedges, har|)oon-|)oints, handles to digging-sticks, war-clubs, and daggers, and was carved into various figures. The skins of animals were made into garments, portions of which were found |)reserved by the dry climate and the accion of copper salts, liones of the deer, bear, pum.i, wolf, beaver, woodchuck, and weasel indicate the possible use of fine skin garments. Unio shells were made into sjjoons ; and dentalium shells from the Tacific Ocean, into beads and tassels, Little olivella shells with the spires broken off also served as beads. Large siiells ( Pcdcii cuiiiiitiis) were per- forated for pendants or rattles, and pendants were also made of abaloiie shell. The jiresent Indians of this ariia used dentalium shells, which are not im- portetl along the .'raser River, but from the region north of X'ancouver Island, over the moimtains, down to the u|)per course of the b'raser Kiver. The trade in these shells is in the hands of the Chilcotin, an Athapascan tribe of western Mritish Colimibia. It is probable that in prehistoric times dentalimn shells found their way to l.ytton over the same route. It seems at least that the use of den- talium shells was much more extensive in the interior than it was in |)rehistoric times in the delta of the I'Vaser River. X'egetable sul)stances include charred pieces of wood from the hearths, and other charred fragments which had probably bi'en portions of canoes, sticks, etc., that were founil in various parts of the village-sites. Pieces of wood were found wrapped in copper, and preserved by the action of the copper salts, the whole be- SMini, ARl'H,i;()|,(JUY OF I.VITON, IIKIIISII (OMMIIIA "35 irijr prol.ably an (.rnam..-nt of some sort (s.k; p. i6o). Mi.ch-ljark cliam-d. or pre SL-rv('il l.y the dryiirss of tlifclimatr, was found in the ^r.wv.s as lining or covering;, and in liu,' form of rolls. I'robahly it was also used for dish(-s. Charri:d iuTrit's' indiidin- iM^arlxrry ( . Intostaphylos ). w.mo found in the hearths ; and to this day edible roots are plentiful in the vicinity. That they were duK for food is su).;- «ested by the pres(Mice of the iliK«in);-stick handles. 'Ih<; serds of a western species of l.ythospcnnum, which may have been used for food, wen- frecpiently found in the hearths; and larj^'e numbers of them wre sometimes over the; skele- tons in the jrraves. as if that plant iiad In-en iis.cl as ;i coverinjr f„r the l)odies. A kinil of j,rum that was founil in a clam-shell spoon ami on a bone handle for a stone knife resembles that from the (ir and pine. Woven fabric of ve^jelable fibre, po.s- sibly s.itrchrusii bark, and portions of string' made uf the bark of red cedar ( Thii/,t X'/X^ir/t/fttJ, were found in the jrrave.s. ////;///;/.-• , Fig, 11 (j|8(i. Fig. iziji},,!, Fig. i3(i|8il. Found in e.vcavaling. Fig. 13 Fig.i4(i)8i> Fig.i5(g76) Fig. 16 fqgo) Fig.l7{()8gl Fig. 18 CijSfi) Fig. n> (984! Fant.isiic F'orms chipped from Glassy Itasalt. j| nat. size. I.ytton or Kamloops. (From drawings, Ity Miss F.. H. Woods, of specimens in the Provincial Museum, Victoria, IJ. C.) The Indians now living in the valley of the Thompson River, near Lytton, still possess the art of chipping small stone arrow-points. To obtain the basalt ;IA. »d, and repre- hipped glassy sh evidence of ;hat no rubbed ach as are nu- :hough rubbed \ one rubbed ps, ninety-five n valley. ;en in Figs. 2, ;n pictured in dges made by [e of that part :red by a shaft d edge at the is very much een caused by ral disintegra- Flg. 13 near Lytton, ain the basalt SN[ITH, ARCH/KOI.OGY OF LYTTON. liRITISH COLUMBIA. i^j they make journeys up the mountains, where they break it fresh from the quarry "1 which state tliey claim that it can be worked more easily than the material somcf mcs obtained by breaking up the large chipped points found in the vicinity. 1 hese they believe were made by the raven before there were men on the earth and they call them " raven arrows." Thus it would seem that at least the large pomts were not made by the last few generations of the present tribe of Indians. Two harpoon-points of the type shown in Fig. 20, made of antler, were found. Each point had two barbs on one side ; and the base, which was slightly wedge- shaped, was perforated. This por- ^SP^ !■ ie. JO I J J8 i nat, size. Harpnin-l'.iini, ii,;„lc- „f Aiiiler. l-oiinj tion of the specimen figured was stained, and better preserved than the rest of the imple- ment, as if it had been protected by a handle extending about half-way to the first barb. The perforations in both specimens were elliptical, as if they had been cut instead of drilled, and did not seem to be worn, as by a thong passing through them. The butt-end may have been inserted in the handle and a string attached through the hole, so that when an animal was speared the i)oint would come out of the handle, but the animal would be held by the string. This would tend to wear the hole in a direction away from the barbs. In one specimen the hole is very close to the base, so that to fasten it to a handle, leaving the hole free for a string, would be difficult. In this case the base need not be wedge-shaped beyond the hole, as in the figured specimen. However, the a.xis of the elliptical hole extends diagonally in the direc- tion of the barbs. Possibly these points may have been inserted quite a distance into the handle, and fastened there by a ri\et, i)ut there is no trace of such a rivet. In the latter case th,: wedge-shaped base extending far up the shaft would facil'itate fast- ening it firmly. It is probable, although there is no direct evi- dence, that traps of various kinds wcic used for catching some of the small animals wl;ose bones were so abundant in the excavations. I'or gathering edible roots the natives now use digging-sticks Fig. 21 rig, 31 (,)%!. Il.imlle of IlicKinc. Stick, iiia.l.- o( Aiiili-.-. FoumI „i, siir- fact, 6th site, j iial. size. Fig. aid. Reverse Side of Tip The handle I >:,« SMllir, ARCH^-OI.OGY OF TA'TION, HRITISH COl.UMHIA. of such a stick is usually a piece of boiK;, antler, or wootl, perforated in the micklle for receivinjr the butt of the dif-stick. A handle of this kind ( l'"\^. 21 ) was found on the surface of the sixth site. It is made of part of an elk-antler, but slijrhtly changed from the nal'-'ral form by scraping or rubbing. The perforation, which is not exactly circular, has been worn down to an elliptical shape, probably by the rubbing of the digging-stick when in use. It is of conical shape, so that it would hold the stick the more firmly, the harder the downward pressure in iligging. The small end of this tapering hole is at the top or decorated surface of the handli', and the large end is below. Hl:. Kiii. J.} ^•i^. n Kin '5 Kii;. Stone I'cslles nr Haiiiiiicrs. J nat. si^e. Vig. J2 ts^'.lul, Ki^;. 2), Ijilifli. .Made nf Diuritii: K-.ck. Kniinil nil surface. Fii;. i^ ( ji"i'- K"""'' "ii surface, filh site. ri«. J4 laisflt- M.'de itf Serpentine, l-'uiimi in yrave. i^ feet ilcep. '1 Fin. a6 tailor'. I"i»;. ^7 '.j'.",'". Foiliul un surface. Preparation of Food. — Pestles or hammers (Figs. 22-31 ) served for crushing dried meat, berries, and other food. They are of various shapes, made usually from fine-grained, tough river pebbles, and many are much weatliered. Some are simply cylindrical, in which case they are usually but slightly ciiaiiged from the natural pebble by a little pecking or rubbing. One ([uart/ite specimen ( l'"ig. 29) has a cylindrical heail, and tile part by wiiich it is held is narnnver and sonif.'what tapering. The wholf^ pestle is sligiuly IliU- tened. Wi. 2; Ik. 2: l-i«. i. Stone i'esllcsor llaiiiincrs. { n.it ,t. I'liiimi nil siirf.icf. fitli sitt?. The typical j)cstle of Lytton has a welltlefined head, larger than the tajiering body, the sides of which meet the base a' nearly right angles, as is shown in iMgs. SMITH, akch<1';oi,oc;y ok i.ytton, uritish coi.umhia. ';i9 . I'lK- iJ tjloa'. Mnriar iir Anvil. Fmnid «in siirf.ice, j iiat 23, 24, and 27. The prevailinjr form of knob for the handle of this type is hat- slia]K-d. A specimen with conoid knob is shown in l''ijr. 25. The pestle shown in iMij;. ;,o is simply a natural water-worn pebble of dark-jrreen, fine-grained chlo- ritic diorite, whicli has been trimmed here and there by pecking. These pestles seem to have been used for rubbing as well as for pounding. One of them, a fine-grained schistose gnei.ss (Fig. 31), shows no evidence of having bc'-n used for pounding, but its corners and base are rubbed snK)oth. Oval bowlders were frequently seen scattered on the surface of the village- sites. Their predominance over other forms, and their great numbers as con- trasted with their scarcity at other locali- ties, peem to indicate that they were of special value in camp. Their size varies from that of an ordinary hammer-stone to a foot in diameter. The larger ones were most likely used as anvils, or for crushing food upon large hand-mills. Some of the larger and more irregular bowlders, such as the greenstone specimen shown in Fig. 32, have a shallow depres- sion pecked in one side, indicating their use as shallow mortars or anvils. Large flat pieces of coarse siliceous sandstone were found, which were prob- ably iiand-mills ui)op which to crush berries, dried meat, and other food. They show considerable wear. Tht; one seen in F'ig. 33, whicii is rubbed on both sides, is twenty- five inciies in length by fourteen inches in breadth, and an inch and a half in thickness. .Smaller pieces are fre- ([iiently found. They are similar to tliis large; specimen, and ore prob- al)ly fragments of such sJaljs. W'hen an ob- ject of this kind was broken, some fragments may hav(; been used as whetstones or for grinding; others were worked to a rounded or wedgc-sliaped edge (Fig. 47), and used for cutting serpentine bowl- ders, out of which many implements were made. ■^'i .'v-aft' ky- '•'U. .H 'ai'^,1*. Kulihcd S.iiulstonc Sluh. F.uiiul .m siirf.icc. Abmit \ ii.u. sue. 140 SMITH, ARCH/KOLOC;V OF LYTI'ON, BRl TISH COLUMBIA. Fie. 34 (n\ti). slate Fish-Kiiifc. I J feel deep. ^ nal. sii-e. Koimd in cyclic in Rravc, l WtJijc 111. lilt "f AiitliT. Kniiiul 1.11 surf.ici:. S ii.il. sue. poses. Tlie common deeply-pitted hammer-stone was not fou-.d at this locality ; but rili. j'ijl'isAi. \VcJ^cm,^Jo..l Aiilk-r. Fimiul in cxcuvatiiiB. 5 nal. si/e. tiK- .17 ' Cuf. \\2 SMirn, ARCll.KOI.OC.Y OK I.YI'TON, HRITISH COLUMBIA. stdiK; hammers or mauls were secured, that probably had been haftcd in some way, ami used on both ends. The n;ranite si)ccinien shown in V\^. 38 has a slight ])it on either siiic, and the two ends are battereil. One small granite |)ebble ( b'ig, 39) has a groove which extends nearly around it, and which, if continued, would form a spiral. There is no evidence of its use as a hammer-stone. It may have bci'ii a sinki.T, or it may have been covered with skin or other material and used as a club-head. In the latter case the tendency of the groove to a spiral form woulil allow a withe to be firmly attached. ^■iS■ 3Q l-iK. .18 ^>fi- 38 (lirtTAl. Stone M.iiiimrr. Found on surfiicc. '^ nnt. si/e. Fin. j'>(noSi>. drooved Stone Hammer ht Cliil,-Heatl. Fotinil on stirnicc, f nat. size. Fi^. 40 Fig. 41 Cflts made of Nephrite \ n;»t. size. Fin. 40iiiui in >;rave, unrlcr left knee. Tile coast Indians use celts mounted as adzes for firishing the boards that lave been split with wedges. Until recently these celts were made of stone, I'hose found at Lytton are made of light-green translucent material, and vary in size from more than four inches in length by an inch and a half in width and a quarter of an inch in thickness, to scarcely an inch in length with other dimensions in relative proportion.' On some, sucii as those shown in Mgs. 40, 41, and 42, the grooves which were made in cutting them out of the blocks of raw material still show slightly. Other s|jeciniens have been polished until no trace of these grooves remains. One celt ( I'ig. 43) was simply made from a flake of nephrite struck from a bowlder, the wedge-shaped tlake being but slightly rul)bed on the edge until it became a sharp, tine- cutting implement. Save for this edge antl a rubbed surface here and there, it resembled a nat- ural Hake from a bowlder. These celts were made from bowlders of greenstone secured along the river- Fi;, 11 I ,]■;,'. I'oll in...lc ol a Flal,i- from Ncplirile ilo\Jder. I'lmml on ^nrf.ice. .\at.si/i ' Scu p. 132 fur disctission ol thf iialttre of tlit; iDiitL'ritil. SMITH, ARCH.KOI.OdY OK I.YT'ION, BRITISH COI.UMHIA. '43 n some a slijrlit •ntimic'tl, one. It material a spiral bank. A series of specimens will illustrate their method of mamifacliire. Grooves were first ground or ruii'cd into the bowlders. In some the grooves had been rubbed from both sides intil a portion was nearly cut off, after which it had been Fig- 44 (9&?9>- Serpentine ll'>wlilcr frotii which Pieces have lieen detached. Pound nn surface. ( li.it. size. broken away (Figs, 44, 45). Such selvage pieces (Fig. 46) broken off from large bowlders were found. A number of finished celts show this break along one or both edges. I-'ragnients of siliceous sandstones with bevelled edges (Fig. 47) which fit these grooves were obtained. They are evidently the saws or grinders used for cutting the grooves. It has been suggested that bowlilers ma)' have been cut by means of a string and sand, but the character of some of the grooves does not favor this theory. In many of the specimens strire ma)' be seen parallel to the deepest part of the trough, which show tliat the cutting-implement was mo\ed in that direction. .A string and sand would produce slri;e of this kind, and a convex groove, /. c, one higher in the middle than at the entls. The grooves in a number of specimens, such as the lower groove in Fig. 45, are, however, con- Fig. 46 (.Hoj. _ Nephrite cut from a llowldcr. Found in grave. \ nat, size. I''H- 4i '."'.Vil. StTiit'iiiinc r.nwliler frm detiicheil. Keuinl mi siirf.ii.'e. | iiat. sixc. A'tiich Pieces have been 7 'jl:;„Ai. (iriniliii>;-SiMiif. I\ uiul on ^ I'l.it. si/f. cave, /. i:, deeper in the middle than they are at the ends. A string and sand cannot produce grooves of this kind. The use of a grinding-stone or of sand on a flat piece of wood, the edge of which would take the place of the grinding-stone, or of (juartz crystals as suggested by Dr. Dawson,' might produce ijoth concave ' rnllls.icliDns iif the Kiijal Siitiily i)f Caimila, Setliun II, iSijl, p. U). 144 SMITH, ARCIl/KOLOGY OK LYITON, URITISH COI.UMHIA. and convex grooves. Grooves of the latter kintl are shown in Fij(. 44, while both kinds may be noticed in the bowlder shown in Fig. 45. Large (|uartz crystals, which are not very numerous, show little or no signs of use, such as one might expect if they had been employed for cutting grooves ; besides this, they are so few in number, as compared to the cut specimens, that their use as cutting-tools seems improbable. On the other hand, the bevelled gritstones were found in numbers that suggest their frequent use as cutting-tools, The grinding-stones, as suggested before, seem to have been fragments of large slabs, and are all of coarse siliceous sandstone. They are rough frag- ments, one edge of which has been rounded or bevelled, either purposely for cutting grooves by means of which to saw up blocks of stone, or accidentally as a result of rubbing. One specimen was rounded on two adjacent edges. The rounded surfaces of all the specimens are slightly striated parallel to the bevelled edge. Whetstones, probably for sharpening celts, slate knives, etc., were made of fine-grained schist. These were of frequent oc- currence, and were usually found in a group of implements in graves at tlie main burial-place. The specimen shown in I'ig. 48 was daubed with red ochre, and found with the slate knife pictured in Fig. 34. Hlades for small knives (I'ig. 49), probably used in wood-carving, were made from beaver-teetli. The posterior side of the long curved tooth has been cut off, which makes the tool thinner. The natu- ral cutting-edge of the tooth serves as an excellent carving-instrument. The base is rounded, and was probably inserted in a handle. A knife-handle made of the rib-bone of some large animal (big. 50) was found in a grave with fragments of glassy basalt, one of which may have served as the blade. The end into which the blade was inserted is covered in places with gum similar to that of the pine. This was probably used in securmgthe blade to the handle. Tiiere are twelve notches or tally-marks along the side, nearly obliterated by wear. The chipped point \^ of glassy basalt figured with this bone handle, al- '"; though found on the surface apart from it, shows how well adapted the handle is to the common forms of stone points. l-'ig. 51 shows the tip of an antler with a thin cutting-edge, and may have been used for basket-plaiting. The antler bar seen in Fig. 52 is slightly thinner at its In a il c f r II in ;< lieaver-loolh, Kimnii nil siir fact'. Nat. st/e m f,m I- 11:. 3" ' lUrt. Knifr-II.MMlle iii.iilf nt H..IK-. F.uituI i n j;r;ivc. '^ ilat. sue. Point Clip A Kmfe, nr .Arriiw-l'iiirit. Kimiui nil surfiuf. ?. ii;it. SMITH, ARCH.'l'.OI.OC.Y OF l,\ TTON, HRlllSH (OI.IJMIIIA. 145 5" '.SbtI. .iimIIl' ma lie I'niiiul i n \ itat. sur. 5™ (.j,',S„lll. p ii Kmfe, nr oint. l-'iiiiiu) lie. 3 ii:it. upper end, but it does not present any cutting-edges. It has been made from the outer shell of a large piece of antler. The next specimen (I'ig. 53) is the small tip of an antler, the lower end of which is worked to a gouge siiape. Its use is tloubtful. The bone chisel or adze (Fig. 54) was found with other objects by the side of one of the skeletons, The ciiipped objects of glassy basalt (I'igs. II, 12, and 19) may have been used for sawing or scraping, and the specimen of the same material shown in Fig. 13 could well have served for a drill. The uses of the spatulate object made of antler (I'ig. 5?) ''ind of the barbed and notched object (Fig. 56) are undetermined. The former may also have been useful in basket-plaiting. Being only about a sixteenth of an inch in thickness, it closely resembles a paper-cutter, and is well finished. The latter im- plement is also nicely made, and is remarkable on account of its orna- mental notches. m ii ■; , Ol)jccts rii.itlc of .\iitle!. i 11. it s'iik. Ki>i. -,i 'gj^i. KiR. 5.\ 'jii'i*. !■■'■"""' ■" «ravf. I'i^'- S-' 'ailio'- Kniiiul (.11 siirf;icc. i I lUi \ I. <;imrl»ice I'l-Wili-. KiK.'.il,jMA'. Kii! (.J'.l'irAi. KhiU-» (r..n, (Juarl.iir IVhl.lf. Kin. 6j iiiJiAI. Skili-StraptT iu.kIc (mm (iiiarl/itc I'el.Wc. niiinhcrs in tin; gravel on tlu: hank (if tlic river an.l on tin- mountain-sides. Often almond-sIiaiH-ii tlalces (Fig. 6l) were lirokcn from tiiesc prhhlcs. Thcsi: i)ii:ccs arc al»oiit one-third the tliickness of the orijjinal peb- l)le. Sometimes such pieces (l''ijj. 62) had been used for scrapinjf without additional llakin^', as was testified by the worn and polished condition of the broader end. The finished skin-scraper (Im^- 63) was simply one of these alnumd-shaped flakes which had been perfected by being chipped all round :he edge. Many scrapers of this sort, and some natural fragments of conven- ient form from neighboring out- crops, have been seen in use among the women of this region for soft- ening skins. They were inserted in the split end of a wooden han- dle about three feet in length, and held there by winding with a thong that portion of the wood that held the stone. After the skin has been fleshed and freed from hair, it is stretched u[)on a framework of poles, and prevented from becom- ing haril and stiff by being scraped and poked with such a scraper until it is thor- oughly dr>'. The specimen shown in I'ig. 64 is much worn by such use. Scrapers ( Figs. 65, 66) were also made of bone, but these arc of another shape, and were undoubt- edly used in a way quite unlike that in which the stone scrapers were employed. The specimen shown in Fig. 65 is made of the posterior metapo- dial of a deer. Several of these were found finished, and some in process of manufacture. In an ancient grave at Spences Mridge, twenty-two miles above Lytton on the Thompson River, a scraper of this kintl was found with traces of wrapping at the ends. The Indians of to-day have a scraper of a similar shape, made from a horse's rib Fin ')4'(VmI SM"- St r.ipcr, h.inecl in a \V<.ciiUii Handle. Shiiswaji Inilians. K •iups, 11. e. i n.it. si/c. u Fie- (* "^S Fig. f>5 Scrapers ) n:»t. si/c. Kig. 6s laUrAK Minle ..f P..s(crior Met i- podiiti of ii llcer, Koiiiitl on siirfate, FiE. 66f3,\"u). Mailc of iiScipiihi. Kouiul in Rrave, I4S SMIl II, AKCH.KOI.OllV OF I.VrroN, IIKiriSH COI.UMHIA. \i i>r a l)arrcl-hn(i|) by wiiuliiij^ llic ciuls with raj^fs ti> form liandhfs. Tliis they iisi: like a ilraw-knifc to Ix'am dciT-skins. Awls and nrcdlt's wen: rc(|uirL'il for the maiuifacturo of j^arnuints, A pointt-d ohjcil made of steatite ( I'i^. ^)7), al>oiil an inch and a half ionj; ami an i-ij^hth of an inch in diameter, smoothly polisheil, was found, as wer«' also several natural pieces of chalcedony (l''i),'s. 68, 70) which may have been used for awls. The chipped specimen of j^lassy iiasalt ( \'\^. ftq) and the cliipped opalescent chalcedony (I'i^f. 71 ) more closely resemble what are usually called 'drills' or 'perforators,' '•fj Pin. fi? Pix- 74 KiK. ^8 I'm. (y) Fig. 70 Fig. 71 Fig. 7a Fill. '7 ':iltn'- Poiiitctl Obji-ct nf Sicatitc, Fnitiul in i-ncavaling. N'.it. sixc. Fig. '>-t I jIIt'. Namr.il Piece nf Cliiilccdony. Fniimi in oxciiv;iiing. N.it, jii/e. Fig. rxM i|!!i). Ctiippetl S|>i!i:itni-n (if Glassy jl.is.ilt. Found in exciivaling. Nat. sizt. Fig. 7'i * alVr"). Naliiral PifLC nf Opalcsceni ClLiit'ciltinv. Fnuiui in extavaling. Nat. »i/f. Fig. 71 ( slHi 1. Cliippfil Spiitmcn of ttpatesLcnt C'iialfnlnny. FninnI on snrfat c. ,'n.H.st/o. Fig 7.' *t1|It1. Fig. 71 ( illiflt. Hone Awls. FiMind nn surface, ^ nat. si/e. Fig. 74 I lAtln'. \i"nc .■\wl. Fniinil in gr.ivc. J nat. si/c. and these may have served in other industries than the manufacture of jjarments. The bone awls ( l"ij;s. 72-74) and the ilecorateil specimen (I'ij;. loS) arc well adaptetl for use in sewinjf skins, or, like the bone point shown in Vi^. 75, and the antler objects in I'lt^s, 51 and 55, may have been used for plaiting baskets. The specimen pictured in I'ii;. 72 Ix^ars traces of red ochre, althouj^h it is much bleached from lyin^ exposed on tlie surface. I'ig. 74 shows an awl made of one half of the distal iMid of the ni(^t:ipodi;d of a ileer, which is so frequently employed thr()ii<.^lu)ut Amc-rica for awls :uid other implements. Needles made of bone (bi,LCs. 76-79), both tine and coarse, were found in the ,i.,fra\es, and scattered throujrli the tjround. I'^ach of them was provided with an elliptical eye, with its major a.xis lyini.^ in the axis of the neeille. The specimen shown in Fig. 76 is ornamented with a pattern consisting of a few incised lines. IFdi: — Many of the imiih'ments that w(;re used for hunting wt-re undoubtedly also used in warfare. The chipped points and knives previouly described cer- V UMHIA. SMIIH, ARCll/KOLOGY Ol' I.YTTON. BRITISH COLUMBIA. 149 es. This tlu-y use •nu!nts. A pointfd 1,' and an fij^luh of so stn'oral natural c:il for awls. The Icsci-nt chalcedony i ' or ' perforators,' ••'in. 7.1 It. M/t', I ii.il. size. ••■l^. 74 ;tiirc of (jarments. '"iy. loS) arc well 1 Fig. 75, and the ng baskets. The lougli it is much awl made of one quently employed were found in the provided with an ;. Tile specimen few incised lin'.s. were undoubtedly uly described cer- tainly served cither ;»irpose. A number of special war implements have l)een found. A larK'i: dagger or knife (I'ig. Hu) made of antler, and much weathered by long exposure, was found on the surface of the main burial-site ; and from the e.xca- vations u much disintegrated war-club (I'ig. Ki ) of particular inter.st was secured. llriltP I'm! n t. KcHiTi'l nn tiur- fiicc. Niit. lUt-. Fiw. 76 Fin. 77 Fi«. 7« !•■'«■ 7'> Hdiic Ni-rdles. 1 ii.il. si/e. Fig. 81 Fi«. 8o{,l!i.). Di.BKfr madr of Aniler, FiMiinl r>n Mirface. i iiat I I nat. size. -K^.^>,J3.>, Ki«. 77.,*8,., Ki«. ,o<48,.. F„u,u, «i.e.^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^_^^^^^_ ^_ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^_^^^ ^.^ ^, ._ ^^^^ ^ Kig. 78 ( j)8ii). Found in cxcav.iling. It is made of an elk-antler. The prong near the base is bevelled m the shape of a wed.^e, and the longer branch forms the handle. The grooved stone shown in I'ig. 39 may have been used as the head of a club, similar to tiiose used by the present Indians of southern Hritish Columbia. A copper war-club was obtained by Mr. James Teit from Indians who dug it S^^biSisM.. I50 SMITH, ARCH.KOLOGY OF I.YTTON, HklllSH COLUMBIA. Iv out of a prehistoric prave at Spuzziim, R. C. This j)]ace is at the mouth of caftoii of the Fraser, forty-two miles south from Lytton. The practical difficul of the journey were great before contact witli the whites ; hut tlie geograpli nearness, and the fact that the present Indians of Spuzzum are of tlie sanu^ tt as those of Lytton, induce me to descrilje this specimen with those from Lytt Its edge is bevelled, and in some places is knife-like. Tlie grip and base are flan; by lateral pounding, and a ilesign is engraved on each side, as issliown in Fig. f'ig- 84 (,n.). ccpi nient. Kuiiiicl in Kr.'vc. J ii.i Kig. 83f,i8,l. Fr.iK- mcnt nf n Comb niadt.' of Antkr. Fciund on surface. I nat. size. Kij:. ."^j 'iJiVrt'. CnpjHT War-Cliil*. KiMinii in irr.^^'i-'. Spn/zum, It. C". I.engtii, iKJ in. ; witltti, i]\ in. ; lliickncs^, i in. FiR. Sf, Hnir Ornanienls. } ii.it. size. Fig. 85 (A''J. Made of iron, inlaid witli h.tliotis : Chilcal, Alaska. _ Fig. 86 1,,^, I. Made of conpor. Kxcavaled from a \i site near Fori Wranyel, .M.iska. Dress and Oniamciit. — Skins and garments woven of hark of the sagebn and of mountain-goat wool prol)al)ly fuinisluHJ tlie material for clothing for prehistoric people of Lytton. Fragments of deer-skin and fai)ric woven fr vegetable fibre, probably sagebrush, and a considerable number and xaricty personal ornaments, were found. Red, blue, yellow, and white paint, and proiia charcoal mi.xed with grease, were used for painting the body. Combs were in i and body and clothing were decorated with ornaments and pendants of copi stone, shell, bone, teeth, and hair. A fragment of a comb made of antler (b'ig. came from the surface of the main burial-place. It is much bleached and weather m ITISH COLUMBIA. place is at the mouth of the ton. The practical difficulties whites ; but the jjeo<:;raphical ipuzzum are of the same tribe men with those from Lytton. Tile j;rip and base are flanged :h side, as isshown in Fijr. 82. fig- 84 (iJJ,). Copper Orn.i- nient. Koniid iiv gr;wc. J nat. size. FiK. 86 H.Tir Oniaiiieiits. \ ii.it, sine. I A"iJ- .Miulu of iniii, inlaid witli li.iliotis slieli. lliislia. (itir). Maile nf cnnptT. Kxcavated from a villai;c- Kort Wranisei, Alaska. iven of bark of the; sat^rebrush material for clothing for the -skin and faiiric woven from rable number ;uid variet)' of and white paint, and projjably lie body. Coml)s were in use, nts and pendants of cojjper, =omb made of aniler( l'"iir. S;,) nuch bleached antl weathered. SMnil, .\RCHyKOI,OGY OF LYTTON, BRITISH COLUMBIA. •5' A pair of copper ornaments, one of which is seen in Fig. 84, was found m a grave a foot and a half deep at the main burial-site. The body was so nuich decayed that it was impossible to see what position they occupied in relation to it. There are some pieces of hair preserved and embedded in the copper ^aiLs which incrust them. These ornaments resemble in shape similar objects which were used in recent times as hair ornaments for. girls by certain tribes of the coast. Two of these (Figs. 85, 86) are figured for comparison. The f^rst is made of iron inlaid with haliotis shell, and is from Chilcat, Alaska. The second, like the Lytton specimen, is of copper, and was excavated from a village-site near bOrt Wrangel, Alaska. A copper ornament of the same shape as the one shown in Fig. 86 has been found in a shell-heap at Point Thomas, near Fort Rupert, X'ancouver Island, B. C. Other copper ornaments are shown in Figs. 87-89. These were found while excavating in the main burial-place, but the skeleton with which they were buried Kii!. 87 (,U, A) I'iB. S3 (,13,11) big. 8, (ai.Cl Copper Ornaiiieiits. K.nuul in cxtavating. N'al. size. was too much decayed to distinguish the part of the body upon which they were worn. They are very thin, much corroded, and may have served as bangles or pendants. The pear-shaped object of stone shown in Fig. 90 is slightly rubbed on the base. It has a perforation through the smaller end, drilled in the usual way, from each side. It was collected by Mrs. Bailev in 1890, and is now in the Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C. A number of pendants or inrngles made of sheet-irJca, such as the one in Fig. 91, were found in one of the graves which contained a great variety of objects. Many irregular pieces of the shell of /W/cn cauriniis (I'igs. 92, 93), with edges rubbed smooth and with one or two perforations, were found in the exca- vadons at the sixth site, and fragments of the same shell were found scattered on the surface of the filth site. The perforated specimens seem too small to have been used as rattles, and may have been pendants, ear-ornaments, or bangles. Some of them were daubed with red ochre. Several pieces of abalone shell with sciuaretl edges were found in a grave at the main site. One of these (Fig. 94) was perforated. Probably it was used as a pendant. Such shell ornaments are now highly pri ed by the coast Indians on account of the iridescence of the shell. Two triangular bone pendants, one of which is shown in Fig. 95, were found \=^2 SMITH, ARCH.KOI.OdY OF I.VTION, BRITISH COLUMBIA. M t.r in a jrrave at the main site. The specimen figured is slightly larger than the other. It is well made, very thin, with rather sharp edges, and an elliptical per- foration at the upper end. Fi^. ()o;q38[3iil). Object made o f Stone. I.y 1 1 on . ) n:it. size. (From a drawing, by Miss K. H. W.H.ds. of .1 specimen in the I'f'iv i nri.il Mii- sciiiii, \' i c I II r i :i. Fi«. gi (i',"o). I'fud.int nr ll;ini;lc iiiade of MiiM. FdiiLiil in K""-'^*-'- N,it. si/e. Perforated ( Uticcts made nf Shell, ing .It 6th site. } nat, si/e. Fnvind in exiaval- Pendants like that seen in V'l^. 96, made of tlie canine teeth of the elk, were found in larye numbers in the graves. .Sometimes they were lyinj; in tlie vicinit)' of the neck-bones of the skeleton. The perforation dril!<;d from side to side through the base of the root is usually worn smooth, and many of these objects . l< II.- laiU' "f AlKiloiie Slicll. K<>iii..l l\l'. i lUlt. si/f. linie nf Hiiiie, Poimit in FiK. ()6 Fin. <)7 lViul;ints. Fiiuiui in fx Fii;. Q(. (,',3.A), Fi];.i)8i,|?„i. Maik- ,.( clk-l... Fi^. <(7 ' si -I ). Made of a canitie l.iii.)i. are stained by copper salts. This again proves that ornaments made of copper were in use. Mr. James Teit has learned from the Indians that elk-teeth were often sewed on the garments, and also fastened to the prows and gunwales of canoes with string or gum. One pendant (I'ig. 97) was made of the canine tooth i ! iLUMBIA. SMITH, ARCH/t:OI.OGY OF I.YTTON, BRITISH COLUMBIA. '■53 litly larger than the nd an elliptical per- 1 y'K- 9.1 (liSsHI lade of Shell. Foiiiid in excaval- !(,'th of the ells, were lying in the vicinity 1 from side to side my of these objects I'i.t. 97 I'is- ')8 in cxcavatiiiK. Nat. sizj. 8lj|?,l. Made of elk-tooth. • f .( c.inine tnoji. Its made of copper that elk-teeth were 's and gunwales of of the canine tooth of a wolf, perforated through the root for suspension, and ornamented with three grooves running around it. Another ( I' ig. 9S), made of the incisor tooth of an elk, was provided witii a groove instead of a perforation for suspension. Shell beads of various kinds were used for necklaces, fringes, and the like. There are perforatt:d disks or short cjlindrical beads which average an eighth of an inch in diameter, a thirty-second of an inch in thickness, with a perforation about a thirty-second of an inch in diameter, drilled with a bevel from each side. Specimens of these shell beads were so numerous on certain parts of the surface of the main village-site, that, after picking up a great many of them, their number seemed undiminished. Dentalium shells, and sections of these shells cut about an eighth of an inch in length, were found, as well as little olivella shells, the ends of alfof the latter being broken off, probably to make a hole for stringing. Some of these olivella shells had holes in the body near the lip, which, however, may have been merely accidental. In one of the graves some short cylindrical beads made of sections of dentalium shells were found still upon c portion of the string, which had been i)reserved by the dryness of the sand. This string, as identified by Mr. Willard N. Clute of the New York Hotanical Gardens, is made of the hark of the red cedar ( Thuja o;ii:;antia ). This material is more commonly used on th(' coast, and may have been imported with the shell beads upon it. Several tassels made of dentalium shell and hair (Fig. 99) were found in the same grave with a sl.ite fish-knife and a whetstone. These tassels are much stained by copper salts. A doubled lock of hair, held in the middle by a loop of string the strands of which are twisted to the right, was pulled uj) into the shell. Games, Aiiuisciiicn/s, A^ar- iv/us. — Sets of dice (Fig. 100) were often found with other ob- jects at the sides of the skeletons. .Although beaver-teeth, some of which were covered with red ochre, were found in the same places, and dice made of beaver-teeth were secured from prehistoric graves at Kamloops, H. C, yet all of the dice found here were made from the teeth of the woodchuck. These are so much like the dice made of beaver-teeth which the modern Indians of British Columbia use, that our knowledge of that game enal)les us to explain these speci- mens. Ihe counting varies sliglitly at different places, but the game is practically the same. Dr. I'ranz Boas' describes this game, as played by the Lku i\g: n of south-eastern Vancouver Island, as follows: — ■' A game at dice is played with four beaver-teeth, two being marked on one of theirllatsides with two rows of small circles. They are called ' women.' . . . 'Ihe ' siMh K.pnrl ..II • IIr- Norlhwc-tcrii Tril.fs of CMa.b ' to ll.c liritish Associaliun for the .VilMinccniail of Scii-nce. urn Shell an,l 1 1 si/e. Fi«. loo Ijl'is'V ,J.'!.1- ,."''" ni.ideol W'oodLhuck- I eelh. l-u\nu\ in grave. Nat. size. '54 •SMITH, ARCHEOLOGY OK LYTTON, BRITISH COLUMBIA, two others are marked on one of the (lat sides with cross-hnes. They are called I i« <"> lilojAi, Aslrnea- liis HitiiL. Foiiiul in iwcav.it- iiiK. N.u. si/e. ■ men. . . . One of them is tieil with a small strinjj in the middle, game is played by two persons. Accordinjr to the value of the stakes, tiiirty or forty sticks are p'.iced between the players. One bejrins to tlirow. W'iien all the marked faces are either up or down he wins two sticks. If the faces of the two ' men ' are up, of the two ' women ' down, or v/ci: vfisii, he wins one stick. W'lien the face of the I marked tooth] is up, all others down, or vuf vfr.ui, he wins four sticks. Whoever wins a stick j^oes on playing'. When one of the play- ers has obtainetl all the sticks lie has won the stake." Tile astraj^alus bone of the deer (Fijj^. loO is frequently found, and possibly it was used by these people, as it was farther east, for dice in ^rambling. The tidx; with a hole in the side, made of a bird bone, and shown in I-'ig. 102, may have been used as a whistle or as a drinking-tube. If for the latter purpose, it may have been attached to the owner by a string fastened into this hole. The smaller end is worn smootii, while the larger end shows how the bone was partly cut through and then !)roken off. A number of small tubes made of bird bones were also found. They vary from one to five inches in length, and some of them bear one or more rows of notches or tally-marks. Some of the enils have been partly cut through and then broken oft, and a few are worn smooth, the bone being polished for a little distance along its surface. Sticks of a similar shape are used in gambling among the coast Indians. I'Vagments of the shells of Pcctoi ((tur/inis may be parts of rattles similar to those used in the dances of the coast Indians of to-day, and it is possible that the perforated specimens shown in I'igs. y2 and 93 were also strung for use as rattles. The practice of smoking is indicated The ^IIL: Kin, ioiiiS3it. It,i«- mentof .1 Steatite Pipe Kouru) ill ^ra\'i. 4' iiiit. ripcs iii.uk' of SttMtitc nr nearly Al- ii. >l \l.,teri.il. I.yltoii, I!. C. \ ii.il. si/e. I lir.iMM (mm :i iilioingrapii of spi'iiiiiens ill tin- Miisoiiin i-f iTie llcul. Siirv. of Ciitada.) OLUMIilA. SMITH ARCH/KOI.OC.Y OF LYTTON. BRITISH COI.UMIUA. 135 les. They are called he middle. : stakes, !gins to he wins ' men ' or vice 2 of the or v/cf wins a le play- on the ig. lOl) iscd by dice in le, and whistle Dose, it . strinjr s worn e bone The n I) I) c T u be. Kiiiiiid nil sur- face, k iiat. size. .'s ii!;uic (if Ste.ttiu- (ir nearly Al- I.M.ri.il. I.\it..ii, M. C, s iiat. size. . II fnnii .1 plMtn^;r;tpli uf s()L-cimcns ■ Miisoimi i.f tilt' (IcjI, Siirv. ..f Li.) by the presence of stone pipes (Fi^s. .03.05. ...-M.V). 1 he present Indians of this region mix bearberry (///rA.vA^MrAu ;/.-v^«;-,v/ Spren,!;.) with their tobacco to render it less strong for smokinjr. Accordinsr to information obtained by Mr. James Teit, before the introduction of .nanufactiired tobacco, the wild, narrow- leaved tobacco {N/a'//ta attcnnata Torr.) of the re.^ion was used. Possibly this plant mixed with bearberry was smoked by the prehistoric people of Lytton. The occurrence of charred bearberries in the old hearths strengthens this opinion. The pipes were made from steatite. Blocks of the raw material broken from the rock, and pieces of the same which had been cut and rubbed, were found on the surface. Finished pipes, highly polished, and ornamented with incised lines have been found /// situ in the old -raves. The bowl of this style of pipe is of the shape of a wine-glass, and the stem is simply an extension of the bowl, the axes of both being in a straight line. The specimen shown in Fig. 103 was found in a grave at the main site. It is nicely cut from a greenish steatite and is well polished. The mouthpiece is marked with parallel lines such as would be made with a notched stone or bone. The hole is slightly funnel-shaped for about a quarter of an inch from the mouth, but is straight the rest of the way, showing a high degree of skill in drilling. The pipe shown in Fig. 104 was collected by Mr. Charles Hill-Tout, and the one in F'ig. 105 is of the collection made in 18-7 by Dr George M. Dawson. They are both from graves at Lytton, and are made from steatite or nearly allied material. The drawings of the last two are made from photographs furnished through the courtesy of Dr. Dawson. The river pebble of schistose rock with an incised cross, shown in Fig. 106 was found on the surface of the sixth site. It may have been used in a game of some sort, but I know of no existing game in which such stones are employed. The engraving is not very neatly done, there being several marks where the cutting-instru- ment has slipped, or where notches in it have caused side scratches. The cross was not necessarily borrowed from other people, and is no indication that the specimen was made since contact with the whites. _ /;7. „Tlie art of these people is illustrated by paint- ings, engravings, and carvings, and also by the ornaments used for personal adornnK-nt. .1 small bowlder was found on which there was a circle painted in red. Many pieces of bone, antler, etc., are also stained with red ochre, which may or may not have been intentionally applied, ■ The implement made of antler (l-ig. 107) is decorated with a pattern of enoraved cross-lines. It was found in a grav(. at the main bunal-site, and is stained with red ochre. It is slightly wedge-shaped at its smaller end, worn by use, and seems to be best explained as an implement used for plaiting baskets. The bone awl shown in Fig. 108 was found upon the surface, much bleached. Its cross-section shows four sides. These are ornamented by incised lines forming ■'M. I'ebbl.' wiih "|m is more doubtful. , n- 1 . ..:.,i o,-.,i ■■^ The pipe shown in Fig. ... is made of steatite or nearly all.ed matenal. and is in the col ection from the graves at Lytton, made in .877 by Dr. Dawson. I cesi.ni (Figs. . . . and . .3) probably represents the be.ngs that appeared u. the ow.ie;- in a dream. It was customary for men to carve on tluMr p.pes, and chiefly on sacred pipes, representations of the be.ngs appeanng u. their dreams, especially in their first important dream in wh.ch they received their manitou. Owing to the secrecy of treatment of sacred objects, it is difficult to obtain specific interpretations of such de- signs, for these secrets would be kept by the individual even from his friends, and with his death the knowledge of the significance of the design would pass away. The row of short parallel lines on this pipe may represent either a wood-worm or a rattlesnake's tail. The ladder designs are again sup- poseil to represent snakes or worms. The lines on the stem of the pipe may depict wood-worm borings, while a large curve close to the rim may represent the earth, a mountain, or the foot of a mountain. The inverted V-shaped t.gu.-es on the bowl probably represent a bat, or they may be the llying-goose design. An onn the ..resent Indians the following conventional .lesigis are fre us..d A long li e with short strokes arranged at regular intervals perpendicular o i usuallv n;presents hair or something similar growing from a surface, as trc^s 11 the earth' Zigzag lines represent snake-tracks ; w en th.,- run down t u, mn- mean li"lnnin<^ Kong straight lines represent trails, creeks, the earth, etc. • . i of tCe patterns on such objects determines the meaning to a cer- ' ;;tei ,. rhe similarity of the art designs of the prehistoric ,K.,ple o hose , e present natives is the strongest argument in favor of the theory Uia Uu= culture .,f this area has not materially changed since the times when h , . e- o ic burial-ground of Lytton was in use and the prehistoric sites were inhabited Pipes made of steatite, beside, being engraved, were sometimes carved. On some there is a ring around the tube where the bowl joins the stem ; on othe s. as r;ie one shown ^n Fig. .03, there is a niouthpiece with inc.sed --- -- The bowl of a pipe, a fragme. only of which was found (F.g. ' ' ^]' ^:'' ^J^^ f. ';,„ of the head of an animal with its mouth wide open. 1 he material ,s steatite. Fi 11 l")0- Pip, : iclc.if SliM- titc i.r iitMrly AI- Ik-,! M .1 1 c r i j I. l-'.miiJ ill izr.tvc, 1, vll"". II. e^' -; nat. si/,'. ( 1 r.iiii a pli urapli "f a sp.Liiii,-!, Ill Ili« Mus,-iiiii "f <;i-'.i. Siirv., Caiiati.i.i lin. Hi. Di-sii;" i.n I'ipi- shown in l-'i|;. ill. (Drawn liy Mr. I. M. l.aiiilie.l '5S SMI I II, AKCII.KdIOC.Y OF I.VTTON, liRITISH COLUMBIA. A very licaiitiful iinimal form carvcil in antlor (I'ij^. 1 14) lias a hole drilled through it, tapering from below upward ; and another hole from the posterior end of the carving runs forwan! alioiit a (piartcr of an incli. The legs stantl out in relief. 1 I t"iB. II) (liUr)' Fn^iiienl of a Sleatite Pipe. Found on surface, fith site, j n.it. aiie. while the stripes on the sides are incised. The piece has been broken or decayed in such a way that it is impossible to tell how much, if any, is lacking. A head of the same style of carving, in the same material (Fig. 115), was found. These carvings are so mucii alike, that one might be taken for a fragment of the other. These animal carvings are entin.'ly different from the engraved designs, and of a high order of art, which resembles tliat of botii the old and recent coast culture perhaps more than anything else found near l.ytton. Fig, 114 (iJ"o). Animal Form carved in .Antter. Fonnd in uraV' FtK. lis (ni'Jtit- Animal Head (ar\ed in Antler. Fonnd in j;ravc with speci- men sliown in Fig. 114. I n.n. si/e. Method of lUirial. — Dr. Dawson, in his notes on the Shuswap, refers to bodies founil burieil sitting upright, and to others lying upon tiie side. In still other cases he found a few bones placeil in such a manner as to suggesfthat they were buried after the decomposition of the soft parts. Dawson' saw the Indians in Nicola valley rebury a body th;it hail been dead for about a year. He found the heatls of many bodies covered witli red ochre, which still adhered to the skull when it was taken up. He considers that the objects burietl with the dead were to represent their propert)' rather than to be of aii)' future use to them I"or instance, Hakes of glassy basalt and crooked arrow-[)oinls would rejiresent property, though in themselves of Hule value. Quartz cr\-stals, calcite, mica, and stone objects ' Transactions of ihe Koyal Society of Canada, Section II, 1891, p. 13. w im COLUMBIA. s a hole clrilled throujjh ic posterior end of the Jgs stand out in relief, has been broken or ich, if any, is lacking. (Hi,!,'. 115), was found. for a fragment of the the engraved designs, e old and recent coast 1. :^ ,,^'B• "5 (jJ'Jnt. Animal Heail carved in Anller. round in sravtf with speci- men slionn in FiL-- in. \ nat. size. ' ' iswap, refers to botlies side. In still other iggesfthat they were 1 ' saw tile Intlians in year. He found the erod to the skull when th the dead were to them l"or instance, sent property, though a, and stone objects !'■ '3. SMITH, ARCH.1':0LOGY OK LYTTON, BRITISH COLUMIUA. 159 resembling slate-pencils, were found. He saw no iron, and believes that ■■ une of the graves at least antedate th(; coming of the whites to the west coast of America. The bones of small animals and bear-teeth indicate that some were hunters, and the stone adzes suggest canoe manufacture. At Lillooet, about forty miles to the north. Dr. Dawson discovered beads or pendants of galena, and many flat bone beads' such as were freciuently found by us at Kamloops, but which we did not see at Lytton. He found bodies at Lillooet wrapped in bark. We did not find any grave in which the body was in a sitting posture. 1 he description of a few graves will serve as examples of the types of graves found by us In one of them the head was to the east, and the pelvis to the west. I he feet were drawn up to the pelvis, so that the knees were in front of the chest. The head rested on the right side. The arms were flexed parallel to the body, with the hands to the face. The whole body rested horizontally. The depth m the shifting sand was a foot and a half, but originally it may have been a few inches or from ten to fifteen feet, according to the changes in th<; suptMiiiposed sand caused by the wind. Tluire was a knife made of beaver-tootli at one knee ; and many implements of antler and a beaver-tooth were in such a position as to suggest that they had been placed in a pouch. This bundle of objects extended in the direction from knee to face.' In another burial the skeleton lay with the head to the north. 1 he body and head were covered with bircii-bark. Red paint was found at the shins ; and whit.; and yellow paint, six inches east of the pelvis, or one foot east of the heels. I he heels were towards the south, the face towards the west. The body rested m a hori/.o,nal position on its right side. The hands were over the face and forehead. Near the chin were dentalia, copper covering a wooden cylmder, as well as pieces of loose copper, and perforated elk-teeth stained by the copper. A nephrite celt was secured from below the lower end of the left femur, with the sharp edge towards the east. Charred berries were found above the shoulder. Six inches east of the head were an arrow-point, roughly chipped points, chips, a little nephrite celt, red paint, bone needles and other implements, a knife-point made of a beaver-tooth, and animal teeth.' Five inches east of the middle of the back a long celt was found. ,111 The skeleton of a young adult lay with head to the north. I he body had been Hexed as usual. The face was to the east. Little black arrow-points' wn-e found throughout the grave. Some beaver-teeth and red paint w.n-e found i,etween the middle of the tibia and the femur of the right leg. 1 he left leg was not llexed quite as close as the rigiit. A >rroup of antler implements and chips of black stone, prob;ibly the contents of a po'uch, were located a few feet east of this grave, and four inches directly west of another skeleton of an older individual, which faced west, with the head to the south. The latter skeleton was disarranged, either by th e wind oi^bccjiuse ' Two of the antler olijtcts are represenleil in Figs. 51 .md 53. » Some of these objects .ire shown in l-'ins. 41, 42, 79. t"7- ' One of them is seen in Kig. 6. -IJ^Tlst^ssrnMmr- i6o SMIIII. AKCH/KOI.OdV Dl' I.YIION, llRl I ISII (( )|.rMIUA. " it liad Ix.'cn rcl)iiric(l. Witli it were found cliiiiiu'd iioints of stoiv and jiicrrs of tlic same material, a pair of grooved arrowsliaft smoothers, tiiree wiieisioiies, several finely carved pieces of antler, hone awls and needles, a hone seraper and pendants, dice made of woodchuck-teeth, white paint, pendants of mica, ;ind hits of hirch-hark.' At a deptii of a foot and a half there were traces of human hones th.it were so much decayeil that the skull resend)led a layer of sawdust. The heatl lay to tile north, anil the hody was ilouhled up in the usual manner pre\ iously descriheil. In the grave were a numher of ohjects, including a l)oint of argillite, celts, chips of stone, wlu'tslones, hirihdiark, heads of dentalium, red paint, and a piece of wooil covered with copper (I'ig. 1 16).- A second hurialof this kind contained, hesides traces of the skeleton, a pestle, slat(; fish-knife, numerous chips of stone, a pair of copper ornanunts, a pendant maile of ahaloni' shell, tassels of dentalium shell ami hair,' aiul reil anil yellow paint. i'he'se uimc in a position suggesting that they were originally deposited in a pouch. Ovi.-r a few hones, one heing the femur of a puma, were found pieces of hirchhark, rolls of hirch-l)ark, a shell spoon partly lilh d with gum, red and hlu(? paint, hone awls and needles, .i h;irpoon-|(oint of antler, a hone knife-haniUe. a hone chisel, hone tuhes, heaver- teeth, a fantastically chipped implement of glass)- hasalt, two whet- stones, fr.aginents of bowlders from which pieces had hec'ii detached, a celt niadi' of similar material, :i piece of a pipe made of steatite,' and seeds of /.y/fios/irriinnii. 'I'his plant is still ahundant in the neighhorhood. It seems that while in seed it had heen placed o\er the hody, as the shell-like seeds are mixed with a very hiack mass, prohahly the decayed leaves and branches of the plant. Seeds of this kinil were found both at Kandoops and at Lytton. Grotesquely formed pebbles of various bright anil clear colors wi-re some- times found m the graves, and these may have been prizeil as amidets or charms. There were some irregular piles cjf luniian bones. In the topical graves the bodies were buried upon the siile, with the knees drawn up to the chest. They were often ccjvered with pieces of birch-bark, as was eviilenced by small fragments ])reserved by the dry soil. At the side, in a position indicating that tlu^y were buried in a pouch, were found pieces of glassy basalt, points chip[)ed out of the same material, celts, anil a number of other inipli;ments, varying with each grave. Near the neck elk-tooth pendants were freiiuintly found. Closely rolled pieces of birch-bark ( I'ig. 117), \arying from an inch to six inches in length, rolled to a diameter of from half an inch to an inch, were found in the hearths, scattered over the village-sites and over the graves. W'lu iher K..ir ..f ii.|.p,T ^irnniiil .1 I'it'.f in ^r.i\f. 1 1. Iitl ,lf. J.. .\.,c. «i/,-. ' Some of llicm aic ri|truscntf(l in l'"i^>. 4, 4S, 55, 5(1, 57. (j(i, 7(1, iji, 1)5, ion, 1 1.|, 115. " Sec .ilso Kiys. 3 anil 40, ■' Some of these ohjecls .are represented in V\^s, 24. 34, 84, (j4. ()f th« interior of I'.ritish Columbia shows greater affinity to that of the western plateaus than to that of the- North Pacific coast. Up to this time we have no evidence o a chan-e of type or of a material change of culture since the earliest times of which we have knowledge. I. 11;. )T, r, irn. !. ! :: i '■•,.i*(^fc.>wU«i.i »-" ■ -' I'LAIl' XI II ■/ ' i:XPLANAT10N OF I'LATK XIII. Fi,n. I. fCal. No. 520). — \'iow up the Fraser River to tlu' noillnvard from I.ytton, R. (.". The' son River is seen joining the Frascr from th ; east. 'I'he noted Inirial-pUue at T. located on the Iiarren sl()|)e beyond the road-liri Ige. Stein Creek joins the Fras the west in the dir,tanee. The nearest land on the left is the ranch culliv: Chinamen. Fig. 2. (Cat. No. 52X). — View across the P'raser River to the westward from a jioint on the ment road about half a mile north of Lytton, B. C. A village-site and burial-ground as the "Sixth Site," was located among the f.rst bushes on the opposite bank. A \t'n, or depression where an underground house had been, is seen in the foregroi measures thirty-nine feet in diameter from the inside edges, and is practically a ci diameter at right angles to this being but two feet shorter. The corresponding n ments from the outer edges of the surrounding ridge are fifty-three feet and fo feet. The bank between the points where these measurements were taken is fron In iliirty incites above the level of the ground ; and the depth of the hole at the apiiroximalely six feet. ditan Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hisl., Vol, II. Plate Xlll ATE XIII. tliward from I.ytlon, H. C. The 'I'liomp- t. 'I'he noted burial-place at I,ytton is go. Stein Creek joins the Fraser from n the left is the ranch cultivated by he westward from a point on the govern- A village-site and burial-ground, known nishes on the opposite bank. A house- lad been, is seen in the foreground. It side edges, and is practically a circle, the t shorter. The corresponiling measure- ridge are Cifty-three feet and forty-nine measurements were taken is from twenty nd the depth of the hole at the centre is Kio. I. Fig 2. Archeecjicjgy of Lyllon, British Columbia.