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Itv Clarence Pt'llen '"T^ HKFtE is no theme of drama or ro- A miince that appeals more fascinatingly to the average himian mind than that of the adventurous search for gold. What other story of mythology can compare in interest with that of the Argonauts in their search for the golden fleece? Jason and his compwnions setting forth, brave and conlident. are types in their purpose and feelings of the gold-seekers in all history, and their experiences symitolize the haul realities that all adventurers have found in tlieir search for golden treasure. Following tiic shining lure the Argonauts travel from their homes into un- known regions, slca<lfastiy pursuing their course though storm-clouds tiireaten and waves roll mountain-high. Kvery anchorage that they tind is hcset with perils. Fierce wild hidls with tira/.en hoofs and horns, whose nostrils emit flame and smoke, con- front them, and from the dragons' teeth which the voyagers are commanded to sow there suiltlenly springs up an armored host whicii ,Iasou must meet and slav. A dragon guards the tree upon which hangs the golden fleece. Such is the allegory of the experiences of gold-seekers in all ))eriods and in all lands. In the more lately discovered gold fields in Australia, in California, in South Africa, dangers and diflicidties have barred the way to the golden treasure, and like dragons have guarded the hoard when its hiding-place has been found. Land and ocean, mountain stecjis and burning sands, are traversed ; dangers fiom miasma, ven- omous reptiles, wild beasts and hostile savages are risked; hunger, thirst, fatiirue. are willinu:ly eiiduri'd, in the cjuest of the modern Argonauts. Now in thy recent discovery of a vast gold field, the latest, perhajjs the richest, that the world has known, a dragon in new and deadly form c(uifronts the treasure -seekers — a specter white and chilling — the Arctic cold, the frozen land of tlu' Klondike. Alaska, through which lie the paths to the Klondike, is a region in which the last third of the centurv has seen stramre ami " ' cif i.i N. W. History Dopt. Pr^OVlNCIAL. LIBRARY VICTCmiA, ■. 0. 4i8 THE ROMANCE OF THE KLONDIKE. strikiiifj developments. At the time that the United States bo'iffht it of liussia, in 1867, it was itnown to the world in <renerul only as a trreen-tinted space on the atlas, marked Russian Anierita, with Sitka, at its northern e\tremity. desifjnated as the "capital. " The characteristics of its native inhabitants, as reported by explorers and whalemen, were rather Asiatic than American and the impression of the Orient was not lessened by Baranoll's castle of cop])er- riveted lo<js, and the quaint Greek church, with its glitterinj; altar and shrines anil mafrniHceut copy of the JIoscow madonna and child in gold and silver settinir, at sifted the pravel beds of streams and sank test pits, venturinj^ as far inland as white men at the time could go. The fortunes of these men varied. Some disappeared in the forest wilds never to be heard of again — killed by wild beasts or Indians, ])erishing through a -cident or cold or hunger. None knew the story of their ending — only that they went into the wilderness and did not return. Others came back, hungry, footsore and ragged — some with stories of fair ])ros))ects and a buckskin bag or two of gold dust or nug- gets to prove their tale; more with nothing else than stray specimens and a hard-i\u'k ' "V ■» ■J V wy^.^iV -^x- \ Wj ^V.':- - J^ .4: - • }i ' >^ 1 1 - -■ \ IgP^''-^ Jy fSmJ^Stt^m 3H 1# ^^^B ^^m^ "^p l„^P^I^K-r ^^^^^^H i t . «--" '• CAMP AT THK MOI TH l)h 1)V1:A CANO.N. Sitka. Slowly the importance of Alaska as an American possession has becom<' eviileiit. The great value of the fur seal fisheries was recognized at an early period after the purchase; then the co<l and salmon fisheries, and tin; limitless supi)ly of build- ing timber on the mainland, were utilized; and accompanying, often ])receding, theex- ))loration of our great iniknown territory came the prospectors for valuable minerals. Gold and silver are the minerals that the prospector first seeks, and reports that "colors" of gold had been found in Alaska drew men there from the first, who. e(|uipped with picks, shovels and wasliing pans. story. IJut with the inherent hopefulness of their craft. ])rospectors ciuitin\ied to come, and in the "eighties," after the f(niii(iing of Juneau, using that place as their out- fitting point tlu'v made their way to Oyea. thence across ("liilkoot Pass and down the chain of tributary lakes and streams to the upper waters of the Yukon. They got more experience than gold, but they were gaining lessons from disaster, and learning the topography of the country and the nu'thods by which golil-seeking there nuist be conducted. One essential piece of knowlet'tre they ac(|uired through bitter hardship and hunger, the necessity of travel- THE ROMANCE OF THE KLONDIKE. 419 in<j and working in parties of considerable nunil)i'rs, and of taking with tlicni at least a year's siii)i)iy of clothes antl provisions. This obligation of forethought and of working with others to a common end, and the siir(( weeding out of the weak and thriftless, resulted, thro\igh a ])roces8 of natural selection, in the survival of a class of miners, working about the up])er Yukon, who in stalwart ])h\si(iue and honesty of character have not been excelled in the annals of gold-seeking. Over the Dalton and Dyea trails, through the ("hilkat and Chilkoot Passes and \ip the Yukon River, prospectors continued to come until in lHi)3 twenty -five po\inds, potatoes sixty-five dollars a hundred pounds and a villain- ously concocted whisky fifty cents a drink, (he cost of living was higli. For the cheapest kind of fiannel shirt the miner had to |)ay sixteen dollars, and for a |)air of rubber boots, indispensable to his business, forty dollars. Men owning rich claims went huiigry, and scurvy often ap- peared in the camps toward s])riiig. but the communities on both sides of the boundary were orderly, with few of the personal affrays so common in most mining camps and a complete absenceof robbery and theft. Through the cold and snows of the long TIIK Ari'ROACU TO CHILKOOT TASS it was estimated that they numbered one thousand, and Circle ("ity on the American, antl Dawson on the British Columbian side of the Canadian boundary had assumed the ini])ortance of organized mine camps. Yearly the Alaska Commercial Company's steanuM" came up the Yukon bringing the mail. an<l miners' sui)plies, and an accession of fresh members to the camps. Hy this time there was a regular and considerable output (>f gold, which the steamer took back mainly in the form of the price paid for su|>plies. With Hour at from sixty to one hundred dollars a sack, driid fruits a dollar a pound, jar eighteen dollars for Arctic winter, and the heat whicli generated the plagues of gnats and flies throughout the short summer, the miners toiled and prospected and hoped. Their hope and constancy at last were justified. The good genius who turned everything to gold was the old man McCormick, who hunted and fished along the upper Yid<on. the joys of liis h_\ jierborcan Arcadia enhanced by the conipanionshij) of an Indian wife. When in the early summer of ISOO tlie Yukon miners were toiling through the long hours of daylight to wash out the iiuriferous earth dug from their claims during the winter, McCormick was not toiling tb any great 163441 420 THE ROMANCE OF THE KLONDIKE. AT Till-; KNTRANCK extent, or botlierinsif himself iiooiit jfold in the earth. With sonu- Indians alonj? to pnll his boat and liaul his nets, he had gone a-fishintr up the river. At the mouth of the Klondiite River lie spread his nets and then, as the salmon had not hcs^un to run, he took u trip up the stream by way of killinj^ time until the tish should ffet along. Twenty-five miles from the stream's mouth McCormick, thinking of salmon, came plump upon a gravel plaeer stuffed w^ith gold, the gold of the Klondike. McCormick did not mind his fishing after this discovery. He slaked out a couple of claims, tilled his pockets with s])('cimen dust and nuggets and came back, with the news of what he had found, to Circle City. Then the stam])e<le to the new diggings l)cgan. Everybody was ready and waiting for just such an announcement and in thiee d.iys Circle City was a deserted camji. The treasure-seekers were not rushing to disappointment; for once diggings had been discovered that bettered the first accounts received, and of a richness that could not be overrated. The gold was not to be obtained without toil and trouble. OF SKAdUAV CANON. A layer of frozen earth that never thawed extended from tlie surface of the ground fifteen to twenty-five feet downward, almost or (piite to betl-rock, where the richest gol<l deposits were. Hut the miners wanted only to know that the gold was there. Of all difticidties that interposed at that stage they made light. Working through the heats of summer days twenty liours in length but all too short for their wishes; i)lasting the fro/en earth with dynamite and gun- ])owder, or thawing it downward by surface tires; washing out the precious earth in pans and rockers; taking scarcely time to cook and eat tlieir scanly nu'als, these men lived in a sustained happiness that it is given to few mortals to know — the joy of triunipli. the grasping of the golden reward of success in the discovery of a long-sought - for Kl Dorado. For the first year the rush to tlie Klondike comprised only the miners already in the country, and iheeompurativelyfewarrivalsof men who had started for the upper Y(d<on in the spring, when, of course, the "find" had not as yet been macw-. There were claims enough for all. t'nknown to the outer 1 ^ THE ROMANCE OF THE K'LOND/h'E. 4ax ■^V' world, the Kloi^likc iniiicrs were washing; out ciirtli tliiit yii'ldt'il Homi'tinics five liundrcd dolliii's to tlie pun, and twenty rlioustind dollars to the ton, storinj^ the |ir('t'ioiis dnst and nii<;<i('ts in hajj^s and lioxcH, in fruit cans, oil cans, tcakfttlcs — anyfliin;^ that would scrvts as a rcccpt.iclc safe from Icakajfr. Loss by theft was not taken into aeeount in this ( !im|) of Midas where yold was less teniptin<^ to men's present needs tliun flour and baeon and |>otat()es. With tlu' shutting down upon them of the Arctic winter the work of minin<i did not cease althoujfh the miners, with the streams looked in ice, no lonfjer could wash out the fjold. They kept on sinkinjf their shafts to bed-rock, layinjif the valuable earth aside to be washed out in the sprintr. It was early in the next July, in 1897, that the riches of the Klondike became known to the world, and the announcement was as dramatically unexpected as the lindinji of the treasure fields had been. A steamer from tlie Yukon warped in and was moored at a wharf in San Francisco and it brought as passengers forty unkempt nvn in tattered clothes, fresh from the Klondike. They had a story to tell like that of Aladdin and they had brought gold to the value of a half-million dollars in earnest of its truth; and they liad taken only a little from the richness of the claims they had left behind. Besides the treasure that they had brought, there was on the steamer a <|uarter million dollars in Klondiki; gold belonging to the Alaska Commercial Company. There was no lack of information and of warning as to what lay before the ailvent- urers who wouhl follow the paths of these successful miners from the Yukon head- waters. Only a limited number could take the h)ng. but safe and easy route, by boat, by way of St. Michaels and the Yukon. The great majority must risk the mount- ain passage from Dyea and Skaguay, through one of the five passes that, once traversed, led to a comparatively open route by land an<l water over the five hundred miles of wilderness that intervened between them and the Klondike. Few were rash enough to think of a winter journey there, but many hastene<l their start so as to get to the Klondike before cold weather set in, and others made all preparations to be at u 1 ^*^^BI •■If A ~ ^^^^^ _ .— V^^k . . •- 7M >-'^ P^ 5^ \nsr^ A I'KRMANKNr WINTKR CAMl' ON SKAdlAY TRAIL. 432 THE ROMANCE OF THE KLONDIKE. the nearest point for depart tire to the \i,n\({ flt'Uls as soon as s|)rin;i sliouUl open. Tlie stories of the C'liiikat and Ciiiikoot Passes have ])een told an<l retold, with many 11- Instrations. in the last twelve months. The bowlder-strewn eleft of the ("hilkool. risinii twenty-live hundred feel in two miles, a terrible pathway over which unloaded ani- mals can be driven only witli the f>:realest dilticulty and men must bear all burdens \ipon their shoulders, is. as a choice of «vils, the preferred route of the cmiiirants. Some typical scenes — the steep, narrow defile filled with toilinfj men, and slippinj,'. fri;jhtened horses urifed on toward the sum- mit ; the abandoned outfits ami the men and animals fallen out by the way — are familiar to all readers of the current illus- trated i)eriodicals. Of the disappointments, liomesickness. <lespair. the weariness and smarting under unramiliar toils, that the walls of this mountain jtass liave seen, but little lias been told to conii)aie with the reality. With the worst ditliculties encoun- tered at the very outset of the journey, and the |)romise of five hundre(l inili's of wilderness to be traveled beyond, it is little wonder that many of the jfold-seekers (piit at this point, and that the traders of Dyea and Skatr'iay should be be9ou<,'ht by hosts of discoura>.'cd prospectors to buy their outfits at half the cost to provide tlie means of return. Tlie written history uf this pass, so re- cently exploited to llie world, opens with a traireily. It was here, in 1MS7, that the miner Williams, who had traveleil si.v hun- dred miles, from Forty .Mile Creek on the Yukon, bearini"- letters and a ba^ of ffold specimens, perished of liunj,' /r and expos- ure. His truide, a younir Iiuliaii, succeed- eii ill ffcttii.^ to a t.radinir station, briiif^inj^ the h.'lters and pild with his story of dis- aster. In the last year the route throuirh Ciiiikoot to the Klcuidike has been marked by similar happeninp(s. some of which have been trauedies on a far ureater scale. Of these may be mentioned parlicularly the disaster that occurred last spriiif^ near Cra- ter Lake. Twenvy-two men. hauliiifj sleds in sinyie tile over the fro/en surface of a stream, were inu'ull'eil by the breakiiifx of the ice and sunk from siirht before the eyes of their comrades, who were powerless to s:ive them. A recent tratfcily was that of .luiie last, when sixteen men and women bound lor the Klondike were diuwned in Lake Tiindeniaiin. Tlicv had constructed I ON THK SUM.MIT OK WHITE PASS, THE ROMANCE OF THE KLONDIKE. 4*3 1 l.KitS'^IN*'. -KACIAV KIV a sfow ill wliicli to iiavijriUc flic lake and had ciiiliarkcd uj)!)!! it with sixteen liorses and the entire outfit of the comiiany. At a point in the lake known as Windy Arm tile waves deniolislieil the scow, and all on board were lost In such events as these on the Klondike route there is no time for niourniiiif, or for ellort to recover the bodies. If the waves cast them u|) they are decently hut hurriedly buried by the first party that finds them; the names, if known, are scrawled upon a headboard or on a bla/ed spot on some near-by tree. Survivors hasten on lest disaster overtake them lingerinff. Once at the Klondike, they find that there comes with the winter a time that tries men's souls. The twilijiht ji'l"""' of the short day when the sun at noon haiiits low above the liorizon ; the still, <leadly. unrelentinir cold which, nijiht and day. waits for him who vent- ures outside the circle of his fireliiiht, rea<ly to bite limb and feature that may chance to l)e exposed, and to numb to •dcauness the center of life if the wanderer strav too far bevond the hearth: vairue IK ciN AN UI-; iiHini.i;. fears of want and famin(? arisinj; from the sense of remoteness from civili/ed commu- nities — all these weijjh on the soul of the new-comer, and briny weariness and lon-j- in<js even to the old-timer. To make the interior of his house of Iolts. chinked with arctic moss, more cheerful, he pastes jiictures cut from newspapers, and lithojiiaphs from calendars and soap-boxes, apiinst the walls, an<l he reailsand rereads the much-thumbed books and maiia/.ines that drift from man to man about the camp. To some in silent moments come memories of wife and cliild. and to others the thoiijjhts of sweet- hearts far away. It was an Argonaut of the Klondike that told me the story of Happy Tom's love romance. "You may call him Tom ^lurfree if yon te'l the story after me." he said. "It sounds near enoujjh like and he mijfht not care to be talked about under his resd name. He was one of an outfit of a dozen of us who drifted tofiethcr and stayed toircther for three years in the up])er Yukon — two years at Circle City and a year at Klondike. We all knew that Tom had a sweetheart named Kittv; that she lived itr San Fran- 424 THE ROMANCE OF IIIE KLONDIKE. cisco iiiid I lull it lm<l liccii iiLficcd ltd wren tlicni when lie stiirtcd away for Alaska, lliat as Kiidii an lie made his pile In- was to coiiir Imck and marry lici'. One day he jfot a letter frdiii Kitty and wlieii lie liad read it he sat. hiildiii^ it Ix-fore him in his haiui. with tlic look on his face of a man who has just heard his deatli sentence ])rnn()un<'ed. Kitty liad tliiown him over. Sin told him that she wiiH tired of waitiiiir. and wasjioin;; to marry a man whom she could sec once in a while, and who could support iier. It was a cruel thini;. and 'I'oin was so cut up over it that we were all afraid for him for a time. As luck would have it Old ■■ "."^lie's a pretty Lfirl and a ;;oo(| jrirl if she tlocsn't liclie her picture.' I said. 'You're jfoinj,' with the rest of us to Frisci next Mununer. with more j^old tiian you can carry in a liainhiu't. and leavinir a million dollars more in yourclaim hehind you. Why (h)n'l you marry the sister wlule you'ii- there;' '■\Vi' said notliiii;,' further then. l»ut I could see that he was thinking'. We all otiservc<l in the course of a day or two after, that his old lau^di had come hack, and it slayeii to the spring,'. We cleaned up tlie (lilt tliat we had diiir throii^jh the winter, and then we took passa^'c on tlie SSlN<i THi: SCMMIT OK WII.TK I'ASS. McCormiek came to the camp next day with his story of new disflinjrs and all Cir- cle City fifot up and moved to th<' Klondike. We took Tom aloiiji' with us. ami when lie saw the ifold that was to be had for the di<jffin<; he brightened up and set to work at his old stroke. "One day. when Tom and I ha])pened to l)e alone toLCether in the .shack, in over- haulinir his kit he by accident dropped a photograph to the floor and I picked it up. " 'You still keep her picture, I see.' "He looked at the ])hotoirraph. 'That's not she.' he said. 'It's her — Kilty's — I mean Mrs. Browulow'.s — sister.' lirst steamer for Frisco. We were a ragged regiment when we landed, but we Inul the stuir to buy goofl eiotlies and we lost no time in getting oullitted fo'- the city. I saw- that Tom liad put on a frill or two ..lore than the rest of us, and then I lost sight tif him for a week. When I saw him again he told me that he had been to see Kitty. " 'She married a clerk in a retail cloth- ing store,' he said. 'They are keeping house in three rooms. I've seen her sister, and — do you remember the adv'i< ; ,iii gave me about her? — \>c are to be .'..nrried next Tiiursday morning. I w;uir yo.. lo come to the wedding.' " aaHBi