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 75 
 
GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 ALFRED R C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON A PORTION OF THE 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE DISTRICT, 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA, 
 
 18 8 9, 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE M. DAWSON, D.S., F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 MONTREAL : 
 WILLIAM FOSTER BROWN & CO. 
 
 1890. 
 
■£! 
 
 j\^.mw!'ff 
 
To Alfred E. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., LL.D., F.E.S,, 
 
 Director of the Geologiial and Natural History Survey of Canada. 
 
 Sir,— I beg to present herewith a report of a geological reconnais- 
 sance in the southern part of the "West Kootanie District, British 
 Columbia. The field-work, of which this report gives the main results, 
 occupied about a month in the early part of the summer of 1889. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 GEORGE M. DAWSON. 
 Ottawa, March 18, 1890. 
 
If ! 
 
 Note. — The bearings given in the first part of this report refer to 
 the true meridian, unless otherwise specially noted. In the detailed 
 description of mining regions forming the concluding part of the 
 report (p. 45 B et seq.) the ^bearings refer to the magnetic meridian. 
 See foot-note, p. 4fi b. 
 
 Wi: 
 
REPORT 
 
 ON A PORTION OF THE 
 
 WEST KOOTAI^J'IE DISTRICT, 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA, 
 
 1889, 
 
 By GEOItGE M. DAWSON, D.S., F.G.S. 
 
 Introductory. 
 
 Within the tjast three years, numerous discoveries of valuable ores Discoveries m 
 
 ,„ -,^ .,..., J, , .1 . T , . i West Kootanie. 
 
 have occurred in the West Kootanie district,* and this district apjiears 
 lilvely to be the first in which metalliferous mining on an extensive 
 scale will be initiated in the province of British Columbia. As nothing 
 was known of the geological structure of the southern part of the 
 West Kootanie district, where a number of the more important dis- 
 coveries of ores have been made, it was considered desirable that the 
 writer should undertake a geological reconnaissance of that part of the 
 district, with the special purpose of ascertaining the character and 
 mode of occurrence and association of the ore-deposits, and of estimating 
 their prospective importance. The present report embodies the results 
 obtained with reference to these points. The field-work upon which it present* report, 
 is based, occupied little more than a month, extending from June 10th 
 to July 12th, 1889; and while this time proved to be sufiicient for the 
 purpose of visiting the several mining camps, as well as for some 
 "•eneral examinations along the routes followed, it did not admit of 
 
 •The name here written Kootanie, has been and is rendered in a variety of ways. Without 
 exhausting the subject, the following versions may be quoted:— Arrowsmitli's general map of 
 British North America, 1811, Coo-too-nay. Arrowsmith's maps of 1850 and 1854, Palliser's 
 official map printed in 1865, and on earlier preliminary maps published in connection with 
 Palliser's expedition, also on the map accompanying Alox.lRoss's boolt on the first settlers on the 
 Columbia River (1849), and many otheiB— Kootanie. On the joint maps of the Boundary Com- 
 mission between British Columbia ond the United States, on Trutch'i map of B. C.,and in recent 
 maps published by the Government of B, C .—Kootenai/. As applied to a station on the Northern 
 Pacific Railway— i&)o<enai. There is perhaps little to ohooso between these various renderings, 
 no one of which represents tlie true pronunciation of the Indian word, but I can see no reason to 
 alter the older spelling, which has been used In former reports of the Geological Survey and is 
 here adopted. 
 
6b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 detailed or close work, which, when the district shall have been further 
 developed and rendered more easily accessible throughoiit, will become 
 necessary. 
 
 Area traversed. Starting from the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Revelstoke, 
 it was necessary in order to reach the more important localities on and 
 near Kootanie Lake, to follow the Columbia Eiver and Arrow Lakes to 
 the mouth of the Kootanie Eiver, and to travel thence overland to 
 Kootanie Lake. The West Arm, together with the shores of the entire 
 northern half of Kootanie Lake, were also examined. This region thus 
 passed through, though to a cei'tain extent overrun during the placer 
 gold mining excitement about twenty-three years ago, has remained 
 comparatively, little known till the late discoveries have di-awn the 
 attention of numerous ' prospectors ' and mining men to it. Mr. Amos 
 Bowman, in the interest of the Geological Survey, had made a some- 
 what hurried traverse of the Columbia Eiver and Arj-ow Lakes, in the 
 autumn of 1884, while leaving his field of work to the west His 
 sketch of the river and lakes had, however, remained unpublished, and 
 even the principal geographical features of the region are laid down on 
 the published maps in an extremely imperfect and sketchy manner. 
 
 Surveys made. Advantage was therefore taken of the journey here repoi'ted on, to carry 
 out running surveys along the line of route. The lakes were measured 
 by patent boat-log, while distances on the rivers and trails were 
 estimated, and the whole checked by a number of astronomical observa- 
 tions for latitude and longitude. The work done by the Dominion 
 Lands Branch has been utilized for the country in the vicinity of the 
 railway, while the surveys of the Boundary Commission are employed 
 for a belt along the forty-ninth parallel. Certain parts of Mr. Bowman's 
 traverse have also been adopted, as stated on the face of the map, and 
 the through distance from the Columbia to Kootanie Lake depends on 
 a line surveyed some years ago for railway purposes by the ' Ainsworth 
 Co.' With tliese exceptions, however, the geographical features here 
 published depend on surveys made by myself. No geological des- 
 cription of the district has previously been given. 
 
 General Features. 
 
 Mountain 
 Bygtems. 
 
 The West Kootanie district as a whole, is rugged and mountainous 
 in charactei*. It comprises the southern portions of the Selkirk and 
 Columbia or Gold ranges, but these mountain systems are not here so 
 definite or regular in trend as to admit of precise separation. As a 
 matter of convenience the mountains to the west of the Arrow Lakes 
 may be described as belonging to the Columbia or Gold Eange,* those 
 
 # Here used in a limited sense. The name Gold Ranges is often applied as a general one to 
 the second great mountain system of the Cordillera, counting from the cast. 
 
DAWSON 
 
 ■] 
 
 GENERAL FEATCRE8. 
 
 •7b 
 
 mountains. 
 
 meral one to 
 
 between the Arrow Ijakes and Kootanie Lake may be referred to as 
 representing the Selkirk Eange proper, while these to the east of 
 Kootanie Lake are regarded as forming the Piircell division of the 
 Selkirk system. 
 
 The general trend of the constituent mountain-ridges or subordinate Trend and 
 ranges is here, as usual, about north-north-west by south-south-east ; but Ganges.*' ° 
 few of these are so continuous or so straight as are most of the minor 
 ranges composing the Eocky Mountains proper in their corresponding 
 part. In the Eocky Mountains this regularity depends largely upon 
 the lines of outcrop of the great thickness of well bedded Palseozoic 
 rocks of which they are composed, while in the southern part of the 
 West Kootanie district, great areas consist of massive granitic rocks, 
 which do not, as a rule, give rise to parallel ranges of mountains. 
 Thus when viewed from a considerable elevation, the appearance of this 
 region is that of a rough, irregular mountainous country, in which the 
 highest points are grouped toward the centres of blocks of mountains 
 which are circumscribed and divided from each othor by the valleys of 
 the larger streams and lakes. Wherever straight, escR"pment-like moun- 
 tain-ridges appear, there is leason to suspect the existence of the strati- 
 fied rocks which overlie the granites, and which are elsewhere described 
 in this report. The height of a great number of the higher summits, Elevation of 
 reaches or exceeds 8000 feet, while some probably attain an altitude '" 
 of 9000 feet or more. Considerable fields of snow remain throughout 
 the summer on some of the mountains over 8000 feet in height. While 
 the general altitude of the timber-line may be stated as about 7000 
 feet, the woods are always open and park-like above 5000 feet, and rocky 
 or exposed slopes above this level, as well as many broad mountain 
 tops, are almost entirely destitute of trees. Elsewhere the country is 
 generally wooded, and in the lower and more sheltered vail vs much 
 good timber is to be found. Of timber suitable for mining purposes, an 
 ample supply may be obtained almost anywhere. 
 
 The most remarkable physical feature of the district is found in the important 
 two long and deep valleys which traverse it with north-and-south^*^^^'" 
 bearings, one of which is occupied by the Columbia Eiver and Arrow 
 Lakes, the other by Kootanie Lake. These valleys do not strictly 
 conform to the general trend of the mountain systems, and while \ 
 
 some portions of them are due to excavation occurring along the line 
 of outcrop of certain parts of the stratified rock series (as subseouently 
 noted), their origin as a whole is a question of considerable diificulty. 
 These two main longitudinal valleys are connected by the e([ually 
 remarkable transverse valley which holds the West Arm of Kootanie 
 Lake, together with the short length of the Kootanie Eiver, by which 
 the lake discharges into the Columbia. 
 
8b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIB. 
 
 ; f 
 
 III 
 
 Drainage 
 •ystem. 
 
 A glance at a general map of the south-eastern part of British 
 Columbia, will show that the whole drainage system there, tributary 
 sooner or later to the Columbia, is of an extraordinary character. The 
 Columbia itself, rising between the Rocky and Selkirk mountains, in 
 latitude 50° 12', flows north wai-d to the Great Bend, and then, turning 
 sharply round, flows nearly due f^onth to the point at which it crosses the 
 forty-ninth parallel. The Kootanie, on the other hand, rising in the 
 heart of the Rocky Mountains, in lat. 51° 15', flows southwardly, pass- 
 ing within a couple of miles of the lake in which the Columbia heads, 
 and subsequently turning to a north-westward direction, empties into 
 Kootanie Lake, from which it issues to the west, and after a short 
 further course joins the Columbia at Spi'oat's Landing. It is probable 
 that at different times during the Tertiary period streams have flowed 
 along, and helped to erode these great valleys, draining in ditterent 
 directions, in accordance with the relative elevation and depression of 
 various part^ of this and contiguous regions. Till all the circum- 
 stances have been fully studied, the present drainage system can, how- 
 over, only be characterized as perplexing. 
 
 Columbia River. 
 
 H 
 
 River south of 
 Revelstoke. 
 
 Bordering 
 mountains 
 
 The Columbia River, from Revelstoke, where it is crossed by the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, runs in a south-uouth-eastward bearing to 
 the head of the Upper Arrow Lake. The g<meral course of the river 
 is direct, and the distance from the bridge at Revelstoke to the head of 
 the lake in a sti-aight line, twenty-seven miles. Following the 
 sinuosities of the river in detail, the actual distance is nearly thirty 
 miles. The height of the river at Revelstoke above sea-level is, 
 according to the railway levels,* 1437 feet ; that of the lake, determined 
 barometrically by the writer within small limits of error, is 1390 feet. 
 The ditt'erence, 4*7 feet, divided by the length of the i-iver, gives a 
 descent of 1'56 feet to the mile; but this is not uniformly distributed, 
 as in addition to local irregularities in strength of current, the tower 
 portion of the river, with a length of about nine miles, is relatively 
 slack. This low^er reach of the river was estimated to have an average 
 flow at the rate of about three miles an hour, while the whole upper 
 part averages probably about four miles an hour or rather more, and is 
 characterized by numerous islands and side channels or " sloughs." 
 
 The valley is continuously boi-dered on both sides by parallel ranges 
 of mountains, the summits of which are pretty uniform in height, 
 averaging nearly 6000 feet above the river ; and (hough several streams 
 
 ' Revised oocording to the best available information. 
 
"■] 
 
 COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 9b 
 
 join the river in this part of its course, there are no large or important 
 lateral gaps south of those of the lUecillcvvaet and Eagle Pass. Several 
 of the summits in these bordering ranges, however, considerably 
 exceed the general altitude above given, notably Mount Begbie, 
 situated about nine miles south-east of Eevelstoke and six miles back 
 from the river, with a height of 8834 feet above the sea. The higher 
 points of the inner ranges of the Selkirks are not seen from the river 
 valley, in consequence of the height of the bordering range on its east 
 side, which, moreover, is closer to the river and slopes more steeply 
 down to it than the range on the west. The latter spreads out toward 
 the base into rocky ridges and hills. With the exception of Mount 
 Begbie, none of the mountains in sight from the river are remarkably 
 rugged in outline. 
 The flat bottom of the valley, through which the river winds, has a Character of 
 
 viiiley 
 
 o-enoral width of a mile to a mile and a half. Most of the flat lud, for 
 eleven miles below Eevelstoke, lies on the east side of the river, but is 
 rather low, and, though wooded, is said to be in great part liable 'o i>ver- 
 flow at high stages of the water. Further down, the flats are ; terna ' "ily 
 on the east and west sides of the valley till within about six miles of 
 the mouth, wheii ! . :i sides of the river become bordered by a certain 
 width of flat land. Altogether, the valley should afford a not incon- 
 siderable iireaof land susceptible of cultivation when cleared. "* 
 
 The valley, as well as the slopes of the mountains generally, is well Timber, 
 wooded, and so far but a small proportion of the timber has been 
 destroyed by fire. The trees most abundant arc spruce, cedar and 
 Cottonwood, with some white pine, hemlock and birch, while alder 
 fringes the borders of the river and the sloughs. The cedar is here the 
 most valuable timber, and many of the ti-ees are of considerable size. 
 In a number of places along the east side of the valley, the tracks of 
 .snow-slides are apparent, but these are confined to the higher part of 
 the mountains and do not come down to the flat land of the bottom • 
 of the valley. 
 
 Upper Arrow Lake. 
 
 The Upper Arrow Lake extends nearly due south from the point at Dimensions, 
 which the Columbia enters it, with a length of thirty-six miles and a half 
 and an average width, nearly uniformly maintained, of about two miles. 
 Adding to the above measurement the length of the North-east Arm, 
 which runs off in the direction indicated by its name beyond the mouth 
 of the Columbia, the total length of the lake may be given at about 
 forty-six miles. 
 
 The North-east Arm of the lake has a lengt'. uf about ten miles, North-east 
 with an average width of about a mile. The angle between the Arm ™ 
 
Ill 
 
 10 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIB. 
 
 iSiti 
 
 and the Columbia is occupied by steep and rough mountains, which rise 
 abruptly from the shore of the Arm, and tovvai-d its head reach heights 
 of 6000 feet or more above the lake. The slopes on the opposite, or 
 south-east side of the Arm, are more gradual, and its lower part is 
 separated by a promontory, of a few hundred feet in height only, from 
 Streams enter- Thumb Bay. Two streams enter at the head of the Arm. One, known 
 ingtheArm. ^g pj^jj d.^ok, coming from the northeastward, and according to 
 report running nearly parallel to the Illecillewaet toward its head. This 
 is said to be comparable to the Illecillewaet in size. The second stream 
 comes from the south-east, and is smaller, but is of importance as being 
 that up which a railway heading for the north end of Kootanie Lake 
 Avould probably run. Neither the valleys of these streams nor the 
 mountainous country which they drain has been explored, though 
 traversed here and there by prospectors, and it is consequently impos- 
 sible to do more than indicate on the map their probable courses. 
 Being anxious to reach the principal raining camps without undue 
 delay, 1 did not go to the very head of the Arm, which is therefore 
 me ely sketched on the map as it appeared from the furthest point 
 reached. Some mining claims have been taken up in the mountains to 
 the north of the Arm as well as on Fish Creek, and good looking 
 specimens of argentiferous galena have been brought from these. 
 
 Thumb Bay, just alluded to, is an indentation in the east shore of 
 the lake, immediately south of the North-east Arm. The country 
 about it is rather low and may afford some fair timber tmd possibly 
 even some arable land. A projection corresponding to this bay occurs 
 on the opposite side of the lake, and is known as Bannock Point. 
 
 With the exception of these irregularities in outline about its north 
 end, the lake as Ji whole is so direct in its coui'se and so uniform in 
 character as scarcely to require any detailed description. For p.bout 
 twenty-two miles from its upper end, the view to the westward is 
 bounded by a rather massive rangeof mountains, the summits of which 
 are shattereil and rugged and carry some snow throughout the summer. 
 The highest points are from five to eight miles distant from the lake 
 and reach elevations of about 8000 feet. The intervening country is 
 occupied by wooded mountains and ridges of lesser altitude quite down 
 to the lake shore. 
 
 At about twenty-two miles from the head of the lake, on the west 
 side, Fosthall Creek comes in, and is probably the most important 
 feeder from that direction. It rises in the southern termination of the 
 mountain range just described, to the south of which, for some miles, 
 no high mountiiins are in sight from the lake, but a hilly coimiry, 
 gradually rising to the west, extends to the valley of Mosquito Creek 
 or possibly further. To the south of this, and opposite the south end 
 
 Thumb Bay. 
 
 Character of 
 main lake. 
 
 Entering 
 streams. 
 
D*WSON 
 
 ] 
 
 UPPER ARROW LAKE. 
 
 11 B 
 
 of the U'ke, is another rather conspicuous and isolated group of 
 mountains, of which Saddle Itlountain is the culminating point. 
 
 The east side of the lake is in general rather closely bordered by streams on 
 mountains, which do not show any striking peculiarities, and if at a*'"*'^"'®- 
 jrreater distance inland they rise to peaks like some of those of the 
 opposite side, these were concealed by the lower ranges fronting on 
 the lake, One considerable brook enters the lake on the south side of 
 Tluimb Bay, and at six miles from the lower end of the lake a small 
 river named the Koos-ka-nax flows in. This name, meaning ' long 
 ooint,' is descriptive of the delta-flat which has been formed by the 
 stream. The flat, in the form of a low terrace, has considerable 
 dimensions between the shore and the bases of the mountains. It 
 appears to bear some fairly good timber, and though the soil where 
 .seen was rather sandy, may afford room eventually for a few farms. 
 Another sti-eam of comparatively small size, flowing in a mile and a 
 half south of the last, is known as the Na-kusp. It comes from a low 
 and rather wide valley which is reported to be used by the Indians as 
 a pass to Slocan Lake; 
 
 The southern end of the Upper Arrow Lake is narrowed in toward Southern end 
 its outlet by the actual encroachment of the bordering mountains on " 
 the hollow which it occupies, and not merely by the accumulation of 
 detiital materials. The homogeneoits structural valley occupied by 
 the lake to the north, here appears to become subdivided and is con- 
 tinued or replaced by several less regular and relatively unimportant 
 valleys, of which that of the Na-kusp is one. These run ott' among, 
 mountains of some height, and, at no great distance from the end of the 
 lake, must begin to drain toward Slocan Lake ; the dischai-ge of the 
 Upper Arrow Lake taking place to the westward, at right angles to the 
 general trend of the lake. 
 
 The beaches along the Upper Arrow Lake are in general narrow rim rooter of 
 
 ... „ , n .1 ■ slidiesftnd 
 
 and rocky, and its shores are irequently for some miles contmu- dopth. 
 ously formed of solid rock. Some rine sandy and gravelly beaches 
 are, however, to be found, and one need seldom bo at at a loss 
 for a convenient and attractive camping place. The depth of the 
 lake is evidently great, but the time at my disposal did not wai- 
 rant much enquiry on this point. Of two soundings made at selected 
 localities, one, twelve miles from the lower end of the lake and 
 rather over half a mile off the east shore, showed 490 feet ; in the 
 other, one mile south of Thumb Bay and half a mile distant from the 
 same shore, no bottom was found at 7-0 feet. At the north end of the 
 lake a rath^jr extensive shoal has been formed at the mouth of the 
 Columbia River. The dimensions of this shoal are indicated by the 
 presence of numerous snags, consisting of trees wiiich have been undor- 
 
 
 I 
 
12 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 ir 
 
 Seasonal rUo 
 and full. 
 
 ill 
 
 II 
 
 Hot spring. 
 
 «,i t 
 
 ! 
 
 11 1 
 
 iv \ 
 
 Orifice of 
 
 spring- 
 
 mined by the rivei- and brought down it in times of flood, but which 
 owing to the quantity of rocky matter attached to their i-oots, have 
 become anchored on this submerged delta. This shoal reaches nearlj- 
 across the mouth of the North-east Arm, and will doubtless in the 
 coftrse of time separate this Arm from the main lake. Another shoal 
 area, also marked by snags, occupies the narrow funnel-shaped southern 
 end of the lake where the river flows out, extending for perhaps half a 
 mile. 
 
 The season of high water in the lake, depending upon the rise of the 
 Columbia, is that in which the melting of the snows upon the more 
 lofty mountains is proceeding most rapidly, which occurs generally in 
 the early summer. Owing to the relativolj^ inconsiderable snow-fall 
 of the preceding winter, the high-water of 1889 was not as well marked 
 as usual. In June the water stood six feet below a distinct high-water 
 mark which had frequently been attained in previous years, while 
 persons familiar with the lake stated that the winter low-water stage 
 was at least twelve feet below the same datum. The ordinary seasonal 
 rise and fall may therefore be stated us about twelve feet. 
 
 Eleven miles from the head of the Upper Arrow Lake, on the east 
 side, is u somewhat remarkable hot spring. It is situated about a third 
 of a mile back from the lake, on a rather steep wooded mountain-slope 
 and at a height of about 400 feet, but may readily be found in coasting 
 the lake by means of a conspicuous vertical cliff which forms the shore 
 of the lake just a mile to the north of it. The water flows from two 
 principal sources within a few yards of each other, and there are said 
 to be several other smaller springs in the vicinity, which were not seen. 
 The water from the two sources just mentioned forms a small brook, 
 which runs down the mountain side to the lake. I had no means of 
 accurately ascertaining the volume of the discharge, but estimated it 
 to bo about 300 gallons a minute. One of the springs issues among 
 partly cemented, stony drift material, the other from a crevice in the 
 solid rock. The tcmjieraturo of both, carefully taken on June 13th, 
 proved to be 123'5° F. The water emits & rather strong smell of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen, and a scanty deposit, apparently siliceous, 
 occurs on stones over which it flows. Tiie taste is not dis.agreoable, 
 and the quantity of saline matter held in solution is evidently small. 
 In the stream of hot water flowing from these springs a copious growth 
 of green, yellow, rod and white confervoid matter is found. 
 
 Little .solid rock is seen near the springs, but that forming the orifice of 
 one of them is a fine-grained grey gnoissic material conlaining a good 
 deal of black mica. This, at the lips of the orifice, has been decomposed by 
 the long continued action of the hot water to a depth of half an inch or 
 ratiier more, the rock being bleached and its felspar completely 
 
DAWSON. 
 
 ] 
 
 LOWER ARROW LAKE. 
 
 13 b 
 
 kaolinized. The rocks seen on the shore of the lake opposite the 
 spring, are all much shattered and jointed, and it is probably in conse- 
 quence of this shattering of the rocks that the springs have found issue 
 at this place. 
 
 The Connecting River. 
 
 The river connecting the Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes is eighteen chnraoter of 
 miles in length. As already noted, it turns, immediately on leaving '^*"®^' 
 the upper lake, to a westerly direction, crossing the axis of a high and 
 well marked range of granitic mountains. After flowing ii. this direc- 
 tion for about nine miles, it meets another wide valley parnllel to that 
 of the upper lake. It then bends at a right angle to the southward, 
 and follows this valley foi' the second half of its length, turning again 
 to the westward for a distance of about two miles to join the head of 
 the lower lake. The wide valley just refen-ed to, is, to the north, 
 occupied by Mosquito Creek, a tributary stream of some size which is 
 i-eported to rise in a couple of lakes, though its upper part is not 
 known. In a southward direction from the connecting river, the same 
 valley is continued in a direct line, for some miles, by that of Trout 
 Creek, but at no great distance splits up into several smaller and 
 narrower valleys, which run out among the high ridges and crests of 
 the Valhalla Mountains. The valley of the river between the Upper 
 and Lower Arrow lakes, is rather more than a mile in width through- 
 out, with flat bottom-lands or low terraces, twenty feet or more in 
 height, between the banks of the river and the mountains on both 
 sides. Its width is not notably increased where it corresponds with a 
 portion of the longitudinal valley just described. The river touches a 
 point of solid rock at one place only, two miles from its mouth, and 
 evidently represents an old deep hollow now filled with glacial drift or * 
 
 other still later deposits. The flat land bordering the river, with that 
 running up the Mosquito Creek valley, should affoi-d in all a not incon- 
 siderable area susceptible of agi'icultural occupation. 
 
 The connecting river itoelf is, generally speaking, a wide, tranquil The river 
 stream, easily navigable by steamers. There are, however, two little 
 rapids, one of which, eight miles from the upper lake, appears only 
 at low water. The second, two miles from the lower lake, is swifter, 
 and the channel is said to be somewhat crooked at low water. 
 
 Lower Arroic Lake 
 
 The Lower Ari-ow Lake has nearly the shape of a bow, lightly bent pom and 
 and with the convex side to the west, the two ends lying almost exactly^''"®"*'**'"* 
 in a north-and-south line. The lake is fifty-ono miles in length, and 
 
■■Hi 
 
 14 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 ? ! 
 
 Lake-shores 
 and surround- 
 ing country. 
 
 ili 
 ' i' 
 
 ! ii 
 
 11 . 
 
 Entering 
 streams 
 
 Low valleys to 
 west. 
 
 much narrower than the upper lake, averaging about a mile in width, 
 seldom exceetling a mile and a half, and tapering gradually toward both 
 ends. The head of the lajje lies between high and rugged mountains, 
 and no wide stretches of low land border it anywhere, but the moun- 
 tains about it generally are considerably lower than those seen ft*om the 
 upper lake and along the connecting river. They are also more 
 rounded and flowing in outline, though often rough and rocky in the 
 details of their slopes. The mountains, however, again become higher 
 and rise more steeply from the lake toward its southern end. The 
 entering streams have very often formed low, sandy, delta-points, and 
 here and there narrow flat borders or lower hills appear capable of 
 affording some farming land if cleared. Bluff, rocky shores are, how- 
 ever, frequent along this as well as the upper lake. The shores of 
 the lake, together with the surrounding country and mountains, are 
 almost everywhere wooded where not too steep and rocky to afford a 
 foothold for trees, but the forest is generally more open in character 
 than that met with in the vicinity of Eevelstoke. Fine gx-oves of 
 Cottonwood occupy some parts of the shores and low sandy points 
 along the lakt., but as a rule, the timber seen was not of very great 
 size or of superior quality. Where the lake turns eastward near its 
 southern end, its northern banks show a good deal of open grassy 
 country. The most attractive and park-like portion of this country is 
 commonly named the ' Deer Park,' and is frequented by great 
 numbers of deer, when in winter their higher pastures in the mountains 
 become covered with snow. At the ' Painted Rocks,' a few miles 
 below Deer Park and on the same side, there is a considerable 
 number of Indian pictographs, roughly done in red paint on precipitous 
 or overhanging surfaces. 
 
 No large streams enter the Lower Arrow Lake from the east side, 
 which was that more particularly examined by me, and it is evident 
 that the country in that direction, must, at no great distance from the 
 lake, drain towai-d the Slocan or to Pass Creek. On the opposite side, 
 however, are several streams, some of which might be called small rivers, 
 and occupy notable valleys. Of these, Whatshan River, ten miles and a 
 half from the north end of the lake, drains, by one of its branches, a 
 lake reported to be eighteen miles in length. Plight miles further 
 south is Sanderson Creek, the valley of wmich is said to contain 
 some good land. Either this stream or a western branch of the 
 Whatshan heads close to the upper part of the Kettle River, and as the 
 country between the Lower Arrow Lake and the Kettle River is not 
 roughly mountainous, their valleys might afford good routes towai'd 
 Cherry Creek. The upper part of Mosquito Creek seems also worthy of 
 
•] 
 
 LOWER ARROW LAKE. 
 
 15 b 
 
 examination in this connection. South of Sanderson Creek, three or four 
 streams of minor importance fall in, after which comes Bowman Creek, 
 with a considerable valley which appears to lead westward toward 
 Kettle Eiver. South of this, Dog Creek and two or three other in- 
 significant streams complete the list. 
 
 The depth of the Lower Arrow Lake, though considerable, is evi- Depth of lake, 
 dently not so great as that of the upper lake, the deepest water found in 
 three soundings at selected localities being 460 feet. This was ob- 
 tained midway up the lake and near the middle between its shores. 
 At twelve miles from the head, and again in the centre of the lake, 
 the depth was 125 feet only. At ten miles from the lower end and 
 nearer to the north (which is here the steeper) shore, the depth was 
 no feet. 
 
 The barometer readings taken on the Arrow Lakes, checked by Kieyation of 
 station -readings at Kamloops and Spokane Falls (the latter obtained 
 through the kindness of General Greely, United States Chief Signal 
 Office)'), though sufficient to give a good approximate value for the gen- 
 eral elevation of the lakes, were not sufficiently numerous nor exact to 
 determine accurately the difference of level between the two lakes. 
 The observations taken on both lakes have, therefore, been combined 
 in a common mean, and a diffiei-ence of ten feet allowed as between the 
 upper and lower lakes, This is probably very near the fact, the level 
 for the lower lake thus arrived at being 1380 feet. The seasonal Seusonni fluctu- 
 fluctuations of the lower lake are much greater than those of the '^ ' " * 
 upper, and evidence was found of a rise of twelve to fourteen feet above 
 the actual level in June last. In consequence of the narrowness of the 
 ends of this lake, its smaller sectional area as compared to the upper 
 lake, and the considerable volume of water passing through it, a dis- 
 tinctlyjjperceptible current exists in several places round the ends of 
 the more prominent points. 
 
 From the southern end of the Lower Arrow Lake, the Columbia Columbia River 
 flows due east ten miles, in an almost perfectly direct course, to''®'*"'"^*''*'"'*' 
 Sproat's Landing, where it turns to the south, and in less than a mile 
 is joined by the Kootanie Eiver. This part of the valley is somewhat 
 narrow, and " uniformly bordered on both sides by rather steep 
 mountains of moderate height and rounded form. The current of the 
 river to Sproat's Landing is also nearly uniform, its rate being prob- 
 ably about four miles an hour. Just below Sproat's Landing, between 
 that place and the mouth of the Kootanie, is a pretty strong rapid, 
 which is said to have a crooked channel, somewhat difficult of ascent 
 by steamers at low water. The elevation of the Columbia Eiver at 
 Sproat's Landing is approximately 13T5 feet. The water of the river 
 whore it issues from the lower lake, though much clearer than whore 
 
 I 
 
16 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 1 
 
 11 I r;i 
 
 it enters the head of the upper lake, does not even then exhibit ihi> 
 blue transparent lucidity of the Kootanie.* 
 
 Below Sproat's Landing the river was not examined by me, bin 
 according to Mr. Bowman's traverse (which is employed for this poi- 
 tion of the map and has been previously referred to), after making one 
 large and wide bend to the westward, it returns in an easterly direction 
 and crosses the forty-ninth parallel into Washington, nearly due soutli 
 of the Landing. The distance by river from Sproat's Landing to the 
 intei'national boundary is about thirty miles. Thence to the Little 
 Dalles is a further distance of about fifteen miles, and the river is con- 
 tinuously navigable by steamers of good power to this point. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 Length of water In reviewing what has been said of the Columbia River and Arrow 
 
 route. 
 
 Lakes in the preceding pages, it will be found that the total distance 
 by water from Eevelstoke to Sproat's Landing, is one hundred and. 
 forty-five miles and a half, of which eighty-seven milcj and a half is 
 lake and the remaining fifty-eight miles river. Respecting the character 
 of this water-way as a means of communication, I may state that 
 it is likely lo prove of much greater importance and utility than I 
 Steamers. had supposed before examining it. A steamer was put upon it and 
 was used by miners at the time of the Big Bend excitement as long ago 
 as 1866, and again, during the construction of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, a second steamer was built, by which men and supplies were 
 taken north. During the past summer it was continuously navigated 
 by two small steamers, running between Eevelstoke and Sproat's 
 Landing, named the ' Dispatch ' and ' Marion ' respectively. Neither 
 of these possess more than very moderate engine power, yet little 
 difficulty has been experienced in ascending any part of the river. 
 These steamers, together with those before alluded to, are stern-wheel 
 boats, which are better suited than any others for the navigation of 
 rivers like that part of the Columbia between Revelstoke and the 
 upper lake. 
 
 • It has not been considered necessary to include mention of the various astronomical deter- 
 minations of position made during this reconnaissance, which havo been employed in the con- 
 struction of the map. Sproat's Landing has been employed as a principal point. My observa- 
 tion spot here wastiituated a mile above the 'town,' and about 300 yards above Mr. Sproat's 
 house, on the bank of the river. The position depends on the following observations :— 
 
 By meridian altitude of sun, Lat. = 49° 19' 46" 
 
 By observations on Polaris " = 49o 19' 54" 
 
 Mean Lat. adopted 49° 19' 60" 
 
 By chronometer and observations June 9th and July 8th, 1889— Long. 33' 52"5" east of observa- 
 tion point at Revelstoke, on bank of river in garden of Qovernment building. 
 
DAWSON 
 
 ] 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 17 b 
 
 n exhibit iho 
 
 i" east of observa- 
 
 This is, I believe, the second year during which the ' Dispatch ' has 
 been on the route, and her captain, Mr. Robert Sanderson, is very 
 familiar with the lakes and adjacent country. In travelling from 
 Revelstoke to the Landing I employed an ordinary row-boat, this 
 being more suitable for the purposes of examination and survey ; but 
 on returning took passage on the steamer, and obtained a number of 
 useful notes from Mr. Sanderson. 
 
 The river from Revelstoke to the head of the upper lake is generally Character of 
 nin down by the ' IMspatch ' in two hours and a half. Several places 
 on this length of river are generally found pretty shoal in the first 
 trips made in early spring, when the water is lowest; and there are 
 also a number of places where the removal of snags and ' sweepers ' 
 would be an advantage, particularly Jit low water, when it is necessary 
 to follow the deepest channel throughout. The shoal already refei'red 
 to as existing at the mouth of this part of the river, is sometin.js 
 troublesome after a sudden fall in the level of the water. At such 
 times Mr. Sanderson has occasionally found no channel deeper than 
 twenty-two inches across it, but in the course of a few days a channel 
 always scours out to a depth of about five feet. The river connecting 
 the two lakes affoi'ds a channel of not less than three feet throughout, 
 even at the lowest observed stages of water, but there are several bars 
 across which at such stages it is necessary to select a course with care. 
 In the river between the lower lake and the Landing there is always 
 an ample depth of water, and though some bouldery reefs appear at 
 low stages, there is sufficient room to pass these in the channel. It 
 would thus appear that a steamer for this route should be a stern- 
 wlieeler with good power, built to draw not more than four feet, and 
 not loaded down over threo feet when thi vater is low. 
 
 No statistics are available respecting iiie total annual precepitation Rainfall. 
 of rain and snow at Revelstoke, but the appearance and character of 
 the forest and vegetation generally, indicates that it is very consider- 
 able. In travelling southward by the river and lakes evidence of the 
 same kind proves a constantly decreasing rainfall and humidity of the 
 atmosphere, and the climate of the southern end of the lower lake with 
 that of Sproat's Landing avid its vicinity, may be characterized as 
 rather dry. 
 
 The trees forming the forest near Revelstoke have already beenTreoB. 
 
 noted (p. 9 b). The Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga Douglasii) was first 
 
 observed near the shore about the heatl of the Upper Arrow Lake, but , 
 
 may occur on the slopes of the mountains near Revelstoke. The 
 
 western larch (^Larix occidentalis) was first seen about midway down 
 
 the upper lake, and thereafter was noted as generally abundant. 
 
 Juniper (Juniperus Virginiana), assuming an arboreal form, is found on 
 2 
 
18 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 rocky beaches on both lakes, but less abundantly toward the head of 
 the upper lake. The yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) appears for the 
 first time near the head of the Lower Arrow Lake, and is increasingly 
 abundant thereafter, becoming the characteristic tree of the southward- 
 facing slopes near the Deer Park. Syringa bushes (Philadelphn 
 Lewisii) appeared, about half way down the lower lake, growing in 
 quantity on rocky slopes and in full bloom on the 16th of June. 
 
 I Plil 
 
 Kootanie Eiver. 
 
 The valley. The lower reach of the Kootanie Eiver, and the West Arm of Koo- 
 
 tanie Lake, from which it flows, occupy an important and continuous 
 valley which runs off from that of the Columbia at Sproat's Landing in 
 an east-north-easterly direction. This valley lies almost directly trans- 
 veree to the main direction of the mountains and to that of the wider 
 valleys occupied by the Arrow lakes and Kootanie Lake. The distance 
 from the mouth of the Kootanie at Sproat's Landing to the main, or 
 north-and-south portion of the Kootanie Lake, by this valley, is 
 thirty-nine miles, the river occupying about twenty miles, while the 
 West Arm of the lake takes up the I'emaining nineteen miles. The 
 recently laid out town of Nelson, is situated about two miles from the 
 outlet of the West Ai-m and on the south side of the Arm. It is at 
 present reacaed by a fairly good pack-trail from Sproat's Landing, the 
 distance between these points by trail being about twenty-one miles. 
 
 On leaving Sproat's Landing, the bank of the Kootanie is reached in 
 about half a mile, and the trail follows the north side of the valley for 
 some distance. The river near its mouth is often bordered by rock on 
 both sides and is very rough and rapid, and the trail for some miles 
 runs along a rocky broken side-hill, but as the valley widens it leaves 
 
 ^ the immediate bank of the river and traverses terrace-flats, some of 
 
 which reach a height of about 300 feet above the water. At about 
 eight miles and a half from Sproat's Landing the Slocan Eiver is 
 reached and crossed by a good ferry. A large accumulation of heavy 
 bouldei's occurs in the valley just below the mouth of the Slocan. 
 
 Wurd'a Ferry. After leaving the Slocan, tha trail runs for rather more than a mile 
 across a level and wide wooded flat, when the Kootanie Eiver is 
 crossed by a second ferry in a wide and slack pai't of its course. From 
 this point (Ward's Ferry) the trail continues on the south side of the 
 river, at a variable distance from it. The valley retains the same 
 uniform trough-like character, and, as in its lower part, is uniformly 
 bordered by rather steep wooded or rocky mountain-slopes. 
 
 Below Ward's Ferry, the river is almost everywhere swift and there 
 are numerous rough, wild rapids, but the lowest fall occurs at about a, 
 
 Sproat's Land- 
 ing to slocan 
 Rirer. 
 
 Falls anil 
 rupids. 
 
..] 
 
 KOOTANIE RIVEB. 
 
 19 b 
 
 mile above Ward's. The river is here divided into two channels, the 
 
 water on one side falling vertically a distance of about thirty feet, on 
 
 the other coming down a steep chute with great velocity. These are 
 
 known as St. Agnes Falls, and they limit the ascent of the salmon on 
 
 the Kootanie. The falls were formerly a noted salmon-fishing place 
 
 for the Salish Indians and the limit of thesp people to the east, Eagtera limit 
 
 the country beyond belongiifg to the Kootanie tribes. The fall onjn.f^ng^ 
 
 the north side is a very picturesque and striking feature, its beauty 
 
 being enhanced by the clear, blue colour of the water. Fine trout m^y 
 
 be taken in the basin below it, in almost unlimited quantity at certain 
 
 seasons. Within a couple of miles above the falls, two other notable 
 
 falls occur, named the Pillar and Geyser Falls respectively, and between 
 
 the highest of those and the end of the West Arm the river fonns 
 
 several strong rapids. 
 
 Between Wai-d's Feriy and Nelson several streams enter the Koo- Tributary 
 tanie from the Toad Mountain range on the south. These are known 
 as Rover, Forty-nine, Eagle and Sandy creeks, and just before reaching 
 Nelson Cottonwood-Smith Creek is crossed. This is larger than any 
 of those fii-st mentioned, and flows from a deep vall«y which bounds 
 Toad Mountain on the east and runs through to the head watera of 
 Salmon River. Several small streams enter the Kootanie from the 
 north in this part of its course, the most impoi'tant, with a valley about 
 nine miles in length, coming in just at the head of the river.* 
 
 Whatever may have been the origin of the transverse valley which .Yeep'^fiii^i 
 now serves as the outlet of Kootanie Lake to the Columbia, it is evident, *'''• "'''^'• 
 speaking of that portion of it now occupied by the river, that its 
 rocky bed is little if at all below the present level of erosion. This 
 is particularly apparent on the lower part of the river, about the falls, 
 and again near the outflow of the river from the lake, where the 
 banks of the river are frequently formed of solid rock. Had the 
 valley been much deeper than it now is and filled only with drift 
 deposits due to the ;;^lacial period, the difl'erence of level between the 
 Columbia and Kootanie Lakes (amounting to 356 feetf ) would long 
 since have enabled the river to cut down its bed to such an extent 
 as to di-ain much of the Kootanie Lake. 
 
 Though entirely unsuited for navigation by reason of its rapids and Water-powor. 
 falls, this part of the Kootanie is capable of aifording, at the falls, an 
 almost unlimited amount of water-power for milling or other purposes. 
 The quantity of arable land contained in the valley is inconsiderable. 
 
 * I!y nuridiiin altitude of san, the latitude of observationipoint on lake-shore in front of Nelson 
 is IM" 2>i' 54". 
 
 t According tolevelling by C.P.R. Survey.kindly oommunioated by Mr. H. Abbott. 
 
<, — 
 
 20 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 as even the greater part of the teiTace-flats is either sandy or stony. 
 There are, however, some wooded flats with silty soil which will no 
 doubt eventually be cleared and cultivated. There has been in the 
 aggregate a considerable quantity of fair to good timber in this part of 
 the valley, but the greater portion has unfortunately been destroyed 
 by fire. 
 Vegetation. For a few miles above the mouth of tfce river, the north-west bank 
 
 is open and its vegetation is indicative of a dry climate, like that 
 of the Lower Arrow Lake. Here Glarkia pulchella, a plant seldom 
 elsewhere found in British Columbia, was collected. Balsamorrhya 
 sagittata was also noted. Fui'ther up the valley the rain-fall is evi- 
 dently greater. The forests consist chiefly of Douglas fir, hemlock, 
 cedar and larch, with occasional specimens of yellow pine and other 
 trees. The western yew (Taxus brevifolia) was also occasionally 
 seen in damp spots, as a small tree with trunk a foot in diameter. 
 On the river-flats and terraces in the immediate vicinity of Ward's 
 Ferry, there occurs a greater number of species of coniferous trees 
 than I remember to have seen together elsewhere in the Province. 
 The list includes cedar (Thuya gigantea), yellow, black and white 
 pine (P. ponderosa, F. Murrayana and P. monticola), larph (Larix 
 occidentalis) , Arboreal juniper (Juniperus Yirginiana), Douglas fiv 
 (Pseudotsuga Douglasii), hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) and Engel- 
 mann's spruce {Picea Engelmanni). 
 
 The handsome malvaceous plant, Sphvralcia rivularis,' was noted 
 , in abundance near Ward's Ferry, though rarely seen elsewhere in | 
 British Columbia. As denoting the progress of the season it may 
 be added that the service-berry, flowering-raspberry and lai-ge blue- 
 berry {Amalanchier alnifolia, Itubus Nutkanus and Vaccinium myrtil- 
 loides), were found with ripe fruit on June 20th. 
 
 As already mentioned, the most considerable tributary received by 
 Siocan River, t^e Kootanie, between the lake and the Columbia, is the Slocan. This 
 stream, where crossed by the ferry near its mouth, is very rapid and 
 strong, with a width of one hundred and eighty feet. From Mr. Archie 
 McDonald, who had been engaged in prospecting on the Slocan, the 
 following notes were obtained. It will be found that the distances as 
 given by him do not correspond with those of the map, as his esti- 
 mates doubtless include the various sinuosities of the route necessarily 
 followed. An attempt has been made to indicate the portion of the 
 river and lake on the map in relation to the other known features. 
 The length of the river from its mouth to the lake in which it rises, 
 Mr. McDonald estimates at forty miles. At eighteen miles up, a branch 
 comes in from the west, by the valley of which the Indians cross over 
 to Deer Park on Lower Arrow Lake — distance, say, twenty miles. 
 
.] 
 
 KOOTANIE RIVER. 
 
 21 B 
 
 The greater part of the length of the river is swift, and can be ascended 
 
 only by poling, but one reach of eight miles occurs, and another of four 
 
 miles, just below the lake, where the current is quite moderate. Two Sioc»n Lake. 
 
 extensive log-jams exist which necessitate portages. The lake is said 
 
 to be twenty miles in length, with steep, bluffy banks on the west side 
 
 and flat land on the east, for the first half of its length. On the upper 
 
 part of the lake, flat land occurs on the west and steep slopes on east. 
 
 From the head of the lake a pass leads to the lower end of the Upper 
 
 Arrow Lake, the distance across being stated at about eighteen miles. 
 
 There is also said to be a pass used by Indians from the vicinity of 
 
 Slocan Lake to the West Arm of Kootanie Lake. High mountains 
 
 carrying some snow in summer were seen about the head of Slocan 
 
 Lake, but no glaciere were observed on them. 
 
 The steep and generally uniform slopes of the lower mountains, General aipoct 
 which boixler the deep valley of the Kootanie Rivei", prevent any gen- countrj. 
 eral view of the higher and more distant summits from being obtained ; 
 but from one of the eastern points of Toad Mountain a somewhat ex- 
 tensive outlook was gained, though the atmosphere was unfortunately 
 at the time somewhat obscured by smoke. From this point, with an 
 altitude of 6990 feet, it was estimated that the general height of the 
 summits of mountains in view on all bearings except to the south-west- 
 ward (where the distant view was cut off by other summits of Toad 
 Mountain) was about 6000 feet above sea-level. This height is main- 
 tained with considerable uniformity, and at or about it rather exten- 
 sive rocky or partially wooded plateau-like areas occur in some places. 
 Above this general level, however, higher and rougher peaks rise, 
 usually about the central parts of the blocks of mountainous countiy 
 which lie between the several larger valleys occupied by rivers 
 and lakes. One of the most important of these culminating ranges, 
 with wild ragged outlines and carrying much snow, was seen on a 
 north-west bearing at a distance of about thirty-five miles. This was 
 evidently the southern aspect of the Valhalla Mountains, previously 
 noted as lying to the east of the head of Iiower Arrow Lake, between 
 that lake and the Slocan valley. It is probable that several peaks in 
 these mountains reach a height of 8500 feet. The mountains between 
 the Slocan valley and that of Kootanie Lake, culminate in a second 
 central alpine region of about 8000 feet in height, in addition to which 
 there is another partially isolated group of mountains near the head- 
 waters of Coffee Creek, some points in which may attain a height of 
 !tOOO feet. The Ymir Mountains, to the south of the West Arm of 
 Kootanie Lake, after their first abrupt rise from the lake-shore, con- 
 tinue rising gradually in wooded slopes, till, on a bearing about due 
 cast from Toad Mountain, they attain heights of about 8000 feet, and 
 
22 b 
 
 WKST KOOTANIE. 
 
 
 form together a considerable area of rather rough, rocky ridges and 
 sammits, among which more or less snow remains during the suminer, 
 Southward from Toad Mountain, several mountains on different 
 bearings reach heights of about 8000 feet, but there is no conspicuous 
 range of high mountains. Through this mountainous region the deep 
 valley of Salmon Eiver may be seen running nearly due south fur 
 many miles. As before mentioned, the head-waters of this river and 
 that of Cottonwood-Smith Creek nearly inosculate to the east of Tumi 
 Mountain. The exact height of the watershed in this valley was ri(jt 
 ascertained, but it in probably about 1200 feet above the lake, or L",t;jO 
 feet above sea-level. 
 
 Toad Mountuiii Toad Mountain is a name of very recent origin, dating only from 
 the discovery of the Hall Brothers' silver mine. The mountain 
 so called, forms the eastern end of a high region which lies to 
 the south-east of the Kootanie Eiver, and of which several points 
 surpass 8000 feet in elevation. It is drained on the south by trilj- 
 utaries of the Salmon Eiver, on the north by Cottonwood-Smitii 
 Creek and other streams previously mentioned which fall toward tiie 
 Kootanie. The trail by which the Hall Brothers' and other clai >, 
 situated at heights of 5700 to 6300 feet above sea-level on the ii i- 
 tain, are reached from Nelson, follows Cottonwood-Smith Creek ai, a 
 branch of that stream known as Give-out Creek. A second trail, run- 
 ning westward from this, falls into the Kootanie Eiver trail near 
 Forty-nine Creek. The various mining claims visited on this moun- 
 tain, together with the character of its rocks, are noted subsequently. 
 
 Timber line. The slopes of the mountain are in general densely wooded and some 
 good timber occurs in the valleys. Above 5000 feet the forest becomes 
 more open and of smaller growth, and though trees are still found at 
 a height of about 7500 feet, they are here stunted and this height 
 may be assumed as approximately that of the timber-line. Pinus 
 albicaulis is abundant on the higher points of the mountain, where also 
 Xerophyllum tenav was observed, with a number of alpine flowers, 
 common to most mountains of the Province. 
 
 Kootanie Lake. 
 
 
 il! 
 
 West Arm. The West Arm of the Kootanie Lake, from its outlet, extends about 
 
 nine miles and a half northeastward, beyond which it turns to an east- 
 north-east direction for a similar distance, when it opens, at Queen's 
 Bay, on the main lake. The average width of the first half of the Ai-m 
 slightly exceeds half a mile. The second half is somewhat wider, 
 but more irregular in width. A number of small streams enter the 
 Ai'm on both sides. All these streams have formed sandy delta-flats of 
 
»cky ridgch an,] 
 iiig the suminei'. 
 ns on different 
 1 no conspicuous 
 region the d(e|) 
 '■ due south tor 
 f this river and 
 he east of Toad 
 valley was not 
 le lake, or I'DlJO 
 
 ting only from 
 
 The mountain 
 
 which lies to 
 
 several points 
 
 south by trib- 
 
 ttonwood-Smith 
 
 fall toward the 
 
 d other clai >, 
 
 al on the n m- 
 
 th Creek aii . a 
 
 scond trail, niii- 
 
 iver trail near 
 
 I on this moun- 
 
 i subsequently. 
 
 joded and some 
 
 forest becomes 
 
 ■e still found at 
 
 md this height 
 
 )er-line. Pinus 
 
 tain, where also 
 
 alpine flowers, 
 
 , extends about 
 urns to an east- 
 ens, at Queen's 
 lalfof the Arm 
 newhat wider, 
 earns enter the 
 ly delta-flats of 
 
m!-ii 
 
 :■.,•;• 
 
 .: 
 
 : I ■ 
 
 i^fi 
 
 h ■'■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 '■'■' 
 
 •'1 
 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 \^ 
 
 ?2 r- 
 
 i! 
 
 Ilii 
 
 w 1, 
 
 * .5 
 
 < 2 
 
 H 5 
 
 X s 
 
 id 
 
DAWSON 
 
 ] 
 
 KOOTANIE LAKE. 
 
 23 b 
 
 (greater or less size at the;-" mouths. In this way the area of the 
 waterway is diminished to such an extent as in some places to produce 
 rather strong river-like currents. The Arm is evidently nowhere very 
 deep but e\en in the various narrows affords at all stages of water a 
 sufficie depth for any steamers likely to be employed upon the lake. 
 
 The valley occupied by this arm of the lake is identical in cha acter Vaiioy of the 
 with that of the Kootanie Eiver below, but is here flooded. In the first 
 hiilf of its length, its width between the slopes of the opposite laoun- 
 tains is less than a mile, bat it becomes wider on approaching the main 
 lake. The bordering mountains rise with steep slopes in the first 
 instance to heights of 1500 to 3000 feet above the li.Ke, beyond 
 which the slopes generally become more gradual and much higher 
 points are seen up some of the valleys of the entering streams Along 
 the eastern half of the Arm, there appears to be some aiiJole land, 
 though the soil is usually sandy. .Certain areas here and „here might 
 al80 be reclaimed by dyking swampy land. Much of the timber, which 
 in places is of very fair quality, has already been destroyed by tire. 
 
 The immediate cause of the flooding of ♦he valley now occupied by Character of 
 the West Arm, is the blocking of the valley at tiie western extremity**" ' " 
 of the Arm, by a mass of rough bouldery wash which has been brought 
 down by the large stream previously alluded to as entering from the 
 noi-th at that point. This causes a littie rapid, which is the beginning 
 of the lower part of the Kootanie Eivcr, and has a width of from 300 
 to 400 feet, according to the height of the water. Its south border is 
 formed by rocky bluffs, against which the wash from the stream just 
 mentioned has been projected. It has been proposed to lower the gen- 
 eral level of the Kootanie Lake by removing the obstruction here des- 
 cribed, and this is no doubt possible. Should, however, such reduction 
 exceed a i'ew feet in amount, sevci-al of the narrows in the West Arm 
 would bo converted into shallow rapids, thus rendering the Arm unfit 
 for navigation ; while to achieve any important lowering of the level of 
 the lake, each of these obstructions would in turn have to be removed. 
 The remarks made on a previous page, together with the known great 
 (leiith of the Kootanie Lake, show that if even the whole of the loose 
 material now found in the valley of the West Arm and Kootanie River 
 wore removed it would not result in the draining of Kootanie Lake. 
 
 Having thus described the West Ai-m of Kootanie Lake, a few tiotes ihe main Uke. 
 may now be given on the main lake, which occupies one of the 
 longitudinal valleys of the mountain ranges, and is comparable in this 
 respect to the Ujiper and Lower Arrow lakes, though more important 
 than either of these. Its total length is about sixty-four miles. In 
 form it is nearly simple and straight, lying on a bearing which departs 
 ii ft'W degrees to the west of north. its height above the sea is 
 
24 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIB. 
 
 Hot Springs 
 oamp. 
 
 Character of 
 lake-shores 
 and surround- 
 ing country. 
 
 approximately 1*730 feet, and its average width, which is preserveil 
 with consiuerable uniformity, about two miles. The West Arm joins 
 the lake a little to the south of its centre, the distance from the mouth 
 of this arm to the north end of the lake being thirty-eight miles. This 
 part of the lake is shown upon the accompanying map accoi-ding to 
 the results of my survey. The southern portion of the lake, which has 
 never been surveyed in detail, is represented in broken lines, according 
 to the Map of the Eastern Part of British Columbia, compiled by 
 direction of the Hon. F. G. Vernon, Chief Commissioner of Lands and 
 Works, 1888. With the exception of the West Arm, the most import- 
 ant interruption to the general outline of the lake is Crawford Bay, 
 which occurs on the east side, opposite the entrance of the arm, and is 
 separated from the main lake by a low hilly point or peninsula. 
 
 The Hot Springs, or ' Warm Springs,' mining camp, is situated on 
 the west bide of the lake, eight miles north of the West Arm. ]Iere, 
 chiefly comprised within a tract about six miles in length, between 
 Coffee and Woodberry creeks, a large number of mining claims have 
 been taken up. These are noticed in detail on a subsequent page. 
 Several stores and houses have been established on the shore of the 
 lake, and a town-site, which has been named ' AinsW'<rth,' has been laid 
 out. Three miles north-east of Hot Springs, on a small peninsula on 
 the opposite or east side of the lake, is situated the Hendryx mining 
 camp, and elsewhere in the vicinity of the lake isolated raining claims 
 have been recorded. 
 
 The distance by water from Nelson, near the extremity of the West 
 Arm, to Hot Springs, is twenty-six miles. 
 
 The whole northern part of Kootanie Lake, and, so far as could bo 
 observed from distant views, the southern pci-t as well, may be 
 described as closely bordered by mountains, which, as a rule, slope up 
 more or lees steeply from the lake-shore without any intervening flat 
 land, to heights often of 6000 feet above it. On closer inspection, how- 
 ever, it is observed that the axial lines of the dominant and higher 
 ranges tend to cross the line of the lake obliquely in its northern part, 
 in consequence of their more westerly trend. Many of the mountuinis 
 are somewhat rugged in outline and show much bare rock, and very 
 abrupt rocky hills and bluffs often front directly on the shores. Cliffs 
 of some height occur in several places along the margin of the lake, 
 the most conspicuous being situated on the east shore about sixteen 
 miles north of Hot Springs. Many tine sandy or gravelly beaches are, 
 however, also found, particularly at the mouths of entering streams. 
 The general aspect of the lake is in fact not unlike that of the Upper 
 Arrow Lake, save that the mountains are here crowded more 
 closely up n the shores. The depth of ihe lake is evidently very 
 
OAASCN 
 
 •] 
 
 KOOTANIE LAKE. 
 
 25 B 
 
 al! neninsula on 
 
 itv of the West 
 
 f'reat, and though no soundings were made by me upon it, statements 
 reported lead to the belief that it considerably exceeds the Upper 
 Arrow Lake in this respect. 
 
 The principal feeder of the Kootanie Lake, is of course the river of icootanie River 
 the same name, which, after a long southwai'd courae between the 
 Eocky Mountains and the Purcell Bange, passes between the south end 
 of this range and the Cabinet Mountains in Montana and Idaho, and 
 turning to a northerly direction adopts the continuation of the Kootanie 
 Lake valley, and falls eventually into the south end of the lake. A 
 few miles beyond the north end of the lake, the valley becomes more 
 or less interrupted by hills, and bifurcates, the branch valley to the {j^';j|j'',*°'J^.j.„. 
 west bringing in the Lardo* River, that to the east the Duncan Eiver. 
 The first-mentioned valley trends toward the '.ead of the North-east 
 Arm of Upper Arrow Lake, and is reported to afford a good pass. The 
 second, so far as known, trends nearly due north, and is more nearly 
 in the line of that of the lake. It holds a second lake, reported to be 
 of considerable size, known as Upper Kootanie Lake, and unwaters 
 the western slopes of the axial range of the Selkirk Mountains. The 
 united streams of the Lai-do and Duncan, where they enter Kootanie 
 Lake, form a fair sized river, but not one such as to be navigable for 
 steamers of any kind. 
 
 The flat land at the north end of the lake, runs on for about five x..rth end of 
 
 lake 
 
 miles with about the same width as the lake itself, before the previ- 
 ously described bifurcation of the valley occure. The border of this 
 land on the lake, consists of wide grassy marshes, on which a consider- 
 able quantity of swamp-hay might be cut. Further back, groves of 
 Cottonwood and willows occur, and rising above these, at a distance of 
 about a mile or so, coniferous trees appear, and it is probable that 
 beyond this point the land is not subject to flood. The action of the 
 waves ill the shallow water at the head of the lake, has produced a 
 rather remarkable ridge or bar of sand which runs almost completely 
 across it, at a short distance out from the edge of the meadowft. This, 
 at the date of my visit, was bare, with a channel running continuously 
 behind it. 
 
 Fry River, seven miles and a half from the north end of the lake, on Other streams. 
 iis east side, and Casio River, eighteen miles from the same point on 
 the opposite side, are the only other important affluents in the northern 
 lialf of the lake. One or both of the streams flowing into Crawford 
 May may be of importance, but were not seen. There are, in addition, 
 many smaller streams with short courses among the neighbouring 
 mountains, but these do not require special mention. 
 
 'Also wittcn Lanloaux. 
 
26 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Seasonal rise 
 aod fall. 
 
 Hut Springs 
 
 J- If 
 
 III 
 
 V^Betation. 
 
 Notwithstanding the considerable area of Kootanie Lake (about 135 
 square miles), it is subject to great changes in level. In the latter 
 part of June, 1889, the water had fallen a few feet from its highest 
 stage of that year, in which the annual rise had been exceptionally 
 small. Evidences were, however, found of extreme high-water stages, 
 occasionally reached, about fourteen feet above the actual water-level. 
 In consequence doubtless of the great depth of the lake, it seldom 
 freezes over any considciable part of its area, the interruption to navi- 
 gation from ice upon it being much less than that on the Arrow lakes. 
 
 The hot springs from which the mining camp previously referred to 
 takes its name, constitute a remarkable feature. They are situated on 
 the immediate shore of the lake and within the town-site of 'Ainsworth.' 
 Unlike the hot springs on Upper Arrow Lake, these give rise to a 
 topious calcareous deposit, which extends for about 300 feet along the 
 edge of the lake, and forms a little terrace with a height at the front 
 of about twenty feet, and sloping gradually up toward the foot of the 
 hill. At the southern end, a lower floor of the deposit, nearly on the 
 level of the lake-shore, presents a number of basin-like pools with well 
 marked rims, inio which the water ti'ickles. The principal visible flow 
 occurs on the summit of the little terrace, where there is one main orifice 
 with several surrounding emallor ones. There are as woU, however, 
 several outflows along the edge of the water, where the terrace has 
 been cut into a rough low cliff, and there are very probably others also 
 beneath the surface of the water of the lake. It is thus impossible 
 even to guess the volume of water rising from these springs, but that 
 afforded by the principal orifice on the terrace was roughly estimated 
 at about sixty gallons per minute. The temperature of the water on 
 June 25th, was found to be 101'5° F, It has a slightly saline and 
 rather pleasant taste. The calcareous deposit is a porous travertin of 
 a cream colour, which forms more or less parallel on concentric layers. 
 
 The vegetation characterizing the vicinity of Kootanie Lake re- 
 sembles that of the Lower Arrow Lake and the lower part of the 
 Kootanie Eiver. The yellow pine and larch were found quite to the 
 north end of the lake, and may extend some little distance beyond it. 
 The yew was observed forming a small tree in several places. In the 
 lower valleys, and also probably in many high though sheltered valleys 
 among the mountains, considerable quantities of good timber, particu- 
 lai'ly cedar and white pine, exist. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 In regard to the rainfall and gonerul humidity of the atmosphere in 
 the region to which this report relates, it is evident that in conse- 
 
■AW80N 
 
 •] 
 
 ROUTES AND MEANS OP ACCESS. 
 
 27 8 
 
 quenoe ot the variety and prominence of its physical features, nothing 
 certain can be affirmed till continuous obsei-vations at a number of sta- 
 tions have bben made. Meanwhile, the character of the natural vege- Rainfall and 
 tation, and especially that of the forest growth, is sufficient to indicate humidity, 
 these climatic fbatures in a general way. No part of the region which 
 was traversed seems to possess a humidity equal to that of the vicinity 
 of Eevelstoke and the vuUey of the Illecillewaet. This district of 
 humid atmosphere and great precipitation, as we travel southward, ap- 
 pears to fall back to the eastward, associating itself with the higher 
 ranges of the Selkirk and Purcell mountains, so that a line drawn from 
 the head of Upper Arrow Lake to the north end of Kootanie Lake, and 
 thence in a south-south-easterly direction, would separate the more 
 humid from the drier parts of the region. It is evident, however, that 
 each of the more importune and higher mountain masses becomes to 
 some extent a separate centre of precipitation and moisture, while the 
 lower and wider valleys are relatively dry. 
 
 woU, however, 
 
 Routes and Means of Access. 
 
 The immediate need of a means of transport for the rich ores of the 
 vicinity of Kootanie Lake, may render appropriate a few words on the 
 question of prospective railway routes, as atlected by the physical fea- 
 lui-es of the district. The navigation of the lakes and rivers has 
 previously been referred to, (p. 17 B.) 
 
 No special difficulties present themselves in the ws / of a railway Railwuy routes, 
 line to connect Sproat's Landing on the Columbia with the West Arm 
 of Kootanie Lake. The distance measured along the river-valley, as 
 already bluted, is about twenty miles. The greater part of this route 
 may, in fact, be described as easy work, though in the first three 
 01' four miles from the mouth of the Kootanie some moderately heavy 
 Avork along the rocky side-hill would be necessary. The river might 
 also require to be crossed once or twice in order to allow the best line 
 to be followed. As I believe a survey of this line is now actually in 
 progress, it is unnecessary to refer to it in further detail. 
 
 The most advantageous pci-manont r; way connection for the Koo- 
 tanie Lalvc country would, however, undoubtedly be one from Ilevel- 
 stoke, on theCanadiuii i~ 'cific Kaihvay, direct to the lake. Such a line 
 would follow the Coiu'uoia valley for twenty-seven miles, the North- 
 East Arm of Upper Arrow Lake tor obout ten miles, and thence the 
 Lardo lliver pass ior about forty-eight miles to the north end of Koo- 
 tanie Lake, making a total length of about eighty-five miles. From 
 Ilevelstoke to the head of the Upper Arrow Lake, such a line 
 Avould be easily constructed along the continuous flats on the 
 
'^i : ■•"W 
 
 mi 
 
 1*';.-, 
 
 W> 
 
 i iiiiti 
 
 28 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Nature of ob- 
 servations 
 mode. 
 
 east side of the river, with the excep' on of one portion less 
 than two miles in length, where rocky bluffs come out to the 
 river. Thence, following the north-west side of the North-east Arm, 
 no great difficulty would be encountered eitcept in one length 
 of about a mile, where most of the road-bed would require to be 
 cut out along a cliff and one short tunnel would pi-obably be necessary. 
 It is possible, that by taking advantage of the shallow delta of the 
 Columbia, the Arm might be crossed at its mouth, and a better line 
 obtained on its opposite side, but the depth, as well as the width of the 
 deep part of the channel which exists between the delta edge and the 
 south shore is unknown. I am unable to supply any notes on the 
 character of the route from the head of the North-east Arm to 
 Kootanie Lake, but the summit in this pass is reported as not of 
 great height and to be situated near the Arm, while the Lardo valley 
 is described as being favourable. The flat land at the mouth of a small 
 stream two miles from the head of Kootanie Lake, on the west side, would 
 afford a suitable terminal point for such a railway, with bold wate ^nd 
 good shelter from southerly winds. Should it be contemplated, at a 
 later date, to extend the line along the shore of the lake to Hot Springs, 
 a good deal of rocky side-hill and numerous bluffs fronting on the 
 lake would have to be parsed, the character of the work much resem- 
 •bling that on the east side of the Salmon Arm of Shuswap Lake. A 
 further extension to Nelson would entail rough work of the same char- 
 acter as far as Queen's Bay, beyond which either shore of the West 
 Arm would afford an excellejit route. 
 
 General Geological Features of the West Kootanie District. 
 
 The geological structure of the region covered by the reconnaissance 
 here reported on, is extremely complicated, and the information obtained 
 is not sufficient to admit of a systematic or satisfactory description of 
 the rocks occurring in it. The Gold, Selkirk and Purcell mountains 
 have not yet been studied in detail in any part of their extent, and the 
 formations entering into their composition differ widely, if not in age, 
 at least in lithological character and degree of alteration from those 
 found in the Eocky Mountains proper, on one side, and in the Interior 
 Plateau region of British Columbia on the other. As it is probable that 
 more consecutive and detailed observations on the structure of the 
 ranges above named will shortly be made, including as a fii'st step a 
 section across them on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, I shall 
 here refer merely to the more salient features, and in particular to 
 those which have been noted in connection with the occurrence of the 
 cre-deposits. These appear to possess some immediate practical im- 
 
'.] 
 
 GENERAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 
 
 29 b 
 
 [ooTANiE District. 
 
 portance in affording clues to the origin and habitus of the ore- 
 deposits, and ai-e thus likely to prove of service in connection with 
 the prospecting and development of the region. 
 
 While in the Eocky Mountains proper, in corresponding latitudes, Shuswap series 
 neither granites nor crystalline schists are brought to the surface, in 
 the region here reported on both occur in abundance. The oldest 
 stratified rocks found here, consist of mica-schists and gneisses, the 
 former often coarsely crystalline and frequently garnetiferous, the 
 latter usually characterized, so far as observed, by a preponderance of 
 orthoclose felspar, and generally grey in colour and not very coarse in 
 grain. With these are associated hornblende-schists, hornblendic 
 mica-shists and hornblende-gneisses, as well as coarsely crystalline 
 marbles, which are often spangled with mica- and occasionally with 
 graphite-ciystals. These marbles, with calcareous gneisses, are par- 
 ticularly abundant toward the observed base of the series, and 
 constitute an important feature of the rocks on Kootanie Luke. The 
 micu-schists and gneisses are also often siliceous, and pass in some 
 placeti into nearly pure quartz! tes, which were found in greatest de- 
 velopment in the vicinity of the marbles. 
 
 From their highly crystalline character, and from analogy with 
 other not far remote sections, such, especially, as those of the Shuswap 
 Lakes, these rocks aie regarded as Archaean. 
 
 Overlying these rocks, at Hot Springs, is a great thickness of grey and Adama Lake 
 
 soncs > 
 
 green schists, which are seldom coarsely crystalline. No detailed litho- 
 logical examination has yet been made of these rocks, but of the green 
 schists a great part is believed to consist of diabase-schist, while felspathic 
 chloritic, hornblendic and micaceous schists are included in the series. 
 Some grey quartzite-schists, with micaceous division planes, are also 
 found, with numerous other varities of rocks intermediate in compo^'i- 
 tion between those above noted. Micaceous schists are particularly 
 abundant in the vicinity of granitic intrusions, and in such cases rocks 
 are occasionally met with, which can not be clearly separated from , 
 
 those of the preceding series. A i a rule, however, the general appear- 
 ance even of the highly altered representatives of this series is some- 
 what different, and their crystallization is less perfect and finer in 
 grain. While thei-e is reason to believe that this series is uncon- 
 formable on the last, no distinct evidence of unconformity has been 
 discovered, and it is not known whether this circumstance is due 
 to original pseudo-conformity in deposition, or to the intensity of the 
 forces which have acted in folding the two series, and thus forcing 
 them into an appearance of paralellism. 
 
 The rocks just described, are overlain by beds, which consist Series No. 5. 
 largely of massive limestones of grey or blue-grey colour, as a rule, but 
 
m 
 
 iiiii 
 
 fl 
 
 
 30 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Constitution of 
 Adams Lake 
 aeries. 
 
 Section at Hot 
 Springs. 
 
 locally converted into white, or nearly white, fine-grained marble; 
 These are interbedded to sorae extent toward the base with grey 
 schistose rocks like those of the last series, and are found to be under- 
 lain, at Hot Springs, by a fine-grained conglomerate, which has been 
 rendered schistose by pressure, and shows mica on its division-planes. 
 With the limestones are associated black schistose argillites, with 
 lustrous surfaces, on which more or less mica is often found to have 
 been developed. These argillites constitute an important part of this 
 group, but with respect to the relative volume of the argillites and 
 limestones no certain data were obtained. 
 
 The gi'ey and greenish schistose rocks constituting tho second group 
 may, with confidence, be affirmed to be essentially composed of altered 
 volcanic materials, and their present schistose character may probably 
 be regarded as in the main due to the enormous pressure to which 
 they have been subjected during the movements of the earth's crust, 
 which resulted in the uptlift of the mountains of the region and the ex- 
 trusion of the great masses of granite here everywhere found. The 
 original character of the material of the schists might not have been 
 ascertained from the somewhat cursory examination of the district to 
 which this report relates, though transitional stages in the passage of 
 distinctly volcanic products into these schists occur on Toad Mountain, 
 where the direct effect of pressure has been less and the alteration duo 
 to the heat of the later granitic masses has been greater. As stated 
 below, however, the same schistose series occurs on Shuswap and Adams 
 lakes; and in the vicinity of the last named lake and in the country 
 between it and the North and South Thompson rivers, the actual 
 passage of the schists, on their line of strike, into massive volcanic 
 materials, chiefly consisting of diabase-agglomerates and amygdaloides 
 has been studied. 
 
 The most instructive general section met with, of the stratified rocks 
 of the West Kootanie district, is that aflbrded by the shores of Kootanie 
 Lake, near and to the north of Hot Springs, taken in conjunction with 
 that on the trail which ascends the mountains behind Hot Springs. 
 Some details of this are referred to in connection with the metalliferous 
 deposits of that locality. It is sufficient to indicate the general order 
 of superposition of the three sets of beds just described and to show that 
 the total thickness of stratified rocks is very great, but owing to local 
 complications the actual volumes of the respective members could not be 
 ascertained, except in the case of the first or lowest. This was found 
 to have an approximate thickness of 5000 feet. Taking as a stand- 
 ard of caraparison the section met with and measured in 1888, on the 
 lower part of Adams Lake, and adding to it the above thickness of series 
 1 on Kootanie Lake, the following outline of tho arrangement and 
 
o^^^N.J GENERAL GEOLOQIOAL FEATURES. 31 B 
 
 respective thickness of the rocks of this part of the Gold and Selkirk 
 ranges may be given, the order being descending. — 
 
 FEBT. 
 
 6. Greenish and grey schists, with many beds of lime- 
 stone, (generally altered to marble) in the lower part.. 2,000 
 
 5. Limestone or marble, often banded with siliceous layers, 
 and associated with considerable volumes of black 
 
 glossy argillites and some grey schists 2,500 
 
 Chiefly greenish schists, varying considerably in tex- 
 ture, and with some grey-green and grey schists 4,050 
 
 Generiil leotion 
 
 00 -r; 
 
 3 
 
 DO C 
 
 02 
 
 3. Chiefly grey schists, varying in texture like the last, 
 
 and including some green-grey and greenish schists. . . 8,650 
 
 2. Black, shaly or schistose argillites, with much dark- 
 coloured limestone in thin beds, both argillite and 
 limestone often more or less micaceous. Thickness 
 not definitely known, say 1,000 
 
 1. Mica-schists, gneisses and marbles, completely crystal- 
 line and often highly siliceous 5,000 
 
 The following remarks may bo made in explanation of the above Explanation of 
 general section. No. 6 includes the highest beds seen on Adams Lake, **'"""'• 
 and was not recognized in West Kootanie, where No. 5 is found on the 
 mountain-slopes to the west of Hot Springs forming the highest 
 member of the local section. Nos. 4 and 3 are so similar in general 
 character, and blend so completely in the Adams Lake section, that it i 
 
 is proposed to unite them under the general provisional name of the 
 Adams Lake series. Both grey and green schists referable to this 
 series occur in the Hot Springs section, but the total thickness is there 
 either smaller than on Adams Lake, or is only shown in part. No. 2 
 is not found in the Hot Springs section, but is believed to be represented 
 by the argillites of the south-east shore of Upper Arrow Lake and else- 
 where in West Kootanie. This is provisionally designated as the 
 Nisconlith series, from a locality on the South Thompson. No. 1 is 
 not well shown on Adams Lake, but is found in its vicinity exten- 
 sively developed about Little Shuswap Lake. As above stated, 
 however, the thickness assigned to this member of the section is de- 
 rived from observations on Kootanie Lake. No distinct evidence of 
 uncomformity has been found throughout the entire section, but this 
 lowest series may be provisionally referred to the Arch8Ban.under the 
 name of the Shuswap series. 
 
 The total thickness of beds represented in the general section i^Tot,ithicknes«. 
 very great, aggregating at least 23,200 feet. In 18t7 the same rocks 
 wore examined by me on Great Shuswap Lake, and the general section 
 
32 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Probable age 
 of rockj^. 
 
 1 
 
 f4 
 
 : I 
 
 nr 
 
 i'M-lWh 
 
 Granites. 
 
 Oldest granites. 
 
 constructed as a result of this examination, corresponds pretty closely 
 with that here given, though the dividing lines between the several com- 
 ponent membere were not always drawn in precisely the same places. 
 The total thickness met with on the Greet Shuswap Lake was estimated 
 at about 32,200 feet.* 
 
 The stratified i*ocks of the Gold and Selkirk ranges, above referred 
 to, have not yet been closely studied from a lithological point of view, 
 and no attempt is therefore made in this report to do more than broadly 
 characterize them by their more evident features. Neither is it 
 possible, as yet, to speak with any certainty as to the geological periods 
 to which these rocks should be referred, as no fossils have been obtained 
 from them. It is believed, however, that the whole of these rocks 
 above those of the Shuswap series (No. 1), are in all probability 
 Palajozoic in age, and analogy with what is known elsewhere in 
 British Columbia, suggests that they may eventually be referred ti> 
 various systems, including the Carboniferous and extending downward 
 to the Lower Cambrian. 
 
 A large part of the West Kootanie district is occupied by granites 
 and granitoid rocks, the main area of which (so far as observed) 
 includes the whole basin of the Lower Arrow Lake, and extends thence 
 eastward nearly to Queen's Bay on Kootanie Lake. Besides this 
 great granitic area, there are several others of smaller dimensions, as 
 indicated on the map, as well as numerous dykes and eruptions too 
 small to be separately shown. It is in fact probable, that about one- 
 half of the entire region here reported upon is occupied by granites 
 and granitoid rocks. The granites differ considerably in appearance 
 and composition, and appear to be referable to at least two and prob- 
 ably to three distinct periods, though it is as yet impossible to define 
 the respective areas of these. The granites which are supposed to be 
 of the greatest age, were found in some places underlying the lowest 
 beds of the gneissic and mica-schist or Shuswap series. They appear 
 to be closely attached to this stratified series, if not connected with it 
 in origin ; and in texture and composition, as seen in hand specimens, 
 can often scarcely be distinguished from some of its homogeneous 
 gneisses. They are generally rather fine-grained, and are believed to 
 consist for the most part of muscovite-biotite-granite, though much 
 further investigation would be required before it can asserted that this 
 is their characteristic composition. f 
 
 . _ __ 
 
 • Keport of Progress Qeol. Surv. Can. 1877-78, p. 96 n. 
 
 t Thin sections of these, and of some other rocks here mentioned, have been subjected to a 
 preRrainary microscopic examination by Dr. A . C. Lawsou, with the object of ascertaining by 
 what names they may be appropriately designated. 
 
DAWBON. 
 
 ] 
 
 QENKBAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 
 
 33 b 
 
 Granites of this character form an extensive area south of Thumb 
 Bay on Upper Arrow Lake, and were again seen on the north side of 
 Queen's Bay in small exposm-es in contact with gneiss. 
 
 The ffranites which, however, occupy by far the largest area, ai-e of Hornbiende- 
 
 11 • * ui I ■ 1 J granites. 
 
 coarser texture, generally grey, passing to black in colour, and are 
 characterized by black mica, with fi-equently much black hornblende. 
 They may be described, as a whole, as hornblende-granites, but 
 occasionally pass into mica-syenite. In some localities they are not 
 infrequently coarsely porphyritic with large twinned orthoclose felspar 
 ci-ystals, while sphene is often present as an accessory mineral. 
 
 These granites are evidently intrusive and of later date than the 
 stratified rocks, which are altered by them at contacts. They appear 
 to have a rather intimate connection with the occurrence of metalli- 
 ferous deposits in adjacent areas of the stratified rocks, and the condi- 
 tions which have resulted in the formation of the metalliferous vems 
 probably occurred for the most part at the time of their intrusion. 
 
 Granites of the third and most recent class are largely displayed 
 along the east shore of the lower part of Lower Arrow Lake, where Red granites, 
 they continuously characterize a considerable area, but are also found 
 in spurs and dykes cutting through the coarse grey granites. They 
 are pink or reddish in colour and consist largely of orthoclose felspar, 
 with black mica and hornblende. The proportion of quartz contained 
 varies widely, as does also the coarseness of texture, in the vai'ious 
 specimens. 
 
 With the foregoing description of the general geological character of Occurrence of 
 the district as a basis, a few words may now be added on the relations *"^*''**''*'*"* 
 of the ore-deposits to the various rocks. Some further details beai-ing 
 on the same important question will be found in the sequel, in con- 
 nection with the descriptions of Toad Mountain, Hot Springs and 
 Hendryx. With the exception of the "Poorman" mine and other adjacent 
 claims on Eagle Creek, neai- the west end of Toad Mountain, all the 
 metalliferous deposits so far found occur in the stratified rocks. These 
 exceptional veins travei-se a hard dark-grej'^ mica-syenite, and dift'er in 
 character from the other ores, consisting of auriferous iron-pyrites 
 in a quartz gangue. They are of particular interest in showing that 
 the granitoid as well as the stratified rocks of the district may merit 
 the attention of the prospector. 
 
 The ore-deposits found in the lowest stratified deposits, or gneissic Ore-deposits at 
 and mica-schist rocks included in the Shuawap series (No. 1), so far as ^"'^p""**- 
 yet determined, consist principally of galena, with some blende, pyrites 
 and other accessory minerals, and are rather low-grade ores in respect 
 to silver. These deposits include those of Hendryx, and the lowei* tier 
 of veins at Hot Springs, extending from the shores of the lake back to 
 3 
 

 84b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 , t 
 
 Toai^ Mountain 
 
 I 
 
 1! 
 
 
 ! 
 
 the line of tho " Spokane " claim. All the richer argentiferous ores of 
 Hot Springs are included in the zones characterized by the green and 
 grey schists, and that of limeHtones and argillite schists, embraced in 
 series Nos. 3, 4 and 5. This difference in richness in the veins is, I believe, 
 to be attributed to the influence of the country-rock upon them ; though 
 possibly also in part due to the greater proximity of the veins in the 
 higher rocks, to the edge of a granite mass which is found near the 
 summits of the mountains behind Hot Springs. While, therefore, the 
 north-western extension of the limestones and black schists from the 
 Hot Springs localities, constitutes the most promising region for further 
 prospecting in that vicinity, it is not probable that all parts of the 
 outcrop of these and of the underlying green and gi'ey schist series will 
 prove equally rich in metalliferous deposits, but rather that such places 
 will be found localized here and there upon this belt of rocks, where 
 other conditions necessary to the formation of veins have cooperated. 
 Ore-depositB at The area of stratified rocks in which neai-ly all the metalliferous 
 deposits of Toad Mouutain have been found, appears to be suri-ounded 
 on all sides by granite. The rocks represented are believed to bo 
 those of the Adams Lake series, (Nos. 3 and 4,) but they are here 
 seldom so schistose in character as at Adams Lake and Hot Springs, 
 and frequently occur as little-altered diabases or diabase-porphyrites, 
 while in immediate contact with the gi-anite they are occasionally 
 converted into pyroxenites, containing more or less hornblende and 
 mica. In some places the amygadoidal structure which has origin- 
 ally characterized some " the diabases is still clearly apparent. 
 The alteration of the stratified iv,.. ".is vicinity appears, in fact, to 
 
 be due chiefly to the heat of the adjacent j^ranitic rocks at the time 
 of the extrusion of these, and they have been subjooted to less alteration 
 by pressure. Concurrently with this difference, it is found that the 
 contained ores also differ in charater from those afforded by the veins 
 traversing the rocks of the same age at Hot .Springs. At Toad Moun- 
 tain, copper ores are more, and galena is lees abundant, while the per- 
 centage of silver is frequently very high 
 
 The somewhat peculiar auriferous deposit of the Cottonwood mine, 
 on the east end of Toad Mountain, is separately described in the sequel. 
 
 In the Summary Report of the operations of the Geological Survey 
 for 1888, the following remarks were made in connection with the 
 description of the metalliferous deposits of the vicinity of Stump Lake, 
 south of Karaloops: — "The country-rock consists of altered volcanic 
 materials, probably of Palseozoic age, and may be generally character- 
 ized as a diabase-porphyrite, the most characteristic material in this 
 place being a rock of green and green-grey colour with coarse porphy- 
 ritic crystals of plagioclase and pyroxene. * * * The occurrence 
 
 Metalliferous 
 diabase series. 
 
 I m 
 
'] 
 
 OENBRAL OEOLOaiOAL FEATURES. 
 
 35 b 
 
 iferous ores of 
 the green and 
 3, embraced in 
 ins is, I believe, 
 1 them ; though 
 e veins in the 
 found near the 
 I, therefore, the 
 ihists from the 
 gion for further 
 ill parts of the 
 chist series will 
 that such places 
 )f rocks, where 
 ave cooperated, 
 le metalliferous 
 y be surrounded 
 ( believed to be 
 ; they are here 
 d Hot Springs, 
 lase-porphyrites 
 are occasionally 
 hornblende and 
 hich has origin- j 
 early apparent, 
 pears, in fact, to 
 )clcs at the time 
 to less alteration 
 
 found that the 
 ed by the veins 
 
 At Toad Moun- 
 ,t, while the por- 
 
 ottonwood mine, 
 ■ed in the sequel, 
 aological Survey 
 ection with the 
 ' of Stump Lake, 
 altered volcanic 
 erally character- 
 material in this 
 coarse porphy- 
 The occurrence 
 
 of these ores in the green, altered volcanic rocks, which, under slightly 
 varying forms, occupy so large an area of the southern interior of 
 British Columbia, is a feature of peculiar interest, inasmuch as it leads 
 to the belief that these wide-spread rocks become a metalliferous series 
 when the other conditions are favo'irablo. What these precise condi- 
 tions are, beyond the existence of tissures in which the segregation of ' 
 metallic minerals has occurred, we are yet unprepared to say. Massive 
 granite rocks occur a few miles to the west of the mineral belt of 
 .Stump Lake, and while a similar rock may underlie the surface at no 
 i;reat depth in the mineral belt, there is nothing to indicate that the 
 ores partake of the nature of contact deposits." , 
 
 Series 3 and 4 of the West Kootanie section, as previously explained, Oro-bearing 
 evidently represent rocks originally of volcanic origin, very similar to, Laklanl'""" 
 if not actually of the same age with, those of the vicinity of Stump '^"*"'"'^'' 
 Lake. Like them they are referable to the great, green predominently- 
 diabase portion of the Paleozoic strata of British Columbia, and the 
 fact now ascertained, that these ro<;its are also among those which hold 
 rich ores in West Kootanie, adds farther confirmation of their economic 
 importance. The resemblance is closer as between the rocks of Toad 
 Mountain and those of Stump Lake, under similar conditions of meta- 
 morphism, than between the Stump Lake rocks (which are seldom 
 schistose) and those of Hot Springs. On Toad Mountain, some diabaae- 
 poiphyrites practically identical in character with those of Stump Lake 
 occur. 
 
 A few notes on the distribution of the various rocks spoken of in the 
 foregoing pages, so far as this was investigated on the route followed, 
 may here be added. 
 
 The rocks seen in a few pieces in descending that pai't of the Rooks along 
 Columbia between Uevelstoke and the Upper Arrow Lake, are chiefly Reveistok^ 
 light-coloured mica-schists and gneisses, which are generally highly 
 ([uartzose. No massive granitic rocks were seen, and the appearance 
 of the mountains on both sides of the valley favoured the belief that 
 they also were composed of similar strata. As rocks of the same kind 
 appear along the line of railway at least as far east as Albert Canon 
 Station, and as the general strike of the i-ocks met with along the river 
 crosses the line of the Columbia valley obliquely, with north-west by 
 south-east bearings, it is probable that these rocks spread over a rather 
 wide area on both sides of the river in this part of its length. The 
 dips observed on the river are generally northerly, but some are in the 
 opjiosite direction. All these rocks are referable to the Shuswap series 
 or No. 1. of the general section. 
 
 In Sproat Mountain, in the angle between the river and north end of i 
 
 the lake, similar rocks occur with northerly dips and form a bold 
 
36 n 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Bocks on 
 
 Nortb-eaat 
 Arm. 
 
 Thumb Bay to 
 
 Half-way 
 
 Creek. 
 
 Half-way 
 Creek to south 
 end of lake. 
 
 southward-facing escarpment. The strike runs nearly due east, parallel 
 to the direction of the lower part of the North-eaat Arm, but at about 
 four miles up the Arm, on the north shore, darker and finer grained 
 calcareous mica-schists appear. These were also seen on the opposite 
 Bide of the Arm at this place, and though the Arm was not followed to 
 its head, it is probable that it has been principally excavated along 
 the strike of these softer rocks, which are supposed to represent the 
 Nisconlith series (No. 2) in a rather highly altered state. Some of the 
 mountains on the north side of the Arm, show evidence of a com- 
 pressed anticlinal, overthrown in a southward direction, and it is quite 
 possible that the crest of this anticlinal is coincident with a line of 
 reversed fault, such as those which have been described by Mr. 
 McConnell in the Bow Pass.* 
 
 Veins containing argentiferous galena have been found in the moun- 
 tains on the north side of the Arm, but these were not visited. 
 
 The south side of the lower part of the Arm is composed of the tine 
 grained granites, of what is supposed to be the oldest series. This 
 rock also forms both sides of Thumb Bay, and extends along the east 
 shore of the lake to a point seven miles south from the mouth of the 
 river. At this point, to the south of the granite, rocks of the same 
 character with those seen on the river recur, and continue along the 
 east shore of the lake to a point about five miles south of Half-way 
 Creek. They consist as before of fine grained gneisses, with mica- ami 
 hornblende-schists, the last-named rock being, however, rather infre- 
 quent. The strikes and dips are vei-y irregular along this part of the 
 lake, and some of the mountains to the eastward, near Half-way Creek, 
 appear to be composed of granite. 
 
 Following the rocks last described to the southward and strikinjf 
 along the lake-shore, are thin-bedded fine-grained micaceous and horii- 
 bleudic schists, often calcareous. The dips are generally eastward in 
 direction, and at the high rocky blut!', known as ' Cape Horn,' a mass 
 of grey granite interrupts these stratified rocks for a short distance. 
 Immediately to the south of this granite cliif, the stratified rocks, 
 however, reappear, consisting of argillite-schists with some thin layeis 
 of dark-coloured limestone. They are here only occasionally distinctly 
 micaceous. Fi-om this point to the south end of the lake, the rocks 
 observed along the east shore consisted of similar argillites, more or 
 less micaceous in places. Though somewhat irregular, the strikes 
 Bhow a distinct tendency to turn to a south-eastward bearing, running 
 olf toward the high mountains of the Valhalla group. Quartz veins 
 wore observed in several places cutting these rocks, but specimens 
 
 I 
 
 * Annual Report Geo). Surv. Can., 1886, p. 31 u. 
 
DAWSON 
 
 ] 
 
 GENEEAL QBOLOGIOAL FEATURES. 
 
 3*7 3 
 
 collected from one of the largest and most promising looking of these 
 proved on assay to contain neither gold noj- silver. 
 
 All the rocks described to the south of those of the gneissic and mica- Beferenoo of 
 schist series (No. 1) may with probability be refeiTedto series No. 2 of '*"' * 
 the general section ; while the mountains through which the river breaks 
 after leaving the lake appear for some miles to be again composed of 
 the rocks of series No. 1, with easterly dips. Though the west shore 
 of the Upper Arrow Lake was not examined, it is probable that at 
 least the entire lowei* portion of the lake-basin has been excavated 
 along the outcrop of the softer strata of series No. 2. 
 
 At about six miles west of the lower end of the Upper Arrow Lake, Rooks of 
 
 ,...,., -T i T 1 oonneotinf 
 
 the river wh'.ch connects this with the Lower Arrow Lake enters a river 
 ifieat granitic area, which, with small exceptions, includes the whole 
 of the Lower Arrow Lake, the lower part uf the Kootanie Eiver and 
 neaviy all the West Ai'm of Kootanie Lake. A line joining the eastern 
 ed'fes of the granite rocks on the connecting river between the Arrow 
 Lakes and on the West Arm of Kootanie Lake, will be found to run in 
 a south-east direction and to cut Slocan Lake, as approximately placed 
 on the map. This agrees with the description rec; "ved of the rocks of 
 .Slocan Lake, and it is probable that such a line as that indicated will 
 be foun<l to outline the extent of the granite on this side, approximately. 
 Its extent to the southward and westward is as yet unknown. 
 
 'Che granite met with on the lower part of the river connecting the I'"^'^'' Arrow'' 
 Arrow lakes, and near the head of the lower lake, is a coarse grey 
 hornblendic granite with crystals of sphene. Grey granites continue 
 along the east shore of the lake to a point nearly opposite Sanderson 
 Creek, beyond which, for eight miles southward, are pink and reddish 
 granites, believed to be referable to the latest period of eruption. The 
 litbological character of these granites has already been referred to 
 (p. ii'S b). Further south, the granitic rocks ure for the most part again 
 of grey or greenish-grey colour, but for .•! distance of about four miles 
 to the north of Deer Park, considerable masses of pinkish granite recur. 
 
 The west shore of this lake, as of the Upper Arrow Lake, was not 
 closely examined ; but the width of the lake being small, it was often 
 possible li'om the east shore to recognize its granitic character. It is 
 lirobable that this shore also is chiefly, if not entirely, formed by 
 granitic rocks, an " *', ) mountains on both sides of the lake appeared to 
 l»e of the same chuicoter. 
 on the east side of the 
 
 opposite the previously-noted principal occurrences of the same rock 
 on the oast shore. 
 
 Grey hornblendic or 
 
 Pink a;ranite occurs on the west as well aa 
 lake, and characterizes conside.abio areas 
 
 1 
 
 "ocks continue along theTho Columbia 
 river between Lower Arrow Lake and Sproat's Landing'. These were Widlng 
 
 micaceous granitic 
 
38 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 in several places observed to possess more or less gneissic structure, 
 but as they are similar in composition to the adjacent granites and not 
 clearly separable from these, it is quite probable that this appearance is 
 due to the foliation of the granite itself. These obscurely foliated 
 rocks are quite diflFerent in appearance from those of the Shuswaji 
 series (No. 1 ) of the gone"al section. 
 
 It is possible that some of the granitic rocks met with on this part 
 of the route, particularly on the lower part of the Lower Arrow Lake 
 and along the i*iver, may include areas of the older granites, thougli 
 none such were distinctly observed. 
 Sproat's As already noted, the i-ocks met with between Sproat's Landing and 
 
 Kootanie Laks Nelson are all granitic, with the exception of certain schistose rocks 
 having a width of about two miles, which are crossed by the trail near 
 Ward's Ferry. These constitute the eastern extremity of the stratifiea 
 rocks with which the ore-deposits of Toad Mountain arc associated, and 
 are described in connection with these. The granites are grey, and 
 usually more or less markedly hornblendic in composition. These, 
 together with those on the West Arm of Kootanie Lake, appear to 
 be all referable to what has been spoken of as the granite of tlie second 
 period. The exposures along the West Arm show, however, a greatei- 
 degree of variety in composition and te.Kture than usual, includinu' 
 some coarse-grained hornblendic granites, with large porphyritic 
 crystals of orthociase felspar, some varieties characterized by abundant 
 black mica, and others unusually tine in grain. Clranitic dykes or 
 veins are also found cutting the main masses in some places. The 
 mountains on both sides of the Arm, as shown by their appearance 
 and the material brought down fiom them by small lateral streams, are 
 probably all granitic. 
 
 The position of the eastern edge of the great granite area on the 
 West Arm was not exactly determined, in consequence of the absence 
 of exposures near the shore toward the eastern extremity of the Arm, 
 but is approximately shown on the accompanying map. 
 
 At the north point of (Queen's Bay of Kootanie Lake, tinc-grained 
 granites, passing into granitoid gneisses of similar character and 
 scarcely separable from these, are met with. Thence northward to 
 Hot Springs similar gneissic rocks, not generally very distinctly 
 bedded, are associated with a larger volume of mica-schists, which are 
 often garnetiferous, and with some hornblende-schists. The shore 
 follows the strike of these rocks, which dip regularly westward at low 
 angles and ni-e referable to the Shuswap Scries. The overlying 
 members of the section, as seen in the vicinity of Hot Springs, are 
 described on p. 47 n, in connection with the ore-deposits of that place. 
 fToneially speaking, and with trifling exceptions, the main strike f 
 
 West Arm to 
 Hot Springs 
 
DAWSON 
 
 •] 
 
 GEJJERAL GEOLOmCAT. FEATURES. 
 
 39 b 
 
 the rocks for twenty-seven miles northward from Queen's Bay is 
 parallel to the direction of the lake, or nearly due north-and-south, 
 with prevailing westerly dips. There can be little doubt that this part 
 of the basin of the lake has. been excavated principally along the out- 
 crop of the lower calcareous, and therefore less resistent portion of the 
 Shuswap series. 
 
 The north end of the lake, with a length of eight miles, takes a 
 more westerly bearing. The rocks are here considerably disturbed and 
 irregular, with some evidence of faulting, to the influence of which the 
 changed trend of this part of the lake may perhaps bo attributed. 
 
 On crossing the lake from Hot Springs to Hendryx, the rocks of ihe Rooks at 
 peninsula there are found to consist of coarse mica-schist's, marble and Lorthward. ' 
 qu:v*^^zit( . n'vh westward dips at angles of 20° to G0°. The mountains 
 to t'.i (■^•-■yi "I not examined, but, are, I was informed, composed of 
 grun . . \viii which information their appearance accords. The granite 
 gradually approaches the shore of the lake as this is followed north- 
 ward, and appears in dykes and considerable masses, breaking through 
 the schists on the shore for half a mile or more before the main area of 
 granite reaches the water's edge. This occurs at about six miles from 
 Hendi-yx, where a coarse grey micaceous gi'anite appears. Thence 
 northward, granitic rocks form the shore for four or five miles, to a 
 conspicuous high clitl'y point, where their edge again retires from the 
 shore, l)Ut continues to run northward nearly parallel to it and not far 
 inland for nine miles, oi- to Fry Eiver. Thence it turns off in a north, 
 eastward direction among high mountains, and is not again seen. 
 
 The blulf or cliffV 'Hint just referred to, itself consists iarsrelv of'^ninitesand 
 granite; but it inch'^'.w ■)< well, and in great quantity, large and small 
 masses of the st'o mh'O ' toks, which have been caught up by and 
 embraced in thr o(> ■; li the granitic intrusion. The narrow strip of 
 stratified rocks wiilci; lo UiO northward separates the granite from the 
 shore, iri broken and tr; ors'l in all directions l>y granite dykes from 
 the main mass. Thoso d; koh are well shown in the face of some of the 
 dirt's which here occur aljng the lake. The stratified rocks consist of 
 mica-schists, quartzites and marbles, resembling those of Hendryx. 
 Much of the granite brought down by Fry Eiver, ditl'ers in character 
 from that elsowheij seen in the region in containing immerous 
 aggregations of sm.dl black tourmaline crystals. From the quality 
 and size of fra "leDts of this kind the parent i-ock must cover a 
 considerable «i -,, and its position can not bo far hack from the .shore. 
 
 Beyond Fry Jdv .;. ho slrike of the schistose rocks takes a decided 
 turn inland, in conic rmity with the direction of tho edge of the granite 
 nuiss. Beyond this point, and to the head of tho lake, (still following 
 t('(( east shore,) the rocks are lonsidorably disturbed, and exposures 
 
40 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Ml 
 
 were found near the head of the lake of black argillites, which are 
 pi-obably referable to series No. 2, though it is impossible to say in 
 exactly what way they are brought in here. These are the only rocks 
 met with on eithei- side of the part of the lake examined, which do 
 not appear to belong to No. 1, of the general section, the Shuswap 
 series. 
 Head of lake to Qn Crossing to the opposite or west shore of the lake, at its head, 
 high cliffs are found, composed of practically horizontal beds of mica- 
 schist, quartzite and white or grey marbles of medium grain ; but in the 
 wash brought down by the first brook to the south, there is much grey, 
 greenish and black schist, r! n 'ering it probable that Nos. 2 and 3 of 
 the general section occur hei^ , great distance inland among the 
 
 mountains. The rocks seen aloii^ whole west shore from this point 
 southward to Hot Springs are refei^jle to the Shuswap series. They 
 consist of the usual association of coarsely crystalline, glittering mica- 
 schists, with hornblende-schists, quartzites and marbles. For about ten 
 miles from the head of the lake, the direction of dip is rather irregular 
 and the angles are quite low, but beyond this there is little divergence 
 from a general westerly direction in the dip. From about eight miles 
 j north of Casio Biver, to that river, the strike of the rocks shows a 
 somewhat more westerly bearing than usual, cutting the shore obliquely, 
 and it is probable that along this part of the shore most of the strata 
 concealed by the lake between Hot Springs and Hendryx are repre- 
 sented. Among these rocks beds of marble of various texture are 
 abundant, and their existence throws additional light on the connection 
 between the rock-series and the position of the lake-basin, which has 
 already been alluded to. 
 
 ' G lactation and Superficial Deposits. 
 
 In the course of the reconnaissance here reported upon, some obser- 
 vations on the evidences of glaciation and on the superficial or drift 
 deposits of the country traversed were made. These wore necessarily 
 confined to localities visited in connection with other work, and are 
 therefore somewhat fragmentary. As being the first for the district, 
 however, and inasmuch as they include some facts of special interest, 
 they are here put on record. 
 
 The only locality in which glaciation of rock surfaces was observed 
 at great heights, was the summit of Toad Mountain. Here, on the out- 
 look point not far from the eastern end of i he mountain (see p. 21 b), at 
 a height of 6990 feet above the sea, distinct though light glacial 
 striation was found on projecting points of rock, in bearings between 
 S. 6° and S. 33° K. The mountain from this point slopes away on 
 
 Hish 
 
 sluoination. 
 
"•] 
 
 OLACIATION AND SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 41 B 
 
 oircumstanoes. 
 
 noi'therly bearings towai-d the great Kootanio valley and on the south 
 to the basin of Salmon Eiver. The glaciation was situated within a 
 few feet of the very summit of the isolated point, and some of it near lociI 
 the edge of a precipitous descent of several hundred feet, where the*^ 
 crest of the mountain breaks down toward the north to a cirque in 
 which is the head of Give-out Creek. Several isolated points of Toad 
 Mountain, with elevations a few hundi-ed feet greater than that here 
 described, occur within two to four miles to the south-westward, but 
 the nearest extensive mass of higher mountains in that direction is 
 situated about ten miles off. In a northerly direction, the nearest 
 important groups of higher summits was estimated to be about twenty 
 miles distant, and at a greater distance somewhat higher mountains 
 occur in various bearings. None of these are, however, so much 
 superior in altitude (as the descript on on p. 21 b will show) as to sug- 
 gest or even to admit of a proximately lOcal origin for the glaciation on 
 this point. 
 
 On hard rock-surfaces situated about 800 feet lower, and nearly a 
 mile east of the summit just referred to, similar distinct, though not 
 very heavy glacial striation, was again found, running S. 36° B. This 
 place is also situated on the watershed ridge between the Kootanie 
 Eiver and Salmon River. It would appear that the somewhat more 
 eanlorly bearing here found may be explained by a deflection to the 
 eastward of the ice which has produced the striation as it passed 
 southward round the base of the higher point. 
 
 The whole tendency of the evidence as examined into on the spot The Cordiileran 
 and here briefly described, leads to the belief that this glaciation is due 
 to the action of what I have elsewhere named the great Cordiileran 
 Glacier, at about the maximum stage of the glacial conditions in this 
 part of the continent. Though glaciation evidently due to this Cordii- 
 leran Glacier has been found by me in one place at a height greater 
 than that now recorded, at somo distance to the north and west in the 
 interior of British Columbia, * the importance of these observations, lies 
 in the circumstance of their southern position taken in conjunction 
 with their great height. The latitude of this part of Toad Mountain is 
 about 49° 25'. In almost exactly the same latitude, but about one 
 liundred and seventy miles further west, on Loadstone Peak, south of 
 the Tularaeen Eiver, glaciation again obviously referable to the Cordii- 
 leran Glacier was found at a height of 6370 feet in 1888. 
 
 Superficial deposits are scanty on the higher parts of Toad Moun- Scanty drift 
 tain and most, if not all, of Ihe material observed might have had a 
 local origin. This was noted not only in the vicinity of the watershed 
 
 • Compare Oeologioal Magazine. Decade III., VoU V. (1888), p. 347 and Vol. VI. (188i)), p. 380. 
 
:'n^ 
 
 42 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Olaoiation at 
 lower levels. • 
 
 i! 
 
 M 
 
 Hi 
 
 W 
 
 BouWer-clay. 
 
 ridge, but also on the higher parts of the western slopes, and agiiin 
 near the extreme east end of the mountain, in the vicinity of the 
 "Cottonwood" mine. Here, doubtless in consequence of the pyritous and 
 schistose character of the rocks, decomposition has often affected them 
 to a depth of ten feet or more, and in such places the soft rusty rock 
 forms the actual surface on which the vegetation is rooted. 
 
 In the lower parts of the region examined, glacial striation and 
 grooving were frequently observed, and in all cases appeared to follow 
 the direction of the main valleys in a southerly sense. Evidence of 
 this kind, clearly the result of the movement of glacier-ice, was found 
 on the Columbia between Revelatoke and Upper Arrow Lake, going 
 south-south-east with the valley, on the Il^orth-east Arm going south- 
 west, or down the Arm, and along the main lake, in a number of 
 places, going south down the valley. Similar glaciation occurs in 
 many places along Lower Arrow Lake, but more particularly in the 
 north-and-south part of the lake. Below this lake, along the river to 
 Sjjroat's Landing, no glacial striation was seen on such rock-surfaces 
 as were examined ; nor was such striation observed along the Kootanie 
 Eiver or on the West Arm of Kootanie Lake, though it is quite possible 
 that a more complete examination might lead to its discovery in these 
 places. Heavy glaciation is frequently apparent along the shores of 
 the north part of Kootanie Lake, for about fifteen miles southwaid 
 from its head, the direction, as in the cases already cited, being straight 
 down the lake, or southward. Farther south on the lake, as far as the 
 mouth of the West Ann, the rocks near the water were not observed to 
 be striated, but at Hot Springs,surf'ace8 showed well marked striation on 
 the slope of the hill at about 400 feet above the lake, the direction 
 being, as before, southward. As already stated, the southern half of 
 Kootanie Lake was not seen by me, and no observations can there- 
 fore be quoted from it. Further inspection of the higher parts of tlio 
 mountains about this and the Arrow lakes would doubtless yield many 
 additional facts of interest. 
 
 Well characterized boulder-clay can not be said to have been recog- 
 nized in the entire region covered by this report, though the stony 
 clays found covering the lower slopes of Toad Mountain near Forty- 
 nine Creek probably represent this deposit. Most of the superficial 
 deposits cut into by the rivers or seen near the lakes are stratified 
 sands and gravels, which often include boulders, but can seldom if 
 ever bo called true boulder-clay. Speaking generally, no great accu- 
 mulations of superficial deposits occur along any of the lakes here 
 reported on, the immediate valleys of which are in fact rather remark- 
 able for the absence of such materials, though not more so than those 
 of the Shuswap Lakes, Adams Lake and other lakes similarly situated 
 
 fi 
 
«.] 
 
 GLACIATION AND SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 43 B 
 
 with these in rehition to the Selkirk and Gold ranges. Well-defined 
 terraces though here and there recognisable, are therefore seldom seen 
 along these lakes. Thus near Sproat's Landing a very distinct terrace Terrace*, 
 occurs at about 250 feet above the river, and terraces at the same or 
 nearly the same level, recur at intervals on the lower part of Lower 
 Arrow Lake, in the valley of the river between this and the Upper 
 Arrow Lake and on that lake. 
 
 In the valley of the Kootanie, betwean Sproat's Landing and Nelson, 
 superficial deposits are, however, much more important, and often take 
 the form of terraces more or less well marked. A wide ten-ace at 
 Ward's Ferry has fi elevation estimated at 400 feet above the river. 
 On the West Arm of Kootanie Lake, more or less irregular, smaU 
 terraces occur at the mouths of entering streams, with levels about 100 
 feet above that of the lake. These may possibly i-epi-esent the same 
 level with that of the terrace at Ward's Ferry. 
 
 Without here entering into any genorel discussion of the complex CondiUon 
 ([uestion of the glaciation of the Cordilleran region, it may be stated period, 
 that the glacial striation of the summit of Toad Mountain appears to 
 he refeiable to the period of maximum accumulation of ice, during 
 which almost the entire counti-y was covered by the great Cordilleran 
 Glacier, moving slowly southward. Even at this time, the lower parts 
 of the ice probably flowed more or less perfectly in accordance with 
 the ilirections of the leading valleys, but the glaciation now actually 
 seen in the lower parts of these valleys, is probably due to a later 
 stage, tluring which the glacier-mass, being much reduced, became 
 broken into tongues which occupied the various main valleys. In con- 
 formity with observations elsewhere made in the province, -^ it may be 
 sup])osed that a second advance of the ice, of minor importance, broke 
 the continuity of its retreat, and in this case the southern extremities 
 of the pi-esent basins ol' the Lower Arrow and Kootanie lakes may 
 approximately represent the limit of that advance, after which a com- 
 paratively rapid dissolution of the iceoocurred, so rajiid as not to allow 
 gufticient time for the obliteration of these hollows by the accumulation 
 of detritus after the ice had left them, f It is thus quite possible that 
 at a time when tongues of glacier-ice still extended as far as the south- 
 ern ends of the Lower Arrow and Kootanie lakes, the h-ansverse 
 valley by which the river now flows between these lakes, was com- 
 paratively', if not altogether, free from glacier-ice, and that at this 
 Itime the tleposits now forming the terraces by which it is character- 
 ized wore laid down. In the same way, at a still later stage, it may be . 
 
 •Spc Quftrt. Journ. deoi. Soc. 1878, p. 39 c( »,</. 
 
 t Compart' Report of Progress, Qcol. Siirv. Can., 1877-78, p. IM r. 
 
■B 
 
 Lake basins. 
 
 Transport of 
 material. 
 
 44b 
 
 WEST KOOTA.NIB. 
 
 supposed that glacier-ice filled the hollow of the Upper Arrow Lake, 
 and descending also by the Mosquito Creek valley extended some way 
 down the basin of the Lower Arrow Lake, while the crooked and in 
 part transverse valley now occupied by the connecting river, remained 
 open, and was occupied by a lake in which the drift materials through 
 which the river has since cut were deposited. In this case, it is likely 
 that if these lake deposits were removed, it would be found that a deep 
 continuous erosion connects the basins of the upper and lower lakes. 
 
 Though the southern end of Kootanie Lake was not visited, it 
 appears probable, from the low, flat land here flooring the part of the 
 valley which extends beyond the lake, that this end of the lake has 
 since the glacial period been to a considerable extent curtailed by 
 deposits brought down by the Kootanie Eiver. The southern end of 
 the Lower Arrow Lake, however, from the small width of the valley 
 at this place and the occurrence of solid rock here and there in the 
 flat between the bounding mountains, appears to be a true rock basin. 
 While it cannot be affirmed that this basin was not excavated by the 
 action of the glacier-ice by which the who • valley of the Arrow Lakes 
 was at one time filled, it appears to me more probable that it, as well as 
 the basin occupied by Kootanie Lake, is chiefly due to subaiJrial and 
 river erosion which occurred previous to the glacial period ; such 
 erosion having taken place at difterent times, and under varying diff'er- 
 ential conditions of elevation of the land surface. The same expla- 
 nation seems i o be the most tenable one with respect to the basins of 
 many other la. es in British Columbia, as well as in the case of the 
 numerous fiords of the coast, with which the long lakes occurring 
 in the mountainous regions of the interior appear to be strictly 
 analogous in character. 
 
 Prom an economic point of view, the principal importance of a study 
 of the conditions of the region in the glacial period, depends upon the 
 light which such study throws upon the probable origin of loose 
 masses of ore which may be found. Such masses may have been 
 carried by the ice during this period for considerable distances, and a 
 knowledge of the direction of the ice-movement may thus become at 
 any time of interest. The subsequent transporting action of rivers and 
 streams must, howevei, also be taken into account, as well as that of 
 the general tendency of detached fragments of rock to move down hill 
 from their points of origin, under the influence of gravitation or that 
 of occasional floods due to exceptional storms or other causes, which 
 may in the coui-se of time i-emove such fragments to long distances. 
 
c*w80N.] DETAILS OP MINING DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 45 B 
 
 Details of Mining Districts and Mining Claims. 
 Hot Springs Mining Camp* 
 
 The fivHt minintr claims were taken up at thin place in 1883 by Thomas Early 
 Hammill afterwards murdered at Hendryx. These claims were situated 
 near the shore of the lake and were named the "Lu-lu" and "Spring." 
 Later in the same year claims l;::own as the "Surprise," "Morning 
 Star " and " Evening Star " were ataked, further back from the lake 
 and nearly on the line of what is now known as the Spokane vein. The 
 ores discovered at this time were, however, rather low in content cf 
 silver,! and it was not till the find of rich ores in Toad Mountain 
 became generally known, in the spring of 1887, that an impetus was 
 again given to prospecting and high-grade ores were discovered in this 
 vicinity. 
 
 Nearly all the principal deposits since found here, some of which Area of 
 
 ^ discovert' 
 
 have been developed to a considerable extent, are included in an area ex- 
 tending, from south to north, between Coffee Creek to Woodberry Creek, 
 a length of about six miles ; from east to west, from the lake shore to 
 the vicinity of the "Sky Line" claim, a width of little over two 
 miles. The number of actual discoveries of considerable bodies of 
 (rood ore already made in this comparatively limited area is remark- 
 able, and new finds are still occurring from time to time. 
 
 From the edge of the lake, the countiy rises to the west in a long character of 
 irregular slope, which, as seen from a distance, presents a series of '"'""''"*'• 
 step-like ascents, produced doubtless by the irregular denudation of a 
 series of beds of unequal hardness. This step-like appearance, though 
 also observed to the northward, along the same side of ftie lake, is here 
 much more marked than elsewhere. The region has originally been 
 densely wooded, and in some of the hollows excellent cedar and white 
 pine timber is still to bo found, but since the occupation of the 'camp* 
 most of the original forest has been burnt off, either accidentally or 
 with the object ot facilitating prospecting. A fairly good trail has 
 been made from the lake shore to the " Number One " mine, a distance 
 of about two miles in a straight line, in a west-north-west bearing, the 
 height above the lake attained at this point being about 2520 feet. 
 The course of the trail is, however, exceedingly sinuous, and besides 
 the numerous sharp zig-zags necessary to overcome the steeper parts 
 of the ascent, it makes a long sweep to the southward and another to 
 
 
 'The expression " Mining Camp" ii here used in its Western sense as a convenient and gener- 
 ally recognized term for a mining district of limited area, more or less deGnitely separated from 
 
 otliers. 
 
 t See Annual Report Ueol. Surv, Can., 1885, p. 26 ii. 
 
46 B 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 General 
 relations of 
 rocks. 
 
 ■in 
 
 the northward before reaching the " Number One." Smaller trails 
 and tracks branch qff in various directions to other claims, and by one 
 of these the ascent of the main slope may be continued in a south- 
 westerly direction from the " Number One" mine to the " SkyLine " 
 at an appromixato height above the lake of 3460 feet. No attempt 
 has yet been made toward the construction of a waggon road, and such 
 ore as ha*i been sent out has been carried down to the lake shore on 
 horses or mules. • 
 
 The best general section of the rocks of the vicinity was obtained 
 along the main trail, measurements being made by pacing, but as there 
 arc considerable intervals in which no rock-exposures occur, this still 
 leaves much to be desired. The general strike of the rocks, which i> 
 preserved with considerable regularity, is nearly due north-and-south, 
 but about half a-mile below the " Number One " mine it turns gradually 
 to a nearly north-west bearing, a change which, however, is probably 
 local in character. The dip of the rocks is, almost without exception, 
 to the westward, at an average angle of perhaps 45°. The inclination 
 is, however, considerably less near the shore of the lake and probably 
 also in the vicinity of the "Number One" mine, while further up, 
 neai' the "Sky Line," and in the vicinity of the edge of a granite 
 mass to the west, the beds are much disturbed and ciumpled, and often 
 nearly vertical. 
 Section at Hot On the shores of the lake, the rocks are coarselj' crystalline, glitter- 
 ing mica-schists, often garnetiforous and in thin flaggy beds, dipping 
 S. IT" W.<20°.* Rocks of the same character and referable to the 
 Shuswap series of the general section, are seen in a few places and 
 appear to be oontinuous, for a distance of a little more than a quarter 
 of a mile back from the lake, measured at right angles to the strike. 
 A belt of green schists is then crossed, with a vridth of about 700 feet, 
 and with westward dips at angles of 45° to 50°. A trail going south- 
 ward toward the " Little Donald " claim, branches off a short distance 
 before the west edge of the green schists is reached, and between this 
 trail and the west' edge of these schists, the beds have irregular and 
 sometimes very high dips. To the west of this belt of green schists, 
 the rocks appear for the most part again to consist of rather coarse 
 mica-schists, to the vicinity of the "Spokane" mine, a further distance 
 of 1300 feet measured as before directly across the strike. The 
 " Spokane " mine is situated near the brow of a sieep, step-like ascent 
 of about 200 feet, at the foot of which runs a strong body of ' barren 
 quartz ' and silicified rock, together with a wide dyke of augite- 
 
 * The boaringg given in this and following pages are msKnetic, it being supposed that such 
 oompaa? bearings may prove more serviocable to tlie miners and prospectors than true bearings. 
 The mognetio declination here is about 24" E. 
 
 Springs, lowest 
 rocks. 
 
 M^ 
 
ON. J 
 
 MINING DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 
 
 4*7 B 
 
 arnJesite, with large porphyritic ciystals of black pyroxene and glassy 
 I'olspar. It appears probable that Bome faulting may occur near this 
 line, and that the strata so far described in ascending from the lake 
 may form a single synclinal fold, overthrown to the eastward, of which 
 the belt of green schists marks the axis. 
 
 Bevond the "Spokane" mine, considerable intervals occur in which Oreen and 
 
 •^ ^ ,_ i -1 1. L . grey iclusts. 
 
 no lock-exposures are seen near the trail, but the rocks appear to 
 consist almost entirely, for a width of 2800 feet across the strike, of 
 trieenish schists, which though fine-grained, are often distinctly horn- 
 blendic in character, Theanglesof dip observed are nearly uniform, and 
 it is probable that the thickness of these schihitose beds is here about 2350 
 feet. One bed of hard grey, somewhat schistose and slightly micaceous 
 quartzite, of forty or fifty feet in thickness, was noticed in this schist 
 .series not far west of the " Spokane" mine. Another rock of peculiar 
 chai..vter was found near the upper part of this t^erics of schists, 
 possibly forming its upwai-d termination and immediately underlying 
 the limestones next above. This is a grey, rather fine-grained 
 schistose conglomerate, of which the schistose surfaces are often 
 highly micaceous, and in which numerous small garnets occur. 
 This entire series of .schists, though not distinctly separable into 
 greenish and gi-eyish members, and though more highly altered anil 
 much less in thickness than those of the Adams Lake series in its ty- 
 jiical locality, is supposed to represent that series. 
 
 Overlying these generally-green schists, is an important bed of Limestones 
 limestone, the upper and western line of which is found on the trail at 
 Coo])er's cabin. It occupies a width, measured across the strike, of 
 (UIO feet, and has a possible thickness of 530 feet, though from its 
 massive character and the ci-umpled appearance in some small ex- 
 posures where bedding can be seen, this is veiy uncertain. It is 
 chieHy grey and fine-grained, though occasionally marble-like. This 
 limestone, together with the rocks overlying it and forming the 
 whole upper part of the Hot Springs' sction, are su])posed to represent 
 series No. 5 of the Adams Lake section, though the considerable 
 volume of greyish schists found between the limestone and that at the 
 "Number One" mine is not precisely parallel on Adams Lake. 
 
 The section between Cooper's cabin and the " Number One " mine 
 is very imperfectly exposed, but the rocks met with are chiefly greyish 
 schists, often rather micaceous (though quite different in appearance 
 from the mica-schists of the lake-shore), with one or mort rather 
 important belts of black glossy argilliles. Micaceous quartzite-schist 
 occurs among the grey schists in places. The width occupied by these 
 rocks, measured across the strike from the line of Cooper's cabin to 
 
 
48 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Probable Fyn- 
 clinal. 
 
 Connection of 
 ore-depogiti 
 with rocks. 
 
 11 
 
 Cbaructer of 
 ore-deposits. 
 
 fr 
 
 that of the " Number One " mine, is about 2900 feet, and the thickness 
 of rocks reptesented may be about 2600 feet. 
 
 In tho vicinity of the " Number One " mine, limestone is again 
 found, and is supposed to represent a second and higher zone of thi> 
 rock. It is conjectured that this may occupy the centre of a synclinal 
 fold, the eastern side of which is regular and rather wide. The dis- 
 turbed and often vertical black argillite-schists near the "Sky Liiu" 
 in the vicinity of the edge of the bordering granite to the west, may 
 represent the return on tie west side of the synclinal of the similar 
 rocks alluded to in the foi-egoing paragraph. It would, however, 
 require much detailed examination to fully work out the structure of 
 this section. 
 
 That a considerable amount of impoi'tance attaches to the arrange- 
 ment of the various rocks comprised in the section at Hot Springs, 
 is evident from the observed acnendence in character of the oie- 
 deposits on that of the coontry-i-ock. The general directi(m of the 
 veins is nearly noith-and-south, being nearly or in some cases exactly 
 parallel with the strike of the rocks. Some of these, like the "Spokane," 
 appear to dip also at the same angle with the enclosing beds, but in 
 other cases, to the west of this, the metalliferous veins cut across tlie 
 bedding of the rocks to a greater or less extent, and may bo expected 
 to change in character when followed in depth into country-rock uf 
 another kind. The number of well defined veins which occur has not 
 yet been ascertained. Some of the lodes are said to have been followeil 
 for several miles, but while it is evident that belts producing similar ore 
 and exhibiting veins of like character and appearance have thus beeii 
 traced out, it is not yet certain that any single vein runs continuou^lv 
 for such distance. This can not, in fact, be certainly ascertained till 
 mucL further work has been done. The lowest tier of deposits, included 
 in liitj inica-schists of the Shuswap series, may be stated to yield ore 
 averaging* from 20 to 40 ounces of silver to the ton, while further up 
 se?«cted tre, in lots of several tons, has yielded from 85 to 300 ounces 
 to the ton, the richest deposits being those associated with the lime- 
 stones and black argillites. 
 
 The ore is principally argentiferous galena, which, in the lower vein> 
 contained in the harder rocks, has usually become decomposed to a 
 very limited depth only from the surface ; but in the limestones the 
 decomposition has often extended to a considerable depth, and has 
 resulted in the production of soft rusty * carbonate ores,' filiform 
 native silver or ' wii'e silver,' together with tetrahedrite are also found 
 in some of these richer deposits. The veins which, like the " Spokane," 
 follow the bedding of the mica-schists, are the most regular, while, 
 as might be anticipated, those contained in the limestones are not 
 
'•] 
 
 MININO DISTRICTS AND MININO CLAIMS. 
 
 4!t B 
 
 nd tho thickness 
 
 mestone is again 
 gher zone of thi> 
 itre of a Hynclinal 
 r wide. The <li,s- 
 
 the "Sky Lino" 
 e to the west, may 
 lal of the similar 
 
 would, however, 
 ; the structure of 
 
 fs to the arrange- 
 1 at Hot Springs, 
 racter of the ore- 
 1 direction of the 
 some cases exactly 
 ike the "Spokane," 
 osing beds, but in 
 ins cut across tiie 
 i may bo expected 
 ,o country-rock of 
 hich occur has not 
 have been followed 
 oducing similar ore 
 ce have thus been 
 
 > runs continuously 
 ly ascertained till 
 f deposits, included 
 jtated to yield ore 
 II, while further up 
 m 85 to 300 ounces 
 ;ed with the lime- { 
 
 , in the lower veins 
 
 > decomposed to a 
 the limestones the 
 )le depth, and has 
 late ores," filiform 
 rite are also found 
 ke the " Spokane," 
 ost regular, while, 
 limestones are not 
 
 nearly so uniform in size and tend apparently to assume the charac- 
 ter of mineral-impregnated belts of rock in which occasional large 
 niiissoH or 'chimneys' occur. This is apparent in claims such as the 
 ' Siinshino " and '• Number One." In the latter, where most work has 
 heen done, there is comparatively little true gangue associated with 
 the ore but zOiios of the limestone itself have become .shattered and 
 more or less highly charged with ore throughout. The ore even pene- 
 trates the limestone itself in the vicinity of the main deposit, and thin 
 plates of native silvei- are found in joints, particularly in those parts oi 
 the rock which immediately overlie the larger masses of rich ore. 
 
 The importance of the Hot Springs vicinity as a producer of silver importance of 
 and lead may, I believe, be stated to be assured by the number of 
 deposits already known, and by the richness in silver of the ores from 
 many of these which have been partially developed. Should only a 
 small proportion of the numerous claims prove eventually to be as 
 valuable as many of them now appcuir to be, the out])Ut of ore can not 
 fail til become very considerable within a few years. 
 
 The following notes relate to such of the claims as I was able to MiniDKcUiims 
 
 inspect personally last June. While those include several ot the best 
 
 known and most promising properties, numerou^' others are not men- 
 
 ilioned, as it was impossible to visit all in the time at my disposal. The 
 
 nott here given may, however, serve to afford some information as to 
 
 [th jral mode of occurrence of the ores. The claims first described 
 
 [ar J met with on or near the main trail, in order of ascent from 
 
 (the lake, and ending with the "Sky Line." After these, some claims 
 
 to the south of the main trail are noted. A consideral)lo group of 
 
 slaims situated some distance to the north of the main trail, including 
 
 ^he Gill higher and others, was not visited by me. 
 
 ./(//■. Davis Claim. — Height above lake GfiO feet.='= Veiy little work 
 ias hoen done upon this deposit, which, at the surface, appears to con- 
 sist of an irregular shattered belt of rock, silicifled and charged with 
 j>re, iiitherthan a well defined vein. Veins running through this, con- 
 pin g;den;i in considerable quantity, in some places with a width of 
 li.x inches of nearly pure ore. The ore is considerably decomposed at 
 Ihe burface, but is occasionally found to include a little copper-pyrites. 
 Wiis claim was first taken up in 188;{ and has since been relocated 
 Bveral times. Several other claims supposed to cover extensions of 
 10 same deposit, have been staked to the north and to the south. 
 Spokane Mine. — Height above lake 1120 feet. This is situated on a 
 jteiy well defined vein, which runs between the beds of a medium 
 
 ''The heights, assigned to this and other claims «rero barometrically determined with approxi- 
 ptte accuracy. 
 
^"^ 
 
 50 b 
 
 WKST KUOTANIE. 
 
 Miningoiaims^ grained, grey, silvery mica-schist. The course of the vein is the same 
 oontinuod. as tho strike of the beds, or N. 43" W. It dips to the south-westwurd 
 at an angle of about 60°. The vein, as seen on tho surface, is from one 
 to two feet in thickness and is largely composed of galena, associated 
 with a little iron-pyrites and quartzose gungue. A shaft has been sunk 
 to a limited depth on the vein, following its dip, and a good deal of 
 exploratory work has been carried on. The shipments during 1889 
 amounted to forty-four tons, which yielded at the rate of 35 ounces of 
 silver to the ton. The following claims are supposed to be upon the 
 continuation of the " Spokane " lode, and there is little doubt in tiiis 
 case, from the remarkable rogulai-ity of tho deposit, that most of thorn 
 are actually situated on the same lode. Claims to the southward: 
 "Ma>8tio," " Little Phil," "Black Diamond," " Little Donald," " Pay. 
 master," and one or more in addition of which the names were not 
 ascertain<!d. Claims to the northward: "Trinket," "Maple Leaf," 
 and others beyond Cedai- Creek, which, owing to the amount of cover 
 in the valley of the creek, can not be certainly traced into connection 
 with tho "Spokane." 
 
 Bunrise Claim. — Height above lake 1920 feet. The country-rock is 
 here limestone, forming the lower part of the important limestone bolt 
 already described. The ore-deposit, so far as it has been exposed l)>- 
 surface-work, appears to be i-ather irregular in character, tho ore 
 reticulating through tho limestone for a width of twenty feet or more, 
 whoi'e best exposed. The direction of tho general run of the ore at 
 this place appears to be from N. 2./° W. to N. 30° W., or nearly trans- 
 verse to tho strike of tho rocks, which, however, turns more to the 
 westwai'd a short distance further north. A considerable body of ore 
 is seen on the "Sunrise," most of it rusty and decomposed, forming the 
 so-called 'carbonate ore.* Tb'.s, however, contains numerous irre- 
 gular masses of unaltered coarse-grained galena, which holds also a 
 little iron-pyrites. To the southward, along tho strike of the rocks, 
 tho "Coronation" and "Black Chief" claims, with several others, 
 have been^takon up. To tho north are tho "Ohio," "Sweden," and a 
 number of other claims. 
 
 Swedtin Claim. — -This is situated about 1200 foot northv ard from the 
 last-described, the "Ohio" claim intervening. A shaft has boon sunk 
 here to a depth of forty foot, in which tho vv'dth of the vein is stated 
 to average three fout. The upper ])art of the deposit is completely 
 d'*composod, forming a soft rusty mass of 'carbonate oio.' From 
 the shaft, unaltered oro consists of galena, with zinc-blende and some 
 irftn-py rites. Tho gangue is calcito, with a little t|uartz. 
 
 Tiger CTam.— Height above lako ItOO feet. This lies still further 
 to the northward, on the edge of tho wide valley of Cedar Crook. It h 
 
MININ-Q DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 
 
 51 B 
 
 .-poken of as beinj? on the continuation of tho last deposit, but the con-MininK claims 
 nection is not definitely traced. The vein hero follows tho bedding of oontinuel""** 
 the rook, runnin^• N. (>5° W., with a southerly dip of about 60°. The 
 vein is overlain by lather line-gi-ained, grey, micaceous schist, and 
 underlain by limestone, and appears to bo about three feet wide. The 
 ore is considei-ably decom|)osed and resembles that of the " Sweden," 
 consislinii; of coarse, ci'ystalline;galena, with some iron- and copper- 
 pyrites. 
 
 Number One jl/iMC— Height above lake (at shaft) 2510 feet. More 
 development work has been carried out on this claim than on any 
 otiiorat HotSprings. During the past year (1889) it is stated that 130 
 t ons of selected ore has boon shipped, the i-etnrn in silver being at 
 the rate of 85 ounces to the ton. Several substantial houses Iiave been 
 erected and other iniprovoments made. A shaft had been sunk on tho 
 ore to a certain dojih, at tho timo of my visit, and an adit run in for 
 the purpo.sc of intersecting the shaft, but I am unable to state what 
 progress has beun made in these workings up to date. The ore occurs 
 in giey limestone, which is often rather shaly, and just above tho shaft 
 glussy black argillites are seen in tiie hill. The deposit appears to bo 
 somewhat irregular and ' pockety ' in character, as is usually the case in 
 limestone country-rock. Its general run is supposed to be about 
 1*1. 15° W., and ore presumably representing a continuation of the 
 same deposit, has been uncovered at several places, extending for a 
 length of about 400 feet. At the surface, the oi-c is completely decom- 
 posed, forming a soft I'ust/ mass, which is excavated by pick and 
 shwel. In depth it is found to consist of galena and blende, writ a 
 little iron- and copper-pyrites. Native (wire) silver is not infrequent, 
 and it is probable that some tetrahedrito or ruby-silver ore also occurs, 
 minutely disseminated. The metalliferous constituents of tho ore are 
 usually disseminated in small crystalline aggregations, the gangue 
 consisting of more oi- less altered and silicitied limestone and somo- 
 timos of quartz. Many little cavities lined with quartz crystals are 
 found in tho mass, and in some instances the metalliferous minerals 
 penetrate the limestone irregularly for considerable distances. The 
 mode of occurrence of the ore at this place and elsewhere in the lime- 
 stone country, is such as to suggest that H3'stomatic exploration with 
 the diamond drill will in future prove to be of essential service in 
 tiacing out and exploring for the more important deposits. Claims 
 iipoii which ore has boon found, and which are supposed to cover por- 
 tions of the northern continuation of the '* Number One " deposit are, 
 the "Columbia," " G. B. Wright," " Black Boar," " Delia " and " Kate." 
 
 Bella Claim, — This is tho only one of tho claims just onumoratod 
 
Hiii 
 
 52 B 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Mining claim.-: which was vibited. It is gituaved at a distance of nearly a mile in a 
 
 at Hot Springs , i .. .. ,. , i /, nx i /^ n j i 
 
 continued. north-westward direction from the ' Number One, at an elevatiDii nf 
 24!)0 feet above the lake. From the " Delia," sixteen tons of ore is 
 stated to have been shipped during the past season, yielding aiiout 
 105 ounces of silver to the ton. An opening about fourteen feel in 
 depth had been made on the outcrop at the time of my visit, but the 
 vicinity is so much covered by soil and undergrowth that little could 
 be seen of the relations of the ore. Black glossy argillites, howevei', 
 outcrop on the up-hill side of the ore, which is evidently in consider- 
 able body, though its width could not be ascertained. Wheie 
 excavated it is almost completely decomposed and resembles the upjier 
 part of the "Number One" deposit, but contains more galena in pro- 
 portion. Some iron-pyrites was also seen. 
 
 Sky Line. — This claim is situated nearly a mile from the "Number 
 One;" in a direction about S. 80° W., and at a considerably greater 
 elevation, being approximately 34(i0 feet above the lake. It was 
 discovered just about the time at which I reached Hot Springs, 
 and it so happened that I was unable to find the point at which it had 
 been uncovered. Specimens of the ore obtained at the surface, con- 
 sisted of rather fine-grained, grey, siliceous rock which had become 
 porous from the weathering out of its metalliferous constituents, but 
 had no rusty appearance. Jn an unaltered state tlio ore might probably 
 resemble some of the more siliceous jmrtions of tho "Number One," 
 Under date January 24, 18!)0, Mr. J. Anderson informs me thai a 
 shaft has been sunk on this deposit to a depth ol' one hundred feet, 
 ; where the ore appears to be uiiatl'ected by surface action and shows 
 
 moro ualona. It also occasionallv holds native silver and some 
 copper-pyrites with sul])huroL of silver or tetrabedriU'. This claim i< 
 situated close to the eastern edge of the granite, which bounds the 
 mining field to the west. An oxperimentiil shipment of twelve tons of 
 ore has yielded about 300 ounces of silver to the ton. The ore is said 
 to occur at the junction of argillito and limestone, the argillito form. 
 ing the hanging wall. 
 
 The following claims situated to the south of the main trail wcr.' 
 visited. — 
 
 Little Donald. — Height above lake 1120 fool. This has already 
 been alluded to as being on the southern extension of the "Spokane 
 vein, it is distant about a mile from the " Spokane " mine. The country- 
 rock is mica-schist, dij)ping S. TO" W. < 45°. The vein here dips at 
 an angle of about 40° and an incline had been run down on it for about 
 fifty feet, with a drift to the north of about forty feet at the date ot 
 my visit. The shaft was full of water at the time, but was afterwards 
 
•] 
 
 MItyNfi DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 
 
 53 b 
 
 irly a mile in a 
 t an elevation of 
 n tODh of oic is 
 1, yielding aiiout 
 fourteen feei in 
 ny visit, but ihe 
 that little ooiikl 
 ^illites, however, 
 ntly in considor- 
 •taincd. Where 
 jinbles the uji]H'i 
 ire galena in pio- 
 
 01 the "Number 
 siderably great ei' 
 e lake. It was 
 3d Hot Springs, 
 ', at which it had 
 the surface, con- 
 lich had become 
 constituents, but 
 e might probably 
 " Number One." 
 )rins mo thai a 
 ne hundred feet, 
 ctioii and sliowv 
 ilvor and some 
 This chiini is 
 vhich bounds (lie 
 )f twelve tons ot 
 'The ore is sai^i 
 10 ai'gillite foim- 
 
 main trail wiiv 
 
 his has already 
 the "Spokane ' 
 le. The country- 
 vein here dips nt 
 vn on it for about 
 3t at (lie date ol 
 t WUH afterwards 
 
 ciearod and carried down to seventy-five or one hundred feet when Mininf? claims 
 
 ,,,,.. . /.lit Hot .SpritiKg 
 
 the ipiantity ot water conimg in led to the temporaiy suspension ot odntinuecL 
 opei-ations. The vein is reputed to average from six to nine feet in 
 thickness. The ore consists chiefly of galena in coarsely crystallized 
 foi-m, and is not decomposed far from the surface. The gangue is 
 chiotly calcite and dolomite and the fact that very high assays are 
 occasionally obtained, indicates that some of the richer silver ores, 
 such as totrahedrite or argontitc are present in places. During the 
 summer of 1889, sixty-six tons was shipped, yielding !)5 ounces of 
 silver to the ton. 
 
 Krno Claim. — Height above lake 1390 feet. Some shipments were 
 liere first made of ore obtained from cavities in limestone, which con- 
 stitutes the country-rock. These were said to run high in silver. 
 After going down about fort}^ feet, at this place, a second opening was 
 begun at about one hundred and fifty feet from the first, where the 
 vein was better defined. A shaft was bogun near the vein and was 
 down about twenty feet last .lune. it has since, I l)oliove, been carried 
 to a depth of soventy-tivc feet. The vein appeai-ed near the surface to 
 be f idin six to eight feet wide, but with rather irregular walls. The 
 lime-lone has the appearance hero of a greyish or bluish marble and 
 (lips S. f50° W. < 80°, which the vein also appears to follow. The ore 
 consists chiefly of rathei' massive, coarsely crystalline galena, more or 
 less decomposed, but occasional finds of native sdver are reported. 
 During the season eleven tons of oi-e was shipped, yielding at the 
 rate of 90 ounces to the ton. Several claims supposed to cover the 
 southern continuation of the siime lode as far as Coffee Creole, or for 
 a distance estimated at 7")00 feet, are said to show well in ore. Those 
 ai'c the " Crow Fledgling," " Now Then," "Crescent " and " Kden." 
 
 Ignited Claim. — Height above lake, l.')00 feet. Situated about 1500 
 feet to the north-west of the " Krao." This was a new iliscovery at 
 the time of my vi>it. and had iioen uncovered for about fifty feet oidy. 
 The loot-wall, which was oxposoil, consists of grceidsh schist, dipping 
 -outhwcstward at an angle of about 40°, and tl'e vein appeared to bo 
 parallel to its bedding. Its thickness, as uncovered, was from throe to 
 live feet. Part of the .)ro consists of coarsely crystallized galena, 
 pait of very fine-grained galena. 
 
 Arkansas Claim. — An opening known by Ibis name has boon made 
 ill this vicinity on what appears to be a considerable deposit. There 
 i- a good showing of galena and rusty voin-mattor. 
 
 Rlack Chief. — Height above lake, 1090 feet. Small prospect-holes 
 only had boon opened iipo.i this deposit, showing galena and rusty 
 

 54 b 
 
 Mining claims 
 at Hot Sprinfrs 
 continued. 
 
 Discovery of 
 ore. 
 
 Clmriioter of 
 depo.'it. 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 vein-mattei' with much quartz. The dip of the vein is about S. TS^ W 
 < 20°. Pure galena is said to assaj' 46 ounces of silver to the ton. 
 
 As previously stated, a great many claims upon which more or less 
 ore has actually been found were not visited by me. Of these, one of 
 the most important is that known as the "Gallagher," to the nortii of 
 Cedar Creek, from which, during the past summer, thirteen tons of 
 ore was shipped, which is reported as yielding 126 ounces of silver to 
 the ton. This is one of a considerable group of claims in the same 
 vicinity. The notes given above, while incomplete, may serve to give 
 some idea of the present appearance of this new district. The various 
 claims in the present incipient stages of work, change more or less in 
 relative importance and appearance every month, as the work of 
 development goes on, and thus render veiy minute description or 
 enumeration of little practical importance. 
 
 Etndryx Mining Camp. 
 
 The peninsula on the cast side of Kootanic Lake, nearly opposite 
 Hot Springs, has become known as Hendryx, from the name of the 
 verj' energetic manager oi' the Kootanie Milling and Smelting Co., by 
 which company most of the work so far done here has been carried 
 out. The rocks here met with have already been described as belonir 
 ing to the lower part of the mica-schist series, or Shuswap grouji " 
 the genei'al section (p. 92 b). The ore is comparatively low-grade ib 
 regards silver, and will probably require the erection of smoltiiiL' 
 works on the spot before it can be profitably utilized. Its profitah, 
 f/hipment under the present conditions is quite out of the question. 
 
 The dei3osits of galona at this place are said to have been discovciiii 
 by the botanist Douglas as long ago as 1825. In later years tliev 
 have been taken up and abandoned several times, the country being 
 too remote for their utilization or development. 
 
 The ore-deposit, though as above stated low in content of silver. I 
 assays giving from 15 to 40 ounces to tlic ton only, is very large iiinJ 
 striking in appoainnoo. It seems to run in a general north-and-soulli i 
 direction through the entire length of the little iioninsula, and is cov 
 ered by three claims, known, from south to north, as the " Kootanif j 
 Chief," ."Blue-bell," and " Comfort." The lode is shown at interval,- 
 partly in natural exposures and in part in strippings, through ali 
 three claims, oi- for a total length of about 4000 feet. Though varying' I 
 much in appearance from place to place, and also in the upper audi 
 lower parts of the deposit as seen in single exposures, its genoriiij 
 character is very similar in all. The ore consists of a mixture of iron- 
 and copper-pyrites, galena and blende, contained in a (luart/.wel 
 
DAWSON 
 
 ] 
 
 MrNINQ DISrRICTS AND MINING CI.AIMS. 
 
 55 B 
 
 "anwue, which is often more or less cavernous and crystalline. 
 Portions of considerable thickness occui- throuji^hoiit, which are 
 almost pure galena, while in others iron-pyritos preponderates, and 
 these two minerals are usually associated in a finely or conrsely gran- 
 ular mass. 
 
 Though generally speaking very constant in its direction, theWiJthand 
 thickness of the lode appears to vary considerably. Thus on the ore-deposit, 
 southern point of the peninsula (" Kootanie Chief" claim) the main 
 ore-mass has an average thickness, so far as can be seen, of about 
 twelve feet. In a cross-cut made on the "Bluebell" claim, the ore is 
 reported to be about eighty-six feet thick, and from the material on 
 the dump, must hero consist chiefly of galena. In a general way, the 
 lode closely follows the strike of the containing rocks, which consist 
 of mica-schists, marbles and quartzites. That the lode is not, however, 
 always in strict parallelism to the bedding, is shown by the fact that 
 the bed above it is in some places marble, in others mica-schist. Also 
 by the circumstance that parallel zones of ore occur at some distance 
 from the main mass. It should be added, that while the general run 
 of the ore appears to be persistent and continuous, as above stated, 
 there are evidences of small displacements by faulting, while masses 
 of marble or limestone also occur in it, and irregular spurs of ore 
 were observed to run off, as though at times the ore had replaced parts 
 of the adjacent marble. 
 
 At the south point of the peninsula, the ore and containing rocks 
 (lip y. 80° W. < 60° ; at the " Blue-bell " openings, S. 73° W. < 45°, 
 and near the north end of the " Comfort " claim, S. 80° W. < 20°. 
 
 A considerable amount of prospecting and development work has 
 been done oi the "Blue-bell" claim, and an adit is now being run in 
 from the vicinity of the lake-shore with the object of tapping the vein 
 at a considerable depth and affording a satisfactory beginning for 
 regular work. This, at latest advices, had reached a length of over 
 300 feet. The work done on the " Kootanie Chief " and "Comfort" 
 claims has boon confined to stripping and surface trenching. 
 
 Toad Mountain and Vicmtij. 
 
 The greater numboi- of the discoveries of metalliferous deposits insular Area 
 made on Toad Mountain and in its vicinity, are included witliin therooks 
 limits of an apparently isolated area of stratified rocks. This area 
 runs nearly east-and-wcst, extending, from the head of Cottonwood- 
 .Sinilh Creek, wcstwanl to the vicinity of the lower fall of the Kootanie 
 lliver at Ward's Ferry. Its length, in thodiiection above indicated, 
 is about eleven miles, while its average breadth may be about two 
 
56 B 
 
 WEST IvOOTANIK. 
 
 'nUi! 
 
 Litholugic.'il 
 character. 
 
 i liflifl 
 
 miles. While, however, its northern bounilaiy may be considered as 
 bein^if .shown with approximate accuracy by the line on the map, its 
 southern edge was not examined by me, but depends on statemeius 
 received from otiiers. The rocks surroundini;; this area are every. 
 where, so far as observed, grey granites. 
 
 The stratified rocks here mot with ditt'er considerably in appearance 
 from those found in the vicinity of Hot Springs, but, as already men- 
 tioned (p. ;}4 b) it is supposed that thoy represent, for the most part. 
 the greenish and grey schists of the Adams Lake series. The differences 
 found between these rocks and their supposed representatives at Hot 
 Springs is paralleled elsewhere in the Province, and appear to depcml 
 chiefly on the greater amount of pressure and consequent crushing lo 
 which the rocks of the last-named locality have been subjected. It is 
 principally to action of this kind that the markedly schistose character 
 of the rocks of Hot Springs is attributed. The outlier constituting 
 the stratified area of Toad Mountain, has apparently been more affected 
 by heat and hydrothermal action consequent on the extrusion of the 
 granite, and while schists resembling those of the grey and green 
 series at Hot Springs are not wanting here, they are subordinate in 
 importance. Connected with this difference in the mode of alteration 
 of the rocks, rather than with any original diversity in the raineral- 
 ogical composition of the (;ountry-rock, is no doubt the well-marked 
 difference in the oi-es of the two places. 
 
 The rocks characteristic of this catlior, though presenting many 
 varieties which will eventually Ijc found worthy of more minute 
 investigation, may be described as consisting for the most part ol' 
 stratified volcanic materials of Paleozoic ago. These are generally of 
 greenish or grey colour, and appear, for the most part, to be diabase in 
 lithological composition. Diabase-porphyrite is not uncommon, 
 and notwithstanding the considerable degree of motamorphjsm which 
 the strata have suffered, some distinctly amygdaloidal diabases are 
 still to be found. Hornblende-schists and rather massive pyroxenite- 
 like rocks with some hornblende, also occur, especially in the imme- 
 tliato vicinity of the granite. When the rocks assume a distinctly 
 schistose character, as in certain belts near the "Cottonwood" and 
 "Silver King" mines, it is sometimes clearly apparent that the 
 schistose structure does not entirely correspond with the original bed- 
 ding, but crosses it at an angle. Near the western extremity of the 
 stratified area, whoie the rocks are more closely surrounded by the 
 granite than elsewhere, they are found to have suffered more than the 
 usual amount of change. They consist of fine-grained gneissic, horn- 
 blendic and micaceous sciiists, often greenish in colour, owing to the de- 
 velopment of opidote. Here also a thin bed of limestone converted to 
 
AW30N.J 
 
 MINING DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 
 
 57 B 
 
 :i coaiyely crystalline marble was observed. In addition to the rocks 
 of volcanic origin, beds of biaclcish argillite, more or less pure, were 
 found in some places, but these hold a subordinate position in the 
 -eries. 
 
 The general direction of the strike of the rocks in this area is nearly Sirike ana aip. 
 ]paiellel to the longer axis of the area itself, while the majority of the 
 dips are in a southward direction, usually at high angles or nearly 
 vertical, though toward the west end decreasing to 40° or even to 
 ■2(r . 
 
 Much-.'iltcred fragments of the stratafied rocks are frequently found ■function with 
 enclosed in the mass of the granite near the line of junction. The 
 granite near this line is also generally much jointed and often greenish 
 fi'oin the development of opidote, which is specially abundant along 
 ilie juintage-planes. 
 
 The occurrence of this isolated area of sti-utified rocks, together '^'''"■'tfititied 
 
 ^ aieiis. 
 
 with that of the smaller but similar mass on the oast side of Cotton- 
 wood-Smith Creek, renders it probable that additional similar areas 
 yet I'eraain to be found elsewhere in the great granite region. Should 
 <uch be discovered they may prove to afford further deposits of ores 
 like those of Toad iMountain. 
 
 The following notes refer to the claims visited by me on Toad Moun- Mininp claims, 
 tain and in its vicinity, last June. These comprise the j^rincipal 
 Iiroperties upon which more or less work has been done. — 
 
 Toad Jit. 
 
 Silver Kinc/ Mine, — Height above lake (at houses) 4310 feet. This 
 property, sometimes known as thi; " Hall Brothers' mine," is the most 
 important so far known, and its discoveiy led directly to the recent 
 interest and developments in this region. It was accidently found late 
 in the autumn of 188G, but nothing was done toward opening it up 
 till the next spring. Toad Mountain, previously one among many 
 undesignated summits, received its somewhat peculiar name at the 
 same time. The mine is now reached by ii fairly good, though often 
 .-teop trail, the distance from N'elson being about live miles in a straight 
 line. The property consists of throe claims, each 1500 feet in length, 
 or those two, named the "Silver Iving" and "Kootanio Bonanza," are 
 hiiil out along the run of the principal vein, the third, known as the 
 " American Flag," lies alongside, to the north, and is supposed to cover 
 a si'cond parallel vein. 
 
 In ascending the mountain by the trail, granite continues for some 
 distance from Nelson, but is replaced by the stratified rooks previously 
 dosci ibed, probably near the point at which Give-out Creek is crossed 
 liy a bridge. Greenish tliabases, both massive and sclustose are 
 <haracteristic, but about (luartor of a mile southward from i!r houses 
 
58 n 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 iiiii 
 
 i 
 
 1^ 
 
 i 
 
 Ihi. 
 
 11 
 
 
 r 
 
 "J, ... : 
 
 
 
 Minins Piaiius at the mine, theso are foUowcd by a grey decoraijosed quartz-porphyry, 
 oontinneti. which, fi'om its appearance and mode of fracture along jointage-phines, 
 simulates granite when seen from a distance.* The rocks in the im- 
 mediate neighbourhood of the openings made on the ore, are gener- 
 ally massive, though also in places schistose. They are here fre- 
 quently more or less completely silicified and blotched by little seggie- 
 gations of quartz. On the slopes of the summit situated about a mile 
 to the westward from the houses at the mine, some blackish argiliite- 
 like beds occur, and on this summit one of the distinctly amygdaloidal 
 ]-ocks previously alluded to was found. Lithologically this i-ock is a 
 diabase-porphyrite. 
 
 The rocks are generally highly inclined or vortical and their strike 
 is nearly parallel to that of the schistose lamination, so that it is diffi- 
 cult to determine whether the schistose zones have diifered originally 
 in comijosition, or whether they merely represent lines along which 
 the rocks have yielded to crushing. The general run of the metallifer- 
 ous veins is also here nearly, though probably not exactly, parallel to 
 the sti'ike of the rocks. 
 
 The greater part of the work accomplished, has been carried out on 
 the " Silver King " claim, for an opportunity to examine the openings 
 on which and other facilities 1 was indebted to Mr. J. Macdonald and 
 Mr. Hall. 
 
 The lode or ore-body, hag been traced more or less continuously 
 through the " Silver King " and " Kootanie Bonanza " claims, with a 
 general direction nearly east-and-west magnetic. While, however, 
 the general continuity of the ore-bearing zone has thus been proved, 
 it appeared to me probable, on compming the positions of the various 
 openings, that its run is not througln t perfectly straight. On tiic 
 " Silver King" claim, houses have been built and two drifts have been 
 run in at ditt'erent levels on the lode. From the end of the upper 
 drift, the ore had been followed down by a winze to a depth of thirty 
 feet at the time of my visit. This is stated since to have been con- 
 tinued to fifty feet, at which depth it is reported to bo in a large body 
 of rich ore. 
 
 The best opportunity of examining into the character of the deposit 
 occurs in these workings. The lode is found to possess no dis- 
 tinct walls, but to occur as a zone of variable, and sometimes ap- 
 parently of indefinite width, of shattered and mineralized rock, 
 throughout which veins of pure and richly argentiferous ore occur in a 
 
 * AcoordinK to Dr. A. C Lawson, tbi« rock consists uf a ground-mius of felspar and quartz, 
 thruughout which is scattered .xeoondary miisoovite, oalcito and clilorito and an opaque indolur- 
 ininable mineral, and in which are imbedded numerous idiomorphie, porphyritio crystals ot 
 much decomposed orthoelasc felspar. 
 
•**6on1 mining districts and mining claims. 59 B 
 
 somewhat irregular manner. Whore gangue appears it is principally ^,'j,'^"gitf'*'"» 
 quartz, but there is on the whole a rather notable absence of gangue continued. 
 or crystallized vein-material, the ore apparently filling irregular 
 crevices and running in shoots and spurs into the rock so as to form hero 
 and there considerable masses. The metalliferous minerals comprise 
 bornito and teti-ahcdrite, with some iioii- and copper-pyrites but only 
 (.ccasional traces of galena. The two first-mentioned minerals, when 
 nearly pure, c(mtain the largest percentage of silver, while tho pyrites 
 is comparatively poor. In surface exposures the material of the lode 
 is almost completely oxidised, producing a brown or blackish gossany 
 material with some green and blue carbonates of copper. 
 
 The excavations so far made are of a very irregular character, the 
 ore having been followed wherever it appeared, and in some cases a 
 considerable quantity of barren rock has been dealt with in pursuing 
 this method of work, which can be justified only because of the great 
 richness of the ore and the want of sufficient capital for more 
 systematic operations. All the circumstances appeared to me to 
 warrant the expenditure of a large sum of money, if necessary, in order 
 to define and open out this remarkable deposit in a proper manner, 
 and till work of this kind has been done it will be impossible to ensure 
 any large or continuous out-put of ore. The richer portions of tho ore 
 are at present selected by cobbing and hand-picking, and packed in 
 sacks for shipment ; but a considerable proportion of the whole is 
 thrown to one side, pending the erection of machinery for fine con- 
 centration. According to tho Eeport of the Minister of Mines of 
 British Columbia for 1889, the cost of conveying the rich ore on pack- 
 mules from tho mine to Nelson, was $10 per ton, and from Nelson to 
 Butte, Montana (a distance of 700 miles), including the charge for 
 smelting, cost a further sura of about $47. 
 
 The character of the ore obtained is hown by the following analyses 
 by Messrs. Johnson and Matthy, London, for which I am indebted to 
 Mr. R. D. Atkins, who collected the three specimens referred to. — 
 
 1. 2. 3. 
 
 Copper r 47000 24900 40-100 
 
 Silver 2-360 ■2;i2 1-292 
 
 Iron 7-300 12-200 1-800 
 
 Zinc 1300 2-400 5-700 
 
 Manganese 1200 5-100 -400 
 
 Antimony 1-400 3400 15-600 
 
 Cobalt and Nickel — traces. traces. traces. 
 
 Lead -100 traces. 1-700 
 
 Arsenic 3-100 2-100 4-500 
 
 Carbonic Acid nil. G-000 nil. 
 
 Lime nil. 5-200 nil. 
 
rrrr 
 
 COb 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 MininK oliiim.'' 
 Toad Mt. 
 continued. 
 
 •S 1 
 
 f''-lfl!|iii|| 
 
 1. 
 
 Magnesia 700 
 
 Alumina nil. 
 
 Sulphur 22. two 
 
 PiiosphorouH nil. 
 
 Siliceous insoluble matter 9.200 
 
 Traces of gold, oxygen, water and loss 3.440 
 
 2. 
 
 traces. 
 
 .20(t 
 
 22.000 
 
 traces. 
 
 8.800 
 
 7.468 
 
 nil. 
 
 nil. 
 
 27.2(111 
 
 nil. 
 
 1.000 
 
 .708 
 
 To the ton of 2240 lb;!., specimen No. 1 contains 711 ounces of 
 silver. No. 2, 75 ounces 16 dvvt. No. 3, 422 ounces. Traces of 
 gold were found in all, and in two shipments made to smelter, ot 
 which details have boon obtained, the value of the gold roiovet-ed per 
 ton of 2000 lbs., amounted to $2.16 and $1.44 respectively. 
 
 The ore where exposed on the "Kootanie Bonanza," to the east of 
 the ''Silver King," and at a height of about 200 feet above the level of 
 the lower drift on that claim, is similar in appearance to that of the 
 " Silver King," but more or less suporficiallj' decomposed. What is 
 known as the "Grizzly" claim, lies parellol to the "Kootanie Bonanza," 
 adjoining it to the north. This is not a part of the Hall Brotheis 
 property. An opening made to a small depth in one place, again shows 
 
 The 
 
 (i \ 
 
 merican 
 
 similar ore in a shattered zone of country-rock. 
 Flag" claim was not visited. 
 
 A small opening made at the side of the main trail a short distance 
 below the houses on the " Silver King " and at the west end of that 
 claim, deserves some notice. This, accoi-ding to Mr. Macdonald, is 
 precisely on the line of the main lode, and is considered to represent 
 its continuation at a lower level. The lode is here much more regular 
 in character than where it has been worked, being enclosed by 
 schistose rocks, the strike of which it follows. It is from three to four 
 feet in width, and contains a considerable proportion of galena, ap- 
 proaching in character and appearance the deposits found on the " Iro- 
 quois " and " Dandy " claims, subsequently noticed. On the assumption 
 that this actually represents the continuation of the ''Silver King' 
 lode, it is evident that that deposit must change in its character to the 
 westwaril or in depth, and it seems probable that such change occurs 
 together with that in the nature of the country-rock, the hard, 
 massive, irregularly shattered rocks found in the drifts appearing 
 to yield the richest ore. The shipments from the " Silver King " during 
 the past season are reported to have aggregated sixty tons, averaging 
 about 300 ounces of silver to the ton. 
 
 Dandy Claim. — Height above lake (at entrance to drift) 3980 feet, 
 or about 300 feet below the houses at the " Silver King." This claim 
 lies to the west of the "Silver King" claim, adjoining it, and there can 
 be little doubt that it is located on the continuation of the same lode, 
 
MINING DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 
 
 61b 
 
 D**80N.J 
 
 which has been exposed at various places tliroiighout the length of the Mining uiaims 
 claim. Comparatively little work beyond this tracing of the lode, had eontinne'd. 
 been done at the time of my visit. The lode runs nearly east-and-west 
 magnetic, showing, whore a diift had been begun, a dip at an angle of 
 about 80° to the southward and a width of three feet. The ore con- 
 .■,i.«t8 principally of galena, with copper-pyrites, and occasionally some 
 blende. It shows besides occasional stringers of tetrahodrite, which 
 are rei»orted to yield very high assays. The gangue consists of quartz, 
 which is present in larger quantities than in the "Silver King" ore. 
 The wall-rocks are com])Osed of green slates or schistose diabases, the 
 strike of which the vein follows exactly. It holds its width well 
 whore exposed and appears to be fairly regular in direction and char- 
 acter. No ore rich enough to ship under present circumstances has 
 yet been obtained from this property, which nevcu'theless promises 
 well, and appears capable of yielding , with fine concentration, a large 
 proportion of rich ore. 
 
 Iroquois Claim. — Height above lake (at entrance to drift) 4190 feet. 
 This claim lies to the south of the run of the " Silver King " lode, and is 
 -uppnsed to cover a distinct deposit. The vein here runs about S.80° K. 
 and has been traced by trenching at intervals through the whole 
 length of the claim, or for a distance of about 1500 feet. The 
 country-rock is a grey, rusty or green-grey schist, probably a diabase- 
 schist, but so much decomposed in some places that it is difficult to 
 chai-acteri/e it. A drift about sixty feet in length had been run in 
 iilong the lode at the time of my visit. The lode is practically vertical, 
 with a width in some places of twelve fleet of ore or mineralized rock. 
 It is stated to be not less than six feet in width in any place where it 
 has been exposed. The ore somewhat resembles that of the "Silver 
 King," but contains more galena, and is more diffused through the 
 gaiiguc aii'l the country-rock whei-o exposed in the working. It also 
 contains copper- and iron-pyrites, together with some tetrahedrite; the 
 last-mentioned mineral being the richest in silver. Crystalline quai-tz, 
 which often occurs in nearly pure masses of some size, is much more 
 abundant than in the " Silver King" workings. This is another very 
 promising deposit, but like the " Dandy,"yield8 no ore rich enough for 
 present shipment. 
 
 The group of claims to which the above description refers, including 
 those of the JIall Bi others, are contiguous, and are comprised in a 
 comparatively small area on and near the sources of Give-out Creek. 
 Here, the discoveries and work already accomplished are such as to 
 ensure a large output of rich, or rich and medium grade, silver ores, 
 and the combination of the interests thus included within a length of 
 loss than a mile from east to west, would appear to justify the imme- 
 
62 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 Minintt Cla 
 Toad Mt. 
 oontinued, 
 
 iS 
 
 im-diatf. initiation of some more efficient aystem of transport to the shore 
 of the lalce than that affordea by the present trail. While a waggon 
 road with moderate grades might, I believe, be constructed from Nelson, 
 the cost would be great, and the late date at which snow lies at the 
 considerable altitude of these claims, as compared with that at which 
 it entirely disappears from the lower levels, would be a drawback. 
 The transport of ore down the steep grades of the upper pt. i-t of the 
 mountain might be arranged for, however, by a tramway tC' a point 
 lower in the valley of Give-out Greek, or an aei-ial wire-tramway might 
 without difficulty be constructed. Some such means of conveying the 
 ores, together with the cajiital necessary for the systematic opening 
 up of the deposits and the introduction of machinery for the fine con- 
 centration of the second quality of ore, are the most pressing needi^ 
 of this locality. No very important further developments need he 
 expected till some such facilities are available, except indeed, in the 
 case of the richer portions of the " Silver King " lode, which may 
 continue for some time to yield sufficient high-grade ore to pay for its 
 working on the present comparatively ineffective system. 
 
 Cottonwood Mine. — Height above lake 2835 feet. This is situated at 
 the extreme east end of Toad Mountain, on the summit of a spur which 
 lies between the source of Cottonwood-Smith Creek and a small 
 western feeder of that stream. A good trail has been constructed from 
 Nelson to this property, which consists of three claims placed end to 
 end on the length of the deposit, and a fourth claim lying alongside. 
 The deposit consists essentially of a belt of pyritized schists holding 
 gold. The rocks of the stratified series seen a short distance to the 
 north of the deposit, and near their junction with the granite, are 
 diabases and diabase-schists of the usual kind, and include diabase- 
 porphyrite precisely like that previously described. In the immediate 
 vicinity of the metalliferous belt, the rocks are chiefly schistose 
 diabase, and the belt itself consists of similar rocks, which here and 
 there include lenticular areas of massive diabase, together with some 
 almost nacreous pale-grey and whitish schists. In what I have spoken 
 of as the metalliferous belt, all these rocks are more or less completely, 
 though irregularly, silicified, and charged with granular iron-pyrites, 
 with here and there a little copper-pyrites and specks of galena. 
 These pyritized schists are further, seamed in all directions by little 
 veins and stringers of quartz, holding the same minerals but chiefly 
 iron-pyrites. The entire superficial portion of this metalliferous belt 
 of rock has been more or less completely oxidized to a depth varying 
 from a couple of feet to ten, twenty, or moi-e feet. The decomposition 
 of the rock is usually so complete that it may be removed easily with 
 
DAv,90N 1 MfNING DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 63 B 
 
 the pick and shovel. Some portions of the little quartz veins travors- ,Minu.K^oiai.ui. 
 inff the rocks, pre.sont in the decomposed mass an almost scoriuceouBoontinuod. 
 appourance, duo to tlie removal of the iron -pyrites, and occasionally 
 the whole of the iron-oxide produjod in this process, h'i> subsequently 
 been leached out, leaving porous masses of white quartz. The iron- 
 oxide thus removed has elsewhere been deposited in Hssurox and hollows 
 in the form of bog-iron ore. 
 
 The metalliferous belt is said to be continuously traceable through- 
 out the length of the three claims above alluded to, and in the vicinity 
 of the present workings must have a width of at least 300 feet. The 
 uverngo dip of the schists at this place is about S. 12° H. < 80°, and 
 this is probably followed by the metalliferous zone. 
 
 The assay value of the metalliferous material appears to vai-y con- 
 siderably, ani' I am not in possession of such information as to be able 
 to state whai might be taken as a fair average. For the purpose of 
 working the superficially decomposed portions of the deposit, two 
 Huntington mills with a capacity of 12^ tons, have been erected, and 
 the necessary houses, ore-shoots, etc., constructed. But a small 
 quuntit}' of the material has, however, as yet been milled. Should the 
 losults i)rovo s.itisfactory, the quantity of pyritized material which 
 may eventually be treated by concentration and chlorination appears 
 to be practically unlimited, and in consequence of the facility with 
 whijh it may bo handled and worked, a comparatively small average 
 yield in gold v. ).»'d be sufficient to justify work on a large scale. 
 
 Umatilla and Uncle Sam Claims. — Keight above lake (at cabin) 1280 Lubeau Minos, 
 feet. These claims are situated on the east side of Cotton wood- Smith 
 Creek, about two miles and a half from Nelson. Together with a third 
 claim called the " Apex," these are generally known as the " Labeau 
 Mines." They occur in an outlier of the diabase series, the extent of 
 which to the eastward was not ascertained. The vein opened on the 
 two first-mentioned claims, is stated to be continuously traceable for a 
 considerable distance and to average about two feet in width. Where 
 1 saw this vein, at a point at which a small shaft has been sunk on it, 
 it runs N. 20° W., and is nearly vertical or dipping at an angle of about 
 80° to the eastward. The eastern or hanging-wall is here formed by 
 a dyke of grey granite, five or more feet in width. The foot-wall is 
 not well defined, the ore blending irregularly with the diabase rock 
 on that side. The vein covered by the " Apex " claim is stated to run 
 nearly east-and-wost. 
 
 The character of the ore obtained from this group of claims differs 
 considerably from that elsewhere seen in the district. The quartz 
 gangue is hard and vitreous, and more or less charged with green 
 chloritic minerals. The metalliferous constituents are flne-gi-ained, 
 
64 B 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE. 
 
 i"<l 
 
 and consist chiefly of gjilena, and an intimate mixture of galena iiii.i 
 blende. Tetnihedrite, or some such richly argentiferous mineral prob. 
 ably also occurs in small quantitj', irregularly disseminated. 
 
 Mining cliiiiiis, 
 
 ToaflMt., 
 
 conlimiej. 
 
 Eiiglf Creek. 
 
 Towjh Xut Mine. — This is situated on the northern slope of Tuad 
 Mountain, at the head of Sandy Creek, and about two miles in a norili. 
 westward direction from the "Silver King." The vein here opeiud 
 appears well defined. It runs S. 70° E., and is neai.y vertical; ihe 
 width of the ore-bearing part of the vein being, where seen, almut four 
 feet and a half. The vein has been exposed at intervals throughom 
 the length of the claim of 1500 feet, and is seen on the summit of tl;e 
 ridge to the eastward on an adjoining claim known as the " Eveniiif: 
 Tide." The ore contains galena with iron- and 'copper-pyrites, zim- 
 blende and tctrahedrite, the last named mineral being as usual the 
 richest in silver. Ciystalline quartz is moderately abundant, but a 
 considerable part of the gangue is made up of dolomite and shat- 
 tered and mineralized rock-matter. The adjacent country-rock consif^ts 
 of green schists of the usual character. The vein is well situated for 
 working by means of drifts, as the hillside up which it runs is very 
 steep, and over 000 feet in height. The work done at the time of my 
 visit, besides surface stripping, included a drift about one hundred fuiu 
 in length on the vein, and a shaft thirty feet deep at a distance of •440 
 feet from the mouth of the drift, and about ICO feet higher on the hili. 
 Several othci- claims have been taken up in this vicinity, but with 
 the exception of the ' Tough Nut," little or nothing has been done 
 toward theii' development. 
 
 Foorman Mine. — This is one of several claims belonging to the 
 Eagle Creek tioid Mining Company, but on this only has any coii- 
 isidcrable work of development been accoinplisbeil. These claims 
 with se\eral others in different hands, arc situated about four miles 
 west of Nelson, and the point at which most work has been done is 
 about half -v mile south of the main trail from Nelson to Sproat's 
 Landing, on the cast side of Kagle Creek. The deposits of this locality 
 differ from all those previously described in being situiited beyoml the 
 area of the stratified rocks, the country-rock hei'o being a dai'k grey, 
 mica-syenite of granitic appearance, and referable to the granites of 
 the second period of ir'-Mption, as already noted. This, as already men- 
 tioned, is an interesting point, as showing that the granitoid rock^ 
 may under certain eircunjstances also j)rove to be metalliferous. 
 
 The lodo opened u]) on the "Poorman" claim, runs about S. 00° Iv, 
 with a northerly dip at an angle of 50° to 1)0°. It averages about 
 eighteen inches in width, and seems regular and fairly constant in tlii- 
 respect. The gangue consists of glassy or milky quartz, and contain^ 
 
OAWSOK 
 
 ] 
 
 MINING DISTRICTS AND MINING CLAIMS. 
 
 (35 B 
 
 tare of galena aii'i 
 m)u,s mineral pidij. 
 Muinatecl. 
 
 orn slope of Tiut.l 
 o miles in ii nortli- 
 vein here opeiK.I 
 lai.y vertical ; ih.. 
 re seen, ahout tbiii' 
 tervals throughum 
 the Biimmit of thy 
 1 as the " Evening; 
 pper-pyi-ites, zitK- 
 )eing as usual tiie 
 )' abundant, but u 
 lolomite and shar- 
 intry-rock consists 
 well situated for 
 ifh it runs is very 
 It the time of niv 
 t one hundred foii 
 , a distance of 440 
 higher on the hill, 
 vicinity, but with 
 iig has been done 
 
 belonging to tlii' 
 only has an}' eoii- 
 d. These claims 
 I about four niiljs 
 Ic has been done is 
 [olson to Sproat'b 
 dts of this locality 
 tuuted beyonil the 
 cing ji dark gi'ey, 
 to the granites ot 
 8, as already men- 
 e granitoid rock- 
 italliferous. 
 s about S. 110° I-:,, 
 It averages about 
 y constant in thi> 
 ;rtz, and con tain- 
 
 copper- and iron-pyrites distributed throughout in stringers and sn.all 
 Imnches. The gold is contained in these sulphurets, and the average 
 value in gold per ton of the ore is stated at $30. At the date of my 
 visit an adit had been run in to the vein, intersecting it at a depth of 
 about ninety-five feet from the outcrop, and since that time further ... ., 
 work has been done, and a ten-stamp mill, with concentrators and 
 other machinery, has boon placed on tlie gi-ound ready for erection in 
 the spring. 
 
 Other Metalliferous Deposits. 
 
 Though scarcely recognized as belonging to the Toad Mountain 
 region proper, the deposits on Eagle Creek are really on the northern 
 nlope of the mountain-mass thus named. A few outlying localities in 
 this vicinity and elsewhere in the district, in which minerals of econ- 
 omic value are known to occur, may now be alluded to. 
 
 Copper Queen. — This name is applied to a discovery situated on the Copper ore 
 north side of the Kootanie Eiver, about a mile above the mouth of 
 Forty-nine Creek. I was unable to visit this claim, which is described 
 as an iiregular deposit of great size. Specimens received from it, 
 hoAvever, show the ore to consist chiefly of massive copper-pyrites. 
 Though repoi'ted to contain a considerable proportion of silver, speci- 
 mens of this ore subjected to examination in the laboratory of the 
 Survey proved to contain only 1*4 ounce of silver to the ton, with 
 traces of gold. 
 
 Iron Ore near the Lower Fall. — About half a mile below the lower iron ore 
 fall of the Kootanie Eiver, on the north bank, and near the water's 
 edge, is a remarkable occui-rence of magnetic iron-ore. The ore is 
 found in large loose masses weighing several tons, but owing to the 
 want of good exposures its actual relations to the rocks adjacent could 
 not be ascertained. The place of its occurrence is near, if not on, the 
 line of junction of the granites with the, here, highly altered rocks of 
 the stratitied series. It appears to be associated with a dyke about 
 forty feet in width of green-grey augite-porphyrite of somewhat 
 peculiar appoaiance, which crumbles down easily under the action of 
 the weather.* It seems probable that the iron-ore when in situ 
 may form large irregular masses along the borders of this dyke. 
 
 "^^ In this intruHive mass, nocordiriK to Dr. A. C. Ijawson, the predominant minoral iR pyroxenei 
 in idiomorpbic porpbyritio crystals, or uccaeionally in polysynthctio maMcs. The pyrozono is 
 imrtially altered to homblrndo and there are besides some hornblende crystals which may not 
 have been so derived. Felspar is present, but in subordinate amount. Biotite, magnetite and 
 (hlorite are sparingly (mml as accessory minerals, and there is a little quarti which u' probably 
 lecundary in origin. 
 
:it;n 
 
 66 b 
 
 WEST KOOTANIE, 
 
 llli 
 
 The ore is finely granuhir in texture and generally free from rock- 
 matter or other impurities, but in some places contains siliceous 
 kernels, with epidote and brown garnet, A fragment of the ore com- 
 prising one of these kernels and rusty in appearance, was examined 
 for gold and silver, but proved to contain neither. 
 
 North-eastArm On the north-oast arm of Upper Arrow Lake, referred to on page 
 36 B, ten mining claims have been taken up, according to the Report 
 of the Minister of Mines for British Columbia. Good specimens of 
 argentiferous galena ores have been brought from these claims, which, 
 however, were not visited by me, and on which little work has yet 
 been done. 
 
 Quartz Veins Specimens from a quartz vein traversing, the argillito-schists a shoi-t 
 distance north of the mouth of Koos-ka-nax Creek, on Upper Arrow 
 Lake, proved, on assay in the laboratory of the Survey, to contain 
 neither gold nor silver. 
 
 Some specimens of a peculiar vitreous quartz traversing the'gneissic 
 and mica-schist scries at the north-west cor ir of Kootanie Lake, 
 though bhowing a little galena, also proved to contain neither gold 
 nor silver on aesay. 
 
 The occurrence of tourmaline with some peculiarities in the appear- 
 ance of the granites, already referred to (p. 39 b) as being characteristic 
 in the vicinity of Fry River on Kootanie Lake, led mo to collect some of 
 the heavier materials by washing the gravel of the river in a gold-pan, 
 for the purpose of ascertaining whether any trace of tin could be 
 found, but this also proved to be quite barren on analysis. 
 
 m 
 
 1 1 
 
e from rock- 
 ins eiliceous 
 the oro com- 
 as examined 
 
 jy (/j/ ff f^{y.i/i'/' ^ Ui>muf/puv ftajidwo') 
 
 jbists u short 
 Jpper Arrow 
 ', to contain 
 
 haracteristic 
 )llect some of 
 n a gold-pan, 
 
 tin could be 
 
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