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Lea diagrammes suivants illustrent la m«thode. 1 2 3 1 6 MKMCOrr MSOIUTION TBT CNAIT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 Itt |£ 12.2 •^ |3.< B^w 1.1 r-^is t^ lii 1 1.6 ^ /^PPLIEO ItVMGE Inc 165J Eatt Wain Strwt Roch«t«f. Ntw York 14609 uSA (716) 462 - 0300 - Phoff (716) 2M-59W-FO- Vh^ BPAKTMENT OF AORICULTUEE OlDNTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM OTTAWA, CANADA BUSH FRUITS •># ^1 LISTS OF VAREETIES WOVWD MOST USEFUL W. T. MACOUH '»' i BXIXIJaJTrN' NTo. 06 ▲PRIU 1007 PwblWMd Iqr dtr«etIon of th« Hon. SYDNEY A. nSHEa MM«tor of AfriMOtw.^ ottmm, Onl. I "* DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM OTTAWA, CANADA BUSH B^RUITS WITH LISTS OF VARIETIES FOL ND MOST ISEFl I. BY W. T. MACOUX Horticulturiet of the Central E.iperim'-Hta/ farm BULLirrrx Xo. 50 APUII,, 15)07 Publiahad by direction of th« Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER. MInittor of Aarieulturo, Ottawa. Ont t To the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture. Sir, — I have the honour to submit for your approval the Fifty-sixth Bulletin of the Experimental Farm Series on Bush Fruits, which has been prepared at my request by Mr. W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist of the Central Experimental Farm. The cultivation of amall fruits has of late years engaged the attention of a large number of fruit growers and farmers in the different provinces of Canada, many of whom have foui^d in this occupation a considerable source of profit. The fact that many of these useful fruits can be successfully grown in every settled district in the Dominion makes it important that practical information regarding the most approved methods of cultivation and the most profitable varieties to grow should be widely disseminated. The information submitted by the Horticulturist in this bulletin contains the con- clusions reached by him after long experience, and embodies the results of the tests and observations which have been carried on at the Central Experimental Farm for the past twenty years. By adopting the methods of cultivation, and selecting the varieties hero recommended, anyone so desiring can, with very little labour, supply his household with delicious fruit during the summer months, when such an addition to the diet is most healthful and necessary. I ""e the honour to be. Your obedient servant, Ottawa, April 20, 1907. WM. SAUNDERS, • Director. i 8.5:{t;--u BUSH FRUITS. By W. T. Macodk, Borticulturut of the Central Experimental Farm. people, as it becomes increasingly difficult to grow the ti«e fruits ^Tt\,\ t ^it. n^ntioned p«duce good fruit even in'S.e ^Id c^df^ 'buf he i^r ;S Z Z *"""" """ " ""'''' ^"^' '-"^^ ^^'^ --^^ -"^o - "houW During the past twenty years much attention has been paid to the currant 7Z^'/r^- "u' ""*'"'^ '* *« ^"*"^ Experimental Far^. Tany Zl^ 1 r fr ' ''"' '^ *^'* "'^ experiments tried in methods of cul'.ure^ IfrS U * ^"" '^" ' ''""''*'" ""^ ""P'^'^'« («""««« 22). was published i^^L ? ^'ir? W ?^:^^°*- "P *«> *»»«* ^". l>"t the other fruits are now deal with in bulletin form for the fiirt time. An important feature of this bulletin is the de«!riptions of 46 variei.e . currants gooseberries and raapberries. originated by Dr. Wm. Saunders. D;rnctor o , Domin- i^Expenmental Farms. Most of these descriptions are p-.Wisbed for the first time • We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness *r Dr. Jame. T ], tchcr. Dominion Entomologist, whose descriptions of the imiects in...r, ,,8 to the f uits dealt v-ith in this bulletin, with remedies for the aamc. make the buiietin mucL more valuable than It otherwise would be. Thanks are also due Mr. Frank T. Shutt, ChemUt of the Dominion Experimental Farms, for much work done in preparing the illustrations for this bulletin. THI CnSRAXT. The currant is not so generally used in Canada as some other fruits, as few persons care for them when eaten raw, and when cooked they are usually made into {elly and consumed by only a comparatively small proportion cf the i>eople. In the coider parts of Canada where other fruits do not succeed well the currant is more popular, and is used much more generally. It is a wholesome and refreshing fruit and deserves much more attention than it gets at the present time. The cultivated varieties of the black currant are derived from Ribes nigrum, a native of northern Europe and Asia; the red and white varieties are from Ribea rubrum, a native of the iiorthern parts of America, Europe and Asia. The currant is not known to have been under cultivation before the middle of the sixteenth century. It is not mentioned by any of the ancient writers who wrote about fruit, and was evidently not known by the Romans. The currant does not vary so much when grown from seed as most cultivated fruits, and being so easily propagated from cuttings it has not been improved so much as it otherwise would have been. Moreover, size in currants was not of great importance until recent years, when competition in marketing has become keener. It is only during the past fifty or sixty years that many new varieties were introduoed. At the beginning of the nineteenth century few named sorts were recognized in England, the currant being generally known simply under the names black, red and white, . Being natives of the north, most varieties of currants succeed over a very wide territory in Canad^ and fc this reasqi they are among the best fruits for plantir.R, and being easy of propagation and cultivation there is nothing to prevent anyone who ' has room enough for a few bushes from growing them for home use. PWVAOATIOir. The usual method of propagating currants is by means of cuttings. These root very readily and good plants are obtained after one season's growth. The best time to make the cmtings is in the autumn, as currants begin to grow very early in the spring, and once the buds have swollen they cannot be rooted successfully. Wood of the current season's growth is used. This may be cut early in the autumn as soon as the wood has ripened, at Ottawa from the end of August to the middle of Septeni^r being a good time. They should be cut in as long pieces as possible to save time in the field, and put in a cool moist cellar or buried in sand. If the cuttings can be made ot once it is best to flo so. These nrp mnde by cutting the wood into pieces each about eight to ten inches long, although an inch or \ "O more or less is not of much consequent-e. The base of the oitting should be made with a square cut just below the last bud. There should bo at least half an inch of wood left above the top bud of each cutting, as there should be a strong growth from the upper bud, and if the wood is cut too close it is liable to be weakened. A sloping cut is best for the upper out. as it will shed rain better, but this is not importnnt. When made, the euttint»« should be planted at once, which is usually the best plnn. or heeled in. If heeled in they should be tied in bundles and burie«l upside down in warm, well-drained soil, with about three inches of soil over them. Thn objeet nf burying them upside down is that by this method the bnses of the cuttings will be nenrer the surf nee whore the soil is wnrmer nnd there {% more sir, and they will eallu* quicker than if they were further down. The cuttings should ralltix well in a few weeks, and they mny then bo planted outside if thought ndvisniile. Cuttings may be kept in good condition over winter by heelinir In or burying in sand in a cool cellar, or nfter callu«ing under a few inebp« of «oil out«ide the.v niny be left there over winter !f covered with from four to five more inchc« of soil to prevent their drying nut. Oood results are obtained with the lesst trouble by plant- ing the cuttings in nunery rows as soon as they are made. The soil should be weU prepawd and should be selected where water will not lie. Furrows are opened three ^ T Vu !!? *'"'"'* f° *^'' *^* ^''P •""'' »' "' n>°^t t'*" bud", will be above ground. The cuttings are placed about six inches apart on the smooth side of the furrows and soil thrown m and tramped well about them. Where only a small number are to be planted a trench may be opened with a spade. It is important to have most of the cutting below ground, as more roots will be made and the plants will be stronger. There would also be danger of the cuttings drying up before rooting if too much of the wood 18 exposed. If the season is favourable the cuttings should callus weU and even throw out a few roots by winter. Where there is little snow in winter it is a good practice to cover the tops of the cuttings with about two inches of soil, which will be a good protection for them. This K,il should be raked off in spring. In the spriug cultivation should be begun early and ke^-t up regularly during the summer to con- serve moiBture and favour rooting and the development of the -bushes. By autumn they should be large enough to transplant to the field. In Great Britain and Europe currants are often grown in tree form, and are pre- vented from throwing up shoots from below ground by removing all the budrt of the cuttings except the top one before planting in the nursery. This system is not re- commended for this country as it has been found by experience that snow breaks down currants grown in this way, and where borers are troublesome it is not wise to depend on one mnin ofpm. Most of the cultivated varieties of currants have originated as natural seedlings little artificial crossing having been done with this fruit. Currante grow readily from seeds and it is easy to get new varieties in this way. The seeds are washed out of the npe fruit, and after drying, may either be sown at once or mixed with sand and kept over winter m a cool, dry place and sown very early in the spring. The best plan is to sow them in the autumn in mellow, well prepared and well drained soil, ns if this is done they will germinate very early in the spring, while if sown in the spring the seed may be all summer without sprouting. The seed should not be sown deep, from one- quarter to one-half an inch being quite sufficient. If sown very deep they will not perm mate. The young plants may be transplanted from the seed bed to the open in the autumn of the first year if large enough, but if the plants am very small tliey may be let grow another season, when they should be planted out at least four by five feet apart, so ns to give them room enough to fruit for several seasons, in order that their relative merits may be learned. If intended to remain permanentlv the plant!, should be nt least six by five feet apart. The busHes should begin to bear fruit the second or third year after planting out. Each bush will be a new variety, as cultivated fniit* do not come true from seed. If a seedling is considered promising it mny W pro- pagated or increased by cuttings, as already deicribed. THR SOIL AND ITS PBErxRATION. Purrants should be planted in rich soil in order to get the best results. The foi! shonM also be fool ns the currant is a moisture-loving bush. The currant roots iirar »hc «nrfnnr, hnnco if the soil is hot and dry the crop will siiffor. A rich, woll-drninrd clay loam is the best for currnnts. although they do well in most soils. If the soil i« not ns (rood ns it might Iw it should repoivr a good drossins of mnunrr before planting which should be well worked into tho soil, the latter 1 will probably have sprouted somewhat before planting, and on this aeeount their growth the first season will be checked. Where the soil is in gond condition, currants, especially the blnek varieties, make strong growth, and the bushes reaeh a large size, iienee it is liL**'2.*^i^*^ "' •P'" •• ^^ *»" ^ >«"« ««i •» •"!« picked than if ^!!r7:-i fi!* ^y *'«*«»»»» good di^aaoe to pUnt If planted oloMr. aapecially in good Mil. the bTulus become very crowded befora it U tin» to renew the phmUtion. Steong one-^ ol4 plante we the beet, but two-year old plant, an better than poorly rooted yeaiW- It i. better to err on the ude of planting a Uttle deeper than b neoeMary than to plant too ihallow. A good rule to f oUow is to set the plants at leaat an inch deeper than they were in the nursery. The soil should be weU tramped about the young Pknt so that there will be no danger of it drying out. After plan^. the soil should be levelled and the surface loosened to help retain moisture. " "^' "" CULTIVATION. As the currant, to do well, must have a good supply of moisture, cultivatiou should be begun soon after planting, and the surface soil kept loose during the summer. While the plants anr young the cultivation may be fairly deep in the middle of the rows, but when the roots begin to extend across the rows, cultivation should be quite •nallow. as many of the roots are quite near the surface. rnRiuzEBS. After the first application of manure, no more should be necessary until the plants bepn to fruit, unless other crops are grown between, when an annual top dressing of weU-rotted barnyard manure is desirable. Where only a light application of manure IS given, the addition of two or three hundred pounds per acre of muriate of potaah should be very beneficial. Wood ashes also would make a good fertiliter with barn- yard manure. There is little danger of giving the currant plantation too much fertilizer. Unfortunately, it is usnaUy the other way. this fruit being often very murh neglected. PtUKINa The black and red currants bear most of their fruit on wood of different agea, hence the pruning of one is a little different from the other. The black currant bean most of ita fruit on wood of the previous season's growth, hence it is important to always have a plentiful supply of one-year old healthy wood; the red and white currants produce their fruit on spurs which develop from the wood two or more years of age. hence it is important in pruning red and white currents to have a hberal supply of wood two yean and older, but as the fruit on the verv old wood IS not so good as that on the younger, it is best to depend largely on two and three year old wood to bear the fruit. A little pruning may be necessary at th« end of the first season after planting in order to begin to get the bush into shape. Prom six to eight main stems, or even less, with their side branches will, when rroperly distributed, bear a good crop of fruit. Future pruning should bo done with "the aim of having from six to eight main branches each season and a few others coming on to take their places. By judicious annual pruning the bush can be kept sufficiently open to admit light and sunshine. A good rule is to not have any of the branches more than three years of sge, as if kppt down to this limit the wood will be healthier, stronger growth will be made and the fruit will be better. WHEM TO RKNEW THE PLANTATION. A currant plantation will bear a great many good crops if well cared for, but if neglected the bushes lose their vigour in a few years. The grower will have to decide when to rcow the plantation by the sppearanoe of the bushes, but as a currant planta- tion can be renewed at eoffiparatively little labour it is best to have new bushes coming on before the old ones show signs of weakness. At least six good crops may be removed with fair treatment, and ten or more can be obtsined if the bushes sre in rich soil and well oared for. Where one has only a few bushes for home use they may be re- C'lu'irv C un.inl. i I'lalrl.i inrigonted hj cuttiiig than down to the ground in alternate years, and thui obtaining a f reih lupply of rigorous young wood. TOLD or OCBKAHTS. The red currant is one of the most regular in bearing of all fruits, and as it is naturally productiTe the average yield ahould be large. Bailey, in the Horticultund Rule Book, puts the sversge yield at 100 bushels per acre. Gsid, in his book on Bush Fruits, msiras it 100 to 150 busheh, with a possible yield of 820 bushels per acre. At the Central Experimental Farm the Bankins Bed, the largest yielder, averaged for the past four years at the rate of 8,107 lbs., or over 202 bushels per acre. The Red Dutch averaged at the rate of 7,886 lbs. per acre, or over 188 bushels. The largest yield from red currants obtained at the Coitral Experimental Farm was in 1900, when six bu^es of the Bed Dutch currant yielded 78 lbs. 16 oo. of fruit The bushes were 6x6 feet apart. This means a yield at the rate of 17,892 lbs. per acre, or at 40 lbs. per bushel, 447 bushels 19 lbs. per acre. The same variety in 1905, in a new plantation, yielded 55i lbs. from six bushels, or at the rate of 13,481 lbs. per acre, or 335 bushels 31 lbs. These are very larg-, yields, and while half of this aipount may not be expected in ordinary field culture, the fact that such yields can be produced on a small area should be an inspiration to get more on a larger one. The average yield of black currants has been somewhat less than the red, altbou^ individual yields have been large. Tne Saunders currant yielded for the past fotir years at the rate of 6,534 lbs. per acre, or over 16^ bushels. The Kerry at the rate of 6,882 lbs. per acre, or over 169 bushelB. The highest yield of black currants was obtained in 1906, when six bushes of Kerry planted 6x5 feet apart yielded 62 lbs. of fruit, or at the rate of 16,004 lbs. per acre, equal to 876 bushels, estimating at 40 Ifaa. to the busheL RED AND WHITE OUBRANTS. The red currant makes excellent jelly, and its populsrity is largely due to (his fact A larg» quantity of red ourrant jel^^ is made every year in Canada. Bed cur- rants are used to a less extent for pies and as jam and are also eaten raw with sugar. As a fruit for eating out of hand the red currant is not very popular, but there are few fruits so refreshing and if it had less acidity more red currants would be eaten that way. The white currants are better liked for eating off the buah than the red us they are not so acid. The Moore Ruby and the Eerly Sonrlet are two red varieties, how- ever, which are milder than most others, and for this reason are better adapted for eat- ing raw than most. The red currant does not vary as much in quality as the black. Bed currants will remain in condition on the bushes for some time after ripening, hence do not have to be picked so promptly as thf black. VARIETIES. Following are the average yields of red and white currants at the Central Experi- mental Farm for the past four years. These yields indicate fairly well the relative productiveness of the different varieties here. The Wilder currant, which comes low on the list, although one of the best varieties for most districts, has had the fruit buds injured by winter here nearly every vrar of late. The Vor-aillnisp. TV La BochepoM. Fertile d'Angers Fav, Cherry. AdmirnWe. Comet. Pcfinnee, Bedpath Ruby and Moore Ruby have also suffered in this resr«t and are distinctly more tender than other sorts. The Prince Albert currant, a Rood late variety i» not in the following tabu, BB the bushes supposed to hp fhU variety turned out to I* not tnie to name. There are in the currant plantation at the Central Experimental Farm 44 red and 18 white varieties, a total of 69 sorts. 10 RED AND WHITE CUIIUANTS. AVERAGE YItLD OP VARIETIES— rolK VEAhiS. Average Rank i jj I 4 Itank X»ui '. Date ripe. 1 1 •» 8 3 11 4 5 5 11 « 4 ■* 12 8 111 a 2 10 23 11 18 12 10 13 a u 22 LO 13 10 6 17 3 18 19 17 211 20 21 21 22 15 23 10 21 21 25 25 »i 28 •J7 :«) 28 2!t 29 A 2li 3U :n 31 27 32 32 3:< 35 3t 3 2 3H 3 37 3 33 38 3 37 3:i 4 34 lK;-.nkin9 Red <*iHiitierInfi(l He(I R«l Dutch Large Reze Fertile d'Angen Fay Cherry ... Admirable Comet DeKance Rndpath Kuby Moore Ri ')y .liilv I 1 2 3 3 « 4 14 5 15 it 2 1 5 H 18 » 7 10 8 11 4 4 12 12 13 14 4 11 1» U J 10 Whiti Ccbrantk. 13 . 14 15 . 14 . 22 . 14 13 . 13 12. 13 . 13 13 . W . 13 . 13 . 13 . 13 . 15 . 14 . 13 . 13 . 13 . 13. 13 . 13 . 16 . 13. 12 . 17 . 15 22. 15 . 13. 13 . 14 17 IS. White Cherry July 10 Large White „ 10 iClimax White 13 White Grain „ U IVerrierea White , U White Imperial U White Dutch 13 Eyatt Nova ' „ 14 ijarge White Brandenburg „ ]0 White Kitiaer „ 13 Champagne White ' „ 13 Wentworth Leviathan I .. 13 White Pearl 1 „ H Oondouin White „ 16 White Tranapaient „ 14 Total vield llKJti. .\verage total jield. Ibsi. 45 r> 25 ■,Vi 2!l 40 28 2.5 42 20 23 30 33 20 2t! 35 40 3:> 24 22 21 25 •fl 17 IH 10 <> ti 15 4 12 4 3 2 8 8 8 12 N 8 (I 8 O 8 8 i 8 8 ■ 8 H i 8 I 8 8 8 u 8 8 lbs. 33 33 :«) 2;t 2!t 2*.t 2!» 27 20 20 20 2 2 « 2 o 2 8 10 13 10 7 32 27 24 23 4 10 '8 18 2 t 17 9 o 8 17 7 20 10 13 IH 10 9 8 10 1 16 15 12 15 14 10 2:4 8 13 14 10 12 18^ 10 8 11 1.-. 14 ■1 4 12 8 8 1 •' u Red, Red Dutch, VARIETnS OF RED AND WHITE CURRANTS RECOUUE Red.— For general culture.— Pomona, Victoria, Cumberla: ehieenfield. Ranking Red, Red Grape. Where bushes are protected with snow in winter, and for the milder districts- Pomona, Victoria, Cumberland Red, Wilder, Cherry, Fay and ] Cross. T7A««'• »»«di'^ Season Ferfife d'4«,.r..-B«emble. Vemillaiae. of which it i. «,id to be a synonym. .wl*!l!^^ '^"•"'^ ""7 '1'°°*' "P"K^* K™^«'; productive. Fruit medium to .1S!t trr '''^'^' "»»* ?^«»^'« '»«^^«». in long. weU filled bunche.; raSer^de •MTlet; "^id; medium quality; season late. Quite distinct from most varieties in foha». and habit of bush. IU»embles Prince Albert somewhat. A pro^sU kte sort Uolvath.-A strong moderately upright grower, productive. Fruit of medium •ue, m bunches of medium length, about three-fourths filled: bright scarlet add^ m«lium quality. Season medium. Said to be a synonym of Vioto* a, bS fniit dS^ not average as large as that variety here. «.««Sl^tr^"~:°'^i°f*^ ^^ S Greenfidd. Ottawa East. Ont.- A strong, moderately ^reading grower; productive. Fruit medium to above medium in size in well filled SSf^Lt"''^* scarlet; pleasantly acid; quality above medium; "Jon medS ^^^Z^ '^ ^^" "" '^ ""^ " * •^ "°PP«'' 'Jtl'O^Kh not a. productive Houghton Cattle.-A moderately vigorous, spreading grower; moderately pro- tSlt": Ji7'' °^. '"«?>"'» sue in weU filled bunche. of medium length; bnK I^k.« ' ijT o'^!f,''**^'.S?^°'^*"'°- Not sufficiently productive. Said to be the same as Raby Castle and Victoria. La Conde.-A strong moderately spreading grower; fairly productive. Fruit medium to above medium m sue m medium, weU fiUed bunches; brl( ' t scarlet: acid- medium in quality. Has distinct foUage. Not desirable. «» «. acia. La Fertile.- A poor grower; unproductive here; has not fruited enough to judge of its merits. " ' ^^ ttnJt ^t''*'T'^ •trong. spreading grower; productive. Fruit small, in long, well filled bunches; bright scarlet. Season medium. Too small. Not desirable. Large Red.— A strong, spreading grower. One of the most productive. Fruit nnaU to mwlium, mostly medium, in medium to long, well fiUed bunches; bright scarlet; acid; of medium quality. Season medium. Not large enough. London Bed.— An upright, medium grower; productive. Fruit above medium to large in bunches under medium length and about one-half filled; bright scarlet; acid- medium quality. Season n-.edium. Fesembles Bed Grape. Not sufficiently pro^ Long Bunched Holland.— A very strong, moderately upright grower; productive. l!ruit small to medium, mostly medium, in very long, well filled bunches; bright scarlet; very acid; medium quality. Season medium to late. One of the strongest growing varieties, but the fruit is not quite large enough and is also too acid. Moore Bm6».— Originated by Jacob Moore, Attica, N.T. A seedling of Cherry supposed to have been poUenized by White Grape. A medium grower, not productive here, as most of the fruit buds are killed. Moderately productive elsewhere. Fruit above medium to large in bunches of medium lertih; bright scarlet; briskly subacid of pleasant flavour; good quality. Season mediun. The best for eating out of hand. Jtfoore Seedling.— A strong, upright grower; productive. Fruit above medium to large in w< filled bunches of medium length; bright scarlet; pleasantly acid- quality abovf .edium. Season medium. A good currant resembling Red Grape. ' JV^eti;fi-^Duum ..« in n^edium bunchea; skin moderately thick; briakl/subS^ove medium in quahty. Riprus evenly. Sea«,n medium. Not siflSy pr^ducti've ™-^;,,!r* i'ro?./?c.-A mediuin grower; unproductive. Fruit medium to above medium quahty. Ri,«n. unevenly. Season medium to Lite. NotdwirabS. .w ^tx.^''^.^,rt .'*.7°* f ower; moderately productive. Fruit medium to larae- akin rather ttock; briskly aubacid; above medium in quality. Season i^ium l^t nearly so productive as Saunders and Kerry. w o "on meaium. ixot MerveiUe de la Oironde.-Ay«y strong grower and productive. Fruit below medium to medium in sire, in medium to large bunches; skin moderately thick, tender- bnakly subacid, good flavour; good quality. Ripens evenly. Season medium to late One of the best in quality, but rather smaU. owium to late. ^ap?«— A medium grower; unproductive. Fruit of medium size in small bunches; Bkin thick; briskly subacid; medium to above medium in quality. Season late. Not sufficiently productive. 4""«»y. iseason » .^'^~^^^ ' medium to strong grower, and the moat productive black currant tested. Bunches medium to amall. Fruit uneven in sire, below medium to above medium; skin moderately thick, fairly fender; briskly subacid; quality medium Kipena unevenly. Season medium to late. Great productiveness is its chief merit. Fnnc«.-A medium to strong grower; unproductive. Fruit medium to large, in small bunches; Ir.skly subacid; rbove medium in quality. Season late. Not sufficiently productive. F»c »'''" ''0™ hi* iwrfen in London «tra fine seedlins "/« Black Naples seedling obtained by him from a former lot of ■HHi 18 28 of the hest of tbos<; brought from London, and a few others originated at Ottawa. After eighteen years' experience with these currants, it is possible to form a good estimate of their relative value with other kinds now on the market. The following sixteen varieties, which are g^ven in order of productiveness, are practically all oon- siHr cil equal to any other named variety yet tested at Ottawa, and most of them are 'superior: — Saunden. — Bush rong grower and very iiroductive. Bunches of medium size. Fruit above medium to large; akin thick; briskly subacid; quality medium. Season medium. One of the most promising oommercial varieties. This is already offered for sale in Canada. Kerry. — Bush a strong grower and very productive. Bunches medium to large. Fruit above medium to large; skin thick but tender; briskly subacid; quality above medium to good. Season medium to late. One of the most promising for commercial purposes on account of its great productivec^ss and good size of fruit Ontario. — Bush a strong grower and very productive. Bunches of medium size. Fruit medium to above medium in size; skin moderately thick, tender; briskly sub- scid; quality medium to good. Bipens evenly. Season medium. Promising on ac- count of productivezMSi. Eagle. — A strong grower rnd productive. Fruit medii:ii: to large, mostly large, in medium bunches; skin moderately thick; briskly subacid; medium quality. Ripens somewhat unevenly. Season medium. Although this is a productive variety it is not as good in quality as some othsrs. Clipper. — ^Bush a strong grower and productive. BunehfSS large. Fruit medium to large; skin moderately thidt, tender; brisWy subacid and of good flavour. Quality good. Fruit ripens somewhat unevenly. Season medium to late. Promising. Eelipte.—BvA a medium to strong grower and productive. Bunches large. Fruit medium to large; skin moderately thick, fairly tender; subacid; quality good: ripens evenly. Season early. Promising on account of productiveness, size and quality. Ch'mox.— Bush a strong grower and productive. Bunches large. Fruit above medium to large. Skin moderately thick, fairly tender; briskly subacid, of good flnvour ; quality good. Season medium to late. One of the most promising. See Plate 2. Ethel— Buth a strong grower and productive. Bunches large. Fruit above medium size; skin rather thick; briskly subacid. Quality above medium. Fruit ripens evenly. Season medium. Promising on account of productiveness and size of fruit. Magrtxu.—Bmh a strong grower and very productive. Clusters medium in size. Fruit large; skin rather thick; subacid, of good flavour; quality good. Season medium. Promising on account of productiveness, size of fruit and quality. Smccm«.— Bush a medium grower, but productive. Bunches of medium size. Fruit Urge; skin moderately thick, tender; subacid, of good flavour; quality good to very good. Ripens evenly. Season very early. Promising on account of earhness, sice of fruit and quality. Sorton.—A. strong, rather spreading grower, moderately productive. Fruit below medium to medium in size; skin rather thick; briskly subacid, of good flavour; good quality. Ripens rather unevenly. Season medium. Beauty.— A medium grower, moderately productive. Fruit medium to above medium in site, in medium bunches; skin medium; briskly subacid; medium quality. Ripens rather unevenly. Season medium to late. TowK.— Bush a strong grower, moderately productive. Bunches large. Fruit shove medium to large; clings well; skin rather thick; briskly subacid: g«>od iavo«r; quality pood to very good. Season medium. Ripens evenly. This originated as a hybrid between Dempsey's Black Currant and a cross-bwd gooseberry (Houston X. Broom Girl). From this enMs Ave planto giw. Of these, four had goosdwrry foliags snd one, the Topsy, blsck currant foliage and frui<. If Winona.— huBk a medium grower, productive. Bunches small to medium. Fruit above medium to Urge; subacid; quaUty good. Kipens evenly. Season early. Auotf^^'^^^~\'^T *° '*.'.'"* «^''"' '""""'•y productive but rather unpro- ductive of late. Fruit above medium to large, in smaU bumshes; skin medium; sub- ac^, of pleasant flavour and good quality. Ripens evenly. Season medium. Not as productive as some, but of good size and quality. Orfon.— A medium grower and rather unproductive. Fruit large to very large, in medium bunches; skin thick; subacid, good flavour; good quality. Ripens evenly, season medium. Retained on account of size and quality, but not produotive enourii for a commercial currant. Varieties of Black Currants Recommended. Saunders, Collins Prolific, Buddenborg's, Victoria. .i«,„?'»if**?1i"°- ^''^ »" th« »»«*et which are considered equal or better than those above, the following are the best : — Kerry, Eclipse, Magnus. Clipper, Climax and Eagle, ai.d the Success for an early variety where yield is not so important as size and quality. Topsy is • jry handsome and of good size and good quality, and ripens evenly, but naa not been quite as productive as some others. DISEASES OF THE CURRANT. The only ones which do much The currant is affected by very few diseases, injury are the follow ins : - Lmf Spot-Rust (Septoria rihi,, Deem.).-The Leaf Spot fungus affects black ^sC "ii^ T"""""' T?" ** 'rr *° ^'." P'*""*""!^. "d thus weakening the bushes. This disease js first noticed about midsummer, when small brownish spot, appear on the leaves. These often become so numerous that they affect a lar^e parVof the foliage, soon ca,«n,g the leaves to fall. As the disease often appears before the frujt IS picked ,t IS difficult to control it if the bushes are not sprayed until after the fruit IS picked. By using the ammoniacal copper carbonate the bushe.- .^v be spraved a week or two before -.t .i expected, without discolouring the fruit. : ,ng a second •ppi.eation. ,f necesftary. As soon as the fruit is picked the bushes shoul.l bo thoroughly •prayed with Bordeaux mixture. Experiments have shown that this di!^:nse can be controlled by spi-i.vinjr. OCRRANT Anthracnose rp/«o«por.-«m ribwA-This disen^c. whi-h mnv ho mistnWen for the Leaf Spot affeete different parts of the bush, including the lenvvs. lonf stalks yonng branche. fruit and fruit stalks. On the leaves it i, made evident during the month of June by the small brown spots which are usually smaller than those made bv the Txaf Spot fungus. The lower leaves are affected first, and finally the upiK-r ones They turn yellow and gradually fall to the ground, and when the disease is bad the bushes are defoliated before their time. On the ,>..tioles or leaf stalks the disease causes slightly sunken spots. The fruit is affected with roundish blnek spots which are easier seen when the fruit is green. On the young wood tho diseased areas are light in colour nnd are not so noticeable. The wood is not nearly so much injured bv the disease ns the leavee. The spores which spread this disease are formed in pustules, the majority of which are under the upper epidermis of the leaf. Where the sporos are to an,,w,r the surface of the leaf is raised and blackened in spots looking like small pimples. When the spo^sre retdv to «me out the .kin hr.sk= and they esc.pc and ro-inf^.n o.l.er •"Ifj" J r^T "'*" '''*''* ''"'■'y "" account of this disease the fruit is linMo to he scalded by the sun. The fruit may also wither lw>fore ripening properlv owing to Inek of food or of moisture, as the leaves having fallen they are unable to keep up the 80 necewary tupply. The premature falling of the lea- -= pw-tnta >he juds from matur- inff properly, hence they are not in as good condition to bear fruit the next year. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is recommended as an aid m ..ontrolUng this disease It would be wise, where currant auihracnose is troublesome, to spray the bushes thoroughly before the leaves appear. A second spraying should be made when the leave* -re unfolding, and successivo sprayings at intervals of from ten to fourteen days until the fruit is nearly full grown, and there is danger of its bemg discoloured by the spray when ripe. Paris green should be added to the mixture when the fast brood of the currant worm appears. A thorough spraying after the fruit is harvested is desirable. THE 0008EBESBT. The gooseberry has received comparatively little attention in America, although in north Europe, and especially in the British Isle, it has long been a prime favourite and a wonderful improvement has taken place in ito sise there ^unng *he last ^vo or three nundred yem. When it was first cultivated in Europe-probably in the 16 h century-the wild fruit, if it wm like what it is now, would be only about on^half an inch in diameter and less than one quarter of an ounce each ,n weight. The arg^t gooseberries which have been produced in recent years average «veral time, this size, tKSest one of which we have a record weighing 2 ounces, although there are doubt- Si W specimen, on record. The English and European gooseberries are derived from a n>«iM "»»"« »' ^''^ ^""P* "^"^ ^*^" ^'**~^- ,, . p.„ ,. „, ,.„ TheSarieties of the Ribu Orouulana do not succeed well in Canada or the United SUte. as a general rule, although in some places they do well. The/»»« SSe to their suc««ful culture i. the Goceberry Mildew, which it ha. been found "''ii*:^ « mJt; cultivated varieties of American species of «o?-be"ies were mentioned by writers, the first reference, according to Bailey. »«7« '"J^^^'" ^^ Northern Fruit Culturist. by Goodrich, where the ^^Z^T^^'^'^^^'^ZLZ «»d authority that native sorts have been discovered both m New HampAire and V^ont wril .d.p^*d to garden culture.' In 1847 the Houghton's Seedling was ex- hibUrf at 'meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, this being lie first fmiSJeSfor^Tthe native go««=berry of which there is a record This variety was SaSd or found by Abel Houghton. Jr.. Lynn. Ma«.. It is probably a seedling of Z natWe sJecL, R^u oxyacantkoides. The first improvement on the HouRhton was S! ?S3nra Wdling of the Houghton, wuich was originated by Charles Downmg. N:wS N.T.^ ^t brouVt into notice in 1853. It is thought by some authori- ri* to^.;* beek a hybrid between Houghton and RiU, Qrosularxa. the European SiS The I^wning is still more largely planted in America than any other var.ety ofTo^eben^. This U doubtless largely due to the fact that comparatively little ha. ^frne^ward. improving the gooseberry in America during the past fifty years. S. mo^t woric «^T^Ch.ve been done by Dr. Wm. Saunders Director of the Don,. The most ''?« •«?^^° , ori«in.tor of the Pearl. Red Jacket, and many othcf Sin«CToiL\oT;;ttn tCr::Li. Description, of some of the^t of tW irnuhUshed in this bulletin. Thew varieties were all originated in I^nd""- .f"*; Tb.^ is a w<^ field for work in improvinjr the native gooseWes as there isno ^^nt iS^hviL sise should not be equal to the U*t F.^l.sh vane^ties. The Shy of^rA^^cn varieties is considered by son. t. l-,^«" f- ^^ -"f,:^ EngliA KOo«berry. but the flavour U not.neariy as good as t... best of the English **A. th. MOMberry Is • native of Canada and is found growing wild «ln»ostor quite I. oi^^il^iTiU ^Itur. will no doubt b. extended very far north. The most n :ssirt'5S:t>^thf;Se^Sr^' ^*'** -''-»'^<'^«^ which « w Manitoba. Both of these «r8e^rteB LIT^* ^ " ^'^. *"* ^""" ^^^ J°^"' N^-. to arooeeberry waa origimS TDr Wm slnJ *°f ''""^'*^ ^ mtereeting hybrid Warrington, a cultivate? EilTsh vlrietT t£ .• "" 7^'"/ ^**" ^>""'*^«'' ^ith much, but the gooseberry altS^ugh Sn aualYtvT„» • J5' *^^ ""^ ^^*''^"«='^ ^^'^ neaa i. desired it may be wtT rSu,. t t^ «m«»>ned pnckly. If neater hardi- throughout Canal rndwKhgrtaalt'^^^^^^^ "^ '"-^ ^-''"-"y present state it is not ne^Tlj^sv^Z\tZlZ ? ^ •^''^ i^""" *'»"='«• '^ ^^ and inferior in quaUty. There arLoZ,/*^ ° '^'^' ^^^ ^"^'t *"''''« '""aUei- provement of the natiVe^iet^' "^ '^ '^ ^'"^ *^«'' P-^^ '« t''* f«t^e im- berry^'SS^nrer'S ^Ltufpi^liTirj-t'^'-^i^ j? ^^^a. but the goo.- u«d in great QuantihTfo, ea'tinfourof h^J^TVor il^^^^^^ "«' u«d raw, most of the fruit being p^t into pi^??, .l^J ^'j^or ^LS''' '*'' "* PBOPAOATIOir. per«n"J^^ut:i,rit'"tr^TSuru'1;'^^^^^^ - ^^•^-»'^- •".« average •atisfactory. To prJpagSe S laS ^T^r'^i "cuttings .re often very un- .utumn. This will induct a sto^^^K f^ '''°"" > ^"""^ •""''«>y i" the these have made most of Ae?rS^^'^hTc5 2lf ^"'^ 7*^ ?1 "*^ »««'•"• 'WT*" up around and througrtS busT^SiUn^ftre ^t 'Y5^^ ■^"'^' t """^ " '""^ covered. The soil is packed down Vn^ rtJ '^ • ^ 7*"""^ •^°°*« "" ^^^ ««»- retain moisture be tir Snf tbf A^ • ' ~'*"°* "" '«*« «>" '^rown over to and the young pSl^m.^tdett^tlTdnrn'^^^^^^^ "'" ^"' "^"^ ''"" ^ ««*'"»''• to eight inches or less in length, and buried in soil over winter InS^Tw" "^ cuttings in a greenhouse, or hot b^ with bottom heat. ""^""^^''^ '""" '^'^ "ood ■OIL, PLANma AND CULTURE. theri^t^rvT'*"^ !' '. '"O"*""-]'"^"* Pl«nt. hence . K,il should be chosen where there wil be a constant supply of water during the growing seuion Iv, JL^iU lur Kooseoerries as tnese usiiflllv are both pool anA mnU* t».» -«si -v u t abiinJant plant foj>d easily made'available. A^od sppSon 15 weT oS^' m.nu" gooeeberriea start to grow early m the spring it is usually preferable to plant in thft CuItTva'Un i^o, '" "7 -bo^t «x feet .part an^ four feet apart in the rows ««,! \^A..T '^^ thorough so as to retain moisture and k«n the got aS; with . « T -•»«Vf"v;''" ' ^"^ cultivation should U AdJ^r.* ohlng with straw is «. am advisable to neep the soil cool. — «^l ™> Aa the goowbcrry makes much more wood than it i« desirable to leave, aevere pruning ia neceaaary. English yarieties are uaually trained to a amgle strai, but thu is not neceaaary. although the freer circulation of air when trained m this way may help to prevent the spread of mildew. The uaual custom in America u to 8«>^the goiebeiry in buah form. The bush should at firat be brought mto a good shape by leaving a few of the atrongest shoots regularly distributed to make an open head. Five MsiTof these shoots are quite sufficient to leave at first As the bush gets older, new shoot, are aUowed to grow to take the place of the older one. as the pruning should be d.-?e with a view to having only vigorous b««ing wood. Fruit is ^^^''^^'^^ wood and from spurs on older wood. It usual^ i- not desirable ^^^«ve any wood mo« than thr« years old. The best time to prune is in the autumn or winter. The weakest yo^ng Zushould be cut off at the ground, also aU the stronger youn* -hoot, not Sed for fruiting or to take the place of the older branches to oe cut away. The Sdo is from the older branches should be headed back or cut out altoge her so a rtShi a fairly open head, making it as easy as poasible to pick the fruit and yet £a^«L suffid^^^^^^ p^^nr^ crop and to shade the fru^tfrom the sun. as in rS^t S Se^o«»beiri«. are HaWe to be injured by scalding. When branches are *LJ\h^^T» of ase they should be removed to make way for younger wood. nSsawHo'^routSbtn'cSa which touch the ground as the« will then be a tetter irr^ul^ion ^f air, and the fruit will be kept off the ground Qoo^^beiries will off^ Sn to bear the s«K,nd year after planting, but there will not be a full crop often ^K»5* ^ "^^ J. ^^ ii jg kept in good condition by an annual application Titro^^l^i manu^Tn 4e aLmn'Tarrowed in the following spring and 5 tTe busJTare kept sprayed and well pruned, the plantation will not need to be re- newed for many years. YlEtD OF OOOSEBEBRIES. Mi.«e. ...d if tte ".tie' ■• t" O;? '" ' 7?."™ £ iT, ur. per JMr. or ,1 40 Ur^ h.™ ..c»^ '" ,'':t»?'? " AT •^e wSLvfndWM yi.M obtained .» VARIETIES OF AMEKICAN GOOSEBERRIES. The gooseberry h«. not received Jo attention it J-^-X'^r""" t •..p.ven.nt in th. ^^^J^^^^^Z r„rDt!:CleWbotH .ro.l.eea men. nnd a. far ns f«" °^ j'^^"™™ ^o Dr. Wm. Saunders. Director of the Dotn.mon js-LTorrd-'-s- S'.rx' ir,-'ir „.. o, ■.^■,^^ ...e-ie. """'S^ V."hT"SSpu.n. po-l»r.. of .ho P.le IW. h... .e»e «"^ «' EnjtHsh varieties. AMEWCAN VARICTres OF OOOSEBERnreS. small, a little sn.aller than Downing; unattractive, green wi p 23 x;ou;n.n(, -Originated by Charles Downing at Newb^rgh NY A ««^i:- * This variety is ^oJ J^r'^^lkZToH^Vct^^'"''''' ''^- ^"^^ '-«^'"- ^in; sweet, good flavour. Good quality. This wL.tntirtfe advt t ^t To^^^^^^^^ wwf""^'' :", T'"*^ """"^ "^* Houghton but smaller; not desirable. 5m.'"'^ ^ '""l^' "' °'- Saunders' pioduX^: h?;XeTtJn^int5rci"" '"" "" ^* '""^^^ '°' " """^' "' ^-"- the others Z)eacon.-A seedling of Downing. A strong, moderately upright grower and nro- ductive. but not so productive as Peari. Fruit of medium size oval, yelW sh grLn smooth, sweet good flavour. Quality good, better than Peari. Season 3 „m ^s affected very slightly with mildew. A good variety. nieaium. is A .t^^l''""*7^**'r" ^T^ Houghton (female), ud Aditon's Seedling (male). A strong, moderately upright grower, moderately productive. Fruit of medi. n size tough Quahty medium to good. Season medium. Mildew? very slightly Not as . promising aa some others. ""trni'y. iNot as lfa6rf.-Record of parentage lost. A strong, moderately upright grower and very produc ive, ywlding about as much as PearL Fruit above medium^ize, averagS larger than Downing av^^earl, rounded to oval, pale green, translucent; sweet but not hiifh flavoured, and of medium quality. Seaaon medium. Fruit doea not mildew, lliis is the most promising variety for commercial purposes. :>uncan.-A hybrid between Rihea Cynosbati. female, and Warrington (Ribe, UroMularta). male. A strong, upright grower, moderately productive. Fruit above medium size, oval, dull coppery red, quite prickly: skin thick; sweet with much of the wild flavour. Quality above medium to good. Season medium. This variety is more interesting than useful, but it has very distinct characteristics, and may be a useful parent in the future improvement of the gooseberry. Alma.— A. seedling of Downing. A medium grower, moderately upright. Not very productive. Fruit of medium size, not quite as large as Downing or Pearl, oval t« oblong, green with moro or less coppery red. slightly downy but not prickly;' skin thick; sweet; quality medium to above. Season late. The chief value of this variety lies in its lateness, which may make it useful. Fruit occasionally mildews a little. PtaH^A eroM between Downing and Ashton'e Seedling or Broom GirL Named by A- M. Smith, St Oatharinei. Ont., and introduced by Mm m 1888. Burii artrong. moteatelT uiSbt grower, wry productire. Fruit of medium ««, or about thea^ ZtJiSwS roSidi to oTd. piOe groen with pder end dirtinct yein. or^p-, roothr^nicid; pulp iui«sy. aweet Quriity g«K.d. S««on ^fjr-fj^ C mildew ThU variety hM proved mow productive then Downing at the <>««^ *«- SJS^tarFa™" uf otherSTcannot be distinguished from that variety. See Plate 8. Flora.-A croM between Houghton (female). widAahton's Seedling (""•J^:^" variety cannot be diatinguiahed from Downing «id Pearl, and the aame deacnption wiU apply. It haa been nearly aa productive aa PearL 8Uvia.-RecoTi of parentage loat A rtrong. moderately upright grower ; not very oroductiTe Fruit abovVmedium ai». roundiah, groen moro or leaa coverod wiA duU Sd amSi; aubacid. good flavour; good quaUty; ^ason "'fium. Fruit «iWom Sd^ and ia never nSrTthan alightly affected. A fine goo«»berry if it wero moro "^S'-Becord of parontage loat A atrong. moderotely upri^grower. not a. the earliest variety teated. and may be uaeful on that aco^t Fredonia. Bed JacUt rJ'»"'»?^--N.med and^^^d by^ ^^^5? pr^S N.Y. A cro.8 between Houghton and W^ng^A^ng^^P^ but not as productive aa Pearl and Downing. *^™** »°2;« ZmBrv red amooth. sub- Downing, roundish te oval. '^-:J'^^'^^Ztr^nr^-^^Si,. A acid, sprightly, good flavour; good quality. Beaaon memum. u»>» d.in acid, good &'^^<>^'-'«°^,T^''-l'^^^^tSS^moT^vroir^ctire. BooA size and quality and would be a good commercial variety ii mu« j. «.tt^A straw «r™« •»« t™"* "• ' i _SiM • J-'tinct ckmMeriBlci tically no mildew on fruit. ENQUSH GOOSEBERRIES. In England the gooacbe^y is o-^them^t popular Juits -d g.at quantities ot gooseberries are grown thero «^«"y 3^'- ,3:!L for maWnJ tam. Owing to their out'of hand when npe, but «~ -'jf '^^^jt X^^^ -''^ -^'*^ large si«e and good flavour. ""^ th«r P^Pu^a^'^ >n ^« ^^ ^.^^^ ^^^ English Into America bxrt It wassoorf^nd that 0^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ gooseberry Pearl Gooseberry. (Plate 3.) a gnat deal of yegetation giTing oJ much moiitun. and where the •oil la ih^ed and cool good succMi is often obUined and almoat or quite as fine gooseberriea produced aa in England, but such instances are the exception. It is claimed that the gooseberry mildew can be controlled under some conditions by persistent spraying with potassium sulphide in the proportion of 1 lb. to 3 gallons of water, but to obtain satisfactory resuIU the weather must be favourable and the bushes sprayed from four to six times or more. In our experience we have found that it is often not possible to control this disease by spraying. , , . ,...^1 . • *« Heavy clay soila are most suited to the gooseberry and there is little use trying to grow the English varieties in light soils. Clay soils are cool, and with them it r easier to obtain the conditions necessary to suceees. Various methods are recom- mended for growing English pooseVerries free from mildew. Mulching the soil heavily with straw is one. Mulching the soil with coal ashes is another. Shading the soil with laths set on a frame eight or ten feet high is another. All these methods are useful, but unless the air is moist above ss it is cool and moist below the conditions will be still more or less favourable for the development of the disease. The con- ditions of a thickly planted garden, where there is partial shade, seem the most "'^"the Central Experimental Farm 10« English varieties have been tested, many of them for about fourteen years, for the purpose of learning which would b« *'•«* from mildew. The soil where they were tested is not as heavy ss was desirable, but it waa the heaviest that could be obtained, and to make the conditions more favourable clay was drawn and mixed with the soil. None of the "«neti« have ^o''^ well^but below will be found descriptions of the eleven which have produced the cleanest fruit. LIST OF EXOMSH aOOSEBERRIES TESTED AT THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA. Admiration. Alcock King, Alma, Amber, Antagonist, Archville Aston B*d. Bank of England. Beauty. Bobby, Bright Venus, British Crown, Bnton iCcoW). Broom, Bumper, Carleton, Carman, Champagne, Champion Red. Chautauqua, Cheshir^ Lass. Clayton, Companion, Conquering Hero, Cox's Late Green, Crown Bob Dans Mistkke. Dickson's Yellow, Duck Wing, Eagle. Early Orange, England, Faidiful, Fillbasket. Full Moon, Game Cock, Gascoigne, Glenton Green, Greenfield, Green Mountain. Heart's Oak, Henry H., High Sherifi, Hit or Miss Industry, I~n™onf' ' Kean's Seedling. Keepsake. King Cole, King of Trumps. ,I''«Jy .fo^tton Lady Leicester. Lancashire Lad. Lancashire Summer. Lancer Leveller. Lily o^Jfe Valley. Lion's Provider, Lomax Victory. Loudon. I.,rd Derby^Ma"«oW- Moses Mountain of Snow. Napoleon le Grand. Ottawa. Peru. Philip the Fi«t. Ploughboy. ^""^ R«8f°*' Princess Royal, Profit, Queen Anne, Queen of Trumps^ Railway Yellow, ^ Hambro Red Robin, Red Wonder, Riccardo. Rifleman, ^^^e^^-^'>^'''^''T?'^%"^:,Srai George, Sheba's Queen, Shiner, Slaughterman. Smiling Beauty. Snowball. Snowdrop^ Soutir Johnny. Speedwell. Sportsman, Sulphur. Tally Ho. Trumpeter, Walnut Wander- i^ Girl. Whitesmith. White Angler, White Eagle, White Warrington, Yellow Creep- ing June, Yellow Criterion, Yellow Sulphur, Yorkshire Green.— 106. English Varieties of Qooseherries Least Affected with Mildew at the Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa. Alcock King.-Frxiit large, oblong, bright green with paler stripes or veins, smooth, moderately sweet ; quality medium. Antagonist.-Tmit medium size, roundish, bright green with paler stripes or veins, smooth; moderately sweet, good flavour; quality above medium. Companion-Fruit above medium size, roundish, green, but with a 'jo^^ or less bronze shade, almost smooth; sweet, but skin is acid; good flavour; good qual ty. Eagle.-'Fmii above medium size, oval to oblong; bright green, with paler stripes or veins, smooth, sweet, g-'d flavour; quality good. i^ 26 Olenton Gfr««n.— Fruit medium to small, oval, greenigh yellow, slightly downy; iweet; good quality. Queen ilnne.— Fruit medium size, roundish to oval, yellowish green; smooth; skin thick; briskly subacid; quality medium to above. Queen of Trump*.— Fruit below medium siie, oval, yellowish green, slightly downy; sweet, good flavour; good quality. ^iccardo.— Fruit large, oval, dull or copper red. almost smooth; sweet, spnghOy, good flavour; quality very good. This is one of the best in quality. Snowlall—Frviit large, oval to oblong, bright green with paler stripes; smooth; moderately sweet; medium quality. „ . , rrumpder— Fruit large, oval to oblong, somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish green; smooth; skin thick; oderately sweet ; quality medium. Yellow Crtierton—Fruit medium size, oval, green: skin thick; sweet; medium quality. EnglUh Varietie, Vsually Recommended as Beinf, Least Affected with Mildew. Industry (Whinham's).-TTxut medium to large, roundish to oblonp. sometimes pear-shaped, dark red. moderately hairy; sweet, good flavour; good quality. Avery good cropper where it succeeds. Has mildewed badly here. WMfesmith.-Fr^it medium to large, roundish to oval, yellowish green; smooth; skin moderately thick; sweet, good flavour; good quality. Usually considered one of the most reliable. Has mildewed considerably here. Varieties of English Gooseherries which have Succeeded Best with Mr. R. B. Whyte. Ottawa. Enriish (TOOseberriea have been very successfully grown at Ottawa in the garden of M^R.B.m% where the moisture given off by Ae great amount of vfgeta "on together wSh the ci^lness of the clay soil in his garden, '««^« t^.« =»'^?'*»''''* ^"' J^ulTJbirto the gooseberry mildew. Mr. Whyte is not troubled with mildew m the ^ho'forwing sKrieties have succeeded best with Mr. myte, who has furnished the descriptions of them: — Triumph (White).-In shape and colour l*e Whitesmith, b.t about one-quarter larger. Never mildews. Very productive; quality as good as Whitesmi h. Lofhj (Green).-Long shape, somewhat pointed at the ends; very large; of fine quality. Oreen Ocean (Green). -Oblong in shape; large; good quahty; productive. Conn or Autocrat (Dark green) .-About the same size as Whitesmith; very pro- ductive, vicorous and hardy; good quahty. ,.,,,. . <:„„ Weatherall (Greenish yellow) .-Eound ; very large; slightly hairy; extra fine ""^Sportman (Dark red).-Not quite as large as Whitesmith; somewhat shy bearer, but very eariy and high quality; one of the best for dessert. Experience of Stanley Spillett, Nantyr. Ont.. formerly in charge of one of the Ontario '^ Fruit Experiment Stations. Tn the annual report of the Fruit Experiment Stations of Ontario, for 1903, Mr ' Stanly%inett. Nantyr, Simcoe County, Ont., gives his experience with English gooseberriM.- varietiee, and their seedlings, was not affected by mil- dew, b'^th. folifge was soTadly mildewed that it all fell off. The mildew made its 27 •ppearanoe on June 16, and in two weeks tbe Btenu were bare of leaves, to the fruit never npened properly, and was not fit for use. • * 'Autocrat gave the largeat crop of fruit of the foreign varietiee. The berrv i. very large, but of poor quality. »"«"«■. xne oerry is {.,«I^'*^ ^i""'" ^""^''i Columbia, Whitcnuth, Chautauqua, Queen, and Dom- r 1^"?* j^?'' """i Keepsake were well loaded with very large berries- so waa tWs Se'i'so?'''""' ""' "^ """''" '^'- ^'•«''^''' SeedlingVe'the St ^r;;^ 'Green Chisel was loaded, but the fruit is poor in quality. All the other »»». Engl«h varieties, sent to the station in 1896, havrgraduiSly dSd ou tUl now out o1 *"luci. '"T*?"' ! ^Z'^'^"? ^"^^ ^^^'- ""'y • ^"'^ .mall sL^'busU Prolifl^a^'K:eS"SlS a^rZ;:"' °'^" '"^^^ ^^^ ^"^ ^"*^^ «»"- 'Ontario U a beautiful, large berry, and the bush is very vigorous for a foreign ^^Z St ®~*"'' " °°*^? *" '«^"«'°'ith. Taken all a^und. I find m E smith the best foreign variety. The bush is a good grower. To those who have soil and climate favourable to the growth of the foreiim varieties, I say, do not send to Britain for plants, but use thoera^ady accfimS such as Whitesmith. I have found the old country plants utterly lacking i„ v"g^r: t L^S^ffll iT'l* Mj"*** of my place has grown Industry for years, and haryet to see the first speck of mildew, while Industry with me never fails to rot with mildew so there are places in Ontario favc -rable for their growth. I. -I'^T" f**f^ ^." succeeded the best of any variety received here from the old Ser ' ^"' "® "" '*"**'■ ^^^^ ^^"^ '* ^'"^ y®«" ^'o™ Varietiu of English Oooieherrie* Recommended by Mr. J. C. Chapais, St. Denis. Que. In order to learn how English gooseberries were succeeding along the lower St Lawrence, where the summer is cooler and the air moi^ttr than at Ottawa, a letter wa^ sent to >fr. J C. Chapais, St Denis, who Uves in latitude 47° SC, near the St. Lawreme nearly 100 miles below the city of Quebec. Mr. Chapais writes:— 'In answer to your letter of January 28, asking for information on the English gooseberries, I beg leave to say that I have had under cultivation the following- Chautauqua, Columbus, Oolden Prolific, Industry. Keepsake, Lancashire Lad, White^ smith. I have dropped Industry and Golden Prolific because they mildewed awfully - Keepsake and Lancashire Lad because they did not amount to much as to bearing, and I have kept and consider as very good, highly productive and absolutely free from mildew the varieties Chautauqua, Columbus and Whitesmith. Columbus is the best of the three last mentioned. I have these under culture for over ten years. 'I do not know much about other growers cultivating English gooseberries around here.' VARIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES RECOMMENDED. , American. — Pearl, Downing, Red Jacket. English (from experience at tho Central Experimental Farm).— Companion, Enele. Gleutou Greeu, Queen of Trumps, Snowball. .^ngliak Varieties Usually JZfcommendeJ.— Whitesmith, Industry. n SCALDING OF THF FRTJIT. In ft very hot, dr time gooaeberriee a.e often icftlded, become unfit for use nnd fall to the ground. If the gooseberries are planted in heayy, cool soil and the 8«»«™ kept well cultiyated and the Saw-fly prevented from eating the foliage there will be little trouble. Unfortunately, in many plantations the foliage is very scant, either on aooount of poor cultivation or injury from the worm of the Saw-fly, and it u under ■ndi conditions that the greatest injury occurs. . DISEASES OF THE GOOSEBERRY. GoosnERBT Mildew (Spha-oihesa woM-uneo!;.— The Gooseberry Mildew has pre- vented the general culture of the Englisii gooseberry in America. This duease attacto the leaves, twigs and fruit When the attack is bad it destroys the foliage, covers^ fruit and causes most of it to drop. It aaps the growing shooU to such an extent that ihey do not ripen properly, and dry up without setting fruit buds. It thus practical^ destroys the crop. The disease is apparent early in the season in the web-hke cover- ing which coats the leave., shoots and fr-it This is the mycelium from ^J'** " 8»;«^ off the spores which propagate this disease. It is usually noticed fi«t m the lower and most shaded pari, of the bush. When the spores are being given off, the """ew has a powdery appearance. Winter spores are formed later which germinate in the spring. aTL Scdium and .pore, are both on the surface it might be thought this d.««. could be^ily controlled, but the weather condition, in this country seem so la'""""' Hhe develcjment of spore, that the goosdnnrry mildew spread. TJ*. «^» "P"*'^' and constant and thorough spraying are nece...ry to Pf ^"'^ /^ ,^'7 J°i^„^„X American varieties are wldom .ffected by goowberry mildew, although occasionally *'''E::;erimel'w:« tinducted at the C«.tr.l E^^rimental Farm in 1891, and the following results obtained : — Five applications were made in each ease. • ^ „ ♦!.. i^* ~>.„Ua 1. PotiuJsium sulphide. 1 oa. dissohed in 8 gallons of ^»^' 8*^« *1»^„* «*"'*•• keeping the foliage practically healthy and free from disease the whole •«««?• 2 Potaasiumsulphide. 1 oa. to 4 gallons, stood second « order of ^•«t.ve»f?; 3. Ammoniacsl copper carbonate, 3 o«. to 26 gallons, stood third and was fairly *'"'4'suspension mixture, of copper carbonate did not give a sufficient degree of immunity to psy for cost of "•terials and ti«?f <>/ •PP^Jf**!""- , _ The experiment was continued in 1892. with the following result. .- 1. Sprayed with potawium sulphide; no mildew appeared on the fruit of any of *'' TpiIu "re'lted with Bordeaux mixture had healthier foliage and retains! it longer than those treated with potassium sulphide or ammon.acal copper carbonate. In 1891 a bulletin (Bulletin 10). wa« published, in *Mch the treatment with *"'"lir:x;"Stt rs ST?J?-by shading the plant, from the aun's ray. on the south ea«t and west sides with Indian com planted in hills about two feet from the WW I is i^ried that the plant, protected were healthier than th»« not protected wJutl^nT-^Zr ^lt\*'i^J"I-r(?^^^^ ^S^nSt^^^^^:^- »^r^.^ Son sS !;i.Ue Teffectual as =xn«onia.al copp^ .«Wte. I, ea.,.r prepared ""' rnl^oKietmLts were continued with pot««ium s„lphi^P' ""* '"»'«• '» K""*^ ^"'ditio". preventing the spread of mildew on them, the fruit waa conaiderably affected and unfit for rn^ke^ Unsprayed. The leaves and fruit were badly affected. In 1902 a determined effort was made to prevent the spread of mildew but it wa. £VT^ ^ """*"^"i- B^""'"* ^l*'" the leaf bud. where breaTi^ on Api uT portion of 1 oz. to 2 gdlon. of water. This wui continued until June 6 when tra^ of m. dew being noticed the bushes were sprayed twice a week until luiri^mak'^ 20 sprayings in all. Notwithstanding the thorough and constant application of tw! fungicde the leaves dropped badly from most European varietiea. though what f^U remained on the bushes was not nearly so much affected as u-ual }«rr!;."r"Vl^TVT y*!"'-^ '"'P''"'^"'' hM been grown between the row. of goose- ^ a H°t ?"•!,''> 'i ^;'fr.'^.' '•'^' ^^'''^ •'»° "PPli^" to Indian ^rTTf .,^1^ t 1, 'r^ >t diould be had early in the season, before the dUe.se has spread much, hence the shade of shrubs or tree, which leaf out early is deaiS UMIDin. resuS'.^tirV"'''-'*''' /*. ?• *" ^ «■"*"" *'**">• '>■• on the whole given the best rnlciiim sulphide may prove as uwful as potassium sulphide, a. one vear*. t^t ToCwa^ta r ^iTn - --"^ ^-^ ^"-- ^^ ^-^^^^ " Ih t! i«n l7 " ''^* '"*'' ?."^ '''^' *'•'' " '^ '"'"tion of Bordeaux mixtX 1 lb to IflO ^Mlon. water, or with ammoniac.l copper carbonate. The spr.yi^g mS be thorough and porswtent and continued until the gooseberries are nearlrfuK^ The undsr s.do of the leaves should bo sprayed as thoroughly as the abo^ o hZ^ the d«e««, will not be checked. The early applications are very importaT I.KAr SroT-Ri sr (SephHn rifci.;.— The disease which cause, the snottin, „# f^U ;T ''•-'T•"^^^^ '•."-? P««"t"«'r is the same M thrwhTch aCcu^^ rants, and may he dealt with in the same way. M INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES. (By James Fletohbb, Dominion Sntomologiit.) The v-riou. kinds of injuriou. u-ect. wl";^*"^"f ' "^f^r Sit o7"t^« and cultivated «oosebemes although «^rea^ct«d to c^ or ^th^^^^^ under their best known popular name. AMERICAN Currant Borer ^Ptenoeeru, «ip«r«otat«*. Say) .-When red and white fcliage than other individuals of tibe 'r^'^^ JJ" ^^^^^^A i^ white, nresence of stem-boring larvie, either thow of the above "f"*- '^"™ "; - .u Srical. and without ^^f^^^l^^/^^^.r^.^-rJo" ^SVe" t^^^^^ imported Currant Borer which ^J^^f^^^^Vummt Borer i. a smaU. and short legs beneath the body. Th» If!«°* °J ™ t^w .lender feelers and two narrow, brownish-black beeUe. about J-inch ^^"f' !"*)'. ^^^^T^ J^^Uer dots r f r^^-d^ 'Ce""beSL'miy*rm "^.^^^foldln^ <" ^^r^'' inside the .anes and do not change to pup. ™«»JL^°"^^"f_^^^exoet^i^^ one, for insect, although occasionally serious to fruit growers, " ""'^ " "^^T"" " r:icies propagates much more freely in the «^- «* ^^'^'J.'^r^Su J cut out Remedy-men currant burfwa »« ^»?«J^°*^' "l^^^^^^^ Bom i. detected tX ^la^nri1n*^r= of t iS^^^^^ r "should be pruned down until the larva U found, so that it may be destroyed. / 1# -TU. T ■» _Whlo«'' ^'"'^ "^''^ full irrown, many of them bear bli«ter-liKe wevanom oi > . .^, tv. blisters are abundant, considerable injury is done to the bushea. 3^^Tpr,ri'sr.'^r.^"s.rt"u».:s ^ «... --- during the following summer. Zmedy.-K. in the cm. of the American Currant-borer, dose pruning » the best remedy. CURRANT MAUcm (Spoc^ra canafeneie. ^-l-;^^,''},^^^^^^^^^, in British Columbia and in aeveral Pl«°«^*« ^f^*^iT,*Y sma^ These have of recent y'-V! ^^^^^ J^^'l^^^^^Z^', c'auring tSm to f«ll „mggoU come to full B"^. !"•* " *" "^r !!h burrow into the ground to pupnte. currants. 81 done e,-..TS4° iSo^^ -?X C^ uTeeS/H^t..^^^^ ^^ " upon^STsTom??;'*''''' « soon as they leaf out. The Remedy. — It is necessary t/* worm than for the ordinary ''. other arsenical poison. ar« pi. When occurring only in small nt young wingkaa leaf-hoppers of the fint brood may be found about the beginning of Jnue, and ahoald be destroyed before they develop their wings and propagate. Remedy. — Spraying the bushes with kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution before the insects become winged, is the best remedy. Care must be taken to drive the liquid well up under the leaves. GuBRANT Worm or Impobted Cubrant Sawfly (Pteronus ribeeii. Scop.).— By far the best known of all the insects which injure currants and gooseberries, is the ' Cur- rant Worm.' The black spotted dark green false-caterpillars of this insect may un- fortunately be found in almost every plantation of currants or gooseberries, every year in almost all parts of Canada. The white eggs are laid in rows along the ribs of the leaf on the lower side, towards the end of May. From these the young larva hatch and soon make their presence known by the small holes they eat through the leaves. Unless promptly destroyed, they will soon sttip the bushes of their leaves, thus weaken- ing them considerably so as to prevent them ripening fruit the first year, and also re- ducing the quality of the crop of the following season. There are at least two broods in a season in Canada. The first appears just as the leaves are attaining full growth, and the second just as the fruit is ripening. The perfect insect is a four-winged fly which may be seen flying about the bushes early in spring. The male is blackish, with yellow legs and of about the same size as a house fly, but with a more slender body. The female is larger than the male and has the body as well as the legs yel'-w. Remedy.— Tor the first brood a weak mixture of Paris green, 1 ounce to (jallons of water, may be sprayed over the bushes, or a dry mixture 1 ounce of Paris green to 6 pounds of flour may be dustr-' over the foliage after a shower or when the leaves are damp with dew. For the secc^d brood Paris green must not be used, but white helle- bore; this is dusted on as a dry pow<1er, or a decoction of this powder, 1 ounce to S gallons of water, may be sprayed over the bushes. It is, of course, far better to treat the first brood thoroughly, so as to reduce the number of females which would lay eggs for the second brood. FoUB-MSED Leaf-bug (Paecilocapsus Unealds, Fab.). — An occasional injury of no very great importance, as a rule, to the leaves of currants and gooseberries, is by the Four-line-^^hile chickens are very small, they are useful in a garden in destroying a great number of mjunous .«,ects. The old hen, however, should be kept s^urely cooped up and not allowed to run at large. ««.iireiy Imported Cubeant Borer.— See Clkba.nt Boreb- Imported Clbba.nt Sawflv.— »e Clrbant Worm. in. rfnl*'J'h""r"°"* If^'-'HOLLKB (Archips Tosaceanu. Harr.).-Late in May and dur- ing June the leaves at the tips of young shoots of currants of all kinds may be seen gathered together by active pale green caterpillars about j inch long, with black l.eX Upon tearing the leaves apart, these wriggle quickly out of their f helters an/ fluto the ground When full grown, which is during June, the caterpillars change to brown t7Z^^ '°f ' ^" *"'*''• ?.^ ^'°'" ^''^ » ""'« '"*«' '^ '^"ths appear Thes^ a« flat and broad in shape, resembling a bell in outline when at rest. The front wings are light brown crossed by broad oblique bands of a darker tint. The hind win^ are of a pale ochre yellow. The moth expands about an inch across the wings. The cater- ^Ikw are very general feeders and may be found on a great number of trees and ficmeJy.-Sprayinjr bushes with Paris green and water to destroy the first brood of ttie Currant Worm, will control this caterpillar also, as it occura about the same time. .^J A^ f'^'-u «'"'.?."»"8 the larvK are easily noticed and should be pulled apart and the caterpillars killed whenever detected. Ot8T«-8hell Scale (Mytilaspis u/mi, L.).-Several kinds of scale insects attack currants and gooseberries. These plants seem to be particularly susceptible to the attacks of the well known Oyster-shell Scale of the apple, a--' the San Joso Scale. In neglected plantations these injurious insects increase rapidly, and a great deal of injury results to the treea. Remtdy.— The remedies for scale insects are direct treatment for the destruction ot the infesting insect, and preventive measures such as the invigoration of the tree by special culture and pruning, to enable it to throw off or outgrew injury. InfeJited plantation, should be cultivated and fertilized early in the season, and all unnecessary wood ahould be pruned out. As direct remedies, spraying the bushes at the time the young scale insects first appear in June with kerosene emulsion o- whale-oil soap or spraying in autumn before the hard weather of winter sets in with a simple white-wash made with one pound of lime in each gallon of water, give the best results. Two coats of the white-wash should be applied, the second one immediatelv after the first is dry In putting on two thin coats of tin wash instead of one thick one, far better results have been secured. For the San Jose Scale the lime ind sulphur wash i* necessary, and must be repeated every year. 'Red SproER' (Teiranychut species).— In dry years gnat injury is occasionally done m plantations of currants and gooseberries, as well as on raspberries, apples and many other kinds of fruits, by various species of spinning mites which are usually j^ken of m a genera! way. by horticulturists, under the name of ' Red Spiders.' Th^ are all very minute reddish, or greenish white, mite? that are found on the lower ■urfaMB of the leaves, % . ich they cover with a fine network of web in which they live and which renders it difflcult to get at them with o.dinnry liquid applicstionj. These minute creatures propagate very rapidly, and their injuries to trees by sucking out the juioe of the leaves is very soon Apparent by .he bleached appearance of the foliage, which soon dries up and falls »w»». 34 Bemedy. — ^It is probable that most of the kinds of ' Bed Spiders ' pass the wint«r M esga on the bushes. Plantations which have been infested one year, should be thoroughly sprayed early in sprin^^ with the litne and sulphur wash. Sulphur has a specially fatal effect upon all kinds of mites. If bushes are found to be infested in spring or summer time, they should be sprayed forcibly with kerosene emulsion, which might be followed in persistent attacks, which often occur, by dusting the bushes while wet with powdered sulphur by means of one of the so-called insect-guns or horticul- tural bellows. THE &&SPBE&BT. The raspberry is the most popular bush fruit in Canada. Beginning to ripen just aa the strawberry season is over, a supply of this fruit is kept up for three or four weeks during the hottest part of the summer, when, owing: to its refreshing character, it is very much appreciated when eaten raw \vitl< cream and sugar, and is used in this V7ay in large quantities. Not only is the raspberry popular in the raw condition, but it is very generally used for canning: aivl preserving. Raspberries, when made into ' raspberry vinegar,' make a very refreshing drink which is especially appreciated in the country. Owing to its harc^iness and to the fact that it will succeed fairly well with com- paratively little care, the raspberry is grown by almost everyone who grows fruit at all. The following information regarding the history of the raspberry was prepared by Mr. John Craig, when horticulturist of the Central E.vperimental Farm, and pub- lished in Bulletin 22. He obtained much of this information from the Michigan Experiment Station Bulletin 111 on 'The Cultivated Rasphorries ' of the Fnited States, by Prof. A. A. Crozier. to whom he gives credit. In writing of the wild red raspberry of Europe, the native wild red raspberry, and the native black enp, he gives the following particulars. — ' The first was known and apparently cultivated by the ancient Greeks, who traced its origin to 'Mount Ida, where it flourished wild, and from which it received its name, Ruhus hhiux. Paladins, a Roman agricultural writer of the fourth century, men- tions the raspberry a? one of the cultivated "niits of his tiine. From the gardens of southern Furojn- it found its w.iy into Fra..ee. the Ja>w ooiintrics, and England, and from these sources into the United States. To this species belong the red and white Antweri*. whii'h have remained standards of excellence fir upwnrrls of a century, the Hudson River .Antwerp, Franconi'i and other similar varieties. Those foreign sorts, though often nhundant hearers of large, finely flavo>ire(l fruit, as Mr. CroTier further po'nts out, have not proved adapted tn the climatic conditions of the United States, and thi,s is also true with regard to Canada, owinir to a lack of hardiness and a liability to be in.iured t>y our hot .summer suns. " These defects fin.nlly directed attention to our native raspberries. Th" black cap (Ruhuf occdenfnlis) seems to have been the first of these tn have boon bro\ight into eidtivation. and from the time of the earliest settle- ments wo hear of the wild bu.she.s hein'j oc<'nsionally removed to the gardens. " Prof. ■M:\i-oUM, of tlie (icolo'jic-il Survi.Nof CiiiuKbi, liiidlv rnriii..|>e< t!ie foljowitii: particulars regardinir the distribution of thi" species in Canndn : " liuhiin nrriilmtnJin has a very restricted range both to the north and west. It is sparinirly found in New Brunswick, quite coumion in Quebec, west of thit city and tbroiip'i Ontario to Lake Hurnn, though apparently nb. 'nt from Toronto westward t > Lake Erie. On the we-t coast this species is rfplitiM-d 1.1, I. in- very llkv it iuinii-.i Riihu.i ? i/r.i.vVrm.'.':, which is .-'.-.mmnii r,r, Tnn- couver Island, ami has 1h>i n collected ,\s far east as the Colnmhin River valley. 100 miles south of Revelstoke, which i. far .uperior to R. n X/^ ThU 7 -• ''T'"^*''"'" ^°"" " '^^'rid B.C., doM to the C.PR rtaHon iTlrn •? 7" ^7 ?" "''""dance at Sicaraous. fi«6w/e«cod«rm«i;ito natfvp«;„r "as found fruiting finely in July. 1889." no variety adaptJS 't^o ^nrrc^tir"" ''"'^ ^'°°'"'''«- ^'"^ "^ ^^^ ^^ ^"™«^ed habit of fruiting to a greater Tr'l^ext^itCn T "" """'^ "* '**'-' ^'•°'" ''« family garden thi« was^ide^lTbe JdeS. Ij"""^,.''""? *" ""*""'"• ^°' » cl«« ever found favour for maXt pur^o^ -f t v! n""*' f °"^\»°J«'-''"ie'» of thia pnsented by Golden Cap and other 1^^^^^^' ^f* /^"'''"'/onn of the bi:..k cap. re- Doolittle nlst came inl not^i IbouTS"^^^^ ^bout the .„,„e tin,e. The (Crozier). ' "''"' ""^ attained considerable prominence." for diinr^e' « OhV" tin^on^ Tt ?"' ^"'""'^^« "" "^^"'-'^ -J«-ted .ny:;j^hf:si:-idFSH~F-^-^^^^ Mr. Low found it inLabfadTr on the St * ''^ /oast Range in British Columbia. st&r iii!l w- r-? -*="-"r.- -it « Hf. ^ • r'",^ ■**" oy tbe above that it has a verv wide ranin. " don S\S2l "aS";^,* ■£ Iri^ " ?'' -"^J-. •'r -t^alf JSy to oultiva- we have but fe^ well authn^^^^^^^^^ it i, often obscui^; (doubtles. comSyf^o th. nXr •"°''" '^ 7^'^'^ "e """iirnod by botani.t« wu W Z-'^M?'^^.'^' "' "'*'''''' ^*' ''"^'' «"«''' » ""♦"ble example in "Shaffer" of growth Prof Runn/lo- fc- 1. u, ^ . , •*'""' ""' A"'""'" fls wel as habit ■OIL. Lrishonsand;r?irt*«,iKr,r«7r!Lr "^r""'^!*:''' Orange" do not M winter. For moat varieties of raspberries a cool, loamy soil, moist, but not sodden, will naually give the best results. ' The black raspberry, on the other Land, seems equally at home on sand or loam, and on well drained clayey soils; but on beavy compact soils which are cold, it does not thrive. Anyone who has attempted to grow black caps in cold and sodden soil will readily appreciate the truth of this statement. In ground of this kind the canes are subject to disease, are easily winter killed and prove generally unprofitable. SUITABLE PLANTS FOR SGT1IK0 OUT. 'It is well to remember that the raspberry plant is a perennial in regard to its r«Jots. The canes which are produced this%ear bear fruit the following summer, and die in the autumn of that year. Thus, although the roots are perennial the canes are biennial only, existing only for two years. ' In the case of suckering kinds the best plants are obtained from the vigorous shoots of the previous year's growth. These may be taken up and set out either in the fall or in the spring: or during a rainy season the young sprouts may be transplanted successfully after the middle of June and up to the middle of July. ' When fall planting is found convenient, it may be done usually with greatest success during the first half of Septembrr. Setting out at this time encourages im- mediate root growth, which assists in carrying the plant through the winter and favours a vigorous growth in spring. All plants should be cut back within six or eight inches of the ground at the time of transplanting. ' Black caps, known as " tip varieties," are multiplied by the tip bending down to the srround and striking root. This usually takes place after the fruiting season is over; in this latitude, from the middle of September to the middle of October. Pro- pagation is facilitated by covering the tips of the canes with sufficient soil to hold them down. ' Care should be exercised in planting these tips in order to prevent them from being set too deep, as if covered with more than two inches of soil they are apt to be smothered. In buying plants which have to be shipped some distance, it is usually best ftprefore to order one-year old plant? of the black cap instead of young "tips" which are more difficult to ship and transplant successfully. By taking this precaution a large percentage of failure will be avoided. ' The stool* or root clusters of both red and black raspberries may be taken up and divided in order to '->rm a new plantation, but this method is not to be rooommended, M old stools rarely makv' a vigorous growth, and much better results will be obtained kf starting with young pla.'ts. PREPARATION- or THE SOU-. ■ r<«l)o\ir -wilt in 'iPeiiriiid p thorough prepnrntion 'if tho soil, including deep ploughing and lilieral manuring, will always repay the small fniit planter. ' If the soil is light in chsraeter. it should be heavily dressed with barnyard manure in the spring, nfti ng br<)i>F>i^ into n good state of tilth by growing on it a hoed crop the previous »!a. -in. If of :• "Isyey nature, it should be adequately drained, and the texture may be improved by pl'> -idling under a green crop sneb as clover or peas. ' Sub-soiling is not always absoliiMy necessary, but is always attended with good rasults. and should be practiced when th<- under soil is hard and of a retentive char- acter. In other cases where the siirfaee soil i» shallow and the underlying soil hard, unless it is loosened by means of a sub-'oil plotigf; following the furrow of the ordinary turning plough, the roots will he unable to penetrat'^ deep eno^igh to obtain a sufficiency of moisture diirinar periods of liry westher, In all »«Hening operations on a scale large enough to admit of its use. the sub^wil plough should be brought into play. * The necessary amount of hand labour involved in w»»eding subsequent to planting, will be greatly lessened by allowing no wands to go to seed the previous year. »7 'In brief, select when ponible, deep, loamy, well drained soil; if thia is not avail- able bring the moat desirable piece of ground into good condition by draining, sub- aoihng and manuring. Easpberriea, Uke strawberries, ars not often, nor are theyeasily injured, by too heavy manuring, the error is generally on the other side. PLANTING, CULTIVATINO AND PRUNINO. ' In field culture. 8U' made up of two rows 166 feet in lenarth. One row was summer pruned — that is the yotmg growth was nipped back when it had reached a height of 18 to 20 inches. The old wood was also taken from the plants in this row the previous season as soon as the frtnt had been harreited. The other row was left untouched as far as pruning was concerned till this 89 ini, half the lenXTeJ^7ow hav LIS r the tlVT'^'' "^ ^'l"^ '"'""P^- ends sufficient soil to hold thrm ,?r^ n !, *^ *'/ P'"'""'^ ''''^'' ^•'^ P">«trate obtained from the parts ofthf'owsuXt^dlff^ ^'^'°* '^' ^'^'^'^^ of each vaHet. and^f the ^LZ\^, ^ ^:^^:^ZL^J:^::'^ ''''' iPniNKii, 100 Feet. i Prii- I Unprip. I tuctod. j tectwl. iz-s'i j=2' 1 el's |Si- i3.= i-J;g = :i!: H.-.l.n.r •'^priiij-HHld ftiiyiil Oliiirch. Ciinuini TliDiiij.wiii', Karly Prolifii Hcri'tine Parii.ll '..'.'... (rllMeil Outt'Il Kf iticr Hr;iuilywiii(. Xi.ipiira MarlUini ... Han.^ll '.'.".'..' Clarke CiithlK'it ..'. '.',[',, TuriitM- ; ^ i { 1 is| 8 13} 7 ( 8 K\ 5 3" 8 r', 8 H 7 N ; 7 li » 1 CaroliiiH ' n r. i it Not Pkcnei), lOi) Kkkt. Pro- ' ITnprii- tfct-d. tecteil. 3^ * =2 S it ; as S 1 I 2 ;= = 535 4^( 10 4 O 71 !. H 4 I 1; 4 1 :if 10 3 i 8 U !l 5|: 9 5? U in ir •jt; 141; 12', !•{ 1.) l.Mi s . :.'V iii fi ■Inlv 11 (Id 2 'In 21 til. 2 i\„ ■; ■lo 11 d.i do 7 do " do 7 do 2 do 11 do 1:1. i. lOJ ir -•i 23 11 4.;v 21 10: iti li 24 !'? H 5 1U lli.i 12) 2^ 171 2: n) -ifi 1 (I 21 1 ■ 1'4{ 18 lU 11. I. ;i 32J 20? 2H.\ 8' 02', IW' 32 .'4 ! .'01 .■«ll 311 1.'.^' ^i ml •M<. 4.s^i i ■J^ 1:77 litii 1S2 I 4*'2 l!->47 728 .■.40 .■>24 407 .82.") 711 •.\sl 0:12 3'.« 370 407 i,uy.i 'It Will be seen (1) that tho protected plants were least injured Lt winter in These results have been confirmed by subsequent experiments con.lncted nt the W.sconsm Experiment Station where red raspl,erries pinched back in summi^r d d not yield so well as those not thu.s treated. Pinching back in summer is nttended with some risk in certain sections, e.speci- aR,- ,f not done m_jr.„„l t„„„. ,.,. ,f,,-r pi,,.!,;,.^. I.nek. ti,o voun.^ -ovv.l,^n„K.,h,,A Et ttSprfnT' "'"'" ''"'"'■ '^' ''-' ^'^" ■■' ^" ^^"^ ^^^'^^ ^^ *^- ''-'-^ v.^RIET^Fs OF nED. pi:hi'i.k A\n yellow R\':p. Raspberries have been verv thorouphly test 1 at the Centrnl ExperimentBl Farm and most of the varieties of Amerienn oriprin which are nn« offered for sole have been tned. as well as many of the Eornpean sorts. Tn the fn]!n^-:r,^ tab',- vil! be found 'he «verBg« yields obtained from 4:] of these varieties durine the past three venrs It niav be noticed that Cuthbert is not included in the table. The reason for this is that the Cuthbert. like many other varieties, -s proved too tender nt the Experimental Farm 40 and in the prMent plantation it haa never got properly eatabliahed and hat borne prac- tically no fruit. The Marlboro cornea low in thia table, which ia due partly to the fact that it haa not got well eatabliahed. A fairer eatimate of ita relative productiveneaa will be found in the abort table following the table below. Hcebner ia another variety which baa not got well eatabliahed, hence the yield ia not publiahed, aa it would be mia- leading, the Heebner being a fairly productive variety. Loudon haa never proved productive at Ottawa aa it lacka vigour, and on the aandy loam aoil here produces very little fruit. Columbian and Shaffer are ao frequently injured by winter that the aver- age yield of these varietiea ia amalL RED AND YELLOW RASPBERRIES— YIELD OF VARIETIES. AVBRAQK OP FOUR TBAR8. • H ,"8 I 1 ! 21 S I h ?! 8 ! 9 I 10 11 12 13 i 14 j 15 ' 16 ' " 1 18 19 ! 90 ! 21 ! 22 23 24 25 i 28 I 27 28 29 I Xune. Firit ripe, 1!)04. ' ' Avenftr Fint ripe, Finit ripe,: date of 1!I06. ' 1»06. ; flnt ri|ie ! Fruit. July 30 2 31 3 32 3 S3 3 34 3 35 2 m 3 37 a :w 2 39 2 40 3 41 3 42 2 43 3 Herbert Shinn Brifrhton !8ir John IKenvon iMiiiiel jCount jDeocon Cardinal Henry Reliance Nelwm Turner Lome Hentine Bifntar'fi Seedling Caroline Cf»W Knevetta Clarke Columbian Sarah Phoenix Hiram Brandy wine Red Antwerp . . Hornet Marlboro Loudon Kladitoue Mary .... Shaffer Semper Fidelia ThompaonV Eariy Prolific Kin« ... Rancocaa Hansell Bauiiiforth . . . Golden Queen. Belle de Fontenay . July Magnum Bonuin. Yellow Antwerp Royal Church . . 12 8 5. 2. 2.. I 2. 5. 7. S. 5. July 16. 19. 6. «. 13. 13. 7. •i. 8. 12. 8. 7. 9. 7 7. 11 12. 7. 9. 11. 9. 11. 11. 12. 11 12. 8 9. 12. 17. or BMPBnuun. ditiona, and even though the beat variety i. planted, if the a.a«>n is unfavourable or U.e pUntation has not been cared for properly, the yield will be much lessened. As a ^profit. w,n be. the e^ labour and expense m»le being much more than repaid for by the increasMl crop and additional revenue. A crop of raspberriee. according to Bailey, range, from 60 to 100 bushels per acre. Card found that the a^erageS at red raapbeme. ertimated from the information received from 66 growers is about 69 bushjris per acre. At the Central Eiperimental Farm the average yield of the Herbert ri!''*^u u , **•* ^^° ^^ **" "'"' ""^ ^ *««» '" '««>^1' "« at the. rate of more than 805 bushels per acre, or about 6,686 lbs. From two rows, each 18 feet in length or one row 86 feet long, the average yield for the past three years was over 229 bushels per acre, or 7,367 lbs. The average yield of the Brighton from two rows each 18 f. ,» .n length waa over 176 buahels per acre, or 8.602 lbs. The highest individual yield was obtained from the Herbert in 1904. which produced 60 lbs, 12 o»., of fruit from two rows each 18 feet m length, or one row 36 feet long, which is at the ratr of 10.884 Ifaa per acre, or 319 bushels «« Iha.. estimating a bushel at 32 Ib». While these large yieldsi are from smBll ploU, thc.v show thi- possibilit.v of incrciw- ing the average yield throufhout the country very much. VARIBTns OF RASPBERRIE^I BKCOUMENUKII, Fur Ueneral Culture — Red.— Early— Briffhton, Count, Marlboro. Main Crop,— Cuthbort. Herbert. Yellow. — Golden Queen. Purple.— Columbian. Shsffer. Black Caps.— Hilbom. Older, Oregg, Smith Giant. Fnr TTome TT«»- - Red.— Herbert. Sarah. Clarice. Heebner. Yellow,— Golden Quean. Purple.— Columbian, Black Cap.— Hilhorn, Older. Gregg, Smith Giant, Hardiest Varietitt — lied. — Brighton, Count, Herbert, Sarah, Turner. (Loudon has proved one of the hardiest in the Northwest). Purple. — Shinn. Yellow.-^Golden Queen. Black Cap.— nilbom. Older; Cumberland, a new variety, is pronuaing. RED AND PURPLE RASPBERRIES. DESCBIFTIONS OP VAKIETIES. BaumforfA.— Originated as a seedling with John Baumforth, Pontrefract, Eng' land. A strong grower, but quite tender here. Fruit of medium sire, roundish, deep red; soft; juicy, briskly subacid; medium quality. Season late. Not desirable. Belle De Fon■ A strong ^..wer. but tender tru'npr^Irti".-, Totrawr F^u'f "'J''"'"'*".-- (.'ii'ir ail Uit»|ilifriy i/anMH -A chance teedling originating on the farm of J. S IUuikII i»» Beverly. NJ.. ,boi.t 18T8. Introduced by J. F l^.vott iiil882 k^^ hardy but not pr«...c,ive here. Fruit .mall .„ \2Z,n'^Zi.K r'atr^r;::!': JNot large enough nor productive enough. ^ #.ii'!!f,!r"~i!'''''";"^ .'*'"' ^- ^^- "'""""• I>-«'"in»ton. Ont. Orow„ from .eed IJ^ f^ «-Ph-rr, found in Afu.koka. A ..r..n^ ^..^er. hnr,!,. ,nH n„it"Sct^ Fruit large, mundmh t.. comU-hI. d«.p r,,!; „„.|rr.,el, fim.; juio;. .nhL-id S « larke. BeMn n«dium. Should make a good home '''^HZT^l^''^^i, originated near Pari.. France, and was introdu«d into Amerir^L?iM8:T.t, JU«. but a lirf.t cropper •* Ottawa owing to lUbe^ teT tender Fruit medium to large in «», roundiA. red; drupe, large. mK, jui<^, KsubacSr2^tlUvd; .( mrfi«» ,».litj. 8»»,. ..*. f' P™™» . ■ Prairie provinces. ^ . . . p.„^ Marlboro V.Y. A cross between High- Jfar/boro.-Originated by A J. C«J7<«f • "•J»^~; J^e Gi^y^ ,„d Hudson River. land Hardy «"«! -^her -«. t^^^ti' I^tTa.^;. -t--"^ P^J-^r Introduce.! in 1884. A "•^"'"'^ ""j^T ,* •„, i,,i^ht red; firm; moderntely K'.tid-iiTur,: "ir;SJ.A'S!;.»s'- B,r*.en „do.un. ....-., •";-;;:;>;Zw .. -ts°s.t^'. -^.^^sis-rz-ndiss: tender. Hm not proved productive "^Ott««- * ^^^^^^, ^^.^^ ,bove to dark red: drupes large; firm, luoaerawiy ju j. medium. Not a promising variety. j.„*.w --wluptive Fruit above medium .0 urtJirzr-:fr-Kr:f "S^f-^--^ - -^- -»"■ SalSni. and firmnesi are If two bet eharacterirtle^ medium grow^; not prSuSre here F™it ^L ^"'Li^""'!""'' ^»' ''^ l^^*- ^ "Kxteratdy fim; fairKcy bS; JwL ' I'^I^^T "*«' /°«'^di'*. deep red; to medium. Noi detiri[bi^ ^ ^' ''"''"^^ ''^^^ "^"'»- Season early Mwllnru R»|ilMTiy. .trong grower Ha. not proved producti;e. F^i^'of Sium .1^ rou^ndS'blS red; drupes large; moderately firm; juicy, briaklv aubariH Jva'^V ' i*^* .ery good quality. 8..«,n medium, 'l^ot v^ry p«mi;S «;,pT?or tX '^ *" Fruifr::s^ti;;^.ttt\-i£-,4-^^^^^ ^.rightly; quality .bove mSium. Seaa^n meSrum ' ' "^"^^'^ ^•"•'y: "id. . 'te^HL^?i'"^t~^ ch-ncej«e,ning found in the garden of Geo. Shafler S«,u- ?..le, Monroe Ctj.. N.T. Intrmluced by Cha^ A. Green. Rochwter NT in ibtb * T«j ateong grower, moderately hardy, but not quite harj^ I^S at Ottawl Vc;t S^r*™^.r^ .". t^iinjured by winter. Fn.it C rouS.2 or alS'iy In7 eal. dark purplW, red; moderately firm ; juicy, acid, aprightly; quality akovVm^him 46 Sesacn medium to late. Not attractive enough for general market. Propagated by tipf SuperlaHve. — An Engligh variety introduced into America by Ellwanger & Barry in 1892. Only moderately vigorous, tender. Fruit large, conical, deep red, attractive; rather soft; juicy, of good flavour and of good quality. May be useful tor hjme ua* where climate is mild. ThompBon'i Early Prolific. — A chance seedling introduced by the Cleveland Nur- sery Co., in 1888. A strong grower and fairly hardy, but not productive. Fruit of me<*' a size, round, slightly flattened ; red; moderately firm; juicy, subacid ; quality medium. Season early. Not desirable. rumer.— Originated about 1835 with Prof. J. B. Turner, Jacksonville, HL A very strong groT?er, very hardy and moderately productive. Fruit medium to below 7rf>^'M-ti :n su.c, conical, deep red; soft; juicy, subacid, good flavour; good quality. Uekn.c -'iiriN The Turner much resembles a wild raspberry, and is thought to be merely a chance wild seedling. Useful where ext-eme hardiness is desired, but too •mnll for general use. TELLOW RASPBERRIES. inaowPTioMs or varieties. Caroline. — A cross between Brindtle's Orange and Yellow Cap, by S. P. Carpenter, K«w Rochelie, N.Y. A arrang grower but not very productive at Ottawa on account of winter-killing, but quite produetive \'^here it succeeds welL Fruit medium in siae^ roundish, deep orange; soft; juicy, briskly subacid ; medium quality. Seaaon medium. It is one of the hardiest yellows but not hardy enough at Ottawa. Golden Queen.— \ chance stxtllinK foiintl by Ezrn 8trokp«, Berlin. N J„ growing among Culhbert about 18W. Rupp"» *«> '•'"der to be RASPBERRIES OBIGINATED BY DR. WM. SAUNDERS DIRECTOH DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS "^^^^^^ . DE8CUPTI0N8 OF VAUXTIU. Lome.— A itrong grower, moderately productive. Fruit abov« mwi;,,™ ♦« i lub.«M iSl fl "'^ '~*- T"''''* f "'«*'*'y «»•'«•' = '"'Jy finn i moderately iuW Jail's. • ''"°*^- ^<"'"'«'-- Might be de.ir.bleX™ Fr«if^!"^**«'!S''^-^.®'*?"'', ^^""^- -* ^^"'^ ««^«- ««d productive. ««U moderately firm; iuicy. subacid ; quality above medium. Seawn early. MaT h. uirful on BOGount of Tigoar and productiTenaia. ^ 48 I i \ Nelson. — A strong grower and moderately productiye. Fruit above medium to large, somewhat conical, deep red; firm; moderately juicy, subacid; above medium in quality. Season medium. May be useful on account of firmness. Not quite hardy enough at Ottawa. Percy. — A strong grower and very productive when not injured by winter, but of late years haa proved too tender at'Ottawa, and there has been very little fruit. Fruit large, round, deep purple or purplish red ; moderately firm, juicy, acid but of pleasant flavour and of good quality. Season medium. Harah RaspbtTry. Sorafc.— Originated by Dr. Wm. Saunders, in London, Ont., from a seedhng of Shafier A very strong grower, quite hardy, but is only moderately productive. Fruit medium to large size, roundish, purplish red; moderately firm; juicy, rich, sprightly subacid very good flavour and of very good quality. Season late. One of the most desirable for home use, and on account of its lateness should be grown by everyone as it lengthens the season considerably. Sfcinn.— Of doubtful parentage. A strong grower, very hardy, and very produrtive. Fruit below medium to medium size, ro-'ndish. dark purplish red; moderately firm; acid, juicy; quality medium. Season medium. Whore hardiness and great produc- tiveness are required regardless of appearance and quality this is one of the most desirable. , j ^i . Sir Jofcn.-Seedlin^ of Biggar's Seedling. A ve^r st-Om? grower and P^ductiv-e Fruit above medium to large, roundish, bright r^; drupes large; "tj«' ««"• J^"^ earily subacid, pleasant flavour, good quality. Season early. PromWng on account of eariinesi and hardinew, but too soft for gwieral use. BLACK CAP RASPBERRIES. DBSCUFTIONB OF VARIETIES. •mdL A few yarietiM hare Jo^ . uX Si»/ *^' V "/' "^pberries have been The following de^^pHons L*!:: fo/ti^o^t^^'^J S^/^ ^r^ *»"- "'^-• Experimental F«rm. '^ ^" "'°^ *'°™ '">»* grown at the «K^Sl*r:Xttl'^„?,ttSS^?;i^"ij^^ - »«««• A chance Bro.. Haa not prorS S^rfy « gSS, Sri'" *^'P""« "' ^^W ^y Conrath largo bl^dt fniit of good quality sZlon^ii" ^" "J^"* «?'''"' ""'' Producing Sherrington, WalkertoTctot ^* ^^ '"''• ^^""^ "^ favourably by A. E. ^?gtft^7^Ji?1I^?;^ P.. Suppo^Hl to be a "»T Booi On of the lindieM ud bM. ■ ^^ "^ «"' New KocheUe and ^icor". jSZoA *^1 ^^^'"^ ^^ """"^ »" if done too late the laterals will grow too late and be injured by winter. During the second season five or Zt^" 'fongeet canes should be left, and all the r«t b^d be^ov^ither dur- ing the summer or in the autumn. This practice is then loUowed every y^r the can« which have borne frur being removed as soon after fruiting a. it is convenient ZZ 'i^r^o b. I'S 'rV"' '"**^^ ^?"'*^ "^ '•"''«' ''-'^ ^nsiderabl h^ engS of W 1 ?!, '*'* '^*P««'4"'?, °n the variety, as some kinds set fruit further out oTthe kteraU than others Until the fruiting habit of t^ varieties is known the ate«ls should not be headed back until the flower buds show. The length of lateS to We after pruning will vary considerably but there should not be m^ than Two feet tf* If It has not been possible to pinch in summer, and no pinching is better than pinchirir too kte. the bush«i may be headed back to three or four feet in height in spri '" „nd the laterals headed in as already described. ♦I, /''•! conservation of moisture is very important in growing blackberries, and as the fruit does not npen until late m the summer, cultivation will be later the. ^or most fruits. It will be usually found best to continue cultivating until the be nes re almost ready to pick. A blackberry, when it is perfectly ripe, is one of the finest fnnte bn if picked before it IS npe it is quite unfit to use. Unfortunately, some variatiee ! vome black before they are fully ripe and are picked too soon, and fiequ^. !y bla. .cherries are picked before they are well coloured, the result being that they reach the raark.t in aa imnpe condition, and it is not to be wondered at that those who try them in this con- dition do not wish to use bladcberries again. It would be in the best inte-egts of their hii«n«ii if fruit growers would par mnrc attention to this matter, aird c . saip fruit which will be in good condition when it reaches the consumer. The pinching back in summer tends to keep the bushes lower th it ey otherwise would h and they are thus more protected in winter, but they may - ? !I more pro- tected by bending them over and covering the tips with soil to hold thrm in place. M although this ia veiy unpleuant woi^ and it acaroely pays to do it if blaeberries an grown for aale. A blackberry plantation is in full bearing the third season after planting, and will continue profitiible for a long time if well carer! for, but it is usually best to renew the plantation erery eight or ten years. mUW or BLAOKBUKIia. The blackbeny is a more uncertain cropper than the currant, gooseberry and raap berry, as it suffers more in winter and is afheted more by dry weather in aummer. No really good crops of blackberries have been produced at Ottawa, the best yield being in 1805. when the Agawam yielded at the rate of 2.482 boxes per acre. The next beat yield was in 1903, when the Agawam yielded at the rate of 1,9"? Vixea per acre. Bailey, in his ITorticulturist's Rule Book. givM the yieid at from 60 to bushels per acre, which at 88 Iba. to a bushel is from 1,600 to 8,900 lbs. 100 ▼ARamS or BLACXBBUBS UOOMIfDIDID. Agawam, Snyder, Eldorado, and for aoutheni aectiona, Kittatinny. DMCwPTRma or VABnnia Agawam,— A dianee aeedling fonnd growing wild by John Perkina, Ipswich, If aaa., between 1868 and 1870. A atrong to very etrong grower, hardy, and praduetire. Fruit medium to large, oblong to long, gloasy bladt; ftrm; jutey, sweet; of good quality. Seaaon medium early. This rsriety has prared the hardiest and most produetiTe at Ottawa. AnemU Brt'ton. — Supposed to have been Inon^t out from England nearly fifty years ago. Named by Robert HssseO, AMerly. Wis. A strong grower and imductiTe when hsrdy. Not ss hardy s« Agawam and Snyder. Fruit madimn to abore medium siae, oblong, black; firm; sweet; good quality. Season medium early. Bssambles Agawam somewhat, but not as good. Eldorado.— k dtanee sssdiing found near EUorado, Ohio, and introduced about 1888. A strong grower, hardy and moderately productive Fruit medium to large, roundish to oblong; black, attractfre; firm; eweet, juicy; good flarour; good quality. Seaaon medium early. One of the hardiest of the newer varietiea. IfifMftnny.— Found at New Hope, N J., and introduced by B. Wllllama about 1868. A motterstely strong grower and productive if not Injured by winter, but as it Is one of the tenderest kinds it is liable to suiler. Fruit large to Tery large, roundiah or oblong, glossy black. attractiTo; moderately firm; juicy, sweet, of good flsTour; quality good to rery good ; seaaon moderately late. One of the beat Tarietiro when it can be grown, but is only suited to the warmest parte of Canada. VsfsereaM.— Originated with J. W. Mersereau. Cayuga, NT. Said to be a aeedling of Snyder. ITss not been sufficiently tested here yet. Fruit above medium to large, roundiah to oMnng and of sn attractive gloasy black colour; juicy, sweet and aubactd. aprightly. A promising variety but not ss hardy r« Agawnm and Snyder. /ffiMftun.— Tntrndueed by A. F. Rathhun, Smith's MiHn. NT. A moderately etrnnp grower. Too tender hero. This is a Isrge fruited variety of KOod colour and quality, but has not fruited here. It is too tender for any but the warmest parte of Canada. /fnyd*r. — A seedling fonnd growing wild on or near the farm of Henry Rn.Tder, T.a Porte. Tnd.. abi>tit IWl. A vigorous grower and one of the hardiest varieties. Productive. Fruit medium in sise. roundixh. black, but sometimes with a reddish tinge if efpownl; firm; jnley. sweet; good quality. Seaaon metlium early. This vsri^«-. hut particularly When the pl.»t is ^£0^5,7?™ hT™. ^iT" *^""***,!° ^ "^ '''•**'"^ "P^i*" the .pring. and in a A«^ «meZ.^.« S aTT/IZ!."''''** ""^ " "I*" '« with .mall, round patched indiLtiiLS^ ,'**' i**°™" ~'«'*> •"«"« <>' !«• Orange Rust to thU^dSsi JTSi^n T^J^^'''''^ T"* '''''•* «'^* ""^ "-"• ln» to the ground fm^nrte and 2l rJSj ""^f" *'t '"'~' *« "^"^ '^'^ ^"H- fecting the^ From X^t. U s^a^fS A 1 *"k *"" "^*' °' *^« "'•"♦•• '•!"- winter spon. which u^noTT^H^f X ' ^'r*'''.^ ""' P'"'"'*' "«""»*' «"«» oontin«rt„ live in Z pTan^ S" .^i^f:!!;''^';'^ '" '""l^' ^ »'"' "y-^'-'"" disewe. All diswsed plantT slTouM iL ^ * ' J* .!' ^*7 •"*^"'* »" '^"trol this oJentlyeff«.t„.l. ^'"** '''*'"''' ** **"' »"* ""1 k"""^- 8p«.nng is not suffl- 88 parta between. Sometimes email pimplea are aeen from which the spoieB ooxe out. Theae pustules are, however, just under the bark as a rule. By cutting into the cane the diseased wood will be found to be much discoloured. The cane is also very brittle at the diseased parta. Fruiting cnnes may die in the spring or in the summer, but the disease is worse when the fruit is ripening. The spores are produced in summer and infection usually takes place at ti.at time. Spraying has not been found successful in combating this disease, which must be treated as Anthracnose. only healthy plants being used in planting, and the diseased canes kept cut out and burned. BiSPBKRRT Yellows.— This is another disease which has been given especial study at the New York Experiment Station. Raspberries attacked by this disease are stunted and the leaves have a yellowish and mottled appearance. The fruit does not all mature and that which does is dry and insipid. The younp growth is not usually cliecked, but the leaves are sometimes affected. Spraying has had no effect on this disease. The Marlboro raspberry appears to be more injured by Yellows than most other varieties. Lkaf Spot (Septoria ruhi). — ThL? disease sometimes affects the leaves of rasp- berries and blackberries. It appears in purplish spots on the leaves. These spots become eventually lighter coloured at the centre, and small black pimples are found there. These produce sporM which are spread by wind and rain. This disease can be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES. .(By James Flbtcher. Dominion Entomologitt.) Blaokberht Sorr-scALB (Leeanium fUchii, Sign.).— At rare intervals whole planta- tions of blackberries are found to be suddenly covered with a large dark brown soft seals. These may be so abundant as almost to cover the whole of the stems from top to bottom. The separate scales, when at their largest sire, in June, are nearly hemi^ pherical, somchat smaller at the base, where they are attached to the bark, and measure neariy h of an inch across. These insects, as a rule, occur in these vast numbers only in old plantations, where the bushes have been left undisturbed for several years. The effect upon the plants is naturally very weakening, and. althoujm this scale is as a rule very heavily infested by parasitic enemies belonging to the Chalcidid*. and by several species of lady-bird beetles, *•"-! ?.-e many instances where great injury has been done. Remedy.— Thh scale insect, like others of the same "family, passes the winter in a pari i illy prown condition on the stems of the blackberries. The pruning away of all unnecessary wood, and a thorough spraying with kerosene emulsion in spring before growth begins, will control this enemy in plantations which it is desired to preserve; but where possible a new plantation should be set out in good rich well worke.! land. Raspberry Cane-bobrr (Oherea himneulata, Oliv.).— During the month of June the young and vigorous shoots of rflspVierries may sometimes be noticed with their tips fading and »«ent down. This is genernlly nn indication that the stem has been girdled by the female beetle which i« the parent of the cane-borer. This beetle is alemier in shape with Hack wing covero and a yellow thorax which ustinlly bears three blnek spots above. After pairing, the female flies to a youncr shoot of the rnspbcrry or blackberry, and with her mandiblj* cuts two rings of puncturrs around it. These rings are separated from eneh other by abotit an inch or less. In between the rings she pierces the pane snd f->T---=- into it s \ons yellow psb. Immediately nfter this (rirdling. the tip of the shoot fndes and soon die-. A few days after beinir laid, the egg hatches and the young larva burrow, down the centre of the stem. con.snming the pith. It beeonw* full-grown about the end of August, hut remains in the cane throughout the wint«r. 69 tut they can be detecW with S*lt IZ^H ■ *^ ^f "" '^° '•'''' «« ^ «.napicuoS faded dioot 5. notioSn? l„,dTb^tn„S'£w t' ,''"'' "'■ '''"'•• ^ •°^'' "" the «ine may be cut off well below the^Sury eo iTt Z ^*' "J"'' "'• '''"* » "'"' ■rub. which may hare hatched before ^S^ h noS." "" "^^ "' '"'''* "^ IU.p?r^::Cr'^ni^^^S':^^^ ••'^^" '"^'"-^ *» ^^-^ ^^ t^e do«notp«Klucethetworing,of pu^cS^"^ ?^"""" ","«!°*' «*««P' *h«t the female iwemble. a houae fly in aha~ hvf T^ u * ,?^ " ^''"' ''^ " ™«" "ack fly, which W The youn^^a^f^'^'rwL'the" JeH^^rfS. *''' "^^ "/ T °' *^« ^^^ diction, of it, VrJ.^"l^IZl^-r^:^Lto7^^^^. ^'^ ^« ^- or tiSirer.«"ss:^%'^i:tot\i? - - »»«' be found, •ometimw inXwiiumb^™ «♦?„ ^» t*/^"* * "^ "" '""^ '""T. may ^dertroyin, the es.entil^"r "hi. "S £L :hlTw '"' '"'"? """^^ ''«™ Dermeatid*. not only eate thrflow^w b ,t i.« ■» ' ^ *? **'""*" *° ^ datructive •nd. although they do notZZlTr^^J^ iT^i" l^"*"" "^ «^^« "^ ''h'"'* the pulp, either at the baae oTHround thTS! ™'*' ""^ ^ '""'"' **»''"* bud, being .oU;«'S",S^"(?uLfe£^C.' *^K '."'"."u*^ ?"*•"• "^ ^^^^ . net or open pan of wat«r ^ coS^^on^thJ^JtiS'dSJi""? ""^ ^"'^'' '^"^ '"**' must be repeated morainir and ereniM tb JT^^^'^wu "f*"^ J»'8«» numbers, but thii bl^kberri*. are in flow^ S inT"^ S^^ISJ;!:**' T'""!'* '"'' '"'^ berr.^. fortunately. _ .on, attract ^i' ^ KTSn^rSl.t t2S RAsraniT Nhjbo Bdo (CoWm«f«i« p«/ie«ri«. ai«« ^ -n, odour and taate of thA amali ki.,« k »7^'«»'^ uorm.).— The nauuous, bussT •ccompanime^Uofad^licbu iinlli'* "'^'') '°'^*'f« "^'"'«' *'»««' ""ple-i^ who d°not eimine tit S^'i^,^i?.lr°'^r"^ **"" """^ '"^ --' P*opI« W. «sIdom found upa^S^i^!^!un ^"V"* 'J,"*" '^^ •"*»"*»»• ^he bug. ••ting fruit from tl» b«A iU. wel t„ „!^ • "T"^ '?/*"* '»•*'": b"*- ''hen fc«ri« « iXu^iSrtL ""•* "* '"'^''' "^ P"»*»'- They aho attack black- ••nea are beimr pruned thei* m., J.1T' '^f*'>— Wh«n raspberry and blackberry more in length^ Th^^,^ th^ "oLrv «l^'*r^/'*" T"^ ''^•"•'"" "' «" '""h^ of them co"t.fn. thTatSder laSa of ^ Rnn2?' "?'ir "S*^ ""^kberry. „„d each Jender grub with a fla/tTnH w7 b"„' hJ^C^ '.et«, J^iu o^ll""*""" ""• The egg. are laid In July, and the young llrr^ ,^t A^^r «l ul 1 *, "T' *^'"- borrow an irregular aniral channel «C «5 It • '' '"*" *''* •"'* ••">"« and inir it. im^wT^AA "linn" aZltn'tr^^^ injury and woaken- A^lu, is a rather .moTrmon en'mTof So , '""'"^"' '"""T""- The Red-necked more abundant o„ b!aeS« it i L"Vtl T "^ '^ '" T""'"'"- '"''• •"»'""<'»' «♦ '• rery Injuriou.. «>i«efcber„«. ,t „ „et a frpil^r onemy of the fruit grower, nor i. it « fa, betf, r«.^. ^, „ ,^ ^' ,; ^",j thr;s"dS?;li:"'^ "' '-'"- = •» **-^ lUsFBSBBT BooT-BOREB (Bembeeia marginata, Har.). — The note and stems of raspberries and blackberries, particularly in old plantations, are sometimes injured by a dirty-whitish caterpillar with a red bead, nearly an inch Ions, that bores in the root and base of the stem. It passes the winter as a caterpillar and then bores up five or six inches into one of the canes and changes to a dirysalis. The perfect female insect of this borer is a black clear-winged moth with a body striped with yellow, and both in appearanee and movements looks much like a wasp. She lays her eggs on the leaves of raspberries and blackberries in July and sometimes well on into August. The attacks of these caterpillars at the roots cause many raspberry canes to d' j which are thought to have been winter-killed. Remedy. — When this insect gets introduced into a plantation it is difficult to eradicate. The chief means of lessening attack is to start new plantations in good soil and keep these well worked and cultivated. When the larva are discovered in Uie roots, they may be dug out without much trouble, as the burrows are large. A piece of bent wire is useful for this purpose; but such a remedy is only advisable in the case of special bushes which it is desired to preserve. Raspberbt Sawfly (Monophadnoidea rvhi, Ilarr.). — ^During June, and about the time raspberries are in flower, the leaves may sometimes be noticed to be riddled with small holes. On examination, this will be found to be tie work of small green bristly false-caterpillars about i an inch in length. They are rather hard to see on account of their colour, but their work is easily recognized. There is only one brood of this insect in the year ; the flies are black with a dull reddish blotch in the middle of the abdomen above. They are about the siie of the house fly but narrower in shape and have four wings. The eggs are inserted into the tissues of the leaf from the lower side and a small brown patch appears on the leaf above each egg. The eggs hatch after about a w«ek. The larva are full-grown by July, when they fall to the ground and spin small cocoons beneath the surface of the soil. BeiH»dy.—A» in the case of all sawfly larvK, white hellebore either dusted over the plants, or steeped, one ounce in two gallocj of water, and sprayed over the foliage, is a sufficient remedy. A very weak solution of Paris green, one ounce in twelve gallons of water, is cheaper and more effective ; but this must not be used after the fruit ia formed. Bed Spidbi. — See under Inascts Injurious to Ourranta, Ac. Six-SPOTTBD Pabia (PaHa $e»-notata, Say). — Serious injury is sometimes done to raspberries by small shining brown beetles \ of an inch in length, varying much in colour and markings, but, in the commonest form found on raspberries, having honey- yellow wing-cases each bearing two large black blotches, the thorax reddish brown, and the legs yellow. With these are sometimes also found some specimens which ara en- tirely black. The injury is done early in the 'eason, just as the raspberry leaf-buds are bursting, and occasionally overy lud may be eaten from a plant or from a large patch in a plantation. Thet.e beetles ara rather sluggish in habit, but fly readily from place to place. The larval state is passed in the ground, where the insect feeds on the roots of the strawberry and also probably on those of the raspberry. Remedy.— The injury takes place during the month of May, when there is very little surface on the canes to hold a poisonous application. The only eflective method of preventing injury by the beetles is to use a stronjr arsenicsl wash by which the leaf- buds may be completely covered. For this purpose Paris green, one ounce in ten gallons of water, to which lime was added in the proportion of two or three pounds to each ten gallons, gnve the h««t rpsulta. This insect, like tho Rosn Chafer, aniears to be far leas tusceptible to strong poisons than most leaf-eating insects. Sometimes the beetles do not appear until the raapberries have made consiHerable growth, and in such cases many of them may be destroyed by heating into nets or opm pant containing water md coal oil. , Snowt Tuk-cucut (OSeaiMm mvauM R«»^ xm. •. . pruned, dl omes be«in» Um W ^T™;ti^ti;Zf?"^ »«pb«ri«. « beuig tains the eggi of the Si^rrT,^^' tSTS^ *^ "''^ "> *"»«*»'• ''^ch con- ««.t prefwnoe fS cS^ESS' 2S^^ "^^ •*"•*: ^W. iiuect ««n. to hare it uid reducing the cwp xff^n^ ^J-v^ ,! ?'^ °^,^ **^' *^"' *e*kening their U.e. u^pLnt U« ^oCt^^^ 5Sfon^?nil"^"r%""*K''H '" -^ i. from the .b«nd„oe of the wouTSule'^^ £^fS' SS'^S^S SS the ^^IITJ^^:^ ^"""^ '"^"^ "" " --»*'' •" -- -t-ini-. r^pS'nSf 2Tbh2LS"*'J^::? r "^"ther inlets the .tfck. of which upon Mme crop. The lanTof^^lZ-n lu f *>«?'»«? any land too lonj under the Farm. Ottawa. M«I«»ed to The Entomologiat. Central Experiment^ %. HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF THE WOBK OF DB. WX. SAUSSEBS, DIBECTOB OF THE SOUHIOV XZFEBIMEHTAI FABM8, IH IXPKOVDrO TEE CUBBJjrr. 0008EBEBBT AHD BA8PBEBKT. In this baUetin, 46 of the Ttrieties of buah fruito dMcribed were originated by Dr. Wm. Saunden, Diieetor of the Dominion Experimental Fanna. The foDowinff hiatorical aketch of the origin of these fruits is published, in order that this good work may be better known and in order to bring together as much information aa possibW regarding these fruits. This is part of a paper prepared by Dr. Saunders and read b^ fore the Botanical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Scienoa^ at Toronto, Ont, August, 1897. The paper is published in full in the Annual Beport of the Dominion Experimental Farms for 1897. THE GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT. The first 'crosses attempted in 1868 were with the gooseberry. Theae were made with the object of improving the size and quality of what are known as the Americaa gooseberries, by introducing strains of some of the best English sorts, and at the same time to obtain varieties free from the gooseberry mildew, Spkcerotheea mors-uvo, which has in the past affected nearly all the English gooseberries grown here, so badly both in foliage and fruit as to discourage their cultivation. Those which are known as American or native sorts are believed to have resulted from croases between the wild apeciea and European forms, and are noted for their hardiness, productiveness, and free- dom from mildew. Several hundred seedlings resulted from these efforts, some of which are still in cultivation. Two of them — one named Pearl (a cross between Downing and Aahton's Seedling, pr Broom Oirl) and Red Jacket (a cross between Houghton and Warrington) — are both popular sorts, on accouut of their sice, productiveness and freedom from mildew, and are now extensively grown both in Canada and the United States. Among the early experiments some trials were made with the wild sorts — the Hmall, smooth gooseberry, Ribet oxpaeanthoides, and the prickly gooseberry, Ribet CynotboH, No success attended the efforts with the former; but among the croaaea obtnined on the prickly gooseberry, R. Cynoshati, with Warrington were several in- teresting sorts, one of which was quite smooth, another sparingly hairy, and a third somewhat more hairy. This latter is still under cultivation at the Central Experi- mental Farm at Ottawa. In growth and habit the bushes fesemble the female parent, but the fruit is considerably larger and much improved in quality, and the berries when ripe are tinged with rrid. Efforts were also made during these early years to cross the black, red, and white currants with the gooseberry, but without success. Sifter five or six yeara the new sredlinga had increased to such an extent that their number was embarrassing, and iio more work was undertaken on this line until 1800, after the establishment of tbo Canadian Experimental Farms, when a larger field for such work waa opened. On my arrival from London, Ontario, at Ottawa, in 1887, all the surviving seedlings of all sorts of any promise — more than 800 in all — were taken to the Central Experiments! Farm, and since then, with the help of assistants, many new forms have been produced. Among others, hybrids have ■ hen obtained between the cultivated black currant, Ribet nigrum, and a cultivated variety of the gooseberry. RibM OroMutaria; also between the black currant and white currant, a variety of Ribet mbnim. Tn each instance the black currant was chosen aa the female. Three of the •The tsrm 'croM-br«d' Is vati when raferrlng to eroUM pro*iced between different Tsrletlei of the same spMles. and the word ' hybrid,' wImb rsftrrlac to forms produced br eroiilng pUatt whieh are rceocnlted m diitlnct speelM. l:^?"«n t^rck*ti;r„tanT^'^^^^^^ ««' twent^-i^t of tho« •tance 8ome well n..rked pointe ^iS«'L i" r»J' V"'',- '^'"' •" '« *»>« ^ hybrid., in many respects, are inteSate S TlT- ^ '""•'* ""^ *^« '^'>' "d *»» black cumnt are. without thoCThereas X>^"f £'"'*"V.'^^*' '"""'^" "' ^^e hybnd. have the breaches thomle.; 1 i^Thei^ah '^"^"^ '"* *^°™y: «"• tion JXrrLt%t;hti;rt:hraL'd^^^^^^^ '■"'^' -'*^ *•» ^--^ »' -tereec .omewhat irregular and ^in^ f^'ka^ a ""^o"' "IT"^'^' ^ ^^^'^ «""«. oil cells, so that when braised they exhale a strTJ - ^^J''"*^*' *^ " '"'^ '">"»'«' -^ •talks are very slightly hairy tow^'the bL •'I'arecteristic odour. The leaf ^ of the leaves are except in two instances where the hlLk .,1^ the hybnds hnvo no odour when l.ruised. -talks are more hairy^In Aole of thp w. ^ ^ ■ ""'' P««^P«W«- The leaf gooseberry. ^ "^"* "' *^^ ""'''' """""t. b^t less haiiy than tho«, of tbs wher^^^Irgolwr5'Sy^rualrvS™'•°" 'T '""'^^ "' "-" *« t-e^'«. « cluster. In SehSs tKre To "» ' '^"! '"'^ ,°«>««»»«Uy there .re three in •tructure of the pistU of the flow^, Z '" r*^" "^ u'^"" ^°"' *° •«'«»• I« the currant the pistil is single smtThtfr^uZnt" « «°*»»''\diffe'ence. In the black towards the tip. which isflat a^dTbluS In ?hl' Jl^^'"""^'* ^^''^^^ "<* «»'«•* the base, both branches being side" IndvP^^*^^"^ ** " l""*^' ""'^ '^'"''«J *» •lender divisions diverging "owarrtLt^n V,^ Tv"'. ''I"''' '"''^ ^^^'" ^^f^^' ^ half its length or more bur dS towa^ t£ tfn "'5':^' ']"" ?'•"*'' " "'^^^« ^^ -^"t •re also differences in the W o1 SoombJ Th; fl"„ " 'I'^V'""" '^•'•"^"*- The" wme days before those of tlL Ick Trrfrit. il-wu"* "^t^e gooseberry are open mediate in that respect. "*= *''*'^ ^'"^ "* **>« hybrids are inter- .lthotJhl%mt;tttTca'T:'SteS^ T^/T" '"' '^^«'»' ^-" P^^. ««l on any of the,,, untH last Zrl I '^ ^^^ ^"^'^ °"^'""'' "" ^™i» <^°"W be found •nother.* These were ^^.f^nX ru ?».^"''' T'"^ ^"""'^ "" ""^ ''"^h and one on large currant ^"7 a S r^Id f.h 'I r' Thr'"7'r' ""^ "''"'* '"^^ ^'^ °^ » •aved and sown, but none o le-nterm^naied ThTJ """ T"*"'""'' ^'"^ ''"'^^^''^ was found and this drep,«d l.efor« ft T/f li * '^'^o" ""'y "ne specimen of fruit the fruit to «,t more f^y cSte^ nf^r fl "" '"u"''t ^''^ '^^ ^'^^ "^ i"''"'^''"* pollen from adjacenVflTJo„ on^^h^/ ^'l^'^^r'', ^"f ^'^i' "'''''^'^''^ *'"*"'^'^ ^^'^ .nd the gooseb^^^y^ b... .^eTf tl^ ^peSen ^h^^lJ^ree'^/.S^ """' ''""^"* chare'ct-^fT rsr: St-^Jr^fiS t;" -F^ '^« *- '^^^^ white current chare^oristirin thde hvbrTi?, "^ ''-<>. fact that the gooseberry and Pl.,.,t8. T!,o ^..osoberrv saw-flv /vL„ ^ , "e recogn.zed by insects and parasitic foliage of the binok cu^n;^ cllm^;°: tV';^;t ^av;:H;;\tr '"IT '"''V' and white currant; it also feeds f ree v on *K k T i ^' y^^.'««^«« of the gooseberry •nemy of the gooseberry. ^ '^ '" '^'<=°«""2e it Rainwater ;^ g« o.u,. o„.„ 1 jralloii. ^°'P J lb. Dissolve soap in water by boiling; ,;,ke from fire. an,l while hot. turn in kerosene and churn briskly for B minutes. For use dilute with 9 part^ of water so that the ato^ 8 gallons of stock emulsion will make 30 gallons of spraving miVnre WHALE-OIL SOAP For brown „r 1,!«.|< „phi^ ; i lb. in 4 gaiio,.^ wnler. ror soaile-insects (young) 1 lb. in 5 " " For green aphis or thrip 1 lb. in 6 " " For San Joe« toale (in winter) 2 lbs. in 1 gallon " ■686^6 w TOBACCO AND SOAP WASH. Sokk in half a barrel of hot water for a few hour* 10 Ibf . of tobacco leaTea (homa- grown will do) ; strain o£F and add 3 Ibe. of Whale-oil soap. Stir until it is dissolved, and dilute to 40 gals. Apply early and two or three times at short intervals. LIME WASH. Unslaked liiiiu lto2 lbs. Water 1 gallon. Strain through sacking before spraying. LIME-SULPHtJR WASa FOR SAN JOs£ 8CALE AKD FU^'UOUS DISEASES. lime 12 lb*. Sulphur, pon'il.'ivil 12 lbs. . >7ater to make 40 gallons. Slake the lime with only enough water to do it thoroughly. Add the sulphur by dusting it over the lime while slaking; stir well and boil Tor at least an hour, adding only so rauch hot water as is necessary for easy stirring. When thoroughly cooked, strain tlirough sacking, and apply, ho.t. LIME-SULPHUR-SODA WASH. Lime 25 lbs. Sulphur, powdered 12J lbs. Cciintic soda t lbs. Water to make. •.........•..:.... 40 gallons. Put the lime in a barrel; add enouarh hot water to make it boil rapidly; whila slaking, stir in the sulphur, previously made into a thin paste with hot water; then add the caustic soda dissolved in hot water. Add more water as required to prevent boiling over, and stir briskly all the time. When all bubbling ceases, add hot water to make up to 40 gallons. Cook sulphur washes in iron pots or by steam in wooden vats or barrels; never use copper vesrifls rithor for cooking or for spraying sulphur washes from. FUNGICIDES: i BORDEAUX MIXTURE. KOR FL'NOl. Copper sulphate (blue>toiie) 4 lbs. _^ Uns'aked liuie 4 Ins. Water (1 barrel) 40 gallons. Dissolve thv* copper sulphate (by suspending it in a ooarse cotton bag in a wooden or earthen vessel containing 4 or 5 or more gallons of water. It will slake more i fluickly ,n hot w.ter). Sl.lw tb. lime .,. .nother T«MeL If th« liiM, when «!«kMl. ia umpy or granukr, « shouJd oe rtra.ned through cowae Mcking orTfii.e ",?^,» the copper 8jdpluite«)lu,ioii into a barrel, or it may b* diwivwl ia thi. in the fint place; hiUf fiU the bund w,th water; dilute the .laked lime to h,l£ . bJrw] oft.^ wd pour mto the diluted copper .ulphate wlution. then ,ti, t2«ihV^lt i. SS ready for um. (Never m« concentrated milk of lime and copptt aolution.) A atoek Mlution of copper sulphate and milk of lime may be prepared aiid kept .« .eparate covered b.r«ls throughout the ^n^i^ .ea«>n. The quantitie. oTcoSS •ulphate, liDie and water .onuined in each ^hould be c«refully noted SntnTL***- ,"*•""' mixture let . drop of ferrocyanide of pota«»ium aolution faU nto the mixture when ready If the mixture turn, reddish brov,n. add more milk of lime until no change takes place. ^^ green POISONED BORDEAUX MIXTURE. KOR tX'XGI AKD LEAF-EATINO INBECTS. To the 40 gallons of Bordeaux mixture prepared as above, add 4 ounces of Paris AMMOXIACAL COPPER CARBO.NATE. Copper carbonnie r Ammonia V .'." _\" '' " " [, ' ^""0»«-l) 43Sns. Dissolve the copper , urbonate in the ammonia. The ammonia and concentrated solution should be kept in glass or stone jars, tightly corked. It is ready for use as soon a^ diluted with the 40 gallons water. To be used ,rhon Bordeaux cannot be applied on account of staining the fruit. POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. (LiyvM OF Sllphir.) Potaasium auiphide 1 ox. ^''«'"*«' ■;.■■.■.■.■*. !*..'.* 2 gallons. Dissolve the potasBium auiphide in hot water.