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 1 2 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 ROME 
 
 UJ 
 
 i 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. M. CREIGHTON, M.A. 
 
 FELLOW AND TUTOR OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD 
 
 Jul 
 
 WITH MAPS 
 
 TORONTO : 
 THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED 
 
 1899. 
 
^ 
 
 L 
 
 
 nn. f "*""^ f^';^'"^'"^ ^ Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year 
 one thousand ei.^ht hundred and ninety-nine, by Thk Copp Clark Co 
 L.KITED. Toronto, in the Office of the Minister ^f Agriculturl * 
 
ar 
 
 First ^«ion ^875; Reprfnted ,876. 1877, 1878, ,879, .880. 1881. 188a, 
 X883, 1884, 1386, 1888, 1390, X892. 1894, 1895. 1896, X898. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Intpoduction, 
 
 CHAP. I.— now ROME BECAME A CITY,. 
 CHAP. II.— HOW ROME BECAME MISTRESS OF 
 
 ITALY, 
 
 CHAP, III.— ROME'S WARS WITH CARTHAGE,, 
 CHAP. IV,— HOW ROME CONQUERED THE EAST, 
 CHAP, v.— HOW THE ROMANS BEHAVED AS CON- 
 QUERORS, 
 -ATTEMPTS AT REFORM BYTHEGRACCH 
 -TIME OF MISGOVERNMENT AT ROME,. 
 -THK CIVIL WARS OF ROME, 
 -THE BEGINNINGS OF THE EMPIRE, 
 CHAP. X.— THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS, . 
 CHAP, XL— EMPERORS ELECTED BY THE SOLDIERS; 
 CHAP. XIL— CHANGES MADE BY DIOCLETIAN AND 
 
 CONSTANTINE, . 
 CHAP. XIIL— SETTLEMENTS OF THE BARBARIANS IN 
 
 THE EMPIRE, 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE DESCENT OF THE JULIAN 
 
 EMPERORS, 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, , \ 
 
 CHAP. VL- 
 
 CHAP. VIL- 
 
 CHAP. VIIL- 
 
 CHAP, IX.- 
 
 PAGK 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 35 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 h 57 
 60 
 66 
 
 83 
 
 96 
 
 103 
 
 109 
 
 J18 
 
 94 
 125 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 LIST OF MAPS 
 The Roman Empire. Frontispiece. 
 Italy at the Time of Rome's fcunding, 
 The Races of Italy, 
 The Peoples around Rome, 
 Rome and the Samnites, 
 
 6. Rome and South Italy, 
 
 7. The Roman Roads in Italy, 
 
 8. Rome and Carthage, . 
 
 9. Hannibal's March to Italy, . 
 
 10. Italy and the East, 
 
 11. The enemies of the Roman Empire, 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 21 
 27 
 
 31 
 34 
 36 
 42 
 48 
 107 
 

HISTORY PRIMERS 
 
 ROME. 
 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. How Roman History explains Modern 
 Europe — If we look at the nations of Modern 
 Europe we at once notice that they differ very much 
 from one another in language, laws, manners and 
 customs. Yet we see also, in spite of this difference, 
 that they have a great likeness to one another, which 
 parts all of them from the nations of the other quarters 
 of the world. Now the great thing which Roman 
 History tells us is, how these nations of Europe grew 
 up, and how they came to be so different from one 
 another, and yet how, though one nation differs from 
 another, the people of Europe seem to be all almost 
 the same, if we compare them with the people of Asia 
 or Africa. 
 
 The great reason which makes the people of Europe 
 have so much in common is, that they all owe a great 
 deal to the laws and customs and ideas of the Romans 
 who conquered and governed them ; and the reason 
 why they differ from one another is that some owe 
 more than others to the Romans; some have kept 
 more of the ideas of the Romans; others have kept 
 more of the ideas of the Germans, who broke up 
 the government of the Romans, and founded new 
 nations in Europe. So you see that the history of 
 Rome will explain to you how the nations of Europe 
 grew up as they are at present. 
 
 2. How Roman History teaches about old 
 times — But besides seeing how the nations of Europe 
 grew up under the influence of Rome, you will also 
 
ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [int. 
 
 see how the power of Rome was gained by conquering 
 all the nations of old times. You will see how the 
 people of Rome first of all overcame all the other 
 people of Italy, and then went on to overcome all 
 the nations that lived round the Mediterranean Sea. 
 Also, besides con(|uering these nations, they governed 
 them, and gave them their own laws, and made them 
 all like themselves in some degree or another. Now, 
 these nations who lived round the Mediterranean Sea 
 were the only peoples who lived in cities, and made 
 themselves laws, and wrote books, and were what we 
 m these times call civilised. 
 
 So you see Roman History teaches you something 
 about all the great nations, both of old times and of 
 our own days. Rome was a great link in the history 
 of the world, -for all the nations of old times were 
 coiKjuered by Rome, and so came under Rome's power, 
 while all the European nations of our own days were 
 formed out of the overthrow of Rome, and learned a 
 great deal from her. 
 
 3. Important points in Roman History.— 
 These, then, are the important points for you to notice 
 in Roman history : 
 
 (i). How did Rome become fit to be such a great 
 conqueror? 
 
 {2). How did she make her conquests ? 
 
 (3). How did she manage to keep her conquests ? 
 ^ (4). How did she govern the world when she was 
 Its mistress ? 
 
 (5)- Why did she fall ? 
 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HOW ROME BECAME A CITY. 
 
 I. Italy in early times.— Rome, as you know, is 
 the capital of Italy : and Italy is the middle one of 
 the three peninsulas which make the south of Europe, 
 and which are washed by the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
CHAP I.] HOW ROME BECAME A CITY, 
 
 7 
 
 Italy at present is bounded on the north by the 
 Alps. But in the year 753 before the birth of Christ, 
 when Rome was founded, the great plain between the 
 Alps and the Ai)ennincs, which we now call Lombardy, 
 belonged to the (lauls, and was called Gallia. Also, 
 on the west coast between the Apennines and the 
 river 'liber, lived the Etruscans, who were the greatest 
 people in the peninsula at that time. The land which 
 they lived in is still called Tuscany after them. 
 
 ITALY 
 
 at the time of 
 ROME'S FOUNDING 
 
 STANFORDi ClOC'; CSTAST 55 
 
 South of the Gauls and Etruscans came the Italians, 
 amongst whom the Latins were the principal race. 
 The Latins lived in the plain south of the Tiber, 
 and were an agiicultural people. They lived in 
 villages, and each village managed its own affairs, 
 but they all gathered together sometimes for comnion 
 objects, and this gathering together was called a 
 League. 
 
 2. Founding^ of Ron e. — It would seem that 
 
s 
 
 koMAN i/isrony. 
 
 (CHAI>. 
 
 of tl'at p;irt of Italy it ,oonV^ ""-' «''-''>' ""'^sr 
 for trade, a, wdl as tr kcS.^^r ^^ '"'Po't-nce 
 
 3- Roman stores abm.rp ""' ?*T™'- 
 -Now this is all we r.„ ?°?" founding. 
 founding of Rom" but Z S^ ''"r "'«"" '^^ 
 "I's story about it A wit i T-""' 'hemselves tell 
 
 brother of the kingdom an?. / f u"'''''-''" '''' «'der 
 but a daughter of hish^dtwfn '' ""'u'""' '° '''•■"th. 
 the god Mars. Amulius ord " Tl ^^'"^'^ ^^'^'^^ """^ 
 '"to the river Tiber .|mt 7k '«"" '° ''« '^rown 
 stream till they stuck nea t^ f™"^''. ''""■" 'he 
 was afterwards built ••h P'"''* "here Rome 
 
 wolf, and afterwardswe e L^nd'/rf k""' "^^ '^ *- 
 a shepherd. When S had "' ''"'"«''' "P by 
 made known to thei^ »randf»^h ''"u" "P "'«=>' *--■'« 
 to his throne after savYrfht"'', ^^T "'^>' "-stored 
 the youths, whose . 'aSwe?e%'n''' ^■""''■"''- ^hen 
 determined to build a aty onThf tk"'' ^"""'^' 
 quarrelled whose city it sh™,M \ * T''^'^''- They 
 killed in the quarrel So R^ ''T' "!'' ^^"""^ ""s 
 and called it Rome after hk "' """'" ">« <^'ty. . 
 Its first king, and made hi, •.°"'" "^'"«' »"d was 
 was taken up to heaven h I ^'/" '" *"■ He 
 wasworsHipprdb^ttemal'as^'S^ Mars, and 
 4 NuU.': tmETho'tr'-^^ed as thetV 
 
 gave them laws,^nd TauZ k ''^^''r'^"-' ""'"S' «"^ 
 came a warlike k ng, Tulf wr '^'j«'°"- Then 
 and took Alba not hv i. "°'''''"^' "''° conquered 
 fight between three bmth/^*^"'" '^''"'^' ^ut by a 
 
i.J 
 
 now HOME BECAME A C/TV, 
 
 into importance, and though she was the youngest 
 of the I^tin settlements, she early became the head 
 of the Leag»ie (or gathering together) of Latin villages. 
 So you see Rome was a conqueror from the verv 
 first. ' 
 
 4. The City of Rome— Rome was built on 
 the banks of the river Tiber, about fifteen miles from 
 Its mouth. It was at first only a few houses upon 
 a little hill near the river, which had a wall built 
 round it. But as the number of people who came 
 there grew greater, other hills close to were added to 
 the city, and the wall was carried round them also. 
 Not more than 1 50 years after Rome's founding there 
 were seven hills within the wall, which was nearly five 
 miles round. So Rome was sometimes called "the 
 city of the seven hills." 
 
 5. The People of Rome—The city grew in 
 numbers, because men came and lived within the wall 
 to be safe from their enemies. Some of the men were 
 merchants, and went up and down the I'iber in their 
 boats. But the greater part of them were farmers, 
 who tilled the land which lay round about the city. 
 So, by Rome you must always understand the city 
 and the land around it. As fast as the city grew 
 in number of citizens, the land it possessed grew also 
 larger and larger. You see, then, that these citizens 
 who lived together in Rome had to think how they 
 could best keep off their enemies, and save their lands 
 from being plundered. The citizens living together 
 for their common good form what is called a State 
 and the means taken to bring about that common 
 good is called tht government of the state. 
 
 6. How Rome was governed in early times. 
 —At first Rome's government was very simple. The 
 state consisted of a number of families, and each 
 family was ruled by its head. For state matters the 
 heads of the families, who were called patres or 
 fathers, met together in the Senate or meeting of 
 the old men. The king was the president over the 
 
to 
 
 Roman history. 
 
 TCHAP. 
 
 families, and so had nn ^ "° ''l'''^ '" '^e old 
 They ^ere looked 1^° ''pT„ 'L t g--""ent. 
 
 were called the AV^„.o™jr tL r/''T' ^"'^ 
 an aristocracy, o^ govfrZent j/"' .^.'""e became 
 
 common peop^ (*>fbJiT„!\^ -^ ""'*'''*' ''"<^ 'he 
 
 governme,^;ri:e'^ta1 ; :^tedT/th"" "'"^ '" "^^ 
 "««;. So Romp w,'o,- .^ ""^ ?=>"•<=« (">«/«- 
 
 mus/see ho.Th s^^^r we^ror" Tt ^f-'V/^^ 
 conquests for a long while she /I M P'"''' '^""'''' 
 
 After him ^^me S^rvh , T J?'"'""'!^ "^^ ">« "°bles. 
 helping the I^^ei a'n" brmid n"w d™-^'^'^' ^^ 
 people, according to theirwealfh "ST'^'^^"'" "f 'he 
 
 'hat every man shou d beir arms In " H^-' '''^^'l^ 
 possessions, and that men wl^h T ^'=''°''^'"g '<> his 
 drill a„d serve tntl,^! • "'^ ''""'^ ^™s should 
 
 portant in the sL^ man7t TngslbrtThe"'^ ™- 
 
 tr:ir:,rL'<^-^i«,^o^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 off. But there was^'ii^'f'''^'''"'"'' «"=■■« ""w better 
 and the grdkirieTvi ,.'''"''"' ^^^' ^^ *« "°bles, 
 m-la«-, lS TamuinI , T "'"''"'•'^•^ ''>' his son. 
 throne. The Po™ns h.U iiT^^'^"'' ''^ <^" 'he 
 
 his will. He tonlr S^ . "J^'^' ''^cording to 
 
 make himse" a T-l,? t^t f °^ '^t' '^"'"'^^ '« 
 his own will andnnT'n i' °"^ "''° S"^^™^ by 
 state, nrmade h?mL?f r""'"^ '° ""^ '''"^ °f 'he 
 
 father, 5 thTfate '7» J """''"'' '"'''^'''' °f 'he 
 ' ^ ■"^•^- "2 was a great warrior, and 
 
 -r'.- ^- ' " 
 
I'] 
 
 I/O IV ROME BECAME A CITY, 
 
 made Rome still more powerful in Latium. But at 
 last the Romans could endure him no mo-e, so they 
 rose agamst him and drove him out, with his whole 
 amily, and resolved that they wculd have no more 
 
 kmgs. 
 
 This driving out of the kings took place in the year 
 before Christ 509, after Rome had been governed by 
 kings 244 years : but we cannot be sure about these 
 kmgs, or about the times when they lived, as there 
 were no Roman writers till long after this time, and we 
 cannot be certam about stories written three or four 
 hundred years after the events they tell about 
 
 8. Rorne as a Republic—When the Romans 
 determined to have no kings, they seem first to have 
 given the position of king to one man, who held it for 
 a year only, and was called Dictator. Then, thinking 
 this power was still too much for one man, they made 
 two yearly officers, who were at first called Fr^Btors 
 (or leaders) :,n& afterwards Consuls (or deliberators) 
 1 hey still, however, kept the office of Dictator in 
 reserve, and when the state was in great danger a 
 Dictator was specially appointed, who for six months 
 might be sole magistrate and exercise the old kindv 
 power ove he state. The ordinary magistrates how- 
 ever, were e Consuls, who presided over the Senate 
 and also le^ the army to battle. Of course under 
 yearly magistrates the Senate had more power than it 
 had had under the kings : also, the assembly of the 
 people, who were called together in their centuries 
 according to their military array, became more im- 
 lawf "^' ^^^^^^ consent was necessary in making 
 
 9. Early difficulties of the Republic All 
 
 thif- took some time to settle, and Rome was not so 
 powerful at hi-st, as a Republic, as she had been under 
 
 Za k fu T.^^^ ''^' ^^^^^"^^^ by the other Latin cities, 
 and by the Etruscans, and suffered great distress. Her 
 lands were ravaged, and the Etruscans besieged and 
 seem even to ha. . taken Rome. When at length they 
 
12 
 
 iiOMAN HISTORY. 
 
 fcHAP. 
 
 been entirely des^roM'^n'^^^T;:';"^^^^ 
 also had to serve in the armv ;i, ^^ 'hemselves 
 pay. and they were calleH n„ ^' T'""""' "■«<:«ving any 
 the state was^in dTfficu ties '^ W. '^ '° ^\ '"^"^^ "^en 
 that the plebeians ran imo dehL^T' ""="■ '^°"der 
 from the patricians, who sef^ L u ""'^'l^'^ ™°"«^y 
 their distress as a mean, Tr , ^T ^"'''^d to use 
 power in the stafe The old f "^'^'"J"^ "^^'^ o*" 
 strict, and gave un the H.L "* P*^ ^<^t" "'as very 
 
 who mightfmpris^n him seirhT"r '".'^'^ ""i'^'^^' 
 houses, therefore, of the r;a?rirfnl r^'° ?'''^*^'>'- '^'he 
 to them, which we4 fuH nf nf t ? ^""^ PP'""' attached 
 lo. HowthepLhi- P'"'""''" debtors. 
 
 driving outof the'kLt'thenL'r'"./'"^ ^'^^ «>e 
 state of things could not h7.P'''''^'^"^thought that this 
 
 marched oul o^Rome '^^ ''^.0^^ '°T'- ^o they 
 position on a hill a f^^J."t °^^' ""^ took up a 
 
 declared that I^^ey wt M oundT '™"' "'^ -"y. ^nd 
 cty, and leave tL natric.W / T ^ ."'^«' P'^^beian 
 themselves. You mavl"^ •"' ',° ''^^ '" Rome by 
 'ike being left in "hTs 4v ^oTh "'' P'*"^'^"» ^'d not 
 a wise man, Meneniul A Jn, ^. '^"' to the plebeians 
 come back. He told thfm'^'^%'K, '^"''"^'^^ th^"' to 
 time the other members of^h. i?h ' ^ "°"<^« "P°" a 
 'he belly; they dedared that hev hVH°Tr'' ^S'^''"'' 
 do, while the bellv hv nntfi -^ >^ ^" *«= ^°'k to 
 body and enjoyed withomf^ 'i! ""^ ""'"^^'^ °f the 
 brought it. si thev an stm^t °".' "^^^fhi"g they 
 starve the belly il'lUectL"'"''';,'"'' V'^'^ '° 
 starved the bellv the whn^/h!^ .' ^"' ^''i'e they 
 and all the members foutd ,h»f th^'" '° "^^'^ ^""^^^ 
 weaker themselve7 s^? , u ""^y "^''e becoming 
 trying to Starve oui the Da"ri '''"'"""' "'" '^"^ 'h^tti^ 
 selves." The ulebeLn.^hT K^'/°" *'" wi" your- 
 in this, and they aSed to ."^tcv''" ™' -""^h '™* 
 they might havl olct '^, fheli^^wnT^ott tht.' 
 
 
I.] 
 
 HOIV HOME BECAME A CITY. 
 
 13 
 
 
 These officers were called Tribunes, and their duty 
 was to protect all plebeians from wrong. They could 
 deliver any man from the patrician magistrates ; their 
 houses were to be places of refuge for any one who 
 was pursued ; their doors were to stand open day and 
 night. Moreover, any one who laid hands upon them, 
 or tried to hurt them, was to be outlawed; their 
 persons were to be sacred as those of heralds. 
 
 Thus you see a plebeian state, with the tribunes 
 tor Its officers, had been founded by the side of the 
 patrician state with if: consuls. The quarrels of the 
 two classes had gc.ie so far that Rome was no longer 
 one state, but two. ^ 
 
 II. Struggles of the Patricians and Ple- 
 beians —You may imagine that this attempt to get 
 over difficulties by making two states instead of one. 
 within the walls of Rome, did not make Rome strong, 
 or likely to go on with her career as a conquero?. 
 But you will remember that we said the first question 
 to be answered about Rome was, How did she 
 Oecomefit to be such a great conqueror? 
 
 One great reason was, that the first 200 years of 
 the Roman Republic (500-300) were spent in a con- 
 tinued struggle between the patricians and plebeians, 
 i^oth parties to begin with, were very much attached 
 to Rome and to its institutions. Each party regarded 
 the other as fellow-citizens, though they wished to 
 oppose them on some particular point. The struggle 
 was carried on with great moderation. There was 
 very seldom blood shed, and never civil war. They 
 had enemies outside Rome whom they had to fight 
 and often they would lay aside their own quarrels 
 
 to battle^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^'''^'^' ^^^ ^"^ """^^ ^'^S^^^^' 
 
 12. What the Romans learned from their 
 
 struggles.—Now this was a good training for a 
 
 great people. ^ It taught them to be severe, yet just, 
 
 V^tTT.'"T'c}} ^^^" ^^^^ "^^^ ^ i'igh sense 
 01 nis duty to his fellow »y"=»- *-^f>- -v -- ^u • 
 
 «tjr .Kj tii5 icuuvv-m^-n, niat j.s, to me state; it 
 
14 
 
 ^OMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 something befoJhi„uol.'''^t^°[ }"'■ ^'-«>'' h^cl 
 the patncans, and knew thit ,h P''-*'-''''""^ respected 
 come them by working ha dVo, "I '-'°"''' ""'>' "vcr- 
 and showing that they wer™,,!'''/°'""'°" food, 
 asked for. The patric an! it ^ "'^ "'<^ Hghts tl„.; 
 privileges as lonLr afth?^ fA ""^ '''"• "I'ir own 
 . when they were^t. t™ f S' ,i;" ''^''T' '^ •<"- 
 no longer, they gave \s\i nn i -7 '■'°"''' hold out 
 °f 't- In this%?^;\ :?>C ' '"--J to make the be 
 
 d'ence self-control, and n, ''™'"" ''"'■■'^"^d "'^e- 
 earned not only to be wL,. .•P';?''-;^'-'""™. But they 
 hut also to be wise .Wh,^," "■*"■ °"'" ^'-■P-'n-ate liveT 
 ellow-citi.ens and m ™b c^^ oTr'""' "'"'^ *"«««>er, :^ 
 'political wisdom " as iri/!. n i"^ '•''""^ state. This 
 ^ terwards. For Ihoug „::' hif^'''"-'d *'-- g^eady 
 old institutions, they learneci th , "'>' '^''' "^y ""--ir 
 times be made, and they "ear ,;d h "'*''"' ""'»' ^°"'e- 
 slow^ and gradually, wftlouL k-'° ""■•""= "-em 
 could be helped the ord ,,Tv co """? "'°^« "»" 
 was because they had lei neH^ i, ""' °'^ ">'"SS- It 
 they had to give way ",d k. '/° 8"''" "'•'"y «-hen 
 >v«ely and slowly, t at d e p^ '° "?="«-> changes 
 govern the world whehevh ^,"^"' '''^'^'■"'le fit to 
 
 13- What the pitrl?;'' <^°"q"ered it. 
 strove about, -Now we n? ^"<* Plebeians 
 the things which the 1(1;^^'' T""^ "^ ^ ^w of 
 about. Their strife lasSr^^"'"' ""'' P'ebeians strove 
 
 b"tyoumaydivideafo^"C^eS""'^^^^^- 
 1. 494-450 Bc FiYf '-*^" periods, 
 
 the AL:1:;, tryin? ott"a"'''"'-"^^''"-''.-ch 
 if Agrarian' "'^ P^"™ ^''"' '' '''•''^<^ '" 
 
 fi;f greaf^Smpt^o mafe^fh"","? 9assius.-The 
 able was the AlralnT % P'^^eians less miser- 
 486. Spurius cSr,^rhrr^^ff"""^ Cassius?Bc 
 ^d been consul, and wh^n^ c^oSL^K^^-o^' 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
10 
 
 I/OPV HOME BECAME A CITY. 
 
 IS 
 
 service to the state by making peace with the Latins, 
 who were henceforth to be the equal aUies of Rome. 
 He saw the sad condition of the plebeians, and the 
 debts which they were obliged to run into, and 
 which brought them to ruin and misery. He pro- 
 posed, accordingly, that pieces of the public land 
 should be divided amongst the poor plebeians. The 
 public land was the land which had been won in 
 war, and which belonged to the state. Some of this 
 land had been divided to citizens when it was con- 
 quered, and some had been given to the temples, 
 to provide for the service of the gods whom the 
 Romans worshipped. What was left belonged to the 
 state ; but the state meant as yet the patricians. So 
 the patricians fed their cattle on this public land, 
 and used it as their own. What Spurius Cassius 
 proposed was, that some of this land should be 
 divided amongst the poor plebeians, and that the 
 patricians who fed their cattle on the remainder 
 should pay a rent to the state for doing so. It 
 seems that this law was passed, but was never carried 
 into effect, for the patricians put difficulties in the 
 way. They hated Spurius Cassius for his law, and 
 accused him of conspiring to make himself popular 
 that so he might become a king, and on this charge 
 they put him to death (b.c. 485). But this Agrarian 
 Lata was never forgotten, and you must remember 
 what it was, for we shall hear of it again. 
 
 15. How the Tribunes became powerful. 
 
 The misery after Cassius' death went on increasing, 
 and the tribunes of the plebs became more import- 
 ant in consequence. The plebeians looked upon the 
 tribunes as their own magistrates, and the tribunes 
 used to call the plebeians together to discuss questions 
 that arose. The plebeians came tT'X voted according 
 to their fribes, when the tribunes can ;d them together, 
 though at first they could only pass resolutions like 
 our public meetings, and had no means of putting 
 them into effect. The patricians did not like these 
 
i6 
 
 ^OMAN HiSTOfiY, 
 
 P^^etings, and tried to dW, u . 
 .^^••ans only held to thet "t^,t r^'"^' «"^ the pie- 
 I^fcame more important AnH ^^'^^'' «« that they 
 two states in Rome tu ^ "^"^ there were rZu 
 
 'he tribunes co d n^t'^' ^''^'''^"^ A it 
 1'"^ from being p misCw T^ °"*^ ""ho broke thJ 
 
 lo. 1 he Decemv' • '^^ 
 "lings could not lasT?,;;;; "r "'" '^e this state of 
 asked that the consuls anwfi, ^" fSi the plel^L! 
 "■'d that ten n,°"ZaJ^l"^T' ''"'*° should Sase 
 
 te?'r'^-«r '"' P'SfaUk ""'^^ *^"=.<^ S 
 were to find out the hw<= o !i • ^^^^^ "lamstrates 
 
 fe °'' ^-^-'ArUereThf "'^'V "P '"'he 
 together, so thatevervon„i,,i, P^op'e gathered 
 man should be un,',f=M ^^""'"^ ''"ow them and^^ 
 
 patricians had k^pT he'lTtr.'- '^'■" 'hriime the 
 been able to judge he nl»K • *emselves, and so had 
 ten years thc4 were bft ter'^' '"f "^^^ <^hose For 
 
 'C' -.^--£^ tlf-etclll^^C 
 F^^SebeS-S^^^^^^^^ 
 
 wished to have for h^c " '"^ °wn way Hp 
 
 beian called VirSiu I loT" "'^ '''""g^ter o^'a pk! 
 
 that Virginia, as'the gir "was Sil H '"^" '° ^ecfare 
 
 the daughter of Virginiu" hlff r '^f ""^ "«>' really 
 
 case, was brought bS Ap^f A ^'^^ of his. Th^ 
 
1] 
 
 UO^V NOME BECAME A CITY. 
 
 17 
 
 f 
 
 to say 'Farewell" to her; but he seized a butcher's 
 knife from the market place, and plunged it into his 
 daughters heart, saying, "It is the only way to keep 
 you free. I hen the people in horror rose against 
 Appius, and drove out the Decemviri, and elected 
 consuls and tribunes again. 
 
 Still the plebeians had now got the laws, and so 
 grevv more powerful, and after the Decemvirate (h c 
 450) they were not so wretched as they had been 
 before, 
 
 17= How the Censors were made.— From 
 450 to 300, when this struggle between the two 
 orders came quite to an end, the plebeians were 
 trymg to get some of themselves made judges and 
 rulers of the people, as the patricians were. In 
 450 the plebeians could not hold any offi(:e in the 
 state, but by 300 they could hold any to which they 
 were elected, and they had also secured some offices 
 for themselves v>hich niight not be held by patricians^ 
 1 he chief office which the plebeians wished to be 
 
 fo^X'^H '^ T? '^' consulship. The patricians 
 fought desperately to prevent this, and when they 
 could hold out no longer, they weakened the power of 
 the consuls by making new officers, who were to be 
 patricians only First, they made Censors, in 443, who 
 were to hold office for five years, and who were to take 
 a census or numbering of the people, and were to 
 issue lists on which the rank of all the citizens was to 
 depend. These censors could enquire into men's 
 conduct and degrade them from their rank if thev 
 pleased, and so had great power. You will remember 
 too, that the numbering of the people is called a 
 Census amongst us at present, and was always a 
 custom of the Roman state ; but with the Romans it 
 meant an arrangement of the people in their ranks 
 as well as merely counting them. It shows how the 
 Komans liked order iw everything they did 
 
 18. Power of the Assembly of theTribes.- 
 Aoouc this time Rome was busy with wars, as you 
 
i8 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 Im-'^^ presently, and the plebeians, by being eood 
 way in which this power showed itself was in fhp iJ. 
 
 obliged .^ giv/w^rloT4, bu TreXys'S 
 
 19. The Laws of Licinius and Sextius —^t 
 
 last ,„ 376 two of the tribunes, called cirus dS;!! 
 
 sulship for the plebeians. They brought forward iCL 
 
 ZL f heS r' ?■■' 'i'^ ^-' b'e ar::^jd : 
 
 h^?h r li, ^ i*""^^ '**' •"»"i something for the good 
 both of the r,ch and poor plebeians ; for many of°he 
 plebeians were now rich men, though they were still 
 looked down upon by the old housesrf thTpItr ciam 
 So all the plebeians, rich and poor alike were now 
 ""J^? '°r.*. '"gather. The la^s were theslf 
 debts! P°°' '^°"''' ^ ''^'P^d to P^y their 
 
 .1, ^''Ij P^' ";'^'^" *^ POOf were out of debt thev 
 should have pieces of the public land given them and 
 the rich should only be allowed to till or feeT^We 
 on a certain part of it ® 
 
 plebiial*'"' °"' "^ *' '°"'"'' """'' ^'"^ys be a 
 These great laws are called the Licinian laws from 
 tne name of their proposer. The patricians fouX 
 hard against them for ten years. But UcWus and 
 S^ctius were elected tribunes year after ye^. and 
 used thei.- power as tribunes to the utmost. Thev 
 
 tor hve years, by saying that as tribunes they would 
 Botlfof^ °"' who disobeyed these ma Jstm°e 1 
 BO It was of no use to elect them. The .patScians at 
 
»-3 HOW ROME BECAME A C/TY, 
 
 ':iy.:^zir' '"' ■" ^'^ "^^ '-^^ ^^^^.2 
 
 and ^^"bt Uns"' -!v"^^'" *'"'"«" Patricians 
 
 victory of the nl^~'„^" ^.^h'' f^i ^"^ ""''^ ">« 
 «n »„ /.L I"'-'?'-."'"^- 'hey had, however to fit'hf 
 on to get the patncians to keep the e laws of I icinius 
 after they were passed. The law abou the pS 
 
 hey forced ,hfn,^ ^^'^ ""-'"" ?"^ '=°"^"'- After this 
 other offices anritr' '° *"" ^'"^ '^em all the 
 beian A.? ' , ? , ""^ >''''"" 3°° patricians and ple- 
 beians had equal rights in Rome so far as justice ind 
 
 fhlT""' r*^"?'- ^'^^"y the plebeians haCt more 
 han the patr.cans, for they had the tribunes a7to 
 
 heT'otr' All' o P'^^T"^ "■'•^ "° "''«'"'^'e o°f 
 lX°aZ bo^..^^, bt fth" s:t,l tt^ t 
 
 uocn parties lived m the same c ty. and were alwnvc 
 meeting one another in the street^ Pnffvff ^ 
 verv splHr^m «,^k "\ "-"^ ^streets, ijut there were 
 very seldom mobs or riots or bloodshpH T« fU • 
 
 Sl\ndVeTb"^^'^ r"° ^'^^^ 'h" '- 
 cuiowea, and the plebeians obeyed the laws e^vf^r^ 
 
 Kete'tSt'e ^"""'r BothMdlsVuIh 
 
 ^orth^r^„rr:rro^^:4*xru,r^^^ 
 
 IXti^i^^^a^^^f-^-^^ensow^e^:^ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 HOW ROME BECAME MISTRESS OF ITALY 
 
 Kome could not become a very great nation. Still 
 
ao 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 she was making herself feared in Italy, and it was 
 ^rtly because the plebeians fought so well aga^st 
 Romc^s encnnes that the patricians gave way to them 
 
 1> THE RACES 
 of 
 
 ITALY 
 
 1 o understand Rome's wars you must know clearly 
 who were the people round her. You remember that 
 south of the Alps were the Gauls ; then along the wes 
 coast, north of Rome, were the Etruscans ; while on 
 the east coast, south of Rome, were a number of pros- 
 perous cities, which were colonies founded by settlers 
 rom Greece. There were great and rich Greek cities 
 too along the coast of Sicily. The rest of Italy was 
 covered by purely Italian tribes, of which the Latins 
 round Rome were one. But these Italian tribes were 
 very different m habits and temper from one another, 
 and there were some warlike tribes lying in the valleys 
 ^f the Apennmes, of whom the Latins were very much 
 
ti.j noiv HOME Became az/st/^ess oe italv. 21 
 
 2. Rome's early wars—Now, in 494, Spurius 
 Lassius the consul made an alliance between Rome 
 and the Latins, in which another tribe, the Herni- 
 cans, joined soon after. These three allies defended 
 themselves agamst their enemies. But Rome had 
 very little power at first, and up to the year 40.: was 
 engaged in fighting against two tribes, called the 
 ^.quians and Volscians, who lived close by The 
 map will show you how near these tribes were to 
 Rome, and how small Rome's territory was at first 
 We know very little about these wars, but two stories 
 are told about them which are worth knowing 
 
 THE PEOPLES 
 
 around 
 
 ROME 
 
 STANFUHui GCOct £ST»jr, 
 
 3. Story Of Caius Marcius Coriolanus.— The 
 
 story of Cams Marcius Coriolanus shows you how 
 the quarrels at home made Rome weak : and it shows 
 mliln.?' r"^ t\^/of"ans were taught to obey their 
 S „ "' ^^'^'"^ ^^s a patrician and a great 
 
 -wxdier. He was once with the Roman army" be- 
 
I* 
 
 KOMAN- nn^TORV. 
 
 £cilAf. 
 
 sicgmg the Volscian town, Corioli. The Volschni 
 came out to liKhe, but were driven hack, and Sus 
 Marcus pursued them into their town. But he w"s 
 
 « thr" "''" 'i*^ "'• "•'' » -- shut in al.!," 
 amongst the enemy. Ke was, however, so brave thit 
 he drove the Volscians with his own hand awa^ f m 
 
 W or £ *^^/':J^'V ••"»' 'he name of Corio. 
 
 Mrius"fortisTIuf '"'"'"'' ""^ «'^'^" '° <^»- 
 After this there was a great famine at Rome and 
 s'u'itTth''""-' '^'^^ 'he Senate wl",^.d ,o 
 ^d '■ T ,., th '""k P'"''"'""^- ""' Caius Marcius 
 ^,r- • , 'x?"" h'"''-' ''" ^°''" 'ill 'hey obey the 
 pa ncans." Now the plebeians heard this, answers 
 
 to tHnT^T' '"f, ""^ "■/J'^"'^^ "'^""'''ht Caius Marc is 
 to lal before tliem. Caius knew he would be found 
 
 to serve him. Ihen the king of Volscians gave him 
 a large army, and he marched against Rome Th^ 
 
 senrfirl't '"^ w""' '""^ '"''' '° "'l' ^"^ P«=«^e- They 
 of k- If ""^^^^ 'u "'"°'''' ™ho had been the friends 
 of Caius Marcius, but he refused to listen to thern 
 
 JodT buf r'- "' "^^ P"'^»'^ ''"'h 'he images of th^ 
 gods but Cams woul<i not hear them either. Then 
 
 of esrnr'ni"'-'''' '" «'■""' .'''■'*'^^^^' ""d had no hope 
 of escape, till some one said, " Perhaps he will listen 
 
 Ws wifr»', r wt *"■' ^•'f'^-" 'J'*"^" his mother anS 
 his wife and children, with many of the chief ladies 
 
 And when Cams saw his mother he ran to meet 
 her but she said, " Do not kiss me till I kTow 
 whether you are an enemy or a son." Then h s 
 
 C^d Mm T'" '"^ t'"""''' f^" °" *eir knees and 
 "Mortr Tv •''""'t ^°""': ^"d he wept and said, 
 bu^k is ;„ Z •\''"PP> "''""y f"^ yo'^ ^"d Rome 
 armi h ^t •■'"'J^^hame t-, m ur ?t:,." So he led his 
 army back and Rome w;,. ,,ved. And soon after 
 this he died amongst the Volscians. 
 
II. j l/Oiy ROME BECAME MISTRESS OF ITALY. 23 
 
 4. Story of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. 
 
 --Another story, which the Romans tell of a war against 
 the y*.quians, shows how simple their customs were 
 and how all the citizens served the state. The consul 
 Minucius was warring against the ^:quians, but they 
 had shut him up m a steep narrow valley, and guarded 
 the mouth of it so that he could not get out. News 
 was brought to Rone, and the Senate said, " There is 
 only ory man who can help us: let us make Lucius 
 Quinctius dictator." So they sent messengers to 
 l^ucius Quinctius, whose surname was Ciminnatus, or 
 iht curly-haired. He was at his farm on which he 
 lived, and was ploughing without his cloak, when 
 the messengers of the Senate found him. So he 
 called to his wife to bring him his cloak, that he 
 might show respect to the messengers They then 
 hailed him as dictator, and brought him to Rome. 
 And he ordered all who could bear arms to get 
 ready to march, and to take with them provisions 
 and twelve long stakes of wood. So he marched 
 out with his army, and came upon the ^quians, by 
 night. His soldiers raised a shout, which cheered 
 the consul and his men, who knew that help had 
 come and so fell upon the ^:quians. But Lucius 
 bade his men dig a ditch round the ^:quians, and 
 make a hedge round them with their wooden stakes. 
 This they did all night, and when it was morning 
 the ^.quians found themselves shut in in their turn 
 1 hen they surrendered to the dictator ; and so he 
 delivered tlie consul and his army, and came back 
 to Ivome m triumph. But he laid down his office of 
 
 ^^A?^°^ ^^ °"^^' ^"^ ^^^"^ ^^^^ ^^ his farm. 
 Men like Lucius Quinctius, who left the plough 
 and became generals when the state wanted them, 
 and then went back contented to the plough again 
 were the men who won Rome's battles for her and 
 made her great. 
 
 w,Vh ^^^^ ^'^^^ ^^^ Etruscans.-These wars 
 with the ^quians and Volscians were troublesome to 
 
24 
 
 liOMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 Rome but were not really great wars. Rome also 
 ^xd to watch ner old enemies the Etruscans, for 
 Kome, you remember, had been founded that she 
 
 Tht pZ *' '''"''="" '-'"■••'^ fr™' 'he Latins' 
 Ihcse htruscans were a great people, who lived in 
 
 bSfrl-:-"" In^" '^"''^'"«"' --^ made ma^; 
 horf shil f-- ^''7 "'-"■■''' «■•«"' traders also, and 
 had ships, and m early times they and the Tartha 
 
 gma,^ had been masters of the Medi.err,!;:;.; ta. 
 
 tr de in th ■" -^"^''y '^"d I'-ly, who wanted to 
 
 tr.,de n these seas as well, had fought both asrainst 
 che ttruscans and Carthaginians: and in aCa 
 battle in 474 the Etruscans had been terribly bc^itt" 
 a sea by the Greeks. But the Etruscans were a so 
 attacked on land by the Gauls in the north, and so 
 
 art'hrTh n? '? TT '^■'^- '^''^" the Romans 
 saw his, they attacked them on the south, and in 
 
 t1°e c^tv^of v'-"'°r "^ '^^ "'^"^'^ ^'™scan city 
 h ,f ,1^1 ! ""■ ^°' '™ y"^'^ the siege lasted 
 but at last a great general of the Romans, named 
 Marcus Furius Camillus, took it. Then he went on 
 and took many other Etruscan towns, till Rome" 
 territory reached to the Ciminian hills. Bu Cammus 
 
 raLrH\h°"°''""'= '"'"•r" "'^«" hewas besteging 
 h^vs wh-. u '""'"' ^""-'"S with him all his 
 
 he Inrl 7u 7' '"= ^'°"^'"- '° Camiilus, that when 
 
 he had them in his power, he might force their fathers 
 to surrender to him. But Camillus was very angry 
 back and ; ,--'-°'";-'-^ hands tied behind 'hfs 
 back, and ordered a'l the boys to flog him back 
 
 T" '"'? "r.'°"'" '""^ '«" hi^ baseness. Then 
 
 thatLT ^/'''^' '^?">^^' ^° highly of Camillus 
 
 that they surrendered to h.m of their own accord. 
 
 6 rhe Romans defeated by the Gauls.-But 
 
 the Romans soon suiTered a great defeat, the greatest 
 they ever met with. For the Gauls had also been 
 conquering the Etruscans from the north, while the 
 
II.J f/OlF ROME BECAME MISTRESS OF ITALY. ^^ 
 
 Romans were attacking them from the south. But 
 
 h^n Zr ' i"'"^ '^^'lP '^' Etruscans against them ; 
 then the Gauls marched against the Romans, defeated 
 
 Ro'me'hsdf! """" ^"" ^^°^^' ^"^ ^^^'^"-^ ^^^^^ 
 7. Rome taken by the Gauls.-The Romans 
 had lost so many men in the battle that they had no 
 hope of defending the city. So the people all fled 
 except a few of the bravest soldiers, 4ho shut them- 
 selve:; up in the G./ZH which was the /or/ress or 
 castle of Rome, determined that it should not be 
 taken. Ihere stayed also some of the oldest patri- 
 cians, who would not leave in their old age the rity 
 hey loved so well. They all dressed Ihemsefves 
 in their best robes, and sat on their seats in the 
 senate-house When the Gauls rushed in, and found 
 no one in the city except these old men, who sat 
 n silence, they were astonished. At last one of 
 the Gauls began to stroke the long white beard of 
 Marcus Papirius, who was one of the priests He 
 in anger struck the Gaul with his ivory sceptre which 
 he held in his hand. Then the Gauls rushed upon 
 ^em and killed them all, and 5.f fire to the Iw 
 Next the Gauls tried to take the Capitol, but the; 
 could not find any way up to it, because, the rock 
 was steep At last they fomid a path, and one night 
 a band of Gauls climbed up so secretly that no one 
 of the Romans heard them. But there were in the 
 Gapitol some geese, which were sacred to the goddess 
 Juno; and as the Gauls reached the top, these geese 
 began to cackle, and awoke a brave Roman, mLus 
 Manhus, who was just in time to find the foremost 
 Gaul clambering over the edge of the rock. He pushed 
 him back with his shield, and the (iaul fell -as he 
 )'!.' ^"^^^^^^,^1^^ many of those who were 
 following him, and the Romans had time to awake 
 and drive the rest back. So the Capitol was savcdl 
 and after a while the Gauls went ba^k to their own 
 eountry, carrying their plunder with them. 
 
26 
 
 kOMAir HISTORY. 
 
 tcHAP. 
 
 1 1 
 
 were burnt by the Gluwlf,.^"' "l^^" *e temples 
 must have C' bum ' w th ther''.' h"" '''™"'^'^' 
 
 .K 9- ^^'■^"sManHusandthe Plebeians ti,. 
 
 and^tTrrthT:afti:n*^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 live in Veil- R,!^ T^ ofleavmg Rome and going to 
 
 and buiM Lr dty aSn t'J,?"'''^'' '^'"^ ''^ '^^ 
 
 at this paid the debt for hi^ a^ttd'h,^ ^X' 
 
 to make himself a Icing, an^ pThfm to dea* fg "f 
 ho the plebeians learned thev must lont t^ i„*^ r 
 protect them, and not to men '''*' '° 
 
 invSo^ o?^h! r **',•' *=°"'"8: of the Gauls.-This 
 
 much as their old enemTefth. 1 • "^' """u "°' '° 
 «^s time forward trou^bfedZtmlnTrLTe'" ''Z 
 
 from their country aLg the V^l. ^ "^""^ '""="' 
 
 plundered whereverThe5Jent b/t^/p'' ^'"' ''"'^ 
 again went n„t ,^ b iU fv °"t the Romans never 
 agam went out to fight them rashly. They drovsi ' 
 
li.] HOIV ROME SEC A ME MISTRESS OF JTALY, 27 
 
 them little by little, till the Gauls were afraid to 
 come back agam. After the year 350 we hear no 
 more of their mvasions, but Rome had grown in 
 power by her wars with them, and was looked up 
 to by all the tribes round about as their protector 
 
 II. Beginning of the Samnite Wars— The 
 Gauls had crushed others besides the ^quians, especi- 
 ally the Greek cities south of Rome, in the district 
 called Campania, l^hese cities were so weak, and also 
 so wealthy, that, when the Gauls were gone, they were 
 attacked by a hardy Italian tribe, called the Samnites, 
 who lived among the Apennine mountains, which ran 
 down the centre of Italy. The Samnites so distressed 
 one of these cities, Capua, that she called on the 
 Romans to help her, in the year 343. This was the 
 begmning of the Samnite wars, which lasted for more 
 than 50 years, that is, to the year 290. 
 
 HOME 
 
 and the 
 
 SAMNITEIS 
 
 STANfORtfS GCOet- CSTABT, 
 
 Ihis time of the Samnite wars was a most important 
 
2^ 
 
 liOMAk HtSTORY, 
 
 nX or ^r' ''-kTt^ ^■'''^''«='' ^"'-^ ^^^ 'o govern 
 
 twe tr r fi'Ti' ^' "'™"" -"urn: 
 
 aZ^d oTh-alSftt^^r- ^°' ^^^ -■- ^' "'- 
 
 r»!,t '^''* ^^"" War.-f he Latins, now that the 
 Gau^s were gone, did not wish to be uWm to he 
 
 and asTedToT" i" ^^°,"^^.^ '^^' '" ^CZ-^^Z 
 wniinl ►►..,> '^ ""','''' ''^"''' ^''h them. They were 
 
 aTl ne'e butlt^S '^°"'^ ^'"l"^ "'^ ^^P''^" ^f 'he 
 dmance, but its Senate must be doubled anH th^r^ 
 
 vTar ^-^Zt'"" "^ "<^" ^^ '"o Roman Contuls ve^ 
 year. The Romans would not agree to this sn th^ »r.,f 
 
 P^tr TeT' "'^''^'^ "^l'° seftleTh&he eTwo 
 
 hTr oe te^etts'a'^a :i^toTwttr^ 
 long t,me doubtful. But the' Roman SurPubl us 
 Deems Mus, had heard that that side shou"d conque? 
 whose general gave himself up to death So h. 
 
 rene?yrwtlli:!^ •'^h:'nt' ^"''. ^^^^^^^^ 
 in favour of the Romans. " "''"^ ""'" ^'°"'y 
 
 stern' fil'^p ^"""^ °^ Manlius.-You mayjudge how 
 
 conTu*Tit^s Ma"nli::" ^^e ha."^ '°"^ "J "''^ °"^- 
 
 one should f^^ti.,x^^j:^::^Tt:,^ 
 
 One day, however, his own son, being chanenged bJ 
 
 sa.d that the doom of Manlius was just ' ^ ^ 
 
 Lat'it th!"^ ^"""^ governed the Latins.-The 
 Latms, then, were conquered, and Rome took all thei? 
 
".J now JiOUE BECAME MISnESS OF ,TAL Y. , 
 
 for her than °he/ had rntr'"'^' '"^ '° ^'"^'^ "^"« 
 see Rome could not look Zn?h T' •''"°"'^^- '^O" 
 for they had long been her flfe'''^""^ ^' ^"'^"g'^f^. 
 had fought sidf by side u ed th^T"' ''"'^ ^"""^ 
 been almost brothers Snwh',.''""^ ''™^- ^nd 
 ^he did not tr^at the Latinf hardW°T TT'''^' 
 care that they should not r e aS'h. "' "^^ '°°'' 
 she would not allow the La, ^ S to trI/^"-?K ^^ 
 another, but made thpm ill,?,?- 1 ST"'^^ "''* one 
 Rome becamTtheir crniti A? "'".^ *°'"^' ^° 'hat 
 
 hopes of being tnadedSs of Rn° r ^^ "'^"' «" 
 faithful. So the T°,ti,^! 1 ^T^ ''^ '^ey remained 
 
 been conquered! ^nd^we^f o" ou/°Tk '•'^' ""^^ ^^^ 
 Rome. Rome learnlri Tn £• of being ruled by 
 
 herself the Zple she Inn, '■'''.1*''^ ^'^ '° '''"d to 
 tried to rebel Yon ^^.^'"■''\'° 'hat they seldom 
 
 always did the sam°e trngs^a'^^'n'^''' °" *« 
 the towns she had won f^^ '"^ •' ^^e separated 
 
 'hem all hope^h:'sh7:ou W .e^rd thlm\r "^-^^ 
 only true to her. reward them \i they were 
 
 15- Second Saninite War Tf , 
 Rome that she had made the LaH^T T^ Y^" ^^^ 
 
 Samnites had a verv blv^ '*^*^, '" ^"''J'- The 
 Pontius, who once verv n?n ^ ^T^'"'^' <^^"^'' Caius 
 armlT-'He mTd? hTarmy'^preTend't ""^ ''°^" 
 tnU.: ; ^trshutt""^^ him ^thel ™te"st^T' 
 
 ^UrouVX:t"nTcoulVnri;tut'''%t">r 
 to surrender to Pontius anH hf j "ey had 
 
 them, and let them go 'free But tt" ^"^^ ^""^ 
 -d they sent « aTtrisS' t^o^ P^ t.^^Te 
 
30 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 consuls who had made the peace. Pontius said 
 
 and"?h^ K^'' ^^}''^ '" ^^^ ^^"^y' '^ he had chosen^ 
 and then he ecu d have forced them to make peace 
 
 TrZ 1 if ^ ''°"''? "°u ^^''^ P"''^"^' ^^^ them put their 
 army back again m the pass of Caudium. But the 
 
 whTr", '■f "^^^' «^y»"g they had sent him the consuls 
 who had done the vyrong, and that was all they were 
 bound to do. Pontius sent the consuls back, and the 
 war went on. The Romans did not act fairly in th?s! 
 
 HnL r-^'T ""^-rT ^ P^^P^^ ^ho thought ihey had 
 done their duty if they kept the letter of the law. 
 
 As the war went on, the Etruscans became frightened 
 of Romes power, and helped the Samnites, but they 
 
 ohlirr. r^'j;- ^'^^^'^ ^" ^°4, the samnites were 
 obliged to lay down their arms. 
 
 i6. Third Samnite War.-But peace did not 
 ast long, for in 300 began the third Samnite war. All 
 the peoples of Italy, who up to this time had been 
 hghting against one another, were now drawn together 
 by a common dread of Rome, and so this war was a 
 shX^rJ;;"^^^' of Sammtes, Etruscans, and Gauls to 
 fought ?n . \T\^^ ^°."''- ^ g^^^t battle was 
 th^m Vl? % ""^ Sentinum, m which the Romans beat 
 them all. Two years afterwards the brave leader of 
 he Samnites, Cams Pontius, was taken prisoner by 
 
 Il.^.h''"''^^ ' t""" ^^^ ^° P^^y ^^^ him, but put him to 
 aeatn. ihe Romans always showed themselves with- 
 out mercy for those who rose against them, and this 
 was another reason why the towns they conquered did 
 not often rise again. 
 
 ly.Wars with the Greek cities—Now, the last 
 Samnite war had settled that Rome was to be mistress 
 of all southern Italy. She had subdued the Samnites 
 and Etruscans, and had driven back the Gauls, and 
 there were only some Greek cities in the south to 
 stand against her. These cities had once been very 
 
 Fw?K ' Ta ^""'^ '^^" ^^^y ^tch, in fact so rich 
 that they did not care about fighting for themselves. 
 Une of the most important of these cities was 
 
''"^fiOW ROME BECAME MISTRESS OF ITALY, 
 Tarentum on the great gulf of Tarentum, which is 
 
 ome'ofTh ° J""^-- • '^'^'^ ^"-"^"^ ^^^ been h^ing 
 some of the other cities near Tarentum against thei? 
 
 enemies, and the people of Tarentum Tre ve,^ 
 
 STANroKDS emt kSTAtr SS CHARIHClinSL 
 
 jealous of Rome's power Omp /I^x, ^u^ i 
 
 all sitting in the th^atr? wh°rwt/i*^thr<KnT 
 
 and had its seats looking towards the 7e» T-k ' 
 
 weJe^'af^d'ofl^h/'T''".''-^"' *« Tarentines 
 no peoSe .^ ^t^ ^ '°' "'^'"^^'ves, and there was 
 
 Rom's '^L'"hefturne7t^r°"^'' '° >>" ''«'^"« 
 
 from Pvrrh^ KU""'lf°..^^^^^ ^^ asked help 
 
 , —.i.^ ^. ^i^xiua, wiiich was on the west 
 
 t 
 
3« 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 coast of Greece, and the nearest part to Italy Pvrrhnc 
 .was very glad to come and hdp them :^or he wa 
 young and wished to be a great conciueror : he was 
 
 solC^s 'T''' "^' ^"•^"^''^^ ^ large ^armyoF^od 
 soldiers. It was a serious thing for the Komans 
 
 Italy, but they had to do it in their own defence. 
 
 In 280 Pyrrhus landed in Italy with a large army 
 The Romans who went against him were defeated at 
 Heraclea on the litde river Siris : their cavalry was 
 not nearly so good as that of the Greeks, and thdr 
 horses were frightened at the sight of some elephants 
 
 tho'\'^f ^''^'^^ ^^^ ^^^"^^ht with them. ^ Bu 
 though Pyrrhus won the battle, he lost so manv 
 men that he said, "A few more such victorL and 
 I am ruined.'' So he sent to Rome to I^y and make 
 peace on good terms for himself and Tarentum. He 
 sent a very clever man, called Cineas, who almost per- 
 suaded the Senate; but a Roman noble, who had 
 been consul and censor, but was now old and blind 
 had himself earned to the senate-house, and with 
 his dying breath begged them never to i^ake peace 
 
 ent° nnL^'"'"' ''-l'^.^" '^^^^- Then the Senate 
 sent Cineas away with this answer; and when he 
 
 came to Pyrrhus he said, '' It is useless to fight with 
 
 Kome for its Senate is an assembly of kings" Next 
 
 year Pyrrhus defeated the Romans again, but they 
 
 would not give way. So Pyrrhus went over to Sicil/ 
 
 and fought there for two years. Then when he came 
 
 back his army was much weaker. The Roman*? 
 
 meanwhile had been learning to improve their cavalry, 
 
 and to fight against elephants : and they could meet 
 
 Pyrrhus more equally. So in 275 a battle was fought 
 
 at Beneventum, in which Pyrrhus was beaten by the 
 
 Romans. He had to go back again to Epirus, having 
 
 lost almost all his troops. His hopes of conquest 
 
 were at an end, and three years afterwards he was 
 
 Killed m Greece by a stone thrown on his head by 
 
 a woman while he was besieging Argos. 
 
Il.j ^iOW ROME BECAME MISTKESS OF JTAI.Y. 
 
 19. Rome's Government of Ilaly.-After 
 Pyrrhus had been driven away, Rome had no d r, 
 cu ty ,n taking all south Italy. And now Ro L 
 ruled all south of a line drawn between the Ik e 
 river Macra on the west coast, and the Rub cxm on 
 the east coast. North of this lay (Jaul. Rome wa 
 herself a city, and she ruled over the cities wl d 
 she had taken, for the country in Italy was all div ile 
 . mo districts belonging to the cities. The sate o 
 things, then, in Italy was this: the citizens JLZ 
 
 a c tizen of Rome. Next to the Romans came the 
 Latins, who had some of the rights of Roman citizen ' 
 
 hT' '"!k T^' ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ «^her rights in time. Then 
 below the Latins came the Italians, who governed 
 their own cities in which they lived, but hadSo obey 
 
 «.' ''''' "' ^''"'"'' "'"^^""^ ^^'^^'" ^hey were 
 There were two ways by which Rome kept Italy 
 under her power. You must notice them, as they a ^ 
 the ways which she always used afterwards with her 
 conquests. 'J^he ways were these : 
 
 ( I.) She founded colonies. < ■. 
 
 (2.) She mp.de roads. 
 
 nr^; ,5^'"'''-^'^ Colonies.- (i.) r.^../W,as you know 
 are sett nde tn foreign countries. The Ro- 
 
 mans took . , ,f the land of the people they con- 
 quered in Ita .,. sent some Roman citizens to live 
 on it, and forni themselves into a state. Thus a 
 number of little Romes were scattered about Italy • 
 and Rome could always trust her colonists, as a 
 Roman never forgot Rome. These colonies were 
 almost garrisons to keep the Italians in order : but 
 they were much better than garrisons of soldiers, 
 h/J !^ r'^ f "'''"' ^/ P"^^^^"^ "^^"' ^'ho worked 
 well. Thus the Italians learned to know the Romans 
 and tried to be like them, and were content to be 
 governed by Rome. 
 
 i\ 
 
34 
 
 'm 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 mal ;r,^f ^,^°'M.^-(='■ The Romans were great 
 rnakers of roads. 'I'hcy made them so well and 
 
 u^e ar.L"'" ™"y '<""'''" roads still remain "n 
 use at the present day. These roads went from 
 Rome to different parts of Italy, and so Rome could 
 
 n::s'quiS''"This'^'^ ""^' "^""^^' -d Tuld ge 
 
 ^^:^'^. y'oi ;■!, ;- ,r'th: i^x 
 
 THE ROMAN ROADS 
 
 IN 
 
 ITALY 
 
 STANFOROi.iiEOGi- 12TABT 
 
 wayr.he„':RreVverned%r:^ "^1^-'^ "''^ 
 
 showing how simpTy'the dd R?mTnst:d "th"" 
 g-t generals and statesmen .tT^l Sder^hSI 
 

 n.] f!OM£\S IVAKS mm CARTHAGE. „ 
 
 other people, and when presents were sent them 
 
 hey used to refuse to take them. Thus, X Sam 
 
 ^^^^VJ:T%^^ '° ^ Sroat RomLn gen!:: 
 
 t^^ht^out t^^irtof ;cuViur^:^.X^?r^ 
 
 paying. It ,s more glorious not to have gold bu 
 to have power over those who have it " 
 
 wem to"'LTr,vr • 'T" ••° ™""^ "*••■" 'he Romans 
 life would' to ": lon"gef "^" ^""' """ *<-''^ ^^P'^ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 ROWE'S WARS WITH CARTHAGE. 
 
 Rnm",n '''*'''^" 5'^"' ^'"'«'' Py^'-''"^ had gone the 
 
 se/:o°1hfm:L't'^t^oro?tt^^^^^^ 
 Afruja at the point where the African coast is neares 
 to S.cly. Carthage itself was a colony of he Ph ' 
 nicians, who lived on the coast of i;,,.;. • f u "' 
 Palestine jinH ,„!,„ ' ^y"" J"^' above 
 
 sfdon Thesf ^T- ?'"" '°^"' "^^"^ Tyre and 
 o= fi?: r- ■ Phcenicians were the same neonle 
 
 IsraelL?f"'^™p',*''° '""^ ^^"^ driven out by the 
 
 srbelonledTo thf '""'• '^■^'^^ ^P"!^^ Hebre/and 
 
 the ewf also h l'""^^ S'?" ^"^'""'<= f''<=<^ to «hich 
 tne jews also belonged. In old times thpv h-,.! 
 
 o Jxome, but it grew into power sooner than Rome 
 did, because it was engaged in tmH^ r^ 
 
 like Rome in not h.inlTutd b n i" ^^^^^^.^ ^^« 
 
 "c rmv,a by a king, but it was 
 
36 
 
 If 
 
 A'OJ/.IJV IJ J STORY, 
 
 [('HAP. 
 
 money they gainwl m trade. All the western half of 
 
 ^^^ "' ^'"'■\"'''" ''-•" -"'""red .; 
 
 hy thcm'so w, r" 'TVf '"'■"'''^' ""'•■ "°' 'seated 
 vlii u >" '^ "^'-' "•'"''""S were by Rome You 
 
 Syraaise 
 
 ROME & CARTHAGE 
 
 2 Carthaginians in Sicily.-It was in Sicily that 
 the Romaijs and Carthaginians first met one another- 
 
 Lsland of Sicily lies betwec. I^^ly and Carthage. The 
 Sicels, who gave their name to bioiJ^-. were an Italian 
 people very hke the Latins at first.' Bui the Greeks 
 planted colonies in Sicily as early as 7^c, a. i the 
 Sicels learned to be like the Greeks. These Greeks 
 were great traders as well as the Carthaginians, so the 
 two were always fighting, especially as the Carthaginians 
 settled on the west coast of Sicily and tried to drive 
 
111.] J^OME'S i^AA'S WITH CARTHAGE, 37 
 
 out the Greeks. Thus, while Rome was carrying on 
 her early wars in Italy, there was constant fighting in 
 Sicily between the Carthaginians and the Greeks, under 
 the tyrants or kings of Syracuse. 
 
 3. First Punic War—The cause of these Pha:. 
 mcmn, or Pttnic wars, as the wars with Carthage are 
 called, was this. Some Italian pirates had settled in 
 Messana, the nearest city in Sicily to Italy. Both the 
 Greeks and Carthaginians wished to drive them out 
 so the pirates called to Rome for help, and Rome, not 
 wishing the Carthaginians to take Messana, sent help- 
 so a war began which was to last for twenty-two years 
 (264-241). ^ 
 
 The Romans had no ships, while the Carthaginians, 
 as being great traders, had a large fleet. But the 
 Romans had a better army on land, as every Roman 
 was a soldier, and the Italians who were in Rome's 
 army fought willingly for Rome. The Carthaginians 
 sent generals only of their own with an army hired 
 from uie peoples under their rule, who cared for 
 nothing but their pay. 
 
 4. Growth of Rome's Navy.— At first, when the 
 war was carried on in Sicily, the Romans drove back the 
 Carthaginians, and compelled the Greek king of Syra- 
 cuse to make peace, and ally himself with them instead 
 of with Carthage. But the Carthaginian ships did so 
 much harm to the Italian coast that the Romans saw 
 they could do nothing till they also had a fleet It 
 happened that a Carthaginian ship was wrecked on 
 the shore of Italy. So the Romans took it as a model 
 and began to build ships like it. And at the same 
 time that they were building the ships, they began to 
 train rowers. Ships in those days were rowed by men 
 arranged in rows one above the other : and in large 
 ships of war there were five such rows,— so that it 
 required some practice before the ships could be used 
 In 260 the new fleet put to sea. The Romans knew 
 they could conquer if they could only have a chance 
 ose lighting : so they had long wooden bridges 
 
 I 
 
 \ji 
 
38 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 shim he h n'^f came near enough to the Carthaginian 
 smps, the bridge was let fall, and the spike fixed it in 
 the deck of the sh ip on which it fell. Then the Roman 
 
 o^k'T '•''S:",'""'' ''^ Carthaginian ship and ea'ty 
 took It. By this means the Romans, though thev 
 
 rhrne-xTffur^r^"' "°" "° ^'^^ ^^"'^ '' ^ - 
 thiu'*^^"'"^ '"^ '^^"'=^ (256)— Made bold by this 
 
 and plundered all the country. The Carthaginians 
 were very frightened, and offered to make peacT b" 
 
 ?h1n thecal'' '''-^ "°*^8 but entire su^bm^sion 
 hen the Carthagmians gathered an army, and fell uoon 
 the Romans and defeated them, and took Rtulus 
 
 and"i,r-./"i"'p"" "^"' "" "^ "-^fo- i" stcTy 
 and m 250 the Romans won a battle, and took 
 prisoners some Carthaginian nobles. The Cartha 
 
 lomrknH ""I ',°- S"' "^'5'" ^^='^' ^^' Regulus to 
 Ir^Zt f ''™ P''"""'''^ "'^'' ■<■ he did not make 
 Cartlnt^R °^ ,P"?v."''\ "^^ ™"'<' ^"""^ ^ack to 
 lose bT?i,e ^K ' ^^"""fl "'•'" 'he Romans would 
 lose by the exchange, and he boldly said so and ad 
 
 vised the Senate not to make it. So they refused and 
 Regulus nobly kept his word, and left Vis wTfe and 
 SotaV^X'^ '" ^°-' -^ -"' hack to di: in' 
 6. End of the first Punic War.— The war 
 dragged on till ,4r. when the Romans won a grea 
 
 ""H f" '""• ^"^^ Carthaginians were tired.Tnd 
 wished for peace : there had arisen also amongst them 
 a great general, Hamilcar, surnamed Sana, ^uTt- 
 
 S Tn t\^^' ^"u*^«^ ""'•^' have some timfof 
 qmet in which she might train soldiers who could fight 
 
 n^ace°'T" °".'''"^- S° 'he Carthaginians made 
 ?nd tnt "K^^ c- iJ'y ^"""^ ^ '^'Se sum of money, 
 h^?„ -i ''•j'"' ^"^''y' ^'^''ee was therefc- made 
 but neither side meant that it should last Ion? • both 
 wanted time to get ready for a new war. 
 
in.] HOME'S JVAKS WITH CARTHAGE. 
 
 7. Rome's first Province.- Rome had now 
 
 gained her first possession outside Italy, that is, Sicily 
 A few years afterwards she forced the Carthaginians 
 to give up to her the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. 
 She did not treat the people of Sicily in the same 
 way as she had treated the people of Italy. But 
 she made Sicily what was called a province, which 
 meant, a country governed by a Roman magistrate. 
 1 he people of Sicily, then had no share in the govern- 
 ment of Rome, nor had they any hope of ever having 
 any : they were not the allies of Rome, but her suhiecis 
 Ihey were governed by magistrates sent every year 
 from Rome, and they had to pay tribute to Rome 
 that is a sort of rent for their land. ' 
 
 ■ This way of governing Sicily was afterwards used 
 by Rome for all the peoples she conquered: so you 
 must remember it carefully. Rome governed the 
 Latins in one way, the Italians in another, and the 
 people of the provinces in a third. 
 
 8 Carthaginians in Spain.-We saw that the 
 first war with Carthage came to an end because both 
 sides were tired, and because Hamilcar wanted to get 
 ari army ready, with which he might fight the Romans. 
 He got the Carthaginians to send him to Spain, and 
 there he taught his soldiers how to fight hard : for 
 
 fough very hard before they were conquered. Before 
 Hamilcar left Carthage he offered a great sacrifice to 
 the gods ; and as he was offering, he called his young 
 son Hannibal who was only nine years old, and 
 asked him If he would like to go to the war. Hanni- 
 bal said " Yes." " Then," said his father, " swear on 
 this altar that you will never be the friend of the 
 
 ^?hT ffvF^'-" :^"^ '^^" ^°y «^°^^ it, and went 
 with his father, and you will see how he never forgot 
 his promise. ° 
 
 Hamilcar fought in Spain till he died, and con- 
 quered for Carthage all Spain un to th. :\.r^%^^l 
 When he died his son-in-law Hasdrubai went on wiTk^^ 
 
40 
 
 A' OMA N U IS To A' y. 
 
 m 
 
 lift 
 
 i 
 
 [chap. 
 
 i 
 
 his <on(|ue.sts, till he was killed in 221 and Hannihni 
 l-came general of the army at the ag^ of t~ix 
 he Romans meanwhile had not been idle thnv 
 n I l"i !.^'^""' "^^ «''h the Gauls in the north^ 
 
 north ^4:'rPatro^to \t ^T P^' 
 a treaty v4h Carthag:', t°hat' X Ih' Id'tfronTue? 
 m^Spam north of the river Iberus, which is now called 
 
 the'vJ^rTro R ^T,'"i P""'<= War began.-i„ 
 
 tnc year 219 Hannibal thought he was fit to fisrht fh^ 
 Romans, and he began his grtat war with them whch 
 
 htCrrrihir-^^r::^ /Sr-ni^^'^ 
 
 TV'^i: 't' t^-"-" whiZ-aTatC 
 
 or ctrtlSttd trSe Ttr^f'^^Zrd 
 she should be Rome's ollv Rn/u u , ^' ^"^^ 
 urhu c^ . J^L»iiie s any. ijut Hannibal quarrelled 
 
 a welT ZT^V""^ '^«t of all threw themselves in 
 senTto r f ° ^■■•f'""""'" *'-''' token. Then the Romans 
 sent to Carthage to complain, and one of their ambas 
 
 h s'Zro^e^t^^^i^^e'^r^^^''"''^" ^^"^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 it: and he°sa^ '^'r 1 ' """""^''"S something in 
 
 which vol, like '■ T n° u^'"" P"^''^ ™ "•-"■ ; take 
 Slid "I ■ ''" '''' '''''°'' l^'^ oloak open and 
 
 ^holltedLi'sV-U-'i'tb^?'' ''' ^•""^^-- 
 mean t^t^X^ Plans.-Now, Hannibal did not 
 his armv .f "r''^ '^''' ''"' ^^ meant to march 
 
 their own rn^T '"'° ^^\^"'i «"ack the Romans in 
 had ,oTt,0v7^ ^^- "'' """"S*" 'hat (he Cauls, who 
 hervervmn/h ';j conquered by Rome, would d slike 
 her very much and would be ready to rise up against her 
 He thought also that if he beat the RomaLs in one or 
 
III. 
 
 JiOAirs WAJis WITH CARrnACE. 
 
 At 
 
 Ind J'^ R? ^" *,!, l'""""' ^""'-^ "^"-"e t° his Side, 
 and so Rome would have to give in 
 
 II. Hannibal's difficulties.-' It was hard, how- 
 ever to get into Italy at all, for he had first to go kcroTs 
 the I-yrenees mountains to get out of Spain ; then he 
 had to cross the great river Rhodanus (Rhone), which 
 was not easy to do, as the river is very' swift, and he 
 
 Ike Hannibal to march through their counlr^■, tried 
 ° P'l^""' him. Then he had to fight hi way 
 
 thrfe ff,^''"'^ ?"' h- <=»">« to thf Alps; a,^^ 
 then he had to go with his army through the cold 
 and snow, and ice, and all the dangers whch there 
 are in crossing those high mountains. All this had 
 to be done before he could reach the country of the 
 Cisalpine Gauls, which we now call Lombardy, and ' 
 the Romans also were sure to try and prevent him. 
 
 fh,. V^'^'T?. ^^ ''''"^ ^" 'hese difficulties to get over 
 rtiat Hannibal's march to Italy is so very famous 
 1 he Romans might have attacked him while he was 
 among the Gauls, who dwell west of the Alps, and so 
 he would never have got into Italy at all. Bu he was 
 too quick for them and got on so much faster t^^n 
 
 ■ oohtr'''Th*°rif''i,'''^ "°"'<'' '^=" 'hey always came 
 
 GO late, l hus, the Roman armycame to the Rhodanns 
 
 jus^t three days after Hannibal had crossed iV so they 
 
 LombX"™^ ^'^' ^" "'"" '" f^'^^'Pi"- Gaul, o^ 
 ' '^- Hannibal's march to Italy.- Hannibal 
 crossed the Rho.^nus very quickly ■ in two days he go 
 
 Sos"" Th *r ^°''' ^' "^"'^^ '° '^""^ his soldilrs 
 across 1 he Gauls were on the opposite shore to nre- 
 vent him from landing. .So he sen? some soldiers'^Ly 
 night to go farther up the river, and cross where the 
 
 boaK.o Tu"" ^'T: '^'^''" ^^ "™ored all his large 
 boats so as o break the force of the stream, and put his 
 rnen ,n smaller boats, with the horses swimming V the 
 Side, bo Hannibal waitprl t\]] v,« co,,, ^nr-^- e~ -i • • 
 hp.liii-./i fU^ /^ 1 X- "V^ — "•■>- '^^^vv some SiiiuKc rising 
 behind the Gauls, tor this was the sign that his soldiers 
 
1( 
 
 I 
 
 ,i 
 
 
it 
 
 .CO 
 
 "E 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 
 «0 
 
 «o 
 
 CH. iii.J A'O.U/^^S l^Al^S WITH CAKTriAGE. 43 
 
 t'^M !n'l-^'''^" '^^"^ ^^^'"''^ ^^^^ ^^«t across. Then he 
 
 fot to h l"''" f^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^' ^hcir boats: as they 
 got to the shore tlie (iauls rushed on them but thev 
 
 arcicr thing for Hannibal to march up the Alos for 
 tlic people of the mountains rolled doJnLte.t stone, 
 upon his troops, and attacked them from b' hfnd wh™ 
 
 b^'asX.:-n,S''''Ti"8-, ""' ^'^^^^ 'his was not o 
 Dad as the cold, and the dangers of the snow and ice 
 
 waui , the paths, being only made of ice broke awnv 
 
 and 'w:r& "T "" *r'-' f ••■» °f "'~S 
 
 ana were killed. You may think how hard a march 
 ^.B was, when you know that Hannibal had cTooo 
 me, when he crossed the Rhodanus, and when he go^ 
 to he bottom of tlie Alps he had only .6,000 men^ 
 
 13. Hannibal defeats the Romans.-Yoirmav 
 nosS 'f ' ,^°T"^^^'"^'^ '° "°P him as soon as 
 vXs if the P.?'"'"'"^"""'^' ""^^ «^*^d along the 
 C^r ° ."■" ? ''"' "^ ^°' ^'^ Hannibal had hoped 
 
 ?.f8>„n t^'"- ' ;1™y- ''■'^*= <""•»' l-""'^ *»« fought 
 
 rom the north'Vh'^T'' *^'^'' ™"^ '"'° '^e Palus 
 irom mc north. 1 he Romans were driven back nnd 
 
 Hannibal passed the l>adus. MeanwMe another 
 Roman army had come up, and its general he consul 
 ' -he'Tl ^^™P™T', Longus, wanted to fight at o","^' 
 armie td'on "/ i'T, ^'^"^"^^^ '"^^ between the two 
 mSd 1?^ ^A■ '^ '"°™'"S 'he Roman general 
 
 oit^f gIuI ' ""'" '"'"''' heaten,\nd driven 
 
 DoC^r"rMd'!r ^'"'V'"'* thus passed under Hannibal's 
 po«er and Us people were his friends; so next year 
 
 tow;r?<f"p'^'''' "'"',j"'° ^'^''™' ''"d marched sS 
 towards Rome itself, plundering as he w^nt Ti^e 
 
 Roman consul, Caius Maminius Nepos, went to me^ 
 
44 
 
 liOAtAJSr IIISTORV. 
 
 tciiAP. 
 
 «l>o were marcWr afterHanni^,"™' ""•' ^'°"'''"''' 
 by him nn.1 fni„ , i "» ""''^1, were surrounded 
 
 Komans were in Preif HJ.f. "/ , ^- ^"^" ^^e 
 
 Quin..,. I.abius"C „u '"H'e";t t Hr'' '"""''^' 
 
 auout, and watched him, and did little fhincr= ., * 
 
 "z^j:" -"^ ■ - "e - cat fc^, - 
 
 sent both the consuls u-ifh o ^ • '"^- ^'^^T 
 
 a. t];e" Ver:, dtr" t^e^ i^i?,:f "' ^ 'f "'''^•°"- 
 though they had no hope left ' " " '""'"'^'^ "' 
 
 are'^XlX^rytth^ .t^ X^^- nations 
 
 wiKo'ri:r. • tif ^ f 4 '" S; 
 
 so, but allX U,' dfe' and Xh r'- '""'^ *"^ 
 held by Rome i" ,1 ''""?.'''' '^e Roman colonies 
 
 was not yet conouerer' H ""',T '^^ '^»^'^' R"'"^ 
 very quickly^tr t "wo „,f taTfh ^o'l "'".'''""^^ 
 
 fighting the Romans the ea"d"ot^d no ""^}'''^ 
 '^rJV^'L '''' C^'^Sians'lsTwrid Z 
 ard'th^^did^tLra =f£^^^^^^ 
 answered his letters, askin?^^t"'J,':l^,l°l7 
 

 in.] A^OME^S IVAA^S WITH CARTHAGE. 45 
 
 [^!.n^^^ ^'^'^ '"''" '"'^' Srcut battles, he ought not 
 to want any more troops ^ 
 
 l.low.^ho"Snl[r?l "'■""""'"' '^•'"' ^'^"'^'' his greatest 
 >iow ho could do no more. 'I'hc Ronnns 1,^,1 
 
 K^arned to wait,, and be careful : so theyTrht n 
 
 and Hann.bal grew weaker. The chief town hi 
 had gone over to Hannibal's side was Cainn n 
 
 w'.s"ots"n^'"'",'°°'' '■' ««•-""• «-l Han'ni 
 was not strong enough to prevent them. The chief 
 
 nien of Capua were so afraid of falling into the h-, 1 
 
 L ^J^'^'^r^ ""' 'hey all poisoned them I e 
 After this all the Italian cities that hnd ioined H-,," 
 n.bal began to leave him again. ■* ■"'■ 
 
 i6. Defeat of Hasdrubal.-At last, in 207 Hi,, 
 dubal managed to leave Spain and march across ,t 
 Alps, bnngmg help to his brother. He marched alon^ 
 he east coast of Italy to join Hannibal fn the south 
 «ut his messengers to tell his brother that he 4s 
 
 the consul Cams Claudius Nero, who was watching 
 Hannibal m the south marched up secretly to ioif 
 
 delatrandT'l! ^" 'K^'T' ^'■^^ "-"'ubal 'Z. 
 defeated and killed on the banks of the river Metaurns 
 
 he had had fh ? V ', "T^- ^' *' ^ ''^e first news 
 ne nad had that his brother was n Italy and it told 
 
 .■XsTJl '^"^ "-^' h°P« to coJiquer Rome 
 Ita y' n^ did .K "r°-^"" "^""■■'''''' ''■d "°' k^ve 
 they 'carried on ,t ^"""""f '\ '° ^"'^<^ ^im out, but 
 a seneral whn "" ^sewhere, and at last found 
 
 PuK r i™%^™'''* ^"^ Hannibal. In 209 
 father L?h" '"I ^"P'°' ^'"'^« f^'h^' and grand 
 thlrf h ^""^ ^r"" S^"'^'-"'^. ^as sent to Spain 
 
 he siSe orr.°r '\ P'^P'*^' ^y l^'^ kindness, fr^m 
 >p K 1?^, '^ Carthage to that of Rome, ^fter Has 
 drubal's death the Romans grew still stronger nSnafn 
 and^in 206 the Carthaginians were entirefdriveTo"; 
 
46 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 1 8. Battle of Zama.—^^ 
 
 [chap. 
 
 hen Scipio came back to 
 
 to rim away. After this In^^. \U..i' . ^ '^" 
 
 forced to s^d for^Ha::ni,':;r„roV\iK^''"T;;\:r:: 
 
 cavalry, and then Ml ,,|,o„ his i„rantry in the reir 
 
 an,;; r dezy "" '" •>'-> -<' Haii[i:i^; 
 
 fh''-*- K^i"^ °f"^"""'al.-Aftcr this, of course C-tr 
 thage had to make ,K-ace ; she had to , ay mum • 
 of money to Rome, and promised ne^•cr aiah to n.T 
 war wuhout asking leave Iron, Ron,e. Hnh-,1 still 
 tned to help l„s country, but the Ronuins ^ " 
 of hu« ; so he was forced to flee iron. Carthak ,m1 
 
 All the kmgs wore afraid to have him in th -,> land 
 for they knew the Romans would not like Ctl 
 
 was hunted ahout, and at last took , oiso ' that h! 
 
 Romans and hI^I TX^ \ritr:v*: 
 
 great man and a great nation. The Konnn«j vv..„ 
 because they were strong enough to hVe Z^^"^: 
 «ar Hannibal thought that the Italians woitld aU 
 be on his side, but when he found that the 't ' 
 them held by the Romans, ho began to lose hi 
 strength. Though the Romans hadShe enemy fo 
 
 eSere''"b„rt/''".^' '"l"'- '^•""''^ '''' send aL ^ 
 elsewhere: but the Carthaginians soon had to dve 
 
 way when the enemy landed in their country ^ 
 
 This war had two important effects on Rome: 
 
 thi wiii/" '' " '.'''= '-'hief state of all the states along 
 the Mediterranean Sea. She had begun the war to 
 
[chap. 
 
 "■] now ROAfH CONQUERED TifE EAST. 
 
 road to con,|ufst henceforth to be her 
 
 Z^ created the, ^ t^^tTZl^ ^t. 
 
 .hall see how C this :L'"a: wV~ " ^""^- ^« 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 HOW ROME CONQUERED THE EAST 
 
 by Alexand;r .he\Tr:l'1i'rof mT^' ^''''■^'^^ 
 north of Greece hT h.^ ^ Macedonia in the 
 
 Asia Minor Persia Svrfn T'^T''^ ""d ruled over 
 India. When he died ^arM,*''^P'' """^ ""<-'" P"''^''' °f 
 amongst his genera snnrf ^^ T''^^'''' ""'""^ divided 
 
 anythhrgtodfv ith h'e "t h'" ' ^1™^"^ fi^^' '^»d 
 domQ • /■ \ M J • ''^'' '"'^'^'^ "'•^'■e three great kinir 
 aoms. (I.) Macedona, whicli ruled r.v„- ,?™'" "'"g- 
 part of Greece /, \ <:„I;, u" / f , " 'he greater 
 though there was tfeK'^'^T-'A^'^Minor, 
 
 (3.) Igypt "iS wa "e y "rfch Tnd 'trid H '"'"^^• 
 deal from its capital. Alexandril ' "'^''^ " ^""^^ 
 
 2. Conquest of Macedonia and Svria -ru 
 
 first of these with «,i,„~ ^^ oyria — The 
 
 bal, they four ^ ^h"^ p-r"'?.'^^^^°"q"^^edHanni. 
 » ey loiiN. .hut Pnihp, king of Macedonia, was 
 
 m 
 
48 
 
 f^oA/.iN- ///sroA'y. 
 
 If 
 
 r<"MAp. 
 
 cqAahf, and n.ado Crcav Wx L , ' „" ^>'':"'*- 
 tins really meant that (lu ( V, I , •'"'''' " '^ '"" 
 
 it was n„t lon^ l„.f„ro the stc" , f , , "'"'''• 
 eastern iXHvers Svrii „■.,„ '>'->-""<', "" "i>si^ great 
 
 •>P Asia Minor a <r,;,,t. "''''''"' "' '"° '" Jjive 
 looked up tJilor'as the^r hei::^'""'-' "^ '^»'" *""- 
 
 ITALY AND THE EAST 
 
 3- How Rome ruled the ^^T'TT" 
 
 under her own ml^ i?^^ ^Teece or Asia 
 
 govern therumts iZ^ZT'^A^r 'I 
 k.ngs .nstead of strong ones, a-^^ny h't': i J^^^ 
 

 IV.J J/Oli^ A'OME CONQUERED THE EA ST .. 
 
 instead of one large one, and tlicn these small kinL's 
 ha<l to do wl,at Rome u.i.l th^m to do. ( e k it^ 
 
 emrto't:::,;'^;'"^';;""""'^' "" •'•' '^'■^' '<""- PU " 
 UHI to them al without any trouhle, and governed 
 
 Mrshr:::". '""I'n ''''^ "^••^' >•--• '-"> ■"" " 
 
 the con<|uest.s she had hegmi. Maoedonia was made 
 a Roman provm.x. ,n 148. I„ Asia Minor als the 
 K..n,a„s favoured the kingdon, of Pergamus wh eh 
 T^ ;'»''"^.'<i"g clid what the Ro'n.a,:: Iv,:' ' 
 
 gamus .0 the Roman people hy his will So tl„. 
 Romans mrde Asia imo a Roman provinee -.nd 
 governed it themselves. J^rovinct, and 
 
 ever, the Romans found it hard to conciuer the peoole 
 entirely. Spain gave them a great dial of troubfe 
 
 I ortugal, there rose a hero, called Viriathus who led 
 h.s eoiintrynen against the Roman.s. He^ only a 
 shepherd when he began, b.it he won ba de "fter 
 battle, and the I^usitani made him their king [t 
 manv years he fought against the Romans, i^ eve 
 foreed hem to make peaee with him. 'liut this dk 
 not last long and in the end the Roman ee en 
 
 aSh'"'tn ^""r- .'^"'"^i'hr^e of the friend ™: 
 athus to murder him while he was asleep. So too n 
 the north of Spain the eity of Numantia ^?u ed' o 
 open Its gates to the Romans, and fought again" them 
 for many years (,41-133). At last the RoZnVtd 
 to send their greatest general, Seipio ^Cmilianus: and 
 round irfh?*"^ '^^ '''^ f-y digging a ditch aU 
 Zf \t ^ Numantines almost died of hunge- 
 s^ves' Ind' T^t""^' '''' ''''"' ■"- "^'''^d thfrni 
 came ou? and"!. ^'"' '''''"' °P'"'"^ » ^'^ «"!/ 
 Numamia >™ . l^^ ■ '""'^ "^'^^ ^'"^'^d '" death. 
 maTrn ^ r„Lf„^l"..'". -^' ^"d after this Spain was 
 — - ^^viiiuii ^luvinceSt 
 
so 
 
 HOAfAA^ ///S'roA'K 
 
 r<iiAp. 
 
 II 
 
 5- Destruction of Carthage.-Ii,,, ,h.. ,.o„„,rv 
 
 Rome, .„ mak. sure of ,!„.,> latluTs' <,l„..|i..„oc. • , " 
 tl..; K,Mna,,s ;,skr<l for all tl... ar„,.s <,f the Tar n 
 KHiians, arul Ihesu also were L'ivcn iii> I , J nf ., i 
 
 iiiL M.a toast. I his was ol courso ruin to a tndin.r 
 c.y. so ,nf„ry the CarthaKi.nans rduso 1 tity n ado 
 Iwsto to mend Ihe.r walls, and n.a<le n.'w anns he 
 «:''">'■" "'t ''IT their hair to n.ake Low-strings . d I e 
 I ty was n,ado ready for a sie^'e. The siege la t« Zr 
 Mh' 'X^'-^iV''*' an,l the fiKhtlng wa' sevc^ on 
 • ''' c : . ' '^'- R«">-'"l »•'"> took the city was 
 1 " l.lms Scpio ..I.:milian„s. He first built a stmt 
 wall across the harhour of Carthage so as to "!,,"« 
 her si'S^ hut the Carthaginians clug a canal on he 
 other side and sailed out. However, Scinio tried 
 ngam and l.uilt a great wall as high as th^vall o 
 1 e ity, so as to shut out the Carthaginians from 
 the harbour. 1 hen they began to give way, and the 
 Romans forced,.,, entrance into the city ; but still every 
 house had to be taken by storn, ; the Romans entered 
 one house from another, by knocking down the walls, 
 and there were desperate fights in the rooms. At las 
 only a taith ,Mrt of the population was left to sur- 
 render; all the rest h..d beel, killed. Garth, ge was 
 Z T f % ']i'^ ^""'""^ •'''"'°^' '° 'he ground, and 
 
 ,„1 ?K ^•'"■'h?- '''^ ""'^'^ ^ Ro-"^" province 
 under the name of Africa. 
 
V.J 
 
 ROME AS CONQdEKOK. 
 
 St 
 
 tcrranean Sen, whi,.h .lu,« hcranic a R„ a„ lake 
 Also those were all the r„„„,ries which at thlt ime 
 were «rv/,W, that is, ha,| nnule themsel es „ tr ' " 
 
 ^"^"T^- ''^■"' '"«^'""'f for their <:,m,m 
 Kood, and built eiiies, and made and ol,eyo<l 1 «•" 
 
 «^rlH « V ■ '"-■ "■"•'' "''-• head of the civilised 
 
 were made mto provinces, and so were ruled l,v 
 Roman governors : others were still ruled over ly heir 
 
 .hc;"'had"l,i'n':u"tje:^' ^""^ "'"'^ ^"^^^ '^'^ '"- '^ 
 7- Rome's Wars after B.C. i33._'rhe wars 
 
 peoprts, that i.s, agamst peoples who did not vet livr- 
 " c. .es, but were small tribes, who only he ped one 
 
 another when they were afrai.l of a griat cornmo,? 
 
 danger, and who h.id no laws in common aS 
 hese people Rome fought as a civilising power when 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 HOW THE ROMANS BEHAVED AS 
 CONQUERORS, 
 r. Changre in the Character of the Romans 
 
 malin. ^llT' ^'^""^^^^ "^^^ ^^^^^^ changed '; 
 making all hese conquests. Their great men wpro 
 
 TJ^'^r..^^^'^ f™ who left 'the pTou.h"To' 
 "o"^ ^- uicir country, and went ouck again when the 
 
 ■ 
 
 \ 
 
52 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 I 
 
 [chap. 
 
 enemy had been driven away. The Roman generals 
 were now very rich men, and spent all their time in 
 war or m the business of the state. They were no 
 
 L'^U^Thr^' """" ^'^'"'^ "^^'^ ^"^y ^« ^heir country, 
 but they became proud, and desired honours, and 
 wanted to be rich. No longer were the presems of 
 foreign kmgs refused at Rome, but Roman general 
 asked for money wherever they went S^^^^^'s 
 
 2. Influence of the Greeks.-Of course when the 
 Romans conquered Greece and the East, they saw a 
 gre^at many things which they had never seen before • 
 
 nn^ K^^M-^^'' V T^ "^""'^ ^^°"^ ^^^^"g and drinking 
 and building fine houses. The Greeks were much 
 
 cleverer than the Romans, or indeed than any people 
 
 of the time for all the best books and statues and 
 
 pictures of the old world had been made by the Greek 
 
 writers and artists. So the Romans not only learned 
 
 many new things from the Greeks, but gave up a great 
 
 many of their own early beliefs. They thought^less 
 
 of their own Roman gods, and altogether they were 
 
 not so simple or so good as they had been before 
 
 3. Publius Scipio Africanus.-The man who 
 
 was most fond of the Greeks, and lived most like 
 
 ^^\ IT- ^"^^'"/ ^^^P^° Africanus,-for he was 
 called Africanus after he had defeated Hannibal in 
 Atrica. Men in Rome were not fond of Publius 
 bcipio, though he was a great general. They said 
 he thought too much of himself, and wished to do as 
 he liked, and did not behave like a Roman His 
 great enemy was Marcus Cato, who was a rough old 
 man who did not like the new Greek fashions. At 
 last a charge was brought against Lucius Scipio Asiati- 
 cus who was the brother of Publius, and had defeated 
 Antiochus in Asia. He was accused of having taken 
 for himself, as general, some money that belonged to 
 the Roman people. Then Publius rose to speak for 
 his brother, and took the account-books, and tore them 
 m pieces before the people, and said « To-day fourteen 
 years ago I defeated Hannibal at Zama ; let us ^o and 
 
v.] 
 
 ROME AS CONQUEROR. 
 
 53 
 
 give thanks to the gods for saving the state." Then 
 he and all the people went up to the Capitol, and his 
 accusers were left alone. But after this he left Rome, 
 and died in exile, and the words " Ungrateful country " 
 were written on his grave. 
 
 4. Marcus Cato — His enemy, Marcus Cato, tried 
 to keep up the old Roman manners. He lived very 
 simply, and spent very little money. He took great 
 pains in educating his children, and making them 
 strong in body. He always spoke against the bad 
 habits which the Romans were learning, and when 
 he was made censor, he punished many great men 
 for things they had done. But though the Roman 
 people listened to him, and laughed at his sharp 
 sayings, and found much truth in them, still they did 
 not try to make themselves any better. 
 
 5. The Roman Nobles.— Let us try and see 
 how the Roman people changed, now that they had 
 become so great a nation. 
 
 You will remember that in the year 300 the old 
 quarrels of the patricians and plebeians came to an 
 end, and all were equal in the state. But very soon 
 a new difference grew up amongst them. The rich 
 plebeians and the chief patricians were the only people 
 who were elected consuls. So a few families, whose 
 members were generally elected magistrates, gradually 
 separated themselves off from the other families, and 
 were called ^//m^/^^, ornobles. These families thought 
 themselves much better than the rest because they were 
 richer, and because they held the offices of state ; and 
 thus you see a new nobility, which was founded on 
 money, grew up in Rome. Only rich men ever got 
 into the Senate, and all the magistrates were chosen 
 out of these noble families. These nobles agreed 
 amongst themselves, and as they made up the Senate, 
 they governed Rome as they pleased. 
 
 6. New government of the Roman State.— 
 In former times the consuls had governed Rome with 
 the help of the Senate ; but now the Senate governeci, 
 
 ii J 
 
S4 
 
 romajst History, 
 
 tim 
 
 fCHAP. 
 
 to do''irfirJ^tVe° t ""^^ '"'^ Senate told them 
 ?ny during' t war wrHaS:]^'' J"^ '^^"' ^-T 
 m Asia every one wanteri ,?. ' ^"' ^f^' 'he wars 
 Senate tried \o ge't m^^'i^irrhlf / '"'^ "'^'^ '"« 
 So all sorts of evils arose in RomIi°«°''^''" *'^'"- 
 prevent them. Though rL.T' ""^ "° °"« wuld 
 her greatest men wereffraW rJn' T^ ^'^^'^< ^'"1 
 wll become of Rome when 'r?'°f''^d sadly, "What 
 state to fear?" Scioio^P^lr ''f "° '°nger any 
 
 instead of prayina^ff'"'''^'?"'' "ho took Carthage 
 
 the gods w^ul?/^.::,*^he S'''''-''™'' "''' "^ 
 the gods would /m.%' It ' '""''^ °"'yPf«y that 
 
 thesrVeatVerjij^*-^ <^-g- -re of which 
 
 done most easily if you see what tt'^P' *'" "^^^ he 
 Senate did for Rome for It^v a f^^i^nment of the 
 
 _?• What the new s aL of l",:-"'" ^'°^'"^^«- 
 Rome—Rome, you musfrer!. °1 *'''"«® ^'^ '=r 
 so, when Rome grew great Z^^'.' *^' « "^ity, and 
 to govern almosf aU 1£ worid"'""?!' °'°"^, "^"^ ^'^'^ 
 city were divided into the Hrh ' I^ P^°P'^ o^ the 
 the knights, and the common "°^'f ^""^ =^"«ors. 
 and senators took care ofTe"P'°P'"- '^''^ ""hies 
 seen, but laws had to be m/H^T/""^"'' ^^ ^'^ have 
 of the people, and so thrSen.tfr;*"^ Assemblies 
 people if it wanted to have ft, ." '""' '° P'<^«^« 'he 
 were the rich traders Siev f.r7''^TT^. ^''^ ""'■'ghts 
 '"the old army of kom% If^r""'!^*'^'^'^ because 
 fight on horseback. Wcou si in'!'" """ ^"^^ '° 
 thmgs these knights verv srfHom *^ "^" ^'^te of 
 stayed at Rome and did the V h? • '"' '° ""^ "^^^' hut 
 'f them gather the fxes „ "^'""^'' ^"^ the Senate 
 they grew richer and rkhe^ Th P™^'"""''' ^° 'hat 
 also had to be fed anrf o^ a ^ <=o™mon people 
 they might be kept oult Th "^ ^^ *« "^ohles, that 
 trates in the provfnces useH , '°"'^"'«d. The magis- 
 to Rome, which were divided "?^ ^^^'-^"'^ "^ ~^n 
 wtthout their paying f^r ^^l^L^ i^^^XFore^lS 
 
v.] 
 
 Home as coNQUEkOk. 
 
 55 
 
 was elected a magistrate had to give great games for the 
 people's amusement in the circus. The Romans were 
 always a cruel people, and their games were cruel too. 
 They had of course horse races and foot races : but 
 they also liked to see strange animals, such as lions 
 and tigers, brought to Rome, and hunted to death in 
 their presence. The sport, however, of which they 
 were most fond were the gladiatorial fights, when men 
 fought with one another, and killed one another to make 
 amusement for the people. Often \hesQ gladiators were 
 prisoners taken in war, but there was a number of 
 men regularly trained to this as a trade. Now, all 
 these games were paid for by the rich, so as to please 
 the people, and the games and gifts of corn together 
 drew more and more people to Rome, and so its poor 
 people ceased to be really Romans, and became more 
 and more a mob of idle and worthless folk. But all 
 the rule of the world was still in their hands. 
 
 Thus you see in Rome itself the Senate wanted to 
 keep all the power to itself; the knights wanted to 
 grow rich, and would do anything to get money ; the 
 people were lazy, and only wanted to be fed and 
 amused, without doing anything. 
 
 8. What the new state of thing's did for 
 Italy.— Italy had been ravaged by the war with 
 Hannibal, and afterwards by the Romans when they 
 punished those who had taken Hannibal's side. The 
 little farms had been ruined, and men went to live 
 in towns instead of living in the country. Every 
 Roman when he grew rich wanted to have a great 
 deal of land; so latid grew too dear for the small 
 farmer to buy, and large farms took the place of small 
 ones. This land, which the Roman nobles thus got, 
 was not generally let out for a rent, as it is with us, 
 but was tilled by slaves. The Romans in their wars 
 had made a great number of slaves ; so to buy and 
 use slaves was cheaper than to hire free labourers, 
 and slaves were almost always used in Italy. A poor 
 man could very seldom get work to do as a farm 
 
 l;ff| 
 
 m 
 
56 
 
 labourer, !)ut had 
 
 KOMAN mSTOJ^y. 
 
 tCHAP. 
 
 el 
 
 !se b 
 
 ,Wi„f "S^ ';^^ y'y in a towi 
 
 or 
 
 led 
 
 --Ome a auiuier. HnnH 
 
 x^f ..txr^ ■■" f «^'^^- ■ - 
 
 fought Rome's bat e, o wen'- "f '°'*''=^' ^^^o had 
 small farmer,,, had been ruled h'^ T^^ ^">'=' "'« 
 wealth. Rome might be -om, W h \ "'^ S'owth of 
 be so strong again '"-*"■ '^'" "■""'d never 
 
 ouf or,t,;f s t tef -^r'"^ "--"'^> 
 
 than before. The I tahan^ T*' "'"'' harshly 
 
 ?,ubjects, almost as much lVr-'°°''^<^ "P°" "^ 
 Rome had been conquerrnV / ""^"u P'^'^P''^^ "'hich 
 had been so faithfulTo RLe^!"" '^^ ^""«. "ho 
 Rome no longer treated ^^^' "" ""' ''"rarded ; 
 from them by her harshnetTll ?h T^'^' ''"' '""k' 
 had before of being some d-,v n .H %^°P'' "^^^^ ^^^ 
 ,. Jo Home-s .overnmen A^^nrtcl^TlcTd Sy 
 
 9- Condition of the p,.„. • 
 vnces were governed by madsfrn "'•~'^'^<= P^O" 
 from Rome by the Senate^® Th. "'"' '"""'y ^^^^ 
 after a man had been conli in K. '"''u" "=>« '^at 
 and rule a province for a vear a"""'' ''^ ^''°"'d go 
 consul after he had held oth7r mn • T"- ""'^ ""^'^^me 
 of these he was elected hvrt!. ■""^'.^'^les, and to all 
 to make sure of hTs efecio f, r^^'- "" ^^'^' 'hen, 
 games to the peopl^and ^L ^ ^.mg ^''y «P'endid 
 of money. The governor of f P *""' " Sreat deal 
 ally left Rome vefy much i^ debr H ^I^T"' g^""" 
 year of office to make fh „„ , , ^^ '''"•^ during his 
 his debts, one for Mmsl^ "f ^°'"'"''' °"^ toVy 
 bribe his judges if 'he IJ° h" T"' ^"<^ ""^^ '» 
 course this money had to . "'''"Sht to trial. Of 
 
 people whom he governed inf^'i^',' '™'" '^e poor 
 and the people of the prov nee "^ ''T'''"^ ^'^"S, 
 Senate, the govenor was'^broZt f°?Pfl'"^ '° 'he 
 almost always acquitted He hi h°^'??'' .>"" ^^ was 
 the -senators all hoped to eo as tl ^" '"'^^''' and 
 
 P u CO go as governors of provinces 
 
VI.] 
 
 /< TTEMPfS A T REFORM. 
 
 S7 
 
 an"^' '"^^ '° "''^ "°"''' ""' ^ ''"d "P°" one 
 
 So the people of the provinces were sadly oppressed 
 by this government of the Senate. "PPressea 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 ATTEMPTS AT REFORM BY THE GRACCHI, 
 r. Dangers of the Roman State.— You see 
 yoTsee'^^hv^J^r ''T«""^ '" ^'^ '^°'"''" ^'^'". -d 
 
 I < ^i "s clearly say what they were .— '' 
 
 the h;.H f I?-"",?" P'^^P'^ *•''' becoming a rabble, at 
 nobts who^ H "f "^ """'I ^"^y °f ""^h and selfish 
 Sot ^hly'toldlt.""' ^"""'' "^'^ ^'"^'^'^ '° ""^k^ ■•' 
 in ^Itilf'Tn^nl""' '>='d token the place of free labour 
 smalS:l-';„d smaller"""'"^ "' ''"""'" ™« '--™"g 
 latfis nrrn/^K "■'■■'^"'"e 'he Italians hardly, and the 
 wan tn'^- ^' ''*"'*?'^ "^'^ ™'''''« of Ronie did not 
 tTemseiv^er '"^°"' '"'' "'^ P"^"'^^'^^ "''''-■'' '^'y ^ad 
 
 opS'ssed^ '''°''''' °^ "''' P™^'"'^*^'* ""^'•^ everywhere 
 
 Now ^nT °^'^'''"'"' Gracchus for reform.- 
 
 wow, m the year 133 an attempt was made in Rome 
 to mend some of these evils. Tiberius SemproZs 
 
 state of Italy, and who had been at the wars in 
 
 Spaui, and knew how badly the Romans treated the 
 
 Spaniards, and how weak the Roman army really wa' 
 
 So he came back to Rome, to see if he could" oi 
 
 of the nl ".'*-" ^'''"''- "<= g°' ^'"'^'^^f elected "ribu,°e 
 of the plebs m ,34, and at once proposed an Agrar"a,t 
 
 •L^W. Ihe public InnH of p^xrvv^ .,-0- 6 «»*au 
 
 f -.! rvv/iiit; \va.«s iiuvv very lart^e 
 
 11,1 
 
sS 
 
 Koman history. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 this land and divide it imn'T "'■'"''-■'' '° ^^"^ 
 
 people, ofiut^'thj H rn. r ;iT,i :;ir ^^z 
 
 as there were ff-n fr,K„ u "'^^ ^"'^» and 
 
 tribunes to object to the il^^v ?' fn-?"'^. "' "''^ °'l"--^ 
 brought forward Now nn 7 '' ' '^'""^ ^■^""*"S 
 
 tribu'ne objected -to. ''irutTib^rusT"!' !'^" ^"^"^'^ ' 
 to the people to turn "hi tr bu"e out 0^^^'^"^ 
 
 .awsofthX::err -entprit'^t' ""^ °" 
 
 n" do",L'rf:rtrnn"' '" r^ °"'' -" ^^ 
 
 nobles hamSVo? t/rd liH^L tLt "rh '"^*^ 
 not made tribune next v^nr "', ^'-*^^. ^^^t if ho were 
 
 the year ,33, and was the Lt "in^r If I ,7"' "I 
 revoluton in Rome thnf i,. " ^^'""'rS o'. a time of 
 
 -f they could not do it in any o'her wly ^''"^'^"^ 
 3- Reforms of Caius Gracch.,. t 
 
 These are my jewels." Now one of them had been 
 
VI.J 
 
 ATTEMPTS AT REFORM, 
 
 59 
 
 killed as a rebel, and she was afraid that the other 
 
 might soon be killed also. 
 
 Caius Ciracchus went much farther than his brother 
 
 He seems to have wished to break up the government 
 altogether. He was tribune, and carried laws by going 
 to the people at once, without paying any attention 
 to the consuls or Senate. He wanted to upset the 
 government of the nobles, and make a government 
 of the people, with himself at its head. First he won 
 over the people by passing a law that they should 
 always have corn sold them at a very low price 
 Then he won over the knights to side with him against 
 the nobles by giving them greater chances of making 
 money in the provinces, and also by ordering that the 
 jurymen for the future should be chosen from the 
 knights and not from the Senate. In this way the 
 knights had all the power of the law-courts on their side 
 and now were quite equal to the Senate. The rich 
 men had before this joined with the nobles, but now 
 the rich men and the nobles were opposed to one 
 another. Cams Gracchus said that he had thrown 
 down a dagger for the enemies of the people to stab 
 one another with. 
 
 4. How Caius Gracchus failed-When Caius 
 Gracchus had thus got the people and the knights on 
 his side, he passed an Agrarian Law, and founded many 
 colonies for the poor people, both in Italy and outside 
 Italy. So long as he only tried to do good to the people 
 ot Rome, they were very pleased at all he did But 
 in his second tribunate (122), he proposed to make 
 all the Latins citizens of Rome, and to give all the 
 Italians the rights which the Latins then had. The 
 Romans, however, did not like this ; they thought that 
 it was better to keep to themselves their high position 
 which meant their cheap bread and their games, so 
 they would not have this law of Gracchus. It was 
 a great pity that they would not have it, as it would 
 have done a great deal of good to the Roman state. 
 ±*or It was impossible for the people of one city 
 
ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 tcHAP* 
 
 'I 
 
 taklTnTnM,'' • ''^°'' ""'* ""'"^^ 'hey were ready to 
 
 nnf N.. ^ ot Rome was to grow larger it conlH 
 
 he cUyof "/omT """'" """'''' 'f^"" the'TtL 1 
 
 misery^fthl hid hell-'""''' ''•■'? ^^^<^ '^em much 
 , ^ v.i_y II luey naa Deen wise enouL^h to tnl-A fKo t „*• 
 
 into the state of their own accorri .« r 7^ ^^f'"^ 
 
 r^dt -£~£"-^^^^^^^^^ .al- 
 and Caius rrchus"'°r.hem ''""^ ""^ ''""^''• 
 
 in, ^d 'hL'Tfferent Tl ' '""' <^?"'''"°" ^''"'^ "^^ 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 TIME OF MISGOVERNMENT AT ROME 
 
 army, and for five years resisted the Romans (104-99). 
 
vn.] TIME OF MISGOVERNMENT AT ROME. 6i 
 
 nnfhJ^r With Jugurtha.-The nobles cared 
 nothing for Rome's honour, but only for their own 
 fn'^rpl^l- They governed badly, and took bribes from 
 foreign kings, who were allowed to do what they liked 
 If they could pay enough. This was especially seen in 
 a war that took place in Africa. After Carthage had 
 been destroyed, the greatest state in Africa was Nu- 
 midia. The king of Numidia was a friend of the 
 Roman people, and had fought with them against Car- 
 ^n/th M ?^ ^^^ ? Sood deal to do with Numidia, 
 and the Numidians often helped Rome in her wars 
 In ii8 a king of Numidia died, and left the kingdom 
 to his two sons and an adopted son named Tugurtha 
 Jugurtha determined to have the kingdom all to him^ 
 nnl' 'f^ ^^"^"'•de^ed one of the sons and made war 
 upon the other who applied to Rome for help. The 
 Senate was bribed by Jugurtha, and did all it could 
 to please him ; at last, however, Jugurtha besieged his 
 brother in C.rta, and when he took the city put hi m 
 and all his army to death (112). After this th^ 
 Komans thought they must interfere, but the Senate 
 tor more money were willing to let Jugurtha off very 
 easily. He came to Rome to excuse himself before 
 the people, and whilst he was there he had a Numid- 
 
 ,>«".i?""p^V''[-''^u"l^^ ""^^ ^^'^^^' murdered in Rome 
 A u f ^I^ ^"^^^ ^^""^ stronger than the laws 
 Zt """OK^l^"^' u^"^" ^" ^^^^^^ back upon it, and 
 s^ fvo \?-I' where everything is sold, you would 
 sell yourself if you could only find a buyer" 
 hrP^ ^^omans declared war against Jugurtha, but he 
 bribed the generals, and for three years very little was 
 
 won?^^^Tf i^'"?' -u ^^ ^^'^' ^" ^°^' ^ g°°d general' who 
 would not take bribes, Quintus Metellus, went against 
 
 him and defeated him. Metellus wotild have finished 
 
 the war, but in 106 the command was taken from him 
 
 by Laius Marius the consul. 
 
 3- Rise of Caius Marius.-This Caius Marius 
 was a nv^n of low birth, but a good soldier. He had 
 risen m ^ar by his bravery, and had held magistracies 
 
 f '■! 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
 62 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 !!■ I 
 
 in Rome. He was an officer in the army of Metellus 
 and was very much hked l.y the common soldic s S 
 he was a rough man like themselves, and ta ked ^ ^h 
 "i- h"'' ^'^ "^ '^"^ did. It is said that Metdk^ 
 
 hat he wont h '^"'" " »"'hsayer told Marius 
 mat he would become a very great man meit^r 
 than he ever had hoped to be. So Maririeft Africa 
 and went to Rome to try and be made confid in 
 106. He found fault with Metellus before the , eoole 
 
 sei? "so 'the n' '?" "-"r^ .°" 'he war bett rht''. 
 ^l\ ,u I P'^°P''' "'"^'^ fi'm consul, and more 
 than thai, they said that he should be genern7[,? 
 Afnca mstead of Metellus. Before thl'^time the 
 Senate always said what the consuls should dT but 
 Znv'^h%"T °f '^' ''''''^' 'he a.ssembL of ^he 
 t&e "' """"' ""^ "'"^ '" 'he business of 
 
 Marius finished the war in Africa, and brought 
 Jugurtha u, trmmph to Italy in 104. But you fee 
 this war ought never to have taken place if the Senn^P 
 had governed honestly; and, when^it dM take p'aoe 
 It ought to have been finished much sooner ff Tb» 
 generals had carried it on honestly. However when 
 .t was over, Marius was the most powerfurman in 
 Rome He was the leader of the pjpular narTv and 
 also the general of the army ^ ^ ^ ^' """ 
 
 , f P°7er of the Army at Rome.-The -.rmv 
 
 Romr""r^"''"«''^ ''"'"■ '^' •""« "f Hanniba Th^ 
 Roman soldiers were no longer citizens whofousht when 
 
 wo"k '° Bu7ar""^' ''^■"' '"" "'^ -"' bacf to t^'^ 
 r„l ;.• ^"? '"^'^ "°^ constantly going on 
 
 toi!°llthV°° '" '^fr ™""'™'' 'his^coufd no 
 longer be the case, and the army was full of men • 
 
 who took to a soldier's life as a trade. Marfusw-s - 
 
 tmdJ'hSf °'i'^r. ^?'d'-^ ■■ he was a so5d"r by 
 
 n the State 'Cri ''l"^^" '" consequence to power 
 in tne state. Notice, then, that when Marius was mad^ 
 consul, it was a sign that the government for tie future 
 
VII. ] TIME OF MISGO VERNMENT A T ROME. 
 
 ^Z 
 
 was to be »jarried on by the army, as well as by the 
 people and the nol)les. 
 
 ■5. Wars against the Teutones and Cimbri 
 
 Marius was soon wanted to carry on another war. Two 
 great tribes of barbarians from the north had entered 
 (iaul west of the Ali>s, and threatened to drive out 
 the Romans, and even attack Italy. They came with 
 their wives and children, like a wandering people 
 looking for a home. They seemed very strange to 
 the Romans, these people with blue eyes and flaxen 
 hair. They fought bravely in battle, rushing upon 
 their enemy with fury. At first these Cimbri defeated 
 the Roman generals in southern Gaul, where the 
 Romans had conquered the country along the Rhone, 
 and made it a province, which is still called the 
 province, or Pnwence, The Romans, after this de- 
 feat, vvere afra'd of another burning of their city by 
 barbarians, so Marius was made consul again, and for 
 the next five years he was elected again and again. 
 This was against the custom, arid had never been done 
 to any one before. It shows how great the fear of 
 the Romans must have been, and how powerful Marius 
 had become. In the year 102 the Teutones and the 
 Cimbri marched to attack Italy, but Marius defeated 
 them in two great battles. Afterwards when he went 
 back to Rome in triumph he was so powerful that he 
 could have done what he chose in the state. The 
 people were very grateful to him, the soldiers were 
 very fond of him, and ^he nobles were very much 
 afraid of him. 
 
 6. Marius in Rome.— But Marius did not think 
 much of the good of the state : he thought much more 
 of his own greatness, and how he might become a still 
 greater man. So, first, he joined the party of the people, 
 and one of the tribunes, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, 
 brought forward some laws like those of Caius Grac- 
 chus, and Marius helped him. But tliere were riots 
 in consequence, and the Senate begged Marius to help 
 them in putting down the riots. For a time Marius 
 
64 
 
 fiOMAN U J STORY, 
 
 [CHAr. 
 
 % 
 
 !| . 
 
 doubted what to do, hut at last he armed the people 
 and Saturninus was killcrl lis..\ i> * F<^Vr » 
 
 side lilcL'd \firn.c f i! ^^^^' ^^"^ "^^ neither 
 
 7- Marcus Livius Drusus.— 'Ihtse troiil.lH, 
 
 «rnw;,:7 «'''"' V '■""^"^'-■■- f''^ 'h. halia r«.l" 
 growiiii! more and moru anery at the wav in whi, K 
 
 was stahL J'P°" ^^'■".'"^ ™^ murdered. He 
 
 TedS't "Uh ""^J"'"^ '"'° his house, and 
 like m/sl"!" ''■'" "'^ ""''^ '"'^'^ ^"°"'^' '^"i'^en 
 
 8 War with the Italians.-The news of thi, 
 murder st.rred up the Italians at once to rebel thev 
 saw tl,at Rome would never of her own acco d live 
 them any rights : so they tried to get them by force 
 The chtef ot the rebel peoples were The Samnites In 
 the year 90 began a war, in which Italy was divided 
 
 h fendofTh^fi T' "".' '°"8ht against thVother l' 
 the end of the first year's war the Romans felt that thev 
 mus g,ve way But they gave way little by litde at 
 first they gave the Roman citizenship to all the talians 
 
 Tav^down Z*''' "'''''""'■- 'h- •°^'' who shouM 
 toy down thetr arms m two months. In this wav 
 
 Rome won back all who were not very hostile ?o 
 
 her, and so could go against Samnium, whkh h^d 
 
 Shown agam all the old vigour of the Samnite wars - 
 
VI I 1 TIME OF MISiJOl'EKNiMEAT AT ROME. 
 
 65 
 
 Tn this war tlicrc arose a new general amongst the 
 Roma lis, Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Me was a noble, 
 who had first learned war under Marius when he 
 fought against Jugurtha. Hut he had not shown him- 
 self very desirous of holding office in the state, and 
 had not put himself forward. In the year 89 he 
 was commanding against the Samnites and defeated 
 them. 
 
 9. Results of the Social War At the end of 
 
 the year 89 all the peoples of Italy except the Samnites 
 and Lucanians had submitted to Rome, and had re- 
 ceived the Roman citizenship. This war, which is 
 called the Social War, or war against the allies^ was 
 almost over. Rome had had to give way, and had 
 i)een forced to go back to her okl j)lan of making 
 other people ecjual with herself, and always from time 
 to time taking in fresh citizens into the state. This 
 plan had for a time been laid aside by the nobles, and 
 Rome had run in conseciuence into great danger. 'J'his 
 war had destroyed houses and wasted fields in Italy 
 almost as much as the war with Hannibal had done. 
 It made the number of farms in Italy smaller than it 
 had been before, and drove more men who before 
 would have been farmers to become soldiers. 
 
 10. Causes of the Civil Wars. -You find, then, 
 Rome's armies growing larger and larger, and the men 
 who went to be soldiers were better than the men who 
 stayed at Rome and idled, and were fed by the 
 Senate, and spent all their time in baths and suorts 
 in the_ circus. You see, then, that the army' was 
 becoming more important than the people, and the 
 generals of the army were becoming more powerful 
 than the magistrates of the state. When this was 
 the case, it was plain that questions about govern- 
 ment would no longer be agreed about, but be fought 
 about. This was what happened: the government 
 could not do anything against the generals of the 
 army. For the next fifty years we have a period of 
 Civil War. 
 
 c 
 
66 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 m 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 THE CIVIL WARS OF ROME. 
 
 1. Warwith Mithradates.— ThisSocialWarwas 
 not the only difficulty which the Senate had before them 
 During the last twenty years a great power had been 
 forming in the East under Mithradates, king of Pontus 
 Pontus IS in the north-east of Asia Minor, next to 
 Armenia. Mithradates for some time went on con- 
 quering the people in his neighbourhood, and when 
 the Romans interfered he stopped for a little while 
 and then went on again. At last war broke out with 
 Xome in the year ^%, when Lucius Cornelius Sulla 
 was one of the consuls. He was appointed by the 
 Senate to carry on the war. 
 
 2. Marius and Sulla— But Marius, though old 
 wanted the command for himself, so he joined with one 
 of the tribunes, P. Sulpicius Rufus, who brought before 
 the people a number of laws which went against the 
 Senate, and amongst them a law that Marius should 
 be appointed general in the East instead of Sulla 
 \\ hen Sulla's army heard this they were very angry 
 and marched against Rome, and drove out Marius 
 and put Sulpicius to death. It was the first time 
 that Rome had been taken by her own army, but 
 It was not to be the last. From this time the chief 
 power in Rome had to be fought for, and Rome had 
 to pay those who fought. Sulla did not stay long 
 in Rome, but he passed some laws, to make the 
 Senate stronger and the tribunes weaker. Then 
 hoping things would remain quiet at home, lie went 
 oft to the war against Mithradates. 
 
 3- Sulla in the East— It was quite time that he 
 did so, as Mithradates had entered Asia Minor, and had 
 ordered all the Italians there to be put to death ; i co ooo 
 are said to have been killed. He had also sent troops 
 int-o Greece, which had rebelled against the Romans 
 and had joined him. So when Sulla landed in Greece 
 
Viii.] THE CIVIL IVAKS OF ROME. 57 
 
 m 87 he had quite enough to do. He managed, how< 
 ever, to wm back Greece, and meanwhile Mithradates 
 made himself unpopular m Asia Minor ; so that when 
 
 A^h M.-fh""^ T' ''"' f^^"' ^°"^^' ^h^^^h landed in 
 As a, Mithradates was obliged to ask for peace in 84. 
 bulla made peace because he wanted to go back to 
 Italy where thmgs again were in conftisionT 
 
 4. Marius in Exile.-After Sulla had left Rome 
 the two consuls began to quarrel, one being on the 
 side of Sulla, the other on the side of Marius. At last 
 U Cornelius Cinna, who was Marius' consul, gathered 
 an army and brought Marius back. Marius had had 
 many troubles in trying to escape from Italy. The 
 sailors of a ship on which he wished to go to ' frica 
 persuaded him to land near Minturn^' and then 
 sa^ed away and left him. He was pursued anS 
 taken prisoner, though he had tried to hide himself 
 by standing up to the chin in a marsh. He was pu 
 m prison at Minturnae, and the magistrates senf a 
 Gaulish slave to put, him to death in prison: but 
 when the slave came to Marius the old man's eyes 
 flashed so terribly through the dark prison as he said, 
 Fellow, darest thou kill Caius Marius ? " that the 
 man dropped his sword and ran away. Then the 
 magistrates were ashamed, and let Marius go He 
 crossed over to Africa, but had no sooner landed than 
 he was warned by the magistrates to go away. Those 
 w-ho were sent to tell him to go found him sitting 
 among^ the ruins of Carthage, and when they had 
 given their message he said, "Say you have seen 
 Cams Marius among the ruins of Carthage " 
 
 5. Cinna and Sulla.-Now that his troubles were 
 
 Zf'h^rr T^^^^t^o Rome very savage after all 
 
 at he had suffered. .He and Cinn. put to death all 
 
 the chief people who were opposed to them. For five 
 
 nf^' ^K\f *^' ""^ ^""^^ ^""^'^ '^^^"^' ^"d Marius went 
 through the streets with a body of soldiers, who put 
 to death any one he pointed out. In the year 86 
 Marius was made consul for the seventh time, but 
 
68 
 
 KOMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 he did not live long to enjoy his power. He died, 
 over the age of seventy, hated by all for his cruelty. 
 
 Cinna continued to hold the chief power at Rome 
 till 84, when Sulla, who had finished the war with 
 Mithradates for the present, prepared to cross to 
 Italy. Cinna thought it better to go and meet him 
 m the East,— but he was murdered it Ancona by his 
 troops as he was on the point of setting out. When 
 Sulla landed in Italy he had only 40,000 men, while 
 the consuls had 100,000. He could not therefore 
 march to Rome at once, so he remained in south Italy, 
 and won over the people by kindness, defeating the 
 armies sent against him. 
 
 6. Sulla's Victory. — In the year 82 the struggle 
 became more important. The Samnites, who had not 
 yet been subdued after the Social War, joined with 
 the old party of Marius. Sulla was making good his 
 position on every side, and at last in despair the 
 Samnites and Marians retreated to Rome, and would 
 have destroyed it. But Sulla followed them, and a 
 great battle was fought just outside the walls of Rome. 
 The Samnites were with difficulty defeated, and Rome 
 was saved. 
 
 So Sulla was now master of Rome, and could do 
 there what he liked. You see how in all these last 
 five years the power had been in the hands of one 
 man, and the Senate and all the old ways of governing 
 had been set aside. Now Sulla decided to do all 
 that could be done to bring back these old ways, and 
 to set up the government of the nobility again. 
 
 7. Sulla's Government — Sulla showed quite as 
 much cruelty as Marius had done. He seems to have 
 wished to make his government quiet and peaceable 
 by putting to death everybody who was opposed to 
 It. Lists were put out every day of men who were 
 outlawed, and whom any one might put to death 
 without trial, and also get pay for doing it. It is 
 said that 4,700 of the chief people in R^ome were 
 killed in this way, and all their property was sold 
 
VIII.] 
 
 THE CIVIL WARS OF ROME. 
 
 69 
 
 for the good of the state. This was a terrible way 
 of bringing in peaceful government, and was hardly 
 likely to succeed. You may think how bad an effect 
 It had on the morals of those who lived through it. 
 Many men suddenly became rich, many more hoped 
 that they would gain something for themselves by 
 killing others. Every one was made anxious and un- 
 quiet for a long while to come. 
 
 Then, when Sulla had got rid of all his enemies, he 
 went on to put the government in order. He was 
 made dictator, and as such passed a number of laws 
 to make the Senate stronger. When he had done this 
 he had himself elected consul (80) to show how a consul 
 ought to govern. He gave most magnificent games, 
 and fed all the people of Rome for many days. Then 
 he retired from Rome and from its politics to a house 
 in the country, where he died in 78, and was honoured 
 with the grandest funeral that had ever been seen 
 in Rome. 
 
 8. Troubles after Sulla's Death.— It might have 
 seemed that Rome would now go on quietly, but the old 
 evils soon broke out again. The Social War, and the 
 Civil War which followed, had wasted Italy, and made 
 its population still less than before. It is true that Sulla, 
 when his wars were over, had given his soldiers farms 
 in Italy, by founding what were called military colonies. 
 But these soldiers were restless, and soon sold their 
 land and went to live in the towns, and so Italy again 
 went back to large farms tilled by slaves. 
 
 Again, the Senate and the nobility, on being restored 
 to power by Sulla, looked upon the state as something 
 they had a right to use for their own purposes. They 
 were more bent upon making money than ever, and 
 many of them made larger fortunes than ever. Their 
 government was selfish at home and weak abroad, 
 so it pleased nobody, and soon found troubles on 
 every side. 
 
 9. War with Sertorius in Spain. —First, in 
 Spain, there was a rebellion against Rome set on foot 
 
70 
 
 /COAUN /iisroKV. 
 
 t<IIAP. 
 
 .m .-■ sul,. o, M.,.,„s, .,,.1 llo., ,., Spain wh.,, Snli;, " ! 
 
 ' l« reus ,H.<,|,|.. ,„.,|„.v l,i,„, a„,| «, 1„. livocl am S 
 u M.:m,ar,ls, an, tauf;lu tlu.,„ all il,,. vim,..s of K. p. 
 1 o n,a„y jvars • ho k.„„ans ,„u|.l .1,, „,„hi„g a.ai , i 
 ' IH'V s,.n. ,,,,r bos, K-'naal, Cn^fus Po„|„.| , 
 .1 !„■ ,l,.l n„( ,|„ very nuuh. At last t!,o Spa niar.Is 
 
 01 IlK rost. I „■.. s„m,. „r his „i)i,vrs n.a.l,. a i.lot 
 
 (,:). Altor l„s ,l,.ath ti.e ,vl,clli<.n was put ,1 ,w„ 
 
 aiul .Spam again was oln-dicnt. ' 
 
 lo Troubles in the East.- Bin tluiv wer,. other 
 
 louWos ,|u,to as groat f.,r the Romans. Tho M..<li. 
 
 mano,n, .s.,. swarmo,! will, piral.-s, wl,„ .list,, , I 
 
 j 1 tl,o K,.„,aM ,ra,lo. Mi,l,ra.la,os, ,„„, in |.„„,„s, 
 
 •.. oniN boon waning ,„ gailu-r Lis loroos ,„Ko,l,or 
 
 Hi in ,1,0 y,-ar 74 ho again wont t„ war w h 
 
 Iv ,.,,r'f""- i>-^' '"■■1 Y ''"'' '"-■■■""' '>>• "'^' Xoninn 
 '0 g„t I olp mm ,1,0 King „f ,\rmonia, a^ul in the 
 o.,r <,; I,,„,,n„s ,vas .lo,oa,o,l, an,l Mi,l,rada,os i- 
 tmiul „, |'„n,„s. .S. lar Iho Romans had gainod 
 "o,l„ng by ,1,0 ,var. M ,ho san,o ti.iio, alst^ ho 
 Koinan (loot l,a,l (ail..,! i„ i,s a„omp,s ,gai„s the 
 piratos n, ,l,o Woditorranoan. ' * 
 
 u. Rebellion of the Gladiators.- .Ml th.so 
 
 ."g.s showod how nnablo tho Sonato was to oarry oi, 
 
 tho govornmont m n,a„ors abroad. Thoir woaknoss at 
 
 nomo was shown, at tho same timo, by a droadf.il war 
 
 m > '' '"■?''^',""' '" 73- 'J'l'f s!'"'i<"<"s wore 
 
 "ui who wore trained to f.ght with one another ,ind 
 
 L^mes"' T? '"' """"^ •'"'• '^°"''-'" 1'™!^'^' »' 'heir 
 fcamos. 1 hesc men wore regularly taught their horrible 
 
VIII,] 
 
 TlU'l Civil. W'AliS OF ROME. 
 
 7t 
 
 il 
 
 trmlo, ai.cl there were schools of gladiators in differinl 
 |)arls of Italy. Many of them were i)risoners who 
 had bei'ii taki-ii in haltle against the Romans, and 
 were now Ixing taught how lo amuse their eonciuerors 
 l)y their di-ath. A numher of these, gladiators made 
 their escape from a prison at Capua, under a hrave 
 leader called Spartaeus. Their numbers grew very 
 (juickly, for slaves and gladiators escaju'd on every 
 side, and the army of Si)arlaeus soon reached 40,000 
 men. The Roman generals were defeated hy them, 
 and Rome was in great danger of an attack. Spartaeus 
 himself was a great man, and wished to lead his 
 lollowers over the Alps hack to their native land of 
 (iaul or Cermany. Hut they found they could rob 
 as they pleased in Italy, so tluy stayed there and 
 did almost what they liked ; but they sooti began 
 to (luarrel amongst themselves, and at last, in the 
 year 71, were defeated by tlu; Roman general Marcus 
 Crassus. At the .same time Cnanis I*omj)eius, who 
 had been .sent for from S[)ain, after the di-ath of 
 Sertorius, fell upon the rest of the slave army and 
 almost entirely destroyed them. 
 
 1 2. Power of Cnaeus Pompeius Many people 
 
 now expected that i*()m|Kius would behave like Sulla, 
 and enter Rome with his army, and so put himself 
 at the head of the government. But lie came back 
 quietly, and he and ( 'ra,s.sus were made consuls for 
 the year 70. From this time Pompeius was the most 
 important man in Rome. He tried to please both 
 Uie party of the nobles and the party of the people. 
 It seemed to e i)e()ple that he was the only man 
 who (ould put cui end lo the wars in which they were 
 engaged: .so, in 67, he was made general against the 
 pn-ates by a sju'cial decree of the ])eople. In three 
 months he (>leared the Mediterranean Sea of pirates, 
 pursued them to Cilicia, and destroyed their stronL^' 
 holds. ^ 
 
 13. Pompeius in the East.— Meanwhile Mith- 
 radates had been iiaking head in Asia, and the freneral 
 
72 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 TcHAP. 
 
 m 
 
 So a^^fh ^ ^f ''''™" '^""^'^If '!>"'te useless, 
 
 mind i ^/.''°P°^"' ?f °"« of tl'e tribunes, the com- 
 mand ,n Asia was given to I'ompeius. The Senate 
 opposed this, l,ut in vain. The people were too s? mi^ 
 for them and the Senate found thlt the favourUe of 
 the people could do anything he pleased. 
 
 66 °TT; "''k?^"''' "■'-■"' "S"'"^' Mithradates in 
 „ :. f n '^'PT^ '""' °"' "' I^'S kingdom of Pontus 
 and followed him into Armenia, whither he fled .\>; 
 a time Mithradates still tried to resist, but at last liK 
 
 veTr Zvth^ ''^f;™' •^'"' ^'«' With^l^esTn the 
 year 63 killed himself, that he might not be given over 
 
 .^yna, wh ch he brought under the rule of Rome 
 
 ^^^'l^ """''f '°, J""'-^''' "'-h'for a"" tin le 
 
 icw jews still held out on the cmple rock • b>it 
 
 tl drd"not'th-r'^""''/P™ ">« &>bbath: since 
 they did not think it right to fight on that dav 
 
 at°?er:o"1d1 ''" '''^"P'^' and' wondered mu^i; 
 at seeing no idol or statue in it, for the Roman<i 
 
 fh'fs Pontuf rr "' 'i?^ -""S'"" °f "^^ Jews''°Afte 
 P ovinces of ^ ' ^T'- ^"'^ ^''"' ""^^^ «" -"^de 
 came back tn R^'"'' '"^ '" *" ^'^^ «' l^^-^Peius 
 T. Trn'hi ^^ ^P'" ^ ^"<:<^«sful conqueror 
 14. youblesinEome.-Butw-hilePompeiushid 
 been establishing order abro.-,d the government of the 
 Senate had become still weaker in Rome i^elf E e? 
 since the time of the Gracchi there had been a party 
 
 We saw7o^'m?r'^^'\'.'^^ """^'-^^ ^"d 'he Senale' 
 hlf„ f aV " ''"'e good this party had got from the 
 
 for athnf InH Th ' ■" '™°J" ^ ^""^ ^ad'put it do™ 
 Senate Rnti 1, ^"f *? P°*^^ '"^^^ .igain to the 
 senate. But in these last few years the Senate hnd 
 been growing weaker, and the party of the peon e had 
 
 of"ufir'aL''™"f ? Pomp^eius'had be^f friend 
 the niw ' ° belonged to the nobles'-party, but 
 
 trust the^! ""■■' '""''' "f^'^'" °f 1^™' ""'I h« ^'d not 
 
VIII.] 
 
 THE CIVIL IVARS OF ROME, 
 
 73 
 
 15. Chief men in Rome.-The best man amongst 
 the nobles was Marcus Porcnus Cato, who kei)t to the 
 od Roman virtues, and wished to keep also to the 
 old Roman government. Another man of great con- 
 sequence m Rome was Marcus Licinius Crassus, who 
 had made a very large fortune, which he was always 
 increasing: he tried to please both parties, and lo 
 get everything he could for himself. Marcus Tullius 
 Cicero also, was a great man in Rome : he was not 
 of old family or very rich, but he rose by his own 
 talents, and especially by his great power of speaking 
 to men so as to persuade them. He was one of the 
 greatest orators, or public speakers, that there has ever 
 been, and we still have many of his speeches to the 
 Roman people, which tell us a great deal about these 
 times. He was a moderate man, who wished to keep 
 Kome at peace, and also to put an end to the chief 
 abuses which he saw. He wished to reform the old 
 plan of government by the Senate, but he did not 
 wish to change it. The great leader of the popular 
 party was Cams Julius Ccesar; he was of a noble 
 family, but Marms had married his aunt, and he him- 
 
 mlH^'nTT^ ?""^'' ^^"g^^^^' ^« he was very 
 much hked by the people. He was resolved to 
 destroy the government of the Senate, and then rule 
 Rome himself in the name of the people. But as 
 yet he had no army, so he was waiting in Rome to 
 see how he could get one in due time. 
 
 th.'t; f °";P^!*^^y of Catilina.-How dangerous 
 the state of things was in Rome may be seen from 
 the conspiracy of Lucius Sergius Catilina. He was a 
 noble and had been a friend of Sulla's, but had run 
 into debt, and was now the leader of a band of young 
 nobles who were all ruined, and who hoped to get 
 more money if they could violently upset the govern- 
 ?Xh . ^/^^^h"\J^^"^d the party of the people, and 
 tried to be elected consul while Pompeius was away • 
 but in the year 63 he was not elected, while Cicero was' 
 i^atixina is said by Cicero to have intended to murder 
 
74 
 
 Roman HISTORY. 
 
 tciIAP. 
 
 he and his foHowers pleased. Though tlie Senate 
 
 nrtrer h' H p'^ "^^^^ ^^^^'^ ^° ^^J^^' ^^ 
 prisoner. He left Rome and raised an army, vvhere- 
 
 Ciceros orders. Next year CatiUna was killed in 
 a battle agamst the Senate's army, and his troops 
 
 waTin RT""f^- , ^"" r '^"" '^''^ feeling thX 
 was in Rome for law and order, when a man wis 
 
 suspected of standing for the consulship tlu't rmi^h 
 
 use his office as a means of plundering Rome. People 
 
 Dutii/r.^T "^ f^""^'^^ Cicero was exiled for 
 putting Catihna's followers to death without trial 
 Ihis shows you how hard it was for a magistrate to 
 know what to do in Rome, and how parity feeling 
 decided everything, and there was very Ihtle car! 
 tor the good of the state. 
 
 ' ,\.^\ Pompeius, Caesar, and Crassus.- Phis was 
 
 the state of things when Pompeius returned in 6 1 It 
 
 was igain thought that he would bring his army into 
 
 Rome, and so rule the Senate. But he did no[, and 
 
 came back to Rome as a simple citizen (6i). He 
 
 found however, that when the first gratitude was 
 
 over he was not so powerful as he expected to be. 
 
 Gradually he quarrelled about many little matters with 
 
 the Senate. C^sar saw this, and took advantage 
 
 1 ^ He agreed with Pompeius and Crassus that 
 
 they should all three work together to get X they 
 
 each wanted. In the year 59 C^sar was made con. { 
 
 a^v 1 rf passed an Agrarian Law, which was to 
 
 K f. ^^ P^'^'P^^ "'^^^"g ^""^^^ ^^-"^ governor of 
 
 aiearmr ^""'' '"^ ^""^^^ him at the head of 
 
 Caesar had now got what he wanted : he had got 
 
 the opportunity of showing himself to be a grfat 
 
 Deonle ' R ''' ^f/^'""^g popularity with the Roman 
 people. He could now make himself the rr,„nl r,r 
 
vm.J THE cmnvAKS OF KOME. ^ 
 
 Pompoius, and hoped soon to become a greater man 
 tha.. he was. Above all, he conki train "up an a Z 
 attaehed to h,m and ready to do whatever hi told T^ 
 i8. Caesar in Gaul.— .So in the year e8 Cesar 
 went off to Caul, where he soon found , e, ty to do 
 1.1 the next seven years he su<-ceeded in 'entirely con! 
 
 ttrRl^^:: h'"''' "'""' °f '"'•■ '^>'^™'=^'» and w'^rt of 
 the Rh.ne. He even crossed over to liritain (c,\ 
 
 and, though he did not stay to conquer if he n^si 
 
 b.ought the Romans into the lan.I where the eLhs 
 
 l.ve now though the British alone lived there £ 
 
 sVrf,r n? fV ^ '" T''"'""« *=''"'' '^"' '"= "ever lost 
 Mght of things in Rome at the same time. He was 
 
 and h?; ff?"'"'' k""'^ ^'^° " «™' ""te^ «-^ wen 
 and has left us h,s own account of his wars in 
 
 ^dierr^n^f ^ T ^u""^^ ''""^ ^^ 'he Roman 
 soldiers and also by the natives of Caul. He was 
 
 cire thn/ ir "If' I'? f°"',l"«>-'^d, yet he always took 
 made rn ,■ "'' r T''' "J", ">"■■""«'>')' beaten, 'oesar 
 made roaos in Caul, and brought in Roman ideas and 
 Koman customs, and also taught all his officers to 
 deal kindly with the Cauls. In this way he „ded 
 m making those of the Cauls, ,vho weri not killed or 
 made slaves, quite content to be ruled by the Romans 
 1 hough h2 was only there ten years altogether, and 
 when he left he took his arm/ with him, still the 
 
 of rn„f h r' '■^^•' T"^"^ '^°"''=- Thi': conquest 
 o Caul by C.-esar is the greatest instance in Roman 
 history of the w.ay in which Rome could not only 
 
 he'^r- Y '°"'? '""'' "'" '^""q"<-'^ed countries to 
 nf R„ ^' ™^„a'«o mo»t important for the future 
 of Rome herself You have seen how greatly the 
 people of Italy were declining in numbers aiul i^ 
 energy The Cauls became children of Rome, and 
 
 came"" om°'r'"i "" a, ■""?• °^ ^"'"^'^ ^'^'^^^ ^^^ 
 came from Gaul Also this con<]uest of Gaul bv 
 
 Ccesar first brought the power of Rome into those 
 
 parts of Jiurope whicii our own history has most to 
 
I' 
 
 ■ Hi 
 
 f6 
 
 iiOMAN HISTORY. 
 
 t.7)^\ ^*f '' '"''^•''°" ^^ l^'-'tain is the 
 Jact that we have related 
 
 [chap. 
 
 first 
 
 which our fathers afterward: 
 
 to us about the land 
 
 great 
 
 liv( 
 
 in 
 
 '•'.t Caisar 
 ii things that 
 
 rs ,- \ -""'v.^ came t( 
 
 19. Caesars influence in Re 
 
 had to keep a close watch all thiv wi.u ,a iiiincs thit 
 
 were going on in Rome. He had been sen to Van 
 
 first for five years. But he wanted toTay thJr lo ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 o get more money, and become more known to his 
 
 soldiers; also, the hordes of slaves he got mide hir^ 
 
 nch enough to pay his debts in Rome, and t^b > o^^er 
 
 people. He cou d only stay in ( iaul if Pompeius 
 
 nof p^^'r it""' P^'^^ '"^' ^^ '' ''' eventsT d 
 not prevent it. In Rome itself there was irreat con 
 
 fusion Every year the election to the consulsh n 
 caused a war of mrfino tk i-unMnsnip 
 
 the stre-t. n n I '^ '"-"' "'"'■^ constant riots in 
 
 P^us found tut u'"'^' T ""' discontented. ]-om- 
 
 fu "wth he Sen. ™^ 'r'""",'« ''■■**'* ""d lesspower- 
 lui Hith the Senate, and also with the people 
 
 -Men^o:ked°to'?"'''v''°'??""^'«"^C'««"^- 
 
 Pornneins .nH r "■ ^°' ''"^""'•'' ''"'' '" *e year 56 
 rompe U.S and Crassus went to meet him at Luci 
 
 There hey agreed to unite again, and get bv tS 
 
 united mfluence-all that each of th,^m wanted So in 
 
 consuls, by the help of soldiers whom Caesar sent 
 
 Rome aT"J '" '^''".' 'V°'' '■" 'he assembly 
 Kome. As soon as they became consuls thev nrn 
 
 v'eaTs'n r"'Th ^^--'^i — -^d in Gau/7r Te 
 years more. 1 hen a tribune proposed to the oeoole 
 that the province of Syria should be given for five 
 
 do nothing against them. The old R^nfan Republ c 
 as a bo^dv"hfd'°-'""' '''"^"^^ P°«-- °f '>- "obfe 
 
vni.] THE CIVIL WARS OF ROME, 77 
 
 21. Death of Crassus.-Crassus went away to 
 Syria at once, vyhcrc he was killed in battle against the 
 larthians, ni the year 53. 'I'hese i'arthians were the 
 great enemies of Rome in the I'.ast for some time to 
 come ; they lived among the deserts, where the Romans 
 found It hard to follow them, This defeat of Oassus 
 at Charrai was a severe bhjw to the Roman power in 
 the East, liut, more than this, the death of Crassus 
 broke the bond of union bc'tween (^^esar and Pompeius • 
 there were now only two men, and not three, to share 
 he power in Rome, and so Cajsar and Pompeius 
 became rivals, with no one to stand between them 
 
 22 Rivalry of Pompeius and Caesar.— Pom- 
 peius had not gone to his province in Spain : he waited 
 in Rome, which was no^ customary for the magistrate of 
 a province. Also, he got the Senate to give him the 
 province of Si)ain for five years more. Py this means 
 he became superior to Osar, for when Citjsar gave up 
 his province of (iaul, and also his army, as he would 
 have to do in the year 48, Pom{)eius would still be 
 governor of Spain, and would have an army at his 
 command. Caisar would have to come to Rome and 
 hve as a private noble, while Pompeius would have 
 all the power, as being general of an army. Put mean- 
 while the constant riots in Rome gave more and more 
 power to Pompeius. The Senate could do very little 
 to keep order, and Pompeius hoped that, if he waited, 
 things would become .so bad that he would be called 
 m to keep order, and so would get all the power for 
 himself. ^ 
 
 Caesar's friends of course did not like this, and 
 Cassar was afraid that when he came back to Rome as 
 a private man he would be brought to trial on some 
 charge or another before the people, and then would 
 be condemned b>' the votes of Pompeius' soldiers 
 1 here was no certainty what might happen, and C^sar 
 was determined to carry out his own plans, and to 
 alter the government of Rome. The Senate was more 
 atraid of him than of Pompeius, who made himself 
 
78 
 
 ROMAJV ///STORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 Mill 
 
 the head of the ,Mrty <,f the noMcs and those who 
 held by ho cMstmg f.,,,,, of „„vcrnnK.„t. (W 
 on the other han.l, was the lea.ler of the neo„k- 
 and of those who wishe.l for a refortn i„ the ^o ern^ 
 ment. It was soo„ very clear to every o„e th I e 
 <luest,ons m dispute would .K.er be settle.l peae^abl,^ 
 l)Ut that there would be a great <-ivil war 
 
 23- Quarrel of Pompeius and Casar.-'Ihis 
 was the question about which the war broke out : (U-sar 
 
 ^ive un lb '" '■'•"'" '"'"; '" """l '"""^P-'- «'>™ d 
 
 pc alloved tc stand lor the consulship while absent 
 
 n (.aul, so that he might come to Kome as con«" 
 
 was at the head of an army, an.l had many friends 
 in Rome, but the Senate did„ot know how str m^ 
 
 t«o of the ribunes took ( -esar's side they were 
 threatened w,th loss of their office. They ^flJd o 
 Cpsar, who now had a cause for war, and who 
 
 Rubico, which separates (Jaul from Italy: he said 
 he came to defend the tribunes of the people against 
 
 . IS^n w^^^'y^A^'-*' 'l'>-"Kr..'atwar brokf ou 
 24- CivU War of Pompeius and Casar.— 
 
 Pompems was taken by surprise when Osar actually 
 
 came aganrst him, and when he found thatlo^dS 
 
 not gather round him he left Rome, with the consoi^ 
 
 and Senate, and sailed to Creece. In sixty days C^si 
 
 had gained possession of Italy : Init he only Zni 
 
 ngh I'ompeius' army there. In the battle of Ilerda 
 he defeated Pompeius' generals, and broke up thei? 
 army I hen he came back to Rome, and by his 
 
 care much how Rome was governed, but only wanted 
 to live peaceably ■' ""'"'=" 
 
 25- Defeat of Pompeius.- Next year (48) he 
 crossed over to Greece, where Pompeius had gathered 
 
VIII.] 
 
 THE CIVIL WARS OF ROME. 
 
 le. 
 
 79 
 the 
 
 a large army, and the great l)attle that was to decide t.,c 
 fate of Rome was fought on the Pharsahan plain. Pom- 
 peius' army was twice as large as Caesar's, but Cresar's 
 troops had fought with him in (iaul, and he knew 
 he could trust them. It is said that he gave an order 
 to his men before the battle to strike at the eni.'mies' 
 faces, for he knew that a wound in the face would 
 frighten the Roman nobles. After a long battle, Cicsar 
 was victorious. Pompeius did not stay to fight again, 
 but fled to Egypt, where he was murdered in a boat as 
 he was landing : Caesar, who followed after him, wept 
 when Pompeius' head was brought him. He used 
 his vicfory very mercifully, and did not put any one 
 to death, for he did not only want to conquer he 
 wanted his con(]uest to last, and he knew that he 
 could only establish his own power on justice and 
 mercy. 
 
 26. Caesar in the East.- When Ctsar followed 
 1 ompeius to Egypt, he found there a quarrel going on 
 about the kingdom, between Ptolomieus XII, a boy 
 of fourteen, and his sister Cleopatra. Cfesar took the 
 side of Cleopatra, and made her queen after Ptolomaius 
 had been killed in battle. Then he passed to Asia 
 where he defeated a rebel king at Zela, and wrote 
 ills lanious letter to the Roman Senate "Veni, vidi 
 vici,' (I came, I saw, I conquered). He had no 
 sooner reached Rome than he set off again to Africa 
 where niany of Pompeius' party had assembled, and 
 were gathering troops among the Africans. They were 
 defeated with great slaughter at Thapsus (46). 
 
 27 Caesar in Rome.— Still C-Esar could not rest, 
 for the sons of Pompeius had raised an army in Spain 
 where they were beaten by Caesar after a desperate 
 battle at Munda (45). After that G-esar came back 
 to Rome as master of the Roman world. The Senate 
 made him dictator for life, and gave him every pos- 
 sible honour that could be found. But C^sar wished 
 to establish his power entirely, and to hand it on 
 to others after him ; so he wanted to be made king 
 
8o 
 
 I^OMAN HISTORY, 
 
 1: 
 
 II; 
 
 [chap. 
 
 V 
 
 at once, and change the whole form of the Roman 
 government from a Republic to a Monarchy-bu" 
 a Monarchy resting on the people. He wanted to 
 take in amongst the number of the Roman citi/ens 
 the people of the provinces, as soon as they sS 
 themselves ready for it. He wanted also to make he 
 Senate a counc, of advisers to the kin^, and he 
 
 ilK^t \^T^ '"'" " "°' "»'>• R""^" nobles, but 
 / also the chref men of the provinces 
 
 — 28. Murder of C^sar.— Now, manv of the Ro 
 
 mans disliked these changes, and di'slikedfelr lo 
 
 ju.st as he was begmning to settle down in Rome to live 
 
 netly, after all h,.s hard work, a plot was made against 
 
 him He was n:i.rdered ,n tlie .Senate-hor;se (March 
 
 Unu'^it^,/ W' ?•" "^ ■?"■"■ •""''"«'^' ^^■'1°'" M. Junius 
 iirutus and C. t assms Longnius were the chief. 'I'hev 
 
 were all men to whom Ca;sar :,a<I shown great kind 
 nc^s, but they thought it was their duty ,t maintain 
 the Roman state, instead of submitting to a sinde 
 Er J° "-■>;. "?-t-d Caesar in the name'of 
 bcrty. Cffisar died at the age of fifty-si.x, and is perhaps 
 the greatest m.an m all history, when we consider bofh 
 he greatness of the things he did, and the wondJr 
 ful i.owers of imnd and body which he showed He 
 IS not only a great general, but also a great statesman 
 and a great wrter. He had many faults, for the tTmes 
 m which he ived were full of wickedness: but The 
 
 CtTt l"*""'"^-^""^ Octavianus.-The murder of 
 l,a:.,ar, however, did not restore the old government of 
 he Senate, as Brutus and Cassius thought it would do 
 It only brought on new disturbances and civil wa 
 fo the next thirteen years. C-esar had left as hi 
 heir Cams Octavius, his great-nephew, the son of 
 his sister's daughter, but he wa.s only a boy of 
 the age of eighteen at the time of CiEsar's death 
 and was being educated in Creece. By C Jar's wHl 
 he was adopted as his son, and so changed hts name 
 
vin.] THE CIVIL WARS OF ROME. g, 
 
 to Caius Julius Cssar Octavianus. In Rome how 
 
 X's^ed :: 1^"'",' 8^"^"'^' Marcus rjonr^ 
 
 o that hf. Lh .^TP'" T'"''' ^'■"'"» ""d Cassius 
 so t lat they had to leave Rome. Then Ciesir's oM 
 
 soM,ers gathered round Antonius and asked to avenl^ 
 he.r leader's death. Antonius honed by meam of 
 
 naa aone But Octavianus, young as he was, was wise 
 and caufous. He came to Rome, and made h mself 
 popular to every one. Many of d-esar's old soMiers 
 came round h,m, and he soon became powerful VvC 
 war broke out between the Senate Ld An onius he 
 sided with the Senate, till Antonius was defea ed in 
 he battle of Mutina (43), where also th tto ctntuk 
 who were commanding for the Senate were kmed 
 Then Octavianus came to Rome with his troops and 
 forced his own election as consul. Then E Tot 
 
 L'Tnd "with m1 '^°T' '^, "^''^ P-- "■'^""K 
 lu^ and w th Marcus Lepidus, who, as governor of 
 
 •^ l°Serond Tr^'"'' i^n-''" ^™>''»' hisTommand 
 30. becond 1 riumvirate.—Thus was formed Ux\ 
 what IS known as the second triumvirate Thoardof 
 three men. Just as, twelve years before, the aFd^s of 
 Rome haa been settled by three men, Pompeius rZ° 
 and Crassus, so now were they .settled by thVee men who 
 found themselves at the head of armies Octarian,,. 
 Antonius, and Lepidus, The first thing' they did "^s 
 to secure themselves by putting every one to de«h 
 
 done before. One of the people who was killed at 
 this ,me was the great orator, Marcus Tullius CiTero 
 He had Stood firmly by the Senate, and had spoken 
 very fiercely against Antonius in some very celebrated 
 speeches, so he was killed, at the age of sixty four 
 When they had thus settled matters in Rome they 
 
 ttether a'', ^"'"' ''"'^ ^f ^'"^' ^^o had gatheS 
 PomtL ti7' '7^ '" M„»<^«donia.- while Sextus 
 a iket /ni " ^^Cn^'^^ Pompeius, had collected 
 a fleet, and was in possession of Sicily. But Brutus 
 
83 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 and Cassius were not good generals, and despaired 
 too soon of their ciuse. In two battles fought at 
 IMiihppi they were defeated (42) : in the first battle 
 Cassius committed suicide, and in the second Brutus 
 did the same. 
 
 31. Octavianus in Italy.— After this battle An- 
 tonms went to the East, where he met Cleopatra, the 
 queen of Egypt, and became so fond of her that he 
 stayed with her in Egypt. Octavianus went back to 
 Italy, where he tried to establish order. It was at last 
 agreed that Antonius should rule the East, Octavianus 
 the West, and Lepidus Anica. Octavianus had the 
 hardest work, as he had no ships, and Sextus Pompeius, 
 who had a large fleet, could prevent the corn -ships 
 trom sailing to Rome, and so could produce famine. 
 Octavianus, therefore, had to get together a fleet of 
 his own, and also to try and keep the Romans quiet. 
 At first his ships were defeated, and he was in great 
 difficulties, but at last, in 36, he succeeded in over- 
 coming Pompeius, who was, however, joined by Lepi- 
 dus, through fear of Octavianus growing too power- 
 ful. Lepidus was defeated and deprived of his power, 
 and Sextus Pompeius was driven to take refuge in 
 the East, where he was put to death by Antonius. 
 
 Z2. Civil War of Octavianus and Antonius. 
 —It was now Antonius' turn to be afraid of the power 
 of Octavianus, who was master of Italy, which he had 
 saved from great distress, and where he had quietly 
 and moderately introduced law and order. All Csesar's 
 old soldiers followed him, and he was the head of all 
 the old political party of Marius. Antonius, on the 
 other hand, became more and more disliked at Rome. 
 He lived entirely in the East, where he was altogether 
 under the influence of Cleopatra, and followed eastern 
 habits and customs, which the Romans heard of with 
 disgust. So, gradually, a war came about between 
 Octavianus and Antonius, which was settled by the 
 battle of Actium, in the year 31. This battle was 
 fought at sea, off the west coast of Greece, and was 
 
VIII.] BEGINNINGS OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 83 
 
 decided by the flight of Cleopatra's ship in the middle 
 ot the battle Antonius was so distressed at this that 
 he followed her ; and then all his ships, seeing their 
 general run away, turned and fled likewise. Antonius 
 was pursued to Egypt, where he attempted to commit 
 suicide on hearing Cleopatra was dead : but she was 
 no dead, and he lived just long enough to see her, 
 but died in time to escape falling into the hands of 
 Uctavianus. Cleopatra was taken prisoner, but com- 
 mitted suicide by the sting of an asp, or poisonous 
 serpent, which she contrived to have sent to her in 
 a basket of fruit. She was the last queen of Egypt : 
 after her death it was macjp a Roman province. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 THE BEGINNINGS OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 I. Why the Romans took one man as ruler. 
 
 —bo now again the Roman world was under the rule 
 of one man. The murder of Julius Cssar had only led 
 o thirteen years of confusion, and at the end of that 
 time C^sars adopted son stood in much the same 
 position as his father had done. Every one was now 
 red of these civil wars, which had lasted since the 
 times of Marius and Sulla, for more than fifty years 
 iTL vP'^'Pj' were alive who had seen these wars 
 begin. Very few had ever known what it was to 
 live under a settled government. So men had lost 
 much of their love for the old government of Rome 
 and were contented with any government that would 
 give them quiet and peace, and would bring back law 
 and order ^ Almost all the chief Roman nobles had 
 been killed in these late wars. There was no family 
 left which could claim to be as great as the Julian 
 family. Octavianus was by far the most powerful man 
 in the state, and there was no means of getting rid 
 of him, or governing without him. After the battle of 
 Actium, when Octavianus returned to Rome, the power 
 
84 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 jt 
 If 
 
 oF the state passed entirely into his hands, and Rome's 
 govoriinient slowly changed, in reality though not in 
 name, from being a Republic to being a Monarchy^ 
 or the rule of one man. 
 
 2. How the Empire was founded Octavi- 
 
 anus, however, had learned from the fate of Julius how 
 dangerous it was to try to change the form of govern- 
 ment ojHMily : he had learned that it must be done 
 .slowly and (luietly. So he never wanted the title of 
 " king," nor did he wish for any extraordinary powers. 
 But he slowly took to himself all the old magistracies^ 
 or at least the power of the old magistrates. You 
 remember that when Ronitf drove out her kings and 
 became a Republic, she did not make any violent 
 change, but at first appointed one yearly magistrate, 
 and then two, who bore the kingly power. Then 
 little by little this power was spHt up, and pieces 
 of It given to new magistrates. Well, Octavianus 
 took to himself all these scattered powers one by 
 one, and so became a king again, though he avoided 
 the name of king. He took the title, Impcrator, 
 which means the holder of a military command from 
 the people. It is this title which has been shortened 
 into Emperor, and which we now use as the chief 
 title of Octavianus and his successors. By this power 
 of Impeiator he was head of the armv, and the use 
 of this title more than others shows "what the new 
 rule \N\as really founded upon. Then he took the 
 authority of Censor, by which he could control the 
 appointments to the Senate. He also was made 
 princeps, or chief man oX i\\Q Sepate, who always 
 spoke first on every (question ; from this again comes 
 our title Prince. By these powers of censor and 
 princeps he became also head of the Senate. Next 
 he received the tribunician power for life, and as 
 such became head of the people. Then he took 
 the consular power for life, and so was the chief 
 magistrate of Rome. Lastly, he became chiei pontif ex ^ 
 or priest^ and so was head of the Roman religion. 
 
t5f.1 BECmmjVGS OF THE EMPIRE, ^. 
 
 Thus he liad gathered into his own hands the control 
 over every p^irt of the old government, and also ^cld 
 
 upon hunse f of Augusfi^^, or the Majcs/i,, just is 
 we say "Her Majesty." It is by this name of 
 hUfrTfe' ^^^^^^^^ i« always known in his 
 
 sinmlv^."/p °^ Augustus.- Augustus lived quite 
 simply at Rome, without any show of grandeur. He 
 kept watch over everything, and always had his own 
 way He accustomed the Senate and the people to 
 look to hmi for orders what to do about everything. 
 Sometnnes he offered to re>.ign his powers, that they 
 might see that they (<ouId nc . do without him. Once 
 he went away from Rome, and at the next elections 
 
 down ^l."" "°t' '''r^' ^"^>' ^''' i^'"^"^^^'"^^^' ^'«"W put 
 down. It was by these means of trying not to give 
 
 offence to any one, and of doing everything under the 
 old names, and so not seeming to make any c'>.antre 
 that Augustus established the Empire in Rome ' 
 
 4. Roman Writers under Augustus. -He 
 uled the Ronian world from ac. 30 to a.i, 14, and 
 the Romans were happy under his rule after all their 
 wars. His reign was the time in which the great 
 Roman writers noyr-shed, and their works are full 
 
 PnlSv''T''^ ir^- ^' ^'''' "^ ^^■■•^ J^^^'^°"^ that 
 1 ubl us \irgilius Maro wrote his poem of the .^I-neid 
 
 to tell the great dec>ds of yl.neas, who fomided Alba, and 
 
 from whom the Julian fauu'ly, to which Julius cksar 
 
 had belonged, was said to have sprung. Quintus 
 
 Horatius Idaccus, and Publius Ovidius Vam also 
 
 wrote poems at this time: and Titus Livius 'wrote 
 
 his great history of Rome. Augustus was fond of 
 
 havmg literary men about ^u^ . :,nd used to encourage 
 
 hem to uTite. Hence it is .^ustomary to t.uK about 
 
 the Augusfan age of literature as being that in which 
 
 S^Z^'' ^•"'^^^' ^"' "^^^ -- ''- -' 
 
 S. Effects of the Empire on the Provinces. 
 
66 
 
 /fou.ijv iiisroKV. 
 
 [I'llAP. 
 
 I!- 
 
 ■ 1 ■ul ll.c diic'f thing that Augustus did was the wiktiI 
 .yra„ge,>u.„t of the government. You sec tlrnt Rome^ 
 Kovernment. up to the time of the ICmpire, 1 ad l^en 
 tlK. government of the people of the city'of Ron e over 
 
 wVr "l 'the T, 'r'^ V' ™"'l«e^-d- After the Soci^ 
 war all the Italians had been made Roman citizens 
 
 ' V r ;;i:r • :' f."^/ ™'" f ^'""« "««if. »"i of coun.e 
 
 , , - .■"•^" ,'" ^"''y ^'""'J "ot go to Rome and vote 
 CNery tin.e there was an Assembly. The .-liief poweT in 
 Rome was supply that of the ral,4 of Rome, wCam" 
 ib tbflr' ••'.f 'hey were led by .some one popular 
 or the tme. Ihe Senate had been alv.ay.s trying 
 
 to itseK, but had failed to do so. When (he Empire 
 
 TnTlT''''^''i 'f' '""^■"••y was settled: both 
 bcnate and people had to obey the Emperor. 'J'he 
 po«-er of governing the province, was no longer left 
 to the Rom.in peoi>le, but vent eith, r dircetiv or in 
 d.rec y to the Emperor. Thus, under the Empi e 
 the Italians gradually lost their freedom and he 
 provincu. s gradually gained equality wi^Them? 
 Inni: . .f"* "^ ^^'' ^°"'^" Empire.-If you 
 lm> wni :~ T"P f '^' ''^Sinning W the bo^ok! 
 you will .see how large was the extent of Rome's 
 
 ^,""™°"V"'"^" ^"«-.'-'- After a great dc"^ 
 h r ^^ f"^<^no%'h, and that it was only neces.sary for 
 
 tL]° *-"•''■ T"^ '":°"e '''■™"<^^^- His wars were 
 mostly carried on against the Germans, and he at last 
 
 Zt *S,,'^'^""he the boundaries of the Roman terri- 
 tory. Thus you see Rome's dominions were bounded 
 on the west by the Atlantic Ocean; on the nor"h by 
 nit^"l * ?T"'' "'^ ^l''"^' 'he Danube, the 
 Tist bv ?h'/\ "'• """""t^i"^ of Caucasus ; on the 
 east by the Armenian mountains, the Tigris, and the 
 Arabian desert; and on the south by the African 
 deserts. _ Along all this frontier there were only two 
 weak pomts : one was towards the Germans, and the 
 
IX. 1 BEa/NN/JVGS OF Tl/E KMrn<E. 
 
 «7 
 
 otiicr on the cast sidt;, towards the Parthians. These 
 two peoples, the (iernians and the Parthians, were 
 the enemies whom Rome had chiefly to fear. When 
 Augustus died he left directions to his successors not 
 to mcrease these dominions : and up to the end of 
 the Roman Empire only two other countries were 
 added One was J^ritain, which had already been 
 invaded l)y Julius Cix^sar, but which the Emperor 
 Ckiudius con(juered in a.d. 51 ; the other was J)acia. 
 which was added by the Emperor I'rajan in a.d. io6. 
 7n New Govern client of the Provinces — 
 Iht^e provinces had been governed, you remember, 
 by those who had been magistrates at Rome, anjd 
 who were purely Roman governors, settling everything 
 in the interests of the Senate. So the provinces 
 had been oi)pressed and ill treated by many Romans 
 who wanted to make money out of them. Augustus 
 took many of these provinces under his own care 
 and appointed his own governor, who was under 
 Ins control. Even in the other provinces, which 
 still were under the care of the Senate, Augustus 
 had officers who kept watch over the governors 
 
 He was always ready also to hear 
 
 of the Senate. _^^ 
 
 the comi)laints of the i^eople 'of ^^JVovhux'S, and 
 used to see that justice was done to them. In this 
 way the provinces were delivered by the Emperor 
 Irom the oppression of the Roman nobles, 'inc pro- 
 vinces before had been looked upon as estates of the 
 Roman people, which they might deal with as they 
 chose, and out of which they made as much money as 
 they could. But now the provinces began to be equal 
 with Italy, and both alike were parts of a great system 
 of government, at the head of which was the Emperor 
 Instead of being the mistress of all the peoples she 
 had conquered, Rome became only their capital city. 
 8. Jiquahty between Rome and the Pro- 
 vinces.— This, then, was the result of the change 
 which was brought about when the Roman Republic 
 began to have an Emperor at its head. You see that 
 
 I 
 
88 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 in this point the emperors went back to the old nl.n 
 vh,ch Rome had followed at firft; they dd m t S 
 to keep the conquered people ou side the sac- Td 
 give them no share in it, bu, they graduanvKive tie 
 provmces Roman citizenship, and so made tC, all 
 equal to Italy herself. It was because the noWes o 
 the Senate had not followed this plan that thev had 
 failed to govern. However, this gift of Roman citil", 
 ship did not do much good by itself, as Roman dfen, 
 could only vote at Rome itself, ind of course men 
 living away from Rome could ^t go there to vote 
 however important the matter might be. When °he 
 '■i^perors gave Roman citizenship to cities or di, rict^ 
 tneydid not g,ve any real powern the state fo there 
 VHS no real power except what they had themselves bit 
 .hey gave the rights of the Roman law and an equa 
 position to that of the Romans who were scatters 
 
 st°"L"citf o^R"~"f "-^ P™--"- " 
 .!f M 1^ . ^°"'' ^''^^ conquered the civilised 
 word, and then gradually made all people of he 
 world citizens of Rome, and all these ciize'is wire 
 equal with one another, but all had to obey the 
 tmperor w-ho, however, though he ruled them ^1 
 was only a Roman citizen hims^'f. ' 
 
 This was a very curious resuit of the Empire and 
 was one that came about slowly : but Zre' wis 
 
 governe'd Th""''''^' f^' ""^ P™""-' --« be« 
 governed. \ he people were very grateful to Augustus 
 
 for this. We are told that one day, as he was Tallin ' 
 "1 his yacnt m the Bay of 15ai.-e, ^Greek hb wh ch 
 was sailing past saw him. The sailors afonce tonne 
 
 S us hannine,s """ 1° ' ^od, saying "You have 
 
 rdourgooT" ' ^°" ''"'' ^'^'^"^^ to us our lives 
 
 9. Wars of Augustus—Though Augustus was 
 
 IL caH?d P"' '"'^ "'"^ -mngingL prfvTnces, he 
 also earned on some wars. The most importan of 
 these was with the Germans, whom Augustus'wished to 
 
 L4^, 
 
IX.3 BEGINNINGS OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 69 
 
 conquer At one time the Romans had won all the 
 country between the Rhine and the Elbe, where our 
 forefathers the English and Saxons were living, but a 
 (.erman chieftain, Arminius, as the Romans called him, 
 attacked the Roman general, Varus, and destroyed all 
 his troops (a I). 9). Augustus never recovered from 
 grief at this loss: it is said he used to call out in his 
 seep, Varus, Varus, give me back my legions." At 
 all events Germany, north of the Rhine and Danube 
 was safe from the Romans, and although wars were 
 made afterwards, they were not wars for conquest, but 
 rather wars to keep down the Cermans and prevent 
 them from crossing the Rhine. 
 
 10. Death of Augustus.— Augustus died in the 
 year ad. 14, at the age of seventy-six. He was a 
 very clever man, who had always known how to use 
 everything for his own advantage. He liked to act 
 gently rather than violently; but he shrunk from 
 nothing that might help him to get what he wanted. 
 He was not happy in his private life; his daughter 
 vexed him greatly, and at last he had chosen to 
 succeed him his step-son, Tiberius Claudius Nero 
 who was not of the Julian house by birth, but was the 
 son of Augustus' second wife, Livia, by a former 
 marriage, and had been adopted by Augustus as his 
 son. 
 
 II. Accession of Tiberius.-Tiberius (14-27) 
 A ^^5" greatly employed by Augustus in state affairs, 
 and had for the last two years shared Augustus' power, 
 bo the Senate, when Augustus was dead, gave him. 
 the same honours as Augustus had held, and he be- 
 came Emperor in the same way. But Tiberius was 
 not so pleasant and kindly as Augustus had been • 
 he was rather stern and sullen, and was fifty-five years 
 Old when he came to power, and so was too old to 
 change his ways of life. He did not keep up all 
 the old forms of the Republic as Augustus had done. 
 He did away altogether with the Assemolies of the 
 People for the purpose of making laws : and we must 
 
96 
 
 KOMAN niSTOKY. 
 
 fcHAP. 
 
 awoke. I-W he first ni,. ^vT'^- ""'^''•■•■^ %">"> 
 
 deal of work he tw Z En ' '• "'"'^ '"^ '■' s''^''" 
 governed and ?hat ,T,e hi tvrr'"!''' T"'-"/'*'''"'^ 
 felt that he was not Ld -^nd 1.' h^ ^'■'^■'■■''- • ',*"' '''-• 
 
 and, .Xppif; r, ^^'i: J"]P;"o"s and lyrannion,, 
 Perors^^'w °/ *''* Government of the Em- 
 
 luxunous and very lazy. The lower da ses n Ron7 
 
 »^H tK "■"",' '"'''''"•'^'^ " "-as cheap to live there 
 
 and there were plenty of amusements. A great Dartof 
 
 oTe'set f^r X^"""!^' ^'r-' -d haV^riaCged 
 »"- -"et re^d--fhot d'o-fe 
 
 ir.\rfheTm-rio:^^^^^ 
 
 they drd not trouble themselves about what 1^ dS ' 
 
 armv -T'?' '^' '^TP'^™'''^ P°*«^ ^^•''"y nested on the 
 army : .o long as the army obeyed him he could do 
 
IX.] 
 
 BEGINNINGS OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 9' 
 
 what he pleased, and \v had a guard, known as the 
 rrictorian Guanl^ ol" al)oiit 6,000 men in Rome itself. 
 13. Rise of a class of Informers. — In this state 
 of things tb ; Senate lost its sense of freedom ; it had 
 very little 10 do, and yet its members wanted to have 
 something to make speeches about. So they took 
 to accusing one another of different crimes against 
 «tiw emperoi^ and they showed their cleverness in 
 finduig out new sorts )f crimes that might be done 
 against him. Thus, one man was brought to trial 
 because he had melted dowti a silver image of the 
 emperor to make plate for his own table. At first 
 Tiberius would not allow trials to go on for such 
 charges, but, when he had grown suspicious, he used 
 this temper of the Senate for his own purposes. 'I'hose 
 whom he was afraid of were got rid of in this way. 
 'J'here grew up a class of men who started the trade 
 of informers, wlio got up these charges against any 
 one whom they thought the emperor would like to 
 see put to death, and who made large fortunes l:)y 
 getting a share of the property of the condemned 
 man. In this wax almost all that remained of the 
 Roman nobles were put to death. The rich and 
 distinguished men lived in constant fear that they 
 would be accused. -Even Tiberius himself was fright- 
 ened : he left Rome and went to the little island of 
 Capreie, where he lived, amongst astrologers, a gloomy 
 and wicked life. 
 
 14. End of the Reignof Tiberius.— But, though 
 Tiberius had left Rome, he was still regarded as its 
 chief ruler, and this shows you how great a > hange 
 had already come over Roman ideas. The govern- 
 ment of Rome had now become a power belonging to 
 a person, and not to the state. I'iberius gave his 
 power to others to exercise for him, and Rome was 
 governed by the captain of the Prretorian Guard, 
 villus Sejanus, who was very cruel, and who hoped to 
 succeed Tiberius. He killed almost all the emperor's 
 relations, till at last Tiberius was afraid of a ron- 
 

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<,i 
 
 kOMAN HISTORY. 
 
 tcHAP. 
 
 spiracy against himself, and sent a letter to the Senate 
 ordering them to make Sejanus prisoner The lette; 
 was a long one, and was read aloud in the Senate 
 
 tt newTo?-' "" "^-\-P<^«i"g 'hat it cLS 
 ;„H 71 ? ""^ "^"^ ''°"°'"' f"-- himself. At the 
 end of the letter was the order to arrest him • SeLnus 
 was instantly seized; all who had been his fr end 
 before left him at once; and on the way to prison 
 
 hadXefn'^P'^ -^""1"^ <^°^" l^'^ ''=""e°. S 
 de.^h T P "P 'i" "'^ '"■'=^'^- He was put to 
 death at once m prison. This will show you how 
 
 lost Sraii V'''" m'" "'^'^^'^ '°^' 'heir freedom! 
 lost also al their nobleness of character, and became 
 
 mean and slavish and unfeeling. Tiberius died beW 
 gloomy and wretched to the last, at the age of s~! 
 eight, and every one at Rome was glad Ihen heXd. 
 15. CatusCahguIa.-But the next emperor, Caius 
 37-41), was quite as bad, and shows stHI more the 
 bad results of letting one man have such great power 
 
 adoolon'TTT""^- .^^ ™' '^^ gra'ndson, by 
 adoption, of Tiberius, and was the son of Germanicus 
 
 whom the Romans had loved so much. HeTgene ! 
 ally called Caligula, which means a "little boot,^' and 
 was a nickname given him by his father's so diers 
 Cams became mad when he was emperor. He was 
 always weak-headed, and could only sleep verTlitTe 
 and so his weakness and restlessness, when he had the 
 great power of emperor, led him to give way to the 
 wildest fancies. He had all the ships of Rome put 
 together on the sea across the Bay of Bai« and then 
 covered with planks, on which was iffd^ear^h and 
 trees were planted. Then he rode along this "n 
 solemn procession, that he might say he hfd ridden 
 on horseback on the sea. On things Uke ths he 
 spent so much money that he had to put rich men to 
 death that he might seize their property. So t"rrib e 
 at ast was his cruelty that a conspiracy was made 
 against him, and he was murdered by some o™his 
 servants. ^ "v^inc ui lub 
 
 III 
 
IX.] 
 
 BECmmNGS OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 93 
 
 i6 Claudius.-For a time the Senate tried to 
 rule Rome ; but the Pr.-etorian Guard paid no aHen 
 
 hrV° "J'r"' ""'*"'="^^ <^^l»"dius emp^^, who was" 
 brother of Germanicus, and uncle of Caius. He hTd 
 always been neglected, and looked upon as stupid 
 n fact he would have been put to defth loL be?^e 
 f he had not been despised as useless. The Prl 
 tonans found him hiding in the palace of Caius • o^ 
 of them saw h,s feet behind the^apestry S ^hich 
 t^tiZ IhA^""'^- *>«. fragged him out, and, on 
 empefor ai^k"""' """^ °"' "">' ^e Should be 
 oSf^ed W ^l X ''"''' '"' '"^ ''^"'"^ ^- 
 Claudius (41.54) ruled well enoueh when left to 
 hmiself, but he did not know how to manlge business 
 and so thmgs were done for him by his w^fe or S 
 servants, who were all wicked people^ n ?he'year A 
 
 th-tCdTvTht T '° ^"'n '"<^ ">« -"-i"" of 
 
 ve^y OTod ^o th. r°T' T ''"8""- Claudius was 
 very good to the Gauls, and gave many of them fh- 
 
 Roman citizenship ; so he waf called "^the father of 
 
 the provinces." He had, however, two very vricked 
 
 niec:- sIeV:r^. °"^' J^''^^'^"'' was also Ws 
 niece . she was a widow, and persuaded him to adont 
 
 ^ Csb^Tto^mrL^i J*-- ^''^p^i 
 
 empire quite sure. °"' ="'=<=<^«"'n to the 
 
 him fir^. K Z^'!,"''''^^'' ^^° had done so much for 
 
94 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
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 IX.] BEGINNINGS OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 made the fire, and many of them were put to death on 
 the charge of general hatred to mankind. 
 
 in t. .?'°Ta °^ Christianity. -Jesus Christ lived 
 m the time of Augustus and Tiberius, and Christianity 
 had been quietly spreading ever since among the 
 poorer classes all over the Roman Empire. At first 
 the Christians were disliked, because they refused to 
 do so many things which every one else did. All 
 games and amusements were connected with the wor- 
 ship of some of the heathen gods, and so the Christians 
 A """i^'V^ ^•^^"^- ^"^ ^here had grown up also 
 
 peroTaf : .^o7"^h' '"^^" ^' ^^^^^Av^.^ th'e em! 
 peror as a god. This may seem strange to you. when 
 
 you think what sort of men these empLrs L^rbu" 
 
 all the old religions had really died out before Rome's 
 
 concjuenng power: they had been national or lo^ 
 
 e gions, and had no meaning to peoples who had 
 
 lost their nationality and become parts -^ a great 
 
 empire. So the only thing that men all had in cor^- 
 
 mon was obedience to the emperor, and the emperor 
 
 e?nn .r ^^1' "^ '^'^"^ they knew of: so they 
 set up statues to him, and worshipped him. The 
 Christians could not do this, and so could noT appear 
 at the public festivals, when sacrifices were offered to 
 the emperor. This was the reason why they we g 
 
 ooked upon as unsocial, and haters of mankind Z 
 well as unloyal to the emperor 'lUKmu, as 
 
 19. Death of Nero.-At last Nero's cruelty could 
 no longer be endured. The provinces grew angry at his 
 doings and the armies murmured. Thl Roman peoob 
 w^ould do nothing for him, and, deserted by every on! 
 at last he committed suicide at the age of thirty^ 
 
 20^ Disturbances in the Empire.-^Nero left 
 no children, and there was no member of the Tul an 
 
 question for the Romans, how the succession to the 
 
 ofTh'^ Tl"" ^' ''"^^^- ^' had seemed to belong 
 of right to Augustus, and to his family by adoption 
 after him, for the Julian family had always been power^ 
 
96 
 
 ROMAN lilSTOK Y, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 ful m Rome, and some even thouLrht thif ,> \.^a 
 spru„g fr„m the old gods of Ron.eT U,, now eh t ^he 
 
 uhan fannlyhad come loan end, there was no n.eans 
 of knowing who wouUI be the right man to appofnt 
 
 he election was n.ade by tl,e Senate, bu t eou d 
 be of no use unless the army agreed 
 
 Diciu; rn''l'l^n°>7'!'''\^"""'-' "''•'•^"■■^ first Servius Su'- 
 P cms Oalba (69), who was general of the armv n 
 
 b a.n and a Roman noble. He wished to Zen 
 
 well, but was stern to the I>ra;torian Guards 3 
 
 offended the man who was most popular w^h the 
 
 Romans, Marcus Salvius Otho. Otho exoected th.? 
 
 (.alba would adopt him as his son, and '^o th,t he 
 
 would succeed him a. emperor, but ("alba tdoDted 
 
 some one else; so Otho 'persuaded the pSL^ 
 
 Wds to nse and kill Galba, and proclaim Clm 
 
 22. Otho— But the soldiers on the German fronf,Vr 
 were not willing that the Pr^torian Gu™d" houTd 
 make emperors as they pleased. They proclaimed 
 
 tat Otho^'nHh'' ,^'"^^■i"--"i"». and^n^ar-^lled" o 
 Italy Otho and h,s Praetorians were defeated, and Otho 
 
 f, ViS,°^ three months, committed suicide (60? 
 
 23. Vitelhus.-Vitellius was soon found to be of 
 no use as an emperor: he was distinguished only for 
 gluttony, and spent all the money he could find in 
 
 h::',?him '.s""'"^- '''"' 'f ''''''" Syria refused o 
 general Tihs "vF"-"'' v"' P!<^^^'""^<i their own 
 general litus Flavms Vespasianus. Vitellius was 
 
 Thf •f'' °r".'" ''^•^^' •'"'* ^'f'^' g'-'^' tumults! n which 
 
 delth 'and V^' • """'^'^ " ^J'"' ^'''' ^'^ ^^ P^^ 
 aeath, and Vespasian was made emperor. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS. 
 
 Daskn^^fio Tf k'^" ^'"P^''?JS (69-i92.)-With Ves- 
 pasian (69-79) begms a new line of Emperors, which 
 
X.] 
 
 THE FLA VIA iW EMPERORS, 
 
 97 
 
 Uiod for the next hundred years. These are cilled 
 
 'avLnZi^'TfT '~ Vespasia^r^" "the 
 
 I iavmn unii > aiid llic omix-rors who siux-cwlecl nfl.r 
 
 ho .k.a,h ol h,s sons Ibllowcd in his fooK™ {' 
 
 "kcd t„ h,n, as (ho founder of their powc nun"; 
 
 tlioso hun.lre. years Rome was governed l,v S 
 
 cn.porors, w,th only one exeeption, and he V™ e 
 
 were prosperous and happy. ^ '"* 
 
 At hrst h.s^ pos.tmn was l,y no means easy, for ht»i 
 
 far^i nor'had I, 'f""''' '"'"' => ^•^■o" distinguished 
 lamu), nor had he done very great deeds for tl„. 
 
 w^e";"d'7 ^;.nt"" ™^ °"'-^ ■" ''""' — l,t<^' 
 wise and prudent governor of a Roman province hut 
 there were many other men who might elaim to be " 
 good as he was. He could not expect any of the old 
 respect for the person of the emperor, or any belief n 
 his divuie descent. So Veso'isr.n l- ;h .n ,u" , 
 and tried to go back to'^tSX "^ gov nin't 
 t-^C , ^^ ^"^'^ '° '■"1'= ^y mtans of the Senntf tn 
 which he paid great honours: he tried to bring back 
 
 Sd ^' "^'^ "^ ']" '"'^ °^ "^'•" '■")' °f Rome ol-r the 
 «orld : he aiways lived at Rome himself, and lived as 
 simply as Augustus had done. He did not set h imseTf 
 above the laws, as Caius and Nero had done bu wa, 
 careful ,n everything to obey them. ' ' 
 
 1 hus you see, he had no claim to rule exceot that 
 he could rule well; and so he and those who fohowed 
 
 the'pe'ople" Bur'th'" '^ "^°^'"="'^ -<^ ^^ «' 
 did ,^^?^ , u "'^>' ^'^ "° "°re than this: they 
 d d not make the people w'ser, or stronger o rnore 
 fit to govern themselves, and so it happened that th s 
 
 fhe^rtTthT' '""" '° '" ""''' *''h°"' 4 fau t'on 
 the part of the emperors, in confusion and distress 
 
 However, for the time, Vespasian put down ibe 
 
 luxury and wickedness which had been g^wing greater 
 
98 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [CHAP. 
 
 I 
 
 and greater in Rome under the last emperors. By 
 iving a simple life himself, he made the senators 
 live better, and by obeying the laws himself he taught 
 others to do the same. We never find after his reign 
 the same wickedness as there had been before. 
 ^ 3. Titus.— Titus, Vespasian's son, put down a 
 rising of the Jews, besieged Jerusalem, and, after a 
 long siege, took it: the Jews resisted to the last, 
 and the whole city, as well as the Temple, was 
 burned (70). The Jews were scattered through other 
 countries, and the Roman r:mpire was once more 
 at peace. Titus (79-81) succeeded his father. He 
 was kind and liberal to all men, and was called the 
 Darlmg of mankind." At the beginning of his reign 
 was a terrible eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which 
 destroyed the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 
 and covered them over with ashes. They have now 
 been dug up again, and you can still see there what a 
 Roman city was in those days, as many of the houses 
 still remain almost the same as when they were first 
 buried by the cinders and ashes. Vespasian and his 
 ^^" V*"=5 bu^lt splendid buildings, such as the Baths 
 of Ticus and the Colosseum, which were both open 
 free of charge, to all the people of Rome. The baths 
 were a sort of club, where everyone met and talked, 
 while the Colosseum was a great theatre for games and 
 shows. The emperors had to keep the people in 
 good humoiir by providing such things for them. 
 
 4. ^.omitian.—Domitian (81-96) was very different 
 from his brother Titus, for he was cruel and gloomy, 
 and took pleasure in bloodshed. During his reign 
 a great general, Caius Julius Agricola, was carrying 
 on the conquest of Britain. He advanced northwards 
 as far as the Grampian mountains, and defeated the 
 Caledonians. After his time the Roman power over 
 Britain was firmly established Domitian reigned till 
 a conspiracy was formed against him on account of 
 his cruelty, and he was murdered in his palace in 
 the year 96, 
 
^1 THE FLA VTAN EMPEROKS. 
 
 kind, and was liked bv all H. , ?,'"'''''" ^""^ ^"'^ 
 ably, and to fomet .ll^hi ■ 'i!''''^ '° ""^'g" P^are- 
 in fhe reign X^l'.£ brThXr-ia'n'c 'T 
 rose and demanded the death of ZT \ "''''■'^' 
 
 them do this t^<xn-ZC a ^^''T"''^ ""' '" ''^' 
 successor to t?l"Lp re Vatrutu'r T°" ""'^ 
 who was general of the^roops on" he fe -,nT"f ' 
 would be able tn Iroor, fK„ D ? • ^"'"•^^ '^nd who 
 Then Ner^a di. H .7 ^- ^f^*"'-'''" f'Uards in order. 
 
 was a nat^ % S^p^"^ "and hrf.;^tf had""- ^^ 
 Its merit. The faA fh.,f -t^ • T "''^ '■'^<=" by 
 
 emperor with the annroJT" *^°"''* "°T''^ "^^^e 
 the differences between I'llvand'tl °"'' "^°"^ '^°" 
 going away, and howlheTovUment o?X:"''' ""'''' 
 was^brmging equality amo'ngst aT^en."' "'^ '"P""" 
 
 welTanjTho wSrgre'raf '"r°"' ""^ ™"='' 
 
 theMry'drnr^ic^tr ""'^^ ^' -"^> -^' 
 
 upon as the^a^p."! t;:V^h^^ Sn;^:^^^^^^^ 
 fromt he*trs:7CV'^ Empire d'idnot°pTss on 
 and .successor he' fittest man°"h ^f "P'^^ ^^s his son 
 
 out any soldiers h^.tT" ° ^T\ ^'''' *'« <^^™« ^"th- 
 among^t^e peoDle wi rf '''™r'''^,*''™''^8'^ *e streets 
 the palace, Wstife Plot L"'f ^^''^'^"'''ey entered 
 people, that she entefin I '"7""^ ^"'^ ^^'^ ^ the 
 
 wot^dbewnir;:f,XS:di?"Ta:?et 
 
TOO 
 
 ROMAN mSTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 the people, and the soldiers all liked Trajan equally. 
 He pleased the Senate by treating them with respect • 
 he pleased the people by his kindness and his splendid 
 buildings in Rome, where he made a great/;/-//;//, or 
 open square, with galleries all round, and large halls 
 for public business and for libra.ies and law-courts 
 In the middle of this stood a tall column with sculp- 
 tures all over it, showing Trajan's victories over the 
 Dacians. 
 
 7. Trajan's Wars. -Trajan was the first warlike 
 emperor: he pleased the soldiers because he was 
 a brave general, and in the year 10 1 he crossed 
 the J)anube and conquered the J)acians, who had 
 Jong been troublesome neighbours to the Romans 
 The country between the Danube, the Theiss, the 
 Dneister, and the Carpathian mountains was made 
 into a new province called Dacia. 
 
 Trajan was not happy in times of peace, so he took 
 advantage of a disturbance in Armenia to make an 
 expedition into the East (114). He seems to have 
 had a great plan of conquest there, but after marching 
 as far as the Persian (Julf he came back, and died 
 at Selinus in Cilicia, in 117. It was very doubtful who 
 was to succeed him, and on his death-bed he is said 
 to have adopted Publius .Elius Hadrianus, who had 
 married his niece. Many believed that this adoption 
 had never really been made, but was a fiction of 
 Plotina to avoid any disturbance. However the 
 soldiers believed it, and received Hadrian as emperor. 
 ,, • "a^nan.— Hadrian (i 17-138) at once gave up 
 all Irajans conquests in the East and went to Rome. 
 It was mdeed useless for Rome to try and spread her 
 government in distant lands, where a large army would 
 have to be kept up always at a great cost. Hadrian 
 did not care for war, but spent his time in travelling 
 about the provinces, and seeing that they were well 
 governed, and that his troops were well trained. He 
 was the first emperor who did this, and who behaved 
 as ruler of the whole world, and not only of Rome 
 
X.] 
 
 THE FLAVIAN EiirEKORS. 
 
 101 
 
 hI!''f^'''''l>u"^J''"f'^ °^^'' «^«" '"'" Britain, where 
 he found that the Roman manners and customs had 
 
 <nX '^r^ I "''-■ ''"'"P^' ^° "^"' ""■■y •'''d become 
 quite like the Romans themselves. To protect the 
 
 boundanes of the Roman province, he built a waU 
 
 between the mouth of the Tyne and the Solway, which 
 
 could easily be guarded by soldiers, so as to prevent 
 
 the northern peoples, who had not been civilised by 
 
 wnT wl?"" "T'"^' ^"''i '° P'""^'^''- I" the same. 
 way, vhe ever he .vent he ordered useful buildings 
 o be buiit and did all he could for the people. He 
 travelled through almost all the provinces, 'and af a 
 ruler we may look upon him as the most useful one 
 whom Rome ever had. He adopted Titus Aurehus 
 Antoninus, a native of Gaul. 
 
 9. Antoninus Pius.-Antoninus (138-161) was 
 called /to or M. «/..//<,„„/,, on account of the affec- 
 tion he had shown to his adoptive father, Hadrian 
 He wa.s a good and kindly ruler, who was looked upon 
 everywhere a.s the " Father of his people." He had 
 been ordered by Hadrian to adopt for his sons Marcus 
 Aurehus a young man of the age of seventeen, and 
 Lucius Verus, a boy of the age of seven. Antoninus 
 Z-e'^ ,h^''- "\'°.'''^ ''^"Sh.er, and gave him a 
 Zl un to 1? '^l ''"'•'' °f '^'"P'^^°^' ^"d so Marcus 
 emper^s. ""'^"^ ""'* "^^^ °^ '^^ ^°'"^" 
 
 • "^■"^rcus Aurelius.— On the death of Anton- 
 inus, Marcus Aurelius became emperor (161-180) He 
 
 !!]ms'.lf \''',''v''' Lucius Verus: emplror as well as 
 nimselt but Verus was quite unworthy of the position 
 
 had nTl"" \'l' ^t'","^ '^™^^'f "'^'^ Nero if^a cus 
 
 left MtcuT'f'e'e"" '''''• '""^''"^ """ "'"' '" ''^' -" 
 
 Though he was so good, Marcus had a very un- 
 
 te [n'^T ,, ^u 7"''' g'-'^'^'y ''^^ ^P^"' his days at 
 fZZ w f^' ''"' ^'^ "^' °'''«<^d to leave Romeaid 
 spend his days m war. The German peoples now 
 began to cross the Roman frontier. All along the 
 
Itl„_l 
 
 t02 
 
 HOAfAN HISTORY, 
 
 tCHAP. 
 
 l)anube and the Upper Rhine the Romans were 
 
 was that the Germans themselves were beini; attacked 
 a the same time by the Slavonian peq,les, VhoTived 
 in Russia, and so they fled from them til they cime 
 ^amst the Romans Marcus Aurelius fought agaimt 
 these (Germans, and drove them back; but he saw 
 
 .t"h" tho' Tr '"r''T '^ '" •^"' ^"^ '-' -- "»hWy 
 Anollr M ^ w^u'^'-"' ^^"•^^ '^Wen afterwards 
 Another thing which distressed him was that his wife 
 Kaustina, the daughter of Antoninus Pius, was a very 
 wicked woman, and behaved herself very ill. His son 
 also, Co.nmodus, did not promise well. So, altogether 
 Marcus Aurelius saw with sadness that nothing buj 
 calamities were likely to happen after his death He 
 tried to keep them off for a while, but he saw no hope 
 
 lain t'I'r '"^ '^ '^^"1: ^^ ^'^^ ^' he was fighting 
 against the (.ermans, in the year i8o, at Vienna 
 
 II. Change of the Roman Empire.-With 
 
 ov.r V "f '^^ ^"'^ ^'>'' ^^'•^^ Roman Empire were 
 over. No longer was the Empire in peace both at 
 home and abroad, but the barbarians along the frontiers 
 
 wfakr" At^'^h""'"' "'"^ ^""^'^ ^^'"'^ had gro^" 
 mtnt .K ? '^""f ^'"^^' ^'■'^«' ^^^hin Rome's do- 
 minions themselves, the people were growing feebler 
 and the power of the state wis falling'into the hands 
 of the soldiers. Prom this time forward the Empire 
 hi "^J^^fV^'^'^^^^^"' governing the provinces, 
 Romnn F "^"""^'"^ 'I'm. The old boasfthat the 
 Roman Empire meant the peace of the world had now 
 passed away. But from this time the Empire stands 
 forward as the defender of the civilised worid agaTns 
 he invasions of uncivilised barbarians. In this wav 
 h? hlT • ^^^T'^^' ^^'he Christian peoples against 
 the heathen mvaders, and this fact led the emperors 
 in time to become Christians themselves 
 
 in^rtif °"'"'°?''u^-~l" 'he reign of Commodus (180- 
 192} the signs of these disasters may be seen only too 
 
X.] 
 
 THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS. 
 
 103 
 
 clearly. Com modus did not care to carry on trouble- 
 some wars as his father had done. He went hack at 
 once to Rome, and there gave himself up to pleasure. 
 I he government was carried on by a minister named 
 1 erennis, who made himself unpopular to the soldiers • 
 so 1500 of them marched from Britain to Rome to ask 
 that he should be dismissed. He was at once put to 
 death : but you see how powerful the soldiers were 
 growing when they began to interfere in the Kovern- 
 ment itself. ® 
 
 Commodus was cruel and wicked in every way. 
 1 he thing he cared about most were the sports given 
 to the people. He was very proud of his own skill 
 in shooting, and once when 100 lions were let loose in 
 the amphitheatre he killed them all with 100 darts 
 He used to fight as a gladiator himself, of course 
 taking good care that he was in no danger of being 
 hurt. Ihis was thought very disgraceful by the 
 Romans, and his cruelty was so hateful that at last he 
 was murdered in his palace by his servants. 
 
 13. Pertinax.— After his death, an Jld senator 
 Fertinax, was made emperor by the Senate, but the 
 Traetonan Guards did not like his sternness. They 
 rose against him and killed him, when he had been 
 emperor for three months, and the power now passed 
 mto the hands of the soldiers, who made emperors of 
 wnoever they liked. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 EMPERORS 
 
 THE SOLDIERS 
 
 ELECTED BY 
 (193-284). 
 
 I. Growth of the Power of the Army From 
 
 this time for nearly a hundred years the emperors were 
 chosen by the soldiers, and the government of Rome 
 was consequently in great confusion. You remember 
 that It was by the army, after all, that Julius, and 
 afterwards Augustus, had gained their power. But 
 
t64 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 tcHAP. 
 
 when thpy had gamed u, they wished to use it wlih 
 
 wi?h ?f " "^ '^^ P''°P''=' «"d «o ''eep it quietly 
 without havmg to look to the soldiers to help them 
 Augustus, however, had not been able to do so aN 
 
 (guards, m Rome ; and, as you have seen, these soldiers 
 sometimes settled who should be emperor. Still, upon 
 
 :'ot b? te »^t:r ' -^^ ^''•^^" '>■ *^ «--^> -^ 
 
 'I'his state of things had lasted while the Emnire 
 and was the chief magistrate of the state. But nov^ 
 
 leaSfr "orthf"^'"^' '",1 "'^* ^""P^™^' ■"-' t. thl 
 leader of the armies. Marcus Aure'iu.'; had been 
 
 forcea to .spend his days in the camp, and to try and 
 
 will I he soldiers were now the most important part 
 of the ..:;ate, and they would no longer take for the 
 leader anyone whom the Senate sent them 
 
 2. Confusion on the Death of Pertinax —This 
 Z^H°°"/ «■'"'*■ °"' 7'"'" ""^ Praetorian Guards rose and 
 Tlt'w K"'"K'fi"'3)- 1'''«y 'hen sold the Empire 
 
 h,l^ ^^''^'u-'"'^'*"'' "'^^ "'-^ ^ "eh senator, Di£s 
 Juhanus. This could not be borne by the arm es 
 
 waslilled ft"''"^ "'■'^\*" '"""^ "P -"■^- J"™ 
 vas Killed after reigning three months, and then, afte. 
 
 Seottm^s sl ^''"''" "' *'''^'^"' S^"^"'^' ^" African 
 
 Imper (?9;"tx).""""' ''' """'' '"' '^^^"""^ 
 3. Septimus Severus.— Septimus Severus was 
 
 or fcemt' '°!f"' ^"'^ ^'^ "°' ^'^^ about Rom: 
 or the Senate. He governed bj force, and was onlv 
 
 desirous to keep the army in his favour. During his 
 
 reign tho soldiers got higher pay and greater privilLe 
 
 and so beca .e "he chief people in the state"^ Up^'^ 
 
 this time the Prsetorian Guards had always been 
 
 best soldiers of ail the armies, and made their numt-r 
 5o,"oo. So i-r,.y Rome was in the power of these 
 
 ^ ^•'^ ^ 
 
 «.* ,B '- 
 
XI.] EMPERORS ELECTED BY Tl/E SOLD/ERS, 105 
 
 foreign soldiers ; and Severus hoped that the emperor, 
 with these troops at hand, would in the future he 
 strong enough to resist the generals of the armies in 
 the provmces In this way the Empire changed 
 entirely and became a government carried on by 
 the soldiers. ^ 
 
 .J' ^.f^^c^"3---The result of this change was soon 
 seen. I he son of Severus, who is known by the nick- 
 name of Caracalla (21 1-2 17), was a cruel tyrant. He 
 knew that he might do anything, if he only got the 
 soldiers on his side. He murdered his brother (^,eta 
 who was emperor with him ; and he also went with 
 his Praetorian Guards through the provinces, and so 
 was the first emperor who had been a tyrant anywhere 
 e se than in Rome. Thus, at Alexandria, being angry 
 at the jokes which the people made about him, he 
 invited tnem to come outside the walls, and then 
 ordered his guards to kill all who were there. Cara- 
 calla used every means to raise money to ray his 
 soldiers, and this was another great evil which this 
 new plan of government brought with it. The soldiers 
 must be paid very highly, and every time the emperor 
 had done anything they did not like he had to j^ive 
 tnem more money to make them contented. So the 
 people V e taxed in every way to pay the soldiers. 
 
 5- K- nn Citizenship given to all the Pro- 
 vinces— One good thing, however, came out of this : 
 Caracalla gave the rights of Roman citizenship to all 
 tiie provinces, so that all .vho were governed by Rome 
 called themselves Romans alike. Italy and the pro- 
 vinces were now equal, and there were no differences be- 
 tween one free man and another. This was not done 
 however, for any good reason, but only that Caracalla 
 might lay upon all the provinces the taxes which were 
 Fid hy the citizens of Rome. Still this decree of 
 Caracalla was the end c^ a change that had been 
 slowly going on ever since the time of Caius Grac- 
 chus. It arew the Empire much more together, and 
 made it entire.v one. Roman ideas had long been 
 
 N 
 
io6 
 
 ROMAN- HISTORY. 
 
 tcIIAP. 
 
 ev^olr/A^ in^^t^.'^P'^ °f 'he provinces, but now 
 
 but a cner stood at the gate and called "T J^ ' 
 
 with A]Avo«,^« c ^- P""*snea> and were so ancrv 
 did wmnf ?h!^r ''^'"S .'° P""i5h them when they 
 h m Thi, ,h' aI '°"IP'''=^ "8'-''"^' him and killed 
 
 Germans "^ ^is troops against the 
 
 B "Wing stronger and stronger on the frontiers. All 
 
10$ 
 
 ROMAN HISTORV. 
 
 tcHAf. 
 
 the"Ve™a''n'":e?e"'atf ."""""^-^ '^'"■^-"' '"be» of 
 AmongsMhem we,^ fhf v '"^, "'^ '^°"^" borders, 
 the name of ?r7nce to ,h '"'''' "''° ''.''"="™^ds gave 
 called Caul anSthe r ,^h ^T''^ "'^'"'^ ™^ ^^ >«' 
 nearly akh;' to t^ ^ "''1° "'fh'^ \^P^°'^''= ^'^^ 
 
 Alexander fh. f • . 7 ■^^'^ ''*=«" conquered hv 
 
 the pot? nhe"pa«^ranr"r th" '"' '"""^ ""<^- 
 a leader called Artaxerxp?;^ f ! >L''"' "'^' ""^er 
 the Parthians and form ';,'''''>: '^''^'^^ themselves from 
 dom. So you see d ^r'^'K^!?'" " ^""^^ ^'''^^" ^'"g- 
 strong enemfes ,0 Rome on both^Th" Z '^'"^^'^ '''y 
 she could be attacked ""^ '"^^^ °" "''i'^^h 
 
 Rome''aifd"hTbad°nesforhr '°°" "^^ "^"''"- "' 
 out. Rome had now to fi J™"' ""'''^ '='^'>' ''°""d 
 
 n t/7u'P ^"""S"- defeated on every sidl 
 againsV the G?o7f °' H^t''"' "^^ '''"^d in^aule 
 
 aVrlytribute'to-geTjea*:;: '"tt t'^H^'^p"'? 
 ravaged Oinl n„^ c .^^'^'r -^"er this the Pranks 
 
 Minlrand Greece whTe"th * P °°"^' ^^"""^''"^ Asia 
 
 The Emperor Valerian V. ./fin?'"' Tl"^ t"'^"'''- 
 hnf ,.,0 J r ,'^"^" (253-60) marched to the Fnsf- 
 
 i^mpire. During the reign of Galiienus (260-265), 
 
XI.] EMPERORS ELECTED By THE SOLDIEKS. ,09 
 
 t'!?Lf " ?•" '^^',^T"; "°'^ ^ gf^a' "umber of pre- 
 tenders who called themselves emperors. Really the 
 Empire was now broken in pieces f every army cal ed 
 Its own ge.ieral emperor of Rome, and during Ws 
 confu^on there could be no gover.mient of the whole 
 9- The Illynan Emperors.-At last, however 
 lien,?r''K°^ Ro"ie arose again. On the death of Ga 1 
 l.enus a brave soldier, Claudius, a native of Illvria 
 succeeded, and drove back the Goihs (268-70) aS 
 him came Aurelian, another Illyrian (270.75), who ef[ 
 the province of Dacia to the (ioths, as he found t 
 useless for the Romans to try and keep it. From this 
 ^me the Danube was again the northen, bounTry of 
 Rome's dominions. But Aurelian again brough the 
 Empire under one ruler. The Roman Empire wa^ 
 stm strong enough when it was united, and^when 
 fori i, T "f f '". ^^^' •'"' i' ™"ld only put 
 
 M« for fhrF^^-^'^K" ■' "^ *^" S°^^™^d. Every 
 fight for the Empire between generals, every rebellion 
 
 on th/°f^'7'^""K "^^ '^"'P'^™^' S^^--^ the barbarians 
 oLSerir r "" "''""'' «f crossing the borders and 
 plundering the provinces. Every time they did so 
 the Romans became weaker and poorer and tes 
 able to drive them back again. Thouc^h Rome miSf 
 therefore hold out for thi present, it° was dearfhe 
 would not be able to do so much longer, unfeTs ste 
 changed her government for the better. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CHANGES MADE BY DIOCLETIAN AND 
 CONSTANTINE. 
 
 Rom.n""''^''''" ''•'"'"S'"^ •'' 8''^''" '•'*''' °f 'he plan of the 
 Roman government. His parents are said to have 
 
 byTistbihti^s ^H^' "^"^ '^ "^"""'f -^ '" 'h: army 
 Dy ms abilities. He was made emper.,, jy the soldiers 
 
 and was determined to keep himself free from the 
 
 dangers by which the emperors before him hid bee,! 
 
lie 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 wire fZ t^^H T\ 'Y *' '"-^ 'hings to do 
 from thi h K ^"'^"''^ "^'^ '■'•"""^^^ of 'hi Empire 
 XZ h! ''"5?"^"«; secondly, to defend the emperor 
 
 ^ ^ ^or e/[t lri?.f :r c 
 
 He accordingly chose a brave general Maxi^^nn' 
 
 title of'7 ^' '^^^^^^ '^' Empire' anT who ha" the 
 title of Au^^s^us as well as himself. Afterward, hi 
 
 o^herfdild ""' °' ^"^'"^'"^ '*- -'■'-^ of 'he 
 2. Power of the Soldiers reduced -The Ro 
 oTe" a„?th: :r ""^ ^°^^"^^ •'^ ^- " - ■•-'ead^°f 
 
 rer'^i^:cKrrd^^t''?^Lt''tt^ 
 
 rebemons tCghouT t" Empt^: I^tC "^^^ 
 
 Kd%X"-tSo-rE-a^ 
 
 ThT," n.' '"1,*" '^"^"■^"^ ""^^^ >«=P' hack 
 
 inis plan, however, only succeeded becan<iP the 
 
 did'thk th "',r*l'' '°g'"^-- So long as they 
 d d this he soldiers had to give way to them thev 
 
 felt that It was no good to murder only one o? 'them 
 
 because the other three would march^aga'nst them 
 
 nhn ,h» ^^ '° '=''°°'<= ""='■• o«'n emperor. By th°s 
 plan the armies were under the emperors' power and 
 thus, after a long while, Rome had again got a mvp " 
 ment which did not depend entirelyTn th'e IddTer' 
 
™.] ClfANGES MADE BY DIOCLETIAN. 
 
 3- 
 
 nr 
 _ Seat of Empire no longrer in Rome.-Or« 
 
 Z\l M ""' "^' n° '""S'^'' 'he only capital ; other 
 places became as important. In fact Rome was 
 scarcely the capital at ail ; the Senate still stayed 
 there, but the emperors did not. They lived in places 
 
 IZ^r^^'T ^T '^^"'' ^-^ '^'^y ^'"^ '" be near the 
 frontiers,, and ready to go to war when they were 
 
 wanted. Thus Diocletian lived at Nicomedia in AsS 
 
 Minor, and Maximian at Milan. This change was 
 
 really a very great one. You have seen that at first the 
 
 emperors had only claimed to be the chief maris 
 
 trates of the c.ty of Rome, and commanders of Rome's 
 
 armies. But under their rule the differences between 
 
 rZI h"f f '^'""T"' ^""^ Sr^^^'^^ly passed away. 
 Rome had not now the position so far above all other 
 cities which she once had had. The idea of empire 
 was now no longer confined to the city of Rome itself 
 and the emperors of Rome lived wherever it was most 
 convenient to I've. 
 
 4. Magnificence of the Emperors.-When the 
 
 emperors no longer lived at Rome they could make 
 many changes in the old state of things. The fct 
 
 • anTT' ^K ^°"'' ^"'^ ^""^ ""^-^ 'he chief citizens 
 and their houses were simple. This had gradually 
 given way to greater grandeur, and now this Irandeur 
 was carried by Diocletian still further. He wore splen- 
 
 c^uld "seM ' '"k ''•'' ' 'f g« """'her of servantsfhe 
 could seldom be seen by any of his subjects and 
 never did anything without great pomp. Peop ^ had 
 to behave to him as if he were another kind of man to 
 heniselves ; they had to kneel before him, and sr^ak 
 to him in words of great humility. So, too the names 
 of the different servants of the emperor became tides 
 of rank, which were thought more of than the old 
 names of consul and senator. This grandeur wis 
 another method which Diocletian used tf 'e^ra eT^ 
 emoeror from the soldiers. They no longer saw him 
 amongst them, and they becLe gradually mor^ 
 
112 
 
 i<OMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 1 : 
 
 I* 
 
 5- Abdication of Diocletian.— This, then w k 
 he new pan of government wl.ch I )io,.|c.. an brough 
 n, and tthich, as you will see, those who eanie after 
 m earned out stHI more. Dioeletian is also fZou In 
 history because he is one of the very few rulers who 
 have g,ven up their high office of their ow aeco d 
 and have gone back into private life. During twentv 
 one years he had worked very hard for the sta e 
 and. m 305, l^^nding his health was failing he laid 
 
 7" ^^T, "'"^ '"^''P''^ ""d the soldiers fhe pu pie 
 robe which the emperors always wore, and went'^a ay 
 to a palace wh,c-h he had had built for himself in I aU 
 maia. Ihere he lived for nine years -but not en- 
 tirely in contentment, for there arose civil war, 
 "ryfar 3';^3. ^"^^^^'^ ""^^ ^ugusti, which lasted ?ni 
 
 6. Constantine the Great.-In that year Flavius 
 Va enus Constantmus. known as Conslantine the 
 t.rtat once more brought the Roman world under 
 the rule of one emperor. Constantine was the son of 
 Constantius the Ca=sar, and on his father's death Tn 
 3P6, he was made Cesar of the troops in Britain. In 
 the wars which followed he was both wise and brave 
 and managed to spread his power. Gradually he 
 overcame, one by one, all the others who claimed to 
 rule, and so, in 323, he was the only emperor, 
 li .nitv hT. °f Christianity.- All this while Chris- 
 W. Ti ■" ^k"^ on^-'P'-eading in the Roman 
 .mpire. The number of churches and congregations 
 ■ every c,ty had been increasing. You havf seen 
 
 nd t., '^''"'*"''"/ :r''"^ "°' ''l<«d by the emperor.s, 
 And that many of them were put to death by Nero 
 I'rom t.m» to time the emperors had tried to put a 
 ?n?rh^ Christianity. They thought that it was teach- 
 
 ve^re no?T Kr "^ ^'^1?''^ ""^ '='"'^' ^"'1 *at Christians 
 were not faithful subjects. They could not under- 
 stand a religion whose followers refused to take part 
 
 
XII.] CHANGES MADE BY CONSTANTINE. , , 
 
 in the religion of the state. They did not object to 
 the Christians having their own vvnr«h,r. k . .i 
 ■ns sted that all mcn^b^ers of the a^ fed take tl 
 n the state festivals and sacrifices. Th"s the ChH 
 ans could not do, so the emperors from time o 
 ^me persecuted them. It was'^ not o much the 
 wicked emperors who persecuted as the grd onls 
 for they ooked upon the Christians as rebels who 
 ought to be put down. Thus Trajan, Dedus ^ J^ 
 and Valerian were all persecutor ; but Dioc e^ir,; 
 
 w:rerurtoV!h '™'" ^°^ '^ 3.3 ss 
 
 buTit^^waslorlfllst UmJ "th °' ''^ ^'^^''' 
 which they endu^td dtth'T^her'^ttnTgr ^^ Zt 
 than fh "°' ''""''^"^ ''^'''"'^ 'hat they were stronge 
 he emtr^'hld't ''^""Sh all the^oman woffd 
 
 ?. r^eS foir rndt°er z irl 
 
 rehgjons had died out ; very few re^^y Z^^.tL 
 
 maZ,h 'r'","u"'' ^*''* "''= Romans had suffered 
 S .^ ^i" ■'^^' "''="• "««d of a religion ; the constancv 
 
 e e y^n^e'S?! t^ ""/ T "^ Pe-cmeT S 
 every one admire them, and they only grew stronirpr 
 
 through the emperors' attempts to get rid of them 
 sC thaThTiud °".'''."''"^ '°""<^ *« Chri:tiansTo 
 rejPphlrXat'hVE:;;-"^'''^ "''^ ^•>-'- 
 8. Constantine makes the Empire Christian 
 n';?h"'«''"""^ 7"' '^'"P<^^°^ «Io"e from Ta^ o «^' 
 
 ^.^litT^'h ^r'" ''"'P'^- Chrift^a'n 'Fh ^ 
 Changed it a great deal, and made it much stronger 
 for Christianity bound men together more firmlV Inrl 
 
 ginning to fall in pieces, because there was no irr^nf 
 reason why men should want to be govrrned bf fhe 
 '7'con^t^n.*^"/'"""'' '° "'^ ba'rbarLns ' ' 
 
 
 «» « ucw i^ome. — Con- 
 
•I 
 
 114 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 stantine knew this, so he determined to (\arry out still 
 further the plans of Diocletian, and made still greater 
 changes in the Empire. He knew that in Rome itself 
 the old ideas of government would always he very 
 strong ; so he founded a new Rome, which was to be his 
 capital city for the future. This city was called, after 
 its founder, Constimtinopolis, or the City of Coustaniine. 
 It was built on the promontory of Thrace that reaches 
 out into the Black Sea ; so, you see, it was on that 
 part of Europe which was nearest to Asia, and also it 
 wan built amongst a (Ireek-speaking and no^ a Latin- 
 speaking people. No doubt this was done on purpose, 
 because the people of Asia had always been used to 
 the rule of one man, while the people of Europe had 
 not, and Constantine wanted to make his power more 
 like that which the rulers of Asia had over their 
 subjects. 
 
 Also, to do this he had to get rid of the old ideas of 
 Rome, according to which the Emperor was only the 
 chief magistrate of a free people. By building a new 
 Rome, he could take just as much of the customs of 
 the old Rome as he liked, and could get rid of what 
 he disliked, without making any violent change. It 
 would have been hard to give the Emperor new 
 powers so long as he stayed in Rome: the Senate 
 would still have had a great deal of authority. But 
 in Constantinople a new Senate was made, which 
 bore the old name, but which was filled with men 
 whom Constantine chose, who were many of them 
 Greeks, and were used to give way to those who were 
 set over them. 
 
 . 10. Constantine's changes in the Empire.— 
 
 Thus the great change which Constantine made was to 
 turn the Roman Empire into an absolute monarchy. 
 He got rid of Rome, its Senate and its nobility, by going 
 to Constantinople. Then he went on to make the army 
 powerless against the Emperor, by making the number 
 of troops which obeyed any one general much smaller 
 than it had been before : also, t'he troops themselves 
 
xn.] Cl/AATGltS AfADE BY CONSTANT/NE. , , 
 
 were divided into two classes, one of which wa, 
 quartered ,n towns, and the other defended th fron- 
 tiers. In this way they were not likely to rehel he 
 cause they were so divided that they cou ,ot 'on,J 
 together n, arge enough numbers to do any ham 
 
 Besides this Constantine divided out thi ■ < " nee, 
 into a numher of small districts, each of which hid 
 ts magistrates. These small district,, again were 
 
 were set four prefects, who were answerable tn fh,. 
 femperor. In this w^ay the Emperor became the head 
 nL 'i:«l.''°'^y °f officials, who were put in thSr 
 places by him, and removed by him if he' thought n 
 Of course all these officials wished the Emper™ to lo 
 01. being Emperor, and so would be likely To keen 
 down rebellions if they could. Also, the e officials 
 th^ oM^'no'weT 'th' "^ "°'''-' "^o ^ok the ptcetf 
 *e:ause"he';teld'offiLr "°"^^ "°' "' ''''' '^^ 
 You see, then, how great a change Constantine made 
 
 ^!f T ri r^^ ^'"^P"^ i" making it by th^ fact 
 that he had become a Christian. The new Rome 
 which he founded had a meaning to men as beinVt^e 
 
 When 7he"tar''''H "^^" "^'^ =•">'">'%' ^^^ Si a 
 When the great change was made of making the Em 
 
 ft P^^ ,"'"' °'^", ''^''"S^' could easily go wid, 
 L r P''' T^ '° 8'^'^ '° have Christianity stt ud as 
 
 he Se '' It:''' "™y '" °^der, and took caT of 
 
 t eoC'^ The F '°" t ^:'^' <^'-"''' «f "'°"^y to keep 
 L^uf , En^Peror had to live in great grandeur • 
 
 officii, all of T''' u'"^ ' ^'^y '■''I- """berof 
 omcials, all of whom had to be hi^hlv miH ThL 
 
 money for their pay had to be got by tLrfromThe 
 
 e^eTv 'man "'^^ '^^j ^^'^ ^^'^ on'the Ld wh ch 
 every man possessed. But ;.« th«" ta-— - = 
 
 — -'Jvjv taAca vvcr© 
 
It 
 
 u6 
 
 HOMAA' //IS TO A' Y, 
 
 [chap. 
 
 I{ 
 
 very high, men could not pay thorn if their lands 
 were ravished by a barbarian invasion. So this plan 
 of government went on very well so long as there 
 was j)eace, but when there was war on the frontiers 
 the people were brought to great misery. What the 
 barbarian spared the tax-gatherer carried away. So 
 homesteads which had once been ruined were not 
 built again, and thus a strip of desert land was slowly 
 formecl inside the Roman frcmtiers. Of course this 
 did not come about all at once, but things went on 
 gradually in this direction ; and you will see what 
 happened in consecjuence. 
 
 12. Julian. — 'I'he family of Constantine went on 
 
 ruling after his death, from 337 to 363. The most 
 
 important of them was Klavius Claudius Julianus, his 
 
 nephew, who as a young man drove the (iermans out of 
 
 ( laul. Although he had been brought up as a Christian, 
 
 he went back again to the worship of the old gods, and 
 
 tried to bring it back among the people. He did not 
 
 dare to persecute the Christians as other emperors 
 
 had done, for they were too strong for that ; but he 
 
 turned them out of all offices, and made them build 
 
 up again the heathen temples which they had thrown 
 
 down. In spite of this, however, Julian was a good 
 
 emperor : he made a great expedition against the 
 
 Persians, and defeated them several times, but was 
 
 killed while retiring from their country. He was the 
 
 last heathen emperor, but his attempts to bring back the 
 
 old religion entirely failed ; for very few people believed 
 
 in it, or coiild do so ; really there were only a few men 
 
 like Julian himself, who were wise men, ox philosophers, 
 
 and who saw much worldly wisdom in the old heathen 
 
 stories, and so held to them. Besides these, the 
 
 country people were long in changing their old 
 
 opinions, and heathenism remained in the country 
 
 after it had died awuy in the towns ; so the word 
 
 pagan means properly one who lives in a village. 
 
 After Julian's time, bov;A.v«r, th.re was never any talk 
 
 of bringing back the old u Hgiton. 
 
>cirO CHANGES MADE BY CONSTANT/NE, 1,7 
 
 ij. The Barbarian invasions. -We now come 
 to he time when the Roman l-mpire lu-gan io he 
 broken up. \'ou have seen how tlie (Jermans had for 
 the last 150 years been pressing upon the Romans. 
 Ihougli they were driven hack, tliey became year by 
 year stronger and stronger. I-rom ligliting with the 
 Komans, and from being employed as Roman soldiers, 
 they learned a great deal : from breaking into the pro- 
 VMices and plundering the Roman towns they became 
 rich, and also learned Roman habits. The Coths to 
 whom Da.ia had been given up by the Romans, had 
 earned most from Rome, but in 37O they were driven 
 to become Rome s enemies. 
 
 14.. Invasion of the Goths.-It seems that all 
 this time great changes were going on in the great plain 
 of northern Asia, and in conseciuence of these changes 
 an Asiatic people, called the Huns, came into luirope, 
 and attacked the ( ;oths. The CJoths were defeated by 
 them, and were at last driven to cross the Danube, 
 and come into the lands of the R(,man Empire 'i'he 
 luiiperor Valens was weak and could not make up his 
 mind whether to treat the (;oths as friends or as 
 enemies. He took them under his protection, and 
 then refused to give them food, 'i'he (Joths therefore 
 rose^against him, and he was killed in battle in ^78 
 after which the (Joths were or some time masters of 
 the Roman Empire. It is indeed hard to see how the 
 next Lmperor^ I heodosius (379.95), managed to drive 
 them out. He was a Si)aniard, who was made em- 
 peror becaii.se he was the only man who could be of 
 .iny use. He .seems to have been very clever at 
 se{)arating the different tribes of the Coths from one 
 another; and then he fought against them one by 
 one and at last partly drove them out, and partly 
 made them submit to Rome, l^hey settled in the 
 provinces below the Danube, and so, you see, the 
 Roman Empire had to allow the barbarians to come 
 and take their place within her own borders. This 
 
 went on still mor<^ ort.aj...,nr'i.^ ",-,1 fu; • ^1 
 
 " tUv^rTvcirao, ^wkI tniij is the reason 
 
lift 
 
 Roman history. 
 
 tcHAr. 
 
 why the Roman Empire was never overthrown but 
 took the barbarians into itself, and so went on chang- 
 ing slowly till It passed awiiy. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 SETTLEMENTS OF THE BARBARIANS IN 
 
 THE EMPIRE. 
 
 I. The Goths settle in Spain.— Theodosius was 
 the last emperor who ruled over the whole Empire 
 After his death (395) it was divided between his two 
 sons, Arcadms and Honorius, in the same way as it 
 had been done in the days of Diocletian. Arcadius 
 ruled in the east, and Honorius in the west. But 
 Honorius was only a boy of the age of eleven, and 
 was under the guardianship of a brave general, 
 btilicho. So long as Stilicho lived he kept back the 
 Goths, but in 408 he was put to death by the order of 
 Honorius, who was afraid that his power was be- 
 coming too great. When Stilicho was gone there was 
 no longer any general who could resist the Goths. 
 Under their king Alaric they besieged and took Rome 
 in 410. Alaric died afterwards, and they buried him 
 in the bed of a little stream which they had turned 
 aside for a time and then turned back again, that no 
 one might know where their great king was buried. 
 He was succeeded by Athaulf, who had learned a 
 great deal from the Romans. He saw that it was 
 useless to make a Gothic kingdom, as the Goths had 
 not yet learned to obey laws and live quietly ; so he 
 thought it better to be friendly with the Romans, and 
 to settle down with his Goths among the Roman 
 people. He therefore married the sister of Honorius, 
 and passed on with his army to Spain and the south 
 of Gaul, from which he drove the German tribes who 
 had invaded it. He called himself the officer of the 
 Roman emperor, but he really founded a Gothic king- 
 
JCiii.] SETTLEMENTS OF THE BARBARIANS. 1x9 
 
 dom, which was the first regular settlement of the 
 barbarians inside the Roman En pi re. 
 
 2. Invasion of the Huns. It was well that the 
 (TOths and the Romans were on good terms with eacli 
 other, for they were soon attacked by their old 
 enemies the Huns. The Huns, under their great 
 king Attila (433-53), burst in upon Europe. They 
 were the worst enemies the Romans ever had. 
 Ihey were of an entirely different race from the 
 peoples of Europe : they destroyed everything where- 
 ever they went, and looked so strange and horrible 
 that at first the Romans scarcely believed they 
 wer- men at all, but thought they were more like 
 wild beasts. Attila attacked Gaul, and was at last 
 defeated at the battle of Chalons, in 451, by an army 
 ot Goths and Romans under the command of the 
 Roman General Aetius. Luckily, Attila died two 
 years afterwards, and then the Huns fell in pieces 
 as their army was only gathered round their leader' 
 and when he died the army did not keep together 
 any longer. 
 
 3. Settlements of the Barbarians.— But all 
 
 this time the provinces of the western division of the 
 Empire were being overrun by German tribes. The 
 Goths were m Spain and South Ga^i; the Burgundians 
 in Central Gaul; the Franks in North Gaul. The 
 English were conquering and settling in Britain, and 
 the \andals had occupied Africa. Into Italy also the 
 German armies had gone, and although their generals 
 cal ed themselves officers of the Roman Empire, they 
 really did what they chose. At last, in 476, the 
 Emperor Romulus Augustus laid down his title: the 
 Senate of Rome sent to the Eastern Emperor Zeno to 
 say that one emperor was enough, that Itnlv would 
 have him for its emperor, but that the German general 
 Odoacer would act as his deputy in Italy. So 
 Odoacer, who was a king of the Heruli, ruled over 
 Italy, and after him came kings of other German 
 tribes into Italy, who were all considered the officers 
 
120 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 of the Eastern Emperor, but who really did what 
 they pleased. 
 
 &^ '^^^^^^°'"an Empire of the East—All this 
 whil^ the Eastern Empire had gone on more quietly. 
 Attila and his Huns had not plundered so much in 
 ' fhe East ; they found it better to pass on to Gaul. 
 i he Eastern Empire was stronger, and kept more 
 ogether. It differed from the Western EmpiVe 
 because the people spoke Greek, and had been civil- 
 ised people long before the Romans vere. So thev 
 had not become just like the Romans, as the western 
 peoples, who were uncivilised when the Romans 
 conquered them, had become. The Greeks still 
 had their own manners and customs ; they were much 
 more busy with trade and conmerce than were the 
 peoples of the West. They were very fond of talking 
 and discussing things : so, when they became Chris 
 tians they used to dispute about all the doctrines 
 of religion, till the points in dispute were settled 
 by the votes of bishops at a council, and in this way 
 Iheologygrewup. All these things made the Eastern 
 Empire keep together more than the Western. The 
 Greek-speaking peoples might be invaded, but they 
 did not mix with their invaders : they kept themselves 
 separate, and waited till the enemy was gone, and 
 then went on as before. 
 
 T K ^5^«^*s of the Settlements in the West— 
 In the West, on the other hand, the German conquerors 
 and the Latin-speaking people of the provinces settled 
 down together very contentedly, except only in 
 Jiritain. The English had never had anything to do 
 with Rome when they came here, so they conquered 
 and drove out the Britons, and would learn nothing 
 Irom them. But in Spain and Gaul and Italy thS 
 people who settled began to talk Latin, and to behave 
 like the Romans. And this is why the people of 
 Spain and France and Italy at the present day talk 
 what are called Romance languages, that is, languages 
 which began from the Roman, but have been chang?ed 
 
XIII.] SETTLEMENTS OF THE BAKBARIANS. „i 
 
 Iess'"and trl^H^'"'"'.''''^"''."^''^^ P^°P'«^ ^«^« •fore- 
 went on " " ''''"^'' ^°' 'hemselves as they 
 
 6. Reign of Justinian.— So, while the Western 
 Empire was being split up, the Eastern Emp re ken" 
 
 Persians, who were its chief enemies. Under the 
 Emperor Justinianus or Justinian (527-6,) there was 
 ians" Z T"'P' "'""VZ "'" l^-ck fr'om'ihe barba" 
 Emoire ^'Z"""' "^'"^ ""^J' ^""^ '^^^" f™"' 'he 
 wonrllrfi.i ^"■"f «*=""^' Belisarius showed a 
 
 Tnd fnt. T"' u^ '"'''""S >"■« '"'^^'^ love him 
 and follow h,m however rash he might seem to 
 
 over toAllLTf.'^" l'^'''''"'' 'hen he crossed 
 m.L Af ■ ^"^ '^''^^''^'"^ 'he Vandals, and again 
 
 connuetd'siHl '"""T^f °^ '^^ ^'"P"'' ^e then 
 So ?(" f T !• ^ ^' ''"'' '^"''"' 'he Goths out of Italy. 
 
 of Conlt/ntnopl^ "" "^' ™'^^ ''°"> °^ ^^^ -^ 
 But this did not last long, for in 568 another 
 
 conquered all the northern part of it. The Persian.^ 
 00, had become more powerful than eve in the Fa" ' 
 ,^, T^^""' P^°P^^ '"''^ 'he Huns, called the Avars 
 
 m" to h"i ''k "^"."''" ^"" 'h^ Empfre had gTeS 
 men to help her when she was in trouble The 
 Emperor Heraclius (610-4.) was one of the grea est 
 
 He"'w^nt';Tth'"h°""' '^'™°^' "^ g-^' - "S 
 Persians nndf / """^ '"'° 'h« <=°"""-y of the 
 c™ w ' 5 "^ '^""'' >''^'"'^ 'I'^feated every army th»v 
 
 wa entlrelvT'"^'' ^7' '^^' P"^'"' °' '^' ^^'^'^"' 
 was entirely destroyed ; at the same time, too the 
 
 Avars had grown weaker, and it would eem that 
 
 the Empire might have peace. 
 
 7- Conquests oftheArabs.-But a more serious 
 enemy was soon to rise against them. Mohammed 
 an Arabian, taught the people of Arabia a p^rei' 
 religion than they had known before. The scattered 
 tribes gathered themselves together round hi^ a'd 
 
122 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 [chap. 
 
 his teaching, and the Arabs went out to conquer 
 as the Huns had done before. There was, however 
 his great difference : the Huns only followed a greaJ 
 leader, and fell in pieces when he was dead :^ the 
 Arabs believed what their leader tauL^ht them and 
 so held together while they won a great enipire 
 byria, Egypt, and Africa were conquered by them and 
 were never won back by the Roman Em^pire One 
 great reason of this was, that the Greek-speaking Chris- 
 lans differed very much about questions concerning 
 religion, and when they differed they called one an 
 other heretics, and quarrelled a great deal. Thus it 
 ?l?^^ "Ju^ ^^f ""^"y ^'^'^ ^^"^"g to submit to the 
 Th. a'^'k ' '^^^ S'"^ "P '^^'^ ^^'^gio^s opinions, 
 the w/c:. K ^""''"^ T^' '"'° SP^i" ^"d threatened 
 the West, but were driven out of Gaul by the leader 
 of the Franks, Charles Martel, in 732. 
 
 After these losses, which took place between 6^^ 
 and 692, the Roman Empire only ruled over Greece 
 the provinces below the Danube, Asia Minor, and 
 
 P. .•?, u ?i^-. ^^ '''°" ^°^t ^^"^ost the whole of what 
 It still held in Italy, because the Emperor Leo HI 
 (717-41) quarrelled with the Pope, or Bishop of Rome 
 about the worshipping of images. ' * 
 
 8. Rome again sets up an Emperor.— All this 
 time the emperors had done nothing for Italy; the 
 Lombards had become more powerful in the north 
 and the Popes had made themselves chief magistrates 
 of the city of Rome, as there was no one else. Now 
 when the Pope and Emperor quarrelled, the connexion 
 between Italy and the emperors at Constantinople was 
 more and more broken off. The Pope looked to the 
 kings of the Franks, who were the most powerful of 
 the German peoples, and had settled in Gaul, to help 
 him against the Lombards. And at last, in the year 
 800, Charles the Great, king of the Franks, was 
 crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope at Rome. 
 tK ^' I^ division of the Empire.-At this time, 
 then, there were two Emperors, one at Rome and the 
 
XIII.] SETTLEMENTS OF THE BARBARIANS. 123 
 
 other at Constantinople, who both claimed to be the 
 rulers of the whole Roman world, as the early Em- 
 perors had been. But really the West obeyed the 
 one, and the East the other: and so men came to 
 speak of an Eastern and a Western Empire. For 
 some time these Empires did not have much to do 
 with one another, and at last they became open 
 enemies. 
 
 10. Fall of the Western Empire. — The Western 
 Empire was called at a later time the Holy Romaji 
 Empire, and its emperor was also the German king. 
 He claimed to have authority over all the people 
 of the West, but his authority grew less and less, as 
 nations formed themselves in Europe. For you have 
 seen that the Roman Empire grew up because Rome 
 brought all the ancient nations under her rule. Then, 
 when the Roman Empire was split up by the settle- 
 ments of barbarians within it, at first people still all 
 kept together in a sort of way. But the barbarians 
 and the Romans mixed together differently in different 
 places : sometimes there were more Romans, some- 
 times more barbarians. This made great differences, 
 so people gathered together into groups according to 
 these differences, and out of these groups sprung up 
 what we now call nations. As fast, then, as the natiotis 
 grew up the Empire fell in pieces, and after the Refor- 
 mation the title Holy Roman Empire meant hardly 
 anything at all. 
 
 11. Fall of the Eastern Empire. — The Eastern 
 Empire went on fighting very bravely against the various 
 tribes of Turks in the East, and against the different 
 tribes of barbarians who attacked the provinces along 
 the Danube. It grew smaller and smaller, and be- 
 came only a Greek kingdom. It was at last destroyed 
 by the Turks, who took Constantinople in 1453, and 
 made it the capital of a Turkish Empire, which still 
 remains. 
 
 12. Influence of the Roman Empire. — You 
 see, however, how long the old laws and ideas of Rome 
 
i24 
 
 ROMAN JUS TORY. 
 
 tcHAP. 
 
 so great that it was not destroyed all at onre hnJ 
 died away gradually. So vou see ir . L^ f' 
 
 iiuin i^onie. ihe German races, on the other InnH 
 
 t~ ''%T °T' ^P^^'' ^^^™^" -d not a S 
 
 do the^lealians nr H "? °"k '° """^h '« J^"-"- - 
 we have WneH L i'™'?' "' Spaniards, but still 
 
 Wstory mus^ aW.!°T "S ^'°"' ^°""^' •''"d Roman 
 u and mn.t r^ K "'"' ^ S'"^' ^'^'" "^ "««est for 
 hl^ ^^ i^ "'^'* "'^ '° understand all that has 
 
 nn^^n r'" '"""!;'=*' °'' "''^ '"''"^"'^e Of Rome even 
 Z *° „°'"' "«■" days, may be seen in the Anacv 
 When the power of the city of Rome became smS 
 m governing the State, it began to gro" lamer h 
 governnig the Church. Men had so C been tc 
 customed to look to the city of Rome for laws and 
 government that, when the EmperorHo longer lived 
 there, and the B.shop of Rome had become the chief 
 man in the city, men looked to the sfshoTof Rome 
 for laws and government in matters of ^hgL When 
 Rome ceased to be the head of the old pfgan Emnire 
 of the wor d, she became the head of the new Chrk^an 
 f™P"-%°f 'he world; and the notion oT the Holy 
 
 dosd TunZT H *'' ^'^ ^°P^ ^"^ *<^ Emperor wet 
 
 oSistendom t"'"' 'T'^^' .'° ^'^^" ^^^ ^^^i^s 
 01 unrstendom. Long after nat bns had formed for 
 
 themselves their own civil government, it wasThongh 
 
 that in religious matters all nations must obevfhe 
 
 government of the Roman Church. You know that 
 

 Xiii.J CIIKONCLOGJCAL TABLE, 
 
 mosloft'hf'r '^' ^^^^^^^tion is the time in which 
 
 matters, traces of^i'stilf reS in t^hi'h "^^^ 
 given in religious matters to the B^sh^ of lorSe "" 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Rome Founded, . 
 
 Thf pT^"' "^^^^^ 0"t their Kin^s * * ' 
 The Plebeians first had Tribunesf' \ ' ' 
 The Decemvirs published the Lavs at Ror^e * 
 
 The Romans conquered the ijins ' ' 
 
 The Romans, having conquered he Samnites h.' 
 
 came the chief people in Italy ''^"'"'^^'' ^^- 
 
 The Romans drove Pyrrhus Kinl'nfP • * 
 
 of Italy, ^/"J^us, King of Epirus, out 
 
 First War with Carthage, ."•••• 
 War with Hannibal, f ' ' * * • 
 
 1 he Romans conquered the East! .' * * 
 
 1 lie Romans conquered Spain ' * • • 
 
 Destruction of Carthage, ^ ' ' ' ' ' 
 
 Tibern^s^Gracchus tried to refo'rm the Roman 
 
 The^^ians forced Rome to make th^m Roman 
 
 ^.nasus Pompeius overcame Rome's rebel. 
 Cams Juhus C^sar conquered the Gauls, '. .' 
 
 B.C. 
 
 753 
 509 
 
 494 
 451 
 396 
 389 
 
 366 
 338 
 
 290 
 
 275 
 
 264-241 
 
 219-202 
 
 200-160 
 
 150 
 
 140 
 
 ^33 
 123-121 
 
 111-106 
 
 102 
 
 91-89 
 88-82 
 74-61 
 58-49 
 
If 
 
 I 
 
 126 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 B.C. 
 54 
 
 Caius Julius Cassar invaded Britain, 
 
 Civil War between Pompeius and CcEsar, in which 
 
 Caesar was conqueror at the Battle of Phar- 
 
 salia, 
 
 Caius Julius Ccx>sar put himself at the head of 
 
 the (government of Rome, . 
 Cams Julius Cassar was murdered, 
 Marcus Antonius, Caius Octavianus, and Marcus 
 
 Lepidus gamed the chief power in the Roman 
 
 otate, 
 
 Octavianus defeated Antonius at Actium, and be' 
 
 came the chief man in Rome, 
 Octavianus, known as Augustus Caesar, governed 
 
 the Roman Republic as Emperor, B.C. 30-14 a D 
 
 49-48 
 
 48-44 
 44 
 
 43 
 31 
 
 Tiberius Emperor, ... 
 
 Caius Caesar (Caligula) Emperor' 
 
 Tibenus Claudius Caesar Emperor 
 
 Nero Claudius Caesar Emperor, . * * " 
 
 Disturbances in the Empire after the 'fall of the 
 
 Julian family, ... 
 Titus Flavins Vespasianus, known as Vespasian! 
 
 Emperor, .... ^ t 
 
 Destruction of Jerusalem, . . . ' ' 
 Titus Flavins Vespasianus, known as Titus,' Em- 
 ^ .Peror, 
 
 Lucius Plavius Domitianus, known as Domitian! 
 
 Emperor, ' 
 
 Ulpius Trajanus Emperor, . . . * ' 
 
 Publius ^lius Hadrianus Emperor, \ 
 
 Titus ^lius Antoninus, known as Antoninus Pius' 
 
 Emperor, ... ' 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus',-the firs't Em'peror 
 who had to spend his time in fighting against 
 barbarian invaders, . ° *> & 
 
 The Emperors were elected by the so'ldiers, and 
 barbarian tribes invaded the frontiers, . . 
 
 Ihe Emperor Caracalla made all men who were 
 governed by Rome citizens of Rome, . 
 
 A series of Emperors chosen from Illyria drove 
 back the invaders, 
 
 The Emperor Diocletian made great changes in 
 Ihe Roman Empire, . . . . . 
 
 14-37 
 
 37-41 
 41.54 
 
 54-68 
 
 69 
 
 69.79 
 70 
 
 79-81 
 
 81-96 
 
 98-117 
 
 117-138 
 
 138-161 
 
 161-180 
 
 192-268 
 
 215 
 
 268-284 
 
 284-305 
 
c. 
 14 
 
 ^8 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 3 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 
 
 Flavins Valerius Constantinus, known as Con- 
 stantine the (;rcat, marie the Empire 
 Christian, and built Constantinople as its 
 new capital, 
 
 The Emperor Valens was killeci by the Goths in 
 battle, 
 
 I he Emperor Theodosius drove back the Goths* 
 
 Ihe Empire was divided between two Cicsars' 
 one m the East and one in the West, . ' 
 
 I he (]oths settled in South Gaul and Spain, .* 
 
 I he Vandals settled in Africa, , 
 
 The Huns, under their King, Attila, invaded 
 Europe, 
 
 The Franks were settling in Gaul and the English 
 in Britain, 
 
 The Empire was again united under the Emperor 
 at Constantinople, and a German King 
 governed Italy as his deputj'. 
 
 The Emperor Justinian made the Empire power- 
 ful for a time, ..... 
 
 The Arabs, united by the teaching of Mahomet* 
 began a career of conquest in Syria, Eevot! 
 and Africa, . . . . . . ^ . 
 
 The Pope, representing the people of Rome' 
 crowned Charles, King of the Franks, as 
 Emperor of Rome, 
 
 The Turks captured Constantinople, and brought 
 the Eastern Empire to an End, , 
 
 Francis 11. abdicated the Holy Roman empire, \ 
 
 A.D. 
 
 323-337 
 
 379-395 
 
 395 
 
 415 
 429 
 
 433-453 
 450-500 
 
 476 
 527-565 
 
 636 
 
 800 
 
 1453 
 1806