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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indlquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X aox X 12X itx 20X a«x 28X 32X tails I du odifier ' una maga Tha copy filmad hara has baan raproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library of Congrass Photoduplication Sarvice Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality possibfa consldaring tha condition and iagibiiity of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacifications. L'axampiaira film* fut raproduit grAca it la gAnArositA da: Library of Congrass Photoduplication Servica Las imagas suivantas ont AtA roproduitas avac la plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da l'axampiaira film*, at an conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. IS Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or Illustratad Imprassion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol — ^ (maaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (maaning "END"), whichavar applias. Maps, platas, charts, ate may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antlraly includad in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar iaft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raqulrad. Tha following diagrams iliustrata tha mathod: Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast imprimte sont filmte an commanpant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'imprassion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmte an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla ampralnta. Un das symbolas suivants apparaftra sur la darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbola — ► signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols V signifia "FIN". Las cartas, p!anchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra fllmte d das taux da reduction diffArants. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichA, 11 ast film* A partir da i'angia supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A drolta, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la m6thoda. arrata I to t I palura, on A n 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 jjilffMimi ^- M Eatwed, aeoording to Act of Congmi, in the year XS73, ^ ' J. J. MOORMAN, M.D., I& die Office of the Ubnikui of Congmi at Waahington. im ItirriNcoTT't Paatt, PniLADBLPHlA. I ^ I .-if:' . i»«.-,j(**Ji?P'- -«UB lit I iiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiflar ifilBai - ir - <\. *aE"s! •••IWBifUJIBippWJH 1 i i wim i i i i M I H 'I 'I IP M TO THE PUBLIC. For more than thirty-five years I have given special attention to the investigation of the nature and medi- cinal applicability of mineral waters. During this time I have resided, throughout the watering season, at the White Sulphur Springs, where, in the character of phy- sician to the springs, I have enjoyed amplfe opportuni- ties of witnessing the various and modified effects of the water in almost every variety of disease and state of the system. Although my attention, during 'this time, has been particularly directed to the investigation of the char- acter of the water of that spring, I have ftot neglected the other valuable waters of the country, nor fiuled per- sonally to observe and appreciate their various peculi- arities, and their relative and positive merits. While my position has enabled me to witness the virtues of mineral waters in diseases, it has, at the same time, fully satisfied me not only that their good effects are often lost, but that consequences highly in- jurious firequently result from their injudicious use. Impressed with the importance of arresting the abuse of the White Sulphur waters, and of leading to a more (7) — <«i Wfel Mm TO THE PUBLIC. correct adminittration of them, I pabliihed, in 1839, a pamphlet designed as a " Directory" for the use of these waters. It was with diffidence I undertook this pioneer effort in a field so entirely unexplored ; for, al- though thousands of invalids had, for more than half a century, annually resorted to these waters, up to the period of issuing the " Directory" not a line had ever 1>een published relative to their medicinal applica- bility, or the proper methods of prescribing them. Satisfied from experience that the little <^!wf alluded to was not without beneficial effects in gttiding to a more prudent use of the waters, I published, in 1846, • small volume entitled " Virginia Springs," designed to embrace what was then known of the various mineral springs in Virginia. In 1855, and again in 1857, new and enlarged editions of the work were issued. In 1859, the previous editions having been exhausted, a new one, much enlarged, and embracing not only the Virginia Springs, but also the qirings of the Soothem and Western States, was issued, under the title of the " Virghda :^t^ and Springs tf Ae SoiMt and Wat" This was followed, in 1867, by a larger and more comprehensive volume, entitled ** Min- eral Springs of the United Suites ami Canada." Since the publication of that work, important minend waten in various parts of the United States have come faito practical use; some possessing medicinal applicabili- ties of admitted value, and many claiming valuable tlmapentic powers that make them worthy of gfneral notice. These facts, in connection with the obviously growing importance in the public mind of mineral # , in 1839, :he use of rtook this I ; for, al- um half a ip to the had ever applica- then, ff alluded ding to a , in 1846, designed • mineral i editions 8 editions rged,and tabothe as issued, 8<7, b]r a td **MiH^ " Since ral waters ;oine faito iplicabUi- valuable if gfneral oMoosly ' mineral ir TO THE PUBLIC. 9 waters generally as remedial agents, and the suggestion of many kind friends, induce me to bring out the present volume, under the title of " Mtneral Springs of North Ameriea." A gratifying public appreciation and generous de- mand for my previous volumes, encourage me to hope that the present one will be an acceptable addition to our very limited spring literature. In a notice so extensive of mineral fountains, with the exception of those of which I have a personal knowledge, I have necessarily had to depend largely upon the observations and writings of others ; and, in this connection, I desire to express my obligations es- pecially to the labors of my esteemed friend. Dr. Bell, of Philadelphia, from whose works and correspondence I have derived important facilities. In treating of springs as medicinal ajg^ents {^fiA it is in that point of view only that I have proposed to treat of them), it has been my earnest effort to present them before the public in an aspect as full and impartial as was possible. So far as the author's personal knowledge and experience, or reliable information obtained from other sources, have enabled him to do so, he has dis- charged the task with fidelity. In some instances reliable analyses have not been niade of some mineral- fountains whose rising impor- tance deserves such chemical test. Nor have these fouU' tains, as yet, fiimished, from observation, such record of their adqitations as is desirable in forming a proper appreciation of their merits ; hence, in reference to the IHVcise quality and adaptations of such springs, we are '■^^^f??§S«*«*«*"^-" fl£ timm mm lo TO THE PUBLIC. necessarily left to inferences basdd upon analogies and somewhat uncertain' comparisons. The absence of an analysis of a mineral water is less to be regretted if a fair and reliable record of its virtues and appropriate medical uses be obtained; for it is only by multiplied facts, that is, by es^erienee of its use, that we can speak positively of its effects. This being so, it is of especial importance that there should be an intelligent resident physician at each fountain, who would make it his duty carefully to note the char- acter of the various diseases submitted to its use, and the effects of the water up* hazird empiricism in the use of mineral waters in America, and such is the importance of so classifying and syttemiiing their uses that they may be psescrtbed midefstandingly and safely, that he who msy coatrib- ttte to this end, and thus nrnder them the safe, certain, iad effective remedies thejr were designed to be by a beneficent Providence, may wdl fed thirt belUHi neiUm li^ nor labored in vain in his generation. Iw^ll nl of its dned; for ^erienee tf cts. This ;re should fountain, the char- i use, and iersocha a reliaUe lasisted in be should s 'properly lefounda- 1 exciting luch, is a and hq>* •raters in :la8sifyiflg Mcscrtbed f coatrib- s, certain, » be bja asaeiUicr n^jjetttng ii^^prae- tMcdi*!- TO THB PUBLIC. XI tinction of my previous volumes, and perhaps their chief merit. It has been my earnest desire to place in the hands of the public, and especially of invalids, a short and easy, but a condensed and comprehensive, account of the mineral springs of the American continent, and ,to Indicate with candor, and with as much plainness as possible, their nature and medicinal applicability. Wherever I could, with advantage to the public, I have availed myself of the observations of others, and I claim at the hands of my readers this award of merit at least : tf hamng lumestfy endttawred to make n^ fmmbU Mors eonvement tmd fraetUaify vabtaiU to ^um; not by dazzling but uncertain theories, nor by creating hopes that might end in sad disappointment, but by plain, practical facts in relation to the nature and proper uses of our various mineral waters. In arranging the matter for the volume, I shall treat of the waters under the heads of the States in which they are respectively found ; and have preferred to in- troduce the States rather in the order of their mkunil water similitudes than in the usual geographical or political order in which they are generally made to stand. Hence I shaU fost treat of the watera^of Vir- ginia and West Virginia, and of the Western and Soitth- em States; and then of those of the North and East, commoBcingwith the great mineral water State of He«r York. I have intentionally avoided in this, as in my i»evi- otts volumes, all criticiMins upon the improvcmokts ni nptk^ ^operty, or of the rbaracter of the acc<»BBie- iriHIpa ^ It TO THE PUBLIC. dations at the wireral springs. Such criticism, in a printed vdume intended for reftrence long after its issue from the press, would be likely to mislead, and probably do great injustice ; inasmuch as improvements, now fiuilty, may, befinre the next season, be rendered Tcry comfortable, and bad hotel aocommodationa aie often unended in a day by a change of landlord or manager. liiMtii&iitnahtrtamlmediemali^ipiiemUlitf of mineral waters that I have felt called up,iS7s. »*-v/TSti*; .-Jifev-^' --H ■j.ii'iritiiBi-Esperi«ot Oe ooljr OvU» ia Ot Adoiiai*- tntiaa— Madlaal Eflkaof— If odvs Opanadi, tto.— Lngfli of Thaetob» Ui »< O n nw lltwiiMtoaa A i w IilH w i l l nB ........ « CHAPTER IL mNBkAI. WATBU IN OINBKAL (C OH T IWUI P). R«itwtiWwipe of MMM Miaenl Walan to Mttcaxf—'Bnan aad Abnn oT MUaaral Watan, Mb— ChMfiiC frOM flprtag to aprii^^-- Dw D lat, Ejwtei w Bwt TIhw fcr U i lm Iw m t i 01 Thao to pa Uiadia t Ci ^••■•#«»»»>««»«»««—wm»w tif» 35 . CHAPTER HI. vn or MBDKiinn ams DimjtBMT mimsbal watbu. MiBml WoMiWiiM Batt PMod of tfM Yaar te !■• valMa to Viiit «ia l^;chi|a>, •••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••I CHAPTER IV. WMT naiOMiA AMD vnonnA snuiras. I to ttM Waat Vli|liki woA V hyii la 8|ni(k«aaaa«raM CHAPTBRV. ■ wHi'iw niLnnni inumik Loaaitai aad GaMMl Pkjpriod OHiMiifliiki— Ilsaifai«tfi aari* ftandf ttia iaaM^-Doat aot loaa Hi Simcai fesr paniaff «Mi Hi O a i Do a a aotai f ai a to8aHaa*aaQ at iaai at -niCk»t. Dj is p s iis la OaiU algla— Water-Braifc-Chioafc) Oastro-Entariiis f— Diseases -«*JBi5>7a\«*oiira» ,4tr'",i* W*KW«*fl->w MWI IB si rcrs of Hajres nom 71 •s M>l» '•taM 9^9 CONTENTS, 15 CHAPTER X. . XBD SVLPHUE SnUNOS. Locatkm— Analyib— Adaptatioii to DiieaMs, etc.— New River , White Sulphttr Springs in CHAPTER XI. swKXT sntmos. Situation and Eeriy History— Improyemente—Ane l yi ii EUbcta of tlie Waters— Adaptation of the Waters as a Beverage and as a Bath, etc iiS CHAPTER Xll. aWXBT CHALYBBATX, OE KXD tWBBT SMlIIfaS. Their Analysis—Natiire and Medicinal Ad^rtations of this Walen as a Barerafe and a Bath— Artifldal Warm Badis. etc. tm CHAPTER XIII. HOT SPItlNOS. Efltets of die Waters Internally and Eirtemally used-analysis —Diseases to wfaidi they are applicable— Spiecniatiotts ob ThermalisatfcM, etc. m CHAPTER XIV. WAMi SmiMGS. Analysis— Tfane and Manner of Usfaig— Diseases tat wUdi Em> ployedf etc ..■....•.••..•»»»..... m.........v«*««« 134 CHAPTER XV. 9 BSiuuMo miMai. •.^ I OBsHiwi Anstyses TlwrspeBtte AcdoifDiBeasai %at whicb they flMiy be PnsetnNdi ete..*.*.*.. ...•...•.».*.•••■•.... .........mmm. sjy CHAPTER XVL EOCSBEIDGC KUOVk SPEIMOI. Loc a tio a Ana lysis ReaMuto on Analy rt s T he NaoM Alum a Misnomer, etc.— Therapentic Eflbets of the Water s Dissas s s towMditbeyaieeayloyed— ThaJrBneeBstttMfcolsinSciipfclB 14X JeVQon RocuNridga Alnm 8piiny> ......... ..♦».. .<).♦•»••» ....4.... #**.#• 14'^ mm iSianaiiMHHI •iiWilMlPP* 16 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. BATH ALUM SPRINOS. Aadjnto—ltiMaMa and States of the System in which thay may be Plesoribed, eto«a>«.uu „ 147 CHAPTER XVIII. Rodtbridge Baths. Cold Sttlfiliar Spring ]| ,^ Variety firings " StribUng^ Springs. „ „ [.' CHAPTER XIX. '•'^wsfvis^BS^ES Rmriejr's ^xing MassamitaSprinck ,... JOadaa'aWUtaSn^lnir Springs ....-..„....!! ^57 CHAPTER XX. BATH OR BBUUUCY SPEUfOS. Bariy Histaqr— Baths and Bathtag-Hoosas— Madieal Piopartias 6f Oe Wateis— Diseases fnr which lued, etc. Coiier's Biadi and White Sn^ihur Springs. ^. xtg Roanoke Red Si^ihiirSprii^i - 164 Johnson's Sprii^i. > „ ,., ,^ the Bne Ridge Spri^....... ,„■;.... jg^ AHs gha w y C^riqp^ r....„„.. ...,„..„. lAj MontgoowrWhita Solpbv... » ,,0 CHAPTER XXII. Yeaim So^nr ^)riflcs..k... „ .„. tyx Pniasid Akm Spring... ,y^ Gtayaoo Stdphur Sprites. ,.. „....^ 174 HoktMi Springs...... „ , ^ ^ lyft KimbeiBng t^^riagi. ^96 mmmm CONTENTS. «l riMW may ISO ....„ 151 >•..» X51 X54 IS« IS7 »S9 161 ... 164 ... 164 ... 164 - ««S .... t7X •••1 »74 — «74 ••- »7S CHAPTER XXIII. Fauquier VHiite SulidiuriSpttaigi........ v 17* Puiblo Springs. X7> Huguenot Springa.. ~ xSo New London Alum Spring... > xSi CHAPTER XXIV. •PEING8 or KXNTOCKY. HwradilraiigT-Rochester— O^piaa— Blue Lick— EaliU 1(3 CHAPTER XXV. MIMBRAL SPKIMOS OF OHIO AND WDIAMA. Ohio White Sulphur. iN Ydlow Spriogi. - 189 FreBcfa Lick ^xingi, Indiana 190 CHAPTER XXVI. SniNGS or MICHIGAN AND WISOONSIM. St Louis ^»ii«s, Micfaigan.. 191 Bctheida 8|ifings, Wiscoasin,, 194 CHAPTER XXVIL snuNoa or rnmnsBB. White's CiedcSpcing'-RobarlBoa'a— WladMster— BeenhetM^- Montvale— Tate's— Lm's— Sulphur and Chalybeate— Ahua Springs— Warn Springs on ttie ¥tmA Broad.................... 195 CHAPTER XXVUI. •niNQs «v Howm carouna. • Warn and Hot Springs of Btmwwnlwt Sfcoooo ^tprlngi joiies Wbito Salphwr and Chafybaale— Kitlndl's Spriagk mo Snifter Sprtegs, CatnrhaCouiitjr^. M9 CHAPTER XXIX. anniaa or south caeouna. (Bena't—Wcat'a— Springs hi Abbeville and Laurens IMMrlels, etc— Chidi'a— WiBianslemi Spriufi— ArteaiaB Wdl in ••••a* •••#••••• •***««e»« •■•••<{•« ••«»••••••• •••• •••••• ••«•«**•• B^V TTiiirwipi mmmm l8 CONTS/fTS. CHAPTER XXX. •nuNos or obokoia. I w i Hot Ma^ w o Wann SpriiigB~Oofdoii's-Qitoon^ifliigi CHAPTER XXXI. •FklMaS or ALABAMA. BiMlm SpriagK-BiUlejr'a S|itiii(-.TUbl»tta Spriagt. r*as aa6 CHAPTER XXXII. tnuMoi or MissuBipn. Coopar's Wdl— Ooaaa SprinfL Ack ai6 CHAPTER XXXIII. amiNOS OP AKKANIAS. Waihto Hot %)tiiip^ 8prii«iof Floffda. CHAPTER XXXIV. MINIKAI. ■PEIMOB OP NEW YOKK. Bd BaBKaa Groop-CIanUiaukm of W«tew Goo- logical Podiiim-ThanBalitalioii of W«tm— Analyiis otn- iioiitS|Miiip,flie... ~.......... CHAPTER XXXV. Wn TOtK HIKBEAL WATBKS (OONnmOB). laqnopw Um of tiM Swstqga Walan. »ad its EWI»~Ii4iuioH Advioe «a4 Bnonof Opioioa as to ti» Natnn Mkl Iho of «S •17 «t >» •««••• ••••••••••«• •••••• MiBMSlWlOHI.. DiMuw for iMdi tbe Suataga Walan aar bo FivwriMU- ASwqr Artedaa Well— R«ed'$ lHaetal Sprint— BaBodi'a >****#•••••••••••■•»••»••••■«•«»»»««« > •••••• •••••• •••«•• •*•••* n« CHAPTER XXXVt MSW YOXK SULPaOR VkOfOI. Bedfci Cha BkM dam gate Spri HopU ■feitfy^Ktiiaiiaaiadam^as^^ i- ^j ■■■r«p; ni ' ' -' ".^H , f i TOiiin pi r i rF \^ '-•m CONTENTS. r*es ngi aa6 u6 «S •17 nr- «t of ('• ns CHAPTER XXXVII. MSW VOKX. SVLPIIUa AND AaDULOUl miMOB. CUioa Sprlagt— Chittnaago apriiig»— MMsina Sulphor Spriap ^M«idiai Spriagf— Anbnin Spriiy Oi«pt»qu» Sp(taf»— Hanowgate Spring— Spting at Troy— Ncwbuig Spring— ^iringf in Dutdien and Colnmbia CmutiM— CatsUll Spring — Naatiooko Spring— Dfjrdan Spring- Rodiaitar Spring — Sprinp ia Moaioo County: G^aa, Maadon, and O gd a n Varona Spring— Saiiaoit Springs— flpriaga in Niagai* County — Seneoa or Deer lick Spriapt— Oak Oreiuurd Add tH^dnga— Acid Spring at CUftoa— AdiroDdaA Spring 145 CHAPTER XXXVIII. ■PUNOS or nMHSTLVAIflA. Bedted Springs— Gettjfiburg Spring— Ftaakiirt Miaeml Spring! Chalybeate Spring near Pitubmrg— York l^xiags— Carlisle Springs— Perry County Springs— Doubiiag dap and Chalyb* eate Sprfags — Fqratte %iriag— Bath Oialybeate Spriag- BhMsbuig Spriag— Ephrata Springs— •Ydhnr Spriags-Cale- dooiaSpriagk............................................... ass CHAPTER XXXIX. MnntAL spuiiai or tbemomt. Ciat«Bdon Gaseous firings— NewiMUC Si^dinr Springs— Highc gateSpriags—AbbuifhSpri^^MisalsquoiSprtags— Vermont Springs Alhi i igh Spriajfc W.W. ...... «....»«»...■.« «.«... ....«..»«»... aM CHAPTER XL. smnraa or MASSACRaiBin. HopUatoB Spriags— Berinhirs Soda Spriag.<.»..>.^ V CHAPTER XU. mnrai or ram. jkubi amd maimb. SdMoley's Monataia Spring........ ; ....—. a74 iLubecSpiiaginllalae l>^ltsrCha^^^«a*a Spriag, ., ais ■MUMMlii •4MiP CONTENTS. CHAPTBR XLII. MnmaAL and rmaiiAL watiu utwbbn tmb mis- nmm and tbb rAanc ocean. to CkUfitrak—OragM— KaMu-N«w M«aico~WnmiM— Utah. tie. „ .TZT.... TOil* •ibibidac tha TiMrmaUntkHi of the Vuhmi Wans and Hot Sprtafi or tba United SlatM and Ha TonitoriM. •77 CHAPTER XUIL HINSKAI. nVUm OP CANADA. Springs— CharloHanffle Sprinf-St CMIiaiina'a Ar- Welli— Vamaw Sfxinci—St Laon Spriaf— Plan- Sptinf— Gaxtoa Sptii^ aM Early — ! Usi used kno) who watc dedi The; topii the man then this W renw over sprii whk . ,,1 j i . . ni . ; ) . !«r?^ 1— i-^p I 'i|ffiiiii of '..■ aiawwMM , '■'Si?i|K,3 « EXPERIENCE THE BEST GUIDE. n our principal mineral fountains, being founded on ex- perience, may, in the main, be correct. I would not be understood, however, as advising a reliance upon such "popular fame." Information of this kind is sufficient to awaken attention and incite inquiry, but certainly should not be implicitly relied upon in indi- vidual cases. At best, it is generally "hearaay" opinion, made up, ordinarily, from partial and empiri- cal sources; or, quite as likely, from the prejudiced accounts which are brought by visitors from the differ- ent watering-places, and which are sweepingfy favorable, or prejudicial, as they may chance to have been bene- fited or worsted, and that without reference to the specific action of the agent, or that clear understand- ing of the pathology of the case, which would serve as a safe guide in its application to others. Every physi- cian knows how prone persons are to err in the use of medicines, from the supposed resemblance of cases. Often am I pained to see persons persevering in the use of a mineral water to their evident prejudice, and for no better reason than that Mr. or Mrs. Such-a-one was cured of a disease supposed to be similar; or, by the general recommendation of some medical man who sent them to the "mountains" with a "carte blancke" to use " some of the mineral waters." Occasionally it has become my painful duty to advise patients to re- trace their melancholy steps homeward, without using any of the waters, because none were adapt«i to their case. Mineral waters are not z^nacea; they act, like all other medicines, by producing certain effects upon the animal economy, and upon principles capable of being clearly defined. It follows, that there are various dis- eases and states of the system to which they are not only tut adt^ed, but in which they would be eminently injurious. Some years since, I was requested to visit a highly- respectable gentleman, who had just arrived at the 3* wm 36 MINERAL WATERS IN GENERAL. White Sulphur with his family, from one of our distant cities. He was in wretched health, and sought my ad- vice as to the applicability of the water to his case. On examination, I felt astonished that any medical roan of intelligence should have recommended such a case to mineral waters for relief. I advised the gen- tleman to retrace his steps homeward, and put himself under medical treatment, as he had no time to lose. Accordingly, the ensuing morning he recommenced his journey of seven hundred miles to reach his home. Medicme did for him what mineral waters were not calculated to do, and I have since heard of his entire recovery. This gentleman informed me that he had been influenced to undertake the distant and, to him, painful journey, by a physician who had never before prescribed for his case, and who candidly stated to him that he knew but little of the mineral waters of Vir- ginia, but he had heard of many cures from their use, and therefore advised that he should hasten to give them a trial. Influenced by this vague opinion, the unfortunate invalid had dragged himself and his family seven hundred miles, under the vain hope of finding a rem«iy, which the physician should, in such a case, have found in his own office. Now, a little more knowledge of the nature of mineral waters, and a more commendable caution in advising their use, would have prevented the heavy sacrifice this gentleman incurred. Nor is this by any means an isolated in- stance; my case-book furnishes many others equally strong, that have come under my observation in the course of my practice. , Medical Efficacy, */r. —Mineral waters are exceed- ingly valuable as medicinal agents, are applicable to a large circle of cases, and will, unquestionably, cure many which the ordinary remedies of the shops will not. Nevertheless, it should always be borne in mind that they are not a catholieon; that they are not to be If fe r distant t my ad- lis case, medical d such a the gen- t himself to lose, tnced his s home, vere not is entire t he had , to him, !r before d to him s of Vir- :heir use, 1 to give nion, the lis family finding a 1 a case, tie more B, and a tieir use, entleman ilated in- 8 equally m in the i exceed- :able to a bly, cure hops will ; in mind not to be MEDICAL EFFICACY. 2-1 used for every disease ; and that, to be prescribed suc- cessfully, they must, like ail other medicines, be pre- scribed with reference to the nature and pathology of the case. Nor is this caution ordinarily more necessary in using the various medicines of the shops than in using the more potent mineral waters. Some there are, I know, who profess to be unbe- lievers in the medicinal activity of mineral waters, and who, without denying the benefit that is often derived from visiting such fountains, attribute the whole to travel, change of air, exercise, relaxation from busi- ness, etc. Now, I freely admit that these are often important agents in the cure of a large class of cases; but, from long experience at a popular watering-place, and the numerous cures I have seen effected from the water itself, totally disconnected with any of the ad- juncts alluded to, it would be quite as easy to con- vince me that bark is not tonic, that jalap does not purge, or that mercury will not salivate, as that mineral waters may not be an active and potent means of curing disease, entirely independent of the valuable adjuvants that have been alludeid to. The advocates of the non-eflicacy of mineral waters, per se, would scarcely persist in this opinion, after see- ing the large amount of active medical material ob- tained by evaporation from some of our more active waters; the White Su^hur, for instance, which yields more than one hundred and fifty grains to the gallon, and which, upon analysis, is found to consist of ioA'tu, su^hu/% the various combinations of soda, rtagnesia, and c^her active ingredients. Would it not be absurd to believe that so large an amount of these efficient medical substances as is usually taken into the stomach, by those who drink mineral waters in which they abound, could fail to exert SLpositive influence upon the economy ? My own experience for many years, in the use of such waters, enables me to bear the most un- equivocal testinlony as to the direct and positive in- ,-.■:■#• M^fimtvkad ji^a /" •8 MINERAL WATERS IN GENERAL. % 1 fluence of many of them upon the human body. In the language of the celebrated Patissier, I can unhesi- tatingly say that, "in the general, mineral waters re- vive the languishing circulation, give a new direction to the vital ener{;ies, re-establish the perspiratory action of the skin, bring back to their physiological type the vitiated or suppressed secretions, provoke salutary evacuations either by urine, or stool, or by transpira- tion ; they bring about in the animal economy an in- timate transmutation — 9. prof ound change : they saturate the sick body. How many sick persons, abandoned by their physicians, have found health at mineral springs I How many individuals, exhausted by violent disease, have recovered, by a journey to mineral waters, their tone, mobility, and energy, to restore which, attempts in other ways might have been made with less certitude of success 1" And hence most cordially do I adopt the sentiments of the distinguished Dr. Arm- strong, who, in speaking of the medicinal efficacy of mineral waters, says, ** I dare pledge my word, that, tf they be onfy fully and fairfy tried, they will be found among the most powerful agents which have ever been broHght to the relief of human maladies. ' ' Modus Operandi, etc. — ^Various attempts have been made to account for the peculiar eifects of mineral waters upon the system. They seem to act, in the first place, as a simple hygienic agent. Secondly, they act, in accordance with their constituent ingredients, specifically on the animal economy. Minen^ waten exert their more important influences upon the human' body upon a different principle from many of the ar- ticles of the materia medica; they are evidently ab- sorbed, eaiet into the circulation, and change the consistence as well as the composition of the fluids ; they course through the system, and apply the medical materials which they hold in solution, in the mo«t minute form of subdivision that can be conceived of. MODUS OPERANDI. 39 to the diseased surfaces and tissues ; they reach and search the most minute ramifications of the capillaries, and remove the morbid condition of those vessels, which are so commonly the primary seats of disease. It is thus that they relieve chronic disordered action, and impart natural energy and elasticity to vessels that have been distended either by inflammation or conges- tion ; while they communicate an energy to the muscular fibre and to the animal tissues generally, which is not witnessed from the administration of ordinary remedies. Many of the articles of the materia medica seem to act by sympathy and counter-irritation, and to cure one organ of the body by irritating another ; thus calomel, by irritating the stomach and duodenum, is made to act efficiently upon the liver, to which organ it has a strong specific tendency. Not so, however, with mineral waters : they never cure one organ by irritating another. I can with confidence assert, that J have never seen mineral waters successfully used in any case in which they kept up a considerable irritation upon aty of the organs of the body. Both physicians and patients are far too much in the habit of looking to the immediate and sensible operations of mineral waters, and of judging of their efficacy from such efiects. In most cases, it is service- able for such agents to open the bowels gently ; and in some', it is best for them to purge actively. Occasion- ally, advantage is derived from promoting an increased flow of urine or perspiration ; but, as a general rule, the greatest good is derived from the absorption of the water, resulting in that "profound change'' spoken of by Patissier, or, in other words, the alterative action of the remedy. It should always be borne in mind that this profound charge — this alterative effect— is in- compatible with constant or active action of the water upon any of the emunctories. This, unquestionably, is true as relates to the White Sulphur water, and I believe it to be so with all alterative waters. 30 MINERAL WATERS IN GENERAL. ■:■ i So well convinced am I, that the alterative action is the real curative action effected by sulphur waters, in nine cases out of ten where any serious disease exists, that, ordinarily, I am not solicitous to obtain much daily increase of evacuation from any of the emunc- tories. On the contrary, I often find great advantage from the administration of some appropriate means to prevent the too free action of the water, especially on the bowels and kidneys. As a general rule, it is far better that such waters should lie quietly upon the system, without manifesting much excitement upon any of the organs, and producing, at most, but a small increase in the quantity of the ordinary healthy evacuations. The quality or kind of evacuations produced by mineral waters is a matter of far more importance, and, when strong sulphur waters are used, never fails to evidence the existence and the extent to which alterative action is going on in the system ; and to this, persons using such waters should alws^ pay a careful attention. I have said that the best effects of mineral waters are their alterative or changing effects ; and that, in the ad- ministration of the White Sulphur, I do not, ordinarily, desire to provoke much increase of the natural evacua- tions. I do not wish, however, to be understood, by this general declaration, as laying down an absolute rule of practice to govern all cases, or to apply in reference to all waters. The administration of mineral waters, like the administration of every other remedy, should be governed in reference to the particular character and demands of each case ; and in such dis- criminating practice it will sometimes be found best to use them in a manner to produce active operations fox a short time. I have, indeed, generally found, that thdse who are actively purged by mineral waters, if they have strength to bear it, will be best satisfied with the remedy at the time, and, in fact, are apt to feel better at the time, than those upon whom the water is exerting but little or no purgative effect. It may. be jiiiiiliMiiiiiii^^ icHoH is aters, in e exists, in much emunc- Ivantage neans to :ially on it is far e system, y of the increase ions, iced by ice, and, fails to Iterative persons tention. aters are I the ad- linarily, 1 evacua- tood, by absolute ipply in ' mineral remedy, articular wch dis- 1 best to tions for nd, that 'aten, if Red with t to feel water is nuiy.be -:m ^ pj lii» inffi: " IfOir LONG TO BE USED. 31 laid down as a general fact, in the use of all alterative waters, subject to but few exceptions, that those on whose bowels they act freely will feel best while at the Springs; while those who are but little purged will feel best after they have left the Springs, and will, ordinarily, enjoy the most permanent advantage. The reason of this is obvious : in the first case, the active purgation throws off the gross humors of the body, and the patient feels promptly relieved ; in the other case, the remedy lies upon the system, is absorbed, and gradually produces its changing influences, — bringing the various secretory functions into a healthy condition, ^-unloading and cleansing the machinery of the econ- omy, — silently putting its works to rights, and giving them their natural and healthy motion. AH this re- quires time for its accomplishment; and hence, we often hear persons say, " I was no better while at the Springs, but I began to mend soon after I left, and have continued better sincie." Declarations of this kind we constantly hear by persons who have previously visited alterative springs; and they verify the correct- ness of my proposition. Length ef Time to he used, etc. — To acute diseases, mineral waters are not adapted; for all such they are too exciting, too prone to increase the activity of the circulation, and to stimulate the general system. It is in chrome diseases only that they are found so eminently serviceable. By chronic diseases I mean^ those slow diseases of the system uniformly attended either with sin^ excitement, chronic inflammation, or chronic congestion of the blood-vessels. To be permanently beneficial in diseases of this description, the use of mineral waters, like the disease for which they are taken, should be ' ' chronic. ' ' I mean that an instantaneous cure should not be expected ; but that the remedy should be persisted in, and the cure gradually brought about. Sulphur waters, especially, may be easily brought into 3« MINERAL WATERS IN GENERAL. disrepute by short and imperfect trials of them. To prove effectual, "they should for the most part be con- tinued daily, in sufficient quantity, until the disease gives way, or until their inefficacy has been fairly proved by an unremitted perseverance. In some cases of oph- tkaimia, of rheumatism, and slight cutaneous affections, I have known them to effect a cure in two or three weeks, while in other cases, apparently similar in all respects, twice, thrice, or even four times that period has elapsed before the cure had been accomplished ; and what is here affirmed of these external affections, is still more strongly applicable to internal diseases, which are seldom speiedily overcome by these waters, how completely soever they may yield at last. In illus- tration of this point, as to internal diseases, it may be mentioned that I have seen both chronic inflammation of the liver, and chronic inflammation of the rectum, where no benefit was produced for three or four weeks, and yet sl continuation of the waters for six or eight weeks longer has effaced every vestige of the morbid indica- tions for which they were prescribed. ' ' (Armstrong on Sulphur Waters.) There is no greater folly, in the use of mineral waters, than that of laying down a definite period of time for which they should be used, without reference to their effects upon the system. Like all other medicines, mitieral waters should be used, discontinued, or modi- fied in their use, with a strict regard to their operations upon the body, and to their good or bad effects upon the disease. Whenever prescribed, their operations should be watched with the same care with which we watch the effects of any other medicine; and they should be persevered in, or temporarily or permanently discointinued, or controlled in their action by some ap- propriate adjuvant, according to the indications pre- sented in each case. It'Will occur to every reflecting mind, that the ex- pectation of being cured, or even essentially benefited. in i any thel des] ith in fi pre^ wati wee opii his war to c do mal pres for • I thai sulp alte judi star eigl rem foul C eral gre< tot errc are abl< con equ rass of 1 THEIR ADMINISTRATION. 3S em. To t be con- e disease iy proved » of oph- 'ettions, I or three ar in all at period iplished ; !Ctions, is es, which ers, how In illus- t may be immation I rectum, ur weeks, ;ht weeks d indica- \strong on al waters, f time far \ to their ledicines, or modi' tperations ;cts upon tperations which we and they manently some ap- :iona pre- it the ex- benefited, in an obstinate chronic disease, from a few days' use c any mineral water, is altogether unreasonablck Never- theless, I have often seen persons at watering-places despairing of the efficacy of the remedy, simply because it had not produced an obvious and appreciable benefit in five or six days. A sort of x/^r^/^/i;^^// opinion indeed prevails with numerous visitors to such places, that the water should not in any case be used longer than two weeks. I scarcely need say that this is a most erroneous opinion, and often interposes between the patient and his recovery. It is true that some, who hold the un- warrantable opinion alluded to, perseveringly endeavor to drink as much in the "two weeks" as they should do in six ; but this only serves in a common way to make them abandon it four or five days before their prescribed time, by absolutely disqualifying the system for its reception at all. I can say, as the result of many years' observation, that the WTtite Su^kur, which is one of the strongest sulphur waters in the world, rarely produces its full alterative efiects within two weelu, under its most judicious administration, and under favorable circum- stances for its use ; and that three, four, five, and even eight weeks often elapse before it has displayed its full remedial powers in obstinate cases. And such will be found to be the c&nsive and valuable modi- fied actions and effects upon the human body. The White Sulphur b susceptible r f as many varied, differ- ent, and modified actions ny*in the system generally, and upon its particular or^an.!, by varying the methods of using it, as is mercury, or antimotiy, or any of our leading therapeutical agents. For instance, it can be so used as to stimulate distressingly; or, without any eMretiabU stimulating effect. It can be so given as almost invariably to purge actively; or, without lessen- ing the quantity producing such effiect, but merely by changing the time and manner of taking it, it can be so given as to > veit little or no cathartic operation. It may be directed to, or restrained from, the kidtuys, or ricin ; and what, in a general way, is &r more important, it can be so used u to lie quietly on the system, pro- dQcing no excessive action upon any of the organs, and, with a quiet but sure progress, go on breaking up the obstructions in the glandular organs and removing the impediments to the proper discharge of thcit- func- tions: equalizing the circulation, removing chronic inflammations, and generally restoring the energies of the system. m t le use of constitu- manner ividual's I Bulphu- ice exists n taking off. In }ut their I in their geous in rsons, to ire using I of their propriate >le modi- The difTer- enerally, methods ly of our it can be hout any given as ut lessen- nerely by can be so ition. It IdHeys, or aportant, tern, pro- s organs, iaking up removing licit- fiinc- : chronic tergiesof RESEMBLANCE TO MERCURY, E7C. 35 CHAPTER II. MINKRAL WATERS IK OKMBRAL. CONTINUBO. Retemblaiice of lome Mineral Waters to Merenrjr— Erron and Abate of Mineral Waters, etc.— ChanginK from Sprine to SprinK— Dret»— Diet, Exercise— Beit Time for Using— LengOi of Time to be Used, etc. Resemblance to Mercury, etc — Between the action of mercury, and the more powerful of the sulphur waters, on the organic system, the most striking similarity exists. Dr. Armstrong long since remarked the resem- blance between mercury and the sulphur waters of Europe, and confidently expressed the opinion that the latter are equally powerful with the former, in their action upon the secretory organs ; and with this very impor- tant difference, that while the long-continued use of mercury, in chronic disease, generally breaks up the strength, that of the sulphur waters generally renovates the whole system. Mercury has heretofore, by common consent, been regarded as the most powerful alterative we possess. I am not prepared to dispute this high claim of the medicine, but this much I will assert, as a matter of professional experience, that sulphur water, in my hands, has proved an tUterative quite as certain in its effects as mercury, though somewhat slower in its operations. Not only so, I believe it to be far better adapted than mercury to a large circle of cases, in which glandular obstructions and chronic inflammations are to be subdued. If the claims of the two remedies for preference were otherwise nearly equal, the great ad- |C MINERAL WATERS If/ GENERAL. vantage on the score of safety from the sulphur water would give it an immense preference over its rival. Numerous cases preseni themselves, however, in which they are used in conjunction to great advantage. Where this becomes necessary, I have, as a general rule of practice, found it best not to continue the mer- cury longer than six or eight days ; nor is it often neces- sary to use it continually during that period. The effecto of the White Su^kur water upon the human body resemble mercury in several respects. Not to mention others, its resemblance is strikingly manifest from the fact of its producing saljvatioH* under certain peculiar circumstances. Another marked similarity may be mentioned, especially as it has a direct bearing upon the proper method of its admin- istration: I allude to the existence of a phlogistic diathesis in individuals with whom either remedy is used. When the system resists the specific action of mercury, it is a certain test that the inflammatory diathesu prevails to a considerable extent, and this is the cause of the resistance ; for lessen the inflammatory diathesis by proper evacuations, and the specific action of the mercury will be readily induced. The system often oflera the same resistance to the successful use of this water, which is evidently occasioned by the excess of the inflammatory diathesis, inasmuch as when the inflammatory disposition is abated by the lancet, pur- gatives, etc., the water promptly proiduces its wonted good efiiects. In the administration of this particular water, it is of the utmost consequence to keep this practical '* 'iiiiEiwfff- aken be- There well at this cir- y before dinarily lent use !quences pleasant njury of rERS. ! the use tature of of using, : believe ces in a discon- ; limited egard to der their nil be in lally well adminiS" ^ects they \ admin - jroduced ilways be iiring the certainty ly of the Iters that B assidu- HOW LONG TO USE THEM. 49 ously for several weeks, without deriving a particle of permanent benefit ; and this in consequence of so im- properly using them, both in time and quaniities, as to force the water out of the system by the emunctones, without touching the ^ropri- lineral rations impor- licinal aining [ their using cases, should ice in isisted us, we ns oc- I, than tion of hou^h hed in large I vain- :e the signed ; as in- uvanfs reated i they lateria OF DIFFERENT MINERAL WATERS. 51 medica. The few who have written upon the subject, whose residence at mineral fountains has afforded en- larged opportunities for investigating the peculiar ef- fects of the waters in individual and diversified cases, may, to some extent, have been restrained by motives of delicacy from enlarging upon this subject as fully as they should have done. Such authors, being settled as practitioners at the fountains of which they write, may not unnaturally have felt, that for them to urge upon the invalid visitor the necessity of medical advice and assistance, however important they might esteem it, and with howefer much of candor and disinterest- edness they might do so, would possibly subject them to invidious reflections by the illiberal, or even from the discreet stranger, who, not fully appreciating the importance of the subject, might misapprehend their well-meant motives. Many persons are disposed to regard mineral waters, in their curative powers, as a panacea, and, like the much-extolled catholicons of the day, unaided by other appliances, and in despite of scientific directions and all the rules of art, adapted to cure all manner of dis- eases. I need scarcely say that such opinions, when entertained, are very erroneous, and that the judgment which regards them as important remedies in nature's materia metHea, having, indeed, a wide and valuable scope of operation, but, like all other remedies, neces- sarily demanding various modifications and cautions in their use, would be far more correct and reliable. Many consecutive years of experience, in the admin- istration of mineral waters, have given me great con- fidence in their employment ; indeed, I yield to no one in admiration of their happy adaptation for many ills to which flesh is heir. As independent remedies, toUlly disconnected with all other medicinal aid, they are often fully sufficient to attain the sanative end desired. So, too, we occasionally find a single article of the materia mediea, unaided by other articles, capable of mmm 5« USE OF MEDICINES AND producing every beneficial effect that the case demands. Doubtless, like results occasionally take place from the employment of the various panaceas or catholicons of the age. But where we meet wjth one case in which a single article of the materia medica, or an artificial panacea, unaided by all oth6r means, satisfactorily ful- fills all indications of treatment in chronic disease, and results in effecting a cure, we meet with perhaps ten cases in which adjunctive remedies should be employed. Be this as it may, however, in reference to the remedies just alluded to, we know it to be true of alterative min- erd waters, not only as to the cetiatHty, but especially as to the eeUrity, with which they effect cures in obsti- nate cases. This view of the subject is not only con- sonant with reason, but also with the general theories and teachings of the profession. There is an oppm the :ons of rhich a rtificial ily ful- K, and LDS ten *ioyed. meidies e min- lecially 1 obsti- \y con- aeories wever, to the ■hould This to em- kd dis- iiently, nee in o fully ication ting is licious ill and toex- in the uU^ta- imarily nedied r ik-om es, ad- djqpted OF DIFFERENT MINERAL WATERS. 53 to the case in which it is being used, its slow prog<^ in resolving congestions and in overcoming diseased action may, in many cases, be greatly hastened by judicious adjuvants, skillfully and timeously admin- In oiistinate cases in which it is desirable to procure the specific operations of a mineral water upon any organ, much time, to say the least, is saved by uniting with the water, for a few days, some adjuvant tYaXspe- dficalh determines to such organ. By such a procedure, the water may be itimted to the organ, and establish ite action upon it much sooner than it would without such In diseases of the abdominal viscera generally, the patient may often economize a week or more of the time which otherwise it would be necessary for him to use the water, by the proper introduction of «)me medical adjunct to the end that has been intimated. The propoition of invalids, especially of such a« are suffering with biliary derangements, that will derive increased benefit from the employment of mild altera- tive cathartics, to precede or accompany the use of alterative mineral waters, is as ten to one at ieast: and, in nine cases out of ten, the subject of biliary derange- ments will economite a week or ten days, in the neces- sary use of such waters, by the occasional use of medi- The general rule, which may with safety be laid down for the guidance of those about to use mineral waters, is to have their stomach and Irowels well cleansed of fascal and mucous collections, and to bring down, as near as may be, the circulation to a natural standard. A medical rule, in attempting the cure of disease, « to subdue inordinate and evident disturbance of the system before we administer medicines with a view to their peculiar effect. Thus, when the stomach and bowels are highly irritable, or inflamed, we decline administering purgatives; when there is acute pain m ■■^""^'i- . _ 54 XJSR OF MEDICINES, ETC. the head, with high fever, we withhold opium and other remedies of what are termed the class of anodynes ; when the liver is4icutel^ inflamed, we are wary in giv- ing anti-bilious medicmes, so called. Violent and regularly recurring chills do not justify the use of the barks, if the interval be marked by symptoms of high action of the blood-vessel system generally, or of great determination to the head, liver, or stomach. All these several states of violent disease are to be miti- gated before vre enter upon specific remedies. Without preliminary treatment in the cases suppcwed, purgatives would, so far from carrying off matters oppressive to the stomach and bowels, and promoting secretions from their inner surfaces, only serve still further to irritate tfnd inflame these parts; opiates T;ould increase the pain in the head and restlessness, and even cause de- lirium; bark would convert the remittent into more of a continual fever, and increase the distress of the stomach, and exasperate the prior existing pain in the liver. From these and other analogous facts, we learn the important truth,— overlooked by the public generally, and sneered at by impudent quacks, — that the oper- ations and remedial effects of any one medicine, or combination of medicines, are furtfy relative, and de- pend &n the state ^ ike animal economy at the time. These views should be carefully borne in mind, as well iu the administration of mineral waters as of the ordi- nary remedies of the apothecary's shop. I desire not to be misunderstood, however, as ex- pressing the opinion that medicines are always necessary in ordinary cases submitted to the use of mineral waters. When the powers of the water are sufficient to an- swer, with tolerable certainty and celerity, the sanative indications, it is safe, and generally proper, to with- hold medical means altogether; or, if occasionally any should be demanded, to employ such only as are mud and suasive in their character. «. other ynes; J glv- i and }f the "high great All tniti- ithout atives ive to tfrom Titate le the sede* more >f the in the "n the rally, oper- le, or uf de- time. I well ordi- s ex- issarjr atert. oan- lative with, tnally a are PRBSCRIBtNG MINERAL WATERS, PRESCRIBING MINERAL WATERS. 55 The medical adviser at popular watering-places has, necessarily, very delicate and responsible duties de- volved upon him. To some extent he must be the re- cipient, in a professional point of view, of the confi- dence of the invalid stranger who has left a distant home, to seek at medicinal fountains the best remedy for the maladies of which he hopes to be relieved. This confidence, while it is agreeable to the honorable mind, is not without onerous responsibility. A sufficient knowledge of our various mineral springs, to enable the medical adviter to judge cor- rectly of their specific character and adaptations, un- folds at once to him a wide field for the exercise of skill and judgment, in selecting for his patient the one best adapted to the nature and wants of his case. In the Virginia Spring region, for instance, we are surrounded by a perfect galaxy of mineral fountains, of almost every variety and adaptation. We have the Su^hur waters, in their various modifications; we have the Chafybeates, simple and compound, in great vap riety ; the SaUne, in several varieties ; the AAtminoiu, or acidulated aluminous chalybeates, in three or four varieties; and thermal waters of every temperature, from 6s" to 106**. AH these fountains of healmg, with their varied modified influences Tfor each one differs in some essential particulars from ul the others), should be regarded as so many different articles in nature's materia mediea, each possessing adaptations somewhat peculiar to itself, for the different diseases or states of the system. Here, then, is a wide range for the medt- cbI adviser, and his tact and success, in advising most wisely, will necessarily depend upon his acquamtance with the peculiar qualities and specific effects of all these different agents. Again, such an adviser, to be most useful to hit patients, must be carefiil not to be influenced by his L ;|ip- 56 PRESCRIBING MINERAL WATERS, loco persona, or to regard the particular fountain over whose medical direction he presides, as a catholicon, and adapted better than any other to all sorts and con- ditions of cases. A medical adviser, at a mineral founuin, could not well fall into a greater error, or more clearly evidence a want of wise discrimination, than in finding his remedy, in all cases, in the particu- lar agent which he immediately directs; for, in the nature of things, such universal preference would often be misplaced. Standing in the delicate relation which such an adviser holds to the invalid public, he must regard the various mineral agencies around him some- what in the same light ic which he regards the various medicines of the apothecary's shop, and should wisely and freely choose among them for the use and benefit of his patients. Any other course would be empirical, — ^hazardous to the best interest of the unfortunate in- valid, and utterly unworthy of his confidence. Under such proper and discriminating advice, the Stient will often, perhaps in n majority of cases, be 1 in the course of his cure ta the use of several of the different fountains. The same water, however potent it may be, is not always, nor even generally, sqfficient to meet all the indications that exist in the case, and, unaided, to produce a perfect cure. There is nothing more common than the certainty with which a particu- lar water accomplishes particular results upon the ani- mal economy, while it foils to accomplish other results that will be readily achieved by other and dissimilar waters. For instance, while some waters are well adapted to produce alterative effects upon the secretory organs, and, by their general emulging and changing influences, to brin^ the system into a natural or physio- logical type, — actions and influences that are primary in their importance, and essential to a cure ; this being accomplished, .some of the more tonic and nervine waters will be found far better adapted to strengthen the animal fibre and to complete the cure. ipi no trc be lal uw sot TI ab ar( vii th th Wi of ea m cr h< af ea VI re ai •I BEST TIMS TO VISIT SPJtlATGS. 57 Potent waters, through the whole catalogue of springs, have each their sphere of usefulness, that must not be overlooked bv the discriminating adviser in the treatment of particular cases; and hence they all should be arrayed and labeled, as it were, in nature's great laboratory, and prescribed intelligently, and as their use is indicated in the variety of diseases that are sought to be heded by such agents. THE BEST PERIOD OF THE YEAR FOR INVALIDS TO VISIT THE SPRINGS. From the is/ ef June to the middle effufy is prefer- able to an earlier or later period of the season. There are substantial reasons why invalids should make their visits within the range of time mentioned, and why they should prefer an earfy rather than a late period of this range of time. ist. Because during this period we have, at our watering-places generally, the most delightful weather of the season, — neither too warm nor too cool for exercise in the open air. ad. Because the crowd of mere pleasure-seekers has not set in up to this period ; and hence they are less crowded, and all the facilities and comforts of a quiet home are more easily and certainly obtained. 3d. In the early period of the summer soktice, just after the cold and inclement weather of winter and early spring, and before the sufferer has become ener- vated by the heat of summer, ehrwue disease more readily yields to the alterative influence of the waters, and, consequently, the invalid is more certainlv and speedily |^ed under their curative powers ; ana, 4th. Because invalids, whose maladies have been essentially modified or cured in the early part of the summer, have a longer period of favorable weather in which to perpetuate and confirm their amendment and final cure, than those who might receive inflnenres 6 09 BBST TJMB TO VISIT SPXINGS. equally beneficial, tnit obtained at a later period of the ■uninier> I might allude to other advantages enjoyed by the invalid who makes his vi«it to mineral waters early in the season ; but let it suffice to remark that my long observation as a medical director of such waters hu abundantly satisfied me of the decided advantage that attaches to early rather than late visitation by those who are seeking to secure the largest amount of benefit (rook their use. Hence I earnestly suggest to m/aUds who design visiting mineral waters, not to postpone their visit to a late period of the season, and to cMose am tarfy ratiur than a iaie period of the time I have designated as preferable. f a in di bt t» g< cl M 01 i w a o w a ti g o H si SI tl WEST VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 59 1 of the 1 by th« early in ay long ten hu ge that y thoae benefit imvaUds ostpone ■iehoost ! I have CHAPTER IV. WIST TiRonru amd yntomiA snimos. IM treating of the springs of West Virginia and Vir- ginia, I shall not be guided by their chemical chusifi- cation, nor strictly by their medicinal importance, but in accordance with their location ' . be geographical divisions of these States. The Springs strictly pertaining to what has long been known as the "Spring Region" will be first no- ticed; next, those located in or contiguous to the great Skenamhah Valley, formed by the Appatechian chain of mountains on the west, and the Blue Ridge Mountain on the east. Then will follow those found on the entem slopes of the Blue Ridge and in the pUne country stretching towards the ocean, known as Eastern Virginia. Lastly, those located in the south- western counties of die State, commonly known as Southwest Vininia. The Virginm and West Virginia Springs present great variety in chemical and thenqieutic character, comprising various and differently compbtained aters of order of leading lis class lis great smpared in their UMUers, n length dWarm aiybeate ROUTES TO THE PRINCIPAL SPRINGS. 6l ROUTES TO THE PRWaPAL WEST VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIA SPRINGS. The results of thcf war between the Northern and Southern Stotes so materially deranged traveling facili- ties to many of these Springs as to make the following lirections essential to parties at a disUnce who desire to visit them. . -, <•»».« Travelers from the North or East to »ny o£.tn« principal Springs in the mounuins of West Virginia or ViiSnia, to avail themselves most largely of rail- road focilities, must necessarily make Staowton a point in their journey. . „ . .. .u From Stttunttm, the Mixkbridgi and Bath Alum, the Warm, Hoi, HtaUng, Whitt S$f^r,Sait, and Jt^ &iMur Springs, are conveniently reached by roiiroaa, with small amount of staging, and in the order in which they are here set down. The Sweet and M Sweet are on the same general route, and *«5 jf««**p by a detour of seventeen miles from the White Sul- ^ The YjOm, the Mni^gmefy White, the AUei^uMif and Ctiners Springs, are reached by «he t«'«i«'.f*"V Eait on the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad in the order in which they are here eoumerated. Western travelers to the White SuMur, or other Sprinn in their region, may reach them most con- veni^y from LtmsviUe or OneimuUt, by boat to MuiUiiighm on the Ohio River, from thence by the OUufeaki and Ohia Railroad Mn the Sprinp. *♦ MM MM 6a WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. CHAPTER V. . WHITK SULPHUR SFBINOS. Locatioii and Ocnenl Physieal Characterittict— III Strangdi unUbnnlf lb* lame— DoM not Iom in Strangth by pwtiag with in Gw— Dow not dapoaititBMttwIimi QniMoaat— ItiGutMal to Fidt— Iti Earlx HiMorjr— Known to the Indiuu ■• a " Madicifli Watw"— Fint OMd m th« Whitet in iTTt— ProgrcM of Improvement!, and praant Condiuon— Analyiif or Mr. Hayat aad IV ohMo r Rogan. Thb White Sulphur Springs are located in the county of Greenbrier, West Virginia, on Howard's Creek, and on the immediate confines of the "Great Western Valley," being but six miles west of the Allq^hany chain of mountains, which separates the waters that flow into the Chesapeake Bay from tliofte which run into the Golf of Mexico. The waters of the spring find their way into Howard's Greek, two hundred yaids from their source, which, afko- ftywing five miles, empties into Greenbrier River. l^e spring is situated on an elevated and beaotifully picttticsque vdlmr, hemmed in by motmtains on every side. Jrol/jr MmtUam, celebrated as the theatre of the exftoits of a chivalrous heroine in the days of In- dian troubles, is in full view, and about two miles to the sooth; to the west, aad distant from one to two miles, are the GrtmMer Mmntmrns; while the tower- ing Alkgkm^t in all its grandeur, is found six miles to the north and east. The spring is in the midst of the celebrated "luring Region^ ' having the " Hot Spring" thirty-five miles to the north; Uie "Sweet," seventeen miles to the east ; the " Salt," and "Red," the one twenty-four, the other forty-one miles, to the south ; and the "Blue," ■St PHYSICAL CMARACTBRISTICS. 63 ran twenty-two milei to the west. Its latitude is about tyj^** north, and iU longitude 3j4* west from Wash- ington. Its elevation above tide-water is twt) thou- sand feet. It bursts with unusual boldness from rock- lined apertures, and is inclosed by marble casements five feet square and three and a half feet deep. Its temptrAturt is 63** of Fahrenheit, and remains uniformly the same during the winter blasts and the summer's heat ; any apparent variation from this temperature will be found, I think, to be owing to the difference in thermometers, as repeated trials with the same instru- ment proved the temperature to be uniform. The principal spring yields about thirty ^Uons per minute; and it is a remarkable fact that this quantity is not perceptibly increased or diminished during the longest spells of wet or dry weather ; while other bold springs of the country have failed during the long droughts of summer, this has invariably observed "the even tenor of its way." There is no discoloration of the water during long wet spells, or other evidence that it becomes blended with common water percolating through the earth. The quantity and temperature of this spring being uniform under all circumstances gives a confidence, which experience in its use has verified, of its uniform strength and efficacy. The water ii clear and transparent, and deposito copiously, as it flows over a rough and uneven surface, a wM*, and sometimes, under peculiar circumstances, a red and ihuk, precipitate, composed in part of lU saline ingre- dients. Its tatt« and smtU, fresh at the spring, are those of all waters strongly impregnated with sul^u- retted hydrogen gas. When removed from the spring, and kept in an open vessel for a sufficient length of time for this gas to escape, or when it has been k«attd or frozen for this purpose, it becomes essentially tatit- ietsvA itudorms, and coukl scarcely be distinguished, either by smell or taste, from common limestone water. Its cathartic activity, however, is rather increased than WHITE SULPHUR SPJttNGS. ill diminished when thus insipid and inodorous.* It does not lose its transparency bv parting with its gas, as many other waten do; nor does it deposit its salu in the slightest degree when quiescent, not even sufficiently to stain a glass vessel in which it may be kept. The gas of this spring is speedily fatal to all animals, when immeised even for a verv short time in its waters. Small fish thus circumstanced survive but a few mo> ments, first manifesting entire derangement, with great distress, and uniformly dving in less than three minutes. The water is uniform in its saline strength; that is. it contains in a given quantity, at all seasons, the same amount of solid contents. Of this fact I am fully satis- fied, fkom repeated tests and examinations of it, under various circumstances, and for many years. It exhibits occasional and slight variations in the amount of iU free sulphuretted hydrogen gas. This variation is occasioned mainly, if not entirely, by the condition of the atmos- phere at the time, and principallv by its electrical condition. Even this variation in the water, however, is moi« apparent than real, and is often suspected when it docs not actually exist. In the absence of chemical tests, the difference m the water is judged of entirely by UuU and sm*U,pnn- cipally by the latter; and some conditions of the atmospheie being more fiworable than others for the evolution and diffonon of the gas, the actual relative amount in evolution is often misjudged. The springs are surrounded with mountain scenery of great beauty, and bleved with a most delightfm climate in summer and fall. Independent of the benefit that may be derived from the waters, a better situation for invalids during the summn months can scarcely be imagined. They have the advantage of a salubrious and invigorating air and an agreeable tem- perature,— cool at morning and eveni ng, the thermome- • SMelwB.«i..on "The Relathre VirtuMof the Saline awl Contantsof the White Sulphur Water." te 5< «! at ti ci ir u P fi ii o 1 « k ii c I i^&nii^.^- -rflr It does gas, as salts in Hciently inimals, I waters. lew mo* ith great minntes. that is, the same Uy satis- t, under exhibits if its free casioned eatmos* dectrical lowever, ted when rence in tttt prin- I of the s for the i relative I scenery lelightflil it of the , abetter nths can itageof a ftbwtem> lemone* EAXL Y HISTOR Y. 6$ ter ranging at those periods, during the summer, between so" and 6o«*, and rarely attaining a greater height than 8s' at any time of the day,— with an elasticity in the atmosphere that prevents the heat from being at any time oppressive, and enabling the invalid to take exer- cise in the open air during the day without fatigue. There is but little in the early history of this water- ing-place especially worthy of preservation. .... Tradition says that the charming valley in which it is situated was once a favorite *' hunting-p'OMnd' of the proud Shawanees, who then owned and occupied this fair region ; and the numerous ancient graves and rude implements of the chase, that are found in various parts of the valley, sufficiently attest the truth of this legend. That a small marsh, originally contiguous to the spring, was once a favorite deer and bufialt " lick," is well known to the oldest white settlers in t' J country ; wid it is confidently asserted by some o; that venerab?e class that the spring was known to the Indians as a "medicitu water," and that since their ; .grat on across the Ohio they have occasionally >>s.'en knc-n to visit it for the relief of rheumatic affections. Wi ciher this legend be truth or fiction, I cannot avouch; authenuc history, however, abundantly testifies to the reluctance with which its ancient owners abandoned this lovely valley to the n^Mcious avarice of ^^ n- vading white man. During the year 1774, the proud but lU-fatet* Shawa- nees, being overpowered by the encroaching colonists from Eastern Virginia, and having sustained, in Octo- ber of that year, a signal defeat by the colonial troops, at Point Pleasant, were forced finally to abandon their country, and seek shelter and protection with the main body of their tribe, then living on the waters of the great Scioto ; not, however, until, by frequent battles and midnight murders, they had testified their attach- ment to their ancient hunting-grounds and the gravee of their ftthers. € 111 I' M WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. The property on which this spring is situated was originally patented to Nathan Carpenter, one of the earliest pioneers of the country, who was subsequently killed by a band of nuurauding Indians, at a fort at the mouth of Dunlap's Creek, near where the town of Covington now stands. The precise time at which this spring, now so cele- brated among mineral waters, was first used for the cure of disease, cannot be ascertained with absolute cer- tainty. It is believed, however, that a Mrs. Anderson, the wife of one of the oldest settlers, was the first white person who tested its virtues as a medicine. In 1778, this lady, being afflicted with rheumatism, was borne on a litto', from her residence, ten or fifteen miles, to the spring, where a tent was spread for her protection from the weather; and % ** baikii^iub" provided, by felling and excavating a huge tree that grew hard by. Here she remained until she entirely re- covered, drinking from the fountain, and bathing in the water previouoly heated in the trough by "hot rocks." It is reasonable to suppose that the fame of this cure ^spread abroad among the "settlers," and from them into Eastern Virginia, and among the few "spring-going folks," who then anmially visited the Sweet Springs, not many miles distant. Accordingly, in 1779, and from that to 1783, there wa% annually a few visitors here, who wpttaA their tents near the q)ring, no house having then been erected, and with the rude "trough" for a bathing-tub, and thk protection from the weather, are reported to have vpesA their time most agreeably and profitably. Some of these primitive visitMs, ' ' who dii«lt in tents," have visited the q>ring8 of late yews, and, with pleasurable emotions, marked out the wptit wWe their tents stood some nxty years ago. white diey lecotmted with de%ht tiie auMisemaitB wdA pleas- ures they then enjoyed. In 1784, 1785, and 1786, numerous "log-cabini" were erected, not where any of the present buUdings sta of rei pn bu un bu sui ph wc OK pr gJJ de »7 bo .a an ro W) of cc ti< ci of «c .Ji- ANALYSIS, 67 ted was of the quentljr t at the :own of so cele- thecttre lite cer- ideison, St white tnatism, r fifteen for her ree that irelyre- ig in the rocks." his cure lem into >g-going Springs, 79, and r visitoiB 10 house trough" weather, greeably s, "who teyews, the qpot o. while idplei*- •cabins" ^Udings stand, but immediately around the spring,— not one of which, or the materials which composed it, is now remaining. Mr. Caldwell, until recently the proprietor of the property, came into possession of it in the year 1808, but did not personally undertake ijte improvement until the summer of 1818. Before this period, the buildings for the accommodation of visitors, although sufficient for the number that then resorted to the ptace, were exceedingly rude, being altogether small wooden huts. The interest and enterprise of the- owner soon led him into a different and more appro- priate system of improvement, and from small^ be- ginnings he went on, progressing in the rapid ratio of demand, until from the " tent ^' accommodations in 1779, and the "log-cabins" in 1784, the place now, both in elegance and extent, exhibits the appearance of a neat and flourishing village, affording comftutable ami convenient accommodations (including the sur- rounding hotels) for two thousand persons.* ANALYSIS. In the winter of 184a, Mr. Augustus A. Hayes, of Massachusetts, made an analysis of the White Sulphur water, at his laboratory in Roxbury, from a few bottles of water forwarded to him from the spring in the pre- ceding bll. The following is the result of his examina- tions:— " Compared with pure water free from air; its spe- cific gravity is i.ooa54. ^ .. " 50,000 grains (about seven pints) of this water • In tiw iMtaK of 1857, fte White Sulphur propett)' was sold to a eomnuir of^atlcmcn lohBiig principdly in Viiginia, who (in ^e Sriraact of ttie Lesislature) have asfMciatwl tiwmtelves into a jamt- itMk tamf^y, under the name of the " WUtt&^kmr ^riw' Cm- fai^." TMf iart erected the laiseit buUding bs the Southeni eooatiy. §g WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. conuined, in solution, 3.633 water grain measures of gaseous matter, or about 1. 14 of its volume, consistmg of— Nitrogen gu ^'^\ Oxygen gu **• Cubonicacid "-44} Hydro-aulpburic add « - •**" " One gallon, or 237 cubic inches, of the water con- tain 16 739-1000 cubic inches of gas, having the pro- portion of — Nitrogen gu - •• 4-«o Oxygen gas Carbonic add • ••••• 4'S>4 Silicates (sUica 1.34. potarii .x8. soda .66, magnesia, and a tnwe of oxid. Iron) • *V** nS>735 " Unlike saline sulphuretted waten generally, this water contains a minute proportion of chlorine only, the sulphates of lime and magnesia forming nearly ten- elevenths of the saline matter. "The alkaline bases are also in verjr sm»ll propor- tion, and seem to be united to the siliceous earths in combination with a peculiar orrame matter. The organic matter, in its physical and chemical character, resembles that found in the water of the Red Sulphur Springs, and differs essentially from the organic matter of some thermal waters. "In ascertaining its weight, it was rendered dry at isures of snsisting ■ -. -»■ ' ii H I I . ■■a ii >i;y,n'.'ii!' 'j^. w ^iwn * ■'t iii i ti m ir j i mmmtgfff'IlK^ • ANALYSIS. 6f the tempcnture of aia<* F. When dry, it is a grayish- wh^;'. . 'raoslucent solid. When recendy sraarated froDi a f 4id containing it, it appeus as a thin jelly or mucilage, and gives to a large bulk of fluid a mucoiw- like appearance, with the property of frothing by agi- tation. It unites with metallic oxides and forms com- pounds both soluble and insoluble. In nuMt cases an excess of iMse renders the compound insoluble. The ccHuponnd with cxide of silver is soluble in water ; with baryta and lime it does not fcHrm a {nvcipitate, while magnesia forms with it a hydrous white gelatinous mass. In acids it dissolves; the oxy-acids do not change its composition, while they are diluted and cold ; by boiling they produce sul|^iEric acid finnn its constituent sulphur, and change its carbon to other forms. In contact with earthy sulphates at a moderate temimitture, it produces hydrOnnilplMirie add, tmd U ikis souree that addtonUuHediH Ou water m^ be inuei. This substance does not n^idly attract o»rgen from Uie atmo^here, and from colored compound, as wait other organic compounds do. The prop^ion of organic Aiatter, like that usually contained in our waters, is in this water very small; until forty-nine- flftieths of the bulk of a quantity is evaporated, the residual matter does not become colored, and, when the saUne residue is driefl, it is of a pale yellow. " T%e mediyifvU properties of this waUv are probably due to the action of this organic substuice. The hydro- sulphuric acid, resuUing from its natural action, is one of the most active substances within the reach of phy- sicians, and there (fre ehemicai reataiu far st^posing dUU, e^er the water has retuhed the shmaeh, smOmr changes, aeeoH^amed by the product ef hydrv-su^kmie aeid, Hihe piaee."* • See diap. vL. on "The Relative Virtue! of the S«Uae aitd Omwiu ConteaH of the White Sulphur Water." 7 -<»9 ,, SnlphMe of ahuBiiM. aoie Saraif phoiphatet. ••••••• »ti«oe. AabihU omunk^ awtter btendMl with a lUfB pro. pOftioa of so^or, about S lodiBB. ooaabiiwd with wdhuB or magnerittm. Volume of each of the gases in a free state, contuned in 100 cubic inches:* < SnliibiinMed bTdragea 0.66 to 1.30 cuUe iodiM. Nm^an ••• i-M cnUcinohes. OiqrgM • 0-2 " Canoide acid...... 3*07 • 100 ciihio inches amounts to about $1 pinti. # HUM iHW P i,i . i j B>>>t<»wiirfi i,. is water. • om loo ig dried to cubic > grains. t " ► " i " I " ) " i " t " I ontuned teiodMt. c .. mHi .y n ii ;imn » l < '.. iil' .. ' Jl. i .n.HJH 'iiiii . ii J ii ». i wv I iiiiiif i^il.w »i II lull J)l SAL/ATE AND GASEOUS CONTENTS. 71 CHAPTER VI. THE ItBLATIV* VIRTUES OF THE SAUME AND GASEOUS OOMTEMTS or THE WHITB SULPHUR WATER. Speculation has existed as to the relative eflScacy of thedifferentcomponentparts of the White Solphor water in the cure of disease j and while some have supposed that its gosious conients are essential to its m"***];*^- tues, otters* and I think the best-informed obs^rers, attribute its medicinal virtues mainly to >*»«»»' ^ saUme eonttnif. To the latter opinion tte able ^mo^ of Natural Philosophy in the University of Virginia, who has carefully examined the water, wnd other dis- tinguished chemists and physicians, decidedly incline. It certainly is a question of interest to the vuetudi- narian, whether he should use this .water fresh as it flows from the wring, abounding in all its «»m«wtong gas, or whether he should use it after t has/^^ or %Mrefy parted with this gas. To this subject I tevc devoted particular attention, having instituted, with care, various and diversified experiments, in order tt> establish somethhig like definite and positive conchi< sions. , , •• Although the value of this water in what » w«f V termed its /i«»-*ilw»«>^'*«/'^'<*'' '^^ other woids, when deprived of its gas, has long been known to many tjo are fimiliar with its use, it was not until Ae Jart few years that it was commonly used firom choice, after it naa been long removed from the spring, or from any cause had partid with i«i gaseous contents j and an opinion, the correctness of which had never been examined, prevailed in the minds of many, that m losing its gaa it lost its strength and efficacy. ^^,^^;^^^.^^:*i*^ ij i h i | i ^|gttj|^^ -v --. ■. jJ^-" ' ' - ' ^'i ? - ' ^ WMITB SULPHUR SPRINGS. Having settled at the *' White," as the physician of the place, it became alike my duty and my interest to investigate- the character and operations of its waters under every possible form and modification in which they could be presented. In the pursuit of this duty, I re«qlved to take no opinion upon " trust," but care- folly to examine and investigate for myself. A promi- nent question immediately presented itself for inquiry, involving the relative merits whica the soUd and gcut' em ingredients of the water possess as remedial agents. It would be tedious, and to many uninteresting, to detail the several steps and multiplied experiments which led me to condusions upon the subject, satis- foctory to mv own mind, and tq>on which I have estab- lished certain practical pinciples in the use of the wr ^, which have enaUed me to prescribe it, especially for nervous and extitabk faHenti, with far g^reater suc- cess dian heretofore. It is sufficient for my purpose at present to state that, while I freely admit that tne^Ar, which abounds in the water, is an active neivwe sUtnu- lOHtt and therefore may be a most potent agent in some cases, we are, nevertheless, to loox mainly to the solid }oi$/etitt of the water for its aUeraHve power, as well as for its activity manifested through the emnnctorics of the body. Whetner the tfficacy of the solid contents be owing to the qpeciftc character of any raie, or to^all of the ihsrteeu difsrmt salts of which it is composed, and wiiidi exist in the water in the most^ minute form of sabdivU^, and in this conditi retted hydrogen gas, e^er the water has reached ihe stomach, is a matter of curious inquiry. Ihe distinguished chemist, Mr. Hayes, of tRox- bw , after having bestowed much pains in analyzing the water, and in rtudying its peculiar character, comes IIWS*' ,comn SALINE AND GASEOUS CONTENTS. 73 to the following conclusions aa to the source of its medicinal power. After describing, at considerable length, a cerUin matter which he found to abound in it, and which he terms "anamc maffer," in the .course of which he says, "it diflfcrs essentiallv from the or- ganic matter of some thermal waters," he proceeds to say : "In contact with earthy sulphates, at a moderate temperfture, it produces hydro-sulphuric acid, and U aUs souret that acid eotUaitud in the water maf be traced. This substance does not rapidly attract ozvgen from the atmosphere, and from colored compounds, as some other organic compounds do; tiie medieiiuU proper- tUsof ihis water are froiabfy due to the action of tkis ormnic substance. The hydro-sulphuric «cid, resulting from its natural action, is one of the most active sub- stances within the reach of physicians. There are chemicaf reasons for supposing that, after the water has reached the stomach, similar chains, accon^amed by the production huretted hydrogen gas is evolved; for although the ce has neither the taste nor smell of sulphur, a strong smell of sulphuretted hydn^n is manifest as the ice is returning to water. , \ . I had often observed that individuals, who drank the water entirely siaU, and void alike of Uute and mett^ were as liable to have eructations of sulphuretted hy- drogen as those who drank it fresh at the foOntain. These, and other facts connected with the peculiar operations and effects of the water when used in its ungaseous form,—- ojperationiandeffects which it is not jMce»ary here to refer to, but aH goinjr to prove the ' secondary formation of gas under cieirtain circumstances, —had, in my investigations of this water, interested me exceedingly; and, conseouently, I was not a little {•leased that Mr. Hayes's chemical examinations so iilly sust&iuxl the opinions I had been led to enter- tain from my personu observation. This opinion of Mr. Hayes, in connection with the numert^us prooft derived from analogy and observation, of the sKomiarf formation of sulphuretted hydrogen gas in the wat^r, would seem to be calculated to har- monize the opinion advanced by me of the tftal . tffieoQ of the water when deprived of ittgas, with the sentiment entertained bjr some, that the hydrogen gas te essential to its sanative opeAtions. The phenomenon of a secondary formation of sul- phuretted hydrogen gas in mineral waters has ncrt, that I am aware of, been noticed before; it certainly ht h< o< X\ tc V n o t1 t1 n / t f t I .- -— s 1 itta, ao : acid as f an in- itnessed cork the accenof Rawing zen, sul- mgh the a strong I the ice Irank the Bttedhy- FoOntatn. peculiar ed in its i it is not >rove the nstances, nterested Dt a little ations so to enter- withthe tervation, hydrogen ■d to har- fhe t^l , with the r<^engas m 'of sol- has not, certainly SALINE AND GASEOUS CONTENTS. 75 has not been in relation to the White Sulphur, and we hope that medical gentlemen, generally, who may have oc^Mion to use such waters, will direct *ttention to this singular fact. For myself I promise still further to investigate the subject, and may, at some wbsequent period, lay the results of my investigations before the inedicid public. . . My investigations of the relative virtues of >1» gase- ous and saline contents of this water have satisfied me that the physician, in making up his jud^nt as to the best method of administering it in particular cases, may always properly moot the propriety of using it Jresh as it flows from the spring,— <*5^fWfig eWacts. SALINE AND GASEOUS CONTENTS. 77 been to ice. I believe [ with a le state 'rfitrtd li opin* tton, I elves of emoved B in iu Ung in- ' ' Umited r before and es- irater)! :ncficial es tasi* , to the y to in- frtsk or le times lydown ch case its own ledpubtte vsttOmu-' et witii ita in eitab- nd now I ' -informed to^uMd nsedwiOi mis. to its The great value of this water, as a therapeutical agent, to a large class of persons who visit the foun- tain, is a fact dike un(^uestioned and unquestionable. That in its natural condition, as it flows from the bosom of the earth, it is happily adapted to numerous cases of disease, is a truth established by upwards of eighty years' experience and fully sustained by the numerous cures that are constantly occurring. The value of the water, then, fresh as it flows from the spring, and abounding in its gas, is a truth, so fiur as I know, that is unastailed, and which, I believe, is untutMloNe. Nevertheless, that there are many cases in which the gas is not beneficial, in the attwiint in which it exists in the fresh water, is a fact which my experience enables me to assert with the utmost confidence. That the water, in such cases, therefore, is better without its gas than with it, follows as effect follows cause. But I do not teach that the water, p*r st, and without refer- ence to cases, should always be preferred without its ga-s. I base not my practice upon any such narrow and exclmive views; nor do I deny the value of the agency of the gas in appropriate cases. I, then, regwd the telU eontents of the White Sul- phur water, either in its direct or indirect influences, as the main agency in its medicinal efficacy. Whether the effieaey of the salts of the water be owini to their absorption into the system as such, or whether it de- pends ujwn the $ee»mdary formtOien of hydro-sulphuric acid gas in the stomach, or whether it ougfait to be ascribed to the combination of these different agencies, I leave for others more fond of speculation to decide. I have, heretofore, been satisfied with the hiowledgi of the efficacy of the solid contents, without much theo- rizing to explain the why and wherefore. But, it may be asked, if the gas does good in the state of a teeondary farmoHon m the stomach, would not a larger quantity, taken with the fresh water, do more good ? I reply, that this by no means follows in 78 WHm i J .".T'v^ UPP/ffGS that cltM of casei for which I ipecial'y advise the nn- gaieoiu water; for my only objt .cion to the fresh water, ii\ such cases, is, that it has /m iimek gat. Ad- mitting that the gas may exert an influence, I allege that in nervous and excitable cases the quantity is not only better adapted to the system, but that anv given quantity, under a tttaiuUuynrmaHoHt excites ue sys- tem less, from its gradual formation in the stomach, than if suddenly recei v ed in volume into that viscus. Nor do I, beoune I recommend the ungaseous water in ^artitmUtr cases, repudiate and disallow all medicinal agency of the gas, as a general principle. Not at all. I simply contend that,/yr Hit irtalmtnttfetrttun sous, there is hmtv of the stmuiating gas in uie fresh water than such cases can bear with advantage, and that its excessive excitation in such cases would be prejudicial instead of beneficial. But do I find it necessary to guard the amount of gas for every water-drinker? or in effect to erect a bed of ProemsUs and oblige every one to conform to its length? By no means. A. arrives at the springs, not much debilitated by disease, and with a firm nervous and muscuUv svstem ; there is no excessive excitability in his case, and neither his cerebral, nervous, nor vas- cular system is particularly prone to be affected by itimulants or exciting medicines. I advise him to ose the water as it /Unas from thsfnuUmn, and if he •idiould, contrary to expectation, find that it stimulates him unpleasantly, to set it by for a short time before osing. B. tails for advice as to the manner of using the water ; his tew ^^ eranunt, and the state of his cerebral, nervous, and vascular system, are the opposite of A.'s ; his physical energies have been prostrated by disease ; his nerves are unsintt^, and, like his bnin, {none to be painAdly affected by stimulants or exciting medi- cines. He is advised to use the water after it has, foiSMx partialfy or eniirefy, parted with its gas ; that is. » the un- he fresh as. Ad- , I allege ty is not mv given itne sys- stonutch, viscus. ooB water medicinal ot at all. kMVl COM, esh water 1 that iu •rejudicial nntofgas abed of rm to its rings, not a nervous Kciubility I, nor vas- fected bjr le him to and if he stimulates me before using the B cerebral, teof A.'s; ty disease; , im>ne to dnjs medi- ter it has, is; that is, SALINE AND GASEOUS CONTENTS. 79 •Iter it has been set by for tmht or tighten hours, as the delicacy and exciubility of his system demand. In cases of inflammation of the partneh^ of the brain, and in other highly exciuble condiuons of the cerebral or nervous system, I have the water more care- fiiUy prepared, either by heating or freesing it. In graduating the amount of stimulus, or, if the nseous theorist please, the amount of medical mate- rial, to the wants of the system,— in other words, w^ ingtheprestripHim to smttho tast,-^ I deP-^wg »om a scientific and approved system of practice? What would be thought of the science of a medical man who invariably used either the same medicine, or the same dose of any medicine, without regard to the pecu- liarities or constitution of his patiente? Just wftat ought to be thought of any one who would cUrect so potent an agent as White Sulphur water to be used aUkt in every variety of constitution and disease. A popular error, in relation to mineral waters, istnat they exert a sort of mysterious influence on the system ; and that, as nature has elaborated them in the bowels of the earth, they are, therefore, formed m the best possible manner for the cure of disease. This opinion isnot more reasonable than it would be to suppose that nature has formed aniimim in the best posnble form, for the cure of disease, although we Jmow that in this form, under the administration of the celebrated Basd Valentine, it slew all the monks in his cloister. Like aU other remedial agents, potent mineral waters produce certain effecU upon the animal economy, and these rft^ willlje beMlrwl or injurious, as the remedy is properly or improperiv employed. For instance, C, who is nervous, delicate, and excitable, and is afiected with functional derangement of the organs, requires to receive, for a certain time, the influence of a mineral water, which, while it acts as an aperient upon his bowels, enters his circulation, courses through hK system, and aUerates his deranged organs; being, ■gsm^mimasM^mmsicfsms^^ssm^- "*?'~'t!*?»W ^^^.rf*"' ••PK!lH>ipMnp ^ 8e WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. at the same time, to bland and onatimulating in its general effects, as not to arouse any one or a series of organs into undiie excitement and rebellion against the common'good. Such a remedy is found in the stale and ungaseoHS White Sulphur water. D. requires the very same effects to be exerted upon his disened organs,— -but he is of very different tem- perament and constitution. His brain and nerves are prone to no unnatural excitement, and he is unaffected with the thousand physical sensibilities to which C. is subject. D. may take the White Sulphur water with impunity and advantage, in any manner most agreeable to him. In his case its exciting gas constitutes no objection to its use. The good effects of the water, so differently used by C. and D., will be the same, bttause the difference in ttutr cases makes the difference in the sue qfSu remedy. figS SB Di ha in he W in th ci ca ex wl ra m d( di in ai in ui ac « ig in its series of aiost the the ttaH edupon ent tem- ervesare naffected ich C. is Iter with igreeable tutes no le water, he same, dtferenct GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 8l CHAPTER Vn. GBNBRAL DIRBCTIONS FOR THE USB OT THK WHITK SULPHUR WATKR. Diraetiaas mouit to be GaMnl, not Itoeeiiio— M ut not gaenllv look to the Sauibte OpeiatioBaof the Water for toaettEfliBote— Modetmte or Small Quenthiefl Oenendljr PtefinBble— NeoaMur PrapuatkHii of the Sjrttem for the Um of die Wetei^-^miibfe MedidiMl Eifeete of tiM Water— Eflteti OB dw PiiIi»-8vBanik of Roto to be ObMnred— Uie of Bedis. Much that might have been said mider this head has been anticipated in the chapter on " Mineral Waters in General." It is scarcely necessary to remark, after all that has heretofore been said of the necessity of using MiKXRAii Waters with Urict reference to Uu ntOure efAe disease in whieh tkey are enf toyed, that it is not designed that the diiections herem given shall be considered suffi- cient to guide in the use of the White Suljrirar io all cases, or in any difficult and important case, to the ezchtfion of the more minute and specific diroctioas which such case may demand. It is my intention rather to indicate the general ruia which o;tlimurily must be observed in its administration, than to lay do«m definite directions which shall apply to all cases. Evny one who is fioniliar with the various ^rpes of dhease, and with the peculiarities and radical difference in difiieirent constitutions and temperaments, modifying and influencing diseased action, will at once see the impoaiibility of la^g down any obstante rule, for the use oi a potent mineral water, that should be strictly adhered to in all cases. Each case, to a certain extent, 8 f ■^J^SSfW;*':' ij p » i \ ' 8a tfrBITB SULPHUR SPRtHGS. most, with this, as with all other medicinal agents, indiotte the proper dose, and the proper manner of administration. As ha^been already remarked, it is very common to attribate the beneficial eflfects of mineral waters to their immediate stnsihlt and obfoums effects upon the human body. I have shown this opinion to be errbneous; that, so &r irom its beiiig true that such waters uni- formly manifest their beneficial effects by their oeHve tperdunut sudi operations firequently delay, or entirely prevent, the good which they otherwise would have accomplished through the medium of their alterative effects* These who desire to obtain the alterative ojierations of the water must, as a general rule, take it in small quantities, and ocmtinne its use for such length of time aswiU be sufficient, in common Spring parlance, to «« saturate the system." Patients thus using the water are apt, however, to become restless and dissatiafied for the first few days ; so much so, that it is often dffieult iB9 tecoocile them to- this numner of administration ; , beoausew say they, "it ia doing me no good;" they wish to see such tokens of activity as are given by pionpt and vigorous purgatiQU. In a f^nend way, it M ptefeiaMe that the water act sufficiently to beao GBlfERAL DIXBCTIONS. 8S etrtuMf, f-'ompOf, and pomerfitlfy iUterative apon the human lyitcm. Some of my onprofeasional readers may desire to know the precise meaning that is attached to the term Altbkativi, in a medical sense. This term simply nieans to tUUrcx ekaitgtf that is, to alter or change the chtimical compodtion of the blood, the secretions of the glands, and the various secretory organs and sur- ftces, the removal of obstructions from the glandit or minute vessehi which occur in congestions, irritations, and inflammations; thus restoring the blood and the general organism to their natural condition and ts9 the performance of their natural functions. I daim that the water has these effects by being absorbed, or, in other words, entering into the great circuit of the civcubtion, and thus exercising the specific or peculiar action of its constituents in pro- moting the various secretory and occretoiy {Mrooeases, and thereby restoring the diseased system to « physio- logicAl condition. Such effects and changes, wrought in the side body, are obviously an ai^ratioH, and the remedy that pro- duces them IS an al^rtriwe. This is but a port of a medicinal alterative; but it conveys a sufficient idea of its nature. The «>inion is as coounon as U is erroneous, among thost! who visit mineral waters, thai they are to be benefited in proportion to the quantity they drink. Persons in health, or not debilitated by disease, do sometiEoes indulge in emmnously lasgc aad loag- contittued potations of sudi waters, with apparent ira' pni^; birt it by no tecans follows thitt those whose stomachs are enervated by disease, and Whose nmeral healA b much enfinbled, can induce the habit widi eqptal safety. In such stomachs du cfftcti of iaordi* nafee distention are always painfiil vA injwtous, while the sudden diminution of die temperature, from large quantities of cold fluid suddenly urown into the sys< tem, can scarcely &il to prove injurious. "• o f ;", ' S ' ^; ».--y»-!" Ill ii j ii | iiii i5; .M|w^i^()ypf^.wy>^jiirMp|%». M .ii i*il iii i" *' i'» i r.iyj u« !; I 04 WHITE SULPHUR SPXIHCS. I lonietimcs meet with another cbw of vintore, ^o err juit u much on the oppodte extreme ; they arrive at the springs, and place themsdves under the govern- ment of 'i rte^t for the use of the water, drawn up, moit commonly, by some distant medical adviser, who has never himself had an oj^MMrtunity of observing its effects ; and such not onfteqnently take this aqua medi' eimXs in literally kenmofiaikU doses,— in quantities alti^^^her inraffident to produce any sanative effect. PREPARATION FOR THE USE OF THE WATER. Some pieparation of the system, preceding the use of the water, is often, though not always, necessary for its safe and advantageous administration. Mos.^ i>er- sons, after the excitement usual to the travel in visiting the springs, will be profited by taking some gentle purgative, and by the use of a light and coolingdiet for a day or two before the water is freely used. Those in feeble health should commence the water with caution, and generally in its least sHmtilatitigform,—- thi|t is, after it has remained in an open venel until its gas has escaped. If, with these precautions, it &il to exert its desired effects, or produce unpleasant symp- "^tons, the medicrl adviser, to whom it would be neces- sary to resort in such an emergency, would, of course, pnaoibe according to circumstances; nor can any geneml rule be given as respects the treatment that woidd be necessary in such a case, — one patient often nqnirhig treatment essentially different from another. Imidids, howevor, ought not to dcqwir of the use of the water, and of its adaptation to their cases, simply becaase it may, at first, or even in the pi't^»^-^^y'^'^ ^' m, who y arrive govern- iim up, ler, who ving it! tamedi- umtities sffect. .TER. the use isary for os^ i>er- visiting : gentle ing diet . Those ter with form,— until its it &il to Qt syinp- leneces- r coarse, can any tent that mt often mother, lie use of !, simply Bssof its on upon ray so be ind may ethod of , so that GENERAL DIRMCTIONS. H SENSIBLE EFFECTS OF THE WATER ON THE SYSTEM. TXtf sentibk medicinal effects of the water are promi- nently di^[^yed in its action upon the bowels, liver, kidneys, and skin, and, when drunk fresh at the foun- tain, by a lively s^muUmt effect upon the system in general, and upon the brain in particular. Proper quantities, taken in the morning before break- fast, will often exibit some eathartif effect in the course of the day. The Uoer is, in most instances, brought under its influence from a few days' perseverance in the use of it, as will be manifest from the character of the excretions. Its action upon the kidneys is readily induced, and we occasionally see it exerting, at Hut same time, both a diuretic and a cathartic opention. Very commonly the exhatent vessels of the ddn are stimulated to increased peroration; but its fiUl fSkxX^ upon the surface, maniferted not only by increased, bat su^hirous pers^ratUm, do not occur until it hu been freely used for several weeks, nor until the secnlory system generally has been brmig^t under its influence. In reference to its cathartic effects, I remark, that while as a general rule it gently opens the bowels, md in some cases parges freely, we meet with occasional cases in which its effects are distinctly ccmstipathw from the first. In other cases I have known it to parge gently for the first few days and afterwards to prodaee constipation. As Ute system is broaght under the infloence of the wlitor, the 4q}petite and the ability to digest food are sensibly au^fmented. The spirits become buojant amd cheerful, with increased desire for social company and amusements. £;.:!>rci3e, i»evioudy irksome, b now enjoyed without fetigue, and so great is ttie diange in the whole man, that the patient oftea e.o:resses his appreciation of it by declaring that he ii> "a ne-er adminis- tration of the water, in cases to which it is well suited, is am cflsential modification of the circulation both in frequency and fisarce; so much so, indeed, that I am never surprMt to find the pube, whose beat has been from 90 to ifo in tiw minute, reduced to 75 or 86, Mid, iQ mtty cMes>q^te down to Uie natural standard of the indhHmily whatever that loay have been; while tiie votiime of tilood in the artery tt increased, as well as the softness and mildness of its flow. ' Experience has so clearly taught me to rely upon the reduction of the frequency and force of tte piatee, as indicative of the value of the water to the patieiit, that I habitually look to such effects as among the most dis- tinct indications to persevere in its use. '^ m ht to be M circu- ni of iti he water iffectthe adapted, wve the Vequemy not the he water result of B general n stimu- loctoriesii, rcnlatory id nnem- le fluids ph as the adminis- •M suited, t both in hat I am has been n oi* 80. standard n; while il, aswdl upon the pulse, as ient, that mostdis- GBNERAL DIRECTIONS. ^7 On the contrary, if the effects of the water be to >•*- crease the number of pulsations, or in any considerabie degree to render the circulation more irritable, my in- ferences are un&vorable to its use ; and if this state of things cannot be readily changed by a different admin- istration of the water, its discontinuance is advised, for it never proves benefidal when it perseveringfy estates Ae frequent of the eireuiation. There may be a condition of things in the case that would not jintify a hasty dis- continuance of the water, merely because of its prone- ness to stimulate, in a slight degree, the heart and arteries; but the propriety of continuing its use, in any such case, can only be safely judged of by the well- informed and discriminating medical mind. SYNOPSIS OF FACTS ILLUSTRATING THE MEDIO- NAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER, ETC. The following fects, intended to illustrate the pecu- lisu- medicinal character and influences of the White Sulphur water, as well as the best manner of using it in ordinary cases, have been alluded to- in other parts of this volume ; nevertheless (although it may involve a repetition), it is thought best to group them under one geneml head, for the greater convenience of the reader. ' Severally, and collectively, they are positions of great importance to the invalid, and long experience enables me to regard them in the light Of aphorisms, or fixed facts. I. The water is always moreM mi in ad Ml f. i: > , at dt oi al & DtSEAS£S-DiX£CT/0//S. 9i CHAFFER VIII. DISEASES IN WHICH THE WHITE SULPHVR MAY, OR MAY NOT, BE VSETULLY FRESOIBED. DnpeiMk— GMtnlgi*— Wata»Bnuh— Chionie Gattro-BatatMa— Dhmmi of the UvM^Jaundioo— Eiiluf«ii«Bt of ttie SplMa— Chnmic Iiritation of the Bowel»-<:o«tlvene»— Pn»-ptoeMW of Oie Urimuy Oinuu— Chronic Inflamimition of the Kra»Q[*~*^*f belM. Female DtowMM ; AmenonhoBa, Djnmenonhcaa, ChhitMH, LeneoRboM^-Chroiiic AiiMtloiu of the Bmi»— Nerroui H kmam Pualviii— Some Fonos of Chronic Diseaaes of the Cheat, or Bieaa t Comiricinta (to be av(rided in Pnlmonarjr CoBaumi»tioii>--Bn»- ditti»--0>roiric DiMaaea of the Sdn. Pirariaala, Lepra. Ill-«oodl- tioned Ulceia— Rheumatiiaa and Oor nto p ai w S owrfMa— My cnrial Dlaeaaea-Eryaipetaa-Not uied ^ Diaeaiw of tha Heart, Or in Sdnfaus and Cancer ybeate Spring— Eflacta ia laAria. Jia— Bfltota 190a the Opiuiii x^^teit. Aix mineral waters, as before remarked, are stima- lanta to a greater or less degree, and consequently are fauqMtlicabte to the treatment of acute or highly in- flammatory diseases. This remark is eroecially true as relates to the White Suli^ur, particularl^r when dmnk fresh at the spring, and abounding in its stimulitting gas. It is true, as before shown, that when its exciting gas has flown ofi; it becomes fiur less stimulating, and may be used with safiety and success in cases to which, in ito perfectly fresh state, it would be totrily un- adapted. But even im its Utut sikmiaMHgfarm, itit imadmissitU for txcited orfobrik eomiUiotu cf Uu sys- tem; and enecially to cases of inflammatory action, — at least, untU the viotence of such action has been sub- dued by Other and appropriate agents. If the individual, about to sulnnit himself to the use of this water, is suffering from fiiUness and tension about the bead, or pain with a sense of tightness in the . > "tft ^j t*; ■ ■ myv^ l,^*^^f^-9)- • 9« WHITB SULPHUR SPRINGS. chat or lide, he ihouM obtain relief Troni theie lymp- toms before entering upon its uie. If hit tongue be white or heavily coated, or if he be continuoutly or periodically feverish, or have that peculiar lassitude, with gastric distress, manifesting recent or acute biliary accumuUtions, he should avoid iu use until, by proper medical treatment, his biliary organs are emulged, and his system prepwed for iU roception. Much suffering, on the cut hand, would be avoided, and a far larger amount o: good, on the other, would be achieved, ii visitors were perfectly aware of, and carefiilly mindful of,^these.facts. It is an every-dav occurrence during the watering season at the " White," for persons to seek medicid advice, for the first time, after they have been wing the water for days, perhaps for weeks, and it is then sought because of vagrant operations or injurioas efects of ue water. In most such cases there will be t'uuati, upon examination, either the existence of some oi ilie sympt >ras just mentioned, or evidences of local im/iam- maumt in some part of the body, sufficient to prevent the cootititutional efficacy of the remedy. I am often struck with the control which an ^>i>arent!y inconsid- enble load inflammation will exert, in inventing the constituti<»al effects of mineral waters. To remove such local determinations where they exist, or greatly to leven their activity, is all-important to secure the constitutional effects of sulphur water. It is necessary to reflect that mineral waters, like all medicinal substances, are adq>ted only to certain dis- eases, and that the more powerfully they act, the greater mischief they are capable of doing if improperly ad- rainistered j/or, ^ii he asserted that tktf are eafaHe ef d^good only, without the power ef doing harm, we may be satisfied that fheir qualities are too intigi^fieant f merit notice. This consideration indicates the necessity of some caution in the use of waters which possess any sanative TS^" J* "'Ci- f"' ' * •ymp- :ongiM be ttouily or IsMitude, Its biliary byprt^r tlged, and ■uffering, far larger rhieved, ii ly mindiul ! watering k medical leen ming it is then IMM effects be tbuai!, >me of the (olinjiam- to prevent [ am oAen r inconsid- entini; the Po remove or greatly secure the tn, like all xrtaindia- the greater n^rly ad- Marm, w* ty of some ny sanative r IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1^121 |25 mmm22 zo ■4.0 |l.25 I U 1 1.6 «' Fhotographic Sdmces Carporation 4^ %^ as \MIST MAM STRUT WnSTM,N.Y. USM (716)t7a-4S03 ^^^\ 4f^ CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Institut. for Historical IWIIcroreproductlons / Inttitut Canadian da microraproduction. hiatoriquaa j d ji . llwlW W iWWWIl l J. ll WtW j W l i'WI ' l ' "' DISEASES— REMEDIES. 93 powers, and suggests the propriety, in all doubtful c^, bf proceeding under the judgment of some profwsional man t^ho is familiar with the subject, whose judgment may determine how far the water is a]jplicable to each individual case, and in what manner it should be em- ployed to be most efficacious. A lone list of successful cases that have fallen under my care during the. third of a century that I have been administering these waters, might perhaps without im- propriety be inserted here j but I am induced to omit the insertion, because I am aware with what suspicion medical cases, however well authenticated, are received when they are given to favor any particular practice, or to recommend any particular water. Besides, the insertion of names is objectionable in all pnvatc prac- tice, and I consider the reputation of this particular water to be now too well established to require such assistance. .•. , • * u The space I have allotted to this branch of my sub- iect will allow little more than a simple enumeration of the diseases for which this water is beneficially em- ployed. Those who desire more extended information of Its effects in the diseases enumerated are re«"ea to my volume upon the " Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada." DYSPEPSIA. This common and annoying disease, the especial scourge of the sedentary and the thoughtful, whether existing under the form of irritotion of the mucous surface of the stomach— vitiation of the gastnc juice— or under the somewhat anomalous charactenstic of Gastralgia, is treated with much success by a proper course of the White Sulphur water. . The apprehensive and dejected spirit that finds no comfort in the present, and forebodes evil only in the future; the hesitating will that matures no purpose, 9 ! li i rt i lil»W>l i M—H m ■I— W I ■■■ II.. - 94 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. and desponds even in success; the emaciation of frame and haggardne8S()f visage; the ever-present indurance, and all the imaginary and real ills that torture the hap- less dyspeptic, are often made to yield to alterative and invigorating influences that a few weeks' judicious use of the waters has established. Administered alone, in every form of this disease (for under the name Dyspepsia we have several yS>r»w of stomach disease essenti^y differing from each other, and requiring different modes of treatment), its cura- tive powers may not always be so marked; but in several varieties of the disease, and those indeed which we most often witness, it deserves the very highest praise that can be conferred upon any remedy. In cases of this disease in which the Liver is implicated, occasioning slow or unhealthy biliary secretions, a state of things that often exists, the water may be u.ed with especial advantage. To effect permanent or last- ing cures in dyspepsia, the waters should always be pressed to their complete alterative effects upon the system. CHRONIC imUTATION OF THE MUCOUS MEUBRANE OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS. The largest class of invalids that resort to our min- eral fountains for relief are those afflicted with ab- dominal irritations, and especially with irritations of the mucous coat of the stomach and bowels. These irritations are occasionally so masked by a superadded nervous mobility as to conceal their true character from the sufferer, and sometimes from his medical adviser. The disease is far more common in late than in former years. The number of cases at the White Sulphur has been, I am sure, more than triplicated within the last few yeara. It may be in- duced by any of the numerous causes whose tendency is to derange the digestive, assimilative, and nervous "■ Ml" "ilflii s. ation of frame nt indurance, )rture the hap- to alterative eks' judicious tf this disease several forms >in each other, lent), its cura- irked; but in : indeed which ; very highest r remedy. In is implicated, secretions, a er may be u.ed •manetst or last- >uld always be fects upon the MEMBRANE OF s. ort to our min- licted with ab- 'rritations of the masked by a nceal their true itimes from his >re common in ber of cases at ire, more than It -may be in- nrhose tendency 'e, and nervous DISEASES— REMEDIiS. 95 functions ; and is often connected with some indiges- tion, irregular or costive bowels, with restlessness and unhappy forebodings of impending evils. I have much confidence in the waters in such cases when prudently and cautiously used, aided, if necessary, by proper adjunctive means, and pressed to their full alterative effeets. LIVER DISEASES. Chronic disease of the liver, in some form or other, is a very common disease of our country, especially in the warm latitudes and miasmatic districts. Very many affected with this complaint have annually visited the White Sulphur for the last fifty or sixty years. In no class of cases have the effects of the waters been more fully and satisfactorily tested than in chrome derangements of the liver. The modus operandi of sulphur .water upon the liver is dissimilar to that of mercury, and yet the effects of the two agents are strikingly analogous. The potent and controlling influence of the water over the secre- tory function of the liver must be regarded as a specific quality of the agent, and as constituting an important therapeutic feature in the value of the article for dis- eases of this organ. Its influence upon the liver is gradually but surely to unload it wher engorged, and to stimulate it to a healthy performance of its func- tions when torpid. The control which this water may be made to exer- cise over the liver in correcting and restoring its energies, is often as astonishing as it is gratifying, — establishing a copious flow of healthy bile, and a con- sequent activity of the bowels, imparting a vigor to the whole digestive and assimilative functions, and, ^consequently, energy and strength to the body, and life and elasticity to the spirits. For many years I have kept a "Case-booh" at the White Sulphur, and have carefully noted the influences f i jgxn. ti W i i triraMtun a liOft 1>6 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. of the water upon such cases as have been submitted to my management. Among the number are several hundred cases of chronic affections of the liver, em- bracing diseases of simple excitement, chronic inflammO' tioH, engorgement and obstructions of the biliary ducts^ etc. These cases were treated either with the White Sulphur alone, or aided by some appropriate adjunctive remedy; and, in looking at the results, I mtist be per- mitted to express a doubt whether a larger relative amount of amendments and cures has ever been ef- fected by the usual remedies of the medical shop. This I know is high eulogy of the water in such dis- eases. It is considerately made, and is not higher than its merits justify. When Seitrhosity of the liver is suspected, the water, if used at all, should be used under the guards of a well-informed medical judgment ; for in actual Scir- rhosity, if it be pressed beyond its primary effects upon the stomach and bowels, it is veipr decidedly injurious. I have known several cases in which death was hastened by disregarding this caution. For a more full account of the influences of the water in Liver diseases, the reader is referred to the author's work on the " Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada." JAUNDICE. This is a form of liver disease in which obstructions prevent the free egress of the bile from the gall-blad- der along its natural channels, and hence occasion its absorption into the general circulation. In cases of jaundice, in which the obstructing cause is inspissated bile, or very small ccdtuK, or when oc- casioned by inflammation or spasm of the gatl-dncts themselves, the White Sulphur water, as might be ex- pected from its influence over the liver, is used with the happiest results. 1 "«»I»"«PI#*" een submitted er are several the liver, em- ' onic inflamma- biliary ducts, irith the White iate adjunctive I must be per- larger relative ever been ef- medical shop. sr in such dis- is not higher ;tcd, the water, he guards of a in actual Scir- Euy effects upon ledly injurious, th was hastened luences of the referred to the s of the United ich obstructions n the gall-blad- ice occasion its bstructing cause k/t, or when oc- f the gatl-ducts as might beex- rer, is used with DISEASES— REMEDIES. 97 Indeed, the individuals affected with incipient or confirmed jaundice, and whose livers are free from Scirrhus, cannot place too much confidence in the use of the White Sulphur water and baths, with the occasional use of mild adjunctive means to aid in its speedy action uiwn the liver and skin. Thus judi- ciously employed, and for a sufficient length of time, it invariably proves successful, either in ^uring the case, or in bringing the system into the condition under which a cure speedily results. CHRONIC DIARRHCEA. In Chronic Diarrhaa, especially where the mucop coat of the bowels is principally implicated, and still more when the case is complicated with derangement of the stomach and liver, the water is often employed with very gratifying effects. While the water, properly taken, is a most invalu- able remedy in Chronic Mucous Diarrhoea, in no other disease are prudence and caution more eminently de- manded in its administration, and especially for the few first days of using it. When prudently and cau- tiously prescribed in such cases, it is not, only a per- fectly safe remedy, but also eminently curative in its effects. Many of the most satisfactory results that I have ever accomplished by the prescription of the White Sulphur water, have been in cases of Chrome Mucous Diarrhoea. Serous Diarrhcea of chronic character requires still greater caution in the early Use of the water than the mucous form to which I have been referring ; and while the waters, when carefully introduced, constitute a valuable remedy in such cases, they will, if too largely taken, aggravate the worst symptoms of the disease.* • See the details of several interestiiig cases in the of the United Sutes and Canada." 9* ■ Mineral Waters IVHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. CX)SnVBKESS. HabituaVcostiveness is a state of the system in which the water has been extensively employed ; sometimes successfiiUy, sometimes not. When the case depends upon depraved or deficient biliary swretions, much reliance may be placed upon the «ffic'ency of this remedy if ^t be carried to the extent of fully aUerattng the system. PILES. The use of mild laxatives in hmorrhmdshas long been a favorite practice for their relief, p* ^n««"*; effect of the water in this disease is probably to some extent due to its laxative power, but still more, l aPP"*" hend, to its alterative effect upon the liver, through which the hemorrhoidal vessels are favorably im- pressed. DISBASBS or THE tJIUHARY ORGANS. The White Sulphur waters are used with very good effects in Gravel; indeed, they almost }^^^^y^ liate such cases, and frequently, m their early stages, entirely cure them. „„*— Ine^ ealeubms affections are relieved by the w^er pretty much in proportion as it corrects the ««? est»ve ttid assimilating functions, improves the blood, and brines the general economy into a natural type, pre- pariS the kidnevs to resist foreign encroachments Spon their functions, and to el*^™^^'^", ^l^i^ bCod proper and healthv secretions. Where the^affec- tion depeSte upon acid predominance in the fluids, the watir never &ils to palliate, and often curMthe case. Whether or not this water should be preferred to other remedies in calculous alfcctions, depends upon the diatkesut\ax prevails in the system j «»d hence the urine should always be carefully analyzed, that we may not act in the dark in such cases. ^ t item in which 1; sometimes case depends retions, much iency of this iilly alterating mds has long The beneficitd tbably to some more, I appre- liver, through favorably im* JAMS. irith very good invariably pal- ir early stages, sd by the water s the digestive :he blood, and tural type, pre- encroachmehts s from healthy (There the affec- ! in the fluids, often cures the id be preferred I, depends upon m ; ' and hence alyzed, that we DISEASES— REMEDIES. ^ Chronic inftammoHon of the kidneys, as well as simi- lar affections of the bladder and urethra, are often successfully treated by a judicious use of the waters. I have treated numerous cases of Catarrh of the bladder successfully by a proper use of the water, and other appropriate remedies in connection with it, always regarding the water, however, as the leading remedy in the case. Diabetes is a form of disease in which the waters have occasionally been used with excellent effect. Spermatorrhaa, often painfully implicating the nerv- ous system, and producmg extreme debility not onl^ of the sexual organs but sJso of the general system, u. often greatly benefited at these springs. This disease is gei;erally found complicated with a condition of the skin and glambtlar organs, and not unfrequently of the mucous surfaces, that eminently requires the aid of alterative remedies. In all such com- plications the waters are found very valuable as a primary means, preceding and preparing the system for the use of more decided tonic remedies. FEMALE DISKA9BS. In female diseases, in their various chronic forms of amenorrhea, or suppressed menstruation, tfysmenor- rhaa, or painful menstruation, chlorosis, and leucorrha-a, the waters of the White Sulphur have been much em- ployed. When the cases have been judiciously dis- criminated and were free from the combinations and states of the system that contra-indicate the use of the waters, they have been employed with beneficial re- sults. CHRONIC AFFECTIONS OF THE BRAIN. It is only since the introduction of the custom of using the water in its unguseoiu form (thirty-five years ago) that it has been taken successfully, or even toler- ated by the system, in chronic inflammation of the iW ilimi rm i J iM Tn iili m i -i l n n VM iii ii' ii ^ l lrm Ki f i lOO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. brain. I need, therefore, scarcely apprise my readers that it is only in its strictly ungaseous form that it should be used in such cases, and then in a careful and yarded manner. Thus prescribed, I have, in several instances, found it beneficial. NERVOUS DISEASES. Neuralgia, in some form or other, has become a very common disease in every part of our country ; and the number that visit the White Sulphur suffering with this protean and painful malady is very considerable. Sometimes this disease exists as a primary or inde- pendent affection, but far more frequently as a tonse- quenee of visceral or organic derangements. Where such is found to be the case, the White Sulphur waters are used with the very best results. As an alterative, to prepare the neuralgic for receiving the more tonic waters to advantage, it deserves the largest confidence by those afflicted with this annoying m^ady. PARALYSIS. The number oi paralytics that resort to the White Sulphur is large, and their success in the use of the waters various. Cases resulting from dyspeptic de- pravities are oftener benefited than those that have resulted from other causes. In almost every case, however, some benefit to the general health takes place, and sometimes an abatement of the paralysis itself. BREAST COMPLAINTS. In tubercular consumption, whether the tubercles be incipient or fully developed, the White Sulphur water should not be used. Its effects in such cases would be prejudicial. But there are other forms of breast complaints in which the waters have been, found valuable, particu- larly in that form described as le my readers form that it a careful and ^e, in several lecome a very ktry ; and the ring with this erable. nary or inde- tly as a canse- nts. Where ulphur waters an alterative, le more tonic :st confidence ady. to the White he use of the dyspeptic de- ose that have it every case, th takes place, lysis itself. le tubercles be Sulphur water cases would be complaints in uable, particu- • OIIIPIPIBPI DISEASES— REMEDIES. loi SYMPATHETIC CONSUMPTION.* This form of breast complaint is the result of morbid sympathies extended from some other parts of the body, and more commonly from a diseased stomach or liver. The great/ar vagum nerve, common to both the stomach and lungs, affords a ready medium of sympathy between these two organs. In protracted cases of dyspepsia, the stomach often throws out morbid influences to the windpipe and surfaces of the lungs, occasioning cou^t expectoraH0n,pain in the breast, and many other usual symptoms of genuine consumption. So completely, indeed, docs this translated aMtctxon wear the livery of the genuine disease, that it is often mistaken for it. T^is form of disease comes often under my notice at the Springs, and I frequently witness the happiest re- sults from the employment of the water m such cases; and the more so, because its beqeficial effects «solve a painftil doubt that often exists in the mind of the patient as to the true character of the disease. BRONCHITIS. This affection is often met with at the Springs, some- times as a primary affection of the bronchi. Mid often as a result of other affections, and especially of de- rangements of the digestive and assimilative organs. In such translated czsKi, we frequently find tnf *^- ehitis relieved in the same degree that the originally diseased organs are benefited. CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. The various chronic diseases of the skin are treated fuith much success by a full course of the White Sulphur waters in connection with a liberal course of warm or hot sulphur baths. • For ftilkr infonnation on thb subject, see " Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada," by the author. loa WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. There is a chronic form of erysipelas, occurring at irregular intervab, and most commonly attacking the face or the extremities, that I have treated with very good success by the White Sulphur water. RHEUMATISM AND GOtTT. The rheumatic and the gouty are habituis of the White Sulphur. The well-established reputation of the waters in such cases attracts no small number of persons laboring under one or the other of these affections. The primitive reputation of the water, and that which at an early day directed public attention to its potency, was derived from its successful employment m rheumatism. The reputation thus early acquired has not been lost, but, on the contrary, established and confirmed by its successful use for three-quarters of a century. In most rheumatic cases, the employment of warm or hot sulphur baths constitutes a very valuable adjunct in their treatment. With the sulphur water as a drink, and the use of the hot tub douche and sweating baths of the same water, this place offers the strongest inducements for the resort of persons afflicted with chronic rheumatism that can anywhere be found. In proportion as the waters impress the digestive and assimilative organs, they benefit ^tw/. AapalHative in this disease, they are always employed with benefit. CHROMIC FOISOMING FROM LBAD V Is very advantageously treated by a full course of the water and baths. Used with sufficient persistency, they may well be regarded as the most reliable remedy to which persons thus afflicted can have recourse, and to such I earnestly recommend a trial of them, the more especially, because the ordinary remedies in such cases are admittedly very unreliable. occurring at attacking the ted with very f of the White I of the waten >r of persons affections, ter, and that tention to its 1 employment ;arly acquired stablished and ee-quarters of ment of warm luable adjunct the use of the le same water, ts for the resort atism that can I the digestive f. ha palliative d with benefit. EAO I course of the ersistency, they able remedy to ecourse, and to them, the more es in such cases L DISEASES— REMEDIES, SCROFULA. 103 Sulphur waters have long been held in reputation in the treatment of scrofula. Some of the English phy- sicians have thought such waters superior to any other remedy in scrofula. Dr. Salisbury, of Avon, New York, speaks favorably of his experience of their use in such diseases. In the early stages of scrofula the White Sulphur has often been used with decided ad- vantages, but in the confirmed stages of this disease I do not consider them at all equal in curative powers to some other mineral waters in this region. MBRCXnilAL DISEASE AND SECONDARY SYMPTOMS OF LUES. In that enfeebled, susceptible, and very peculiar con- dition of the system, often found to exist as the result of a long-continued or injudicious use of mercury, and in what is commonly known as the secondary form of Lues, the White Sulphur water, when carried to its full alterative effects, displays its highest curative powers. After long experience of the use of the waters in the peculiar forms of disease under consideration, I have no hesitation in saying, that if called upon to designate the particular affection or state of the s^tem in which the White Sulphur water is most certainly efficacious, I would not hesitate to name mercurial diseases and Secondary Syphilis; because the water in such cases exerts a specific agency, and more certainly brings relief to the sufferer than any other known remedy. This is strong praise of the remedy in these diseases, and nothing but long and successful experience of its value in such cases could induce me to award it. I have no hesitation in saying to those who are so unfortunate as to be subjects of the diseases embraced under this head, that they have in these waters, when properly and fully used, in connection with warm and hot sulphur bathing, a reasonable hope of a permanent J 104 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. cure that they cannot have from the use of any other remedy known to the profession. Such cases require a full use of the waters, and in every case the cure is obviously hastened by the use of other appropriate means while the water is being taken. EFFECTS OF THE WATER IN INEBRIATION. During the whole period of my residence at the Springs, I have been interested with the marked power I have seen manifested by the waters in iniercoming the Seiire for the use of ardent spirits in those who had been addicted to thieir imprudent use. I by no means claim that the waters should be regarded as a n>eciiic against either the love or the intemperate use of alco- holic drinks, but simply that a proper use of them is a decided preventive of that feeling Of necessity or desire for the use of strong drinks which drives the inebriate to use them, in despite of his own judgment to the contrary. Or, in other words, that their proper use allays or destroyis the aptitude or nervous craving for ardent spirits, and to such an extent, that even the habitual drinker and confirmed inebriate feels little or no desire for them while he is properly using the waters. During my long residence here, I have witnessed hundreds of cases fully justifying the above statement. This peculiar influence of the White Sulphur water depends, first, upon the action of the sulphuretted hydrogen gas that abounds in it, and which is an active nervine stimulant, and as such supplies the want the inebriate feels for his accustomed idcohclic stimulant ; and secondly, it depends upon the alterative influences exerted by the waters upon the entire organism. While by its alterative power* the entire animal structure is brought into natural and harmonious action, there is a consequent subsidence of the cerebral and nervous irritation which always prevails in the habitual drunk- ard, the abatement of which enables him to exert a moral power greater than he could before, and sufiicient INGS. ; use of any other such cases require jr case the cure is other appropriate I. HEBRIATIOM. < residence at the the marked power ) in overcoming the in those who had e. I by no means rarded as a specific iperate use of alco- ler use of them is a f necessity or desire Irives the inebriate a judgment to the It their proper use nervous craving (or tent, that even the ibriate feels little or rly using the waters. !, I have witnessed he above statement, hite Sulphur water of the sulphuretted d which is an active pplies the want the dcoholic stimulant; alterative influences ire organism. While animal structure is lious action, there is erebral and nervous the habitual drunk- bles him to exert a before, and sufiicient DISEASES— REMEDIES. 105 to overcome the lessened demand which his old hf bit, if he retains it in any degree, now makes upon him. In the initiatory or forming stage of intemperance, the free use of this water may be much relied upon to modify, or entirely prevent, the temptation for strong drink ; and even in the confirmed stage, its persevering use may inaugurate a state of the system that wf'.l essen- tially aid the sufferer in overcommg the hurtful habit of intemperance. Indeed, if the habitual drinker can be prevailed upon to use the water properly for some ten days, to the entire exclusion of alcoholic stimulants, he will have, for the time at least, but little alcoholic temptation to resist. Of course, I will not be so misunderstood by any as to suppose that I design even to intimate an opinion that this water is a sure and permanent cure for either absolute or threatened inebriation. All that I intend to assert in this connection is, that a proper and continuous use of the water will very essentially aid the intemperate drinker to lay aside the inebriating cup and return to soberness. . The will of the excessive drinker must necessarily concur, to some extent, with any effort successfully made for his relief. But while this is so, an auxiliary agent, as innocent in its effects as sulphur water, that can so far satisfy the nervous cravings of the votary of strong drink as to give him increased power to resist his morbid habit, while at the same time his general health is improved, well deserves, I conceive, the atten- tion of all who need assistance in this direction. It would be irrational for the inebriate to expect to be cured of his morbid habit by simply visiting the Springs and drinking its water, however freely, and at the same time (which has been the habit of some) to drink freely also of alcoholic liquors. Such a course could be of no service whatever. Stimulants of what- ever kind, in such a case, must be abstained from while the water is establishing its peculiar action upon the 10 ,o6 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. system. This effected, which can^ordiiumly be wswii^ SShed in ten or twelve days, the success df further SSence n the use of the water is lu^f^, and easily thSSrunder the control of the individual who is seeking relief. USE OF THE WATER BY OPIUM-EATEKS. I am occasionally consulted by distant parties who are apprised of the effects of the water xnaUaytng the ^J^M 'ardent spirits, whether or not it has the same effects in reference to the desure for optates. U^n this subject I remark, that "V otse'vat.ons of the influences of the water in asststtng t\iii tnebrtate to SLintinue the use of alcoholic dri^V^^" iS'if assents to such discontinuance, very naturally led me tohope that it might afford simihir a«wt«»^' f ^era mc^ent of the Inll, to the opium-eater. But a good deal of difficulty lies in the way of making reUable Stations up6n this subject. Opium-«ters,. even m^rS exc^ive drinkers, are indisposed to divrfge SSr morbid propensity to their friends or php"? ^' or o seek thr of being tured er, I have had, ' communicated labit, expressed nued dunng the ill of which they id prescriptions tirdv successful in tne habit for % grains ef mor- DISEASES— REMEDIES. The space allotted to this notice will allow me only now to say, that in the few cases alluded to, I used the waters very fully, but always in connection with other means that I deemed essential, — that the success of the combined treatment was very satisfactory, — that, in my opinion, the influences of the water, by lessening the nervous craving for opiates, materially tuded in the re- sults, and that such results would not have taken place if the waters had not been used. In the cases alluded to, a generous confidence on the part of the sufferer, which led to prompt observance of professional advice, contributed much, I conceive, especially in the com- mencement of the treatment, to favorable results. The most that can confidently be said in favor of the use of the waters in such cases — and all that ought to be said — ^is, that when they are judiciousfy used, and in connection with proper adjunctive mant^ement and appliances, they essentially aid the opium-eater in dis- pensing entirely with the use of that drug. I will only add that, in my management of such cases, I have not found it best to exchtde the entire use of the drug when the patient first commences the use of the wetter, as I advise shall ^be done in the case of the inebriate. I have not hitherto published anything upon this subject, and simply from the fact that I am satisfied that the treatment of such cases by the waters, to be successful, requires careful professional management, with appropriate adjunctive means, — ^that the water is only an efficient cud, zirA not a specific,— «aA. that the management necessary in connection with it, to give success, depends too much upon the precise circum- stances of each case to justify a broad recommenda- tion, without numerous and essential qualifications. I have heretofore alluded to some diseases and states of the system in which these waters should not be used. In addition to what I havr already said upon that sub- ject, I now remark that they should not be used in Mn'Mf.mmm'V'U'* io8 lVmT£ SULPHUR SPRINGS. scirrhous or cancerous affections, whether tntemal or ex- temal, nor in hypertrophy or morbid enlargements of the heart. In either of the cases supposed, their effects, especially their full effects, would be prejudicial. CHALYBEATE SPRING. About forty rods from the White Sulphur is a c)m- hbeate spnng, in which the iron exists in the form of^a earbontae of iron, the mildest, least offensive, and ordi- nariiy the most valuable form in which ferruginous waterft-axe found. . . For the last fifteen years this water hasijeen consid- erably used by the class of visitors whose disease re- quired an iron tonic, and its effects have realued the rational hopes that were indulged in it. ^ s. ntemal or ex- femen/s of the their effects, udicial. phur is a cha- the fonn of a live, and ordi- ;h ferruginous Bi>een consid- se diseases re- e realized the SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS. f09 CHAPTER IX. SALT SULPHUR SPWN08. Situntioa and Early Htetory-Analysfa by Proftawr Rogot»-AppU- cabiUtyoftheWateis. These springs, three in number, are about twenty- four miles wuth from the White Sulphur, m the county of Monroe, and near Union, the seat of justice for that *^°m following is the analysis of Professor Rogers of the principal spring :— _ Temperature variable from 49 to 5^ ,• . Solid matter procured, by evaporation, from 100 cubic inches, weighed, after being dried at aia , 81.41 ^"^intity of each solid ingredient in 100 cubic inches, estimated as perfectly free from water :— I. SnJphateofUme 36-7SS gr«|n»- a. Sulphate of magnesia "••• 7W3 „ 3. Sulphate of soda »•" 9-68» .. 4. Carbonate of lime..... 4^ „ 5. Carbonate of magnesia M34 „ 6. Chloride of magnerium • o-"o „ 7. Chloride of iwBum ~ o-W3 „ 8. Chloride of caldum .....-" oo»S ., o. Peroaide of iron, fcom proto-snlphatc............. 0.04a 10. An asotised organic matter, blended with sul- ^^ trfinr, about.. ~ ~ '- ♦ II. Earthy phoqAatea - » ««*• la. Iodine Volume of each of the gases conUined in a free state in 100 cubic inches : — lO* ,,o MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. Sulphuretted hydrogen - i-io to i.S© cubic Inches. Nitrogen "-^S Oxygen......... o«7 Carbonic add 5-75 The above analysis applies to the Iodine, or New Spring, as well as to the Upper, or Old Spring, as the following extract from a letter from Professor Rogers to the proprietors will show : — «• I inclose you a list of the ingredients m the Salt Sulphur water, which applies to the New as well as to the Old Spring, the former having rather a smaller amount of salme matter in generid, though in some ingredients surpassing the other. It has been very minutely analyzed, and is the first of all the waters in which I was enabled to detect traces of iodine, which it contains in larger amount than the Old Spring, and, indeed, than most of the other waters in which I have been so fortunate as to discover this material." The Salt Sulphur water is remedial in cases for which strong sulphur waters are successfully used j and espe- cially in cases that require active cathartic operation. While its cathartic effects are more active than those of any other ymttt in the geological region in which it exists, it is neither harsh nor violent; gently clearing the alimentary canal without debilitating the patient, while its activity promotes the general secretions, in- vigorates the appetite, and promotes digestion. The cathartic effects of the water are so mild and certain that the stomach is not oppressed by it, nor the bowels irritoted ; but while the alimentary canal is being re- lieved, the functions of the system assume their physio- logical type, and the suspended causes of disease are gradually removed. In the extensive range of diseases dependent upon visceral obstructions, the Salt Sulphur is eminently useful ; and in that particular form of simple ^f^na in which constipation is a leading and troublesome symptom, I have found it to be signally efficacious. I . . I I mM\ . M^A ii ii tii WiS^r ii tf tr i Tf '-■■■'■"'-■^^^■.■^'''^^^'•''■■M " i*fii-iwi i t ■ NIA. cubic inches. S 7 S line, or New pring, as the feasor Rogera s in the Salt as well as to ler a smaller >ugh in some las been very the waters in iodine, which L Spring, and, which I have trial." ases for which ed ; and espe- tic operation. 2 than those of n in which it ;ently clearing g the patient, secretions, in- gestion. The d and certain aor the bowels d is being re- e their physio- of disease are >pendent upon r is eminently mple dyspepsia d troublesome efficacious. RBD SULPHUR SPRINGS, III CHAPTER X. RED SULPHUR SPRINGS. Situation and Improvementi-Analysls-Adaptetion to Disea»es, etc. —New River White Sulphur Springs. The Red Sulphur Springs are in the southern portion of the county of Monroe, forty-two miles south from the White Sulphur. • r^„ The following is the result, given in one view, froni the analysis of this water by Mr. Augustus A. Hayes, ot Massachusetts. .. . , ^. ^ ^„ 50,000 grains (nearly seven pints) of the water con- tain, dissolved as gases (grain measure),— Oubonic acid. »«« V^ Nitrogen.- |*|]| *2^ „ Oxygen • • • •" «- „ Hydro-sulphuric acid ^ 9088 •' And afford of— Sfliceous and earthy matter ^-^ Sulphate of soda 3'» Sulphate of lime - •*' Carbonate of lime. - • *;' Carbonate of magnesia ;• J-'g Sulidiur compound '• Carbonic acid. '• '^ 33.06 Mr. Hayes remarks, that the peculiar sulphur com- pound which forms a part of the saline contents of this water has never been described, if it has ever before been met with. While in the natural state, and out of i i I 119 MINERAL WATERS OF VtRGINIA. contact with atmospheric air, it is dissolved in the water, and fomis a permanent solution. Air, acids, and other agents separate it from the water, in the form of a jelly, and alkaline carbonates, alkalies, water, and other agents re-dissolve it. It has no acid action on test fluids, but bears that character with bases, and forms compounds analogous to salts. Mixed with a small quantity of water, and exposed to the temperature of 8o« Fahr., it decomposes, and emits a most offensive odor of putrefying animal matter* with hydro-sulphuric acid gas. It is to this property that the hydro-sulphuric acid in the water is due, and to the oxidation of a part of this compound most of the sulphuric acid found in the water may be referred. Mr. Hayes remarks, that "chemical experiments do not show the medicinal properties of the substances operated on. But when a substance, the result of deli- cately-balanced affinities, gives in its decomposition an agent of powerful action on the animal system, we naay conclude that it is an active ingredient, if found in a water possessed of high curative powers. I am dis- posed, therefore," he says, "to consider the suli)hur compound in this water as the prmcipal medicinal agent contained in it; although its action m combma- tion with the other constituents may be necessary to produce the effects for which this water is so justly celebrated." ... . »• ^„„«, Mr. Hayes, from his chemical examinations, comw. to the conclusion that the red color of the matter which is deposited on the slabs, etc., is that of moss or hchen, which finds its habitat in the viscid covering produced by the deposition of the sulphur compound. The peculiar and distinguishing reputation of this water, as a medicinal agent, is for diseases of the ataracie viscera, and, by some, it has been considered remedial in confirmed tubercular consumption. Dis- senting entirely from this high claim for the water as a Idpil UlflA. solved in the 1. Air, acids, water, in the lates, alkalies, It has no acid character with :o salts. and exposed to Dses, and emits tnimal matter, o this property Iter is due, and pound most of lay be referred, experiments do the substances e result of deli- composition an system, we may , if found in a vs. I am dis- ler the sulpthur :ipal medicinal ion in combina- be necessary to Iter is so justly linations, comes, he matter which ' moss or lichen, Bering produced ound. putation of this, diseases of the been considered sumption. Dis- }r the water as a XED SULPHUR SPXINGS, »«3 remedy in confirmed consumption, my observations for many years enable me to award to it decided efficacy in many cases of irritaHon of the pulmonary organs. In sympathetic or translated affections of the lungs, whether that state be occasioned from disease of the dieestive or chylopoietic viscera, or be dependent upon the retrocession of some habitual discharge, the water deserves to be regarded as a valuable remedy. While the Red Sulphur, has been considered pecu- liarly adapted to the cure of pulmonary diseases,— and it is tme that it has a beneficial influence in many cases of this kind,— its good effects equally extend to all cases of subacute inflammation, whether seated in the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys, bladder, and most particularly in the mucous membrane. It is also used with good effects m chronic Iwwel complaints, leucorrhoea, gleet, catarrh of the bladder, and in some forms of uterine derangement. With this as with other sulphur waters, if the system should be too plethoric, or too much excited, the use of the water should be postponed until the excitement shall be reduced to a proper state. Commence by taking one glass of water at bedtime, and one before breakfast; after a -few days, take two glasses at bed- time, and two before breakfast, one at eleven o clock A.ii., and one at five p.m. ; this quantity will generally operate freely on the bowels; if it should fiiil to pro- duce this effect, a little common salt, m^esia, or cream of tartar may be added. If it is desired to act on the kidneys, increase the quantity of water to three or four glasses between a light supper and bedtune, and the same quantity between daylight in the morning and breakfast-time, two glasses at noon, and one or two Klasses about five o'clock p.m., taking care to exercise freely after drinking. The most proper periods- for using the water are, at night before bedtime, and m the morning before breakfast-time. "4 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. HEW RIVIR WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. This name is given to a recently improved sulphur spring on New River, in the county of Giles, a few miles southwest from the Red Sulphur. This property has been improved within the last twenty years, for the entertainment of visitors. The waters of this fountain have not been analyzed, but they belong to the great Sulphur class, so abun- dantly found in that geological region, and are valuable in such cases as are usually successfully treated by mild Sulphur waters. These Springs may be reached by stage or private conveyance from the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, at Newbem or Christiansburg, or from the Red, Salt, . or Montgomery White Sulphur Springs. UNtA. SWEBT SPRINGS. «•• UNOS. »roved sulphur r Giles, a few This property ^ years, for the been analyzed, class, so abun- ad are valuable reated by mild tage or private essee Railroad, the Red, Salt, CHAPTER XI. SWKBT SPRINGS. Sitiwtion and Early HUtory— Improvementa— Analyita— Elfccti of the Wateift— Adaptation of tiie.Waten at a Beverage, and ai a Bath, ete. The Sweet Springs are situated in a pleasant valley in the eastern extremity of Monroe County. They are seventeen miles southeast from the White Sulphur, and twenty-two east from the Salt Sulphur. These springs were discovered in 1 764, before any of the other mineral waters in this section of the State were known. In 1774, they had attracted so much attention as to be analyzed by Bishop Madison, tfiell President of William and Mary College. ' The valley, in which the spring is situated, is about five miles in length, and from one-half to three-fourths of a mile in wi^th, and is bounded on the south by the lofty Sweet Spring Mountain, and on the north l^ the Alleghany. The spring and bath are situated in the lower end of a small hoUow or valley, that makes out from the base of the Sweet Spring Mountain, from which the ground gradually swells on either side. Con- tiguous to the spring is a grove of a few old natives of the forest that have fortunately escaped the an of the spoiler, which, together with a sodding of grass, give the means of a pleasant promenade in good weather. The earlier improvements of the place were of a rude but ccmifortable character ; they have now, for the most part, eiven way to buildings of a high order of architecture merit, and attractive in every respect. „6 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. The bathing-houst is a tasteful and elegant struc- ture ; and the separate reservoirs, for the use of ladies uid gentlemen, are of ample size, and arranged to give every comfort to the bathers. The temperature (Bell) of the Sweet Spring is 73» Fahr., the same as that which, in England, by a strange blunder, is called Bristol Hot Well. There is con- siderable resemblance between the two in other respects, as well in the evolution of carbonic acid as m the earthy and saline matters held in solution. In the Virginia spring, howfever, iron has been detected ; whereas the Bristol Hot Well has none in its composi- By the analysis of Rowelle, one quart of the Sweet Spring water contains: — Saline wtatancet In general «• *> »S «»^- Earthy luteunce* - " ,„ , »«.i„ Iron... * ♦•> » «^"- The saline subsUnces are sulphate of magnesia, muriate of soda, and muriate of lime, with a little sulphate of lime. The earthy matter consists of sul- phate of lime, a small portion of carbonate of magnesia and lime, with a small portion of siliceous earth. Professor Rogers, in the course of his geological survey of the State, analysed the waters of the Sweet Spring, with the following results :— ist. Solid matter procured by evaporation from one hundred cubic inches, 31.67. A portion of this is combined with water. ad. Quantity of each solid ingredient, estimated as perfectly free from water, in one hundred cubic inches: — Sulphite of lime S-7g Su^te of magnefia ••••••••• J^ O^ttkte of limy.V.""V.""""" »30i3 Chloride of sodium «°°? ' Chloride of iqagnnium •'•^S" is^.^tMR/*"*"*''- * i-'^moK.aeiSS^^to'Jcs^mi^^ki^dS^)!^ . QINIA. elegant struc- Ite UM of ladies id arranged to t Spring is 73* nd, by a strange There is con- n other respects, acid as in the ilution. In the been detected; \ in its composi- irt of the Sweet ... latoisgnins. ... 18 to 04 " ,.. ) to I grain. te of magnesia, le, with a little consists of sul- tnate of magnesia :eous earth. )f his geological ers of the Sweet oration from one water. tent, estimated as hundred cubic 4.067 13.013 0.060 ai36 :■!. ;:1 SWEET SPRINGS. *nj Chloride of cttelum - o«6s Peroxide of iron (fctquioxlde) 0.061 Silica 0075 Earthy phosphate « trace. 3d. Volume of each of the gases contained in a free state in one hundred cubic inches of the water : — Carbonic add 37J7 Nitrogen »••• Oxygen ••• attic*. Sulphuretted hydrogen, a trace, too tinaU to be meaiurad. 4th. Composition of one hundred cubic inches of the mixed gases rising in bubbles in the spring :— Nitrogen 7»-7 ' Carbonic acid •••3 The chief distinguishing feature of this water is the predominance of the carbonic acid (fixed air) which it contains, and it is properly regarded as the best cxam> pie of the acidulous waters that is found in our country. The name of these waters is calculated to convey erroneous impressions of their taste, which is like a solution of a small quantity of a calcareous or magne* sian carbonate. The excess of carbonic acid givet» however, the water a briskness, productive of a very different effect on the palate from what an imperfect mixture of the earths would produce. The first effecU of the water (due to its temperattire and gaseous contents), when drunk, are a feeling of warmth at the stomach, with a sensation of fullness of the head, and some giddiness. Taken at stated inter- vals in moderate quantity, it will produce a moisture on the skin, and increase the ilow of urine. If the stomach be in a good sUte, it gives additional appetite, and imparts fresh vigor to the system. Its openlkSit on the bowels vary at first ; but, after a more protncted use, it will generally be found to increase a costive habit. II Il8 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. The Sweet Spring water is serviceable in the varieties of dyspepsia accompanied by gastrodynia or spasm, with pains occurring at irregular intervak, and heart- bum, where the extremities are cold and the skin torpid. la secondary debility of the digestive canal, from the exhausting heats of summer, or in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, without fever, or not sustained by hepatic inftunmation, advantage will be derived by the internal use of these waters. If much gastric irritation, or evident phlogosis of the liver, be present, with a parched skin and other phenomena of fever, it will be better to premise one or two small bleedings, followed )>y the use of a blue pill at night, and a tumblerful or two of the water, to which has Men added a teaspoonful of Epsom salts, or twice Uiequantity of calcined magnesia, early in the morning. The harassing cough to which young persons are occasionally sufc^t, and which often has its origin in an enfeebled state of the stomach, or in scrofulous habits from the enlargement of the bronchial glands, ai also the buHs htmoraKs of old people, will all be materially benefited by the use of these waters. The relief afforded in such cases as these has usually given Bristol Hot Well its reputation in the cure of pulmonary coniomption. Females who have become enervated by long con- finement, or from nursing their children, and whose eomtitatioM have suflered for want of exercise and fresh air, wfll be benefited by the use of these waters, inter- nally and as a bath. In subacute riieomatism, and in neuralgic attacks, dw Sweet Spring AMI is often useftd. In the dosing ttagei of acute rheumatism, the patien^ is wmetimes hanaed with a lingering irritability of his ^lyltem, with teodemew, pain, and inatrility in the diapMed joints, attended with di^t fererishness, especially toward the dose of the di^y. In iddi caiei, while hot or warm bathing would be VIRGINIA. able in the varieties trodynia or spasm, ntervals, and heart- cold and the skin the digestive canal, imer, or in chronic ver, or not sustained e will be derived by >vident phlogosis of :hed skin and other ;er to premise one or the use of a blue pill if the water, to which Spsom salts, or twice early in the morning. I young persons are ^en has its origin in ch, or in scrofulous le bronchial glands, d people, will all be >f these waters. The lese has usually given the cure of pulmonary ervated by long con- children, and whose tt of exercise and fresh sf these waters, inter- in neuralgic attacks, lefid. In the clonng patienf it sometimes lity» adapted to every condition, and only the most robust should remain in the last-mentioned time. I" » la^S* majority of cases, indeed, in all cases m which there is much general debility, from two to five minutes, ac- cording to circumstances, will embrace the proper periods for remaining in the bath. .- ^iai 'rtB»> ; rtion." Many x) long in the mbrace periods he most robust ne. In a large 1 which there is ve minutes, ac- ice the proper i> )e mfe :»-i..«iaAi»>te-. m f4 m N CHAPTER XII. SWEBT CHALYBEATE, OR RED SWEET SPRINGS. Thdr Aiudyrit-Nature and MetUdnid Ad^ttirtkNis of die Watm m kBmrag*«MlaBMh-ArtificiidWaiinBirthi,«te. One mile north of the Sweet Springs, on the rojd leading to the White Sulphur, and just withm the southern border of Alleghany County, are the Ilea Sweet S^ngs. This property, embracing about 1700 acres of land, affords one of the most productive farms in the SUte, —a very great convenience to a tq>ring establishment in reference to its supplies. * , The improvements subservient to the springs m« spacious, weULilesigned, and comfortoble, and are suffi- cient for thl^ommodation of from three to four hun- dred persons. Among them are well-designed and uwcious boMng-pooit for gentlemen and ladies, each affording a douche, (ifom the use of which the bather may often derive most essential benefit. There are also here ladies' and gentlemen's iamig- ropms fitted up for receiving M dr warm iaiks of any desired temperature. There are two medicinal springs at thisesublishmmt, the one a few paces below the hotel, essentially the same, both in quality and temperature, with the old Sweet Springs; indeed, it may be regarded as identi- cally the same water. The other, some forty rods, per- haps, above the hotel, is in many respects !«« it^brt conuining a much larger quantity of iron, which,beuif abundantly deposited in the form of a red precipitate, has pven it the name of Xed Sj^ritig. II' (isi) „"ji,.-^-.-^^u;„ ,„ MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. The water of the Red Spring, which is the charac- teristic water of the place, and most relied upon both for drinking and bathing, issues from beneath heavy and irregular stone arches, just at the head of a narrow cove formed by a projecting hill on one stde, and on the other by large masses of porous stone, probably deposited there from the Sweet Spring water, which once flowed in this direction. There are here three founuins, separated by narrow stone partitions, but all running into one common sluice ^e upper and boldest of these fountains is •bout' two degrees colder than the two lower ones, and evidently contains less of ferruginoiM matter. The water issuing from all of them is probably two hundred and fifty gallons in a minute. The water of the Red l^ng has been twice ana- Iwed. first by Rowelle, and then by Professor Rogers. Accoiding to Rowelle, »ne fuart of this water con. tains — Cubonate of Mme * gr«tafc Caiboaate of magnets. J „ CMbonaie of Inm- , -,^ SBou. " T " So^ilwteof in«gne^ . •< Mttifatte of loda. • .. Itw ooiBMned. ••••" """ Cubonic add. The foUowing U the result of an analyris by Pro- ^'li'.^dlilter, procuredbv ev»P<>'{ij5» ^J" °"* hundred cubic inches, weighed, after being dried at < tia*, 40.76. ^. J » A portion of this is combined water. adfOuantity of each solid ingredient estimated as per- fectly free from water. In onehundred cubic inches :-- S»SSS-^rj::::::::::::::::::::r~::::::::::3 aiimtH^tenmu « ;w')!«if»aiitt;. •-»«,«.. IJNIA. is the charac- lied upon both beneath heavy ad of a narrow e side, and on tone, probably g water, which tted by narrow one common »e fountains is lower ones, and matter. The >ly two hundred been twice ana* rofessor Rogers, this water con- . Agtmina. .3 " .. a •• .. ignia. .. X " .. » •• -I " analysis byPro- tmUioa from one r being dried at r. t estimated as per- d cubic inches:—^ *... X4.«33 3»o7 .- 1400 i ^^f SWEET CHALYBEATE SPXINGS. IS3 Cuboiuitaoflime. "*! Chloride of sodium "'^ Chloride of mafnetium °"^ Chloride of calcium ^°" Soquioxideofiron •• -•- '^3"" Onmnic matter in small qnantitiet. lomne, a mere trace. The iron is no doubt dissolved in the water as a carbonate. , , . . ,___ td. Volume of each of the gases contained m a free sute, in one hundred cubic inches of the water :— Ortomcadd 46.i»c«blciache.. Nitrogen ''^ S^l^etted hi^ii^i"ii*timce"too to be meaMtred. 4th. Composition of one hundred cubic inches of the mixed gases rising in bubbles in the spring :— Nitrogen^ •.•••• *• "" ^^ CarbonicacfaL. »•' The temperature of the Red Spring water, aa it issues from three different heads, is from 75 to 79 . Frequent examinations of this spring with a thermom- eter induce me to believe that its temperature isdightly variable, never ezceecUng, however, one or two degrees °^']nw*M3'yses of the Red Sweet awl Sweet Spring waters, by the same chemist, show that they contain essentially the same ingredients, but in different pro- portions, both the salts and the «w«bemg more abun- ^t in the former. The chief diferencem the medicinal effect of the two waters is probably owing to the larger quantity of iron held in solution by the Red SwMt. While the Sweet Spring contains of iron 0.061 gr^ in one hundred cubic inches of its water, the-Red Sweet in the same amount of water contains o-aao, or about four-fifths in excess. This goes, so far as analysis can be satisfactory, to prove its higher tonic pow«r. i I i ia4 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. The iron in thia water existe in the form of a carbo- nate, held in solution by carbonic acid gas, constituting the mildest, and, at the same time, the most efficient preparation of ferruginous waters. ^ ^ . _ . While the carbonic acid gas m the Red Sweet is 41.10 grains against 37.17 in the Sweet, the carbonates as a whole largely prevail in the latter. Apain, white the sulphate of lime is much the largest in the Red Sweet, the sulphates of magnesia and soda, both aperi- ent in their character, decidedly predominate in the Sweet Spring waters. It may be noted that todtne, in small quantity, is found in the Red Sweet, and not m the Sweet : but its quantity is doubtless very small, Md I am not aware of any peculiar effects of the water that can, with cerUinty, be attributed to this agent. It may, possibly, exert some beneficial influence as a tonic in combination with the other ingredtents. From a review of the analyses of these two interesting waters, as well as from observation of their effects on du^, it would not be very inaccurate to say that the Red is the Sweet Spring water with a strong won base. But medical men, who should look closely into rtie peculi- arities of remedial agents, wUl find upon careful scrutiny of these, that the difference in the amount and combi- naHon of their materials must modify, to some extent, their therapeutical agency upon the human system, and that, according to the practical object they wish to effect, they shoidd select one or the other of them. As a general rote, it is fidlacious to adopt the analy- sis of a mineral water as a guide in its administration. Although an analysis, as correct m can be obtained in the present state of chemical science, is an impor- tant assistant in understanding the general nature of re- medial waters, and aiding-in the formation of general conclusions in relation to them, still, actual observation of the peculiar effects of these agente is greatly more satisfactory, and for more to be relied upon. Mineral waters often produce effects upon the animal economy sRssftitsagiiS^ife- iw^ii'-'" « ~1 (T INIA. rm of a carbo- is, constituting most efficient Red Sweet is the carbonates Again, while Bst in the Red da, both aperi- >niinate in the that icditu, in >et, and not in very small, and the water that this agent. It lence as atonic ients. From a cresting waters, !cts on disease, that the Red is iron base. But into the peculi- I carefiilscrutin^ lunt and combi- to some extent, nan system, and :t they wish to ler of them, idopt the analy- administration. an be obtained oe, is an impor- enil nature of re- ition of general :tttal observation is greatly more upon. Mineral snimal economy SWEET CHALYBEATE SfEINGS "5 that are not Indicated by their analyses, and, in some cases, they produce results that are directly contra- indicated. But, in reference to these particular waters, there seems to be quite a concurrence between the in- dications afforded by their analyses and actual observa- tion as to their effects. , j »^ With both of these lights before us, we are forced to regard the Red Spring water as being more decidedly tonic in its influences upon the system than the water of the Sweet Spring, and somewhat more exciting, too; hence, all the cautions that have been "IJ" »"!•*'' ence to the contra-indications of the use of the Sweet Spring water, apply even with more force as to the use ^ From the same lights we also learn that, as a very gentle aperient, and a mild and somewhat less exctttng AwiV, the Sweet Springs have the preference, and espe- cially in such cases as do not admit or require the use of chalybeates. The dimreHc effect is about the same from the use of either water. These general principles may, to some extent, I hope, indicate the class of cases that will be most benefited by one or the other of these springs. But it must be confessed that the suWect is someHmes an intricate one, requiring a full knowledge of the case, with a careful comparative estimate of the powers of the two waters, to decide with certainty under the use of which the patient will be mort benefited. There n, however, a We class of cases that will be essentially, if not eqtially, benefited by the use of either of these waters. To «ach cases as require the use of the iron tonics, the Red Swwt water is peculiarly weU adapted, and maybe prescribed with ereat confidence. Both internally, and as a bath, the Red Sweet waters are adapted to numerous diseases. As a tome in cises of nervous debility, or of general prostration, the result of prior violent disease, they may be used with great confidence. In tfy^efsio, farHeuUtrfy wkm comueted gg6 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGmtA. with gastrotfynia, and irregular pains in the stomach, with want of tone in the alimentary canal, they may de advantageoualy employed. In Gastralgio, or nervous dyspepua, after the force of the disease has been soft- ened down by the use of medicines, or alterative mm- eral waters, they deserve the highest commendation. Cases of chronic diarrhoea have been cured by the Red Sweet waters, after other springs, more commonly recommended for that disease, have failed to give relief. Simple debility of the uterine and urinary functions is very generally benefited by these waters, ^erma- torrhma, and that peculiar nervous prostration con- nected with excessive or improper indulgences, are very happily treated by them, where regard is had to the state of the system in connection with their use. They are profiubly prescribed in debility resulting from ex- hausting discharges, provided such ducharges have lelt no seat of irritation to which general excitement may cause a rapid afflux of fluids with increased sensibility. Ladies who are laboring under debility from long confinement or nursing,— those whose hwlth has be- come impaired from want of exercise m the open air, as well as those who have been enervated by ieucmrfuea, or other exhausting causes, will be greatly benefited by using the water and bath. . ^ . . In Neuralpt aifections, unattended « th organic lesion or obstruction, this water is used with very gen- eral success, and rarely fails to ameliorate or cure such cas^ss. ^ o J J In speaking of the waters of the Red Sweet and Sweet Srings, I wish to be understood as alluding to the baths, as well as to the internal use of *«];[*»«»• In a large majority of cases, the bath is, douDtiMS, tne most prominent agent in effecting a cure. Merely as a AiM, there is probably little difference in me effects of the two springs. The temperature of the Red Sweet is two or three degrees warmer than the Sweet, i nis, in some cases, might be a difference of importance. * GimA. n the ttomach, a1, they maybe jfia, or nervous I has been soft- alterative min- mmendation. sn cured by the more commonly ed to give relief, rinary functions aters. S^rma- prostration con- Igences, arc very 1 is had to the their use. They suiting from ex- charges have left excitement may sased sensibility, ibilityfrom long ; health has be- in the open air, ^hy Uueorrhaa, latly benefited by >d w'ih organic id with' very gen- erate or cute such Red Sweet and }d as alluding to se of the waters, is, doubtless, the ure. Merely ^°' ^**flSf itches at a single bound. This cannot be from the .SS?tion of Jiy of the materials of the water by the Jutanious vessels: The few minutes that we lemain in the water, especially the very short time after thestric- ture of the skin from the first plunge has passed off. forbid such an idea. May it not be owing to a stimu- lant impression imparted by the carbonic ac^as to the nerVes of the skin, and by sympathy extended rapidly over the whole body? ^^ , . ^ . ^^ ... Wut amile from the Sweet Chalybeate, and on the same esUte, a bold spring, decidedly su^hMrms tnch^ Mter, issuei from under aheavy ledge of rocks. If the SSie^Tem that probably find a way into this suring were carefully excluded, it might constitute a sulphur fountain worthy of notice. J r CHAPTER XIII. HOY SFRINOS. Elfeelt of the Wtten Intermdly wid Ext«ii«My «»•«>- ^iS^'V dSww» to whleh th«y an •ppUc*ble-«pecuUtiooi on Tli«nii««- lation, etc. The Hot Springs are in the county of Bath, thirty- five miles northeast from the White Sulphur, and twenty-one west from Millborough Depot. Comfort- able bathing-houses have been erected for the accom- modation both of male and female patients. In each of these houses suitable arrangements are made for taking the sweat oxphtngt bath, ii-may be desired } or for receiving the douche when it may be required. The several baths are supi^ied with water frwn sepa- rate springs ; they range in temperature from loo to io6* of heat. The effects of these waters in disease prove that they are medicated, though they are con- . sideied by many as simple hot water. They are known to contain sulphate and carbonate of lime, sulpMte of soda and magnesia, a minute portion of muriate of iron, carbonic acid gas, nitrogen gas, and a trace of sulphu- retted hydrogen gas; and, when used internally, some of the consequences are such as we might expect from our knowledge of their constituent parts. These waters, taken internally, are antacid, mildly aperient, and freely diuretic and diaphoretic. But, wlten used as a general bath, their effects are very de- cided. They equalize an unbalanced circulation, and thereby restore the system to its natural sensibility, upon the existence of which their capacity to perform (it8) ■'Ana*!. ^ammmcm II ■■ ■hum iMMii irtiwilr"^'^ \y uied— Analjnb— UtkNU OB Th«niMll- of Bath, thirty- te Sulphur, and •epot. Comfort- d for the accom- itiente. In each ta are made for ly be desired ; or k required, water from sepa* ure from ioo° to iraters in disease gh they are con- They are known lime, sulphate of )f muriate of iron, a trace of sulphu- 1 internally, some night expect from urts. >e antacid, mildly iiaphoretic. But, ffects are very de- d circulation, and lattural sensibility, Lpacityto perform * NOT SPXINGS. 1 19 their several functions, and the beneficial action of all remedies, depend. They relax contracted tendons; excite the action of absorlKnt vessels; promote glan- dular secretion; exert a marked influence over the biliuy and urinary systems, and often relieve, in a short time, the pain caused by palpable and long-stand- ing disease in some vital organ. They have been analyied by Professor William B. Rogers. The saline ingredients in one hundred cubic inches of water are — Cubomte of lime T-^S CarixHMte of mugnesia. •*"3»4 Sulphate of lime »3»* Sulphate of magnetia. m *S3«> Sulphate of soda. ..^....»......... 1303 Chloride of sodium and magnesium, with a trace of chlo- ride of calcium *»^ Proto-carbonate of iron <»<>9o Silica •"■'HS i«.77« The free gas consists of nitrogen, oxygen, and car- bonic acid gas. It also contains a mere trace of sul- phuretted hydrogen. . , . . The heat of the human body, as ascerUined by in- serting the bulb of a thennometer under the tongue, is about 06**,— aoroettmes as high as 98° ; and these degrees seem to be the same, with little variation, in all parts of the world, neither affected, in the healthy body, by the heat of the torrid nor the cokl of the frigid zones. But this, however, relates rtiiitai««flll. 130 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. perceive why a bath heated to 98^ gives a strong and decided sense of warmth to the skin ; and a sensation of slight warmth, rather than of chilliness, is felt, even several degrees below this point. Whenevef a bath is raised above th^ degree of animal heat, it then becomes a direet stimulus to the whole system, rapidly accelerates the pulse, increases the force of the circulation, renders the skin red and susceptible, and the vessels full and turgid. The temperature, of the Hot Spring baths, ranging from 100° to 106°, must be decidedly stimulaHt, and the more or less so according to the particular bath emi^oyed. It is prolmble that to their stimulant power we are mainly indebted for their curative virtue. The soothing and tranquillizing effects, which often follow their use, are the result of their sanative influence in bringing the organism into a normal condition. Hot baths are potent and positive agebts. When Applied to the human body they are never nrgative in their influences, but will do either ^ood or harm, ac- cording to the judgment and skill with which they are employed. Their stimulant influences forbid their use in all Kmte diseases, and they are contra-indicated in such chronic cases as are attended with hi^h vascular ex- citement, or exalted nervous susceptibility. There are, nevertheless, a large number of ekrvme diseases in which hot bathing constitutes the most rational and the chief reliance of the invalid. But these potent agents should never be prescribed merely fbr the mmt of a disease, however carefully its nomenclatnre has been selected. The precise exisHng sMe ^tke system^ whatever may be the pathology of the disease, ought always to be care- ftdly looked to before a course of hot bathing is directed. These baths are found eminently useful jn most cases of thr»me rheumuHsm, and in th^jMmous forms of nut. In IocbI parafysiSf occasioned by the use of any of the fbineral poisons, or in metastasis of gout, rheumatism, mmm mmmmm « .i&BiaiSfe^ VIRGINIA. gives a strong and n; and a sensation lliness, is felt, even ti^ degree of animal nulus to the whole ;, increases the force red and susceptible, ring baths, ranging ledly stimulant, and the particular bath leir stimulant power irative virtue. The , which often follow sanative influence in lal condition, live agefats. When ire never negative in T good or harm, ac- , with which they are bid their use in all ra-indicated in such th high vascular ex- !ptibilTty. There are, 0«^ diseases in which ational and the chief potent agents should le ntmt of a disease, re has been selected. tystem^ whatever may ightalwavstobecare- lot bathing is directed, ly useful in most cases jwSousforins of I**', the use of any of the of gout, rheumatism, HOT SPXINGS. 131 diathesis ; deafness, connected with defective or vmatw Mcretioni of the membrane of the ear ; old f^atns, or Sher^nM injuries of the joints, are often much ^ifi,t^TS^Sre'^oi;tratf^^^^^^ raneeSrtiey are used with happy effects, particu- Sy tTL dLhe, when applied over the region of the liver to relieve the torpor of that organ. So much has been written on the medical appli- caWitrof />£i.a/ waters, that I have not though U necosarv here to do more than to lay down a fiew «?e^SrSrinci5^es to guide the invalid in theu use, £S to Xde to some Jarticular diseases. ^oxtY^^ rfthich these springs are known to bf^J!"^^^- The cause of the high temperature of thennal sprmj has long^been a matter of curious »pec«!*tion. Seme hSe^ttibuted it to the agency of electncity; butth« miS bTregarded in the light of an mgemous speai- SSn; rat^SVhan the result of observation and ft^ctt. £ fa ven? common now to regard various phenomena M Sie Smlt of electrical influences, pn^ctpally^per- SIm bSuse we know the agent to be very potent ^fpe^grSut p«tly beaTuse of our igno^nce of SeiScraluSi by which electricity w governed. Rrt, S5£?eTthe fictsmy be, there -eems to be no pnaof aTOTOximating to a reasonable probability, *»"* «1^- SS? "^""Vwy «>n<=«™«'l » producmg the.high *TSSrtSL^^'^d?rwhich elicit, tjelarjgt amount of credence from scientific «« Vti?2nSa "the heat of thermal springs is owin|[ to the ontija hJS of the globe, and tlit it increases m proporuon to I IS* MINERAL WAtEttS 0f VIRGINIA. tlitf^ depth from which they proceed/' The philow- pher Laplace embraced this theory, and if », I behete, held by most geologists. It is orged,* and, to some extent, is weU maintained, that the temperature of the earth increases, as we descend into it, about one de- gree for every hundred feet; and if the increasecon- tiBues in this proportimi, w« should arrive Ht boAHig water at the depth of tesi than three mites. In proof of this fact, the regular increase of lemperglure, as b9rhM\»itt descended Into the earth in the artesntit well >C Paris, tkJfW eighteen hundred ffeef deep, and throwing out, by a subterranean power, an immense volume of warm water, might be cited. But what are we t» do wkh the apparently refttting fec« exhibited m the salt wells a< Kanawha in West Virginia? Several Of these wdls have been bored to the depth of sixteen or seventeen hundred feet, and without any appreciable tttcrease of temperature. Other theorists. suppose that thermal iqwings owe fbeir temperature to circumscribed volcanoes, and that Mch springs are a sort of safety-valve to those sobter- nmeoQs coi^agrations. It » well known that an cntlw q«.Le, or an eruption of a volcano, has often produced a change in the temperature of thermal springs that were even at some distance from the fAace «rtiere these phenomena occurred. There is stifl another theory, "that wppows that the heat of these springs is produced by certain p»o- cesses going on in the interior of the «(rth, and that these processes are attended with an adMorpf ion of ewy- gew and a consequent extrication of caloric." In th* abience of any positive knowle^e on the wftject, this theory would seem to be sastdned by as much frnM" « See Professor Dirabeny't OMr, in (be sixtli ll^Mtot of (he Brttiih AHMcWrtioit te 4le Adnutecnetit of Soieno*. « 3iiilHK> UNIA, The philoso^ if is, I beliete, ■ and, to some perature of the about one de- ! increase con- rive » boHing lites. Id proof etapentfore, as in the ortewtM htt deep, and r, an immense But what are fiict exhibited ■ginia? Several lipth of sixteen my ai^recid!^ al iqfwings owe anoes, and that to those sabter- n that an earth" oflen pioduced tal springs that Bw:e i^e» these I sui^Mwes that by certain pfO- earth, and th«t florpfiottofoNy dotlc." In the llhe Mfeject, f hh as much fmbtt-' HOT SPRINGS. 133 bility as any of the others that have been alluded to. But this is a subject that falls strictly within the province of geology; and the real and success with which that science is being prosecuted, afford reason- able grounds to look to its votaries for some elucala- tion of this curious topic. la* Itqxut of (he Brftiih M r CHAPTER XIV. WARM SP^NGS. Ai«l«l»-Tlme and Maimer of Using-Diiewei for which Em- " ' ployed, etc. Thb Warm Springs are in a narrow vale, at the western base of the Warm Spring Mountain, m the rSnt^orSith. fifty miles west of Staunton, and five miles northeast from the Hot Spnngs. They are among the oldest of our watering-places, having been rcsortld to on account of their medicinal virtues for ^re Aan ninety years. The ?'??«'%''« I«j!°»«* by Governor Fauquier to the Lems f'»»>ly' »« ' ''^f: „ Several of our medicinal fountains claim to have b«en known and appreciated by the aborigines of the country. K iSSce to this particular one, there «« «Mny tales 'rJla7idb?'hIt vener^ class, the 'Ifestu^^^^ ^^ the discovery and use of its waters by the Indums. It fa mSter of sober history, that very soon a^r the dicovery of the Warm Springs by cmliwd man, Aey SJ?^celebrated for their curative q«a»'V^ « SSSases, as well a, for the me^iux^^^ ing ; and that they were frequented, "«"»^h labor ana fatiiue, by invalids, before any other (save the Sweet Spmgi) of the valuable watering-places m Virginia ''"5.efoJS;ing is the result of « analysis of a sUnd- ard gaUon of this water by Mr. Hayes, of Boston .— Sulphate of potadu SH^hate of aminoma... (.134) 1.371 paint. 0.369 " ■aiiiiillii|||iM»*>*^"^';'*S5 f!o» tifolly supplied with connwrn sprmg '^'' f P~*?5 the icS^Bg Wib, of a temptrawft of from 60 "*&«»««,« pnunice in the Hit of the Wtrm^rig from welve ta twenty minul« .««^ti«fc ^^ LiaM MMci^v i^tB the bath is used «w oiianeous The best timet for ^'•'Wngaj^ijAe «»«Jy be^ fore dinner. Where pwapwti^w Ui »«!««*»<•»• *» X*:- I 136 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. should be taken in the evening, the patient retinng to bed immediately after. The diseases for which these baths have been profit- ably employed are numerous; amcng them are atonic gout, chronic rheumatism, indolent swellings of the toints or lymphatic glands, paralysis, obstructions of the liver and spleen, old syphilitic and syphiloid dis- eases, chronic cutaneous diseases, nephritic and calcu- lous disorders, amenorrhoea and dysmenorroea. Occa- sionally, chronic diarrhaa is relieved. The same may be said of neuralgia: but, most generally, we find baths of somewhat lower temperature more beneficial in this disease. In connection with the internal use of the alum waters, these baths will be found very service- able in the various and distressing forms of scrofula. In painful affections of the limbs, following a mercu- rial course, they are efficacious, and the more so if em- ployed in collection with the internal use of the sul- phur waters. Some precautions should be observed in entering upon the use of these baths, even by those to hose diseases they may be well adapted. The bowels should be open, or in a solvent condition ; the state of the tongue should indicate a good condition of the stom- ach; the patient should be free from febrile excitement, and from the weariness and exhaustion generally the result of traveling in the public convMrances in hot weather. Many commit an error, and occasionally make themselves quite ill, by imprudently plunging into the bath immediately after arriving at the spring!^ and before they have in any degree become relieved ' fr(Hn the fatigue and excitement of the travel necessary to reach Aem. From such an imprudent course, the bitber his little rational grounds to hope for benefit,^ and is fortunate if he escape without injury. Timely and properly used, these baths are entirely safe ; and for the btxury of baOui^ are equal, or supe- rior, to any elsewhere to be found. GINIA. patient retiring ave been profit- hem are atonic sellings of the obstructions of 1 syphiloid dis- ritic and calcu- norroea. Occa- The same may lerally, we find more beneficial s internal use of nd very service- rms of scrofula, owing a mercu- e more so if em- d use of the suU ved in entering those to hose le bowels should the state of the ion of the stom- >rile excitement, >n generally the veyances in hot nd occasionally dently plunging ig at the springs, become relieved ! travel necessary ident course, the biope for benefit,, njury. Aths are entirely ■e equal, orsupe- ■■■*=a CHAPTER XY. HKAUNO SPIUNOS. LocatioB^AMtoet-Thenmeutlc Actk»-IMMM« fw which they may be Prescribed, etc. ^ This medicinal fountain is in Bath Coomy, Vltghriar and is one of the thermed springs that give name to that counir, mA for which fbe cftain of vaHeys, tliat Jw at t»e western base of the Warm Spring Motwtam, is jw remarkable. The most southern of the grotip is the FatKng Sfrtng VaOty, whTch emibosoms the water 0M*r The Healing Springs comprise Aree "ep^e^?^ Jg^ Twtt of these are quite near each other, and !»e t*»»a af a distance of perhaps two *«n*e£y«*i» f»J **^ ravine. These spring* are beamtfiiBy bright and <» talKne; and the ever-b«fsting bubbfcs <>« J«»"j** escape with the water and fioat in myriad* of vesKiet upon its sBTfiKe, impart to K a peeuHar sparkling ap» pearance. ^- •^ m^ .^_. m^m Their temperature is uniformly W" Faltf., nor are ther suMect to any vwiatlon of quaotitv or 30._ tWHWirtM W W *» FefcmlWlT. Water MWya^tatest-MTW- Oim i*o» eontria*- C M*oo^ «>f time. ...... ""'"JZ'SZl *!!5fi**^ CeibMiatetrfinm. -"^ ',. Siih>hateofUine.„ .„...~«»....~ i."^ „ subtle Af ancoMfak..... » 7-39« («37) jjg MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. SutptateoTpotMM. 'fS?*^ Su^teofiron * „ Sulphate ofMnmonla. "»* „ Cailoride of poUMium "5| .. Chlorkte of aodium. ^-J^ ,. OiiMilc«cld.prota*lrc«»te ^-^^ .. SulphnNtted hyorofen P^'~ I ft tnwe of Mch. UMBiM i ^_____ 38.ooaio " The babUM of m» that itae conuto in too p«rt« nitrofen gu 97.as. caiboAie add gat *.7$- The contents of the Old Spring are *^^^y^ Mine, being somewhat less abundant in solid nM^^ A speciw of aigm springs up luxuriantly in th«c waters: It is of a dark«reen color, and exceedingly delicate and beautiful in structure. The water, when drunk, acts in three principal ways upon the *^*^ wit: upon the kidneys, the AmwA, and the sktn: and Se retative affinity for each particular organ is cor- rectlv indicated by the order of their enumemtion. TheViSctSn to eShcr is inBuenced somewhat by the condition of the system and by the manner of «u«ng the water. But while it is capable of being directed to either organ specifically, it may be so employed as to S«rt alSeiJTand njt less salutary effect over the whole at once. Its simuluneous action upon three g^femunctories of the body, with its capacity to be directed specifically to either, constitutes this water a Sfc and iStle, bit at the same time a certain and efllcient, depurating agent of the huma» body. Bathiig, both gen^ and topical, is a vaJoable and important mode of employing the water, and rfiould SSfbeVilected when deiianled by the circumstances **^Th?^<^*thtf Healing Springs, so fer as it is capa- '^aa^ia^ii^«gS^!»«Si®8*'iWi«fe«^^^'*-^ 13^ J& i*> > ^i.-J&i^* la«i«. m QINIA. 9.530 fnins. .100 " .934 " "53 " .•88 i.8ao '* .87« " a.a86 " XOOIO " ; essentially the n solid material, iriantly in these and exceedingly rhe water, when )n the system, to d the sJan; and ar organ is cor- sir enumeration, somewhat by the nner of using the eing directed to } employed as to ^ effect over the :tion upon three its capacity to be tutes this water a ne a certain and oanbody. is a valuable and rater, and should die circumstances 10 &r as it is capa- HEAUNC SPRINGS. ble of classification, may be regarded, in itt gcnm^ and corrugated. waters have acquired In subacute rkeumahm meac ^liitn n»yv h «^unSXm in«. "^ .^SZ/S.'^'Se'^Sh appropriate adjuvants should be employed. •4» MINERAL WATERS OF ViRGINlA. la mtmralgjia, a congener of the diteise just con- iiidered, tke water ii frequently found to be remedial, and, from its alleviation of the thrilling, piercing pain attrodant upon this affection, one of the springs re- ceived long since the homely but expressive title of « Toothache ^ring." It is to those cases, dependent opoD general derangement of die system, lesuUing from a resideaoc in unhealthy districts of country^ or those that have their origin in nervous irritability, or q)ring from a gouty or rheumatic diathesis, that the water is adapted* Dyspepsia, that inveterate scourge of the sedentary and thoug^itftd, not unfrequently finds an antidote in these waters. . „ ,. « . For ckrmie tkmsh or <^A«, the Healing Springs have been employed with success. I have occasionally sent patients, suffering under ftrmu ^tttums <^ the Umng coat ef the boweU, to thU water with good effect- , . . ,1. Leiuarrluea, and other kindred disorders of the feoule, when independent of malignant action, or actual displacement of organs, will often yield to the free internal and external use of the waters. Some of the diseases of the urinary organs are favor- ably controlled by these waters ; among which may be enumerated ehrwik irritaiUm, with mucous discharge from the bladder. I have had occasion to be pleased with their effects in several such cases. 'GINIA. iaease just con- to be remedial, g, piercing pain the sprii^ re- pressive title of :aaes', dependent D, resulting from ountry^ or those bility, or spring that the water is of the sedentary \ an antidote in Healing Springs suffering under \e bowtU, to this lisorders of the ;nant action, or »ften yield to the raters. organs are favor- ng which may be lucous dischvges ion to be pleased CHAPTER XVI ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS. th. county of Rockbnd«e,oon<« to™ p^ ^^ "%sr^'>^^} '-5, T^TJ^^. -"'" '•Ti.S«S,"o".'S^r«S o,U«, ...l ■tone. There are nveoiwCTc -nd also d ffering ""F-i^'.'lJilon of .h. w.»r he produced th. follow- ing results :— !■•••••••«•******** ,••••••••••••••' SolphAie of potash gi^^hatcof um€ ■ Sulplnte of magnet.* P m tiMddc of iron. ...•••••■■ ,.^_ g£?rf"ii;;;;nto •- QdorMe of MMUnm.. SOMc viA •" Free •ulpharie add.. Cartianic acid • '*' Poie water. S6M7 ,583iS>3X9 13 *4» MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. Alum waters are of lomewhat recent introduction as remedial agents, and close practical observation is yet a desideratum as to their peculiar therapeutical ogency and most appropriate medicinal applicability. These waters certainly possess unequivocal curative powers, and, although their reputation is now high, they are destined to advance still fiirther in public confidence. Experience has fully shown that they are very effica- ciously used in many diseases of the skin and the gland- ular system, and that in sereftUmu affections they offer new hopes to the afflicted. But the name .^tf/Mw, applied to these springs, while it is intended to conform to the general spring nomen- clature of calling springs after some one of their leading in^edients, is, mediciuly considered, a misnomer, and conveys the erroneous idea that their virtues are owing to the alum they hold in solution. Chemically considered, they are an abtmimms sul- pkaitd (hafyieate, containing, as will be seen from their analysis, many of the best materials that are found in the most valued mineral waters of Europe or this country. The protoxides of iron, sodium, potash, lime, magnesia, and ammonia, together with sulphuric, car- bonic, crenic, chloric, and silicic acids, exist in the water in common with alum. Some of these ingre- dients are found in the most distinguished of the English and German waters, particularly in those of Tunbridge, Harn^te, Leamington, and Aix-la-Cha- elle, as well as in the waters of the famous Spa, m ilgium; in those of Passy, and in the celebrated springB of Bagnires, in Garonne ; all of which have acquired a world-wide celebritv for the cure of many disesaes for which the Rockbridge Alum has been suc- cessfully Inscribed. The fact should always be borne in mind by those who are investigating mineral waters, that it is rather to the eemfMHd, than to any single in||redient of a mineral water, that we are to look for its medicinal iGM/A. introdaction u •ervatioa ii yet ipeutical agency ibility. Theie imrive powen, high, they are blic confidence. ' are very eflka- n and the gland- ctiont they offer ■pringt, while it I spring nomen- : of their leading a misnomer, and irirtuet are owing a aAmitums tml- e seen from their I that are found f Europe or thii iim, potash, lime, h sulphuric, car- ids, exist in the '■ of these ingre- iguished of the arly in those of and Aiz-la-Cha- fiunous Spa, in the celebrated 1 of which have le cure of many tm has been suc- I mind by those that it is rather in^ifdient of a >r Its medicinal ROCKBRIDOR ALUM SPRINGS. 143 efficiency and the scope of its applicability. That alum is an important ingredient in the compound of this water I do not mean to question, but that it is so transcendentl^ important as to ^ive name to the spring is very questionable. It is said that a rose by an^ other name will smell as sweet, and so will this abmt- Homs tulphated thafyhtatt be Just as efficacious under the appellation of Alum. But the real objection to the misnomer lies behind this, and exists in the fact that it is calctdated to mislead the uninitiated, in the ab- sence of analjTsis or careful inquiry. Indeed, I have reason to know that persons have not unfrequently been disinclined to visit the Alum, influenced by the name alone, and under the impression that the water, as its name imports, would act as an astringent, and therefore be hurtful to them. But whether the name be, or be not, the best that could have been adopted, it is now a fixture, established by many years' usage, and is not likely to be chunged ; and my only object in calling attention to the subiect is to enter a caution against persons being miska as to the character of the water from the mere name of the spring. The immediate effects of these waters, under their full and kindly influences upon the system, are those of a febrifuge tonic; resembling the action of some of our best vegetable medicines of that class; but superior to them, from their specific tendency to the bowels and kidneys. By their diflusible astringent and tonic powers they resolve the congestions of engorged viscera and re- move subacute inflammations ; thus releasing and giving activity to the fluids, they fill up the superficial capil- laries and veins, and give a full, slow pulse, with a warm suriace, and soft skin. They purge mildly, perhaps, two-thirds of the per- sons thiu use them' freely. Their action upon the kuhuyt is generally prompt, sure, and sometimes active. wmmmmssat .11 .U JMIIIJULIJJ! ill ■ 144 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. Their action upon the skin is secondary, and is the result of their sanative action upon the blood-vessels and internal organs, by resolving inflammation and congestions, — and hence is always to be regarded as a favorable indication in the case. Experience has shown that these waters are effi- caciously {N'escribed in many diseases of the skin and glanduUur system; b^us and other malignant ulcera- tions of the mouth and' throat have bwn cured by them. In various chronic afiections of the digestive organs they are advantageously used. They are valuable in mesenteric afiections, particu- larly in persons, old or young, of scorbutic tendencies. In ehtvnie diarrheta they display speedy and happy eflects. Being prompt and active as a diuretic, when judi- ciously used, they are found beneficial in chrome irriUt- HtnSf and dehiUty of the kidney, bladder, and urethra. To several of the afiections commonly known as femaU diseases they are happily adapted. In leueor- rktea, as would readily be inferred from their com- position, they are an admirable remedy ; often curing that disease, although it has been a complaint of long standing. In Menorrhagia, unattended with plethora of the blood-vessels, and with the system in a condition to bear tonics, they may be prescribed with confidence. ' In amenorrAeea and dysmenorrkeea, where a phlogosed state of the system does not contra-indicate the use of mineral tonics, they may be used to eminent advantage. In the chlorotic condition of the female svstem gen- erally, and especially when the tendency is great to paucity or poverty ef blood, the waters #iU be used to much advantage. In anamic conditions generally, and in cases of debility and loss of tone in the nervous system, they may be administered with confidence. JSronekitis, when in connection with a strumous '^£#HiiS^itS«itfteM*>:,^«iasi^iii^ia«^«ii^ [ondary, and it the the blood-vesKb inflammation and I to be regarded as a waters are effi- of the sHn uul malignant ulcera- ave \xKa. cured by he digestive organs aflections, particu- corbutic tendencies, y speedy and happy diuretic, when judi- cal in chronit irritu- dder, and uretitra. ommonly known as idapted. In Uucot' ed from their com- imedy; often curing a complaint of long :nded with plethora tystem^ in a condition t)ed with confidence. , where a phlogosed a-indicate the use of ) eminent advantage, female s^tem. gen- mdency is great to ters #ill be used to y, and in cases of lervous system, they ice. D with a strumous ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS. diathesis, may be treated by these waters to advan- tage ; in such cases they will be found to be one of our best remedies. In gastraigia, or nervous dyspepsia, they often act kindly and effectively, by changing the action of the mucous membrane and relieving it of its subacute irritation. They actively promote the appetite and invigorate the digestive powers. But it is especially in scrofula that these waters have won their highest honors and established a repu- tation among the best mineral waters not only of this country but of the world. Their happy combination of tonic, alterative, diuretic, and aperient qualities renders them an efficient remedy in many of the ills of humanity; but especially in the various forms of strumous disease, and even their worst forms, the^ merit confidence and deserve praise. In this formi- dable class of affections, whether exhibited in the hardened and enlarged glands, and in ulcerations in children, in ophthalmic inflammations, in mesenteric indurations, or in its more intense and pervading devel- opment of adult life, they have been extensively used, and generally with benefit to the sufferers. But let me not be misunderstood as intending to convey the impression that they will cure every case of this disease, whatever may be its seat, character, or combination ; both my judgment and experience fall short of this conclmon; but they both concur in regarding the remedy 4s among the best, if not the very best, now known for scrofidia. The Rockbridge Alum, as therapeutic water, is not a negative agent : its e&cts upon the system are posi- tive, direct, and palpable. It is, in a high sense of the term, a mtdicinal water, capable, when properly directed and applied, of doing ^nax good in a wide circle of cases, or, when injudiciously used, of disap- pointing hopes and producing injury. It does not 13* -'if i ffii :< ^"^ !! I s i PKB Ml T ■,-j»3a M .» iJrMt»MgjJ!iBrg'. ' / ,^ MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. beioDR to that anomalous class of agents of which it is often sadd "they will do no harm if they do no good. £ Sing the'potent character of these wate'^^'jj importance that cases which are to be wbmitted to heir use should be carefully discrimmated, and that Se wis should be employed under the f .rect.on of judgment and experience, must be apparent to all. JORDON ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS. ThU is the name given to a new -i/im ^\^l opened in the immediate vicmity of the old Rock- bridge Alum, and flowing from the f-c^tnita of slate formation that supply the water of t^elattcr spring. The analysis of this water by Professor WiUiam Gil- ham shows that one gallon of it conUins— ^, „, 9.900 grains. Of iBlca .^* .. Of tulphate of alumiiw. » ng .. Of sulphrt* of magnMU^ 2*8o8 " Of sttlpiiate of lime............. |'^ .. Of ralplwte of protoxide of iron '-^ .. Of snlpiwte of potash .g'; ., OigM^ 'nuUter, not detenniiied. iv> A valuable water of its class. : Tli«KJatUched to thU property another .Dnng, kniwTa. JcdiniAhm Water, which Poj««,f '^J medicinal powers, and some ^"^ «»."^"^ ^, water of thk spring is not only adapted to the treat- SeSofthevarious diseases forwhich other alum waters « iS^rb^also. from its highly •itenUive compo- SSoSrS be a reliable remedy In cases wheiem those waters would be uncertain or inefficient. UNIA. I of which it is rdonogood." ese waters, the > submitted to lAted, and that lie direction of rent to all. IPRINGS. htm spnng just the old Rock- estrau of slate atter spring, or William Gil- a.9ao grains. SM9 " 4-666 " 3.808 " ...... 8.39» " ...... 0.658 " ...... 8.858 " eter- very similar to ; neighborhood, ;o be essentially esides this alum, but promises to y another spring, toaiesBes valuable r tb itself. The ted to the treat- >ther alum waters Iterative compo- es wherein those nt "^'--isi3*«.- « CHAPTER XVII. BATH ALUM 8PRIM08. An-^D.— ^ S«««r *e S^- ^ which «.ey».,b. The Bath Alum Springs are situated near the east- e JbLf if the Warm Spring Mountain^ on the mrin JSie^ leading from Staunton to tj' Wjujn Spmgs. fcSty-^miles w«t of the former and five miles east of ^mvIlfirS which they arise is an extensive cove, ir^auliw endrded by mountains, with an uiii)roduc- ti^Wy Sf.^' "J^^J'^^^ ■omewhat from each other. One of them » a v SSSJ dhlybeate, with but «"»«. •»"»; «^£^ miM5dial/beate,withmorealumina; whiteU^ other. j'jirtr ,48 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. are alum of different degrees of strength, but aU con- tainins an appreciable quantity of iron. Prof. Hayes, of Boston, the same gentleman to whom we are indebted for the analysis of several of our mm- , era! springs, has analyzed the waters of the Bath Alum, and renders the following results from his chemical ^"'luffiS'gaMon (58-37» gwi™) ''"J^* "?«|»"J of water of the spring known as No. s, used in his anal- ysU, and showed the following results :— Purew*ter..„ **'''^lS Ffiee sulphuric Mid " ''.'g Carbonic add ';!S Sulphate of potash j*2a Proioiide of tam - J^^ Alumina . IS Crenata of ammonia '' Silicate of soda ^ " S4.79» Put. water S'3»7.«>« 58379.000 Mr Hayes states that when much reduced in volume by evkporition, the exc«s of «cid chars the oiganic acid pment, and alters the composition of the salts. « In considering the composition of the^ waters, tne protoxide of iron is assumed to be united to the sul- phuric acid. The change produced by heating is re- Sirred to the action of the crenate of wnmonia, andis . the same as ordinarily where crcnates, free fr« 58379.000 duced in volume lais the oiganic m of the salts, these waters, the nited to the sul- by heating is re- ammonia, and is s, free from apo- a water. When , aihd exposed to ct from that pro«^ I, or any decom- Iver and oxide of are removed, the afford brilliant BATH ALUM SPXINGS. scales of metaUic silver, until reduced to a small «• The gaseous matter in these waters is a mixture of carbonic acid, nitrogen, and a small proportion of oxyeen, and the measure is about one volume of the mixed gases to forty volumes of the water. The car- bonic acid is given by weight, so that a uniform expres- sion of acid relation Is adopted, "d no misconception can arise if the reader bears in mmd the fact that w- bonic acid has more than twice the Mid or neutralising power possessed by the strongest fluid sulphuric ac d. Dr. Strother, an intelligent physician, who long resided in the neighborhood, thought ve^^TSF*"^^ these waters in scr(^taus, eruphve, f«^J;^f.y'^ Htms. • He also bears testimony to their good effects w oU hefiatic derangements, ehrfinic diarrheea, ehyntf thrusH, nirwus debiUty, and in various utennt duecae*, »pe^ cially in the worst forms of paenorrhagia, and m fiuor altus, both uterine and vaginal. In tkUroHe females, and in a broken-down condition of the nervous system, often in malts the result of youthful improprieties, as well as .">»«,*€ system » onimic, but free from obstinate visceral obstructions, this water promises to be very beneficial. Its high chalybeate and aluminous unpregnation manifests decided tonic and astringent powers, and indicates its adaptation to a^ number of diseases, such as hemorrhages of the passive character, the VJ^^^ obstinate cutaneous and ulcerative diseases, «>« «»«J«^ conditions of the system generally, that are unattended with visceral obstructions. CKAFTEB. XVnl. ROCKBRIDGE BATHS. '^"?°?**K./.batb adapted to nervous diseases, g«»end As a /iwiw Mtn. T"*1„ *K»„-ive classof cases found debmty..ndtot^t^rete.»ived« *** **. n ^^SeW^SerJive mineral waters,- „J^ oSAen D«P«. br •««"""""« "^ "" graded ro«ds. COLD SULPHUR SPRING. ThS. i. a verv pleasant sulphur spring* about seven This IS a 'f 7 P'^'S: •!!»« &it«m and two nuleswest «^oanty of Rockbridge. (ISO) # ely 8pitaf»-S**- 1 the county of «xington to the Md, and about aated with iron, gas. There are Icient water for ■operty i» hand- id capable of ac- ty to two hundred diseases, gener^ Bss of cases found ic bMbipg,— wd mineral waters, — icaciottf , and are e class <^ invalids, her from Lexing- tnning over well- NG. »ring» about aeven md two miles west Railroad, in the VARIETY SPRINGS.— STRIBLINCS SPRINGS. 151 The water of this spring has not been analyzed. It is distinctly sulphurous in character, however, and has acquired a considerable amount of favor as a medicinal agent. The spring is regarded as a place of useful and pleasant resort by those who visit it. The general medicinal adaptations of the water are the same as those of the other sulphurous waters of the country, which have been fully noticed in treating of the White Sulphur waters, etc VARIETY SPRINGS. This name has been given to a series of fountains in close connection with each other, in the county of Augusta, seventeen miles west from the city of Staun- ton, and near the " Pond Gap" Station, on the Central Railroad. The name Variety, applied- to them, seems to be well chosen, as there are here not only an alum and a cha- lybeate spring, and one of the peculiar characteristics of the Healing Spring in the county of Bath, but also several others differing firom all these, whose precise chaiacter has not been well defined. These waters have been too short a time in use to have established a definite record of their medicinal virtues or adaptations ; nor have any of them, I be- lieve, been analyzed ; their fiivoraUe location, how- ever, and the variety and promising character of their waters, bid fair to bring them prominently into public notice, and ultimately to induce the erection of sdch improvements as a' growing patronage will demand. STRIBUNG'S SPRINGS. These springs are in the county of Augusta, thirteen miles north of Staunton, from which they may be con- veniently reached by stage-coaches. For many years this place was vatued mainly on ac- ^^ MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA, count of it. .ip^r ^tJ^^l^^^S'^^^^'^^ thelMt fcV«^"*L''tTp?u7To«ntal. anS the place been opene^ ';£\J'« »X" U of Sulphur, Alum, and »^nVtrSS<;TthevUitant. The Sux^HU. S...HO ha. been l^^g^^^^^^^^^ and valuable '^t^/ fjif ^Sew Se^^enerally employed. SSphucetwi hydrogen gafc fitalpiutc of po«M»- Sulphate oCioda. Chloride of •pdJum Caiboiwie of jod*..- |.B5octtblcto.3.«99f«)f»- •.;:;•.:. atta •• 0.610 " Caiboiwle Of »od»- SSJ7 „ rmibonete of Ume 3.164 „ phoei>«»»»»'^« r.vr.. ••!S - 8Uio«te of tod*- i.a«9 Ofguks nutter -—-- .. Ldgdlon Of the water:- sSSSSoCpo«m»- «.«77 S^::r=::== - ;^ ffiaSS^^rrr::...........--"" SS-«S9 Ac<»,«i~«f ««--"-"'* "-""'^*°"' GISIA. len, but within ch promise has , and the place hHwr, AhiM, and t. known as a safe 18 for the varioM erally employed. College, has ana- foUowing resultt ibk to. 3.«99 P^ •• OAI9 oiUi :: o.8ia .... 0.610 " ".; i.«>3 " :;;.■:;:;.: iiS I o.aoa Z- o.a53 : I.8a9 J analyied by Pro- results from a stand- STKJBUNCS SPRINGS. >53 5S-«S9 bridge Alum shows a striking similarity, not only m the character of the ingrediento contained in the two waters, but also in the relative proportion of such ingredients. While this water holds in solution a larger amount of su^hat* of iron, magfuria, and Km, it contains some- what leas of ahumna, poUuso, sodium, siUea, and am- monia. The Rockbridge Alum, it will be seen, contains a greater weight of su^huric and carbonic add gas. While both public and professional opinion of the value of this water is very favorable, there seems, never- theless, not to have been any considerable amount of careful and practical observation of its peculiar thera- peutic effects, in a large circle of cases. _ But in the absence of such actual observation of lU effects, the essential similarity of the water to the Rock- bridge waters, whose virtues and adaptations are now pretty well known, leaves no reasonable doubt of the Sreat value of this spring, and indicates with a good eal of clearness its adaptations to the various forms of diseases so happily treated by the waters which it so much resembles in chemical composition. 14 rith that of the Rock ij . IM I II I ~" CHAPTER XIX. lUwter'* 8pftof-Mi«ttt«« SpdBgt-Jontan* WblU Sdplmr RAWLEY'S SPRING. Rawlby's Sfwwo ii situated on the twithern tlope of the North Mountain, in the county of Ro*""*"^' twelve mile, northwert from H«i»»JSL^ Whul one hundred and twenty milet northeast from the White **K? Rawley water it a t^i^nd chapheftej^^]y adaoied. by the amiciation of it» medicinal tnn«lients, rSr-M Sclent tmc and attirathi: and itt «c- ccHful administration for many y«rs provw tnat it poMcs curative properties beyond those of an ordi- "^iSSi'S bpSfessor Mallet's chemical eW nation of this water : — P»ol«dd.oHn» 1^.14 f«..I«I»Pll-»«^ ProtojddBof miimiMWit . ^m _ AtamlMk •^I' , MagMtriiu •• '^ U«|ita(4M»t^'^'^^^ "|g»- 8«««^ :'vr:zrrr: 5SI •• - - ,__■ H •• •• Std^plmric acid. *J^ , ChwiiiM. ••■ '^t^ » •' " audcMjd ~ ......••• -^ Oobonie tOA (cMBbtotd)-............." i.S»M Miih) ..•..." • •*»' ('54) KAWLEY'S SPRING. 155 The gases dissolved are as follows :— > Caibonieacid ~ 7.4a enbie indiM per ImpoU gaUon. oxygw a.07 ;; Nitt^ 4.i« " The protoxide of iron in the water of the two other springs was determined as follows: — Smaller fonntain x.i777 ffniaii per Imperial fdloa. Upper ipring. i-Sago " This analysis, showing that the water not only con- Xxm&protcxide if iron, with carbonic acid in excess, but also that it contains sititie add, alumina, wuu^nese, magnesia, soda, lithia, ammonia, sulpkurie acid, ehhrint, and /tf^A, evidences that it is not only tonic but also alteraiive in its powers. It may be hopefully looked to as remedid in chronic disease generally which is at- tended with low and deficient vital action ; and espe- cially in chronic anemia, chlorosis, hysteria, fluor albus, dyspeptic depravities, passive hemorrhac^, nervous diseases, and particularly in a laige class of female dis- orders depending upon uterine derangement, with de- ficiency of vital force, and, indeed, in chronic maladies generally that are connected with paucity or poverty of blood, and consequent weakness of the general S]rstem. Comparing the natural constituents of healthy human blood with the leading ingredients contained in this water, it is not difficult to account for its adaptedness as an alterative and restorer of that fluid, and for its effi- ciency as a tonic to the relaxed and enervated system generally. The writer has had considerable profeHional expe- rience for many years in the direction of this water f<^r his patients, either 9»z primary or secondary re.aedy in their cases, and the results have been generally very favorable to the agent as a restorative and invigorating tcmic. 156 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. It is not pnly as a primary and independent remedy that these waters are valuable. In various diseases of the abdominal viscera, and other affections, in which the primary use of thermal and strong alterative sulplutr waters is required, and is essential to the cure of the case as a first remedy, the subsequent use of these waters, to finish up the case by restoring the wasted energies of the system long debilitoted by disease, is often a matter of the greatest consequence to the patient. The accommodations at this place have recently been much enlarged, and are now sufficient for the entertain- ment of four or five hundred persons. The Rawley Springs are reached in one day from Baltimore, by way of the Manassas Gap Railroad to Harrisonburg, or by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad via Winchester. The Southern and Western traveler may reach them conveniently from Staunton. MASSANETTA SPRINGS, formerly known as "Taylor's," are in the county of Rockingham, near the Peaks of Massanetta Mountain, and four or five miles east of Harrisonburg. These springs have been long known as possessing medicinal virtues, and especially for dyspeptic deprav- ities, and for the cure of agues of long standing, and other chronic malarial influences. The waters are believed to be alkaline, and strongly magneiian. Prof. Rogers, upon a qualitative examina- tion, reports them to contain eMmne, iron, arseme, Masnum, sodium, Sme, iotUne, and magnesia. While the medicinal effects of these waters have not at yet been sufficiently tested to make for thfcm a reli- able and extensive therapeutic record, they have, never- theless, so decidedly evinced curative powers as to cause them to be favorably regarded among the mineral waters of the country. The proprietors of these springs are prepanng to » I 'A. nt remedy diseases of I, in which ive sulphur aire of the lese waters, >d energies is often a itient. centlybeen E entertain- ; day from Uilroad to io Railroad irn traveler ! connty of I Mountain, I possessing [)tic deprav- inding, and ind strongly ve examina- M, arsem'f, ia. sn have not them a reli- have, never- owers ai to the mineral >reparing to yORDAirS WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 157 open them more extensively for public use than hereto- fore. JORDAN'S WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. These springs are in Frederick County, Virginia, five miles from the town of Winchester, and one and a half from Stephenson's Depot, a point on the Wm- Chester and Harper's ?erry Railroad. They are situ- ated in a small valley, surrounded by hills of no great altitude. The earth in the vicinity of the spnop »• blended with slate, very porous, and readily absorbs all the water that falls upon it. Hence it is as remark- able for its dryness as is the. neighborhood for its ex- emption from vapors and fogs. The grounds about the springs are well covered with grass, are sufficiently extensive for pleasant promenades, and, withal, are shaded by a variety of ornamental trees. The spring, although not one of great boldness, af- fords in abundance a mild, pleasant sulphur water, of the temperature of 57" Fahr., which is said not to be influenced either in quantity or temperature by wet or dry, hot or cold, weather. j %. j j The founttin is inclosed by marble slabs, and shaded by an octagonal structure, supported by larK pilUnt. These waters have never been analyzed, though they will probably be found, judging from the geological position of the fountain, as well as firom the sensible properties of the water itself, to conuin leas hme than many of our sulphur waters, and, therefore, more free, from the harsh ingredients imparted by the sulphate and carbonate of that mineral; while they hold in solution the other components usually found m our sulphur waters. If this suggestion be correct, it points them out as peculiarly valuable in gravel and the various chronic diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and Medicini^y, the water acts as a diuretic and slight aperient. As an tUterathe, it is found to be valuable ! 4MliinM" Ijg MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. in the variots forms of chronic disease in which sulphur waters are commonly beneficial. Among other dis- eases, dyspepsia and the various gastric derangements have derived benefit from its use. The same may be said of Uver disease, hemorrhoids, disease of the shin, and rheumatism, especially when it proceeds from the use of mercury. Several gentleman have borne very decided testimony to the superior efficacy of these waters in gout, and their unirritating quality would seem to point them out as a valuable remedy in that disease. Physicians of eminence, long familiar with the use of this water, speak in high terms of its efficacy in jaundice, and in the Junttional derangements of the atdomtnal viscera generally; also in the various chrome ^ec- tions of the skin ; in chronic irritation of the kidneys and bladder; in gleet, and especially m female sup- pressions, unattended with acute symptoms. :h sulphur )ther dis- ingements le may be ' the skin, from the ome very ' of these ould seem at disease, the use of \ jaundice, abdominal imic affec- [le kidneys ;male sup- CHAPTER XX. BATH OR BERKELEY SPRINGS. BuIt HWory— Bathi and Bathtag-Howw— Medical Propertiet of Ae Wateii-Dteeaiet for which used, etc.— Capon Spring!. The Berkeley Springs are situated in the town of Bath, Morgan County, West Virginia, two jniles and a half from Sir John's Depot, a point on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad one hundred, and thirty miles west of Baltimore and forty-nine miles east of Cumberland. These springs were resorted to by invalids at a vwy early period, and had great celebrity throughout the Colonies. Hundreds annually flocked thither from all quarters, and traditional accounts of the accommoda- tions and amusements of those primitive times are calcu- lated to excite both the mirth and envy of the present age. Rude log huts, board and canvas tents, and even covered wagons, served as lodging-rooms, while every party brought its own subsuntial provisions of flour, meat, and bacon, depending for lighter articles of^iet on the "Hill folk," or the success of their own fora- eers. A Iwge hollow scooped in the sand, surrounded by a screen of pine brush, was the only bathing-house ; and this was used alternately by ladies and gentlemen. The time set apart for the ladies was announced by a blast on a long tin horn, at which signal all of the op- posite sex retired to a prescribed distance, and woe to any unlucky wight who might be found within the magic circle I . , ^ The whole scene is said to have resembled a oamp- ( »59 ) 1 ^. J I M |ll> ■ - mi 1. ,60 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. meeting in appearance ; but only in appearance. Here day and night paswd in a round of eating and drink- ing, bathing, fiddling, dancing, and reveling. Gaming WM carried to a great excev, and horse-racing was a daily amusement. l ^« <. Such were the primitive accommodations at the lirst watering-place that was opened in Virginia, and such the recreations and amusements of our forefathers, about the eventful period that ushered us as a nation into the world. , . ^ . Berkeley has now extensive andc^ venient improve- ments, and a summer registry of from twelve to fifteen hundred visitors. _j:„«i Although these waters possess considerable medical virtues when taken internally, they have been most celebrated asa^a/d; their pleasant thermal tempera- ture, from 7a» to 74* Fahr., in connection with other properties, adapting them, as such, to a wide range of disnses. They have never been accurately analysed, but the presence of purgative and diuretic salts has been ascertained, though the impregnation is not strong and the amount is uncertain. iKUnudUse.'-^TtiVi water is tasteless, insipid from its warmth, and so light in its character that very Urge quantities may be taken on the stomach without producing oppression or uneasiness. Persons geneimlly Ucome fond of it after a time ; and when cooled it is a deUghtflil beverage. It is beneficial in several of the chronic and subacute disorders, such as d^a^^ents of the stomach, with impaired appetite and feeble di- gestion unconnected with any con^idertble degree of organic disease. Its salutary effects in these caan would seem to depend upon the exceedingly light character of the waters and their gentle alkaline properties, nw- tializing acidity and invigorating and soothing the viscdft* In tte early stages '>f (oIcuImu diseases, attended with « CAPON SPRINGS. l6l ce. Here ad drink- Gaming ing was a It the first and such srefathers, B a nation t improve- ; to fifteen le medical been most 1 tempera- with other le range of r analysed, c salts has not strong isipid from that very ich without IS generally cooled it is veralofthe rangements 1 feeble di- B degree of cases would tt character lerties, neu- lothing the tended with irriuble bladder, their free use internally and exter- nally is frequently of benefit. External C^w.— Externally used, these waters are beneficial in the whole class of nervous dutrdert that are disconnected with a full plethoric habit, extreme debility, or severe organic derangements. ^ In cases of relaxed habit and debility, where suffi- cient power of reaction exists in the system, the tonic and bracing influences of plunges in this water wiU De very invigorating. , Persons suffering from a residence in a wwm, low, and damp climate, and subject to nervous affections, will be benefited by the use of the batlw. To the various chronic affections of the mucous mem- branes, especially leucorrhoea, gleet, etc., as well as to that peculiar form of bronchitis which depends upon a relaxed condition of the membranes, with general want of tone in the nervous system, the water and baths are highly beneficial. The same may be uid as to local pmlytic affections, if unconnected with congestion or the brain, or cerebral tendencies. In mildly chrome or subaaOe rheumatism, the bath has long enjoyed a high repuvarion. Many inteUigent persons who We long been familiar with its use, place great reliance on it in this class of cases. CAPON SPRINGS. At the western base of the North Mountain, in the county of Hampshire, seventeen miles east of Romney, and twenty-two Mrthwest of Winchester, whence they may be reached by a well-graded but mountainous road, are the Capon S^ngs,. They are situated m a narrow vale not far distant from the Capon River, and rtir- rounded by a rugged and romantic mountoin somcnr, perhaps unsuspassed in trossach wildness by any m Vir- Jinia. The 1^ i» high and healthy, and the sources ^W^SmX^- ,5, MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. of wnuienieot (often of conaeqaence to the inj^JJ)' «ui«mSSlv tho«e of trout »ml river (WiJng, together SfhlTeSiJS of the mount«n ch-e, .re «n«iT. wMedatrny of our watering-places. ._ .«„^{-- *^ topriveoentt at Capon i^ «ten«ve. dfordmg Mo^nSStion for about Kven hundred and fifty per- ■°The MhingistabHthment here i> well designedanf luSJwS^oIding twenty bathing-roomt for gentle- SwSTileSeen for ladi«, with comfortijile pario» S^hJweTf the bather.. The b«h» are made of bn A, SS \rith hydraulic cement. Shower and douche bSSfaS irSSr warm bath., are •»«> -JPgjJ- ^ The .pring afford, about o"' »»«°?'Sl £JL°" u water perminute. The temj^iature of thewaterj. t fl^ £om the fountain is 66«» Fahr. ; in the reaervoir that npplie. the bath., about 64 • ..„„_. »-. The wicr i. e«entially taatelea. and «odorous. iw- cert?nte?h?rShariter, it cannot be compared to eJirwisMsfSireS^^^^ d^^ent of the mucou..«irf«:«|, ete. j^^ «£ ouir^ lenutation, and I believe justly, a. a iwnedy m SiSrsss ^«»8TrMii:i'^°SiSETn It i. .valuable water, and i. dertmed to increwe m ' Cvor with the n«n«:80»«P|J™'^.;,,^ k- d- chwle. Th* Canon water, have been analyaed Dy ur. *^vr *~! aS;,%uSdJhia, and their principal «edu:m.l ingredient. aKertauied to be— Smdcacid. Soda, CwtNoksuklfM. Mafneria, BrotniiMt IvUaa. » invalid), together ureuntoT- affording fifty per- gned and br g«ntle- ;de parlon e of brick, id douche plied, gallons of water as it e reservoir »rotis. Ex- impared to ng region. ty than any ;c-.trage, it ' useftu in a loMfV ajfee- Hts, chronic It has ac- i remedy in lary oi|pns. increase in Dr. Charles il piedicinal CHAPTER XXI. Coiner'! Bl«ck mA WWte Sulphnr— RommIw Red Sohlrar— Jdm- ■on'i Sprinn-Blue RMge Spriiig»-AUegluuiy Spriiig»-Moat- gomery WUte Sulphur Sprinsi. COINER'S WHITE AND BLACK SULPHUR SPRINGS. Thus springs are situated at the western base of the Blue lUdge Mountain, on the line between the coun- ties of Botetourt and Roanoke, on the borders of one of the most delightful and fertile regions of Virginia. They are immediately on the line of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, and within a mile of Bonsack s Depot, fifty miles west from Lynchburg. These springs, as a public resort, are a product of the recent rapid spring development in Virginia, having been brought into piAlic notice within the last fifteen My personal observation of their effects in health and disease is too limited to enable me to speak positively of their medicinal peculiarities or powers, and, in -the absence of an analysis, prudence restricts me frcmi con- sidering their therapeuric character, except in the light of analogy, and from the experience of their use mr a few gentlemen who seem to be well qualified to jiuige of their powers. From such light, I believe these waters wiU be found a safe and beneficial remedv in a large class of cases usually successfiiUy treated by the miM sulphur waters that exist in the same general geo- logical region. , ^ . (163) i«4 MINERAL HTATRXS OF VIRGINIA. ROANOKE RED SULPHUR SPRING. ThU is one of the new places of valetudinary and pleiSl're're^S, which the rfent ardor for .pnng .m- Srovement has brought to the public view. *^ It is situated in the county of Roanoke, o" *« '°"2 frnm the town of Salem to the Sweet Springs, ten miles ^^Thfi^aters of this fountain have not b«j« anal^^«^^. .»r w* thev as vet so far made out their meaicai "Z^oi *iS?H"b?litie. and cures as to «able me to I^A of them with such particularity as I could desire. ■^Tievaw mild and plJasant sulpUous waters, and no^oib* wiU S. foun^d well ^apted to a numerous cUw of cases successfully treated by such waters. JOHNSON'S SPRINGS, «ow better known as HolHns's InsHMe, are in Ro^oke cJJn^^ht r^east of Salem. They are mild and plS Xhur waters. I .find these bF'-J!'. ^jr a SSutive Malysis, to contain twenty-eight grains of 2Sud m«rto the Imperial ?a>lon. «=°?»»al.*3 '^TlT '^r^ extensivelv and b.«5 i66 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. Such waters exert but an inconaiderable effect upon the umguiferoui and nervous systems, their efficacy mainly depending on their laxative and purgative operations, by which the alimentary canal is excited to copious secretions, and the secretory functions of the Uvtr and fanertas are stimulated to pour out their appropriate fluids ; besides, like other mineral waters, tney are absorbed, and conveyed through the whole course of the circulation, and are applied in their medical efficacy to the capillary tissues and glandular organs. The sympathy between the digestive canal, upon which thev operate primarily, and all the other organs of the body, prejuires us for witnessing the happy effects which they often exert upon the Tatter organs by their direct effects upon the former. Where no considerable irritation or inflammation exists in the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, saHne mneral waters will be found valuable in twlieving congestion or irritation of distant organs : first, by copious evacuation of fluids ; and second, by derivation of blood from them to the superficies of the portal syvtem.* Affections of the head, chest, skin, and joints will often be greatly benefited by their prudent use. From the absorption of saline matters contained in sach wAters, and possibly from the force of sympathy firom other organs, the secretions of the kidneys and thin are commonly much increased. Such results, often highly benencial, ^nerally ensue fk-om doses felling short of the quantity usually taken to prodnce active purging. The waters of the Alleghanv Springs, like all waten of thie sAline class, purge mildly or activeHy, in propor- tion to the quantity drunk and the peristaltic excita- bility of the bowels. Simply as a purgative, they are very superior in many chronic diseases to the drugs ordinarily used for this purpose, and principally in r *BeU. c effect upon heir efficacy lid purgative lal is excited functions of KMir out their ineral waters, gh the whole ))ied in their and glandular gestive canal, all the other iritneasing the pon the latter inner. inflammation > stomach and bund valuable listant organs : and second, by perficies of the :he8t, skin, and ^ their prudent rs contained in ce of sympartiy he kidneys and Such results, lue from doses ken to produce I, like all water* vely, in propor- sristaltic excita- rgative, they are «s to the dru|» d principally m ALLBOHANY SPRINGS. 167 this, that the invalid can keep up their action upon the bowels for a number of days without suffering that debility of the constitution and loss of appetite which so constantly occur from a similar course of the ordi- nary purging drugs. . * ^ » In small and aperient doses, they often act most beneficially on the functions of the shn and ksdneys, and especially if the warm bath and gentle exercise be connected with their use. Administered in the same way, we sometimes witness very ple«»ant influences from these waters upon the mucous surfaces, as well as upon the serous, synovial, and fibrous membranes. Such results arc sometimes witnessed in chronic ca- tarrh, rheumatic affections of the Join*** «^c. The Alleghany water has been analysed bv Ur. r. A. Genth, of Philadelphia. He found one gallon, 70,000 grains, to contain— Sulphate of Ume XvX^ » 8uJpl«teofiO 183.069321 " laant^pai IfT t68 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. Solid ingredients by direct evaporation gave ...184.079000 grains. Half-combined carbonic acid x.885536 " Free carlMnic acid 5.455706 " Hydro^ulpbttric acid 0.001339 " Total amount of ingredients. 190.41x91a " The medicinal effects of these waters are mildly laxa- tive or actively purging, in proportion to the quantity drunk and the excitability of the bowels. Simply as a purgative, they are vastly superior in chronic disease to the ordinary drugs of the apothecary: principally in this, that the invalid may keep up their action upon the bowels for a number of days tvithout suffering that general debility or loss of appetite which so constantly occurs from a similar course of the ordi- nary purging medicines. In small or aperient doses they act kindly and bene- ficially upon the kidneys and skin, and especially when gehtle exercise is connected with their use. Administered in the same guarded way, they exert a happy influence upon the mucous surfaces, as well as upon the serous, synovial, and fibrous membranes. Such influences are witnessed in chronic catarrh, mu- cous diarrhoea, rheumatic affections of the joints, etc. They both primarily and secondarily exert favor- able influences upon the glandular secretions. This is sometimes marked in the relief they afford in Jaun- cUce and other diseases of the glandular structures. In dy^^sia they have acquired a more established reputation, perhaps, than in any other form of disease, mainly, we presume, from the fact that they have been more oxteosively employed in this than in any other single form of disease. Dyspepsia is multiform, both in its causes and its > pathology, and hence no one remedy is equally well adapted to all its forms and phases. But as a gen- eral remedy, adapted to meet the general want in the various dysp^c depravities, this water occupies a de- '''^mm^mm^^m^^^E^^m^M& ^;iifgr*'^'^^*'^y!r-^__ 1184.079000 grains. x.88ssa6 " S-4SS796 " 0.00x339 " [1904x19x9 " are mildfylaxa- to the quantiiy els. astly superior in f the apothecary : lay keep up their ' of days without of appetite which mrse of the ordi- kindly and bene- d especially when ir use. d way, they exert vrfaces, as well as hrous vumbratus. rohic catarrh, mu- 3f the joints, etc. arily exert favor- :cretions. This is y afford in Jaun- ilar structures. L more established er form of disease, lat they have been than in any other its causes and its dy is equally well s. But as a gen* ;eneral want in the ter occupies a de> ALLEGHANY SPRINGS. 169 cidedly high position among the most valued remedies in such cases. I by no means intend to assert tlut this or any other mineral water, or any article of the apothecary, is an infallible remedy in all dyspeptic cases ; such a position would be alike extravagant and uncandid. But I fuUv indorse the truthful results of experience,, that such waters are among our best remedies in all such cases ; always safe when prudently used, and often effective where the usual remedies of the profession have failed. If called upon to say in what particular form of dyspepsia these waters may be most relied upon, I would say in cases attended with mucous secretions, and which often develop alarming palpitations and other unpleasant neuralgic affections. But I by no means regard their efficacy in dyspepsia as limited to such cases. In ckromc mucoits diarrhoea, aUke common and fatal in our southern latitudes, the prudent use of this water is eminently proper. In all cases of this kind the water should be used in small and frequently repeated doses, and its influence upon the secreting surfaces encouraged by the occasional use of a warm bath when such an adjunct can be commanded. A departure from this rule of prudence as to the quantity of the water to be used, would cause it rather to aggravate than benefit the case. In disorders of the kidneys, threatening calculous deposits, these waters may be looked to as a hopeful source of relief. Their efficacy in such cases may be attributed mainly to the alterative changes they effect in the blood and upon the secretory and absorbing functions, and to their increasing the flow of urine, thus giving an easier passage to the extraneous matter, which, when long retamed, proves painful and injurious. These springs may be conveniently reached from the East or South by railroad, by way of Lynchburg ; or from the Southwest by way of Knoxville. *5* MHHiKiM MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. The improvements at the Alleghany are extensive and comfortable, affording accommodation for five or six hundred visitors. MONTGOMERY WHITE SULPHUR. The Mon^omery White Sulfhur are springs of some- what recent discovery and improvement. They are situated on the southern slope of the Alleghan]r Moun- tain, in the county of Montgomery, a few miles east of the town of Cbristiansburg, and at a short distance from the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, from which to the springs a branch railroad has been con- structed by the owners of the springs. Persons visiting this place leave the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad at the Spring Depot, on the slope of the AUegiiany, and take the company's railroad, on which, in a few minutes, they are conducted to their destination. These springs are extensively and conveniently im- proved, and favorably situated for cool and pleasant summer residence. The waters, being distinctly sul- phurous in character, and withal a bland and pleasant beverage, will be found adapted to a large number of chronic affections that are known to be advantageously treated by sulphur waters generally. They are some- what less cathartic, and also less stimulant, than many sulphur waters, and hence may be used with more free- dom aad with creater safety than such waters, by deli- cate and excit{a>le persons. ' " iL i miA ' -inmuiMii ^lA. extensive for five or UR. ings of some- t. They are ghany Moun- iew miles east short distance lailroad, from has been con- Virginia and , on the slope 's railroad, on noted to their nveniently im- and pleasant distinctly sul' d and pleasant irge number of advantageously rhey are some- EUit, than many with more free- nraters, by deli- > CHAPTER XXII. Yellow Sulphur Springs— Pulaski Alum Spring— Gnjrson Sulphur Springs — Holston Springs. YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS. These springs are pleasani'y situated in an elevated and picturesque part of the county of Montgomery, and are surrounded by variegated and interesting scenery and a productive and prosperous agriculturtd countiy. They are three and a half miles from the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, at Christians- burg D«pot, from which they may be reached on a well- graded road. The spring rises on the east side of the Alleghany, and not more than sixty feet below the summit level of that mountain, and its waters flow into the North fork of the Roanoke, which is two miles distant. In con- sequence of the great altitude of the spring, the climate in which it is situated is very salubrious, the air being elastic, pure, and invigorating during the hottest days of summer. The water is clear, transparent, and very cool, its temperature being about 55° Fahrenheit. The spring is very bold, yielding 3600 gallons a day, sufficient to furnish an abundance of water for warm and tut baths, a means of using the water highly ad- vantageous to many invalid visitors. In running over rough chann^.ls, as well as on the bottom and sides of the spring incloiore, it deposits a brownish-yellow sedi- ment; a bluish sediment is also occasionally observed, supposed to be z,prussiate of iron. After standing in an open vessel for some twelve or fifteen hours, it loses its styptic taste, becomes flat, and deposits a small quantity of its chaxacteristic sediment. (171) .^sfm mm MiMMte^'' 172 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. The improvemonts at the Yellow Sulphur Springs are very comfortable ; the buildings are pleasantly ar- ranged, and combine elegance with convenience. Many of the rooms, as well as the spring and the pleasure- grounds, are delightfully shadol by magnificent forest trees. Under the name of " Taylor's Springs," or " Yellow Sulphur Springs," this watering-place has been well known and much visited by invalids, for nearly seventy years. As early as 1 8 to it attracted considerable atten- tion, and had numerous visitors, especially from East- em Virginia and North Carolina. In 1855 ^^ ^^ analyzed by Prof. Gilham, who says he finds one gallon to contain — Carbonate of lime 8.642 grains. Carbonate of magnesia i'389 " Carbonate of protoxide of iron 0.617 " Free carbonic acid 4.680 " Sulphate of lime.. 65.30a " Sulphate of magnesia. 31.098 " Sulphate of alumina. %t1^ " Sulphate of potash. 0.107 " Sulphate of soda. 0.750 " Protoxide of iron traces. Phosphate of lime 0.015 " PhosJAate of magnesia. _». o.oix " Chloride of potassium ._ 0.097 " Chloride of sodium.. 0.076 " Organic extractive matter... 3*733 " While this water is decidedly toiUc, diuretic, and mildly purgative in its action, its peculiar composition gives It also, decided alterative qualities, to the sanative in- fluences of which, many of its best effects are to be attributed. From seven to eight tumblers, taken at intervals, will usually creat« a mild cathartic effect ; as a diuretic it ii active ; but its evident range of usefulness will be found in its valuable tonic and alterative {u-operties. As a beverage it lies lightly and comfortably upon the stomach, when drunk even in large quantities. With W~ I \» NIA. phur Springs pleasantly ar- lience. Many the pleasure- lificent forest " or "Yellow las been well learly seventy derable atten- lly from East- lam, who says , 8.64a grains. . 1.389 " . 0.617 " . 4.680 " . 65.30a " ,. ai.o<,8 .. 3-»76 " .. 0.107 " .. 0.750 " „ traces. .. 0.01S " .. 0.011 " .. 0.097 " ... 0.076 " ... 3-733 " vAV, and mildly mposition gives the sanative in- ffects are to be en at intervals, ct; a&AdiureHc sefulness will be iHve properties, jrtably upon the iiantities. With YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS. 173 many persons, especially on commencing its use, it ^casions slight "citation both of the phy^cal and mental system, evidenced by a flushing of the face, a pleasant glow over the body, some increase of the fre- nuencv of the pulse, and of the animal spirits. , ^Saiteratl efflcts of the water are more certainly obtained by taking it in moderated «7";.^^^;;.*1^; in large, quantities, at each period of d"nK»ng ' "* q^aStities that will not provoke very decided operations ^''^:Zl^^r^tl^tri,v^^i^ and promote ^ fo1t'^tr^/-«/^ --//-«'^d-and^^ of tonics, it is an efficacious remedy, and has often nr di'Sr o}- the skin, especially in the various fonSs ofW^, it is said to display highly curative ^""iToid ulcers it has been found beneficial; obstinate cais of many years' standing have been succetafally treated bv the water, used both externally and mter- nalfy! thai tad for years -ist^d the efforts of surgery. ll chronic diarrhcta it is much relied upon by those who have had most experience m its use. Doctors Ed^ Wade7Black, and other intelligent physicians res dinrfn the neighborhood of the springs, and who h?ve ofteS prescrilSd the water ii: this class of cases, commend it very highly. -.v >.*«^,r ^t^^M^- In general debility, connec ed with »'!^^^P^:f'- Hon, Mid unattended with serious visceral obstructions, it will always be found a valuable remedy. Extensivrimprov vents are now m progress at these sorinis Tnd a^ong others a large and co.nmod.o«s SS,^which. when completed, will greatly increase their SScity for accommodating company, rs well as the coSof Visitors. Such increase of accommodation jy4 MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. had become a necessity in consequence of the immense visitation to the place within the last five years. The altitude of these spnngs.-^pwards of aoco feet above the sea-level.-the cool and invigorating sum- :ner climate with which they are blessed, and especially their well-tested and valuable tome and aUerattveyfaXtr, adapted, as long use of it has shown, to a wide circle of diseases, mu?t always render them a very jje^sant and advantageous summer resort, and fully justify the enterprise of the proprietors in making large additional impravements. PULASKI ALUM SPRING. This spring is situated in the northwest portion of the county of Pulaski, ten miles from Dublin Depot, on the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad. This water has not been analyzed, but it very much resembles, both in its sensible qualities and its medi- dST operations, the waS:er of the R?ckbr.d8e Alum It enjojs a high repuUtion i" >»« .°«'8hborhood m a remedy for scrofula, cutaneous diseases, and otjer affectibns for which the alum waters of Rockbridge have become celebrated. GR^^YSON SULPHUR SPRINGS. The Grayson Sulphur Springs are on the west side of the Blue Ridge, in the county of Carroll, twenty miles south of WytheviUe. They rise on the banks of New B?ver, in the raidst of scenery remarkable for Us wild- uess aiid grandeur,— in a region as salubrious and m- vieorating as any in our country. These waters are decidedly sulphurous, and h*ve been Iftnind useful in dyspeptic depravities, and the various fehronicderangements of the chylopoetic v»scera^hm learliest reputation, which has been well raaintamed, was S^the cure o ; rhe m.itism. For all chronic diseases of VIA, [the immense ears. of aooo feet :orating sum- nd especially fm/rW water, a wide circle very pleasant lly justify the ge additional !st portion of lublin Depot, i'road. it very much and its medi- bridge Alum, iborhood as a s, and other f Rockbridge :;s. le west side of , twenty miles banks of New le for its wild- irious and in- and h^ve been td the various kriscera. Their aintained, was oic diseases of HOLSTON SPRINGS. X75 the skin, especially for salt rheum, herpes, and tetters, they will be found efficacious ; for chronic forms of liver disease they are well adapted ', and I am informed by highly respectable medical authorities that they have displayed the happiest effects in numerous cases of amenorrhoea, and in chlorotic conditions of the female system. There is, quite near the Sulphur Spring, a good chafybeate, which may be used to advantage in many cases ; and in nervous affections and female diseases it will be beneficial to drink it moderately, in connec- tion with the sulphur water. The Grayson waters have been analyzed by Professor Rogers. He shows that in a given quantity of their solid contents there are found — Soda 4 grains. CaitxMUtte of magnesia '... 3 " Carbonate of Iime.» '.. 8 " Sulphate of lime. „ a " Sulphate of magnesia. 3 " Chloride of sodium a " Chloride of calcium 3 " Chloride of magnesium „ i| " Sulphate of soda. 4I " Sulphturetted hydrogen jmd carbonic acid abound in the water. HOLSTON SPRINGS. The Holston Springs are in the county of Scott, in the extreme southwestern angle of the State, near the Tennessee line, iorty miles from Abington, and thirty east of Rogersville, Tennessee. They are op the bank of the North fork of the Holston River, in a wild and romantic region of country. One of these springs comes within the thermal range, being 68.5" Fahr., or about fifteen degrees higher than the common springs of the surrounding country. Of the saline contents of the water, the most abundant are ki CaiiionateofpotaHa .750 " Silica -0733 ■" Organic matter a.x6o " A trace of iron. 14.8749 " A gallon of water yielded, on er^wration, a red- au« of. 14.607 graini. '* The Blue Sulphur water was found, on a partial examination, to be very similar in composition and in strength to the Red Sulphur water, an analysis of which is given above." These waters are favorably spoken of by Dr. A. J. Nye and other persons in the neighborhood of the springs, who have had some experience in their use. 16 CHAPtER XXIII. Fauquiir White Sulphur Sprlngs-BuffaloSprinp-HuguenotSpring. ^ —New London Alum Spring*. FAUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Thk Fauauier Whit) Sulphur Springs Jttjn tht CO™ of Fauquier, fifty-six mile from Washmgton, and forty from Fredericksburg. . . AcSing to analysis, the water « '^P^f^J^^J .^[* sulphaf, 0/ magnesia, phosphate < sada f^J*^/^' refted hydrogen. Its temperature is 56° ^*Jj,*^°^* J ro>4» Reaumur. It has a strong f P^«T'"J°5"' ^ the taste being not unlike the °d<>' "«'°8 froj^S? yolk of a hard-boiled egg, is not, perhaps, »* fi«t^2 Sreeable to the palate of a gourmand. It operates ;SSS.Va-d IreticaUy; the cuticutar poies be.ng ^I^ned. a«d perspiration, especially if the weather be w9.rm flows easily and copiously. . ThisTop^rty wasbeaStifiiUyand extensively im- proved before the war, and had for many years been a nlace o*^ large and fashionable resort. *^ DuriagThe war nearly all the build ngs were bumed. but doubtless arrwigements will ere long .^e made by which this heretofore delightfiil Plj^fJ'" ^ .P^^ii" a condition to meet the wants of the spnng-going public. ■ BUFFALO SPRINGS. The Buffalo Springs arc situated in the county of M^e^rg. a fe^ miles south of Dan River, and seven w^ of the town of Clarksville. (178) luguenot Springs IINGS. s are in the Washington, iregnated with , and suiphu- ° Fahrenheit, ric smell, and, ising from the », at first very . It operates ar pores being ;he weather be xtensively im- ly years been a js were burned, ng be made by will be put in le spring-going , the county of Eliver, and seven BUFFALO SPRINGS. 179 The analysis of the water shows it to be a sulphated chalybeate. Its temperature, as it flows from the earth, is 60" Fahr. Its specific gravity is 1.058. The solid contents obtained by evaporatmg one wine gallon of the water are found to consist of— Sulphate of magnesia. \ f^"' Stdphateoflime 'i „ Sulphate of protoxide of iron •■•• »° Chloride of sodium. ~ •*'«•• Chloride of magnesium 'l^ni. Sulphate of soda. olS^mixa. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas o.S40»o gi»u». Total of loUd and gaKOUi contentt ~.i5.940«o The first effects produced by drinking the water are a flushed face, a quickened pulse, and some gjddiness of the head. These symptoms soon pass off, however, and are followed by an increase of appetite, a health- ful Rlow on the surface, with more or less perspiration. Active diuresis sometimes supervenes, and continuw as long as the water is used. Occasionally some slight purging takes place for the first day or two, but, unless the mucous membrane of the bowels was P«v»o«»ly J"; flamed, or very irritable, the protracted use of the water is attended with constipation. ' The water is stimulant, and, of course, contra-indi- cated in all diseases of an acute inflammatory charac- ter; as, likewise, in all cases of hemonrhage of the lunis, or acute diseases of the bronchial t"b^-.. .^s a meS tonic, however, it is not whol y in«»mi««ble in chronic affections of the chest ; but it .hould never be resorted to without satisfactory evidence of the absence of tuberculous disease of that cavity. The principal morbid states to which it seems tobe well adapted are dropsical affections, vUeeral tbstruc- turns, protracted intermtUntKiA '««^'»'/«'f *' 'X2S iUtim qfthe sUn, tfytp^po^* convalescence from feven i8o MINERAL WATERS OP VIRGINIA. of every grade and ifpt, female eompiainis, and almost everv diaease of the pelvic organs in both sexes. The happy blending of tonic and alterative powers in these waters constitutes them a valuable remedy in a comprehensive cbus of cases in wlucli these two im- Eortant influences are demanded for the restoration of ealth. In the sallow or jaundiced condition of the skin common to denizens of warm miasmatic districts, and always connected with hepatic derangements of some sort, these waten will be used with excellent success. In the milder obstructions of the liver, spleen, and kid- neys, as well as in obstructions in the lesser gUmds of the system, and in paucity or poverty of the olood. their employment will be valuable. We nhould look also for highly beneficial results from the judicious use of the waters in chronic irritation of the mucous coat of the bowels, bladder, or urethra, as well as in that wretched form of disease technically known as spermatorrheea, a legitimate and rot unfrequent result of youthful im- IMToprieties. riUGUENOT SPRINGS. This water. ffplac-' '\'. in Powhatan County, seven- teen miles ai)'" Si. ' i lond. It is near the centre of a tract of K.:- ./-anted by the British crown to a body of Proter' <,. .c ::fugees driven from France by the repeal of the eci / ; ^ Nantes, in 1685. Hence its name. There ure two springs here, one mildly su^kurous, iue other ehafybeate. The first was analyzed by Pro- fessor Rogers, who ascertained that it contained the ingrediaits unially found in the sulphur waters of the country, but in small proportions. The other spring was analyzed by Professor Maupin, who pronounced it a mild and pure ehafybeate. In addition to these medicated springs, there is a well from which is obtained a water strongly tinctured both with sulphur and iron. This is used, not only for drink- ^v j sff^'£fe g";;'as ^ i» ■ iTiliiirrilillW "•»■ GINIA. His, and almost th sexes. t/trative powers lable remedy in h these two iro- itf restoration of ion of the Ain tic districts, and [ements of some xcellent succew. spleen, and kid- sser glands of the the blood, their >uld look also for licious use of the acous coat of the » in that wretched spermatorrhaa, a t of youthfiil im- m County, seven- near the centre of ih crown to a body ranee by the repeal Lence its name. mildly sulpkurems, B analysed by Pro- it it contained the ilphur waters of the The other spnng who pronounced it )rings,thercisafw// ongly tinctured both i.notonlyfordnnk- m Wi ;:&S%ft:W*.l^"^!S^-'^s'.^Sh.t*WE^'.^w-' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .m 1.0 ■tt Gii 12.2 lU I4.C •y FhotDgraphic Sciences CorpOTalion ^. 23 WIST MAIN STRUT \WIISm,N.Y. 14SM (7U)t72-4S03 IV CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical IVIicroraproductiom / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa r ' NEW LONDON ALUM SPRING. l8l ing, but for bathing, its medicinal properties when thus employed being considered valuable. NEW LONDON ALUM SPRING. For a number of years it has been known that alum is ; /onsSent irt^f a rock that is found in Urge SisSneS^ the town of New London, in the county SfcSnpbell. ten miles southwest of Lynchburg An McavatSn liade several years ago into th" gro*"?**' SnetSThS rock, but with no view of obtaining Sim walef he virtu« of which were not then appre- SaSd hS from the percolation of the water through- Selavera of rode, afforded an alum of sufficient purity S li S by the' Sod housewives of the vicinity for " Tte mcS'rcal^r^puUtion acquired within the last few veJrJ b^Sn^waters of Rockbridge, induced the Sietor of this rock to sink a shaft or well mto it. wUh the hope of obtaining alum water »« juffiaent ;;L ty to bTused for medicinal purpojes^ «" !£: nrise was crowned with entire success. On penetrating SfrXa^he depth of sixteen feet, he came to sever^ irJSons of water, famishing a sufficient amount to Ke Wm to suspend further operations and to «jtim enlace into the basin, or spring, ajf J^« "J""*! of ancient wells, and of sufficient sue to admit of eat, inirreai and egre^ to and from the fountam. ThTee OT fSrIlasses a day of this water will operate ^.n^^iSn the?w*/rof some persons; it decidedly SSrotrtLlS:Sn of the ki^s; but ts l^jjing SSwSiM is that of a generous tonic and astringent to rSSlfib«. increasing the appetite and strengthen- ^°!ttas'SSfarrei by Professor Gilham witbthe '° " A g^r^ water fumished the following mineral constituents : 16' j8a MINERAL WATERS OF VIRGINIA. 1 19 66a Kiains to the gal. Sulphate of roagnwla m^xA " Sulphate of protoxide of Iron a3-45o Sulphate of alumina 7-»*" Sulphate of Ume "'^ £Slta*.2fdK^e taV;"of /;i"ii";«>«imbined .ulphuric «dd. 19.^ grains. Between the analysis of this water and the alum wateH a!?h and R^Sckbridge. wh^ reputajxan ^d Captations are now pretty well "\»^[f *f^' l^'^^'Jee oSmiMaritv in several respects, so striking as to inauce rffi'thatSy are sulied to the same genend range °^m Stdligent physician, acquainted with the pecj- li J«:tSn of the alum waters, and loo^'?? ? »^ SliiM indications afforded by the analyse of this, Sn not fail to perceive that it is pointed out as a in tcrofHla and in the various forms of saU rh^, as Ju ^wTinvariablv are: while its good effects m StS a"d oaS female'affections unattended with fffini^tion, may be looked to, we would thmk, with '^^jiftSSfand'other conditions of the system de- sSSn[S£t-rS:^^^ £Sfcii:;iSS^^ adapted. NIA. ins to the gal. I sulphuric add, fid the alum iputation and »d, there is a r as to induce general range «rith the pecu- toking to the ilysis of this, nted out as a s that require found vahiable salt rheum, as pod effects in lattended with lid think, with the system de- I water may be lus and ulcera- leases, in pro- be found well CHAPTER XXIV. SPRINGS OF KENTUCKY.* HARRODSBURG SPRINGS. Harrodsburg Springs are situated near the source of Salt River, and in the immediate suburbs of the ?own of SSodsburg. They have been extensively Ind handsomely improved, and, in the language of Dr. SrllJSwilUn 'this Wet " -m^gj^dvantageously with any to be found m America or Europe. Dr Raymond's analysis shows that one pnt of the water of the Grenville Spring contains— , a.87 grains. Caibonate of magneria - ^gg .. Bicaibonate of lime..... "•"""Tv "". i6.i6 " Sulphate of magnesia if^rpmiK^) "-^ .. Sulphate of lime (crystallised) ^ioMt. Chloride of sodium " _; 30.9s " One pint of the Saloon or Chalybeate Spring contains— o.43giaJn». Bicarbonate of magnesia.- rr^ •• Bicaibonate of lime ^.^ " Bicarbonate of iron..... •":•"":;• ■"". „,ga " Sulphate of magnesia («y*2»"««*) ;"" "" Yo^A " Sttl^teofllme(crystalliied) *^-^ .. Chloride of sodium " IZ of tbe pro<««»on in America, we we prmcipiuy knowledge of the Springs of Kentu«*y. ( 1 83 ) i84 SPRINGS OF KENTUCKY. Dr. Raymond could not detect cither free carbonic acid or sulphuretted hydrogen gas. k-„„ „. The wat?r of the GrenviUe Spring is the better am- acid.-that of Saloon the better tonic. Indeed, small M the quantity of iron is, it sometimes produces an SicomfJrtable^feeling Jn the head which is reheved by drinking at the other fountain. In reference to the jJ^rS, the water from both acts upon the bowels, ktdne4 and skin. Beyond these sensible effects, it SfrJSS Ae whole constitution, and many elates KSids very soon feel a renovation of appetite, strength, and cheerfulness, although its primary effects seem to be sedative, not stimulant. Dr. Drake remaWs that "these waters are very beneficial in chronic inflammations and obstructions S the abdominal viscera, in such cases of dyspep«a as are attended with subacute gastritis, and »" J'^oj* "very kind of hepatic disorder, "^eP* ^^«° *!?«J'i% isindurated, and consequently incurable. They are 5mS"equaUy beneficial in chronic inSaTT'Tthi many other parts of the system, especially of the Srods and fibrous membranes. In tonic dropsies, m rheumatism, and in various affections of the penos- ;^m from febrile metastasis, from 8yphil«. a°d from mercury, they have often effected a cure when other SSnrhad fiiled." He also speaks very favomWy of their employment in urinary disorders and chron^ dLeases of the skin. He enjoins caution in their ^ fn pulmonary complaints, and considers them hurtfal in vomica, tubercular suppurations, and hepatization of the pulmonary tissue. ROCHESTER SPRING. Rochester Spring is a feeble but constant stream, thS^nJ out about sixty feet below the summit of a rSge of coarse-grained shell limestone. It so warly rSfmbte the waters just described, that a detailed free carbonic he better ant- Indeed, small produces an ich is relieved ference to the >n the bowels, iible effects, it many classes >n of appetite, primary effects aters are very obstructions !s of dyspepsia and in almost when the liver ble. They are iflammations of jccially of the nic dropsies, in of the perios- )hilis, and from ure when other very favorably ers and chronic ion in their use rs them hurtful ad hepatization onstant stream, :he summit of a i. It so nearly that a detailed OL YMPIAN SPRINGS. 185 account of its waters would be superfluous. It is one mile from Perryville and twelve from Harrodsburg. OLYMPIAN SPRINGS. . The Olympian Springs constitute one of the oldest and most noted watering-places in Kentucky. They are situated in Bath County, about fifty miles east of Lexington, on the waters of Licking River, which unites with the Ohio opposite Cincinnati. There are several springs and wells, which present such differences in their composition that of all the watering-places of the West this has been supposed to afford the greatest variety; but Dr. Drake remarks, " I could not myself detect more than three kinds, — t^ Salt and Suiphur, a White Sulphur, and a Chafybeate." The Salt and Sulphxhi Well jcontains sulphuretted hydrogen, muriate of soda, carbonate of ^a, and perhaps a little muriate of lime. The White Sulphur Spring is situated half a mile from the well. This spring is said to have made its first appearance during the earthiiuakes of 181 1. Its temperature is 59**. Its compositiQn is ess^tially the same with that of the well just described, but the ingredients of the two vary in their proportions. The quantity of sulphur is greater in the spring than in the well; on the other hand, the spring has but a weak impregnation of muriate of soda compared with the well. The proportion of carbonate of soda is nearly the same in both. The Chalybeate Springs are two in number, and are situated about forty yards apart, and half a mile from the Salt and Sulphur Well. They are simple car- bonated iron waters. The Salt and Sulphur waters. Dr. Drake informs us, 31' [ ,86 SPRINGS OF KENTUCKY. BLXre LICK SPRINGS. T»,t,« T icK Springs— At this place there are several mam road that leads irom •«»/ ., j^, j^ the ofSJmmalhosphateofhm^^ TK» cftlifi contents of the Blue juick w»ic» •»»-•• Siid° of magVUmm, which «e ""V" *« /°™S siam is found in both. » Mtaenl and Therual Springs, by Dr. John Ben. ESTILL SPRINGS. «87 e to eight tum- retic effects arc inconsiderable. Here are several -the sulphurous nk of Licking lio, and on the to Lexington, until within the ed at this place. Its by Professor 1 consist of sul- 1; and its solid d magnesia, the lagnesia, the sul- of magnesium, t a small amount xide of iron, rater are to those T more than nine ;rains of chloride It; in the latter, s about three and second about ten jlution, however, ith of which are its turn the latter ite of potash and ot in the former. [I in the Blue Lick Iodide of magne- The medical virtues of the Blue Lick water are those oflS^^Uandareanalogousto b^^^^^^^^ ♦Ka« the Olvmoian Spring water. It acts treeiy as a i^SJet c butS occLonally as a purgative. It may JSwUh^dvluge in neJly all the chroni-d.se^ in which the sulphur waters already described have been recommended. '^The water employed as a bath can be veryVoperly connected with its internal use.* ESTILL SPRINGS. Estill SPRINGS, in Estill County, "« ^7°"» waters. There are two springs here, called Whtte and ^The"white Sulphur contains 0.09 per cent, of solid coiten^ the Rel, o.o4J«r cent., cons«tmg m cases of carbonates of soda, lime, and «»«"">» '.'"^ Dhates of lime, magnesia, and soda ;. chlorides of sodium, SlcSn. aJd ma^esium; with hydrosulphate of soda, and a trace of carbonate of iron. ^ • a..».^ the Bbu Uch and the fomous Harrogate ^^np-j^ penonal knowledge of both *«» ^'"»' L^ ^j,^ „« weU idapted K^?5rff:?'«S£rS:^i2SS':r£.thew.t.r.ofH«r. lOgate hare been long celebwted. >r. John Bell. CHAPTER XXV. MINERAL SPRINGS OF OHIO AND INDIANA. OHIO WHITE SULPHUR. Ohio WhiteSulphor.— Near the geographical centre of Ohio, in the county of Delaware, and "°™e^;f»j;j on the west bank of the Scioto, surrounded by a country broken hilly, and beautifully picturesque, arises the otoWmSu^hur. The Scioto is here a rippling ra?d stream, h»tily flowing and fretting overbeds of boulder rocks, and skirted, for many miles above and Sw h^ Vng, by slopes or U^ of consjder^le elevation, wfoch gently spread out into undulatangtable- S, charmingly interspersed with valley and hdl, and blLwd with an atmosphere free from malarious influ- eJ^atJvery period Sf the year, and as salubrious as is found in our high mountain ranges. , . , . __ " Under the naiSe of Harfs ^ing, this >ace has been known for its mineral waters for more than thirty 52i. tE circumstance that led to its improvement ksaspring property by Mr. Hart, Us former proprietor, SlorthJ of nSte. He had visited the White Sulphur Springs in Virginia, for the relief of a complicaed VstoS and livlrcomplaint; '«t«'SX°tSs '^Sn of his disease, hu. attention was called to this artwian wlphur founuin, and upon examination he found its SateTso Singly to iSemble those of the Virginia Sming as to induce him to purchase and improve it in view of its medicinal value. The property was subsequently owned by Mr. a. Wilson, of Cincinnati, who erected many new build- (i88) SPJilNGS OF ADAMS COUNTY. 189 NDIANA. graphical centre id immediately ed by a country que, arises the lere a rippling, ng over beds of diles above and of considerable ndulatin^ table- ey and hill, and malarious influ- as salubrious as , this place has nore than thirty its improvement rmer proprietor, B White Sulphur f a complicated g to Ohio cured 1 to this artesian ion he found its ! of the Virginia nd improve it in Tied by Mr. A. nany new build- ings, and otherwise extensively improved the property. The water of this spring is sulphurous, abounding prin- cipally in the sulphates of lime and wa^^w, with chlorides of the same salts, and with some oxtde oftron. These springs for a few years were extensively visited, but now, from some cause or other, have ceased to be keot as a public watering-place. In natural scenic beauty they are excelled by but few of our watering- places. MINERAL SPRINGS OF ADAMS CX)UNTY, OHIO. These springs are thirty miles from Portsmouth, and thirty-six from Ripley. »i. » A qualitative analysis of these watere shows them to contain iao.35 pains of solid matter to the ga on, con- sisting of chloride of magnesia, sulphate of lime, car- bonate of lime, chlorides of calcium and sodium, and oxide of iron, with traces of iodine. These springs are of comparatively recent resort, but have been used advantageously in dyspeptic depravi- ties, liver complaints, and chronir irritations of the abdominal viscera generally. The/ have also been suc- cessfully employed in disorders of the kidneys, fem^e obstructions, rheumatism, and chronic diseases of the skin, as well as in dropsical effusions. Thesesprings may beconveniently reached by coaches from Portsmouth, Ripley, or Manchester, on the Ohio River. The Yexlow Spring is in Green County, two miles west of the Miami River, and sixty-four north of Cin- cinnati. Dr. Drake states that "it is a copious and constant fountain, that issues between strata of arena- ceous limestQue, and thus has geological chsuracters per- fectly identical with the Chalybeate Springs of the Olympian valley in Kentucky." The temijerature of the water is the same as that of the other sprjugs of the »7 i ,90 SPRINGS OF OHIO AND INDIANA. neiKhborhood, sa" Fahr. The water is beautifully transparent, with a slight ferruginous taste, and is said o xStmUt in its composition the other hmestone springs of the country, with the addition of the car- bonate of iron. Dr. Drake informs us "that its water is diuretic and slightly laxative, if it can be considered as having this effect at all with any uniformity." He considers he water rather restorative than curative, and as such it is valuable for convalescents. He regards ,t as a pleasant tonic, and hence valuable in cases of debility, or ex- haustion following previous violent attacks, and in nervous disorders. The Westport Spring.— It arises (Dr. Bell) "in the bed of Deer Creek, a tributary of the Scioto River, from a vast bed of clay-slate, which for many miles foms the bed of the cJeek." It is a bold fountain, yielding some twenty gallons of water a minute, it belongs to the saline class, and contains sulphate of magnSia and iron; the latter being held in solution by carbonic acid, which gives the water a lively and s4rkling appearance as it rises to the s"[f«:e. The Jater is said to be mildly cathartic. It wiH, doubtless be found valuable in dyspepsia, gastralgia, and a numer- ous class of functional derangements of the chylopoetic viscera. FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, INDIANA, French Lick is situated in a beautiful valley tributary to thatof Lost River,about the centre ofOrangeCounty, ten miles from Paoli, and eighteen from Orleans, on the New Albany and Chicago Railroad. ^ There are more than a dozen of these, but all seem to be derived from three parent springs, which are situ- ated within an area of half an acre, but which exhibit some difference in constitution. M ANA. is beautifully e, and is said ler limestone (D of the car- is diuretic and as having this considers the d as such it is t as a pleasant ebility, or ex- tacks, and in Bell) " in the Scioto River, )r many miles bold fountain, a minute. It ns sulphate of eld in solution ;r a lively and surface. The will, doubtless, 1, andanumer- the chylopoetic lANA, valley tributary Orange County, Orleans, on the se, but all seem , which are situ- it which exhibit FRENCH LICK SPRING. 191 Pluto's Well, as it is termed, is remarkable for the production of a large volume of strong sulphur water. Its constitution is as follows, according to the analysis of Dr. Rogers, of Madison, Indiana:— Prtt Gout in Win* Gallon. Sulphuretted hydrogen "SS cubic inche*. Carbonic acid *5 Salts in Win* Gallon. Chloride of sodium »40S4 g«in». Chloride of calcium S-3S ^^ Sulphate of lime ~S9 ,, Sulphate of magnesia.. "•" „ Sulphate of soda... ««-37 ^^ Carbonate of magnesia »-S9 ^^ Carbonate of lime /"M Carbonate of Iron and alumina » '«ce. ^^ Loss -^ Total of salto •• "S6<» " All these waters have about the same general medicinal effect. They are alterative and tonic when inoderately used ; in larger quantities are hydragogue eliminators, acting upon the bowels, kidneys, and skin, without, how- ever, producing the irritating effect which this class of agents usually induces when prepared by means of a pharmacy less perfect than that of nature. They are especially adapted to the treatment of diseases of the skin, dyspepsia, constipation, chronic inflammation of the various mucous surfaces, scrofula, rheumatism, and, in fine, may be beneficially used in all chronic affec- tions where a tonic and alterative effect is rcouired. CHAPTER XXVI. MINERAL SPRINGS OF MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN. was stopped at the "^P*" °; V" ^ eighty gallons per flow of water of ^^^^^""'^rtfen^on wl^ fiilt called to minute had been struck. .A«en"°?J*| ^.^ie strong the peculiarity of t^« \Ct5wnW thi weU, through adapted. T\„ffiAW Professor of Chemistry in aallon. Specific gravity, ion. " 66.50 gn^n*- Sulphate of lime ^ 6.7a " Silicate of lirne....^ " a trace. Chloride of Ume..... ';" ,06.40 " Bicaibonatc of soda •* g^,^ •• Bicarbonate of lime...... *" ^^^^ ,^,50 " Bicarbonate of magnesia , ,<, » Bicarbonate of iron '"'^ a.B8 " Silica free. •••• .'.'.....«..» a.00 " Organic matter and loss '^ . _ . ^ a7a.6o " Total constituents (19a) WISCONSIN. n artesian well, ite of Michigan, ng for salt, and ed feet, when a hty gallons per IS first called to ving the strong le well, through that this tubing f iron and steel. I the trench that it was found that wo by the action tion to the water ae, and to an ex- as supposed to be of Chemistry in d this water, and »d on the Imperial 66.50 gr^ns. 6.7a " a trace. X06.40 " 69.40 ;; »7.S0 i.ao " ' 3.88 •' ...,...- a-oo 373.60 " SPRINGS OF MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN. 193 194.63 grains. Bicarbonates •• • g.ai " Free carbonic acid In gallon traces. Sulphuretted hydrogen 37060 " Total mineral in one gaUon »79~ Asreeardsthe raAV«a&of the magneticstate ofthisand other sSar waters said to exist in the same geological Sistric it may be observed that they are all the result of fSnborin%oftheeartbforconsiderabled«tances,m S?ch oS^hese wells are situated along the ".argins S The grtat salt and gypsum belts, whose waters hold Srgely in solution the salts of lime and sodium It is well known by those who work in salt wells, and to all r/JlA?r?hat when the earth is penetrated to any c2Si able depth by boring, and iron tubing is intro- duced iSo the depth! saline waters flowing through the Sng wSl possei in a greater or less deg^e «>™f SSvV allied eUctncal acHon. It « caused by /^r- burial f^^eHsm, which is imparted to Ae "on tuW and from U to the water flowing tj'rough /he^^^ And thus the water becomes the conductor of terrestrial "'Sf Ser is strongly alkaline, and as such will p Jve vaSe\o a «umeU cl^ of ch«»n c disor^^^^ Lh as rheumatism, kidney, b^ad<*"' ^^X^^^t^^^^ that are known to be ^<^^^^\'^^^^^^:S^^^. this class. But it may well be doubted wnemcr m^ Ssm or electricity can impart to water m.W^'' agency and cause the molecular chan^^s to be of ajer- 7aneniZure. Such results cannot Ij^demon^^^^ and there is nothing m all ^^^^'^l^^.^^^l^^^^^Z to show how such permanent e^^^f .^^ S^t nlUhed bv such agency. Hence it is difficult* witnoui S eSire chang?^in existing pathological and thera- *^u"c'vTewTtoVrceive the raHo^^J^^^^^^^^-, Riirh ajrencv the various cures said to have been eneciea by thifwatW while the admitted efficacy of its thera- peutic salts is overlooked or forgotten. m: n>. i iiin ii ii i i iw^ ii t i , i i'ii ii' - ~ 194 SPRINGS^ IN mSCONSIN. SPRINGS IN WISCONSIN. BETHESDA is a stroDg alkaUne spring !J*^ently brought into notice as a therapeutic agent, « the tow^ of Wau kesha eiehteen miles distant from Milwaukee. ^tS; Swing is the analysis of this spnng. m^e by Prof. C. F. Chandler, of Columbia College, New ^°In *^e U. S. or wine gallon, of as' cubic inches, there are— , ., ,„ i.i6o grains. Chloride of sodium » p.-. .. Sulphate of potassa. ^g., •< Sulphate of sodium "^ „ j,,, .. Bicaitionate of lime...... ia.388 " Bicartwnate of magnesia... • ^' „ Bicarixmateofiron " ,,,5 •< Bicarixmate of soda. ^ ^ ,,^5,. Phoqdiate of soda ' o,,, « Alumina " ©.y^i " • Silica T 083 " Oynte matter "* ^^ Tbtal 3S7IO " This water has been used with marked and excellent •ffS i^nuLerous cases of diabetes, and in chrofaic Stions of theliSys and bladder. Its judiaous Se wUl doubtlSs be found valuable in curing various Sdney depravities, and in coirecting uric acid pre- dominance in the blood, that often lead to the form- Son oTikJks. Some m^^ical men who have prescribed ??hS decidedly curative in Bt^ht^.^^ v;^n»v« That its use would be valuable in tne eariy ^S^of tli?formwffle disease, before positive degen- SSSn of the kidneys takes place, is very probable. ?K,°ts efficacy ii the early stages of aldumnuna has been satisfactorily shown from Its use. \ jcently brought e town of Wau- raukee. s spring, made I College, New I cubic inches, 3S-7W> ted and excellent , and in chrohic •r. Its judicious in curing various ig uric acid pre- ead to the forma- iio have prescribed ht'sxlisease of the liable in the early )re positive degen- is very probabte. es of albuminuria suse. . CHAPTER XXVII. MINBRAL SWUNGS OF TENNESSEE. Warn Spring on the French Broad. Thk same great Appalachian chain of mountains that 7 5 JfSnHffh VirSma and West Virginia, and affords extends through ^*'8'n»*^ . j^ »| .. continues Tennessee from Middle Tenn<^. '^ItfTenSTthi. nng. of mooBtains i. on th. lin. «fknoi^ fb Scistf But as yet in Tennj««^ few of 196 SPRINGS OF TENNESSEE. these springs have been improved and made places of resort for the invalid, or the general public; nor have they yet, as a general thing, made out a satisfac- tory record of their precise quality or medicinal appli- cabilities. ^ . , . J -.^^ The saUne and sulphurous and the {orbonated tron waters are those most frequently met with in this Stote. I proceed to mention those that have been introduced to public notice as places of valetudinary or pleasure resorts. White's Creek Spring is twelve miles from Nash- ville. It is held in high estimation by many, and is considerably resorted to. It contains sulphur, trm, and magnesia, the former ittlarge proportion. In cutaneous disorders and calculous affections it has been much praised for its curative powers. Robertson's Springs belong to the class of saline waters. They are twenty miles from Nashville. Winchester Springs are four miles from the pleasant town of Winchester, in Franklin County, on the Nash- ville and Chattanooga Railroad, seventy miles from Nashville, and fifty from Chattanooga. There are here, in close proximity, four different springs,— Red and White Sulphur, Chalybeate, and h-eestone. These springs enjoy considerable celebrity and patronage, and are well worthy of attention as a place of both healthful and pleasurable resort. In the same neighborhood, and but /f attention as a e resort. t four miles dis- ed, called Alli- nchester Springs medicinal value. immit of one ot in, in the county It from McMinns- :4.^>^ft PS w^ MONTVALE SPRINGS. 197 ,ilte The,ha«comeWon«i««..wt.rtag-pb« „ . vduaWe tonic •'«?"'"!;^,fo„, „d conTenitBtly mer is always select, ««8*"5^ f 4^,^ waters and the the north md *' »'" J'^JS^'pHtteuUrly of the four miles, south of KnoxvUic. mcy Mii'«* class. r .!,-«. waters, by Professor Mitchell, *rjrisj°i'SSirs:'«.?.onorw««_ =di^ CUofide of sodium. Sulphate of magneria Sulphate of Ume SuUhate of soda- ' CartJonateof lime ' Caibonate of iron.... (»••••••••••' 1.96 la.oo 74.ai X3.a6 a.40 igB SPRINGS OF TENNESSEE. They also show traces of potash and organic matter, .with an excess of carbonic acid. The Montvale are valuable waters, and very favor- ably represent the class to which they belong. In many of the dyspeptic depravities, and generally in the chronic disorders of the abdominal and pelvic viscera, they are used with great success. They enjoy considerable reputation in the cure of chronic diarrhaa, a disease very common and very fatal in our extreme Southern latitudes. In the sum- mer of 1854 the author spent several weeks at Mont- vale, and witnessed the operation of its waters in quite a number of cases of this disease. In those in which it was used in quantities but slightly provocative of increased operations from the bowels, and in which a guarded forbearance in diet and general living was observed, it proved eminently useful, and especially in cases connected with and kept up by depraved biliary secretions; while, on the other hand, those who used the water in full purgative doses derived no benefit, and some were injured. The best article in the Mate- ria Medica may be so misused as to render it inert or injurious, and the invalid at this or at any of the mineral springs should remember that it is not, as many seem to suppose, to drink and be healed, but so to drink as to secure the proper and sanative eflfects of the agent.* The waters of the Montvale more resemble those of the AlU^ny Springs in Virginia than any other with which I can compare them. Tate's Springs are in the county of Granger. They are saline waters, and are very like those of Montvale, but hold in solution a larger amount of iron. Leb's Springs are twenty miles east of Knoxville. • See account of Montvah brings, by J. J- Moonnan, M.D., pub- Uthed is XSSS* :.TSaSK?79**S* E. >rganic matter, nd very favor- y belong. In ;enerally in the pelvic viscera, in the cure of mon and very ;. In the sum- reeks at Moht- waters in quite those in which provocative of und in which a eral living was id especially in epraved biliary those who used red no benefit, le in the Mate- nder it inert or Y of the mineral , as many seem ro to drink as to f the agent.* semble those of any other with jranger. They se of MontvaU, ' iron. t of -Knoxville. sonnan, M.D., pub- ALUM SPRINGS—WARM SPRING. ' There are here two sulphur springs a^d a Ma^J«^'^ sorinK. The sulphurs are good waters of »>»"' ^J^ • Se chalybeate is pure and strong, and superior to many nrthi iown^of Rutledge, in ^ran^e^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Xhur^^ter. abounding in red and white deposits. AtuM Spr.ngs.-I have e^mined the waters from ^r^nlum sbrine found near Rogersville, m HawKins CountyTwffcompare ^vorably with any alum waters that are known. Warm SpRiNO.-On the French Broad River, near the'^Ch cSolina line, there » * war» spring of - Fahr. issuing from the bank of the river. /■• 1 CHAPTER XXVIII. SPRINGS OF NORTH CAROLINA. NOKTH Cmouna is not renwrUWe 16t-|»toend *'?XioTs,2Sh'°ob,:a:i *^ following «»!« from analyzing three quarts of the water :— Muriate of Ume and magneria - J „ Sulphate of magnesJa v " j^j •. Sulphate of lime __ ,,,5 " Insoluble residue •"" ^^^ , . «< Lou ' ay.io " £qual to 4.66 grains in a pint This water lies lightly upon the stomach, and is As a *flM, these waters have a wide and appropriate appuibll?; The bath of 94» will very generally be ( 200 ) NA. pring—Jonoi' White Springs. bk for "mineral BE.-^The8ether- ik of the French that in times of I waters, and vary in tem-. wing results from , 4 grains. . a.oS " ~ 1 " 87.10 " I stomach, and is of three quarts, or y. In such doses, a when first used, any active effect. de and appropriate 1 very generally be SPRINGS OF BUNCOMBE. aoi Ire revolutionary remedies, Jjd to be J^^^ J ;„„. successfully must l« u^d with w««^ ^','^^i,i,, ,„d They are unsuited to persons '" "J"' . A,, „j.gd to upon obstinate obstructions and loss oi vascu « nervous energy. An able writer upon baths *d°p\*^„\J°"!r'g wSJn ie sjeak generally of the temperature of baths .- Crnn .. ^1° to 6o"» Fahr. 1. The cold bath «ro™ go ^ -jo" " a. The cool bath....... „ "... 75" to 85° " 3. The temperate bath ,, go ^ ^a" " 4. The tepid bath .. ,"".. ga" to 98' " 5. The warm bath „ "•• ... oS" to iia" " 6. Thehotbath " chievous error, therefore, >*.^"^, *".",_ j Ji,pctinK the confounding a warn with ihot bath, and directing 18 ,0, SPRINGS OF NORTH CAROLINA. contrast with each o»»>«' ' " "**y "' bath and the hot tic»l on. in the I'M'™", "'is MCTrto b. nMd ssSyii a'«°"r.ra^;n\ceisUb.. c.„. tion and discernment. SHOCCO Si-mosare situated ninemilesfr^^^^^^ ton. in Warren County J^y^^SrZ^«^. formerly saline water. My valuea J"*;"^ '^ , , ;^^^^ aperient wlpU ..ten a,. «»°»»'' P"»f."Kl .nd comfortable J!S:?bi; ITSin?.; a"S:.:od«e ro„hnnd,«i persons. TANKS' White Sulphur and Chalybeate Springs jSed'S five miles ^-m Shocco and ^^^^ from Warrenton ; they are "nP'^ved ^^ t^^. J^J^*"^^^^ ,„» i, heldin solurtonby ~;*J»'^^','!,.S',„SS^'or comidra >' >" """"'■ 'Tii.an -nfeebled babit, J*' "^■dH i^tiMttm»i^M^^^SH«°^' NA. ertible terms ;ing in direct J indicate the h and the hot teful hygienic e use of with IS a therapeu- hereas the hot nt to be used tsiderable cau- 1 from Warren- lild sulphurous ward, formerly mildly aperient , few days' use, arc advantage- for which mild ind comfortable le four hundred YBEATE SFRINGS ceo, and eleven )r the accommo- ifty visitors, and at the height of •ous saline water, c derangements, nous water; the id. Dr. Howard "well suited for enfeebled habit, ;n deprived of its IVH/rE SVLPin^fi SPRINGS. 903 imiJortant element by malarious fevers, and in chloro sis, amenorrhoea," etc. v.a-r«FiL's Springs.— Immediately on the railroad from wSiSn tlSgh. in the county of Granv.Ue irhalfamilefromthevill^^^^^^^^^ KTr^Setuen ye'a^.Sr;et therS is but lUtle oniy lor "'^ "" .up'niace for the accommodation ot "?*'^.nr The wa\er of S^ springs Im acquired con- SeSie ileal reputation for 'the ^ure of various dis- c«S and>rticularly for scrofulous affections. ThemSal examinations have ascertained that the waS S5s ?r^lution iron, magnesia, lime, alum, "°Th.S^KSrare probably destined to acquire a resort. The White Sulphur Springs, in Catawba County, a v..rv salubrious and healthy climate. . . «« In SionTo the sulphlr waters there is here an ,^c.\^Tlyl>eate sprii, that has been long used to %Sr strrglTan-^rcTvrnt^ reached by the disTanTvSan?by making Salisbury a pomt m the travel from the north, south, or east. m Ms-'' ill IIW CHAPTER XXIX. SPRINGS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Glenn's— West's— Springs in Abbeville and Laurens Districts, etc.— Chick's— Williamstown Springs— Artesian Well in Charleston. Glenn's Springs, in Spartansburg District, have con- siderable notoriety for their medicinal virtues. Professor Shepard, of Charleston, states that the waters of these springs are strongly impregnated with sulphur, and that they also contain traces of sulphate of magnesia, with sulphate, percarbonate, and chloride of lime. These springs are much resorted to by the people of the lower country. Their situation is pleasant, salu- brious, and healthful, and their waters are highly esteemed by many, particularly in dyspeptic affections. In the same district, and a few miles above the village of Spartansburg, there is a spring which is soinewhat resorted to, and has acquired some local reputation. West's Spring is in the neighborhood of GlentCs. It is a chalybeate of good promise. Chafybeate springs are found in various parts of the State, particularly in Abbeville and Laurens Districts. In Laurens three or four chalybeate and sulphur foun- tains are known, that arise in the slate and hornblende formations that exist between the Ennoree and the Saluda, that are worthy of public attention. I am indebted to the late Professor S. H. Dickson for the information that the springs most visited in South ( ao4 ) mvi' attuflmwaiiiiifyi wms^m CHARLESTON ARTESIAN WELL. aos XIX. :x/aioLiNA. ad Laurens Districts, etc. — sian Well in Charleston. lurg District, have con- icinal virtues, eston, states that the igly impregnated with ain traces of sulphate irbonate, and chloride ed to by the people of Ltion is pleasant, salu- iir waters are highly n dyspeptic affections, miles above the village Qg which is somewhat me local reputation. ;hborhood of Gletm's. se. in various parts of the va.6. Laurens Districts. eate and sulphur foun- e slate and hornblende the Ennoree and the c attention. Bssor S. H. Dickson for i most visited in South Carolina are Chick's Springs, in Greenville District, on the Ennoree River, just below the mountains, and Wil- Uamstown Springs, between Anderson and Greenville. Chick's Springs are two in number. One is slightly sulphurous, and is used for hepatic and intestinal affec> tions and cutaneous disorders. The other is a mild chalybeate, and is employed as a tonic. The WiLLiAMSTOWN Springs have never been ana- lyzed, so far as I know. They are supposed to be both tonic and alterative. Charleston Artesian Well. — ^The water obtained from this well has acquired some reputation as a reme- dial agent. An analysis of this water shows that one gallon contains nearly the third of an ounce of solid matter. Half of this is common salt, and three-quarters of the remainder are carbonate of soda. It has also traces of potash, bromide of magnesia, sulphate of lime, borate of soda, silica, and fluorine. It has been much used in Charleston, and many aflirm that it relieves various derangements of the stomach and bowels. The late Professor Dickson informed me that horses are ex- tremely fond of it, and that it is believed to act upon them beneficially, in promoting their ready fattening, and giving them a smooth and glossy coat. This water is exported in bottles and sold in considerable quantities in the Northern cities. i8* r CHAPTER XXX. ilk SPRINGS OF GEORGIA. Indian— Madison— Warm Springs— Gordon's— Catoosa Springs. The Indian Springs, in the county of Butts, are sul- phurous waters^ and are considerably visited and much relied upon as remedial agents. They have been used with excellent effect in chronic rheumatism, and for various diseases of the liver and stomach. The Madison Springs have long been regarded as a pure and excellent chalybeate. They are found in the county of Madison, and are much visited by those who desire the use of iron tonics; The Warm Springs are in the county of Merriwether. Their temperature is 95*. They have acquired con- siderable reputation for the cure of rheumatism, gout, and other chronic affections for which such waters are commonly employed. They are all situated in pleasant and salubrious dis- tricts, and so far elevated above the sea-board as to secure them against malarial influences. Professor Richard D. Arnold, of Savannah, in a com- munication to Dr. Bell, thus speaks of this and the In- dian Spring waters: — "You have chalybeate springs in abundance at the North, but I doubt very much if any two springs can anywhere be found combining such decided medicinal qualities as the Indian and the Merriwether Warm springs. They are also of very easy access from the ( ao6 ) mmmmmmtmsmtttrnm mmmmamm d /' ex. GIA. Ion's— Catoosa Springs. inty of Butts, are sul- bly visited and much They have been used rheumatism, and for omach. g been regarded as a 'hey are found in the visited by those who GORDON'S SPRINGS.— CATOOSA SPRINGS. 207 North. One of our fine sea-steamers would land a patient at our wharves in sixty hours from New York, and our railroad would convey him to within sixteen miles of the Indian Springs and about fifty of the Warm Springs. The former would be reached withm four and a half days of travel from New York, and the latter within five and a half days." Gordon's Springs, in the county of Murray, and Rowland's Springs, in the county of Cass, are cha- lybeates, and, within the last few years, are said to be attracting some attention from invalids. Catoosa Springs are in the county of Catoosa, in the extreme western part of the State. They have not been analyzed, but are regarded as a saline chalybeate. They have been improved for the accommodation of several hundred persons, and are nauch visited during the watering-season. mnty of Merriwether. } have acquired con- of rheumatism, gout, rhich such waters are t and salubrious dis- ! the sea-board as to ences. f Savannah, in a com- ks of this and the In- in abundance at the ' any two springs can ch decided medicinal Merriwether Warm easy access from the M I II— riMaJA^BiatMMMittiJI CHAPTER XXXI. SPRINGS OF ALABAMA. i Bladen Springs— Bailey's Spring— Tallahatta Springs. Alabama has several springs of decidedly marked properties, the most noted of which is — Bladen Springs, in the county of Clarke. These springs are within three miles of the Tombecbee River, eighty-five from Mobile, and seven from CofTeeville. The country surrounding them is broken and hilly, with a forest growth of pine, hickory, oak, etc., and is well supplied with wholesome water. The accommodations at the springs are sufficient for- several hundred visitors. Six fountains, differing slightly from each other, issue from the earth within a small compass, furnishing an abundant supply of water. Professor Brumby, of the University of Alabama, has analyzed the Bladen waters,* and from a wine pint obtained the following results:— Sulphuretted hydrogen, quantity not ascertained. Canonic acid gas. 4-075 cubic inches. Chloride of sodium...., 0.9635 Oxide of iron 0.0300 Sulphate of lime. 0.0019 Crenic aid_ 0.0913 htOi 0.0400 Carbonate of soda. 4.1113 • We are indebted to Dr. Bell's work on " Mineral and Thermal, ^rings'* for many lacts in reference to the springs of the extreme Sotttbem States. (ao8) wiiiitiMiaMiii«i».;a XI. BAMA. rallahatta Springs. f decidedly marked :h is — y of Clarke. These le Tombecbee River, en from Coffeeville. i broken and hilly, ckory, oak, etc., and ater. ings are sufficient for- y from each other, I compass, furnishing iversity of Alabama, amd from a wine pint BAILEY'S SPRING. 209 Carbonate of lime 0.3437 cubic Inches. Carbonate of magnesia. 0.1706 ^_ SUica of alumina o-»3* „ Apocrenic acid 0.0750 The relatively large amount of carbonate of soda, with free carbonic acid, in this spring, classes it among the acidulous waters. , , , j In various affections of the stomach, bowels, and kidneys, as well as in chronic rheumatism and diseases of the skin, the Bladen waters would prove valuable. Bailey's Spring is in Lauderdale County, nine miles from Florence, and fourteen from Tuscumbia. The water is cool, transparent, and essentially tasteless. It has been chemically examined by Dr. Curry, of Knoxville, and is shown to contain sulphuretted hydro- gen, carbonic acid, carbonates of soda and magnesia, oxide of iron in union with carbonic acid, carbonate of potash, and chloride of sodium. The composition of this water shows that it would prove valuable in the various functional disorders of the abdominal and pelvic organs, in mercurial diseases, and generally in chronic affections of the skin, as well as in rheumatism and gout. Besides the springs before noticed, the Tallahatta Springs are much visited by persons in that part of the State. These waters are said to contain sulphur, mag- nesia, lime, and the salts of iron. iiiained. .... 4.075 cubic inches. .... 0.9695 1 .... 0.0300 .... 0.0019 .... 0.091a .... 0.0400 .... 4.1113 '■ on " Mineral and Thermal be springs of the extreme ^smrn^'' CHAPTER XXXII. SPRINGS or MISSISSIPPI. Cooper's Well— Ocean Springs. Cooper's Well is the most noted mineral fountain in Mississippi ; it is in the county of Hinds, twelve miles west of Jackson, and four from Raymond, the shire town of the county, and near the Jackson Rail- road. The water rises in an artesian well, one hundred and seven feet deep, through solid sandstone rock. The surrounding country is broken and diversified, and is thought to be dry and salubrious. The water of this well IS an active saline chalybeate. An analysis of one gallon of the water, by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, gives in gaseous contents : — Oxygen - 6.5 cubic inches. Nitrogen 4S \\ Carbonic add 4-° Solid contents : — Sulphate of soda. n-TOS gr^ns. Sulphate of magnesia. 33.380 " Sulphate of Ume sa^Sa " Sulphate of potash 0.608 " Sulphate of alumina. 6.iao ' Chloride of sodium 8.360 " Chloride of calcium A-i** " Chloride of magnesium 3.4B0 " Peroxide of iron 3-36a " Crenate of lime 0.311 " Cienate of siUca. i.8ot " 10S.47J " (aio) XII. ISSIPFI. Springs. >ted mineral fountain ity of Hinds, twelve from Raymond, the ear the Jackson Rail- rell, one hundred and andstone rock. The tid diversified, and is I. The water of this the water, by Dr. J. 1 contents : — .......... 6.5 cubic inches. 4-5 4.0 " , 1Z.70S grains. „ 23.080 " 38.139 " 0.608 " 6.190 " 8.360 " 4-3aa " 3.480 " 3-36a " 0.311 " 1.801 " ios.47» " COOPER'S WELL. ail The deposit obtained by evaporating the water con- tains in one hundred and five grains — Water 38 grains. Clilorideoflime « ". Sulpliate of lime »S ^^ Peroxide of iron »S This water is said to lose none of its qualities by being kept from the fountain. The water of Cooper's Well enjoys a high reputation in dyspepsia and the various intestinal diseases of long standing; in liver complaints, chronic inflammation of the bladder, in dropsy, and especially in (hronic diarrhcea. Its analysis shows that it is a medicinal agent of very decided powers. Dr. Foster's case, as reported by Dr. I, M. Sims, of Montgomery, Alabama, is very remarkable. It was a chronic diarrhoea in its worst form, emaciation extreme, skin dry, eyes sunken, expression so ghastly as to cause a lady to faint at sight of him, small and feeble pulse, frequent and copious dejections from the bowels. Dr. F. commenced by taking a wineglassful of the water four times during the day, gradually increasing the amount until he drank a pint m the course of the day. In eight weeks he was cured, and returned home a well man. The medical properties of this water are cathartic or aperient, accordmg to the quantity taken. It also exerts diuretic, sudorific, tonic, and alterative influences upon the system. As an alterative, its influence upon the blood and upon diseased organs and tissues is especially worthy of notice. The efficacy of the water in various diseases usually unmanageable in the hands of physi- cians commends it to the attention of the medical pro- fession; while the promptness and certainty of its action entitle it to the hopeful consideration of the invalid. To the various diseases of th^ abdominal and pelvic ,,S SPRINGS OF MISSISSIPPI. regions this water is well adapted. Among these, dis- eases of the biliary organs unattended with obstinate obstructions, dyspeptic depravities, and chronic diar- rhoea, are treated by it with great success. While as a remedy in that scourge of the South, chronic diarrhoea, this water may be looked to gener- ally with great hope, a careful discrimination is never- theless necessary in using it in such cases, for, if the diarrhoea be connected with, or dependent upon, a diseased condition of the lungs, it would prove posi- tively injurious, and hasten a fatal tendency. The Ocean Springs are situated in the pine hills of Jackson County, five miles from the town of Biloxi, Alfa mile from Biloxi Bay, and near Fort Bayou. One gallon of this water has in gaseous contents— CMi)onlcacid.„ 4.63«graiM. Solphttretted hydrogen. ''•4»» In'solid contents — Chloride of sodltun ^'^'^^i^ Chloride of calcium. S.™* „ Chloride of magnesia. 4-9«9 ,, Protoxide of iron 4-7ia With tratu of iodine, organic matter, chloride of potassium, and alumina. Dr. Bell, in quoting Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, remarks that the iron is doubtless in combination with both the sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases; the excess of carbonic acid holding both these combina- tions in solution. »> t» n Dr. Austin, of New Orleans, in a letter to Dr. Bell, states that striking cures have been wrought by these waters in many chronic diseases ; among them are af- fections of the skin, scrofula, dyspepsia, and strumous ophthalmia. , , u *u The Ocean Springs are very easy of approach both from New Orleans and Mobile, being about ninety miles distant from both places. Wk mm .-jfm^e^SU- 'SSIPPI. Among these, dis- inded with obstinate IS, and chronic diar- success. ourge of the South, be looked to gener- tcrimination is nevcr- uch cases, for, if the dependent upon, a it would prove posi- 1 tendency. id in the pine hills of the town of Biloxi, near Fort Bayou, gaseous contents — 4.63a grains. 0.481 " 47-770 grains. 3.88a " 4989 •• 4.7W " chloride of potassium, and rrence Smith, remarks }ination with both the ionic acid gases; the both these combina- n a letter to Dr. Bell, leen wrought by these ; among them are af- spepsia, and strumous sasy of approach both ting about ninety miles CHAPTER XXXIII. SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS AND FLORIDA. The Hot Springs of Arkansas, commonly known as the Washita Springs, are among the most remark- able thermal fountains in the world. They are located in Hot Springs Count:^' latitude 34" 5', longitude 16** 1', about fifty-five miles south- west from Little Rock, Hot Spring Valley runs due north and south between the two spurs of the Ozark Mountains, through which a bold creek heads its way over an almost unbroken bed of slate, emptying into the Ouachita River, about five miles distant. Hot Springs Mountain lies on the east of the valley, from the west side of which gush the Hot Springs, rising upwards of two hundred feet from the level of the valley, and from the very base, and many from the bottom of the creek; the valley is about three hundred feet wide, and eight hundred yards in length. Fifty- four hot springs have been tested in temperature, whilst many at the bottom of the creek, and under the ledges, cannot be, except with too great labor. About' 350 gallons of hot water are discharged into the creek per minute from said fifty-four springs, which affords the enormotis yield of 504,000 gallons in twenty-four hours; The largest spring discharges 60 gallons of hot water per minute, at a temperature of 1 48°, and will cook eggs in fifteen minutes. There is only one hot spring on the west side of the creek, called the alum, and im- mediately opposite, on the east side, one of sulphur, though very slightly impregnated with either. There 19 (ai3) ™'*: wwW^lBtos^JSJ ai4 SPJt/JVtJS OF ARKANSAS. are only four cold-water springs in the vicinity of the Hot Springs, viz. : one chalybeate 70° temperature, south end of valley, two freestone 70° temperature, north end, and one chalybeate 69°, quarter-mile north- east. There are two wells in the valley about twenty feet deep, 70" temperature. Water boils on the sum- mit of Hot Spring Mountain at 208" : scant five hun- dred and twenty feet elevation for each degree less 812"*, fjives nearly twenty-one hundred feet above the level of the sea. In Hot Springs Valley water boils at 209", which makes Hot Springs Mountain five hundred and sixty feet above the valley. On the summit of the mountain are heavy pme and oak timber, abounding with clusters of grapevines, huge masses of quartz rock, -apparently upheaved by some convulsion of nature; immediately below the summit, sharp-cornered broken 'i aney-comb rocks, with sparkling surfaces; still lower, a heavy undergrowth of pines and other trees, and fn>m thence, where the Hot Springs flow to the base, calceraous tufa. These springs vary in temperature from 100' to 148 Fahr. These results were arrived at by testing them at three diflerent hours of the day, viz., between four and six o'clock A.M., at twelve m., and between four and six P.M. There is no perceptible difference in the temperature tested at these several periods. The vapor ictks that have been constructed here stand at 112°, Jie douche, a spirit bath, at 120", and the saving bath at ii6», the two latter varying slightly, from the negligence of the attendants. The anafysis, by Dr. Owen, of what is termed the Rector House Well, shows it to contain bicarbonates of lime, magnesia, and iron, subcarbonates of magnesia, iron, and soda, chloride of sodium, and sulphates of soda and magnesia in small quantities. The medicinal effect of this water, internally used, is slightly aperient, antacid, and tonic. It has been observed by Dr. Owen that all the springs. AJVSjIS. in the vicinity of the ate 70° temperature, me 70° temperature, ", quarter-mile north- B valley about twenty ter boils on the sum- 108° : scant five hun- for each degree less indred feet above the 1 Valley water boils at fountain five hundred n are heavy pine and jsters of grapevines, parently upheaved by ^mediately below the aney-comb rocks, with heavy undergrowth of ihence, where the Hot }us tufa. ture from 100* to 148" i at by testing them at viz., between four and ind between four and ible difference in the al periods. teen constructed here rit bath, at xao", and latter varying slightly, dants. of what is termed the > contain bicarbonates arbonates of magnesia, [ium, and sulphates of itities. water, internally used, tonic. ven that all the springs. HOT SPRINGS. aiS wells, and water-courses of this region of country par- take of some mineral impregnation in a greater or less degree. A heavy fog continually hangs over these springs, and upon the sides of the mountains, giving the neigh- borhood the appearance, at a little distance, of a num- ber of furnaces in active operation. The water is, essentially, tasteless, very clear, pure, and transparent, and does not deposit sediment by standing. Near the edges of the springs is found luxuriously growing a species of green alga, which seems to de- light in these natural hotbeds, while the sides of the mountain are covered with luxuriant vines, continually watered by the condensation of the vapor from the springs. Mr. Featherstonehaugh, in his " Geological Report of 1835," remarks that the lofty ridges around these springs consist of old red sandstone- formation. Upon the eastern ridge are found fragments of the rock, often ferruginous, with conglomerate united by ferruginous cement. Upon the side of this ridge is found trav- ertin, deposited by the mineral waters, extending the distance of one hundred and fifty yards, resting upon the old red sandstone, presenting, sometimes, abrupt escarpments of from fifteen to twenty feet. Dr. G. W. Lawrence, a gentleman eminent in the profession, and who for many years has resided as a practitioner at these springs, has kindly favored me with a communication upon their therapeutic character, from which I make the following extracts:— " As a stimulant, when taken internally, it arouses the aAsorien/SMd secreting^stem, stimulates the hamic glands, produces more rapid metamorphosis, and ' alieranf action is the result.- The water is easily assimilated and brought rapidly into the circulatingsystem ; thus producing, when elaborated, active elinUnative agency. Thus we have all the blood-making organs aroused by the pure, taste- 9l6 SPRINGS OF ARA'ANSAS. leM, inodorous, natural stimulant, through the medium of the blood. It rapidly courses every part of the cir- culation, and if no organic disease exists, the efficacy, as an adjunct, in the treatment of all blood diseases, is some- times truly marvelous. '• In uterine diseases, as a class, these waters are un- rivaled in efficacy. In that tedious form of chronic mttritit where ulcerative action ensues, and neuralpa and functional difficulties follow, no agency can be made more valuable to the sufferer. ♦• Where sterility is alone functional, the causes can generally be relieved by the judicious use (internally and externally) of the waters. Cutaneous diseases, the opprobrium generally of the medical profession, especially when of a specific type, are treated here with the greatest advantages,— not only from the agreeable detergent action of the baths, or the maceration of old morbid surface-tissues that are cleansed, but in the treat- ment of all skin-diseases, where we find integumentary alterations or lesions existing, the natural tepid, warm, and hot baths in efficiency cannot be excelled. In all rheumahc condiHons of the system, after the acute or in- flammatory action subsides, the thermal waters enjoy great celebrity for their good qualities and curative properties. In the treatment of gout and gouty rheu- matism, the waters have like reputation in controlhng the * diathesis,' if persistently used as directed. As remedial adjuncts in the treatment of scrofula, sypMlis, mercurio-^hilis, mercurial diseases, and climatic (ma- larial) ills, where prompt ' depurativ^ and * eHminattve agency is demanded, these waters have no superior, in fact stand unrivaled, in combined properties, for that agency. In all diseases of the brain or lesions of the spinal marrow, these waters are positively injurious. Experience, with careful circumsjjection, satisfies me that the waters should not be used in filepsy^ except it is purely of functional origin. Females should avoid, if possible, the treatment of chronic dise«ae« during 13 4NSAS. through the mediiitn every part of thecir- exists, the efficacy, as lood diseases, is some- , these waters are un- ious form of chronic :n8ues, and neuralgia r, no agency can be r. 'ona/, the causes can icious use (internally Cutaneous dise^es, ; medical profession, are treated here with ly from the agreeable the maceration of old msed.butinthetreat- we find integumentary natural tepid, warm, t be excelled. In all , after the acute or in- thermal waters enjoy lualities and curative r gout and gouty rheu- nitation in controlling ised as directed, t^ It of screfula, s^hilis, tses, and cA'matic {ma- %tiv^ and 'eliminativf ■8 have no superior, in ed properties, for that brain or lesions of the re positively injurious, nspection, satisfies me id in epilepsy, except it Females should avoid, hronic diseaaes during SPRINGS Oh FLORIDA. •17 pregnancy, as unpleasant results are very apt to follow general bathing. "Ill all diseases of the lungs, or bronchial tubes, «■//// ut specific origin, all natural thermal waters are untl sirable, as they oppress respiration by stimulating circulatory action, and cause an afflux of blood to the bronchial surfaces. In organic diseases of the heart, thermal waters (either natural or artificial) should not be used." About three miles from the Hot Springs there is a chalybeate spring, which is said to be of very fine quality. In Montgomery County, forty miles from the Hot Springs, is a spring known as "Bill Iron's Salt Sul- phur," which is said to possess highly exhilarating prop- erties, so much so as to produce the peculiar symptoms of incipient intoxication. SPRINGS OF FLORIDA. There are light sulphurous waters in various parts of Florida, but none have become places of large visita- tion. Among these may be mentioned the Sulphur Spring near Tampa. It arises from a bed of limestone. The water is remarkably clear and transparent, and forms a basin at its source eighteen feet deep. There are several springs on the St. John's and Suwanee Rivers, known as the Magnolia, the Walake, and the Enterprise Springs, — all sulphurous. At the Magnolia, a sanatarium has been established for the reception of invalids who may wish to spend the winter in that climate. We are told, by a writer in the Floridian journal, that Florida greatly abounds in mineral waters, and that their solid contents consist generally of the sul- phates of lime, soda, and magnesia, with oxide of iron ; their gaseous contents of sulphuretted hydrogen, car- bonic acid, and nitrogen gases. But too little, as yet, is known of these springs to determine with certainty their relative or positive merits. 19* r I'll '' I CHAPTER XXXIV. MINERAL SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. Santosa and Ballston Group— Classification of Waters— Geological Position— Thermaliiation of Waters— Analysis of Various Springs, etc Next to Virginia, New York is more distinguished for the number and variety of her mineral springs than any State of the Union. With less variety in the com- piMition of her waters than Virginia, she neverthelera possesses some o*" very high medicinal character, and that have more largely attracted public attention than any other waters in America. I allude, of course, to the distinguished group known as the Saratoga and Ballston Springs. This entire group possesses essentially the same properties and virtues; the difference between the several springs consisting merely in the proportions of their relative gaseous and saline contents. The famous series of springs at Saratoga comprise . the several springs known as Congress, Ptttnam,. Pavil- ion, High Rock, Iodine, Flat Retk, Hamilton, Colum- bian, JVashington, Empire, Saratoga Ahm, Geyser, Star, Halthom, Excelsior, Seltur, and Red Spring. The village of Ballston Spa lies about seven miles southwest from Saratoga. The large resort to this place, on account of its mineral springs, makes it, like Saratoga, a place of considerable notoriety. The mineral springs of Ballston comprise the Sans Soiui, Low's Park; the New and the Old Washington Sprifigs, and the Sulphur Spring. The waters of Ballston, with the exception of the ("8) SARATOGA AND BALLSTON. 219 av. EW YORK. )n of Waters— Geological lalysis of Various Springs, more distinguished mineral springs than s variety in the com- nia, she nevertheless icinal character, and public attention than allude, of course, to as the Saratoga atui p possesses essentially le difference between sly in the proportions ; contents. t Saratoga comprise ress, PtOnamy Pavil- :k, Hamilton, Cohm- ttoga Alum, Geyser, ; dXiA Hed Spring. es about seven miles large resort to this prings, makes it, like notoriety. m comprise the Sans the Old Washington the exception of the Sulphur Spring, evidently belong to the same class with those of the Saratoga group. And although they do not contain quite so large a proportion of saline quali- ties as some of the Saratoga fountains, they are, never- theless, entitled to rank high among the acidulous chalybeate waters of our country. In classifying the Saratoga and Ballston springs, we may well regard them as acidulo saline or carbonated saline waters. Their large amount of carbonic acid gas and of carbonates, with their heavy impregnation with chloride of sodium, distinctly assigns them to this clflss The great Appalachian chain of geological upheav- ings, extending through Virginia and West Virginia, and furnishing such an extensive series of thermal and medicated waters, is probably on the same or a parallel axis with that which gives the famous waters of Saratoga and Ballston. The fact that the various, springs of Saratoga and Ballston hold in solution essentially the same ingre- dients, and differ from each other only in the quantity of ingredients common to all, goes to show that they derive their distinctive qualities from one common source, but are modified to some extent in their pas- sage to the surface of the earth by the peculiar character of the different strata through which they have passed, " If," says Dr. Bell,* " we admit the correctness of Dr. Daubeny's observation, that the temperature of the water of the Congress spring at Saratoga, 51° Fahr., is three or four degrees above the mean temperature of the earth at this place, we can give credence to the opinion of the thermal origin of the water, and of the mode of extrication of the carbonic acid so largely found; it being brought about by subterranean heat acting on limestone rocks. The first process would consist of the junction of carbonic acid coming through r, ™^rr-«.I,' "• ^. aao SPXINGS OF NEW YORK. the clefts and small canals, with the meteoric water which had reached its greatest depth and was begin- ning to rise in larger canals. The second process would be the decomposition and solution of portions of certain rocks, and the formation of acidulous springs, rich in carbonic acid and carbonates. The same heat which would drive off carbonic acid from limestone would readily raise the temperature of the meteoric water which finds its way into the interior of the earth, and we should then have thermal — ^warm and hot — springs. Reasoning in this way, we can easily adopt the views of those who maintain that carbonated and thermal springs are similar in their mineral, and still more in their geological, position, and seem to be plainly referable to the same system of causes." Admitting the correctness of the supposition that subterranean heat may be sufficient to eliminate car- bonic acid from limestone, and so to heat meteoric water in the bowels of the earth as to return it to the surface in the form of hot and warm springs, a question for the curious still remains to be mooted. Is this sub- terranean heat volcanic, and consequently local, or is it from the great "central heat" of the earth, con- tended for by Mr. Daubeny and others? Many geo- logical appearances in the regions in which we find thermal waters, not to mention the extensive upheav- ings and displacement of strata generally found in the neighborhood of such springs, lend some countenance to the volcanic origin of such waters. On the other hand, the theory of the central heat of the earth, which alleges that the earth's heat increases about one degree for every hundred feet we descend in it, while it has been occasionally sustained by deep artesian borings, has, on the other hand, been so often refuted by such borings, that it seems unsafe, in the absence of more conclusive proof, to adopt it as a fixed and well-de- termined fact. / YORK. SARATOGA SPRINGS. 331 the meteoric water !pth and was begin- rhe second process solution of portions of acidulous springs, ites. The same heat acid from limestone ure of the meteoric interior of the earth, il — ^warm and hot — we can easily adopt that carbonated and ir mineral, and still tn, and seem to be m of causes." the supposition that nt to eliminate ear- so to heat meteoric IS to return it to the 0) springs, a question aooted. Is this sub- lequently local, or is ' of the earth, con- others? Many geo- is in which we find le extensive upheav- merally found in the d some countenance iters. On the other It of the earth, which ses about one degree A in it, while it has tep artesian borings, )ften refuted by such the absence of more a fixed and well-de- CONGRESS SPRING. The following is the analysis of the Congress water, as made by Dr. Steel : — • o He states that the temperature of the water is 50 . Dr. Daubeny marks it at 51° Fahr. Both its temperature and quantity are said to be the same at all seasons. One gallon of the water yields- Chloride of sodtam 3850 Hydriodate of sodiU • 3"5. Carbonate of soda - . Bicaibonate of soda ''•9"» Carbonate of magnesia. „.-«« Bicarbonate of magnesia ^'iS Carbonate of lime 9«09» Carbonate of iron S-yS gjIJQji ,.., **5 Hydrobroroateofpotassa - **'*°*- 597-943 Gaseous contents : — Carbonic add... 3" cubic inches. Atmospheric «dr. • 7 318 " Dr. Chilton's examination of this water, as given by Dr. North, differs stimewhat from the above. He found a minute portion of alum, sulphate of soda, iodide of sodium, and bromide of potassium, to the amount of 5.930 grains tc the gallon of water. According to his estimates, the solid and gaseous contents of the water in one gallon are as follows : — Solid contente "-. 543-998 B™*"*- Carbonic acid "84-65 cubic inphes. Atmospheric idr 5-4* 090.06 " " Iodine was first discovered in these waters in 1838, and was announced in the American Journal of Science / PC ■IRll tia SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. in 1829. In 1830, Mr. A. A. Hays detected bromine r and potash in the water. The quantity of these ingre- dients is, however, very small, and to detect them with certainty it is necessary to operate on a large quantity. Putnam Spring.— This spring, bearing the name of its proprietor, is regarded as the richest chalybeate in the Sanitoffa group. It is reported as containing seven grains of the carbonate of iron to the gallon, in addi- tion to the salts common to it and the other springs. This, comparatively, is a heavy chalybeate impregna- tion. The famous Pyrmont ^rit^, in Westphalia, which enjoys, perhaps, the largest European reputation as an iron tonic, contains, agreeably to the analysis of M. Westram, but 8^ grains of iron to the gallon; while the celebrated Pmhon, at Spa, in Belgium, little if any less distinguished as a chalybeate tonic, contains but 5.24 grains of iron to the gallon, according to the analysis of the celebrated Bergmann. Pavilion Spring ^The saline contents of the water of this spring are less than those of the Congress, being 311.71 grains in the gallon. It, however, exceeds the Mter in the proportion of its carbonic acid, of which it has 350.05 cubic inches to the gallon. This spring is near the Columbian Hotel, and not &r from the centre of the town. Union Spring.— By Dr. Chilton's analysis, the water of this spring is shown to contain 393.907 grains of solid contents in the gallon. Its amount of carbonic acid is somewhat less than is found in the Pavilion, being .344. 16 cubic inches in the gallon of water. This spring is in the eastern part of the town, and not far from the road leading to Schuylerville. High Rock.— This spring, with its conical indosure of emUareous ^a, evidently the deposit of its own mummm ■m YORK. )rs detected bromine ntity of these ingre- to de'iect them with on a large quantity. bearing the name of ichest chalybeate in as containing seven the gallon, in addi- 1 the other springs, talybeate impregna- in Westphalia, which ean reputation as an the analysis of M. o the gallon; while Belgium, little if any tonic, contains but ), according to the m. ontents of the water ' the Congress, being lowever, exceeds the [)onic acid, of which gallon. This spring id not &r from the t's analysis, the water in 393.907 gmins of amount of carbonic ind in the Pavilion, allon of water. This e town, and not far ville. I its conical inclosure deposit of its own SARATOGA SPRINGS. aa3 waters, deserves to be regarded among the interesting curiosities of our country. The venerable Dr. Seaman remarks, in reference to it, that if it " had been upon the borders of the Lago d'Agnano, the noted Grotto del Cane, which burdens almost every book which treats upon the carbonic acid gas since the peculiar properties of that air have been known, would never have been heard of beyond the environs of Naples, while this fountain, in its place, would have been deservedly celebrated in story, and spread upon canvas, to the admiration of the world, as one of its greatest curi- osities." J , t. This unique conical structure is composed of the carbonates of lime and magnesia, with the oxide of iron, and a portion of sand and clay. When broken, it exhibits the impression of leaves and twigs of trees. Its circumference at its base is about twenty-six feet, and its perpendicular height four feet ; from the top of tbe rock to the surface of the water, two feet ; depth of water in the cavity of the rock, about seven and a half feet. The hole at the top of the rock through which the water is dipped is circular, and measures about ten inches across. ' As early as 1767, this spring was visited by Mr. Wm. Johnson, who used its waters with benefit for gout, and from this period it came rapidly into the notice and regard of the colonists. In the years 1784 and 1785 some accommodations were constructed for invalids, and about this period the springs known as Flat Rock, the President, and Red Spring, first attracted attention. Dr. Steel, to whose " Analysis" I am indebted for this history, remarks that " the extravagant stories told by the first settlers of the astonishing effects of the ' High Rock' waters, in the cure of almost every species of disease, are still remembered and repeated by their too credulous descendants. This, in connec- tion with the singular and mysterious character of the :-^!m^ 3S4 SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. '\tk rock, continued to attach an importance to the waters, in the eyes of the vulgar, to which no other fountain will ever attain." . „ . The temperature of the High Rock water is 48 ; >ts specific gravity,' 1006.85, when- the barometer stood at 89.05 ibches — ^pure water being looo. Analysis shows that it contains 345.68 grains of solid ingredients, and 309 cubic inches of gaseous contents, to the gallon of water. Each gallon holds in solution 5.58 grains of carbonate of iron. The Iodine, or, as it is sometimes called, Walton S^ng, contains, according to the examinations of Pro- fessor Emmons, 3.5 grains of hydriodat6 of soda to the gallon of water. Its saline ingredients do not differ essentially from those of the neighboring fountains. Its chalybeate impregnation is somewhat greater than the water of the Congress Spring, but less than that of the Putnam, Union, Pavilion, and others. Its temperature is rendered at 47? Fahrenheit. The Flat Rock, Hamilton^ Columbian, and IVash- ingtdn Springs, of wh-h Dr. Steel gives the analysis, very nearly resemble tach other, and those already de- scribed, in their general saline and gaseous character. The FkU Rock contains 5.39 grains of the carbonate of iron to the g^lon, the HamiUon 5.39, the CobtmHan 5.58, and the fFdvifViiffMi 3.35. ' Empire Sfring.— This fountain is now attracting considerable attention. The relatively larger portion olioditu, and smaller portions of iron and earthy salts, contained in this water, in comparison with its neigh- boring springs, sug^iest to the medical mind a prefer- ence for it in the treatment of several formidable chronic affections. The following is Professor Emmons's analysis of one gallon of the water: — m YORJC. >rtance to the waters, ch no other fountain Lock water is 48° ; its le barometer stood at 000. Analysis shows lolid ingredients, and ents, to the gallon of lution 5.58 grains of etimes called, WaUon examinations of Pro- Irindate of soda to the edients do not differ iboring fountains. Its what greater than the less than that of the thers. 47? Fahrenheit. 'olumHan, and Wash- eel gives the analysis, and those already de- ind gaseous character, ins of the carbonate of M 5.39, the CobtmUan ain is now attracting ilatively larger portion f iron and earthy salts, parison with its neigh- nedical mind a prenr- eral formidable chronic tmons's analysis of one SASATOGA SPRINGS. »2$ Chloride of sodium 269.696 Bicarbonate of lime 141.834 Bicarbonate of magnesia 4*'984 Bicarbonate of soda 30.848 Hydriodate of soda or iodine • la.ooo Bicarbonate of iron. « • a trace. 496.339 Specific gravity 1039. Saratoga Alum. — This is one of the Saratoga group of comparatively recent development. Its analysis by Dr. J. G. Pohle, of New York, which follows, is cal- culated to give it a high position among its most distingubhed compeers: — Chloride of sodium. s6S-3<» Chloride of potassium 357 Chlorides of calcium and magnesia. traces. Bicarbonate of soda. 6.753 Bicarbonate of lime S6.8sa Bicarbonate of magnesia 90.480 Bicarbonate of iron i i.7»4 Sulphate of lime 44^ Sulphate of magnesia a88 StUphate of soda a.S«> Sulphate of potassa 370 Silicic acid. 1-460 Alumina. 380 Per gallon. 656.911 Free carbonic acid gasi ~ aia cubic inches. Atmospheric air .••••~ 4 " Pergallon .-. •*.... ai6 " It will be observed from this analysis that this water is about ten per cent, greater in mineral properties than the celebrated Congress Spring j while it is four times that of Baden-Baden in Austria, twice that of Vichy in France, nearly three times greater than the renowned Seltzer of Germany, and five times greater than that of Aix-laChapelle in Prussia. The Geyser, or '' Spouting Spring," on the Ball- 20 i ^..,)A^ ^ » ^; igm^. ■..^. ....^ij^-i ^^-^^-^--'-^-'^ ' aa6 SPRWGS OF NEW YORK. ston road, one and a half miles south of the principal hotels at Saratoga, is vgry remarkable for the amount of its constituent ingredients, both solid and gaseous. Prof. Chandler represents it as containing 991.546 grains of solid matters to the gallon, with 4S4-o8a cubic inches of carbonic acid gas. The Star, Halthorn, Excelsior, Seltzer, and Red Spring all resemble, in the general character of their waters, the springs of the famous Saratoga group just described. mi BALMTON SPRINGS. The village of Ballston is situated seven miles south- west from Saratoga. It derives its name from the late C. Eliphalet Ball, who with a number of his congrega- tion settled near the site of the village at the time the springs were first discovered. These mineral springs are situated in a deep marshy valley, through which passes a branch of the Kayaderosseras Creek. They were discovered in 1769. Of the springs composing the Ballston group of acid- ulous chalybeate waters, the following may be men- tioned : the Sans Sauci, Park, Low's Well, the UhiUd States, Franklin, and Fulton Chalybeate. Dr. Steel re- marks that these waters evidently belong to the same class with those at Saratoga; and if they do not con- tain so large a portion of the saline properties as some of the fountains A the latter place, which is very mani- fest, both from the taste and the effects, they are, un- questionably, entitled to rank among the best acid- ulous chalybeate waters which this or any other country affords. In addition to the acidulous saline chalybeate waters of Ballston Spa, there are several sulphurous springs in the neighborhood, not regarded, however, as very strong, which probably owe their peculiar character to the decomposition of the sulphuret of iron which •JHNHN^KiUl HlWltlJHJ ' YORK. outh of the principal kable for the amount th solid and gaseous. I containing 991-546 tn, with 454.083 cubic OR, Seltzer, and Red ral character of their s Swatoga group just [NGS. ted seven miles south- its name from the late mber of his congrega- rillage at the time the rhese mineral springs valley, through which osseras Creek. They 3allston group of acid- llowing may be men- •»« " Silica »«> " 60.8a " Carbonic acid, 30.50. Temperature, 50" F., whiclrdoes not vary through the year. It will be seen, by comparing the analysis of this with the Congress Spring, that the latter contains a much larger amount, both of solid and gaseous con- tents, than the former. The Franklin Mineral Spring has been analyzed by Prof. C. F. Chandler, with the following results :— One U.S. gallon, 231 cubic inches, contains — mm mamm g,8 SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. Chloride of todiuin 659.344 graJni. Chloride of potaMium 33-930 ", Bromide of sodium 4-™5 Iodide of sodium *3& " Fluoride of calcium trace. Bicartionatc of lithia 6.787 " Dicarbonate of soda m.... 94.604 || BicArbonate of magnesia. 177.868 |^ Bicartionate of lime 903.339 |^ Bicarimnate of strontia 009 Bicarbonate of batyla i-as* || Bicarbonate of iron '•«'09 Sulphate of potassa 769 '| Phosphate of soda •<>»» Biborate of soda *««• ,, Alumina "63 Silica "• -735 Organic matter trace. Total "84.368 '• Carbonic acid gas 460.066 cubic inches. Density , io"S Temperature S'" jTiwiiiwlwiis YORK. 6S9344g«Jni. 33-930 " 4-665 " 935 " trace. 6.787 " 94.604 " 177.868 " 003.333 " 00a " 1.331 " 1.609 " 76a " .on " trace. 363 " -735 " trace. , 1184.368 " 460.066 cubic inches. 1.0115 " Sa' CHAPTER XXXV. NEW YORK MINERAL WATERS— CONTINUED. Improper U«e of the Saratoga Water*, and iu Evils -Injurioui Advice and Errors of Opinion as to the Nature and Use of Mineral Waters— Diseases for which the Saratoga Waters may •>« P«- scriijed— Alljany Artesian Mineral Well— Reed's Mineral Spring— Halleck's Spring, etc. It is well remarked by Dr. Steel, long the resident physician at Saratoga,* that " these waters are so gen- erally used, and their effects so seldom injurious, par- ticularly to persons in health, that almost every one who has ever drank of theih assumes the prerogative of directing their use to others ; and were these di- rections always the result of experience and observa- tion, they certoinly would be less objectionable ; but there are numerous persons that flock about the springs during the drinking season without any knowledge of the composition of the waters, and little or none of their effects, who continue to dispose of their direc- tions to the ignorant and unwary with no other effect than to injure the reputation of the water and destroy the prosoects of the diseased. . . c "Many persons who resort to the springs for the restoration of health seem to be governed by the idea that they are to recover in proportion to the amount they drink ; and although many who are in health may, and frequently do, swallow down enormous amounts of the water with apparent impunity, it does not fol- • Analysis of the Mineral Waters of Saratoga and Ballston, ao* ( **9 ) i-«t^i^iErs2 ato.*j.jM-. 4 ' tn winding up of this confirmed dyspepsia, DISEASES-GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 233 attended with faulty and irregular secretions from the liver, ultimately giving rise to intestinal or thoracic "Xairwill not allow me to trace out the various and multiform disorders and disorganizations that may, and often do, result from the venous plethora and ab- dominal accumulations alluded to; nor is this, per- haps, the proper place to do so. I remark, however, that, in the condition of the system alluded to, and especially in its early stages, the Sarato^ watere, and of choice the more purgative of them, afford a remedy entitled to great confidence, and, generally, speedily beneficial in its effects. In such cases they should be so used as to produce copious evacuations from the bowels for two or three weeks. The more purgative waters, such as the Con- gress Spring, being taken early in the morning to pro- duce this effect, the patient may, with advantage, use small quantities of some of the more ferruginated watere in the evening, such as the Putnam, or High Rock ^lli" recent attacks of biliary affections, unattended with fever or general excitement, the Congrras waters have proved very beneficial. In such cases, Dr. Steel, long a resident physician at the springs, says he was m the habit of giving a few grains of calotnel or blue pill at night, and following it in the morning with a suf- ficient quantity of water to move the bowels briskly two or three times. A few doses of this description usually put the bowels in a situation to be more easily acted upon by the water alone. In the titore advanced stage of bilious affecHons, says Dr. Steel, "where the organi- zation of the liver and other viscera has materially suffered, and the disposition to general hydrops, in- dicated by the enlargement of the extremities, fullness of the abdomen, etc., the waters are, all of them, mani- festly injurious, and ought not to be admitted, even as an adjunctive remedy." 334 SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. In the variotu ^spepHe depravities these waters have long maintained a high and well-deserved reputation. The Congress Spring is most generally used for these affections. It is best taken in the morning for such cases, about an hour before breakfast, in sufficient quantity to move the bowels gently once or twice. For this purpose, from two to four or five tumblerfuls, Xsksxi at intervals of ten or fifteen minutes apart, will generally be sufficient. In calculous or nephritic complaints, these waters have been long employeid with great advantage, and well- attested instances are given of their effecting complete cures in such cases. The water, in such diseases, should be so drunk as to keep the bowels gently open and to keep up an increased secretion from the kidneys. In such cases, the use of the warm bath is an important auxiliary. Its temperature should be about loo" Fahr., and the patient remain in it from thirty to sixty minutes. In chronic rheumatism, Dr. Steel asserts' that the waters have been long employed with advantage. In such cases, he gives preference to the Congress Spring. For arthritis or gout, the waters are regarded as an uncertain remedy. In the early or forming stages of the disorder they may prove beneficial, but when the disease has become confirmed, and is of long continu- ance, the effects of the water are doubtful, and cases have occuired where their use induced a recurrence of the paroxysm. In ill-conditioned ulcers and ctttaneous eruptions, as well as in the enfeebled condition of the system follow- ing iprotrcuted mercurial course, the use of the waters has proved veiy beneficial. Scrofula is another disease in which ihe Saratoga waters have been often used, and Dr. Steel remarks that "experience abundantly sanctions the belief of their utility in that complaint." The large proportion 'of iodine which Professor Emmons detects in the Empire Spring seems clearly YORA'. Hes these waters have deserved reputation. lerally used for these le morning for such eakfast, in sufficient T once or twice. For or five tumblerfuls, n minutes apart, will nts, these waters have advantage, and well- eir effecting complete !r, in such diseases, ic bowels gently open ion from the kidneys. bath is an important be about 100° Fahr., hirty to sixty minutes. >teel asserts' that the with advantage. In the Congress Spring. rs are regarded as an or forming stages of leficial, but when the id is of long continu- e doubtful, and cases luced a recurrence of ft/atucus eruptions, as I of the system foUow- the use of the waters which the Saratoga d Dr. Steel remarks Dctions the belief of ine which Professor Spring seems clearly ALBANY ARTESIAN MINERAL WELLS. '35 to indicate a preference for that fountain in the treat- ment of this class of affections. In dropsical affections i)M Saratoga waters should only be prescribed under careful discrimination. When the disease depends upon long-continued organic derange- ment, they will prove injurious. On the other hand, when the affection is recent, and dependent upon the want of sufficient action in the absorbent vessels, they will be beneficial, and their use in such cases will prob- ably result in removing the morbid accumulations. Farafysis, under the active purgative operation of the waters, is sometimes benefited. Chlorosis and other complaints peculiar to females are often treated by these waters with good success. In such cases, the waters in which the tonic properties most abound are to be preferred, and much advantage will generally be derived from frequent bathing, and pleas- urable exercise unconnected with exhaustion or fatigue. In phthisical complaints that arise from a primary affection of the lungs, the Saratoga waters are injurious, and ou^ht not to be used. But in congestions of the bronchial surfaces, as well as in translated or sympa- thetic affections from abdominal origin making a lodg- ment in the chest, and unattended with any general strumous tendency, the waters of the Empire Spring might, probably, be safely and advantageously em- ployed. Albany Artesian Minbral Wells.-— Messrs. Boyd and McCuUock, in boring for pure water to supply their brewery, struck at the depth of four hundred and eighty feet a saline water abounding in the carbonates and carlx^n^c acid, and emitting at the same time car- buretted hydrogen or burning gas. On continuing the boring to the depth of six hundred feet, the flow of the carbonated water and gas continued. Another boring was effected to the same depth, a few rods from the first, with the same results and the singular addition of ftM^0^y'^-^>^^^l^^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^'^^ i[ iw r i JimfcMtrfiitivr'fiirifr '•"-■i .': ■.■ai;} ik ^/ Carbonate of magnesia *'SO ,, Carbonate of iron, with a litUe silica. x-oo ^^ Chloride of calcium " o-So 7I.OO " Gaseous contents, aS cubic inches. Reed's Mineral Spring, in Washington County, is an acidulous spring, not very dissimilar from the waters of Saratoga, but containing less gas, and con- sequently less sparkling. Its taste is somewhat acidu- lous. Halleck's Spring, in Oneida County, and near the village of Hampton, was discovered by boring to the depth of one hundred and six feet into a solid rock. Professor Noyes analyzed this water, and obUined from one pint the following results :— Chloride of sodium 78.00 gr^. Chloride of calcium,... 13.00 ^^ Chloride of magnesia 4'<« ^, Sulphate of lime • 5<» . 100.00 " W YORK. rogen gas from a small at thirty feet below the concludes that "in the It different depths, sul- ed hydrogen, and car- y evolved." The same arbonated waters might lint on the range from it of the Albany well is jravity is 1.00900. pint of water shows the CHALYBEATE SPRINGS. ni This spring is said to evolve carburetted or bummg MS in considerable quantities, with a small proportion of carbonic acid. It would seem from the composition of its waters to belong to the class of weak brine or salt springs. Near Catskill, in Greene County, and in Rensselaer County, a mile from the village of Sandlakf, strong chalybeate springs zxt {omA. , j • Other springs of the same character are found m Delaware, Dutchess, and Columbia Counties. 59.00 grains. 5.00 " 4.00 " 1.50 •• 1.00 " 0,50 " 71.00 *• ix in Washington County, ery dissimilar from the ining less gas, and con- taste is somewhat acidu- da County, and near the Dvered by boring to the feet into a solid rock, this water, and obtained »ults : — 78.00 grains. 13.00 •• 4,00 " 5 00 " . 100.00 " CHAPTER XXXVI. NEW YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS. ' Sharon Springs— Avon Springi— Richfield Springs. Waters to some extent impregnated with sulphur exist in almost every great section of the State of New York; but few of these springs, however, have been extensively improved for public use, or are so strongly charged with gas and rich in solid medicinal materials as to make them objects of more than local interest. There are, however, several strong exceptions to this general remark, and especially the waters of the Sharpn and Avon Springs, which have acquired quite an ex- tended reputation. As is found to be the case in Virginia, the sulphur springs of New York are generally on, or not very remote from, the lines of fracture or disturbance in the strata of the earth from subterranean causes. The Sharon is said to be the strongest exception to this general law of their location. Mr. Hall, who made a geological survey of a portion of this State, remarks that springs which issue from different classes of rock are marked by a general character and aspect which indicate their relative geological positions. " In the strata of the Niagara group the water has usually a dark appearance in the spring, though it is limpid and differs essentially from the waters of the salt group, while iii higher rocks it is not only less copious, but it is often marked by a black («38) txvi. . SPRINGS. -Richfield Springs. regnated with sulphur >n of the State of New t, however, have been use, or are so strongly id medicinal materials re than local interest, ong exceptions to this le waters of the Sharpn acquired quite an ex- 1 Virginia, the sulphur 5rally on, or not very ture or disturbance in terranean causes. The igest exception to this ;ical survey of a portion rings which issue from marked by a general indicate their relative : strata of the Niagara dark appearance in the differs essentially from lile in higher rocks it is >ften marked by a black SHARON SPRINGS. 939 and red deposit, as well as sometimes a whitish stain upon the rock or at the bottom of the spring." These springs, however widely separated, have been observed to have a temperature somewhat above the common springs of their neighborhood. The same fact has been observed in reference to the sulphurous springs so abundantly found in Virginia, going to show a com- mon cause for the general thermalization of such waters. SHARON SPRING? These springs are in the county of Schoharie, and near the village of Leesville. According to Dr. Beck, they arise from pyritous slates, underlying strata of Heiderberg limestone. The two springs most noted are called Whtte Sulphur and Magnesia. , . « t t» The White Sulphur has been analyzed by Dr. J. K. Chilton, of the city of New York, who obtained the following results from one pint of the water : — Sulphate of magnesia J^S Per- sulphate of lime °-9° ,. Chloride of sodium "J* „ Chloride of magnesium ^-^S Hydrosulphuret of sodium 1 0.14 " Hydrosulphuret of calcium J " 10.06 " Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, i cubic inch. Dr. Beck remarks " that sulphate of lime in small fresh perfect crystals is found near the springs m con- siderable abundance." . Dr. Bell remarks, after quoting the analysis given above, that the "solid contents of a gallon of this water,* as determined by the same chemist, are 160.94 grains, and the amount of sulphuretted hydrogen gas • Mineral and Thermal Springs. . a4P NEV^ yORK SULPHUR SPRINGS. 1 6 inches. The results, as reported by Dr. North, are at variance with the preceding table of reduction to a pint made by Dr. Beck, still from Dr. Chilton's analysis." , The Magnesia Spring, according to the analysis of Professor Reed, of New York, contains the following ingredients in one gallon of water: — Bicarbonate of magnesia. 30-S grain*. Sulphate of magnesia "-7 || Sulphate of lime TO.o ^^ Hydrosulphates of magnesia and lime. 0.5 Chloride of sodium and magnesia. 3-<» " • 139.7 " Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 3.3 inches. In looking to the relative character of the Sharon waters, we find them most to resemble the Avon Springs of New York, and the White Sulphur Springs of Vir- ginia, and in a general way they will be found adapted to the same class of diseases for which the latter waters are beneficially used. The hotel accommodations for visitors at Sharon are represented as extensive and agreeable, with pleasant promenades through well-shaded woodlands contiguous to the spring, and the enjoyment of extensive and interesting views of the surrounding country. Travelers to Sharon, either from the north, east, or south, should make Albany a point where they take the Binghamton Railroad to Palatine Bridge, and thence by stage-coaches over the mountains to the springs. AVON SPRINGS. These springs are situated in the western part of the State, on the eastern branch of the Genesee River, and near the village of Avon. They are about eighteen miles from the city of Rochester, and twenty-four from !"Ml«5!iHS SPRINGS. trted by Dr. North, )g table of reduction 1 from Dr. Chilton's ig to the analysis of tntains the following ..30.S gratoi. ..aa.7 " .76.0 " ,. O.S " ■• 30 " 139.7 " iracter of the Sharon nble the Avon Springs iphur Springs of Vir- will be found adapted rhich the latter waters visitors at Sharon are reeable, with pleasant woodlands contiguous ent of extensive and ing country. >m the north, east, or oint where they take Palatine Bridge, and the mountains to the [GS. he western part of the he Genesee River, and ey are about eighteen , and twenty-four from AVON SPRINGS. •41 Canandaigua. They are connected with Rochester by a daily Une of stage-coaches. The Genesee Valley canal-boats also land passengers within nine or ten miles of the springs, whence they are conveyed in coac"-s to their destination. The Indians of that region, it is said, knew of ana appreciated these springs as •« medicine-water many years ago. The first recorded use of them by the white settlers was in 179a. when they were successfully used for a cutaneous affection. In 1795 we hear of their curing rheumatism of long standing, loat had resisted successfully the skill of intelligent physicians. The accommodations at and near the springsare very good, and sufficiently extensive for a large number of visitors. These consist of three hotels near the springs, and two at the village of Avon, from which a connection is kept up with the springs by omnibuses. There were but two springs known at Avon until the year 1835, and these were designated as the Upper and Lower springs. About that time a new one was dis- covered, which is known as the New Bath Spring. This new fountain is said to be thirty feet deep, the water in it rising through a calciferous slate. An analysis of one pint of the water of this spring yields the following results : — Carbonate oflime • ^'^'^ Sulphate of Ume. °-^ „ Sulphate of magnesia *-°'; „ Sulphate of soda. " " *•»* „ Chloride of sodium - ^ 11.87 " Sulphuretted hydrogen, 3.91 cubic inches. - Temperature of the water, 50" Fahr.; specific grayity, 1.00350. The C/pper, or, as it is now called, the Middle Spring, is about one hundred and fifty yards from the one just described. Its temperature is 51° Fahrenheit. An analysis of one pint of the water, according to ai* ^''■^"•'•'^^^■^^■'/•^'•f'v^tyt.-Ktt^iti^ieqf^i^aim.'^^ '■MhibiMMm'y. I. a4t NEW YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS. the investigations of Professor Hadley, shows the fol- lowing results :— Carbonate of lime i.oograiiu. Sulphate of Ume. 10.50 " Sulphate of magnesia. i-aS " ' Sul{4)ateofsoda. a-oo " Chloride of sodium *3f* " »7.0S " Sulphuretted hydrogen.. xa-oo " Carbonic acid S«o " 17.60 " The JVrttf S/n'ng, Dr. Salisbury states, was formerly a large pool some fifty feet in diameter, and served as a bathing-place for the early inhabitants. It has been more prised as a curative agent than the others, and is more largely resorted to. In one pint of this water Dr. J. R. Chilton found — Carbonate of lime 3-S8 grains. Chloride of calcium >os " Sulphate of lime 717 \\ Sulphate of magnesia. 6-a» Sulphate of soda. - »'7i 19.7a " Of gaseous contents : — SuliAate of hydrogen ~ 1.3a grains. Carbonic add o-S© " Nitrogen o.67 " And a minute fraction of atmo^iheric air. This is a uniform and very bold spring, discharging at every season of the year about fifty- four gallons a minute. Its temperature is 45" to 47° Fahr., and its specific gravity 1.0018. Its taste, while decidedly sul- phurous, is slightly bitter and saline. It will be observed that this water contains less sul- phuretted hydrogen, and more solid contents, especially of the purging salts, than the Upper or Middle Spring. In addition to the springs enumerated, there are three SPXINGS. Iley, shows the fol- i.aograiiUi , IO.SO " i.a5 " 9.00 " 9.30 " 17^5 " xa.oo " S.«o •• 17.60 " States, was fonnerly leter, and served as itants. It has been n the others, and is R. Chilton found— 3.58 grains. 1.0S '• 7.17 " 6.91 " , 1.71 " 19.7a " i.3'4 grains. aso '• 0.67 " spring, discharging fifty-four gallons a J 47" Fahr., and its while decidedly suU le. ter contains less sul- 1 contents, especially er or Middle Spring, rated, there are three AVON WATERS. a43 others, called Iodine or Sylvan Springs, aboat two miles from the Lower Spring. In these the chloride of sodium strongly predominates, and hence their saltish taste. One of them has but a slight sulphurous impregnation, and somewhat resembles in taste the Congress water after its gas has escaped. We have an analysis of one of these springs, which shows it to contain iodide of sodium, with heavy impregnations of the chlorides ot sodium and magnesium, and the sulphate of lime. In one gallon of the water of this spring Dr. J. k. Chilton found the following ingredients :— Chloride of maeneslum «1^*^"* Chloride of io«flum 97.-1^ .. Sulphate of lime ~-^ .. Carbonate of magnesia J^i^ « Carbonate of lime t^ •< Vegetable matter "^ Iodide of sodiiun. 996.940 " Sulphuretted hydrogen ~ *!?1'^m'° '"• Carbonic acid - *-^' 95.676 " In comparing the waters of these springs with the ^ waters of the White Sulphur, in Virginia, it will be observed that the former contains an appreciably larger quantity of lime than the Virginia springs, and that their sulphate of soda and sulphate of magnesia are somewhat in excess of the Virginia waters. The chloride of sodium, existing so largely in the Iodine or Sylvan Spring, and to an appreciable extent in the Lower and New Spring, is discovered only in the very minute portion of about half a grain to the gallon m the Virginia White Sulphur. Many peculiar operative effects of these waters, as noticed by Dr. Salisbury in his valuable little work on the Avon Springs, are strikingly the same that I noticed in this and the early editions of my work as \i, > 844 JVEfV VOX A' SULPHUR SPRINGS. distinguishing the operations of the White Sulphur waters. Among the most striking of these are the facts noticed by Dr. S. of the similarity of the action of these waters and that of calomel, and that they sometimes produce copious salivation. As is the case with the White Sulphur, the most valuable effects of the Avon waters are found in their alttrative or changing effects, and these effects are best promoted by using them in such doses as do not much increase the natural evacu- ations of the body. Like the White Sulphur, the quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen gas which the Avon waters contain is too large for its kindly effects in many cases, and hence Dr. S. remarks that after it has been heated, and therefore deprived of a portion of its gas, it be- comes more aperient, and that it may be used in this way "when the inflammatory diathesis prevails to such an extent as to resist its beneficial and successful ad- ministration in its natural state." The proper /r gmtos. Bicaibonaleoflime w " Chloride of sodium and magnesia ^'^ „ Sulphate of magnesia.. ■ 30 Hydrosulphote of maipiesia and lime - • Sulphate of lime "» " Sulphuretted hydrogen gas per gallon a6.6 Indies. • See chapter vi., on the Relative Virtues of the Saline and Gaseous Contents of the White Sulphur Water, etc. Mi Ml \y^lBf^ * •R SPXINGS. >f the White Sulphur ling of these are the imilarity of the action ilomel, and that they 'ation. As is the case L valuable effects of the alterative or (hanging romoted by using them -ease the natural evacu- te Sulphur, the quantity hich the Avon waters y effects in many cases, fter it has been heated, trtion of its gas, it be- it may be used in this athesis prevails to such cial and successful ad- . ' ' The proper gradur ted hydrogen gas to the to bear it, especially in ;r, is a practical matter >f such waters, and one !ful attention for many 1 the county of Otsego, le into popular notice ■e now largely visited. \ by Prof. Reed shows ntains — aogmins. lo '• x.S " 30 " • " ao " ,„ 96.6 inches. Virtues of the Saline and r Water, etc. CHAPTER XXXVII. NEW YORK SULPHUR AND ACIDULOUS SPRINGS. aifton Springs-Chlttenango ^P""«*7^'^*".,^«l!lSn^GlSS;r. Manliui Springs-Auburn SpAngv-Chappaqua ^^^^^r sate SDrinK— Spring at Troy— Nowburg Spring—Spring* in Dutcft- Kd cSia ?:ountle^Cat.JciU SP'r»K-r''Sl''"*l??™I?.;r Dryden Springs-Rocheiter Spring-Sprinp in M "«• Coun^^ oites. Mendon. and Ogden-Verona Spnng-Saq "!» Springy Spring in Niagara County-Seneca or Deer LicV ;,^rinp.-Oak Orchird Acid Springs-Byron Acid Springir-Lebf^on Spring- Adirondack Spring. In addition to the two principal sulphurous springs of Sharon and Avon already noticed, there a e numer ous others of less public notoriety. The first of ther,e 1 shall mention is — CuFTON Springs.— They are situated in the cour • of Ontario, between Vienna and Canandaigua. ia importance they should, probably, rank next to Sha on and Avon. The odor and taste of these waters are dis- tinctly sulphurous. Their temperature is S^ . fa".'- These waters. Dr. Beck asserts, have their ongm in hydraulic limestone, underlying a stratum of common limestone. There are here several springs, one of which is very bold and yields a large amount of wa< ; i No analysis of these waters has been given to the public, that I am aware of. Chittenango Springs are in the county of Madi- son, near Chittenango Creek. Two springs here have attracted attention ; their temperature is 49 Fahr. They have been ascertained to cor'-^m the sulphates :- a45 ) •m& ^^ m ^ ^ ^m ^ m^^^^^^o^^^^^ i^yinw^w't- iHIHMI mam^ III ,46 SULPHUR SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. and carbonates of lime, sulphate of magnesia, chloride of sodium, with sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases. Dr. Beck remarks that these waters are highly esteemed in many cases of disease, and, their location being very eligible, he expresses the opinion that when they are better known they will be much resorted to. Messina SuLPmni Springs are situated three miles northeast of Syracuse, and one mile from the Erie Canal. The temperature of their water is 50° Fahr., and its taste strongly sulphurous. It is said to have been used with good effects in many cases. An analysis of the water shows it to contain, in one pint — Cartxmate of Ume J-8S g«)n»- Sulphate of lime "-SS ^^ Sulphate of magnesia ^-So ^^ CUorideof calcium • " *'33 Manlius Sfrings are situated in Onondaga County. They are slightly saline in taste, and are impregnated in but slight degree with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. They have acquired some local reputation as a reme- dial agent, . , . „ In the neighborhood of these springs there is a small sulphurous lake, known by the name of Lake Sodom. We are told by Dr. Beck that the depth of this lake gradually increases from its northern outlet from twenty-five to one hundred and sixty-eight feet, and that water drawn from this depth is found to be highly impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen. The color of the water in this lake is a deep green, from which it is sometimes called Green Pond. Auburn Springs.— There are two springs that bear this name, separated several miles from each other. mmmm ' NEW YORK, of magnesia, chloride (rdrogen and carbonic that these waters are of disease, and, their expresses the opinion fn they will be much re situated three miles e mile from the Erie leir water is 50** Fahr., [IS. It is said to have nany cases, rs it to contain, in one x.8s grains. 8.SS " 1.36 " ~J^ " 13.09 " i in Onondaga County, e, and are impregnated liuretted hydrogen gas. tl reputation as a reme- ; springs there is a small s name of Lake Sodom. the depth of this lake northern outlet from nd sixty-eight feet, and >th is found to be highly hydrogen. The color deep green, from which *ond. re two springs that bear miles from each other. CHAPPAQUA AND HARROWGATE SPRINGS. 34? One of these is situated two miles north of the village of Auburn ; the other four miles west of the same vil- lage. An ana'ysis of the latter spring, by Dr. Chilton, shows the following ingredients in one pint of the water :— Sulphate of lime *S «> g»lni. Sulphate of magnesia 3'«> |, Chloride of magnesium o-aS Chloride of.so£um o-75\ i9.ao " Sulphuretted hydrogen, 1.5 cubic inches. In the valley of the Hudson, Dr. Beck mentions numerous sulphurous springs. They are found from the neighborhood of Sing Sing to Fort Miller, a dis- tance of one hundred and fifty miles. The Chappaqua Spring is four miles from Sing Sing. It holds in solution sulphate of lime, chloride of cal- cium, and the muriates of iron and magnesia. HARkowGATE SPRING is near Greenbush, in Rens- selaer County. There is also a sulphurous spring in the northern end of the city of Troy, in Rensselaer County. There are several sulphur springs in the county of Albany, one of them very near the city of Albany. The Newburo Spring, slightly impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen, is in the county of Orange. In Dutchess and Columbia Counties there are several springs. The most noted one in Dutchess is near Ameniaville. In Columbia there is one on the farm of Mr. McNaughton, between* the Shaker Village and AM., 848 SULPHUR SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. the Lebanon Springs, and another near the village of Kinderhook. The Catskill Spring is two miles from the village of Catskill, in the county of Greene. There are several others in the same neighborhood. In the southwestern part of the State we find the NanHcoke Spnt$g, in the county of Broome. It has acquired considerable reputation. Dryden Sprites are in the town of Dryden, in Tompkins County, ten miles from Ithaca. They have acquired reputation in their region of country, and are considerably re- sorted to. RocHESTSR Spring, otherwise known as Lot^muit's Su^hur Well, in the city of Rochester, is much used by the inhabitants of the city. It rises through a boring of two hundred feet in depth. It deposits, when heated to ioo° Fahr., carbonate of lime and sulphur. Its temperature at the surface is usually 52° Fahr., and its specific gravity 1.00407. One pint of the water contains — Cubonates of lime and ma(nesia, with a trace of iron. 1.4S jsrains. CUoride of sodium - *-Sa || Sulphate of wda • ^-99 M -99 " Sulphuretted hydn^n, a,i6 cubic inches. Carbonic acid in unall quantity. In the county of Monroe are the sulphurous springs of Gcaes, MendoH, and Ogden, at all of which there are siiitable bathing arrangements and proper accom- modations for visitors. Verotut SpHng is in Oneida CoxoAy, fourteen miles from Utica. Professor Noyes's analysis of the water of this spring shows th»t oite pint contoins— r NEW YORK. lier near the village of miles from the village sne. There are several the State we find the :y of Broome. It has a. Drydeti brings are rompkins County, ten ire acquired reputation d are considerably re- B known as Longmuir's ochester, is much used y. It rises through a n depth. It deposits, carbonate of lime and e surface is usually 5 a" 1.00407. One pint of I a trace of iron. 1.48 grains. „ 6.sa '• 6.99 " dies. M.99 ; the sulphurous springs , at all of which there ints and proper accom- . County, fourteen miles B analysis of the water of ; contains — A'D SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. 249 Chloride of calcium, with chloride of magnesium... B-So gnj}"*- Sulphate of lime 2:\^ .. Chloride of sodium ' ^ ' 106.00 " Sulphuretted hydrogen is very abundant in the water, amounting almost to complete saturatior.. About nine miles from Utica are the SaquoitSpHngs. Their waters are very highly impregnated with carbu- retted hydrogen, and contain, m considerable quanti- d« the chlSrides of sodium and magnesmm, with a sSl7>rtion of the sulphate of lime and a trace of ™n. So abundant is the carburetted hydrogen in the water, that it is collected, conducted through tubes, and kept constantly burning. In Niagara County there are several sulphur springs; among them maybl mentioned those near the Falls of Niagara, those near Lockport, and those also in the neighborhood of Lewistown. The Seneca or Deer Lick Springs are in Erie County, four miles from Buffalo. They hold >« solution car- bonates of lime, soda, and magnesia, w»Jh sulphate of lime. They abound richly in sulphuretted hydrogen. We are told that sulphurous springs are also found in the northern part of New York, in Lewis, Clinton, and St. Lawrence Counties. ACID SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. In addition to the acidulo-saline and sulphurous waters already described, there are m New York sev- eral a«V/«/^/springs. The acid quality of these waters is owing to their holding in solution »« excess of sul- phuric acid, which is readily detected both by their taste and by chemical reageftts. . aa -■''^iiMse-aa.j^a^ glsiiifta«iJMW-'. ' iifcur ' ' ••*#•• W^'- 250 ^CW SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. These waters are found to be so largely impregnated with iron in the form of a protosulphate, and with sulphate of alumina, as to entitle them to be called chalybeate or alum waters with as much propriety as they are called acidulous. Similar springs in Vir- ginia are uniformly known by the name of alum springs. Acidulated aluminous springs, partaking of the same general character of the acid springs of New York, which we are about to consider, are found in every neighborhood in certain geological districts in Vir- ginia, .and especially on the eastern and western slopes of the Alleghany chain of mountains, through the en- tire district there known as the great " Spring Region." Fountains of the same general character are found in Pennsylvania, and also in the eastern portion of Tennessee, and will probably be discovered along the entire course of the great Appalachian upheavings, or axis of disturbance from the extreme north to the allu- vial plains of the Gulf of Mexico. The principal springs of this class in New York are the Oak Orchard Springs. They are eight in number. Their situation is in Genesee County, eight miles south- east from Lockport, and about six miles from the Erie Canal, at the village of Medina. These waters have been analyzed by Professor Emmons and Dr. Chilton. Professor Emmons's examination of Spring No. i shows that one pint of the water contains the following ingredients : — Free sulphuric acid 31.50 grains. Sulphate of protoxide of lime 19.50 " Sulphate of lime 4.50 " Sulirfiate of magnesia 3.00 " Silica 0.33 '• Organic matter 1.33 " S9i« " Equal to 473.08 grains to the gallon. TEW YORK. 30 largely impregnated otosulphate, and with tie them to be called as much propriety as milar springs in Vir- 1 the name of alum partaking of the same prings of New York, rr, are found in every gical districts in Vir- ern and western slopes itains, through the en- reat "Spring Region." al character are found the eastern portion of : discovered along the lachian upheavings, or reme north to the allu> :o. class in New York are y are eight in number, iinty, eight miles south- iix miles from the Erie a. These waters have mons and Dr. Chilton. ition of Spring No. i contains the following 31.50 gmins. 19.50 " 4SO " a.oo " 0.33 *• 1-33 " 59.16 OAK ORCHARD SPRINGS. 451 Spring No. a was found to contain but 24.25 grains of free acid and solid ingredients to the pint, and No. 3 but 19. 33. Dr. Chilton, by an analysis of one gallon of the water of Spring No. i, arrives at results strikingly different from those of Professor Emmons. His researches* show one gallon to contain — Free sulphuric acid 82.96 grains. Sulphate of lime 39-6o " Phosphate of iron ..- i4-3« " Sulphate of alumina 9-68 Sulphate of magnesia , 8.98 suica 104 ;; Organic extractive matter - 3-*8 159.16 " Equal to about 10 grains to the pint. The diflFerence in the amount of these waters in the several fountains during wet and dry weather is always noticeable, and in some instances is very remarkable. Generally they are surface springs, the waters obtain- ing their peculiar impregnations by percolating through the peculiar argillite slate in which they a^e found. Whatever difficulties there may be in accounting for the peculiar impregnations of some mineral waters, there are none in reference to this class, for portions of the slaty rock through which the waters percolate, when immersed in common water, produce the very same impregnations that are found in the water in the pools in which it is collected for use. Many persons in the South use at their homes the Virginia alum waters prepared in this pro re nata way from the rock obtained from the various alum fountains. Taking Dr. Chilton's analysis as the standard, the Oak Orchard Springs more resemble the Rockbridge alum waters in Virginia than any others to which they * Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United States and Canada. ijiMl^gj^^^^ ;., ^'^mmkSM^^^^^^^-^^^^'- R r aja ^^^^ SPRINGS OF NEW YORK. can be compared. The resemblance is only striking in this, however, that they both contain free sulphuric acid, alumina, and iion in marked proportions; the sulphuric acid, lime, iron, and magnesia in the Wew York springs being greater than In the Virginia^^ters, while the alumina and silica art more than fifty per cent, greater in the latter. In addition to these ingre- dients, common to both waters, the Rockbridge Spring contains chlorate of sodium, crenate of ammonia, ana fr'-e carbonic acid, ingredients not found m the OaK Orchard Springs. As therapeutic agents, this class of waters are tonic ar. ' astringent. In enfeebled conditions of the digest- ive and uterine functions,— in cases of pure a/tf«y or feebleness unaccompanied by inflammation or irritation in any of the organs,— in exhaustion from previous dis- ease, where the chief complaint is debilitv,— and m cases of anamia or poverty of the blood, when uncon- nected with obstinate visceral obstructions, they are safely and beneficially prescribed. In pa^ive hennor- rhages, long-continued intermittents, and dropsical ef- fusions, unattended with organic obstructions, and in leucorrhoea and chlorosis, they are often beneficial. In chronic diarrhoea, as well as in chronic irritations And debility of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, they are usefully employed. The Virginia waters of this class have proven eminently remedial in scrofula; in- deed, no remedy is now attracting so much attention for this formidable disease, in the Southern country, as the alum waters. Upon this particular subject, as well as for a more general notice of the therapeutic range of such waters, I refer the reader to what has been said under the head of the Rockbridge Alum Springs. )r S P. White* thinks favorably of the Oak Orchard Spring waters in some of the cutaneous dis- • Paper read before the New York Academy of Medicine in ^em- ber, 1848. Vide " Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United States, etc. r£tV YORK. (lance is only striking contain free sulphuric •ked proportions; the magnesia in the New ;n the Virginia waters, rt more than fifty per ddition to these ingre- the Rockbridge Spring ;nate of ammonia, and not found in the Oak ass of waters are tonic onditions of the digest- cases of pure atony or lammation or irritation stion from previous dis- it is debility,— and in he blood, when uncon- obstructions, they are :d. In passive hemor- ttents, and dropsical ef- ic obstructions, and in y are often beneficial. IS in chronic irritations idder, and urethra, they Virginia waters of this medial in scrofula ; in- :ting so much attention the Southern country, as articular subject, as well the therapeutic range of ■ to what has been said ^v Alum Springs. 'favorably of the Oak oe of the cutaneous dis- akdemy of Medicine in Decem- 1 Springs of the United States, B YRON AND LEBANON SPRINGS. 253 eases, and in the colliquative sweats of hectic fever. He regards it as worthy of a trial in the phosphatic diathesis, in colica pictonum, and asthma, and also in chronic laryngitis, pharyngitis, and chronic conjunc- tivitis. , , Dr. White recommends that this water be taken m " about a wineglassful, diluted with simple water, three times a day." This dose is much smaller than I have been accustomed to recommend in the use of similar waters. The practice found most beneficial with the Virginia waters of the same general character is to use . from two to six half-pint glasses in the course of the twenty-four hours. At Clifton Springs, twelve miles from Geneva, there is an acid spring. I have not seen an analysis of it. Byron Acid or Sour Springs are the names given to two acidulous springs in the town of Byron, Genesee County. One of these springs is near the Byron Hotel, and is remarkable for the great quantity of acid con- tained in its waters. It is a stream of considerable boldness, so much so as to be sufficient to operate a grist-mill. Dr. Beck describes this water as intensely sour, transparent and colorless, and of the specific gravity of I.I .304 at 60" Fahr. Its saline matter, which is small, consists of silica and alumina, with a small quantity of oxide of iron and lime. Dr. Beck remarks that " this is a nearly pure, though dilute, sulphuric acid, and not a solution of acid salts as has been supposed, for the bases are in too minute a proportion to warrant the latter opinion." Lebanon Spring belongs to the thermal class of waters. It is in the county of Columbia. The bath- ing here is very delightful, the temperature of the water being constantly 73° Fahrenheit. Its mineral impreg- nation is scarcely noticeable, being only a grain and a aa* Ji.-.Hy?>?*-*^--'"- ■j f tJ J -iHM: !M&i!^ ' ' ^'i ?'^^' ' m 854 ACW SPXJNGS OF NEW YORK. quarter in a pint. So abundant is the supply of this thermal water that it is employed to o'perate two or three mills erected at no great distance from Us source. The Adirondack Spring was discovered in 1868. It is situated in the village of Whitehall, forty miles north of Saratoga, at the head of Lake Champlain. It has been analyzed by Prof. C Collier, of Vermont University, who reports that one gallon of it contains— Acids. Carbonic acid*, free 3»86» P««»- Carbonic acids, combined 93.591 ^^ Sulphuric acid • JS'* ., Chlorine - ^^^ Bases. Oxide of iron 3*»9 Oxide of manganese traces. Lime !: M.970 ;; Magnesia . 7-9X4 Aluiiina. ♦««=«• AlkaHes. Potassa '■ 3-^3 ;; Soda "•6°« .. Lithia ~| .. Silica 74a 110.696 " Temperature, sa" Fahr. Sulphate of lime »J-*34 " Carbonate of lime aI^2 •• Cari>onate of magnesia. I6.t>i8 _^ Carbonate of iron S'°40 Carbonate of manganese traces. ^^ Carbonate of potash 5-3X7 ^^ Carbonate of soda S-X3S ^, Carbonate of Uthia °»3 „ Chloride of sodium X4-340 Alumina »"<*»• „ SiUca , •74a .. . Free carbonic acid -•• 67-a7S cwbic m. The analysis shows the water to be a saline chalybeate, and of promising therapeutic character. Mi 'ElV YORK. is the supply of this ed to operate two or stance from its source. s discovered in 1868. Whitehall, forty miles f Lake Champlain. ::. Collier, of Vermont gallon of it contains — 31.861 gndns. 33.591 " 6.594 " _ 8.701 " 3»a9 " traces. M-970 " 7.914 " traces. " 3-6"3 " 10.609 " 009 '• 74a " 110.696 " "•»34 " 18.543 " 16.618 " S.040 " >■ ••••••••••••••• trttcCa. 5.317 " S.13S " 023 •• 14.340 " traces. 74» ^. . 67.275 cubic in. to be a saline chalybeate, haracter. CHAPTER XXXVIII. SPRINGS OF PENNSYLVANIA. EphAu Spnngs-Yellow Springs-Caledonia Springs. Pursuing the plan I have adopted of introducing the States somewhat in respect to the extent and impor- tance of their mineral waters, I next notice the mineral springs of Pennsylvania; and first, as holding the high- est rank among her mineral fountains, the BEDFORD SPRINGS. The strong mineral impregnation of the Be^^f^'J waters, their valuable therapeutic effects, the high mountain altitude in which they are situated, together with the delightful summer climate and very pleasant mountain scenery of their neighborhood, combine to make them a place of large, pleasant, and useful resort, alike to the seekers of health and the votaries of pleasure. They are in the county of Bedford, and two miles from the village of Bedford, one hundred miles west of Har- risburg,and one hundred and thirty miles northwest from Baltimore; they are less than one hundred miles •east of Pittsburg, and one hundred and thirty north- west from Washington. The principal spring is known as Andenoris; the ( ass ) ; \ I 356 SPRINGS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Others are called Sweet, Sulphur, Chalybeate, Limestone, and Fletcher' s or Upper Spring. Anderson's Spring is a saline chalybeate water. Its inost active ingredients are sulphate of magnesia and carbonate of iron ; the former exists in the water in the large proportion of 80 grains to the gallon, the latter in that of 5 grains. Dr. Church, who analyzed this water in 1825, states that "the water is clear, lively, and. sparkling. At 10 a.m. on the a8th of May, the tem- perature of the water in the spring was 58° Fahr., while that of the surroimding atmosphere was 73° of the same scale. Its specific gravity is 1029. It has a pecu- liar saline taste, resembling a weak solution of Epsom salts in water, impregnated with carbonic acid, and exhales no perceptible odor. On exposure in an open vessel to the air, it becomes vapid, but does not become turbid or deposit a sediment. The water deposits car- bonate of iron on those substances over which it con- stantly flows. Limestone, iron ore, calcareous and sili- cious substances abound about the spring." Dr. Church's analysis of one quart of the water shows the following results: — Sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salts ao grains. Sulphate of lime 3l " Muriate of soda « - aj || Muriate of lime | ]] Carbonate of iron i* " C^arbonateof lime • * " Loss * IT " Carix>nic acid gas, i8i cubic inches. The Sweet Springs, according to Dr. Church, "are two in number, and issue from fissures in slate rocks, about fifty yards apart, on the east side of Federal Hill, about one hundred and fifty yards from Anderson's Spring, from which they are separated by Shover's Creek. They are copious springs, of remarkably pure :'Hi HHHI SYLVANIA. Chalybeate, Limestone, chalybeate water. Its •hate of magnesia and ists in the water in the he gallon, the latter in lio analyzed this water ' is clear, lively, and. i8th of May, the tem- g was 58° Fahr., while )here was 73° of the i 1039. It has a pecu- :ak solution of Epsom h carbonic acid, and n exposure in an open I, but does not become rhe water deposits car- ces over which it con- re, calcareous and sili- le spring." lart of the water shows ao grains. 3l " 94 " i " li *• a " i " IT " g to Dr. Church, "are fissures in slate rocks, it side of Federal Hill, ards from Anderson's ^parated by Shover's {s, of remarkably pure BEDFORD SPRINGS. m water, which is very clear and colorless. Its tempera- U,re wa-S on the 28th of May. «» Fahr The water of these springs is used for cooking, wJLsh.ng, etc. by °he residents at Bedford Springs, and the VH.tors de- cideund in this spring, is an 1 to the modifying influ- and probably does, exert >, its affinity for uric acid, ficacy in dissolving uritic jm the body, plausibly in- iame end when internally 1 of this water as shown hole, plainly indicates its :dy in a long list of affec- and especially in dyspeptic r of the bowels, as well as Mdneys and bladder. The the use of waters contain- jttysburg spring, not only 1 irritations of the organs in pulmonary disturbances, itis, humoral asthma^ ca- :ts of the water during the orable to its employment hoea, gout, chronic rheu- \ey and bladder affections, and especially in those of uric acid predominance. In albuminuria or Bright' s disease it has been successfully prescribed before positive degeneration of the kidneys had taken place, and in some cases of diabetes it has been successfully prescribed. This water is decidedly ersons its free use occa- ation of intoxication. As to " regulate the bowels, CHALYBEATE SPHINGS—YORK SPRINGS. 263 Strengthen the stomach, improve the appetite, clear the skin, promote diaphoresis, and cause great freedom of urination." Chalybeate Spring near Pittsburg. — This spring is about four miles from the city of Pittsburg. Dr. John Bell* gives the following description and analysis of it by Dr. Meade : — "When the water remains undisturbed for a few hours, it is covered by a white pellicle, its taste is lively and rather pungent, with a peculiar ferruginous flavor, and it exhales an odor of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Its temperature is very generally uniform, and is 54° Fahr. The specific gravity of the water differs little from the purest water, and is as 1.002 to i.ooo. "According to Dr. Meade's analysis, it contains muriate of soda, 2 grains; muriate of magnesia, ^ grain; oxide of iron, i grain; sulphate of lime, \ grain ; carbonic acid gis in one quart of water, 18 cubic inches. " Dr. Meade thinks this water even superior, in a medical point of view, to the water of the Schooiefs Mountain Spring, which has long sustained a high character for its chalybeate properties." York Springs. — These springs are in Adams County, and are readily reached by railroad from Philadelphia and Baltimore. There are here two principal springs, one strongly chafybeate, the uther distinctly saline. The latter contains 6 grains sulphate of lime, 4 muriate of sou.i and 1.20 sulpha ie of magnesia in a pint of water. This spring is said to be diuretic and somewhat cathartic. The chalybeais is doubtless adapted to the class of diseases in which chalybeate waters are com- monly prescribed. * Mineral and Theimal Springs, etc. ,g^ SPRINGS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Carlisle Springs are mild sulphurous waters. Tbey are near the pleasant town of Carlisle, through which passes the railroad from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. The hotel accommodations here are said to be very good. PSrry County Springs.— These springs are at the base of Pisgah Mountain, fourteen miles from Harns- burg, and eleven from Carlisle. They belong diBtinctly to the thermal class, their temperature being from 70 to 7 a" Fahr. When used as a dnnk they are gently aperient and decidedly diuretic. They 4re most es- teemed as a bath, and employed m this way have proved benefici?! in various disorders, and especially in diseases of the skin. Doubling Gap S"f.PHUROUS and Chalybeate Springs.— These springs are in Cumberland County, about thirty miles west from Harnsburg. They arc eight miles from Newville, through which the Cumber- land Valley Railroad passes, and from whence passen- gers to the springs are conveyed by stages. ^ I am indebted to Dr. John Bell for Professor Booth's chemical examinations of these waters. Hftsays, Ihe odor of sulphuretted hydrogen, perceived at some dls- tance from the springs, imparts to this water the pecu- liar properties of sulphur springs. Besides this ingre- dient. I find that the water contains carbonates of soda and of magnesia, Glauber's salts, Epsom salts, and common salt; ingredients which give it an increased value. After removing the excess of carbonic acid which it contains, it gives an alkaline reaction. Of the other springs he remarks, "The chalybeate water readily yields a precipitate after ebullition or continued exposure to the excess of carbonic acid. Besides the bicarbonate of iron, which is the chiei characteristic, it also contains Epsom salts, common salt, and carbonate of magnesia." .,, « The composition of these springs indicates with sufli- VSYLVANIA. iphurous waters. Thev Carlisle, through which phia to Pittsburg. The said to be very good. hese springs are at the teen miles from Harris- They belong distinctly )erature being from 70° 1 drink they are gently ic. They Are most es- oyed in this way have isorders, and especially )us AND Chalybeate in Cumberland County, Harrisburg. They are ough which the Cumber- nd from whence passen- ed by stages. Bell for Professor Booth's e waters. Hft says, " The n, perceived at some dis- ts to this water the pecu- ings. Besides this ingre- ntains carbonates of soda salts, Epsom salts, and tich give it an increased excess of carbonic acid alkaline reaction." marks, "The chalybeate )itate after ebullition or excess of carbonic acid, iron, which is the chief IS Epsom salts, common 5ia." }rings indicates with suffi- BLOSSBURG SPRINGS. ^65 cient clearness their respective applicability as thera- peutic agents. The first belongs to the mild sulphurous saline, the second to the carbonated ferruginous class. Fayette Spring. — ^This spring is situated on the east- ern slope of the Laurel Hill, and near the great National road. The water is chalybeate, very cold and abundant in quality. The scenery around the spring is wild and romantic, and the coolness, freshness, and elasticity of the air wholesome and invigorating. Bath Chalybeate Spring is near the town of Bristol, on' the Delaware. Dr. Bell informs us that " these springs used to be visited by many of the citizens of Philadelphia, on account, in good part, of ready access to them," and that Dr. Benjamin Rush wrote an ac- count of them in 1773. They seem now to have gone very much out of public notice. Blossburg Springs. — These springs belong td the class known as acid waters in New York, and as alum springs in Virginia. In taste they very much resemble the Rockbridge Alum water. They contain a large amcunt of free sulphuric acid, and less alumina than the Virginia waters. Unlike Rockbridge water, they readily deposit, when removed from the spring, a large portion of the iron they hold in solution. The Blossburg waters are adapted to the same general class of diseases for which the Virginia and New York acid waters are beneficially prescribed. The dose of a " tablespoonful," in which they are sometimes recom- mended, is altogether too small to produce any benefi- cial effects in ordinary cases. I have had an opportunity of examining the Blossburg waters, and of carefully com- paring them with the Rockbridge waters, and I am sure, judging from the relative strength of the two, and from my knowledge of the proper dose of the latter, that from two to four or even five glasses of the Blossburg waters may in many cases be beneficially taken in the course of the twenty-four hours. «3* ,45 SPRWGS OF PENNSYLVANIA. " These springs are in Tioga County, "e";]^« ^ew York line, and in the immediate region of beds of iron and bituminous coal. i.,„„:« In addition to the mineral springs of Pennfy^^*" J' already noticed, there are numerous pure, cool, and in- vigorating fountains, that from the great purity of the r wfters. their healthful situation, the character of their rccotnmodations, and the facility with which they m^^^ £ reached, have become places of ^^^^f J"XSa resort. In this category may be reckoned the^/Ar^/a, Yellow, and Caledonia Springs. I will notice them m the order in which I have named them. The Ephrata Springs, the annual resort of many persons during the summer «.ason. are "t«Jt«d m ^he !7ch agricultural county of Lancaster. The grounds S•ound^hem are very pfe^nt, the scenery intgjsUng, and the hotel accommodations excellent. Baths ot J^ious temperatures are furnished, and many induce- ments offered to make the s?ojourn of visitors at these Anrinss both agreeable and beneficial. „.,,,, ^rSwhw^Springs are thirty miles from Philadel- phia in thecouSy of Chester. From these springs a Sificcnt view of a most interesting surrounding SXry is obtained. The rides and drives are ve v ^ pleasant, and the twice daily communication with Phil- Ehia by the Reading Railroad and stages offers J;Sf facilities to the citizens of the .tity in the e^oy- ment of country air and spring recreations. They haveVcilities he?e for the show^and douche - we as for the common immersion baths. The hotel ac commodations are said to be most excellent. Caledonia Brings were formerly known as Swe- n^^s Cold springs. They arc about fi^^P ™^1" f °™ Chambersburg. Visitors to them, on "":»"8.*\^ham- bersburg, may immediately proceed by coach to their dStiSon. The water of these springs, used as a bSh,h^ enjoyed a high local reputation for many VSYLVANIA. County, near the New te region of beds of iron prings of Pennsylvania, erous pure, cool, and in- the great purity of their a, the character of their lity with which they may s of considerable summer e reckoned the Ephrgta, r, I will notice them in led them. annual resort of many :ason, arc situated in the .ancaster. The grounds , the scenery interesting, >ns excellent. Baths of ished, and many induce- ijourn of visitors at these sneficial. . „ j i irty miles from Philadel- !r. From these springs a interesting surrounding ides and drives are very communication with Phil- ailroad and stages offers jof the-fcityintheeijloy- pring recreations. They lower and douche, as well >n baths. The hotel ac- most excellent. fbrmerly known as Swe- rc about fifteen miles from hem, on arriving at Cham- proceed by coach to their these springs, used as a ocal reputation for many CALEDONIA SPRINGS. a67 years, in the cure of various diseases for which cold, tepid or warm baths are common y employed. Chrome rheumatism has been often submitted to the Caledonia bath, and, it is said, with excellent effect. The waters of Caledonia are very pure, the baths comfortable, the tuisine admirable, whi e the mountain and inteivate scenery, and the elastic, nvigorating at- m^iherrafford all that could be desired of scenery nmate to delight the mind -^^^Z^^^'^^^^^^ and give new life and energy to the habttuis of cities, worn down in the treadmill of incessant toil, counting- room confinement, or commercial anxieties. CHAPTER XXXIX. \n < MINERAL 8PRW0S OF VERMONT. Clarendon Gaseous Springs.— This is a mild acid- ulous water, very slightly impregnated with saline mat- ter, so slightly, indeed, as to make it rank among the purest waters known. Dr. Bell* states on the authority of Dr. Gallup, who published a notice of this spring, that it has been ascertained by analysis to contain in an American gallon, 235 cubic inches, the following ingredients : — Nitrogen oraiote 9.63 cubic inches. Carbonic acid 4»-" Besides atmospheric air. , Carbonate oflime ••••.•••:• ; 3*>a P"»^ Muriate of lime, sulphate of lime, and sulphate of ^^ magnesia *'^^ S-76 " Temperatun of the Higher spring 4«'' f"**'-. <>' *•»« ^*'*' 54° Fahr. Tliese waters have acquired considerable reputatioii in the surrounding counfry for the cure of dropsical effusions, diseases of the skin, chronic bronchitis, irn- Utions of the bladder, etc. The quantity of the water advised tto be used varies • from five to twenty-five half-pint tumblers in the course of the twenty-four hours. It is said that on com- mencing their use they often excite slight nausea, with a sense of warmth on the surface, but that those • »llowing extract from Dr. Valentine Mott, )hn Bell's recent vol- Springs of the United ithout mentioning a ted among the moun- illage, and which has :a/ reputation for the ases of the skin. ; country consider it class of eruptive dis- by the vague and in- " During the past year, by way of experiment, I have placed several obstinate cases of eczema, ecthyma, acne, porrigo, etc. under the exclusive treatment of this water, and the results have been very satisfactory. Indeed, I may say that, in some cases, its effect was most extra- ordinary. So pleased was I with the use of this mineral water that I sent a jug of it to New York City, and had it analyzed by Professor Doremus and Dr. Blake, the former assistant of Professor Silliman. It was found to contain soda, chlorine, carbonic acid, and a trace of alumina. Yet there is but little taste in it othfr than that of pure water. When bathed in, it imparts to the $kin the most delightful softness of any that I have ever used, causing even a rough skin to feel smooth." Arrangements exist here for the comfortable use of warm, cold, and shower baths. a4 CHAPTER XLI. i SPRINGS OF NEW JERSEY AND MAINE — SCHOOLEy'S MOUNTAIN. ThI principal watering-place in New Jersey is Schoolers Mountain ^ring, situated in Morris County, nineteen miles northwest from Morristown, and fifty from the city of New York. The water of this spring finds its exit from the earth near the summit of Schooley's Mountain, whence it is conveyed some distance down the mountain to a platform for the use of visitors, as a beverage and a bath. The quantity flowing from the spring is uniformly about thirty gal- lons in an hour. Its temperature is 50** Fahr. Its taste is strongly chalybeate, and it deposits oxide of iron readily upon sul»tances with which it comes in contact. Its source is in the neighborhood of beds of iron ore, some of which, on both sides of the moun- tain, are worked advantageously in furnaces. The waters of this spring have been known to pos- sess valuable medicinal properties for more than three- quarters of a century, and for this reason, as well as on account of the salubrious atmosphere and its picturesque and romantic scenery, Schooley's Mountain has long been celebrated as one of the most desirable summer resorts for health and pleasure. According to a chemical examination of the water by Dr. Nevin, its chief ingredients are "muriate and sulphate of lime and carbonated oxide of iron." Dr. Bell remarks that "as a pure carbonat^^ cha- lybeate, the water of Schooley's Mountain Spr'ng is well adapted to a variety of maladies marked chiefly («74) « [. lAINE — SCHOOLEy'S in New Jersey is I in Morris County, >rristown, and fifty water of this spring :ar the summit of is conveyed some platform for the use ath. The quantity ly about thirty gal- ! is 50" Fahr. Its it deposits oxide of which it comes in borhood of beds of sides of the moun- furnaces. )een known to pos- br more than three- 'eason, as well as on e and its picturesque Mountain has long t desirable summer nation of the water s are "muriate and Lide of iron." ire carbonat^^xl cha- Mountain Sprng is dies marked chiefly SPRINGS OF MAINE. 275 by anaemia, debility, and mucous discharges in which there is no inflammation of an organ present. Its tend- ency to induce constipation must be watched, and this eflect arrested by the use of mild aperients." Visitors to the springs from New York will go to Morristown by railroad and thence by stage, or to the White House by railroad and thence by stage. The springs are reached from Philadelphia by way of New Brunswick, and thence by stage, six miles, to Bound Brook, on the New Jersey Central Railroad. By this route they reach the White House, and thence, by stage, the springs. SPRINGS OF MAINE. Dr. C. P. Jackson, in a report upon the Geology of Maine, gives some account of two mineral springs in this State, the Saline Spring of Lubec, and Dexter's Chalybeate Spring. The Saline Lubec Spring rises near the junction of the blue limestone and red sandstone rocks, on the banks of a small stream near the head of Lubec Bay. He represents the water as clear and colorless, with a specific gravity of i.oas. The solid residuum of an Imperial gallon, perfectly dry, was 322.5 grains; 100 grains of this dry salt gave, by analysis, in one pint of water, the following results : — Grains. Grains. Chloride of sodium < 64.0 199.000 Sulphate of lime 3.6 11.310 Chloride of magnesium ao.a 63.840 Sulphate of soda. 9.0 37-985 Carbonate of iron 0.8 3.490 Carbonate of lime a.o 6.350 Chloride of calcium a trace. 13.730 loss. Carbonic acid gas. 99.6 333.500 .4 loss. loo.o 2i6 SPRINGS -OF MAINE. Dexter Chalybeate Spring is located on the eastern branch of a stream known as Sebasticook. It deposits copiously "anochreous yeljow oxide of iron." Dr. Jackson considers this water a valuable tonic in various disorders of the digestive functions. :ated on the eastern cook. It deposits ie of iron." Dr. lie tonic in various CHAPTER XLII. MINERAL AND THERMAL WATERS BEl-WEEN THE MISSIS- SIPPI AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN. In California— Oregon— Kansas— New Mexico— Wyoming— Utah, etc. I DEPART from my general plan of treating only such springs as are improved for public use, to notice, in a brief way, the principal thermal and mineral fountains that have been discovered in the vast regions extending from the western borders of Iowa, Missouri, and Arkan- sas to the Pacific Ocean. In the States of California, O^gon, Nevada, and Kansas, as well as in the Territories of Idaho, New Mexico, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, etc., mineral and thermal waters are found in large abundance, of very positive quality, and of high temperature. In North or Upper California, west of the Cas- cade Range, and at the foot ol Shasta Peak, springs are found hot enough, as travelers tellus, to boil eggs. The region around is volcanic, and the bare summit of the Peak, rising to a height of from 12,000 to 14,000 feet, is regarded as an extinct volcano. A few miles distant from the spring just mentioned is an acidulo-chalybeate fountain, and so sparkling, pun- gent, and effervescent is it that the trappers call it Soda Water. Dr. Le Conte describes a number of volcanic springs in the Desert of Colorado, in Southern California, some of which are said to resemble the rnud volcanoes of il" (a??) 978 MINERAL AND THERMAL WATERS Taman, in the Crimea, and others the eruptive springs or geysers in Iceland. They are in the neighbor hood, and but six or eight miles distant from a range of volcanic hills from 800 to 1000 feet high. These springs consist of "numerous circular lakes, contain- ing boiling mud, ind exhaling a naphtha-like odor. Many of them are incrusted with inspissated mud, form- ing cones three to four feet "high, from the apex of which proceed mingled vapors of water, sal-ammoniac, and sulphur. Four of them eject steam and clear salme water, with great violence, resembling in appearance the jet from the pipe of a high-prrsfture engine. These springs are m a muddy plain, bordering on a saline lake. A hot sulphur spring, of the temperature of 137 Fahr., exists near Warner's Rancheria, about ninety miles from the Colorado, in South California. Idaho furnishes numerous mineral and thermal springs of very decided character. The Betr Springs, described by Colonel Fremont, are about 135 miles, in a direct line, from the South Pass, through the Wind River Mountains, which sepa- rate the waters that flow into the Atlantic from those that find their way into the Pacific. The Beer or Soda Springs are carbonated waters. They are described by Colonel Fremont as existing in great abundance in an amphitheatre of mineral waters, which is inclosed by the mountains that sweep around the circular bend of Bear River at its most northern point in the Territory of Idaho. In the immediate neighborhood of the Beer or Soda Springs Colonel Fremont discovered a very remark- able fountain, which throws up its waters in the form of a jet d'eau to a variable height of about three feet. The flow of the water is accompanied by a " subterra- nean noise, which, together with the motion of the water, makes very much the impression of a steamboat WATERS le eruptive springs in the neighbor itant front a range feet high. These lar lakes, contain- laphtha-like odor, lissated mud, form- I the apex of which lal-ammoniac, and 1 and clear saline ing in appearance prrsfture engine." n, bordering on a nperature of 137" eria, about ninety California. leral and thermal Colonel Fremont, le, from the South ntains, which sepa- .tlantic from those carbonated waters. mont as existing in ! of mineral waters, that sweep around : its most northern af the Beer or Soda red a very remark- waters in the form of about three feet, ied by a " subter ra- the motion of the ision of a steamboat BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI AND PACIFIC. 379 in motion," and hence it was named the Steamboat Spring. , This is a carburetted water of the temperature of 87° Fahr. "Within, perhaps, two yards of the>/ d'eau is a small hole of about an inch in diameter, through which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot air, with a light wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise." Hot Springs. — About two hundred and thirty miles northwest from Fort Hall are found hot springs of the temperature of 164** Fahr. Oregon has numerous thermal springs, of which we mention the following : — Malheur River Springs.— Sx the distance of one hundred and twenty miles in a northwestern direction from the Hot Springs of Idaho, mentioned above, are the Malheur Hot Springs. They are in latitude 44" 17' N., and longitude 117° W> Their temperature is 193° Fahr. Elevation above the sea, 1880 feet. Hot and Warm Springs of Falls River. — These springs are on both sides of Falls River, in latitude 44° 40' N., 121" 5' W. longitude. They are about two hundred miles west from the Malheur River Springs. The most noted springs of Colorado are the Carbu- retted or Boiling Springs of Pike's Peak. On the South- ern route from Independence, in Missouri, to Oregon and California, the traveler passes the now famous Pike's Peak, at the foot of which, and ten miles from Puebla, are found the Boiling Springs. Their elevation is 6350 feet above the ocean ; their latitude 38° 43' north. Colonel Fremont describes these springs as numer- ous, and some of them as unique and very beautiful. He says, "I came suddenly upon a large, smooth rock, about twenty yards in diameter, where the water from several springs was bubbling and boiling up in the midst of a white incrustation with which it had covered a portion of the rock." In describing one of this s MINERAL AND THERMAL WATERS group, he says, " In the upper part of the rock, which had apparently been lormed by deposition, was a beau- tiful white basin, overhung by currant-bushes, in which the cold, clear water bubbled up, in constant motion by the escaping gas, and overflowing the rock, which it had almosjt entirely covered with a smooth crust of glistening white." These waters belong to the atidulous class, and are highly carburetted. They are said much to resemble the waters of the famous Seltzer Springs in the duchy of Nassau. Their temperature is variable, ranging, under different circumstances of the atmosphere, from to 69° Fahrenheit. New Mexico has numerous mineral and thermal springs, some of which are sulphurous, but they have not been described with sufficient accuracy to make us acquainted -either with their peculiar characteristics or their precise localities. There are several springs in Wyoming that have at- tracted the attention of scientific travelers. Both Col- onel Fremont and Captain Stansbury, in their respective narratives, notice the Fort Laramie Spring.— -This fountain, thermal in iU character, is ten miles from Fort Laramie, between the North Fork of the Platte and the Laramie Rivers, in latitude 43" 15' N., and longitnde 104' 47' W. It is in the southeastern portion of the Territory, 625 miles from St. Joseph's, in Missouri. Its temperature is 74° Fahr., about the same as the Sweet Springs in Virginia. In the western part of Wyoming, and in the midst of the Salt Plains, in the valley of the Sweet Water River, are found what are known as the Ponds cf Sal- eratus. The chief of these ponds appeared to Captain Stansbury " as if frozen over, and covered with a light coating of driven snow. It was found to be a slight depression, about 400 yards long by 150 in width, fVArEJtS f the rock, which lition, was a beau- t-bushes, in which constant motion I the rock, which a smooth crust of 9MS class, and are much to resemble inga in the duchy trariable, ranging, atmosphere, from eral and thermal >us, but they have curacy to make us characteristics or iiNG that have at- velers. Both Col- in their respective intain, thermal in Laramie, between le Laramie Rivers, 104' 47' W. It is erritory, 635 miles temperature is 74° prings in Virginia. and in the midst the Sweet Water the Ponds ttf Sal- ipeared to Captain >vered with a light jnd to be a slight by 150 in widths BETWEEN THE AflSS/SSIPP/ AND PACIFIC. 38 1 coverev.' with an effervescence of carbonate of soda, left by the evaporation of the water which had held it in solution." This substance is quite abundant, and emigrants use it in their culinary operations in prefer- ence to the saleratus of the shops. Hot Springs of F.'ramid Lake, Nevada. — The Pyramid Lake, embosomed in the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains, with its singular pyramidal mount, rising from its transparent waters to the height of about 600 feet, and walled in by almost perpendicular precipices, in some places liearly 3000 feet high, is a remarkable for- mation, and is said to have nothing to resemble it in any other portion of the world. Its boiling springs have attracted the attention of the scientific. Colonel Fre- mont describes them in about 39° N. latitude, and 117** 30' W. longitude, as boiling up with much noise. He states that the largest basin is several hundred feet in circumference, and has a circular space at one end of 15 feet in diameter, entirely filled with boiling water, whose temperature near the edge is from 306° to 308" Fahr. Its depth, near the centre, is more than 16 feet. The water is impregnated with common salt, but not so much so as to render it unfit for general cooking, and a mixture of sno« makes it pleasant to drink. The late Captain Gunnison, speaking of these spritigs, says, "At the base of the hills, around the lake, issue numerous warm springs, that collect in pools and smaller lakes, inviting aquatic fowl, during ihe winter, to resort to their agreeable temperature, and where insect larvae furnish food at all times, and the soil is so heated that snow cannot lie in the vicinity. In some places springs of different temperature are in close proximity ; some so hot that the hand cannot be thrust in them without pain." Utah Territory, more than any other portion of North America, abounds in thermal waters, many of a8a MINERAL AND THERMAL WATERS which are sulphurous and saline, and of very high temperature. City Warm Sulphur Springs issue from a mountain on the immediate confines of Salt Lake City, and its waters are conveyed by pipes into bathing-houses, within the city, for the use of the inhabitants. The water is sulphurous, and yields, upon analysis, the car- bonates of lime and magnesia, with small portions of the chlorides of calcium and sodium, together with sulphate of soda. Three miles distant, and rising from the side of the mountain just mentioned, another spring flows out with freat boldness. The temperature of its water is 128° 'ahr. The specific gravity of this water is very slightly greater than that of distilled water. It contains chloride of sodium and traces of chlorides of calcium and mag- nesium, sulphate and carbonate of lime and silica. Between Salt Lake City and the Great Salt Lake there are numerous warm fountains, which. Captain Gunnison informs us, deposit gypsum and other sul- phates. They constitute delightful bathing, but are said to destroy the fertility of the soil to which their waters are applied. Colonel Fremont thus describes a group of hot springs situated thirty-four miles north of Salt Lake City: — "In about seven miles from Clear Creek, the trail brought us to a place at the foot of the mountain, where there issued, with considerable force, ten or twelve hot springs, highly impregnated with salt. In one of them the ther- mometer stowl at 136**, and in another at 133** Fahr., and the water, which spread in pools over the low grounds, was colored red." His analysis of this red earthy matter showed it to be highly impregnated with iron, and to contain the carbonates of magnesia and lime, with sulphate of lime, chloride of soidium, with silica and alumina. Near Bear River is a depression, in which issue three fountains between the strata, within the space of thirty : WATERS and of very high le from a mountain Lake City, and its to bathing-houses, inhabitants. The n analysis, the car- t small portions of urn, together with om the side of the iring flows out with if its water is 1 28° ater is very slightly [t contains chloride r calcium and mag- ime and silica. e Great Salt Lake \s, which, Captain urn and other sul- [ bathing, but are soil to which their group of hot springs ItLakeCity:— "In :, the trail brought intain, where there r twelve hot springs, e of them the ther- ther at 132" Fahr., tools over the low malysis of this red y impregnated with !s of magnesia and ie of soidium, with in which issue three the space of thirty BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI AND PACIFIC, agj feet, of which one is hot sulphm, the next tepid and salt, and the other c6ol, delicious drinking-water. The three currents unite, and flow off through the plain, forming the beginning of a large and bold river. ^ . '^'»''':< f^J Great Salt Lake.— Dr. Gale, of Wash- ington City, has examined the water of this wonderful saline reservoir. He describes it as perfectly clear, with a specific gravity.of 1.170; common water being 1. 000. One hundred parts evaporated to dryness gave 22.422 of solid contents, consisting of chloride of sodium 20.196, sulphate of soda 1.834, chloride of magnesium 0.252, with a trace of chloride of calcium. Dr. G. regards this water as the purest and most con- centrated brine m the world. The strongest salines of the Syracuse wells in New York contain but i7.« per cent of the chloride of sodium. Various saltinA sulphur springs arise from the moun- tains and plains near the Great Salt Lake, and flow into It. . Thermal Saline ^nVf^j.— Captain Stansbury, in his narrative, informs us of the Warm Saline, whoM tem- perature is 740 Fahr., that breaks out from the moun- tain at the northern end of the lake, and of the Warm ^fgf >n the same locality, whose temperature is 84° T ?^- ^^ L°'^ I**** *••* '^''o'^ *«»«"» shore of Salt i^ke, bounded by an immense plain of soft mud. Is traversed by numerous rills of sulphurous and salt water, that mostly sink into the earth, or are evaporated before they reach the lake. »«.•>»«; v»lSfT^' ^^'\Springs of Spring Valley.-ln this valley, lying on the western side of the mountain that extends in a southerly direction from the south end of salt Lake, thermal saline springs are so numerous as to give the name to their location. Their temperature is generally about 74° Fahr. i^««iurc is ,84 THERMAL SPRINGS OF AMERICA. TABLE EXHIBITING THE THERMALIZATION OF THE VARIOUS WARM AND HOT SPRINGS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS TERRITORIES. I have thought that it would be interesting to my readers to have a condensed view of the various thermal springs of the United States and its Territories. Virginia is rich in thermal waters, and up to the time of the discovery of the numerous hot springs of New Mexico, was regarded as possessing more of this class of waters than any other portion of the continent. I shall first notice the thermal waters of Virginia and West Virginia, and shall regard all the springs as be- longing to that class whose waters are distinctly above the mean temperature of the immediate country in which they arise. In this class I include the Green- brier White Sulphur, although not generally regarded as a thermal spring ; but the fact that it is full ten de- grees above the mean temperature of the atmosphere and the media through which it flows, as well as of the neighboring fountains, property gives to it that <=*«"**=*"• Fahrenheit White Sulphur, West Virginia... .........; , ^° Holston Springs, Scott County, Virginia. w»^ Bath, Berkeley County, West Virginia......^... 73 Sweet Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia 73 «o 74 Red Sweet, Alleghany County, Vi^nia. 7S ««> TO HeaUttg Spring, Bath County, Virginia « Warm Springs. Bath County, Virginia. 9JU Hot Spnngs, Bath County, Virginia 9« to io6^ Perry County, Pennsylvania. - — ••• 7» Lebanon, New York — 73^ Merriwether County. Georma..... 95 Buncombe County, North CarolimL. 94 » »<»4^ Warm Springs, French Broad, Tennessee- - 95^^ Florida Sulphur Springs. * 70 Washita, Arkansas «40 to 156" Spring near Fort Laramie, Wyoming.- 74 Hot Sulphur Springs of California »37 Hot Springs at Shasta Peak, California Great Salt Lake City Warm Sprinra i .•••• Gi«at Salt Lake Hot Springs, Utsi -,.. "3 \ AMERICA. IMALIZATION OF SPRINGS OF THE LITORIES. s interesting to my the various thermal s Territories. , and up to the time lot springs of New 5 more of this class r the continent, ters of Virginia and I the springs as be- are distinctly above mediate country in include the Green- generally regarded hat it is full ten de- ; of the atmosphere flows, as well as of rly gives to it that THERMAL SPRINGS OF AMERICA. 185 Fahrenheit. Great Salt Lake Hot Chalybeate, thirty miles from Great Salt Lake 13a to 136° Great Salt Lake Thennal Saline 7410 84** Great Salt Lake Spring Valley Saline „ 70 to 74* Bear River Warm and Hot Spnngs, seventy-four miles northwestfrom Salt Lake City. 134O Lake Utah Warm Springs..... Hot Springs, Idaho 164B Malheur River Hot Springs, Oregon.... 193° Hot and Warm Springs, Falls River, Oregon 89 to 134° Hot Springs, P}Tamid Lake, Nevada* ao6 to 908° * Mineraland Thermal Springs of the United States, by Bell. Fahrenheit 6a«» W 73" iiginia 73 *o 74° 7Sto 79° » 85 98» 9ttoio6o ■••••■•••■•••••* 7* 73° 95° 94 to 104" s- - 95° 70° 140 to 156" 74° »37° I!'.".!'."...'..!.,." ia3° i CHAPTER XLIII. MINERAL SPRINGS OF CANADA. The Caledonia Springs.— These springs are situ- ated about forty miles from Montreal, and a few miles south of the Ottawa River. They are a place of con- siderable resort during the summer season. There are four springs in this group deserving of notice. They are known as the Gas, the Saline, the Sulphur, and the Intermtting l^ng. The first three issue through a pliocene clay, within a few rods of each other. They are all more or lest alkaline in character, the Su^hur the most so. The intermitting spring is two miles distant from the others, abounds in earthy chlorides, and emits carburetted hy- drogen gas Ivgely at irregular intervals. I. The Gas Spring.— The temperature of this spring was found to be 44.4** when the thermometer stood in the air at 61. 7*. It discharges about four gallons of water per minute, and evolves a gas, ascertained to be carburetted hydrogen, at the rate of 300 cubic inches a minute. Its specific gravity is 1006. a; its taste pleasantly saline, without bitterness ; its saline ingre- dients in loco parts, 7.7775. Carbonic acid in 100 cubic inches, 17.5. a. Saunb Spring.— This spring is not very dissimi- lar from the one just named, but, notwithstanding, from the name it bears, is somewhat less saline. Its temperature and specific gravity are essentially the («86) MINERAL SPRINGS OF CANADA. 287 lMADA. ie springs are situ- »1, and a few miles ire a place of con- season. There are ; of notice. They le Sulphur, and the iocene clay, within re all more or lest the most so. The mt from the others, aits carburetted hy- vals. rature of this spring thermometer stood bout four gallons of s, ascertained to be }f 300 cubic inches I 1006. a; its taste s ; its saline ingre- rbonic acid in 100 is not very dissimi- t, notwithstanding, lat less saline. Its are essentially the same. Occasionally it emits a stray bubble of carbu- retted hydrogen, but the amount of that gas evolved is very small. It is somewhat more strongly alkaline than the Gas Spring. This spring yields 10 gallons per minute, and to every 1000 parts of its water gives 7.347 parts of solid matter. Its free carbonic acid is 14.7 cubic inches in 100 cubic inches of water. 3. Sulphur Spring.— The water of this spring is slightly sulphurous in taste and odor. Solid matter in 1000 parts, 4.9506. It is somewhat more alkaline than the other springs of the group, contains silica in a rela- tively large proportion, and exhibits traces of iodine and iron. 4. Intermitting Spring.— The temperature of this spring was 50^ when the atmosphere around was 61**. Solid matter in 1000 parts of its waters, 14.639 parts. Chemical examination detects the existence of bromine, chlorine, and iodine in the water, with sodium, potas- sium, magnesium, and calcium. A large portion of the two latter exist in the form of chlorides. Traces of alumina and iron are also found. Tuscarora Acid Spring. — ^This spring is located in Tuscarora Township, 21 miles north of Port Dover. Its waters abound in free sulphuric acid, in the propor- tion of 4 parts in 1000, and, also, with the sulphate of the alkalies, magnesia, lime, alumina, and iron in small quantities. It emits occasional bubbles of carburetted hydrogen, and its waters are acid and styptic to the taste, and decidedly sulphurous, while the odor of sul- phuretted hydrogen is manifest for some distance around the spring. Charlottesville Sulphur Spring.— This spring is in the neighborhood of Port Dover, on Lake Erie. Its waters are sparkling and limpid, their odor strongly sulphurous. The taste of the water is pungent, with a . .1 4 388 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CANADA. slight impression of sweetness, leaving a sense of warmth in the mouth. Chemical examinations show the pres- ence of chlorides and sulphates in the water ; the bases are ascertained to be soda, potash, magnesia, and lime, with traces of iron and alumina. It abounds very strongly in sulphuretted hydrogen, containing 36.8 cubic inches to the gallon. Its solid matter is 3.49446 parts to 1000. Mineral Artesian Wells at St. Catharine's, On- tario. — ^The analysis of this water, as reported in a printed circular, is very extraordinary. If the pub- lished statement of its analysis, by Dr. Chilton, be correct, and the water sent to him for examination was the natural water of St. Catharine's, the quantities in which its ingredients are held in solution, when we con- sider their peculiar character, are unexampled in the history of mineral fountains. Dr. John Bell,* with amiable manifestations of in- credulity, remarks, "Assuming the printed statements of the results of an analysis, by Dr. James R. Chilton, to be correct, the saline ingredients of this water are in a singularly large proportion, and this, too, of certain salts which are far from being common, still less abun- dant, in mineral springs. A pint of the water is rep- resented to hold in solution 5064.15 grains of saline substances, which are equal to nearly five-sevenths of the watery menstruum in which they are dissolved. In other words, 16 ounces of the watfer hold in solution rather more than 10^ ounces of saline matter. They are in the following proportions in one pint of water j its specific gravity at 60° Fahr. being 1.0347 :— Chloride of calcium.. 3950.40 Chloride of magnesium 1289.76 Chloride of sodium » 781.3° Protochloride of iron »3-7o Sulphate of lime »6-3« • Mineral and Thennal Waters of the United States and Canada. CANADA. I a sense of warmth ons show the pres- e water ; the bases lagnesia, and lime, It abounds very , containing 36.8 I matter is 3.49446 f. Catharine" i, On- , as reported in a jary. If the pub- y Dr. Chilton, be or examination was i, the quantities in ition, when we con- unexampled in the anifestations of in- printed statements James R. Chilton, of this water are in his, too, of certain ncn, still less abun- of the water is rep- 15 grains of saline irly five-sevenths of y are dissolved. In &r hold in solution line matter. They one pint of water ; ng «0347 :— 3950.40 1289.76 — 781.36 »3-76 16.33 tited States and Canada. MINERAL SPRINGS OF CANADA. 389 Carbonates of lime and magnesia a.o8 Bromide of magnesium a trace. Iodide of magnesium , a trace. Silica and alumina „., .^7 Grains 5064,15 "According to this analysis, the proportion of chloride of calcium (muriate of lime) in the water is a little more even than that which is found in the solu- tion of this salt directed by the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, viz., one part of the chloride in two and a half parts of the solution." On reading a little further, after the table of constituents of this water, we come to a " Card to the Public," in which we learn that the product of the artesian well is subjected to a certain process of depuratio.n and evaporation, and that " that part which is composed of common salt first settles and is removed ; the remainder is dipped into vats until the earthy matter subsides, and then bottled off without any drug or admixture whatever being added thereto." Dr. Bell adds, "One thing seems to be certain, that the water bottled and sent away is a water prepared from that of St. Catharine's well, but not the water the direct flow from the vein or veins ' opened by boring. ' " He further adds, in proof of the wonder- ful differences in the strength of the saline impregna- tions of different specimens of this water, that Mr. J. £. Young, an intelligent chemist, examined a specimen of this water left at the shop of Professor Procter, of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, with the assur- ance that it Was from St. Catharine's well, in its original state, with the following results: — "Specific gravity, 1.390; saline contents in one ounc^, 164 grains, and in one pint, 3634 grains. This last, large as is the proportion, is only a little more than one-half of the quantity of the salts contained in a pint of the water sent to Dr. Chilton for analysis." Varennes Springs. — ^These springs are on the St. as* igo MINERAL SPRINGS OF CANADA. Lawrence, seventeen miles below Montreal. Many years ago they were largely resorted to, 'but less so of late years, though probably from no want of merit in the waters. There are two springs here, called the Gas and the Saiine Spring. Both springs contain iodide, chloride, and bromide of sodium, with carbonates of soda, strontia, baryta, lime, magnesia, and iron. The tem- perature of the water is 45° to 47* Fahr. St. Leon Spring is a saline chafybeate, similar in its general character to the springs of Varennes, but con- taining more iron. It emits large quantities of car- buretted hydrogen gas. The Plantagenet Spring derives its name from the township in which it is situated. It is near the river Ottawa. It resembles in the general character of its • waters the St. Leon Spring. Caxton Spring. — ^This spring is found in Caxton Township, on the river Yarnachiche. It resembles very much the St. Leon and Plantagenet Springs in the character of its waters, and, like the St. Leon, evolves large quantities of carburetted hydrogen. CANADA. Montreal. Many d to, 'but less so of lo want of merit in id the Gas and the lin iodide, chloride, arbonates of soda, id iron. The tem- Fahr. ^beate, similar in its Varennes, but con- e quantities of car- es its name from the It is near the river sral character of its is found in Caxton ,e. It resembles very met Springs in the he St. Leon, evolves Irogen. INDEX. fAOB Acid Springs, New York 049 Adams County Springs, Ohio 189 Adirondack Springs, New York 954 Administration — Remarks, etc 33 Albany Artesian Wells, New York. 936 Alburgh Springs, Vermont 970 Allegluuiy Springs, Virginia 165 Allison's Springs, Tennessee 196 Alterative Effects of Mineral Waters 09-83 Alum Springs, Rogersville, Tennessee.... 199 Analysis While Sulphur Water. 67 Ancient Use of Mineral Waters .-. ai Avon Springs, New York 940 Bailey's Springs, Alabama 909 Bollston Springs, New York 997. Bath Alum Springs, Virginia „ 147 Bath Springs, Pennsylvania 965 Bedford Springs, Tennessee 955 Beersheba Springs, Tennessee. 196 Berkeley Springs, Virginia 159 Berkshire Springs, MassachusetU ■.... 97a Best Time for Visiting Springs 57 Bethesda Springs, Wisconsin 194 Bladen Springs, Alabama go8 Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky 186 Blue Ridge Springs, Virginia .;„... 164 Buffido Sprii^is, Virginia 178 Byron Acid Springs, New York 953 Caledonia Springs, Pennsylvania. 966 California, Springs ot > 977 Canada, Springs of. _..... 986-990 Capon Springs, Virginia i6x Cariisle Spring, Pennsylvania.... „ 964 Catoosa l^rings, Georgia... .;.. 907 CatskiU Spring, New York , 948 Chalybeate Spring at White Sulphur.. 108 (a9l) .^.Ji g^t INDEX. Moa Chalybeate Spring nenr PitUburg » 063 ChanginK from Spring to Spring 43 Chappaqua Spring, New York 347 Charleston Artesian Well 005 Chick's Spring, South Carolina 005 Chlltcnong Springs, New York 245 Clifton Springs, New York 045 Cold Sulphur Spring, Virginia 150 Columbian Spring, Saralogm. aaS CongrcM Spring, New York. aaa Cooper's Well. MlHlsaippi aio Comer's Black and White Sulphur, Virginia.. 163 Diet and Exercise at Springs 45 DiKctions for Use of Saratoga Waters, and Diseases for which used 939-936 Directions for Use of White Sulphur. 81 Diseases for which White Sulphur should not be used 107 Diseases treated bv White Sulphur 91-107 Doubling OapSpiing, Fennsylvania 964 Dress at Mineral Springs 44 Empire Spring, Saratoga. ~ 995 Ephrata Springs, Pennsylvania. - 966 Errors and Abuses in the Use of Mineral Waters 37, 930-939 EstiU Springs, KenttKky 187 Experience the only Sure Guide 93 Fauquier White Sulphur, Virginia. 178 Fayette Springs, Pennsylvania 965 Flat Rock, Saratoga. 995 Fforida, Springs of. ai8 Frankfort Springs, Pennsylvania. 969 French Uck Springs, Indiana 190 Gettysburg Springs, Pennsylvania. ~ 95S Gejwer, or Spouting, Saratoga. 996 Glenn's Springs, South Carolina 904 Gwdon's Springs, Georgia. ~ 907 Grayson Wliite Sulphur, Virginia I74 HaUeck's Spring, New Yoric 936 . Hamilton Spring, Saratoga 995 Harrodsburg Springs, Kentucky 183 Harrowgate Springs, New York ~. 947 Healing Springs, Viiginia ~ 137 High Rock S^ng, Saratoga 993 Hototon Spriiup, Virginia. 17S Hot Springs, Arkansas 914 Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. - X38 Huguenot Springs, Virginia.. 180 Iodine or Walton Spring, Saratoga. 995 Iodine Springs, Georgia. « 906 Johnsons or Hollins^ Institute, Vii^^nio. 164 Jones's White Sulphur, North Candino. aoa % INDEX. 293 Moa Jordon Rockbridge Alum, Virginia 146 ordon's Wlille Sulphur, Virginia 157 Kittrell'i Springs, North Carolina 903 Lebanon Springs, New Voric „ asj Lee't Sprinp, Tennessee 19! Length of Time to use Mineral Waters. 31 Liability to MIstakesas to Sulphur Waters ; 40 Madison Springs, Georgia. wtA Maine, Springs of. •75 Massanetta Springs, VliiginU 156 Medical Advice deemed essential in Europe, etc 37, 38, 930 Medicinal Efficacv of Mineral Waters a6 Medicines with Mineral Water* 50 Messina Springs, New York m^ Mfaierml Waters not a Catholicon a^ST Missisquoi Springs, Vermont _ •69 Modus Operandlof Mineral Waters. a8 Montgomery White Sulphur, Virginia 170 Montvale Springs, Tennessee 197 Newberry Springs, New York 147 Newburg Springs, Vermont 969 New London Alum Springs, Virginia 18I New River White Sulphur, Vir^nia 114 New York Springs 919-954 Ocean Springs, Mississippi 919 Ohio White Sulphur. Ohio. .". 188 Olympian Springs, Kentucky 185 Oregon, Springs ot 978 PavUion Spring, Saratoga. 993 Periods Car the Use of Mfaieral Waten. 47 Periods of the Year lor Visiting Springs. 57 Perry County Spring, Pennsylvania 964 Prepiarations for Use of White Sulphur, etc. 84 Prescribing Mineral Waters 50-55,999 Pulaski Alum Springs, Virginia. 174 Pulse, Effects of White Sulphur, etc 86 Putnam Spring, Saratoga. 993 Rawley Springs, Virginia 154, Red Sulphur Springs, Virginia. m Reed's Springs, New Yoi*. „ 936 Resemblance of some Mineral Waters to Mercury in thdr Effects 35 RichAeld Springs, New Vorit 944 Roanoke Red Sulphur, Virginia. 164 Robertson's Springs, Tennessee 196 Rochester Springs, Kentucky 184 Rochester Springs, New York '. > 948 Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia ..» 141 Rockbridge Baths, Virginia. , 15© Routes to West Virginia and Virginia Springs _ 61 Saline and Gaseous Efficacy of White Sulphur Waters. 71 •94 INDEX. MivAtion from Su)|4iur Waten 36 Salt Sulphur Sprlnip, Virginia « 109 Saratoga Alum, Saratoga tas Saratoga Waters, how to be used, etc > ■34 Schooley'f Mountnin Springs, New Jersey vj\ Sharon Springs, New York t74 Shocco Springs, North CaroliiM •(>• Silk important as a Dress 45 Springs in New Mexico, etc vn-*%y SI. Louis Magnetic Springs, Michigan 19a Siribling's Springs, Virginia 151 Sweet Chalybeate, or Red Sweet, Virginia lai Sweet Springs, Virginia. lis Sjmoniit of Importani Factt in the Use of While Sulphur Water.. 87 Talhihatla Sprinn, Alabama 009 Tale's Springs, Tennessee 198 Thermolisalion of Mineral Waters 131 Thermallsaiion Table of Mineral Waters a84 Union Springs, Saratoga aa3 Variety Springs, Virginia «.... 151 Vermont Springs, Vermont a69 Verona Sprinn, New York 048 Virginia and West Virginia Sprinp 59 Warm and Hot Bathing, Cautions, etc aoi Warm and Hot Springs, North Carolina aoo Warm Springs, Bath County, Virginia 134 Warm Springs, French Brood, Tennessee 199 ao6 ~~ «9<> I Carolina. 004 White Cfeek~Sprinn, Tennessee 196 White Sulphur Springs, North Carolina. ao3 White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia 6a Williamstown Spring, South Carolina aos Winchester Springs, Tennessee 196 Yellow Springs, Ohio... 189 Yellow Springs, Pennsylvania a66 Yellow Sulphur Springs, Virginia 171 York Springs, Pennsylvania. a63 INDEX TO CARDS. Coleman ft Rogen' Huimrier uid Mineral Water Baliimore Getlytburg Springs, Pennsylvania . Hollins Institute, Viiginia . . . . Jordon Rockbridge Alum Sprinp, Viiginia . HotSprinpof Ariouisai . • , , Levy Brothers, Merchants, Richmond , Massanetta Springs, Virginia .... Montvale Springs, Tennessee . Piedmont ft Arlington Lifc Insurance Co., Richmond Rawley Springs, Virginia .... Roanoke College, Virginia .... StieTs Pianos Sweet Chalybeate l^n-ings, Virginia Wade ft Boykin, Druggists, etc., Baltimore Warm ^ngs, Virginia . . . . White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia . . VeUow Sulphur ^;>rings, Virginia Dcpoti («) s 7 I 9 IS IS IS «4 1$ 1« «7 >S J» •» ■I aa COLEMAN & BOaEBS' Pharmacy and Mineral Water DEPOT, 178 W, BALTIMORE ST., BALTIMORE, MD. OUR STOCK BMBRACB8 A FULL LINE OF PURE DRUGS Rare PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS, OHBMIO^LS, Etc. ' AUO, NATUEAL MINERAL WATERS MOST POFVI ' - r-C'' 4 >-tM TIHEI Gettysburg Katalysine Wafer. Dr. John Bell, author of » lUmdard medical work on Mineral Springe, eaye of it:— "The OettTsburg WaUr hae produced aignally ouraUTe and realoratiTC cffecU in diiferent formi of Dyspepaia, Sickncas of the Stomach. Heartburn, Water-brash, Acute Neuralgic Pains, Loss of Appetite, Chronic Diarrhcea, Torpid Lirer, Gout, Chronic Rbaumatism, Nodosities of the Joints. Approaching and Actual Paralysis, Diabetes, Kidney Disease. QraTel." etc. Dr. J. J. Moorman, resident Physician at the White Sulphur Springs, ?rofessor of the Washington Medical Unirersity at Baltimore, and author of one of the best works on the use of Mineral Waters, writes :— "That as a solTcnt of the nrelic concretions In rhenmatism and gout, it promises to Uke a high rank among the medicinal springs of Burope nnd America. This solvent power is not •laimod, that I am aware of. in behalf of any other mineral water or medical agent. " The Hew York Mtdieia Rnori editoriaUy says:— " Wo have also seen eases of albuminuria mneh roliered by it, as well as (he irritable bladder of old age and calculous dis- orders of the lithic acid diatheeis. Prom experiments sjade on oar own person, an well as others, we can sUte that the Oet- tysbarg Water is a rognlator of all the secretions and excretions: Limdfr iU iniuenee the kidneys and liver, the glaada of the in> Vtestinal canal and the skin, ail perform their normal fuugtions { I the bowels, if constipated, become regular; the skin, if dry, beeemee moist; the torpid Uver is excited to healthy aetioa, and the kidneys perform their IVnietione with pesCsetregnbrity. There is a total abeenee of any disagreeable aensaUon vbaterer ; the vis medicatrix seems roused to inereaaed aeUvity, nnd all morbid eaoaas of bodily or even mental disorder seem rapidly to pass away. The result is— increased appetite and digeeUon, freer circulation, a stronger palse, a calmer mind, a more tran- quil sleep, a clearer complexion, and an increasing nerrons and muscular power. . . . Where gouty or rheumatic per- Bons are taking the Water, we «nd an extraordinary quantity of uric acid sMretcd ordeporited Arom the urine; the sweat no (4) •aaii,;**;.-}*-* ineWafer. diMl work on Mineral ■ignally cumfiTe and Dyspepsia, Sickneaa of koute Neuralgic Pains, Torpid Lirer, Oout, I Joinia, Approaching Maeaae, OraTel," etc. , at the White Sulphor Medical UniTeraity at It works on the nae of retions in rhenmatism I among the medicinal soWent power is not ' of any other mineml Uy eaya:— aria mnek relieved by age and oalonlous dia- n experiments made on lan aUte that the OeU iretions and excretions: r, the glaada of the in- their normal fuuctioBS | nlar; the skin, if dry, ited to healthy action, with peafoet regularity, hie aenaation wbatover ; reaaed activity, and all 1 diaordor aeem rapidly [ appetite and digeation,, mer mind, a more tran- an increasing nerrono louty or rheumatle per> ctraordinary qaantiiy of !• urine; the aweat no longer contains this principle in- excess, as it generally does in gouty subject^; and with proper attention to regimen and diet the health rapidly improTei, distorted limbs become straight- ened, and enlarged joints gradually reduced to their natural site. For further reports from the medical profession, and of won- derful cures, send for pamphlets. WHITNEY BROS., General Agents, Mr Bovra moNt at., puilabblpkxa. THE GETTYSBURG KATALYSINE SPRING is situated near the historic town of Gettysbttrg, Adams County, Pa. By an interesting coincidence it appears on the spot orer which was fired (he first gun in the great and deciaiTe battle of our late War of Rebellion fought at this place. All around ia historic ground. Though a local tradition ascribes to this Spring healing power, it was not generally considered medicinal until after the battle. The rumor that some of the wounded eomhaUnts had receired benefit fronf the useof iU waters, cur- rent at Gettysburg after the battle, induced resort to it by inralids, with results which can hardly find a parallel in the medical history of the world. The establishment of a great Spa had previously been the work of centuries; but the Get- tysburg KaUlysine Spring leaped, by a single bound, fk-om obscurity to the foremost rank among modern medical sources. The thirteenth revised edition of the United Slates Dispensa^ tory classes this American Spring of yesterday with the re- nowned Carbonate Spas of the Old Worid, the Vichy, and the Pyrmont, while nearly every newspaper and medical journal of America has chronicled some of iu wonderftil cures. The enterprise, resulting in the erection of a latfe hotel at this Spring, was suggested by the published correspondence of Governors Curtin and Geary, and of General Meade, which commended it as eminently national and philanthropic. It was afterwards indorsed by the subjoined appeal of the mem- bers of the National Congress : — " The undersigned, deeply impressed with the wonderful cura- (5) ; |W tiv* BTodin which ftppean on the b»Ule-«eld of GettTtbnrg, rad innSg that It ». the design of pnWio-.p«rited oitfiene to atiliiethie fre»t di«ooTeOr in the cause of medical ■« «»«•••"* in the inlereut of humenity. by erecting in the Tioini«y » hotel for the enterininment of the effllcted of our own »nd other eountriea who may seek here their lost health, and of the patri- otic pilgrims to these holy grounds, deem it lu be our duty to . commend the proposed enterprise as eminently philanthropic and praiMWorlhy. m.T88K8 xmoiTB, W. P. FE88KNDSM. «. D. MOBOAN, KOBOOK CONKIiOfO, I. A, PLAMI8, ■.ILaOKLST, JOHN TRIUBlC, N. B. JVDD. H. I. DAWKS, VM. MOOBR, H. W. OOBBBTT, B. r. KICK, J. A. aARPIXLD, JOHN A. MKIAN, OBANOB nRBISS, J. a. BliAINB, B. F. BOPKIIIB, 0. D. HVBBARD, W. B. WA8HBVRN, B. F WADS. flCHinrLKB OOUTAZ, 0BBI8 8.neRRT, HBNRY WIUIOM, 1.. M. IfOBRILIi, JOHN OOVODB, 0AKE8 AMIS, OODLOVB 8. ORTH. JOHN OOBVRN, JOHN TAPFR, w. a. OOP? IN, B. «. BCItKR, W. B. 8T0KK8, J. W. McCLUBO, CHA8. WPBO'N, _ WM . H. KOONTZ, QBO. liAUKKNCB, r. C. BBAMAN, J. r. BKNJAMIN, JOHN HItL, • H. D. WABHBVRN, H.L.CAKIL ALBX. KAH8BT, OBO. H. WILUAM8, MORTON C. HVNTXR, W. MrNOBN, D.A.NVNN, T.D.BMOT, DANI..J. MOBBBLL, W. H. HOOPER, AMA8A COBB, B.T.IAAN, («) B. XCI0I.B8T0N, 0. A. NBWCOMB, W. WILUAM8L H. B. ANTHOMT, J. B. HBNDBR80N, J. M. HOWABD, M. WKIiKKR, W. 8PRA0CIB. A.H.1.APIJH. „ H. VAN ABBNAM, OKO. P. VAN WTfCk, \rU. HIOBT, T. W.FBBRT, ^^ LI7KB P. POLAND, r. B. TROWBRIDGX, WM. A. PILB, QEO. W. AMDKR80N, WM. tOUOHRlDOX, J. J. ORAVBIiT, ROrVB MALLORT, R. P. BUCKLAND. JA8. 8. MARVIN, P. 8T0NB, RICHARD TATB8, HORACB MATNARD. A. H. BAItKT, R. W. OLARKB, GEO. W. JUUAM, eHA8.0'NKIIiL, B1TRT VAN HORN, WM. M. 8TBWART, GEO. M. ADAMS, W. H. KEL8ET, B.M.BOTBR, OHAS. 8IT0RRAYXB, JOHN BBATTT, o. r Mnuut. 0. 1. HOLBORa. WM. D. BXIiUtt. J.I.WIMON, J. K.MOOBnaRAD, GBO. A. HAL8BT, T. VAN HORN, JAMK8 W. NT1L r. T. raiuNGHtnrBXN, OBOROB VI0KXB8, W. ft UNCOMt, _^„ JAMEBM-CAVANACGH, 8IDMRT CLARKX, JACOB BBNTON. e-fleld of GettTtburg, ;io-8p1rlt«d oitiieni to r medioMl leienoo, tnd in the Tioinity » hotel f our own Mid other lallb, and of the p»tri- D it lu be our dutj to linentl/ phiUnthropio LV8T0N, BWCOMB, LUAMS, OTHONT. ■NDIR80H, lOWABD, liKER, lAOCi. .AriJK. K AKBNAH, . VAN WTfCk, IIOBT, rKBRT, P. l>OlAND, KOWBBIOOB, ,. PILK, r. ANDSRSON, OirOBRlDOK, RAVBIiT, i HALIiORT, WCKhAVm. . MARVIN, iNB, IRD TATW, CI MATNARP. BAILET, OLABKK, W. JUUAM, , CNKILL, ' VAN HORN, B. 8TBWART, M. ADAMS, KKL8ET, .BITORhAYXB, t BBATTT, HILUUt. aVhVGKD, D.BXliUtT, irnaoN. MOOSniKAD, A. HAL8CT, ,N HORN. IS w.nyX raiuNGHtnrBXN, tOB VI0KXB8, UNOOLN, _^„ SB M. CAVANAVGH, lET CLARKl, >B BBKTOH. ',1 ■9 I HOLLINS INSTITUTE, Botetourt Springs, ROANOKE COUNTY , VIRGINIA. COL. GEORGE P. TALOE, BretUetU of HVt—t^ea. CHARLES L. COCKE, A.M., BOARD OF INSTRUCTION AND GOVERNMENT. SEHenOiy 1873-73. JOSEPH A. TURNER, M.A., Modern Languagei, Ethic*, and EngtUh, CHARLES L. COCKE, A.M., Mathematict and Chapel Exerclm. MISS BEHIE D. FOWLKES, Painting, Drawing, and Mathemaiici. MADAME A. BUTTEI^ Cotloqulal French and German. MISS JULIA PORCHER, Imtreniental Music and Vacatlatlon. MISS SALLY BROWNE RYLAND, Preparaiery School. MRS. SUSANNA V. COCKE, Dometiic Departmeet. WM. H. PLEASANT, Ancient Languages, History, and Science. AUGUST BUHEL, Director of Music Department and Piano. MISS SALLY L COCKE, Ungeage* and English. MISS ROSA P. COCKE, Langvage* and History. MISS CYNTHIA McGAVOCK, Instrumental Music and Singing. MRS. MARY L SLOAN, Superintendent ef Music-Rooms. MRS. H. R. McVEIGH, Matron. MRS. FANNY THOMAS, Matron. ■ In thb iDiUtate thnra are nine DepartmenU of iBitrwUon :— I. liwUih Len- nac* ud Utoratare. II. Anolunt Laoguagw anil Utoratora. IlfT Modem UiiciMseiaDdLlteratarajirreiKhandOeriiian). IV. Mathematlos. V. Natural Boleoew. VI- MenUI and Moral Mano*. VII. Hlntory. VIU. Moilo. IX. Dcawlnc and Painllnt- Tha losrituta Is well providod with Huleal Initrnmesti, inoladlns flflean PtenoB, Onan, ate.. Chemical and Philoaophleal Apparatus, MInerair Maiw. j«o. Beariona open aboot tha 1Mb of BmitNulwr, and oonUnna mmg* of the country, which, as a *•««< and po»trM tank, is well deserving the attention of Spring visi- tors. There is also within visiting distance from the Hotel another Spring, known as " lo^htu and Ahm Wo/w," which possesses valuable medicinal powers, and some peculiar to Uself, and which will be constantly kept fresh at the Hotel for the use of visitors. The waters of this Spring are not only adapted to the cure of the various diseases commonly cured by Alum "Waters, but also, from its peculiar and highly AUvatt»* composition, to be a reliable remedy in other cases wherein these waters are uncertain or inefOicient. (9> Facilities for Reereation and Amutment usually found at fashionable Watering-Places will be found here. §gr Poit-Offief, known as "Alum Sprmgi," is kept in the Hotel. ■0> During the season an Office of the Western Union TeUgrapk Co. will also be kept in tie Hotel, oommunicating with all parU of the world. (8) ING8. 'irgtfiia. §htH D^ot, on the hioh point Coaehtt ■cm the Springs in new, and embrace accommodations. 'arlor$, Bming-Room, hundred Chamber*, tion of families or mmodations outside (, whose medicinal lecessary to speak of if the strongest and hich, as a dirtet and tion of Spring vlsi- nce from the Hotel Alum Water," which id some peculiar to resh at the Hotel for Spring are not only commonly cured by and highly AUerali»e other cases wherein iM«m«ii( usually found rand here. Spring*," is kept in of the M'eetem Union otel, communicating LEIIY JTHERS. THE LARGEST DE7aOODS HOUSE IM THE STATE!, Nos. 1017 and 1019 Main Street. RIGHMOND, VA. TERMS CASH. ONE PRICE AND NO DETIATIOM. Purchasing their goods direct from the im- porters, manufacturers, and at the auction trade sales, enable them to offer extra induce- ments to purchasers of dry goods. Prompt attention given to orders. For particulars read daily papers published in Richmond, Petersburg, and Lynchburg. MASSANETTA SPRINGS, ROCKINQHAM COUNTY, VA. ;&j:>l=?v.S^ :--:!m'pU"-9i' — PRINGS. ilTT, VA. I Spring, Uk«B at the lanjr yearn for e^proial *ta originating in id«> ntnti of tha Aiv«r and icAuz, Slomaek, Kidntj/t, Lgna and Fever, Yellow, A more lafe, pleaeanl, nine. /( btutt ihipment Minatic Poiaon ; and, if 3«Utj, a preTenlive of heolie diaaaaea of Chil- tnd in Womb &nd Vena- ;ae Water ia a oharming i Watara, addreaa isident, rOBAM COVMTT, TA. B/ounf County, East Tennessee. This farorite Summer Reaort ia 26 milea louth of KnoxvilU, in a aequeitered valley, almoat enoiroled by lofly apurs of the " CkilhowHf' Mountain, which here emboaom a valley of aur- paaaing lovelineaa, in which these Springs have Iheir source. Their elevation ia 1400 feet above the level of the aaa. The remarkable power of these W»tera in the «nre of fkino- tional deraugementa of the £iv«r, JiowtU, KithuyB, and Skin, and indeed of Cfkronie Diuattt generally, fully attests their high medicinal propertiea, and baa long made them a place of large public reaort. f0r All the aeetuoriu for B*ertatiom and AmuMtntnl usually found at flMhionable Watering-Plaoea will be found hara. |0r RovTi. — Visitors to MontvaU will necessarily pass over the Etut TVniMMM and Virginia or the Georgia Railroad, making the city of Kn^rvilU a point ; thence by way of the Knozville and Charleston Railroad to Marytvillf, 16 miles; ttoxa which place they are conveyed in Coaches, running in connection with the Traina, to tha Spriaga, t> milaa diatant. tSF' '^^* Springe will be open for the reception of Tiaitora on the 16th of May, and kept in a atyle worthy of the patronage of a discriminating public. H^ For PampUtt* containing Analyn* and general daacrip- tioD of the Watara, addreaa JOSEPH L. KING, ' Montvale 8priii(|a, Eaat Tenneaaee. (»3) ifi^mm?^ "I i FISDUOMTANDARUNOTON 'Wm Insurance ^;OMPANY, noMW orriom, W. C. CA««moTOM. PrtiUtHl. V.J. H/.«t«ook, SicrtUty Jl. C. Haktcook, C—kltr. I. E. f.DiiKmot.yk'fPn$i4Unl. JL J- HoiKim, Auhianf Sttrtbtr). Prof. B. B. Smith, Actmmy. Aaaul iBOoaM «?w Om aal a QurUr Xmien Sdlan. PoUolM Libcna and iroa-Vorfcltebl*. XoHo]r-bold«ri, prompt- ftdvknUgM it pr«Mnti a J uaaqualcd aaeoaM, liojr-holdara. Ratiring r Virgiaia, ud in othar boldara. ta raqairamanta of tha Ohio, Californl*. Ken- mpany hM aitabliahad [OB ADTAVTAOM. Kuroh 1. 1878. ROCKIHGHAM COUNTY. 11 MILEf FROM HARIIISOIIBVBC), TA. Wa announea to tha Spring-going publio thai thaia Springa, ■o long and favorably known for thoir afflcaoy )n tha traatment of a larga oirela of diaaaaaa, will ba opan for tha Saaaon of 1878 on XHK FIRST DAY OF JTTIVK. Thaaa Watera hava long bean ragardad aa tha ttronful and mott fortuniHtly eompcundtd Watera, Ihat are ditHnelly ehalyb*ait in oharactar, — tha union of other Taluabla madloinal ingradianta with tha iron making tham not only aetuatig Tonie, but alao highly Alltrativ4 in their atfaota. tB^ The naual facilitiaa for Ammtmmt and BMrmtioH found at faahionabla Wataring-Plaoea gaafrally, will ba found hare. Svary proper effort will be made to make our gueata oomfort- abla, and to inaura tha continuanoa of tha larga patroaaga the Springa have heretofore aqjoyad. OHARQES FOR THE SEASON. Board par month .... " •• week .... " "day Children and Sarvanta, KaifyriM. $60.00 16.00 2.60 1^ Rvwltji may ba reached eonveniantly f^m tha Nortk and EMt by tha Maaaaaar Gap Railroad to HarrUonburg; and from tha South and Wut, flrom AaimloM, via Hmrruonimf. t^ OrnnHuttt will run flrom tha Springa daily, la coaaae- tioa with tha Railroad Can. A. B. IRICH, J. N. WOODWARD, Sup«rintond«nt. Afra, 1878. (iS) wmfsmm ROANOKE COLLEGE, s-a.XjEi:m:,^-a.. AwMiMi tssa. Th« Aaaul 8«Mi«iis mbbmim ob tb* Tint WedneidKr in 8«p- tomber, ud oIom the TUrA WadiiMday in Jane. ■ COURSE OF STUDY. The thorough and comprehensive curriculum, extending orer a period of four vears, embraces the following: — Classr oal, Oriental, and ifodern Languages, Bnglish Language, Belles-Lettrei, History, and Literature, Moral and Intellect- ual Philosophy, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, International Law, Politioal Economy, with Lectures on Physiology and Hygiene. LOCATION. In point of location Boanoke College challenges com- parison witii any other institution in America. The Boanoke Vall^, in which it k situated, is unsurpassed for iU fertility, beautmil mountain scenery, equable temperature, general heAltbfulness, and freedom irom malarious diseases. Salem, the most thriving town in Southwest Virginia, is immedi- ately on the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, and at the junction of tbt Valley Bailroad, now under contract. EXPENSES. tST The Bxpenaei for a Session of tbv mohthb (including Tuition, Board, Fuel, Lights, Washing, etc.) are about $200. A slight advance on this estimate must be made for student* boarding in private families. Full details given in the annual catalogue. 20r The Um price of hoard ($10 to $14 per month), cons»- Snent upon the abundance of the countiy, enables this Instttu- ion to educate young men on more reasonable terms than are offered by any other Institution of high grade in the South. f9> The unsnrpaiaed advantaget of Boanoke College have gained for it a wide and rapidly increasing popularity, students being in attendance annually ttoiafomrt«m to ngktMm States and Territories. Persons desiring MIer information are referred to Dr. J. J. Moorman, Physician to White Sulphur Sprinp, and Lecturer on Physiology and Hygiene in Boanoke College. For Catalogues and farther particulars, address Rev. D. F. BITTLE, D.D.,Pre8't. (i6) LLEGE, STIEFFS PIANOS. ^JL. tt WediiMd»7 in 8«p- niMf in Jane. ►Y. irriculum, extending ) following: — Classi- Knglish Language, Moral and Intellect- iiences, International i on Physiology and ege challenges com> erica. The Boanoke aesed for its fertility, «mperature, general HIS diseases. Salem, (Virginia, is immedi- )hio Railroad, and at w under contract. IV MOHTHS (including etc.) are about $200. be made for student* Is given in the annual 14 per month), cons»- ', enables this Instttu- anable terms than are trade in the Sooth, of Boanoke College icreasing popularity, Om fOHttMH to eifktMH \ are referred to Dr. lulphur Springs, and Boanoke College, are, address rE, D.D.tPres't. Upwards of fifty First Premiums, Gold sod Silrer Medals, were awarded to Charles M. Stieff for the best Piano, in competition with all the leading manu- facturers in the country. Office and Warerooms, No. 9 N. Liberty Street, Baltimore, Md. The superiority of the XJnriTaled Stieff Piano-Forte is conceded by all who have compared it with others. In their New Grand Square Scale, seven and one-third Octaves, the manufacturer has succeeded in making the most perfect Piano-Forte possible. Prices will be found as reasonable as consistent with thorough workmanship. A large assortment of second-hand Pianos always on hand, from (75 to $300. We are agents for the celebrated Burdett Cabinet, Parlor, and Church Organs, all styles and prices, to suit every one ; guaranteed to b« fiilly equal to any made. Send for illustrated catalogue containing the names of over 1500 Southerners, 600 of whom are Virginians, SOO North Carolinians, 150 East Tennesseeans, and others throughout the South, who have bought the Stieff Piano sinoe the dose of the war. •7 (17) ;^*^«i:;""A^23>Ki Sweet Chalybeate Springs, Fonnerly known as ihe BED SWEET SPBINGS, Alleghany Ck>im1y, Va. That* Spring!, n long ud tKwvrMs known for their Tnlnablo tMtic ud aUeratiw powors, boUi u s Bivnuai and Bath, liavo boon nowly Mid oomplotoly rolttod, with ooBToniont nnd oom- fortnblo Moommodationo for 400 persona. Their dtnaUon is oentnl in the Ortat /^^rdif Rtgiom, being 16 milao eonth of the WkiU Su^hnr, end 9 miles from A tt tgkMjf Station, on the Chmdptak$ mtd Ohh UaOroad. They will be open for the Reeeption of Visitors, for the Season of 1873, on the ist day of June. The Yarioos Souees of Beenttion and AmnseineDt, eommon to the best-oondaeted Wntering-PlMOS, will be kept up for the Moommodetlon of Visitors. Psrties suffering flrom Dgt- Ammmrhmm, Gtmnl JMOHf, ud espeeinUy Int^rimU Oomtmip- Hm, will ind the most deeided ud benefldnl reontla following the nse of these Wnters. 0f Vnianble es these Waters are admitted to be when need as a ButMfti the great eharm of the plaee, pleasnrably, hygl- eideally, ud medieintlly, is found in the large Tnetond JPIwb far /%My« BaMtf, ud in the well-arruged Baown ud Tvb Baths of mj degree of*< «i iy «w i ft » rt that may be desired. Taking the BalMv flMiUUea here, all ud in all, they are be- lioTod to be equal, or superior, to uy elsewhere to be found in the eountry. ■^ Arrangemento hare been made for the residenee at the Springs, during the Season, of a highly-eompetent Phyridu. JOHN KELLY, Proprietor. (»«) Springs, XET SPSIHGS, y, Va. >WB for their TBlnabla iBAoa and Bath, hvn MBTenient sad mm- 4»f«v Rtfiom, baing milM flrom A tt tgh Mn if tad. Vtoitora, for the : day of June, and Amusement, PlMii,winiMkopiap w rafforiaf flrom Dgi- mttrrkmm, Itnar AUtu, 3Hj InetfimU Cbm i w y Mai raanlta foUowiag littod to bo whoa mod 00, ploaanrably, kygt- o largo IntUtd Aofa god SaowaB aod Tub may be dooirod. md in all, they aro bo- lowhere to bo fooad is r the rootdoBOO at tho MmpotoBt PhyddoB. r, Proprietor. WADE & soTimr, No. 3 LIBERTY ST., IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN Sto. Z3to. In addition to oalUng the attention of Dtttltn and Phyrieimt to our eareftilly oeleoted stooli ii our onrrent buiinoH, wo de- ■ire to elioit the attention of the general public to Dr. Wade'a Liver Corrector and Dyspepsia Cure. Dr. Wade, haring oied thia medieine with groat raooeoa in hia private praetiee for many yean, haa been indueed to allow it to bo put up undw hia oapoeial earo for general um in tho diaeaaea for whieh he has inoeoMflilly preaeribed it. Wo eonfldently recommend a trial of thia remedy to those who aro aflUeted with diseases of the Lwtr or Sttmatk, or with CMSfipatiM o/Os BowU, for tho euro of which it ia a prompt, safe, and reliable remedy. It ia /HTsfy YigtUM* in eomposition, and f^eo from all aleo- hollo admiiiuro. It haa boon suooossAiIly employed by many of tho leading oitisons of this and other States. In addition to the diseases abore mentioned, this remedy haa boon Tory suceossfUly used for the relief of Siek Htrndackt, Jmmdiuj and in biliary conditions of tho qrstom goBorally. •W For sak by Druggists generally. "«i . I WARM SPRINGS, BATH COUNTY, VA. This fluBOM S^ long distlBgubhad for ita IwnHnu Smthtng faeOUieB, and for Um ram of msay diMMes firoporly trMted by Wurm BftUiiag, ii opan for th* rMtption of ViiiUrt. Among the diseuM for the core of whieh theie Watem ham long been dietingniehed, we mention -Atottk €hmt, Xheumalum, L^mpkatk enlargement!, Parofyut, Obtlruetioiu oftht Linr Md SjOun, SjfpkUmd affectiona, Cutmuout diaeaaea, Ntpkritie and CaleHloiw diaordera, and the Tariooa chronic forma of Fimtdt Ob$trueHoH9. The facilitiea here for ^oient and pleaaant Pool Bathmo are not anrpaaaed in America. The arrangement of Pooh and Dnaring-Roomi tstltmntp /or LaHu eommaada nniTeraal ap- proTaL g^ The fiteilitiea for Amtutmrnttt naoally found at fMhion« able Watering-PIacea. Jl^ Theie Springe are diatant from Millboro', on the Che peake and Ohio Railroad, 16 milea; from CoTlngton, on the aame road, 22 milea. From both plaeea, pleaaant and aafe OoMktt ran over good roada in connection with the Railroad Cara. t^ Travelera firom the NorA ahonld leaTO the Oara at MOIhonf. Thoae from the Wut, at CovbtgUm or MOboro'. $f^ TtUgrofUt OiBee in Hotel. JV An experleneed Phyatciaa reaidea at the place. JS^ PAMPBUTa forwarded, by mail, on application. JOHN L. EUBANK, (*») ''mmm^^^^&Mii§6Mi,^.:^^^^Mr INGS, , VA. ita Iweuriotu Bathinf properly trMtad by rVisiUn. )h theie Ifateni hun m Ooul, XkeumaHim, ftfornt oftkt Lvttr and eMet, N^kritie Mid nio forma of FtmmU uaat Pool. Bathmo genent of Pooh and niMida nniTorMkl ap> \j found at fltahion* Uboro', on the Che D CoTlngton, on tha a, pleaaant and aafe m with the Railroad 1 leaTe the Gara at Ion or MtUlboro'. at the plaee. I application. .. EUBANK, >«»«•< WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, Greenbrier County, W. Va. The nnderaigned beg leare to announee that these Springs, so long oalebrated for theirTalnablo AmnATiTi Watibs, their charming summer climate, and the Urge and fashionable crowds that annually resort to them, will be open for the Season of 1878 on the Their eapaoitj for accommodation is from 1600 to 2000 persons. 1^ Prof. Bosenberger's celebrated Baud will be in attend- ance to enliren the Lawn* and Ball-Room. 19" Mofutradu ahd Faney Ball* as usual through tha Season. 1^ An cztensiTC Litbbt for the use of Visitors. HOT AND WARM SULPHUR BATHS, BO efficacious in many cases, always at the command of the Visitor. W^ The Chttaptakt and Ohio RaUroad is now in excellent running order to the Springs both flrom the Xa$l and Wat. 19* A Teltffrtfk Liu is in operation to the Springs. CHARGES FOR THE SEASON. Board per day $8.00 " " month of 80 days . . 80.00 Children and Colored Serrants, half price. While Serrants, according to accommodations fbruished. 19" We haTC the pleasure to announce to those who design to visit the Springs, that Prof. J. J. MoonMAn, M.D., well known as the author of seTsral Taluable books on Mibbbai. Watbbs, and for 86 year« the Phtsioum to Yhb Wbitb SvLrnvB, will be at the Springs this summer in that capacity. GEO. L. PEYTON & CO. WniTB SuwBon Sruxcw, W. Va., JforcA, 1878. («) YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, Vmht OhrliUaaitarg^ Montgomery County, Va. Th«M Springs, m long diitingniihcd for their mUt* Ibme wd Taloftbl* AlUnUmtpamn, will b« opM«d for Uie SoMoa of 1878 01 m Finn sat or Juki. |9> Tiio fMilitioo for Annutmnt and RMrtatimt vmomUj foond nt 8nt-elnM Wntoring^PlMos will bo found horo. t^ TVtgn^hk nnd Signtu linoa nro in oporation to tite Springs. iQr Bot mud Warm Bath* oftht Mineral Wafr, M ooMntinl to many inTalidt, at oommand of the Viiiton. ExtendTO additional improremenu aro now in prograu, to bo oomplotod by tbo eommettocment of tlie aoaton, among otberB, a largo and eommodioai Hotii. with nit lh$ modtrH tiiy>ro««aMiitt. The iramonM inoroaso of risitation to this plaoa within the laat fow yoan haa mado laeh esieniion of our improTomonts a noeoMity. ThoM Spring! arito with great boldnon near tho ■ommit of tho Alloghaaj Monntain, more than 2000 feet aboTO the level of the Ma, the m««I Onattd Md eooU$t summerrMort j» Vwgmia; the elimate being aa ealubrioue, and the air aa elaatie and in- rigorating, aa oan well be imagined. Am an efteient Timie, thii water haa maintained an nnrar- paaeed repntalion for eoTonty yean. Aa an AUtrmtite in many ehronie aneotions, it haa proved a bleiaing to thonsandt. Owing to ita fine tonio and alterative powen, iu therapentio applioabilTUea are extenalTO, bat eapeeiaUy haa it exhibited ita onratire powers in l^^>^$ia, and ehronie aifeotions of the AbdoKtmal (kmt); in Otiurtil DMUly and Nimtout Pnutratimt. In various ohronio albetions of the Skin, in JRAuy disorders, and in OUoroik and kindred fimak ugketioMf it has had a very large saoeess. Wat f«r Ttrntf whieh will be moderate, see our PampkUt, whieh will be sent on applieation. |0> JStatrttM Tiei«u to the plaoe oan be obtained at all the prineipal Railroad OlBees. J. J. & J. WADE, Froprieton. Tauow SuLmn Sruiios, Va., JTsreA, 1878. (aa) SPRINGS, \y, Va. for their mUt* 9\mmo k«d for the SoMoa of id iZ«cr«a m AUtrmtit* in nwny g to thonsendt. «wen, ite therapentie \j hat it exhibited ite nie elTeotioni of the 1 Ntnou* Prottration. I, in Jr»Auy diiordera, oM, it has lied n very nte, see our PtmpUtif nn Im obtnined »t all LDE, Froprieton. \, 1878. *.:»fc,.3;S' «••» rtiiis'frffss^:?'