IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
A<i^
•^%^I^-
V]
y:
/A
7
1.0
I.I
Li£12.8 12.5
15.0 *^^ RMH
Sf B4 i
^ 1^ 12.2
1:25 114 ■l.6_
PhotDgraphic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRiET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80
(716)872-4503
o
'/.
<^
CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historicai IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian da microreproductions iiistoriquas
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques
The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available fur filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checlced below.
D
D
D
D
D
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
I I Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagde
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicuide
I I Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
Coloured maps/
Cartes giographiques en couleur
Coloured inic (i.e. other than blue or blacic)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
Bound with other mater al/
Reii^ avec d'autres documents
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La re liure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intirieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas dt6 fiimdes.
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la methods normale de filmage
sont indiquis ci-dessous.
I I Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
Pages damaged/
Pages endom magmas
Pages restored and/oi
Pages restaurAes et/ou pellicuiies
Pages discoloured, stained or foxec
Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu6es
Pages detached/
Pages d6tach6es
Showthroughy
Transparence
Quality of prir
Quality in^gale de I'impression
Includes supplementary materii
Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire
Only edition available/
Seule Mition disponible
I — I Pages damaged/
I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/
PyK Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
I I Pages detached/
ryi Showthrough/
I I Quality of print varies/
I I Includes supplementary material/
I — I Only edition available/
n
Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont M film^es d nouveau de fa9on A
obtenir la meilleure image possible.
The c<
to the
The in
possili
of the
filmini
Origin
begini
the lai
sion. (
other
first p
sion, I
or illui
The la
shall c
TINUE
which
Maps,
differi
entirel
begini
right f
requir
metho
0-
Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppiimentaires:
Irregular pagination: [1] - 50, [369] - 380 p.
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checlced below/
Ce document est filmA au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous.
10X
14X
18X
1
22X
26X
30X
X
12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X
piaire
88 d6tail8
iqu88 du
int modifiar
ixiger una
da filmaga
»d/
quiaa
taira
i by errata
mad to
nant
, una palura,
I fa9on A
9.
32X
Tha copy filmad hara haa baan raproducad thanka
to tha ganaroaity of :
New Brunswick Muieum
Saint John
Tha Imagaa appaaring hara ara tha batt quality
poaalbia consldaring tha condition and laglbility
of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha
filming contract apacificationt.
Original copiaa in printad papar covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"!, or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
1
2
3
L'exemplaire f llmA f ut reprodult grice k la
g*n*ro8lt4 da:
New Brunswick (Museum
Saint John
Lea Images sulvantaa ont 4t4 raprodultes avac la
plua grand soln. compta tenu de la condition at
da la nettetA de Texemplaira fllmA, et en
conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de
filmaga.
Las axemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est ImprimAe sont filmAs en commen^ant
par la premier plat et en terminant solt par la
dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration. solt par la second
plat, salon le cas. Tous las autres axemplaires
originaux sont filmAs en commenpant par la
pramiAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la derniAre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols —*• signifie "A SUIVRE". le
symbols V signifie "FIN ".
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents.
Lorsque le document est trop grsnd pour dtre
reprodult en un seul clichA, il est film* A partir
de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche h droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mAthode.
f ■:
- f :
a
4
: •: 5 ■■
6
IN]
THE COMPOSITTON OF
i
UdlA^ GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,
ILLUSTRATED FROM THE
ALGO:N^Km LA]:^GUAGES.
BY ,1. HAMMOND TRUMBULL.
,i
■n
!
u
\l
PRESS (IF
Cask, Lficicwooi) & Brainark,
I! a r t to r il , Conn.
A p
upon {
ei'ty to
tioii, il
nal hi
of i)or
sciuu.s
l)Ut 1)C
till wli
\)\ phc
its sel:
from t
turc t(
oucc'
places
solute
meani
ins>' in
Clmrli
nati, 1
on a \.
mark
mark
namos
*iMil
tMa:
ON TIIK COMPOSITION OF
INDIAN (;k()(;haimii('al names.
A Pi{(»pi:ii NAMic lias Ik'011 (lofmcd to bo " a more mark put
upon an inilividual, ami ol' Avliioli it is the clianiotoristic prop-
erty to br (h'xtifiifc of inenniii!/.'"* W we aeoopt this dcfmi-
tion, it lollows tliat tliofo are no propiT names in the aborigi-
nal lanjiua.u'es of America. p]vory Indian synthesis — names
of j)ersons and i)lacos not oxcopfed — nnist "preserve the con-
sciousness of its roots," and nnist not only have a meaning
but 1)0 so framed as to convey that meaning with ]trecision, to
all who speak the language to which it belongs. Whenever,
by jthonetic corruption or l)y change of circumstance, it loses
its self-interpreting or solf-deliniiig power, it nuist lie discarded
from the language. '-It lecjuii'es tradition, society, and litera-
ture to maintain forms which can no longer l)o analyzed at
ouce."t In our own language, such forms may hold their
places by prescriptive right or force of custom, and names ab-
solutely unmeaning, or applied without regard to their original
meaning, are accepted by conunon consent as the distinguish-
ing uuirks of persons and places. Wo call a man William or
Charles, .lones or Jh-own, — or a town, Now LeI)anon, Cincin-
nati, Baton Rongo, or IJig Bethel — ;iust as wo put a number
on a policeman's I)adge or on a post-ottice box, or a trado-
uuirk on an article of merchandise ; and the number and the
mark are as truly and in nearly the same sense projjor
names as \hv oliiers are.
* Jlill's Lojric, n. I. cli. viii.
fMax Mtillcr, Science of I^anguage, (1st Scries,) p. •J!)2.
THIO COMPOSITION or
f;
Not thai |M'rsoiiul or pi'o|i('i- iiiiiiu's. in iiiiy liiii^iuiiii'c wcfo
on'i/iu<i/h/ iiK'iT ai'liili'iiry sounds, (|<'voi(l ol" nu'!inin<i'. 'I'lu'
first tiaiuos or tlic lirst IJrown conld, donlitlcss, have jiivcn
as good a reason lor his name as the lirst Aliraliani. lint
changes of hingnagc; and lapse of finie made the iianies inde-
pendent of the reasons, and look from them all their signifi-
cance. Patrick is not now, <'o nomine, a ' patrician ;' Ihidget
is not necessarily ' sti'ong' or *■ hright ;' and in the name of
Mary, hallowed hy its associations, only tlie etymologist can
detect the primitive ' l)itterness.' Boston is no longer ' St.
Hotolph's Town;' there is no 'Castle of liie inhaliitants of
Hwiccia' {Jlivic-irara-<-eu.stey') to he seen at AVorcester : and
Hartford is neither ' the lord of harts,' (which the city seal
lias made it,) noi- ' the red ford,' which its name once indi-
cated.
In the same way, many Indian geographical names, after
their adoption by Angio-Amei'ican colonists, liecame unmean-
ing sounds. Their original character was lost hy their trans-
fer to a foreign tongue. Nearly all luive suflL'red some muti-
lation or change of form. In many instances, hardly a trace
of the original can he detected in the modern name. Some
have hcen se])arated from the localities to which they he-
longed, and assigned to others to which they are etymologi-
cally inappropriate. A mountain receives the name of a river ;
a bay, that of a cai)e or a peninsnla ; a tract of lan<l, that of a
rock or a waterfall. And so ' Massac'husetts' and ' Comiecti-
cut' and ' Narragansett' have come to \w prcpcr naiiics,i\ii
truly as 'Boston' and 'Hartford' are in their cis-Atiantic
appropriation.
The Indian languages tolerated no such ' mere marks.'
Every name described the locality to which it was allixeil.
The description was sometimes UqHu/raphiad ; sometimes his-
torical, preserving the memory of a battle, a feast, the dwell-
ing-place of a great sachem, or the like ; si^netimcs it ' di-
cated one of the natural jrrodiicfs of the place, or the ani)iials
which resorted to it ; occasionally, its position or dinction
frt)m a place previously known, or from the territory of the
INHIAN (IKl)(;i;.\rill(Al. NAMKS.
iiiitioii liv wliicli llic iiaiuc was nivcii. — as for ('.\aiii|il(', ' tlif
land oil till' otlicr sidi; of tlic rivi-r,' ' lichiiid tlif iiioiiiiluiii,'
* llic cast land.' • tli(3 liulf-Wiiy place,' i^-c. 'J'lic same name
ini.u'lit bo, ill fact it very often was, tiivcn to more places than
one ; hut these must not l)e so near loucther that mistakes or
doidtts could l)e occasioned l)y the repetition. With this pre-
caution, there was no reason why lliere miulit not \h- as many
MJreat Rivers.' ' Jieuds.* ' Foi-ks." and ' Water-fall places" as
tiiere arc AVashinjitons, Fi'ank'lins, I'nions, and Kairphiys in
the list of American iiost-oHices.
With few exccp'.ions, the structure of these names is sim-
ple. Ncai'ly all may he I'eferred to one of three classes :
I. Tlios(^ foi'uied hy the union of two elements, which we
will call (iLlJt'iilvitl and sifhshoilirul :* with or without a loca-
tive .suffix 01' post-position uieaninu' 'at, *in.' " liy." •near.'
A-c.
J I. TIkjsc which have a sinule element, the sii/>.s/<iH(ir(tl
or • li'round-word,' with its locative suflix.
111. Those Ibi'iued IVom verlis, as parlicipials or verlial
nouns, <lenolinu'a /ilacc /r7/(;n; the action of the verh is per-
formed. To this class helouLi', lor example, such names as
Mushnuwoiiitilc (l>ostoii). ' where theru is goini:-liy-l)oat.' /. c,
a ferry, or caiioe-crossiiiii'. ,Mosi of tlu'se names, however.
may he shown hy riuid analysis to ijclonu' to one of the two
preceding classi's, which com[)rise at least lune-tenths (jf all
Algonkin local names wliich have lieeu pi'cservcd.
4
%'
i':<
The examj)les 1 shall give ol' these tlu'ce classes, will he
taken Irom Algoukiu lauguagt-s ; chielly from the 31assacliu-
*TliL'si' terms, thon^iU not strictly MjiproiiriMtc to Iiuliaii syniliois, arc
siitlit'ii'Utly explicit tor the [mrposes of this jnipcr. Tliey arc liiinii\vc(|
from llie author of " Wonlsaml Places" (the llev. Isaac Taylor), wlm has
eiuployeil them ("Jil eil., ]). Kio) as ecpiivalents of Fursteiiiaim's •• Hcstim-
iiuiiigswort " and ■• (iruiidwort," ( Die (hidschcn Ortsimmi'.n. Noi-tiliaiisen,
I.SO.'J, pj). ■>{'> — 1(»7, 1011 — 17-1). In Jnilian names, the " Hestiminuiigsworl "
sometimes corrt'spmids to the jji^lisli adjective — sninetiiiie> to a noun
substantive — l)ut is m(jre generally an mlrerh.
|t>
6
Tin; roMi'OPnioN op
setts or NatU'k (wliii-li wms siil)s|!mtiiilly tlic siiiiic iis lliiit
spoken liy tlio Nari'ii^'iinsett.s iiiiil Coiinccticiit Imliiiiis), (lie
Altiiiiki, tlio liCiiiii-FjciiApc til- Dcliiwiirc, llic ('liippcwa. or
()iili\vii,v, iiiid till' KiiistciKt or ("roe.*
Of luuiios of the Jirsf chiss, in eential and southern New
Knji'himl, some of the more eonimon siihstantival components
or ' gntund-wonls' are tliose which denote JmhU or t'i>iotlrif,
Hirer, Wati i\ Lah' or J\>nd, Fi'x/tliii/-/>/iice, Ji'oo/c, Muuntain,
JiicldKiirc, and IshiniL
1. The Massut.'hnsetts OHKK {^iwv. ni'ike ; I)elaware, /ir/r'/r/ ;
Chip. (Mr : Aljnaki, '/«';) sij^'nifies land, and in h»eal names,
Pi.ACK or coi'NTliY. Tlie llnal \owel is sometimes lost in eom-
))(jsilion. Witli tlie locative sufllx. it lii'Cdmcs ohkit (Del.
Imr/cliii/ : t'iiip. ii/i/cl" ; Aim. kik ;) nt or in a phiee or country.
To the Xarragansetts proper, the country east of Narra^'an-
sett Hay and Providence l?iver was ira"i>im-aiike, ' east land ;'
and its peoplt; were called liy the Dutch explorers, Wajicnokis,
and \>y tlie Kuii'lish, Wdin/mnixii/s. The trihes of the upper
St. iiawrence tauuht the French, and trihes south of the I'is-
* It li;is mil lict'ii lli(iii;ilit iulvisiihlc to ;i(ti'iii|it tlic reduction oC words
or iiMiiH's t:dii'ii li-oiii dilliTciit Iiiii!:iiii;;l's lo ii unilonii ortlioiiriipliv. AVlien
no Miillioiilius Mil' iiiiiiu'd, it iiimv lie iiiidi.'1'stoiid tliiil tliu ^Massacliusetts
words nil! lakcii I'ldiii KiiotV n':m<latioii of tlii' IJiiiic, or from his Indian
(ii'Mimiiar; tin- N'arrai;niisctt, from lioj^cr AViliiams"s Indian Key, and his
pnlilisln'ii letters; ilie Alinaki, from llie Dictionary of Ualc (I{asli's),
edited liy Dr. I'iekerinu'; the Delaware, from Zeislierner's A'ocaliulary anil
Ids (irammai': tlie ('lii]i|iewa. from Selioolcralt (iSidi.), Iiaraj;a's Diction-
ary ami (iranimar (l'>.), and lliu Spelline- Hooks publislied by the Ameri-
can Hoard of Commissioners of Foreign Missions; anil the Cree, from
Ilowse's (iranimar of that lan^iinii'e.
The ch;iracler r/* (win'Ibod;' win ' A\'al)ash,' ' \\'isconsiir), used by
Eliot, has iiecii suiistitiited in Abnaki words for the Greek ii of Rale and
the Jesuit missionaries, and for the iTi of Campanius. A small " placed
above the line, shows that the vowel which it t'ollows is iiasal, — and re-
places the ii emploved for the same purj)ose by Kale, and the short line or
dash jdaced under a vowel, in l'ickerinj;"s aljihabet.
In Kliot's notation, oh usually represents the sound of o in i»ykr and in
j'lirm, — that of broad u; but sometimes it stands lor short <i, as in )iol.
INDIAN (;i;nnRAPHI('AL NAMKS. 7
Ciita(|Uii tiui<>lil, IIk; Kiitilisli, to ^ivo tlir luinic of I'liist-lnmlcrs
— A/iitiaifiilx, or A/ilmi/ns — to the linliiiiis oj" Miiiin!. 'I'lic
coiintiT of the Dt'liiwiircs wiis ' oast land,' \V<(/><ni'ir/i/ii\ to
Al^'oiikiii iiatiniis of tlio west.
The ' Vhdwn'onock,^ or ' C/iairniiofkr,' ol" ('apt. .loliii Siiiitli.
— on what is now known as Cliowan irivoi-, in \'ir<iinia and
Noi'tli Carolina, — was, to tlu; i'owhattans and other Viruiniaii
trilies, the ' sf)uth country," or suwan-ohke, as Kliol wrote;
it, in f«en. xxiv. iVl.
With tht; adjectival xiick!, "dark-colored," ' hhu'kish," w(!
!iave th(! al)ori,u'inal name of the South Meadow in Jlartford,
— Kiic/cl-ohke, (written Sicciionk, Sitckutncj, ttc. ). ' Whiek earth.'
Wiis/coirha)i(ni-aiik-lf.''n\ the pijicon country,' was tiic name
(as ji;iveii liy lloi-'er Williams) of a "' place where these fowl
hrcctl ahundantly," — in the northern part of the Nipmnck
country (now in Worcester county, Mass.).
'' Kiskatruiunakook,^ the name of a brook (l)ut originally, of
some locality near the l)rook) in Catskill, N. V.,* is kiskato-
ml iiafc-tnih', '' [Aiivii of thin-slMdled nuts" (or sha<.^-bark hick-
ory nuts),
2. RiVKit. Si'lp or i^e/Jii (Del. xt/>o ; ('hi|i. x/'pc ; Al)n.
nijxn ;) the Alg'oidcin word for ' river' is dei'ived from a root
that means ' stretched out,' ' extended,' ' ])eeome long',' and
corresponds nearly tct the English ' stream.' This word rarely,
if ever, enters into the coni[)osition of local names, and, so
far as I know, it does not make a pai't of the nana; of any
river in New England. Mixxlssiiipi is mixsi-dpH, *• great
river;' KUclii-Kipi, 'chief river' or 'greatest river,' was the
Montag'uais name of the St. Lawrence ;t and Misti'-xhipii is
their modern name for the Moisc or 'Great River' which
flows from the lakes of the Labrador peninsula into the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. J
*Doc. Hist, of New York (4to), vol. iii. p. 65tJ.
fJesuit llclations, 16.^3, lG3ti, 1610.
% Hind's Exploration of Labrador, i. 9, 32.
!i
TIIK <'OMI'nsiri()N i»|'
Nriir ilir Atliititii- snUMiitnl, ilii> musl ('Dtiiiiiun Milistnntivnl
r()in|Miiu'iil.s (if river ii;imcs ;iic ( I) -Ink :iiiil ('J) -/uinih\ -Imn,
nv -/niini. Ncitlicr (if llicsr is iin iiiili'|ii'iii|i'iit wmd. 'I'licy
iii't' iii-i'|(;iriilp|(' iKMiiis-'ji'iii'iif, ui- ijciicrif iillixcs.
-TUK (.Mm. -fri/ii>r ; Mel. -ilhi/r:) (Iriiutcs it river wlinsc
wiitcrs iirc (Irivfii /// /nirfs, liy tiilrs or uiiid. It is ruiiiiil ill
iiiiiucs III" lidal rivers iiml esdiiirics ; less rrei|iieiilly, in names
i\\' broad iiHil deep >^i\vi[ii\A, ]u>{ iil'leeled liy tides. Witli llie
iidjectiviil jiilsui, 'jirent.' it I'ornis iiiisxi-tii/c, — now written
Mi/niif, — the name i>i' Mlie ureat river' of Mostmi liuy, and of
anotjier widc-niontlied tidal river in tlic l'oi|not eonntry, wliieli
now divides llu; towns of Stoiiini:ion and (Jrolon.
Near tlie eastern lioundary of tiie l'ei|iiot eountiw, was the
river which the Narrauanselts called l\i'iiiat-tuli\ sonu'tinics
written /'iiijihfDfk, now P'lirtuifiii'/c, ' l'e(|not river.' — the pres-
ent eastern hoimdai'v of (,'onnecticnt. .\nother adjectival
prefix. /)i>h/,l or /i<i/i/:i!, ■ pMre.' 'clear,' found in the name of
several tiilal sti-eanis. is hardly disfinjiuishalile from tlio
forinei', in the modern forms of Piiiuilofh\ /'aiicftin'/c, iSic.
'JiiIhiu-IiiIc is the • lon^' I itlal-rivei'." With the locative alVix,
(^>i(lnni-tii/i-i(l, 'on lonj;' river.' — now < '(iiniriitriil, — was the
nanio of the valley, or lands lioth sides of the river. In one
early deed (ItiotJ), I Iiml the name written <Jin'iu'li(cqiirf ; in
another, of the same year, (JnoUlciilt. Rouei' Willianis
(ltl4:i) has (Juniiihllciit, and calls the Indians of this region
(Jiiiiitik-d'ic/,\ i.e. •the lonii' river people.' 'i'he (• in the
.soooiul syllal)le of the nutdern name has no hiisiiuiss there,
and it is diflicnlt to find a reason for its iiitrusioii,
' Lenapewih'ittiiflc" was the Delaware nanu! of ' the river of
the Lenape.' and ' Mo/tli'toiniUnck,' of ' tlie river of the Mo-
liieans' (Hudson lliver)."
Of Pawtucki't and /'tn('fii.ret, tlu; eonipusition is less ohvi-
uns ; hut we have reliahle Indian testimony that these names
mean, respectivtdy, 'at the tails' and 'at the little falls.'
I'
* Ileekewilder'.s Ilistoiitnl iiccount, &e., p. JKl. He was mistakfii in
translating ''tlic word hiliin-l,-." l>y -'a rajpid stream."
INDIAN CKuCltAlMIICAL NAMES.
9
l'ci|inii :iii(| NiirniuiiiiNcll iiilcr|iirtcis, in |tl7'.". (Icchu'cd tlml
llliii'kstoiic'.s Uivcr. uiiH •' I'lillfil ill Imliaii /'niifnrk ( wliicli
sijiiiilics. ii l''iill), Itcfiiust! lln'ir til*' IVi'sli Wiitcr lulls iiitu the
Mill uiifci'."* Sii, the ii|i|n'r I'lills uf the (^iiiiicl)iiiiLi' i'i\»'i' (at
I^aulclsiiiivilli', ("((iiii.) were called ^' l'nirnhic/,\ uliicli is n
^•('licl'iil iiaiiic I'or all Kails," as liuliiiiis ol' llial ii'uinii tcs-
tiric{l.|- 'riii'iT was aiKttlirr I'aiitiickct, ' at tlic falls ' dl' the
Mcri'iiiiac (iHiw iidwcll): ami aiidtlior on Wcsllirlil llivcr,
Mass. P<iiii.ii.ii t, \.i'. jniii't-lii/,--rfi-lf, is the i'i'u:iilarlv lurimMl
(liiniimtivc ul" jxnil-hi/c-ll. '\lw villiijic of I'awtuxct, four
miles south of I'ldvidfiu'c. U. I., is "at the little falls" of the
river to wliidi tlieir name lias lieeii lian^ferreil. Tlie lirst set-
tlers ol' IMvinoulli were inforiued liv Sanioset, that the |»hu'0
whieli they had ehoseii for their plantation was called ' /V/-
(ii.nf,' — prolialilv liecause of some 'little falls" on Town
JJrook.J Thi'i'"' was another • raiituxet.' or • I'owtiixet,' ou
the Quiiu'liauti', nl the lower falls: and a river "Patuxct'
(I'atuxent), in .NraiTlaiid. The s;iiue name is ingcuioiisly
disiiiiised l>y Campaniiis, as • /'(niiti/iirxniii;/,'' which ho men-
tions as one ol' the principal towns of the Indians on tho
Delaware, just helow the lower falls of that river at Tri.'iilon ;
and ' I'outaxiit ' was understood hy the Swedes to he the
Indian name both of the river and l»ay.§ The adjectival
jxtii'l- or /xiHut- seems to he derived from a root meaning
' to make a loud noise.' It is found in many, perhaps in all
Alfi'onkin lunguaues. ' J\in'aliii</,' as Schoolcraft wrote it,
was the Chippewa name of the Sault Sto. Mario, or Falls of
St. ^^avy"s River, — pronounced /mi'i-dl-hiij', or /ndi-dl-ii", the
last syllable represontinii' tin; locative aflix, — "at the Falls."
*C(il. Records of Connccticat, ir.77— HO, p. 27.'j.
t Chandler's Survej- of the Molu';.'a!i cuimtiy, 170."i.
JScc Mourt's Relation, Dcxter's edition, j))). HI, !•!, !)!». Misled l)\ a
form (if tliis name, PaknLosi, j^iven in the Ajtpcndix to Savage's Winthrop
(ii. 478) iind elsewhere, 1 sugfiested to Dr. De.\ter another derivation.
See his note 21)7, to ISIoiirt, p. H4.
JjDcscrii). of New Sweden, b. ii. cli. 1, 2; Frond's Hist, of Peinisvlva-
nia, ii. 2.")2.
it '■ '
10
TIIK COMPOSITION OF
The siunc name is Iniiiid in Viruinia. uiidcr a disiiiiisc which
has hith(M'to pi'ovcntccl its rocouiiilioii. ("a;)t. .lohii Smith
informs us that tlie •* place of wliicii their threat Emperor
talvcth his name" of /'oir/iofiiii, or Pdiiuilav, was near •■ the
Falls" of .lames River,* where is now the city of llichmond.
' I'owatan" is paiint-luDnie, or ■ falls on a. rapid stream.'
Acdicmr ov ()i/k'))iir (Chip. ci(/(i)iu' : .Mm. i((ja"ni! ; I)e!. df/ii/n-
iiicii ;") means 'on the other side,* • over aiiainst." ■ lieyoiid.'
.\s an adjectival, it is found in Ai-mrni-KHhi'^ the modern
' Afcomac,' a peninsula east of Chesapeake l!ay, which was
'other-side laiul' to tli(; I'owhiitaus of \'ir^iiiia. The site
of i'lymouth, Mass, was called ' .Vccomack' liy ('apt. John
Smith, — a name uiven not l)y the huliaiis who occupied it
hut hy those, [)rolialily. who lived farthci' north, "on the other
side" of I'lymouth Hay. The coiiidries of Kurope were callecl
•other-side lauds,' — Narr. afdirincn-uitki : Aim. (('/('"iiKii-diki.
With -tiik, it forms iicainiicn-tiih (Al)ri. (i^-(i"iin'n-ti'(i(i>'), • other-
side river.' or, its diminutive, afawiuen-ink-fa ( Ahn. ai/(i"iii(')i-
tegon'ssiii'), ' the small other-side river," — a name first tiiven
(as AiiamenticiiH or Aeconu'iitifiix') to York, Me., from the
' snuill tidal-river hcyond' the I'lscataqua, on which that
town Mas planted.
Pe^kt'-tuk (Ahn. pexkr-lc^j.-mr') denotes a ' uavV/rJ river,' or
a river which another f/cKroa. \t is not ij,'enerally (if ever)
apjdied to one of the 'forks' which unite to form the main
stream, Itut to some consideralile trihutary received hy the
main stream, or to the divisi<m of the stream liy some oh-
stacle, near its mouth, whitdi makes of it a ' douhle I'ivjr.'
' Tlie primary meaning of the (adjectival) root is ' to divide in
two,' and the secondary, • to s[)lit,' • to divide J'orri/i/i/, or <ih-
nipth/.' These shades of meaning are not likely to l)e de-
tected under the disguises in which river-names come down
*"Triic Relation of Viri;iiii;i," iV. (l)i.'aiii.''s edition. Boston, ISdll). p.
7. On Smith's map, 1 GOG, th(> • King's bonsc,' at •y^'fc/id^o?,' is marked
just below "The Fales" on • Powhatan jlu:' or James River.
■Hi
INUJAN UKtKiliAlMllCAl, NA.MKS.
11
to o\\\' time. Rale trnuslatcs ne-iicukr, "Jc vjis clans le ehciuiu
qui t'li coupe nil iiiitro :" pcshnliakinn, " hniiiclic."
/'isculu'iitrt. I'iis('iitii(|iia. iVi'.. rciti'csciit tlic Aim. /tetikr-
te(/(iir, ' (lividcil tidal-riviT.' Tlic wonl lor 'jilacc' (ohkc,
Aliii. 7"/.) Ix'iiij:' aildctl. uives the I'oriu PtnaitcujHak ov -qnnij.
Tiiorc is aiiotlier Pixcaiaiiutji. in X(?w Jersey, — not far below
tlio Jiiiiciioii of the north and south lnaiiehes ol" the Raritan,
— and a Piscataway river in Maryland, which empties into
the Potomac; a /'/'scd/ai/uo;/ rivt!r, triliiitary to the Merrimae,
in New Hampshire ; a I'isi-ntaiiiiis (diminutive) in Maiiio,
which eiP])ties into the iViiohscot. PuxiiKotank, the name of
an arm of Alhcniarle Sound and of a small river which Hows
into it. in Moilli Carolina, has prolial)ly the same origin.
The adjectival jn'xkr, nv /tiskr, is found in many other com-
pound names liesides those which are formed with -Ivk or
-/iiiuiic: as in Pa.scodi^-, for pcxkr-((iiki\ in liurrilviilc, R. L,
' the diviirni<!,' [ilace" ol' two liraiiclies of lUackstone's River;
and J^c^tiiiaw.seuf, in South Ivin^ston, R. 1., which (if the
name is rightly given) is '• at the tlivided (or cleft) rock," —
/i('.ykr-oiiii>sk-iif. — perhajis souk; ancient laiul-mark, on or near
the margin of Wordeu's Pond.
Noeit-liik (ydd/ififk. Eliot), ' in the middle of the river,'
may lie, as Mr. .ludd* and others have suj)posed, the name
which has been variously corrnpred to Norwottock, Nonotack,
Noatucke. Nawottok, A'c. If so, it probably belonged, origi-
nally to one of the necks or peninsulas of meadow, near
Northampton, — such as that at riockanum, whiidi, by a
change in the ciair^e of the river at that point, has now be-
come an island.
Tctunirt or Tiliciif. which passes for the Indian name of
Taunton, and of a. lishiim' place ou Taunton River in the
iioi'th-west part of ]\liddleboroiigh, .Mass., shows how ellecl-
ually such names may be disguised i)y phonetic corruption
and mutilation. K</ilc-/iik-iit (or as Eliot wrote it in (Jencsis
\v. is, Kehlci/tfiih/iil) means ' on the great river.' In the
•^ ilistcirv (.r II:i(ll('v. up. li'l. V>-Jt.
^1
12
THK COMI'OSmoN (l|.'
\At}"
li
•^'
Plynioutli Colony Records \\v timl tlio tonus'' CdiilfdlculC
and ' Cofcticntt,'' and olscwlu'i'c, Kditrlitioit. — the hitter, in
l(.i!i<S, as ilie name of a place on the <ireat rivei', " lietween
Taunton and Bridgewater." Ileiiee. ' 'IVji'hlaeutt," ' T(!ii>iita-
<|ui(l,' • 'rcti(|uet, A-e.*
(2). The other substantival eoni|»onen( of I'ivei'-nauies.
-HANNB or -MAN (Abu. -ts(ii<i"n or -Ui"n ; Mass. -Irhintii :') de-
notes 'a rapid stream' or 'current;' prinuirily, '•fiowinu'
water." In tlie ^lassachusclts and Altnaki. it occurs in such
compounds as (inii-tchiKni (Aim. r//-/'/-'"/;*/"//). ' it "/"cr-flows :"
ki(i^x!-tchii((ii (Abu. kcxIUsfiKi")!), * it mriff flows." itc.
In Pennsylvania and Viru'inia. where the streams whicdi
rise in the hitiiilamls How down rapidly descendinu' slopes,
-haiuir is more couuuou than -ttik or xi'fni in river names.
Kcht-hanm' (kltttin., Zeisb. ; kithannv, JJkw.) was a name
given to the [)(daware lliver as "the pi'inci|)al or greatest
stream" of that reuion : and ipy the western l)(dawares, to the
Ohio.f With the locative termination, h'ift<nniliii/ (Penn.)
is a jdace 'on the u'rcati'st stream." The Schuylkill was
Ganshmr-hannf"', ' noisy stream :" the Lackawanna. Lcc/iaii-
hannr, 'forked stivam " or ' stream that forks :'J with aflix,
Leclnniliannak or LcclKum'altamiak, 'at the river-fork," — for
which Ileiidrick Aupanuit, a Mnhhekan, wrote (with dialec-
tic I'xcluiuiie of /i for Delaware/) '• Naukhiimrhnaiik,'' 'The
Forks" of the jMiami.§ 'I'he same name is found in New En<>-
land, disguised as Xewichawanock, Xuchawanack, &c., as
near J^erwick. ^le., • at the fork" or eoufluence of Cocheco
and Salmon Fall rivers. — tlie ' Xe'/hcc/iriranck' of Wood's
Mai) (l'''-'0- Pmclialiin, lor Pi(i(af-h(tnne, 'at the Falls on
a rapid stream,' has been ju'eviously noticed.
Allcg'Jtdin/, oi' as some prefer to write it, Alleght'uy. — the
Algonkin name of the Ohio Rivei', bnt now resti'ictcd to one
* Sl'c Ilisl. ^^l^'Mzill(', \(il. iii. p. IS.
t lIcckewt'liliT. (Ill biiliaii iiniiics. in 'I'nms. Am. I'liil. Sue. vdI. iv.
+ Ilml.
ijNarrativt', i^c. in INIrni. Mist. Suciciv nt' I'cnnsvlvMniM. vdl. ii. p. !)7.
INDIAN rrKOGUAPIIK'AL NAMKS.
1:5
of its bi'iinclios, — is |H'ol)iilily (Dclawai'L') nrl/tlk-hnnnr or
(nlik-hdtiiir, ' the host (or, tiic lairest ) livci-." Wclhilc (as
Zcislu'r^cr wroto it)* is tlio iiiaiiiniiitc t'orni (if tii(> adjectival,
meaning' ' l)est,' 'most licautirul.' In liis Vocal mlarv, /eis-
herger gave this synthesis, with slight change of oi'thograiihy,
as " Wiiluvh'neu'' [or (uhikluDincdi, as Eliot wmild have writ-
ten it.] with the IVee translation, " (( thif Ulrtr. withont
Falls.'' The name was indeed more likely In lielong to rivers
'witliout tails' or other olistruction to the passage nf canoes,
hnt its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, " l)est
rapid-sti'eam," or " linest rajtid-stream ;" " La lUdle Riviere"
ol' the French, and the Om'-fjo' or (J Jict' ijo (u'i-luin'-da^
" good river" or " the heautil'nl river," of the Senecas.f For
this translation of tlie name we have veiy respectable author-
ity, — that of (Christian Frederick Cost, a Moravian (tf Penn-
sylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Mnhhekan
Indians and was twice married among them, and whose
knowledge of the Indian langnages enal)led him to render
important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the
Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war.
In liis ".I(/nrnal from l'liiladel[ihia to the Ohio" in IToS.J
after mention of the 'AUeghenny' river, he says : ''The Ohio,
as it is called liy the Sennecas. AllcgJu'imi/ is the name of the
same river in the Delaware langnage. Jioth ivords sijnify
the line or fair river.'' La ^Metairie, the notary of La Salle's
exj)edition. " calls the Ohio, the Oliyhinsipoii, or Ahy/iin; evi-
dently an Algonkin name," — as Dr. Shea remarks. § llccko-
* Graniinar of llic Li'imi-Lunape, traiisl. in I")iij)(inceaii, p. 13. •• II'»/(7,
jiooii." '' W'eisi/ (mast', and f'oiii.), tlio best." " [iiaiiiiiiate, Wdhih, lii'st."
f Morjran's LeaifiR' nf tlu; Irii(|iii)is, p. l.'iii.
f Piil)lislH'(l ill i,()ii(li)n, 17.">lt, and ro-pi'lntod in A])pendix to I'l-dud's
Hist, of Pcnn., vol. ii. pp. (i.') — i;i'2.
§ Slu'a's Early Vo\ ajjos on the jMississippi. p. 7,").
La ^letairie's ^ Olii/liinsi/mii' siii_';::('sts another possilile di'rivation which
uia\ lie worth mention. The Indian name ot' the Alle^hanies has heen
said, — I do not now remember on whose anthorilv, — to mean 'Endless
Monntains.' • Endless ' cannot be more exaetly expressed in any Aljron-
14
THK rOMVOSITION OK
\^
welder says tliat tlie neliiwaros "•still eall the Alleo'smy
(Oliiii") v'lwv. Allif/r/ri .S/'/ui." — •■the river ol" the AUlneivl'"
iis he ehiioses to tnilishite it. In one foini, we have inililc-
lunini'itipii^ 'host ra|ii(l-sti'eiiin loiiu-rivcr ;" in the other,
/ru/lkr-slpn, • hest lonu-river. I lecl<e\vehler"s derivalioii oi'
the name, on the anthority oi" a Delawa'.'c leucnd, I'roin ihe
mythic • AUitiCwi' or ' 'J'alligewi.' — -a laee oi" Indians said
to have once inhaliited that coniitry," who. after i:reat liattles
I'ondit in |ii-e-historic times, weic driven IVoni it hy the all-
eon(|nerin,ti' Dtdawarcs.' — is ol' no valne, unless suiiported hy
other testimony. The ideutilicatinn of AI/i'<>'Jtniii/ with the
Seneea "• Itc <>' nn (j/i no. cold water" [or. cold sprinji',!] pro-
posed liy a writer in the li/stnricd/ MaiiKxlnc (vol. iv. p. 1S4),
thoujiii not ap[)arent at iirst siuht. miuht deserve consideration
if thei'c wei'e any I'cason for lielicvinii' tiie name of the river
to he of lro(|nois oriiiin, — if it were prol)alile that an Inupiois
name woiild iiave lieeu adopted hy Aludnl<in nations. — or, if
the word for 'water' or 'spring' conhl lie made, in any
American language, the suhstantival comjtoneut of a, rlri-r
uame.
From the I'lver, the name appears to have heeu transl'erred
liv the Enti'lish to a range of the ■■ Endless ^foiMitains."
;>. XiPPK, Xli'i {=npi.; Xarr. ti!/> : ^[uhh. hiip : Aim.
and Chip, nebl ; D(d. m'lii ;') and its diminutives, iiip/iissc
and wZ/As-, were cm))loyed in compound names to deuote
WATi:if, generally, without characterizing it as ' swift llovv-
Ing,' "wave moved.' • tidal,' or 'staiidiug:' as, lor example,
ill the name of a part of a river, where the stream widening
with diminished ciu'reut hect)mes lake-like, or of a stretidi
kni lan^tiiij^e tliiiii by 'very loiiij; ' or ' hjiiirost.' — in tlio Dehnvaix', E/itwi-
f/inicu. " 'I'lic vei'v loni; nr loii^iost rivt'r" would lie Vllitii-i-gimcii x'ipu, or,
if tlie words woiv ((iiiiiioundtMl in one, l'llHtri-tjunc.<ipu.
* I'aiKT on hidian names, ul siipr.i, p. ;)(!7 ; Historical Aecoiint. iVr., jip.
•>U — :!•_'.
jiMorgan's licairnc ol' the IriKjuois, pp. ItKi, Ids.
INDIAN GKOOKAIMIICAL NAMKs.
15
of tidowiitcr inliiiid, r()niiin<>' n buy or cove ii( u river's moiitli.
By tl'.o iiortlioru Al|Li-oiikins, it appears to liave lieeii used for
• lake,' as ill the uaiiie of Mixsi-nippi or MixsiiKtbc lake
("ji'rcat water'), and iii that ol' Lake Xiiijihx'nin, which lias
the locative aftix, ni/i/iiK-hi;/, 'at the small lake' north-east
of the greater Lake JJiiron, whieh gave a name to the nation
of ' Xipissings,' or as ilu; Fi-ench ealled them, ' X/'pixsirinietis,"
— according to Charlevoix, the true Algonkius.
ihiiunipiac, I'cgarded as the Indian jiame of New JIaven. —
also written Quinnypiock, Quiuopiocke, <iuillipiaek, A-e., and
l»y President Stiles* (on the authority of au Indian of Ivist
Haven) (^'uiniie/n/oor/hq, — is, pro'iahly, 'long water place,'
quinni-nippc.-iilike. or (/Kin-nijn-ohke. Kowchec would seem to
he another form of the same name, from the Ahnaki, kmnt'-
hf-ki were it not that Rale wrote.f as the name of the river,
' A(/hini/'r/c/cr — suggesting a ditfcrent adjectival. J>ut IJiai-d,
in the luhdion de la jVoure/le- France, of Idll, lias • h'lnl-
ht'i/ui,' Champlain, Qiiinebiyii//, and Vimont, in 1(!40, '(ju'mi-
Impn','' so that Ave are Justilied iu' regarding tlie name as the
probable equivalent of Quinni-pi-ohlie.
Wui-n'qiiK'-^iiiikl (Winnipiscogec) will be noticed hei'ealVer.
4. -i'Aro, -PO(j, -liOG, (Aim. -brjia or -Irf/af ; Del. -/ircat ,-)
an inseparable geneivic, denoting • watki; at rkst,' " standing
water,' is the substantival component of names of small lakes
and pontls. throughout New England. | Some of the most
common of these names are. —
iMnnnd-pani/, ' great pond,' — which api)ears in a great va-
riety of modern forms, as Mashapaug, Mash[)aug, !Massapogue,
*j\Is. Ttiiierary. lie was carL't'ul to preserve the huliaii jn'onuneia-
tioii of local naiiie-, ami the form in wliich he gives this name convinces
nie that it is not, as I formerly sniiposed, the i/iiininip/tdh/.i: (or iiniiiiijijx'-
ohkf.) of Eliot, — meaninn; 'the surroundinj; coundy' or the ' laml all
about' the site of New ILiven.
t Dictionary, s. v. • Xoms.'
t Paurj is regularly formed from pc ( Al)n. hi), the hase of iiip/ic, and may
be translated more exactly l)y • where water is ' or 'place of water."
Iti
TIIK ("OMI'OSITION OK
Y
Massii|»og. tte. A pond in Cranston, iiuai- Providence. R. 1. ;
anollicr in Warwick, in the same State : ' Alexandei'"s Lake,'
in Killingly; 'Gardiner's Ijake.* in Sulein, JSozrah and Moiit-
ville ; 'Tyler I'ond,' in (Joslien ; ponds in Sharon, Groton,
and Lunenhur<>'. Alass.. were each of them the 'Massa|)aug'
or ' great pond' of its vicinity.
<^>iiiii)ii-jiaii(f, ' long pond.' One in Killiiigly, gave a name
to (Juinehaiui River and the ' Quineliang ccnuitry.' Kndi-
cott, in 1()51. wrote this jiame ' (^iinniibhaggc' (!) Mass. Hist.
Coll., iv. VM). " Quinepoxet,' the name of a pond and
small river in Princet(jn, Mass., appears to lie a corruption
of the diminutive with the locative allix ; (^ninni-ixiiuj-etf-it,
' at the little long pond.'
Wnngim-panii, ' crooked (or bent) pond.' There is one of
the name in Coventry, Conn. Written, ' Wangunbog,' ' Wun-
gnmbang,' <fec.
J*etiiJikijiii-/Hiii;/, ' round pond,' now called ' Du\|ipling Pond,'
in Greenwich, Conn., gave a name to a plain and brook in
that town, and, occasionally, to the i)lantation settled there,
sometimes written ' l*etuckqua])0ck.'
Nunni-piiKi), ' fresh pond.' One in Edgartown, Martha's
Vineyard, gave a name (Xunnepoag) to an Indian village
near it. Eliot wrote nunnipvg, for ' fresh water,' in James
iii. 12.
Sonki-pmig or scyki-paiir/, ' cool pond.' {Sonkipof/, ' cold
water,' Eliot.) Egunk-sonkipang, or ' the cool pond (spring)
of Egunk' hill in Sterling, Conn., is named in Chandler's
Survey of the Mohegan country, as one of the east bounds.
Pahke-pavfj, 'clear pond' or 'pure water pond.' This
name occurs in various forms, as ' Pahcupog,' a pond near
Westerly, R. I. ;* " Pauriuepaug,' transferred from a ])ond to
a brook in Kent and New Milford ; ' Paquabaug,' near Slie-
paug River, in Roxbury, &c. ' Pequabuck' river, in Bristol
and Farmington, appears to derive its name fi-om some • clear
pond,' — perhaps the one between Bristol and Plymouth.
* A bound of Human Garret's land, one mile north-easterly from Nini-
gret's old Fort. See f'onn. Col. Records', ii. .314.
I
INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.
17
Another nonn-froncric that denotes Make' or ' fresh water
at rest,' is fonnil in many Abnalii, northern Algonlcin and
Cliij)j)e\va names, hut not, perhaps, in Massachusetts or Con-
necticut. Tliis is the Algonkin -,'j<hiii, -tjoiiii, or -<fuinmee.
Kitchi-ijami or '■ Kechvginnmee,^ the Chippewa name of Lake
Superior, is ' the greatest, or chief hike.' t'aiiconnfUDivc, in
]\Iaine, is the Abn. kaakou-(/aini-f£, ' at Big-Gull lake.' Tenii-
f/am, ' deep lake,' discharges its waters into Ottawa River, in
Canada ; Kinou-f/avii, now Kenocami, ' long lake,' into the
Sagucnay, at Chicoutimi.
There is a MUchi-jainl or (as sometimes written) mavhi-
(/iiiHiiii, ' large lake,' in northern Wisconsin, and the river
which Hows from it has received the same name, with the
locative sutlix, ' Machitfdmig'' {hv iin(chi-(/amin(/') . A liranch
of this river is now called ' Fence River' from a mitehihikan
or mik'Jiikan, a ' wooden fence' constructed near its hanks,
hy the Indians, for catching doer.* Father AUouez descril)es,
in the ' Relation' for 1670 (p. 96), a sort of ' fence' or weir
which the Indians had built across Fox River, for taking stur-
geon «fec., and which they called *■ Mitlhikan ;^ and shortly
after, he mentions the destruction, by the Iroquois, of a vil-
lage of Outagamis (Fox Indians) near his mission station,
called 3Iachihi<jan-in(j , ['at t\\o mi tchihikaii, or weir?'] on the
* Lake of the Illinois,' now Michujan. Father Dablon, in the
next year's Relation, calls this lake ' Milehir/anons.'' Perhaps
tliei'e was some confusion between the names of the ' weir '
and the ' great lake,' and ' Michigan ' appears to have been
adopted as a kind of compromise between the two. If so,
this modern form of the name is corrupt in more senses than
one.f
* Foster and Whitney's Repoi't on the Geoln<;y of Lake Superior, &e.,
Pt. II. p. 40(t.
t Itiilo gives Abn. milnegan, ' fiante.' Thoreau, fishing in a river in
Maine, eaught several sueiver-like fishes, whieli his Abnaki guide threw
away, saying they were ' Mirheyan Jisli, i.e., soft and stinking fish, good
for notliing.' — Maine Tloor/.s, p. 210.
8
IS
THK COMPOSITION OF
T). -AMAUO, donotiiifi' 'a fishinc; placf/ (Abu. a"ma"i/an,
' on prche la,') is derived IVoiu Iho root ^in or (tma, si«>niiy-
in<>' ' to tai\e Ity the mouth ;' whence, <hn-aH, 'lie fishes with
liook iind line,' and Del. dninn, a lish-liook. Wotikfuiaiiif for
v<<ni(/im-a))iaiii/,^ crocked lishiiig-place,' between Wai-ren and
New l'r(!ston, in Litchfield county, is now ' Rauniaug Lake.'
OuHchank-amavjj^ in East Windsor, was perliaps the ' eel fish-
ing-place.' The lake in Worcester, Quansit/amaii;/, Quansiij-
(tiiiii>/, <fec., and now Qiilnnli/amond, was 'the pickerel fishing-
place,' (jininoi iio</-ctmai((j.
^^-
(». Rock. In coniposition, -pisk or-PSK (Abn. peshn ; Cree,
-}>isk ; Chip, -bile ;) denotes hard ov fllnt-Uke rock ;* -ompsk (ir
o'-'nsK, and. by phonetic corruption, -msk, (from onipac, 'up-
right,' and -pisk,) a 'standing rock.' As a substantival com-
ponent of local names, -ompsk and, with the locative aflix,
-ompxkiif, are found in such names as —
Peti>k<pii-iimpskHf, corrupted to J*etfiquai)iseiil, ' at the
r(»und rock.' Such a rock, on the east side of Narrow River,
north-east from Tower Hill Church in South Kingston, R. L,
was one of the l»ound marks of, and gave a name to, the
" l'('tti(puimscut purchase" in the Narragansett country.
Wanaxhfpii-ompskut (wanashqiiompsfpit, Ezekiel xxvi. 14),
' at the top of tlie rock,' or at ' the point of rock.' Wonnes-
(/uai)i, Arnm Scpuwi, and S(juani, near Cape Ann, are perha])s
corrupt forms of the name of some ' rock summit' or ' point
of rock' thereal)outs. Winnesipmmsaitkit (for wandshqiii-
owpxk-"hk-it /) near Exeter Falls, N. IL, has been trans-
formed to Sw(()npi(coute and Sqitamscot. The name of Swam-
scot or Swampscot, forn.crly part of Lynn, Mass., has a dif-
ferent meaning. It is from m^sqiii-ompHk^ ' Red Rock ' (the
modern name), near the north end of Long Reach, which
* I'riinarily. that which ' breaks,' ' cleaves,' ' splits :' distinguishing the
hnulir rocks — such as were used for making spear and arrow heads, axes,
chisels, corn-mortars, &c., and for striking fire, — from the softer, such as
steatite (soa|)-slonc) from which ])ots and other vessels. j)ipe-howls, &c.,
wei'c fashioned.
INDIAN (JEOGIUrHICAL NAMES.
1!»
was perhaps "The cliftc" inoiitioned a« one of the hounds
ol" Mr. Huml'roy'H Swampscot farm, Uiiil out in 1 •!:>«.*
M'si/Koiiijtsknt means ' at the rod rock.' The sound of tlie
initial m was easily lost to En<j;lish ears.f
Penobscot, a corruption of the Ai)naki pa"na(i)a"l>skck\ was
originally the name of a locality on the river so called l»y the
English. Mr. Moses Greenleaf, in a letter to I)i'. Morsi; in
1H28, wrote '■ Pe noovi' x/ce oo/c" as the Indian Uiinie of Old
Town Falls, " whence the English name of the llivcr, which
would have been better, Peiinhxcnok.'"' He gave, as the mean-
ing of this name, '' Roci<y Falls." The St. Francis Indians
told Thorcau, that it means " Rocky River. "':f ' At the fall
of the rock' or 'at the descending rock' is a more nearly
exact translation. The first syllable, pen- (Abu. pa"na) rep-
resents a root meaning ' to fall from a height,' — as in pa"n-
tr/cu), 'fall of a river' or 'rapids;' jH'na"-ki, 'fall of land,'
the descent or downward slope of a mountain, &c.
Keld-ompskqut, or ' Ketumpscut' as it was formerly writ-
ten,§ — ' at the greatest rock,' — is corrupted to Caluiiih, the
name of a reef ofif the west end of Fisher's Island.
To7nhegano7iiset\\ — corrupted finally to ' iligganum,' the
name of a brook and parish in the north-east part of Had-
dam, — appears to have been, originally, the designation of a
locality from which the Indians procured stone suitable for
making axes, — toiuhei/iin-ompsk-iif, ' at the tomahawk rock.'
Jn ' Higganompos,' as the name was sometimes written, with-
out the locative affix, we have less difficulty in recognizing
the substantival -ompsk.
QussuK, another word for ' i*ock' or ' stone,' used Ijy Eliot
and Roger Williams, is not often — perhaps never found in
local names. Ilansun or Assun (Chip, assln' ; Del. acksin ;)
*Miiss. Records, i. 147, •220.
^ Squantam, the supposed name of an Algonkin deity, is only a eonnipt
form of the verb m'squantam, = musqui-itidam, 'lie is anyry,' literally, 'he
is red (bloody-) minded.'
JlMaine Woods, pp. 145, 321.
§Pres. Stiles's Itinerary, 1761. || Conn. Col. Kecords, i. 4.S4.
\
I \
(W*
/
'^1
ft'\. .
./..
/U
20
THE COMPOSITION OF
appears in New Engliin«l nnines only as an adjectival (^ansiinr,
unxini, 'stony'), hut fiirtlier north, it ot'cnsioiiiilly occuth as
the snhstiintival coniponont of such names as 3Iislassinni,
' the Great Stone,' which j^ives its name to a lake in British
America, to a tril)c of Indians, and to a river that tlows into
St. .lohu's Lake.*
7. Wadchu (in composition, -adchu) means, always, ' moun-
tain' or 'hill.' In iVachuiiet, we have it, with the locative
affix -net, ' near' or ' in the vicinity of the moimtain,' — a name
whiclTlTas been transferred to the mountain itself. With the
adjectival viaasu, ' great,' is formed maKS-ailvhii-set, ' near the
great mountain,' or ' great hill country,' — now, Massachnsettft.
^Kunokijiiachu'' and ^Qiiiinktratlchu,' mentioned in the deeds
of Hadley pui-chaso, in l»i58,t are forms of iji/Hn"kiju-ad(;hii,
' high mountain,' — afterwards belittled as ' Mount Toliy.'
' Kearm)ye,' the modern name of two well-known moun-
tains in New Hampshire, disguises kaywass-adchu, 'pine moun-
tain.' On JJolland's Map, published in 1784, the southern
Kearsarge (in Merrimack county) is marked "Kyarsarga
Mountain ; by the Indians, Cowisi^nvaschook.'''' X In this form,
— which the termination ok (for ohke, anke, ' land,') shows to
belong to the ret/ion, not exclusively to the mountain itself, —
the analysis becomes more easy. The meaning of the adjec-
tival is perhaps not quite certain. Kmiva (Abn. kmd^ ' a pine
tree,' with its diminutive, kinwasse, is a derivative, — from a
root which means ' sharp,' ' pointed.' It is possible, that in
this synthesis, the root preserves its primary signification,
and that * Kearsarge' is the ' pointed' or ' peaked mountain.'
Mauch Chunk (Penn.) is from Del. machk, 'bear' and
ivachtschnnk, ' at, or on, the mountain,' — according to Ilecke-
welder, who writes ' 3Iachkschi'mk,'' or the Delaware name of
' the bear's mountain.'
* Hind's Exploration of Labrador, vol. ii. pp. 14 7, 118.
t History of Hiidley, 21, 22, 114.
X W. F. Goodwin, in Historical Magazine, ix. 28.
\'.i}>
INDIAN ('.EOOUAIMIICAL NAMKS.
21
In the Aliiiaki mid sonic otlioi- Algonkin dinlccts, the huI)-
stuntiviil coniponont of monntnin names is -('idcn(;, — an in-
HcparuMo nonn-generic. lutlahdhi (pronounced Ktaadn l)y
the Indians of Maine), Abn. Kd-ddenf,'- i\ni greatest (or
eliief) mountain,' is the e(|uivalent of ' hlttntinn//,' the name
of a ridge of the Alleghanies, in New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania.
\is>y
8. -KOMUK or KOMAKO (Del. -kamik, -kamik^ ; Ahn. -kamighe ;
Crcc, -(jdMitiik ; Powhatan, -eomaeo ;) cannot ho exactly trans-
lated by any one English word. It denotes ' place,' in the sense
of enclosed, limited or appropriated space. As a component
of local names, it means, generally, ' an enclosure,' natural
or artificial ; such as a house or other building, a village, a
planted field, a thicket or place surrounded by trees, &c. The
place of residence of the Sachem, which (says Roger Wil-
liams) was " far different from other houses [wigwams], both
in capacity, and in the fineness and (quality of their mats,"
was called sachimd-komuk, or, as Edward Winslow wrote it,
' mchimo coinaco,^ — the Sachem-house. Werotvoco7noco, Wer-
anioeomuco, tfec. in Virginia, was the ' Werowauce's house,'
and the name appears on Smith's map, at a place " upon the
river Pamauncke [now York River], where the great King
[Powhatan] was resident."
luippi-komuk, ' closed place,' ' secure enclosure,' was the
name of a Pequot fastness in a swamp, in Groton, Conn.
Roger Williams wrote this name " Cuppacommock," and un-
derstood its meaning to be " a refuge, or hiding place." Eliot
has kiqyjydhkomuk for a planted ' grove,' in Deut. xvi. 21, and
for a landing-place or safe harbor, Acts xxvii. 40.
Nashaue-konntk, ' half-way house,' was at what is now Chil-
inark, on Martha's Vineyard, where there Avas a village of
praying Indians* in 1698, and earlier.
The Abnaki keta-kamigo) means, according to Rale, ' the
* About hiih-way from Tisbury to Gay Head.
■2Z TIIK COMPOSITION OK
umiii laii«l,' — litiirally, '^n-cntcst pliictj ;' It'lrlut-lnuniiih'', ' Ifvcl
|)liu't',' II plain ; /ir/tam-kdniiifhek, 'the ulf liiiitl,' • I'uuivcrH.'
Ni's.S(i'i>a-k(i>ntijhr^ incuiiiii^ 'doiildc pliioo' ov hi'i-hui/ |iliit'(','
WJiH till! iiiiiiu' of tlu' Altmiki villajft; of St. Fniiu'is ilt; Stilus,
on tlu! St. Lawrence,* — to wiiicli the niissi(»n was n'moved
ahoiit 1700, from its first .station estaiilished ncai- the Falls of
the Chuiidieie in ir.,S:{.f
!>. Of two words inoaninjjf hland, munn(»han or, reject iiij;
the formative, miinnoii (Aiai. mmalutn ; Del. nunitti'i/ ; (Jhip.
iiiiniH, a diminutive.) is the more common, IhiI is rarely, if
ever, found in c(»mposition. The "(Jrand Memni,' opposite
I'assamnuupioddy IJay, retains t\w Almaki name. Long
Island was Mcnatey or Mamill, ' the Island,' — to the Dola*
wares, Minsi and other nei<>hhorintr tril)es. Any smaller
island was menatan (Mass. nutniiohhun), the indefinilc form,
or menales (Mass. miinniiies, maniKses), the <Ilmini)tivr. Cam-
panius mentions one '• Manathaan,^ Coopers' Island (now
Cherry Island) near Fort Christina, in the Delaware, J and
" Manataammg or Manaales, a ]»lace settled hy tlu; Dutch,
who huilt there a clever little town, which went on increasing
every day," — now called New York. (The termination in
-?<«// is the locative atlix.) New York Island was sometimes
spoken of as ' the island' — ' Manate,' ' Mauhattc ;' sometimes
as 'a» island' — Manathan, Menatan, ' il/an/ja/oH ;' more ac-
curately, as 'the small island' — ^Manhaates, Manattes, and
'the Mauados' of the Dutch. The Island Indians collect-
ively, were called Manhattam ; those of the small island,
' Munhatese.n.'' " They deeply mistake," as Gov. Stuyvesant's
agents declared, in l(ioO,§ " who interpret the general name
of Manhattans^ unto the particular town l)uilt upon a little
Island; because it signified the whole country and province."
Manisses or Mouasses, as Block Island was called, is au-
♦Rille, S. V. VlLLA(}E.
t Shea's Hist, of Catholic Missions, 142, 145.
I Description of New Sweden, b. ii. c. 8. (Duponceau's translation.)
§N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, iii. 37.5.
the
INhlAN (ilvOOUAPUK'AI, NA.MKS.
2ft
(itlicr lorm (»r the (liinimifivc, — iVoin niinnioh : nnd MmthaHM't,
otlwrwisc wiittt'ii. MiiiiliiuiHiclv, ii iiiiint' ul' Slicltci' Isliuid, is
the saiiu! (liminutivc witli the locative nllix, iinuiiiu-iS-it. So
is ' Maiiiisscs' or ' MoiUHiwies,' an island iioar Rye, N. Y., —
now written (with the soutlu'in Ibnn of the h)eative,) Man-
it vs in;/.
jM'ititmik Point, formerly iMontanket, Montacnt, and liy
Uo;j:er Willianis, Mimuawtawkit, is piohivlily IVoni ukukiII,
auke, and -it h)oative ; ' in the Island conntry,' •>!• ' country of
the IslandorH.'
'J'lio otlior name of ' Island,' in Ali^onkin lan<j;najro», is
AiiQUEDNK or ocgrinNi;; with the locative, ahi/ii<'<inel, as in
Acts xxvii. !(!. (Compare, Cree, (fkoa/in, "it suspends, is
«/Miate, e.fr. an island in the water," from ^kun, n verbal I'oot
"expressive of a state of rest," Ih»wso\s Grammar, p. ir»2.
Micmac, ai/iritk, "■ it is in the water;" whence, Ep-ariwit., "It
lies [sits ?] in the water,"* the Indian name of IVinee Ed-
ward's Island.) This appears to have heen restricted in its
application, to islands lyin^' near the main land or spoken of
with reference to the main land. llo<ior Williams learned
from the Narragansetts to call Rhode Island, Aqinday, A(pied-
net, <fec., 'the Island' or 'at the Island,' and a " little island
in the month of the Uay," was Atjuedenem'k,^ or Aquidncsct,
i.e. ' at the small island.'
Vhippaijiiiddick, tlie modern name of an island divided l»y
a mvrrow strait from Martha's Vineyard, is from cheppi-
aquidne, ' separated island.'
Ahnaki names ending in -ka^tti, or -kontee (Mass. -kontii ;
Etchemin or Maliscet, -AW/rt/i, -quoddy ; Micmac, -ka"di, oi-
-aikadee ;) may lie placed witli those of the iirst class, though
tliis termination, representing a substantival component, is
really only the locative affix of nouns in the indefinite plural.
Exact location was denoted by aflixing, to inanimate nouns-
*I)<iwson's Acadian Gcolo^iy, App. p. C73,
t4th Mass. Hist. Colili-ctions, vi. 207.
24
THE COMPOSITION OP
li
singular, -ety -it or -ut ; proximity, or something; Jess thciu
exact location, hy -set, (interposing s, tlu! t'liaractcristic of
diminutives and derogatives) l)et\voen the uonn and affix.
Plural nouns, rei)roscnting a definite mimher of iiulividiials,
or a number which miglit be regarded an delinite, received
-ettu, -ittu, or -utfu, in the locative : but if the iuinii)er was
indefinite, or uumy individuals were spoken of collectively,
the affix was -konlu, denoting ' where many are,' or ' place of
abundance.' For example, wadehii, mountain ; tvaddiii-id, to,
on, or at the mountain ; wadehu-set, near the mountain ; wad-
chintttu (^or -ehti('), in or among eertain mountains, known or
indicated (as in Eliot's version of Numbers xxxiii. 47, 48) ;
wadchne-konta, among nuiuntains, where there are a great
many mountains, for ' in the hill country,' Joshua xiii. 6.
So, nippe-kontn, ' in the waters,' i. e. in tnany waters, or
' where there is nuujh water,' Deut. iv. 18 ; v. 8. In Deuter-
onomy xi. 11, the conversion to a verlj of a noun which had
previously received this affix, shows that the idea of abund-
ance or of multitude is associated with it : " oh/ie wadrhuiddion-
ttuo,'^ i.e. ivadehui'-kontu-a>, "■ the land is a land of hills," that
is, Avhere arc many iiills, or wliere hills are phntij.
This form of verb was rarely used by Eliot aiul is not al-
luded to in his Grammar. It appears to have been less com-
mon in the ^Massachusetts than in most of the other Algonkin
languages. In the Chippewa, an ' abundance verl>,' as Ba-
raga* calls it, may be formed from any noun, by adding -ka
or -'ika for the indicative ])resent : in the Cree, by adding
-skow or -ooskoir. \n the Abnaki, -ka or -kai, or -iko), forms
similar verbs, and verbals, the final Hti of ka"tti, reitresents
the imiicrsonal a'W*', eto, ' there belongs to it,' ' there is there,'
il y a. (Abu. iue)ikikii)i'ka"tti, ' where there is abundance of
grass,' is the equivalent of the Micmac '* m" skccgoo-aieadee , a
meadow."!)
* Otchipwe Gramiiuir, pp. 87, 412.
fMr. Rand's Micniac Vocabulary, in Schoolcraft's Collections, vol. v. p.
579.
.Lv
., ^ ^^'
P-
'■\
INDIAN GKOGKAPHICAL NAMKS.
26
Aiuon,t2: Alinaki placc-iiamos having this Ibriu, the following
deserve notice : —
A"nieKo>fc-k(i"tfi, ' where there is plenty oi' ale/civcs or her-
rinfis ;" from Abn. a"iiisot(ik (Xarr. n>iiiisi1o(/ : ^Mass. otnmlss.vo<i^
cotton ;) literally, ' small fishes,' l)nt appropriated to fish of the
lieri'ing tribe, including alewives and menhaden or l)ony-fish.
RjIIc gives this as tlic name o/ one of the Abnaki villages on
or near the river ' Aghenibekki.' It is the same, probably,
as the ' Meesee Contee' or ' Meesncoiitec,' at Farmingtou
Falls, on Sandy River, ]Me.* With the sulfix of • place' or
' hind,' it has been written Ainei^naiiimtuvuli and Ainaxaf/naii-
tejf.
^ Anioscoi/t/in," ' Ammarcscoggen,' &c., and the " Auiiioiigh-
cawgcn' of Cajjt. dohn Smith, names given to the Keniiel)ec
or its main western branch, the Androscoggin,! — ajjpear to
liave belonged, originally, to ' fishing places' on the river,
from Abn. a"i)i^-viia-h'JHi/e, or a"m''S(i>n-ka"(jan. ' Amoskcag,'
at the falls of the Merrimack, has the same meaning, prob-
ably : ii"]n'-sii>a-/chii/c (Mass. ihnmiiisakkeaf/'), a ' fishing-placc
for alewives.' It certainly does not mean 'beavers,' or
'pond or marsh' of l)eavers, — as Mr. Schoolcraft supposed it
to mean. J
MadamtKconitis ov Matlammisccmtls, the name of a tributary
of the Penobscot and of a town in Lincoln county, Me., was
translated by Mv. Greenleaf, in 182;], "Young Alewive
stream;" but it ap[)ears to represent i)ict-a"}ns<iiak-hi"tti, 'a
jduce where there hati heen (but is not now) jjlenty of ale-
wives,' or to which they no longer resort. Compare Rille's
*Coll. Me. Ili^t. Society, iv. 31, 105.
f The statenieut that the Androseoggin reeoived its present name in
c'onijilinient to Eilmond Andros, about 1G84, is erroneous. This form of
the name appears as early as KJSli, in the release by Thomas Purchase to
the Governor of Massa(;husetts, — correctly printed (from the original
(h'ixft in the handwriting of Thomas Lechtbrd) in Mass. liecords, vol. i.
p. 272.
{ Inlbrmation respecting the hidian 'JVibes, &c., vol. iii. p. •")2i;.
26
THE COMPOSITION OF
mef-(("ni(ii(ik, " los poissons out fiutos lenrs aMil's ; ils s'eii sont
alius ; 11 ii'y on a plus."
C'ublioi^Hcccoiitec vWvv. in tlic south part ol' Kcunelicc county,
is named iVoni a place near '' llii' month of tlu; strfiim, whore
it iidjoineth itself to Kennebec river,"'* and 'where there
was plenty of j^tiii'u'eons," — hihasx((k-ka"ttL
'' PeshidaDiioitklainti' is <>'iven liy Charlevoix, as the ludiiin
name of " the river (d" the Elchemins," that is, the St. Croix,
— a luime which is now corrupted in J^axsawaqiiinhh/ ; luitlhis
latter I'orni of the name is proliahly dei'ived from tiie h'trhc-
iiihi, while Charlevoix wrote the Ahnnkl form. The llev.
Elijah Kello|Li\u'. in 1S-JS,| uave, as the meaninu' of ' I'assama-
(pioddie,' ' pollock fish,' and the llev. ^Ir. Rand translates
' IVstnmoo-kwoddy ' liy • pollock gi'ound.'J Cotton's vocabu-
lary <iives ' pdkonnotam' for ' haddock.' Perhaps jicxkadumi-
o)k, like a"iiisii)ak, belonged to nioi'e than one sjx'cies of lish.
Of Etchemin and Micniac words havinu' a similar termina-
tion, we find amon<i' othei's, —
SliubcnacaiJie ( Chchendcardie on Charlevoix' map, and She-
benncad'ui on .lelfry's nuip of 177")). One of the principal
rivers of Nova Scotia, was so name<l because ' iupcii-ak were
jdenty there.' Professor Dawson was informed by an "ancient
Micnuic patriarch," that '■' iShiibf nor Sgahun means uToimd-
nuts or Indian potatoes," and l)y tlu; Rev. Mr. Rand, of
Ilantsport, X. S., that "■ i<C[iuhbini is a grimnd-nnt, and Scgub-
huna-kaddji is the jilace or rejiion of <iround-nuts," iV.c.§ It
is not (putc certain that xhidien and fer/nbhim denote the same
csculeid root. The Abnaki mime of the wild p<ttato or jiround-
juit was pen, pi. /icnak (Chi|>. opin-hj ; Del. obhvn-ak') ; ' sipoi,''
which is obviously the e([uivalent of i<hebev, Rale describes as
"blanches, jilus grosses (pic des pcuak :'' and slH'vp'n-uk \^
the modern Abnaki (Penobscot) name for the bulbous roots
* De]iositions in Coll. Me. Histor. Society, iv. 113.
13 ]\Ia8s. Hist. Coll., iii. isi.
IDnwsun's Aciuliiin (Jcolo^fy, •-'(! t'll., (Lomloii. IsilS), |i|i
§ Acadian Geology, iiji. 1, 3.
INDIAN GKOGHAPIIICAL NAMKS.
27
of tho Yt'llow Lily (LUliDii C<(mhleme~). Tlioroau's Indian
jiiii(i(} ill the ' Miiiiu^ Woods' lold liini tluit tlieso Imllis " woi'c
good Ibi' .soup, that is to cook witii uu'at to thicken it," — and
taught him how to prepare them.* .Josselyii mentions such
"a wutei-lily, with yellow liowers," (jf which '"the Indians
cat the roots" boiled. f
" S('(/oonn»i(i-k(i(hli/, place of (jaspcreuK.r ; Gaspereau or
Alewife River," '* BuoHaiiioo-kwoiUij, Tom Cod groinid," and
" Kala-kadihj, eel-ground," — are given liy Professor Dawson,
on Mr. Rand's authority. Segoommak is the e(|iiivaleiit of
Mass. and Xarr. n'(inanan\iinqH»ck^ 'spring (^or early snm-
mei') lisli,' l»y R. Williams translated ' bream.' And hoonamoo,
— Ww pnniwio of Charlevoix (i. 1"2T), who confounded it with
some 'species of dog-fish (chien de mer),' — is the apinua"-
me»ii> of Raslesand7)(^/)o/^ffl?/»^8»^ 'winter lish,' of Roger Wil-
liams. ' which some call frost-Iish,' — Morrhua prninosa.
The frequent occurrence of this termination in Micmac,
Etchemin and Abnaki local names gives probability to the
conjecture, that it came to lie regarded as a general name for
the region which these tribes inhabited, — ' L'arcadia,' ' I'Ac-
cadie,' and 'la Cadie,' of early geographers and voyagers.
Dr. Kohl has uot found this name on any earlier maj) than
that published by Girolamo Ruscelli in lotll.ij: Tliat it is of
Indian origin there is hardly room for doubt, and of two or
three jiossible derivations, that from the terminal -hUli. -ko-
diali, or -k'f"ltl, is on the whole prcferaiile. lint this ter-
mination, in tlie sense of ' place of abundance' or in that of
' ground, land, or place,' cannot l»e useii ^eparaieh, as an in-
de[)eiident word, in any one of the languages which have
been mentioned; and it is singular that, in two or three in-
stances, only this termination should have been preserved
*JMaiiio Woods, pp. I'Jl, 'iSl, 32G.
tVoyajrcs, p. 14.
J Sec Coll. :\Ic. Hist. Sociijty, 2il Ser., vol.
p. -lU.
v ■-■
'- '.'•
,-.1-^3
vj
28
Tllh; COMPOSITION OK
al'tcr tlic first and inoro iin|)urtaiit component of tlu; name
was lost.
There are two Abnaki words which are not nnlii<o -ka"tU
in soiuul, one or both of wliicli may perhajjs be Ibund in some
local names : (1) Icamd't, '• wiiere he sleeps,' a lod</inu place
of men or animals ; and (jl) akodcwid, in com[)ositioi! or as
a jtrefix, aJividr, 'against the current,' np-strcani ; as in ncd-
a/cadr^hrtiie^i, ' 1 go uj) stream,' and (iidcr((/iii>ila"ti(t", ' the lisli
go u]> stream.' Some such synthesis may have given names
to iishing-places on tidal rivers, and i am more inclined to
regard the name of ' Tracadie' or ' Tracody' as a corru[)tion
of (iidcrak(i)da" , than to derive it (with I'l'ofessor Dawson*
and the Rev. Mr. Rand) from " Tnlluk-kaddii ; prol)aljly,
place of resideni'e ; dwelling place," — or rather (for the ter-
mination re(iuircs this), where resid(;iices or dwellings are
picntfj, — where there is idmndancc of dwelling place. There
is a Tracadie in Nova Scotia, another {Ihyatr, of Cham-
plain) on the coast of New JJrunswick, a 'i'l'acody or Traeady
Bay in I'rince Edward's Island, ami a Tracailigash Point in
Chalenr J5ay.
Thevot, in La Cosmoi/raphie i(nivL'i'seI(c,f gives an account
of his visit in I.'kA), to " one of the linest rivers in the whole
Avorld which we call JVonniibc</iu', and the al)origines A</-
onci/,''' — now Penobscot JJay. in 'Agoncy'we have, 1 con-
jecture, another form of the Abnaki -ka"tti, and an etjuivalent
of ' Acadie.'
II. Names formed from a single ground-word or substan.
tival, — with or without a locative or other suilix.
To this class belong some mimes already noticed in con-
nection with compound names to which they are related ;
such as, IVachii-set, • near the mountain ;' lUeiudiau (^M(iia)i),
ManatU Manathaan, ' island ;' ManataKu-utifi, Aiii(cdn-el, ' on
the island,' itc. Of the many which might be added to these,
the limits of this pa})er jiermit me to mention only a lew.
* Aciuliaii rii'dlojiv. 1. c.
tCitcil liy Dr. Kolil. in Coll. Mi;. lli>t. Society, N. S., i. ll<i.
INDIAN GrCOGKAPMICAL NAMES.
29
1. NiViii^', 'a conior, angle, or point.' Tliis is a vci'Ual,
lofMii'd IVoni nd-i, 'it is angnlar,' ' it «)?vie/'.s'.' Eliot wrote
'^ i/aiie nail/Ill/ wiiii"' tor the •' i'our corners of a lionse," .lob
i. 19. Soniernnes, mil receives, instead <jt' the Ibrniative -ay,
the locative allix (ti(t'i-it or na'i-iit') ; sonietinies it is used as
an adjectival prefixed to anke, 'land.' One or another of
these t'ornis serves as tlie name of a great nnniher of river
and sea-coast ' jioints.' In Coiinectient, we find a ' Xai/au;/'
at the southern extremity of Mason's Island in Mystic Bay,
and ' Nounk' (fornieily written, Nawea<^, Naiwai/on/c, Koiunk,
&c.) at the west point of Mystic River's mouth, in (Jroton ;
N(Hi(/ or Xot/iiii;/, in Glastenhury, A'c. In Rhode Island,
JViu/dtl or Naifot ]>oint in IJarrington, on Providence Hay. and
XdJiijanxct ov Narragansett, ' the country al)out the Point.'*
On Long Island, Ni/ack on Peconick Hay, Southampton,!
and another at the west end of the Island, opposite Coney
Island. There is also a JVi/ark on the west side of the Tai)pau
Sea, in New Jersey.
2. WoxKUN, ' l)ended,' 'a bend,' was sometimes usetl with-
out atlix. The Al)naki eipiivalent is (na"ijhhjhni^ ' courbe,'
'croche' (Ri'de). Tliere was a Wonfjiin, ow the Connecticut,
between Clastenbnry and Wethersfield, and another, more
considerable, a few nules liclow, in Middletown. AYonki is
found in c(mipound names, as an adjectival ; as in WoHki-tuk,
'bent rivei',' on the (.Juinebaug, lietween J'laiirlield and Can-
terbury, — written l)y early recorders, ' Wongattuck,' ' Wau-
ungatuck,' tfcc, and at last transferred from its jjroper place
to a hill and brook west of the river, where it is disguised as
NunkeiiHuk. The (Jreat l>end between lladley and llatlield,
Mass., was called Kuppo-wonkun-altk, ' close bend jilace,' or
'place shut-in liy a bend.' A tract of meadow west of this
bead was called, in IbtlO, ' ('appowongauick,' and ' Capa-
* Sl'c A'an-wjausilt < 'luh Publications, vol. i. p. 2-2 (note <1).
fOu Block's Map, um;, the " Nahk'ans " arc markoil on tlie eastern-
most point of Lonij,- Island.
80
THK COMPOSITION OP
Avonk,' and still ivtains, 1 bt-luivo, the lathM" iinino.* Wnn:>'-
q}(doiiki>ki\ the liniiaii luiiuc ol" Hdx'klii'iii^c, M!iss.,as written
by Hr. Edwards in tin; Muhliucan diak-cf', dcscriltcs " a bcnd-
ot'-tlio-rivcr jilacc."
Anollu'r Al)nal<i word meaning 'cnrved,' ' crooiied,' — pik-
ii"ilhi'n — occtn-s in Uie name J*i/c(("i//irnalilk, now • Crooked
Island,' in Penobscot River. f
3. IIoCc^i'AiJN (uiiQUoN, EHot), ' liook-sliapcd.' 'a book,"
— is the liase of HdccdJiidii, the name ol" a tract of land and
the stream which Itounds it, in East ffartford, and of other
iroccanums, in Iladley and in Yarmouth, Mass. llecke-
welder:}: wrote '• 0/i'/nn:qii<Vi, Wndk/ii'iff/iiiKiii, or (short) lluc-
quanr lor the modern ' ()cc(j(|nan,' the name of a I'iver in
Virginia, and remarked: "All these names signify a hook.'''
Canipanins has ' hdckuuij'' for ' a hook.'
Harh'itHtu'k may have had its name from the haiuiiian-miik,
' hook month,' by which the watei's of Newark Bay lind their
way, around Bergen Point, by the Kill van Cul, to New York
Bav.
3. ."^(')HK. or Sauk, a root that denotes ' pouring out," is the
Ijase of many local names for ' the outlet' or ' discharge' of a
river or lake. The Abnaki I'ornjs, .sii"<>-(itk, ' sortie de la
riviere (sen) la source,' and sa'[ii'hrch''-t('i/(i>e [= Mass. muki-
iC»/r,] gave names to Sucu in Maine, to the river which has
its ontliow at that j)la('e, and to Sugadahock {sa"[/hede'-((ki),
'land at tiie mouth" of Ivenneijeck river.
S'aKcoiiy the name (jf a creek and township in Northampton
county, Pcnn., " denotes (says JIeckewelder§) the outlet of
a smaller stream into a larger one," — which restricts tiie
denotation too narrowly. The name means " the outlet," —
and nothing more. Another Soh'coon, or (with the locative)
*,ruild's History nf Iladley, 115, IIG, 117.
I^b'. Moses Greciileaf, in 1823, wrotn this name, linhHiujinnihik.
+ ()ii Indian names, in Trans. Am. Piiil. Society, N. S.. vol. iv., y 'y-
§lliid. p. .'!•>".
INDIAN (iEOdllAlMIICAL NAMFS.
31
Siiiih'iink, " at tlie mouth " ol" ilic l^ig IJciivci-, on the Ohio, —
now ill the towiishii) (if Uciivcr, Pfiiii.. — avus u well known
I'cnih'/.vous of Indian \v;ii' |iiirti('s.*
S'ai/(in<ni)ii, Scuiana. iiow Sii(i!nan''\ l>ay, on Luke irni'on,
rocoivetl its name from ilio month ol' the river wliieh lh)\vs
thronu'li it to the hike.
The Jlississ(i(/ux were peoph; ol' tlu; missi-.san/c, mlt^si-sai/ne,
or (with h)eative) iiuf!s-i-n(ik-iii(/,X that is • ureat nutlet." In
the last half of the seventeenth cenlui'v they were seated on
the hanks of a river which is deserilied as llowinu' into Lake
Huron some twenty or thirty leauiies south of th(! Sanlt Sto.
Marii' (tiie same river proliahly that is now kimwn as the
Mississauua, emiityin,<>' into !Manitou Bay,) and nearly oppo-
site the Sti'aits of ilississanua on the South side of the i!ay,
lietween Manitoulin and Cockhiu'u Islands. So little is known
however of the history and miurations of this jieople, that it
is perhaps impossil)le now to iih'ntil'y the ' jireat outlet' from
which they Ih'st liad theii' name.
The Sagvenai/ (Sagnay, Sag'iie, Sauhuny, etc.), the great
trihutary (jf the St. Lawrence, was so called either from the
Avell-known trading-place at its mouth, the annual resort of
the ^h)ntagnars and all the eastern ti'ihes,§ or more prohahly
IVom the ' (irand Hischarge'll of its nniin stream from Lake
St. John and its strong curi'cnt to and past the rapids at
Chicoutimi, and thence on to the St. Lawrence.^ Near Lake
*l'a|ii'r on ludiiiu Nuiuos, iit huprn. j). .'>•>(! ; (ind ?> !Mass. Historical I'ol-
li'Ctions, \i. It."). [CcJinparc, the li'i)(|iiois Swa-dt/i' and Oswa'-i/o (iiiodcrn
0.vW(7/(i), wliic'h lias tlio s^anic meanini:- as \h^. xanki, — " llowinj^ ont."—
Mon/dii'ti l.eti<iH<' of the Innjiiois.']
. j; Sai/iiliiam, Charlevoix, i. '><>l; iii. "JTi).
X Uriaiioii.i (les Jr.s«(V«.\-', ICoS. ji. :.':> ; KliS, p. (12 ; IHTl, pp. 25, .'51.
§ Charli^vnix, Noiiv. France, iii. tl.j ; Gallatin's Synops^is, p. 21.
II This name is still retained.
1l AVlieu first discovered the Sagiienay was not regarded as a river, hut
as a strait or passaij;c liy which tlic waters of some northern sea flowed to
the St. Lawrence. But on a French map of l,')4;i, the ' R. de Sn^nay'
and the countr\ ol' • Sairnav " are laid down. See Maine Hist. Soe. Col-
•.VI
THE COMPOSITION OF
St. .rdiii iiiid the Grand nisclinrp' was anotlior roiulozvons of
tlio scattorrd ti'il)os. The missionary Saint-Simon in I'iTl
doscriliod tliis jdaco as one at wliicli '• all tlic nations inlialtit-
in<r t lie fount I'v between tlio two seas ( towai'(ls the east and
north) asseml)led to barter their lurs."' Hind's Exploration
of Lahi'ador, ii. 'I'-).
in eomposition with -tiil\ 'river' or • ti(h(l stream,' mtild
(adjeetival) nave nam(>s to ' Snukatttck,' now Sauii'atnek, the
month of a rivei' in Fairfield eonnty. Conn. ; to • Saivahqual-
ook,'' 01' ' Sa/rkdtiick-et,' at the outlet of Long I'ond oi- mouth
of Herring Rivei-, in FTai-wich, ]\Iass. : and lun-haps to Max-
saii^'aiiicket, (^mlssl-.sai(/i-ilitk'-iif .'}, in jMarshliold, Mass., and
in South Kingston, R. 1., — a name whieh, in both places, has
i)cen shortened to Sa(|uatneket.
" Winnipiseogee' (prononnecd Win' n! jie sauk' c,') is coni-
pounck'd of wiiini, nipj>e, and !<i(hJci\ " good-water discharge,'
and the name must have lielonged originally to the outlet by
which the waters of the lake pass to the M('rrimaek, rather
than to tlic lake itself. ^Vinnepcsauke, Wencpesioco and
(with the locative) AVinnipesiockett, are among tin; early
forms of the name. The translation of this synthesis by
' the Smile of the (ireat Spirit' is sheer nonsense. Another,
first proi»oscd by the late Judge Potter of New Hampshire,
in his History of Manchester (p. 27),* — 'the beautiful water
of the high i)lace,' — is demonstrably wrong. It assumes that
IX or cs' represents ]ceei<, meaning ' high ;' to which assump-
tion there are two objections : lirst, that there is no evidence
that such a Avord as /cees, meaning ' high,' is found in any
Algonkin language, and secondly, that if there be such a
word, it nnist retain its significant root, in any synthesis of
which it makes part, — in other woi'ds, that /«v.s- could not
drop its initial k and preserve its meaning. 1 "was at first in-
clined to accept the more probable translation proposed by
lections, 2d Serie;', vol. i., pj). .'ilfl, ;3.")4. Charlevoix gives 7^//(7uV*(r»//c/ie/;,
as till- Inilian name of tlio IViver.
* And in tlie Hhlorkal Magadiie, vol. i. p. '24ii.
INDIAN CHOGKAPIIK'AL NAMKS.
88
'S. P. S.' [S. p. Stn'otor ?] in the Ilistoiiml Magazine lor
Anuiist, iMoT,* — '• the iiuul of tiic jiliicid or Ix'tiutiriil lala- :"
liiit, ill tlio tliiilocts of Now Kuii'laiid, /(!/>insKe oi' nips, a
(liniinutivc of nl/>/ir, ' water,' is never used for paxg-, • liil;e'
or ' -standing water :'-f- and if it wor(' sometimes so nsed, the
extent of Lake Winneiiiseogee loi'hids it to be classed witli
the 'small lakes' or 'ponds,' to which, only, th(3 diiiiiiuiUve
is appropi'iate.
4. Nashai'K' (Chip. mfHsaioan nnd axhaii'iwi). 'mid-way,'
or ' between,' and with ohh or auk added, ' the land between'
or ' the liall'-way jihu'e,' — was the name of several loealities.
The ti'aet on which Lancaster, in Worcester comity (Mass.)
was settled, was ' l)etween' the branches of the river, and so
it was called ' jVushdiraij' or ^ Naxhawake'' {na.^huur-u/ike') ;
and this name was afttu'wards transferred from the territory
to the river itself. There was another XasJin/rai/ in Coiineet-
icnt, between Qniimeliang and Pive-Mile Rivers in Windham
county, and here, too, the mutilated name of the naslKtiic-nlike
was transferred, as Axhawoii or Assawo;/, to the Pive-Mile
River. uVal(-/t<ni(/ in the same county, the name of the east-
ern branch of Shetucket river, belongeil originally to the
tract " between ' the eastern and western 1 (ranches ; and the
Shetucket itself borrows a name (^naKJuitie-tiilMit} from its
place 'between' Yantic and Quiuebang rivers. A neck of
land (now in (Iriswold, Conn.) " between Pachaug River
and a brook that comes into it from the south," one of the
Mnhhekan east boundaries, was called sometimes, S/noi'irun/,-,
' at the place between," — sometimes Shawwdnui<i (jtanhant'-
amau(j'), ' the lishing-place between' the rivers, or the ' half-
way fishing-place. 'I
» Vol. i. p. -'ID. fSee pp. 11, 1."..
t Cluindk'r's Survoy mid Map oftlie .Muliegan country. ITu.J. Ciiiiiparc
the Chip. ashitiriiri-yil(i(/oii., ''a placo fmiii which water runs twd ways," u
dividing ridgo or portage hctircen river courses. Owen's Geologiciil Sur-
vey of Wisconsin, etc., p. •il'J.
O
84
Till'; COMI'()SITK)N Ol'
T). ArtiiiM, is once UHod Uy Kliot (C'lmt. iv. 1"2") lor ' loiin-
tain.' It (IcnotcMl n sprlii!'' or liroolv IVoin wliii'li water was
obtaiiK'd lor ilrinkiiiu'. In the Almaki, aslem iirln', ' il |»iiiso
(Ic Trail ;' and )icd-a''iiiliihe^ ' je iMiiso de Toaii, ,/""'' cr( Jluvio.
(Raslcs.)
Winne-anhlm-iit, 'at tlio good spring,' near RcMuncy Marsli,
is now Clielsea, Mass. Tlif nanio appeal's in deeds and rec-
ords as WiiinisiniMiet, AViniseinit, Winnet Seniet, etc. Tlie
author of tlio 'New Englisli Canaan' inlbrins us (liook 2, eli.
S), that "At Weeunifcinutc is a water, the virtue wliereof is,
"to cure iiarrennesse. 'I'lie plaee taketh his naiue of that
" fountaine, which signilieth iiidck spring, ov qiiicfcniiif; spririif.
" l*rol)atuni."
As/iiinidt or Slnonuit, an Indian village near the line he-
tween Sandwich and Falmouth, Mass., — Shainne, a neck and
river in Sandwich (the Chaumm of Capt. John Smith "'), —
ShlitiDt'idh, an Indian village on Nantucket, — may all have
derived their names from springs resorted to hy the natives,
as was suggested hy the Rev. Samuel Deane in a pai)er in
Mass. Ilixf. (Ji'lhctiuna, 2d Series, vol. x. pp. 17J5, 174.
t). Mattappan, a participle of mattappi- (Chip. namdluM),
' he sits down,' denotes a 'sitting-down plai.u,' or, as generally
employed in local names, the end of a portage between two
rivers or from one arm of the sea to another, — where the
canoe was launched again and its bearers rc-einl)arked. Rtlle
translates the Al)naki e(|iiivalent, mnla"h', by ' il va an bord
de Teau, — a la gre\e [xmr s'embaniuer,' and meta"bi'ni(janik,
l)y ' ail bout de dela du portage.'
Mntlapan-ock, afterwards shortened to iMaitapan, that part
of Dorchester Neck (South JJoston) where " the Avest coun-
try jjeople were set down" in 1G:)0,* may have been so called
because it was the end of a carrying place from South JJay to
Dorchester Bay, across the narrowest part of the peninsula,
or — as seems highly probable — because it was the temporary
* Blake's Annals of Doivlicstur, p. !• : Winthrop's .[oiii-nMl. vol. i. p. 2S.
INDIAN GEUiiUAl'HICAL NAMKS.
86
' siftiii^-clo-,vii |ila(!o' of tlio now coni(>rs. Klsowliortj, we (iiul
(lit' iiiiiiK! ovidently assoiMatcil willi porfiit/e.
On Siuith's Mn|» of Viru,iiiiii, uwv ' Muttapanient' appoiirs
as tlio name of the iioitlicni loik (now IIh- MatUiponii) of
I'anuinnlv (York) Rivoi- ; another {Moff/Hiniiut) iiear (he
head waters of tlie I'awtuxunt ; and a third on the • Chicka-
haniania' not far above its eonduence with I'owhatan (.hunes)
River.
Maftapoisef, on an inlet of IJuzzard's Ray, in Rocliester,
Mass., — anotlier Mattapoiset or ' Aratta[)uyst,' now (Jardner's
Xeck, in Swanzea, — and ' >Mattiipcaset ' uv " Mnttahesie," on
the great bend of (he Cunneetieiit (now Middletown), derived
their names from the same won!, prol)al)ly.
On a map of Jiako Snperior, made by Jesnit missionaries
and published in Paris in 1(J72, the stream wliich is marked
on modem maps as 'Riviere aiix 'I'raines' or 'Train River,'
is named ' R. Malahnn.'' Tlie small lake from whieli it flows
is the 'end of portage' between the waters of liuko Aliehigau
and those of Lake Superior.
7. Chabknuk, ' a bound mark ;' lit(!rally, ' that whieh sepa-
rates or divides.' \ hill in Griswold, Conn., which was
aneiently one of the Muhhekan east bound-marks, was ealled
Chabinu"k, ' Atehanbennuek,' and ' Chaljunnuck.' The vil-
lage of praying Indians in Dudley (now Webster?) Mass.,
was named Chahanakonijkumulc (Eliot, 1GC8,) or -ong-kuniuin,
and the CJreat I'ond still retains, it is said, the name of Chau-
benagunganuiug (chahmukong-ammitj .'), "the boundary lish-
ing-place." This pond was a bounil mark between the Nip-
mucks and the Muhhekans, and was resorted to l)y Indians of
both nations.
ij. ■■ ^v.
III. Particiiiials and verl)als employed as place-names may
generally, as was before remarked, be referred to one or the
other of the two preceding classes. The distinction between
noun and verb is less clearly marked in Indian grammar than
in English. The name Mushauwomuk (corrupted to iShmv-
86
TIIK ((IMPOSITION OF
vuW) niiiy Itc I'Ciiiirilcd us m |iiii'lici|il(' IVoiii tlic vci'l) »iiix/i-
aiiiniii (Xiiir. iiils/iniiit/i'ijii ) ' lie ^nes liy liMiit," — or us ii iiouii,
nicnniiiii ' a TcriT.' — or us a iiiiiiic ol' tlic I'lrNt cliiss. coiii-
poiiiii|('(| of the ii(l_i('('tiviil iinix/iiii-ii, ' lioiit or cuiioi'/ mid
ii'i'hini-iik, luiliituiil or ciistoiiiiuv //"/////, i.(;.. ' wlicrc there is
goiiiti-hy-lHjfit.'
Tlic iiiiiilysis of iiuiiii's of this chiss is not easy. In most
ciisos, its results must lie reuar(h'(l iis merely provisiiiiiiil.
Without some v\w\ supplied hy history or tradilioii and wilh-
oiit accurate knowhMltic of tli(! locality to which the iiamo
l)t'loiij;s, or Ih t^iipiuiHCil to lieloiiji', one can never he certain of
haviuji' found the riiilit key to the synthesis, however well it
may seem to lit the lock. Ivxperieiicc ^layliew wi'itini;' from
(^hiliimrk on Martha's N'incyiird, in ITiiJ, ji'ivcs the Indian
name of the plac(! \vh(>re he was liviiiu' as Xliii/i(tinf/,'hlrkunii/i.
If li(^ had not added the information that the name " sij>'-
nilies ill EiiLiiish, i'/ic /ihicr of t/iioiilrr c/r/'/x," and that if
was so called " l)ecaus(> there was once a tree there split in
pieces hy the tliundcr," it is not likely that any one in this
generation would have discovered its precise nieaning, —
though it might have heen con_joctured that ncini/xiii, or iilni-
haii, ' thunder,' made a part of it.
(^h(ili'(f(/»ieiul(' was (lleckew(dder tells us*) the Dehiwaro
name of a jilaee on the Suscpu'hanna, in Pennsylvania, whore,
as the Indians say, '' in their wars with the Five Nations, they
fell liy surprise upon their enemies. The woimI or name of
this place is thendore, W/iere ice citinc iiiiaicares ii/iuii t/ievi,
ttc." Without the tradition, the meaning of the nanuMvould
not have been guessed, — or, if guessed, would not liavc^ iieen
confidently accejited.
The diniculty of analyzing such names is greatly increased
by the fact that they come to ns in corrupt forms. The
same name may be found, in early records, written in a
dozen different ways, and some three or four of these may
admit of as many diflbrent translations. Indian grammatical
* On Iiiilian Naiiics. in 7Vrt;/.s'. Am. Philos. Socif/i/, X. S. iv. ."itll.
IMHAS (;i:n(;i!Ai>|||('.\|, NAMKS.
•X
MVlitlicsis WHS r.fiirl. Kvcry ripiisdiiiiiit ;iii(l rvci'v vowol linil
its ullii'i' ami ils |ilii(;i'. Nnt mik nlil lie (Ii'ii|i|hm| or trims-
|ii»st'i|. iiur I'oiild (Hii- III' ,'i(|i|('(|. witliniit f/itini/<' of iii<(tiiln'f.
Now most of the liidiiiii local iiniiics wcrt! lirsf, wiilti'ii liy
iiii'ii who cin'c'il iioiliiiiii' lor their iiiciviiiiijr iiml knew notliliitf
of the laiiu'iiii^cs to wliiili tlicy hcloiiu't'd. (M'tln' I'ruwlio
hail Iranii'il (o sprak mii' or iiiorr o|' tlicsi' laii'j,'iiat:rs. no two
ai|o|itri| the saiiio way ol' writiiiu' thi'in, ami no om — John
I'lliot i'xci'|itr'i| — a|i|»i'a!s to liavi' lici'ii at all rarcl'iil to write
tli(! siuiii' woril twice alike, in the seventeenth eentnry men
look eonsiileralile liliertics with the s|ieHinL!' ol' tlieii' own snr-
nanies ami veiw laruo liliorty with i'lniilish polysyllaliles —
es|ie('ially with local names. Scrihes who contri\ei| to liml
live or six ways of writinti' ' llartlorir or • Wetherslielil,'
were not likely to preserve nnitormily in ihcir dealiiiL's with
Imlian names. A lew letters more or li'ss were of no nreat
conseipienco, Imt, generally, the writers trieil to keep on the
safe siije, liy puttinu' in as many as they conkl liml room lor ;
prellxinu' a c to every /". ilonhlinu' every ir ami //, ami tuckiii«i;
on a snperllnuns final e, lor li' I measni'o.
In sonic instances, what is supposed to he an Indian place-
name is in fact a jh'i'xunnl name, liorrowed IV ini some sachem
or chief who lived on or claimed to own the tin-ritory.
Names of this class are likely to j:ive (I'onblo to translators.
1 was pn/./led for a lono; lime \)y * Midiiim,' the name of a
stream hetwecn Stamford and Greenwich, — lill I i-cmeni-
i)erecl that Mai/ano, an Indian wairior (who was killed hy
Capt. I'atrick in 1(j4->) had lived hereahonts; ami on search-
ing the (Jreonwich r )rds, 1 fonnd the strciim was liist men-
tioned as 3fiijaini<ic!<;\n(\ Mflmtnio's creek, and that it honnded
' Moyannoe's neck" of land. Mndfiii/t river, which Hows west-
erly through Plainlield into the (^uinehaug and which has
given names to a Mnst-ottice and factory village, was formerly
Moottiip^s river,— osup or M(iiii<xi(/> being oni' of the aliases
of a Narragansett sii.hem who is better known, in the history
of Philip's war, as I'essacns. Ifeckewelder* restores ' I'yma-
* Oil Iniii;in Xiimcs (ut oipra) p. lifia.
;}H
THK COMPOSITION OK
> t '■
tuning,' the name of a [ilaco in Ponnsylviinin, to the Pol.
' Plhmtdniiik,'' nic'iininjr, '• tlu' ihvolliiiu' plaiMi of the man wi(Ii
the erookeil nioutli, or the crooiaMl niiiii's (Iwclliii^' plaec,"
and adds, tliat he " knew the man perl'eetly well," who gave
this name to the hjcality.
Some of the examples which have lioen given, — such as
IIU/i/ani(m, Niinker/iin/c, Shairtiiiit, Swumscut antl Tit text., —
— show how tlie dilliculties of analysis have lieen increased hy
phonetic corruption, sometimes to such a degree as hardly
to leave a trace of the original. Another and not less strik-
ing example is presented by Snipaic, the modern name of a
pond between Ellington and 'J'olland. If wo had not access
to Chandler's Survey of the Mohcgau Country, made hi
1705, who would suppose that • Snipsic' was the surviving
representative of Moshenupsuck, 'great-pond brook' or (lit-
erally) ' great-pond outlet,' at the south end of MoHlienupH or
Mashcnips 'great pond?' The tei'ritories of three nations,
the Muhhckans, Niimnicks and River Indians, ran together
at this point.
' Namcroakc,' ' Namarcck'' or - Xamelakc,'' in East Windsor,
was transformed to May-Juck, giving to a l)rook a name which
' tradition' derives from the ' luck' of a party of emigrants
who came in ' May' to the Connecticut.* The original name
appears to have been the equivalent of 'Namcaug' or ' Nam-
eoke' (New London), and to mean 'the fishing place, —
n^amaiifj or nama-olikc.
But none of these names exhibits a more curious transform-
ation than that of ' Bajadoo^e' or ' Biyaduci',^ a peninsula on
the cast '^ide of Penobscot Bay, now Castine, ]\Ic. AVilliam-
son's History of Maine (ii. 572) states on the authority of
Col. J. Wardwell of Penobscot, in 1820, that this point bore
the name of a former resident, a Ercnchman, one ' Major
Biguyduco.' Afterwards, the historian was informed that
' Marche bayyducc ' was an Indian word meaning ' no good
* Stiles's History of Ancient Windsor, p. 111.
or
INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMKS.
89
covo.' Ml'. Joseph Willianisou, in a paper in tlic IMaiiie His-
torical .Society's Collections (vol. vi. p. 107) idenfifies this
name with llie 3Iutchebii/i((iin^ of Edward Winslow's (piit-
claini to Massachnsetts in 1(144,* and correctly translates the
prolix matehe l)y ' bad,' but adds : " Wliat Bu/italtis means, 1
do not know." Purchas mentions "• Chebei/Hndone,' as an
Indian town on the ' Apananawapeske ' or Penobscot. f Ralo
gives, as the name of the place on " the river where M. de
Gastin [Castinc] is," Mats'd>ltiii>ad<iis><ck, and on liis anthority
we may accept this form as nearly representing the original.
The analysis now l)econies more easy. JJi(tsi-a"l>(((/a(i)(U-ek,
means ' at the bad-shelter jdace, — bad covert or cove ;' and
mat»i-a"ha(:ian)at(i)s-ek. is the diminntive, ' at the small bad-shel-
ter place." About two n)iles and a half aliove the month of
the Kenebec was a place called by the Indians - Abcuiadusset''
or '■ Ahcqitaduxft'' — the same name without the prefix — mean-
ing ' at the cove, or place of shelter.''
The adjectivals employed in the composition of Algonkin
names are very mimerons, and hardly admit of classification.
Noun, adjective, adverb or even an active verb nuiy, with
slight change of form, serve as a prefix. But, as was be-
fore remarked, every prefix, strictly considered, is an adverb
or nnist be construed as an adverb, — the synthesis which
serves as a name having generally the verb form. Some of
the most common of these prefixes liave been mentioned on
preceding pages. A few others, whose meanings are less ob-
vious and have been sometimes mistaken by translators, uiay
deserve more particular notice.
1. PoHQUr, POHQUAE'; Narr. pdiiqui ; Abn. pm'-kmie ;
'open,' 'clear' (primarily, ' brokeu'). In composition with
ohke, ' land,' or iormed as a verbal in -a////, it denotes ' cleared
land' or 'an open place:' as in the names variously written
' Pahquioque,' * i'a(]uiaug ;' ' l'y(iuaag ;' ' Po(puug,' ' I'ayqua-
oge,' etc., in I)anl)ury and Wetherslield, and in Atliul, Mass.
*I'rinteil in noto to Savage's Winthrop's Journal, ii. \m.
fScf Tliornton's Ancicnl l\Mnai|iii(l, in Maine Hist. ("oUcctions, v. 15(!.
40
1 '^
\i^'
THE COMPOSITION OP
I 1
L*. I'aiikI'; (Aim. /)ti"i/'i>l.) 'clt^ir." 'pii-c'. Fouiul with
jHiiii/, ' staiidiiiti' wiitcr" or • pond." in such names as • I'alu'U-
poji',' ' l*a(inul)au,ii',' A'c See pauc 10.
•■{. l*A(iUAN-Ai;, ' he destroys,' • he shiimhti'rs* ( Xan*. /xn'i-
(jiKiiKi, '• thi'n; is a shiii^'htei'' ) in oouqiositimi willi o/ikc iW-
iiutcs ' phice of shmg'liler" nv ' ol' destnicJioii," and coiniiKMn-
oratcs some saiiuniiiiary vietoiy or disastrous defeat. Tliis is
prohdhhi the incaniiig of nearly all the names wi'itten • l*o-
qiiaiiiioc,' ' PetjuaniUK;.' 'Pauuaimek,' ttc, of jtlaces in IJridiiO-
poi't (Stratfu'ld), Windsor and (Jroton, (Joiin., and of a town
in New Jersey. Some ol' these, however, may possiltly Ix'
derived from pan /<: mini and "/i/ic, 'dark |)laee.'
4. Pkmi (Ahn. pei/Kii-dii ; Del. />ime-ii ; Cvco, peemt' :)
denotes deviation from a straiuht line: ' sloping,' 'aslant.'
'twisted.' l'UM.Mi:i:cHi': (('rce, pimlc/i ; Chi[>. /iciin'Ji; Ahn.
pri)i('t)<i;) 'crosswise; ti'averse.' Eliot wrote '■ pHintiieeche
man'' 1"!' ' <-'i'oss-way,' Oliad. 14 : and /nmiet.-Jiin (literally, 'it
crosses') for 'a cross,' as in iip-/iiiiti(t)</(i»-(Hin, 'his cross,'
Lnke xiv. 27. J^cini/i-i/oDic or Pcinlii-i/iiiixi, 'cross water,' is
the Chippewa name for a lake whose longest iliameter crosses
the general course of the river which tlows thi'ough it, —
which stretches dcrosx, not irllh the sti-eani. Then.' is such a
lake in ^linnesota. near the sources of the Alississipjti, just
belov,' the junction of the two primary forks of that river;
another (' Pemijigome ') in the chain of small lakes which
are the northern sources of the !Manidowish (and Chi[)pewa )
River in Wisconsin, and still another near the Lacs dcs Flani-
heaux, the source of Fland)eau River, an aflluent of the Man-
idowish.
The same prefix or its e([uivaleiit occurs in the name of a
lake in Maine, near the source of the Aliigash liranch of St.
John's River. Mr. (Jreenleaf, in a list of Indian nani<\s
made in ISii:'),* gave this as ' WwM'cHKniii/i/diiio or .l/<]''iM00-
iV.v^ni'gniookS' Thoreauf was informe(l liy his Penobscot
*lleiiortol' Auiericiiii Socii'ty lor I'ruiuutiiiy' Civili/atiuii of tin; IiiiUun
Triln's. J). r>2.
t Maine W Is. •_';)•.'.
\s^
INDIAN OKOGRAPIIICAL N \MES.
41
guide, that the namo " moans ' Lako that is crossed ;' l)ccause
the usual course lies acn)ss, not ah)ng it." TIkm'c is another
" Cross LalvC," in Aroostook county, near the head of Fish
River. We seem to recognize, and with less difliculty, the
same prefix in /'cmir/eirassct, l)ut the full com})osition of that
name is not clear.
Pemi- denotes, not a cro^sKi'iif/ of l)ut deviation fnnn a
straight line, Avhethei' vertical or horizontal. In i)lace-names
it may generally Ix- translated Ity ' sloping' or ' aslant ;' some-
times hy ' awry' or ' lortnoiis.' Pentadeiir, which RrUe gives
as the Alinaki word for • mountain,' denotes a slopiw/ moun-
tain-side (pemi-adeiie), in distinction from one that is steep
or ]»recipitous. '■Pemefiq,'' the Indian name of Mount Desert
Island, as written hy Father Uiard m 1011, is the Ahnaki
penit"t('/ii, ' sloping land.' Pcniai/idd appears to he another
form of the m'oimI Avhich Rtlle wrote 'P(i)i((a"/ih'i\' meaning
(with the locative suffix) ' at the place where the land slopes;'
where " le terre penche ; est en talus.":}: Pipiialnnin(j, in
Pennsylvania, is explained hy Ileckewelder, as *• the dwell-
ing ])lace of the man with the crooked mouth : PiJnntdnink'"'
(from piini'K and 'ttmi).
Wanasiique, ANASgtJi, ' at the cxti'emity of,' ' at the end ;'
Ahn. nxoiaskiinihi, - nu lunit ;' Cree. itunuuishnti'h ; Chip.
ishkur, enlKjiia. See ( pp. 18, lU,) Wainishqii-oiiipsk-nt, Won-
neK(/nam,^ lVi)ni(s(/iiai)ii<aHkit, Sqiiamscot, W<)nas(juut\i('ket^ a
small river which divides North Providence and Johnston,
R.I., retains the name which helonged to the point at which
it enters an arm of Narra'gansett Ray (or Providence River),
' at the end of the tidal-river.' A stream in Rochester, Mass.,
which empties into i\v\ head of an inlet from Buzzard's Bay,
received tho same name. Ishtp((ii/'i)na, on the upper Emharras
* Abnaki Dictionary, s. v. I'lCNtiir.u. Compare, p. alo, ''bimkuh', 11
punclie iiatiirollt'inoiit la tOtf siir im cote."
t Wo)tncs(/uftiii (as slioulil have lii'en iiR'Htioued on tliu pajio roil'rretl to)
may possii)ly represent tlie Ahnaki (ii(wa.''k-Wii"(i"inl(i.ii or -mck; • at the end
of tlie peninsula' (• au hoiit do la pres(|u'ile.' Rale),
(i
• ^' >
\'
42
THK CuMPdSlTION 01"
liivcr, Miiiiit'sota, is tlio 'end lake' tlir cxfrcine i)()iiit to
wliicli ciuiocs iio u)» that stiTtmi.
Names of //.s7/('.s siipjdy Ww adjectival coiupoiiejits of many
place-names un the sea-coast of New Enuiand, on the lal<es,
and aluiiu' river-coiirscs. Tlie dilliculty of analyzinji' such
names is the greater liecausc the same species of iisli was
i<no\vu liy dillerent names to different tril)es. The more
eommoji suhstantivals aie -(tiiiaiii/, ' fisluuii' phice : -tiik or
sipu, 'river;* o/i/>'('. ' phice ;' Aim. -kd It!, ' ]ilace of aliimd-
anco ;' and -kca;/, -/ccki\ Aim. -kJtiije, which a|i|)ears to denote
a |ieculiar mode "f jii^Jiln;/. — [lerhaps, i)y a ircir :* possibly, a
spearing-placi'.
From the generic naiiuiHa (ndnmhs, El. ; Aim. nunu's ; Del.
nuiiices :) 'a lish" — liut probahly, one of the sinaller sort, for
the form is a diminutive, — (.'onu' such names n<. Xn invoke ov
Xameaiii) (New London), for nKiiiau-o/iki\ ' lish country ;'
Xiuiianket or Xaitiasseket (on Taunton River, iu Middle-
horough, Mass.) ' at the lish place," a favorite resort of the
Indians of that I'cgion ; Xamaxk('((k, now Amoskeag, on the
Merrimack, and XanCskekd or Skcekert, in Wellfleet, Mass.
.\l's(/iia}ii)H((ii</ (Ahn. )iici<kfiiai)i('k<i)^. 'red lish,' i.e. salmon,
gave names to several localities. Mixquainaciii'k or iSqiiaini-
ciit, now Westerly, 11. 1., was ' a salmon place' of the Xarra-
gansctts. The initial m often disap[)cars : and sometimes, so
much of the rest of the name goes with it, that we can only
guess at the original synthesis. ■ (umlc," a post office and
railroad station, near Dover. N.ll., on the Cochcco river, was
once ' SqiKUinuiiijonic,' — and jjrohably, a salnion-lishing place.
Kafqnisli (Aim. kahasi^r, plu. kahasxak), 'sturgeon,' is a
com])onent of the name Co/ilHUf^eeconlce, \n Maine; (i)age2t).
ante), ' where sturgeons are plenty;' and Cohsniok, an ai'in
of I'assamaquoddy i>ay, I'embroke, Me., pcihaps stands for
kabuiisuk/t !</(', ' sturgeon-catching place.'
* Schoolcraft derives flic iiiiiiu' ot" the Xiima/cdj/ini fork of the St. C'roi.x
rivev, AVisc. Iroiii ('iii|). •' hunmi. stiirtreon. Mini bif/iin, a yoke of weii-.""
Ay ^
FNDIAN (JKOOHAIMIH'AI. NAMKS.
4:5
AinnHHoii oi' Ominissii"'/ ( Al)ii. ii"iiii<ii)ak), • sniiill I'sli," —
especially alewives and horrings, — is a conipunent nl" the name
of the Ahnaki villau'c on the Konnel)Cc, A"mexink-ka"Ui \ ol"
MattmnmiHronils, a trihutary ol' the KonneluH; (see p. '2o,
ante), and prohahlij, ot" AuioKcni/i/in and Amoiikeaj.
QiinnoKu ()»1. -xit'ii/ : Al)n. honi/isi' ; (.)ld AIl!". Mho"])' ;
Chip, kem/zlm ;') is t'uuml in the name of Keuos/m, a town
and county in Wisconsin ; pci'liaps, in Kt'HJua oi- JCeitnia
creek and township, in WaiTen county, Pa. Qidnshepatii/ or
Qito)hs/i<tpaii!fL\ in Mendon, Mass., seems to denote a ' pickerel
pond' {(jHnnosii-puiiif^. .Uanklnoriyr, i.i.'. /»a.s.^rt-/c/Ho'|;V, " ureat
pike' or niaskclunn'e, names a river and lake in Canada.
Pf'.xeatiDii, said to mean ' pollock," occurs as an adjectival
in Pet^kadamifnikka" Iti , Ww modern Pitssamdfjunddji (p. 2d).
Xaha"m(ii, the Al)naki name of the • eel,' is found in " Ne-
hutnkea;/, the English of which is Eel Land, .... a stream
or hrook that empties itself into Kennehee River," not far
from Col)l)isseeontee.* Tliis l)rook was sometimes called liy
the Eng-lish, Xelmmkrc The Indian name of Salem, ^fas.s..
was Nckiniikeke or Naihukea;/, and a place on tlu; Meri'imac,
near the mouth of ('oncord River (now in Ijowell, I l)elievc,)
had the same name, — ^yritten, Naainkcak.
}■■'
In view of the illustrations whieli have ije(!n giviui, we re-
peat what was stated in {\w beuinning of this paper, that
Indian placivnamcs are not proper names, that is unmeaning
marks, but signilicant appellative a, each conveying a descrip-
tion of the locality to which it l)clongs. In those parts of the
country where Indian languages are still spoken, \\w analysis
of such names is comparatively easy. Chip[»ewa, (,'ree, or
(in another fanuly) Sioux-Dakota geographical names may
generally 1)0 translated with as little difficulty as other words
or syntheses in the same languages. In New iMigland, and
especially in our part of New England, the case is different.
*Col. William Lithgow's deposition. 1707, — in New England Historical
and General Register, xxiv. 21.
44
THE COMPOSITION OF
We can hardly cxjx'ct to a.scortaiii llio UK'aiiin<i- of all the
names which have come down to ns IVoni dead liinji'uages of
ahorighial trilx's. Some ol" the oh.stacles to accurnte aanlysls
have hccn pointed ont. Neai-ly every geographical luiiue has
heen nuitilated or has sullered change. It would indeed he
strange if Indian polysynthcses, Avith their I'reiiuent gutturals
and nasals, adopted I'rom unwritten languages and liy those
who ■were ignorant of their meanings, had lieen exempted
from the phonetic change to which all language is suliject, as
a result of the uiuversal dis^iosition " to put more facile in
the stead of more dillicult sounds or combiiuition of sounds,
and to get rid altogcthci' of what is unnecessary in the words
we use."* What l'r<jfessor ilaldeman calls oto)<is, * that error
of the ear hy which words are perverted to a more familiar
form,'t has etVected some curious transformations. Swat(tra,'j^
the name of a stream in Pennsylvania, l)ecomes ' Sweet
Arrow;' the Poto/icico of John Smith's ma]) ijx'itupp'ig, a
bay or cove ; Eliot.^ on a l»end of the Potomac, is naturalized
as ' Port Tobacco.' Nainaauke, 'the place of llsh' in East
Windsor, i)asses through JVanicrack and Nainalakc to the
modern ' xMay Luck.' Moskiln-cuike, ' grass land,' in Scituate,
R.I., gives the name of ' Mosquito Ilawk' to the brook which
crosses it.§
♦Whitney's Languaffc and the Study of Language, p. G'J. — " Ein natiir-
liches N'olkfgefiihl, oft audi dcr Volkswitz, den nicht melir verstiuul-
enen Nanien neu uiniiriigte Tiiid niit anderen lebendcn W(irtorn in A'er-
bindung setzte." Dr. J. IJender. Die denlsclun Orlgnamcn (2tc! Ausg.) p. 2.
flialilcnian's Analytic Orthography, iJ279, and "Etymology as a means
of Education," in Pennsylvania School Journal for October, 18U8.
f " Swatawro,' on Sayer and Bennett's Jlap, 1775.
§" Whiskey Jack," the name by which the Canada Jay (Perisoreus Can-
adensis) is best known to the lumbermen and hunters of Alaine and Canada,
is the Montagnais Ouishcalclia'^ (Cree, Uutsk'es/iauneeith) , which has passed
perhaps through the transitional forms of ' Ouiske Jean' and ' \V1 iskey
Johnny.' The Shagbark Hickory nuts, in the dialect of the Abnakis
called s'koJsliKila'inennar, literally, ' nuts to be cracked with the teeth,' are
the ' Kuskatominies' and 'Kisky Thomas' nuts of descendants of the
Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York. A contraction of the
rNDlAN GP:0(iRAl'HfCAL NAMKS.
45
111 ('onnecficut and Hliodr Isliind s|u'('i;il ciiiiscs oppratod to
('orrui)l and translonn aliUDst Ix'voiid iiossiliilily of ivcojiiii-
tioii, many (»!' Ilic Indian iilacc names. Five dilTei'cnt dia-
lot'ts at Irast were spoken between Narra<^ansell IJay and the
Ilousatonio River, at the time ol' the lirst nmunji' of the
Enji'lish. In early (1(mm1s and ennveyanees in the C(tl(tnial and
in local reeords, we lind the same river, lake, tract of land or
bonnd-mark named sometimes in the Mnhhekan, sometimes
in the Xarriiuanselt, or Niantic, or Nipnmck, or Coiuiecticnt
valley, or (.|Jiiinni|tiae ( Qniiipe(>) dialect. The adopted name is
often iwlra-Vimttarii to the tribe by which it was ^iveii. Often,
it is a mixture of, or a sort of compromise between, two dia-
lect.s ; half Mnhhekan, half Narragansett or Nipnmck. la
the foiMu in which it comes to us, we can only guess from
uliat lanunaiic or lanuiiaues it has been corrupted.
The analysis of those names even whose composition aj)-
pears to lie most obvious must be accepted as provisional
merely. The recovery of a lost .syllal)le or of a lost guttural
or nasal, the correction of a false accent even, may give to
the synthesis another and hitherto unsuspected meaning. It
would be surprising if sf)jno of the translations which have
been hazarded in this paiier do ntit prove to be wide of their
plural form of ;i iliii'siU'hiij'i^tts nouii-^i'eiierii.', — Ksijuasli, deiiotiiig ■ tliin<j;s
which are eaten <j;reeii, or withuut cuokiii}:',' was adopted as tlie name of a
garden vegetable, — with eonseious relL'rence, perhaps, to the okl English
word s(ju(t!<h, meaning * something sot't or innnatnre.' Sometimes etymol-
ogy overreaches itself, by regarding an aboriginal name as the corrupt
form of a foreign one. Thus the mas/cahmt/e or 'great long-nose ' of the
St. Lawrence (see p. i;!) has been reputed of French extraction, — 7?!r(,'!-
(/ne elonr/e : and fot/iic/.omi, the northern name of a plant used as a substi-
tute for or to mix with tobacco, — especially, of the Bearberry, Arclostaphy-
/(« t/i'a-K/'s/j-^is resolved into xai'-a-coinml.i, '■^ on account of the Hudson's
Bay ollicers carrying it in bags lor smoking," as Sir iJohn llichardson be-
lieved (Arctic Searching Expedition, ii. a03). It was left for the inge-
nuity of a Westnnnstcr Reviewer to discover that barbecue (denoting, in
he language of the Indians of Guiana, a wooden frame or grille on which
all kinds of flesh and fish were dry-roasted, or cured in smoke,) might be
a corruption of the French barhe <? i/ueiic, i.e. 'from snout to tail:' a sug-
gestion which appears to have found favor with lexicographers.
4t;
TMK roMPOHITION 01'
I'
mark. Kvcn Eiiulisli clyinolofry is nnt rt'ckuncd iunoiiii' the
oxcact sciences yet. — iiml in Alii'Diikin. tlicrc is the lulditiuiial
(lisadviintntic of liaviiiu' no Sanskrit vcrlis '• in ud." to tall
l)ack on as a last rcsoct.
Recent nianil'(>statioiis of an incrcasinu' interest in Indian
ononiatolojiT, or at least of awakened enriosity to discover the
meanings of Indian names, may pi^rliaps Jnstily the wi'itei- in
olFerinff, at the close of this iin|M!r, a lew sn^u-estions, as to the
method of analysis which appears most likely to uive correct
resnlts, and as to the tests hy which to jndge of the jii'<'1ndiil-
Ujl that a snjiposed translation of any name is the tine one.
1. The earliest recorded form of the name shonld lie
songht for, and every variation from it shonld he noted.
These shonld he taken so far as possil)le from original man-
uscripts, not from ])rinted eo|)ies.
'2. Where the dii'li.'i'eiu'e of forms is consideriOde, knowl-
edge of the character and oppoi-timities of the writer may
sometimes determine the preference of one form to others, as
prohahly the most acenrate. A Massachusetts or Connecticut
name written hy .lohn Eliot or Experience Mayhew — or l>y
the famous interpreter, Thomas Stanton — may safely be as-
sumed to represent the original combination of sounds more
exactly than the form given it by some town-recorder, igno-
rant of the Indian language and who perhaps did not always
write or spell his own correctly.
3. The name should be considered with sonu' reference to
the topographical features of the region to which it belongs.
These may sometimes determine the true meaning when the
analysis is doubtful, or may suggest the meaning which would
otherwise have been unsuspected under the modern form.
4. Remembering that every letter or sound had its value,
— if, in the analysis of a name, it ])ecomes necessary to get
rid of a trouljlesome consonant or vowel by assuming it to
have been introduced ' for the sake of euphony,' — it is probable
that the interpi-etation so arrived at is not the right one.
5. The components of every place-name — or to speak
more generally, the elements of every Indian synthesis are
INDIAN OKOGIIAI'llICAL NAMKS.
sl(/)ilfim)if ro'its, not luoru fntctlnii)* <>f iron/x iii-l)itriirily so-
IccttMl for new (M)iir.tiiiiiti(Jiis, 'I'lion; lias liccii no inon^ pi'o-
lilic sourct' of error in dciilinus with the ctyinoloiiv and the
jz;raniin!iti<'al strnt'tnrt' of tin' American lanuiiii<j(s tli;in that
onc-sidctl view of the truth which was nivcn liy Dnpon-
ccau* in the statenii'iit that "■ one or more syllal)lt's of each
simple word are ucnerally chosen and conil>ined totrether, in
one compound locution, often Icavinii' out the harsh conso-
nants for the sake of euphony," — and repeated t)y llecke-
welder,f when he wi'ote. that " in the Delaware and other
American lanu'uauos. ])ai'ts or parcids of dilVercnt wunls,
sometimes a sinii'le sound or letter, are compounded toirether
in an artificial manner so as t(» avoid the meeting' of harsh or
disajireeal)le sounds," A'c. The "• single sound or letter" the
" one or more syllaliles," were chosen not as '• jjart oi- parcel"
of a woi'd l)ut hecause of their ////(trew^ slt/nlficance. The Del-
aware '• i'/Av^c, a youth," is tft — as lleckewelder and Du-
ponceau reiiresented it to he J — " formed from jn/sit, chaste,
innocent, and letutjie, a man," hut from iml- (Mass. ]ien-, Ahii.
j><V-,) strau,ii(!, nov(d, iinuft'ti (and hence) pure, — and -a^pe
(Mass. -oDij), Aim. (i"hr,) a male, vir. It is true that the
same roots arc i'otmd in the two words vxh-xit (a partici])le of
the verb-adjcclive /;//-(>•(/,• he is jture,') and /(•//-a^'im:. ' com-
mon man :' but the statement that *'• one or more syllables"
are takm from these words to form Pllape is inaccurate and
misleading. It might with as much truth i)e said that the
English word hoyliixnl is Ibrnu'd from selected syllables of
boy-ish and man-hood; or that ^.>h>vV^ ' compoumls together
in an artificial mannm'" fractions of punU and (puil////.
We meet with sinular analyses in almost every jmblished
list of Indian names. Some examples have been given in
* f'orrespoiiilt'iicc ot' DiipniiccMii niul Ilt'ckewflder. in Trans. Historical
and l.itfrary Cdininiltoe of Am. Pliilos. SociL'ty, p. 403. flljid., p. -UM!.
J I'rt'fiice to tJuponceau's translation of Zfisberj;er's Grammar, j). 21.
On Duponci'aii's autliority. Dr. I'ickcrinij aict'ptiMJ tliis analysis and gave
it currency l)y r(.'|)fating it, in liis admirable ])a])('ron " Indian Langnages,"
in the Encyclopaedia Americana, vol. vi.
IS
IHl': COMPOSITION OK
the iircccdiiiu- |)!i<i-cs of tliis |i;i|i('r. — ;is in tlic iiitorpretation
of ' Winiiipisiou'cc (\). -Vl) \>y • the lir;iiitit'iil wiitcr of tho
liiti'h pliit'O," .v or r .s" licinii' rcuardcil us the fiiictioiiiil icprcsont-
jilivc of ' /ivr.s', liiuli.' /'fiiiii/cirassct \u\s liccn translatt-d liy
• crooluMl pliKT of |»iiii's' iiiid 'crooked niniiii(iiiii piiu' plii(.'0,'
— iis if /i'(ii-)i, 'a |iiiic/ or its |iiuriil kdi-ash. coidd dispfusc in
composition with its si^'niliciint luiso, kc^ and appeal' l)y a
•rraniniatical formative only.
(!. Xo interpretation of a placo-name is corroct wliieli
makes Ikk/ '/rdiiniuw lA' the oriuinal. 'I'ht; apparatus of Indian
synthesis was euniliersome and perliaps ineleuant, hut it was
ni(!ely adjnsteil to its work. The u'l'ammatieal rehitiqns of
words wei'e never h>st siuht of. The several components of a
name had (heir estal)lishe(l order, not dependent upon tlie will
or skill of the coni]»oser. When we read modern advertise-
ments of •' chea]) gentlemen's travelini;' hatis" or '• steel-faced
carpenters' claw hanuners," we may conslrne such ])lirascs
with a latitude which was not peiniitted to the Al,ii,'onkins.
If ' Comiecticut' means — as some have suji[iosed it to mean
— ' lonji' deer place,' it denotes a jilace whei'e Ion;/ deer
ahounded ; if ' l'iscata(pia' was named ' <ireat deei' river.' it
was because the deer found i>i that river were of remarkahlo
size. " Coacjuanock' or, as Hcckewelder Avrote it, ' Cuwequen-
aku,' tlu^ site of riiiladelphia, may mean ' jiine long-place '
))ut cannot mean 'long pine-place' or 'grove of long pine
trees.' If • JV'migewasset ' is comptmnded of words signify-
ing 'crooked,' 'pines,' and 'place,' it denotes "a jjlace of
crooked i)ines.' — not ' crooked place (jf pines.'
Again — every Indian mime is romij/cte within iti<elf. A
mere adjectival or <nuililicative cannot serve independently,
leaving the real ground-word to l)e supplied by the hearer.
River names must contain some element which denotes
' river ;' names of lakes or ponds something which stands lor
' lake' or ' pond.' The Indians had not onr fashion of speech
which permits Hudson's River to be called 'the Hudson,'
drops'the word 'lake' from 'Cham|,lain' or Erie," and uuikes
"the Alleghanies" a geographical name. This difference
INUIAN OlMKillAI'IIK AL NAMI'H,
iiinst not lie Insl siuiit (if, ill aiiiilvsis or t iiiisliitioii. Ai/d-
1f>iiiii i)V Aiii/iiiiii (11 li;iiii(' ^iivcii Id scvi'Tiil Idcalitii'S iii >r\v
KiiLiliiiiil wlicrc tlicrt' arc low Hat iiicadow.s ni- iiiaislics,) caii-
iiol lie (lie ('qui\alcii1 of tlic AiiiiaUi nifUKi'tt, wliidi means "a
-tliniirili ti(/fiiii"il<i-/,l (II' sdliiclliiiiu like ir
siu(ik('-(lri('(l lish.
( il' such a uanic slioiild lie IdiiiKl). miulit mean • smdke(|-|isli
|ilace.' ('liJrk(tlmiii'ni/i ddcs not stainl Ini" • ^'irat cdin.' ikh'
I'liwnitinh- lor • iiiiicli di' many deei' :'t liecaiise neither • cdiiT
iioi" 'deer" desiiiiiates jiliicf or ini|ilies li\e(| hu-alidii. and
iherel'dre neither can lie made the ji'i'd'tad-Wdrd dl' a phiee-
name. Aii'ir'ixcii(/i/in ov A»i<>sc(i(/i/ln is uu\ IVdin the Almaki
* i(uiiis/iii/i,y(i)i. Iish-s|ieariiiu'."* I'or a similar reason ( and nidi'e-
over, liecause the termination -/('"//"/t denotes always an inxirii-
iiicnf., never an <irli<in op a /i/nre : it may iieloiiL;' to • a llsli-
spear,' lint not to *■ lish spearinji' nor to llie locality *■ where
lish are speared.")
on.
7. The locative post-jMisition. -et, -it or-»^§ means ///, (if o
It locates, not tlie oliject to th
-not • land' (.»r ' plac
name of wJiicli il is allixed. lait Koiin/Jiiiii/ clxf as r(dated to
that dlijei't. — whicii must l»o of sncli a initiire thai Ideation
can lie pre(licate(l oC it. Aniimtte noinis, that is, names dl'
animate iiiijects canndt receive this allix. 'At the rdck"
((///^/^.vA-ff/), ' at the nidiiiitain ' {/r(((/c/iii-iif). nv ' \\\ the conn-
try' {a/i/c-it, auk-it), is intelliii'ililc. in Indian or ImiuHsIi : ■ at
the deer." ' at the liear," or ' at the stiiriiuons," would lie udu-
sense in auv laim'Uimi;
\VI
len animate iKiuns dccur in plac
* It WMS so iiitt'i'|ircl('il ill the Ilistdiiciil Mii;i;i/ini' i'or M;iy. lS(l,"i (p. ihi).
■flliid. 'I'd tlii> iiitcrpi-ctiilidii 111' /'(/'/('((^Kr/,' tlicic is tlic iiinrc (jlnidiis
oliicitidii tliat :i prclix
iiiil'viii^- • iniicli or iiiiiiiv' shduld W I
ollowx'd iidi
\\\ iihluL or allut, 'd dt'cr," hut liy tlu' jiliiial iililnL
IjllOI/.
J Et\iii(i!oj;i(';il V()cnl)iilary of (icojrrniiliical XaniL's, Mpiicnili'il to the |;is|
edition of Wi'Iistcr's Dictionary (isoi). It may bu jiroiici- to remark in
this coniu't'tion, that tlie writer's ri'siioiisihiiily for tiie correctness of
transhitions jiivi
Irlliuti
en ni tlial vocaliiilarv does not extend lievoiid Ins own eon-
oiis to U.
I ('
inaki and ( re*
a connect inu' vowel.
<Ji' -,'/,
-l)el;i
iware and C'liiiipewa, -//_(/ or -'V/,
50
iiii: (OMPosnidN oi'
imnu's, iho.y I'cci'isc tin- Ibriiiiifivf ni' vciliiils, oi' sn-vt- ns n<ljft -
tiviil pri'lixcs lo sainc Inciili/iuii' ui'iiiiiKl-wiird or iKiim-ii'ciii'ric.
IS. Finally, — in the iiiialysis <»!' ^•I'liiii-iiidiiciil iiiiiiics, dilU'r-
ciiccs 111' /(iii;/ii(ii/i' i\iiil iHiili'i't imist ii(»t lie tlisrc^ai'drd. In
dctcnninini!,- tlic primary nicaninii' ol" lools, jircat assislnnct!
may Ik; had l»y llic runiparisDn ul' derivatives in nearly related
lanji'uaii'es t»r llie same stuek. lint in American laniiiiaLi'es,
tlie diversity of dialeets is even more remarkalile than the
identity ami constancy of roots. Kvery trilie. almost every
villajio had its pocidiarilics ol' speech. Names ctymohtuieally
identical iuijj,lit have \vid(dy rlil'li'rent nieaninus in two lan-
fl'uaji'es, or even in two nations speakini!' siilistantially the
same lan^'naut;. 'I'lie eastern Aliionkin jicneric name f(M"
' lisir (^luhiKi-iis. Del. H(iiiinl-K) is restricted liy nortlnM-ii. and
western trihes to a sinule species, the stin'jieon ((^hip. na-
mai',) as f/ir llsh. par excellence. Affii/c, in .Massacdinsetts
was the common fallow-deer. — in Canaila and the north-west
the earilxMi or reindeer. The Abnaki Indian called his »/'«/
(«<tV) liy a name which the ("hippcwa iiives his Iiorxi- {<ifl-iiti ;
ndi, my horse).* The most common noun-generic of liver
names in New Knuland {j-tiilc, 'tidal riv(;r') ocHMirs rarely in
those of Pennsylvania and N'ii'ginia, where it is replaced liy
-hiinnc ('rapid stream'), and is unknown to western Alii'on-
kiu triiies whose streams are undisturbed by tides. The
analysis of a geojiraphical name must be sought in the
language spoken by the nauu'-givers. The correct translation
of a (,'ounecticut or Narragansett name is not likely to be
attained by searching for its several components in a Chip-
pewa vocabulary ; or of the name of a locality near Huilson's
River, by deriving its pr(;(ix from an Abnaki adverb and its
ground-word from a Chippewa participle, — as was actually
done in a recently published list of Indian names.
* IJoth words liave tlii' simu: luuaiiiiij;, — that of • n doiiiL'stic animal,' or
literally, •aiiiiiiate proiiurtv ;' • In; who Imloiiys to me.'
Ailaiii-, .lull
.'|-.'s. :UUi.
177, ISl,
A(laiii<, Sai
.'f<i(».
Allen, Kth.i
Allin, Ucv.
Aliis(ju. He
tijn' Coin;
Al.-(>|i. .lohn
American '1
viil.
' Americani
letters to I
Arno d. lU:
Captain
April, 17
eolonel.
His cont
(ien. Scl
<m1 ilep
hl'ijr- J,'ei
in the
paid l)V
Arnold,
Letter Ir
Arnolil, .
Hart for
" Asia" ma
ea[)tnre.
York, '.'lit
Auehninty,
Babcock,
with Cei
.S41.
Balieoek, Cc
ter to Co!
nam reec
general, S
Babeoek, Di
ter from, .'
II:
Iro
lol
lis a<ljt'<-
J^flll'lic.
s, dilVtM'-
|('(|. Ill
■;>ist!llict!
V rclatrd
lilliltl't'S,
lilll tlic
s( I'vi'iy
nnlcjilly
two lilli-
ully the
liUlIC I'oi'
lorii, iiii<l
/lii|t. na-
irliiisctts
ortli-wcst
(I liis (/'///
' (oti-ini ;
: of river
riirely in
•liK'i'd liy
■II Altioii-
cs. The
it in tlic
l!lllslillil)U
ely to 1)0
11 ii Cliip-
Huilson's
I'll ami its
s actually
iiniiiKil,' ur
INI) I : \
A(lillii«..loliii. I II, •.'■.'!. •.'•-'•-'. •-'•-'7. ■.'•-'S.
;t2M. Wi>. Hi, ,liiiiv .|Iiu|.mI, I 1 I.
177, IHl, \HH.
Adaiii!', Simim-l. I.'ir. Ill, .'.11. .'Gh,
3tiO.
AIKmi, Ktli;iii, •.';!i, -'k;.
Allili, lliv. .loliii, ll-J, I ■-•■..
Alii:'!)!!. |{('V. F!;l!l('i.«. |)lc;lc||C» ln'-
tbrc ('iPl!i;!'os>, •>[).>.
Ai.-(.|.. .Idhii, lit. •-'•.'<;, ;it;i.
AiiiLMiiaii 'I'lirtle. >" l>i!sl!!icll. I >;i-
vM.
" AllU'l'ifMIIUH," (EllL'lll'/Cl- llaz;!!il,)
lutturstoMr. IJeiinc, II"-', l'.J7.
Arno d, IJciiedict, 11<i, 2'10, 3.(7.
Captain ol' vuliiiitciT coinpuiiy.
April, 1775, -J'S, ('fiii!i!iission('(l
oolont'l, hy Massiichiisctts, 23'J.
His coiitol witli Ktliai! Allc!!, •-'.■)(;.
(icn. ScliiiN Itr \va!!ts liiiii appuiiil-
»'(l di'p. aiij. ;ii'iici'al, 2."cJ. (,'liOM'n
brig, j.'1'iii'i'al, •'! l^*. Hi?* t xpi'iisi'.-
in tile 'ric()ii(lc!'c(|.fa expedition.
paid liy Coiijri'css, ii."il.
Ai'iiold, Hai!iiali. Liiiii' to, :!,'i4.
Lettei' IVoiii, 'Sod.
Ainold, .Idlii!, witliili'aws t'vum the
Hartt'oi'd cliiii-cl!, >")."i.
" il,s/u" man-of-war; project tin- in'r
capture, 251, 27S. Fii-cs (ni Xew
York, '."J(i.
Anehnuity, Uev. Saimiei. 221.
Babcock, Adam, 175. A volimtcer
with (Jen. Lee, ;i5.'i, [..elter I'l'oni,
.141.
F3alieoek, Col. Harry, 3;ti!, ;; i;i. Let-
ter to Col. Saltonstall, ;{3 7. I'lit-
iiam rei'onn!iends him tor lirig.
geiiei-al, ;};!7.
Baheoek, Dr. Jos<hua,;!;3(!, ;{5G. Let-
ter t'rom, ;!55.
47
HalMMiik. Mr.. ;iill.
Baihr, liirhai'd. Ill, ;I02.
Uaniii, Aliillrw, 55, 7(!, 711, ■j7. Mr.
Sloiii'- chaige- against liini, lO."),
115,
Baldwin, Kev. Llienezia'; letter from,
;il2.
Barding, N'atlianiel, of Hartford, 79.
iiarnard, Framis, 5 1.
Barnard. Jiihii, s;i. W'ithdra w> ti'om
tin H.irttiad chnndi. 55.
liartlrii, ,liFsi;ili, ;[(;o,
B.iyanl. Mr., Ill, 115, ;)01.
Bay>y, .loliii, Hi.
Beers, .Mr,, poslmasteratNew Haven,
X] 1,
/-'' iihili, ship, expected from Lrmdon.
I lis,
liiddic, [Edward.] 185,
Biddle'- 'ravern, Philadelphia, 106.
Bird, ^Ir, ot'Mrginia, .'f07.
Bland, Bichard.of \'a,, 17!), IHl.
Boerinn, .Simon. 220, 227.
Bostiin, 173, 171. 271, 27;3. Contri-
i)Ulii)n lor I'elief of, I.'IU, 137. Uu-
inor of hostilities at. W'J. 15i>, 153.
I'o-itioii of tin' troops near, 218.
Coinininiication with, cnt oil', 250.
Bostnn clinrch, invited to take |)art
in a coiuuil at Jl.irtliird, Ua, lofi
Stv Hartford (diiircli.
Bostwick. yL , 1 75.
liiatlle. Benjandn. oi' Cambridge.
15 1. '
Bristol, I'a., Iti5.
Bi'oome, .Joliii, 115.
Broome, Sanuiei. 111. Letters t'rom,
11)1.213.
Browne, Edward, of SM(lbur\ , 101,
112.
Brnsh, Civan, 11)3, 200. Described
201.
370
T X D F, X .
T^uek. DaniL'l.SIS.
Buck, Himniili.;i|f<.
Hlirk. .Ii)si;ili. -.'lis. .'MS.
Hiilkk'v. I'ftiT. .'I-J-.'.
Biincf, 'riupiiiiis, (11)0(1.) "i.').
HmikiT Mill biUlle. 27(», 271, -.'T-i.
Biiriioyiip, (iiMi., 'J<1.S, 2St;.
^^ll^llli('ll, David, invents ;i niiuljinc
t()r hiowiiirr lip llic etu'iiiy's ships,
31S. Di'scriptiiin of tli(> niinliiiie,
"Hi, 317, .'!•.'■_'. Dilliciiiticsot'coii-
siruclioii, XV,], ;!."is.
Cadwalliifli'i', .folin. -'."),j,
CainpliL'li. Ciii.t.. •2-2>. L'2;i.
" Candiil Exaniiiiatioii," In Jos. Gal-
Iowa v. 211. 212.
Caswell, Kichard. of N. ('.. dos.Tllicd.
184.
Chaniplin, Capt. . ;iii2. .■J07.
Cliavlestown, Mass.. liiiriied, 271.
Chauilcey. Rev. Cliarles 112. 12.0.
Chester. Juliii. eoniniaiids eoiiipany
of "Wetherslield \ oliinleers. 211;
Coniinissidiied ea])tain. 2.")2. His
conijianv mentioned. 2<ir>. At Bnn-
ker Hill, 270.
Chew, J.. Md.
Church, liichi'.rd, withdraws from the
Hartford eliiireh, a.").
Clark, Daniel, secretarv, 101. 103.
10."», 107.
Cleveland. Capt. Aaron. 1,JG.
Cohbett, Re'-. 'I'lioiuas, of Ipswieh,
112.
Cobble ITill. 3;i9.
Coit. Capt. William. 2;{.% 211.
Colbron, Wm., uf Boston. (1 (;.-)».) 109.
Committee of Secret Correspond-
ence, 3(13. Their instruetinns to
Mr. Deane. 3G.">.
Conanient Island plundered bv Capt.
Wallace. 337.
Confiress of the Colonies proposed,
12!).
Confiress meets in Philadelphia. 172,
—in Carpenters" Hall, IG!), 172.
OlHcers chosen. 172. List of mem-
bers, 17><. Spirit of the southern
delefiates, 17,'!. J'roceedinjis to be
secret, 171. Committees appoint-
ed, 174. Character of the dele-
gates from So. Carolina. 175, —
from Virginia, 181. — from N. Ca)--
olina, 184. Connnittee of riglits.
171t, — on acts of parliament. 179.
Coin-sc of bnsiness, 184, 18."., 289.
Resolves on resohitioiis and ad-
dress from Sud'oik county, 183.
Opening of the secontl session.
229. 'Jalk of adjournment to Hart-
ford. 233, 2(i.'^), 293. Removal
northward discussed. 241 249, 2<ia,
307. Ajijiointsafastday. 292. lle-
ces's ]iroposed, 292. 293. Adjourn.s
to Se]itember Isl. 293. Committee
on naval preparations, 339. .S'e<'
Committee of Secret Corresjiond-
ence.
Connecticut ap]ioint.- delegates to
the Congress of 1774, 13S. Vol-
unteers inarch for Boston, on the
September alarm, l.'iO. l.J5. Plans
lor organizing the militia, 140,189.
Orders the purchase ot' arms, 213.
Si'iid a committee to Gen. Gage,
221, 22,% 230. Provides lor coast
defence, 22.0. Prficeedings of As-
sembly. !May. 17 7."), 2;!1. Regi-
ments ordered to Cambridge, 231.
2.').). 241. Six thousand men en-
listed, 23."). Appoints a Commit-
tee of Safety. 23,0, 239, 243. Una-
nimitv and firnmess ])revail, 237.
Proceedings of Assembly, 238, 242,
211. ICxpenses for defence, to
.Time. 1775. M], The eastern col-
onics depend on Connecticut, 27 7.
Her conduct applauded, 2,03. 2,07.
283. Assembly meets July 1, 277.
Two more regiments raised, 27 7.
Putnam appointed a major-gener-
al, by Congress, 28.0 ; his promo-
lion offends Gen. Spencerand oth-
ers. 2S,0, 2.S8. Committee sent to
the Congress, to ])rocurc money.
,')()9. 2vewdelegatesclected to Con-
gress, Oct.. 17 7,0, 320. Changes
in the general assembly, 323. Re-
])oit of delegates to Congress, (Mr.
Deane and Col. Dyer.) 327. Dis-
pute with Pennsylvania, about
Siis(piehannah lands, 327. Pro-
ceedings of Assembly at N. Haven.
December. 177.0. ;t3(), 344, 346.
Intrigues in the Assembly, — the
Club at Munson's, &c., 349*.
Connecticut. .See Hartford church.
Coombs, [Coondie. llev. Thomas,]
171, 182.
Cornel family, 185.
351.
INDEX.
371
J, 185, 289.
lis and ni\-
nty, lS;f.
011(1 session,
ditto Hart-
Kt-nioval
111 240, -jo:),
ly. 2!t2. Rc-
Adjourns
Coiiiniittoe
(.Vii'res|ion(l-
elojiates to
V.is. Vol-
stoii. on the
1 5,5. Plans
tia, 110,189.
)!' arms, 213.
Gen. Gaiic,
k's for coast
(lings ot' As-
2;!1.' Repi-
bridjre, 231,
11(1 men en-
a Conimit-
213. Una-
prevail, 23".
bly,238,242,
(lel'cnce, to
u eastern col-
leelieut, 277.
L'd, 253, 257,
1 .July 1, 277.
raised, 277.
iiiajor-gener-
liis promo-
leeraiul oth-
ittec sent to
eure money,
ected to Con-
0. Clianges
ly, 323. Re-
)iiii'ross, (Mr.
) 327. Dis-
aiiia, about
327. Pro-
atN. Haven.
), 344, 346.
•em 1)1 V, — the
., 349'.
ord chureh.
V. Thomas,]
Council of churches held in Boston,'
1(!59, *SVt' Ilarttbrd church.
Crane, Slepheu, of N. J.. 13 7. I3S.
1G3, 170.
Cresap. Col. of \'ii'<^iiiia, 274, 275.
Crow, .Juliii, a wiilidrawer from the
llartibrd church, 55.
Crown Point, 24 7, 2IS, 2iJ0. Pris-
oners brought to Ilarttiird. 237.
Culliek, John, 511, 11 (I. Xotes of his
discussion with Ilev. S. Stone, 53.
Withdraws from Hartford church,
55, 70, 78, 87. Lettei' to. from
Massachusetts ministers, 59. Com-
plained of, by the church. 79. He-
moves from Cdiineeticiit, llo.
Cusliiiig, Thomas, 144, 178.221, 222,
304. "
Danforth, Rev. .Samuel. 112, 125.
Davenport, Rev. John, .S2, KH, 102.
His letter to the AVetherslield
chureh, 8.'S.
Davenport, Abraham, lUfi.
Davis, John, preached in Hartford in
1655,54,
Deane, Barnabas, 1 79, 267, 281. Let-
ters from, 217, 231, 24(J, 26il, 270,
351. Lieutenant of volunteers
from Wetherslield, 215,217. Sent
to Tieondcroga, 2;>7, 246.
Deane, Rarzillai. 146, 149, 155, 267,
281.
Dean , Mrs. Elizal)eth. (wife of Si-
las,) 149, 190, 20S. \-c.
Deane, James, coiiiiuissiouer ibr the
northern Jiidiaiis, o.!0, 331.
Deane, Hannah, 145, 268. .Married
Josiali Ruck, 348.
Deane, Jesse, 115, 268. '
Deane. John, 222, 26 7, 292.
De.\xk, .Sii..\s, pro])oscs to establish
a settlement oil tlic western lands,
133, 131. iVK'nilier of the Conn,
eoimuittee of correspDiidciicc, 199.
I'roposes a general Congress, 129,
136, Appointed delegate to the
first Congress, 138. His journey
to Philadelphia, 142. 1 13-6'. 163-6.
<.)bservati(jiis onthecity. 167, l(;s,
182. Oil committee on acts of jinr-
liament alfecting trade, 179, 181.
Again in Welhcrsfield. 192. Pro-
motes tin; expedition against '11-
conderoga. 21S, 26 7. Returns to
Philadelphia, 220, 221, 226-8. Vis-
its Wilmington, 256. On eominit-
teesofCiiiigress.261,266, 268, 312,
323, 32s.;!,i:i. Plans -a bold stroke,"
willi (leu. .Scliiiyler, 266, 251, 268,
275, 27S. ICxciirsion to llie Jer-
sies, 281. I'naiiotes the appoint-
ment of Putnam as niajor-iieneral,
2.SS —of S. B. Webb, and John
Chester, 291,— of Jos. Trumbull,
292. At home, in the recess of
Congress, Aug.. 1 775. 293-4. Jour-
ney to Philadelphia. 301. His sen-
timents on the, great issue, 307.
Routine of duties in Congress and
on committees, .•!I2. Noniiiuited
one of the Assistants, in Conn.,
315. His (diaracter sketched by
^Ir. Hogg, 318. Not re-elected to
Congress, 320, 323. Rellections
on being superseded, 324-5. Let-
ter to Gov. Trunibiill, 327. Asks
for a ]Miblie hearing, Uy the Conn.
Assembly, 331. ilisiemoval is re-
gretted in Connecticut, 345, 348,
;'>5S, Promotes Arnold's appoint-
ment brig, general, .31S. Declines
re-elect ion I'rom Welliersfield to the
general assembly, 350. Receives a
testimonial from members of the
Congress, 360. A])poiiile(l com-
mercial and political agent of the
colonies, 36(J. Contracts to jmr-
chase goods and muiiitioiisof war,
in France, ibr public use, 3ii0.
Farewell letters to bis witi', 360-
61. His instructions from llu;
eommltti'e of secret correspond-
ence, ;i()5. Sail.s from i'hiiadel-
])hia, March, 1776,361,364. Com-
pelled by wind to return, and re-
embarks lor Bermuda, 361.
Letters from. —
to III.': irife, JMrs. Eli/aliclh Deane,
113, 16.3, 179, LSI, 18(;, 221, 226.
I 233, 246, 249, 252,
2(i6, 268, 271, 275,
25.S, 260,
2«0, 28 7.
2(i 1,
289,
293, 3i»l, 307, 30S, 323, 339, 346.
3 17. 319. 360, 3(;i.
— SdiHiicI II. I'lirsons, I 21'.
-- (.'i)l. (I'ltrilon Siillonsliill. 2>'9.
— Fin/i'i- (!(i>i, 192.
— I>r. r>tiij(iiiiin (idle. 21)1.
— J'i'liiliii/'i ]\'i lh-l< i: 2111.
— O'or. Trumlinll, 329.
- — il//V>' /Iiiiiiiiil. A I mild. .'!54,
^^'DF.x.
872
__. Samuel B l^''''';' Jl^'^f ,1;.
^Samuel Bmme,m,.^ 'i-
^- Peter Vandervoor, U^^-
^Dr. Benjamin Oak, 2IJA
3-22, 323, 358.
^ Barnabas Deanci^T'^'^^^ "'
•260, 270, 351.
^Je^se Root, 237.
__/,.aac.S.ar.s278 284.
__ £/(,>7irt i^/ic/yw, 2 Ju.
^PhiliiJ Skei-n.'i^'J- .
— Jame.s Uoij<h^^\ „.,.,
__ Dr. Joi^haa Bahcock,6oo.
_ /))•. ^»/iOS j1/«/'/, 34».
Deane, Slnu-on 14.). Utto
190, 249, 29G, 326.
Pebevdt, 185. ^ .^^ io3. ,
L»e Hart, John, ot iN- •'-
DeLancey.Jame^.lJ-'-
^3s';^FS.M-n-y-224.
Anecdote of L.m,2U.
Doshon,John. .-^>^-- .,.,.,, ;,1,
Dickinson. Join, ur
185, 280, 368. ^
l-*'ii5S.«rs<.wn
lus(U>atUnotict''l,341.
Duane, James, _22(..
at the opening of the second con-
""'*;'r"l''lot 11" 145,167,170,
1) ,, V. hphale^ 1 1 -, ^J ^^,^ first
3.,.!, 340. Ut.t jj^^^,.^
009! M^ndH.rofeonncilut^akt^
7.. - .)'»n Not re-elected to con
''^''..'.'oo :^ r.-Ueanethinkshnn
gvess,.!20. iM', .,,; 3f,o. lie-
unfairly t''''''to«l- •j^''
turnshome, 310, .5;.0.
Easton, Joseph. 81- iiaven,8-.',
Eaton,Theoph.us.olNov
Klderkin, Jedediah, 23,., -*•'•
^^"-. -, , ,n.) i(;4, 324.
Elix.al)elhlown,N.J.,l<-^' u-^-
Ensign, James, 8:i, 116.
, Fairfield, 188, 222^ :^X ^^^
1 Favnsworth, Di'm 1'^"' '^'^' .gy ^90.
duirch in Hartford, 50.
Fitch, Samuel, .'■'4 • .,.26,227.
Floyd, Col. Wm.. 110, l^'^'- '
173,178.
liage, V" ■■.
271. 27:5. , . -g.j Let-
«=^^^'^^rrsi«^2,3i5.
tors trnm, to ^- ^ '
3.2. 33!1, 35H. Letter t. 294.
(iale, Capt.[^ammda -^2. ^^^
' tion," &e., 212.
INDEX.
373
icond con-
It;?, 170,
the first
S. Deane,
il „f i^al'cty,
ed to t'on-
thinksliini
;tr)0. Ke-
wll;ivcni,!SJ.
■I'M.
xl)ury. 1"9,
la, 1(14, :i-^l.
,i)t, Uiiuon's
.rk, 2-n.
of tlu! people
s to volunteer,
,)Mr, 18U,1'.»0.
Iraws from the
, .)0.
1, 170, •226,227.
idelpliia, 223.
(i.nkur Hill, 271.
iimin, 228, 275,
Htcr to Col. Sal-
its Killingwortb,
i.mmittee of se-
cc, 3G3, 3G5, 308.
N. York, 223.
■olony ; laws reg-
<sion of, 90.
clpliia. 107, 172,
lu>r, 100, 175.
as, 150, 219, 221,
11 142. 163. Lct-
Deano, 202, 315,
.ettcr to, 294.
lU'l.l 272.
100.109,201,228.
Caniliil Exaniiua-
^1
Garnicr, Mons., 308.
Gates, Gen. Horatio, 2 71, 27,'j. Ap-
pointed adj.-fjeneral, 27 1.
Gay, Fisher. 192, .122.
Gennantowii, Penn., 107. Descrilieil.
282. L'S;!.
(iil)bons. Wni., of Hartford, 51.
Gloucester, N. ,1., 2sl.
(ioddard, Wm., 183.
Gooch, Isaac, lO'.i.
Goodridge, Kli/ur, 151.
Goodwin, ()/ias, 55.
Goodwin, William, an eliler ni' the
Hartford chin-cli, 00. Oppuscd to
Mr. St<me, Oo, ;•_', 7!>, :>:'•. Signs
a letter to the cliureh. 70, — and to
other churches, 78.87. Removes
from Connecticut. 11(».
Grave, (Jeorge, of Harttord. 81.
Graves, Isaac, 55.
Greg, ('apt., of (ireenwich. .'M5.
(trecn. Timothy. |irinter. "J 10.
Green ^lountain Hnys, 24 7, 352.
Greenwich, 222.
Griswold. C'apt. \Vm.. of Wetlier--
field, 330.
(iun-locks piircliaseil, 2:* I, 290.
Hancock, .fohn, delegate to congress,
from Massachusetts, 221, 227, 231.
['resident of congress, I'.'iy, 20.'i.
Harbert, Henjanun, 55.
Harrison, Col. Benjamin. 303. .'lOS.
Described, 181.
Hartford : proposes a non-consinnp-
tion agreement, 15]. ohinteers
march ibr Boston, 150. Talk of a<l-
journing congress to meel at, 233.
205, 293. Prisoners conlined at.
200, 280, 301, S-Mi.
Hartford church controvei'sy, 1050-
59, 51 et seq. Kesult of a council
held in Boston, Sept., 1059, 112.
Harwinton, 150.
Haviland's. in Kyc. 222.
Hazaril, .lonnthan. 338.
Hazard, Kliene/iT, 131, 305.
tions generid assrnibly for
claim of western lands. I3;i. iSigns
ills letters ' Amevicanus.' 191. 202.
Prepares a collection of state ])a-
l)ers, &e.. 200. I'ostmaster at New
York, 273.
Heatli, Isaac, of Roxbury. 1 1 2. 1 25.
Hempstead, .hishua. Jr., 352.
Heuderson, Col. Robert, 318.
IVli-
<|nit-
Henry. Patrick, of Va.. 181.
Henshaw, [Benjamin,] 207.
Hewi'S, .Joseph, ot' No. Carolina. 181.
Iligginson, 1-vev. .lohn. ids lesiinutny
anil counsel, in tlie Hartliird churcli
controN crsy, 1(3.
liilljiouse, .Fames A., 2,31.
Hinman. Klisha. ;! t;», ,!52.
Ilinman, Col. liinj.'imin, 2.')5.
Hinsdale, Daniel, 2li0.
lloadly, Charles .1., 105.
IKjIiart. .Tolin .Sloss ; litter to .Mr.
Deane, .3.35.
Hogg, .lames, agent tor the Transyl-
vania company: letter from, 3i8.
Delegate to the congress. 31 s.
Hog Island alfnir. 25".
Holt. .John. 220. 27.3.
Hooker, licv. Thomas. 5:i.
lloo|)cr. Win., of \. Carolina, dc-
scrilied, 181.
Hopkins. Ezek, .33:!.
Iloiikins, .John 15., ;i.i;;.
Ho aier. Tilns, 207, .!5o. J'lan I'or
the militia, ls9. Letters from,
j 152. 238. 211. Delegate lo ccm-
gress. in <'ase of \acimcy, .320.
Ilniise. Mrs., of I'liiiailcfphia. 100.
171'. !S(». .no. ;i|s. Ijerdauiihter,
.Mrs. 'I'rist, 180.
Ilowland. . Joseph. 25s.
Iluhiiard. i!e\. William, nf l])-uiili.
112. 125.
liuliliard. William, 1 13,
lliill's Tavern. New York, II t.
Himtington. Iienjamin. 235. 23:i
— .labez, 2.!5.' 2311.
.Tedediah, 27 7.
Samuel, chosen an assistant
231. ^h'nd)er of the council of
safety, 235. Delegate to congress.
' 320,' Takes his seat, ;:oo.
I Indian geogra])hical namc< ; J. H.
Trnndjnll. on tlic composition of,
1-50.
Ingersol. .Tared. 1 70,
li'ish. (jeorge, writes from Newport,
.•10;;.
Jiimrs. ship, not allowed to |;uid liei-
cai'go at New York. 1115,
.larvis. Rev, Al)i'aham. 27(;.
.Iann(!ey. .lamex. I!i.3, 201.
•Fay. .Folin. 170. 1 7:i, 18,;, 324,308.
•Jerom, .John and .Stephen, 302,
374
INDEX,
Johnson, Wm. S., 138, 22"), 2;i0, 2.'!].
J)e(;lincs to attend the eon<;ress,
i;!8, l.'il), 117, 1G7. Sent to confer
with (ien. (iiige. 221.
Juild, Ml'., released hv the I'ennites.
;i28.
Kelsy, William, (Hartford, Kii-)?.) 81.
Key.'*, Miss ,of rhiladeljjhia, 2.")5.
Killingworth; ''is[)Utes about the
post-olliee, 294. 3;M.
Kiiui/islier eruises olfN. London. 271).
iving's Bridge, 112, It.-}.
Kinsey, James, of X. .Jersey, l.'iB, 1 7li.
Kirkland, Kev. Samuel, 3;{0.
Lanib, Capt. John, of New York, 290.
Lasher, Caj)!. John, 226.
Lattiniore, Col. , of Xeweastle,
343.
Law, Riehai'd, 138.
Lawrence, captain of armed schoon-
er at New York, 298.
Lead mine, ]\Iiddletown, 238, 322.
Ledlie, [Laidlie,] Rev. Dr., 14C.
Lee, Arthur, 3(J8.
Lee, Gen. Charles, 2()8, 28(!, 354.
F^ee, Kiehard IJ.. delegate in eon-
gres.s, 179, 181.
Ledingwell, Christopher, 218. His
plan tor organizing the militia, 140.
l^etter to Mr. Deane, 2 j8.
Levy, iliss , 1711, 189.
Lewis, Francis, 220.
Lewis, Isaac, .'j.5. ll.'i.
Livingston, Philip, 179, 220. 228.
Livingston, Wra., 138, 14.j, 103, 170,
179.
Lord, Richard, 84.
Lniulv. , sent under guard to
llartlbrd. 280.
Lyme; s:dt-making at, 302.
Lynch, 'riumiiis, ol So. Carolina. 20.">,
301. His personal aj)[)earance and
chariieter, 1 7.>.
MuDougall, Alexander. 144, 278.
McEvers, James. 144.
MeKean, . 3 1;!.
Malbone. Capt. Kvan, :;o;i.
Maltbie. Lieut., 3.");i.
Marsh, John, a withdrawer from the
Hartford church. .").">.
Marsh, Hev. John, of Wetherstield.
1.55.
Mar.shall, Christopher, 340.
:\rarshiill. [Humphrey VJ 172, 170,
177.
Massachusetts churches : letters from,
to tint church and withdrawers in
llarttbrd. ;>'.>, 04.
Massachusetts I'rovincial Congress,
150, 220, 232. 245.
Mathi'r. Rev. Richard. 0;i, 112, 125.
Mead, Dr. Amos Mead ; Utter li'oui,
;!I8.
.Megapolensis. Kev. J. His account
of tile Mohawk Indians, mentioned,
21 10.
.Meigs. M;ijor R. J.. 285.
Memorial of delegates of .\. J.,ondon
ami New Haven counties. 101.
Middleton, Henry, of So. Carolina,
described, 175.
Aliildletown, 129, 188. Lead iiiine,
2.38. 322. Military comjiany of old
men. formed, 272.
ISlilllin. Thomas. 198, 280. 291, 304.
Captain of volunteers, 228. jNIajor
of militia, 255. Aid to Washing-
ton. 209. 291.
Militia. Plans for organizing, 140,
189.
Mille.'. Andrew, of N. Carolina, 319.
— — , John S.. Letter from, 139.
Mini rrii. brig, in colony service. 330.
Mitchell, Itev. Jonathan, invited to
HarttbnI. (10 19,) 53. Member of
(lie lioston council of churches,
112. 125.
Mollatt, Dr. , 208.
Moland, Joseph, prisoner in Hart-
ford, 320.
Morgan, Thomas, of Killingworth,
294.
^h)rgan. Major [Daniel,] 275.
Morris. Robert. 302,-3.-4, 308.
Morri.-, Judge [Richard VJ 222.
, 240, 244,
expedition
Moscly. Ui
Mott.' Edward, 218, 23;
A commander in the
against Tieondiuoga, 218.
Moil, Samuel. 220, -^25,
Mumford. Capt. D., 1 is. 149.229.324.
(iiles, 1 18.
— — • James, 1 75.
Thomas, 138. 139. 21.s. 225,
;;24. ;il9. Letters from, 138. 14 7,
I IS, 230, 234, 201, 270, 310, 313,
;i 44. Letter from (i. Irish to. 303.
Murray, Mr., 1 70.
1
4
INDEX,
87a
New Iliiven. 141,214. .TIl-2. 'I'lic Penii^ylvuniii: pxpensps fnr dcfencr
(Miib at Aliiii.son's. .'M!t. in 1 7 7.i. ;i-.'i.i.
Nev,- JiTfifv, l;i7. 191, ;!1(!. I'elLT.N Uev. .Siimiiol. 191.
N'cw liOiidon, .'li;!. J'n)visi(in> lirir Phi'lps, Ciijit. Klislm. .'IH, .'ill.:!l7
(l(>tiMicc of. -219, 220. ;{;i2. Itccoiii-' lA'tlcr Iroin. I'li."..
iiu'iidcd as a navv station. :il I . PliiladL'i])liia. lHo. |i;7, 1(19. 18,>.
Post-ollice. •.'7.'l. Sliiu|) {wizard, .'i.'rj. Kiddle's 'ravcrn. IPtl. .Mariii'l
Ninv London county. Alfctinudl'di'l- Iii7. liiS. Cariicnturs' liall. IHI
cifatusti'oni. .Si'iit.. I 771, l.j:i. Hll. "
New York Asscnil)ly ruCiisus to adopt
the proc't'odin;.'s of congri'ss. 19;i.
195. 19(1. J)isi'ussions. I US. I!i9.
List otY'i'iiivaiu'C'S adoptciL -.ML
New York city. l!ecf)ition of tlu; ,,„,.,. -,
eastern d('li';iates toeoiiuress. 1 M. I'liipps. l)a\id. .'I.').!.
Fayseonit to ('i)niieelieiit. I IL A I'orler. Col. .Icisliiia. -'.'17, •.'.")7.
iriajority friendly to the canse. 1 97. I'rinceloii, N. .[.. Ill 1. -227. ;;ui.
Ships not permitted to land Hrii- I'rivateers. to he (iileil out from
ish e-oods. 19."). 197. Iteeeplion of ('oniieetieiii. ;'.l'i;.
the eastern delejiales in 1 77... 222. I'rudden. Ke\ . I'eier. of Miitord. 8:i.
22.'i. Defection of. snspeeted. 2;! I. I'utiram. Israel. seiid> an express to
Cannon removed from the IJattery, alarm the eoiiiii\. on a rejxjrt of
29(1. The ))eople driidv H. J. tea. husiilitics al Ho-'l(.n. I 19. l.")U. 1.").'!.
in disregard of tlie eoni:i'ess. ;ilO. 1 7il. IJi- re^iiment ordere(l to
.\ stnmbiino- iilock to the canse ( 'andirid;;e. 2.1."). Hi- intrepiilily
■■'''•' '■■ '''■' rellecis honor on the Colon v, 2><.'!.
pcnters' liall. Iil9.
170. I 7;. IJellerin^honse. I 71 2,
177. Chni'ches anil ministei's. 171.
172. 1S2. 2(19, -.'.so. Civility and
hospitality, is."). \\'arm military
spirit. 22S, 2;l.'l. Decline nf tl'ade.
II'.). Militarv eompanie-, 2.").'! 1.
of liberty, a, ..
New Yoi'k, I'rovinee of. Its critical
state, a causi- of anxiety. 2.'ilt.
Warm whifrs ( nrse the ])rovineial
conjiress, 297.
Newark, N. J., lfi;i. 227. :!o4.
Newf()undland, not friendly to the
eolonial cause. 190.
Newton, Kev. J!oi:-er. SI.
Niles, Nathaniel. '2:!9.
Ilijihly esleemecl hy Washiniilon
and i,ee. -•the hero of' the day."
2S.'). lieceives the applause otthe
continent, 2»9. .\ppointed major-
general. 28.'). 2S9. The general as-
sembly testifies to his • siiiLnilai-
merit.' 28."). Dissatisfaction of
(:ien. Si)encer and his Iriends. 2S.").
,...^.7, i.i.L..„i.iv .. -■..J. 28S. Uecommends Col. liai'ry Hall-
Nitre ; e.xperiments t'or the manut'ac- eock for a brit;adier general, -i.w.
tureoi; ,')2'i, ;;21.
Noddle Island ail'air. 2.) 7. Randolph, Peyton, pres. of congre.-s.
Xoith Carolina delegates, dc-cribed. 172. 179. 181. Described. 1 7.i.
181. liaritan Ferry, Ull.
Norton. Hev. Jolm.Dt' lioston. H'l. 7,!. Ilathbone, Capt., of \. Loudon. 272.
8;i, 1(12. 112, 12."). Heed, .Joseph. 18."). 28,i.
' lievere. [Paul,] 18.".. 27;i.
Paine. Robert Treat. I ; I. 227. Itliodc Island. Me; sures flirdefeme.
P;irs(jns, .Sanuu-l II., i;!l.-."). 1 ls. •.';),"). ;).").").
244,-,5, 291-;i. Letter from, 201. Kiiduirds. John, 5 1,
Letter to, 129. Opposed to Put- Kiley. Ca])t. , 200, 2Gi;. 271. 292.
nam's appointnieni as niajor-geii- i!i\ iugton. flames. 201. •_'!•_> ; his pa-
eral. 285. per to be slopped. 1 70.
Partridge, (Partrigg.) W'm.. .")5. Iloberdeau, Col., 175. 255. .iOl.
Patterson, j\Ir. of T'hila(leli)liia. 170. Itodgers, [Hev. Dr. .E()hn."| of New
Peck, Paul, of Hartford. (1(158.) 81. York, IK!.
IVircy. [Hev. William J'ercyV] 255 Romans, Hernard. 2;;7.
Pendleton. Kdminid. of \'a., isi. Hoot, Jesse ; letter frum. 2:i7.
Penn, Elder James, of Hoston, 109. Hosseter, Dr. Bryan, of Guilford. 74.
37fi
I N n R X .
Howlii
Wil.-ii
(III. 271.
Russell, l.'fv. -lolin, of Wctli.islii'M
rs. M.
lvi<li;ir<l. of Cliiirlcstowii. Sniitlicrti foii
Smith. Dr. William, lOd. Kifi, 170,
L'tJit. -'HO.
.S|)eiiut'r. 'riiipiiias. of IFiirlford. 81.
1 1 •-'. 1 L'.".
KmiU'iI;
UmiIimI.
Ji.h
)f So. Carolina,
d, 17...
Saltonstall. (Ja|)l. Kiidlcv. :W,. ;;,;.j,
'M'.K .'Ml. ;u.), ;i i(j. ;!.")(!. .\|)|)oiiit-
t!il to eoinniainl^ilu' Mind. oW'i.
.•|;fii, .'M.-i. His olIictTs. :i,".;!, I.ct-
ter from. '.V.'yl.
Siiltonstall, Giiliirl, ■>■'>{.
Saltoiistall, Guriloii, i;i.s. 1."),"), 157.
174. 27(j. [..uttois I'rom. 111'. 1.'.7.
iijj, L'0.">. -Jio, L'l'ii. -.'L'l. •-'28. -.'i;;,
272. 2;»8. ;;ii2. ;;;;:,. :!,-,2. Loii.t Io.
2811.
Saltoiistall. Sarah, 2iis^. •idl ; marries
Daniel Hiiek, .ifS.
Saybruuk, 281,
Schuyler, (ien. i'liiii|i. 2.il. 2,")2. His
tharaeter. 2i;7. I'laus. with .Mr.
Deaue, a • bolt! slroke.' 2.')1. 2ini.
2118. 27.). 278.
Sears. Isaac. 111. 222. Letler^ from.
278. 284.
Seymour, Col. T. H.. :ilO.
Shammeiioy Ferry. It;.').
Shaw, Tliomus, ;!U2, 34y, ;)44.
Sharj). . of New York. 144.
Shepard, Jtev. 'I'liomas, Til. 112, 12."i,
Shcrlirooke. , of New York. 111.
.Sherman, Daniel. ;i22.
Uev. John, (i;;, 112, 12.").
Uoirer. 1^8. 142. M.j. I 16. IC.'..
210. 288, 2i)2, 29;;, :ii:>. N'isits
("onneclieiil, .'>21, 328. He-ap-
poinleil to(:oii;,;ress, .'i2i). iietiirns
to Philadelphia, :!4H.
Shippinir and ship-huildiini, i;!i'.
I |o. ;m.-,. ;;,-,1.
Simi)sou, rianu's. I."i2.
Skene. Fhilip. uo\ einor of 'I'ieonde-
rojra, 2;i4. 2io. 2i;o, 280. Sent to
Hartford. 2so. ;iol. Letter from,
to ^Ir. Deane, .'iuo.
Skene, Major Andrew I'.. 301. Es-
capes from Hartford, :>2G.
Slack, Samuel, ;!.")■'!.
Sluman, .Iosi;ph, ;I2S.
Smedley, C'apt. Samuel, of Fairfield,
;!,-i:). *
Smith. Gershom. .'71.
Smith, liiehard, of X. J.. 138.
peneer,
^riiuM
(i
,h
I at I'm
the
-1
spirit, 22!i.
Cha-
lam s ])romotion,
ipiils the camp, 2S,"(, 288. His con-
duct censured, 2.'ss. 28;>. 2:)o.
Spencer. Itev. Mr., 182.
S|irin;i(itdd. Mass., l.'it.
Sproat, Uev. .lames, 171, 182.
Sullivan, l<awi'en('i', 271.
Siisipieliannah settlements, l.'ll. 201.
Controversv with I'ennsvlvania,
;;27. 328.
Stamford, 222.
.Standley, 'I'hoinas. a withdrawer
i'mni Harlford ehnreli, .').'i.
Steele, (leurj;e, of Hartlbrd, .Vi.
Steele, James, .")4.
Stewart, Col., of New Loudon, 2ii8.
Slockini;', (jeorge, of Hartford, 81,
Stone, iiev. Samuel, 83. 8t.i, 1)3. Di.s-
ciis>ion with Capt, CuUiek. .■)3.
Itesi^iis liis otliee in the church, 08.
His ackiiowled.iiinenl. 71. His let-
ter, from Massachusetts, 7.'>, Prop-
ositions tothe- church, 7."i. Propo-
sitions presented to the j^en. court,
100. His charges against the with-
drawers, 101.
Stoiiinglon, fired on ))y Capt. Wal-
lace's vessels, 2!)li.
Siiiutenburg, Tobias, 144.
Stiirges, [.lonathan,] 311.
Synimen. Uev. Zechariah. 112.
Talcotl. .lohn, 84, 124.
Talmadge, , 272.
Tetard. [Lewis.] 3U4, 30i"i.
Ticoiideroga expedition, 218, 219,
220. 22."., 232, 231, 240, 244, 3,i4.
News I'roni, 2.37. Prisoners taken.
2.'M. 237. (Jarrison at Ticondero-
ga, 248, 2.;0.
I'illey. ( Ensign.) made prisoner. 30ti.
'I'raiisylvaiiia Coinjiany. •118.
'i'reat.Uev. .Mr., 140.
Trenton, N. J., 1U4, 227.
Tri.st, Lieut. . 18o. His wife,
180, 189, 22.3, 324.
Trowbridge, Capt., (X. Haven.) 284.
Trumbull. .Jonathan, governor of
Connecticut. 13|t, 2.3,5, 239, 271,
302. His administration applaud-
ed by Congress, 25.3, 283.
.•V
i
*
-■t
INDEX.
377
$
i
Tnimbull, Josoph, 138, 184, 292.
Tnimhiill, J. II., on tlie (•{imposition
of Iiiiliiin gc(ji;niphiciil niinics,
1 -.•)(>.
Ti)on, Gov. William, 279, 29 7.
Tinner, Dr. [I'hilip,] 113, 177.
'lynji, Kihvanl, ot'lloston. 112, 12.1.
Vandeput. Capl., of the 1>(V/, 'j:i7.
VandiTVoort, IVter, lutk'. from, 196.
\'ir;,'inia (lel(';r;ites to loii'^ross. de-
M rilKMJ, 181.
Wiidswortli, Col.Jann's, .'122.
.Icit iniali. liji. 170, 302.
William. (It;.')(i.) HI. So.
Wall;?, Xathaniid. 23:). 2.!«. 309.
Wallace, eajilain ot'tlu; Unse. fires on
StonintiUin, 29.s, 299. Delains
Capt. Mali)nne's vessel. .'!o;i. I'jmi-
der.s Conanieiu island. '.U'lH.
Ward, (Jov. Samuel, ul U. T., 301,
340, 34.S, 361.
Warliam, Rev. John,of Windsor, 84.
AVarner, Andrew, oij.
Warren, tJosepli, 271.
Washinffton, (Jeor^o, a delegate in
(■ongress from Virginia, 1 79. I'er-
sonal iippearanee and character.
181, 261, 2(57. Appointed com
inander-in-eliief, 264. Sets out for
the camp, 266, 269. Visits Mvs.
Deane, at Wethersfield, 26 7, 268.
274 ; 280. 289.
Watson, ca|)tain of sliip .fuiiif-s, 195.
Weld), ("ol. Charles. 237, 277.
Mrs. Hannah, 361.
Joseph, 14.5, u;9, 174, 186, 219,
267, 27 7, 281, 31l'.
Samuel 15., 166, 272, 281. Let-
ters to Mr. Deane, 187, 284. Ap-
pointed lieutenant, 240. Marches
to Candjridge, 243. Aid to Gen. !
Putnam, 291. '
Webster, John, governor of Connec-
ticut, .)5. Withdraws t'rom Hart-
ford church, 0.3, 70, 78, 79, 87. 1
Censured by Mr. Stone, 105, 115. i
Webster, Pelatiah, 294, j
Welles, Thomas, de|). governor, 84.
Wells, Charles, captain of a Weth- ^
erslield company, 3.')2. |
West, Joshua, 235, 239. I
' Western lands. Plan for the settle-
ment of, 131-134.
Wethersfield. Uesolves of town
meeting, (June, 1774,) 135. Con-
tribution to relief of Boston, 137
Volunteer company marches to
I>o>iiin. 211 ; in action at Bunker
Hill. 271. Sickness, in 17 75, 3()8.
Coin])any of volunteers joins Gen.
Lee, 352.
Wethersfield church, 87, 93. Trou-
bles in. IX. John Davenport's let-
ter to, 88.
Wharton, Thomas, 172, 182. 183.
Whipple, Capt. Abraham, 330, 333.
White, John, withdraws from the
Hartford <hnrch, 55.
White, Kev. William, 182.
Whitiug, l\v\. Sanuud, 63.
Whiting, Col. Samuel, 240, 243.
AVigglesworth, Ilev. Micliael, 54, 71.
WUIelt, Nathaniel. 81.
Williams, Rev. Kliphalet, 155.
Wiliiam>, Kzekiel, 137.
Williams, Col. William, 163, 239.
One of the committee of safety,
235. Sent to Philadelphia, 309.
Chosen delegate to Congress, 320.
■Wilnungton, Del., 256,-7.-8.
\\ ilsun, Thomas. 166.
Wilson, Ilev. John, of Boston, 63,
109, 112, 125.
Windham county; proceedings of
delegates from, 159, 161.
Winthrop, John, governor of Con-
necticut, 84.
Witherspoon, Rev. John, 172.
Woleott, Col. Erastus, 138, 225,
230,-1,-5, 322. Sent to conler
with (ien. Gage, 221.
Oliver, delegate to congress.
."20. Takes his seat, 349, 360.
AVolterton, Gregorv, iio.
Woodbridge, N. J.', 164.
Woodbury, 281.
Wooster,Gen. David, 279. 288. Dis-
pleased by Putnam's a|)pointment,
288. Recomuiended by 1!. Sher-
man, 288, 289.
AVright, John. 146.
Wykoir, Mr.,. )fPhiladelphia, 229,281.
Wyllys, Hezekiah. 156.
Wythe, George, of X'irginia, 328.
48
INDIAN NAMES.
i;;
Page.
Abagadusset, Abequaduset,
30
-COMACO,
Abnaki,
7
Connecticut,
-ACADIE, -
26,27
Cuppacommock,
Arawme-,
- 10
Accomack,
10
-Ehfti, -ettu,
-ADCHU, -ACHU,
- 20
Eshqua-,
-ADKXE, -
21
Agamenticus, -
- 10
-GAMI,
Agoncy, -
28
Ganshow-hanne,
Ahquedne, -
- 23
Gonic,
Akoode-, -
28
Alleghany,
12
Hackensack, -
-AMAUG, -
18
-HAX, -HANNE,
Amessagunticook,
- 25
Hassuni;
Ainoskeag,
25
Higganum,
Auasqui;
- 41
-HITTUCK,
Androscoggin,
25
Hoccanum,
Anmesookkantti,
25, 42
HOCQUAUN, -
Annis-squam,
18
Aquednet, -nesit,
- 23
Ishquagoma,
Ashawi; -
S3
Ashawog,
- 33
Kabasse-,
ASHIM,
34
-KAMIGHE,
Ashimuit,
- 34
-KAOODI,
Assini-, . . -
20
-KANTTI, -
-AUKE,
6
Katahdin,
Kauposh-, -
Baamcheenunganoo,
40
Kearsarge,
Bagadoose,
- 38
Keht; kit; -
-BiK,
18
Kehtetukqut, -
Boonamoo;
- 27
Kennebec, -
Kenjua,
Capawonk,
29
Kenosha, -
Cappowonganick,
- 29
Ketumpscut, -
Catumb, -
19
-KI,
Caucomgomoc,
- 17
Kinougami, -
Chabanakongkorauk,
35
Kiskatamenakook
Chabenuk, -
- 35
Kittanning,
Chawonock,
7
Kittatinny,
Chebegnadose,
- 39
Kitchiganii,
( Jhippaquiddick. -
23
Kitchi-sipi,
Cobbosseecontee,
26. 42
-KOMUK,
Cobbscook,
42
! -KONTU, -
Ftgfl.
- 21
8
- 21
23, 24
- 41
17
- 12
42
- 80
8, 12
- 19
19
8
30
- 30
41
- 42
21
- 28
22
- 21
42
- 20
12, 19, 21
- 12
15
- 43
43
- 19
6
17
7
- 12
21
- 17
7
21
23
INDEX,
870
- 21
8
- 21
23, 24
- 41
17
- 12
42
. 30
8, 12
- 19
19
8
30
- 30
41
- 42
21
- 28
22
- 21
42
- 20
12, 19, 21
- 12
15
- 43
43
- 19
6
- 17
7
- 12
21
- 17
7
21
23
Kunclvqiiachu,
Kuppo-,
Lackawanna, -
Lcnapewi-hittuck.
MachiKamic, -
Manati,
Manhasset,
Manliatan, -
Manisses,
Manussinp:,
Massa-, MasTia-,
Massachusetts,
Massapaug,
Massaugatucket, -
Masbcnips,
Maskinoiije,
Maitabfsct,
Mattatniuiseontis, -
Mattapan, -lent,
Mattapony,
Mattapoiset, -
Matchcbiguatus, -
Mauch chunk, -
Menan,
Mennewies,
Meesucontee,
Mianus,
Michigan, -
Missinippi,
Missisaking,
Mississippi,
Misquainacuck,
Mistassini,
MistP-shipu,
Mitch igami, -
Mohicannittuck, -
Montauk,
Moosup,
Moshenupsuck,
-MSK (i'ov -OMPSK),
Munhansick, -
MUNNOII-HAX,
Mushauwomuk,
Mystic,
NAlAG,
Namasket, -
Nameaug,
Nameiake, -
Narragansett, -
Nashauekoinuk,
Nashaue,
Nashua, Nashaway,
Natchaug,
20
21, 29
12
8
17
22
23
22
22 I
23'
- 15 i
20 i
- 15 '
32 i
- 38,
43 '
35 i
25 1
- 34
35!
- 35
39!
- 20
22
23
25
37
17
15
31
7
42
- 20
7
17
8
23
37
- 38
18
23
22
- 5, 35
8
- 29
42 !
- 38
38 I
- 29;
21
21, 33
33
- 33 1
Naiimkeag,
Nayatt, Nayot,
Ne.^saooa-, -
Newichawanock.
Nimpanickhickanuh,
Niri'E, NKBI, -
Nippissing,
Noank,
NoiiU;
Norwottock, -
Noyaug,
Nunni;
Nuniiepoag,
Nunkertunk, -
Nyack,
Occoquan,
Ogkome-. -
Ogquidne,
Ohio,
-OlIKE, -OKE, -
Okhucquan,
Oiighin-sipon, -
-OMPSK,
Oswego,
Ouschankaniang, -
Pacatock.
Par/uan-, -
Pahke-,
Pahquioque,
Paquabaug.
Paquiaug, -
Pascoag,
Pasquotank,
Passaniaquoddy,
Patuxet, -ent,
-paug,
Pauf/ui;
Paiiquepaug, -
Pauat-.
Pautuck,
Pawating, -
Pawcatuck,
Paw tucket,
Pemadene,
Pemi-,
Pemaquid,
Pemetiq, -
Pemigewasset,
Pcmiji;
Pemijigomc, -
Pen-,
Penobscot,
Pequabuck,
Pequaunoo,
Page.
43
- 29
22
- 12
37
14
15
- 29
11
11
29
- 16
16
- 29
29
- 30
10
- 23
13
6
30
- 13
18
- 31
18
«
40
16, 40
39
16,40
39
- 11
11
26, 43
9
15
39
16
9
!t
9
S
8,9
- 41
40
- 41
41
- 41
40
- 40
19
- 19
16
- 40
880
iNr>r \ \ \ AM Rs.
Pe.MC'itum-, -
I'tske-,
Pt's(|iiiiniS('ot,
I'l'ltiiiiiiiinsciil.
I'i'tii(k(|iiii| k,
/'fiii/.'iiii-.
Pik;iii;^liciiiiliik.
I'liiir-. -
-J'ISK. -PHK,
Pisc;it;i((iia, -(|iiO{j.
I'iscatiiwiiy, -ii(|ius.
PoiU'tqiiussing,
Pohqiti-,
PniKimo:
Pofiiiannoc,
Poutiixat,
Powhatan, -
Pymatuning, -
I»yf|uaa}r, -
Pitmmeeche-, -
Qtiansiffamaiig,
Quiliitamt'iulc,
Quiniii-,
Quinnihtieiit, -
Qnini'baug,
QiiiiU'poxut, -
Qiiiniii|)iac.
-fJUODUY. -KANITI,
Qiionsha[)aiig,
Qiissnk.
Qiiunkwadcliii,
Sa<'0. -
Saiiad alloc k.
Saganaw,
SagiH'iiay. -
Safiuatiu'kot, -
Saiigatnek,
Saiikimk.
Si';i()()niiiiiaka(l(ly, -
Si'giibbiinakaddy,
Ski'u, Skip, sipi, -
lij
38,
i:. 1.!
Ill
II
IM
l(i
IN
10
18
II
11
!)
,10
27
to
9
10
41
30
L'fi,
18
36
8. 15
8
16
16
15
27
■t.'J
10
20
30
30
31
31
32
32
31
27
26
Sliaiiiiic.
Shawiiiiit.
Sliawwiiuk.
Sliuln-iiacadic.
Sliiiiniiit,
Sicaiiicik. Siickiaiig.
Soakatiick.
Soiiii-.
S()nki|)aiig.
Sowaiiuliki',
S([naiii.
S((iiaiiiai'Ut,
S(|iiaiiiiiiagonie,
S(|iiaiiisfot,
Shc/cI;
Swainscot,
-TCniTAN', -
'rcmigami,
'IVtii|iii't, Titiciit, -
'roinlit'ganomset,
Traeady, -die.
-TUK, -
UlIQUON, -
Wadciii-,
Wam])aiioags,
Wrniii.'i/iijiii'-,
Wangunbog,
Wap.iiiacliki, -
WlToWOCOIllOOO,
Winiu'pt'saukee,
\ViiiiR'i<(jnainsaiikit,
Winidsiininit, -
^Vnog(|lletookoke, -
\V()nas(|uatii','ket,
\\'i>\Kr.\, W'ONGUN',
Woiigattiit'k. -
\VonkL'maug,
AVongunpaiig, -
Wonni'siiuain,
Wuskowhaiiaiiaukit,
34
36
33
■Hi
34
t
32
- HI
16
7
18
42
42
- 18
7
- 18
12
- 17
11
- 19
28
8
30
- 20
6
18, 41
16
7
21
32, 33
18
- 34
30
- 41
29
- 29
18
16
18
7
PaftP.
,!(;
•-'ti
I
.'»2
III
Ui
7
18
- 42
42
l«
I
- IS
12
17
11
19
28
8
30
- 20
6
18, 41
16
7
21
32, 33
18
34
30
41
29
- 29
18
16
18