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 f ■: 
 
 - f : 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 : •: 5 ■■ 
 
 6 
 
IN] 
 
THE COMPOSITTON OF 
 
 i 
 
 UdlA^ GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 
 
 ILLUSTRATED FROM THE 
 
 ALGO:N^Km LA]:^GUAGES. 
 
 BY ,1. HAMMOND TRUMBULL. 
 
 ,i 
 
 ■n 
 
 ! 
 
 u 
 
 \l 
 
PRESS (IF 
 
 Cask, Lficicwooi) & Brainark, 
 
 I! a r t to r il , Conn. 
 
 A p 
 
 upon { 
 ei'ty to 
 tioii, il 
 nal hi 
 of i)or 
 sciuu.s 
 
 l)Ut 1)C 
 
 till wli 
 \)\ phc 
 its sel: 
 from t 
 turc t( 
 oucc' 
 places 
 solute 
 meani 
 ins>' in 
 Clmrli 
 nati, 1 
 on a \. 
 mark 
 mark 
 namos 
 
 *iMil 
 tMa: 
 
ON TIIK COMPOSITION OF 
 
 INDIAN (;k()(;haimii('al names. 
 
 A Pi{(»pi:ii NAMic lias Ik'011 (lofmcd to bo " a more mark put 
 upon an inilividual, ami ol' Avliioli it is the clianiotoristic prop- 
 erty to br (h'xtifiifc of inenniii!/.'"* W we aeoopt this dcfmi- 
 tion, it lollows tliat tliofo are no propiT names in the aborigi- 
 nal lanjiua.u'es of America. p]vory Indian synthesis — names 
 of j)ersons and i)lacos not oxcopfed — nnist "preserve the con- 
 sciousness of its roots," and nnist not only have a meaning 
 but 1)0 so framed as to convey that meaning with ]trecision, to 
 all who speak the language to which it belongs. Whenever, 
 by jthonetic corruption or l)y change of circumstance, it loses 
 its self-interpreting or solf-deliniiig power, it nuist lie discarded 
 from the language. '-It lecjuii'es tradition, society, and litera- 
 ture to maintain forms which can no longer l)o analyzed at 
 ouce."t In our own language, such forms may hold their 
 places by prescriptive right or force of custom, and names ab- 
 solutely unmeaning, or applied without regard to their original 
 meaning, are accepted by conunon consent as the distinguish- 
 ing uuirks of persons and places. Wo call a man William or 
 Charles, .lones or Jh-own, — or a town, Now LeI)anon, Cincin- 
 nati, Baton Rongo, or IJig Bethel — ;iust as wo put a number 
 on a policeman's I)adge or on a post-ottice box, or a trado- 
 uuirk on an article of merchandise ; and the number and the 
 mark are as truly and in nearly the same sense projjor 
 names as \hv oliiers are. 
 
 
 * Jlill's Lojric, n. I. cli. viii. 
 
 fMax Mtillcr, Science of I^anguage, (1st Scries,) p. •J!)2. 
 
THIO COMPOSITION or 
 
 f; 
 
 Not thai |M'rsoiiul or pi'o|i('i- iiiiiiu's. in iiiiy liiii^iuiiii'c wcfo 
 on'i/iu<i/h/ iiK'iT ai'liili'iiry sounds, (|<'voi(l ol" nu'!inin<i'. 'I'lu' 
 first tiaiuos or tlic lirst IJrown conld, donlitlcss, have jiivcn 
 as good a reason lor his name as the lirst Aliraliani. lint 
 changes of hingnagc; and lapse of finie made the iianies inde- 
 pendent of the reasons, and look from them all their signifi- 
 cance. Patrick is not now, <'o nomine, a ' patrician ;' Ihidget 
 is not necessarily ' sti'ong' or *■ hright ;' and in the name of 
 Mary, hallowed hy its associations, only tlie etymologist can 
 detect the primitive ' l)itterness.' Boston is no longer ' St. 
 Hotolph's Town;' there is no 'Castle of liie inhaliitants of 
 Hwiccia' {Jlivic-irara-<-eu.stey') to he seen at AVorcester : and 
 Hartford is neither ' the lord of harts,' (which the city seal 
 lias made it,) noi- ' the red ford,' which its name once indi- 
 cated. 
 
 In the same way, many Indian geographical names, after 
 their adoption by Angio-Amei'ican colonists, liecame unmean- 
 ing sounds. Their original character was lost hy their trans- 
 fer to a foreign tongue. Nearly all luive suflL'red some muti- 
 lation or change of form. In many instances, hardly a trace 
 of the original can he detected in the modern name. Some 
 have hcen se])arated from the localities to which they he- 
 longed, and assigned to others to which they are etymologi- 
 cally inappropriate. A mountain receives the name of a river ; 
 a bay, that of a cai)e or a peninsnla ; a tract of lan<l, that of a 
 rock or a waterfall. And so ' Massac'husetts' and ' Comiecti- 
 cut' and ' Narragansett' have come to \w prcpcr naiiics,i\ii 
 truly as 'Boston' and 'Hartford' are in their cis-Atiantic 
 appropriation. 
 
 The Indian languages tolerated no such ' mere marks.' 
 Every name described the locality to which it was allixeil. 
 The description was sometimes UqHu/raphiad ; sometimes his- 
 torical, preserving the memory of a battle, a feast, the dwell- 
 ing-place of a great sachem, or the like ; si^netimcs it ' di- 
 cated one of the natural jrrodiicfs of the place, or the ani)iials 
 which resorted to it ; occasionally, its position or dinction 
 frt)m a place previously known, or from the territory of the 
 
INHIAN (IKl)(;i;.\rill(Al. NAMKS. 
 
 iiiitioii liv wliicli llic iiaiuc was nivcii. — as for ('.\aiii|il(', ' tlif 
 land oil till' otlicr sidi; of tlic rivi-r,' ' lichiiid tlif iiioiiiiluiii,' 
 * llic cast land.' • tli(3 liulf-Wiiy place,' i^-c. 'J'lic same name 
 ini.u'lit bo, ill fact it very often was, tiivcn to more places than 
 one ; hut these must not l)e so near loucther that mistakes or 
 doidtts could l)e occasioned l)y the repetition. With this pre- 
 caution, there was no reason why lliere miulit not \h- as many 
 MJreat Rivers.' ' Jieuds.* ' Foi-ks." and ' Water-fall places" as 
 tiiere arc AVashinjitons, Fi'ank'lins, I'nions, and Kairphiys in 
 the list of American iiost-oHices. 
 
 With few exccp'.ions, the structure of these names is sim- 
 ple. Ncai'ly all may he I'eferred to one of three classes : 
 
 I. Tlios(^ foi'uied hy the union of two elements, which we 
 will call (iLlJt'iilvitl and sifhshoilirul :* with or without a loca- 
 tive .suffix 01' post-position uieaninu' 'at, *in.' " liy." •near.' 
 A-c. 
 
 J I. TIkjsc which have a sinule element, the sii/>.s/<iH(ir(tl 
 or • li'round-word,' with its locative suflix. 
 
 111. Those Ibi'iued IVom verlis, as parlicipials or verlial 
 nouns, <lenolinu'a /ilacc /r7/(;n; the action of the verh is per- 
 formed. To this class helouLi', lor example, such names as 
 Mushnuwoiiitilc (l>ostoii). ' where theru is goini:-liy-l)oat.' /. c, 
 a ferry, or caiioe-crossiiiii'. ,Mosi of tlu'se names, however. 
 may he shown hy riuid analysis to ijclonu' to one of the two 
 preceding classi's, which com[)rise at least lune-tenths (jf all 
 Algonkin local names wliich have lieeu pi'cservcd. 
 
 
 4 
 
 %' 
 
 i':< 
 
 The examj)les 1 shall give ol' these tlu'ce classes, will he 
 taken Irom Algoukiu lauguagt-s ; chielly from the 31assacliu- 
 
 *TliL'si' terms, thon^iU not strictly MjiproiiriMtc to Iiuliaii syniliois, arc 
 siitlit'ii'Utly explicit tor the [mrposes of this jnipcr. Tliey arc liiinii\vc(| 
 from llie author of " Wonlsaml Places" (the llev. Isaac Taylor), wlm has 
 eiuployeil them ("Jil eil., ]). Kio) as ecpiivalents of Fursteiiiaim's •• Hcstim- 
 iiuiiigswort " and ■• (iruiidwort," ( Die (hidschcn Ortsimmi'.n. Noi-tiliaiisen, 
 I.SO.'J, pj). ■>{'> — 1(»7, 1011 — 17-1). In Jnilian names, the " Hestiminuiigsworl " 
 sometimes corrt'spmids to the jji^lisli adjective — sninetiiiie> to a noun 
 substantive — l)ut is m(jre generally an mlrerh. 
 
 |t> 
 
6 
 
 Tin; roMi'OPnioN op 
 
 setts or NatU'k (wliii-li wms siil)s|!mtiiilly tlic siiiiic iis lliiit 
 
 spoken liy tlio Nari'ii^'iinsett.s iiiiil Coiinccticiit Imliiiiis), (lie 
 
 Altiiiiki, tlio liCiiiii-FjciiApc til- Dcliiwiirc, llic ('liippcwa. or 
 ()iili\vii,v, iiiid till' KiiistciKt or ("roe.* 
 
 Of luuiios of the Jirsf chiss, in eential and southern New 
 Knji'himl, some of the more eonimon siihstantival components 
 or ' gntund-wonls' are tliose which denote JmhU or t'i>iotlrif, 
 Hirer, Wati i\ Lah' or J\>nd, Fi'x/tliii/-/>/iice, Ji'oo/c, Muuntain, 
 JiicldKiirc, and IshiniL 
 
 1. The Massut.'hnsetts OHKK {^iwv. ni'ike ; I)elaware, /ir/r'/r/ ; 
 Chip. (Mr : Aljnaki, '/«';) sij^'nifies land, and in h»eal names, 
 Pi.ACK or coi'NTliY. Tlie llnal \owel is sometimes lost in eom- 
 ))(jsilion. Witli tlie locative sufllx. it lii'Cdmcs ohkit (Del. 
 Imr/cliii/ : t'iiip. ii/i/cl" ; Aim. kik ;) nt or in a phiee or country. 
 
 To the Xarragansetts proper, the country east of Narra^'an- 
 sett Hay and Providence l?iver was ira"i>im-aiike, ' east land ;' 
 and its peoplt; were called liy the Dutch explorers, Wajicnokis, 
 and \>y tlie Kuii'lish, Wdin/mnixii/s. The trihes of the upper 
 St. iiawrence tauuht the French, and trihes south of the I'is- 
 
 * It li;is mil lict'ii lli(iii;ilit iulvisiihlc to ;i(ti'iii|it tlic reduction oC words 
 or iiMiiH's t:dii'ii li-oiii dilliTciit Iiiii!:iiii;;l's lo ii unilonii ortlioiiriipliv. AVlien 
 no Miillioiilius Mil' iiiiiiu'd, it iiimv lie iiiidi.'1'stoiid tliiil tliu ^Massacliusetts 
 words nil! lakcii I'ldiii KiiotV n':m<latioii of tlii' IJiiiic, or from his Indian 
 (ii'Mimiiar; tin- N'arrai;niisctt, from lioj^cr AViliiams"s Indian Key, and his 
 pnlilisln'ii letters; ilie Alinaki, from llie Dictionary of Ualc (I{asli's), 
 edited liy Dr. I'iekerinu'; the Delaware, from Zeislierner's A'ocaliulary anil 
 Ids (irammai': tlie ('lii]i|iewa. from Selioolcralt (iSidi.), Iiaraj;a's Diction- 
 ary ami (iranimar (l'>.), and lliu Spelline- Hooks publislied by the Ameri- 
 can Hoard of Commissioners of Foreign Missions; anil the Cree, from 
 Ilowse's (iranimar of that lan^iinii'e. 
 
 The ch;iracler r/* (win'Ibod;' win ' A\'al)ash,' ' \\'isconsiir), used by 
 Eliot, has iiecii suiistitiited in Abnaki words for the Greek ii of Rale and 
 the Jesuit missionaries, and for the iTi of Campanius. A small " placed 
 above the line, shows that the vowel which it t'ollows is iiasal, — and re- 
 places the ii emploved for the same purj)ose by Kale, and the short line or 
 dash jdaced under a vowel, in l'ickerinj;"s aljihabet. 
 
 In Kliot's notation, oh usually represents the sound of o in i»ykr and in 
 j'lirm, — that of broad u; but sometimes it stands lor short <i, as in )iol. 
 
INDIAN (;i;nnRAPHI('AL NAMKS. 7 
 
 Ciita(|Uii tiui<>lil, IIk; Kiitilisli, to ^ivo tlir luinic of I'liist-lnmlcrs 
 — A/iitiaifiilx, or A/ilmi/ns — to the linliiiiis oj" Miiiin!. 'I'lic 
 coiintiT of the Dt'liiwiircs wiis ' oast land,' \V<(/><ni'ir/i/ii\ to 
 Al^'oiikiii iiatiniis of tlio west. 
 
 The ' Vhdwn'onock,^ or ' C/iairniiofkr,' ol" ('apt. .loliii Siiiitli. 
 — on what is now known as Cliowan irivoi-, in \'ir<iinia and 
 Noi'tli Carolina, — was, to tlu; i'owhattans and other Viruiniaii 
 trilies, the ' sf)uth country," or suwan-ohke, as Kliol wrote; 
 it, in f«en. xxiv. iVl. 
 
 With tht; adjectival xiick!, "dark-colored," ' hhu'kish," w(! 
 !iave th(! al)ori,u'inal name of the South Meadow in Jlartford, 
 — Kiic/cl-ohke, (written Sicciionk, Sitckutncj, ttc. ). ' Whiek earth.' 
 
 Wiis/coirha)i(ni-aiik-lf.''n\ the pijicon country,' was tiic name 
 (as ji;iveii liy lloi-'er Williams) of a "' place where these fowl 
 hrcctl ahundantly," — in the northern part of the Nipmnck 
 country (now in Worcester county, Mass.). 
 
 '' Kiskatruiunakook,^ the name of a brook (l)ut originally, of 
 some locality near the l)rook) in Catskill, N. V.,* is kiskato- 
 ml iiafc-tnih', '' [Aiivii of thin-slMdled nuts" (or sha<.^-bark hick- 
 ory nuts), 
 
 2. RiVKit. Si'lp or i^e/Jii (Del. xt/>o ; ('hi|i. x/'pc ; Al)n. 
 nijxn ;) the Alg'oidcin word for ' river' is dei'ived from a root 
 that means ' stretched out,' ' extended,' ' ])eeome long',' and 
 corresponds nearly tct the English ' stream.' This word rarely, 
 if ever, enters into the coni[)osition of local names, and, so 
 far as I know, it does not make a pai't of the nana; of any 
 river in New England. Mixxlssiiipi is mixsi-dpH, *• great 
 river;' KUclii-Kipi, 'chief river' or 'greatest river,' was the 
 Montag'uais name of the St. Lawrence ;t and Misti'-xhipii is 
 their modern name for the Moisc or 'Great River' which 
 flows from the lakes of the Labrador peninsula into the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence. J 
 
 *Doc. Hist, of New York (4to), vol. iii. p. 65tJ. 
 
 fJesuit llclations, 16.^3, lG3ti, 1610. 
 
 % Hind's Exploration of Labrador, i. 9, 32. 
 
 !i 
 
TIIK <'OMI'nsiri()N i»|' 
 
 Nriir ilir Atliititii- snUMiitnl, ilii> musl ('Dtiiiiiun Milistnntivnl 
 r()in|Miiu'iil.s (if river ii;imcs ;iic ( I) -Ink :iiiil ('J) -/uinih\ -Imn, 
 nv -/niini. Ncitlicr (if llicsr is iin iiiili'|ii'iii|i'iit wmd. 'I'licy 
 iii't' iii-i'|(;iriilp|(' iKMiiis-'ji'iii'iif, ui- ijciicrif iillixcs. 
 
 -TUK (.Mm. -fri/ii>r ; Mel. -ilhi/r:) (Iriiutcs it river wlinsc 
 wiitcrs iirc (Irivfii /// /nirfs, liy tiilrs or uiiid. It is ruiiiiil ill 
 iiiiiucs III" lidal rivers iiml esdiiirics ; less rrei|iieiilly, in names 
 i\\' broad iiHil deep >^i\vi[ii\A, ]u>{ iil'leeled liy tides. Witli llie 
 iidjectiviil jiilsui, 'jirent.' it I'ornis iiiisxi-tii/c, — now written 
 Mi/niif, — the name i>i' Mlie ureat river' of Mostmi liuy, and of 
 anotjier widc-niontlied tidal river in tlic l'oi|not eonntry, wliieli 
 now divides llu; towns of Stoiiini:ion and (Jrolon. 
 
 Near tlie eastern lioundary of tiie l'ei|iiot eountiw, was the 
 river which the Narrauanselts called l\i'iiiat-tuli\ sonu'tinics 
 written /'iiijihfDfk, now P'lirtuifiii'/c, ' l'e(|not river.' — the pres- 
 ent eastern hoimdai'v of (,'onnecticnt. .\nother adjectival 
 prefix. /)i>h/,l or /i<i/i/:i!, ■ pMre.' 'clear,' found in the name of 
 several tiilal sti-eanis. is hardly disfinjiuishalile from tlio 
 forinei', in the modern forms of Piiiuilofh\ /'aiicftin'/c, iSic. 
 
 'JiiIhiu-IiiIc is the • lon^' I itlal-rivei'." With the locative alVix, 
 (^>i(lnni-tii/i-i(l, 'on lonj;' river.' — now < '(iiniriitriil, — was the 
 nanio of the valley, or lands lioth sides of the river. In one 
 early deed (ItiotJ), I Iiml the name written <Jin'iu'li(cqiirf ; in 
 another, of the same year, (JnoUlciilt. Rouei' Willianis 
 (ltl4:i) has (Juniiihllciit, and calls the Indians of this region 
 (Jiiiiitik-d'ic/,\ i.e. •the lonii' river people.' 'i'he (• in the 
 .soooiul syllal)le of the nutdern name has no hiisiiuiss there, 
 and it is diflicnlt to find a reason for its iiitrusioii, 
 
 ' Lenapewih'ittiiflc" was the Delaware nanu! of ' the river of 
 the Lenape.' and ' Mo/tli'toiniUnck,' of ' tlie river of the Mo- 
 liieans' (Hudson lliver)." 
 
 Of Pawtucki't and /'tn('fii.ret, tlu; eonipusition is less ohvi- 
 uns ; hut we have reliahle Indian testimony that these names 
 mean, respectivtdy, 'at the tails' and 'at the little falls.' 
 
 I' 
 
 * Ileekewilder'.s Ilistoiitnl iiccount, &e., p. JKl. He was mistakfii in 
 translating ''tlic word hiliin-l,-." l>y -'a rajpid stream." 
 
INDIAN CKuCltAlMIICAL NAMES. 
 
 9 
 
 l'ci|inii :iii(| NiirniuiiiiNcll iiilcr|iirtcis, in |tl7'.". (Icchu'cd tlml 
 llliii'kstoiic'.s Uivcr. uiiH •' I'lillfil ill Imliaii /'niifnrk ( wliicli 
 sijiiiilics. ii l''iill), Itcfiiust! lln'ir til*' IVi'sli Wiitcr lulls iiitu the 
 Mill uiifci'."* Sii, the ii|i|n'r I'lills uf the (^iiiiicl)iiiiLi' i'i\»'i' (at 
 I^aulclsiiiivilli', ("((iiii.) were called ^' l'nirnhic/,\ uliicli is n 
 ^•('licl'iil iiaiiic I'or all Kails," as liuliiiiis ol' llial ii'uinii tcs- 
 tiric{l.|- 'riii'iT was aiKttlirr I'aiitiickct, ' at tlic falls ' dl' the 
 Mcri'iiiiac (iHiw iidwcll): ami aiidtlior on Wcsllirlil llivcr, 
 Mass. P<iiii.ii.ii t, \.i'. jniii't-lii/,--rfi-lf, is the i'i'u:iilarlv lurimMl 
 (liiniimtivc ul" jxnil-hi/c-ll. '\lw villiijic of I'awtuxct, four 
 miles south of I'ldvidfiu'c. U. I., is "at the little falls" of the 
 river to wliidi tlieir name lias lieeii lian^ferreil. Tlie lirst set- 
 tlers ol' IMvinoulli were inforiued liv Sanioset, that the |»hu'0 
 whieli they had ehoseii for their plantation was called ' /V/- 
 (ii.nf,' — prolialilv liecause of some 'little falls" on Town 
 JJrook.J Thi'i'"' was another • raiituxet.' or • I'owtiixet,' ou 
 the Quiiu'liauti', nl the lower falls: and a river "Patuxct' 
 (I'atuxent), in .NraiTlaiid. The s;iiue name is ingcuioiisly 
 disiiiiised l>y Campaniiis, as • /'(niiti/iirxniii;/,'' which ho men- 
 tions as one ol' the principal towns of the Indians on tho 
 Delaware, just helow the lower falls of that river at Tri.'iilon ; 
 and ' I'outaxiit ' was understood hy the Swedes to he the 
 Indian name both of the river and l»ay.§ The adjectival 
 jxtii'l- or /xiHut- seems to he derived from a root meaning 
 ' to make a loud noise.' It is found in many, perhaps in all 
 Alfi'onkin lunguaues. ' J\in'aliii</,' as Schoolcraft wrote it, 
 was the Chippewa name of the Sault Sto. Mario, or Falls of 
 St. ^^avy"s River, — pronounced /mi'i-dl-hiij', or /ndi-dl-ii", the 
 last syllable represontinii' tin; locative aflix, — "at the Falls." 
 
 *C(il. Records of Connccticat, ir.77— HO, p. 27.'j. 
 
 t Chandler's Survej- of the Molu';.'a!i cuimtiy, 170."i. 
 
 JScc Mourt's Relation, Dcxter's edition, j))). HI, !•!, !)!». Misled l)\ a 
 form (if tliis name, PaknLosi, j^iven in the Ajtpcndix to Savage's Winthrop 
 (ii. 478) iind elsewhere, 1 sugfiested to Dr. De.\ter another derivation. 
 See his note 21)7, to ISIoiirt, p. H4. 
 
 JjDcscrii). of New Sweden, b. ii. cli. 1, 2; Frond's Hist, of Peinisvlva- 
 nia, ii. 2.")2. 
 
 it '■ ' 
 
 
10 
 
 TIIK COMPOSITION OF 
 
 The siunc name is Iniiiid in Viruinia. uiidcr a disiiiiisc which 
 has hith(M'to pi'ovcntccl its rocouiiilioii. ("a;)t. .lohii Smith 
 informs us that tlie •* place of wliicii their threat Emperor 
 talvcth his name" of /'oir/iofiiii, or Pdiiuilav, was near •■ the 
 Falls" of .lames River,* where is now the city of llichmond. 
 ' I'owatan" is paiint-luDnie, or ■ falls on a. rapid stream.' 
 
 Acdicmr ov ()i/k'))iir (Chip. ci(/(i)iu' : .Mm. i((ja"ni! ; I)e!. df/ii/n- 
 iiicii ;") means 'on the other side,* • over aiiainst." ■ lieyoiid.' 
 .\s an adjectival, it is found in Ai-mrni-KHhi'^ the modern 
 ' Afcomac,' a peninsula east of Chesapeake l!ay, which was 
 'other-side laiul' to tli(; I'owhiitaus of \'ir^iiiia. The site 
 of i'lymouth, Mass, was called ' .Vccomack' liy ('apt. John 
 Smith, — a name uiven not l)y the huliaiis who occupied it 
 hut hy those, [)rolialily. who lived farthci' north, "on the other 
 side" of I'lymouth Hay. The coiiidries of Kurope were callecl 
 •other-side lauds,' — Narr. afdirincn-uitki : Aim. (('/('"iiKii-diki. 
 With -tiik, it forms iicainiicn-tiih (Al)ri. (i^-(i"iin'n-ti'(i(i>'), • other- 
 side river.' or, its diminutive, afawiuen-ink-fa ( Ahn. ai/(i"iii(')i- 
 tegon'ssiii'), ' the small other-side river," — a name first tiiven 
 (as AiiamenticiiH or Aeconu'iitifiix') to York, Me., from the 
 ' snuill tidal-river hcyond' the I'lscataqua, on which that 
 town Mas planted. 
 
 Pe^kt'-tuk (Ahn. pexkr-lc^j.-mr') denotes a ' uavV/rJ river,' or 
 a river which another f/cKroa. \t is not ij,'enerally (if ever) 
 apjdied to one of the 'forks' which unite to form the main 
 stream, Itut to some consideralile trihutary received hy the 
 main stream, or to the divisi<m of the stream liy some oh- 
 stacle, near its mouth, whitdi makes of it a ' douhle I'ivjr.' 
 ' Tlie primary meaning of the (adjectival) root is ' to divide in 
 two,' and the secondary, • to s[)lit,' • to divide J'orri/i/i/, or <ih- 
 nipth/.' These shades of meaning are not likely to l)e de- 
 tected under the disguises in which river-names come down 
 
 *"Triic Relation of Viri;iiii;i," iV. (l)i.'aiii.''s edition. Boston, ISdll). p. 
 7. On Smith's map, 1 GOG, th(> • King's bonsc,' at •y^'fc/id^o?,' is marked 
 just below "The Fales" on • Powhatan jlu:' or James River. 
 
 ■Hi 
 
INUJAN UKtKiliAlMllCAl, NA.MKS. 
 
 11 
 
 to o\\\' time. Rale trnuslatcs ne-iicukr, "Jc vjis clans le ehciuiu 
 qui t'li coupe nil iiiitro :" pcshnliakinn, " hniiiclic." 
 
 /'isculu'iitrt. I'iis('iitii(|iia. iVi'.. rciti'csciit tlic Aim. /tetikr- 
 te(/(iir, ' (lividcil tidal-riviT.' Tlic wonl lor 'jilacc' (ohkc, 
 Aliii. 7"/.) Ix'iiij:' aildctl. uives the I'oriu PtnaitcujHak ov -qnnij. 
 Tiiorc is aiiotlier Pixcaiaiiutji. in X(?w Jersey, — not far below 
 tlio Jiiiiciioii of the north and south lnaiiehes ol" the Raritan, 
 — and a Piscataway river in Maryland, which empties into 
 the Potomac; a /'/'scd/ai/uo;/ rivt!r, triliiitary to the Merrimae, 
 in New Hampshire ; a I'isi-ntaiiiiis (diminutive) in Maiiio, 
 which eiP])ties into the iViiohscot. PuxiiKotank, the name of 
 an arm of Alhcniarle Sound and of a small river which Hows 
 into it. in Moilli Carolina, has prolial)ly the same origin. 
 
 The adjectival jn'xkr, nv /tiskr, is found in many other com- 
 pound names liesides those which are formed with -Ivk or 
 -/iiiuiic: as in Pa.scodi^-, for pcxkr-((iiki\ in liurrilviilc, R. L, 
 ' the diviirni<!,' [ilace" ol' two liraiiclies of lUackstone's River; 
 and J^c^tiiiaw.seuf, in South Ivin^ston, R. 1., which (if the 
 name is rightly given) is '• at the tlivided (or cleft) rock," — 
 /i('.ykr-oiiii>sk-iif. — perhajis souk; ancient laiul-mark, on or near 
 the margin of Wordeu's Pond. 
 
 Noeit-liik (ydd/ififk. Eliot), ' in the middle of the river,' 
 may lie, as Mr. .ludd* and others have suj)posed, the name 
 which has been variously corrnpred to Norwottock, Nonotack, 
 Noatucke. Nawottok, A'c. If so, it probably belonged, origi- 
 nally to one of the necks or peninsulas of meadow, near 
 Northampton, — such as that at riockanum, whiidi, by a 
 change in the ciair^e of the river at that point, has now be- 
 come an island. 
 
 Tctunirt or Tiliciif. which passes for the Indian name of 
 Taunton, and of a. lishiim' place ou Taunton River in the 
 iioi'th-west part of ]\liddleboroiigh, .Mass., shows how ellecl- 
 ually such names may be disguised i)y phonetic corruption 
 and mutilation. K</ilc-/iik-iit (or as Eliot wrote it in (Jencsis 
 \v. is, Kehlci/tfiih/iil) means ' on the great river.' In the 
 
 •^ ilistcirv (.r II:i(ll('v. up. li'l. V>-Jt. 
 
 ^1 
 
12 
 
 THK COMI'OSmoN (l|.' 
 
 \At}" 
 
 li 
 
 •^' 
 
 Plynioutli Colony Records \\v timl tlio tonus'' CdiilfdlculC 
 and ' Cofcticntt,'' and olscwlu'i'c, Kditrlitioit. — the hitter, in 
 l(.i!i<S, as ilie name of a place on the <ireat rivei', " lietween 
 Taunton and Bridgewater." Ileiiee. ' 'IVji'hlaeutt," ' T(!ii>iita- 
 <|ui(l,' • 'rcti(|uet, A-e.* 
 
 (2). The other substantival eoni|»onen( of I'ivei'-nauies. 
 -HANNB or -MAN (Abu. -ts(ii<i"n or -Ui"n ; Mass. -Irhintii :') de- 
 notes 'a rapid stream' or 'current;' prinuirily, '•fiowinu' 
 water." In tlie ^lassachusclts and Altnaki. it occurs in such 
 compounds as (inii-tchiKni (Aim. r//-/'/-'"/;*/"//). ' it "/"cr-flows :" 
 ki(i^x!-tchii((ii (Abu. kcxIUsfiKi")!), * it mriff flows." itc. 
 
 In Pennsylvania and Viru'inia. where the streams whicdi 
 rise in the hitiiilamls How down rapidly descendinu' slopes, 
 -haiuir is more couuuou than -ttik or xi'fni in river names. 
 Kcht-hanm' (kltttin., Zeisb. ; kithannv, JJkw.) was a name 
 given to the [)(daware lliver as "the pi'inci|)al or greatest 
 stream" of that reuion : and ipy the western l)(dawares, to the 
 Ohio.f With the locative termination, h'ift<nniliii/ (Penn.) 
 is a jdace 'on the u'rcati'st stream." The Schuylkill was 
 Ganshmr-hannf"', ' noisy stream :" the Lackawanna. Lcc/iaii- 
 hannr, 'forked stivam " or ' stream that forks :'J with aflix, 
 Leclnniliannak or LcclKum'altamiak, 'at the river-fork," — for 
 which Ileiidrick Aupanuit, a Mnhhekan, wrote (with dialec- 
 tic I'xcluiuiie of /i for Delaware/) '• Naukhiimrhnaiik,'' 'The 
 Forks" of the jMiami.§ 'I'he same name is found in New En<>- 
 land, disguised as Xewichawanock, Xuchawanack, &c., as 
 near J^erwick. ^le., • at the fork" or eoufluence of Cocheco 
 and Salmon Fall rivers. — tlie ' Xe'/hcc/iriranck' of Wood's 
 Mai) (l'''-'0- Pmclialiin, lor Pi(i(af-h(tnne, 'at the Falls on 
 a rapid stream,' has been ju'eviously noticed. 
 
 Allcg'Jtdin/, oi' as some prefer to write it, Alleght'uy. — the 
 Algonkin name of the Ohio Rivei', bnt now resti'ictcd to one 
 
 * Sl'c Ilisl. ^^l^'Mzill(', \(il. iii. p. IS. 
 
 t lIcckewt'liliT. (Ill biiliaii iiniiics. in 'I'nms. Am. I'liil. Sue. vdI. iv. 
 
 + Ilml. 
 
 ijNarrativt', i^c. in INIrni. Mist. Suciciv nt' I'cnnsvlvMniM. vdl. ii. p. !)7. 
 
INDIAN rrKOGUAPIIK'AL NAMKS. 
 
 1:5 
 
 of its bi'iinclios, — is |H'ol)iilily (Dclawai'L') nrl/tlk-hnnnr or 
 (nlik-hdtiiir, ' the host (or, tiic lairest ) livci-." Wclhilc (as 
 Zcislu'r^cr wroto it)* is tlio iiiaiiiniiitc t'orni (if tii(> adjectival, 
 meaning' ' l)est,' 'most licautirul.' In liis Vocal mlarv, /eis- 
 herger gave this synthesis, with slight change of oi'thograiihy, 
 as " Wiiluvh'neu'' [or (uhikluDincdi, as Eliot wmild have writ- 
 ten it.] with the IVee translation, " (( thif Ulrtr. withont 
 Falls.'' The name was indeed more likely In lielong to rivers 
 'witliout tails' or other olistruction to the passage nf canoes, 
 hnt its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, " l)est 
 rapid-sti'eam," or " linest rajtid-stream ;" " La lUdle Riviere" 
 ol' the French, and the Om'-fjo' or (J Jict' ijo (u'i-luin'-da^ 
 " good river" or " the heautil'nl river," of the Senecas.f For 
 this translation of tlie name we have veiy respectable author- 
 ity, — that of (Christian Frederick Cost, a Moravian (tf Penn- 
 sylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Mnhhekan 
 Indians and was twice married among them, and whose 
 knowledge of the Indian langnages enal)led him to render 
 important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the 
 Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war. 
 In liis ".I(/nrnal from l'liiladel[ihia to the Ohio" in IToS.J 
 after mention of the 'AUeghenny' river, he says : ''The Ohio, 
 as it is called liy the Sennecas. AllcgJu'imi/ is the name of the 
 same river in the Delaware langnage. Jioth ivords sijnify 
 the line or fair river.'' La ^Metairie, the notary of La Salle's 
 exj)edition. " calls the Ohio, the Oliyhinsipoii, or Ahy/iin; evi- 
 dently an Algonkin name," — as Dr. Shea remarks. § llccko- 
 
 * Graniinar of llic Li'imi-Lunape, traiisl. in I")iij)(inceaii, p. 13. •• II'»/(7, 
 jiooii." '' W'eisi/ (mast', and f'oiii.), tlio best." " [iiaiiiiiiate, Wdhih, lii'st." 
 
 f Morjran's LeaifiR' nf tlu; Irii(|iii)is, p. l.'iii. 
 
 f Piil)lislH'(l ill i,()ii(li)n, 17.">lt, and ro-pi'lntod in A])pendix to I'l-dud's 
 Hist, of Pcnn., vol. ii. pp. (i.') — i;i'2. 
 
 § Slu'a's Early Vo\ ajjos on the jMississippi. p. 7,"). 
 
 La ^letairie's ^ Olii/liinsi/mii' siii_';::('sts another possilile di'rivation which 
 uia\ lie worth mention. The Indian name ot' the Alle^hanies has heen 
 said, — I do not now remember on whose anthorilv, — to mean 'Endless 
 Monntains.' • Endless ' cannot be more exaetly expressed in any Aljron- 
 
14 
 
 THK rOMVOSITION OK 
 
 \^ 
 
 welder says tliat tlie neliiwaros "•still eall the Alleo'smy 
 (Oliiii") v'lwv. Allif/r/ri .S/'/ui." — •■the river ol" the AUlneivl'" 
 iis he ehiioses to tnilishite it. In one foini, we have inililc- 
 lunini'itipii^ 'host ra|ii(l-sti'eiiin loiiu-rivcr ;" in the other, 
 /ru/lkr-slpn, • hest lonu-river. I lecl<e\vehler"s derivalioii oi' 
 the name, on the anthority oi" a Delawa'.'c leucnd, I'roin ihe 
 mythic • AUitiCwi' or ' 'J'alligewi.' — -a laee oi" Indians said 
 to have once inhaliited that coniitry," who. after i:reat liattles 
 I'ondit in |ii-e-historic times, weic driven IVoni it hy the all- 
 eon(|nerin,ti' Dtdawarcs.' — is ol' no valne, unless suiiported hy 
 other testimony. The ideutilicatinn of AI/i'<>'Jtniii/ with the 
 Seneea "• Itc <>' nn (j/i no. cold water" [or. cold sprinji',!] pro- 
 posed liy a writer in the li/stnricd/ MaiiKxlnc (vol. iv. p. 1S4), 
 thoujiii not ap[)arent at iirst siuht. miuht deserve consideration 
 if thei'c wei'e any I'cason for lielicvinii' tiie name of the river 
 to he of lro(|nois oriiiin, — if it were prol)alile that an Inupiois 
 name woiild iiave lieeu adopted hy Aludnl<in nations. — or, if 
 the word for 'water' or 'spring' conhl lie made, in any 
 American language, the suhstantival comjtoneut of a, rlri-r 
 uame. 
 
 From the I'lver, the name appears to have heeu transl'erred 
 liv the Enti'lish to a range of the ■■ Endless ^foiMitains." 
 
 ;>. XiPPK, Xli'i {=npi.; Xarr. ti!/> : ^[uhh. hiip : Aim. 
 and Chip, nebl ; D(d. m'lii ;') and its diminutives, iiip/iissc 
 and wZ/As-, were cm))loyed in compound names to deuote 
 WATi:if, generally, without characterizing it as ' swift llovv- 
 Ing,' "wave moved.' • tidal,' or 'staiidiug:' as, lor example, 
 ill the name of a part of a river, where the stream widening 
 with diminished ciu'reut hect)mes lake-like, or of a stretidi 
 
 kni lan^tiiij^e tliiiii by 'very loiiij; ' or ' hjiiirost.' — in tlio Dehnvaix', E/itwi- 
 f/inicu. " 'I'lic vei'v loni; nr loii^iost rivt'r" would lie Vllitii-i-gimcii x'ipu, or, 
 if tlie words woiv ((iiiiiioundtMl in one, l'llHtri-tjunc.<ipu. 
 
 * I'aiKT on hidian names, ul siipr.i, p. ;)(!7 ; Historical Aecoiint. iVr., jip. 
 •>U — :!•_'. 
 
 jiMorgan's licairnc ol' the IriKjuois, pp. ItKi, Ids. 
 
INDIAN GKOOKAIMIICAL NAMKs. 
 
 15 
 
 of tidowiitcr inliiiid, r()niiin<>' n buy or cove ii( u river's moiitli. 
 By tl'.o iiortlioru Al|Li-oiikins, it appears to liave lieeii used for 
 • lake,' as ill the uaiiie of Mixsi-nippi or MixsiiKtbc lake 
 ("ji'rcat water'), and iii that ol' Lake Xiiijihx'nin, which lias 
 the locative aftix, ni/i/iiK-hi;/, 'at the small lake' north-east 
 of the greater Lake JJiiron, whieh gave a name to the nation 
 of ' Xipissings,' or as ilu; Fi-ench ealled them, ' X/'pixsirinietis," 
 — according to Charlevoix, the true Algonkius. 
 
 ihiiunipiac, I'cgarded as the Indian jiame of New JIaven. — 
 also written Quinnypiock, Quiuopiocke, <iuillipiaek, A-e., and 
 l»y President Stiles* (on the authority of au Indian of Ivist 
 Haven) (^'uiniie/n/oor/hq, — is, pro'iahly, 'long water place,' 
 quinni-nippc.-iilike. or (/Kin-nijn-ohke. Kowchec would seem to 
 he another form of the same name, from the Ahnaki, kmnt'- 
 hf-ki were it not that Rale wrote.f as the name of the river, 
 ' A(/hini/'r/c/cr — suggesting a ditfcrent adjectival. J>ut IJiai-d, 
 in the luhdion de la jVoure/le- France, of Idll, lias • h'lnl- 
 ht'i/ui,' Champlain, Qiiinebiyii//, and Vimont, in 1(!40, '(ju'mi- 
 Impn','' so that Ave are Justilied iu' regarding tlie name as the 
 probable equivalent of Quinni-pi-ohlie. 
 
 Wui-n'qiiK'-^iiiikl (Winnipiscogec) will be noticed hei'ealVer. 
 
 4. -i'Aro, -PO(j, -liOG, (Aim. -brjia or -Irf/af ; Del. -/ircat ,-) 
 an inseparable geneivic, denoting • watki; at rkst,' " standing 
 water,' is the substantival component of names of small lakes 
 and pontls. throughout New England. | Some of the most 
 common of these names are. — 
 
 iMnnnd-pani/, ' great pond,' — which api)ears in a great va- 
 riety of modern forms, as Mashapaug, Mash[)aug, !Massapogue, 
 
 *j\Is. Ttiiierary. lie was carL't'ul to preserve the huliaii jn'onuneia- 
 tioii of local naiiie-, ami the form in wliich he gives this name convinces 
 nie that it is not, as I formerly sniiposed, the i/iiininip/tdh/.i: (or iiniiiiijijx'- 
 ohkf.) of Eliot, — meaninn; 'the surroundinj; coundy' or the ' laml all 
 about' the site of New ILiven. 
 
 t Dictionary, s. v. • Xoms.' 
 
 t Paurj is regularly formed from pc ( Al)n. hi), the hase of iiip/ic, and may 
 be translated more exactly l)y • where water is ' or 'place of water." 
 
Iti 
 
 TIIK ("OMI'OSITION OK 
 
 Y 
 
 Massii|»og. tte. A pond in Cranston, iiuai- Providence. R. 1. ; 
 anollicr in Warwick, in the same State : ' Alexandei'"s Lake,' 
 in Killingly; 'Gardiner's Ijake.* in Sulein, JSozrah and Moiit- 
 ville ; 'Tyler I'ond,' in (Joslien ; ponds in Sharon, Groton, 
 and Lunenhur<>'. Alass.. were each of them the 'Massa|)aug' 
 or ' great pond' of its vicinity. 
 
 <^>iiiii)ii-jiaii(f, ' long pond.' One in Killiiigly, gave a name 
 to (Juinehaiui River and the ' Quineliang ccnuitry.' Kndi- 
 cott, in 1()51. wrote this jiame ' (^iinniibhaggc' (!) Mass. Hist. 
 Coll., iv. VM). " Quinepoxet,' the name of a pond and 
 small river in Princet(jn, Mass., appears to lie a corruption 
 of the diminutive with the locative allix ; (^ninni-ixiiuj-etf-it, 
 ' at the little long pond.' 
 
 Wnngim-panii, ' crooked (or bent) pond.' There is one of 
 the name in Coventry, Conn. Written, ' Wangunbog,' ' Wun- 
 gnmbang,' <fec. 
 
 J*etiiJikijiii-/Hiii;/, ' round pond,' now called ' Du\|ipling Pond,' 
 in Greenwich, Conn., gave a name to a plain and brook in 
 that town, and, occasionally, to the i)lantation settled there, 
 sometimes written ' l*etuckqua])0ck.' 
 
 Nunni-piiKi), ' fresh pond.' One in Edgartown, Martha's 
 Vineyard, gave a name (Xunnepoag) to an Indian village 
 near it. Eliot wrote nunnipvg, for ' fresh water,' in James 
 iii. 12. 
 
 Sonki-pmig or scyki-paiir/, ' cool pond.' {Sonkipof/, ' cold 
 water,' Eliot.) Egunk-sonkipang, or ' the cool pond (spring) 
 of Egunk' hill in Sterling, Conn., is named in Chandler's 
 Survey of the Mohegan country, as one of the east bounds. 
 
 Pahke-pavfj, 'clear pond' or 'pure water pond.' This 
 name occurs in various forms, as ' Pahcupog,' a pond near 
 Westerly, R. I. ;* " Pauriuepaug,' transferred from a ])ond to 
 a brook in Kent and New Milford ; ' Paquabaug,' near Slie- 
 paug River, in Roxbury, &c. ' Pequabuck' river, in Bristol 
 and Farmington, appears to derive its name fi-om some • clear 
 pond,' — perhaps the one between Bristol and Plymouth. 
 
 * A bound of Human Garret's land, one mile north-easterly from Nini- 
 gret's old Fort. See f'onn. Col. Records', ii. .314. 
 
I 
 
 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 17 
 
 Another nonn-froncric that denotes Make' or ' fresh water 
 at rest,' is fonnil in many Abnalii, northern Algonlcin and 
 Cliij)j)e\va names, hut not, perhaps, in Massachusetts or Con- 
 necticut. Tliis is the Algonkin -,'j<hiii, -tjoiiii, or -<fuinmee. 
 Kitchi-ijami or '■ Kechvginnmee,^ the Chippewa name of Lake 
 Superior, is ' the greatest, or chief hike.' t'aiiconnfUDivc, in 
 ]\Iaine, is the Abn. kaakou-(/aini-f£, ' at Big-Gull lake.' Tenii- 
 f/am, ' deep lake,' discharges its waters into Ottawa River, in 
 Canada ; Kinou-f/avii, now Kenocami, ' long lake,' into the 
 Sagucnay, at Chicoutimi. 
 
 There is a MUchi-jainl or (as sometimes written) mavhi- 
 (/iiiHiiii, ' large lake,' in northern Wisconsin, and the river 
 which Hows from it has received the same name, with the 
 locative sutlix, ' Machitfdmig'' {hv iin(chi-(/amin(/') . A liranch 
 of this river is now called ' Fence River' from a mitehihikan 
 or mik'Jiikan, a ' wooden fence' constructed near its hanks, 
 hy the Indians, for catching doer.* Father AUouez descril)es, 
 in the ' Relation' for 1670 (p. 96), a sort of ' fence' or weir 
 which the Indians had built across Fox River, for taking stur- 
 geon «fec., and which they called *■ Mitlhikan ;^ and shortly 
 after, he mentions the destruction, by the Iroquois, of a vil- 
 lage of Outagamis (Fox Indians) near his mission station, 
 called 3Iachihi<jan-in(j , ['at t\\o mi tchihikaii, or weir?'] on the 
 * Lake of the Illinois,' now Michujan. Father Dablon, in the 
 next year's Relation, calls this lake ' Milehir/anons.'' Perhaps 
 tliei'e was some confusion between the names of the ' weir ' 
 and the ' great lake,' and ' Michigan ' appears to have been 
 adopted as a kind of compromise between the two. If so, 
 this modern form of the name is corrupt in more senses than 
 one.f 
 
 * Foster and Whitney's Repoi't on the Geoln<;y of Lake Superior, &e., 
 Pt. II. p. 40(t. 
 
 t Itiilo gives Abn. milnegan, ' fiante.' Thoreau, fishing in a river in 
 Maine, eaught several sueiver-like fishes, whieli his Abnaki guide threw 
 away, saying they were ' Mirheyan Jisli, i.e., soft and stinking fish, good 
 for notliing.' — Maine Tloor/.s, p. 210. 
 8 
 
IS 
 
 THK COMPOSITION OF 
 
 T). -AMAUO, donotiiifi' 'a fishinc; placf/ (Abu. a"ma"i/an, 
 ' on prche la,') is derived IVoiu Iho root ^in or (tma, si«>niiy- 
 in<>' ' to tai\e Ity the mouth ;' whence, <hn-aH, 'lie fishes with 
 liook iind line,' and Del. dninn, a lish-liook. Wotikfuiaiiif for 
 v<<ni(/im-a))iaiii/,^ crocked lishiiig-place,' between Wai-ren and 
 New l'r(!ston, in Litchfield county, is now ' Rauniaug Lake.' 
 OuHchank-amavjj^ in East Windsor, was perliaps the ' eel fish- 
 ing-place.' The lake in Worcester, Quansit/amaii;/, Quansiij- 
 (tiiiii>/, <fec., and now Qiilnnli/amond, was 'the pickerel fishing- 
 place,' (jininoi iio</-ctmai((j. 
 
 ^^- 
 
 (». Rock. In coniposition, -pisk or-PSK (Abn. peshn ; Cree, 
 -}>isk ; Chip, -bile ;) denotes hard ov fllnt-Uke rock ;* -ompsk (ir 
 o'-'nsK, and. by phonetic corruption, -msk, (from onipac, 'up- 
 right,' and -pisk,) a 'standing rock.' As a substantival com- 
 ponent of local names, -ompsk and, with the locative aflix, 
 -ompxkiif, are found in such names as — 
 
 Peti>k<pii-iimpskHf, corrupted to J*etfiquai)iseiil, ' at the 
 r(»und rock.' Such a rock, on the east side of Narrow River, 
 north-east from Tower Hill Church in South Kingston, R. L, 
 was one of the l»ound marks of, and gave a name to, the 
 " l'('tti(puimscut purchase" in the Narragansett country. 
 
 Wanaxhfpii-ompskut (wanashqiiompsfpit, Ezekiel xxvi. 14), 
 ' at the top of tlie rock,' or at ' the point of rock.' Wonnes- 
 (/uai)i, Arnm Scpuwi, and S(juani, near Cape Ann, are perha])s 
 corrupt forms of the name of some ' rock summit' or ' point 
 of rock' thereal)outs. Winnesipmmsaitkit (for wandshqiii- 
 owpxk-"hk-it /) near Exeter Falls, N. IL, has been trans- 
 formed to Sw(()npi(coute and Sqitamscot. The name of Swam- 
 scot or Swampscot, forn.crly part of Lynn, Mass., has a dif- 
 ferent meaning. It is from m^sqiii-ompHk^ ' Red Rock ' (the 
 modern name), near the north end of Long Reach, which 
 
 * I'riinarily. that which ' breaks,' ' cleaves,' ' splits :' distinguishing the 
 hnulir rocks — such as were used for making spear and arrow heads, axes, 
 chisels, corn-mortars, &c., and for striking fire, — from the softer, such as 
 steatite (soa|)-slonc) from which ])ots and other vessels. j)ipe-howls, &c., 
 wei'c fashioned. 
 
INDIAN (JEOGIUrHICAL NAMES. 
 
 1!» 
 
 was perhaps "The cliftc" inoiitioned a« one of the hounds 
 ol" Mr. Huml'roy'H Swampscot farm, Uiiil out in 1 •!:>«.* 
 M'si/Koiiijtsknt means ' at the rod rock.' The sound of tlie 
 initial m was easily lost to En<j;lish ears.f 
 
 Penobscot, a corruption of the Ai)naki pa"na(i)a"l>skck\ was 
 originally the name of a locality on the river so called l»y the 
 English. Mr. Moses Greenleaf, in a letter to I)i'. Morsi; in 
 1H28, wrote '■ Pe noovi' x/ce oo/c" as the Indian Uiinie of Old 
 Town Falls, " whence the English name of the llivcr, which 
 would have been better, Peiinhxcnok.'"' He gave, as the mean- 
 ing of this name, '' Roci<y Falls." The St. Francis Indians 
 told Thorcau, that it means " Rocky River. "':f ' At the fall 
 of the rock' or 'at the descending rock' is a more nearly 
 exact translation. The first syllable, pen- (Abu. pa"na) rep- 
 resents a root meaning ' to fall from a height,' — as in pa"n- 
 tr/cu), 'fall of a river' or 'rapids;' jH'na"-ki, 'fall of land,' 
 the descent or downward slope of a mountain, &c. 
 
 Keld-ompskqut, or ' Ketumpscut' as it was formerly writ- 
 ten,§ — ' at the greatest rock,' — is corrupted to Caluiiih, the 
 name of a reef ofif the west end of Fisher's Island. 
 
 To7nhegano7iiset\\ — corrupted finally to ' iligganum,' the 
 name of a brook and parish in the north-east part of Had- 
 dam, — appears to have been, originally, the designation of a 
 locality from which the Indians procured stone suitable for 
 making axes, — toiuhei/iin-ompsk-iif, ' at the tomahawk rock.' 
 Jn ' Higganompos,' as the name was sometimes written, with- 
 out the locative affix, we have less difficulty in recognizing 
 the substantival -ompsk. 
 
 QussuK, another word for ' i*ock' or ' stone,' used Ijy Eliot 
 and Roger Williams, is not often — perhaps never found in 
 local names. Ilansun or Assun (Chip, assln' ; Del. acksin ;) 
 
 *Miiss. Records, i. 147, •220. 
 
 ^ Squantam, the supposed name of an Algonkin deity, is only a eonnipt 
 form of the verb m'squantam, = musqui-itidam, 'lie is anyry,' literally, 'he 
 is red (bloody-) minded.' 
 
 JlMaine Woods, pp. 145, 321. 
 
 §Pres. Stiles's Itinerary, 1761. || Conn. Col. Kecords, i. 4.S4. 
 
 \ 
 
 I \ 
 
 (W* 
 
 / 
 
 '^1 
 
 ft'\. . 
 
 ./.. 
 
 /U 
 
 
20 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF 
 
 appears in New Engliin«l nnines only as an adjectival (^ansiinr, 
 unxini, 'stony'), hut fiirtlier north, it ot'cnsioiiiilly occuth as 
 the snhstiintival coniponont of such names as 3Iislassinni, 
 ' the Great Stone,' which j^ives its name to a lake in British 
 America, to a tril)c of Indians, and to a river that tlows into 
 St. .lohu's Lake.* 
 
 7. Wadchu (in composition, -adchu) means, always, ' moun- 
 tain' or 'hill.' In iVachuiiet, we have it, with the locative 
 affix -net, ' near' or ' in the vicinity of the moimtain,' — a name 
 whiclTlTas been transferred to the mountain itself. With the 
 adjectival viaasu, ' great,' is formed maKS-ailvhii-set, ' near the 
 great mountain,' or ' great hill country,' — now, Massachnsettft. 
 
 ^Kunokijiiachu'' and ^Qiiiinktratlchu,' mentioned in the deeds 
 of Hadley pui-chaso, in l»i58,t are forms of iji/Hn"kiju-ad(;hii, 
 ' high mountain,' — afterwards belittled as ' Mount Toliy.' 
 
 ' Kearm)ye,' the modern name of two well-known moun- 
 tains in New Hampshire, disguises kaywass-adchu, 'pine moun- 
 tain.' On JJolland's Map, published in 1784, the southern 
 Kearsarge (in Merrimack county) is marked "Kyarsarga 
 Mountain ; by the Indians, Cowisi^nvaschook.'''' X In this form, 
 — which the termination ok (for ohke, anke, ' land,') shows to 
 belong to the ret/ion, not exclusively to the mountain itself, — 
 the analysis becomes more easy. The meaning of the adjec- 
 tival is perhaps not quite certain. Kmiva (Abn. kmd^ ' a pine 
 tree,' with its diminutive, kinwasse, is a derivative, — from a 
 root which means ' sharp,' ' pointed.' It is possible, that in 
 this synthesis, the root preserves its primary signification, 
 and that * Kearsarge' is the ' pointed' or ' peaked mountain.' 
 
 Mauch Chunk (Penn.) is from Del. machk, 'bear' and 
 ivachtschnnk, ' at, or on, the mountain,' — according to Ilecke- 
 welder, who writes ' 3Iachkschi'mk,'' or the Delaware name of 
 ' the bear's mountain.' 
 
 * Hind's Exploration of Labrador, vol. ii. pp. 14 7, 118. 
 
 t History of Hiidley, 21, 22, 114. 
 
 X W. F. Goodwin, in Historical Magazine, ix. 28. 
 
 \'.i}> 
 
INDIAN ('.EOOUAIMIICAL NAMKS. 
 
 21 
 
 In the Aliiiaki mid sonic otlioi- Algonkin dinlccts, the huI)- 
 stuntiviil coniponont of monntnin names is -('idcn(;, — an in- 
 HcparuMo nonn-generic. lutlahdhi (pronounced Ktaadn l)y 
 the Indians of Maine), Abn. Kd-ddenf,'- i\ni greatest (or 
 eliief) mountain,' is the e(|uivalent of ' hlttntinn//,' the name 
 of a ridge of the Alleghanies, in New Jersey and Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 \is>y 
 
 8. -KOMUK or KOMAKO (Del. -kamik, -kamik^ ; Ahn. -kamighe ; 
 Crcc, -(jdMitiik ; Powhatan, -eomaeo ;) cannot ho exactly trans- 
 lated by any one English word. It denotes ' place,' in the sense 
 of enclosed, limited or appropriated space. As a component 
 of local names, it means, generally, ' an enclosure,' natural 
 or artificial ; such as a house or other building, a village, a 
 planted field, a thicket or place surrounded by trees, &c. The 
 place of residence of the Sachem, which (says Roger Wil- 
 liams) was " far different from other houses [wigwams], both 
 in capacity, and in the fineness and (quality of their mats," 
 was called sachimd-komuk, or, as Edward Winslow wrote it, 
 ' mchimo coinaco,^ — the Sachem-house. Werotvoco7noco, Wer- 
 anioeomuco, tfec. in Virginia, was the ' Werowauce's house,' 
 and the name appears on Smith's map, at a place " upon the 
 river Pamauncke [now York River], where the great King 
 [Powhatan] was resident." 
 
 luippi-komuk, ' closed place,' ' secure enclosure,' was the 
 name of a Pequot fastness in a swamp, in Groton, Conn. 
 Roger Williams wrote this name " Cuppacommock," and un- 
 derstood its meaning to be " a refuge, or hiding place." Eliot 
 has kiqyjydhkomuk for a planted ' grove,' in Deut. xvi. 21, and 
 for a landing-place or safe harbor, Acts xxvii. 40. 
 
 Nashaue-konntk, ' half-way house,' was at what is now Chil- 
 inark, on Martha's Vineyard, where there Avas a village of 
 praying Indians* in 1698, and earlier. 
 
 The Abnaki keta-kamigo) means, according to Rale, ' the 
 
 * About hiih-way from Tisbury to Gay Head. 
 
■2Z TIIK COMPOSITION OK 
 
 umiii laii«l,' — litiirally, '^n-cntcst pliictj ;' It'lrlut-lnuniiih'', ' Ifvcl 
 |)liu't',' II plain ; /ir/tam-kdniiifhek, 'the ulf liiiitl,' • I'uuivcrH.' 
 
 Ni's.S(i'i>a-k(i>ntijhr^ incuiiiii^ 'doiildc pliioo' ov hi'i-hui/ |iliit'(',' 
 WJiH till! iiiiiiu' of tlu' Altmiki villajft; of St. Fniiu'is ilt; Stilus, 
 on tlu! St. Lawrence,* — to wiiicli the niissi(»n was n'moved 
 ahoiit 1700, from its first .station estaiilished ncai- the Falls of 
 the Chuiidieie in ir.,S:{.f 
 
 !>. Of two words inoaninjjf hland, munn(»han or, reject iiij; 
 the formative, miinnoii (Aiai. mmalutn ; Del. nunitti'i/ ; (Jhip. 
 iiiiniH, a diminutive.) is the more common, IhiI is rarely, if 
 ever, found in c(»mposition. The "(Jrand Memni,' opposite 
 I'assamnuupioddy IJay, retains t\w Almaki name. Long 
 Island was Mcnatey or Mamill, ' the Island,' — to the Dola* 
 wares, Minsi and other nei<>hhorintr tril)es. Any smaller 
 island was menatan (Mass. nutniiohhun), the indefinilc form, 
 or menales (Mass. miinniiies, maniKses), the <Ilmini)tivr. Cam- 
 panius mentions one '• Manathaan,^ Coopers' Island (now 
 Cherry Island) near Fort Christina, in the Delaware, J and 
 " Manataammg or Manaales, a ]»lace settled hy tlu; Dutch, 
 who huilt there a clever little town, which went on increasing 
 every day," — now called New York. (The termination in 
 -?<«// is the locative atlix.) New York Island was sometimes 
 spoken of as ' the island' — ' Manate,' ' Mauhattc ;' sometimes 
 as 'a» island' — Manathan, Menatan, ' il/an/ja/oH ;' more ac- 
 curately, as 'the small island' — ^Manhaates, Manattes, and 
 'the Mauados' of the Dutch. The Island Indians collect- 
 ively, were called Manhattam ; those of the small island, 
 ' Munhatese.n.'' " They deeply mistake," as Gov. Stuyvesant's 
 agents declared, in l(ioO,§ " who interpret the general name 
 of Manhattans^ unto the particular town l)uilt upon a little 
 Island; because it signified the whole country and province." 
 
 Manisses or Mouasses, as Block Island was called, is au- 
 
 ♦Rille, S. V. VlLLA(}E. 
 
 t Shea's Hist, of Catholic Missions, 142, 145. 
 
 I Description of New Sweden, b. ii. c. 8. (Duponceau's translation.) 
 
 §N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, iii. 37.5. 
 
 the 
 
INhlAN (ilvOOUAPUK'AI, NA.MKS. 
 
 2ft 
 
 (itlicr lorm (»r the (liinimifivc, — iVoin niinnioh : nnd MmthaHM't, 
 otlwrwisc wiittt'ii. MiiiiliiuiHiclv, ii iiiiint' ul' Slicltci' Isliuid, is 
 the saiiu! (liminutivc witli the locative nllix, iinuiiiu-iS-it. So 
 is ' Maiiiisscs' or ' MoiUHiwies,' an island iioar Rye, N. Y., — 
 now written (with the soutlu'in Ibnn of the h)eative,) Man- 
 it vs in;/. 
 
 jM'ititmik Point, formerly iMontanket, Montacnt, and liy 
 Uo;j:er Willianis, Mimuawtawkit, is piohivlily IVoni ukukiII, 
 auke, and -it h)oative ; ' in the Island conntry,' •>!• ' country of 
 the IslandorH.' 
 
 'J'lio otlior name of ' Island,' in Ali^onkin lan<j;najro», is 
 AiiQUEDNK or ocgrinNi;; with the locative, ahi/ii<'<inel, as in 
 Acts xxvii. !(!. (Compare, Cree, (fkoa/in, "it suspends, is 
 «/Miate, e.fr. an island in the water," from ^kun, n verbal I'oot 
 "expressive of a state of rest," Ih»wso\s Grammar, p. ir»2. 
 Micmac, ai/iritk, "■ it is in the water;" whence, Ep-ariwit., "It 
 lies [sits ?] in the water,"* the Indian name of IVinee Ed- 
 ward's Island.) This appears to have heen restricted in its 
 application, to islands lyin^' near the main land or spoken of 
 with reference to the main land. llo<ior Williams learned 
 from the Narragansetts to call Rhode Island, Aqinday, A(pied- 
 net, <fec., 'the Island' or 'at the Island,' and a " little island 
 in the month of the Uay," was Atjuedenem'k,^ or Aquidncsct, 
 i.e. ' at the small island.' 
 
 Vhippaijiiiddick, tlie modern name of an island divided l»y 
 a mvrrow strait from Martha's Vineyard, is from cheppi- 
 aquidne, ' separated island.' 
 
 Ahnaki names ending in -ka^tti, or -kontee (Mass. -kontii ; 
 Etchemin or Maliscet, -AW/rt/i, -quoddy ; Micmac, -ka"di, oi- 
 -aikadee ;) may lie placed witli those of the iirst class, though 
 tliis termination, representing a substantival component, is 
 really only the locative affix of nouns in the indefinite plural. 
 Exact location was denoted by aflixing, to inanimate nouns- 
 
 *I)<iwson's Acadian Gcolo^iy, App. p. C73, 
 t4th Mass. Hist. Colili-ctions, vi. 207. 
 
24 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OP 
 
 li 
 
 singular, -ety -it or -ut ; proximity, or something; Jess thciu 
 exact location, hy -set, (interposing s, tlu! t'liaractcristic of 
 diminutives and derogatives) l)et\voen the uonn and affix. 
 Plural nouns, rei)roscnting a definite mimher of iiulividiials, 
 or a number which miglit be regarded an delinite, received 
 -ettu, -ittu, or -utfu, in the locative : but if the iuinii)er was 
 indefinite, or uumy individuals were spoken of collectively, 
 the affix was -konlu, denoting ' where many are,' or ' place of 
 abundance.' For example, wadehii, mountain ; tvaddiii-id, to, 
 on, or at the mountain ; wadehu-set, near the mountain ; wad- 
 chintttu (^or -ehti('), in or among eertain mountains, known or 
 indicated (as in Eliot's version of Numbers xxxiii. 47, 48) ; 
 wadchne-konta, among nuiuntains, where there are a great 
 many mountains, for ' in the hill country,' Joshua xiii. 6. 
 So, nippe-kontn, ' in the waters,' i. e. in tnany waters, or 
 ' where there is nuujh water,' Deut. iv. 18 ; v. 8. In Deuter- 
 onomy xi. 11, the conversion to a verlj of a noun which had 
 previously received this affix, shows that the idea of abund- 
 ance or of multitude is associated with it : " oh/ie wadrhuiddion- 
 ttuo,'^ i.e. ivadehui'-kontu-a>, "■ the land is a land of hills," that 
 is, Avhere arc many iiills, or wliere hills are phntij. 
 
 This form of verb was rarely used by Eliot aiul is not al- 
 luded to in his Grammar. It appears to have been less com- 
 mon in the ^Massachusetts than in most of the other Algonkin 
 languages. In the Chippewa, an ' abundance verl>,' as Ba- 
 raga* calls it, may be formed from any noun, by adding -ka 
 or -'ika for the indicative ])resent : in the Cree, by adding 
 -skow or -ooskoir. \n the Abnaki, -ka or -kai, or -iko), forms 
 similar verbs, and verbals, the final Hti of ka"tti, reitresents 
 the imiicrsonal a'W*', eto, ' there belongs to it,' ' there is there,' 
 il y a. (Abu. iue)ikikii)i'ka"tti, ' where there is abundance of 
 grass,' is the equivalent of the Micmac '* m" skccgoo-aieadee , a 
 meadow."!) 
 
 * Otchipwe Gramiiuir, pp. 87, 412. 
 
 fMr. Rand's Micniac Vocabulary, in Schoolcraft's Collections, vol. v. p. 
 579. 
 
 .Lv 
 
 ., ^ ^^' 
 
 P- 
 
'■\ 
 
 INDIAN GKOGKAPHICAL NAMKS. 
 
 26 
 
 Aiuon,t2: Alinaki placc-iiamos having this Ibriu, the following 
 deserve notice : — 
 
 A"nieKo>fc-k(i"tfi, ' where there is plenty oi' ale/civcs or her- 
 rinfis ;" from Abn. a"iiisot(ik (Xarr. n>iiiisi1o(/ : ^Mass. otnmlss.vo<i^ 
 cotton ;) literally, ' small fishes,' l)nt appropriated to fish of the 
 lieri'ing tribe, including alewives and menhaden or l)ony-fish. 
 RjIIc gives this as tlic name o/ one of the Abnaki villages on 
 or near the river ' Aghenibekki.' It is the same, probably, 
 as the ' Meesee Contee' or ' Meesncoiitec,' at Farmingtou 
 Falls, on Sandy River, ]Me.* With the sulfix of • place' or 
 ' hind,' it has been written Ainei^naiiimtuvuli and Ainaxaf/naii- 
 tejf. 
 
 ^ Anioscoi/t/in," ' Ammarcscoggen,' &c., and the " Auiiioiigh- 
 cawgcn' of Cajjt. dohn Smith, names given to the Keniiel)ec 
 or its main western branch, the Androscoggin,! — ajjpear to 
 liave belonged, originally, to ' fishing places' on the river, 
 from Abn. a"i)i^-viia-h'JHi/e, or a"m''S(i>n-ka"(jan. ' Amoskcag,' 
 at the falls of the Merrimack, has the same meaning, prob- 
 ably : ii"]n'-sii>a-/chii/c (Mass. ihnmiiisakkeaf/'), a ' fishing-placc 
 for alewives.' It certainly does not mean 'beavers,' or 
 'pond or marsh' of l)eavers, — as Mr. Schoolcraft supposed it 
 to mean. J 
 
 MadamtKconitis ov Matlammisccmtls, the name of a tributary 
 of the Penobscot and of a town in Lincoln county, Me., was 
 translated by Mv. Greenleaf, in 182;], "Young Alewive 
 stream;" but it ap[)ears to represent i)ict-a"}ns<iiak-hi"tti, 'a 
 jduce where there hati heen (but is not now) jjlenty of ale- 
 wives,' or to which they no longer resort. Compare Rille's 
 
 *Coll. Me. Ili^t. Society, iv. 31, 105. 
 
 f The statenieut that the Androseoggin reeoived its present name in 
 c'onijilinient to Eilmond Andros, about 1G84, is erroneous. This form of 
 the name appears as early as KJSli, in the release by Thomas Purchase to 
 the Governor of Massa(;husetts, — correctly printed (from the original 
 (h'ixft in the handwriting of Thomas Lechtbrd) in Mass. liecords, vol. i. 
 p. 272. 
 
 { Inlbrmation respecting the hidian 'JVibes, &c., vol. iii. p. •")2i;. 
 
26 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF 
 
 mef-(("ni(ii(ik, " los poissons out fiutos lenrs aMil's ; ils s'eii sont 
 alius ; 11 ii'y on a plus." 
 
 C'ublioi^Hcccoiitec vWvv. in tlic south part ol' Kcunelicc county, 
 is named iVoni a place near '' llii' month of tlu; strfiim, whore 
 it iidjoineth itself to Kennebec river,"'* and 'where there 
 was plenty of j^tiii'u'eons," — hihasx((k-ka"ttL 
 
 '' PeshidaDiioitklainti' is <>'iven liy Charlevoix, as the ludiiin 
 name of " the river (d" the Elchemins," that is, the St. Croix, 
 — a luime which is now corrupted in J^axsawaqiiinhh/ ; luitlhis 
 latter I'orni of the name is proliahly dei'ived from tiie h'trhc- 
 iiihi, while Charlevoix wrote the Ahnnkl form. The llev. 
 Elijah Kello|Li\u'. in 1S-JS,| uave, as the meaninu' of ' I'assama- 
 (pioddie,' ' pollock fish,' and the llev. ^Ir. Rand translates 
 ' IVstnmoo-kwoddy ' liy • pollock gi'ound.'J Cotton's vocabu- 
 lary <iives ' pdkonnotam' for ' haddock.' Perhaps jicxkadumi- 
 o)k, like a"iiisii)ak, belonged to nioi'e than one sjx'cies of lish. 
 
 Of Etchemin and Micniac words havinu' a similar termina- 
 tion, we find amon<i' othei's, — 
 
 SliubcnacaiJie ( Chchendcardie on Charlevoix' map, and She- 
 benncad'ui on .lelfry's nuip of 177")). One of the principal 
 rivers of Nova Scotia, was so name<l because ' iupcii-ak were 
 jdenty there.' Professor Dawson was informed by an "ancient 
 Micnuic patriarch," that '■' iShiibf nor Sgahun means uToimd- 
 nuts or Indian potatoes," and l)y tlu; Rev. Mr. Rand, of 
 Ilantsport, X. S., that "■ i<C[iuhbini is a grimnd-nnt, and Scgub- 
 huna-kaddji is the jilace or rejiion of <iround-nuts," iV.c.§ It 
 is not (putc certain that xhidien and fer/nbhim denote the same 
 csculeid root. The Abnaki mime of the wild p<ttato or jiround- 
 juit was pen, pi. /icnak (Chi|>. opin-hj ; Del. obhvn-ak') ; ' sipoi,'' 
 which is obviously the e([uivalent of i<hebev, Rale describes as 
 "blanches, jilus grosses (pic des pcuak :'' and slH'vp'n-uk \^ 
 the modern Abnaki (Penobscot) name for the bulbous roots 
 
 * De]iositions in Coll. Me. Histor. Society, iv. 113. 
 
 13 ]\Ia8s. Hist. Coll., iii. isi. 
 
 IDnwsun's Aciuliiin (Jcolo^fy, •-'(! t'll., (Lomloii. IsilS), |i|i 
 
 § Acadian Geology, iiji. 1, 3. 
 
INDIAN GKOGHAPIIICAL NAMKS. 
 
 27 
 
 of tho Yt'llow Lily (LUliDii C<(mhleme~). Tlioroau's Indian 
 jiiii(i(} ill the ' Miiiiu^ Woods' lold liini tluit tlieso Imllis " woi'c 
 good Ibi' .soup, that is to cook witii uu'at to thicken it," — and 
 taught him how to prepare them.* .Josselyii mentions such 
 "a wutei-lily, with yellow liowers," (jf which '"the Indians 
 cat the roots" boiled. f 
 
 " S('(/oonn»i(i-k(i(hli/, place of (jaspcreuK.r ; Gaspereau or 
 Alewife River," '* BuoHaiiioo-kwoiUij, Tom Cod groinid," and 
 " Kala-kadihj, eel-ground," — are given liy Professor Dawson, 
 on Mr. Rand's authority. Segoommak is the e(|iiivaleiit of 
 Mass. and Xarr. n'(inanan\iinqH»ck^ 'spring (^or early snm- 
 mei') lisli,' l»y R. Williams translated ' bream.' And hoonamoo, 
 — Ww pnniwio of Charlevoix (i. 1"2T), who confounded it with 
 some 'species of dog-fish (chien de mer),' — is the apinua"- 
 me»ii> of Raslesand7)(^/)o/^ffl?/»^8»^ 'winter lish,' of Roger Wil- 
 liams. ' which some call frost-Iish,' — Morrhua prninosa. 
 
 The frequent occurrence of this termination in Micmac, 
 Etchemin and Abnaki local names gives probability to the 
 conjecture, that it came to lie regarded as a general name for 
 the region which these tribes inhabited, — ' L'arcadia,' ' I'Ac- 
 cadie,' and 'la Cadie,' of early geographers and voyagers. 
 Dr. Kohl has uot found this name on any earlier maj) than 
 that published by Girolamo Ruscelli in lotll.ij: Tliat it is of 
 Indian origin there is hardly room for doubt, and of two or 
 three jiossible derivations, that from the terminal -hUli. -ko- 
 diali, or -k'f"ltl, is on the whole prcferaiile. lint this ter- 
 mination, in tlie sense of ' place of abundance' or in that of 
 ' ground, land, or place,' cannot l»e useii ^eparaieh, as an in- 
 de[)eiident word, in any one of the languages which have 
 been mentioned; and it is singular that, in two or three in- 
 stances, only this termination should have been preserved 
 
 *JMaiiio Woods, pp. I'Jl, 'iSl, 32G. 
 
 tVoyajrcs, p. 14. 
 
 J Sec Coll. :\Ic. Hist. Sociijty, 2il Ser., vol. 
 
 p. -lU. 
 
v ■-■ 
 
 '- '.'• 
 
 ,-.1-^3 
 
 vj 
 
 28 
 
 Tllh; COMPOSITION OK 
 
 al'tcr tlic first and inoro iin|)urtaiit component of tlu; name 
 was lost. 
 
 There are two Abnaki words which are not nnlii<o -ka"tU 
 in soiuul, one or both of wliicli may perhajjs be Ibund in some 
 local names : (1) Icamd't, '• wiiere he sleeps,' a lod</inu place 
 of men or animals ; and (jl) akodcwid, in com[)ositioi! or as 
 a jtrefix, aJividr, 'against the current,' np-strcani ; as in ncd- 
 a/cadr^hrtiie^i, ' 1 go uj) stream,' and (iidcr((/iii>ila"ti(t", ' the lisli 
 go u]> stream.' Some such synthesis may have given names 
 to iishing-places on tidal rivers, and i am more inclined to 
 regard the name of ' Tracadie' or ' Tracody' as a corru[)tion 
 of (iidcrak(i)da" , than to derive it (with I'l'ofessor Dawson* 
 and the Rev. Mr. Rand) from " Tnlluk-kaddii ; prol)aljly, 
 place of resideni'e ; dwelling place," — or rather (for the ter- 
 mination re(iuircs this), where resid(;iices or dwellings are 
 picntfj, — where there is idmndancc of dwelling place. There 
 is a Tracadie in Nova Scotia, another {Ihyatr, of Cham- 
 plain) on the coast of New JJrunswick, a 'i'l'acody or Traeady 
 Bay in I'rince Edward's Island, ami a Tracailigash Point in 
 Chalenr J5ay. 
 
 Thevot, in La Cosmoi/raphie i(nivL'i'seI(c,f gives an account 
 of his visit in I.'kA), to " one of the linest rivers in the whole 
 Avorld which we call JVonniibc</iu', and the al)origines A</- 
 onci/,''' — now Penobscot JJay. in 'Agoncy'we have, 1 con- 
 jecture, another form of the Abnaki -ka"tti, and an etjuivalent 
 of ' Acadie.' 
 
 II. Names formed from a single ground-word or substan. 
 tival, — with or without a locative or other suilix. 
 
 To this class belong some mimes already noticed in con- 
 nection with compound names to which they are related ; 
 such as, IVachii-set, • near the mountain ;' lUeiudiau (^M(iia)i), 
 ManatU Manathaan, ' island ;' ManataKu-utifi, Aiii(cdn-el, ' on 
 the island,' itc. Of the many which might be added to these, 
 the limits of this pa})er jiermit me to mention only a lew. 
 
 * Aciuliaii rii'dlojiv. 1. c. 
 
 tCitcil liy Dr. Kolil. in Coll. Mi;. lli>t. Society, N. S., i. ll<i. 
 
INDIAN GrCOGKAPMICAL NAMES. 
 
 29 
 
 1. NiViii^', 'a conior, angle, or point.' Tliis is a vci'Ual, 
 lofMii'd IVoni nd-i, 'it is angnlar,' ' it «)?vie/'.s'.' Eliot wrote 
 '^ i/aiie nail/Ill/ wiiii"' tor the •' i'our corners of a lionse," .lob 
 i. 19. Soniernnes, mil receives, instead <jt' the Ibrniative -ay, 
 the locative allix (ti(t'i-it or na'i-iit') ; sonietinies it is used as 
 an adjectival prefixed to anke, 'land.' One or another of 
 these t'ornis serves as tlie name of a great nnniher of river 
 and sea-coast ' jioints.' In Coiinectient, we find a ' Xai/au;/' 
 at the southern extremity of Mason's Island in Mystic Bay, 
 and ' Nounk' (fornieily written, Nawea<^, Naiwai/on/c, Koiunk, 
 &c.) at the west point of Mystic River's mouth, in (Jroton ; 
 N(Hi(/ or Xot/iiii;/, in Glastenhury, A'c. In Rhode Island, 
 JViu/dtl or Naifot ]>oint in IJarrington, on Providence Hay. and 
 XdJiijanxct ov Narragansett, ' the country al)out the Point.'* 
 On Long Island, Ni/ack on Peconick Hay, Southampton,! 
 and another at the west end of the Island, opposite Coney 
 Island. There is also a JVi/ark on the west side of the Tai)pau 
 Sea, in New Jersey. 
 
 2. WoxKUN, ' l)ended,' 'a bend,' was sometimes usetl with- 
 out atlix. The Al)naki eipiivalent is (na"ijhhjhni^ ' courbe,' 
 'croche' (Ri'de). Tliere was a Wonfjiin, ow the Connecticut, 
 between Clastenbnry and Wethersfield, and another, more 
 considerable, a few nules liclow, in Middletown. AYonki is 
 found in c(mipound names, as an adjectival ; as in WoHki-tuk, 
 'bent rivei',' on the (.Juinebaug, lietween J'laiirlield and Can- 
 terbury, — written l)y early recorders, ' Wongattuck,' ' Wau- 
 ungatuck,' tfcc, and at last transferred from its jjroper place 
 to a hill and brook west of the river, where it is disguised as 
 NunkeiiHuk. The (Jreat l>end between lladley and llatlield, 
 Mass., was called Kuppo-wonkun-altk, ' close bend jilace,' or 
 'place shut-in liy a bend.' A tract of meadow west of this 
 bead was called, in IbtlO, ' ('appowongauick,' and ' Capa- 
 
 * Sl'c A'an-wjausilt < 'luh Publications, vol. i. p. 2-2 (note <1). 
 fOu Block's Map, um;, the " Nahk'ans " arc markoil on tlie eastern- 
 most point of Lonij,- Island. 
 
80 
 
 THK COMPOSITION OP 
 
 Avonk,' and still ivtains, 1 bt-luivo, the lathM" iinino.* Wnn:>'- 
 q}(doiiki>ki\ the liniiaii luiiuc ol" Hdx'klii'iii^c, M!iss.,as written 
 by Hr. Edwards in tin; Muhliucan diak-cf', dcscriltcs " a bcnd- 
 ot'-tlio-rivcr jilacc." 
 
 Anollu'r Al)nal<i word meaning 'cnrved,' ' crooiied,' — pik- 
 ii"ilhi'n — occtn-s in Uie name J*i/c(("i//irnalilk, now • Crooked 
 Island,' in Penobscot River. f 
 
 3. IIoCc^i'AiJN (uiiQUoN, EHot), ' liook-sliapcd.' 'a book," 
 — is the liase of HdccdJiidii, the name ol" a tract of land and 
 the stream which Itounds it, in East ffartford, and of other 
 iroccanums, in Iladley and in Yarmouth, Mass. llecke- 
 welder:}: wrote '• 0/i'/nn:qii<Vi, Wndk/ii'iff/iiiKiii, or (short) lluc- 
 quanr lor the modern ' ()cc(j(|nan,' the name of a I'iver in 
 Virginia, and remarked: "All these names signify a hook.''' 
 Canipanins has ' hdckuuij'' for ' a hook.' 
 
 Harh'itHtu'k may have had its name from the haiuiiian-miik, 
 ' hook month,' by which the watei's of Newark Bay lind their 
 way, around Bergen Point, by the Kill van Cul, to New York 
 Bav. 
 
 3. ."^(')HK. or Sauk, a root that denotes ' pouring out," is the 
 Ijase of many local names for ' the outlet' or ' discharge' of a 
 river or lake. The Abnaki I'ornjs, .sii"<>-(itk, ' sortie de la 
 riviere (sen) la source,' and sa'[ii'hrch''-t('i/(i>e [= Mass. muki- 
 iC»/r,] gave names to Sucu in Maine, to the river which has 
 its ontliow at that j)la('e, and to Sugadahock {sa"[/hede'-((ki), 
 'land at tiie mouth" of Ivenneijeck river. 
 
 S'aKcoiiy the name (jf a creek and township in Northampton 
 county, Pcnn., " denotes (says JIeckewelder§) the outlet of 
 a smaller stream into a larger one," — which restricts tiie 
 denotation too narrowly. The name means " the outlet," — 
 and nothing more. Another Soh'coon, or (with the locative) 
 
 *,ruild's History nf Iladley, 115, IIG, 117. 
 
 I^b'. Moses Greciileaf, in 1823, wrotn this name, linhHiujinnihik. 
 
 + ()ii Indian names, in Trans. Am. Piiil. Society, N. S.. vol. iv., y 'y- 
 
 §lliid. p. .'!•>". 
 
INDIAN (iEOdllAlMIICAL NAMFS. 
 
 31 
 
 Siiiih'iink, " at tlie mouth " ol" ilic l^ig IJciivci-, on the Ohio, — 
 now ill the towiishii) (if Uciivcr, Pfiiii.. — avus u well known 
 I'cnih'/.vous of Indian \v;ii' |iiirti('s.* 
 
 S'ai/(in<ni)ii, Scuiana. iiow Sii(i!nan''\ l>ay, on Luke irni'on, 
 rocoivetl its name from ilio month ol' the river wliieh lh)\vs 
 thronu'li it to the hike. 
 
 The Jlississ(i(/ux were peoph; ol' tlu; missi-.san/c, mlt^si-sai/ne, 
 or (with h)eative) iiuf!s-i-n(ik-iii(/,X that is • ureat nutlet." In 
 the last half of the seventeenth cenlui'v they were seated on 
 the hanks of a river which is deserilied as llowinu' into Lake 
 Huron some twenty or thirty leauiies south of th(! Sanlt Sto. 
 Marii' (tiie same river proliahly that is now kimwn as the 
 Mississauua, emiityin,<>' into !Manitou Bay,) and nearly oppo- 
 site the Sti'aits of ilississanua on the South side of the i!ay, 
 lietween Manitoulin and Cockhiu'u Islands. So little is known 
 however of the history and miurations of this jieople, that it 
 is perhaps impossil)le now to iih'ntil'y the ' jireat outlet' from 
 which they Ih'st liad theii' name. 
 
 The Sagvenai/ (Sagnay, Sag'iie, Sauhuny, etc.), the great 
 trihutary (jf the St. Lawrence, was so called either from the 
 Avell-known trading-place at its mouth, the annual resort of 
 the ^h)ntagnars and all the eastern ti'ihes,§ or more prohahly 
 IVom the ' (irand Hischarge'll of its nniin stream from Lake 
 St. John and its strong curi'cnt to and past the rapids at 
 Chicoutimi, and thence on to the St. Lawrence.^ Near Lake 
 
 *l'a|ii'r on ludiiiu Nuiuos, iit huprn. j). .'>•>(! ; (ind ?> !Mass. Historical I'ol- 
 li'Ctions, \i. It."). [CcJinparc, the li'i)(|iiois Swa-dt/i' and Oswa'-i/o (iiiodcrn 
 0.vW(7/(i), wliic'h lias tlio s^anic meanini:- as \h^. xanki, — " llowinj^ ont."— 
 Mon/dii'ti l.eti<iH<' of the Innjiiois.'] 
 . j; Sai/iiliiam, Charlevoix, i. '><>l; iii. "JTi). 
 
 X Uriaiioii.i (les Jr.s«(V«.\-', ICoS. ji. :.':> ; KliS, p. (12 ; IHTl, pp. 25, .'51. 
 
 § Charli^vnix, Noiiv. France, iii. tl.j ; Gallatin's Synops^is, p. 21. 
 
 II This name is still retained. 
 
 1l AVlieu first discovered the Sagiienay was not regarded as a river, hut 
 as a strait or passaij;c liy which tlic waters of some northern sea flowed to 
 the St. Lawrence. But on a French map of l,')4;i, the ' R. de Sn^nay' 
 and the countr\ ol' • Sairnav " are laid down. See Maine Hist. Soe. Col- 
 
•.VI 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF 
 
 St. .rdiii iiiid the Grand nisclinrp' was anotlior roiulozvons of 
 tlio scattorrd ti'il)os. The missionary Saint-Simon in I'iTl 
 doscriliod tliis jdaco as one at wliicli '• all tlic nations inlialtit- 
 in<r t lie fount I'v between tlio two seas ( towai'(ls the east and 
 north) asseml)led to barter their lurs."' Hind's Exploration 
 of Lahi'ador, ii. 'I'-). 
 
 in eomposition with -tiil\ 'river' or • ti(h(l stream,' mtild 
 (adjeetival) nave nam(>s to ' Snukatttck,' now Sauii'atnek, the 
 month of a rivei' in Fairfield eonnty. Conn. ; to • Saivahqual- 
 ook,'' 01' ' Sa/rkdtiick-et,' at the outlet of Long I'ond oi- mouth 
 of Herring Rivei-, in FTai-wich, ]\Iass. : and lun-haps to Max- 
 saii^'aiiicket, (^mlssl-.sai(/i-ilitk'-iif .'}, in jMarshliold, Mass., and 
 in South Kingston, R. 1., — a name whieh, in both places, has 
 i)cen shortened to Sa(|uatneket. 
 
 " Winnipiseogee' (prononnecd Win' n! jie sauk' c,') is coni- 
 pounck'd of wiiini, nipj>e, and !<i(hJci\ " good-water discharge,' 
 and the name must have lielonged originally to the outlet by 
 which the waters of the lake pass to the M('rrimaek, rather 
 than to tlic lake itself. ^Vinnepcsauke, Wencpesioco and 
 (with the locative) AVinnipesiockett, are among tin; early 
 forms of the name. The translation of this synthesis by 
 ' the Smile of the (ireat Spirit' is sheer nonsense. Another, 
 first proi»oscd by the late Judge Potter of New Hampshire, 
 in his History of Manchester (p. 27),* — 'the beautiful water 
 of the high i)lace,' — is demonstrably wrong. It assumes that 
 IX or cs' represents ]ceei<, meaning ' high ;' to which assump- 
 tion there are two objections : lirst, that there is no evidence 
 that such a Avord as /cees, meaning ' high,' is found in any 
 Algonkin language, and secondly, that if there be such a 
 word, it nnist retain its significant root, in any synthesis of 
 which it makes part, — in other woi'ds, that /«v.s- could not 
 drop its initial k and preserve its meaning. 1 "was at first in- 
 clined to accept the more probable translation proposed by 
 
 lections, 2d Serie;', vol. i., pj). .'ilfl, ;3.")4. Charlevoix gives 7^//(7uV*(r»//c/ie/;, 
 as till- Inilian name of tlio IViver. 
 
 * And in tlie Hhlorkal Magadiie, vol. i. p. '24ii. 
 
INDIAN CHOGKAPIIK'AL NAMKS. 
 
 88 
 
 'S. P. S.' [S. p. Stn'otor ?] in the Ilistoiiml Magazine lor 
 Anuiist, iMoT,* — '• the iiuul of tiic jiliicid or Ix'tiutiriil lala- :" 
 liiit, ill tlio tliiilocts of Now Kuii'laiid, /(!/>insKe oi' nips, a 
 (liniinutivc of nl/>/ir, ' water,' is never used for paxg-, • liil;e' 
 or ' -standing water :'-f- and if it wor(' sometimes so nsed, the 
 extent of Lake Winneiiiseogee loi'hids it to be classed witli 
 the 'small lakes' or 'ponds,' to which, only, th(3 diiiiiiuiUve 
 is appropi'iate. 
 
 4. Nashai'K' (Chip. mfHsaioan nnd axhaii'iwi). 'mid-way,' 
 or ' between,' and with ohh or auk added, ' the land between' 
 or ' the liall'-way jihu'e,' — was the name of several loealities. 
 The ti'aet on which Lancaster, in Worcester comity (Mass.) 
 was settled, was ' l)etween' the branches of the river, and so 
 it was called ' jVushdiraij' or ^ Naxhawake'' {na.^huur-u/ike') ; 
 and this name was afttu'wards transferred from the territory 
 to the river itself. There was another XasJin/rai/ in Coiineet- 
 icnt, between Qniimeliang and Pive-Mile Rivers in Windham 
 county, and here, too, the mutilated name of the naslKtiic-nlike 
 was transferred, as Axhawoii or Assawo;/, to the Pive-Mile 
 River. uVal(-/t<ni(/ in the same county, the name of the east- 
 ern branch of Shetucket river, belongeil originally to the 
 tract " between ' the eastern and western 1 (ranches ; and the 
 Shetucket itself borrows a name (^naKJuitie-tiilMit} from its 
 place 'between' Yantic and Quiuebang rivers. A neck of 
 land (now in (Iriswold, Conn.) " between Pachaug River 
 and a brook that comes into it from the south," one of the 
 Mnhhekan east boundaries, was called sometimes, S/noi'irun/,-, 
 ' at the place between," — sometimes Shawwdnui<i (jtanhant'- 
 amau(j'), ' the lishing-place between' the rivers, or the ' half- 
 way fishing-place. 'I 
 
 » Vol. i. p. -'ID. fSee pp. 11, 1.".. 
 
 t Cluindk'r's Survoy mid Map oftlie .Muliegan country. ITu.J. Ciiiiiparc 
 the Chip. ashitiriiri-yil(i(/oii., ''a placo fmiii which water runs twd ways," u 
 dividing ridgo or portage hctircen river courses. Owen's Geologiciil Sur- 
 vey of Wisconsin, etc., p. •il'J. 
 O 
 
84 
 
 Till'; COMI'()SITK)N Ol' 
 
 T). ArtiiiM, is once UHod Uy Kliot (C'lmt. iv. 1"2") lor ' loiin- 
 tain.' It (IcnotcMl n sprlii!'' or liroolv IVoin wliii'li water was 
 obtaiiK'd lor ilrinkiiiu'. In the Almaki, aslem iirln', ' il |»iiiso 
 (Ic Trail ;' and )icd-a''iiiliihe^ ' je iMiiso de Toaii, ,/""'' cr( Jluvio. 
 (Raslcs.) 
 
 Winne-anhlm-iit, 'at tlio good spring,' near RcMuncy Marsli, 
 is now Clielsea, Mass. Tlif nanio appeal's in deeds and rec- 
 ords as WiiinisiniMiet, AViniseinit, Winnet Seniet, etc. Tlie 
 author of tlio 'New Englisli Canaan' inlbrins us (liook 2, eli. 
 S), that "At Weeunifcinutc is a water, the virtue wliereof is, 
 "to cure iiarrennesse. 'I'lie plaee taketh his naiue of that 
 " fountaine, which signilieth iiidck spring, ov qiiicfcniiif; spririif. 
 " l*rol)atuni." 
 
 As/iiinidt or Slnonuit, an Indian village near the line he- 
 tween Sandwich and Falmouth, Mass., — Shainne, a neck and 
 river in Sandwich (the Chaumm of Capt. John Smith "'), — 
 ShlitiDt'idh, an Indian village on Nantucket, — may all have 
 derived their names from springs resorted to hy the natives, 
 as was suggested hy the Rev. Samuel Deane in a pai)er in 
 Mass. Ilixf. (Ji'lhctiuna, 2d Series, vol. x. pp. 17J5, 174. 
 
 t). Mattappan, a participle of mattappi- (Chip. namdluM), 
 ' he sits down,' denotes a 'sitting-down plai.u,' or, as generally 
 employed in local names, the end of a portage between two 
 rivers or from one arm of the sea to another, — where the 
 canoe was launched again and its bearers rc-einl)arked. Rtlle 
 translates the Al)naki e(|iiivalent, mnla"h', by ' il va an bord 
 de Teau, — a la gre\e [xmr s'embaniuer,' and meta"bi'ni(janik, 
 l)y ' ail bout de dela du portage.' 
 
 Mntlapan-ock, afterwards shortened to iMaitapan, that part 
 of Dorchester Neck (South JJoston) where " the Avest coun- 
 try jjeople were set down" in 1G:)0,* may have been so called 
 because it was the end of a carrying place from South JJay to 
 Dorchester Bay, across the narrowest part of the peninsula, 
 or — as seems highly probable — because it was the temporary 
 
 * Blake's Annals of Doivlicstur, p. !• : Winthrop's .[oiii-nMl. vol. i. p. 2S. 
 
INDIAN GEUiiUAl'HICAL NAMKS. 
 
 86 
 
 ' siftiii^-clo-,vii |ila(!o' of tlio now coni(>rs. Klsowliortj, we (iiul 
 (lit' iiiiiiK! ovidently assoiMatcil willi porfiit/e. 
 
 On Siuith's Mn|» of Viru,iiiiii, uwv ' Muttapanient' appoiirs 
 as tlio name of the iioitlicni loik (now IIh- MatUiponii) of 
 I'anuinnlv (York) Rivoi- ; another {Moff/Hiniiut) iiear (he 
 head waters of tlie I'awtuxunt ; and a third on the • Chicka- 
 haniania' not far above its eonduence with I'owhatan (.hunes) 
 River. 
 
 Maftapoisef, on an inlet of IJuzzard's Ray, in Rocliester, 
 Mass., — anotlier Mattapoiset or ' Aratta[)uyst,' now (Jardner's 
 Xeck, in Swanzea, — and ' >Mattiipcaset ' uv " Mnttahesie," on 
 the great bend of (he Cunneetieiit (now Middletown), derived 
 their names from the same won!, prol)al)ly. 
 
 On a map of Jiako Snperior, made by Jesnit missionaries 
 and published in Paris in 1(J72, the stream wliich is marked 
 on modem maps as 'Riviere aiix 'I'raines' or 'Train River,' 
 is named ' R. Malahnn.'' Tlie small lake from whieli it flows 
 is the 'end of portage' between the waters of liuko Aliehigau 
 and those of Lake Superior. 
 
 7. Chabknuk, ' a bound mark ;' lit(!rally, ' that whieh sepa- 
 rates or divides.' \ hill in Griswold, Conn., which was 
 aneiently one of the Muhhekan east bound-marks, was ealled 
 Chabinu"k, ' Atehanbennuek,' and ' Chaljunnuck.' The vil- 
 lage of praying Indians in Dudley (now Webster?) Mass., 
 was named Chahanakonijkumulc (Eliot, 1GC8,) or -ong-kuniuin, 
 and the CJreat I'ond still retains, it is said, the name of Chau- 
 benagunganuiug (chahmukong-ammitj .'), "the boundary lish- 
 ing-place." This pond was a bounil mark between the Nip- 
 mucks and the Muhhekans, and was resorted to l)y Indians of 
 both nations. 
 
 ij. ■■ ^v. 
 
 III. Particiiiials and verl)als employed as place-names may 
 generally, as was before remarked, be referred to one or the 
 other of the two preceding classes. The distinction between 
 noun and verb is less clearly marked in Indian grammar than 
 in English. The name Mushauwomuk (corrupted to iShmv- 
 
86 
 
 TIIK ((IMPOSITION OF 
 
 vuW) niiiy Itc I'Ciiiirilcd us m |iiii'lici|il(' IVoiii tlic vci'l) »iiix/i- 
 aiiiniii (Xiiir. iiils/iniiit/i'ijii ) ' lie ^nes liy liMiit," — or us ii iiouii, 
 nicnniiiii ' a TcriT.' — or us a iiiiiiic ol' tlic I'lrNt cliiss. coiii- 
 poiiiii|('(| of the ii(l_i('('tiviil iinix/iiii-ii, ' lioiit or cuiioi'/ mid 
 ii'i'hini-iik, luiliituiil or ciistoiiiiuv //"/////, i.(;.. ' wlicrc there is 
 goiiiti-hy-lHjfit.' 
 
 Tlic iiiiiilysis of iiuiiii's of this chiss is not easy. In most 
 ciisos, its results must lie reuar(h'(l iis merely provisiiiiiiil. 
 Without some v\w\ supplied hy history or tradilioii and wilh- 
 oiit accurate knowhMltic of tli(! locality to which the iiamo 
 l)t'loiij;s, or Ih t^iipiuiHCil to lieloiiji', one can never he certain of 
 haviuji' found the riiilit key to the synthesis, however well it 
 may seem to lit the lock. Ivxperieiicc ^layliew wi'itini;' from 
 (^hiliimrk on Martha's N'incyiird, in ITiiJ, ji'ivcs the Indian 
 name of the plac(! \vh(>re he was liviiiu' as Xliii/i(tinf/,'hlrkunii/i. 
 If li(^ had not added the information that the name " sij>'- 
 nilies ill EiiLiiish, i'/ic /ihicr of t/iioiilrr c/r/'/x," and that if 
 was so called " l)ecaus(> there was once a tree there split in 
 pieces hy the tliundcr," it is not likely that any one in this 
 generation would have discovered its precise nieaning, — 
 though it might have heen con_joctured that ncini/xiii, or iilni- 
 haii, ' thunder,' made a part of it. 
 
 (^h(ili'(f(/»ieiul(' was (lleckew(dder tells us*) the Dehiwaro 
 name of a jilaee on the Suscpu'hanna, in Pennsylvania, whore, 
 as the Indians say, '' in their wars with the Five Nations, they 
 fell liy surprise upon their enemies. The woimI or name of 
 this place is thendore, W/iere ice citinc iiiiaicares ii/iuii t/ievi, 
 ttc." Without the tradition, the meaning of the nanuMvould 
 not have been guessed, — or, if guessed, would not liavc^ iieen 
 confidently accejited. 
 
 The diniculty of analyzing such names is greatly increased 
 by the fact that they come to ns in corrupt forms. The 
 same name may be found, in early records, written in a 
 dozen different ways, and some three or four of these may 
 admit of as many diflbrent translations. Indian grammatical 
 
 * On Iiiilian Naiiics. in 7Vrt;/.s'. Am. Philos. Socif/i/, X. S. iv. ."itll. 
 
IMHAS (;i:n(;i!Ai>|||('.\|, NAMKS. 
 
 •X 
 
 MVlitlicsis WHS r.fiirl. Kvcry ripiisdiiiiiit ;iii(l rvci'v vowol linil 
 
 its ullii'i' ami ils |ilii(;i'. Nnt mik nlil lie (Ii'ii|i|hm| or trims- 
 
 |ii»st'i|. iiur I'oiild (Hii- III' ,'i(|i|('(|. witliniit f/itini/<' of iii<(tiiln'f. 
 Now most of the liidiiiii local iiniiics wcrt! lirsf, wiilti'ii liy 
 iiii'ii who cin'c'il iioiliiiiii' lor their iiiciviiiiijr iiml knew notliliitf 
 of the laiiu'iiii^cs to wliiili tlicy hcloiiu't'd. (M'tln' I'ruwlio 
 hail Iranii'il (o sprak mii' or iiiorr o|' tlicsi' laii'j,'iiat:rs. no two 
 ai|o|itri| the saiiio way ol' writiiiu' thi'in, ami no om — John 
 I'lliot i'xci'|itr'i| — a|i|»i'a!s to liavi' lici'ii at all rarcl'iil to write 
 tli(! siuiii' woril twice alike, in the seventeenth eentnry men 
 look eonsiileralile liliertics with the s|ieHinL!' ol' tlieii' own snr- 
 nanies ami veiw laruo liliorty with i'lniilish polysyllaliles — 
 es|ie('ially with local names. Scrihes who contri\ei| to liml 
 live or six ways of writinti' ' llartlorir or • Wetherslielil,' 
 were not likely to preserve nnitormily in ihcir dealiiiL's with 
 Imlian names. A lew letters more or li'ss were of no nreat 
 conseipienco, Imt, generally, the writers trieil to keep on the 
 safe siije, liy puttinu' in as many as they conkl liml room lor ; 
 prellxinu' a c to every /". ilonhlinu' every ir ami //, ami tuckiii«i; 
 
 on a snperllnuns final e, lor li' I measni'o. 
 
 In sonic instances, what is supposed to he an Indian place- 
 name is in fact a jh'i'xunnl name, liorrowed IV ini some sachem 
 or chief who lived on or claimed to own the tin-ritory. 
 Names of this class are likely to j:ive (I'onblo to translators. 
 1 was pn/./led for a lono; lime \)y * Midiiim,' the name of a 
 stream hetwecn Stamford and Greenwich, — lill I i-cmeni- 
 i)erecl that Mai/ano, an Indian wairior (who was killed hy 
 Capt. I'atrick in 1(j4->) had lived hereahonts; ami on search- 
 ing the (Jreonwich r )rds, 1 fonnd the strciim was liist men- 
 tioned as 3fiijaini<ic!<;\n(\ Mflmtnio's creek, and that it honnded 
 ' Moyannoe's neck" of land. Mndfiii/t river, which Hows west- 
 erly through Plainlield into the (^uinehaug and which has 
 given names to a Mnst-ottice and factory village, was formerly 
 Moottiip^s river,— osup or M(iiii<xi(/> being oni' of the aliases 
 of a Narragansett sii.hem who is better known, in the history 
 of Philip's war, as I'essacns. Ifeckewelder* restores ' I'yma- 
 
 * Oil Iniii;in Xiimcs (ut oipra) p. lifia. 
 
;}H 
 
 THK COMPOSITION OK 
 
 
 
 > t '■ 
 
 tuning,' the name of a [ilaco in Ponnsylviinin, to the Pol. 
 ' Plhmtdniiik,'' nic'iininjr, '• tlu' ihvolliiiu' plaiMi of the man wi(Ii 
 the erookeil nioutli, or the crooiaMl niiiii's (Iwclliii^' plaec," 
 and adds, tliat he " knew the man perl'eetly well," who gave 
 this name to the hjcality. 
 
 Some of the examples which have lioen given, — such as 
 IIU/i/ani(m, Niinker/iin/c, Shairtiiiit, Swumscut antl Tit text., — 
 — show how tlie dilliculties of analysis have lieen increased hy 
 phonetic corruption, sometimes to such a degree as hardly 
 to leave a trace of the original. Another and not less strik- 
 ing example is presented by Snipaic, the modern name of a 
 pond between Ellington and 'J'olland. If wo had not access 
 to Chandler's Survey of the Mohcgau Country, made hi 
 1705, who would suppose that • Snipsic' was the surviving 
 representative of Moshenupsuck, 'great-pond brook' or (lit- 
 erally) ' great-pond outlet,' at the south end of MoHlienupH or 
 Mashcnips 'great pond?' The tei'ritories of three nations, 
 the Muhhckans, Niimnicks and River Indians, ran together 
 at this point. 
 
 ' Namcroakc,' ' Namarcck'' or - Xamelakc,'' in East Windsor, 
 was transformed to May-Juck, giving to a l)rook a name which 
 ' tradition' derives from the ' luck' of a party of emigrants 
 who came in ' May' to the Connecticut.* The original name 
 appears to have been the equivalent of 'Namcaug' or ' Nam- 
 eoke' (New London), and to mean 'the fishing place, — 
 n^amaiifj or nama-olikc. 
 
 But none of these names exhibits a more curious transform- 
 ation than that of ' Bajadoo^e' or ' Biyaduci',^ a peninsula on 
 the cast '^ide of Penobscot Bay, now Castine, ]\Ic. AVilliam- 
 son's History of Maine (ii. 572) states on the authority of 
 Col. J. Wardwell of Penobscot, in 1820, that this point bore 
 the name of a former resident, a Ercnchman, one ' Major 
 Biguyduco.' Afterwards, the historian was informed that 
 ' Marche bayyducc ' was an Indian word meaning ' no good 
 
 * Stiles's History of Ancient Windsor, p. 111. 
 
 or 
 
INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMKS. 
 
 89 
 
 covo.' Ml'. Joseph Willianisou, in a paper in tlic IMaiiie His- 
 torical .Society's Collections (vol. vi. p. 107) idenfifies this 
 name with llie 3Iutchebii/i((iin^ of Edward Winslow's (piit- 
 claini to Massachnsetts in 1(144,* and correctly translates the 
 prolix matehe l)y ' bad,' but adds : " Wliat Bu/italtis means, 1 
 do not know." Purchas mentions "• Chebei/Hndone,' as an 
 Indian town on the ' Apananawapeske ' or Penobscot. f Ralo 
 gives, as the name of the place on " the river where M. de 
 Gastin [Castinc] is," Mats'd>ltiii>ad<iis><ck, and on liis anthority 
 we may accept this form as nearly representing the original. 
 The analysis now l)econies more easy. JJi(tsi-a"l>(((/a(i)(U-ek, 
 means ' at the bad-shelter jdace, — bad covert or cove ;' and 
 mat»i-a"ha(:ian)at(i)s-ek. is the diminntive, ' at the small bad-shel- 
 ter place." About two n)iles and a half aliove the month of 
 the Kenebec was a place called by the Indians - Abcuiadusset'' 
 or '■ Ahcqitaduxft'' — the same name without the prefix — mean- 
 ing ' at the cove, or place of shelter.'' 
 
 The adjectivals employed in the composition of Algonkin 
 names are very mimerons, and hardly admit of classification. 
 Noun, adjective, adverb or even an active verb nuiy, with 
 slight change of form, serve as a prefix. But, as was be- 
 fore remarked, every prefix, strictly considered, is an adverb 
 or nnist be construed as an adverb, — the synthesis which 
 serves as a name having generally the verb form. Some of 
 the most common of these prefixes liave been mentioned on 
 preceding pages. A few others, whose meanings are less ob- 
 vious and have been sometimes mistaken by translators, uiay 
 deserve more particular notice. 
 
 1. PoHQUr, POHQUAE'; Narr. pdiiqui ; Abn. pm'-kmie ; 
 'open,' 'clear' (primarily, ' brokeu'). In composition with 
 ohke, ' land,' or iormed as a verbal in -a////, it denotes ' cleared 
 land' or 'an open place:' as in the names variously written 
 ' Pahquioque,' * i'a(]uiaug ;' ' l'y(iuaag ;' ' Po(puug,' ' I'ayqua- 
 oge,' etc., in I)anl)ury and Wetherslield, and in Atliul, Mass. 
 
 *I'rinteil in noto to Savage's Winthrop's Journal, ii. \m. 
 
 fScf Tliornton's Ancicnl l\Mnai|iii(l, in Maine Hist. ("oUcctions, v. 15(!. 
 
40 
 
 1 '^ 
 
 \i^' 
 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OP 
 
 I 1 
 
 L*. I'aiikI'; (Aim. /)ti"i/'i>l.) 'clt^ir." 'pii-c'. Fouiul with 
 jHiiii/, ' staiidiiiti' wiitcr" or • pond." in such names as • I'alu'U- 
 poji',' ' l*a(inul)au,ii',' A'c See pauc 10. 
 
 •■{. l*A(iUAN-Ai;, ' he destroys,' • he shiimhti'rs* ( Xan*. /xn'i- 
 (jiKiiKi, '• thi'n; is a shiii^'htei'' ) in oouqiositimi willi o/ikc iW- 
 iiutcs ' phice of shmg'liler" nv ' ol' destnicJioii," and coiniiKMn- 
 oratcs some saiiuniiiiary vietoiy or disastrous defeat. Tliis is 
 prohdhhi the incaniiig of nearly all the names wi'itten • l*o- 
 qiiaiiiioc,' ' PetjuaniUK;.' 'Pauuaimek,' ttc, of jtlaces in IJridiiO- 
 poi't (Stratfu'ld), Windsor and (Jroton, (Joiin., and of a town 
 in New Jersey. Some ol' these, however, may possiltly Ix' 
 derived from pan /<: mini and "/i/ic, 'dark |)laee.' 
 
 4. Pkmi (Ahn. pei/Kii-dii ; Del. />ime-ii ; Cvco, peemt' :) 
 denotes deviation from a straiuht line: ' sloping,' 'aslant.' 
 'twisted.' l'UM.Mi:i:cHi': (('rce, pimlc/i ; Chi[>. /iciin'Ji; Ahn. 
 pri)i('t)<i;) 'crosswise; ti'averse.' Eliot wrote '■ pHintiieeche 
 man'' 1"!' ' <-'i'oss-way,' Oliad. 14 : and /nmiet.-Jiin (literally, 'it 
 crosses') for 'a cross,' as in iip-/iiiiti(t)</(i»-(Hin, 'his cross,' 
 Lnke xiv. 27. J^cini/i-i/oDic or Pcinlii-i/iiiixi, 'cross water,' is 
 the Chippewa name for a lake whose longest iliameter crosses 
 the general course of the river which tlows thi'ough it, — 
 which stretches dcrosx, not irllh the sti-eani. Then.' is such a 
 lake in ^linnesota. near the sources of the Alississipjti, just 
 belov,' the junction of the two primary forks of that river; 
 another (' Pemijigome ') in the chain of small lakes which 
 are the northern sources of the !Manidowish (and Chi[)pewa ) 
 River in Wisconsin, and still another near the Lacs dcs Flani- 
 heaux, the source of Fland)eau River, an aflluent of the Man- 
 idowish. 
 
 The same prefix or its e([uivaleiit occurs in the name of a 
 lake in Maine, near the source of the Aliigash liranch of St. 
 John's River. Mr. (Jreenleaf, in a list of Indian nani<\s 
 made in ISii:'),* gave this as ' WwM'cHKniii/i/diiio or .l/<]''iM00- 
 iV.v^ni'gniookS' Thoreauf was informe(l liy his Penobscot 
 
 *lleiiortol' Auiericiiii Socii'ty lor I'ruiuutiiiy' Civili/atiuii of tin; IiiiUun 
 Triln's. J). r>2. 
 
 t Maine W Is. •_';)•.'. 
 
\s^ 
 
 INDIAN OKOGRAPIIICAL N \MES. 
 
 41 
 
 guide, that the namo " moans ' Lako that is crossed ;' l)ccause 
 the usual course lies acn)ss, not ah)ng it." TIkm'c is another 
 " Cross LalvC," in Aroostook county, near the head of Fish 
 River. We seem to recognize, and with less difliculty, the 
 same prefix in /'cmir/eirassct, l)ut the full com})osition of that 
 name is not clear. 
 
 Pemi- denotes, not a cro^sKi'iif/ of l)ut deviation fnnn a 
 straight line, Avhethei' vertical or horizontal. In i)lace-names 
 it may generally Ix- translated Ity ' sloping' or ' aslant ;' some- 
 times hy ' awry' or ' lortnoiis.' Pentadeiir, which RrUe gives 
 as the Alinaki word for • mountain,' denotes a slopiw/ moun- 
 tain-side (pemi-adeiie), in distinction from one that is steep 
 or ]»recipitous. '■Pemefiq,'' the Indian name of Mount Desert 
 Island, as written hy Father Uiard m 1011, is the Ahnaki 
 penit"t('/ii, ' sloping land.' Pcniai/idd appears to he another 
 form of the m'oimI Avhich Rtlle wrote 'P(i)i((a"/ih'i\' meaning 
 (with the locative suffix) ' at the place where the land slopes;' 
 where " le terre penche ; est en talus.":}: Pipiialnnin(j, in 
 Pennsylvania, is explained hy Ileckewelder, as *• the dwell- 
 ing ])lace of the man with the crooked mouth : PiJnntdnink'"' 
 (from piini'K and 'ttmi). 
 
 Wanasiique, ANASgtJi, ' at the cxti'emity of,' ' at the end ;' 
 Ahn. nxoiaskiinihi, - nu lunit ;' Cree. itunuuishnti'h ; Chip. 
 ishkur, enlKjiia. See ( pp. 18, lU,) Wainishqii-oiiipsk-nt, Won- 
 neK(/nam,^ lVi)ni(s(/iiai)ii<aHkit, Sqiiamscot, W<)nas(juut\i('ket^ a 
 small river which divides North Providence and Johnston, 
 R.I., retains the name which helonged to the point at which 
 it enters an arm of Narra'gansett Ray (or Providence River), 
 ' at the end of the tidal-river.' A stream in Rochester, Mass., 
 which empties into i\v\ head of an inlet from Buzzard's Bay, 
 received tho same name. Ishtp((ii/'i)na, on the upper Emharras 
 
 * Abnaki Dictionary, s. v. I'lCNtiir.u. Compare, p. alo, ''bimkuh', 11 
 punclie iiatiirollt'inoiit la tOtf siir im cote." 
 
 t Wo)tncs(/uftiii (as slioulil have lii'en iiR'Htioued on tliu pajio roil'rretl to) 
 may possii)ly represent tlie Ahnaki (ii(wa.''k-Wii"(i"inl(i.ii or -mck; • at the end 
 of tlie peninsula' (• au hoiit do la pres(|u'ile.' Rale), 
 (i 
 
• ^' > 
 
 \' 
 
 42 
 
 THK CuMPdSlTION 01" 
 
 liivcr, Miiiiit'sota, is tlio 'end lake' tlir cxfrcine i)()iiit to 
 wliicli ciuiocs iio u)» that stiTtmi. 
 
 Names of //.s7/('.s siipjdy Ww adjectival coiupoiiejits of many 
 place-names un the sea-coast of New Enuiand, on the lal<es, 
 and aluiiu' river-coiirscs. Tlie dilliculty of analyzinji' such 
 names is the greater liecausc the same species of iisli was 
 i<no\vu liy dillerent names to different tril)es. The more 
 eommoji suhstantivals aie -(tiiiaiii/, ' fisluuii' phice : -tiik or 
 sipu, 'river;* o/i/>'('. ' phice ;' Aim. -kd It!, ' ]ilace of aliimd- 
 anco ;' and -kca;/, -/ccki\ Aim. -kJtiije, which a|i|)ears to denote 
 a |ieculiar mode "f jii^Jiln;/. — [lerhaps, i)y a ircir :* possibly, a 
 spearing-placi'. 
 
 From the generic naiiuiHa (ndnmhs, El. ; Aim. nunu's ; Del. 
 nuiiices :) 'a lish" — liut probahly, one of the sinaller sort, for 
 the form is a diminutive, — (.'onu' such names n<. Xn invoke ov 
 Xameaiii) (New London), for nKiiiau-o/iki\ ' lish country ;' 
 Xiuiianket or Xaitiasseket (on Taunton River, iu Middle- 
 horough, Mass.) ' at the lish place," a favorite resort of the 
 Indians of that I'cgion ; Xamaxk('((k, now Amoskeag, on the 
 Merrimack, and XanCskekd or Skcekert, in Wellfleet, Mass. 
 
 .\l's(/iia}ii)H((ii</ (Ahn. )iici<kfiiai)i('k<i)^. 'red lish,' i.e. salmon, 
 gave names to several localities. Mixquainaciii'k or iSqiiaini- 
 ciit, now Westerly, 11. 1., was ' a salmon place' of the Xarra- 
 gansctts. The initial m often disap[)cars : and sometimes, so 
 much of the rest of the name goes with it, that we can only 
 guess at the original synthesis. ■ (umlc," a post office and 
 railroad station, near Dover. N.ll., on the Cochcco river, was 
 once ' SqiKUinuiiijonic,' — and jjrohably, a salnion-lishing place. 
 Kafqnisli (Aim. kahasi^r, plu. kahasxak), 'sturgeon,' is a 
 com])onent of the name Co/ilHUf^eeconlce, \n Maine; (i)age2t). 
 ante), ' where sturgeons are plenty;' and Cohsniok, an ai'in 
 of I'assamaquoddy i>ay, I'embroke, Me., pcihaps stands for 
 kabuiisuk/t !</(', ' sturgeon-catching place.' 
 
 * Schoolcraft derives flic iiiiiiu' ot" the Xiima/cdj/ini fork of the St. C'roi.x 
 rivev, AVisc. Iroiii ('iii|). •' hunmi. stiirtreon. Mini bif/iin, a yoke of weii-."" 
 
 
 Ay ^ 
 
FNDIAN (JKOOHAIMIH'AI. NAMKS. 
 
 4:5 
 
 AinnHHoii oi' Ominissii"'/ ( Al)ii. ii"iiii<ii)ak), • sniiill I'sli," — 
 especially alewives and horrings, — is a conipunent nl" the name 
 of the Ahnaki villau'c on the Konnel)Cc, A"mexink-ka"Ui \ ol" 
 MattmnmiHronils, a trihutary ol' the KonneluH; (see p. '2o, 
 ante), and prohahlij, ot" AuioKcni/i/in and Amoiikeaj. 
 
 QiinnoKu ()»1. -xit'ii/ : Al)n. honi/isi' ; (.)ld AIl!". Mho"])' ; 
 Chip, kem/zlm ;') is t'uuml in the name of Keuos/m, a town 
 and county in Wisconsin ; pci'liaps, in Kt'HJua oi- JCeitnia 
 creek and township, in WaiTen county, Pa. Qidnshepatii/ or 
 Qito)hs/i<tpaii!fL\ in Mendon, Mass., seems to denote a ' pickerel 
 pond' {(jHnnosii-puiiif^. .Uanklnoriyr, i.i.'. /»a.s.^rt-/c/Ho'|;V, " ureat 
 pike' or niaskclunn'e, names a river and lake in Canada. 
 
 Pf'.xeatiDii, said to mean ' pollock," occurs as an adjectival 
 in Pet^kadamifnikka" Iti , Ww modern Pitssamdfjunddji (p. 2d). 
 
 Xaha"m(ii, the Al)naki name of the • eel,' is found in " Ne- 
 hutnkea;/, the English of which is Eel Land, .... a stream 
 or hrook that empties itself into Kennehee River," not far 
 from Col)l)isseeontee.* Tliis l)rook was sometimes called liy 
 the Eng-lish, Xelmmkrc The Indian name of Salem, ^fas.s.. 
 was Nckiniikeke or Naihukea;/, and a place on tlu; Meri'imac, 
 near the mouth of ('oncord River (now in Ijowell, I l)elievc,) 
 had the same name, — ^yritten, Naainkcak. 
 
 }■■' 
 
 In view of the illustrations whieli have ije(!n giviui, we re- 
 peat what was stated in {\w beuinning of this paper, that 
 Indian placivnamcs are not proper names, that is unmeaning 
 marks, but signilicant appellative a, each conveying a descrip- 
 tion of the locality to which it l)clongs. In those parts of the 
 country where Indian languages are still spoken, \\w analysis 
 of such names is comparatively easy. Chip[»ewa, (,'ree, or 
 (in another fanuly) Sioux-Dakota geographical names may 
 generally 1)0 translated with as little difficulty as other words 
 or syntheses in the same languages. In New iMigland, and 
 especially in our part of New England, the case is different. 
 
 *Col. William Lithgow's deposition. 1707, — in New England Historical 
 and General Register, xxiv. 21. 
 
44 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF 
 
 We can hardly cxjx'ct to a.scortaiii llio UK'aiiin<i- of all the 
 names which have come down to ns IVoni dead liinji'uages of 
 ahorighial trilx's. Some ol" the oh.stacles to accurnte aanlysls 
 have hccn pointed ont. Neai-ly every geographical luiiue has 
 heen nuitilated or has sullered change. It would indeed he 
 strange if Indian polysynthcses, Avith their I'reiiuent gutturals 
 and nasals, adopted I'rom unwritten languages and liy those 
 who ■were ignorant of their meanings, had lieen exempted 
 from the phonetic change to which all language is suliject, as 
 a result of the uiuversal dis^iosition " to put more facile in 
 the stead of more dillicult sounds or combiiuition of sounds, 
 and to get rid altogcthci' of what is unnecessary in the words 
 we use."* What l'r<jfessor ilaldeman calls oto)<is, * that error 
 of the ear hy which words are perverted to a more familiar 
 form,'t has etVected some curious transformations. Swat(tra,'j^ 
 the name of a stream in Pennsylvania, l)ecomes ' Sweet 
 Arrow;' the Poto/icico of John Smith's ma]) ijx'itupp'ig, a 
 bay or cove ; Eliot.^ on a l»end of the Potomac, is naturalized 
 as ' Port Tobacco.' Nainaauke, 'the place of llsh' in East 
 Windsor, i)asses through JVanicrack and Nainalakc to the 
 modern ' xMay Luck.' Moskiln-cuike, ' grass land,' in Scituate, 
 R.I., gives the name of ' Mosquito Ilawk' to the brook which 
 crosses it.§ 
 
 ♦Whitney's Languaffc and the Study of Language, p. G'J. — " Ein natiir- 
 liches N'olkfgefiihl, oft audi dcr Volkswitz, den nicht melir verstiuul- 
 enen Nanien neu uiniiriigte Tiiid niit anderen lebendcn W(irtorn in A'er- 
 bindung setzte." Dr. J. IJender. Die denlsclun Orlgnamcn (2tc! Ausg.) p. 2. 
 
 flialilcnian's Analytic Orthography, iJ279, and "Etymology as a means 
 of Education," in Pennsylvania School Journal for October, 18U8. 
 
 f " Swatawro,' on Sayer and Bennett's Jlap, 1775. 
 
 §" Whiskey Jack," the name by which the Canada Jay (Perisoreus Can- 
 adensis) is best known to the lumbermen and hunters of Alaine and Canada, 
 is the Montagnais Ouishcalclia'^ (Cree, Uutsk'es/iauneeith) , which has passed 
 perhaps through the transitional forms of ' Ouiske Jean' and ' \V1 iskey 
 Johnny.' The Shagbark Hickory nuts, in the dialect of the Abnakis 
 called s'koJsliKila'inennar, literally, ' nuts to be cracked with the teeth,' are 
 the ' Kuskatominies' and 'Kisky Thomas' nuts of descendants of the 
 Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York. A contraction of the 
 
rNDlAN GP:0(iRAl'HfCAL NAMKS. 
 
 45 
 
 111 ('onnecficut and Hliodr Isliind s|u'('i;il ciiiiscs oppratod to 
 ('orrui)l and translonn aliUDst Ix'voiid iiossiliilily of ivcojiiii- 
 tioii, many (»!' Ilic Indian iilacc names. Five dilTei'cnt dia- 
 lot'ts at Irast were spoken between Narra<^ansell IJay and the 
 Ilousatonio River, at the time ol' the lirst nmunji' of the 
 Enji'lish. In early (1(mm1s and ennveyanees in the C(tl(tnial and 
 in local reeords, we lind the same river, lake, tract of land or 
 bonnd-mark named sometimes in the Mnhhekan, sometimes 
 in the Xarriiuanselt, or Niantic, or Nipnmck, or Coiuiecticnt 
 valley, or (.|Jiiinni|tiae ( Qniiipe(>) dialect. The adopted name is 
 often iwlra-Vimttarii to the tribe by which it was ^iveii. Often, 
 it is a mixture of, or a sort of compromise between, two dia- 
 lect.s ; half Mnhhekan, half Narragansett or Nipnmck. la 
 the foiMu in which it comes to us, we can only guess from 
 uliat lanunaiic or lanuiiaues it has been corrupted. 
 
 The analysis of those names even whose composition aj)- 
 pears to lie most obvious must be accepted as provisional 
 merely. The recovery of a lost .syllal)le or of a lost guttural 
 or nasal, the correction of a false accent even, may give to 
 the synthesis another and hitherto unsuspected meaning. It 
 would be surprising if sf)jno of the translations which have 
 been hazarded in this paiier do ntit prove to be wide of their 
 
 plural form of ;i iliii'siU'hiij'i^tts nouii-^i'eiierii.', — Ksijuasli, deiiotiiig ■ tliin<j;s 
 which are eaten <j;reeii, or withuut cuokiii}:',' was adopted as tlie name of a 
 garden vegetable, — with eonseious relL'rence, perhaps, to the okl English 
 word s(ju(t!<h, meaning * something sot't or innnatnre.' Sometimes etymol- 
 ogy overreaches itself, by regarding an aboriginal name as the corrupt 
 form of a foreign one. Thus the mas/cahmt/e or 'great long-nose ' of the 
 St. Lawrence (see p. i;!) has been reputed of French extraction, — 7?!r(,'!- 
 (/ne elonr/e : and fot/iic/.omi, the northern name of a plant used as a substi- 
 tute for or to mix with tobacco, — especially, of the Bearberry, Arclostaphy- 
 /(« t/i'a-K/'s/j-^is resolved into xai'-a-coinml.i, '■^ on account of the Hudson's 
 Bay ollicers carrying it in bags lor smoking," as Sir iJohn llichardson be- 
 lieved (Arctic Searching Expedition, ii. a03). It was left for the inge- 
 nuity of a Westnnnstcr Reviewer to discover that barbecue (denoting, in 
 he language of the Indians of Guiana, a wooden frame or grille on which 
 all kinds of flesh and fish were dry-roasted, or cured in smoke,) might be 
 a corruption of the French barhe <? i/ueiic, i.e. 'from snout to tail:' a sug- 
 gestion which appears to have found favor with lexicographers. 
 
4t; 
 
 TMK roMPOHITION 01' 
 
 I' 
 
 mark. Kvcn Eiiulisli clyinolofry is nnt rt'ckuncd iunoiiii' the 
 oxcact sciences yet. — iiml in Alii'Diikin. tlicrc is the lulditiuiial 
 (lisadviintntic of liaviiiu' no Sanskrit vcrlis '• in ud." to tall 
 l)ack on as a last rcsoct. 
 
 Recent nianil'(>statioiis of an incrcasinu' interest in Indian 
 ononiatolojiT, or at least of awakened enriosity to discover the 
 meanings of Indian names, may pi^rliaps Jnstily the wi'itei- in 
 olFerinff, at the close of this iin|M!r, a lew sn^u-estions, as to the 
 method of analysis which appears most likely to uive correct 
 resnlts, and as to the tests hy which to jndge of the jii'<'1ndiil- 
 Ujl that a snjiposed translation of any name is the tine one. 
 
 1. The earliest recorded form of the name shonld lie 
 songht for, and every variation from it shonld he noted. 
 These shonld he taken so far as possil)le from original man- 
 uscripts, not from ])rinted eo|)ies. 
 
 '2. Where the dii'li.'i'eiu'e of forms is consideriOde, knowl- 
 edge of the character and oppoi-timities of the writer may 
 sometimes determine the preference of one form to others, as 
 prohahly the most acenrate. A Massachusetts or Connecticut 
 name written hy .lohn Eliot or Experience Mayhew — or l>y 
 the famous interpreter, Thomas Stanton — may safely be as- 
 sumed to represent the original combination of sounds more 
 exactly than the form given it by some town-recorder, igno- 
 rant of the Indian language and who perhaps did not always 
 write or spell his own correctly. 
 
 3. The name should be considered with sonu' reference to 
 the topographical features of the region to which it belongs. 
 These may sometimes determine the true meaning when the 
 analysis is doubtful, or may suggest the meaning which would 
 otherwise have been unsuspected under the modern form. 
 
 4. Remembering that every letter or sound had its value, 
 — if, in the analysis of a name, it ])ecomes necessary to get 
 rid of a trouljlesome consonant or vowel by assuming it to 
 have been introduced ' for the sake of euphony,' — it is probable 
 that the interpi-etation so arrived at is not the right one. 
 
 5. The components of every place-name — or to speak 
 more generally, the elements of every Indian synthesis are 
 
INDIAN OKOGIIAI'llICAL NAMKS. 
 
 sl(/)ilfim)if ro'its, not luoru fntctlnii)* <>f iron/x iii-l)itriirily so- 
 IccttMl for new (M)iir.tiiiiiti(Jiis, 'I'lion; lias liccii no inon^ pi'o- 
 lilic sourct' of error in dciilinus with the ctyinoloiiv and the 
 jz;raniin!iti<'al strnt'tnrt' of tin' American lanuiiii<j(s tli;in that 
 onc-sidctl view of the truth which was nivcn liy Dnpon- 
 ccau* in the statenii'iit that "■ one or more syllal)lt's of each 
 simple word are ucnerally chosen and conil>ined totrether, in 
 one compound locution, often Icavinii' out the harsh conso- 
 nants for the sake of euphony," — and repeated t)y llecke- 
 welder,f when he wi'ote. that " in the Delaware and other 
 American lanu'uauos. ])ai'ts or parcids of dilVercnt wunls, 
 sometimes a sinii'le sound or letter, are compounded toirether 
 in an artificial manner so as t(» avoid the meeting' of harsh or 
 disajireeal)le sounds," A'c. The "• single sound or letter" the 
 " one or more syllaliles," were chosen not as '• jjart oi- parcel" 
 of a woi'd l)ut hecause of their ////(trew^ slt/nlficance. The Del- 
 aware '• i'/Av^c, a youth," is tft — as lleckewelder and Du- 
 ponceau reiiresented it to he J — " formed from jn/sit, chaste, 
 innocent, and letutjie, a man," hut from iml- (Mass. ]ien-, Ahii. 
 j><V-,) strau,ii(!, nov(d, iinuft'ti (and hence) pure, — and -a^pe 
 (Mass. -oDij), Aim. (i"hr,) a male, vir. It is true that the 
 same roots arc i'otmd in the two words vxh-xit (a partici])le of 
 the verb-adjcclive /;//-(>•(/,• he is jture,') and /(•//-a^'im:. ' com- 
 mon man :' but the statement that *'• one or more syllables" 
 are takm from these words to form Pllape is inaccurate and 
 misleading. It might with as much truth i)e said that the 
 English word hoyliixnl is Ibrnu'd from selected syllables of 
 boy-ish and man-hood; or that ^.>h>vV^ ' compoumls together 
 in an artificial mannm'" fractions of punU and (puil////. 
 
 We meet with sinular analyses in almost every jmblished 
 list of Indian names. Some examples have been given in 
 
 * f'orrespoiiilt'iicc ot' DiipniiccMii niul Ilt'ckewflder. in Trans. Historical 
 and l.itfrary Cdininiltoe of Am. Pliilos. SociL'ty, p. 403. flljid., p. -UM!. 
 
 J I'rt'fiice to tJuponceau's translation of Zfisberj;er's Grammar, j). 21. 
 On Duponci'aii's autliority. Dr. I'ickcrinij aict'ptiMJ tliis analysis and gave 
 it currency l)y r(.'|)fating it, in liis admirable ])a])('ron " Indian Langnages," 
 in the Encyclopaedia Americana, vol. vi. 
 
IS 
 
 IHl': COMPOSITION OK 
 
 the iircccdiiiu- |)!i<i-cs of tliis |i;i|i('r. — ;is in tlic iiitorpretation 
 of ' Winiiipisiou'cc (\). -Vl) \>y • the lir;iiitit'iil wiitcr of tho 
 liiti'h pliit'O," .v or r .s" licinii' rcuardcil us the fiiictioiiiil icprcsont- 
 jilivc of ' /ivr.s', liiuli.' /'fiiiii/cirassct \u\s liccn translatt-d liy 
 • crooluMl pliKT of |»iiii's' iiiid 'crooked niniiii(iiiii piiu' plii(.'0,' 
 — iis if /i'(ii-)i, 'a |iiiic/ or its |iiuriil kdi-ash. coidd dispfusc in 
 composition with its si^'niliciint luiso, kc^ and appeal' l)y a 
 •rraniniatical formative only. 
 
 (!. Xo interpretation of a placo-name is corroct wliieli 
 makes Ikk/ '/rdiiniuw lA' the oriuinal. 'I'ht; apparatus of Indian 
 synthesis was euniliersome and perliaps ineleuant, hut it was 
 ni(!ely adjnsteil to its work. The u'l'ammatieal rehitiqns of 
 words wei'e never h>st siuht of. The several components of a 
 name had (heir estal)lishe(l order, not dependent upon tlie will 
 or skill of the coni]»oser. When we read modern advertise- 
 ments of •' chea]) gentlemen's travelini;' hatis" or '• steel-faced 
 carpenters' claw hanuners," we may conslrne such ])lirascs 
 with a latitude which was not peiniitted to the Al,ii,'onkins. 
 If ' Comiecticut' means — as some have suji[iosed it to mean 
 — ' lonji' deer place,' it denotes a jilace whei'e Ion;/ deer 
 ahounded ; if ' l'iscata(pia' was named ' <ireat deei' river.' it 
 was because the deer found i>i that river were of remarkahlo 
 size. " Coacjuanock' or, as Hcckewelder Avrote it, ' Cuwequen- 
 aku,' tlu^ site of riiiladelphia, may mean ' jiine long-place ' 
 ))ut cannot mean 'long pine-place' or 'grove of long pine 
 trees.' If • JV'migewasset ' is comptmnded of words signify- 
 ing 'crooked,' 'pines,' and 'place,' it denotes "a jjlace of 
 crooked i)ines.' — not ' crooked place (jf pines.' 
 
 Again — every Indian mime is romij/cte within iti<elf. A 
 mere adjectival or <nuililicative cannot serve independently, 
 leaving the real ground-word to l)e supplied by the hearer. 
 River names must contain some element which denotes 
 ' river ;' names of lakes or ponds something which stands lor 
 ' lake' or ' pond.' The Indians had not onr fashion of speech 
 which permits Hudson's River to be called 'the Hudson,' 
 drops'the word 'lake' from 'Cham|,lain' or Erie," and uuikes 
 "the Alleghanies" a geographical name. This difference 
 
INUIAN OlMKillAI'IIK AL NAMI'H, 
 
 iiinst not lie Insl siuiit (if, ill aiiiilvsis or t iiiisliitioii. Ai/d- 
 
 1f>iiiii i)V Aiii/iiiiii (11 li;iiii(' ^iivcii Id scvi'Tiil Idcalitii'S iii >r\v 
 KiiLiliiiiil wlicrc tlicrt' arc low Hat iiicadow.s ni- iiiaislics,) caii- 
 iiol lie (lie ('qui\alcii1 of tlic AiiiiaUi nifUKi'tt, wliidi means "a 
 -tliniirili ti(/fiiii"il<i-/,l (II' sdliiclliiiiu like ir 
 
 siu(ik('-(lri('(l lish. 
 ( il' such a uanic slioiild lie IdiiiKl). miulit mean • smdke(|-|isli 
 |ilace.' ('liJrk(tlmiii'ni/i ddcs not stainl Ini" • ^'irat cdin.' ikh' 
 I'liwnitinh- lor • iiiiicli di' many deei' :'t liecaiise neither • cdiiT 
 iioi" 'deer" desiiiiiates jiliicf or ini|ilies li\e(| hu-alidii. and 
 iherel'dre neither can lie made the ji'i'd'tad-Wdrd dl' a phiee- 
 name. Aii'ir'ixcii(/i/in ov A»i<>sc(i(/i/ln is uu\ IVdin the Almaki 
 * i(uiiis/iii/i,y(i)i. Iish-s|ieariiiu'."* I'or a similar reason ( and nidi'e- 
 over, liecause the termination -/('"//"/t denotes always an inxirii- 
 iiicnf., never an <irli<in op a /i/nre : it may iieloiiL;' to • a llsli- 
 spear,' lint not to *■ lish spearinji' nor to llie locality *■ where 
 lish are speared.") 
 
 on. 
 
 7. The locative post-jMisition. -et, -it or-»^§ means ///, (if o 
 
 It locates, not tlie oliject to th 
 
 -not • land' (.»r ' plac 
 
 name of wJiicli il is allixed. lait Koiin/Jiiiii/ clxf as r(dated to 
 that dlijei't. — whicii must l»o of sncli a initiire thai Ideation 
 can lie pre(licate(l oC it. Aniimtte noinis, that is, names dl' 
 animate iiiijects canndt receive this allix. 'At the rdck" 
 ((///^/^.vA-ff/), ' at the nidiiiitain ' {/r(((/c/iii-iif). nv ' \\\ the conn- 
 try' {a/i/c-it, auk-it), is intelliii'ililc. in Indian or ImiuHsIi : ■ at 
 the deer." ' at the liear," or ' at the stiiriiuons," would lie udu- 
 
 sense in auv laim'Uimi; 
 
 \VI 
 
 len animate iKiuns dccur in plac 
 
 * It WMS so iiitt'i'|ircl('il ill the Ilistdiiciil Mii;i;i/ini' i'or M;iy. lS(l,"i (p. ihi). 
 ■flliid. 'I'd tlii> iiitcrpi-ctiilidii 111' /'(/'/('((^Kr/,' tlicic is tlic iiinrc (jlnidiis 
 
 oliicitidii tliat :i prclix 
 
 iiiil'viii^- • iniicli or iiiiiiiv' shduld W I 
 
 ollowx'd iidi 
 
 \\\ iihluL or allut, 'd dt'cr," hut liy tlu' jiliiial iililnL 
 
 IjllOI/. 
 
 J Et\iii(i!oj;i(';il V()cnl)iilary of (icojrrniiliical XaniL's, Mpiicnili'il to the |;is| 
 edition of Wi'Iistcr's Dictionary (isoi). It may bu jiroiici- to remark in 
 this coniu't'tion, that tlie writer's ri'siioiisihiiily for tiie correctness of 
 transhitions jiivi 
 Irlliuti 
 
 en ni tlial vocaliiilarv does not extend lievoiid Ins own eon- 
 
 oiis to U. 
 
 I (' 
 
 inaki and ( re* 
 a connect inu' vowel. 
 
 <Ji' -,'/, 
 
 -l)el;i 
 
 iware and C'liiiipewa, -//_(/ or -'V/, 
 
50 
 
 iiii: (OMPosnidN oi' 
 
 imnu's, iho.y I'cci'isc tin- Ibriiiiifivf ni' vciliiils, oi' sn-vt- ns n<ljft - 
 tiviil pri'lixcs lo sainc Inciili/iuii' ui'iiiiiKl-wiird or iKiim-ii'ciii'ric. 
 IS. Finally, — in the iiiialysis <»!' ^•I'liiii-iiidiiciil iiiiiiics, dilU'r- 
 ciiccs 111' /(iii;/ii(ii/i' i\iiil iHiili'i't imist ii(»t lie tlisrc^ai'drd. In 
 dctcnninini!,- tlic primary nicaninii' ol" lools, jircat assislnnct! 
 may Ik; had l»y llic runiparisDn ul' derivatives in nearly related 
 lanji'uaii'es t»r llie same stuek. lint in American laniiiiaLi'es, 
 tlie diversity of dialeets is even more remarkalile than the 
 identity ami constancy of roots. Kvery trilie. almost every 
 villajio had its pocidiarilics ol' speech. Names ctymohtuieally 
 identical iuijj,lit have \vid(dy rlil'li'rent nieaninus in two lan- 
 fl'uaji'es, or even in two nations speakini!' siilistantially the 
 same lan^'naut;. 'I'lie eastern Aliionkin jicneric name f(M" 
 ' lisir (^luhiKi-iis. Del. H(iiiinl-K) is restricted liy nortlnM-ii. and 
 western trihes to a sinule species, the stin'jieon ((^hip. na- 
 mai',) as f/ir llsh. par excellence. Affii/c, in .Massacdinsetts 
 was the common fallow-deer. — in Canaila and the north-west 
 the earilxMi or reindeer. The Abnaki Indian called his »/'«/ 
 («<tV) liy a name which the ("hippcwa iiives his Iiorxi- {<ifl-iiti ; 
 ndi, my horse).* The most common noun-generic of liver 
 names in New Knuland {j-tiilc, 'tidal riv(;r') ocHMirs rarely in 
 those of Pennsylvania and N'ii'ginia, where it is replaced liy 
 -hiinnc ('rapid stream'), and is unknown to western Alii'on- 
 kiu triiies whose streams are undisturbed by tides. The 
 analysis of a geojiraphical name must be sought in the 
 language spoken by the nauu'-givers. The correct translation 
 of a (,'ounecticut or Narragansett name is not likely to be 
 attained by searching for its several components in a Chip- 
 pewa vocabulary ; or of the name of a locality near Huilson's 
 River, by deriving its pr(;(ix from an Abnaki adverb and its 
 ground-word from a Chippewa participle, — as was actually 
 done in a recently published list of Indian names. 
 
 * IJoth words liave tlii' simu: luuaiiiiij;, — that of • n doiiiL'stic animal,' or 
 literally, •aiiiiiiate proiiurtv ;' • In; who Imloiiys to me.' 
 
 Ailaiii-, .lull 
 .'|-.'s. :UUi. 
 177, ISl, 
 
 A(laiii<, Sai 
 .'f<i(». 
 
 Allen, Kth.i 
 
 Allin, Ucv. 
 
 Aliis(ju. He 
 
 tijn' Coin; 
 
 Al.-(>|i. .lohn 
 American '1 
 
 viil. 
 ' Americani 
 letters to I 
 Arno d. lU: 
 Captain 
 April, 17 
 eolonel. 
 His cont 
 (ien. Scl 
 <m1 ilep 
 hl'ijr- J,'ei 
 in the 
 paid l)V 
 Arnold, 
 
 Letter Ir 
 
 Arnolil, . 
 
 Hart for 
 
 " Asia" ma 
 
 ea[)tnre. 
 
 York, '.'lit 
 
 Auehninty, 
 
 Babcock, 
 with Cei 
 .S41. 
 
 Balieoek, Cc 
 ter to Co! 
 nam reec 
 general, S 
 
 Babeoek, Di 
 ter from, .' 
 
 II: 
 
 Iro 
 lol 
 
lis a<ljt'<- 
 
 J^flll'lic. 
 
 s, dilVtM'- 
 |('(|. Ill 
 ■;>ist!llict! 
 V rclatrd 
 
 lilliltl't'S, 
 lilll tlic 
 
 s( I'vi'iy 
 
 nnlcjilly 
 
 two lilli- 
 
 ully the 
 
 liUlIC I'oi' 
 
 lorii, iiii<l 
 
 /lii|t. na- 
 
 irliiisctts 
 
 ortli-wcst 
 
 (I liis (/'/// 
 
 ' (oti-ini ; 
 
 : of river 
 
 riirely in 
 
 •liK'i'd liy 
 
 ■II Altioii- 
 
 cs. The 
 
 it in tlic 
 
 l!lllslillil)U 
 
 ely to 1)0 
 11 ii Cliip- 
 Huilson's 
 I'll ami its 
 s actually 
 
 iiniiiKil,' ur 
 
 INI) I : \ 
 
 A(lillii«..loliii. I II, •.'■.'!. •.'•-'•-'. •-'•-'7. ■.'•-'S. 
 
 ;t2M. Wi>. Hi, ,liiiiv .|Iiu|.mI, I 1 I. 
 
 177, IHl, \HH. 
 Adaiii!', Simim-l. I.'ir. Ill, .'.11. .'Gh, 
 
 3tiO. 
 
 AIKmi, Ktli;iii, •.';!i, -'k;. 
 
 Allili, lliv. .loliii, ll-J, I ■-•■.. 
 
 Alii:'!)!!. |{('V. F!;l!l('i.«. |)lc;lc||C» ln'- 
 
 tbrc ('iPl!i;!'os>, •>[).>. 
 
 Ai.-(.|.. .Idhii, lit. •-'•.'<;, ;it;i. 
 
 AiiiLMiiaii 'I'lirtle. >" l>i!sl!!icll. I >;i- 
 vM. 
 
 " AllU'l'ifMIIUH," (EllL'lll'/Cl- llaz;!!il,) 
 
 lutturstoMr. IJeiinc, II"-', l'.J7. 
 Arno d, IJciiedict, 11<i, 2'10, 3.(7. 
 
 Captain ol' vuliiiitciT coinpuiiy. 
 
 April, 1775, -J'S, ('fiii!i!iission('(l 
 
 oolont'l, hy Massiichiisctts, 23'J. 
 
 His coiitol witli Ktliai! Allc!!, •-'.■)(;. 
 
 (icn. ScliiiN Itr \va!!ts liiiii appuiiil- 
 
 »'(l di'p. aiij. ;ii'iici'al, 2."cJ. (,'liOM'n 
 
 brig, j.'1'iii'i'al, •'! l^*. Hi?* t xpi'iisi'.- 
 
 in tile 'ric()ii(lc!'c(|.fa expedition. 
 
 paid liy Coiijri'css, ii."il. 
 Ai'iiold, Hai!iiali. Liiiii' to, :!,'i4. 
 
 Lettei' IVoiii, 'Sod. 
 Ainold, .Idlii!, witliili'aws t'vum the 
 
 Hartt'oi'd cliiii-cl!, >")."i. 
 " il,s/u" man-of-war; project tin- in'r 
 
 capture, 251, 27S. Fii-cs (ni Xew 
 
 York, '."J(i. 
 Anehnuity, Uev. Saimiei. 221. 
 
 Babcock, Adam, 175. A volimtcer 
 with (Jen. Lee, ;i5.'i, [..elter I'l'oni, 
 .141. 
 
 F3alieoek, Col. Harry, 3;ti!, ;; i;i. Let- 
 ter to Col. Saltonstall, ;{3 7. I'lit- 
 iiam rei'onn!iends him tor lirig. 
 geiiei-al, ;};!7. 
 
 Baheoek, Dr. Jos<hua,;!;3(!, ;{5G. Let- 
 ter t'rom, ;!55. 
 
 47 
 
 HalMMiik. Mr.. ;iill. 
 Baihr, liirhai'd. Ill, ;I02. 
 Uaniii, Aliillrw, 55, 7(!, 711, ■j7. Mr. 
 Sloiii'- chaige- against liini, lO."), 
 115, 
 Baldwin, Kev. Llienezia'; letter from, 
 
 ;il2. 
 Barding, N'atlianiel, of Hartford, 79. 
 iiarnard, Framis, 5 1. 
 Barnard. Jiihii, s;i. W'ithdra w> ti'om 
 
 tin H.irttiad chnndi. 55. 
 liartlrii, ,liFsi;ili, ;[(;o, 
 B.iyanl. Mr., Ill, 115, ;)01. 
 Bay>y, .loliii, Hi. 
 Beers, .Mr,, poslmasteratNew Haven, 
 
 X] 1, 
 /-'' iihili, ship, expected from Lrmdon. 
 
 I lis, 
 liiddic, [Edward.] 185, 
 Biddle'- 'ravern, Philadelphia, 106. 
 Bird, ^Ir, ot'Mrginia, .'f07. 
 Bland, Bichard.of \'a,, 17!), IHl. 
 Boerinn, .Simon. 220, 227. 
 Bostiin, 173, 171. 271, 27;3. Contri- 
 
 i)Ulii)n lor I'elief of, I.'IU, 137. Uu- 
 
 inor of hostilities at. W'J. 15i>, 153. 
 
 I'o-itioii of tin' troops near, 218. 
 
 Coinininiication with, cnt oil', 250. 
 Bostnn clinrch, invited to take |)art 
 
 in a coiuuil at Jl.irtliird, Ua, lofi 
 
 Stv Hartford (diiircli. 
 Bostwick. yL , 1 75. 
 liiatlle. Benjandn. oi' Cambridge. 
 
 15 1. ' 
 
 Bristol, I'a., Iti5. 
 Bi'oome, .Joliii, 115. 
 Broome, Sanuiei. 111. Letters t'rom, 
 
 11)1.213. 
 Browne, Edward, of SM(lbur\ , 101, 
 
 112. 
 Brnsh, Civan, 11)3, 200. Described 
 
 201. 
 
370 
 
 T X D F, X . 
 
 T^uek. DaniL'l.SIS. 
 
 Buck, Himniili.;i|f<. 
 
 Hlirk. .Ii)si;ili. -.'lis. .'MS. 
 
 Hiilkk'v. I'ftiT. .'I-J-.'. 
 
 Biincf, 'riupiiiiis, (11)0(1.) "i.'). 
 
 HmikiT Mill biUlle. 27(», 271, -.'T-i. 
 
 Biiriioyiip, (iiMi., 'J<1.S, 2St;. 
 
 ^^ll^llli('ll, David, invents ;i niiuljinc 
 t()r hiowiiirr lip llic etu'iiiy's ships, 
 31S. Di'scriptiiin of tli(> niinliiiie, 
 "Hi, 317, .'!•.'■_'. Dilliciiiticsot'coii- 
 siruclioii, XV,], ;!."is. 
 
 Cadwalliifli'i', .folin. -'."),j, 
 
 CainpliL'li. Ciii.t.. •2-2>. L'2;i. 
 
 " Candiil Exaniiiiatioii," In Jos. Gal- 
 Iowa v. 211. 212. 
 
 Caswell, Kichard. of N. ('.. dos.Tllicd. 
 184. 
 
 Chaniplin, Capt. . ;iii2. .■J07. 
 
 Cliavlestown, Mass.. liiiriied, 271. 
 
 Chauilcey. Rev. Cliarles 112. 12.0. 
 
 Chester. Juliii. eoniniaiids eoiiipany 
 of "Wetherslield \ oliinleers. 211; 
 Coniinissidiied ea])tain. 2.")2. His 
 conijianv mentioned. 2<ir>. At Bnn- 
 ker Hill, 270. 
 
 Chew, J.. Md. 
 
 Church, liichi'.rd, withdraws from the 
 Hartford eliiireh, a."). 
 
 Clark, Daniel, secretarv, 101. 103. 
 10."», 107. 
 
 Cleveland. Capt. Aaron. 1,JG. 
 
 Cohbett, Re'-. 'I'lioiuas, of Ipswieh, 
 112. 
 
 Cobble ITill. 3;i9. 
 
 Coit. Capt. William. 2;{.% 211. 
 
 Colbron, Wm., uf Boston. (1 (;.-)».) 109. 
 
 Committee of Secret Correspond- 
 ence, 3(13. Their instruetinns to 
 Mr. Deane. 3G.">. 
 
 Conanient Island plundered bv Capt. 
 Wallace. 337. 
 
 Confiress of the Colonies proposed, 
 12!). 
 
 Confiress meets in Philadelphia. 172, 
 —in Carpenters" Hall, IG!), 172. 
 OlHcers chosen. 172. List of mem- 
 bers, 17><. Spirit of the southern 
 delefiates, 17,'!. J'roceedinjis to be 
 secret, 171. Committees appoint- 
 ed, 174. Character of the dele- 
 gates from So. Carolina. 175, — 
 from Virginia, 181. — from N. Ca)-- 
 olina, 184. Connnittee of riglits. 
 171t, — on acts of parliament. 179. 
 
 Coin-sc of bnsiness, 184, 18."., 289. 
 Resolves on resohitioiis and ad- 
 dress from Sud'oik county, 183. 
 
 Opening of the secontl session. 
 
 229. 'Jalk of adjournment to Hart- 
 ford. 233, 2(i.'^), 293. Removal 
 northward discussed. 241 249, 2<ia, 
 307. Ajijiointsafastday. 292. lle- 
 ces's ]iroposed, 292. 293. Adjourn.s 
 to Se]itember Isl. 293. Committee 
 on naval preparations, 339. .S'e<' 
 Committee of Secret Corresjiond- 
 ence. 
 
 Connecticut ap]ioint.- delegates to 
 the Congress of 1774, 13S. Vol- 
 unteers inarch for Boston, on the 
 September alarm, l.'iO. l.J5. Plans 
 lor organizing the militia, 140,189. 
 Orders the purchase ot' arms, 213. 
 Si'iid a committee to Gen. Gage, 
 221, 22,% 230. Provides lor coast 
 defence, 22.0. Prficeedings of As- 
 sembly. !May. 17 7."), 2;!1. Regi- 
 ments ordered to Cambridge, 231. 
 2.').). 241. Six thousand men en- 
 listed, 23."). Appoints a Commit- 
 tee of Safety. 23,0, 239, 243. Una- 
 nimitv and firnmess ])revail, 237. 
 Proceedings of Assembly, 238, 242, 
 211. ICxpenses for defence, to 
 .Time. 1775. M], The eastern col- 
 onics depend on Connecticut, 27 7. 
 Her conduct applauded, 2,03. 2,07. 
 283. Assembly meets July 1, 277. 
 Two more regiments raised, 27 7. 
 Putnam appointed a major-gener- 
 al, by Congress, 28.0 ; his promo- 
 lion offends Gen. Spencerand oth- 
 ers. 2S,0, 2.S8. Committee sent to 
 the Congress, to ])rocurc money. 
 ,')()9. 2vewdelegatesclected to Con- 
 gress, Oct.. 17 7,0, 320. Changes 
 in the general assembly, 323. Re- 
 ])oit of delegates to Congress, (Mr. 
 Deane and Col. Dyer.) 327. Dis- 
 pute with Pennsylvania, about 
 Siis(piehannah lands, 327. Pro- 
 ceedings of Assembly at N. Haven. 
 December. 177.0. ;t3(), 344, 346. 
 Intrigues in the Assembly, — the 
 Club at Munson's, &c., 349*. 
 
 Connecticut. .See Hartford church. 
 
 Coombs, [Coondie. llev. Thomas,] 
 171, 182. 
 
 Cornel family, 185. 
 
 351. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 371 
 
 J, 185, 289. 
 lis and ni\- 
 nty, lS;f. 
 011(1 session, 
 ditto Hart- 
 
 Kt-nioval 
 111 240, -jo:), 
 ly. 2!t2. Rc- 
 
 Adjourns 
 Coiiiniittoe 
 
 (.Vii'res|ion(l- 
 
 elojiates to 
 
 V.is. Vol- 
 
 stoii. on the 
 
 1 5,5. Plans 
 tia, 110,189. 
 )!' arms, 213. 
 
 Gen. Gaiic, 
 k's for coast 
 (lings ot' As- 
 2;!1.' Repi- 
 
 bridjre, 231, 
 
 11(1 men en- 
 a Conimit- 
 213. Una- 
 prevail, 23". 
 bly,238,242, 
 
 (lel'cnce, to 
 u eastern col- 
 leelieut, 277. 
 L'd, 253, 257, 
 1 .July 1, 277. 
 
 raised, 277. 
 iiiajor-gener- 
 
 liis promo- 
 leeraiul oth- 
 ittec sent to 
 eure money, 
 ected to Con- 
 0. Clianges 
 ly, 323. Re- 
 )iiii'ross, (Mr. 
 ) 327. Dis- 
 aiiia, about 
 327. Pro- 
 atN. Haven. 
 ), 344, 346. 
 •em 1)1 V, — the 
 ., 349'. 
 ord chureh. 
 V. Thomas,] 
 
 Council of churches held in Boston,' 
 1(!59, *SVt' Ilarttbrd church. 
 
 Crane, Slepheu, of N. J.. 13 7. I3S. 
 1G3, 170. 
 
 Cresap. Col. of \'ii'<^iiiia, 274, 275. 
 
 Crow, .Juliii, a wiilidrawer from the 
 llartibrd church, 55. 
 
 Crown Point, 24 7, 2IS, 2iJ0. Pris- 
 oners brought to Ilarttiird. 237. 
 
 Culliek, John, 511, 11 (I. Xotes of his 
 discussion with Ilev. S. Stone, 53. 
 Withdraws from Hartford church, 
 55, 70, 78, 87. Lettei' to. from 
 Massachusetts ministers, 59. Com- 
 plained of, by the church. 79. He- 
 moves from Cdiineeticiit, llo. 
 
 Cusliiiig, Thomas, 144, 178.221, 222, 
 304. " 
 
 Danforth, Rev. .Samuel. 112, 125. 
 
 Davenport, Rev. John, .S2, KH, 102. 
 His letter to the AVetherslield 
 chureh, 8.'S. 
 
 Davenport, Abraham, lUfi. 
 
 Davis, John, preached in Hartford in 
 1655,54, 
 
 Deane, Barnabas, 1 79, 267, 281. Let- 
 ters from, 217, 231, 24(J, 26il, 270, 
 351. Lieutenant of volunteers 
 from Wetherslield, 215,217. Sent 
 to Tieondcroga, 2;>7, 246. 
 
 Deane, Rarzillai. 146, 149, 155, 267, 
 281. 
 
 Dean , Mrs. Elizal)eth. (wife of Si- 
 las,) 149, 190, 20S. \-c. 
 
 Deane, James, coiiiiuissiouer ibr the 
 northern Jiidiaiis, o.!0, 331. 
 
 Deane, Hannah, 145, 268. .Married 
 Josiali Ruck, 348. 
 
 Deane, Jesse, 115, 268. ' 
 
 Deane. John, 222, 26 7, 292. 
 
 De.\xk, .Sii..\s, pro])oscs to establish 
 a settlement oil tlic western lands, 
 133, 131. iVK'nilier of the Conn, 
 eoimuittee of correspDiidciicc, 199. 
 I'roposes a general Congress, 129, 
 136, Appointed delegate to the 
 first Congress, 138. His journey 
 to Philadelphia, 142. 1 13-6'. 163-6. 
 <.)bservati(jiis onthecity. 167, l(;s, 
 182. Oil committee on acts of jinr- 
 liament alfecting trade, 179, 181. 
 Again in Welhcrsfield. 192. Pro- 
 motes tin; expedition against '11- 
 conderoga. 21S, 26 7. Returns to 
 Philadelphia, 220, 221, 226-8. Vis- 
 
 its Wilmington, 256. On eominit- 
 teesofCiiiigress.261,266, 268, 312, 
 323, 32s.;!,i:i. Plans -a bold stroke," 
 willi (leu. .Scliiiyler, 266, 251, 268, 
 275, 27S. ICxciirsion to llie Jer- 
 sies, 281. I'naiiotes the appoint- 
 ment of Putnam as niajor-iieneral, 
 2.SS —of S. B. Webb, and John 
 Chester, 291,— of Jos. Trumbull, 
 292. At home, in the recess of 
 Congress, Aug.. 1 775. 293-4. Jour- 
 ney to Philadelphia. 301. His sen- 
 timents on the, great issue, 307. 
 Routine of duties in Congress and 
 on committees, .•!I2. Noniiiuited 
 one of the Assistants, in Conn., 
 315. His (diaracter sketched by 
 ^Ir. Hogg, 318. Not re-elected to 
 Congress, 320, 323. Rellections 
 on being superseded, 324-5. Let- 
 ter to Gov. Trunibiill, 327. Asks 
 for a ]Miblie hearing, Uy the Conn. 
 Assembly, 331. ilisiemoval is re- 
 gretted in Connecticut, 345, 348, 
 ;'>5S, Promotes Arnold's appoint- 
 ment brig, general, .31S. Declines 
 re-elect ion I'rom Welliersfield to the 
 general assembly, 350. Receives a 
 testimonial from members of the 
 Congress, 360. A])poiiile(l com- 
 mercial and political agent of the 
 colonies, 36(J. Contracts to jmr- 
 chase goods and muiiitioiisof war, 
 in France, ibr public use, 3ii0. 
 Farewell letters to bis witi', 360- 
 61. His instructions from llu; 
 eommltti'e of secret correspond- 
 ence, ;i()5. Sail.s from i'hiiadel- 
 ])hia, March, 1776,361,364. Com- 
 pelled by wind to return, and re- 
 embarks lor Bermuda, 361. 
 Letters from. — 
 
 to III.': irife, JMrs. Eli/aliclh Deane, 
 113, 16.3, 179, LSI, 18(;, 221, 226. 
 
 I 233, 246, 249, 252, 
 2(i6, 268, 271, 275, 
 
 25.S, 260, 
 2«0, 28 7. 
 
 2(i 1, 
 289, 
 
 293, 3i»l, 307, 30S, 323, 339, 346. 
 3 17. 319. 360, 3(;i. 
 
 — SdiHiicI II. I'lirsons, I 21'. 
 
 -- (.'i)l. (I'ltrilon Siillonsliill. 2>'9. 
 
 — Fin/i'i- (!(i>i, 192. 
 
 — I>r. r>tiij(iiiiin (idle. 21)1. 
 
 — J'i'liiliii/'i ]\'i lh-l< i: 2111. 
 
 — O'or. Trumlinll, 329. 
 
 - — il//V>' /Iiiiiiiiil. A I mild. .'!54, 
 
^^'DF.x. 
 
 872 
 
 __. Samuel B l^''''';' Jl^'^f ,1;. 
 ^Samuel Bmme,m,.^ 'i- 
 ^- Peter Vandervoor, U^^- 
 ^Dr. Benjamin Oak, 2IJA 
 3-22, 323, 358. 
 
 ^ Barnabas Deanci^T'^'^^^ "' 
 
 •260, 270, 351. 
 ^Je^se Root, 237. 
 
 __/,.aac.S.ar.s278 284. 
 
 __ £/(,>7irt i^/ic/yw, 2 Ju. 
 ^PhiliiJ Skei-n.'i^'J- . 
 
 — Jame.s Uoij<h^^\ „.,., 
 
 __ Dr. Joi^haa Bahcock,6oo. 
 _ /))•. ^»/iOS j1/«/'/, 34». 
 
 Deane, Slnu-on 14.). Utto 
 
 190, 249, 29G, 326. 
 Pebevdt, 185. ^ .^^ io3. , 
 
 L»e Hart, John, ot iN- •'- 
 
 DeLancey.Jame^.lJ-'- 
 
 ^3s';^FS.M-n-y-224. 
 
 Anecdote of L.m,2U. 
 
 Doshon,John. .-^>^-- .,.,.,, ;,1, 
 
 Dickinson. Join, ur 
 185, 280, 368. ^ 
 
 l-*'ii5S.«rs<.wn 
 
 lus(U>atUnotict''l,341. 
 Duane, James, _22(.. 
 
 at the opening of the second con- 
 
 ""'*;'r"l''lot 11" 145,167,170, 
 
 1) ,, V. hphale^ 1 1 -, ^J ^^,^ first 
 
 3.,.!, 340. Ut.t jj^^^,.^ 
 
 009! M^ndH.rofeonncilut^akt^ 
 7.. - .)'»n Not re-elected to con 
 ''^''..'.'oo :^ r.-Ueanethinkshnn 
 gvess,.!20. iM', .,,; 3f,o. lie- 
 unfairly t''''''to«l- •j^'' 
 turnshome, 310, .5;.0. 
 
 Easton, Joseph. 81- iiaven,8-.', 
 
 Eaton,Theoph.us.olNov 
 
 Klderkin, Jedediah, 23,., -*•'• 
 
 ^^"-. -, , ,n.) i(;4, 324. 
 
 Elix.al)elhlown,N.J.,l<-^' u-^- 
 Ensign, James, 8:i, 116. 
 
 , Fairfield, 188, 222^ :^X ^^^ 
 
 1 Favnsworth, Di'm 1'^"' '^'^' .gy ^90. 
 
 duirch in Hartford, 50. 
 
 Fitch, Samuel, .'■'4 • .,.26,227. 
 
 Floyd, Col. Wm.. 110, l^'^'- ' 
 
 173,178. 
 
 liage, V" ■■. 
 
 271. 27:5. , . -g.j Let- 
 
 «=^^^'^^rrsi«^2,3i5. 
 
 tors trnm, to ^- ^ ' 
 
 3.2. 33!1, 35H. Letter t. 294. 
 (iale, Capt.[^ammda -^2. ^^^ 
 
 ' tion," &e., 212. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 373 
 
 icond con- 
 It;?, 170, 
 the first 
 S. Deane, 
 il „f i^al'cty, 
 ed to t'on- 
 thinksliini 
 ;tr)0. Ke- 
 
 wll;ivcni,!SJ. 
 
 ■I'M. 
 
 xl)ury. 1"9, 
 la, 1(14, :i-^l. 
 
 ,i)t, Uiiuon's 
 .rk, 2-n. 
 of tlu! people 
 s to volunteer, 
 
 ,)Mr, 18U,1'.»0. 
 Iraws from the 
 
 , .)0. 
 
 1, 170, •226,227. 
 
 idelpliia, 223. 
 (i.nkur Hill, 271. 
 
 iimin, 228, 275, 
 Htcr to Col. Sal- 
 its Killingwortb, 
 i.mmittee of se- 
 cc, 3G3, 3G5, 308. 
 N. York, 223. 
 ■olony ; laws reg- 
 <sion of, 90. 
 clpliia. 107, 172, 
 
 lu>r, 100, 175. 
 as, 150, 219, 221, 
 
 11 142. 163. Lct- 
 
 Deano, 202, 315, 
 
 .ettcr to, 294. 
 
 lU'l.l 272. 
 100.109,201,228. 
 
 Caniliil Exaniiua- 
 
 ^1 
 
 Garnicr, Mons., 308. 
 
 Gates, Gen. Horatio, 2 71, 27,'j. Ap- 
 pointed adj.-fjeneral, 27 1. 
 
 Gay, Fisher. 192, .122. 
 
 Gennantowii, Penn., 107. Descrilieil. 
 282. L'S;!. 
 
 (iil)bons. Wni., of Hartford, 51. 
 
 Gloucester, N. ,1., 2sl. 
 
 (ioddard, Wm., 183. 
 
 Gooch, Isaac, lO'.i. 
 
 Goodridge, Kli/ur, 151. 
 
 Goodwin, ()/ias, 55. 
 
 Goodwin, William, an eliler ni' the 
 Hartford chin-cli, 00. Oppuscd to 
 Mr. St<me, Oo, ;•_', 7!>, :>:'•. Signs 
 a letter to the cliureh. 70, — and to 
 other churches, 78.87. Removes 
 from Connecticut. 11(». 
 
 Grave, (Jeorge, of Harttord. 81. 
 
 Graves, Isaac, 55. 
 
 Greg, ('apt., of (ireenwich. .'M5. 
 
 (trecn. Timothy. |irinter. "J 10. 
 
 Green ^lountain Hnys, 24 7, 352. 
 
 Greenwich, 222. 
 
 Griswold. C'apt. \Vm.. of Wetlier-- 
 field, 330. 
 
 (iun-locks piircliaseil, 2:* I, 290. 
 
 Hancock, .fohn, delegate to congress, 
 from Massachusetts, 221, 227, 231. 
 ['resident of congress, I'.'iy, 20.'i. 
 
 Harbert, Henjanun, 55. 
 
 Harrison, Col. Benjamin. 303. .'lOS. 
 Described, 181. 
 
 Hartford : proposes a non-consinnp- 
 tion agreement, 15]. ohinteers 
 march ibr Boston, 150. Talk of a<l- 
 journing congress to meel at, 233. 
 205, 293. Prisoners conlined at. 
 200, 280, 301, S-Mi. 
 
 Hartford church controvei'sy, 1050- 
 59, 51 et seq. Kesult of a council 
 held in Boston, Sept., 1059, 112. 
 
 Harwinton, 150. 
 
 Haviland's. in Kyc. 222. 
 
 Hazaril, .lonnthan. 338. 
 
 Hazard, Kliene/iT, 131, 305. 
 tions generid assrnibly for 
 claim of western lands. I3;i. iSigns 
 ills letters ' Amevicanus.' 191. 202. 
 Prepares a collection of state ])a- 
 l)ers, &e.. 200. I'ostmaster at New 
 York, 273. 
 
 Heatli, Isaac, of Roxbury. 1 1 2. 1 25. 
 
 Hempstead, .hishua. Jr., 352. 
 
 Heuderson, Col. Robert, 318. 
 
 IVli- 
 <|nit- 
 
 Henry. Patrick, of Va.. 181. 
 Henshaw, [Benjamin,] 207. 
 Hewi'S, .Joseph, ot' No. Carolina. 181. 
 Iligginson, 1-vev. .lohn. ids lesiinutny 
 
 anil counsel, in tlie Hartliird churcli 
 
 controN crsy, 1(3. 
 liilljiouse, .Fames A., 2,31. 
 Hinman. Klisha. ;! t;», ,!52. 
 Ilinman, Col. liinj.'imin, 2.')5. 
 Hinsdale, Daniel, 2li0. 
 lloadly, Charles .1., 105. 
 IKjIiart. .Tolin .Sloss ; litter to .Mr. 
 
 Deane, .3.35. 
 Hogg, .lames, agent tor the Transyl- 
 vania company: letter from, 3i8. 
 
 Delegate to the congress. 31 s. 
 Hog Island alfnir. 25". 
 Holt. .John. 220. 27.3. 
 Hooker, licv. Thomas. 5:i. 
 lloo|)cr. Win., of \. Carolina, dc- 
 
 scrilied, 181. 
 Hopkins. Ezek, .33:!. 
 Iloiikins, .John 15., ;i.i;;. 
 Ho aier. Tilns, 207, .!5o. J'lan I'or 
 
 the militia, ls9. Letters from, 
 j 152. 238. 211. Delegate lo ccm- 
 
 gress. in <'ase of \acimcy, .320. 
 Ilniise. Mrs., of I'liiiailcfphia. 100. 
 
 171'. !S(». .no. ;i|s. Ijerdauiihter, 
 
 .Mrs. 'I'rist, 180. 
 Ilowland. . Joseph. 25s. 
 Iluhiiard. i!e\. William, nf l])-uiili. 
 
 112. 125. 
 liuliliard. William, 1 13, 
 lliill's Tavern. New York, II t. 
 Himtington. Iienjamin. 235. 23:i 
 
 — .labez, 2.!5.' 2311. 
 .Tedediah, 27 7. 
 
 Samuel, chosen an assistant 
 
 231. ^h'nd)er of the council of 
 safety, 235. Delegate to congress. 
 
 ' 320,' Takes his seat, ;:oo. 
 
 I Indian geogra])hical namc< ; J. H. 
 
 Trnndjnll. on tlic composition of, 
 
 1-50. 
 Ingersol. .Tared. 1 70, 
 li'ish. (jeorge, writes from Newport, 
 
 .•10;;. 
 
 Jiimrs. ship, not allowed to |;uid liei- 
 
 cai'go at New York. 1115, 
 .larvis. Rev, Al)i'aham. 27(;. 
 .Iann(!ey. .lamex. I!i.3, 201. 
 •Fay. .Folin. 170. 1 7:i, 18,;, 324,308. 
 •Jerom, .John and .Stephen, 302, 
 
374 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Johnson, Wm. S., 138, 22"), 2;i0, 2.'!]. 
 
 J)e(;lincs to attend the eon<;ress, 
 
 i;!8, l.'il), 117, 1G7. Sent to confer 
 
 with (ien. (iiige. 221. 
 Juild, Ml'., released hv the I'ennites. 
 
 ;i28. 
 
 Kelsy, William, (Hartford, Kii-)?.) 81. 
 
 Key.'*, Miss ,of rhiladeljjhia, 2.")5. 
 
 Killingworth; ''is[)Utes about the 
 
 post-olliee, 294. 3;M. 
 Kiiui/islier eruises olfN. London. 271). 
 iving's Bridge, 112, It.-}. 
 Kinsey, James, of X. .Jersey, l.'iB, 1 7li. 
 Kirkland, Kev. Samuel, 3;{0. 
 
 Lanib, Capt. John, of New York, 290. 
 Lasher, Caj)!. John, 226. 
 Lattiniore, Col. , of Xeweastle, 
 
 343. 
 Law, Riehai'd, 138. 
 Lawrence, captain of armed schoon- 
 er at New York, 298. 
 Lead mine, ]\Iiddletown, 238, 322. 
 Ledlie, [Laidlie,] Rev. Dr., 14C. 
 Lee, Arthur, 3(J8. 
 Lee, Gen. Charles, 2()8, 28(!, 354. 
 F^ee, Kiehard IJ.. delegate in eon- 
 
 gres.s, 179, 181. 
 Ledingwell, Christopher, 218. His 
 
 plan tor organizing the militia, 140. 
 
 l^etter to Mr. Deane, 2 j8. 
 
 Levy, iliss , 1711, 189. 
 
 Lewis, Francis, 220. 
 Lewis, Isaac, .'j.5. ll.'i. 
 Livingston, Philip, 179, 220. 228. 
 Livingston, Wra., 138, 14.j, 103, 170, 
 
 179. 
 Lord, Richard, 84. 
 Lniulv. , sent under guard to 
 
 llartlbrd. 280. 
 Lyme; s:dt-making at, 302. 
 Lynch, 'riumiiis, ol So. Carolina. 20.">, 
 
 301. His personal aj)[)earance and 
 
 chariieter, 1 7.>. 
 
 MuDougall, Alexander. 144, 278. 
 McEvers, James. 144. 
 
 MeKean, . 3 1;!. 
 
 Malbone. Capt. Kvan, :;o;i. 
 
 Maltbie. Lieut., 3.");i. 
 
 Marsh, John, a withdrawer from the 
 
 Hartford church. .").">. 
 Marsh, Hev. John, of Wetherstield. 
 
 1.55. 
 Mar.shall, Christopher, 340. 
 
 :\rarshiill. [Humphrey VJ 172, 170, 
 
 177. 
 Massachusetts churches : letters from, 
 
 to tint church and withdrawers in 
 
 llarttbrd. ;>'.>, 04. 
 Massachusetts I'rovincial Congress, 
 
 150, 220, 232. 245. 
 Mathi'r. Rev. Richard. 0;i, 112, 125. 
 Mead, Dr. Amos Mead ; Utter li'oui, 
 
 ;!I8. 
 .Megapolensis. Kev. J. His account 
 
 of tile Mohawk Indians, mentioned, 
 
 21 10. 
 .Meigs. M;ijor R. J.. 285. 
 Memorial of delegates of .\. J.,ondon 
 
 ami New Haven counties. 101. 
 Middleton, Henry, of So. Carolina, 
 
 described, 175. 
 Aliildletown, 129, 188. Lead iiiine, 
 
 2.38. 322. Military comjiany of old 
 
 men. formed, 272. 
 ISlilllin. Thomas. 198, 280. 291, 304. 
 
 Captain of volunteers, 228. jNIajor 
 
 of militia, 255. Aid to Washing- 
 ton. 209. 291. 
 Militia. Plans for organizing, 140, 
 
 189. 
 Mille.'. Andrew, of N. Carolina, 319. 
 — — , John S.. Letter from, 139. 
 Mini rrii. brig, in colony service. 330. 
 Mitchell, Itev. Jonathan, invited to 
 
 HarttbnI. (10 19,) 53. Member of 
 
 (lie lioston council of churches, 
 
 112. 125. 
 
 Mollatt, Dr. , 208. 
 
 Moland, Joseph, prisoner in Hart- 
 ford, 320. 
 Morgan, Thomas, of Killingworth, 
 
 294. 
 ^h)rgan. Major [Daniel,] 275. 
 Morris. Robert. 302,-3.-4, 308. 
 Morri.-, Judge [Richard VJ 222. 
 
 , 240, 244, 
 expedition 
 
 Moscly. Ui 
 
 Mott.' Edward, 218, 23; 
 A commander in the 
 against Tieondiuoga, 218. 
 
 Moil, Samuel. 220, -^25, 
 
 Mumford. Capt. D., 1 is. 149.229.324. 
 
 (iiles, 1 18. 
 
 — — • James, 1 75. 
 
 Thomas, 138. 139. 21.s. 225, 
 
 ;;24. ;il9. Letters from, 138. 14 7, 
 I IS, 230, 234, 201, 270, 310, 313, 
 ;i 44. Letter from (i. Irish to. 303. 
 
 Murray, Mr., 1 70. 
 
 1 
 
4 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 87a 
 
 New Iliiven. 141,214. .TIl-2. 'I'lic Penii^ylvuniii: pxpensps fnr dcfencr 
 
 (Miib at Aliiii.son's. .'M!t. in 1 7 7.i. ;i-.'i.i. 
 
 Nev,- JiTfifv, l;i7. 191, ;!1(!. I'elLT.N Uev. .Siimiiol. 191. 
 
 N'cw liOiidon, .'li;!. J'n)visi(in> lirir Phi'lps, Ciijit. Klislm. .'IH, .'ill.:!l7 
 
 (l(>tiMicc of. -219, 220. ;{;i2. Itccoiii-' lA'tlcr Iroin. I'li.".. 
 
 iiu'iidcd as a navv station. :il I . PliiladL'i])liia. lHo. |i;7, 1(19. 18,>. 
 
 Post-ollice. •.'7.'l. Sliiu|) {wizard, .'i.'rj. Kiddle's 'ravcrn. IPtl. .Mariii'l 
 
 Ninv London county. Alfctinudl'di'l- Iii7. liiS. Cariicnturs' liall. IHI 
 
 cifatusti'oni. .Si'iit.. I 771, l.j:i. Hll. " 
 
 New York Asscnil)ly ruCiisus to adopt 
 
 the proc't'odin;.'s of congri'ss. 19;i. 
 
 195. 19(1. J)isi'ussions. I US. I!i9. 
 
 List otY'i'iiivaiu'C'S adoptciL -.ML 
 New York city. l!ecf)ition of tlu; ,,„,.,. -, 
 
 eastern d('li';iates toeoiiuress. 1 M. I'liipps. l)a\id. .'I.').!. 
 
 Fayseonit to ('i)niieelieiit. I IL A I'orler. Col. .Icisliiia. -'.'17, •.'.")7. 
 
 iriajority friendly to the canse. 1 97. I'rinceloii, N. .[.. Ill 1. -227. ;;ui. 
 
 Ships not permitted to land Hrii- I'rivateers. to he (iileil out from 
 
 ish e-oods. 19."). 197. Iteeeplion of ('oniieetieiii. ;'.l'i;. 
 
 the eastern delejiales in 1 77... 222. I'rudden. Ke\ . I'eier. of Miitord. 8:i. 
 
 22.'i. Defection of. snspeeted. 2;! I. I'utiram. Israel. seiid> an express to 
 
 Cannon removed from the IJattery, alarm the eoiiiii\. on a rejxjrt of 
 
 29(1. The ))eople driidv H. J. tea. husiilitics al Ho-'l(.n. I 19. l.")U. 1.").'!. 
 
 in disregard of tlie eoni:i'ess. ;ilO. 1 7il. IJi- re^iiment ordere(l to 
 
 .\ stnmbiino- iilock to the canse ( 'andirid;;e. 2.1."). Hi- intrepiilily 
 
 ■■'''•' '■■ '''■' rellecis honor on the Colon v, 2><.'!. 
 
 pcnters' liall. Iil9. 
 170. I 7;. IJellerin^honse. I 71 2, 
 177. Chni'ches anil ministei's. 171. 
 172. 1S2. 2(19, -.'.so. Civility and 
 hospitality, is."). \\'arm military 
 spirit. 22S, 2;l.'l. Decline nf tl'ade. 
 II'.). Militarv eompanie-, 2.").'! 1. 
 
 of liberty, a, .. 
 New Yoi'k, I'rovinee of. Its critical 
 
 state, a causi- of anxiety. 2.'ilt. 
 
 Warm whifrs ( nrse the ])rovineial 
 
 conjiress, 297. 
 Newark, N. J., lfi;i. 227. :!o4. 
 Newf()undland, not friendly to the 
 
 eolonial cause. 190. 
 Newton, Kev. J!oi:-er. SI. 
 Niles, Nathaniel. '2:!9. 
 
 Ilijihly esleemecl hy Washiniilon 
 and i,ee. -•the hero of' the day." 
 2S.'). lieceives the applause otthe 
 continent, 2»9. .\ppointed major- 
 general. 28.'). 2S9. The general as- 
 sembly testifies to his • siiiLnilai- 
 merit.' 28."). Dissatisfaction of 
 (:ien. Si)encer and his Iriends. 2S."). 
 ,...^.7, i.i.L..„i.iv .. -■..J. 28S. Uecommends Col. liai'ry Hall- 
 
 Nitre ; e.xperiments t'or the manut'ac- eock for a brit;adier general, -i.w. 
 
 tureoi; ,')2'i, ;;21. 
 Noddle Island ail'air. 2.) 7. Randolph, Peyton, pres. of congre.-s. 
 
 Xoith Carolina delegates, dc-cribed. 172. 179. 181. Described. 1 7.i. 
 
 181. liaritan Ferry, Ull. 
 
 Norton. Hev. Jolm.Dt' lioston. H'l. 7,!. Ilathbone, Capt., of \. Loudon. 272. 
 8;i, 1(12. 112, 12."). Heed, .Joseph. 18."). 28,i. 
 
 ' lievere. [Paul,] 18.".. 27;i. 
 Paine. Robert Treat. I ; I. 227. Itliodc Island. Me; sures flirdefeme. 
 
 P;irs(jns, .Sanuu-l II., i;!l.-."). 1 ls. •.';),"). ;).")."). 
 
 244,-,5, 291-;i. Letter from, 201. Kiiduirds. John, 5 1, 
 
 Letter to, 129. Opposed to Put- Kiley. Ca])t. , 200, 2Gi;. 271. 292. 
 
 nam's appointnieni as niajor-geii- i!i\ iugton. flames. 201. •_'!•_> ; his pa- 
 eral. 285. per to be slopped. 1 70. 
 
 Partridge, (Partrigg.) W'm.. .")5. Iloberdeau, Col., 175. 255. .iOl. 
 
 Patterson, j\Ir. of T'hila(leli)liia. 170. Itodgers, [Hev. Dr. .E()hn."| of New 
 Peck, Paul, of Hartford. (1(158.) 81. York, IK!. 
 
 IVircy. [Hev. William J'ercyV] 255 Romans, Hernard. 2;;7. 
 Pendleton. Kdminid. of \'a., isi. Hoot, Jesse ; letter frum. 2:i7. 
 
 Penn, Elder James, of Hoston, 109. Hosseter, Dr. Bryan, of Guilford. 74. 
 
37fi 
 
 I N n R X . 
 
 Howlii 
 
 Wil.-ii 
 
 (III. 271. 
 
 Russell, l.'fv. -lolin, of Wctli.islii'M 
 
 rs. M. 
 
 lvi<li;ir<l. of Cliiirlcstowii. Sniitlicrti foii 
 
 Smith. Dr. William, lOd. Kifi, 170, 
 
 L'tJit. -'HO. 
 
 .S|)eiiut'r. 'riiipiiias. of IFiirlford. 81. 
 
 1 1 •-'. 1 L'.". 
 
 KmiU'iI; 
 UmiIimI. 
 
 Ji.h 
 
 )f So. Carolina, 
 d, 17... 
 
 Saltonstall. (Ja|)l. Kiidlcv. :W,. ;;,;.j, 
 'M'.K .'Ml. ;u.), ;i i(j. ;!.")(!. .\|)|)oiiit- 
 t!il to eoinniainl^ilu' Mind. oW'i. 
 .•|;fii, .'M.-i. His olIictTs. :i,".;!, I.ct- 
 ter from. '.V.'yl. 
 
 Siiltonstall, Giiliirl, ■>■'>{. 
 
 Saltoiistall, Guriloii, i;i.s. 1."),"), 157. 
 174. 27(j. [..uttois I'rom. 111'. 1.'.7. 
 
 iijj, L'0.">. -Jio, L'l'ii. -.'L'l. •-'28. -.'i;;, 
 272. 2;»8. ;;ii2. ;;;;:,. :!,-,2. Loii.t Io. 
 2811. 
 
 Saltoiistall. Sarah, 2iis^. •idl ; marries 
 Daniel Hiiek, .ifS. 
 
 Saybruuk, 281, 
 
 Schuyler, (ien. i'liiii|i. 2.il. 2,")2. His 
 tharaeter. 2i;7. I'laus. with .Mr. 
 Deaue, a • bolt! slroke.' 2.')1. 2ini. 
 2118. 27.). 278. 
 
 Sears. Isaac. 111. 222. Letler^ from. 
 278. 284. 
 
 Seymour, Col. T. H.. :ilO. 
 
 Shammeiioy Ferry. It;.'). 
 
 Shaw, Tliomus, ;!U2, 34y, ;)44. 
 
 Sharj). . of New York. 144. 
 
 Shepard, Jtev. 'I'liomas, Til. 112, 12."i, 
 
 Shcrlirooke. , of New York. 111. 
 
 .Sherman, Daniel. ;i22. 
 
 Uev. John, (i;;, 112, 12."). 
 
 Uoirer. 1^8. 142. M.j. I 16. IC.'.. 
 
 210. 288, 2i)2, 29;;, :ii:>. N'isits 
 ("onneclieiil, .'>21, 328. He-ap- 
 poinleil to(:oii;,;ress, .'i2i). iietiirns 
 to Philadelphia, :!4H. 
 
 Shippinir and ship-huildiini, i;!i'. 
 I |o. ;m.-,. ;;,-,1. 
 
 Simi)sou, rianu's. I."i2. 
 
 Skene. Fhilip. uo\ einor of 'I'ieonde- 
 rojra, 2;i4. 2io. 2i;o, 280. Sent to 
 Hartford. 2so. ;iol. Letter from, 
 to ^Ir. Deane, .'iuo. 
 
 Skene, Major Andrew I'.. 301. Es- 
 capes from Hartford, :>2G. 
 
 Slack, Samuel, ;!.")■'!. 
 
 Sluman, .Iosi;ph, ;I2S. 
 
 Smedley, C'apt. Samuel, of Fairfield, 
 
 ;!,-i:). * 
 
 Smith. Gershom. .'71. 
 Smith, liiehard, of X. J.. 138. 
 
 peneer, 
 ^riiuM 
 
 (i 
 
 ,h 
 
 I at I'm 
 
 the 
 -1 
 
 spirit, 22!i. 
 Cha- 
 
 lam s ])romotion, 
 ipiils the camp, 2S,"(, 288. His con- 
 duct censured, 2.'ss. 28;>. 2:)o. 
 
 Spencer. Itev. Mr., 182. 
 
 S|irin;i(itdd. Mass., l.'it. 
 
 Sproat, Uev. .lames, 171, 182. 
 
 Sullivan, l<awi'en('i', 271. 
 
 Siisipieliannah settlements, l.'ll. 201. 
 Controversv with I'ennsvlvania, 
 ;;27. 328. 
 
 Stamford, 222. 
 
 .Standley, 'I'hoinas. a withdrawer 
 i'mni Harlford ehnreli, .').'i. 
 
 Steele, (leurj;e, of Hartlbrd, .Vi. 
 
 Steele, James, .")4. 
 
 Stewart, Col., of New Loudon, 2ii8. 
 
 Slockini;', (jeorge, of Hartford, 81, 
 
 Stone, iiev. Samuel, 83. 8t.i, 1)3. Di.s- 
 ciis>ion with Capt, CuUiek. .■)3. 
 Itesi^iis liis otliee in the church, 08. 
 His ackiiowled.iiinenl. 71. His let- 
 ter, from Massachusetts, 7.'>, Prop- 
 ositions tothe- church, 7."i. Propo- 
 sitions presented to the j^en. court, 
 100. His charges against the with- 
 drawers, 101. 
 
 Stoiiinglon, fired on ))y Capt. Wal- 
 lace's vessels, 2!)li. 
 
 Siiiutenburg, Tobias, 144. 
 
 Stiirges, [.lonathan,] 311. 
 
 Synimen. Uev. Zechariah. 112. 
 
 Talcotl. .lohn, 84, 124. 
 
 Talmadge, , 272. 
 
 Tetard. [Lewis.] 3U4, 30i"i. 
 
 Ticoiideroga expedition, 218, 219, 
 220. 22."., 232, 231, 240, 244, 3,i4. 
 News I'roni, 2.37. Prisoners taken. 
 2.'M. 237. (Jarrison at Ticondero- 
 ga, 248, 2.;0. 
 
 I'illey. ( Ensign.) made prisoner. 30ti. 
 
 'I'raiisylvaiiia Coinjiany. •118. 
 
 'i'reat.Uev. .Mr., 140. 
 
 Trenton, N. J., 1U4, 227. 
 
 Tri.st, Lieut. . 18o. His wife, 
 
 180, 189, 22.3, 324. 
 
 Trowbridge, Capt., (X. Haven.) 284. 
 
 Trumbull. .Jonathan, governor of 
 Connecticut. 13|t, 2.3,5, 239, 271, 
 302. His administration applaud- 
 ed by Congress, 25.3, 283. 
 
 .•V 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 -■t 
 
INDEX. 
 
 377 
 
 $ 
 
 i 
 
 Tnimbull, Josoph, 138, 184, 292. 
 Tnimhiill, J. II., on tlie (•{imposition 
 
 of Iiiiliiin gc(ji;niphiciil niinics, 
 
 1 -.•)(>. 
 Ti)on, Gov. William, 279, 29 7. 
 Tinner, Dr. [I'hilip,] 113, 177. 
 'lynji, Kihvanl, ot'lloston. 112, 12.1. 
 
 Vandeput. Capl., of the 1>(V/, 'j:i7. 
 VandiTVoort, IVter, lutk'. from, 196. 
 \'ir;,'inia (lel(';r;ites to loii'^ross. de- 
 M rilKMJ, 181. 
 
 Wiidswortli, Col.Jann's, .'122. 
 
 .Icit iniali. liji. 170, 302. 
 
 William. (It;.')(i.) HI. So. 
 
 Wall;?, Xathaniid. 23:). 2.!«. 309. 
 
 Wallace, eajilain ot'tlu; Unse. fires on 
 StonintiUin, 29.s, 299. Delains 
 Capt. Mali)nne's vessel. .'!o;i. I'jmi- 
 der.s Conanieiu island. '.U'lH. 
 
 Ward, (Jov. Samuel, ul U. T., 301, 
 340, 34.S, 361. 
 
 Warliam, Rev. John,of Windsor, 84. 
 
 AVarner, Andrew, oij. 
 
 Warren, tJosepli, 271. 
 
 Washinffton, (Jeor^o, a delegate in 
 (■ongress from Virginia, 1 79. I'er- 
 sonal iippearanee and character. 
 181, 261, 2(57. Appointed com 
 inander-in-eliief, 264. Sets out for 
 the camp, 266, 269. Visits Mvs. 
 Deane, at Wethersfield, 26 7, 268. 
 274 ; 280. 289. 
 
 Watson, ca|)tain of sliip .fuiiif-s, 195. 
 
 Weld), ("ol. Charles. 237, 277. 
 
 Mrs. Hannah, 361. 
 
 Joseph, 14.5, u;9, 174, 186, 219, 
 
 267, 27 7, 281, 31l'. 
 
 Samuel 15., 166, 272, 281. Let- 
 ters to Mr. Deane, 187, 284. Ap- 
 pointed lieutenant, 240. Marches 
 to Candjridge, 243. Aid to Gen. ! 
 Putnam, 291. ' 
 
 Webster, John, governor of Connec- 
 ticut, .)5. Withdraws t'rom Hart- 
 ford church, 0.3, 70, 78, 79, 87. 1 
 Censured by Mr. Stone, 105, 115. i 
 
 Webster, Pelatiah, 294, j 
 
 Welles, Thomas, de|). governor, 84. 
 
 Wells, Charles, captain of a Weth- ^ 
 erslield company, 3.')2. | 
 
 West, Joshua, 235, 239. I 
 
 ' Western lands. Plan for the settle- 
 ment of, 131-134. 
 
 Wethersfield. Uesolves of town 
 meeting, (June, 1774,) 135. Con- 
 tribution to relief of Boston, 137 
 Volunteer company marches to 
 I>o>iiin. 211 ; in action at Bunker 
 Hill. 271. Sickness, in 17 75, 3()8. 
 Coin])any of volunteers joins Gen. 
 Lee, 352. 
 
 Wethersfield church, 87, 93. Trou- 
 bles in. IX. John Davenport's let- 
 ter to, 88. 
 
 Wharton, Thomas, 172, 182. 183. 
 
 Whipple, Capt. Abraham, 330, 333. 
 
 White, John, withdraws from the 
 Hartford <hnrch, 55. 
 
 White, Kev. William, 182. 
 
 Whitiug, l\v\. Sanuud, 63. 
 
 Whiting, Col. Samuel, 240, 243. 
 
 AVigglesworth, Ilev. Micliael, 54, 71. 
 
 WUIelt, Nathaniel. 81. 
 
 Williams, Rev. Kliphalet, 155. 
 
 Wiliiam>, Kzekiel, 137. 
 
 Williams, Col. William, 163, 239. 
 One of the committee of safety, 
 235. Sent to Philadelphia, 309. 
 Chosen delegate to Congress, 320. 
 
 ■Wilnungton, Del., 256,-7.-8. 
 
 \\ ilsun, Thomas. 166. 
 
 Wilson, Ilev. John, of Boston, 63, 
 109, 112, 125. 
 
 Windham county; proceedings of 
 delegates from, 159, 161. 
 
 Winthrop, John, governor of Con- 
 necticut, 84. 
 
 Witherspoon, Rev. John, 172. 
 
 Woleott, Col. Erastus, 138, 225, 
 230,-1,-5, 322. Sent to conler 
 with (ien. Gage, 221. 
 
 Oliver, delegate to congress. 
 
 ."20. Takes his seat, 349, 360. 
 
 AVolterton, Gregorv, iio. 
 
 Woodbridge, N. J.', 164. 
 
 Woodbury, 281. 
 
 Wooster,Gen. David, 279. 288. Dis- 
 pleased by Putnam's a|)pointment, 
 288. Recomuiended by 1!. Sher- 
 man, 288, 289. 
 
 AVright, John. 146. 
 
 Wykoir, Mr.,. )fPhiladelphia, 229,281. 
 
 Wyllys, Hezekiah. 156. 
 
 Wythe, George, of X'irginia, 328. 
 
 48 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 i;; 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Abagadusset, Abequaduset, 
 
 30 
 
 -COMACO, 
 
 Abnaki, 
 
 7 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 -ACADIE, - 
 
 26,27 
 
 Cuppacommock, 
 
 Arawme-, 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 Accomack, 
 
 10 
 
 -Ehfti, -ettu, 
 
 -ADCHU, -ACHU, 
 
 - 20 
 
 Eshqua-, 
 
 -ADKXE, - 
 
 21 
 
 
 Agamenticus, - 
 
 - 10 
 
 -GAMI, 
 
 Agoncy, - 
 
 28 
 
 Ganshow-hanne, 
 
 Ahquedne, - 
 
 - 23 
 
 Gonic, 
 
 Akoode-, - 
 
 28 
 
 
 Alleghany, 
 
 12 
 
 Hackensack, - 
 
 -AMAUG, - 
 
 18 
 
 -HAX, -HANNE, 
 
 Amessagunticook, 
 
 - 25 
 
 Hassuni; 
 
 Ainoskeag, 
 
 25 
 
 Higganum, 
 
 Auasqui; 
 
 - 41 
 
 -HITTUCK, 
 
 Androscoggin, 
 
 25 
 
 Hoccanum, 
 
 Anmesookkantti, 
 
 25, 42 
 
 HOCQUAUN, - 
 
 Annis-squam, 
 
 18 
 
 
 Aquednet, -nesit, 
 
 - 23 
 
 Ishquagoma, 
 
 Ashawi; - 
 
 S3 
 
 
 Ashawog, 
 
 - 33 
 
 Kabasse-, 
 
 ASHIM, 
 
 34 
 
 -KAMIGHE, 
 
 Ashimuit, 
 
 - 34 
 
 -KAOODI, 
 
 Assini-, . . - 
 
 20 
 
 -KANTTI, - 
 
 -AUKE, 
 
 6 
 
 Katahdin, 
 Kauposh-, - 
 
 Baamcheenunganoo, 
 
 40 
 
 Kearsarge, 
 
 Bagadoose, 
 
 - 38 
 
 Keht; kit; - 
 
 -BiK, 
 
 18 
 
 Kehtetukqut, - 
 
 Boonamoo; 
 
 - 27 
 
 Kennebec, - 
 Kenjua, 
 
 Capawonk, 
 
 29 
 
 Kenosha, - 
 
 Cappowonganick, 
 
 - 29 
 
 Ketumpscut, - 
 
 Catumb, - 
 
 19 
 
 -KI, 
 
 Caucomgomoc, 
 
 - 17 
 
 Kinougami, - 
 
 Chabanakongkorauk, 
 
 35 
 
 Kiskatamenakook 
 
 Chabenuk, - 
 
 - 35 
 
 Kittanning, 
 
 Chawonock, 
 
 7 
 
 Kittatinny, 
 
 Chebegnadose, 
 
 - 39 
 
 Kitchiganii, 
 
 ( Jhippaquiddick. - 
 
 23 
 
 Kitchi-sipi, 
 
 Cobbosseecontee, 
 
 26. 42 
 
 -KOMUK, 
 
 Cobbscook, 
 
 42 
 
 ! -KONTU, - 
 
 Ftgfl. 
 
 - 21 
 
 8 
 
 - 21 
 
 23, 24 
 
 - 41 
 
 17 
 
 - 12 
 42 
 
 - 80 
 8, 12 
 
 - 19 
 19 
 
 8 
 30 
 
 - 30 
 
 41 
 
 - 42 
 21 
 
 - 28 
 22 
 
 - 21 
 42 
 
 - 20 
 12, 19, 21 
 
 - 12 
 15 
 
 - 43 
 43 
 
 - 19 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 - 12 
 21 
 
 - 17 
 
 7 
 21 
 23 
 
INDEX, 
 
 870 
 
 - 21 
 
 8 
 
 - 21 
 
 23, 24 
 
 - 41 
 
 17 
 
 - 12 
 42 
 
 . 30 
 8, 12 
 
 - 19 
 19 
 
 8 
 30 
 
 - 30 
 
 41 
 
 - 42 
 21 
 
 - 28 
 22 
 
 - 21 
 42 
 
 - 20 
 12, 19, 21 
 
 - 12 
 15 
 
 - 43 
 43 
 
 - 19 
 
 6 
 
 - 17 
 
 7 
 
 - 12 
 21 
 
 - 17 
 
 7 
 21 
 23 
 
 Kunclvqiiachu, 
 Kuppo-, 
 
 Lackawanna, - 
 Lcnapewi-hittuck. 
 
 MachiKamic, - 
 
 Manati, 
 
 Manhasset, 
 
 Manliatan, - 
 
 Manisses, 
 
 Manussinp:, 
 
 Massa-, MasTia-, 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Massapaug, 
 
 Massaugatucket, - 
 
 Masbcnips, 
 
 Maskinoiije, 
 
 Maitabfsct, 
 
 Mattatniuiseontis, - 
 
 Mattapan, -lent, 
 
 Mattapony, 
 
 Mattapoiset, - 
 
 Matchcbiguatus, - 
 
 Mauch chunk, - 
 
 Menan, 
 
 Mennewies, 
 
 Meesucontee, 
 
 Mianus, 
 
 Michigan, - 
 
 Missinippi, 
 
 Missisaking, 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 Misquainacuck, 
 
 Mistassini, 
 
 MistP-shipu, 
 
 Mitch igami, - 
 
 Mohicannittuck, - 
 
 Montauk, 
 
 Moosup, 
 
 Moshenupsuck, 
 
 -MSK (i'ov -OMPSK), 
 
 Munhansick, - 
 
 MUNNOII-HAX, 
 
 Mushauwomuk, 
 Mystic, 
 
 NAlAG, 
 
 Namasket, - 
 Nameaug, 
 Nameiake, - 
 Narragansett, - 
 Nashauekoinuk, 
 Nashaue, 
 Nashua, Nashaway, 
 Natchaug, 
 
 20 
 21, 29 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 22 
 23 
 22 
 
 22 I 
 23' 
 
 - 15 i 
 20 i 
 
 - 15 ' 
 32 i 
 
 - 38, 
 43 ' 
 35 i 
 25 1 
 
 - 34 
 35! 
 
 - 35 
 39! 
 
 - 20 
 22 
 23 
 25 
 37 
 17 
 15 
 31 
 
 7 
 42 
 
 - 20 
 
 7 
 17 
 
 8 
 23 
 37 
 
 - 38 
 18 
 23 
 22 
 
 - 5, 35 
 
 8 
 
 - 29 
 42 ! 
 
 - 38 
 
 38 I 
 
 - 29; 
 21 
 
 21, 33 
 33 
 
 - 33 1 
 
 Naiimkeag, 
 Nayatt, Nayot, 
 Ne.^saooa-, - 
 Newichawanock. 
 Nimpanickhickanuh, 
 
 Niri'E, NKBI, - 
 
 Nippissing, 
 Noank, 
 
 NoiiU; 
 
 Norwottock, - 
 
 Noyaug, 
 
 Nunni; 
 
 Nuniiepoag, 
 
 Nunkertunk, - 
 
 Nyack, 
 
 Occoquan, 
 Ogkome-. - 
 Ogquidne, 
 Ohio, 
 
 -OlIKE, -OKE, - 
 
 Okhucquan, 
 Oiighin-sipon, - 
 
 -OMPSK, 
 
 Oswego, 
 Ouschankaniang, - 
 
 Pacatock. 
 
 Par/uan-, - 
 
 Pahke-, 
 
 Pahquioque, 
 
 Paquabaug. 
 
 Paquiaug, - 
 
 Pascoag, 
 
 Pasquotank, 
 
 Passaniaquoddy, 
 
 Patuxet, -ent, 
 
 -paug, 
 
 Pauf/ui; 
 
 Paiiquepaug, - 
 
 Pauat-. 
 
 Pautuck, 
 
 Pawating, - 
 
 Pawcatuck, 
 
 Paw tucket, 
 
 Pemadene, 
 
 Pemi-, 
 
 Pemaquid, 
 
 Pemetiq, - 
 
 Pemigewasset, 
 
 Pcmiji; 
 
 Pemijigomc, - 
 
 Pen-, 
 
 Penobscot, 
 
 Pequabuck, 
 
 Pequaunoo, 
 
 Page. 
 43 
 
 - 29 
 22 
 
 - 12 
 37 
 14 
 15 
 
 - 29 
 11 
 11 
 29 
 
 - 16 
 16 
 
 - 29 
 29 
 
 - 30 
 10 
 
 - 23 
 13 
 
 6 
 30 
 
 - 13 
 18 
 
 - 31 
 18 
 
 « 
 40 
 
 16, 40 
 39 
 
 16,40 
 39 
 
 - 11 
 11 
 
 26, 43 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 39 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 !t 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 8,9 
 
 - 41 
 40 
 
 - 41 
 41 
 
 - 41 
 40 
 
 - 40 
 19 
 
 - 19 
 16 
 
 - 40 
 
880 
 
 iNr>r \ \ \ AM Rs. 
 
 Pe.MC'itum-, - 
 I'tske-, 
 Pt's(|iiiiniS('ot, 
 I'l'ltiiiiiiiinsciil. 
 
 I'i'tii(k(|iiii| k, 
 
 /'fiii/.'iiii-. 
 Pik;iii;^liciiiiliik. 
 I'liiir-. - 
 -J'ISK. -PHK, 
 
 Pisc;it;i((iia, -(|iiO{j. 
 I'iscatiiwiiy, -ii(|ius. 
 PoiU'tqiiussing, 
 Pohqiti-, 
 PniKimo: 
 Pofiiiannoc, 
 Poutiixat, 
 Powhatan, - 
 Pymatuning, - 
 I»yf|uaa}r, - 
 Pitmmeeche-, - 
 
 Qtiansiffamaiig, 
 
 Quiliitamt'iulc, 
 
 Quiniii-, 
 
 Quinnihtieiit, - 
 
 Qnini'baug, 
 
 QiiiiU'poxut, - 
 
 Qiiiniii|)iac. 
 
 -fJUODUY. -KANITI, 
 
 Qiionsha[)aiig, 
 
 Qiissnk. 
 
 Qiiunkwadcliii, 
 
 Sa<'0. - 
 Saiiad alloc k. 
 Saganaw, 
 SagiH'iiay. - 
 Safiuatiu'kot, - 
 Saiigatnek, 
 Saiikimk. 
 
 Si';i()()niiiiiaka(l(ly, - 
 Si'giibbiinakaddy, 
 Ski'u, Skip, sipi, - 
 
 lij 
 
 38, 
 
 i:. 1.! 
 Ill 
 II 
 
 IM 
 
 l(i 
 
 IN 
 
 10 
 18 
 II 
 11 
 !) 
 ,10 
 27 
 
 to 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 41 
 30 
 
 L'fi, 
 
 18 
 36 
 8. 15 
 8 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 27 
 ■t.'J 
 10 
 20 
 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 32 
 32 
 31 
 27 
 26 
 
 Sliaiiiiic. 
 
 Shawiiiiit. 
 
 Sliawwiiuk. 
 
 Sliuln-iiacadic. 
 
 Sliiiiniiit, 
 
 Sicaiiicik. Siickiaiig. 
 
 Soakatiick. 
 
 Soiiii-. 
 
 S()nki|)aiig. 
 
 Sowaiiuliki', 
 
 S([naiii. 
 
 S((iiaiiiai'Ut, 
 
 S(|iiaiiiiiiagonie, 
 
 S(|iiaiiisfot, 
 
 Shc/cI; 
 
 Swainscot, 
 
 -TCniTAN', - 
 
 'rcmigami, 
 'IVtii|iii't, Titiciit, - 
 'roinlit'ganomset, 
 Traeady, -die. 
 
 -TUK, - 
 UlIQUON, - 
 
 Wadciii-, 
 
 Wam])aiioags, 
 Wrniii.'i/iijiii'-, 
 Wangunbog, 
 Wap.iiiacliki, - 
 
 WlToWOCOIllOOO, 
 
 Winiu'pt'saukee, 
 \ViiiiR'i<(jnainsaiikit, 
 Winidsiininit, - 
 ^Vnog(|lletookoke, - 
 \V()nas(|uatii','ket, 
 
 \\'i>\Kr.\, W'ONGUN', 
 
 Woiigattiit'k. - 
 \VonkL'maug, 
 AVongunpaiig, - 
 Wonni'siiuain, 
 Wuskowhaiiaiiaukit, 
 
 34 
 36 
 33 
 ■Hi 
 34 
 
 t 
 
 32 
 
 - HI 
 16 
 
 7 
 18 
 42 
 42 
 
 - 18 
 
 7 
 
 - 18 
 
 12 
 
 - 17 
 11 
 
 - 19 
 
 28 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 - 20 
 
 6 
 
 18, 41 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 32, 33 
 
 18 
 
 - 34 
 30 
 
 - 41 
 29 
 
 - 29 
 18 
 16 
 18 
 
 7 
 
PaftP. 
 
 ,!(; 
 
 •-'ti 
 
 I 
 
 .'»2 
 III 
 Ui 
 7 
 18 
 
 - 42 
 42 
 l« 
 
 I 
 
 - IS 
 
 12 
 17 
 11 
 19 
 
 28 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 - 20 
 
 6 
 
 18, 41 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 32, 33 
 
 18 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 41 
 
 29 
 
 - 29 
 18 
 16 
 18