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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too ii^vge to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film§ d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. errata I to t i pelure, on A D 32X ^'»' 2 3 t ■ 2 3 j: .#■ : 5 i- . - -, 6 p/ INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES BY / / ALBERT S/GATSCHET X-o^ Reprinted from March Number of The Magazine of American History r / /U/L ■ f- l^n Ok •^^p. *_'*". ^T^- . "1 V. I t< A \ / MAGAZINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Vol. 1 MARCH 1877 No. 3 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC AND TERRITORIES. STATES //^ A FEW decenniums f)f research in our newly acquired Western dominions have acquainted us with the sinf^ular fact that clusters of very numerous, and for the larger part narrowly circumscribed areas of languages exist in these vast and remote regions. In Califor- nia, and north of it, one stock of language is generally represented by several, sometimes by a large number of dialects and sub-dialects; but there are instances, as in Shasta and in Klamath, where a stock is repre- sented by one idiom only, which never had diverged into dialects, or the sub-dialects of which have become extinct in the course of time. Although certain resemblances between them may be traced in their pho- nological and morphological character, they are totally distinct in their radicals, and by this criterion wc are enabled to attempt their classification by stocks or families. Any other than Vi genealogical classi- fication is at present impossible, for we do not possess even the most necessary grammatical data for the majority of the languages spoken along the Pacific coast. For the Western languages, and those of the great Interior Basin, our main sources of information are (and will be for many years to come) vocabularies of one hundred to two hundred terms each. Those obtained and published frequently bear the stamp of dilettantism, some- times that of profound ignorance of linguistic science on the part of word-collectors, who wholly underrated the great difficulty of taking down a set of disconnected words in a totally unknown and pho- netically unwieldy idiom. These word-gatherers would have fared much better, an(d collected more reliable material, if they had taken short sentences of pojDular import or texts containing no abstract ideas. For an Indian is not accustomed to think of terms incoherent, or words disconnected fr-Om others, or of abstract ideas, but uses his words merely as mtegral parts of a whole sentence, or in connection with others. This 146 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC 'it is the true cause of the large incorporative power of the American tongues, which in many of them culminates in an extended polysynthet- ism, and embodies whole sentences in one single verbal form. At a time when the principal languages and dialects of Asia, Africa and Australasia, the living as well as the extinct, are being investigated with uncommon ardor; myths, popular songs, dirges and speeches c>il- lected, published and commented upon with erudition and corresponding success, very few of the American languages, North and South, have been the object of thorough res ;arch. There is no scarcity of thorough linguists among us, but the reason for their want of activity in this direction simply lies in the want of proper encouragement from the authorities, the publishers, the press and the public. This is very discouraging, we confess ; but it shall not hinder us from examining somewhat closer this topic, and from trying to get at the true facts. The general public is very ignorant of languages and linguistics, and as a rule confounds linguistics with philology. Many people have a horror of philology because the Latin and Greek paradigms which they had to study in college classes, recall to them the dreariest days of " compulsory education," juvenile misery and birch-rod executions. From these two languages they infer, superficially enough, that the study of all other foreign tongues must involve similar mental torments. Others believe that the Indian languages are not real tongues, deserving to be termed so ; but only thwarted productions of the diseased heathen mind, because they do not agree with classical models, nor with the grammar of the primeval language of the world, the Hebrew, '• which was spoken in paradise." The majority, however, suppose that any Indian language is simply "a gibberish not worth bothering about; " they ought to remember that every language, even the most harmonious and perfect, is a gibberish to those who do not understand it, sounding unpleasantly to their ears, because they are unaccustomed to its cadences and phoretic laws. The mastering of a language is the only remedy against a certain repugnance to it on the side of the listener. A further objection which is sometimes raised against studying the tongues of the Red Man, consists in the erroneous assertion that they have no literature of their own. This statement is founded on a profound ignorance of existing facts, and moreover, is only the expression of the old-fashioned, mistaken idea that languages should be studied only on account of their literatures, thus confounding philology with linguis- tics. Indians never did and do not write down their mental produc- INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC 147 tions, simply because they do not trace their immediate origin from the Eastern races, from whom we have received the priceless gift of alpha- betical writing ; but that they really possess such productions, as well as the Malays, Polynesians and South Africans, no one can doubt w ho has read of Indian prophets, orators and story-tellers, with their fluency and oratorical powers, who has listened to their multiform, sometimes scur- rilous mythological tales or yarns, heard their war-shouts, the word sac- company ing their dancing tunes, or in the darkness of the night overheard some of their lugubrious, heart-moving dirges sung by wailing women, as they slowly marched in file around the corpse of some relative, the whole scene lit up by the flickering flames ol the lurid camp- fires. A volume of Schoolcraft's " Indians" contains a large number of Odjibway songs, and the author of this article has himself obtained over seventy most interesting and popular songs from the Cayuses, Warm Springs, Klamaths, Taos, Iroquois and Abndkis, in their origi.ial form. So the white race r.lone is to blame for its imperfect knowlecige of the unwritten, often highly poetical productions of an illiterate race. The science of linguistics is of so recent a date, that few men have yet grasped its real position among the other sciences. We must henceforth consider it as a science of nature, and reject the old conception of it as a science of the human mind. Stylistics and rhetorics of a I guage may be called the province of the human mind, but language itself is a product of nature, produced through human instrumentality. Man does not invent his language, any more than a bird does its twitter- ing, or a tree its leaves. It requires a whole nation to produce a lan- guage, and even then such nation must start from phonetic elements already understood. The innumerable agencies which give to a country its tiimate will also, by length of time, shape man and his language. Nothing is fortui- tous or arbitrary in human speech and its historical developments ; the most insignificant word or sound has its history, and the linguist's task is to investigate its record. Thus every language on this globe is perfect, but perfect only for the purpose it is intended to fulfill ; Indian thought runs in another, more concrete direction than ours, and therefore Indian speech is shaped very differently from indogermanic models, which we, in our inherited and unjustified pride, are prone to regard as the only models of linguistic perfection. The Indian neglects to express with accuracy some relations which seem of paramount importance to us, as tense and sex, but his language is largely superior to ours in the variety of its personal pronouns, in many forms expressing the mode of action, or 148 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC the idea ot property and possession, and tlic relations of the person or persons addressed to the subject of the sentence. Another prejudice aj^ainst the Indian ton'j;-iies is derived from the filthy (jr uninviting appearance of the red-skiiuied man himself. It is true that most Indians seem very miserable, disj^ustinj^j, poor, silly, even jjrotesiiue and comical; yet this is partly due to the state of derjradation to which he has been reduced bv the land-jj^ral)i)in<;' Anj^lo- American settler, who has di-prived him of his former, natural wavs of sub- sistence ; but it is also a characteristic of his ciimamon-complexioned race, and has been so for times immeiiiorial. In the numerous settle- ments, where the condition of the Indian lias undoubtedly undergone a {j^reat chanji^e for the better, throujjh the advent of the Aviiite population, he seems just as miserable, shy, sad and filthy as before. To draw conclusions from the exterior appearance of a people on their lanj^uage, and to sui)pose that 'i man not worth lookinjr at cannot speak a laiif^iiajj^e worth studyinji^, would be the acme of superficiality, and worthy oiii/ of those who in their folly trust to appearances alone. Pursuant to these intimations, I judjj^e that the only means of bring- ing about a favorable change in publ'c sentiment concerning the tongues of our aborigines, is a better understanding of the real object and purpose of linguistic science. Languages are living organisms, natural growths, genuine productions of race and country, and scientifically speaking, it is as important to investigate them as to describe minutely a ciu-ious tree, a rare plant, a strange insect or aquatic animal. But to gather information on them with success, a much more accurate method of transcription or transliteration than those generally used by word-cf)l- lectors must be adopted. The old nonsensical method of using the English orthography, so utterly unscientific and unbearable to the sight of every instructed man, has at last been discarded almost universally. Only scien- tific alphabets must be here employed, and an alphabet can be considered as such only when one sound is constantly expressed by one ivid the same letter only. Such alphabets have been proposed by G. Gibbs, Pro- fessors Richard Lepsius, Haldeman, Alex. Ellis, and many others, and it would be a fitting subject for a congress of linguists to decide which system is the most appropriate for transcribing Indian tongues. Cursive Latin characters must be used, and in some cases altered by diacritical marks, to convey peculiar meanings ; the invention of new alphabetic sys- tems or syllabaries like those of Sequoyah, and the hocjks and crooks recently used for transcribing Cree and other Northern tongues are not a help to science, because they are not readily legible or reducible to the ac- cepted old-world systems of transcribing languages. A debate may also INDIAN LANGUAGES OF TIIK PACIFIC 149 he started by a linguistic conjjrcss, what term shoii'd be employed instead of "Indian," which is unsatislactoiy in many respects; a thorou?reat deal more than this. Language is a living organism, and to study it, we must not oidy have the loose bones of its body, hut the life-blood which is throbhii.g in its veins and forms the real essence of human speech. Not the stems or words alone, but the inflectional forms, the syntactical shajjing of the spoken word and the sentence itself au desideratums mostly craved for. Linguists must therefore, as reliable grammars and full dictionaries (all the words properly accentuated !) cannot be expected at once, place their hopes in collections of tc.vfs illustrating the native customs and manners, the religious beliefs, superstitions, scraps of Indian history, speeches, dialogues, songs and dirges, descriptions of manufactured articles, and of the houses, tools, implements and dress of each nation and tribe visited. These texts shoidd be given in t he Indian language, ^nd accompanied by a very accurate, and if possible, an interlinear and verbal translation of the items. All the commentaries and remarks needed for a full under- standing of the texts should be added to it. The more material is fur- nished in this way, the better our linguists will be enabled to disclose the hidden scientific treasures stored up in these curious, but now almost un- known, forms of human speech, and to ])resent them to the world, in the shape of grammars, dictionaries and anthologies of aboriginal prose and poetry. To the ethnologist such texts will be just as valuable as to the historian and the linguist. THE LANGUAGES OF THE WESTERN SLOPE. A most singular fact disclosed by the topography of language-stocks all over the world is the enormous difference of the areas occupied by the various families. In the Eastern hemisphere, we see the Uralo-Altaic, ' In 1875, the 2glh year from its foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, had collected texts, phraseology, and 771 vocabularies of about 200 words each, but for unknown rea- sons had published only a small portion of this enormous linguii>tic material. mmmm MM ISO INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC ) ' the Chinese, the Indofijermanic, Semitic and Dravidian, the Pullo and the Congo-Kafrian or Ba'-ntu family of languajjes, extending over areas much wideror aswideas the Tinn6, Sh6shoni, Alg^nkin, Uai<6ta, Chahta- Maskoki and Chiarani stock, while small areas are, perhaps, as numerous in the Kastern hemisphere as in the Western. Their size evidently de- pends on the conhguration and surface-quality of the lands, which again determine the mode of the subsistence of their inhabitants. The natives of a country, when not influenced by the civilization of the white race, will in barren plains, steppes, prairies and wtjodland, generally become hunters ; on the shores of the sea and on the banks of the larger rivers, they will resort to fishing, and sometimes, when settled on the coast, turn pirates or form smaller maritime powers, while the inhabitants of table-lands will till the fields, plant fructiferous trees, or collect esculent roots for their sustenance. Of these three modes of sustenance we see frequently two combined in one tribe. The fishers live peacefully and in small hordes, because large settlements, on Hes have frequently absorbed neighboring communities engaged in smnlar pursuits, and turned with them into powerful empires, as in the case of the Aztecs, Mayas, Chibchas and Quichhuas, in the Western hemisphere. For obvious reasons pastoral pursuits were almost entirely unknown in America, but were powerful agents of culture in Asia and Europe, since they facilitated the transition from the hunter or nomadic state to the state of agriculturists. California and portions of the Columbia river basin, with their nu- merous rivers and the enormous quantity of salmon, trout and lamprey eel ascending annually their limpid waters, were essentially countries occupied by fisher-tribes, and before the advent of the white man, are supposed to have harbored a dense native population. Among these fisher-tribes we also find the smallest areas of languages ; six of them are INDIAN LANGUAGES OF TIfl' PAriFIC 151 crowded on the two baiiksdf the Kliiiiiath riverand many more around ihi- Sacramento, altliouj^h these streams do not exc(;ed in lenj^tli, respec- tively, 350 and 4(x) miles. 'I'o prodnce or |)reserve so many small lan- j^uaj^e lamilies, totally distinct Irom each other in their radicals, these tribes mnst have lived durinjf very lonja; periods in a state of comparative isolation, and have remaine(l almost nntouched by foreijj;n invaders, pjfw tected as they were by the sea coast, and by the hi^h-towerinj^ wall of the snow-capped Sierra Nevada. In the wide basin of the Upper Colnmbia river several tribes lumtinpf the bear, buffalo, elk, deer and antel )pi'. roam over the thiidy populated prairies, and occupy enormons tracts of barren and sa^e-brnsh plains. I lunlinif tribes need a wide extent of territory, and when it is refused to them they will li^ht for it. Thus orij^diiate the constant wars of exter- mination amonj; many of these tribes, anil their encroachments over others in leu^ard to territory. Of this we lind the most conspicuous in- stances amonj; the iu)madic tribes roviiii,^ between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi river. In their morpholoj^ical character the lan,i^uajj;es of America do not ditTer materiallv from the .\siatic ton^jues of agirlutinative structure, ex- cept bv their more devel()|)ed power of ])(jlysynth('tism. But in many of their nund)er this facult)' remains only in an embryonii- state, and liy dint of a far-j^oing analysis, some of them approach the structure of our nuKlern European analytic lani^uatjes. Still, in a number of others, the incorporativc tendencv prevails in a Wi^h decree; they are synthetic as much as the Latin, (i reek, or (iot hie — many of them superlatively so. They use not only prefixes and atlixes, as we do, but also infixes, viz : particles, or particle-fraj^ments, inserted into the stem. As a general thinjj^, Ameri- can lanj^uaijcs arc not sex-denotinjj^, thous^h we hiul a distinction of sex in the dual of the Inxiuois tit/), and in some Central American verb-in- flections, where /a- is distinguished from s/w in the personal pro- noun. A true substantive verb A; /;<■ is not not found in any American langua<^e,' and the word-stems liave not underfrone that pn/ccss of thor- ough differentation between noun and verb which we observe in Ger- man, English, and French. These three languages we call accentuating, since the (piantity of their syllables is of relative importance only, the influence of the accentua'.;ion being paramount. In many American lan- guages we observe, on the contrary, that accent shifts from syllable to ' Full anil detailed informalioii concerning the structure prevailing in .Vmerican languages, will be found in I'rof. J. U. Trumbull's article on " Indian Languages," in Johnson's New Cycle- paedia, vol. ii. New York, 1875. T tsa INDIAN l.ANGUACilCS OK THE PACIFIC svUahlc, tlioiigh only in a restricted number of words, and that instead of the accer.t lengtli and brevity of the syllables receive closer at- tention. Sucii idioms we may call quantituting languages, for their sys- tem ot i)r()Sody does not seem to differ much from those of the classical languages. No plausible cause can as yet be assigned for the frequent, perhaps universal, interchangeability of h with/, d with / and n, g with /-, x^ and the lingual /•. iii with /; and 7' (a-), //// with /■, %: hut as there is nothing foriuitous in nature or in language, a latent cause must exist for this IK'Culiarity. No preceding or following sound seems to have any in- fluence on this alternating process, and the vowels alternate in a quite similar manner. From these general characteristics, to which many others could be added, we pass over to those peculiarities which are more or less spe- cific to the languages of the Pacific Sloi)e. It is not possible to state any absolute, but only some relative and gradual differences between these Western tongues and those of the East, of which we give the following : The generic difference of animate, inanimate, and neuter nouns, is of little infiuence on the grammatical forms of the Pacific languages. A so-called plural form of the transitive and intransitive verb exists in Selish dialects, in Klamath, Mutsun, San Antonio (probably also in Santa Barbara), and in the Shoshoni dialects of Kauvuya and Gaitchin. Duplication of the entire root, or of a portion of it. is exten- sively observed in the formation of frequentative and other derivative verbs, of augmentative and diminutive nouns, of adjectives (especially when designating colors), etc., in the Selish and Sahaptin dialects, in Cayuse Yukon, Klamath, Pit River, Chokoyem, Cop-eh, Cushna, Santa Barbara, Pima, and is very frequent in the native idioms of the Mexican States. The root or, in its stead, the initial syllable, is redoubled regu- larly, or frequently, for the purpose of forming a (distributive). plural of nouns and verbs in Selish dialects, in Klamath, Kizh, Santa Barbara, and in the Mexican languages of the Pimas, Opatas (including Heve), Tarahumaras, Tepeguanas, and Aztecs. A definite article " the;' or a particle corresponding to it in many respects, is appended to the noun, and imparts the idea of actuality to the verb in Sahaptin, Klamath, Kizh, Gaitchin, Kauvuya, Mohave. In San Antonio this article is placed before the noun. The practice of ap- pending various " classifiers " or determinatives to the cardinal numerals, to point out the different qualities of the objects counted, seems to be general in the Pacific tongues, for it can be traced in the Selish proper, '% i.JW fciO iWwngtr T INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THK I'ACIIIC 153 t instead loser at- ;heir sys- classical , perhaps /•, X, and s nothing : for this e any in- 11 a quite could be less spe- to state 'een these oUowing : nouns, is inguages. exists in ably also ,11 va and , is exten- lerivative especially ialects, in ma, Santa ; Mexican )led regu- ) plural of 13?rbara, ig Heve), t in many :tuality to ihave. In ice of ap- numerals, ems to be ih proper, in the Nisnualli (a western Selish dialect), in \'iikima, in K'amath, in Noce or Noze, and in Aztec. In De la Cuestas' Mutsun grammar, how- ever, no mention is made of this synthetic feature. The phonological facts, most generally observed throughout the coast lands, from Puget Sound to San Diego, are as follows: Absence of tii^ labial sound F nm\ of our rolling R (the guttural /•// or % is often errone- ously rendered by r): comparative scarcity of the medial or soft mutes as initial and hnal consonants of words; frequency of the «, or croaking, lingual /■, identical with the c castaiiuclas of the South ; sudden stops of the voice in the midst of a word or sentence; preponderance of clear and surd vowels over nasalized vowels. From all the information ob- tainable at present, we can properly infer that all the above mentioned peculiarities will by future investigatois be discovered to exist also in many other tongues of our Pacific States. In the northern sections the consonantic elements predominate to an enormous degree, some- times stifling the utterance of the vowels ; many southern tongues, on the contrary, show a tendency towards vocalism, though the consonantic frame of the words is not in any instance disrupted or obliterated by the vocalic element, as we observe it in Polynesia. Languages, with a sonorous, sweet, soft, and vocalic utterance, and elementary vocalism,are the Mohave, Hualapai, Meewoc, Tuolumne and Wintoon (and Kalapuya further north), while the dialects of the Santa Barbara stock seem to occupy an intermediate position between the above and the Northern languages. Unnumbered tongues have in the course of centuries disappeared from the surface of these Western lands, and no monuments speak to us of their extent, or give a glimpse at the tribes which used them. Many others are on the verge of extinction ; they are doomed to expire under the overpowering influx of the white race. Other languages labor un- der the continued influence of linguistic corruption and intermixture with other stocks, and the Chinook jargon seems to make havoc among the tongfues of the Columbia river. To transmit these languages to posterity in their unadulterated state, is not yet altogether impossible in the decennium in which we live, and would be a highly meritorious un- dertaking. It would be equivalent almost to rescuing these remarkable linguistic organisms from undeserved oblivion. In the subsequent pages I attempt to give a synoptical survey of our Pacific language-stocks west of the Rocky Mountains (excluding the Pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona), based on the writings of such predecessors as George Gibbs, Latham, H. H. Bancroft, Stephen Powers, - ' iim i >i i .v 'uai IS4 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC if •■' ij I and 1 have taken pains to carefully compare their data with the lin- guistic material available. For obvious reasons, I have fou id myself fre- quently constrained to dissent from them, and 1 claim the decision of men of undoubted competency concerning the correctness of .ny classi- fications. Shoshoni. — The Shoshoni family borders and encircles all the other stocks of the Pacific Slope of the United States, on the eastern side, and my enumeration, therefore, commences with the dialects of this populous and widelv-scattercd inland nation. The natives belonging to this race occupy aln ostthe whole surface of the great American Inland Basin, extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. To the northeast, and all along the western border, they have crossed these towering land-marks, constructed by nature itself, but do not appear to have interfered consider- ably with the original distribution of the tribes in the Californian valleys and mountain recesses. The dispositions evinced by them are more of a passive and indolent than of an aggressive, offending or implacable nature, though they are savages in the truest sense of the word ; some bands of Utahs, for instance, really seem too low-gifted ever to become a cause for dread to peaceful neighbors. We do not yet under- stand any of their numerous dialects thoroughly, but as far as the southern dialects are concerned, a preponderance oi surd and nasalized rt, and H vowels over others is undoubted. They all possess a form for the plural of the noun ; the Comanche, even one for the dual. Their dialects are, sketched in the rough, as follows : Snake. — This dialect received its name from the Sh6shoni, Lewis or Snake river, on whose shores one of the principal bands of Snake In- dians was first seen. Granville Stuart, in his " Montana as it is " (New Vork, 1865), gives the following ethnological division: IVasha.'reks, or Green River Snakes, in Wyoming; Took-arikkah, or Salmon River Snakes (literally, "Mountain-sheep Eaters"), in Idaho. These two bands he calls genuine Snakes. Smaller bands are those of the Salt Lake Diggers in Utah, the Salmon Eaters on Snake river, the root-digging Bannocks or Pa-nasht, on Boise, Malheur and Owyhee rivers, and a few othe -s, all of whom differ somewhat in their mode of speech. Snakes of the Yahooshkin and Walpahpe bands were settled recently ^ n Klamath i"eserve in Oregon, together with a few Piutes. Utah ( Yntah, Entaw, Ute; Spanish, Ayote,) is spoken in various dia- lects in parts of Utah, Wyoming and Arizona Territories, and in the western, desert regions of Colorado, where a reservation of " Confeder- ated Utes " has been established, with an area of twelve mililonsof acres. INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC I5S To draw an accurate limit between the numerous bands of the Utahs, and those of the Snakes and Payutes seems to be impossible at pi > sent, since all of them show the same national characteristics. I give the names of some of the more important bands of Utah Indians, which no doubt dif- fer to a certain degree in their sub-dialects: Elk Mountain Utahs in Southeastern Utah; Pa/i-Vants on Sevier Lake, southeast of Salt Lake; Sainpitc/us, on Sevier Lake and in Sampitch Valley ; Task-Utah in North- ern Arizona ; Uinia-Utahs in Uintah Valley Reserve ; Wcber-Utahs, north- east of Salt Lake; Yampa-Utahs, south of the Uinta-Utahs. Payutc — {Pah-Utah, A-L^^— literally, "River-Utah; Utah, as spoken on Colorado river"), a sonorous, vocalic dialect spoken throughout Nevada, in parts of Arizona and California. The dialect of the South- ern Payutes on Colorado river closely resembles that of the neigh- boring Chcmchiievis, but differs materially from that spoken in North- ern Nevada, and from the dialect of Mono and Inyo counties, California. Other Payute tribes are the Washoes and Gosh-Utes. Kaiiviiya — (Caivio; Spanish, Cahiiilld) This branch of the Shoshoni stock prevails from the Cabezon Mountains and San Bernardino Valley, California, down to the Pacific coast, and is at present known to us in four dialects: S^rr^rw^, or mountain dialect, spoken by Indians, who call themselvf s Takhtam, which means " men, people." Kauvuya, in and around San Bernardino Valley. Gaitchin ox Kcchi, a coast dialect in use near the Missions of San Juan Capistrano md San Luis Rey de Francia. Nctda is another name for it. Kizh, spoken in the vicinity of the Mission of San Gabriel by a tribe calling itself Tobikhar, or " settlers," and of San Fernando Mission, almost extinct. The two last mentioned dialects considerably differ among themselves, and from the mountain dialects of the Takhtam and Kauvuyas. Comanche, formerly called Hictan, Ji'tan, Na-uni, in Northern Texas, in New Mexico and in the Indian Territory. They are divided into three principal sections, and their language resembles in a remarkable degree that of the Snakes. Various Shoshoni dialects have largely influenced the stock of words of a few idioms, which otherwise are foreign to this family. We mean the Pueblo idioms of New Mexico, the Moqui of Arizona, and the Ki- owa, spoken on Red River and its tributaries. There exists a deep-seated connection between the Shoshoni stock and several languages of Northern Mexico in the radicals, as well as in the grammatical inflections, which has been pointed out and proved in many erudite treatises by Professor T. C. E. Buschmann, once the collaborator of the two brothers Alexander and William von Humboldt. 156 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC Ylma. — The Indians of the Yuma stock are scattered along the bor- ders of the Lower Colorado and its affluents, the Gila river and the Bill Williams Fork. Their name is derived from one of the tribes — the Yumas — whom their neighbors frequently call Cuchans or Ko-u- tchans. Some dialects, as the Mohave, possess a large number of sounds or phonetic elements, the English th amongst them, and are almost en- tirely built up of syllables, which contain but one consonant followed b\- a vowel. The verb possesses a plural form. At present we know of about seven dialects : — Mohave (Spanish Mojavc), on Mohave river and on Colorado River Reservation ; Hualapai, on Colorado River Agency ; Maricopa, formerly Cocomaricopa. on Pima Reservation, Middle Gila river ; Tonto, Tonto-Apaches or (Jo/iiiu, on Gila river and north of it ; Cocopa, near Fort Yuma and south of it : Ctichan or Yuma, on Colorado river; their former seats were around Fort Yuma; Dicgcfio iind Comoyci, around San Diego, along the Coast, on New river, etc. Scattered tribes arc the Cosinos or Casninos, and the Yavipais or Yampais, east of the Colorado river. The term opa, composing several of these tribal names, is taken from the Yuma, and means man ; the defi- nite article -tch joined to it forms the word dpac/i or Apache, " man, men, people." Pima. — Dialects of this stock are spoken on the middle course of the Gila river, and south of it on the elevated plains of Southern Arizona and Northern Sonora, (Pimeria alta, Pimeria baja). The Pima does nOt ex- tend into California, unless the extinct, historical Cajuenehes, mentioned in Mexican annals, spoke one of the Pima (or Pijmo, Pimo) dialects. Pima, on Pima Reserve, Gila river, a sonorous, root-duplicating idiom ; Nevoiiie, a dialect probably spoken in Sonora, of which we possess a reliable Spanish grammar, published in Shea's Linguistics ; Peipago, on Papago Reserve in south-western A: izona. - Santa Barbara. — We are not cognizant of any national name given to the race of Indians who spoke the intricate dialects of this language- family. Its northern dialects differ as much from the southern as Mini- taree does from Santee-Dakota, or Scandinavian from the dialects of southern Germany. The southern dialects are : — Santa Inez, near Santa Inez Mission ; liturgic specimens, translations of parts of catechisms, etc., of this dia- lect, and of that of Santa Barbara Mission, were forwarded to the Smith- sonian Institution by Mr. Alex. S. Taylor of Santa Barbara City ; Santa Barbara, around Santa Barbara Mission, i 'osely related to Kasnd or Kashwcih, Spanish Cieneguita, three miles from Santa Barbara Mission ; ( aj j wi M ■JfeTj iia wkff i Bw^ t-- ■ INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC 157 Santa Crus Island; this dialect reduplicated the root in forming the plural of nouns, and probably extended over the other Islands in its vicinity ; it is extinct now. The northern dialects arc -.—San Louis Obispo; stock of words larji^cly mixed with Mutsun terms. The Indian name of the locality was Tixi- lini. San Antonio, spoken at or near San Antoni(> Mission, known to us through Fadre Sitjar's dictionary. The plural of nouns is formed in more than twelve different ways, and the phonology is (piite intricate. MuTsUN. — This name, of unknown signification, has been adopted to designate a family of dialects extending from the environs of San Juan }3autista, Cal., in a north-western direction up to and beyond the Bay of San Francisco and the Straits of Karquines, in the East reaching proba- bly to San Joaquin river. It is identical with the language called Riinsien or Kumscn, and shows a great develoi^ment of grammatical forms. Its alphabet lacks the sounds of /;, r/,/and of our rolling r. We can distinguish the following dialects: — San Juan Bautista ; Padre F." Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta has left us a grammar and an extensive phraseological collection in this idiom, which were published by John G. Shea, in two volumes of his " Linguistic Series." Mission of Carmcloy near the Fort of Monterey ; the Eslenes inhabited its surround- ings, Santa Cm.':, north of the Bay of Monterey ; vocabulary in New York Historical Magazine, 1864 (Feb.), page 68. La Soicdad Mission \ if this dialect, of whose grammatical structure we know nothing, really belongs to the Mutsun stock, it is at least largely intermixed with San Antonio elements. The tribe living around the Mission was called Sakhones. Costano, on the Bay of San Francisco, spoken by the five extinct tribes of the Ahwastes, Olhones, Altahmos, Romonans, Tulomos. See Schoolcraft's Indians, Vol. II, page 494. Under the heading of " Mutsun " 1 subjoin here a series of dialects spoken north of the Bay of San Francisco, which judging from the large number of Mutsun words, probablv belong to this stock, but show also a large amount of Chocuyem* words, which dialect is perhaps not, according to our present information, a Mutsun dialect. This point can be decided only when its grammatical elements, as verbal inflection, etc., will be ascertained. The dialects, showing affinities with Mutsun, are as follows : Olamcntkc, spoken on the former Russian colony about Bodega Bay, Marin Co.; vocabularv in Wrangell, Nachrichten, etc., St. I'etersburg, 1 839, and reprinted by Prof. Buschmann. San Rafael Mission, Marin Co. Vocabulary taken by Mr. Dana ; printed in Hale's Report of Exploring i 158 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE I'ACIKIC Expedition, and in Transactions of American Ethnolog. Society, II, pajjc 128 ; the words arc almost identical witli those of Chocuycm. Talattii or Ta/antiii, on Kassinia River, an eastern tributary of the Sacramento, is clearly a dialect of Chocuyem ; vocabulary by Dana. Tr. Am. Ethn. Soc, Vol. 1 1. CItohuycvt or Tcltokoycin was the name of a small tribe once inhabiting Marin County, north of the Golden Gate. Their langua^;e extended across San Antonio Creek into Sonoma valley, Sonoma Co. G. Gibbs' vocabulary, published in Schoolcraft, III, 428-sq, discloses the singular fact that almost all Chocuyem words are dissyllabic, and fre- quently begin and terminate in vowels. A Lord's prayer in Chocuyem was published in Duflot dc Mofras' Explorations, II, 390, and repro- duced by Bancroft; the name of the tribe living around the mission of San Rafael was Youkiousme, which does not sound very alike, nor verv different from "Chocuyem." Some of the more important terms agree- ing in the Chocuyem and in the Mutsun of San Bautista, are as follows: ENGLISH. head teeth foot house white black I, myself thou two father mother The supposition that the Chocuyem belongs to the Mutsun stock is greatly strengthened by the mutual correspondence of these terms, but cannot be stated yet as existing on this ground alone, for the terms for most numerals, parts of human body, and those for fire, water, earth, sun, moon and star disagree entirely. The Chocuyem stock probably included also the Petaluma or Yol. hios, as well as the Tomalo and other dialects spoken beyond the northern limit of Marin County. From a notice published by Alex. S. Taylor, Esq., we learn that Padre Quijas, in charge of Sonoma Mission from 1835 to 1842, composed an extensive dictionary of the idiom spoken in the vicin- ity of this religious establishment. YocUT. — This tribe lives in the Kern and Tulare basins, and on the middle course of the San Joaquin river. Consolidated in i860 into one CHOCUVK.M. MUTSUN. nioioh mogel ki-iht sit, si-it coyok coro kotchii kuka, ruca pah kiss palcasniin muklta humulusmin kani can ml men osha utsgin api appa enu an an ■ J « j »". »« )fc WaWWW*W! ''!- ' L i« * W t f^- ' M

n, opposite the mouth of Yuba river, a tributary of Feather river. A collection of some forty words was made by Lieut. Edward Ross, and published in Historical Ma^^azinc of New York, 1863, paj^e 123. i'ns///i7/" Sprachcn aus dcm Siid- west en Nord-Ainerikas ; JfWw^rr 1S76" (150 pages), offers a few words of very difficult guttural pronunciation ; but in general the language (called " Digger" in that vocabulary) is of a soft and sonorous character. Some of the more n(^teworthy Wintoon tribes are as follows:— Dozvpum Wintoons, on Cottonwood creek, the nucleus of this race; Noe- mocs or " southern people ;" ]\wenioes or " eastern people ;" Nome Lakces or " western talkers ;" Wikainviocs, on extreme upper Trinity river and Scott Mountain ; Normocs, on Hay Fork ; Tehdmas, near Tehama Town ; Mag Reading Wintoons: vocabulary taken about 1852, by Adam Johnson, and published in Schoolcraft, IV, p. 414. Cop-eh. A tribe of this name was found at the head of Putos creek, the words of which are mostly dissyl- labic, and partake of the vocalic nature of southern languages. w. uiii*!mfiwii"ffiiwiiH INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC i6i Stephen Powers calls by the name Patnurn a race inhabiting the west side of the middle and lower Satramento. Cache and I'utos creek, and Nai)a Valley. Physically, the Patweens d<» not differ from the Win- toons. Their complexion varies from brassy bronze to almost jet-black, they walk pif,'eon-toed, anvl have very small and depressed heads, the arch over their eyes formiii}; sometimes a sharp Y'n\^c. They are socially disconnected and have no common name ; but their lanj;uafxe does not differ much in its dialects, and belongs, as far as we are acc[uainted with it, to the Wintoon stock. Poweis {Overland Monthly, December, 1874, p. 542, sqq.) classes nder this heading a number ol clans or bands, of which we mention :—.S'«/.y///«, in Suisun X'alley, Solano Co.; Ululalos, in Ulatus Creek, near Vacaville; Zrn^'Mv and Pittos,'\n lottos Creek; Napas^ in Napa Valley; Lolscls, east of Clear Lake; Corusics, near Colusa, on Sacramento river; Cticiiposcb,u\\ Cache Creek; Noyukics, inter-married with Wintoons, on Stony Creek. Gitilulos or Gidllilas, in Sonora Valley. A Lord's Prayer given in their dialect, by Duflot de Mofras, ii, p. 391, differs entirely fnmi the Chocuyem, hence the Guilulo may belong to the Patween stock. The words of \\\c Napa root-diggers, collected by Major Bartlett, and another vocabulary of the Napa have not yet been pub- lishcd by the Smithsonian Institution. YuKA.— The Yuka or I'ka language extends over a long and narrow strip of territory parallel for a hundred miles to the Porno dialects and the coast, in and along the coast range. The area of the Porno language, however, breaks across that of the Yuka from the West at Ukiah and sur- rounds Clear Lake. The revengeful race of the Vukas, who are conspicu- f)us by very large heads placed on smallish bodies, originally dwelt in Fecund valley, east of Upper Eel river. Nome Cult, meaning " western tribe," is the Wintoon name for this solitary and fertile valley, which has become the seat of an Indian Reservation. Of the Yuka we have a short vocabulary by Lieut. h:dward Ross in N. Y. Historical Magazine for April, 1863. Surfl vowels, .jjcrhaps nasalized, are frequent; also the ending -nut, -iiii, which is probably the plural termination of nouns. No connection with the Chokuyem is perceptible, but a taint resemblance with the Cushna can be traced in a few woras. Other tribes speaking Yuka are the Ashochcmics or Wappos, formerly inhabiting the mountain tract from the Geysers down to Calistoga Hot Springs; the Shnmeias, at the head of Eel river; and the Tnhtoos, on the middle and south forks of Eel river, and at the head of Potter Valley. PoMO.— The populous, unoffending Pomo race is settled along the coast, on Clear Lake and on the heads of Eel and Russian rivers ; a portion l62 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE PACIEIC h of them now inhabits the Reservation of Round valley, together with their fornuT tormentors, the Yukas. Those (if \\\v interior siiow more inteliif^i'nee iind a stnm^fer pliysical constifntion than the eoast I'oinos. The C'ahto l'<>in(»s and the Ki I'omos, on Mel river, liave a(h)i)ted tiie Tiime dialeet of the Wi Lakce, which is closely allied to Iloopa. Mowers considers as the nucleus of the numerous Tomo trihes the I'onic I'omos, livinj; in I'otter Valley, a short distance northwest of Clear Lake. The lanf,aia};e rapidly chan<>;es from valley to valley ; but the majority of the dialects are sonorous, and the vocalic clement preponderates. We enumerate the followinjr bands :-/'v//c /'cwc.v, "earth people," in Potter X'alley. Hallo Ki Poinos, " Wild Oat Valley people," in Totter Valley. Clioan Chadcia Poiiios, " I'ine-pitch people," in Redwood Valley. Matoiuey Ki Poiiios, " Wooded N'alley people," around Little Lake. I'shls or Catiialcl Poiiios, on Usal Creek. S/u/xr/iir Poii/os, "neif^hbor people," in Sherwood Valley. GoUinomcro.% below llealdsburg; a few «rrammatical informations given in 11. H. Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. iii, part second. Yiika-iox Ukia/i, on Russian river, (not to be confounded with Yuka in Roimd valley); vocabulary by G. Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Vol. Ill, (if^53-) C/mccs/mk, i\t the head of Eel river; Gibbs' vocabulary in Schoolcraft, 111, pp. 434, sqq. Batcindikaic, at the head of Eel river, called after the valley in which they live; vocabulary in Schoolcraft, 111, 434, sqq. Kulanapo, on southwest shore of Clear Lake; vocabulary in Schoolcraft, 111, 428. Bancroft has called attention to the fact that many words of this and other dialects, spoken south of it, correspond to Polynesian and Malay terms, but on account of the uncertain nature of Oceanic conEO- nantism, he is unwilling to draw any ethnological deductions from this coincidence. Kulanapo agrees pretty closely with Choweshak and Ba- temdikaie, but differs somewhat from Chwachamaju. Clnvachaiimjii, to the north of Bodega bay. The words in Wrangell'r, vocabulary (see Olamentkc, Miitsun) appear to agree more closely with Ynka-i than with any other Pomo dialect. WisiiosK. — Spoken on a very small area around the mouth of the Eel river, on the seacoast, and called so from the Indian name for Eel river. We know of two sub-dialects almost entirely identical, and show- ing a rather consonantic word-structure. Vocabularies were collected with care by George Gibbs, and published in Schoolcraft 111, p. 422. IVcvyot, or Vccard, on mouth of Eel river; Wishosk, on northern part ()f Humboldt Bay, near mouth of Mad river ; Patmuat, identical with G. Gibbs' Kowilth, or Koquilth ; and about a dozen other settlements speak- ing dialects of the same language.— Proceeding through the basin of the INDIAN I,AN(;UAf'.KS OK Till: I'ACIIIC 163 Klamath river, we meet with a miml)iT()fsiiiail, socially incolu-rnit, i)arHls ()( .•.;>vc.s cii^afffd ill salmon 01 tnmt tisliiiij; on the shores ol this stream and of ii. tributaries. Some do not possess any tribal naini', or name for thei; c:)mmoij lanj^uaKi'. and were in a bulk called Klamath Kiver Indians, in contradistinction to the Klamath Lake Indians. Ivuksiiikni, on the head of Klamath river. These latter I call here " Klamatlis." KlJKDK. The Hnroc tribe inhabits both banks of the Klamath river, from its month up to the Great Bend at the influx (»f the Trinitv river. The name simply means "down" (down the riven, and anotlui name ^iven them by tlieir neif,'hl)ors, I'ohlik, means nearly the sanu-. Their setllem-nts freciuently have three or four names. Kecpia is the yillaf,^e at the mouth of the Klamath river, from which they set out when tishinjj at sea. The l.-mtcua^e sounds rouj^h and -j^uttural ; the vowels are surd, and often lost between the coi\sonants. as in mrpr. nose; chlh, chlec, KirZ/t; wrh-yenex, child. In conversation, the luirocs terminate many words by catchinjr sound (-h'-) with a grunt; with other Indians we observe this less frecpiently. 'They are of darker complexion than the Cahroks, and in itSjo nund)ered 2,700 individuals in the short stretch of forty miles along the river. VVi;rrs-i'i;K.— In Schoolcraft we find a vocabidary named after the Indian encampment at \Veits-pek, a few miles above the great bend of Klamath river, on the north shore, whose words totally disagree from Eurok, Cahrok, Shasta, or any other neighboring tongue. Falcgawondp is another name for the tribe or its language. Caiirok. — Cahrok, or Carrook, is not a tribal, but simply a conven- tional name, meaning "above, upwards " (up the Klamath river, as Eu- njk means "down," and Modoc — probably — at the heatl of the river"). The Cahr(>k tribe extends along Klamath river from Bluff Creek, near Weits-pek, to Indian Creek, a distance of eighty miles. Pehtsik is a local name for a part of the Cahroks; a.iother section of them, liv- ing at the junction of Klamath and Salmon (or Quoratem) rivers, go by the name of Ehnek. Stephen Powers thinks that the Cahroks are prob- ably the finest tribe ?n California; that their language much resembles the Spanish in utterance, and is not so guttural as the Euroc. In School- craft we find vocabidaries from both triijes. Tolevva.— The few words of the Tolewa, or Tahlewah language on Smith river, between Klamath and Rogue rivers, which were given to G. Gibbs by an unreliable Indian from another tribe, show a rough and guttural character, and differ entirely in their radicals from any other language spoken in the neighborhood. ' ■ ^ » 1 ^W WH ' W JMW 104 INDIAN l.ANUUAOtS OK THE PACIFIC ^; Shasta. — At the tiim- nt tin- Rn^nii- \<\\vr War tin- Sliast;is, or Shas- ■•cccas, hcianif iiivolvrd in tin- rclu'llinn ol llii-ir lu-ijflihors, and alter tlu-ir (Iclfal the warriors ot both tiihes were ii'niovi-d, with their families, fo the (irand Roiuleand Silet/ Reserves in OreLfon, I lence. they ahnost entirely disappeared Iroin their (thl lionies in the Shasta and Scott N'alleys, whi-jh are chained hv althients ol the Klainalh ri\fr, and also from their homes on Klamath river, Irom Clear Creek npwards. Nouns form their plurals l)V ad.lin^ oji^j^ara, ukara, "many," and the lanjj;ua>;e does not sound disaj^reeablv to our ears. We know this voealii lonj^ue oidy through a lew words, collected hv Dana; the Smithsonian Institution owns three \(>cal)idaries. The Scotts' Valley band was tailed Watsahewa; the names ol other bands were T-ka, Iddoa, Iloted y, We-ohow. I'l r Rl\i:u.— The I'it River Indians, a poor and very abject-lookinjj lot ol natives, live on u|)per I'it river and its side creeks. In lormei- years thev sullered exceedinjj^lv from the raids of the Modocs and Klamath Lakes, who kidnapped and kept them as slaves, or vSold them at the slave- market at Vanex in southern Orej^jon. Like the I'omos and most other Californians, they rej^^ard and worship the coyote-wolf as the creator and benefactor of mankind. I'owers calls their lanjj^ua^e " hoi)elessly consonantal, harsh and scs(|uipedalian, very unlike the sweet and simple tonjjues of the Sacrumento river." Redoublinfj^ of the root seems to prevail here to a larjj^e extent. .\ few words from a sub-dialect are given by Mr. Bancroft, which do not dilTer materially from the " I'alaik" (or Mountaineer) vocabulary printed in Transactions of Am. Kthnol. Soc.VoI- ^1. p.9«^. After a military expedititm to their country, deneral Crook ordered a removal of many individuals of this tribe to the Round V^allev reserve, where they are now settled. J^ii-sii, Pii-isii is the Win- toon name of the I'it River Indians, meaninfj " eastern people." Ac- cordinj^ to Mr. Powers' statements {Overland Monthly, i874,pp. 412, sj^'j^.) the Fit River Indians are sub-divided in : — /ir/f£>wrfTi'<.v, in the Fall river basin ; from aclioma "river," meaning Pit river. Havicfcuttclics, in Big valley. Astakayucpedition. other, the ural. On loms have and were nountains ^ame, ber- le Oregon undred in- 1 Transac- very few ronounced home is in ral form of re divided and joined Ronde Re- hemselves, ut seventy miles east of Des Chutes river outlet, and a majority of them has f o - gotten already their paternal idiom. Judging from the Cayuse words printed in the Transactions of Am. Ethn. Society II, p. 97, this language prefers consonantic to vocalic endings, and possesses the aspirates th and/. The occurrence of both sounds, especially of/, is not uncom- mon in Oregonian languages. Kalapuya. — The original seats of this tribe were in the upper Wil- lamette Valley. The laws of euphony are numerous in this lanTuage, whose utterance is soft and harmonious ; thus It forms a remarkable con- trast with all the surrounding languages, the sounds of which are uttered with considerable pectoral exertion. The personal pronoun is used also as a possessive ; no special termination exists for the dual or plural of nouns. Yamkally, on head of Willamette river, has many words in common with Kalapuya, and is supposed to belong to the same stock. Chinook.— The populous, Mongol-featured nation of the Chinooks once dwelt on both sides of the Lower Columbia ; but after the destruc- tion of four-fifths of their number in 1823 by a terrible fever-epidemy, a part of the survivors settled north, and now gradually disappear ..nong the Chehalis. The pronounciation is very indistinct, the croakings in lower part of the throat frequent, the syntaxis is represented as being a model of intricacy. To confer with the Lower, the Upper Chi- nooks had to use interpreters, although the language of both is of the same lineage. The dialects and tribes rds The French words wc^e derived from the Canadian and Missouri patois ol the ur IZ^lr rtlmUs of the jargon terms were taken from Chinook cba ec s and as the inflectional forms, prefixes and affixes o these umv.cld l om ver ropped altogether, and replaced by particles or aux.hanes^ he Acquisition of \he Jargon became easy^ A -^-j^ensiv^^^^k^^^ o this idiom will be found in the preface to George Gibbs Dictionary the Chinook Jargon," New York, 1 863 (in Shea's Linguistics . ' W hat^e simtlar'instances of medley jargons from ^^ ^^^^;^ crua^es in the Lingua Franca of the Mediterranean ports, in the Pidgin i:;ii; of Canton, the Negro-EngHsh-Dutch .>f ^'^---';^;^^- - the Upper Yukon river, in a Sahaptin slave-jargon, and in the numerous "women-languages" of South America. f .1.. Koc.skooskie SAHAPTIN.-This name belongs to a small affluent of the ^^o^'fcooskie or Clea^Lter river, and has been adopted to designate ^^^^:;_ ^ua^es spoken in an extensive territory on the middle and lower CoH.k. bh Hve^^and on its tributaries, Yakima, Paluse, Clearwater and Snake r We^^ The morphological part of the Sahaptin ^^^^^^'^ well developed, and polysynthetism is earned up to a high degree. 1 he Tx^crior c!f t'he'race r'ecills the bodily structure, not the complexion, of the Mongolian type of mankind. The ^'^^tern-most tnbe is : Nc;:Jcrces, the most numerous and powerful Sahaptin tribe, sett eel on fieserve in Northern Idaho (about 3,8cx> Indians), or --.^g in t .e neighborhood. A sketch of their grammar was Pfl-^-d ;" Transac tions of American Ethn. Society. The western and ''^^^ern ^aha^^^^^^^ tribes are the follow ing : Wa/.raa/a (" Rwern.en ) on Umatil a Agcn , in Northeastern Oregon ; Pains or Paloose, on Palus R-;^^- ^"^^^);f^"^; Reservation ; Vdkama or Yakima, on Yakima Reserve Washington Ter- Htory. Rev. Pandosy wrote a Grammar, Texts and Dietionary of this dialect which were published in Mr. Sheas Linguistic Series. Fiom S h'bltatthey are called Pshuanwappum, -• dwellers in the stony covn. trv " Km-M on Yakima Reserve and vicinity, formerly . oaming through tht woodlands around Mount St. Helens ^^"^f^'^'^^^ side of Columbia River and on Umatilla Agency N« J!''^'^^^"^^j;"^^ War,n Spring Indians on west side of Middle Des Chutes Ru^r They call themselves Tish,dni-hhldma. after a locality on that water-course or Milli-hhlama, from the thermal sources surging on the terntor) ot their reservation (milli, " bubbling, or tepid," hhldma, " belonging to, per- ''"a flave jargon exists among the Nez-Perce Indians, which originated le French :)f the fur inook ciia- un widely luxiharies sketch of :tic)na:y of paratc lan- :he Pidjijin i Slave on numerous ooskooskie Lock of Ian- ver Col 'inl- and Snake is rich and ;gree. The iplexion, of ibe, settled ming in the in Transac- m Sahaptin Ua Agency, md Yakima lington Ter- nary of this ries. From stony coun- ■ly roaming , on Oregon 'ocabulanes. .iver. They krater-course, territory of iging to, per- :h originated INDIAN' LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC 169 through their intercourse with prisoners of war, and contains expressions for i-jw, horsv, vuin, icoiiuih and other most common terms, which are en- tirely foreign to Saha|:)tin. Sklisii.— The Selish family extends from the Pacific Ocean and the Straits of Fuca, through American and partly through British territory to the Rocky Mountains and the 113. Meridian. This race is most densely settled around Pugct Sound, and its main bulk resides north of Columbia River. By joining into one name their westernmost and east- ernmost dialect, their language has been called also Tsihaili-Selish, or Chehali-Selish. A large number of words of this truly northern and superlatively jaw-breaking language are quite unpronounceable to Anglo- Americans and Europeans — i. e., tsat^;lsli, shoe.-, ; skai,\;lent%l, wonuxn in Tsihaili ; shitvltso, shoes in Atnah. This stock abounds in inflectional and syntactical forms, and redoubles the root or part of it extensively, but always in a distributive sense. It divides itself into a large number of dialects and subdialects, among which we point out the subsequent ones as probably the most important, going from West to North, and then to the East: Nsietshaivns or Tiliamtik (Killamuk), on Pacific Coast, south of Columbia River; Tsihaili, Cheheili ; on or near Pacific Coast Washington Territory : has three subdialects ; Tsihaili proper on Che- hali River and in Puyallup Agency ; Qniantl, Qnaiantl or Kwantlen ; Qui'- niauitl. A few Chehalis and Chinooks inhabit Shoalwater Bay. Cozulitc or Kii-iialitsk, spoken on Puyallup Agency. Their ancient home is the valley of the Cowlitz River, a northern tributary of the Lower Columbia River. Soaiatlpi, west of Olympia City. This tribe once included the Kettlefalls Indians. .Visc/ualli, N'skzudli; cast of Olympia, on Nisqualli River, settled there in company with the Squaxins, on Puyallup Agencr. Clallam, (S'Clallum) on S'Kokomish Agency, northwest of Olympia City; Tvvana, on same locality. Divamish, partly settled on Tulalip sub-agency. Lutnmi, on Nootsak or Lummi River, near the British boundary. This dialect is largely impregnated with Nootka and other foreign elements. The Shus/nuap, Sinuapamuck or Southern Atnah belongs to the Selish stock", but does not extend from middle course of Eraser River and its affluents so far south as to reach American territory. It closely resembles Selish proper. The Eastern Selish dialects are : ff Kinakane {Okanagan), with the subdialect St'lakam, on Okanagan River, a northern tributary of Upper Columbia River and on Colville Reserve, which is located in the northeastern angle of Washington Territory. Kullespelm, Kallispelm, or Pend d'Oreille of Washington Territory, on Pend d'Oreille River and Lake Callispelm. The Upper Pend d'Oreille are settled on Flathead or l> ' «t. W <- ■ ■ J^i^. - ^i>*' Tiri^r.^46ii>-;. asem I ft'i i!. 170 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF THE I'ACIFIC Jocko Reservation, Montana. Spokane, on Colville Reserve and vicinity ; three subdialects; Sngomenei, Snpoilschi, Syk'eszilni. Skitsmsh or Coeur d'Al^ne ; on a reservation in northern Idaho. Selish proper or Flathead. The tribe speaking it resides on Flathead Reservation, and is called s( without any apparent deformity of the head. The dialect lacks the sounds b, d, f, r ; it has been studied by a missionary, Rev. Gre- gory Mengarini, who at present is writing a second edition of his " Gram- matical linguae Selicae ; " the first edition was published in New York, 1 861 (in Shea's Linguistic-*. Piskwaus or Piskivas, on Middle Columbia River and on Yakima Reservation, Washington Territory. NOOTKA.— The only dialect of this stock spoken within the limits of the United States is that of the Makah, Classet or Klaizzaht tribe in Neah Bay, near Cape Flattery. The Smithsonian Institution published in 1869 a very elaborate ethnological sketch of this fisher-tribe, written by James G. Swan. Nootka dialects are mainly in use on Vancouver's Island, which is divided in four areas of totally different families of languages. Kootenai.— The Kootenai, Kitunaha, or Flatbow language spoken is on Kootenay river, an important tributary of Upper Columbia river, draining some remote portions of Idaho, Montana and the British pos- sessions. A Lord's prayer in Kootenai is given in Bancroft's Native Races, vol. Ill, p. 620. In bestowing the greatest care and accuracy on the composition of this topographical survey of Pacific languages, my principal purpose was to give a correct division of the idioms into stocks, and their dialects and subdialects, and I shall be very grateful for suggestions correcting my statements, if any should be found erroneous. To have given anotner location for a tribe than the one it presently occupies, cannot be consid- ered as a grave error, for many American tribes are nomadic, and shift constantly from one prairie, pasture or fishing place to another, or are removed to distant reservations by Government agents. For want of information, I was unable to classify the Hhdna in Sacramento Valley, the Hagnaggi on Smith river, California, the Chitwout or Similkameen on the British- American border, and a few other tongues ; but, in spite of this, I presume that the survey will be useful for orientation on this linguistic field, where confusion has reigned supreir.e for so many gen- erations. . . , For the better guidance of students in ethnology and linguistics, i propose to classify all the Indian dialects in a very simple and clear manner, by adding to their dialect name that of the stock or family, as SiiSBfett-ls*fitrf-.i-;5ffl«i»^-i%t<3»---«'''