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 ^i>^ 
 
 
 M E MORI A L, 
 
 ,?•■ 
 
 MOST HUMBLY ADDRESSED 
 
 TO T H S 
 
 SOVEREIGNS of EUROPE, 
 
 O V T H J - "^ ■ 
 
 PRESENT /STATE of AFFAIRS^ 
 
 ./* 
 
 B ET WBIN iTHS 
 
 
 
 OLD AKD NEW WORLD. 
 
 
 L O N D O^N: 
 
 Piinted for J. A L M O N, oppofite Bvulimgto 
 in FiccAftiLLT, 1780. 
 
 [ Price Half a Crown ] 
 
■?\ 
 
 mn 
 
 % 
 
 !/■• 
 
 i^i 
 
 
 % 
 
hi 
 
 P R E F A C E. 
 
 .. -r, 
 
 TH £ Memorial which I herewith 
 fend you, was written by a Friend 
 #f mine, who is lately dead. It is of no 
 confequence to the Publick to be informed 
 who he was. What he was, and of what 
 fpirit, will appear by his Writing. A de- 
 cilive misfortune in his perfonal relations 
 had determined him to quit Europe, and 
 to fettle in America : He had arranged his 
 afiairs to that end ; and, although from the 
 troubles which, in the interval of his pre- 
 parations, arofe in America, he fufpended 
 his a<^ual fettlemen^, in that Country ; yet 
 
 A he 
 

 I 
 
 l\e Co far quitted Europe as to go and refidfe 
 in the Azores or Weftcrn Ifles, devoting 
 himfelf to that ftudy and contemplation 
 vrhich was beft fuited to confole him under 
 his misfortunes, and to reconcile him to the 
 facciHce which he was about t^> make of 
 every thing that remained to him of what 
 the World holds mod dear. I had the 
 happinefs of correfponding with him while 
 he lived there, and I received this from 
 him, with leave (if ever a time ihould 
 Arrive, in which I.fhould think it might be 
 of life); to'publiih it« on this condition, 
 that I would write <5 ibmething of a Preface 
 •• to it. Idonpt/^ (♦fays he) "like the 
 Roman Statefman, fay, Oraa me. Leave 
 me to oblivion, and in peace, for that is 
 all I now feek. I am perfuaded that the 
 General State of fadh, and of the prefent 
 ♦* combination of events, is true : That the 
 *' conftquences which I point out, asilow- 
 ** ing from them, are probabk : And that 
 ** the condudt which I dcfcribe as that with 
 ** which thefe things ihould be met, is th« 
 
 " heft 
 
 * In a letter dated Nov. 1778, Ponta MGadMin St. MichttePs, 
 
 it 
 
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 bed wifdom for the Sovereigns of Europe, 
 by which they can promote the intereft 
 of their S tates, or the happine fs^ of iheir 
 People. If the events do^ not come for- 
 ward ^f tifU Period as I fuppofe, or juft 
 in the feries of procejpon as my reafoninjg 
 hath attempted to drawithe line, that is 
 nothing to the ^ge of the world, nor to 
 the growing fyftem of a ftatc. The thing, 
 therefore, which I aflc 6f you, is, to fhow 
 how the geiieral reafoning on the general 
 train of events, applies to the circum- 
 ftances of the time whchcver you flialj 
 publifli it : And that you will give it 
 (in French| or in any other Is^nguage ge- 
 nerally underflood) iuch a fafhionabl^ 
 drefs, fuch as that the world may receive 
 ^t and underdand it. Alfo, I wifb that it 
 may be ijnderftopd hovy fenfible I an% 
 that an Apology is neceffary for my pre- 
 suming tp addrefs a Memorial to Sove- 
 reigns, on a fubjed in which they muft 
 be fuppofed to be perfcdly informed, and 
 in which your Friend, (it may be fupr 
 pofcd) can have fo little pra(flical informa- 
 A 2 <* t?Qn 
 
. I 
 
 t « 1 
 
 <' tion. Although, in what I am going to 
 ** fay, 1 (hall (hew no great art or addrefs, 
 **t nor obfcrve that condud which would be 
 *'. likely to recommend this Memorial to the 
 '^ great world j yet, for truth's fake I will 
 " fay it> That I have always found that the 
 " Sovereigns, as far as they are informed, and 
 *^ are in circumdances to exert themfelves, 
 ** have the interefl and profperity of their 
 *' fubjeds, the welfare an4 happinefs of 
 *' niankind, more at heart, than it ever 
 ** enters into the heads or hearts of their 
 ** Minifters to conceive. It is for that rca- 
 ** fon that I have prefumeB to addrefs them. 
 ** I will fet the great Henry of France at 
 ** the head of the firfl lift : One has heard 
 ** of a Sully, a Flcury, a Clarendon, a 
 ** Somers, a De Witt, a * * * j and for the 
 '* common good of mankind one would 
 ** hope, that fuch men, in all countries 
 «* where they can aft, may never be want- 
 " ing to continue this other lift." 
 
 Although this my Preface will be formed 
 ehiefly by extracts from my Friend's letters, 
 
 who 
 
[ V 1 
 
 who can bed explain his own views^ and 
 Vtrhichy without the parade of Authorifm^ 
 are mod: fairly explained in thofe private 
 fentiments : Yet, I doubt whether it majr 
 not be neceflary to fay that, though he here 
 appears as an abftraded Philofopher, yet he 
 was not unpradiiced in the bufi^^efs of Go- 
 vernment, nor uninformed by experience in 
 a knowledge of the nature of the Europeaa 
 Settlements in America. His life was a 
 compound of bufinefs and frivolity abroad: 
 He was a Philofopher at home ; and always, 
 what may be very properly exprcfled, very 
 much at home* He was confcious that he 
 thought very differently frOrii the generality 
 of mankind on thofe fubjedts; and ufed 
 while in Europe frequently to lament how 
 little he was underftood on the fubjedt mat- 
 ter of this bufinefs. In a letter dated from 
 the fame place, in March 1779* he fays, 
 ** When I look back^ and compare my 
 f* opinions with events which fecm to have 
 ^* confirmed them, and yet fee how little 
 •' effe<a thfefe opinions have had, even when 
 f • called for; and when dqly explained^ by 
 
 ^ ' «' fads 
 
-r— 
 
 • y 
 
 ' 
 
 [ yi ] 
 
 f /a^^» in their proper place* I am at 
 V.^OgtJb convinced, that I have not the 
 ** t^ent of fo arranging, and of fo explain- 
 }^ fp^ things, which I ani fure are fadls and 
 /' truths, as to demonftrate them to others. 
 ^* That mind, whofe faculties arc moft rea- 
 **4ily exerted in the fcarch of truth, is 
 ^f* feldojn habile and efficient in the demon « 
 f* ftration of it. This, therefore, wjllbe the 
 *^ lafl; Paper which I ^^H ever write on thi9 
 f* (idc the world, on this fubjcd. So little, 
 '* (if I am not too vain in a reference to my 
 f* own ideas) was this fubjedt compre- 
 ** hepded, fo little did it fcem interefling, 
 f* fo little was \t reliihed, when I was ii> 
 *• Europe, that I fcarce f ver talked of it in 
 *' real (jarneft : And, although this vvith- 
 «« drawn place may fcem bed fuitcd for 
 ** contemplation j yet I feel here the want 
 f of that eorrefpondence and convcrfatioa, 
 «* which clicites, and brings forward into 
 ** cfFeja:, the power of rcalbning, better 
 ^^ than the clofeft and moft intenfe ftudy 
 ** ever did. Nee quenquam habeo qtiocumfa- 
 f' mil tar iter de ^¥JJ^l.l^odi r^huscolkqui pof- 
 
«c 
 
 <« 
 
 f vii ] 
 
 Jim\ ut ne faltem explic^m ^ mtoM. 
 And I own I have my apprehcnfions thit 
 •• I may prove to b« as vifiondr^, aV the* 
 «• world, I know, will think me**' Whe- 
 ther the world will be of opinion' With m/ 
 Friend's apprehcnfirohs or not, thak' thli*^ 
 Memorial is vifionary ; you Receive it, 
 Mr. Almon, jud as I received it. It. appears 
 to me to be founded in radl; to be plain 
 an4 intelligible, is what I underdand; and 
 what therefore, t tliink, any other may very 
 wdl underftand. I hope, that, little as this 
 Memorial is in its bulk, indeed not enough 
 to make a book ; it will neither be fold or 
 read as a pamphlet laxa cervice^ There is 
 nothing in it to amufe {uth readers^' If the 
 matter which it contains, does not attract 
 and engage the ferious attention of ferious 
 men of bufinefs, it is neither worth your 
 printing, nor their purchafing. 
 
 I differ from my Friend, and think it beft 
 that it (hould appear firft in its own drcfs 
 and language j I therefore fend it to you, 
 to print off an edition of it. I fhall have 
 
 It 
 
[ viii ] 
 
 it tranllated afterward into a language that 
 the generality of the world underflands, 
 becaufe I think, that the matter which it 
 contains, is of great importance to the States 
 of Europe in general, as well as to England 
 aod America in a more particular manner. 
 
 lam. 
 
 -.■.•roms 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your Humble Servant, 
 
 « ♦ ♦ « « 
 
 Editor. 
 
 Paris, Jan. 25, 1780. 
 
 
 
 I ' 
 
MEMORIAL, ^c. 
 
 THAT Nascent Crisis,* which at 
 the end of the laft war *' opened a 
 a new channel of budnefs, and irougbt 
 into operation a new concatenation of 
 powers, both political and commercial,** is 
 now, at the beginning of this prefent war, 
 come forward into birth, in perfed and 
 c{labli(hed fyftcm. «' The Jpirit of com" 
 merce bath become a leading and predomi^ 
 nant power,** it hath formed throughout 
 North-America, and hath extended to 
 Europe the bails of a new commercial 
 fyftcm, " The rise and forming op 
 
 THA/ SySTEM WAS WHAT PRECISELY 
 CONSTITUTED THE CRISIS OF THAT 
 
 TIME." It was fee A by men who knew 
 
 A how 
 
 * This quaint expreflion, and the following paiTages, are 
 taken from Governor Pownall's book cii the Bricifli CoIch 
 nies, firft publiflied in the year 1764. 
 
* 
 
 [ » 3 
 
 ♦ 
 
 how ta profit of the knowledge; (hoic 
 wl^>(liould bave profiled would not fee 
 
 ^at •♦ TVtM ONE GEliiiRAl COMPWif 1" 
 
 interest" ib formed, and fo adling 
 under the fame laws, and by the fame 
 ipirit of atfraBfion wlucH pervades all 
 nature, muft neceffarily, in the ptoceflion 
 of its power, hav,e ** k o^yl com m 9 if 
 
 CENTER or GRAVITY aWi> UNIONU" 
 
 There was, at that time,' a Sltate in Eurppe 
 within whofe dominion j^ 7Ai/ uriter lay; 
 coinciding nearly with the center of its 
 own proper folitical fyftem, ' and niaking 
 even a part of its »tf/i(rj/ lyitem. The 
 operations df thiai compdfite iy/(em took 
 a courfe almpi^ in the very direction of the 
 line of the nirtural movements o^ that 
 State* the balis of a great marine domt" 
 nion was laid by fTaturei aiid. the God o£^ 
 stature offered that dona inipii to the only 
 Power with which the fpirit of liberty 
 then dwelt. But the Government of that 
 State, being wife in its own conceit, not 
 only above, but againit thoJle things which 
 exifted, rejedted Nature and would none of 
 her ways^ defpifed tht virifdbm of that 
 
 Providence 
 
t 3 1 
 
 Proyidcncc which had ^ftabliflied her. The 
 fpirit of attraftioQ which Nature adtuati;^ 
 was bdd to be a yifion ; and that 
 STATE OF ifNioN* which the h^d ofi 
 God held fprth« was blaTpb^med as folly. 
 The Miniftcrs of that country faid to Re- 
 pulfion. Thou (halt guide our J^irii i to 
 piftradion. Thou ihalt be our wijfdpoi* 
 This fpirit of Repulfion, lhi« wii^pm of 
 Diftradion» hath wrought the natural ef- 
 fect difTolution. They have not only loft 
 for ever the dominioii which they might 
 have wrought th^ir nation up to« but th|S 
 external parts of the Empire are one after 
 another falling olQFi^ and it will be onQ9 
 more reduced to its infular exideuce. 
 
 On the other handt t^is Hfw fyfim^i 
 power, united in and moving round its 
 own proper center ** had diffolved tkt effi^ 
 qf nil artificial repulfions which fprc^ 
 would create, s^nd hath formed thqfe i^-p 
 ^ural connexions by and under which its 
 a^ual interefl exifts.*' Founded in Nature 
 it is growing, by accelerated motion?* and 
 accumulated accretion q£ parts, into an 
 independent, qrga^vzed being, a great and 
 
 A 2 powerful 
 
t 4 ] 
 
 powerful empire. // bos taken ^ its equal 
 fiation with the nations upon earth. 
 Video Jolem orientem in occidente. 
 
 North- America is become a new primary 
 flanet/m the fyftem of the world, which 
 while it takes its own courfe, in its own 
 orbit, muft have eiFe£k on the orbit of every 
 other planet^ and fhift the common center 
 of gravity of the whole fyftem of the Euro* 
 pean world. 
 
 North- America is de faBo an inde- 
 pendent POWER vibich bas taken its equal 
 Ration witb other powers^ and muft be fo 
 de jure. The politicians of the Govern- 
 meAts of Europe may reafon pr negociate ' 
 upon this idea, as a matter fub lite* The 
 powers of thofe Governments may fight 
 about it as a new Power coming into 
 eftablilhment ; fuch negociations, and fuch 
 wars, are of no confequence either to the 
 right or the fad. It would be juft as wife, 
 and juft as effedual, if they were to go to war 
 to decide, or fet on foot negociations to fettle, 
 to whom for the future the fovereignty of 
 the moon ihould belong. The moon hath 
 ])een lon^ (:ommon to them all, and they 
 
 may 
 
[ 5 1 
 may all in their turns profit of her refleded 
 light. The independence of America is 
 fixed as fate i (he is miftrefs of her own 
 fortune ;— knows that (he is fo, and will 
 t actuate that power which (he feels (hefaath, 
 fo as to eftabli(h her own fy(lem« and to 
 change the fyftem of Europe. 
 
 I will not lofe tin(ie, in an ufelefs wafte 
 of words, ,by attempting to prove the ^x- 
 iftence of this faft. The rapid progrefs of 
 events at this Qrifis^vill not wait for fuch 
 trifling. The only thing which can be 
 ufeful to the world is, to examine what the 
 
 * 
 
 precife change of lyftem is j what will be 
 the general confequence of fuch change $ 
 and with what fpirit, and by what conduft 
 the advancing flate of thipgs (hould be 
 met. 
 
 If the Powers of Europe will view the 
 ilate of things as they do really eaifl, "zni 
 will treat them as being what they are, 
 . the lives of thoufands may be fpared ; the 
 happincfs of millions may be fecured ; and» 
 the peace of the whole world pre(Qrved« 
 If they will not, they will be plunged into 
 g (^^ of troubleSf a Tea of blood, fathom- 
 
 . lea 
 
! i 
 
 { 6 ] 
 
 •jLpI^ i»o4 bfiundlffs. Tbc warthjit ha^ bc- 
 guft IP r»ge tetwixt Britain, France, afid 
 jS^i^in, wl^ich is glmoft gprged betwixt 
 Britain a^d America* will e)(tend itfelf to 
 a^ ibe maritime* ^n4 mpft likely, after- 
 ifr^4s> to all tbe inland powers of Europe : 
 and like the thirty ytars war of the fix- 
 licentb an4 feventeentb centuries, will not 
 ^d, but 9S that did» by a new and geners^l 
 ffffstltkment of powers and interefts, ac?- 
 Ijpjrding to the new fpirit of the new fyflem 
 nrhich b»th taken place. Why ma'' not 
 Jill this be done by a Congrefs of all the 
 J^owfirs before, as we}l as after war ? If 
 thp Powers of the prefent world fought for 
 dominion by extirpation* then war is the 
 proper engine: but if they war in order 
 to treat for fettlements of power, as has 
 been long ^he fyftem pf Europe, then if 
 ^^ a wanton, clumfey, ufelcfs cruelty. 
 The final i0ue of the conteft in the final 
 Icttlement of power at a peace* is feldom 
 . (I think never) in proportion to the fuccefs 
 ef arms. It depends upon the interpofition 
 of parties, who have not, perhaps, meddled 
 with the war, but who com^^ to the treaty 
 
 for 
 
 Ji. 
 
[ 7 1 
 
 £&r t>^dc^. This itii6tp6Ati6n, browight 
 fofwsbrd by ihtt-igiit^ rH^Ol comttioAty Wilh^ 
 the aid of jedoUf^i ddifb cdiji^^ria by ii«P> 
 gociation the envied tffe^s of ^tttti. U 
 thofe who govern in Europe t^ill Idofe b^fc 
 to former ^air^> ai^d Will conMet thd vidWii 
 with which fuch were und^rtdfkeit^ will ^^ 
 ferve the progrci* which' they ittadei aftd 
 the iffue in which they tef minated. If" 
 they ivill examine the various fydemd pbiiA^ 
 ned for the enlargeihetit of dbo^iniofl, 4tid 
 * the various ftroggles undeir thtiife plattsj 
 which have agitated theii* corner of tifie 
 wOrM, and will Weigh the effba of thefife 
 with the varions forms of oppofition Whicft 
 hath been made to, and hath arrefted their 
 progrefs, they will find, that nfcgodatiorti 
 and not war, determined thefe points. 
 
 The Britbns have been ptiiiieufti, in poN-^ 
 tks, they have forced and brought forward 
 th'6 prcferit rifin^ fyftcm into event jmd 
 eflabli(hnient before its natural fedfdri^ 
 They might, with that addrefs which prin*-^ 
 ciples of truth arid benevolence, dtrivirig 
 thrdi^h common ^nfe, direct, have fetur- 
 ed the attachment, and retained tbe JHhl 
 
 obedienci 
 
ii 
 
 I 
 
 *^f 
 
 t 8 ] 
 
 cMfenceof their plantations ' for years to 
 come (as the Spaniards with their caution 
 will do hut it was unfortunately for them, % 
 a principal part of the miferable, bafelefs 
 plan of their inexperienced advifers, tAe con" 
 jfidmtsal counfil/ors (in a general propofed re-^P 
 form of their King's government) to reform 
 the conftitutions pf their American efta* 
 blKhments. Although they could not be 
 ignorant* although they were not unin- 
 formed* that the courfe of this ref<»rm mud 
 lead to war* yet having fettled in their i 
 own minds an over-weening idea of the 
 force of arms* they thought it m bad move, 
 if they ihould (like giving check- mate at 
 chefs) force the Americans^ to have recourfe 
 to arms. Conquefl, of which they made 
 themfelves fure* and fettlements in conle- 
 quence of fuch conqueft* in which they 
 -would not fufpeA any other Power could 
 interfere* would give them the proper right 
 and proper power of altering the *eftablifh- 
 ments, and of giving them juft what con- 
 ilitutions they thought fit; fuch as that 
 given to Quebec* in the exaniple of a con- 
 quered province held by arms. But* aks if 
 
 when 
 
19 3 
 
 jvhcn they were fo ready for war, they little 
 thought, or could be made to underAand, 
 what fort of a war it would turn out ; and 
 much lefs would they believe how many 
 other circumftances of perfons and things, 
 beiides the operation of theii arms, woul4 
 interpofe, and become part of the bufinefa, 
 before it came to the iflfue of a fettlement. 
 
 In like manner, none of the Powers of 
 Europe, and, T believe, very few of the 
 moil knowing politicians have confidered 
 
 «in a general view, the efFe<a of the pre- 
 ifent combination of events, or what effe^ 
 it is likely to have, on the general fyftem 
 of Eurppean politics : and yet there is one 
 thing palpably certain ; that, on whatever 
 ground the prefent war between Brii'ain 
 and the Houfe of Bourbon may fet out, or 
 in whatever line it takes its courfe ; that, 
 however long, to their mutual ruin, they 
 may continue the conteft, by which they 
 hope to decide, to which of them as allies, 
 
 fcedere inequali, the Americans ihall be- 
 long, the Americans will belong to 
 neither. The Powers of Europe, who will 
 become patties, before thefe affairs come 
 
 B to 
 
i 
 
 [ "> J 
 
 to the iflue of peace, ^l! concur In nc^ 
 other final fettlement, than that thefe States^ 
 are an indiependent fovereign Power, hold- 
 ing a free commerce equally with all. 
 
 In order then to (hew, how thefe matters 
 whtch are like to agitate all the States, of 
 Europe, and, if they go to war on this fub- 
 je£t| to become the fcourge of the prefent 
 age, how thofe matters may be fettled, 
 without going to war, and noitl be finalfy 
 fettlids whatever arc the ruinous, cruel, knd 
 deftrudive operations, and ^ffbrts of arms. ' 
 I, a man long withdrawn from bufinefs^ 
 attd now, at this time, from the world, 
 will endeavour to lay before thofe whom it 
 m^y concern, a view of the European and 
 American worlds, comparing their rcfpcc- 
 tive fyilems in the forms under which they 
 exift, and operate to^ poWcr; and from 
 thefice to point out what will be the natu- 
 ral efFedts of the feparation of them, and 
 of the independence of America actuating 
 her fyftem, as it may affedt the commercial 
 and political flate of Europe -, and finally to 
 demonftrate how, if the prefent c'rifis be 
 wifely minagcd, and with a fpiri| of good- 
 will 
 
:f 
 
 [ " 1 
 
 will to Men, it may be wrought into the 
 greateft ble{nng of peace, liberty, and hap- 
 pincfs, which the world hath ever yet ex- 
 perienced in the courfe of its exiilence* 
 
 In the fituation in which I find myfelf 
 detached from all connexions in the in- 
 tereils or politics either of Europe or A- 
 merica ; and« as to my locality, in a * me- 
 ridian between the two worlds, I can lopk 
 to either as I turn to the eaO; or weft: 
 freed from thofe old habits of thinking, or 
 rather of prejudging, which an European 
 is mechanically fettered with, I can» with 
 the fame philpfophic indifFerence, with 
 which an ailronomer examines the compa- 
 rative matter and magnitude of two diftant 
 planets, compare thefe two diflant worlds 
 in their magnitude, fpirit, and power. 
 
 When I fpeak of greatnefs in the one or 
 other, I mean (as Mr. Bacon, the Lord 
 Verulam expreffes it) the am^Htude and 
 j^rowtA ofjaffs. This fubjedt, the com- 
 paring the greatnefs of two continents^ 
 which never came into comparifaj 
 
 B 2 f^y is 
 
 * At the Azore», ■'H A •1064 
 
 r.i'i'?*-./ ■ 
 
s 
 
 [ I» ] 
 
 Is not more novel in the matter, than T 
 Aall be thought to be vifionary in the man- 
 ner and argument i I mud therefore march 
 here with formal and mdifured fteps. 
 
 Before I enter into this comparifon of 
 the amplitude and growth of the dates of 
 the old and new world, I ihall here pre- 
 mife, what the fame noble author fuggefts, 
 and which, in the courfe of reafoning, will 
 be explained. " That in the meafuring 
 and balancing of greatnefs, too much is 
 afcribed to largenefs of territory on one 
 hand; and on the other, too much to the 
 fruitfulnefs of foil, or abundance of com- 
 modities." 
 
 Under this caution premifed, I fhall 
 ftate firft i\ic natural greatnefs of the new 
 world compared with that of the old. 
 
 Greatnefs without connexion of parts is 
 ^xpanfe not greatnefs : natural connection 
 of parts without an actuating intercommu* 
 hion of thofe parts, is encumbered bulk, 
 tiot ilrcngth. That greatnefs of dominions 
 which hath a natural capability of fyflema-^ 
 tic connedlion^ by an actuating intercom- 
 munion which arifes alfo from n^ture» can 
 
 alone 
 
I >3 ] 
 
 alone be confidered as that natural great'* 
 nefs which adminifters to amplitude and 
 grotvth of (i2tes» 
 
 Although the three geographical feparate 
 parts of the world icem naturally to con- 
 centre by the Mediterranean Tea into a con- 
 nedted communion; and although when 
 and while they were actuated by * an 
 effort of wifdom, as extenfive in tho 
 branches, as in the communion, at the 
 rooty they were combined into a one domi« 
 nion I yet that being an effort beyond the 
 common holding ftrength, beyond the or- 
 dinary resources of human nature, the 
 fcale proved in the end too large for either 
 the fpirit or the arm of Man to extend to* 
 It could not but prove to be, in the event, 
 what it was in the moment of its exertion, 
 a predominancy of artificial power ^gainft 
 nature, and therefore temporary. The 
 three )pzns of the old world, Europe, Ada, 
 and Africa, feem to have a natural divifion 
 in the natural fcite and circumftances of 
 their territory. They are alfo inhabited 
 and poffeffed by three different and diftindk 
 
 fpecies 
 
 ^ Jhc policjr of the Homan ftate. 
 
fti I 
 
 t 14 1 
 
 fpeclestheof human being. They have,thcrc- 
 fwe, generally by the effect of principles 
 of nature operating againd the vigour of 
 man, fallen, in dominion, into their natu- 
 ral diviiion. North America and South 
 i^merica are, in like manner, at the JonJ, 
 saturalty divided into two diftin<5t fyftems, 
 ^d will, as naturally, divide into two dif* 
 tindt dominions. On the contrary, large 
 as the fcale of North or South America is, 
 i^either of thefe rcfpedively, either in the 
 natural fcite and circumdances of territory^ 
 Bor in the people who pofTefs and cultivate 
 them, are fo divided. North America (I 
 ^ak of the predominating inhabitancy) 
 IS poiieiTed by the English nation. South 
 Americ^^ by the Spanifli and Portuguefc, 
 ivhich, in this argument, may be called 
 one nation. Thefe natural circumftances 
 in country and people, forni each of thefe 
 divifions of the new world rcfpcdlively, 
 into a one great communion, the bads of 
 a great and powerful dominion ; ftretching 
 out its arms and branches over the whole 
 land, as the fibres of the roots interweave 
 kto» and through, the various con^binations 
 
 ^^ ' :.,•...■'. of 
 
of natural objects, whence they draw thcif 
 fpirit of life. 
 
 There is no where in the European part 
 of the old world fuch a greatnefs of inter- 
 woven and combined intereft, communicat- 
 ing through fuch largenefs of territory, 
 -as that in North America, poflelTcd and actu- 
 ated by the Englifh nation. The northern 
 and fouthern parts of Europe, arc poffefled 
 by different 'nations, a(Stuated by differeat 
 fpirits, and conduced under very different 
 fyftems. Inftead of aduating an intercom- 
 munion by an attra(5kive, their intercourlc 
 is at perpetual variance under a repellant 
 principle ; their communion alfo is obftruc- 
 ted by the difficulties of intercourfc both 
 over land, and through the feasi^ they are 
 moreover cut off, as it were m t^ middle, 
 by other intervening nations, whofe prin« 
 ciples and fyflem are alike repellant and ob- 
 llrudtive of free communion. 
 
 On the contrary, when the fcite and cir- 
 cumftances of the large extended territories 
 of North America are examined ; one finds 
 every thing united in it which forms great- 
 nefs 
 
f i6 ] 
 
 nefs of dominions* amplitude and growth of 
 J!ati. 
 
 , The nature of the coaft and of the winds 
 upon that coafl, is fuch as renders marine 
 navigation, from one end of its extent to 
 the other, a perpetually moving intercourfe 
 of communion : and the nature of the ri- 
 vers which open (where marine navigation 
 ends) an inland navigation which, with 
 ihort interruptions, carries on a circulation 
 throughout the whole, renders fuch inland 
 navigation but a further procefs of that 
 communion ; all which becomes, as it were, 
 a one vital principle of life, extended 
 through a one organized being. 
 
 While the country, by the capability of 
 this natural communion, becomes thus uni- 
 ted at m root ; its largenefs of territory, 
 expanded through fuch a variety of cli- 
 mates, produces, upon this communion, 
 every thing that nature requires, that lux- 
 ury loves to abound in ; or that power can 
 ufc, as an inftrumcnt of its activity. All 
 thofe things which the different nations in 
 Europe (under every difficulty that a de- 
 fed of natural communion, under every ob- 
 
 flrudion 
 
. t<l 
 
 [ 17 ] 
 
 ftrudlion that an artificial and perverted fyf*- 
 tem threw in their way) barter for in the 
 Old World, are here in the New World 
 pofTeiTed, under an uninterrupted natural 
 communion, by an unobflruAed naviga- 
 tion, under an univerfal freedom of com* 
 merce, by one nation. The nava) flores, 
 the timber, the hemp, the fifheries, the 
 falted provifions of the North ; the tobacco« 
 rice, cotton, filk, indigo, finer fruits, and pcr<- 
 haps, in no very diftant period^ the wines, 
 the refin and tar of the South> form the rcf 
 cipfocation of wants and fupplies of each 
 refpe£tively. The bread corn, the flour* 
 the produce of agriculture in every form of 
 farming, and the feveral encreafing articles 
 of manufa^ures, which the middle cokfuies 
 produce, not only fill up the communion^ 
 but compleat its fyflem. They unite thofe 
 jparts which were before conne^ed, and or^ 
 ganiae (as I have faid) the feveral parts into 
 % one whole. 
 
 Whether the iflands, in thofe parts called 
 |he Weft Indies, are naturally parts of this 
 North American Communion, is a queltioo^ 
 i(X t^e detail of it, of curious fpeculatioA^ 
 
 c m 
 
/ s > 
 
 t «« 1 
 
 but of no doubt as to the fa<fl. The European' 
 maritime powers, however, if they can adjuft 
 their refpeftive interefts in thofe parts ; if 
 they will form a balance of power there on 
 thofe interefts j if they can fettle any fyftem 
 of reciprocal fupport of that balance ; may 
 certainly, by efforts of force, for fome years, 
 perhaps for an age longer, preferve the pro- 
 perty and dominion of thefe iflands. But if 
 their quarrels amongft each other reipeding 
 North America, or the European Shifting 
 of the balance, make them obftinately deaf to 
 their mutual interefts in thefe parts, «* The 
 *' whole of the Spanifh, Dutch, Danifti, 
 <* French, and Britiih eftabliftiments, indif- 
 <• folubly bound in an union and commu- 
 *• nion of a one general compo/ite intereft? 
 ^* with North America, and forming the na* 
 ^* tural connedtions under which their mu. 
 <* tual interefts fubfxft, muft in the courfe 
 *' of events become parts as of the communion, 
 " fo of the great North American dominion, 
 ♦^ cftahliflied on the bafis of that union." 
 Although no external fymptpms of revold^ 
 tion in South America do at prefect mal^eh 
 any part of the fubje^ \^hiph I offer \o 
 
 ^onfidcra^opj 
 
 "^v 
 
 
 n 
 
 *>t 
 
N \ 
 
 luropcan 
 -an adjuft 
 parts; if 
 there on 
 »y fyftcm 
 
 ; may 
 ne years, 
 the pro- 
 
 But if 
 'ipeding 
 
 y deaf to 
 •> '* The 
 I>ani/h, > 
 ts, iBdiA 
 Pomijiu- 
 ' intereft 
 : iht na.- 
 eir mq. 
 ' courfe 
 
 union." 
 revolo^ 
 mal^eit 
 >ffer ^o 
 
 •a 
 
 i '9 ] 
 
 condderation^ yet it may not be amifs to 
 inquire into thofe internal circumdances of 
 its natural and political fyflem, by which it« 
 Communion has amplified> and works to 
 independency and the growth of flate. 
 v^t The continent of South America has flill 
 piore amplitude of bafis, in more variety of 
 cliraatesi than North America, and is much 
 farther advanced to a natural independence 
 of Europe, as to its Jiate of fupply^ than 
 the powers of Europe do fee, or «t lead 
 own i or than its own inhabitants, fpeak- 
 ing of them generally> are. themfelves con- 
 fcious of* This continent, not oi ^y from, 
 the great extent of^ latitudes under which it 
 lie9» but from the great variety of climates 
 that it experiences under the fame latitudes ; 
 from the abundance and variety of articles 
 pf fupply which thefe different climates 
 produce; from the regular, uniform, and 
 a^ive marine communion, by which a 
 compleat reciprocation of mutual fupplies is 
 circulated from North to South, is alfo formed 
 into one fyftem of communion, the germ of a 
 great independent dominion ; that has taken 
 
 G 2 root, 
 
 ^1 
 % 
 
[ 20 ] 
 
 fdot, is every day flriking deeper, and more 
 txp^nded fibres -, and is every day, by the 
 vigour of natural vegetation (if I may fo qx- 
 prefs myfelf) putting forth its extended 
 branches, and is growing occulto velut arbor 
 avo, into the greatefl amplitude of coin* 
 Munion, and of dominion founded thereonry 
 which this earth hath ever yet feen, China 
 perhaps alone excepted. Agriculture in the 
 elevated parts of this country, nearly the 
 iame as' other the perfeAly cultivated parts 
 of the world a^iiate, has taken place^ and 
 is in progrefTive motion to the moft varied 
 ind extenfive operations. Thefe parts afford 
 not only abtiridarice for home confumption, 
 lut afurplusfor exportation* The articles of 
 this export are virhcat, flour, barley, wine« 
 hemp, tallow, lard, fugar, cocoa, fruits^ 
 fweatmeats, pickled, n^ptha, oil, coiiton^^ 
 ice. This progrefs of agriculture hath, in 
 the true courfe of nature, called forth, even 
 from the hands of Indians, manufadures 
 and trade, the roots which fupply a moft 
 extenfive circulation of commerce : Cord- 
 age, failcloth of cotton, woollen and linen j^ 
 cloth, hats, leather, and particularly fole- <v 
 
 leather. 
 
 r> 
 
r ^1 1 
 
 leatker, fiaiice, ihibumeftts of hufb»idry^ 
 t6ols of mechanics, attA, in i^ort, every 
 thing ifvhich the advandhg Cultivation of 
 ihah's being callis for, from Aefe articles. 
 
 As the markets, population, and culture of 
 the feveral provinces of the kingdom of Chili 
 (advancing with accelerated, <ho' not;great» 
 velocity) ihall mutually encreafe each odier* 
 The produce of thefe higher latitudes and 
 cooler climatel will enter into the great fyf- 
 tern of interc^ommUnion of fmpplies, and will 
 compreat the w^ftern fide bf South Ame* 
 rica, poilefled by one nation, into an obje£^ 
 of as much greater magnitude, in a^ivity^ 
 wealth, and power, than the Englifh nation 
 poilefles in North America, as it is greater 
 in thevariiety and extentbf its internal com* 
 munibn. Befides which it will have an- un-^ 
 uninterrupted ititercourfe of Eaft Indian- 
 commerce. 
 
 If any accident (hould happen to abate, 
 or give a turn to, the caprices, luxury, and 
 vanity of a rich people, who have nothing 
 to do but to fpend their money, there is not 
 anyone article which I can recoiled^, necef- 
 iarytothtimoft advanced ftate of life, which 
 
 they 
 
I 
 
 tliey have not, or may not have^ within 
 themfelves. Look, back and fee if this ftate 
 of the country is not fo far forth naturally 
 independent of Europe, as to all fupply and 
 fupport of its exigence ; I will here add, 
 <nuch more fo than North America is. 
 The communion in North America has 
 not as yet gone into an aSlheflate of manu- 
 fadtureS| nor will it for many years to come* 
 And yet, on the other hand, although North 
 ij^merica is not fo independent of Europe in 
 the matter of its fupply and commerce, as 
 South America is, yet being more fo in the 
 fpirit of its people, in the oeconomy and ad- 
 vance of its political community, it has«- 
 with the forcing aid of the government of 
 its metropolis, become the firft fruit of 
 thofe who llcpt, and has only Jirft feparated 
 from the old world. South America is not 
 yet in its natqral courfe, ripe for falling o^f. 
 nor is it likely, from the flow, official, cau- 
 tious prudence of its metropolis, to be forced 
 before its time and feafon to a premature 
 revolt, as North America has been. As^ 
 long as the Spanifh monarch proceeds in ad- 
 miniflring the affairs and the government of 
 
 Its 
 
[ «2 V 
 
 its American eflablifhments, with the tein>> 
 per, addrefs and wifdom which it obferves 
 at prefent, an indolent, luxurious^ fuper- 
 flitious people, not much, (though much 
 more than the public in general fufpe^ts) 
 accuftomed to thii^k of political s^rrange** 
 ments, will continue in a certain degree o£ 
 fubjedtion to government, and in a certain 
 degree of acquiefcence to commercial re- 
 ftridtive regulations in their European inter« 
 courfe, for the fake of a reciprocity of ad** 
 vantage, enjoyment, and prote^ion, which 
 they derive froni it. Not being yet Aw- 
 dened info a temper for enterprize by force of 
 war, they will continue to pay their taxes 
 as a peqce-offeringi But the natives en- 
 crealing in numbers, beyond any proportion 
 of the Dumber of Old Spaniards, which the 
 metropolis can fend either as civil governors 
 and magiflrates, or as foldiers ; having the 
 executive power of all the inferior magif- 
 trades in their own hands, by their own 
 election of the magiflrates -, and having in« 
 variably,' where their choice operates, a de- 
 cided rule %o choofe thofe of their own body ; 
 ,.tb?y have, fo ftr as that goes, all the pdwer 
 
I H ] 
 
 of hUttMl i<fvernmmt in their o^n hands, in 
 vrhich the majedy of the fovereign powcv 
 never ii^terferes $ and whatever fovereignty 
 the.Spaoiih mon^ch holds by the offices of 
 hii viceroys, of his judges, of his audlc^cics, 
 his clergy, or his army^however majeftic 
 they may look« or however it may appear 
 to individuals, and, in particular exertions, 
 carry terror : it // a mere tenure nt good^wiil, 
 A great country like this, where the com- 
 HMinity has £3 far advanced in agriculture, 
 manufa^ures, arts,jafrd commerce, wherein 
 there is {\icliL amplitude and growth offiate, is 
 every day growing too k;ge for any govern** 
 ment in Europe to manage by authority, at 
 the diftance of four or five thouland miles. 
 Afld as to the idea of power by force, I will 
 nfe Mr. Bacon, the Lord Vcrulam's expla<p 
 fi?<ion of it ; *< There be, (faith he) two 
 ** nianiiers of fecufing of large territories} 
 f ^ die one by the natural arms of ev^ry pro- 
 *^ vince ; and the other by the prote^ing 
 *^ arms oif the principal eflates ; in which 
 ** latter cafe, commonly the provinciaU are 
 *^ held difarmed. So are^ere Iwo dan^gcrs, 
 ^ incident unto every eflate, foreign ijiva- 
 
t€ 
 
 *t 
 
 [ 25 ] 
 
 *' fion, and inward rebellion. Now^ fuch 
 ^* is the nature of things, that tficfe twQ re* 
 ^'rinedies of (late do fall refp6dUvely int^ 
 " thefe two dsingcrs, in caje of rtmotefro^ 
 ** ,vinces: For if .fuch a ftate reft upon th« 
 natural arms 6f the provinces^ it is fure to 
 be fubjedt to rcbellicn or revolt j if upoit 
 i'. protecting ^rms, it is fure to be weak. 
 **. againft invafion." And I will venture tor 
 add, weak and infinor to the internal power 
 pf the province, which muft of courfe pcc#. 
 dominate. The Spaniih goveroment knows* 
 that they, as well as the Engltih, found 
 themfelves under the neceflity of repealinf 
 an arrangement of revenue which they nad 
 mac'x; beicaufe they felt that ihef^ffffild not 
 carry it into execution by authority^ and they! 
 fo rightly, under (lood their (Irength, at tr 
 know that it was notjafe to urge it iyforcim 
 It is alfo very well known, that the di^utet 
 between the Spanifh and Portuguele coortsji 
 about the boundaries of the Brazils and tht 
 Spanifli provinces, arofe from their notbein^ 
 able joint^^y to carry into eiF<^^ ft pacification 
 ot^j ^he cafe, becaufe there are Powers ia 
 thofe countries, who would not be bound 
 by tbc decifions of a goverxmicfit, whoft 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 \ ?6 J 
 
 laws are pt no authority with them, 
 
 when oppofed to their fyftem; The powers 
 
 r mean, are the governing authority of 
 
 the midions at Paraguay. This is exadl- 
 
 IJ? arid precifely the ftate of the cafp 
 between the rt^etropoUtan government 0/ 
 
 S^ain and ks provincial eilablifhments in 
 
 South America. I could, by a detailed 
 
 defcriptlbn of the nature of the country ;. of 
 
 tkeappUcartion of the labour of the inhabitants 
 
 to its qafabiliiies % of the ftate of the commu-* 
 
 tkttf as it lies in nature, and as it is a^uatcd ; all 
 
 compared wkh the conAitutton and admini^' 
 
 Aration of the government which is efhi^ 
 
 l^flied. there V with the fpirit of the peopk; 
 
 loth Old Spaniards, Creoles, and Indians, 
 
 flibw that ^uth America is growing too 
 
 l|iuoh fox Spaki to manage ; that it Is in 
 
 ftyOiTy to bfe independant, ai. ! will b6 fo 
 
 in a^ whene^ver, andv as foon as any occar- 
 
 ibn Jkali call forth that power. When- 
 
 in^r fttch revolt takes ^cc, it will not be 
 
 after the manner or In the form of that of 
 
 Jjibrth America. North America build- 
 
 mg on the' Isundation of- its dominion 
 
 tt-itKesin nature, has become a Democris- 
 
 tick or Afiftdtratiek R6{>ublick. ThefadWg 
 
 off' &f $^»tt^ Amerii^ wiH be conduced. 
 
 *V4i 
 
 m 
 
h thcm« 
 
 le powers 
 
 hority o( 
 
 is exadt- 
 
 the cafp 
 iment or 
 
 tnents in 
 
 detaileci 
 
 \niry;.6( 
 
 habitants 
 
 commi!*' 
 
 Jated; all 
 
 \ adminiw 
 
 I is efhi'^ 
 
 ? people; 
 
 Indians; 
 
 ntig too 
 
 it h iff 
 
 ill be fb 
 
 ny occar- 
 
 Wheni 
 
 i not be 
 
 'that of 
 
 build- 
 
 ■ » • 
 
 othinion 
 imocrk- 
 fdiiiig 
 idoded, 
 ia 
 
 N'-'l 
 
 I ^7 ]. 
 
 Inks natural pfogreCs, by the (pirit of Come 
 injured enterprizing Genius, taking the lead 
 .of a fenfe of alienation and of a difpofition pf 
 revolt, to the cftabll(hment of a great Mq« 
 Darchy. But all this is befide the fcopq o^ 
 tfiis memorial, and would become of itfelf 
 a long memoire. I (hall proceed therefore 
 to consider only thofe operations which are 
 in event, the amplitude and growth of fiate 
 iii North America, fo far as the ftates and 
 whole political fyfiem of Europe may be 
 a&Aed by it, or concerned in it. I have 
 ftated this natural greatnefs, as it is found* 
 ed in an union of a communion. The 
 civilizing a^vity of the human race« is 
 vrhat forms the growth of ftate. 
 
 To balance the comparative progrefs tf the 
 growth of this^aU with thofeof Europe, fo as 
 to obtain any jufl idea of a fubje(5t, even yet 
 fo little underflood, it will; be neceflary to 
 take a view of this civilizing aStivity, in the 
 iburces whence It derived up6ntheold v/orldj 
 in the line its progrefs took, and in the de-^ 
 feftive eftablifhmcnts to which, even in this 
 enlightendd age, it is but yet arrived: and, 
 to compare that with the progrefs and ex- 
 tended fcope of a very different civilizing 
 
 D 2 activity. 
 
,il 
 
 t *8 ] 
 
 tftivity, operating with rapid and atcele- 
 Vated motion in the new world. < 
 
 '^ When the fpirit of civilization began firit 
 in Europe, to emerge from that chaos of 
 barbarifm and ignorance, which the Nor- 
 thern invaders, like an overwhelming de- 
 luge, had fpread over the face of it ; the 
 clergy fent from Rome, as miflionaries 
 amongft favages, were the blind leaders to 
 light ; and the felfifh feudal Lords, the pa- 
 trons of liberal emancipation. Under fuch 
 aufpices» what light, what liberty, what 
 civilization ! The inftrudion' of the firft, 
 derived through a perverted channel of 
 learning, from a corrupted fource of know- 
 ledge, which being directed not to inform, 
 but to fubdue the mind, was more perni- 
 cious than the darknefs of ignorance, than 
 the aberrations of barbarifm *. The kind 
 patronage of che latter, was the benevolence 
 of a grazier, who feeds and fattens his 
 cattle, in order to profit the more of their 
 fleeces, hides, and carcafe. The inftruc- 
 
 * Si ad frtt£lum noftrum referemuij non ad illius 
 comtnoda, quern diligimus. Prata U Arva & pecu- 
 dum grcges diliguntur ifto modo, quod frsAus ex tis 
 capiunter. Cicero de Nat. de. Lib. s. p. 44. 
 
 / tion 
 
tipn of thofc teachers ^»$ thi( didafeia af 
 authority impofed upon iriere cataceumcfna^ 
 Aomines deduitiis. Thbi? learning was didac^ 
 tiirc» not as that of the new phUofophy and 
 new world isj indudive: their knowledge 
 was a mere pai&ve imprci&on of maxims 
 and principles, which, though neither ex- 
 plained nor reafoned upon, being reiterated, 
 became opinions, formed, into fyftem, efta- 
 blifhed in inveterate hal^it. The people 
 held, did not poflefs, their jenowledge, aa 
 they did their lands., by a fervile tenure^ 
 which did not permit them to ufe or im<* 
 prove it as their own. They were fettered 
 by authority, led aflray by example;, and 
 under a felfifh felf-obftru£bing fydem, wafted 
 every power of activity in unavailing labour : 
 fuch was the Jburce of civilization in Europe^ 
 In order to view the two lines of its pro" 
 grefi in Europe and in America, it may be 
 proper to mark and draw, as far as may be 
 done, a third line, to which both have re- 
 ference in the comparifon, the right line. 
 In the natural progrefs of this civilizing ac- 
 tivity, the 6r{l movement is, the application 
 of labour to the culture of the earth, fo as 
 
 to 
 
§MUf Hm Ripply of §fitA whidh i^ tni^^ 
 fyty to the fatuina bdug in* lkl6«f .^ TM 
 liboaif titskhf bttSd^ kto^^cbh^y f^i^M 
 mymeiif, and fiMakefSf fic^ an^ iflilrtMo^^i 
 which the hdiflaii hmud Wi^th^ aSd of, il 
 eoacomitant wich this. The mtti4i^t tifal^ 
 fie» by which the f«c^<$i?^^iii of vtanti 
 and fuii^kifles of va^iou^aitScktf in varidu!* 
 ha^ids, may he tmmght iMtd il ctftiiniiltlidd 
 of general' iupply; focceeds' to thefe^ Indif^ 
 vidoah bdiTg thQs^afTiiKed' o^ theit< {upfAyj 
 by an' a^Vurance of theeitchai^ of thb^ftii"^ 
 phiSg which eaoh is^ able to^cfeifte in hiroWh 
 peculiar line of labour; Will (boii iMlth-ov)^ 
 the craft of thcif Kattd^ and rtefirte* the ing^ 
 fiuity of their defigns^ Hence; b)r a fu^tili^i' 
 ffidlranced ftcp, ai»ife, what' afe prdperly 
 called, altifkers and mauufadtirecd. I^ this 
 ^te of the progrefs of the cc^munhy^ z 
 general farplti«j not only beyoiid what indi** 
 Yiduals, but beyond what the wants of tHd 
 coOMnunity require, is created : and this 
 general furplus, as it may be exchanged' for 
 ioreign articles of conofort and enjoyment, 
 which the locality and climate of that par-> 
 
 ticular 
 
 t > 
 
\mhx <;omoftunUy does oat produce^ ex- 
 tf^is i^qd opens 9, qoiwfii tor commercial ac- 
 livi^, wbick n d» nesRt ft^jc in this pro- 
 gr(?ft. . - :: 
 
 Wi^^rrfcrwcc tP tWf line, visw now 
 tlii€5 c}YiJi^iQ|: ftfitwHy of Uw jhcw «nd of the 
 ^y v^rlcj^ ^^'initjifiwjucceaiadprqgrcfs, v 
 By the ^ ^oUjRce^ pf iJiQ military fpirit, 
 ufi^ef w>*ii^ iBurppc was.:^ feppai tipae pc^ 
 pjled^ tlxt^it if h^bitant^ wa:p.dAvi(kd lota two 
 dl^<Jfes^ tl^' oif ^criQwrs, fl,pd ilavQs, and 
 ^^ il;^4jlyid^ab,<[eacjil ma*, ux^dicj: their oma 
 ckk) w^9 as. «^ diflfcucwt dqjtea Kv of 
 difercjj]!; dfl^QWfltttipns^ j;, 
 
 Th^ Cloture of the earth was conduced 
 by this. Uttqit; «Ja6» wrietp^ies^ annexed to^ 
 but.norwflpr^ of th« W^ d^iaded aol^ 
 ffials ttipit. werg» a$ thei cattb of dbe Md^ 
 j>r^er.t)f^ npt jprppiietor^ They had no 
 IntSjfeii i^^thw o.wi^ perfeAS,, nooeia their 
 94Yi>,tebflttr, HOWS in the produce, either T>f 
 the earthr Of gf thw. Uhoiir. I£ they bad 
 bcgri iafpirfid (for thjejf wer)^ not taught) 
 wilb. kriftwlodge* they could ha?^ no one 
 IQlQtive. to qi^q pi^ efTprjfc of imprpvement* 
 
 'C», «3^5 thoyfe: whOf werct ii^. fome 
 
 degree 
 
[ 3* 1 
 
 degree emancipated, dii^t iVtHo% t6 wtioik 
 their kind Lords had lett lisafeis' df their 
 ownfelves, were fd deprefled'by ' varidui 
 tolls, taillages, and taxes ; by being liable 
 to military indprefTes ; and to the dvil drud* 
 gery, which took them froth thieir t^wn pro^ 
 per work, and employed them' ilri th^t of 
 thefe Lords and fbvereigns i which wore 
 and tore their cattle and carriages and im- 
 plements of hufbandry ; were, I fay» fo de^ 
 preflcd, that the very bcft fpirit of theql 
 could aim at nothing in^ the interval but 
 barct fuftenance and reft : if yet this unfub- 
 dt?ed fpirit, working, under fuch b^irthehs, 
 wMi unabated perfeverance 6^ ingenuity, 
 ever did by the remnant of their exertion^ 
 ralfe* a (urplus in grain or cattle: This 
 miferable race of men were precluded all 
 yint and market except fuch, wherein their 
 Liords were to abforb the chief pirofits, even 
 of fuch furplus alfo. The cdnfequence 
 therefore was, that they never did 4y inieu^ 
 iion raife fuch furphxs t accidents of extra- 
 ordinary feafons, or fbme o^ tW hidden 
 fecrets of vegetation, would ndW and theii 
 produce fuch a furplos i blit more! fl'e4u^i 
 
 accidei^ti 
 
' C 33 ] 
 
 accidents of the fame kind did occafion a 
 deficiency and dearth. The police of thefo 
 great Lords never fufFered the homely wif- 
 dom of this little adage to enter into their 
 reafoning, " Th^t he who would have a cont' 
 *' pettncy, Jhould provide enough and a little 
 
 •• morer 
 
 The progrefs therefore of improvement 
 in agriculture was arrefted, and became for 
 many hundred years ftationary. Although 
 in fome countries of Europe it may feem at 
 prefent to be progreffive ; yet is the progref- 
 £on io little and fo Low that it can give no 
 momcntam, for ages to come* to amplitude 
 and growth of flate^ England perhaps ex« 
 cepted. But ths farmer in England alfo is^ 
 eqbally as abfurdly as cruelly^ opprefTed and 
 kept down. 
 
 The work of man employed on wood» 
 iron, ftone, or leather, were held as parts 
 of the bafe and fervile offices of fociety; 
 and fit only for the bondfmen and (laves, to 
 whom fuch were committed. Thefe artifi* 
 cers or handicraftfmen therefore were mere 
 machines in the hands of the mod arrogant 
 a$ Well as the moft ignorant of maders. 
 
 E They 
 
[ 3* ] 
 
 They could ftot \^chturc to Inikc experir 
 ments, or alter the adopted tnd accufto^nd^l 
 mode of work : they would have no 9i$fi^ 
 nor receive either reward or private pi^Q^I 
 from their fuccefs, and they rifqued cypj 
 thing in the failure; To the& branches. of 
 mechanicks and art went on for age^ in the 
 old beaten track of the fan^e unimproved 
 di^finefs. 
 
 When upon the breaking up of the Haji- 
 fbatic League and other (hiftings of cdm- 
 merce, the Sovereigns^ who had long w»tb 
 envy feen-, but never uriderflood, the jprofiit 
 and power which arofe from manufasflurca 
 brought for\hrard in^o trade, bqgan to ta?; 
 courage tbdr own &rb]e£ls, and to. iiiyite 
 foreign ones to eftabliQi manufadures ^lifitbda 
 their refpedtive dates ; and, with what iikxf 
 thought profound pd-icy^ to condud; the 
 commerce of fuch ; civilization then took hi 
 this line of imiu-ovement a momentary ilatrt 
 cf progreflion. Bat th^ wretched conditfioa 
 under which this profound and jealous poli^ 
 cy held the perfons of thefe manufadures, 
 the many deprelTing, obilruding, imprac- 
 ticable regulations, by which it retrained 
 
 - their 
 
[ 3S 1 
 
 their labour, fooh gave a retrograde motion 
 to thefe efforts. The fame policy, however 
 af&dting to give encouragement to thefc 
 manufadures, which it had forced into 
 operation before and fafter than the country 
 was ripe for them, not out of its own purfe, 
 but from the fweat and fuilenance of 
 the landworker, gave the manufadrurers a 
 f{dfe help, by fetting various ailizes on the 
 prodnce of the land, and by vanpusKnarket 
 regulations, which fiiU further oppreiled 
 agriculture. But ali this was fallb and 
 hollow, for, added to ali the deprefliDits of 
 mind and obffcrudions of body which theio 
 poor manu&durers iuffisred, thsre was yet 
 ^n adventitious heart-breaking cruelty, to 
 whkh even merit was peculiarly ejcpoied* 
 If ever ingenuity of mind, or an excelling 
 habit in the hand of any of thefe artificers 
 or manufacturers, invented fbmething new 
 or operated to fome imprQvemem in the M 
 line of work ; The fame jealous tyrannous 
 police, inftead of rewarding them, or fuf- 
 fering them to feek their own reward* con- 
 dered them, not as meritorious authors .of 
 gbod ^nd benefit to ^e community, but as 
 
 E 2 profitable 
 
Ml 
 
 C 3« 3 
 
 profitable inftrument^, to feecl their private 
 avarice; and inftantly guarded thpm as ilate 
 prifoners. The poor ingenious Artift found 
 himfelf reduced to a Aate worfe than ilave^ 
 ry, for the ingratitude of fuch governments 
 embittered even opprcffion. The confo- 
 quence was, that all further improvements* 
 herealfo, were arrefled in their courfe. As 
 though all this was not yet fufficieqt to keep 
 down all fpirit in the arts, and ail progrefs 
 of improvement, this fyftem of police madQ 
 regulations to be obferved and taxes to be 
 paid on every movement of the manufac*:- 
 tures after they were made ; on their com*^ 
 jng from under the hand of the workman ; 
 on the carriage; on the expofing to fale ; 
 on the fale^ and on the return, whether in 
 goods or money. This police, inftead of 
 fuffering the furplus profit to circulate freely 
 through the community, where it would 
 become a growing iource of accretion and 
 fru6tuation to that community, was intirely 
 diredled to abforb the whole, beyond the 
 labourer's hard fuflenance, into the trea(ary 
 of the ftate. The idea which they enter^ 
 gained of the ptmoft perfedion of the con^- 
 
 merpial 
 
C 37 ] 
 
 mcrclal fyftem, was, th^ the fubjed (houlc! 
 fell but not buy ; that the merchants might 
 export the articles of their work, but muft 
 import money: and that, the ilate muft 
 have the grcatcift (hare of it. The whole 
 fcope and effort of all their commercial 
 legiflation, was pointed to arrive as near as 
 poiiible to this imagined perfe^iQn. Under 
 thefe idpas, and under the authority of 
 maxims, grown inveterate, they took up 
 the idea of commercial police, and adding 
 the myftery of pqliticks to the myftery- of 
 trade, began to Ugifiztc for commerce* 
 Hence arofe the attempts to fet up exclufivc 
 property in certain materials of manufadure 
 and trade, which they called ftaple commo- 
 dities: hence incommunicative monopolies in 
 every (hape that the ii.^ uity of ignorance 
 could invent to mock the induftry of its 
 country with : hence exclufive privileges of 
 trade to certain perfons in certain articles 
 and in certain places : hence excluiive aih** 
 eries : hence all that nonfenfe, both in 
 theory and practice, in which commercial 
 politicians have taken fo much pains to de«* 
 i^pivfi themfelves, about a chimera, called 
 
 the 
 
ill 
 
 ( 3« 3 
 
 th0 balance of trade ^ hence all the cunning 
 foDieSy which rendered their markets almbft 
 impradtioable to each other ; and hence, to 
 dottbUe and redouble the mifchief, the whole 
 train of retaliations. Hence reftraints on 
 eirportation, prohibitions againft importa* 
 tkn» alien duties, high impods, and a 
 fhoufand other cmi^arrailing follies, of whick 
 fhere is no end or ufe. Having thus^ in their 
 ftctiggles for profit, deranged all the order of 
 prices 5 haying (ist out with a falfe balance 
 «f reckoning 5 having by reciprocal retalia>* 
 tSon, rendered the free courfe and fair com^*' 
 petition of commerce, well nigh imprac- 
 ticable amongd themfclv^s, they were forced 
 to look out for iettlements amidfl fome yet 
 uncivilised or uncotstimercial people, where 
 they might exei^ciie thi« unequal fpirit of 
 exorbitant gain : hence dfo treaties of com- 
 tnerce>^n unequal conditions of traffic, widi 
 fhofe of their neighbours, whom tliey could 
 jsccp ^own deprdied by aicendant power : 
 and hence, finally, the grand and favourite 
 ineafure of eftablifhing coloi^es in dii^^nt 
 uncultivated ro§^n«, whichj ^ out-farm^ 
 j^ peculiar produ(^ion, might be worked 
 
 for 
 
C S9 ] 
 
 for the fble cxcludve benefit of themetropoHs : 
 
 hence alfo that wildeft of all the wild vilions. 
 
 of avarice> infpiring ambition, the attempt i9 
 
 ijepfier the common ocean an objedl of en^ 
 ci^fcdy dttintd, exclufive property, and to 
 
 claim a poiTeflion in, and dominion over lt« 
 Thu8> through want of reference to the fight 
 of nature, from not feeing and treating 
 things as what they were $ firom a total 
 tnverfion of the natural order of progrefs in 
 the human community ; the culture of the 
 natural powers of the land; the improve- 
 ment of the natural powers of man, to thp 
 end of advancing the community ; the order 
 ^nd e(labli(hments, or rather the liberty, 
 whereby a civilizing adivity might operate 
 to the amplitude and growth of ftates, were 
 all deprefied or arrefted in their prqgcefs. 
 The very fpirit of improvement was buried 
 under oppreuion, and all the light of genius 
 ctytinguiihed. Thofe who prefutned to fesi- 
 , fon, being fuch as were at the head of tht 
 received knowledge, fUch as hac" the lead c^ 
 tlie received opinions, and cbndudted the 
 |)oiicy of the eilablKhed fyflem^, coniidere^ 
 the fubje^ as a matter fully explored, and 
 
 " jfs 
 
C 40 } 
 
 » ■ • ■ , 
 
 as founded in the fureft and mod decided 
 wiiHom. Their afcendant authority, whe«^ 
 ther they fpoke as politicians, or philofo-' 
 phers believing what they taught, did 
 equally lay a dead hand on all examiotatloni 
 did extinguish all attempts of alteration to, 
 improvement. Moulded by habits, almofl 
 mechanical, to think and a^ in the line of 
 thefe eftablidied fyflems, efforts of reafoning 
 did but the more entangle them, in delufive 
 means taken, and incffe^ual ends propofed. 
 They did but flrive againd themfelves, td 
 jfave the credit of ignorance, and to fatisfy 
 themfelves in the poverty of their know- 
 ledge. Inftead of following nature to thofe 
 truths on which profitable labour, progreOlve 
 civilization, population, opulence, ftrength* 
 and the real intered of their country might 
 be eftabli^ed, their bed wit was empldyed 
 only to vary old irreverlible mazims, and to 
 give new forms to old eflabliflied fyilems, or 
 at beft by new regulations, to relieve the 
 interefts of the fubjed:, who could no longer 
 go on, or endure, under the old ones. But 
 as the credit and authority of the fyilem is 
 yet to be kept up, the ingenuity and wit of 
 
 thofe 
 
 .i«.fl 
 
 
 ilAlQl 
 
[ 41 ] 
 
 thoCe, who pay their court to Po^ycr, is 
 ftill employed in finding out new and Arik« 
 ing reafons for old maxims, or inventing 
 fidlions and cafes for reconciling old efta» 
 bliOiments, to new modes of ading in 
 them, vhich fa<^, truth, and irrefiftible 
 necefiity, have introduced in pradice. If 
 any genius ever dare to break this fpiritual 
 fubordination, and to purfue, either in fpe- 
 culation or practice, any new courfe to 
 truth or adion ; all thofe who lead the 
 opinions of this fettled world, mud ehher 
 affe^ to contemn him as a iilly vifionary 
 fooli(h« inexperienced adventurer, or crufh 
 hjm as .a prefumptuous, turbulent, danger- 
 ous difturber of the State. 
 
 This is the (late of the fpiflt of civiliz- 
 ing activity, as it hath long dragged on a 
 feveri(h being in Europe, in the old w orld. 
 Some time or other (and perhaps foon) 
 events may arife, which (hall induce the 
 Governors and leaders of that corner of the 
 world to revife, to confider, and perhaps 
 to reform the hard conditions of its impri- 
 fonment, and to give it liberty, free as its 
 
 O native 
 
■ »■< 
 
 V- 
 
 i 4t 1 
 
 native eflehee. In the mean white Wt Wili 
 turn our tyes weftward« 
 
 In this new world we fee all th^ ih- 
 tabit^nts not only free« but allowing 
 dn ^^miverfal naturalization to all who 
 wi(h to b8 £>» and an uncontrouled 
 liberty of uiing any mode of life they 
 choofey or any means of* getting a live- 
 lihood that their talents lead them to« 
 Free of all reftraints, which take the pro- 
 perty of themfelves out of their own hands, 
 their Ibuls are their own, and their realbn ; 
 they ate their own mafters, and they a£t ; 
 their labour is employed on their own 
 property, and what they produce is their 
 own* In a country like this, where every 
 man has the full and ^t^^ exertion of his 
 powers, where every man may acquire any 
 (hare of the good things thereof, or of in- 
 tereid and power which his fpirit can work 
 him up to ; there, an unabated application 
 of the powers of individuals, and a perpe<» 
 tual ftruggle of their fpirits, (harpens their 
 wir^, and gives con (Ian t training to the 
 mind. The acquirement of information 
 in things and bufinefr^ which becomes ne- 
 
 ceffary 
 
le vtt Will 
 
 1 the ih- 
 allowing 
 all who 
 controuled 
 life they 
 g a livc- 
 them tQc 
 i the pro- 
 wn hands, 
 if reaibn ; 
 they adt ; 
 heir own 
 te is their 
 ierc every 
 ion of hi» 
 :quire any 
 or of in- 
 can work 
 pplication 
 a perpc"* 
 pens their 
 g to the 
 formation 
 omes ne- 
 ceiTary 
 
 £ 43 ] 
 
 ceiTary to this mode of life« gives themind* 
 thus iharpened, and thus exerciied, a turn 
 of inquiry and inveftigation which forms a 
 ^bara^er peculiar /# tbefe people , which 
 is no<; to be met with, nor ever did exifl 
 in any other to the fame degree, unlefs in 
 fome of the ancient republics* where the 
 people were under the fame predicament. 
 This turn of charadler, which, in the or- 
 dinary occurrences of life, is called infui" 
 fitiverfefs, and which, when exerted about 
 trlHes, goes even to a degree of ridicule in 
 many inflances ; is yet* in matters of bufir» 
 nefs and commerce, a moft ufeful and ef- 
 ficient talent. Whoever knows thefe peo- 
 ple, gnd has viewed them in this light; will 
 fonfider them as animated in this new 
 luoonld (if I may fo exprefs myielf) mtb 
 the /pirit of th$ new phihjophy*, Their 
 fyflem of life is % courfe of experiments ; 
 an4» ftanding on t^at high ground of im- 
 provement, up io which the mofl: en- 
 ]iight;ened parts pf Ei^rope h^ire advanced^ 
 like eaglets they'commenpe the iirft efforts 
 of their piuioos from ft tpytrcring advan- 
 tage. , : . . ^ , 
 
 ^ O? /-^' Nothing 
 
 . . \ 
 
in- 
 
 [ 44 ] ' 
 
 Nothing in the old world is Icfs regard- 
 ed than a poor man's wifdom ; and yet 
 a riqh man's wifdom is generally nought 
 but the impretlion of what othets teach 
 him : On the other hand, the poor man's 
 wifdom is not learning, but knowledge of 
 his own acquiring and picking up, and 
 founded upon fadt atid nature by (imple 
 experience. In Atperica, the wifdom and 
 not the man is attended to ; and America 
 is peculiarly a poor mans country. Every 
 thing in this wildcrnefs of woods being to- 
 tally different from an old woild, almoft 
 worn out % and every perfon here far re- 
 inoved from the habits, example, and per- 
 verfion, or pbftrudtion, of 'thofe who aiTiime 
 the power of directing them : the fetller's 
 reafon, not from wha": they they hear, but 
 from what they fee and feel. They move 
 not but as Nature calls forth their adivity, 
 nor (ix a llep but where ufe marks the 
 ground, and take the diredion of their 
 courfcs by that line only, where Truth and 
 Nature lead hand in hand. They find 
 themfelves at liberty to follow what mode 
 they like I i|iey feel that i\\ty can venture 
 
 ^ i I ■ 1 .' , 
 
 f» 
 
 ^^. 
 
. y 
 
 \ regard- 
 
 
 and yet 
 
 
 nought 
 
 
 rs teach 
 
 
 )r man's 
 
 . ,.e^ 
 
 ledge of 
 
 - \i 
 
 up, and 
 
 ■.f 
 
 ^ fimple 
 
 
 om and 
 
 
 America 
 
 
 Every 
 
 
 eing te- 
 
 
 al moft 
 
 7 
 
 far re^ 
 
 
 nd per* 
 
 
 adiime 
 
 
 fctller'fi 
 
 
 ir, but 
 
 
 ' move 
 
 
 dtivity. 
 
 
 LS the 
 
 
 their 
 
 
 th and 
 
 
 r find 
 
 
 mode 
 
 
 mture 
 
 
 IQ 
 
 
 [ 45 ] 
 
 to try experiments, and that the advan<« 
 tages of their difcoveries are their own. 
 They, therefore, try what the foil claims, 
 what the climate permits, and what boch 
 will produce and fuflain to the greated: 
 advantage. Advancing in this line of la* 
 hour by Juch a Jpirit of indu^ion, they 
 have hroi^ght forward into culture an abun- 
 dant produce, more than any other nation 
 of the old world ever did or could. They 
 raife not only abundance and luxurious 
 plenty to their internal fupply, but the 
 iflands of the Weil Indies have derived great 
 part of their fupply firom the fuperabund* 
 ance ; even Europe itfblf hath, in many 
 articles of its fupply, profitted of the pro* 
 duce of this new world. It has had its 
 fi(h from their feas; its wheat and flour 
 from one part ; its rice from another ; its 
 tobacco and indigo from another ; its tim- 
 |3er and naval ilores from another : olives, 
 pranges, wines, and various other articles of 
 the more luxurious produce, having by cx« 
 perience been founci to thrive, are in eX' 
 ferimental culture. 
 
 If you view this civi)iziqg fpririt in its 
 ^rft fimple movements, you will fee it as 
 .-■■.■. -An 
 
[ 46 1 
 
 la its BxOl infancy* fo attaching itfelf to the 
 bofom of ithc comnion mother Earth» as 
 the- infani hangs upon the breaft of iu 
 natural mother. The inhabitants* where 
 sothing particular diverts their courfe* are 
 all kndwor kerf. Here one fees them la- 
 jbouring after the plough* or with the fy^M 
 and bough* as though they had not an idea 
 beyond the ground they dwell uno^; yet 
 is their mind* al) the while* enlarging all 
 its powers* and theii: fpirit rifes as theijr 
 imf rovements advance. ^ He* who has ob- 
 ierved this progrefs of tl^is new- world* will 
 know that this is true* and wi^ have feen 
 many a real philofophipfg a politician, pf a 
 warriour* emerge out of this wildernefs* as 
 the feed rifes out of the ground* where ;( 
 lath lain buried for its feafon. 
 
 As in its agriculture* fo in thofe me<« 
 chanick handicrafts* which are neceffary 
 to* and concomitant with that* the new 
 world hath been led to many improvements 
 of implements* tools, and machines : a 
 defidency of mapy of thef^* an inaptitude 
 
 in 
 
 * I hope no one will fo mirunderlland this, as to take it for 
 a ikncy-drawing of «^at may be ; itxis a lineal and exa£l por> 
 trait of what aAua'ly exifts. Editor. 
 
 i 
 
the 
 
 » as 
 
 f its 
 
 here 
 are 
 
 |i la- 
 
 idea 
 
 \ yet 
 
 will 
 feea 
 
 > as 
 
 (ne<« 
 
 fary 
 
 lew 
 
 nts 
 
 a 
 
 im 
 
 Tor ' 
 >or- 
 
 I 
 
 I 47 3 
 
 in many of thofe, which they are able to gcl^ 
 has put thefe fettlers, many times to theit 
 ihiftsj and thefe ihifts arc experiments. 
 The particular ufe which calls for fotafe 
 f^ccedaneum, or for fome further aitfe* 
 ration, leading experience by the hand 16 
 improvement, hath opened many a n«nr 
 invention. While this fpirit of thusanaly*- 
 . fing the mechanic powers, with the 'folfe 
 and fimple view to effe^ (indead of p}od«* 
 ding on with a mere mechanical habits t>f 
 old implements, tools, and machines, ge<-< 
 nerally clum fey, and oftentimes inapplica<* 
 ble) hath eflablifhed a kind of infiaunahm 
 of fcience in that branch 5 more lietur 
 tools, implements, and machines; or ra- 
 ther more new forms of fuch have been 
 thus invented in this new world, than wer6 
 ever yet inventeji in the old, within the 
 like extent of country in the like fpace of 
 time. Many inftances of this fadt miglit be 
 here fpecified in the higher, as well as in 
 the common, diurnal mechanics. ♦ 
 
 This new world hath not yet turned Its ^ 
 labour into the a5ihe channel of arts and 
 manufadures ; becaufe by employing that 
 
 labour 
 
 '/f *■■'■ *■, 
 
I 48 ] 
 
 labour in its own natural way» it can pf^ 
 diiC€ thofe things which purchafe fuch ar<« 
 tides of arts and manufactures, cheaper than 
 a country not yet ripe for thofe «;mp]oy* 
 mentSy could make them^ ]6ut although 
 it doth not manufacture ybr ^/r» the fet- 
 tlers find intenrals and fragments of time, 
 which they can fpare from agriculture, and 
 which they cannof otherwife employ, in 
 which they make moft of the articles of 
 perfonal wear and houihold ufe, for home 
 confumptiotim When the field of agri-> 
 culture fhall be filled with huibandmen^ 
 and the claifes of handicrafts fully flocked ; 
 as there are here lio laws that frame con- 
 ditions on which a man is to become eti-* 
 titled to exercife this or that trade, or by 
 which he is excluded from exercifing the 
 one or the other, in this or that place ; as 
 there are here no laws that prefcribe the 
 manner in which, and the prices at which, 
 he is to work, or that lock him up in that 
 trade which it has been his misfortune to 
 have attached him(elf to 3 although while 
 he is ilarving in that, he could, in fomb 
 other line of bufinefs which his circum* 
 
 fiances 
 
ftances poiiit out, dnd ' his talents lesid hitfi 
 to be ufeful to the public, and tnaintain 
 Isimfelf ; as thefe are none of thofe op-^ 
 prefHng, obftruditlg, dciad- doing laws here t 
 the moment that the progrefs of civiliza-^ 
 tion, carried thbs on in its natural courfe, 
 is rlp6 for It 5 the branth of manufac- 
 turJKS will take its (hoot, and will grow and 
 increafe with an a(loni(hing exuberancy. 
 '.'Although the civilizing aftivity of Ame- 
 rica does not, by artificial and falfe helps, 
 contrary to the natural courfc of things, 
 inGonfident withV and checking the firfl; 
 applications of, - 'tis natural labour^ and be- 
 fore the community is ripe for fuch en- 
 deavour, attempt to force the eftabliihmcn^ 
 of manufadtures : yet following, asUfe and 
 Experience lead, the natural ptogtefs of im- 
 provement, it is cfvery year producing a fur* 
 plus profit i which furpJus, as it enters again 
 into the circulation of produdbive employ- 
 ment, creates an accumulating accelerated 
 progreffive ferics of furplufes. Wit& thefe 
 accumulated furplufes of the produce of 
 the earth and feas, and not *with manu- 
 faSlures, the Americans carry on their com- 
 
 H mercial 
 
[ so i 
 
 mercial exertions. Their fi(b« >wbieat» ^9^t* 
 jice, tobacco^ indigo,, live i^is^fk^ bsu;fel|»orj|^. 
 iind beef (&me of thefe articles hetn^ jpe- 
 culiar to the country and ftajple ccQaj;acuU^ 
 ties) form the exports of their coQAmecce^ 
 This has given them t direifl trade tp Eu^ 
 rope ; and, with ^^m"^ «idditional artkles^ 
 ^ circuitous trade to Africa and (ihe Wei^ 
 Indies. 
 
 The fame ingemiity of mechanic Kandi* 
 craft, v'hich arifes coucomitant with agri- 
 culture;, doth nere aJib rife concomitant 
 >yith commer€i:, and is exerted in ship- 
 BuiLOiNO : it is carried on, not only to ferve 
 all the purpofes of their own carriage, and 
 that of the Weil Indies in part, but to aa 
 extent of fale, fo as to fupply great part of 
 the (hipping of Britain ; and further, if it 
 •continues to advance with the fame pro- 
 gj-efs, it will fupply great part of the. 
 trade of Europe alfo wUh (hipping^ at 
 cheaer rates than they can any where, or 
 by any means, fupply themfelves. 
 
 Thus their commerce, although fub(iil« 
 ing (while they were fubordinate provinces) 
 under various reilridions, by its advancing^ 
 
 pro- 
 
r ft I 
 
 progrefk in Jbip-huUding, hath been ilctk-v 
 iifg ^w^ rooty and ii now fhot fbrth tn 
 aSive commerofi goo wing inta ampliindt of 
 yftf/v and greait po^er. '^ 
 
 Slating the ground on which an object 
 tibn is made to this description of the ifh« 
 pTG^vdag commerce of Anoertca, will oper to 
 view? another extraordinary fiaurce of L'lt^ 
 plitude and growth of 0att. It wiHv be faid» 
 tb«t the fa^ of the balance of trade, being 
 at all times, and in every channel, fi^n^dly^ 
 againfb America, lb aiK to draw all the gold 
 and iilver it can colletS; from it« is but a 
 danming circiimftanec of its progeeffive: 
 advance in conuaaerce and Gpulence. In: 
 the itoil place^ is it mot a fs^, thait Ame- 
 rica (^evna while partitianed ot^t iato dc« 
 preffedi and retrained provinces) has car-^ 
 rif:d onfall its advanced cultare ia a pror*^ 
 grefs to gjTcai opulence i ifid has it oot bc!eii 
 conilantly extending the chamncrh of its 
 tradie, and encreaBn^ its fhippiog ? There 
 is. not a more fallacious and mifguiding 
 maixinii (although it has been adopted io 
 praiflfcice-, »nd even by t^ominiercial nationr^) 
 than that of judging of the general balaoae 
 
 U 2 of 
 
r ." r 
 
 of profit in commerce, by the movements 
 of that one article of it, t^e precious metah. 
 This metallic moneys as the traffic of the 
 world is generally condudted^ is an article 
 as necefTary to go to market for, a$ any 
 other article whatfbever. In the general 
 circulation of trade, it will always, as any 
 other article of commerce doth, go to that 
 country. which pays the moft for it. Now 
 that country which, on any fuddcn or great 
 emergency, wants money, and knows not 
 how to circulate any other, inoney than the 
 metallic, muft pay the niuft for it. . Con- 
 fidered under this idea^ the influx of this 
 article into a country, inflead of being the 
 fymptom, or confequence, of the balance of 
 trade being in favour of that country; or 
 the efflux being the mark of the like ba- 
 lance, being againil it, may be a fadt in 
 proof of the contrary. The balance of 
 trade, reckoned by the import or export of 
 gold and filver, may, i^m^j^ny cafes, be faid 
 to be again fl England, and in favour of thofe 
 countries to-^hich its money goes. If this 
 import or export was really the txfed of a 
 
 ^nal fettled account. 
 
 in (lead of being, 
 
 9>% 
 
t S3 ]'■ 
 
 a« is generally the cafe, only the car«^ 
 rying and dedudting of this article to or 
 from feme open current account, having 
 further reference; yet would it not be a 
 mark of the balance of trade. England* from 
 the nature of its government and the exten- 
 fivenefs of its commerce, has eftablifhcd a 
 credit, on which, on any emergency, it can 
 give circulation to paper money almod to 
 any amount. If it could not, it mud, at 
 any rate, purchafe gold and filver, and 
 there would be a great influx of the precious 
 metals. Will any one here fay, that this 
 flate of its circumftances is a mark of the 
 balance of trade being in its favour : but, 
 on the contrary, having credit from a pro- 
 grcflivc balance of profitj it can, even in 
 fuch an emergency, fpare its gold and filver, 
 and even make a profit of it as an article, 
 of commerce exported. Here we fee the 
 balance of profit creating a credit, wh' 
 circulates as money, even while its gold 
 and filver arc exported. If any particular 
 event, as for in (lance, the late one of the 
 recoinage of the gold in England, which 
 galled in the old eoin at a price better than 
 
 thai 
 
•. 
 
 r « r 
 
 th«t at whic;h it was circulaiting ajbrcackt; 
 ftpuld c^f ^h« |niic€ of this arlkk ia Eii|{4 
 landy it willy for the fame* re«(bn» as ilt 
 went out, be; aga^n iinport€4 »ft^) Englanid i 
 i>ot coming aff the balance of thtir eccount9*<^ 
 but as the ajrticle of trade, of which the 
 bed profit t^Quld at that laopie^t be made* 
 The fa^ wasy that at that period^ quantities 
 of Eo^ili gold coin, to a great amouiii» 
 were a^uatly ioaported intp England in 
 bulk; and yet this was no. ipark of any 
 liHlden chaotgr^ of a balance of. ffade in fa* 
 vour of iha^ eountfy. . : . 
 
 The balance of trade, rccl^oned jy thilt 
 fallacious r,uk» has been always faid lobe 
 againft Noith America alfo ; bat the fa^ 
 u$ that the government of that countryg 
 profiting of a creJii aripng from the fr€i'i 
 gfeJIive imfirove/HentJ, and ^sticing cam^ 
 m»ce tfit (which all the world fees, or vl 
 would be na credit) hath* by a reined! 
 policy eflabli(hed a circulation of paper-^ 
 money to an amount that is ailoniHiing & 
 that from the immenie quamily it {houl4 
 diepreciate, is fipthing to this argument ififf 
 
 H 
 
[ 55 ] 
 
 Uh* ^s Weill us Eng^tndy ctn ^re dbck 
 gold and filver, can do wiliioat ift. Tlte 
 efflux, thierefiipc, of tlie prcciona 'metilf» 
 if no proof of its beiag a baiance agaioft 
 tilMin. Oo tK« contrary, they being able 
 to go on wtthotbt gold and filver, but want^ 
 iiiig other articled, ^^ithont which Dhey cooid 
 iKXgoon, neither in the progce^km of their 
 improvement&, in the advance of their com^ 
 merce, norim t^e condu(ft of their war niat*- 
 ters { the metallic money is in part hoarded, and 
 in part goes out, and thofe articles of moreufe 
 to them are imported. Does it not then turn 
 out to be a faA, that this objection, wihicb 
 is always given as an 'f inilance of weaJcneis 
 in America, im^er >vhkh ikt mud fiak, 
 turns out, in thft true ftate of it, an in<« 
 iknce of the tnofl exUnfive amplitude smd 
 ■ -;-l girtJ^ dOi . grcrwfif 
 
 * My information i\y^, that there is now locked iip in Aine« 
 rica more than Three Millions^ Englifli money', in gdld ahd 
 filver fpecies, which when their Pitpe* ic ahhiiukted Will<:oM#*i 
 forth. £dicQe« , 
 
 f Would it not b<| well for %tvg\9x\4t if while Jhetriumplu^^ 
 over this mote in her (ifter*! eye. (he would attend to the beaia , 
 in her own, and p<"pare for the coniequences of her owA 
 P«per Money jl . AdiCOr, . 
 
t J6 1 
 
 growth of JtatCi which would not have 
 been confidered, or even feen, had the ob-^ 
 je^tiba not been made. 
 
 I will here, therefore, from this comp^- 
 rifbn of the fpiHt of civilizing activity in 
 the old and in the new world, as one fees 
 it in its application to agriculture, hand!" 
 crafts, and mechanics, and finally in an 
 a^ive commerce, fpatiating on an ampli- 
 tude of bafe, the natural communion of a 
 great country, and riiing in a natural pro- 
 *»reffion, venture to affert, that in this point. 
 North America has advanced, and 
 
 18 EVERY day ADVANCING, TO GROWTH 
 OF STATE, WITH A STEADY AND CON- 
 TINUALLY ACCELERATING MOTION, OP 
 WHICH THERE HAS NEVER YET BEEN 
 ANY EXAMPLE IN EuROPE. 
 
 But farther ; when one looks to the pro- 
 greffive population which this foflering 
 happinefs doth, of courfe, produce, one can- 
 not but fee, in North America, that God's 
 firft bleiling, *« Be fruitful and multiply ; 
 replenijh the earth and fubdue it,* hath 
 operated in full manifeflation of his will. 
 In Europe, on the contrary, where a 
 wretched, felftfli, felf-obftruding policy, 
 
 hatk 
 
[ 57 1 
 
 ti^th tendered barren, ndt only fruitful 
 CQupuies^ but ^ven the womb itfelf ; one 
 may fay, in melancholly truth* that the 
 firft curfe* "I will' g;reatly multiply thy 
 forrow in procreation ; in forrow (halt thou 
 brin^ forth children^*' feems to have been 
 executed in judgment* That wretched 
 flate of the couatry and people, which hath 
 rendered fruitfulnefs a matter of forrow, 
 and children a burthen, hath arrefted the 
 progrefs of population. The apprehen* 
 fions of having a family to fupport When 
 the poor parents know not where or 
 how to provide a home and fuftenance ; 
 the dread of bringing into the world 
 (objedts fo dear to all parents) who are to 
 be born in a flate not much better than 
 flavery, hath palfied the very idea of mar- 
 riage, the fruits of which are to be brought 
 forth in forrow. * In North America chil- 
 dren are a blefllng, are riches and ftrength 
 to the parents ; and happy // every man that 
 hath his quiver full of them. As the nature 
 
 I 
 
 and 
 
 * Magnum quidam eft inciumeiitum, tolerc libcros in 
 
 fpem alimcitorum, majus tamea ia rpem libertatis, in fpein 
 
 fecHritacis. 
 
 PUn. Paneg. i. § a?. 
 
[ S« ] 
 
 and caufes of this amazing population hatft 
 been fo fully difculTed, and with decided 
 demonftration, explained in '* Obfervations 
 concerning the increafe of mankind^ the peo» 
 fling of countries, &c.*' I /hall refer thofc 
 who think it neceiTary to purfue this point 
 of the comparifon further, to that little 
 treatife ; and fhall proceed here to confirm 
 it by examples of the adlual encreafe flated 
 in authentic fadts. 
 
 The province of Maffacbufetf s Bay had 
 inhabitants in the year 
 
 . 172 a — --94,000 
 
 1742— —164,000 
 ♦ 1751. — 164,484 
 
 1761— —216,000 , 
 
 1765- — 255,500 
 
 1771- — 292,000 
 
 1773 300,000 
 
 In the colony of Connecticut the inha- 
 bitants, at the beginning of laft war, and 
 of the prefent, flood 
 
 ,756 129,994 
 
 1774 257,356 
 
 Obferve here, that the numbers, by which 
 
 thcfe 
 
 ' * N. B. A great depopulation, b/ the fasall-pox and war, 
 in that period. 
 
ind 
 
 tch 
 ]efe 
 
 I 59 1 
 
 thefe people have thus encreafed» are not 
 aided by any accretion of ftrangers ; but, on 
 the contrary, they appear lefs than they 
 would actually be, if all thofe people whom 
 the colony loft in the courf^j; of laft w^r, 
 and all thofe who, in very great numbers, 
 emigrated to the weftward fince the war, 
 could have been added ; as it is, they have 
 encreafed nearly the' double in eighteen 
 years. As it may be a matter of curiofity, 
 and not irrelevant to the argument, I will 
 here infert a particular inftance of fecundity 
 in a family in Connecticut. Mary 1 opmis 
 (or Loomax) born at Windfor in Connec-* 
 ticut - - ^ * i^8o 
 
 Married John Buel ofLebanoix in do. 1696 
 Died at Litchfield in do. - - 1768 
 
 Defcendants Uving at her death : 
 
 Child. Gr. Child. G. Gr. Child. Fourth Gen, 
 
 10 . 
 
 Died bef. ^er 
 
 3 
 '^3 
 
 75 
 z6 
 
 lOl 
 
 23* 
 
 4* 
 
 ■ ■■ n 
 
 274 
 
 '9 
 
 22 
 
 Tot. dcfcendants J t^''^ ^' ^'' ^'''^ 33^ 
 
 • Died before her 74 
 
 Tpt* enpres^fe born 
 
 J z 
 
 4IQ 
 
 The 
 
The province New Yori;, 
 1756— "-—96,776 \ 
 
 1 77 1. -....168,007 
 
 1774 i^hHh 
 
 The Pominipns of Vi R g i M f A^t 
 
 1756 I73»SJ6 
 
 1 764— - —200,000 
 J 774-— Wip J 00,000 
 
 np Province of South Carolina, 
 
 1750 64,000 
 
 1770-— * 1 15,600 
 
 ■-•fm 
 
 Ihe Colony of Rhope Islamei. 
 ,73P 15,302 
 
 1748-9— --28,439. 
 
 Af there never was a regulated general 
 militia in P|ElNnsyi.vania, whxh coul4 
 enable thofei whofe bufincfs it wa;5, to get 
 accounts of the ihcreafe of population in 
 that province, founded on authentic lifts, 
 it hath been variously eftiiiiated on fpecu- 
 Jation, Although t^ere \yas a continued 
 
 import 
 
 * This ie fuppofed to be below tbe ■£tqal nnmber, the great 
 increafe of population being, in the back countriei, net then 
 fffcluded in the rpgulatipna of the policy* l^dit<aff 
 

 [6' 1 ; 
 
 Import for many years of Irlfh^ and Forei^ 
 eirigrants into Philadelphia (jSf which I 
 have the nunihcrs) yet, informed as I am, 
 that many of thefe pafTed through the pro- 
 vince* and fettled either diredtly, or as 
 foon as their indented fervice expired., in 
 other provinces, I think the progrefs of 
 population may be reckoned here alfo by 
 the ordinary courfe of procreation, as in 
 other provinces and colonies ; and by col- 
 lating different eftimates, I think I may 
 venture to fay, that its population, when 
 I was in the country, advanced in a ratio 
 between that of MaiTachufett's-bay and 
 Virginia, The city of Philadelphia, 
 indeed, from circumftances of trade, ad- 
 vanced with a more rapid motion, of which 
 fa^ the following is a ftatcment in prdof. 
 
 Philadelphia had in the year houfes 
 Inhabitants on eftimatef 1749 
 
 froip 16,000 to 1 8,000 2 1753 
 31.3.8 to 35.ooo{;76o 
 
 To fpeak of the population of the country in 
 general ^ there were at the beginning of the 
 war^ 17^4 and 5, various calculations and efli^ 
 
 mates 
 
 2076 
 2300 
 2969 
 
 4474 
 
mates made of the numbers < f the people 
 on the cf^tinent. Thofe who were fan- 
 jguine, and thought they could correift the 
 . materials from which the edimate was to be 
 made^fanvicd they werejudified in making 
 the amount of the numbers of the people 
 pne million and a half. Thofe who did not 
 admit fo much fpecu]ation into the calcula- 
 don» but adhered plofer to the fa^s of the 
 lifts as they were made Out> could not flate 
 |he amount at more than one million two 
 hundred and fifty tbowfard. 
 
 The eftimate of the numbers of the 
 people^ faid to have been taken by Con-*' 
 grefs in September, 17741 makes them 
 3,026,678 ; but when I fee how that ac-^ 
 count, from which the edimate is made, 
 diflfers, in many particular articles, from 
 ^hat I have ventured to flate as authentic 
 returns, I am convinced that there muft 
 have been great fcope of fpeculation fa|cen 
 and allowed in that edimate. I have 
 Icen another eflimate which makes the 
 number, at s^ later period, after two or 
 three years of war, 2,Sio,ooo. In what I 
 ^m going to advance, I ^m myfelf rather 
 
 reafbning 
 
[ 63 ] 
 
 reafoning upon eftimate than authentic fa6(» 
 for I have not Cetn the returns of al/ the 
 provinces; yet from what I have now feen, 
 compared with what I have known former- 
 ly, I do verily l)elieve, and therefore ven- 
 ture to fay, that 2,141,307 would turn out 
 the number nearefl to the real amount in 
 the year i774« But what an amazing pro- 
 grefs of population is it, which, in eighteen 
 or nineteen years, has added near a million 
 of people t&-a million two hundred and 
 fifty thoufand, although a war was main- 
 tained in that country for feven years of 
 that period. 
 
 In this view, one fees again the ampli- 
 tude of the community unfolding its pro* 
 greflive increafe and growth of State, 
 beyond any example that any of the 
 Powers of Europe can bring into comparl- 
 fon in the account. 
 
 But more; thefe numbers are not a 
 mere mukitude of dwellers, Jruges confu^ 
 mere nati. The frame and model of thefe 
 communities, which hath» from the hrfl: 
 eftablifiiment of them, always taken place, 
 (Pennfylvania excepted) is fuch as hath 
 
 enrolled 
 
t «4 1 
 
 enrolled every common fubjedl;, by the poll ^ 
 to be a foldier ; and» by rotation of duty, 
 has trained, to a certain degree, a quarter 
 part, or about 535,326 qftbefe people to 
 the aSiual ufe of arms, fo that the country 
 has this LUTiber Mt ^ ra'e from the c-vil 
 community, and to k*& itoadiftindt body 
 of regular foldiers, out raining united 
 to the internal power of the community, 
 as it were, the national picquet guard, al- 
 ways prepared for defence. I am aware, 
 that even thefe numbers, being the 
 numbers of a mere militia, will appear 
 contemptible to the regular Captains 
 and Generals of Europe; yet, experi- 
 ence in faA hath always evinced that, 
 for that very reafon, that they are not a fe- 
 parate body, but members of the body of 
 the community, they became a real and 
 effeSiive national defence, have toes that 
 are roots, and arms which will bring forth 
 the fruits of external prote(Stion, with in- 
 ternal fecurity and peace. This eflablifh- 
 ment is an organized part of the body, and 
 can be maintained at all times, and even in 
 time of fervice, at little more expence than 
 
 the 
 
t 65 ], 
 
 the \'dlniltf vital circttlnlort feqikes. The 
 f feai griiatntffs irWd' fti^ctigth of the State if ifti 
 fitTx'i and C^ttfiiV in^fe ♦ ^^ th^t cveiy 
 «i6:Vitn<:}n fubjed^ by th^ poll, h fit to mia[k<l 
 11 l^lditr, ana not <;crt2lih conditions aiid 
 degrees of men only." I cannot clofe thl§ 
 p'aft oif ifty reafi>ning bcttef than in the 
 f^ntim^ni in v^hich the fitne great St^eA 
 mstn d=nd l*hilo(bpher gives his opinion oft 
 Ad ittaltef, ** Thfc trvlt gi^tatnfefs of th* 
 ^tati cohiid^th efT^ntfally in pop^Utibtt <]^ 
 breed of tneln^ and mhtti t^h^re is valou¥ iti 
 the individtials> ahd a n^ititary dil^litia^ 
 ifl the frame of the cbmhiii^ity; wher* 
 all> ahd not ^atticular coi^ditionk and it^ 
 greed only/ tnftk^ profeffioh of arni^, ^hd 
 bear them iii th^k <;ounffy*s defehcfe." 
 
 Great as' this amplitude ^f (he cotil^ii'^ 
 nity m^y be at Its bafe ; fkr advanced a^ it 
 may be iti the progrefs d£ it's civili'zinjg^ sfc-^ 
 tiVity ; eftkbli(hed in iiitereft and power as 
 It may be by ati a^ive cdtnmerce; and fe-> 
 curcly fortified as it msry'feeiii in the anion 
 of its miEtary fpitit ; y^t s^ this, ^Itlibirt 
 the foul of Goisrnmeiit, would prove but 
 
 k a 
 
 • Ld. VcruUrtl. 
 
[ 66 1 
 
 a phantom. So far as the vilality of Co'" 
 vernment can animate the organized, be^ngg 
 and fo far as the fpirit of Government cai^ 
 aAuate the will of the whole, fo far, and 
 no farther, can the amplitude and growth 
 of the State extend. 
 
 If the dominions of an Empire be ei^'r 
 tended, while, by reafon of a narrowne^ 
 or weaknefs in the vital fpring of Govern-? 
 ment, the fpirit of Government cannot fo 
 extend, as to give vital union to its diOant 
 parts, or, by an union of will^ to adtuate 
 the confin/us ahdientit{m in thofe remoto 
 parts, the extenfion of the dominions works 
 not to amplitude and growt|], but to the 
 diiTolution of State. Such Government 
 will call thofe renK>te parts* external pro- 
 vinces ; and hccauib it hath i^t the virtue 
 or the vigour to. fp extend th^ fpirit of Go- 
 vernment to^ them, as that^ while they 
 obey the will, they feql th^mfclves vitally 
 united to it, it will ^flume the tone of 
 Force. But as the natural internal force 
 will not aa againft itfelf, that is not the 
 
 force which Government 
 ufe ; Government, 
 
 in fuch cftfe can, 
 
 rought into fuch an 
 , unhappy 
 
 f 
 
t 67 ] 
 
 onliappy cafe, mufl: attempt therefore to 
 aft by external, unnatural force fent from 
 without. But, alas { any force that (even 
 with violent temporary exertions) it can 
 fend to thefe extremities (without draining 
 itfelf at heart) will bear no comparifoh with 
 the natural internal force of thofe pro- 
 vinces, and can have no effe<5t but that of 
 alienation and difTolution. When fuch ft 
 Cafe exifts, the dominions of an Empire^ 
 which were not too great for a right fpirit 
 of Government, but vvhich, actuated by that 
 fpirit, was in a continual progredion to am- 
 plitudj and growth of State, are foon found 
 too great for the falfe and unnatural fpirit of 
 Force. Let us here view this world (by the 
 fatality here defcribed) now feparated and 
 fallen off from that vital union by which it 
 was once an organized member of the Eng«i 
 lifh Empire : let us view it as it now is, am 
 INDEPENDENT State that bath taken 
 its equal ftation amidji the nations of tbi, 
 earth; as an Empire, the fpirit of whofe 
 government extends from the centre to its 
 fl:treme parts, exa$StIy in proportion as the 
 will of thofe parts doth reciprocally unite 
 
 K 1 in 
 
[ 6« 3 
 
 in that C^otqr. Herp we (hall find {u bath 
 flw^ys been founc}) ** That uoiverffl pajr^ 
 l^jicipatlori of cQuixcU crc^^jtes rctciprGcaftiio^ 
 of i^nivcrfal obedience* The feat of govpro* 
 ment v^ill be well informed of tb? ft^to 
 and condition of the remote and extreme 
 part« i and tbe remote and ^^^^tiemc pactii* 
 by participation in the legiilature» will froi^ 
 ^If^cpnfcipufoefs, be informed and faiiified 
 ijx the reaibns and nqceiQty pf the meia« 
 ^f<t9 of government. Theie p^rts will cpn« 
 $d^f tbcmi^lvcs a& a^itug i^ cvery^^nt 
 tl^at 13 made, and in every tax which |ji 
 i^ffifei. This confidcratipn s^lpn* ^iH 
 give •fficacy to government, s^nd will cre- 
 %t.e that conjenjus obedientkmt on which 
 gnly the permanent power of the impe- 
 rium of a ftate can be founded : this will 
 give exten^on and A^.bility of enc^pirc a.| 
 far as it can extend its dominions," 
 
 %ki^ might bavf been, indeed, the Spirit 
 %f the SrUi(h £mpirc, America b^ing 
 ^ p^rt, of it : W/V is the Spirit o£ the go* 
 yernment of the new Empire of America^ 
 Qreat Britain being no part of it. It is ^ 
 yit^lity, liable, indeed^ to naany diforders* 
 
 many 
 
[ «9 1 
 
 V^ny daogf rQUf difeifiai ; but it is young 
 mii ^ong» an4 wiU druggie, by tbo vigQur 
 of internal hfaling principles of ]ife» againft 
 t]iofe evil^, %nd furmount themi like thf 
 infant Hercules, ix will ftrangle thefe fer* 
 pents in its cra41c. Its ftrength will gro«r 
 with its yei^rs» and it will cftablidi its con* 
 Aitution, and perfe^ adultnciis in growtli 
 pf Aate. 
 
 To fihis gr^atnefs of empire it will cer- 
 tainly arife. That it is removed thrcq 
 thoufand miles diftant from its enemy i 
 that it lies on another fide of th^ 
 globe wher^ it has no enemy ; tha^ it 
 is earth-bq^n, and like a giant ready tq 
 run its courfe, are not alone the grounds 
 ^pd reafons qn which a ^epulatiil may 
 pronounce this. The fol^ering care with 
 yrhich the rival Powers of Europe will 
 nurfe it, enfures its eftablilhnfient beyonc) 
 aP doubt or danger. 
 
 Where a ftste Is founded on fuch aai« 
 plitude of bafe as ihe union of territory ii\ 
 this new world forms ; whofe communion if 
 4jai^uated by fuch a fpirit of civilization^ 
 \v|iere all is e^terprize ^nd experiment! 
 
 whcrc^ 
 
■ r 70 ] 
 
 where Agriculture, led by this fpiritj hatii 
 made difcovcrics in fo many new and pe- ' 
 ctiliar articles of culture, and hath carried 
 die ordinary produce of bread-corn to a 
 degree that has wrought it to a ftaple ex- 
 port, for the fupply of the old world y 
 v^hofe fi(heries are mines producing more 
 iblid riches, to thofe who work them, than 
 all the filver of Potofi ; where experimen- 
 tal application of the underdanding, as well 
 as labour to the feveral branches of the me- 
 chanics, hath invented fo many new and 
 ingenious improvements; vvhere the Arts 
 and Sciences, Legiflation and Politics, are 
 (baring with a fliong and extended pinion, 
 to fiich heights of philofophic induction ; 
 where, under this blefTednefs, Population 
 bas multiplied like the feeds of the har-r 
 vcfti where the flrength of thefe numbers, 
 taking a military form, "Jha/J lift up itfeif 
 as a young lion 5" where Trade, of a moft 
 eXtcnfive orbit, circulated in its own (hip- 
 ping, hath wrought up this effort of the 
 Community to an aSiive Commerce ; where 
 all thefe powers unite and take the form of 
 cftabJ'oment of Empire; I may fuppofo 
 fkat 1 cannot err, nor give offence to the 
 
 grcatefl 
 
I 7« ] 
 
 greateft Power in Europe, when> upon A 
 cqmparifon of the, ftate of mankind, and of 
 tbe ilates of thofe Powers ia Europe, with 
 that of America, I venture to fuggeft to 
 their contemplation, that America is grow- 
 ing too large for any government in £u<9 
 rope to govern as fubordinate ; that the 
 Government of North America is too firmly 
 fixed in the hands, of its own community* 
 to be either direded by other bands, oc 
 taken out of the hands in which it is ; 
 and that the power in men and arms (be 
 they contemned or contemptible, us the 
 wifdom of Europe may fuppofe) is toof 
 much to be forced at the di fiance of three 
 thoufand miles. 
 
 If I were to addrefs myfelf to a philofo- 
 pher, upon a fuppofed adventitious ftate o£ 
 the planetary fyftem, and afk him, whe- 
 ther, if an accretion of matter fhould en- 
 large any fattellite till it grew into maeni- 
 tude, which balanced with its primary; 
 whether that globe, fo encrcafed, could any 
 longer be held by any of the powers of na- 
 ture in the orbit of a fccondary planet ; 
 or whether any external force could hold it 
 I thus 
 
ft* 1 
 
 this reftrained; he will anfiv^f f^e dl^ 
 ttetly. No. If I afk the ftthei^ of a fiw^lyi 
 whether, after his fbfi h groWn dp th mzn% 
 i^fticte, to foil flrength of body eqi^al to 
 thd patent/ to full pow^er of mind and 
 Vigour of reafott 5 \^hether he cam be: hdfd 
 In the famte fubordinaie pupilage, and vi^iH 
 ludbr himfelf tobe t^ekYed, tmder cotftt* 
 tiotip as aforetime in his childhood' ? Th6 
 father wiM be forry t6 be a!(ked the qudf-^ 
 tion, ' and be willing to evade it ; but ht 
 muft anfwer. No. Yet, if I a!(k an Etit* 
 ropean politician, who lelrns by hearfay^ 
 and thinks by habit, and who fuppof<^s of 
 courfe that things muA go on, as th^ 
 have always gone on ; whether, if Nordi 
 America, grown up, by a ditiiiid and in- 
 dependent intereft in their economy and 
 comnierce, to a magnitude in nature, po 
 licy, and power, will remain dependent 
 upon, and be governed by, any of the 
 metropolitan dates on the other fide of the 
 globe; he will confidently anfwer. Yes* 
 He will have ready a thouiand reafons why 
 it muft be fo, although h& rifcs in -his 
 face to the very contrary. There hav* 
 
 been 
 
[73 ] 
 
 bcek?, and there are, periods in the Hiftorjr 
 qf Man, when, inftead oi the politician 
 being employed to find out reafons to ex* 
 plain fads, he and all about him fliall be 
 hjififd, ta invent, or make, faBs, that 
 Jhall fuit f redetermined reafonings. Truth, 
 however, will prevail^ and things will al- 
 ways finally prove themfelves to be what 
 they are. 
 
 What has been here faid is not meant to 
 eflablifh proof of the FaB, which ts in 
 event i but fo to explain it, , as ,that the 
 confequences of it may be fairly and clearly 
 feen. As to the exiftenc^ of the,fa(5ts, or the 
 effe£E of them in operation, it is of no lin^ort. 
 
 The PRESENT COMBINATION^bF £VENTS, 
 
 whether attended tq or not, whetherV'''?^^:^^ 
 hywi/dom into the iyflem of Europe or riot, 
 'iS)ill, forcing its way by the vigour of na- 
 tural caufes, Ife found there in all its afccrid- 
 ^nt operations. Thefc will have their ef- 
 fedts, and Europe in the internal order and 
 ceconomy of its communities, in the'courfes 
 of its commerce, will be afFe(fled by it. 
 . /The flatefman cannot prevent its cxiftence, 
 ,»lior refifl its operation. He may embroil 
 
 L ^ his 
 
 m 
 
 Nil 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
C 74 J 
 
 his own affairs ; but it will becofne tiU 
 wifdom and his duty to hk fovereigh adif 
 thi people, that his meafures coincide and 
 co-operate ^ith it. 
 
 The firft of the confequences is, the' EfFcd 
 Which this Empire, in a new and fepariate 
 world, become a great naval Potsfer^ will 
 have on the eommerce, and perhaps by 
 chatfges introduced in that, oni tbt political 
 iyfteoi of the old worid. 
 
 Whoever has read andi underftands any 
 thing of the fbte of the Hanfbatick 
 League in Europe, and confiders it's pro<^ 
 grefs, firft by it's ppfTeffing all the com- 
 manding articles of the coRnuerce of the 
 then world, and the cohimercial comihand 
 of all the great rivers through which that 
 commerce muft circulate ; next it'is being 
 the carrier of (he trade of Europe; and 
 finally it's^ forming, on this afcendant in- 
 tereft, by the meant of it's {hipping and 
 feamen, an aSiivt naval Powers thdt in 
 al^ cafes could attracSfc the intereil of, ia 
 ta/c3 refift, and even command the 
 
 ma 
 
 Ifndcd lo'/vers; whoever, viewing this, 
 
 cotAildtis thac this League was made up of 
 
 " \ 
 
1 
 
 ! 
 
 I 15 1 
 
 a niimber of towns, feparate from* an() 
 IHlconnedled wit^ each pthcr$ and included 
 within the dominions of other Powers and 
 States* of a number of individual town?, 
 vtrho had n^ nati^ral covtmuniont and only 
 a forced and artificial union ai^ongft each 
 other I whoever, duly marking this at the 
 "hafis, follows the ppgrefs of the powe^ 
 pot only pomniercial but naval and politi- 
 cal, whifh this League, under all thefe na* 
 tural difad'fantages, eftabliihed throughout 
 all Europe, will be at np lofs to fee on how 
 much naqre foUd bafis the power of North- 
 America f):apds fqunded, how much fafler 
 and with i^ore rapid increafe (unobilrufted 
 with th ofe difficulties which the League 
 fxiet ^i^h) it muft grpw up, and to what 
 an e^tef^t and aftendancy of interef^, carry- 
 ing on |he greatcft par( C3f the commercf^ 
 and commanding th^ greateft part of the 
 Shipping o^ the wqrld, this great comiper- 
 ^ial, naval, ^n^erican Po^er xr^uft foon 
 arrive at. If this League, without having 
 the natural foundation of a political boidy» 
 a landed root, could grow, by an adive 
 ^, pmmerce and the effeA of navigation, tQ 
 
 L 2 
 
 fuch 
 
 .' : ■* 
 
I 76 ] 
 fuch power as we ki>ow ^t did poiTei;, ^d 
 $i£ted with ; if this Leagtie, of parts fcparated 
 by Nature, and only joined by the art^ft* 
 cial cement of force, could become a gre^t 
 political body, cxifting, a? it were vitally, 
 by a fet of regulations oi Jnternal policy, 
 and ading externaijy witH an interell and 
 }ower that took; a lead, and even an 
 afcendancy in wars and tre^ities, 'vha^ mull 
 the States of North- Anr??rica, removed at 
 e diftsncc of almoft half the globe, fron^ 
 all the obftru^ions of rival Powers, bavins; 
 at it's root a landed dominion, feculiarly 
 adapted to the ccmmunion of fommercf 
 and union of power, and already gr<^wn up 
 J.n an almoft univcrfal a£iive commerce, 
 rife up to in their progrcfs ? As this 
 Hanfeatick League giew up to po\yer, 
 Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and even 
 France, fought jt'b alliance (under the 
 common veil of pride) by offers of be- 
 coming it's Proted^op. . Engiapd alfq, 
 growing faft in io a commercial Pow^pr, 
 had commercial arrangements, by treaty, 
 with it. Juft fo now will the Sovereign^ 
 of Europe, juft fo pow have the great 
 
 Bourbon 
 
 I'V 
 
r) 
 
 . , I 77 3 
 
 Bourbon Compact the greateft Power in 
 Europe* icourte4 the friendship of Aiioi^ricjL* 
 iStanding on faph a ba^fis^ and growing ^p 
 under fuch- gufpic^s, one may pronounce 
 of America as was faid of Rome^ Gifitaf, 
 imredible efi memoratu, adiftd libert^e 
 quantum brevicreverit. 
 
 I mark, here what may he in ivent, 
 from a vi^w and confideration of what has 
 ffeen in faSt, merely to obviate a fufpicioii 
 ipf my reasoning being theory and vifion.. 
 4^^ In the courfe of this American war, all 
 the Powers of Europe (at lead the miari- 
 time Powers) will, one after another, as 
 fonte of the firfl: leading Powers have 
 already done, apply to ^he States of Ame- 
 rica for a {hare in their trade, and for a 
 Settlement of the terms on which they 
 may carry it on with them. America vt'i}\ 
 then become the Arbi tress of the com- 
 mercial, an^ perhaps (as the Seven United 
 BelgJLc Provinces were in the year 1647) 
 the Mediatrix of peace ^ and of the political 
 bufinefs of the world. 
 
 If North America follows the principles 
 on which Naturp hat]^ eiUbUIhed her j and 
 
 ' ' ' ' " ' ^ " .if 
 
r 78 ] 
 
 if the Europtan alliances which ihe hat 
 tlready made d^ itQi inTol?e Hex in, an4 
 K^ttce herto» a feries of cohd^d dcArudiv* 
 j»f ih^t lyilem^ which tho^ princiiples lead 
 |0i (he ximft ot^ferve, that at Kfatare hath 
 jlbpai^ted her from £iirope» ^nd hath ^fl^a- 
 tii(htd her ^Ipftf on a great continent, fir 
 removed frotff the oid vforidf and all' its 
 imhroiied inferefts and wrangling politics, 
 without an enemy or a rival, or the en- 
 tanglement pf ^lliance$ * ':* I. That it is 
 contrary to the nature of her exigence, an4 
 i>r confequence to her intercfl, that (he. 
 ihoald hayt an^ conqedtions of politics 
 with Europe, other than merely <;bmmer- 
 ^ial i and, ^yen on that ground, to obfervc 
 invariably, ine caution of not being in- 
 volved in cither the qparrcl^, or the wars 
 of the Europeans in Europe. II. That th^ 
 teal ftate of America is, that of ^eing the 
 common fource of fupply to En^ope in ge- 
 neral i that her true interejf is, therefore, 
 that of being a free port to all Europe 
 at large; and that all Europe at large 
 
 ^Ould be THE COMMON MARKET foT A- 
 
 mcrican 
 
 * Commcn Scnfe. 
 
 ^' 
 
. i f9 ) 
 
 mtrican expoi'ts. The true initereft, ttiere*- 
 iorti of America is^, not to form any partial 
 tonnexions with any part to the excla/fon 
 oftberfell.*' 
 
 If Bnglarid had attended tb her own Iti'* 
 tereft* as coAne^ed with that of America; 
 fhe" would have kilown^ that ^*it is the 
 comifierce* and iiot the conquefl of Ame« 
 Hca, by which (he eould be benefitted i** 
 and if (he would, even yet, with temper^ 
 Kften to her true inter6A^ (he would ftiil 
 find, '* that that commerce would, in ^ 
 great mc^afore, continue with the fame be- 
 nefit, wdfe the two countries as indepen* 
 dent of each other as France and Spain, be- 
 caufe, in many articles, neither of them 
 can go to a better market." 
 
 What is here faid, is fpoken of them, as 
 influenced under their prefent habits and 
 cttftoms of life :-^> Alienation may change 
 all this. 
 
 Be thefe Icffcr private interefts difpofcd 
 o£g as the fate of kingdoms determines : 
 The views of this memoir are dire^ed 
 only to the general confcqucnces of the 
 general combination of events. 
 
 The 
 
 ¥t/ -^ •/ 
 
I 80 1 
 
 The firft» v^hich in all human proha^i^ 
 lity willy fooner or later, becoine the great 
 leading principle between the old and new 
 world, is, that North America will be- 
 come a FREE ?ORT to all the nations of 
 the world indifcriminately; and will ex- 
 pe£t, infift on, and demand, in fair reci- 
 procity* a FREE MARKET in all thofe na- 
 tions with whom fhe trades. This will, 
 (if (he forgets not, nor forfakes her re^ 
 nature) be the bails of all her commercial 
 treaties. ,. 
 
 If (he adheres to this principle, (he mud 
 be* in the courfe of time, the chief carrier of 
 the commerce of the whole world ; becaufe, 
 unlefs the feveral powers of Europe become 
 to each other, likewife, free forts and 
 FREE MARKETS, America alone will come 
 to and a£t there, with an afcendant intered 
 that muft command every advantage to be 
 derived from them, -^ 
 
 . The commerce of North America being 
 no longer the property of one country only, 
 where the articles of its fupply were either 
 locked up, or came thence to market 
 through a monopoly; thefc articles will 
 
 come 
 
s 
 
 [ 8i 1 
 
 come freelyi and be found now, in . the 
 markets of Europe at large ; not only mo* 
 derated by, but moderating the prices of 
 the like articles of Europe. The furra and 
 peltry will meet thofe of the north -eaftcffi 
 parts of Europe 3 and neither the one nor 
 the other can any longer be efli mated by 
 the advantages to be taken of an exclufiye 
 vent. Advantages of this kind, on the ar^^ 
 tide of iron, and on naval Jiores, have /re-, 
 quently been aimed at by Sweden j and the 
 monopoly in them was more than once ufed 
 as an in()rument of hoflility againfl England. 
 This occaiioned the meafure which the 
 Parliament of that country took of granting 
 bounties on thefe articles, the growth and 
 produce of America* which meafure gave 
 fource to the export of the fame articles 
 from North America: thefe* when they 
 come freely to the European markets, co« 
 operatijig with the effedt which thofe of 
 Ruflia have there, will break that mono- 
 poly : for Ruflia alfo, by the conqucft, of 
 Livoinia, and the advancement of her civi- 
 lization, has become a fource of fupply in 
 thefe fame articles to a great e^^tent. All 
 
 M Europe, 
 
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[ 9t ]' . 
 
 Europe, by the intervention of this Ame^ 
 rican commerce in her markets,, will find 
 the good efFeifts of a fair competition^ both 
 in abundance of fufplj^ and in moderation 
 of price. Nay, even England, who hath 
 loft the monopoly, willhe no great lofer on 
 this.fcore: fhe will find this natural com* 
 petition^as advantageous to her, as the mo- 
 nopoly which, in bounties, and other cods 
 of protection, (he paid fo dear for. 
 
 Sbip'buiidingt and the fcience, a!s well 
 as art of navigation, having made fuch pro- 
 grefs in America^ fo that they are able to 
 build and to navigate cheaper thian any coun- 
 try in Europe, even cheaper than Holland 
 with all her ceconpmy can, there will arife 
 in Europe a competition, at lead in this 
 branch of commerce. In this branch the 
 Dutch will , find powerful rivalfhip from 
 ihat maritime people, the Americans. The 
 Dutch will alfo find, in the markets' of Eu- 
 rope, a competition in the branch of the 
 FiJIjeries. - . . 
 
 The rice and the bread corn which the 
 Americans .hav& been able to export, to an 
 amount that fupplied, in the-European mar- 
 kef. 
 
Ithc 
 
 an 
 lar- 
 ger. 
 
 tj 
 
 [ 83 ] 
 
 ket, the defe^ft arifing from Bngland'si with- 
 holding her exports^ will, when that^ export 
 ihall again take place, keep down deprefTed 
 the agriculture of Portugal and Spain, and, in 
 fome meafure, of France alfo, if the policy of 
 thofe countries does not change the regula- 
 tions, and order of their internal ceconQmy. 
 
 ^be peculiar articles offupply to be had 
 as yet from America only, and which the 
 markets of Europe fo much feek after and 
 demand, will not only give to the Ameri- 
 cans the command of the market in thofe 
 articles, but enable them, by annexing af- 
 fortments of other articles of commerce, 
 to produce thefe latter articles aifo, with 
 preference and advantage in thofe markets. 
 
 'Iht refufe fflj, the four, t&e maize, the 
 barrelled ^eat, the live-Jlock, and various 
 lejjer articles of ftibjijlence, and thcf /»ot- 
 ber, all carried in American (hipping to 
 the Weft-India Iflands, diredtly from North 
 America : the African flavcs carried, by a 
 circuitous trade, in American (hipping alfo, 
 to the Weft-India markets: the taking 
 from thence the melofl*es ; and the aiding 
 thofe iflands with American (hipping, in 
 the carriage alfo of their produce, muftever 
 
 M 2 com- 
 
t 84 ] 
 
 command and hav6 the ejcendancy in the 
 ^ commerce of that part of the world ; if this 
 l&endancy even ftops here. 
 
 But to qlofc the confideration of the ef- 
 fe^s which the commercial a£lin)ity of this 
 New Empire will have, one may fum up 
 all in this, that the cheap manner in which 
 ' the Americans can, at prefent^ produce 
 their articles of fupply; the low rates at 
 which they can carry them to the Euro-< 
 oean markets, felling alfo their (hipping 
 there; the fmall profits at which their 
 inerchants are content to trade, mud lower 
 the price of the like articles in the Euro- 
 pean market ; muft oblige the European 
 merchant alfo to be content with Icfs pro- 
 ^t i mud occaiiop fome reform of the home 
 icECono|iiy of Europe in raifinjg^, and of the 
 order of Police in bringing to the market, 
 the native articles of fupply of that Con- 
 tinent. Put further; thefe people by their 
 principle of being a free port in America, 
 and having z free market in Europe; by 
 their policy of holding themfelvcs, •• as 
 they are remote from all the wrangling po- 
 litics, fo neutral in all ^he ws^rs pf Europe :*' 
 
[ 85 ] 
 
 by their fpirit of enterprize in all the quar- 
 ters of the globe, will oblige the nations of 
 Europe to call forth within themfelves fuch 
 a fpirit, as mud change entirely its corn* 
 mercial fyftem alfb* 
 
 But will a people whofe Empire flands 
 ^ngly predominant in a great Continent s 
 and who, before they lived under their own 
 Government, had puihed their fpirit of ad« 
 venture in fearph of a North- Weft paffagc 
 to Aiia, which, as being their own difco- 
 very, they meant to have claimed as their 
 own peculiar right : will fuch a people fuf- 
 fer in their borders the eftablifhment of 
 fuch a monopoly as the European Hudfbn'a 
 Bay Company ? Will that enterprizing fpi- 
 rit, which has forced a moft extenfive com- 
 merce in the two Bays of Honduras and 
 Campeachy, and on the SpaniHi main, and 
 ,who have gone to Falkland's Iflands in 
 fearch only of whales, be flopped at Cape 
 Horn* or not pafs the Cape of Good Hope? 
 It will pot be long after their eftablifhmen^: 
 as an Empire, before they will be found 
 trading in the South-Sea and in China, 
 Jbe Du^ch will h^ar of them in Spice 
 
 Iflands, 
 
[86 t 
 
 Iflands« to which the Dutch can have no, 
 claim ; and which thofe enterprizing people 
 will contert, on the very ground, and by 
 the very arguments which the Dutch ihem- 
 felves ufed to contefl the fame liberty againft 
 Portugal. 
 
 By the conftant intercommunion that 
 there will be between Europe and Ameri- 
 ca; by the conftant correfpondence and 
 growing acquaintance that thei:e will be to- 
 wards the latter, it will be as well known, 
 in general, as Europe: by the continual 
 pafifage to and from that Continent ; by at- 
 tention to the nature of the winds, which, 
 however variable, have their general courfes; 
 by repeated obfervations on the currents in 
 the Atlantic, which (befide the general cur- 
 rent of the Gulf ftrcam and its lee-currents) 
 fet according to the prevailing winds, in va- 
 rious courfcs between the (hoaler and broken 
 ground j the paffagc will be better under- 
 ftood, and become every day fliortcr -, Ame- 
 rica will feem every day to approach nearer 
 and nearer to Europe. When the alarm which 
 the idea of going to a Jirangi^ and a dljlant 
 country gives to the homely notions of an 
 
 European 
 
[ 87 ] , . 
 
 European manufacflurer or pcafant, or even 
 to thofe of a country gentleman, (hall be thus 
 worn out, a thouTand repeated repulfive feel- 
 ings, refpedting their prefent home; athou- 
 fand attractive motives, refpedling the fettle- 
 ment which they will look to in America, 
 will raife a fpirit of adventure, and become 
 the irreliftible oaufe of an 2Xmo{k general Emi" 
 gration to that New World, Nothing but 
 fome future, wife, and benevolent policy in 
 Europe, or fome fpirit of the evil one,' 
 which may mix in the policy of America, 
 can prevent it. 
 
 The Great Creator hath Rationed a Che* 
 rubim, with a flamiRg fword, that turns 
 every way, and meets man at every avenue 
 through which he would pafs in quitting 
 life itfelf. Unlcfs the great Potentates of 
 Europe can ftation fome fuch univerfal, and 
 equally efficient, power of reftraint to pre- 
 vent man's quitting this Old World, mul- 
 titudes of their people will emigrate to the 
 New One. Many of the moft ufeful en- 
 terprizing Spirits, and much of ihe adive 
 property will go there alfo. Exchange hath 
 taught the flatefman of the vvcrld long ago, 
 
 that 
 
[ 88 ] 
 
 that thty cannot confine money : and the 
 ftate of the Empire of thefe European flates 
 muft fall back to an old feudal community, 
 in which its own people are locked up. and 
 from which all others are excluded, or com" 
 merce mil open the door to Emigratiori, 
 The Sovereigns of Europe, who are cog*" 
 nizantofthofe movements, and who know 
 how to eftimate their effedts, mufl feel 
 what an adventitious weight hence, alfo, 
 will be added to the encreafing fcale. 
 
 Such, upon a patient • invefligation 
 through pad experience doth the flate and 
 circumftances of things, in Europe and in 
 America refpedtively, appear to the Writer 
 of this paper : fuch, upon a comparative 
 view of the two worlds, in thofe points 
 which lead to amplitude and growth of 
 ilate, doth the combination of events, in 
 which they are mixed, appear. The Me- 
 morialift attempts not to reafon upon the 
 matter. He aims only, and that with all 
 humility, to point out to the contemplation 
 of thofe who mud a£t upon it, and who 
 (hould therefore reafon, the natural^ or,^ at 
 lea(^, probable tendency of effe^s flowing 
 
 from 
 
[ 89 ] 
 
 frooi it : and how thcfe relations of things 
 ^r-^l^gefq^ tt fiedera rerum, arc forming 
 what he C9ncci^es will be the New Syftetp. 
 He is neither fo unpra^ifcd in the world, 
 no fo abfurd, as to attempt to eHabliCi the£e 
 pra(^ical tfTuths by argument. He knows 
 the infiuei^ce that fettled principles and de-* 
 cided maxims have on the public as well as 
 private opinion^ that men meafurc every 
 degree of proof, and even dcmonftration 
 itfelf, by them. The fublime politician, 
 who fpa^iate^ in the regions of predeter- 
 mined fyAems, which no experience can ever 
 enlighten, will not (loop to reafon. The 
 man pf the world, narrowed by a fclfiOi 
 experience, which is worfe than ignorance, 
 will neither reafon nor feel. Befides, if in- 
 dividuals had dire(St and practical convidion 
 of the exigence of the fadts herein Aated, 
 and did adtually feel the truth of the ef- 
 fedts ; yet it requires fomething more mate- 
 rially operative to move collective bodies 
 of men. It is but (lowly that nations re- 
 linqui(h any fyflem which hath derived au- 
 thority from time and habit; and where 
 that habit pafTes for experience, and that 
 authority for truth. 
 
 N WJjsn 
 
f 9b' J 
 
 When contrary effedtSy condantly and 
 itniformly oppofing themfelves to the ac» 
 tivity of error, (hall ihakr men hefilab, 
 and raiie fome fufpicions that ali is not 
 right in the old ^em : when Experi- 
 ence, ob(crving (as it were) two (hips' 
 failing on the great ocean, (hall fee that 
 while the fails of the one^ inftead of being 
 fo ff t as to draw together, and to give the 
 vefTel its due courfe, do coanteradb each 
 other, and obftrudt its conrfe ; that it ts 
 repeatedly taken a-back, and with all its 
 buftle and a<Stivity makes but little way ; the 
 other t fetting all its fails as the nature of 
 the elements requires t zxA fo as all to draw 
 together, doth, in a one quiet unlhifting 
 trim, and in a one uniform (^eady courfe, 
 make great way, fo as to fail down the 
 other out of light : when Experience, having 
 Obfcrved this, (hall apply it to what he may 
 obferve in the different eifedls of the diffo* 
 rchtfyftems of the Old and New World; 
 Keafon will be heard. Truth will have its 
 force, and Nature a6t with all its powers. 
 Until fome great event (hall produce this 
 frame and temper of mind in the European 
 
 world. 
 
'■tl 
 
 . \ 
 
 C 9' 1 
 
 world, all reafoning will become the mere 
 theory of a vifionair; all argument the 
 downright impertinence of an obtruding 
 miiHonair. 
 
 Thofe Sovereigns of Europe who have 
 been led by the office-fydems and wordly 
 wifdom of their Miniflers; who feeing 
 things in thofe lights, have defpifed the 
 unfafhioned aukward youth of America ; 
 and have negleded to form connections, or 
 at leaft to interweave their interefls with 
 thofe of thefe ridng dates : when they (hall 
 find the fyftem of this New Empire not 
 only obflru^ing^ but fuperfeding the old 
 fyfl^m of Europe, and eroding upon the 
 effeds of all tneir fettled maxims and ac- 
 cuAorned meafures. they will call upon 
 thefe their Minifters and wife men. '* Comt 
 curje me this people t Mr they, are too 
 mighty for rne»* TheiiFilacefmei? will be 
 dumb, but the fpjiTit of truth will anfwer» 
 •* How Jhall / curfe wbpm God bath not 
 curfed ? Or kow Jhall I defy^ whom the 
 Lord hath not defied? From the top of the 
 rock I jee them^ from the hillt I bebol^ 
 them, ho! the people Jhall "DVfhhh A'lohil^ 
 
 N ^ 
 
 and 
 
i ^* 1 
 
 and Jhaii not tt reci^oned amongst 
 T'lTE Nations." America is feparitcd 
 from Europe i (he vO'ill dwell aloM: Shft 
 will have no connedtion with, the politics 
 of EUropfc ; and (he will not be reckoned 
 amon^fl the Nations. 
 
 On the contrary, thofe iov^rci'^ns of 
 Europe who ihall call upon their Minif^crs 
 to ftate to them things as Ihey do rmlly . 
 exift in Nature, and treating thbfe things 
 ij being 'what they are, (hill require of 
 t'he'ie Miniftcrs, that they take their fyftem 
 from Nature, inftead of labouring in vain, 
 to the mifery of mankind the mean while, 
 to force Nature to their predetermined 
 cJburies and fyftem : Ahd who (hall be. in 
 fuch circdmfiances and dtuatlon, as to be 
 able to form, if iiot the carlicf!, yet the 
 iftoft fute ahd natulral connexion with 
 North America, as being, what (he is. An 
 
 IieDEPENJi-EklT SrAtE, t«B MARKET Of 
 
 ANp A FRE« PORT To Europe; as 
 
 THAT BEING WfilCll MUST HAVE A 
 
 FRkE Market in £oro|>^, wi]l (coin* 
 dditJg ^^iih the mbvbments, and partaking' 
 Qi th? tilths of the new iy^tm) become 
 
t *3 J 
 
 (he prlhcipat Teaming iPower in Eurbpe« Sn 
 fegulating the courfes of the reft, and in 
 fettling the common center of alt. 
 
 England it the State that is in tdofe 
 ctrcumftances and in that iituation j the 
 iimUar modes of living and thinking, thp 
 fame manners and fame fafliions, the fame 
 language and old hahits of national love, 
 impreffed in the heart and not yet efibced, 
 the very indenting^ of the fracture whereat 
 North- America ftands broken oflf from 
 her, all confpire naturally to a ri/un&un 
 by alliance^ If, in the forming that junc- 
 ture, England, no longer afTuming to be 
 what (he no longer is, will treat America^ 
 and all other Beings, as what they really 
 are, (ht might flill have the afcendancy in 
 trade and navigation, might dill have a 
 more folid and lefs invidious power thaa 
 that 
 
 Magni Nominis umbra 
 with whijch (he braves the whole world i 
 (he might yet have an adtive leading in- 
 jtercft amongfl: the l^pwcrs of Eurc^pe. 
 But (he will not. As though the hand^of 
 judgment was upon her, England will not 
 Jee the things vibich make for her peace. 
 
 France, 
 
[ H I 
 
 . France^ oa the p3ntrary». already (and 
 iDther States will follow this example) 
 atknowledging tbofe States to he vibat ^b0 
 are* has formed alliance^ with them on 
 terms of perfect equality and reciprocity, 
 'And hehold the afcendant to w^iich ihe 
 directly, rofe from that politic humiliation. 
 
 There never was a wifcr or firmer ilep 
 tiken by any eftablinied power, than that 
 iKrhich the New States in America took 
 for thejr^f;^ fioting in this alliance ; there 
 never y^ras more addrefs, art^ or policy 
 ihewn by any State, than France has given 
 proof of in the fame; when both, agreed 
 and became allied on terms which exclude 
 no other Power from enjoying the fame 
 benefits, by a like treaty. 
 
 Can it be fuppofed that oth^r States^ 
 conceiving that the exclufivc trade of Eng- 
 land towards America is laid open, will 
 not defire, and will nqt have, their iliare 
 of it, and of the benefits ^o be derived 
 from it ? They certainly will. Here then 
 come forward the Beginnings of changes 
 in the European i^ftcm. j^ 
 
 There arc too courfes in which thi> 
 
 general 
 
« 
 
 \1% 
 •al 
 
 general intercommunion of commerce, Be- 
 tWixt Europe and Nbrth-Amcrica» may 
 cbme into operation : the one will lye in 
 ipecial and particular treaties of commerce^ 
 with fpecific regulations and tariffs, mad^' 
 feparately, from time to time, with each fe- 
 parate State : the other may come into Ope- 
 ration by ALL THE MARITIME STATES 
 
 OF Europe, either previous to, or In 
 confequence of fuch feparate treaties; 
 either previous to their engaging in a ge- 
 neral war, or upon the general fettlement of 
 a peace, meeting in some Congress td^ 
 regulate, amongd themfelves, as well as^ 
 with North-America, the pREt port, on 
 one hand, and the free market on the 
 other i as alfo, general regulations 6£ com- 
 merce and navigation, fuch as mud fuit this 
 free- tra tier, now common to them all, indif' 
 ferent'y, and without preference. Such 
 rcgu! Ions, in the firft place, muft exclude 
 all monopoly of this I'ource of fupply and 
 courfe of trade ; and fo far make an eflen- 
 tial change in the commercial fyftem : 
 fuch regulations, not having reference only 
 to America, but reciprocal references be- 
 tween 
 
[ 9^ 1 
 tween all tb« 9Gyp,ti;^lng , p^ri^s, trading 
 ixow. under differeixt cicciiinftaqceS) ayi^ 
 ilanding towards jcafh. ptbfr m ,di#$ic«iif: 
 predicaineiitSy mQ^ ot^cG^y change _ti^Cf 
 wbole of that fyfleqa in EiiiQpe. .^^u 
 
 The Aoiftrican, wall cooie to market mv 
 his QWQ flipping and will claiin iit pee^/ 
 as common i will claim a navigation rt-* 
 ftraintd by no laws but the laip af nations,. 
 reformed as the rifing €riii& reqiures i will, 
 claim a free market, not only for the goiods, 
 He brings* whencefoever be brings theoiy; 
 biit alio for the Aups in which he bringa 
 them i the fale of his (hipping will naake, 
 part of his con^merce. America being a^ 
 free port to all Europe, the American will, 
 bring tp Europe not only his own pecMliar, 
 ftafle produce, but every fpecies of hjis pro- 
 duce which the marlcet of Europe can take 
 off: he will expedt to be free to offer to 
 fale in the European market, every fpecie»^ 
 of wrought oiaterials, which he can mak& 
 to anfwer in that market : and farther, as 
 his commerce fubfifts, and is carried on by: 
 a circuitous interchange with other coun^- v 
 tries and regions, whence he brings arti**^ 
 
 clcs. 
 
f »7 ] 
 cksf Aol filBffy (os his own confoaption^ 
 twt as 1 1 rhituprtte trtklcs, with which, 
 tQtndc In fbfdfiiMriMlii ^-wiU claim, 
 as ime of dw coft^Wont t0f the^tv sitfritf/, 
 that thcfe foreigA crtickt» as well as his 
 own pFO(lti^« ftftU be cooildered^ free for 
 him to impDtt in his own flitppii^^ to fucb 
 market. Thoie States who ref^fe this at 
 firftf £seipg others acqoielce in it» and fee- 
 ing alfo hew they pfofLtby having articles of 
 iUpply and trade brought fo much cheaper 
 to them* will be obliged, in their own de- 
 fence, and to maintain their balance in the 
 commercial world, to accede to the fame 
 Ubfrty. Hence again, even if the Ameri- 
 can (hould not, by thefe means, become 
 the s^icendant intereft in the carryiog-trade, 
 and in (hipping and ieamen, a moil eflential 
 change muft arif^ in the European fyftem. 
 
 Again i the American raifes his produce 
 cbe^per^ and navigates cheaper, than any 
 other can : his (laple con^modities are arti* 
 cles.whijBh he alone can fupply ; thefe will 
 come to the market aflbrted with others, 
 which he thus can mqfi conveniently fupply i 
 and»^ unleifs the fame liberty and freedom 
 
 "-^;.^. O ■ of 
 
of trad^iW9<i%c e^jdfl, ^be»^lj>rooaHy 
 
 txifopiW^^JlfikimWM #htch flayer 
 can."' ' " ■■ ^^'>'^«^ «^''- •■ • ^1^^: 
 
 ifekh %riitg¥ ib'4R3# io Ki*- iMMlerof 
 trading Tcfr1rhdfS''irticles which hc pili'^ 
 ^yiafe^; tliat tKB IrBmmumt^ liv Ehif^c 
 liirifl beaffc(5e3, biittlflfltd, and ini^reRplK]. 
 There wiil be f6tind Wbt'Aiil^ a fair t^iit^ 
 jpetiftbli in tBelilcs, but the feeitliar dBi* 
 v//y of thc^Amcricafh will'riaife, of cburfe 
 and as nebcflTary, a fjnritand afttvlty ninongft 
 thofe who t:ome to th(i Mi(6 market. That 
 jjifculilt turn' ^F cli^ra^er in the Athcf i- 
 can, before delcriic^, ^iSM inqiUfitivenefV, 
 which In bul^cf^ir^infijitts a fpirit-of in- 
 veftigatioii to ^vtif^e^ent, and in i the 
 tnoft minute detail/ whtre? er inforihadon 
 is to be liad; df^ifelinld'eriablta them to 
 coridu6t their dealings i ri striade in a different 
 and more advantageous manner than is ufu- 
 ally priaftifed by tHte European metchflDt. 
 iHiey acquire a knowledge not only of<^he 
 hiark^ts of Europe; that is, of the -^ants 
 ^ . '■ and 
 
nd 
 
 t 99 1 
 ai^ ^pplfcs, hosw. they 9orfc(pond| and of 
 jkhek reUtiire l»lw»i.t[utjhey. never reft 
 ^l^y^jirp fiQf^feA <?f, in the .iK|oft mi- 
 iwhMi^W* iJpI^wMi^ oi§ycry axticle^rf 
 prpduGA And nuiliufadurc which cornea ip 
 -:thofe markets i until they, know, the jci^b- 
 li<b«^ctfH*« the o|)ci;ati9ns, and lUxe. prices 
 Hf labpuG^i?d the. pio^s made on each, 
 #g wdU or 5V<5«f bettejr i^n j^erchants of 
 $hf i«»»^try. theflafelye?. Jhis^ ftate. of wi- 
 ^mation^' j<?ined tp thcij: conamc|E:cial ^ac- 
 tiyity^ ieads tbf ti^ to^ the i^i^diate fojirces 
 ,cf all ihe.&pplUs tbcyj.jvant, t9 purchafe, 
 wi*oaM^>&oing thr«?gh,4hc ch^^^ 
 
 >d^^.trpi||bl^b,c.l^«^nJBj|g}s|nd aju} ^mcrica, 
 fevcfjil :pf the Sv^mm »?i»'c^a^s„ciper 
 %ially Ibpfe ^ ^^^W^^M^S .^^m^ 
 of their o^nJm^i^^M^^^ M^^!^ 
 infor©ic4X. heca^^^qr own favors, ^went 
 i»ini«d^telo^ jc^ I^Q'ix^fnujfaaurcrs in Bitr 
 iiningbAm, Wplverhaip|?ton, and Sheffield j 
 .^Oifchc woollenj n^apitfa^qrers in. Yorkfliirp 
 ; u«nd JL^ancaftiire r, to, |hofe of Liverpool j 
 ?umd to.thofe in tjie W?ft ij aqd opened an 
 
 O 2 immediate 
 
 r?9'>^ 
 
^Hnmediatetraffick wf«b th«m i| tjbe iifl: 
 
 'hand. This iame fpiril^^ inveftigilitfb, 
 
 ^nd this fame comiliercialradiviijr wUi4h 
 
 ^the fame manner a^uate^tlKeir -doalWigi 4fi 
 
 eyery other country of Emope wlkcpe they 
 
 h^vt la free laarket* -7^ iv 
 
 The ejffed arifing from this may ••(Ipei^f 
 
 at firil view to be di(adTantageoiM to ihoib 
 
 countries, and may ind<^ afbH the<^oiilr6s 
 
 of the Eoropean Merchant it^vHnnlllkf, 
 
 hot it will bcicome a general blefflng 10^^ 
 
 ^roibtoumty of every country at krge, by 
 
 b<eing the means of nifing a more gineM 
 
 competition an^l of diffb^g a mofo equal 
 
 pr proportional ihare ^ profit between ^ 
 
 ranks a|id orders of tbei»itoftrip^it> Whil^ 
 
 trade is fe)ely in Ae kaada of the Mfr^ 
 
 riiant. He, not tnm tllfr nature <of the 
 
 man» hot fr^ai thp mmm of trade it^f, 
 
 bears hard on iim pufdbaftr by his high 
 
 rate of pro^^ apd opptcJfcs the ma^ufaf- 
 
 turer by the bare Uviipf ftiwtt pf profit he 
 
 ifdlows him ; the M^rf^ant grows rich and 
 
 inagnificent, makgs a great buftle and ^ 
 
 great figure: the eye of thi wor)d« at- 
 
 traced by the j^lare of tbe^ mofcaotile in^, 
 
 1 
 J 
 I 
 1 
 
 t 
 
i *^ I 
 
 Htfiatiittrii iM 4ef}r^ &<*n< f he d«fr«^Ni 
 
 a ccrtaSn difaksatioa fwm tkexiwa^^ 
 loodrwHilh wonii ^Htmik %ft prp4me^f 
 Jt t»flr Mttt :be lirdl i^th tiijr (imWqr 
 vthdn the M^rtlkiiitr nitrFfMmts^ or l9!)|fiP 
 il&e #fince is ' '^ MfK^t^t. TJif |B«pp 
 
 4ts, itis left id quantity .fi6ii <y^ mvuM^ 
 ration) ^iil he can^ to vtlRri(e^. If fVfll 
 4ie bis inter^ft'ta keep tkc! tmtkfSt ftaUETily 
 Aodbed; it wiUbecQf^1iis1iiterel|« ^ilk^s 
 colliterai dcbafion ^h{|^ this jftHl gm 
 \Am P" repre&nrt the demaii<jl ^ [fhf 
 mark^ its decre^fed, ibif ihii^ he ViriS keep 
 down thetnaimfkil^^'f |»ro8t. Wbeceai^ 
 on the coi|fra#f» t* ths momtnt th^ Q0mr 
 mtt^ beeonfien'five and openi aiKl« hy Uiq 
 intentnxturfe df this American fpirilt ^ 
 trade, runr^ with faif^ competition* ia (t 
 broader t^ahnel : The merchant mttft 
 inlike his Wrty by beirfg content with fhiftll 
 profits^ and hy doing a deal of bufinftft dn 
 
 thoft 
 
 mr' 
 
Av^dbl ' WHich 1i^ ufttf ftf ^ > antf^he otlkr 
 ^m^'dbtBin-^df^niiftj'ec}^! lUa>r'ortlie pra- 
 ^^i<^h ti^f^^dlfMH^^bor; 'Mbre iirork 
 VUti^ dd^cl'illb ^ts-df indtiftry more 
 
 '^f^d^ly diftfibtiiii^'^^hireitoolMiiMtf of ^ 
 
 "imfff ntitritioyib ]^U VM be^ diffiifSd 
 
 l!hlP4)i%h the Idtfdnreilbls; and gi^ ofiiverfU 
 
 -hk khd health/ and ihdre perfed eknberance 
 
 %f gftwth to^thc ip^holecommttifty. 
 
 ' If thefeiaa^ be'true, 'aifd thirreprcfenu 
 
 tdtie(rl^of effe^r* Ibe^acco^ding tb Nalbr^ ; 
 
 %iid if^ihefe b{>edi%idm taicethis ^ourfe; it 
 
 •^fll be ficcdlcfs to^^irtt but to the (hrcwd 
 
 *ipeculations of ' the'knerbhants, what their 
 
 i<j6ttdaa: muff rttccflkrily be j but it will 
 
 biihoVe the Stat^ftneh in the fcvcral Go- 
 
 vift-ntnents of Europe to be aware, that, 
 
 ^Whilethis change' is in operation, they do 
 
 n6l fufFer the merchiant to perfuade them, 
 
 thfll the general commerce is languifhrng 
 
 and in decay, merely becaufe there is not 
 
 ^iheiame parade of wealth* (n fhch dazzling 
 
 •^toft) inftances. 
 
*» 
 
 lo 
 
 tQ the mirked^ftfupply gi/ubfiftc/J^c^fn^ 
 
 ioquke, . vhdllcritWe .is. jj^pt plentj ti^,? 
 
 I^xt to the rude pr^dpc^, wbic;h (A^j^jl^e 
 
 bai^s 4if nMuiufa<Sliutcj,^ftQd ^nqjiirq, ipj^f 
 
 tbec, wbUe.^moce, at^drjo^P ifidujOtjy-^jif 
 
 daily caUMi fQrtb«M.U i.a ^AQt, eiQployf4^p4 
 
 more adequately, piid skyr^ frm^i^d ,exff ndf 
 
 ed ^at I j)lni ^whether, wl^ile the i^i^mj^^s 
 
 '^^and. ingtnjiitif of. ip^q^j^iadtArers increafes 
 
 ^Iind advancesi sthpyt do apt sft^liyp ja^j^c 
 
 comforl^Wy, . fo f i.tp fee ^ a}}}e |o ^ mai^tj^ 
 
 and coi^ej|iiQnt](yA iVjia<^» ,»|o have, ;iiji^ 
 
 preafi{)^ faoulilti vs^et^er popul^ipn ^es 
 
 ^ not pragrcfli«^l|t:iBftfi|eafe, jRs it jix^t^^Ac 
 
 iburcesof iadytry. ^^i einpjijpjfpi^ixt.aiul ^ay. 
 
 ^t them, M the fumr^^^^guard s^gaipf^the 
 
 narrowed, in^rcft ni4 ,c|cc}!i|fivc ji;emp?!r q( 
 
 trade ; . |vhiiejhe^ <eficoi|r?ig5^ 4^ ^« '^^^^^^^ 
 
 twe principle oj\ general communion, „thc 
 
 genuine fpirit and life,of cpn^mcrcc. . i^t 
 
 .; The Political Fpunders of the old iyftem 
 
 in the old world, vyrcre totally ignorant of 
 
 i^ythis pxinciple of commerce : they feem not 
 
 to have underwood howthi? fruit-bearing 
 
 tret 
 
 I 
 
M*4 J 
 
 vMdi Inftetd of prepiiiag, dM^ .wtflied 
 to impoi^fli tll# iott from i^nc^ Mt 
 ihotM huve drtWA itt nvtiilioAs it ^waa 
 Vfitaom with them to riiMl«r 4ieirncig)i«>' 
 Hoiirt and ciiftomirt poor. Tliey cnoipad 
 ^d inaiigled ilie verf roots by the varioot 
 wayf ia mdiidi j^pttlatioo was obftroacd; 
 liieir impttiaiit atirko ilppad Um ve^ 
 bole of its fital finl^ lb at to drain off 
 f^A circulatiofiy which ihould giirt ntilri** ^ 
 ^bd and efitfreaft to ht by « wretched 
 
 id^theftock bf labbulr and profit Irom ac* 
 ctmniladng. They cut off the bearing 
 Bnintbes (die hv^b^Mssmk and munufac- 
 marifH hying^ag thoft i^bM memberi 
 to ^t barren labonri of d^r ibuidiiig 
 khxofi And whallillli Jhiit, after idl, the 
 pdbrkngtlM ifawring Tree coiM produce* 
 tkty gadtered into monopoMseing (lores, 
 left others ihonld fliare die profit of it^ 
 ftrtif the Statefinen of the prefent more en- 
 l%htened age Witt follow where experience 
 grbiinded in die aftud date of things, leads 
 M'trnth and right, they will throw the 
 
 sidtivity 
 
 s- 
 
[ »»5 1 
 
 a^fvity of mankind into tU |iroper. C0^rfc 
 of prodii^ve labour. When man ha(h 
 the Itbenty of exerting, hit adive pow.er.8 of 
 indudry or'inge»uit7« ashe can makejibfiixi 
 the moft produ^ive, and findi a. (hc 
 market for what he produces, and his 
 (hare of profit in proportion tp his ef^cjen- 
 cy in creating it, then is the ground My 
 prepared for the e»)creafing populatiQ»». 
 6pulence> and ftrength of the. community.; 
 ihen will the Sov.ercigns of this old world 
 find their founded intereft* and mpil q$- 
 cient power, arifing into^ a^ipplitudp, and 
 growth of ftate, through means of their 
 Feople's happinefs. 
 
 «Jf 'tha:SovereigB8 o( Europe (hould now 
 at length find in the example of England, 
 that the fyftcm of e(labli(hing colonies in 
 diftant regions and various climates, in 
 order to create a monopoly of the }.^uU%r 
 ^rodu6: of the labour of the people whom 
 they fend thither* is at an end; and would 
 turn the fame attention, with the > fame 
 seal, to cognizing ■ at home ; that is, 
 •iiiould, like the Police of China, give 
 iburce and exertion to their own internal 
 -> . P powers 
 
I 1^ 1 
 
 powerf of pR>difa!i6ii» (hoold cultivafd their 
 wade Itnds, •nd^lmprove their agrioulturli^ 
 «nd* in Its due torn, give '€^ty eftcoitfagt^ 
 ment to manufadurci if> they would abo* 
 lifli all thofe uieleTs bonds ^ fiftvery, whicih 
 operate in corporations and oorporation^ 
 laws; which 6:1 down the a^ivity of the 
 human being, as it were a phnt» to a local 
 vegetable life, where its real po^w^rsure 
 fettered and locked^'upy which repdl til 
 quality and tompetition, which obflru^fc or 
 <]iervert the inery fpirit.of commtiition, and 
 render thofe^ who < fhould live under it, 
 ^iens* to each other : As .all tliofe wretch^ 
 ed remnants of barbarifm Ufall be removed, 
 ths prodoAiv* powers of tho community 
 will create' thofe iurplufes whkh will ^- 
 come t&0 fotfrcit *alnd >in the dbe coUrfe df 
 nature^ i^pen in their tUHi tbn cbanmiU ef 
 
 Tf the European Statbfhien^ fromMexpeh 
 rienco of ' what has pad, and l>ton the ^fk^ 
 fe<^ of the fyftem of ExiFope ; from iivruii- 
 tive' experience of the progreffive t State of 
 Ati^erica; ^otild fee the ^felMbftMlion 
 •whi(2h ari^S' fronb attempts to> fbrce «n #3ii> 
 
 i clufive 
 
tf 
 
 cxumpled of SpA4a.ao4 Spglan4r tjnf 
 diAppoiatcd end# pf aj^tcu^pts-lai^ft^r 
 bli(h a miaofi^y i rf .mvigatm ifr n ^ 
 yw^ «/" h^'Wit. ipftc»d : of. crcatiflj^;.^ 
 maifitainmg *^;l)y |hf fpiri^.jof ,sM«;aftj|r^ 
 
 commerce! flip«l4 ftc, tfeat irfl.^hc fP?%" 
 lures o£ preifitUsQfiJ, hy wj^ich.f^e jC;^f/(l 
 
 Statei of EMCppf! lajK>WhJ^f*aF«f* tfe^f^ 
 do but dcprftfa ; fhwnWv^i Xbey jUjay . f^t 
 licngth £011^ taa tei;nper in.i}4n]^^g^ ^^t 
 Icaft, if thoy «a,orjot ycti,bftqg, ti^nf^ipUfiS 
 fo to :a^,i that to giyg fr^?e4pn?> ifeopq, m^d 
 adivit^ t<> cpr»«n^rc^> fe ^Jif tr+i^ f)^*;^! 
 
 opcr^tic3«j\s ifi^a(9tyalJy<;pmfMcrqi^l^ ^ ^./ja, 
 ir lAU tWs, A k^KiiW, wijl .be caH^d <p^f?^ 
 latioiiij a|)d it is Ind^fBc), i^s^t |>r<;fe<\f > / JM 
 mcra ithpjory i , y^t b^viflg, by 4 /fcBWc Pf 
 €^pmm:^m : *iv Fcp^^tfid ^ft»n^ll» , aiMJ^ ip 
 foaie^ gWt- knpor^r ife^Af xh^xfr^pf^/ftiofH 
 whkb l^vp hm cpn^mnfii; and irejfS^4 
 In 9n6 m^nirp have, it>, their due ffia^f^» 
 
 bf GQBRc I ^fv^'iy^ wjjdom in a^Qfi^^ri 
 
 ^jk\\ (hf>pjng ih^^ 1 do tnot pji^fti^e htop 
 mucbil proeeird iPithis if^utoipn^. .: na^d 
 
 's*'«j 
 
 p 2 
 
 t 
 
 I will 
 
C «o8 ] 
 
 I will fuppofe, that the Statefmen of 
 the old world, checked at leaA in their 
 career of war ; entertaining fbme doubts, 
 orhefitation at lead, on the principles and 
 maxims of their old iydem; perceiving 
 that the oeconomical adlivity in Europe is 
 on the turn to take a new courfe ; feeling, 
 in fad, the force and expanding operations 
 of an adive commerce ; finding themfelves 
 under the neceffity of making fome reform 
 at leaft, ^^^/« tbemfthes to /peculate, how, 
 amidft a number of Powers of trade, 
 fhifting their fcale, an even balance may 
 be formed, and fecured in cftablifhment ; 
 how, amidft a number of fluctuating inte> 
 rcfts, buoyant on the turn of this great 
 tide in the affairs of mat, an equal level 
 may be obtained and maintained. If this 
 fhould lead them to review their old 
 iyftem, and they ihould , perceive how it is 
 of itfelf prepared for change, perhaps 
 they may find that Commerce, which 
 might have rifen by a competition in 
 an adtive induftry, a retentive frugality, 
 and exertions of ingenuity, hath lon^ 
 bee;i an ^xclufive fcrambling rivalfhip'; 
 
 ■^■- that 
 
 ^ 
 
•s 
 
 .t 
 
 [ 1^9 ] 
 
 that * Commerce, inftead of being (as ia 
 it's trae nature it is) an equal, equable, 
 univerfal operation of communion^ which 
 concenters the enjoyments of all regions 
 ^nd climates, and confociates men of 
 all nations, in a one mutual communion 
 of all the bleilings of Providence: when 
 actuated as it hath been, by a repellant fel« 
 iiih principle> hath operated in Europe un- 
 der the old fyftem* as the golden apple of 
 Difcord, and been to the feveral neigh- 
 bour nations an occafion of jealoufies of 
 each others powers of enjoyment; alter- 
 nate depreflions of each others interefts ; 
 and a never- ceafipg fource of wars for 
 many of the latter ages of the world : per- 
 haps they may alfo then fee that treaties 
 of peace by which thefe have been termi- 
 nated, are but truces ; and that guarantees 
 are but fo many entangling preparations for 
 future yrsLts, 
 
 While they cannot but fee things to 
 have been fo, on one hand, they will, I 
 
 ihould 
 
 ur.,' • 
 
 Quid quod omnibus Interfc popuHs commerdum dedit f 
 Ingens Naturz benefictutn, fi illud in injuriam fuam noa 
 yertat honvnum fiu-or. Sencce Nat. Queil. Lib. 5 and 18. 
 
ihovitd however Hope, i have fatisiadlion In 
 jperceiying, t)iat the 'manners of mankind^ 
 Ibftencd and foioothed by degrees, have at 
 lefigth become more huoiani^d ; thck fo- 
 tlctf and police more civilized ; that the 
 y/ritld at large hath been rifing nearer and 
 nearer^ every day, to a merid^ which 
 liath enlarged it^ views, which hath en« 
 Itightenedj and Infufed a more gqAerou^ and 
 Hberil rpirit into i$;tbat although many 
 fit pht cid, oppreffive, deprefling forms and 
 Infliitutionc cf Governn)ent) a« they refped); 
 the <:ukivatorS of the earth, the manufac- 
 twcTf ihe internal market, the merchant 
 1^ external commerce^ have not yet been 
 mflnally fboliflicd; yet that prad;ioe> in the 
 tdminiflration of thofe governiinents^ hath 
 by' various accommodations* various faqili* 
 ticSy abrogated ^their word and moil mif^i* 
 chievous operations; that the adivity of 
 man finds every day more and mor«, a freer 
 courfe; that it finds itfelf encouraged, 
 where it is in a (ituation fo to do, to engage 
 In the culture (if I may fo exprefs myfcif ) 
 pf the fruitfulnefs of the feas; that artifi- 
 cers and manufadurers begin to feci motives 
 
 which 
 
 
q III ] 
 
 whkh ilbt oh]^ pVokipf ehfeir indufti-y, "tftft 
 tncoiirage ihiit ifjgenuity 5 di^t there iftc ^ 
 thoufands ways and channe!s^ (wWcE 
 though Prided will ttof bpcrt, 'Pruden<5fe will 
 cdnnlve at) through which the ii>tefecfurie 
 of markets finds every year a more fVefe and 
 unreftVained vent J and that tlie a<fHve at* 
 traction and free fpirit t>f edmmefce Is; like 
 ihe fpirit of life.^diffiifing iffelf througti^hfe 
 whole mafs oF BbK)pe. They Will^^fihk 
 that, in fact, there it an end to all theft 
 mofiopolmng Jyftems \ that there is an abfoU 
 lute impracticability, and total inefficiency 
 \ti fevery line and effort 'of their >^]>^^it/tf 
 fftedfures. Experience of pad efF©(?:s wil/, 
 in the courfe of this review, marU ¥6 tlidm> 
 that any one of thole fowers of Eurbpe, 
 who woulld aim to deal with th'e reft df 
 mankind with an Unequal balailfceij who 
 'would endeavour t6 pile up the flow of 
 their commerce in a channel above the 
 level of the cirfcumfliieiit commerce*} will 
 only find in the end, that they have raifid 
 amongft their neighbour nations, a fpirit of 
 jealOufy, a revuilion, and a temperof uni- 
 verfal fivaifhip, that lliall confpire to wreft 
 
 that 
 
I U2 ] , 
 
 that falle balance out of their hands, and to 
 deprefs them down again, to a level with 
 the reft of the world. No other effedt ever 
 did or could derive from the European 
 iyftem of commercial policy i thefe are the 
 univerfal laws of nature, analogous in the 
 moral, to thofe which operate in the na- 
 tural world. The cities of Italy, thofe of 
 the Low Countries, the States of Portugal, 
 Holland, England, have all in their fea- 
 ibn, and for their period^ as commercial 
 powers, arifen iabove the common level of 
 the reft of the world i but over-prefling 
 with a weight which was felt as unequal, 
 by thofe placed below them; they have 
 each, in its turn, found, even in the mo- 
 ment of their higheft elevations a general 
 rifing all around them, and themfelves 
 finking £0 the common level. 
 
 If the Statefmen of Europe Should, at 
 length, begin to liften to thefe experiences, 
 and to reafon on thefe principles, they, 
 reafoning, not like philofophers on abftradt 
 theory, but like politicians on the adtual 
 ftate of things, and wrought thus to a 
 temper of treating, and adting towards 
 
 things 
 
• 
 
 a 
 
 9. 
 
 Is 
 
 rs 
 
 \, 
 
 things as they really are i they mud fee how 
 much it is the intereft of All, to liberate 
 caiJh other from the Rejlraints, Probibitiotis 
 and ExcbifionSf by which they have reci- 
 procally aimed to reprefs, and keep back 
 that induftrious a£tlvity, or at lead the 
 cffcd: of it, which fhould othcrwife have 
 given fource, in each refpedively, to the 
 common benefit and intereil of All : They 
 will fee ♦ ** that the moft advantageous 
 ** way which a landed nation" [prepared at 
 the foundation as in this paper defcribed} 
 ' can take, to encourage and multiply 
 ' ArtiHcers, Manufadturers, and Merchants 
 « of their own, is to grant the moft perfe<ft 
 ' freedom to the Artificers, Manufadturers, 
 * and Merchants of every other Nation :" 
 That the Repulfive Syfiem, and Exclujive 
 Navigatiorif on the contrary, lowers the 
 value of their own internal furplufes, by 
 railing the prices of all things which muft 
 be bought with them : And gives alfo to the 
 Artificers, Manufacturers, and Merchants, 
 
 Q^ a mO' 
 
 * Dr. Adam Smith, 
 
[ i<4 ] 
 
 u monopoly againjl their own land" workers : 
 Seing this, they will encourage Populatton, 
 firft internally, by preparing the ground for 
 the roots, which is the natural and nioH: 
 efficacious means, as hath been feen in 
 America ; next by an univerfal Naturaliza- 
 tion and Liberty of Confcience. Should the 
 Sovereigns of Europe at length fee this truth 
 manifefted by experience, which the poli- 
 ticks of Statefmen, and the myfleries of 
 Tradefmen,havc fo long hid from their eyes; 
 that a general and univerfal freedom of 
 Commerce^ under the prefent confpiring 
 flate of the men and things of the com- 
 mercial world, can operate only to promote 
 in the people of each Nation, the ncccffity 
 of an adlive induAry, oeconomy, fobriety, 
 experimental ingenuity, and a temper of 
 equal juftice, coinciding with the general 
 communion of Commerce i and that thefe 
 virtues while they render each particular 
 national community produdtive, populous, 
 opulent and ftrong, do unite the intereft of 
 the Sovereign and the happinefs of the Peo- 
 ple, in the power of the State : Elevated as 
 their lituation is, and above all local, par- 
 tial 
 
A^ 
 
 X "5 J 
 
 tial views, they niuO: fee, that, if Nature 
 has fo formed Man, if policy has fo framed 
 Society, that each labouring in his defined 
 and defined line of labour, produces a fur- 
 plus of fupply, it is the law of Nature and 
 of Nations, it is of perfecSt juftice as well as 
 policy, that men and nations (hould be 
 free, reciprocally to interchange, and re- 
 fpedively as their wants mark the courfe, 
 thcfe furplufes: that this Communion of 
 Nations with each other, by which they aid 
 and profit each themfelves, each other and 
 all, is a right which may be enjoyed and 
 cxercifed in its true and genuine fpirit, and 
 to its utmbfl extent, except in time of 
 war, but even to great degree in time of 
 war, without interfering in the political 
 and civil power of the world ; and that (if 
 fo) it ought to be thus enjoyed and cxer- 
 cifed to the benefit and intereft of each, 
 and to the common good of all. 
 
 To thofe who fee things as they are, and 
 reafon upon them as being what they are, the 
 fpirit of thofe exclufive laws of navigation 
 which obftrudt an equal fyftem of univerfal 
 communion* in commerce, will appear as 
 
 Q^a the 
 
 I 
 
 riH»^. ^ 
 
I „6 ] 
 
 the fpirlt of piracy i nv^iU appear in the ex- 
 treme execution of them at the breaking 
 out of hoftilities, and oftentioMS even in 
 declared war, the fame in the thing ;aiid 
 fad: as the robberies of thofe States which 
 the Powers of £urope have decidedly called 
 Piratical : they will fee that the Common 
 Ocean, incapable of being defined, inca« 
 pable of a fpecial continued occupancy, 
 incapable of receiving exclui:v«ly the la- 
 bour of any individual perfon or State 
 mixed with it, is incapable of becoming 
 an objeB ef property s that however the 
 Authority of an ufurped power of religion, 
 however the Force of Empire, "may at- 
 tempt to ^ive imaginary boundaries to the 
 open, .unbounded, undefined parts- of this 
 Common Ocean, drawn by thofe who were 
 asignorant of Aftronomy and Qeography, as 
 they were of the laws of Nature, as ignorant 
 of Heaven as of Earth, boundaries which 
 common juilice never can fix, nor which 
 common fenfe ever can find ; it can never 
 become an obj0 of dominion; and that, there- 
 fore, the Ocean ihould in policy, as it is 
 in faA, remain common and free 
 
 Pervium cun^is iter. 
 
 If 
 
IS 
 
 If 
 
 I 117 ] 
 
 If thie Spv^erdj^ of Suibpe (hoold lA 
 this vi«w of things conceive that the Com^ 
 mercial Syftem of Europie is chan|;iDg ift 
 h€t, and in wifdoni and policy Should be 
 changed} thit the great Commerce of 
 North America, emancipated from itr pro* 
 vincial Aate« not only coincides with, but 
 is a concurring caufe of^ this change 1 thtC 
 tie prefent combination of tbefe roenU 
 form a crifis^ which Providence^ as it wer«k 
 with a more than ordinary interpofitioH 
 hath prepared : and that Heaven itself (eims 
 to call upon them, to whom it hath com^ 
 mitted the intereft and happinefs of 'man* 
 kind, toco-operate witbits gracious Vto* 
 vidence : if likening to the voice of rea'^' 
 fon, who brings experience in her hand* the/ 
 ihould be convinced that of all the frnitikift 
 follies, which rivalChip of ambition, or the 
 reftlofs recklefs a^ivity of politics hath ever 
 drawn them into, there is nothing fo ab- 
 furd as warring againft each other about an 
 objcft which, as it is feparated from Eu- 
 rope, will have nothing to do with its em- 
 broils, and will not belong exclufively to any 
 of them. If lidening to this voice, which 
 
 I 
 
X "8 3 
 
 HI that of an AngeT^ announcing peace and 
 gOQd-will to mankind, fummons them to 
 leaye 60rthe endl^fs ufelefs operations of war; 
 to confider the prefent cri0s as an obje^St 
 pf Council and not of War ; and, therefore, 
 to meet in communications and intercourfe 
 of their rcafoning powers : fur^ly thefe So- 
 vereigns, who hold themfelves to be tht 
 Vicegerents of Heavcn'k power on earth, 
 will a€t with this its manifcAed fpirit and 
 will. 
 
 The maritime powers of Europe, let 
 tbcm continue the war to what length of 
 time they may, mud. (before peace, refpedt- 
 iDg that continent, refpe(5ting /America, and 
 the mixed interefls of Europe and America, 
 can be even treated of ) tnuil convene by 
 their Confuls. Commiffioners,,or other Mi- 
 sifters, in order to confider the feveral 
 points on which the war broke out, the 
 points in claim and in adtual contefV, the 
 points €n which they may fafcly fufpend 
 hoftilities, the points which mud form the 
 bafis of treaty, and which will enter into 
 the future fyftem, the point on which peace 
 by that fyftcm may not only be made but 
 
 . eflabliflied 
 
'[ rf9 
 
 ^fl;abU(hed simdn^ft thb nations of the At* 
 laii^tic oc^aifi. Will not* tfh'ch Tcafoii and be* 
 ncvolencc,' iii^hich (m^hii pcctrliat crlfis^ 
 true policy and thdr r%hll Ahd'bcft irttcrtft 
 
 IS induded; fuggeft to their heamV and ac^ 
 tu!ate their Councils to convene a Conjjj^ci«i 
 before they are enga^ei^in further hoJiiHtier^ 
 before the dcfvaftatioh of ' l^ar extends^riii^ 
 arid miftry yet furtlierf 'Morale fuchtiidii 
 furc, derived • fr<hn'-^th*e • fa'Hiie* icelkigii -iatid 
 reafonings, adtiiated i>y ' the fame motfves, 
 arid p6in ting tb the ft'tii'c^vieWs, as iedtb^ 
 the ft vera! great Tradinjg Bodies' of Europe 
 tb convene in a CoiiGtais^, Which gai^e'riie 
 to the Hanfektic League, is neither -cbn*^. 
 trary to, nor out 'of the courfe of public 
 bufincfs ; but is,^on Vhe other hand, what 
 the nature of the prefent crifis in a more 
 than ordinary neceffity requires. In thi§ 
 model there is example in fadt, precedents 
 in wifdom and policy, applicable in the 
 fame manner to aimed the fame cafe as 
 theq cxifted. If the Statefman, who on 
 fuch occaiions are to advife their Sove- 
 reigns, fhould think that this example docs^ 
 not come up to the prefcnt cafe, or that the 
 
 mechanic 
 
 11 
 
 'h 
 
 I 
 
 .OLil 
 
IPdcl^aale comni^erGy; rcAfoMog of fucli; 
 }u>fnel^ psM'tieSfCs^i, Q^vcf be a mo(M ^ f^P 
 ifuhlii;iic of po^fif ^^ this ppf r^ ( juft ^r 
 ieryiog ia the pafllng^ that thoCe w^o think 
 fo, icAow. nothing of the wifdom of that 
 I^fa9^e) woA^d xn^d humbly recommend it 
 to thefp^ St^ftneni, tak iog, up. the fubjed^ ]« 
 ^;ei^ged, JibcnJi^ philofophic view, to 
 consider dij(pafik>nately, and weigh tho- 
 roughly, mbetbfir Jbmt G^j^ehal CavNciL, 
 on the model of thai concerted, between the 
 grea^ Henry of France ^d Elisi^beth of 
 ]&pglaad| two as nobb fjnrits and at wife 
 politicians as the VFOx;ld hath fincc feeo, 
 JbwUnot HMv beprapofifi.,. This Memoire 
 ()ops not mesA ^ Qfners^ Council, ^eded 
 inio the fame eAaJblininaent (akhougl nn 
 the fame bafe) 2& their 4tfign^ vfent to, 
 which was to t^e forming a Council of 
 AdminiAration« for regulating, and cpndudk- 
 ing a general political Jyjlem of all Europe. 
 The general Council here fuggefted, is /im- 
 ply and definedly a Csuncil of Q^merfe, for 
 all, Europe and North America (abfplutely 
 exQlufiye of all and every point, of politics) 
 f^^med by the feyeral Sovereigns fending 
 
 11'. *^"'' 
 
[ .M 1 
 
 il^bmmiflioners or Minlfters to conVehe^ as 
 a Chaltibcr or Board, reprefenting the fe- 
 Vcral {Commercial Interefts of eaeh State } 
 lind, on a gfcn«!ral liberal plati and' fyftem 
 of commerce, the cohjanfk and confociated 
 tomnon iritcreft of All. As fuch it fhbnld 
 iremain a (landing perpetual Council of de« 
 liberatioh and ad vibe, arid a seat op jtj- 
 t>iciAL Administration common to 
 all. •' CoHiinuellement ajemble en tofps de 
 ^* Senaf pom* delilferer fur Us affair a fur-' 
 *• venanfes, s'occuper h difcuter les different 
 ** inferits, pacifier les querelks, eclaircir ^ 
 ** vuider tons les affaircs^-^potir affurer tfik" 
 ** tuellefnent • la liiierti dh commerce,** Alfo 
 as a Great Ai«D General Court op 
 Admiralty, to take cognizance of fuch 
 mattet^s of commerce ib litigation, as/ ac- 
 cording to its eftablifhmcnt, (hall comcf 
 duly before it : ind^ of all offences which 
 fhall be coiiiniitted againft thofe general 
 and cbmmon laws of trade, which fl^all 
 have been, with ratification of the S6ve«* 
 reign Powers, eftabliilied by it. 
 
 Scrch a Council might not only prevent a 
 frt'bft dreadful general war^ which (eems to 
 
 R ' - 'be 
 
 ■I 
 
[ I« 1 
 
 be coming on in Europe; but, if it iliould 
 be fo happy as to agree on fuch reglsments 
 25 would eftabliQi peace at prefent, might, 
 for ever after be the means to prevent all 
 future occaiions of v^ar, arifing from com* 
 mercial quarrels. Or^ if the rage of war 
 did force itfelf upon ihe world, it would 
 then be a Seat of common judice, open to all 
 nations, for the relief of the peaceable, in« 
 duftrieus, and innocent, who ihould. be ac> 
 cidentally or iniquitouily injured by any of 
 the warring parties : a feat of fuch juilice 
 as does not exiil, and cannot be expected, 
 in any private national Court of Admiralty, 
 in the prefent date of nations. Whatever 
 is the fate of every other part of this pro- 
 pofition, the prefent entangled, confound- 
 ed, vague ilate of the marine law cf na- 
 tions> feems to be fuch, as creates a necef- 
 fity, which mud draw this part into eftab- 
 lifhment. At prefent, all principle, rule, 
 and law, feems to be as much loft and gone,^ 
 as if the nations were fallen back to the old 
 ftate of piracy, under their old barbarifm, 
 Europe cannot, even in war, go on under 
 the prefent abrogation of all treaties* and 
 all the laws of natioas. 
 
 If 
 
E »23 ] 
 
 • If the ftate of things, if the combina- 
 tion of events are, in fa£V, fuch as mark 
 the necedity «f fome fuch General Coun- 
 cil : If the minds and tempers of Sove- 
 reigns, whofe hearts are in the hands of 
 Providence, be in fuch frame as the impref- 
 fion of thefe things feems naturally to make: 
 And if under this vievir of things, ^nd in 
 this fpirit of wifdom, they (hould fend 
 their Commiflioners or Minivers to con- 
 vene in fuch a General Council, with 
 powers and inflrudlions to form fome gene- 
 ral laws and eflabli^hment on the ground 
 of. Universal Commerce: the cardinal 
 poiilts which will mod likely come under 
 deliberation will be : id. How far» in right, 
 and how far in policy, it may be heft for 
 All, to e(labli(h, on mutual agreement, the 
 Mare Liberum : and how far each in- 
 dividual nation, (providing for the fecurity 
 of that peculiar property and dominion 
 which they have, occupy, and duly hold, 
 in local. defined bays and harbours, &c. 
 eaclofed within the boundaries and coads of 
 their landed dominions) may accede to this 
 i cdabliihment, as a law of nations. 
 ^ . R a zd\y, 
 
 If 
 
 ri I 
 
2dly. How far the univcrfal Jus Na^;- 
 G AND I may b^, or can be eftablifhed* 
 confiilent with the prefent national claims 
 of the feveral Maritime States ; or how 
 rhofe may be accomrpodated, mutually and 
 reciprocally, fo as to lead to fuch eftabliih* 
 m^nt hereafter. On this ground they wil) 
 naturally meet each other, in forming at 
 leail fome general fyilem of regulations and 
 laws,, common to all, under which thi^ 
 ufliverfal commerce may a€t and be pro- 
 tedted: So tha*^ the exercife of this right 
 may extend whcrefoever the ocean flows, . 
 and be as free as the air which wafts i% 
 over that ocean in all directions. H^*** 
 
 .3dly. This will lead to deliberation on 
 
 the. LiBERTAS UNIVERSALIS COMMERt . 
 CIORUM, FREE PORTS, and FREE MAR-> 
 
 K£TS, in open equal trafHck. 
 
 As a concomitant meafure, or at leaft 
 (thefc being fettled) as a neceflSiry confe- . 
 quence of them, the Members of this 
 Council mud enter into convention, after- 
 wards to be ratified by the refpedtive So<f/< 
 vereigns, of reciprocal ilipulations and 
 terms> as to Port Duties and Market Tolls. 
 
 The 
 
 iV 
 
^J^ adj^dmeni: of ihts ktter p6int wilt 
 (derive, and naturally^ fake its form from 
 the mode pf the e(b]bli(htnent of th^ three 
 forn^er matters. They will, however^ h& 
 beft anet m.o(i wJfely fettled, by thofc' 
 Staft& who 2*6 ill circumffences which 
 efiable theiri, ai#d who are undet fuch' 
 ar fpirit of wifdbto as wi» dirta them^ 
 to aboliih, by degrees, all Port Outies;^ 
 and to rai^ their revenue by Excife, Taillfcs, 
 and other internal iburces of finance, a? 
 arc c^lkiStcd hot from the fdler, where 
 every Impofition lays with redoubled load^ 
 of tax on the Spbjedl, and comes with 
 defalcated and defective revenu6 to tha' 
 State, but immediately on the confumer ; 
 where the load mpft ht proportioned to the 
 abilities of his bearing it, and whence^ 
 whatever is colkrad, comes in full to the 
 State. " Add to this, that it would be a 
 means of making that country which adopt- 
 ed this meafure, a free port j a cir- 
 cumflance very defireable to every well- 
 wiflier of his country. See then whether 
 it docs not defervc the care of every worthy ' 
 
 patriot 
 
 rv 
 
It ^*6 } 
 
 psrtTiot !• make fiich afchem^ (if it can be) 
 jfeafiblc an4 pri^dtic^We*"* ««hhij 
 
 }£; the State of, Ejarope^ by its circum'* 
 fiances and modes of b^finefs, by the fpirit 
 of its politicks* by the temper and under- 
 ftanding of its Sovereigns, iS; not yet pre- 
 pared and ripe for any fuch genera} fyilem 
 and eftablifliment of Universal Com- 
 MfRCB, iinder the Mare Liberum, the, 
 Jus Navigandi, and thp_ ]L|££RTASr 
 Universalis Commerciorum: The bu- 
 finefs of this Council will turn on the. mak^ 
 iog of fuch alterations, accommodations*, 
 and; reform in the old fyftem* as may fuit 
 and fqllow the changes of it. They will, 
 therefore, deliberate fird, on the nature 
 and extent of the conditional grants of 
 privileges of trade, which, under the air 
 of piotedion, they {hall offer to Ame- 
 rica; Under this idea they muil fettle 
 with Her and amongft each other quite 
 new arraogcmenti of tariffs. As they ihall 
 advance in multiplication of difficulties, and 
 by degrees to a convidtion of the imprac- 
 ticability of this line of meafuresi they 
 
 * Sir Mat. Decker. 
 
 will. 
 
[ »f ] 
 
 wilU by degrees, raiie even in their ovrn 
 ideas, this nation to be States admitted, 
 and next go upon the experiment of trea- 
 ties of commerce with her, on the old 
 European fyftem. Experience will teach 
 them, that this will create a rival(hip» 
 which will evade and break all treaties of 
 commerce. Here then will they come 
 round in a circle to the point of neceffityt 
 as herein before ftated, which, firft or laft, 
 muft force into eflablifhrnent, the meafure 
 defcribed in this paper, -f Voila tout ce 
 qii on pent raifonabkment exiger, II n* efi 
 au pouvoir de V humanity, que de preparer 
 et agir. Le Succes eft i* Ouvrage i um 
 main plus putjfante. 
 
 t Due de Salli, Liv> %; 
 
 FIN! $.