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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 CANNIBAL /#J - N NORTH AMERICA Little attention has been given, either by scientists or historians, to the evidence for the existence of cannibalism among the native tribes of North America. Vet the fact, not only of its existence but oi its recent existence, rests upon abundant historic and archaeological proot. The Jesuit Fathers who explored Canada, the early voyagers in the West Indi-s, the first visitors of the Pacific coast, as well as the conquerors of Mexico, all unite in giving the most explicit testimony to the existence of aboriginal man-eating tribes. Brebeuf, who came from France as a mis- sionary to this country in the early part of the scventeeth century, gives in his'report for 1636 an account of the fate of certain prisoners taken by the Hurons. After describing the torture, he goes on to say that " if the victim has shown courage, the heart was f^rst roasted, cut into small pieces, and given to the young men and boys to increase their courage. The body was then divided, thrown into kettles, and eaten by the assem bly— the head being the portion for the chief. Many of the Hurons joined in' the feast with reluctance and horror, while others took pleasure in it."-^ Father Hennepin, writing forty years later, also speaks of the Hurons as practicing cannibalism. The most powerful and cruel of the Northern tribes was the Iroquois ; and all testimony seems to prove that it was most addicted to the habit of eating human flesh. The Jesuit missionaries were in many cases eye- witnesses of the orgies of this people. One of their feasts, celebrating a victorv over the Algonquins, is thus described by Vimont : " Some bring wood, others go in search of water, and one puts the great kettles on the fire. The butchery is near. They dismember those they are going to kill, tearing them in pieces, throwing feet and legs, arms and heads, in the pot, which they boil with as much joy as the poor captives have^heart-ache in seeing their companions served as a meal to these wolves. In a word, they cat the men with as great an appetite and more joy than hunters eat a boar or a deer." + From the evidence we possess, it appears that no tribe delighted more in human flesh as a staple article of food than the Caribs. inhabitants of one of the West Indian Islands. Peter Martyr, who visited the New W orld a tew * Relations ,/<• /a X.'UtM- Fmv.ce cu ' Amu-f 1636, p. 121. f Relations de hi Xoiiielle J'nuuc ai iAinuc 1642, /.:r Vimont. p. 46. :2 CANMI1A1.I>M IN NORTH AMEkiCA vcar> after its disctn'cry by Columbus, gives a full aocoKunt of their prac- tice. He does not -com liimself to have witnessed ■- : ■' their feasts, but takes the word of other explorers who had sulTert.i ;r.r:i these cannibals. •• The wild and mischievous people," he writes," calk-d cir.nibals. or Caribs. accustomed to eat men's flesh (and called by the old -sniz^ts anthropophagi \, molest them .the explorers i exceedingly, invading dietr countr>-. taking them captive, killing and eating them '• - - * - . Such children as they take they geld to make them fat. as we do ccck ciiickens and young hogs, and eat them when they are well fed. Of sucli as they eat, they eat nr A similar statesnent is made regard- ing the Itzas of Central America. Among the New Mexican Indians the case was diffeffetit. While tribes diftered among themselves in regard to this practice, with many human flesh was sought as food. Incredible as it may seem, at least one tribe of Indians inhabiting Texas has practiced cannibalism within twenty-five years. Mr. J. G. Walker, formerly a member of tihe United States Army, and now a resident of Mexico, in a private letter to i'ae autht?r gives the following interesting facts : * Peter Martyr's I\- Hc^'us Oir,utins ,/ Or-r X.'^w Deradrj. Tvrsx. ITHKade. f Cook's l\\va^cs A' tfu- Pacijh-. Vol. II. p. 271. X Coke's Roihy Mountains, p. 275. 5 CnntL-st ,'/ M.xiiw Sth Ed. p. ^4. (. anmi;al.ki: hj north America -•'J I " The early Amtrican strttlerf m ^Ta-ttritjorda Bay were greatly harassed by a tiibe of Indians, called Cirmnkowas, inhabitini; the bay shore, and subsistinir chiefly on fi.sh and fv\=Siirs-. But they were known to ha\ c a keen relish for human f^esh, whirl, tiiev' sometimes added to their ordinary- menu. In 1S34-5 the custom wit. '.luwever. becoming; obsolete, and about that time was whollv abolished h- t±ni reiijnimr chief. But there was a cognate tribe, a remnant of whirr -nil exists, which practiced cannibalism as late, certainly, as 1S54. Ai -ziun dme [ was an officer in the United States Arm)-, and stationed si ?irt: Eni^^e, in Texas. The Tonkowas. the tribe to which I allude, being cm nni»£ tenns with the whites, were allowed to roam about Western Texa^. imf in the summer of 1854 were camping on the Nueces River, a few mitts- to m the fort. I was frequently at their village, and on one occasion, wiiin, irrcamped with a party of soldiers not far off, a returning war-jiartv uf 'rfic tribe brought in the remains of a Comanche whom they had slum aid tlie night was made hideous, in a double sense, by the orgies tiizn iulowed. During the niglit the entire remains were eaten, princij)alryl:w-tlie waariors. I do not think that the eating of human flesh was ofiirc grruiticed by them at this time, and even on this occasion it may have hiiirr iorre more as an expression of exulta- tioii over a fallen enemy than fir-ie mere satisfying of luuiger. But these Indians afterwards confessed li' ore. diat formerly their tribe habitually fed on human flesh when the}' couIl liitnin the bodies of their enemies. '' It seems inconsistent v-ithdhi units E have just stated, but it is nc\er- theless true, that these semi-nnmihais were less fierce and blood-thir-^ty than most of the other wild Inrians^. They were always on good terms with the settlers, and made rrtnnnon; cause with them against the Co- manches, Kiowas, and other jrritdaiir^ tribes on the northern border of the State. '"' ""^ ■■• 1 have often htzirrl from participants in some of these engagements that it a\ as the in-'.irrabie custom of their Tonkowa allies to kave a feast of roasted ComanchiMfbsr dieir battles." The evidence for the prartira^ ic 'Cannibalism in America furnished by archiEology is somewhat less rirrciuiHve than that which history presents.' Bones, supposed to be the remaire- it the feasts on human flesh, are found in but few places ; and e\'en wmrr fi)und, other h}-potheses than that of cannibalism maybe oiTered to t'lniiiirr tlieir presence. The recitals of eye- witnesses of these horrid orgi^-.Trim wltich we have abundantly quoted. have a value as evidence whirh die discovery of human bones, how ever irregular their position, peculin-dteir fracture, or large their accumulation. cannot possess. Yet the cvujL:a;c:i (offered by archaeologists is of much worth. 34 i.-\:N\IBAI.I>M in north .. ,.j.j_.l-.% Tht nii^iiz important testimony is that c: thr lizz Frotefsor Jeffries AA'ATniru. i2uit tvhom a more competent authority ai « . f : . ~r:ilt to natnt:. A- iiirly o:; [86 1. Professor W'yman began im . ./ .: " ■' the shtll liciCH- :n the St. John's River, in Florida, -\iitr :;_.■- :.. -Xir .rj.- tionf cd fbi rnore important collections, he came to liw r-r- :. .- - :'"._; :>-c remaint- 3:unil in. them prove, so fir as archarology ci-: ;". -. :.. _: ::~e ancient frwiilers on the St. John's were cannibair_ .\ritir cfescr : - ^- ".. - nutehrtit po.sicioaof the bones unearthed, he fuggesif tie re3:=cr:r '. .li: .; him tC' titbr feciirion. \\"e cannot du better ihan tc« 43ae tiiese focr reaaons in brie':: J- Tilt 5»2aeswere not deposited there at an oirdHiiiuinr burial " : i.xL body.. Ie tis- case, after the decay of the flesh, thert- -^ --ir-f ':iz'r-: - .—. .:r - i a certitrn -.cier in the position of the parts of tbe ~iVt -- :_. T.., ;■ r.^^j \vould !»£ inure, .is in other burials. In the C2.f.t;s "htr-t c.z:icr.'z'^ ':. :hey wert:. crn ifttt coatxar\% scattered in a disorderly mar - . ■ : - .rn r^c-:» x.iny fragratrrrtr-.. imi otten some important portions -srerit: ssi::f~csg. T". . rri^t- ures, a^ rw-iil as the disorder in which the bone? -srir: fjCTLKi, - J..':iv existed iC tie time they were covered up, as is -^-jx-l by tlie : r i- tion oJ tiiit inken ends, which had the same disc '""i".' - •_- the r._:u--i surfacefi. z. Tht itiaeiT were broken as in the case of edible ? ■"-, is tiie deer and the ulapn'ir. Tras would be ncccssar)- t:> redrrf tie parts t«> a s-tze corref^pcmorn^: with the vessels in which they were £• ■_. _ 3. Tht irtakinj up of the bones had a certiLi-: in : ^-t of metliod: the bead* 5C the humerus and femur were detached, otf rt to avoid the trouble, ctr 5r:ta iijnorance as to the way. of disajt5r_l Ltirr:^ tie joEnts. The shaitf :c tiiese bones, as also those <.>f th-. ' -z-im. Jl- L '..--. were re^rularhr "irriicei through the middle. 4, Titrt. '^ no evidence that the bones were :r s..- __. . i:'e !ying exposed igi'a tie ground, by v/ild animals, as the Trvr^r^ 1.- I ;r:_Lr5. If they "U'ertr taiiir broken, one might reasonably expect :: ~' - '\i =:ar'<_- :f teeth, ban art^tr a careful examination of hundred? erf gioecief. tiey Liave not been seen iix i -nngle instance. It lia? iitsrr suggested that the quantity of thv ':• ' .- — :" ': : explained ■wrthoirt rttjiarfing- them as remains of human feasirv. Vr^ 1:: :i- : first camt t.: _\_merica it is known that many of the n^iriref Jr i-i. r>_ of disnaenrbtrrrrg- their fallen enem scalp? a? "mciii.es. " While such ■' migirt atxriuat Dir the presence would Dec 5ir the fragmentary con T^-^ 3cb C-\_\NIBALISM IN NORTH AMERICA 35 for the ^ystenaaaic manner in which all the bones of the limbs as well as of the other part? onf die skeleton are broken up." -^ The chief lesiiijiaice furnished by archajology of the custom of eatin«^ human fle^h iir-:ffi^ the abori|^iues of New England has lately been pre- sented by Mr. Mjinty Hardy, of Brewer, Maine. It is founded upon his own inveftigaiJC'itf Ento certain shell heaps of the coast of Penobscot Hay. Of these invi:iCijxnoni he thus writes to the Pcabody Museum of Cam- bridge : •• After diggmj -fAime twenty feet horizontally, I found a human bone, a femur, and i^fjur by some twenty or thirt)' more bones of legs and arms, sternum, and pcctixoaij ot a pelvis, but no vertebnu or ribs. The long bones nearly all lay ia :a slanting position, many of them broken, and the cor- responding -pKii^ itther missing or not near enough to them to be indcnti- fied as bek>n^x]3i^ t«oi^ether. They had no more apparent connection with each other, as ttliikt bones of skeletons, than any heap of bones among kitchen refuse ^R"^3CIId have, and »vere mixed with bones of moose and beaver, whose l£iedin were found in considerable numbers, and were mixed with ashes an^d trfimrarns of fires. *• Belo-c- liS iiy£se I came to a lower human jaw lying upon the top of a skull. The jaw \caa- lying teeth side up, but contained but one tooth. In working carefalEj round the skull, which was placctl crown up, I found another ^"kull laiJ ccport its side with the part which joined the neck pressed so clofe to "the irst that a knife blade could hardly be placed between them ; on taking dbemi out, the jaw fitted to the one on which it la\-. and this had but one loc