,:,■" / 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 WJ. 
 
 iis 
 
 / 
 
 <. <;^ 
 
 Mo 
 
 * 
 
 % 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.! 
 
 1.25 
 
 UUI. 
 
 Ill 1-8 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <P 
 
 /] 
 
 /, 
 
 0% ^> 
 
 w 
 
 7M 
 
 m S .^ 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 * 
 
 iV 
 
 ^N 
 
 «^<ss« 
 
 ^^W 
 
 ^"O^ 
 
 
 c> 
 
 "c^ 
 
 n? 
 
i/l 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHIVi/ICIViH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques 
 
 V 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommagde 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculie 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes gdographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 Lareliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distorsion le long de la marge int6rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors dune restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6td filmdes. 
 
 Llnstitut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mithode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 D 
 
 
 D 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommag^es 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages dicolor^es, tacheties ou piqu^es 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages ddtachdes 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparsnce 
 
 Quality of print varies/ 
 Quality indgale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel supplementaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partieilement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure. 
 etc., ont it6 filmdes A nouveau de facon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppldmentaires: 
 
 Wrinkled pages may film slightly out of focus. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 30X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
The copy filmed hare has baan raproducad thanks 
 to tha ganarosity of: 
 
 McLennan Library 
 McGill University 
 Montreal 
 
 Tha imagas appearing hara ara tha bast quality 
 poasibia consJdaring tha condition and iagibillty 
 of tha original copy and !n kaaping with tha 
 filming contract spacifications. 
 
 Original copiaa in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated imprea- 
 sion, or the beck cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impree- 
 sion. and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 The iaat recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain tha symbol — «^ (meaning "CON- 
 TIIMUED"), or the symbol V (meening "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Mapa, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce A la 
 ginirosit* de: 
 
 McLennan Library 
 McGill University 
 Montreal 
 
 Les imeges suivantea ont «t« raproduites avac la 
 plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at 
 da la nettet* de rexemplaira film«, et en 
 conformity avac les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Lea axemplairaa originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier eat imprimia sont fiimAs an commenpant 
 par la premier plat at an tarminant soit par la 
 dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la second 
 plet, selon le cas. Toua les sutres exempiairee 
 originaux sont film«s en commenpant par la 
 premidre pege qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustrstlon et en terminant par 
 la darnlAre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 de^nlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartee, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre 
 filmAa A dea taux de rMuction diff^rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra 
 reproduit en un seul cilchA, il est film* * partir 
 de I'angle supAriaur gauche, de gauche A droite, 
 et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre 
 d'imagas nAcesssire. Les diagrammea suivants 
 iliustrant la m^thoda. 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 32X 
 
 6 
 
\\ 
 
 hi r 
 
 r I 
 
 VL 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 f 
 if. 
 
 i 
 
 'MI|^^^H|HHflHfei||j||i« 
 
■ - ■ ■ 
 
 I ^ r ^— ^ 
 
 li 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 -' 
 
 I '*' 
 
 <» 
 
 1 
 
 .■li 
 
 [ 
 
 M 
 
 r 
 
 ' » 
 
 r 
 
 '.? 
 
 ; r 
 
 f) 
 
 -I,' 
 
 iZ> 
 
 
 
 ■" ; ( 
 
 
 »■ I <» 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 f .-? 
 
 ■• ~» v^K- • .^ 
 
 
 ^ .,.,^'«^-'' 
 
 ■<•. ■! 
 
 .• *■% . 
 
 
 
 "iri lilt' i^ir^tid. jy^i;^ 
 
 i<«i I lirtm* 
 
*^- 
 
 *-Ai 
 
 "^^ii 
 
 tp 
 
 nil 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 €S-*-r. 
 
 
 O It 
 
 \ ^ _ •« 
 
 I h. rr 
 
 
 N 
 
 -A«< 
 
I' .•>'» 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 I fll<*. 
 
 « 
 
 
 i>i 
 
 r.r,y\V3Hr-p't '4 
 
 « W 
 
 pj 
 
 ■ "--^ 
 
 'H'/M'tvi 
 
 "tJ 
 
 > r 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ..A 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 i'. 
 
 > 
 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 
 r" 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 ' 
 
 * ! 
 
 
 
 ■4 ' 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 '■'4- i" 
 
 '^ mt. 
 
 I 
 
 I: !: 
 
 iSfii; 
 
 ! I 4 
 
 ^>fe^'.JJ.><KL^^/M. ^^.^^ 
 
THE 
 
 American Gazetteer. 
 
 CON TA INJNG 
 
 A diftina Account of all the Parts 
 
 OP THE 
 
 N E W WORLD: 
 
 THEIR 
 
 Situation, Climate, Soil, Produce, Former 
 
 and Prcfent Condition ; 
 Commodities, Manufactures, and Commerce. 
 
 Together with 
 
 An accurate Account of the Cities. Towns, Ports, Bays 
 Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, Pa/Tes, and Fortifications/ 
 
 The whole intended to exhibit 
 The Prefent State of Thlncs in that Part ^f ^u r^i i, . . 
 
 # 
 
 Illuftrated with proper MAPS. 
 
 IN THREE VOLUMES. 
 
 VOL. L 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for A. Millar, and J. & R. Tonson 
 Jn the Strand. 1762. ^ 
 
V 
 
[iii J 
 
 NTRODUCTI 
 
 O N. 
 
 TH E amazing progrcfs made in the diT- 
 ferent branches of literature, during the 
 f .u L . ^^"^""es, has been produllivq 
 of the mod valuable difcoveries; and the revi- 
 val Of the arts and fcicnces proved a very for^ 
 tunate aera to fociety. Navigation, if the Jit- 
 tie of It then knov^n deferves the name, was 
 generally left to men of mean education, and 
 barbarous d.fpofitions, till the beginning of the 
 fifteenth century; when feveral ingenious men 
 applied themfelves to improve that noble and 
 uieful art, which then began to be patronifed 
 and encouraged by feveral princes. 
 
 Nor were thefe endeavours long without 
 their proper eiFeas; the Portuguefe difcover- 
 ed a pafTage tothe Eaft Indies, round the Cape 
 of Good Hope, and by that m ms became 
 malters of the rich commerce of the Eaftern 
 parts of the world. This ufeful difcovery, ani- 
 mated both the men of genius, and the enter- 
 prifing feamen of that age ; the former labour- 
 ed jncelTantly to improve the ufeful branches 
 of fcience, and^the latter to carry their fpe. 
 culations mto aaual praaice. The ufe of the 
 
 Comoais latelv mtrnAnn/^A «»«« ^ ^i • » 
 
 , * J — 4^, — ^^^ ^^^ j^y^. ^^^„_^ jj 
 
 ■^ ^ under* 
 
[ iv ] 
 
 iindciftood, (o that mariners were no longer 
 afraid of failing out of fight of laml, or of find- 
 ing the port they were bound to, without 
 keeping along the coaft. This at cnce fhortened 
 therr voyage, and gave them opportunities of 
 making obfervations and difcoveries ; which 
 would otherwife, perhaps, never have been 
 known. 
 
 Furnifhed with fuch a guide, they boldly 
 ventured to fail on the pathlefs ocean, and 
 make confiderable cxcurfions from the Euro- 
 pean continent, in hopes of difcovcring new 
 countries, and opening new branches of com- 
 merce. Various expeditions were undertaken, 
 and feveral places, particularly the Canary and 
 Azore iflands, difcovered. Even thofe that 
 proved abortive, furnifhed obfervations of the 
 greateft ufe to fucceeding navigators ; and it 
 was generally thought, that one of thefe voy- 
 ages furniflied Columbus with the firft hint 
 of thofe amazing difcoveries he afterwards 
 made. A Spanifh pilot fleering from a port 
 in the Weft of Ireland, was driven at a pro- 
 digious rate to the weftward, by a violent tcm- 
 peft, which lafted fourteen days, during which 
 time he faw, or at leaft fancied he faw, fe- 
 veral iflands at a great diftance; He did not 
 however think proper to vifit them, but made 
 all the obfervations in his power, during his 
 return j and having afterwards met with a 
 kind reception in the houfe of Columbus, 
 gave him, in his laft moments, the papers 
 and charts relating to this fortunate dif- 
 covery. 
 
 Whether this pilot mentioned the iflands he 
 had feen. 
 
 r>f* f- 
 
 K« f. 
 
 rV\ r At 4r^ 
 
 t-\^ r\* «-U^< 
 
 pre- 
 
m 
 at 
 
 lent tcm- 
 ng which 
 faw, fe- 
 ; did not 
 but made 
 uring his 
 t with a 
 olumbuS) 
 e papers 
 late dif- 
 
 flands he 
 
 prevailed, induced men to think wh«t thcv 
 witoed to be true, cannot now be known ; but 
 It .! certain that a notion a'moft univerfally 
 prevailed. That a great part of the terreftrial 
 globe was undifcovered. Indeed the writin<.s 
 of the antients abound both with pofitive a?- 
 fertions, and romantic ftories, relatinir to 
 countries unlcnownj which might tend to 
 propagate the above notion, and gain it credit 
 in difterents part3 of Europe. 
 
 Plato, in two of his dialogues, mentions the 
 ifland of Atlantis, and a defcription of it in 
 
 ^at the Carthaginians diffcovered beyond the 
 Itraits of Gibraltar, a certain ifland, large i„ 
 extent. Its foil remaikably fertile, and full of 
 nav.gable r.vers. This ifland, accordinir ,o 
 the fame author, lay at the diftance of fome 
 days fail from the continent; but was, it fecms. 
 uninhabited. The fii ft difcoverers fettled theTe 
 but the Carthaginians, by an odd ftroke of 
 policy, would not fuffer any of their people 
 to re , re thither for the future, and eve/obli! 
 
 iJut Diodorus Siculus gives a more probable 
 account of this aftair. fee fays, that the Ty! 
 nans would have planted a cilony there, hid 
 °fr V^i'haginians oppofed it, being un- 
 willing to fuffer their citizens to tranfportfhem- 
 
 to thdr ow ■■' 'f- " '^°"" "^°- P-HicTal 
 
 ftrving this Ifland as an afylum, to which they 
 
 mght at any time retreat, if oppreffed by in- 
 tolerable misff.rfiin.» IXT-L-.l'^ ,. L '" . 
 
 pre. I ^'^ the largeft of the Canaries, as ta, been 
 
 - -^ 3 gene- 
 
 10 longer 
 irof find- 
 wiihoiit 
 fhortencd 
 jnitics of 
 ; which 
 ave been 
 
 ey boldly 
 ean, and 
 :he £uro- 
 ;ring new 
 
 of com- 
 dcrtaken, 
 mary and 
 hofe that 
 IS of the 
 
 } and it 
 hefe voy- 
 firft hint 
 fterwards 
 
 a port 
 a pro- 
 
I 
 
 f VI] 
 
 _ generally fuppofed, is not worth enquiry ^t if 
 /ufficient for our purpofe, that the notion 
 vhich prevailed of there being fuch an i/land, 
 engaged the attention of feveral princes, a;id 
 jncrcafed the dcfiie that then remarkably pre- 
 vailed, of making difcoveries. 
 
 But however ftrongly the notion of there 
 bemg lands to the wef.ward might prevail, 
 none undertook to verify the truth of it, till 
 Chriftopher Columbus appeared, who began, 
 and perfeaed his difcoveries, in a ftiort inter- 
 val of time. This famous navigator was a 
 native of Genoa, but his family was unknown, 
 even to his fon Don Fernando. He was from 
 hjs youth addiaed to the ftudy of navigation, 
 and was foon confidered as one of the greateft 
 feamen of the age, having vifited moft p?rts 
 of the known world, and made the moft ufeful 
 obfervationson the winds, currents, &c. where- 
 cver he came. 
 
 Being firmly perfuaded that there was ano- 
 ther Gontment to the weil, or at leaft that he 
 fliould by fleering to the weftward, reach the 
 eaftcrn fhore of the Indies ; he applied to the 
 ftate Of Genoa for affiftance, to carry his 
 projea into execution, but had the mortifica- 
 tion to fee his propofals not only rejeaed, but 
 ridiculed. Fired with the ungrateful returns 
 he met with from his countrymen, he deter- 
 i^ined to propofe his fcheme to fome foreign 
 potentate, not doubting but the advantages 
 that muft accrue from fuch difcoveries would 
 be a fufficient inducement for any prince to 
 liften to his propofals. 
 
 ^ Full of this idea, he applied to the court of 
 i'lance, but again found himlelf difappointed. 
 
 He 
 
[ vii ] 
 
 He next offered his fcrvicc to the king of Por- 
 tugal, in whofe dominions he had for feveral 
 years refided, and urged his requcft fo warmly, 
 that commiffioners were appointed to treat 
 with him. But he found that every objection, 
 v/hich either ignorance or ehvy could invent, 
 was propofed, and urged with the moft delu- 
 five air of coolnefs, temper, and wifdom. 
 They even propofed objeaions which they 
 knew had no manner of foundation, in order 
 to provoke him to difcover all he knew, that 
 they might deprive him both of the honour 
 and advantage refulting from the difcovery. 
 • Incenfed at fuch ungenerous ufar-. he left 
 the court of Portugal; and having iuJly in- 
 ftruaed his brother Bartholomew in his in- 
 tended piojea, fent him into England, with 
 idireaions to apply hitpfelf to Henry VII. 
 who was confidered as one of the wifeft mo- 
 narchs in Europe ; flattering himfelf, that a 
 prince of fuch penetration would g)adly em- 
 brace a propofal fo mamfeftly tending to pro- 
 mote his own intcreft -, and m the mean 
 time, made preparations for going himfelf into 
 opain, on the fame account. 
 
 Bartholomew Columbus embarked imme- 
 diatelv for England ^ but was unfortunately ta- 
 ken by pyrates, who ftripped him of every 
 tning. In this deplorable condition he arrived 
 iniLngland; and to augment his misfortunes^ 
 wasfeized with a violent fever. He had in- 
 deed the good fortune to recover, but was 
 obliged to fpend fome time, in making maps 
 and felling them, before he war in a condi- 
 tion or putting himfelf in an ^m,;,.^^^ 
 
 per for addrefling himfelf totheDngf^'Hen^ 
 
 A 4 was 
 
II 
 
 i 
 
 f viii ] 
 
 Was rather a prudent fteward, and careful 
 manager of a kingdom, than a prince who 
 IS ambitious of enriching his dominions, by 
 great and bold attempts : it is therefore no 
 wonder that his propofals fhould meet with 
 a cold reception, or that fuch a prince fliould 
 decline engaging in a great, but problematical 
 defign. Though his Ton tells us, that Bar- 
 tholomew actually entered into an agreement 
 with king Henry, in the name, and on the be- 
 half of his brother, feveral years before his 
 contraa with their catholic raajefties was 
 ligned. 
 
 In the mean time Columbus applied to the 
 court of Spain, and continued his follicitatr- 
 cns for feveral years, notwithftanding he met 
 with repeated difappointments. At laft, queen 
 Ifabella, a princefs famous foriier wifdom and 
 courage,- agreed with him on his own terms, 
 • which were very confiderable, and fuch as 
 Ihewed the great confidence he had of fuc- 
 cceding in his attempt. This agreement was 
 figned foon after the taking the city of Gra- 
 nada from the Moors, whereby they were to- 
 tally driven out of Spain, part of which they 
 had poflefled feven hundred and feventy years ; 
 fo that two of the moft fortunate events which 
 ever happened to theSpanifh monarchy, namely, 
 the expulfion of the Moors, and the difco- 
 very of th^ Indies, happened in the fame 
 year. 
 
 Columbus was furnifhed with three carvels, 
 and a hundred and twenty men, at Palas de 
 Maguere. Martin Pinfon was pilot of one, 
 Francis Pinfon of another, and Ditus Pinfon 
 
 
 «-u:.j -11 ai 
 
 brothers 
 
 ana laiieu on 
 the 
 
and careful 
 prince who 
 minions, by 
 hercfore no 
 i meet with 
 )rince fhould 
 roblematical 
 , that Bar- 
 1 agreement 
 d on the be- 
 before his 
 jefties was 
 
 »licd to the 
 i follicitatr- 
 ling he met 
 :.laft, queen 
 jvifdom and 
 own terms, 
 nd fuch as 
 lad of fuc- 
 ement was 
 ty of Gra- 
 y were to- 
 ivhich they 
 enty years ; 
 ems which 
 jy, namely, 
 the difco- 
 the fame 
 
 ee carvels, 
 t Palas de 
 3t of one, 
 us Pinfon 
 faiieu vu 
 
 [ix] 
 the 3H of Auguft ,492, '^Hey made the iiland 
 
 r/fr?r/"' T.°^ "'* '"'^'■". where ihey 
 wf^H H ""''^''fterw-ards flood to the weft! 
 ward. He had no guide but his own genius, 
 nor any th.ng to comfort and appeafe hi! c" m- 
 
 fen«h L/k°"T^ V"^ '""""°"»' w'A the 
 Jength and hopeleffiiefs of the voyage, but 
 
 fome mdications which he drew from the' cafual 
 
 wfth^h. h *''^ wmmander, well acquainted 
 
 tTrntothphT^"''"' al^xy' knew how to 
 turn to the beft advantage. In this expedition. 
 
 t^.uli ^ ?'1" -nipreffion on the pilots of 
 Columbus; indeed a difcovety of this kind, 
 
 a terrlrTnt^r^^'^'l' w^"' ''"fficient to ftrike 
 
 nature S V" *"?* ""'^^""'ed breaftj for 
 nature itfelf feemed altered, and the onlv 
 guide they had ,left. appeared to be onX 
 pomt of forfaking them.*^ But even hJe, Ihc 
 amazing prefence of mind, for which Co urn! 
 
 nim. he pretended to eve a phvfical nafnt, 
 £r tm TaH? Ph~o„, S 't :^th 
 hbility for lelTening the terror of his mariners 
 
 ta^e hT ? ""'^^ occurrence to his advan- 
 tage . but ufe rendered them at laft ineffec- 
 
 o"ud'and'-7/'"'''*;''°" "'^ returning" wth 
 loud and infolent fpeeches; and even talked 
 
 of throwing hiiA overboard. Even his own 
 
 .-. „„^„ i.«w v»iy tnmg tiiat could ap- 
 
 ^ 5 peafe 
 
[X] 
 
 peafc them happened, the difcovery of land, 
 after a tuious voyage of thirty three days, du- 
 ring which time they had feen nothing but the 
 fea and fky. 
 
 They Janded on an ifland called Guinaya, 
 one of the Lucaios or Bahama iflands, remark- 
 able for nothing but this event. Columbus, 
 after thanking God for his fuccefs, formally 
 look poffeflion of the ifland, in the name of 
 their Catholic majefties, by ereaing a crofs 
 upon the ihore ; great multitudes of the inha- 
 bitants looking on unconcerned, at a cere- 
 mony intended to deprive them of their natu- 
 ral liberty. The ftay of the Spaniards here 
 however was but fhort ; the extreme poverty 
 of the .people, convinced them that this was 
 not the Indies they fought. He therefore di- 
 reaed his courfe to the fouthward, and after 
 fome difficulty difcnvered the ifland of Hifpa- 
 niola, fituated in a good climate, and abound- 
 ing in commodious harbours, Inhabited by a 
 humane and hofpitable people, and, what 
 feemed to crown the whole, abounding in gold. 
 Thcfe circumftances determined Columbus to 
 make this ifland the center of his defians, to 
 plant a colony in it, and to bring things into 
 fome fettled order, before he proceeded on fur- 
 ther difcoveries. But in order to carry thefe 
 fchemes into execution, it was neceflary for 
 him to return into Spain, and equip himfelf 
 with a proper force. He had now colkaed 
 a fufficient quantity of gold, to place the merit 
 of his difcoveries in an advantageous point 
 cf light, and, at the fame time, fckaed fuch 
 a number of curiolities of various kinds, as 
 could not fail of working pdwerfullv on the 
 
 minds 
 
minds of a gazing multitude ; and therefore 
 made preparations for his departure; but 
 thought proper to build a foit, and Jeavc^ 
 thirty-eight of his men, charging them to be 
 very careful to preferve the friendihip of the 
 Indians. *^ 
 
 On his return homewards, he touched at 
 feveral i/lands to the fouthward, and difcovered 
 the Caribbees, of the barbarity of whofe inha- 
 bitants he had heard terrible accounts in Hif- 
 paniola. He had before landed upon Cuba, 
 in his pafTage to the Bahamas. So that in this 
 
 II u""^^?^' ^^ ^^'"^"^ ^ g^"^''^^ knowledge of 
 all the iflands, which lie in fuch vaft num- 
 bers in that great fea which divides N. and 
 
 r/'^^A .^"' ^'^^^'■^^ ^« neither knew 
 nor ^ufpeaed any continent between him 
 and China; this was difcovered in his laft 
 voyage. * ***« 
 
 He arrived in Eurppe, after being abfent 
 above fix months, and was driven by^ great 
 ftorm into the harbour of Lifbon. He did 
 not however confider this as a misfortune, as 
 he flattertd himfelf with having, by this ac! 
 cident, an opportunity of convincing the court 
 of Lifbon of the error they had been guihy 
 of in rejeaing h.s propofals; and that he fEouId 
 now triumph over his enemies. Nor was he 
 miftaken ; the Portuguefe beheld with envy 
 the fuccefs that had attended him ; efpeciallv 
 r,^/":^^,^y/<aually faw the advamag^ £ 
 had /lighted, in the hands of another.^ ^ 
 
 Having taken in the refrefhments he wanted, 
 he fai.ed from Lifbon to Barcelona, which he 
 afterwards entered in a kind of triumph, be! 
 — ^ __.^ TT**viv iviiwvvcu Dy prodigious crouds 
 
 A6 • ^f 
 
' t 
 
 f xii ] 
 of people, who flocked from all parts, to fee 
 him. It was indeed a pleafing, and at the 
 fame time a triumph furnifhed by innocence : 
 be had not deftroyed, but difcovered nations. 
 
 drefled m their country manner ; the animals, 
 apd various curwfities he had colleded in the 
 
 TnT r- 1.' r'f'-''i''' " "g*" « °"« curious 
 and de,ightful. The admiral himfelf clofed 
 tbeproceffion, and was received by the kine 
 and queen wuh the greateft marks of regard. 
 A^ chair was prepared for him, in which he 
 lat, and gave, in the prefence of the whole 
 court, a full and circumftantial account of all 
 his difcoveries, with that folemn gravity fa 
 agreeable to the tafte of the Spaniards. 
 
 am thefe honours were far from fatisfyins 
 Columbus, a fecond voyage engaged his wholS 
 attention j and the fuccefs of the firft having 
 removed every difficulty, he was foon furniihed 
 with fevemeen fail of fhips, loaded with ne- 
 celTaries for making fettiements, and having on 
 board fifteen hundred men, fome of them de- 
 fcended from the heft families in Spain. With 
 this fleet he failed on his fecond voyage on 
 I^Hli?., °^ September ,493. On his' arrival 
 at Hifpanwla, he found the fort that he had 
 built, totally ddmolifhed, and every one of his 
 people flam. They had, it feems, quarrelled 
 among themfelves, and alfo with the natives. 
 Who taking the advantage of fuch unnatu- 
 ral divifions, fell upon them, drove them into 
 Jj^^j^nt parts of the ifland, and there put tliem 
 
 .J.^\'^^^''!^°rtifywgaroke to Columbus j 
 •but nc knew that this was not a time to make a 
 
 /I..: a 
 
r xiii ] 
 
 ftna enquiry into the caufes of this^ traeical 
 aaion : the only method of retrieving hi! af- 
 fairs, was to talce more effeaualmeafures for 
 the future. Accordingly he pitched on a more 
 
 fnl*f 'f°?'.?"'°u" °'',*'' N- E- part of the 
 liland, for fettlmg his colony, where he ereSed 
 a fortification, and built a town, whichhe called 
 llabella, m honour of the queen his roval oa- 
 troneft. •' "^ 
 
 Perhaps there never was a man better quali- 
 fied for the great defigns he undertook, than 
 Chriftophcr Columbus ; but the gravity of his 
 behaviour, and the fevere difcipline he main- 
 tained, raifed him enemies among a muti- 
 nous and licentious fet of men, who hid flattered 
 themfelves that gold was to be found fo plen- 
 trfully m the Indies, that nothing more was 
 necejrary to acquire an ample fortune, than 
 making a voy?.ge thither. ' 
 
 It is therefore no wonder that fuch perfons. 
 on hndmg their miftake, fhould grow mutU 
 nous through difappointment. Nor was thi; 
 Uie only danger he had to fear; he had fuf- 
 ficient reafpns to think, that the Indians were 
 not well affeaed to their new guefts.^LThlt 
 
 wbL"!?"? '"^"T' '° '"''hem all off 
 while divifions and parties reigned amone 
 themfelves. But he wifely provided a3 
 both; he quelled the former, by aalngfn the 
 moftrefohite and effcaual m'anLj afd p'e! 
 vented the latter, by ftewing the AmericanI 
 
 Ws le?'^ ^'i '" ''"^ •" "fc they oppoM 
 '"* ^'fignf. and at the fame time neffid 
 
 no^hmg that might tend to gain S1r^ 
 
.:H 
 
 1 1 
 
 [ xlv ] 
 
 But while Columbus was thus exerting all 
 hh faculties, to reduce this wealthy iHand, 
 and Jay the foundation of the Spanifh gran- 
 ocur in America, his enemies were trying 
 every art to ruin his interefl in Spain. Some 
 who had been the principal leaders in the mu- 
 tmy, returned to Spain, while he was failed 
 from the ifland to make difcovcriesj and in 
 order to juftify their own condud, and sra- 
 tify their malice, accufed the admiral of nei?- 
 Jedrng the colony, and deceiving their ma- 
 jefties and the adventurers, with falfe hopes 
 of gold, from a country, which produced very 
 little either of that, or any other valuable 
 commodity. Nor were thefe complaints def- 
 titute of effca, an officer was fent from Spain 
 to infpea his aaiom. And Columbus foon 
 found that to ftay longer in the Indies, under 
 Juch dirgracfful circumftances, would be la- 
 bouring to no manner of purpofe. Ke there- 
 fore determined to return to Spain, where his 
 prefence was abfolutely neceffary, to fupport 
 his interefl. He however exerted his little 
 remains of authority to fettle every thing, be- 
 fore his departure, in fuch a manner, as to 
 .prevent thofe diforders, which had hitherto 
 
 uV^f /'""^"^ P''^^"^ ^^ ^^- t^e misfortunes 
 that had been known in the colony. 
 
 Before we proceed further, it may not be 
 amifs to obferve, that when Columbus firft dif- 
 covered America, it had neither horfes, oxen, 
 Iheep, nor fwine : and that eight of the latter, 
 with a fmail number of horned cattle brought 
 over by Columbus, was the whole flock which 
 fupplied a country, which at prefent abdunds 
 much more in thefe animals, than any other 
 
 part 
 
[XV j 
 
 part of the known world, notwithftanding 
 it has been a conftant pradice for above a 
 century, to kill vaft numbers of oxen merely 
 for their hides and tallow. 
 
 As foon as Columbus appeared in Spain, 
 all the accufations and prejudices againft him 
 vanifhed. He had taken care to bring fuch 
 teflimonles of his fidelity and good behaviour 
 as flopped the mouth of envy ; and the large 
 quantities of gold and pearls he produced, 
 abundantly refuted all that had been artfully 
 propagated, with regard to the poverty of the 
 Indies. But though his enemies were filenced 
 they were not fubdued : they faw it was in 
 vain tooppofe him openly, and therefore de- 
 termmed to make their attacks in fecret : they 
 dared not difobey the orders of his majefty 5 
 but they found means to retard their execu- 
 tion. So that the admiral had the mortifica- 
 tion of experiencing a thoufand delays and dif- 
 appomtments before he was able to fail; though 
 on a difcovery of the laft importance to the 
 opanifh nation. 
 
 The firft land he made in this voyage, was 
 the iflar d of Trinidada, on thecoaft of Terra 
 I'lrma ; and afterwards touched at feveral places 
 on the continent, where he traded with the 
 inhabitants, who appeared to have gold and 
 pearl in tolerable plenty. 
 
 During this voyage the admiral fuffered fuch 
 prodigious fatigues, that his brother, who was 
 ieft at Hifpanio.a, hardly knew him at his re- 
 turn. Nor was he likely to enjoy more re, 
 pofe a land, than before at fea. He found 
 the colony divided into two parties, a rebel- 
 lion navine broke nut fnr^n off«. u:„ j__ . 
 
 for 
 
: ) 
 
 
 [ xvi ] 
 
 for Spain, which caufed an entire feparation. 
 The rebeJs had appointed one Francis RoJdan 
 for their chief, and gained over the Indians to 
 their party, by pretending to be the aflcrtors 
 of their Jiberty. In this ftate of things, Co- 
 lumbus knew it would be in vain to endea- 
 vour to bring the mutineers to reafon by vio- 
 lent methods, and therefore determined to 
 break their force, and render their formidable 
 union abortive, by fomenting divifsons amqng 
 themfelves. In order to this, he publifhed a 
 free pardon to all who fhould voluntarily re- 
 turn to their duty, and at the fame time inti- 
 mated, that all who were defirous of leaving 
 the ifland, might go to Spain in the (hips that 
 brought the laft fuccours. This had the de- 
 fired efFe<a j many returned to their duty, and 
 the chiefs themfelves ofFered to enter into a 
 negotiation with him. He readily confented, 
 granted them all they defired, and even made 
 Roldan, their principal, chief judge of the 
 ifland, by which the whole party was reduced 
 to obedience, Roldan having condemned and 
 executed feveral of the rebels, for refufing to 
 fubmit to the admiral's authority : A pro- 
 ceeding which inevitably broke off all connec- 
 tion between the head and body of the rebels 
 without the admiral's being charged with any 
 part of the feverity. ^ 
 
 t But though Columbus had by his great fa- 
 gacity quelled a dangerous rebellion, and re- 
 ftored peace and tranquillity in the ifland of 
 Hifpaniola, his enemies in Spain continued 
 their malicious perfecutions, and being joined 
 by feme of the late rebels, who returned in 
 the fleet from America, preferred new com- 
 plaints 
 
•e reparation, 
 ancis RoJdan 
 e Indians to 
 the aflertors 
 things, Co- 
 tin to cndea- 
 ifon by vio- 
 termincd to 
 r formidable 
 ifions amqng 
 2 publifhed a 
 )luntariJy re- 
 le time inti- 
 s of leaving 
 be fhips that 
 had the de- 
 ;ir duty, and 
 ?nter into a 
 f con rented, 
 I even made 
 idge of the 
 vas reduced 
 demned and 
 refufing to 
 ': A pro- 
 all connec- 
 the rebels, 
 i with any 
 
 is great fa- 
 in, and re- 
 ^e ifland of 
 1 continued 
 jing joined 
 eturned in 
 new com- 
 plaints 
 
 [ ^vii ] 
 
 plaints againft him to thckin g ; alledging tha^^ 
 he was doing every thing in his power to gain 
 the friendfhip of the Indians, and making 
 himfelf popular among that people, in order 
 to fet up for himfelf, and deprive the Spanifti 
 nation of the advantages that might accrue 
 from thefe difcovaries. Thefe clamours arofe 
 ^to fuch a height in Spain, that the king and 
 I queen were obh'ged to fend a judge, with au- 
 thority to enquire into the admiral's co:.dua. 
 'l\'iis man, who was deftitute of every virtue, 
 I and whofe extreme indigence induced him to 
 undertake the oiEce, began by feizing on the 
 [admiral's efFeas, and fending him and his bro- 
 [thers, loaded with irons, into Spain. 
 
 The court, on his arrival, were fhocked at 
 the difgrace of their aJmiral, difavowed the 
 proceedings of their governor, and highly 
 1 blamed his conduft. They acquitted him of 
 ncyery charge, and promifed him ample reftitu- 
 I lion for all the injuries he had fuffered in Hif- 
 Ipaniola. So that he was foon prevailed upon 
 [to undertake a fourth voyage, being very de- 
 ifirous of arriving at the Eaft Indies, by a wef- 
 tern courfe, and returning by the Cape of 
 Good Hope, to furround the globe. 
 
 With this defign he failed on his fourth 
 I voyage, m the month of May 1502. But 
 Iknowmg that his fhips were not fit for fo iong 
 a voyage, he intended to put in at Hifpaniola, 
 and there exchange them for fuch as were 
 more properly adapted for his defign. In this 
 however he was difappointed, the governor 
 not permitting him to enter the harbour; 
 though this unparalleled refufal did not hinder 
 
 iiUii liom Qoing every 
 
 thing 
 
 in his power to 
 promote 
 
•■' I i 
 
 ill:; I 
 
 r xvifi ] 
 
 .TdT., ? Cf^^.^'^^'^^"^fJ^«y. Experience, 
 ana CAr .. ul v bfcrvations cm the nature of th c air, 
 Jc^o/is, mete, fs, rains and winds, had ena- 
 m^ him to n ake %aciou8 prognoftications 
 fj'l 'J"^^'^^^^' ^ha»gc ; anJ being per- 
 f«J*Jtd th4t a great fmrrica- e was approach- 
 ing, he f-nt the governor n. Mcc of it, defi- 
 m?^h^K''/ fleet then ready to fail for Spain 
 might be detained a few days. But this re- 
 queft was ridiculed, and the ftips failed im- 
 mediately from Hifpaniola. 
 
 In the mean time Columbus drew his little 
 fleet as near the fhore as pofTible, and in the 
 iiight one of the mofl terrible hurricanes ever 
 kiiown ,n that part of the world came on. 
 ilie_ fleet, confifting of twenty (hips, which 
 ftad failed contrary to his requei^, fuffered the 
 puniOiment due to their temerity, four only 
 cfcapmg, whilc^the other fixteen perifbe/ 
 And what was ftiJl more remarkable, the (hip 
 that contained all the treafurc that could be 
 refcued from the wreck of the admiral's for. 
 tune, was among the former, and the bafe 
 governor who had fent Columbus to Spain in 
 o Ignominious a manner, on board one of the 
 latter.. But the fmall fleet of Columbus fuf. 
 tered V ry J.ttle damage ; providence, on this 
 occafion, interpofing in a very remarkable* 
 manner, m the defence of Injured inno< 
 
 wf^H-^?''".^^ ^^'^ ftormwas over, Coluinbus 
 ieft Hifpaniola, and proceeded on his defign of 
 mak^ng-^ft: .her difcoveries; and after a diifi- 
 r.utpafla,^e -^c'' eel the coaft of Terra Firma, 
 lulling alor,. . ef-ofcto the ifthmus of Da- 
 , „.,v.v ;„ 4 w-|^cu i; nave iuund a pai- 
 
 fage 
 
 Irf 
 
Experience, 
 ureof theair, 
 ds, had ena- 
 jgnoftications 
 J being pcr- 
 as approach- 
 e of it, defi- 
 ail for Spain 
 But this re- 
 ps failed im- 
 
 ew his little 
 
 and in the 
 rricanes ever 
 d came on. 
 bips, which 
 
 fuffcred the 
 Yi four only 
 n periihed. 
 le, the (hip 
 at couJd be 
 Imiral's for- 
 rid the bafe 
 
 to Spain in 
 i one of the 
 umbus fuf* 
 ice, on this 
 
 remarkable 
 ured inno- 
 
 Coluinbus 
 is deiign of 
 Fter a diiR- 
 Tra Firma, 
 lus of Da- 
 4nd a paf- 
 fage 
 
 •»f 
 
 r xix ] 
 
 fage into the South Sea. In this he wai d.T- 
 appointed; but at the fame time con inced^ 
 tliat the continent was of much greater value 
 iHan thtf iHands, as it abounded in gold, and 
 the inhabitants far more civilized than iny 
 be had before /cen. This voyage was how- 
 tvcr the mod unfortunate Columbus ever 
 -Itncw; he was obliged to put in at the ifl.ini 
 ,0/ Jamaica, whi.:i' hi difcovcrcd in the fccond 
 ^^Vuyage, and hi:> ftiips being incapable of re- 
 auairs, he might have fptnt his life in this 
 xiie, hdd not a private man at Hifpaniola, 
 rom a real eftcem for his merit, fitted out a 
 hip for his relief, after the governor had re- 
 used hjm affiftance. 
 
 On his arrival at Hifpaniola, he found the 
 !olony filled with new dilputcs and difordcrs; 
 'ut being unwilling to engage any more in af. 
 airs of this kind, he haftened every thine: for 
 IS departure for Spain, where he at laft arri- 
 ra ""^'■-["^^f'ng the grcateft hardships and 
 Jitrcfs. He found the queen, his great pa- 
 ronefs, was dead, and the king, who was of 
 clofc and diifembling difpofition, the only 
 .erlon he could apply to for the reward he 
 ^ad been fo often promifcd for his labours, 
 ^ut It was always deferred on frivolous pre- 
 :nccs, till death put a period to all his toils 
 nd vc:^ .it ons. He was buried with the utmoft 
 i/iagnincence. But the admiral himfclf, in or- 
 der to perpetuate the memory of his ill treat- 
 tiem, had, before his death, given orders for 
 uttmg the irons he had worn, into his coffin, 
 ^ut though Columbus .was undoubtedly the 
 rit, he was not the onlv nprf6n th.,- «,.wl Air 
 
 ;overic» 
 
"I'J 
 
 f XX ] 
 
 coveries in the new world. Henry Vlf em. 
 P^oy^. John Cabot, a bold and fnterpHz'ng 
 
 of Tune ,^o, ''"i^T^"""' '" 'h= month 
 Newfounilt^^' ''v '•''^"^"^d the illand of 
 Newfoundland. From thence he flood over 
 to the continent, and coafted a-1 alon^ the cTaft 
 of N. America, from Nova Scotia to Florida • 
 
 FIorenHn/'Y '^^^' ^""'"'"^ Vefputius, a 
 i'iorentme, havmg procured a Spanifli com- 
 «.ffion together with the charts^f CoC 
 co^'tinem'^ 'rJ"' Weft Indies, and vifued the 
 whether h°/™T'"';!!°"S'' «" """««'" 
 
 r^ma'n'^oV addr"e?st7.rt'trt;- ^^ "^'"^ 
 as nn ,1,1 /• Si^eat confidence, as we 1 
 
 as an able feaman and excellent geographer 
 
 ^^dcAuhlV K- ""' ^°'"'"*'" of America, 
 ever finit , -^ *?" ?'^'' "^n^^' ^^^ich it has 
 ZL- ff^'ned, though no body doubts of 
 >ts bemg d>fcovered by Columbus. 
 
 Peter Alvarez Capralis, admiral of a fleet 
 belonging to tmanuel king of Portusal fl«r 
 
 he ifZt^'!, °" '5' ^?''* °f B"fi'. which 
 of fi,.h ''.''^/''^^^ ""-l which has fince proved 
 of fuch. mfin.te benefit to that crown. Hence 
 
 oon. '° ^? '°^ "^^^ 'f Columbu, had not 
 
 frX "?::'^l%'" ^^'^^ "f «"« new wo"d 
 
 covered b„ ru"""' 't ^""'"^ '"'^^ ^een dif- 
 covered by chance by this Portuguefe ad- 
 
 !' l%"°l°"' '■"''""■°" to pirrfue the difco- 
 ""snca any further here, intending 
 
 to 
 
 Vprw nf 
 
f xxi i 
 
 to give the particular, relating to the difco- 
 LrZf-^^^t refpeaive part, under its proper 
 
 artjc^, in the following work: but it will be 
 \Tf"^ '?j ^^y '■""'"•'ing of this large part 
 
 Wreat of the feveral empires, kingdoms, pro- 
 vinces,' &c. of which it is compofed. ^ 
 J. i he extent of the new world is fo prodi- 
 gious, that we have not hitherto been able to 
 afcertain its boundaries, efpecially towards the 
 N. the vaft trails of ice and fnow, together 
 wuh^he violent winds which blow'frorthe 
 h' u- ""^"'"S a" the attempts that have 
 been hitherto made for that purpofe abordve! 
 On the fouthern and weftern fides, thev are 
 difcovered ; but the prodigious windsr?Lws! 
 and piercmg cold, that prevail in the fouthern 
 
 LJ^ T?';^ "/ .''"'*' "''* «fent, not onlv 
 
 \Z r """."^ 't '''"«°^' »"" a'fo extendi 
 
 ■ng fo very far beyond each of the tropics 
 
 [muft con^quemly be fuppofed to haveas 
 
 «ut, If we except the moft fouthern and nor^ 
 thern parts, which are here, as every where 
 jelfe naturalhr cold and barr'en, the 7eft may 
 be confidered as an imr^nfe treafurv of Ta- 
 .ture producing moft of the fruits? era "ns 
 Plants, trees, metals, minerals, &c fo!"d7n 
 the other quarters of the eUhe- JT 
 of them inluch greater'pe&n.'tf.dri: 
 fhTs SJ^'Tr' °"'"^' ''"°-" only in 
 
 i"i.uing the amazing quantity/that'hard^ri^g 
 
 3 the 
 

 
 I 
 
 i'.l 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 . 'I 
 
 
 Itsi' 
 
 [ xxH ] , 
 
 the two laft centuries been fent into Europe 
 and Afia, they do not appear to be the Ifeaft 
 impoverished. 
 
 But gold and filver are far from being the 
 only valuable commodities that this country 
 produces ; diamonds, pearls, amethyfts, eme- 
 ralds, and other gems, are found in fuch quan- 
 tities, that their value is nov^r inconfiderable, 
 in comparifon of what it was before the dif- 
 coveryof this quarter of the globe. To thefe 
 we may add, a vaft variety of other commo- 
 dities, which, though of lefs price, are far 
 more valuable and ufeful. Of this kind, are 
 the conftant and plentiful fuppli s of cochi- 
 neal, indigo, anatto, logwood, brafil, fugar, 
 rum, pimento, cacao, cotton, tobacco, hides, 
 ambergrife, balfam (f Tolu, and Peru, jefuits- 
 bark, mechoacan, faflafras, farfapariJla, caffia, 
 tamarinds, and a great variety of other drugs, 
 which, before the difcovery of America, were 
 cither unknown to us, or purchafcd at an 
 extravagant price from Afia or Africa. 
 
 The rivers of this country are allovi^ed to 
 be by far the largeft in the world, both with 
 regard to their breadth, depth, and aftonifh- 
 ing length of their courfe. Thus the river 
 St. Laurence in N. America, runs near 1500 
 miles, and is above 90 in breadth at its mouth; 
 and that of the Amazons, inS. America, which 
 rifes in Peru, runs through feveral large king-* 
 doms, and after a courfe of 11 00 leagues, 
 falls into the northern ocean between Brafil 
 and Guaina, and rolls with fuch force, and 
 difembogues fuch a prodigious quantity of 
 water, that it forms a frefh-water fea feveral 
 miles diilant from its mouth. 
 
 Nor 
 
I xxiii J 
 Nor are its livers more remarkable than .V. 
 mountains, which are of fuch furprif ng he?eh 
 and prod>g,ous extent, that nothing of the 
 k.nd m any other part of the globe can t 
 compared with them. The Aide, f * • " 
 fiance, extend from the ifthmu" of n •"' 
 to the ftraits of Maeellen h^Z "'^'^ 
 
 That"- ^' ''I \- '^e^etXVh?L f°°: 
 that even m the breaches where they a e crof 
 fed, the paffcngers are feveral day^ /„ "f 
 
 fZZ?H '^' r'"'y' ^"'J f"ffer ^extreme,; 
 from the exceffive co d. even u,h»„ ""^'"^'y 
 
 them in the burning zone "'^>' "<"^ 
 
 This prodigious traa of land is no«, J: 
 
 v.d.d between feveral powers of Europe tI; 
 
 Spaniards have much the largeft ftfrl Tn? 
 
 To ptplT"%r°" ''=■". 'heyTave^'bS; aWe 
 
 hers- f Jdtd '^S':"^a.motf *"«' 
 
 l«ed it, and gave the rS fo ho°rHd tn'ISL" 
 
 of their new inafters thnf .^„ n '"^^ 
 
 thofe that efcaped, fled to th/ 8'''="^*.P^« of 
 forefts of that^titl^ ™-;;^-- and 
 
 defcendants ftill continue anZft» r n *''"'' 
 on their tyrannical maft.r? f • '^"j' °'" 
 
 reprifals for Jhe >n[:Lri:;%,ZXiff:rl? 
 By this means, f'^vera] i/^a / *^:"'^"y luttered. 
 
 d/ftitute of ^nhabtanls ^^'r^^ ^^^ ^''"°ft 
 richeft countries in the wo^^d / "" °'^ *'"' 
 cultivated. Theofhifp cominue un- 
 
 contented tlJ^lwt'llr^TClr ""''' 
 ous fettlements in thofe nart^ J, i ^'"'"Sa- 
 vouring to fubdue and rfdice 7he I t!"^''' 
 to a flavifl, obedience. Nav ir h '"^^"''"ts 
 general praaice of the Sift ''^^ ''=«=" 'he 
 the land thev occ.nv 'f ."?'™.' . '» P^'^hafe 
 ^ ^ - S.J -^ ii.-w iiiiiaujiaiits ; and 
 
 by 
 
'•Ul'i 
 
 ) :~ 
 
 
 fir. ■ 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 [ xxlv ] 
 
 by this wife method of proceeding, they made 
 the Americans their friends, till the French, 
 by their falfe infinuations, prevailed on many 
 of the Indians to abandon the Englifh, and 
 cut ofF numbers of the inhabitants of our 
 back fettlemcnts, who never injured them. 
 
 This ungenerous method of proceeding, and 
 the daily encroachments they made on the Eng- 
 lifh territories, gave occafion to the prefent 
 war, in which we have been fo fuccefsful, as 
 to deprive them of all the country they pof- 
 fefled in N. America, except their fettlements 
 on the Miffiffiippi, and the ifland of Marti- 
 nico. But as fome of thefe conquefts were 
 made after the articles under which they are 
 defcribed were printed, the reade'r, it is hoped, 
 will overlook any expreifions, which may tend 
 to indicate that they belong to the French. 
 Guadaloupe is an inftance of this kind, the ac- 
 count of which was printed before the ifland 
 was taken. 
 
 We fhall conclude this introduaion with 
 obferving, that the greateft care has been ta- 
 ken to render the American Gazetteer as com- 
 plete as the great variety it contains would 
 admit of. Aiid as the accounts, that have hi- 
 therto appeared of the Spanifh fettlements 
 were very erroneous and imperfed, the au- 
 thors have had recourfe to Spanifh writers, ,, 
 from whom the principal articles relating to| 
 thefe parts of America are extra^ed, and 
 will, it is hoped, give the reader fatisfac- 
 tion. 
 
 THE 
 
ing, they made 
 ill the French, 
 iled on many 
 
 EngJifh, and 
 itants of our 
 ired them, 
 roceeding, and 
 ie on the Eng- 
 to the prefent 
 
 fuccefsful, as 
 ntry they pof- 
 eir fettlements 
 and of Marti- 
 onquerts were 
 hich they are 
 r, it is hoped, 
 bich may tend 
 » the French. 
 
 kind, the ac- 
 bre the ifland 
 
 [>du(Slion with 
 has been ta- 
 itteer as com- 
 mtains would 
 that have hi- 
 h fettlements 
 ^e<^, the au- 
 ini/h writers, 
 s relating toi 
 :tra(Sled, and 
 ader fatlsfac- 
 
 THE 
 
 T H E 
 
 |American Gazetteer, 
 
 AC A 
 
 ■«,^ • il> 
 
 ^Geore,a, about ,blteen„,ile8 H. 
 
 Acadia, the name of a tttjVirtce in Mnrtfc 
 mpca, eenerally calledbv "he Endift S 
 
 >cot.a, or new Seotland. L NovrScOTi a 
 AcAPOtco, a large city, hearthts P 
 
 .er of New Spai„,\ N^onh ^4 fitr 
 
 fe F " ? \7 ° *■"= So«h Sea, aboutTio tt^ 
 lb. E. of Mexico, of wh ch it i. ,\1 \. ""'" 
 
 fon this fea, and, indeed thi „* -""f P"' 
 on the whole coaft tt'J principal mart 
 
 kellent h arbour? f J fulTor^ '° ^t "« ^- 
 Nng <paciou5,'and fte th«7 °" ,"l" "'*''*♦ 
 fhip3>ay ride in ^ whl^^ufttwd'^of 5^' 
 [maging one another. The mouth^? I l ?" 
 [bour is defended by a low iS \f ?'' '"il- 
 Und a half long, and half a Se 'brS lea!^^" 
 |a wide, and deeo H,=.n„.i .7 !^ .'^°^''>. '"v«e 
 llliips mav fafelv Po7n ','n7 "'"^nend, where 
 «e'y go in Md out, without the ad- 
 
 vantage 
 
Ml 
 
 ft 
 
 A C A 
 
 vantage of the winds. They muft indeed enter 
 with the fca-wind, and go out with a land-wind; 
 but thefe feldom or never fail to fucceed each 
 other in their proper feafon day and night. The 
 weflermoft channel is ihcnarroweft, but Co deep, 
 that there is no anchoring; and the Manila 
 (hips pafs in that way : but thofe fron:\ Lima en- 
 ter through the S. W. channel. This har- 
 bour runs N. about three miles j then grow- 
 ing very narrow, turns (hort to the W. and 
 runs about a mile farther, where it terminates. 
 The town ftands on the N. W. fide, at the 
 mouth of this narrow paflagc, clofe by the fea ; 
 and at the end of th« town is a plat-form 
 mounted with guns. Oppofite to the town on 
 *he E. fide is a high ftrong caflle, faid to Jiave 
 forty guns of a very large fizc. Ships coromon- 
 iy ride near the bottom of the harbour, underlie 
 command both of the caftle and plat-form. ^ 
 ; The commerce of this place with Peru is 
 ^not, a? many writers have miftaken, confined 
 only to the annual fhip from Lima; for at all 
 other feafons of the year, except that wherein 
 the Acapulco (hip arrives, the trade is open; 
 and (hips from Peru come hither frequently to 
 fell their own commodities, and carry back thofc 
 of Mexico; but becaufe the great importance of 
 this place is owing to the annual (hips of Lima 
 and Manila. 
 
 About the end of the fifteenth century, and the 
 beginning of the fixteenth, the difcovery of new 
 countries, with new branches of commerce, was 
 the reigning paffion of feveral European princes. 
 But thofe who engaged moft deeply, and for- 
 • tunaiely in thefe purfuits, were the kings of! 
 ' ~ '" firft of thele difcover- 
 
 Spain and Portugal j the hrit of thele 
 
A C A 
 
 ed the immenfe and opulent conh'nenfof Am. 
 r.ca and i's adjacent iflands; while the ofW 
 by doubling the Cape of Good Hop^, o^ned ,^ 
 h'3 fleets a paflage to the fouthern coaftTf Ar 
 uru.lly called th?Eaft Indies, a"d by hSfaHe' 
 mentsinthat partof the globe becZe Ifl^Ei 
 of many of the manufalures and n«u«l „f^ 
 dua.on, with which ieabounded, and whtf f 
 fome age, had been the wonder anddehl, r .u' 
 
 fue the propagation of the catholic faith ^;„ I r" 
 diftant<:ountties rthcv havinrKn.K ? !u' " ^^^^^ 
 
 church, by their butcher,, te - mother, 
 
 pope AleJandeT VI gZ„te<l"r!h' >""''> 
 crown the property J^TriiZ'of 'ifZl 
 places euher already difcovered, orthatftouS 
 be difcovered an hundred leagues f„ ?k „ 
 ward of the Azores ; leaviS th. u\ '^''^' 
 countries to the eaiiward If S, iLit" ^t" 
 induftry and future difquition of the pZ' ^J'" 
 and this boundary being aftt"wards rf2 T*^ ' 
 hundred and fifty Lguls mZ to thrSi7 
 by the agreement of both natinm ;, . .'"'^.^rd, 
 that by%his regul.tiralTth?fi7'''?!^'"''* 
 contend would \e fup"p.ij' 'S th^f* 
 
 6 
 
 the Porfuguefe fup 
 pofed 
 
A C A 
 
 » 
 
 pofed that their Eaft Indian fcttlements, and par- 
 ticularly the Spice-iflands, were fecurcd from any 
 l:uture attempts of the Spaniili nation. 
 
 But it feems the holy father's infallibility had 
 at this time deferted him ; and for waht o( being 
 more convcrfant in geography, had not foref<%n 
 that the Spaniards, by pufliing their difcoveries 
 to the W. and the Portuguefe to the E. might 
 at lail:, meet each other, and be again embroil- 
 ed; as it a6lually happened within a few years 
 aftcrvrards* For Frederick Magellan, who was 
 an officer in the king of Portugal's fcrvicCy hav- 
 ing received fome difguft from that court, either 
 by the defalcation of his pay, or that his parts as 
 he conceived were too cheaply confidercd, he 
 entered into the fervicc of the king of Spain, and 
 being a man of ability, was defirous of figna- 
 lizing his talents by fome cnterprize, which 
 might vex his former matters, and teach them 
 toeftimate his worth by the greatnefs of the mif- 
 chicf he did them : this being the moft natural 
 and obvious principle of all Fugitives, and more 
 efpecially of thofe, who, being rcaHy men of ca- 
 pacity^ have quitted their country by reafon of the 
 I'mall account that has been made of them. 
 Magellan In purfuance of thefc vindr£iive views, 
 knowing that the Portuguefe confidered the pof- 
 Je/lio^ of their Spice-iflands as the moft impor- 
 tant acquifitions in the Eaft Indies, refolve<i to 
 inftigate the court of Spain to an entcrprize, 
 which, by ftiil purfuing their ditcoverics, wouM 
 entitle them to interfere both in the property and 
 commerce of thofe renowned ^ottupxefe fctth^' 
 ments j and the king of Spain, approving this 
 proje£^, Magellan in 15 19, fet faij from the 
 pw c of S€vi]> in Qid^t to execute bis defigns. He 
 
 had 
 
nts, and par- 
 ired from any 
 
 Fallibility had 
 vaht of being 
 not forefeen 
 ir difcoveries 
 he E. might 
 ;ain embroil- 
 1 a few years 
 in, who was 
 ^crviccy hav- 
 court, either 
 It his parts as 
 nfideredj he 
 if Spain, and 
 >us of figna- 
 rize, which 
 teach them 
 of the mif- 
 nofl natural 
 2) and more 
 f men of ca- 
 •eafon of the 
 5 of them* 
 fftive views, 
 red the pof- 
 noft impor- 
 refolve^i to 
 entcrprize, 
 rics, wouM 
 roperty and 
 jtrefe fettte'- 
 proving this 
 J from the 
 fftgns. He 
 had 
 
 •I 
 
 ''•M 
 
 A CA 
 
 ftad with him a confidcrable force, confiftin^ 
 of five (hips, with two hundred and thirty-four 
 metiy with which he flood for the coaft of 
 South America ; and ranging along-fljore, he, at 
 laft, towards the end of Oaober 1520, had the 
 good fortune to difcover thofe ftrcights, now 
 called from him the Strcights of Magellan, 
 which opened him a pafTage into the Pacific 
 ocean. And this firft part of his fchcme being 
 thus happily accompliihed, he, after feme ftay 
 on the coaft of Peru, fct fail again to the weft- 
 ward, with a view of falting in with the Spicc- 
 Jflands. In this cxtenfivc run, he firft difcover- 
 ed the Ladrones, or Marian Iflands ; and comi. 
 nuing on his courfe, he at length reached the 
 Philippine iflands, which are the moft eaftern 
 part of all Afia, where, venturing on ihore in an 
 hoftile manner, he was flain in a fkirmifli by the 
 Indians. / 
 
 By the death of Magellan the original proiea 
 of fecuring fome of the Spice-iflands was defeat- 
 ed; for thofe who were left in command after 
 Jvim contented themfelves with ranging thra*" 
 them, and purchafmg fome fpices from the na- 
 tives J after which they returned home by the 
 Cape of Good Hope, being the firft fliip* 
 which ever had failed round the world, and 
 thereby demonftrated the reality of ks being of a 
 fphencal figure. But though Spain did not 
 hereby acquire the property of any of the Spice- 
 HlandVyet the d^fevery made "in this expedi- 
 tion of the Philhpptne inlands was thought too 
 confiderable to be negleded , for thefe were not 
 far from them, being well fituated for the Chinefe 
 trade, and for the commerce of other parts of 
 L3<ifa: and thprpfrr* ^ ^ • _.• *^ - ^' 
 
 ^ J cftablifhed, 
 
Mm 
 
 A C A 
 
 5 pabl.aied, and carefully fupported between thof^ 
 maruls and the Spanifli colonies on the coaft of 
 i'eru : fo that the city Alanila, which was built 
 on the jfland of Luconia, the chief of the 
 rniiippines, foon became the mart of all Indian 
 commodities,, which were bought up by the in- 
 habitants, and were annually fent to the South 
 x.cas, to be there vended on their account; and the 
 return of this commerce to Manila being chiefly 
 made in filver, the place by degrees grew ex* 
 uemely opulent, and conhderable, wl ile its 
 trade fo far encreafed as to engage the attention 
 ol the court of Spain, and to be frequently con- 
 trolled and regulated by royal edids. 
 
 In the infancy of this trade it was carried on 
 from the port of Callao to the city Manila, in 
 which voyage the trade-wind continually fa- 
 voured them ; fo that notwithftanding thefe 
 places were diftant between three and four thou- 
 fand leagues, yet the voyage was often made in 
 little more than two months : but then the re- 
 turn fron* Manila was extremely troublefom^i 
 and tedious, and is faid fometimes to have taken 
 them up, above twelve months, which if they 
 pretended to ply up within the limits of the trade- 
 wind, is not at all to be wondered at; and it is 
 certain that, in their firft voyages, they were fo 
 imprudent or unfkilful as to attempt this courfe. 
 However that route was foon laid afide by the 
 advice of a jefuit, who perfuaded them to fteer to 
 the northward, till they got clear of the trade- 
 wind j and then, by the favour of the wefterly 
 winds, which generally prevail in high latitudes, 
 to ftretch away for the coaft of California. 
 This has been the praiSiice for at leaft one hun- 
 dred and fmy years paft ; for Sir Thomas 
 
 Cavendi(b 
 
►ctwecn thofr 
 the coaft of 
 ich was built 
 :hicf of the 
 of all Indian 
 ip by the in- 
 to the South 
 )unt;and the 
 being chiefly 
 es grew ex- 
 , wl ile its 
 the attention 
 juently con* 
 
 \3 carried on 
 
 Manila, in 
 tinually fa- 
 nding thefe 
 d four thou- 
 ten made in 
 then the re- 
 troublefon^ii 
 
 have taken 
 lich if they 
 )f the trade- 
 t; and it is 
 ey were fo 
 this courfe. 
 ifide by the 
 1 to fleer to 
 
 the trade- 
 ie wefterly 
 h latitudes, 
 California. 
 1 one hun- 
 r Thomas 
 
 Cavendifli 
 
 *; 
 
 A C A 
 
 \^: 
 
 Cavcndirti, in 1 586, engaged off the S. end of 
 California a vcflcl bound from Manila to the 
 American coaft. And it was in compliance with 
 this new plan of navigation, and to (hortcn the 
 run both backwards and forwards, that the 
 flaple of this commerce to and from Manila 
 was removed from Callao on the coaft of Peru 
 to Acapuico on the coaft of Mexico^ where 
 It continues fixed at this time. 
 
 Such was the commencement, and fuch were 
 the early regulations of this commerce; but its 
 prefent condition being a more interefting Tub- 
 jca, we beg leave to dwell longer on this head, 
 snd to be indulged in a more particular narra- 
 Hon, beginning with a defcription of the ifland 
 , of Luconia, and the port and bay of Manila. 
 
 The ifland of Luconia, though fimatcd in the 
 latitude of i5<>. N. is efteemed to be in gene- 
 ral extremely healthy, and the water found 
 there is faid to be the beft in the world. It 
 produces all the fruits of the warm countries, 
 and abounds in a moft excellent breed of horfes, 
 fuppofed to be carried thither fir ft from Spain.' 
 it IS very well fituated for the Indian and Chi, 
 Jiefe trade ; the bay and port of Manila, which' 
 he on Its weftern fide, are perhaps the moft re- 
 markable in the whole world ; the bay beine a 
 large circular bafon near ten leagues indiameter^ 
 and great part of it entirely land-locked. On the 
 ±.. fide of this bay ftands the city of Manila, 
 which IS very large and populous, and which at 
 the beginning of the laft war was only an open 
 place. Its principal defence being a fmall fort, 
 which was in a great meafure furrounded on 
 
 every lide by houfes : but fhevhau*. l<,f«i j^ 
 
 coniidcrable additions to its fortifications. The 
 
 ^ 4 port 
 
ft 
 
 4 
 
 
 *-j 
 
 ii 
 
 A C A 
 
 port belonging to the city is called Cabite, and 
 iics nrar two leagues to the fouthward ; and in 
 
 tZr'' ^\'^^ r'p' ^^'"p^oy*^ if^ the Acpujco 
 
 trade are ufually Rationed. 
 
 The city of Manila itfelf is in a very healthy 
 muation, IS well watered, and in the ncighliour- 
 Hood of a very fruitful and plentiful country: but 
 as the principal bufinefsof this place is its trade to 
 Acapulcd, It lies under fomc difadvantase, from 
 the difhculty there is in getting to fet, to the 
 caftward ; for the paflage is among iflands, and 
 «irough channels, where the Spaniards fp«nd 
 much time, and are often in danger. 
 
 y"5 trade carried on from this place to China, 
 and different parts of India, is principally for 
 J«»ch commodities as are intended to fupply the 
 icingdoms of Mexico and Peru, which ^dnfift in 
 ipices, all forts" of Chinefe fdks and manufac- 
 tures, nik ftockings, of Which, it is faij, no lefs 
 than 50,000 pair are ihipped on board the annual 
 ftiip. Vaft quantities of Indian fluffs, callicoes, 
 aimtiz, which are much worn in America, toge- 
 ther with othijr minuter articles, as goldfmith'a 
 woric, &c. which is principally done at the city 
 Of Manila by the Chinefe, there being fettled as 
 ftrvants, manufadurers, or brokers, at leaft 
 twenty thoufand of that nation. All thefe dif- 
 ferent commodities are colleiSed at Manila, 
 thence to be tranfported annually, in one or more 
 ihips, to the port of Acapulco in the kingdom of 
 Mexico. But this trade to Acapulco is not laid 
 open to all the inhabitants of Manila; but is 
 confined to very particular regulations, fomc- 
 what analagous to thofe by which the trade of 
 the regifter-ftips from Cadiz to the Weft Indies 
 is reui allied., ihc ihips employed herein are 
 . - found 
 
Dne or more 
 
 AC A 
 
 found by the king of Spain, who pays the ofiicei*" 
 •nd crew ; the tonnage i$ dtvickd into a certain 
 number of bales, all of the fame fizc. . icft 
 arc dtftributed among the convents of Manila^, 
 but principally to the jcfuits, aa a donation for 
 the fupport of their miiSion for the propagation 
 of the catholic faith. Thufe conve^ta have 
 Jitrcby a right to embark fuch a quantity o£ 
 goods on board the Manila (hips as the tonnage 
 of their bales amount to ; or, if they chufc not 
 •o be concerned in trade themfeJves, they have 
 the power of felling the privilege to othera; and? 
 as the merchants to whom they grant their 
 ihares are often unprovided with a ftocfc, it i» 
 Mfual for the convents to lend them confiderable 
 fums of moneyoA bottomry. 
 
 The trade is, by the royal cdifts, limited t» 
 accrtam value, which the annual charges ought 
 «ot to exceed. Some Spanifh manufcripis men* 
 tion this limitation to be 600,000 dollars : but 
 doabtkfs the cargoe exceeds that Aim j and tha 
 return cannot be greatly ihort of three million* 
 of dollars. ^i- 
 ^It is fufficicntly obvious, that the greateft part 
 of the treafure, returned from Acapulco to Ma* 
 nila, does not remain in that place, but is affain 
 difperfed into different parts of India. As all 
 iLuropean nations have generally efteemed it i?ood 
 policy to keep their American fcttlements in aa 
 immediate diependence on their mother- country, 
 without permitting them to carry ondiredly any 
 gaiiiful traffic with other powers, thefe corifide. 
 rations have occafioned many remonftrances to be 
 prefented to the court of Spain agninft the Indian 
 trade, albwed to the kingdoms of Peru and Mexi- 
 co; It havme- been uraed th^ftu^ r.ij, ^ r__ 
 
 ^ 5 lure* 
 
t k • i: 
 
 u 
 
 ]': ti 
 
 '■'ii 
 'ii 
 
 I',* 
 
 m 
 
 in 
 
 "J. I ,4 
 
 '11 ' " 
 
 'fli 
 
 
 A C A -^ 
 
 tares of Valencia and other parts of Spain are here- 
 by greatly prejudiced, and the linens carried from 
 Cadiz are much injured in their fale, fmce the 
 Chinefe filks; coming almoin dire£^!y to Acapul- 
 ca^can be a^orded much cheaper there than any 
 European manufadure of equal goodnefs -, and 
 the cottons from the Cnromandel coaft make 
 the European linens almoft ufelefs : (o that the 
 Manila trade renders both Mexico and Peru lefs 
 dependent upon Spain forafupply of their necef* 
 ijties than they ought to be ; and exhaufts thefe 
 countries of confiderable quantities of iilver^ the 
 greateft part of which, were this trade prohibit- 
 ed, would center in Spain, either in payment for 
 Spani(h commodities, or in gains to the Spanifh 
 merchants ; whereas now me only advantage 
 arifing from it is the enriching the jeAiifs, and 
 a few particulkr perfons be/ides, at the other 
 extremity of the world. Thefe arguments 
 fo far influenced D. JoTeph Patinho, who was 
 then4)rime-miniftcr, but no friend to the jefuits, 
 that about 1725, he had refolved to abolifli this 
 trade, and to have permitted no Indian^ commo- 
 dities to ae introduced into any of the Spani/h 
 ports in the Weft Indies, but what were carried 
 thither in the regifter-(hip? from Europe. But 
 the powerful intrigues of the jefuits prevented 
 this regulation from taking place. 
 
 'This trade from Manila to Acapulco and back 
 again, is ufually carried on in one, or at moft in 
 two annua! fhips, which fet fail from Manik about 
 July, and arrive at Acapulco>ifi December,' Ja- 
 nuary, or February following; and having there 
 difpofed of their efFeds, return for Manila fome 
 time in March, where they generally arrive in 
 
 near 
 
A C A 
 
 near an entire year. For «this reafon, though 
 there is often no more than one fhip employed at 
 a time, yet there is one always ready for the fea> 
 when the other arriv<:8 ; and therefore the l^om* 
 merce at Manila are provided w Ith three or four 
 ^out fhips^ that, in cafe of any accident, the trade 
 may not be fufpcnded. The lareefl of thefc 
 (hips is little lefs than one of our hrft rate men 
 of war, and indeed fhe mufl be of an enormous 
 fize; for it is known that when /he was employ- 
 ed with other (k'ps from the fame port tp cruifc 
 for our China trade, (he had no lefs than twelve 
 hundred men on board. Their other (hips, 
 though far inferior in wealth to this, are yet flout, 
 large vefTels, of the burden of twelve hundred 
 tons, and upwards, and generally carry firom 
 three hundred and fifty to fix hundred hands, 
 paflengers included, with fifty guns. As thefe 
 are all king's (hips, commiffioned and paid by 
 him, one of the captains is ufually flilcd the ge- 
 neral, and who carries the royal Aandard of 
 Spain at the maintop-gallant-maft head. 
 
 And to give a more circumftantial detail, the 
 (hip, having received her cargo on board, and fit- 
 ted for fea, generally weighs from Cabite about 
 the middle of July, taking the advantages of the 
 weftern monfoon, which then fets in to carry 
 them to fea. As the voyage is ufually fix 
 months, the fhip deeply laden with goods, and 
 crowded with people, it may appear wonderful 
 how they can well be fupplied with a (lock of 
 freOi water for fo long a time ; and indeed their 
 method is fingular. They have no other re- 
 courfe but to the goodnefs of heaven for this fup- 
 ply ; fo fhould it not rain they muft all inevitablv 
 
 B 6 latitude 
 
Vf/,f 
 
 AC A 
 
 latitude 6f 30^, and 40^. N. and to favc It; 
 iptead mat? floping againft the gunwale of the 
 ftipjjthe lower eagcs of which mats reft on » 
 rargeTplif bamboe, into which the Water drains; 
 and by tMs is conveyed into jars, as by a trough, 
 for in the South-fcas the Spaniards ufe jars and not 
 cafks. Thefe jars are not only flowed thick be- 
 tween decks, but hung in the Ihrouds and ftays^ 
 ib as to exhibit at a dmance a very odd appear-* 
 ance. This manner of fupply,' cafual as it fecms, 
 is never known to fail them; fo that it is common, 
 when 0ieir voyage is a little longer than ufual, to 
 fill all their water jars a fecond time. This 
 voyage, being of much longer continuance than 
 any other navigation, occafions ail inveterate 
 fcurvy ajnong the crew, and one caufe .of the 
 duration of this voyage is the ignorance as well- 
 as indolence, with the unneceflary caution of the 
 Spanifh failors, and concern for fo rich a prize ; 
 for they feldom or never fet the main-fail in the 
 night, and often lie to unneceflarily : fo that they 
 are more apprehenfive of tOo Arong a gale,* 
 though favourable, than of the ficknefs and mor- 
 tality ever attending fo long a voyage, which 
 might be coritra<Si:ed Dy altering their courfe, and" 
 fleering at firft N. E. and by N. into the latitude 
 of 40^, or 45^. in part of which courfe they 
 would be greatly aiBfted by the trade- winds, and- 
 alfo meet in the higher latitudes' with fteadier 
 and brlfker wefterly winds than in 30 degrees 
 of latitude. Nor is this a matter of fpeculationi 
 for a French fhip, in 1 721, by purfuing this 
 courfe, ran from the coaft of China to the val- 
 ley of Vanderas on the coaft of Mexico, in 49 
 days. 
 
 I To 
 
 
I to favc It; 
 iwale of the 
 ts reft on » 
 i^ater di*ains; 
 by a trough, 
 jars and not 
 ed thickbe- 
 h and ftays, 
 odd appear- 
 1 as it fecms, 
 is common, 
 an ufual, to 
 ime. This 
 nuance than 
 1 inveterate 
 laufe of the 
 ince as well 
 lution of the 
 ich a prize ; 
 i-fail in the 
 fo that they 
 ng a galtj, 
 sfs and mor- 
 age, which 
 courfe, and' 
 the latitude 
 courfe they 
 winds, and 
 ith fteadier 
 30 degrees 
 fpeculationi 
 urfuing this 
 to the val- 
 xico, in 49 
 
 , A C A 
 
 To proceed : the Manila (hip having flood fy 
 far to the northward as to meet aweftcrly wind^ 
 ftretchcs aWay nearly in the fame latitude of 
 30, for the coaft of California, and when (he 
 has run into the longitude of 96 degrees from 
 Cape Efpiritu Santo, the Tailors meet with a 
 plant floating in the fea, which the Spaniards 
 I call Porra, a fpecies of fea-leek. On the fight of 
 this, they <:onrtder themfelves fufficiently near 
 the Caltfornian (bore, and immediately (land to 
 the fouthward. They rely tb much on the firft* 
 difcovery of this plant, that the whole (hip's com- 
 pany fing Te Deum, looking on the diiEcultie* 
 and hazards of the voyage at an end ; and they 
 conftantly correft their longitude thereby, with- 
 out any attention to the fight of land. After 
 falling in with thefe figns, as tiiey call them, 
 they fteer to the S. without endeavouring to 
 fall in with the coaft, till they have run into a 
 lower latitude; for as there arc many iflands, and 
 fome (hoals along the coafls of California, the 
 extreme caution of the Spanifli navigators maket 
 them over apprehenfive of being engaged with 
 the land. However, when they draw near to its 
 fouthern extremity, they venture to hale in, 
 both for the fake of making cape St» Lucas, to 
 afcertain their reckoning, and alfo to receive in-^ 
 telligcnce from the Indian 'inbabitants, whether 
 or no there arc a.ny enemies on the coaft; and if 
 the captain finds fmm them that he has nothing 
 to fear, he is direded to prooeed for Cape St.^ 
 Lucas, <and thence to Cape Corientes ; aften 
 which he is to co&ft it along for the port ol 
 Acapulco. 
 
 The moft ufual time for the arrival of the 
 gsiltuH at Agapulco is towards ihe middle of 
 
 January; 
 
m 
 
 i' r,' 
 
 If 
 
 : ■■■ ; 
 
 l.r-l ', 
 
 
 A C A 
 
 January: but this navigation is fo uncertsfin, 
 that Pi\e fometimes gets in a month fooner, and 
 at other times has been detained at fea longer. 
 The port of Acapulco is by much the fecureft 
 and fineft in all the northern parts of the Pacific 
 «cean^ being a bafon furrounded by very high 
 mountains ; but the town is a moil virretched 
 place, and extremely unhealthy; for the air about 
 it is fo pent up by the hills, that it has fcarcely 
 any circulation. The place is befides deflitute 
 of frefh water, and (o inconvenient, that except 
 at the time of the mart, while the Manila ihip is 
 in ^he port, the town is almoft deferted. 
 
 When the galleon arrives in this port, (he is 
 generally moored on its wcftern fide, and her 
 cargo is delivered with all expedition ; and now 
 the town of Acapulco, from almoft a folitude, is 
 immediately thronged with merchants from all 
 parts of the kingdom of Mexico. The cargo 
 being landed and difpofed of, the filver and the 
 goods intended for Manila are taken on board, to- 
 gether with provifions and water, and the ihip 
 prepares to put to fea with the utmofl expedition. 
 There is indeed no time lo(^ ; for it is an exprefs 
 order to the captain to be out of the port of 
 Acapulco on his return before the firil day of 
 April. 
 
 Having mentioned the goods intended for 
 Manila, I muft obferve, that the principal re- 
 turn is always made in filver j and confequently 
 the reft of the cargo is but of little account, the 
 other articles being cochineal, and a few fweet- 
 n?eats, the produce of the American fettlements, 
 together with fome European millinery ware for 
 the women at Manila, and fome Spanifh wines, 
 fuch as tent and (herrv. which' are intended for 
 
 J ' 
 
 th 
 
 i<» 
 
fo uncertain, 
 1 foofier, and 
 at Tea longer. 
 \ the fecureft 
 of the Pacifie 
 by very high 
 koft wretched 
 ' the air about 
 t has fcarcely 
 fides deflitute 
 t, that except 
 ^/[anila ihip is 
 rrted. 
 
 s port, (he is 
 fide, and her 
 m; and now 
 a folitude, is 
 lants from all 
 The cargo 
 filver and the 
 on board, to- 
 and the (hip 
 >ft expedition. 
 ^is anexprefs 
 F the port of 
 le firfl day of 
 
 intended for 
 principal re- 
 con fequently 
 account, the 
 a few fweet- 
 n fettlements, 
 lery ware for 
 panifh wines, 
 intended for 
 
 A C A 
 
 the ufc of their priefts in the adminiilration of 
 the facrament. 
 
 This difference in the cargo of the (hip to 
 and from Manila occafions a very remarlcable 
 variety in the manner of equipping the (hip for 
 thefe two different voyages. For the galleon> 
 when (he fets fail from Manila being deeply laden 
 with a variety of bulky goods, (he has not the 
 convcniency of mounting her lovi^er tire of guns, 
 but carries them in her hold, till (he draws near 
 Cape St. Lucas, and is apprehenfive of an enemy. 
 Her hands too are as few as is confiftent with the 
 fafety of the (hip, that (he may not be encumber- 
 ed with the ftowagc of provifions. But on her 
 return from Acapulco, as her cargo lies in lefs 
 room, her lower th-e is, or ought to be always 
 mounted before (he leaves the port ; and her 
 crew is augmented with a fopply of failors, and 
 with one or two companies of foot, which are 
 intended to reinforce the garrifon of Manila. 
 And there being befides many merchants who 
 take their pafTage to Manila on board the gal- 
 leon, her whole number of hands, on her re- 
 turn, is ufually little (hort of fix hundred, all 
 which are cafily provided for by reafon of the 
 fmall ftowage necefTary for the filver. 
 
 The galleon being thus fitted for her return, 
 the captain, on leaving the port of Acapulco, (leers 
 for the latitude of 13% or 140. and runs on that 
 parallel, till (he gets fight of Guam, one of the 
 Ladrcnes. In this run the captain is particularly 
 inftruaed to be very careful of the (hoals of St. 
 Bartholomew, and of the ifland of Gafparico. 
 He is alfo told, that, to prevent his paffincr the 
 Ladrones m the dark, there are orders given 
 
 of 
 
• t 
 
 
 AC A 
 
 of June on the higheft part of Guam and Rota^ 
 ancf kept in till the morning. r 
 
 ,. At Guam there is a fmail Spanifh gar rifon^ 
 purpofely intended to fecure that place for the re* 
 frelhment of the gaileon, and to yield her ali' 
 the afliftance in their power; but (he is not t<y 
 mike a long ftay here, and then fleers away ta 
 cape Efpiritu Santo on the ifland of Samal. 
 Here the captain is again ordered to look out for 
 fignals; andhe is told that centinels will be pofted 
 not only on that Cape, but in^ other neceifary 
 places. Thefe centinels are inRru6led to make 
 a fire, on difcovery of the (hip. If after this firfV 
 fire is extinguifhed, he perceives that four mosre 
 are lighted up again, he is thence to conclude 
 that there are enemies on the coaft j and on thia 
 he is to ejideavour Immediately to fpeak with 
 the centinel, in order to know the force and 
 the (lation they crtiife in. He is then to get into 
 fome port, left he'(hould be perceived by the ene- 
 my, or in cafe of being obferved, he is to land his 
 treaCure, and to take fome of his artillery on 
 fhore for its defence, not negle(Sling to fend fre- 
 quent and particular accounts of what pafTes to 
 the city of Manila. But if after the firft fire 
 made on fhore, he obferves that there are two 
 others made, he then concludes there is no dan- 
 ger, and is to make the beft of his way to the port 
 of Cabitej which is theport to the city of Manila, 
 and the conftantftation for all the (hips employed 
 in this commerce to Acapulco. 
 
 This city has high moHotains on the eaft fide, 
 and is very unhealthy from the end of November, 
 till the end of May, during which time they 
 have no rain ; and it is fo hot here in Jaauary, 
 when the fair begins, that the merchants affr 
 
 obliged 
 
1 and Roti^ 
 
 h garrifon^ 
 ; for the rc- 
 eld ber all 
 le is not to 
 ers away to 
 of Samal. 
 ook out for 
 iU be pofted 
 er ncceflary 
 ed to nr^ake 
 "tcr tbis fir ft 
 t four noosre 
 & conclude 
 and on tbi» 
 fpeak with 
 
 force and 
 I to get into 
 by tbe enc- 
 
 to land his 
 jrtillefy on 
 to fend fre- 
 at pafTes to 
 be firft fire 
 TO are two 
 I is no dan- 
 ^ to the port 
 of Manila, 
 IS employed 
 
 ^e eaft fide, 
 hfovember, 
 time they 
 in January, 
 rchants art 
 obliged 
 
 A C p 
 
 obliged to do ill the bufinefs they can in the 
 morning. When the fair is over, the portersj 
 who generally earn three pieces of eight per 
 day, make a funeral, as it were, for one of their 
 fellows, whom they carry about on a bier, and 
 pretend to bewail his death, becaufe their harveft 
 h over. Now every body leaves the place but 4 
 few blacks and mulattoes. 
 
 The Caflellan, or chief-juftice here, has 
 tweniy-thoufand pieces of eight per annum, 
 and the comptroller and other officers litlle Icfs 
 than that fum. And the curate, though al* 
 lowed but a hundred and eighty pieces of eight, 
 makes his place worth fourteen thoufand, by the 
 burial-fees of ftrangers who die here, or on 
 board the /hips in the harbour, for which he 
 fometimes demands a thoufand pieces of eighty 
 There is an hofpital here maintained by deduc- 
 tions from the pay of the foldiers, and the alms of 
 the^ merchants. There are four . mountains, 
 which appear above the harbour, the lowefl of 
 which is next to the fea, the highefl farther with . 
 inland, and S. E. of that lies a volcano. On 
 thefe mountains there are deer, rabbits, and 
 abundance of wild fowl of feveral forts. With- 
 in a league to the £. of Acapulco is Port MkWy 
 quis, a very good harbour, where the fhipR 
 from Peru generally run in contraband goods» 
 Lat. 17. 26. N. Long. 102. 29. W. 
 
 AccoMAK, a county of Virginia retaining its 
 Indian name. It is the largeft county in that 
 colony, containing 200,923 acres of land ; but 
 not fo populous as feveral others, and has only 
 one parifh called alfo Accomak. Several river^ 
 Ilk in this coun^r, particularly the ClifTonoflea. 
 
 , ACOVLZ^ 
 
 \ ■* ...... .J . „ - jip 
 
n , 
 
 •11 
 
 I ' 
 
 I" 
 
 U\l 
 
 ' - fl 
 
 ALB 
 
 AcouEz, a ravage nation of Indians inhabit- 
 ing fome parts of Canada. 
 
 Afuera, one of the iflands of Juan Fcrnan- 
 des, on the South-Sea coafl in the kingdom of 
 Chili ; the longitude of this ifland is 30 ^, 20. 
 W. from the meridian of Callao, about 400 
 leagues to the N. of Cape Horn. This coaft 
 fwarms with fea-lions or wolves. See Fer- 
 nando. *■ r 
 
 Albany, a county in the province of New- 
 York, containing a vaft quantity of fine low 
 land. Its principal commodities are wheat, 
 peafe, and pine boards. The winters in this 
 county are commonly fevere; and Hudfon's river 
 freezes fo hard an hundred miles to the fouthward 
 of Albany, as to bear fleds loaded with heavy 
 burdens. The great quantities of fnow that 
 commonly fall here are very ferviceable to the 
 farmers, not only in protedling their grain from 
 the froft, but in facilitating the tranfportation of 
 their boards^ and other produce, to the banks 
 of the river againft the enfuing fpring. 
 
 Albany, the capital of a county of its own 
 name, in the province of New York, 15^ miles 
 from that city. It is the place of treaty between 
 our governors and the Indians dependent on the 
 Biitifli crown. It confifts of about 350 houfes, 
 built of brick in the Dutch tafte. It is governed 
 by a mayor, recorder, fix aldermen, and as 
 many afliftants ; was incorporated by colonel 
 Dongan, has a city-hall, and a fort, compofed 
 of a fquare with four baftions. The greateft 
 part is fortified only by palifadoes^ and in fome 
 places by fmall cannon, planted in block-houfes. 
 It has alfo a flieriff, town-clerk, chamberlain; 
 clerk of the markets, conftables, and a marfhaf. 
 
 The 
 
 ^A^' 
 
Jians inhabit- 
 
 A MA 
 
 he fur- trade at Ofwego is of great advantage 
 to this place. Lat. 43. 1 0. N. Long. 44. 29. W. 
 
 Albany, a Britifli iortrcfs, fituate*! on a 
 ^iver of the fame name, emptying itfcif into 
 ludfon's bay. Lat. 53. 10. N. Long. 83. 20. W. 
 Albemarle, the mcft northern part of North 
 Carolina. See Carolina. 
 Algonquins, a favage nation, inhabiting 
 irt of Canada i generally at war with the Ira- 
 luois. 
 
 Alkansas, a (ava|e nation in New France; 
 tuated in 33 «. N. iatitudc, on the weft fide of 
 le river iVliffiflippi. 
 
 All Saint's Bay, a captainfliip in Brafil, 
 called from a large bay of that name, and 
 jounded on the N. by the Ria Real ; on the 
 by that of Las Ilheos ; on the E. by tho» 
 :ean ; and on the W. by three unconquered 
 lations of Indians. It is reckoned one of the 
 Hcheft and moft fertile captain/hips in all Brafil, 
 producing abundance of cotton, and vaft quan- 
 lities of fugar. With regard to the bay itfelf, 
 k is about two leagues and a half over, inter- 
 fcerfed with a number of fmall, but pleafant 
 lilands, and is of prodigious advantage to the 
 >hole country. It has feveral cities and towns, 
 articularly St. Salvador, which is its capital. 
 Jee Salvador. The bay of All-Saints lies in the 
 ^at. 12. 3. S. Long. 40. 10. W. 
 Amazons, a vaft river in the province of 
 >uito, in South America. It has its fources in 
 rhe country of Maynas, at Lauricocha, in the 
 Andes; and to fupply its prodigious waters, 
 10ft of the provinces of Peru, with feveral tor- 
 rents from the Cordilleras, largely. contribute; 
 '^ycrai of mt rivers flowing from thcic fources 
 
 being 
 
AM A 
 
 being equal to large rivers. The mouth of thi* 
 river, where it fails into the ocean near Cape 
 Nord, is fo enormous, that it is between fixtjr 
 and feventy miles broad. Its principal fource is' 
 in Lauricocha, where it forms a lake; then makes 
 fcveral windings of 200 leagues extent, till it 
 comes to Jacn de Bracamoras : from whence it 
 travei-fcs through a vaft extent of country, till it 
 difemboeucs itfelf into the fea, runnmg in the. 
 whole, Som its fource to the ocean, 1 109 leagues, 
 or 3300 miles; croffing, firona W, to £• the 
 fouth continent of America. * The efFeft of the 
 tides are perceived at about 200 leagues dif- 
 tance from the fca. It begins to be navigable 
 at Jacn, and was named Amazons, from the re- 
 port of Francis d'Orillana, who faid he faw 
 armed women on its banks. The ancient name 
 of the river is Maragnonc, and its rapidity, in fome 
 places, is aftonifhing ; the current having been 
 found, by obfervations, to fet at the rate of 12 
 leagues, or 36 miles an hour. The breadth and 
 dq)thof this river, or rather refervoir of lakes, 
 rivers, and torrents, is anfwcrahle to its amazing 
 length. The iillmds in it are infinite in num- 
 ber, forming a great variety of ftrcights, coafts, &c. 
 on, and near which, inhabit different nations of 
 Indians. Ordlana was deputed in 15 16, to pe- 
 netrate into the courfes of this river, which he 
 did with an armed (hip, and fought feveral na- 
 tions of Indiaus, till he came to that place where 
 he faw the armed women, who with bows and 
 arrows oppofcd his paffage. Below Boija, and 
 for 4 or' 500 leagues down the river, a flint, peb- 
 ble, or ftone, ts^ a greater curiofity than a dia- 
 mond ; the people here having not even the idea 
 ft* % ffjMi^, It is airpriiing, jwhen they cafne to 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Borja,, 
 
caiJic lu 
 
 AN D 
 
 Borja, to fee them pickFng them up esgerlyy 
 and loading themfelves with immcnfe pebbles, 
 which they confidcr as the greateft curiofities. 
 
 Amotape, a town near Tumbez, lying near 
 the (hore of the South Seas, in the empire ofPeru, 
 It is an appendix to the parish of Tumbez, belong- 
 ing to its lieutenancy. Thehoufes are few, and 
 built of wood like thofc of Tumbez} but near it ts 
 a river of fine water, which Occafions all the adja- 
 cent country to be cultivated and improved; fo 
 that here arc to be found plenty of the feveral 
 grains, efculent vegetables and fruits, natural 
 to a hot climate. Lat. 4°. 15'. 43^ S. Lorttf. 
 77. 26. W. ** 
 
 Amparaes, a jurifdiflioh under the arch- 
 bifliop of Plata, caflward of that city, in the 
 empire of Peru, in South America. It abounds 
 in grain, and numerous droves of cattle, which 
 conftitute the chief parts ol^^ its commerce. 
 
 Amsterdam, New, a place in North Ame» 
 nca, firft difcovercd by Hudfon, and fettled by 
 the Dutch. It lies on the bay and river for- 
 merly called Mantratte J it is now in the hands 
 of the Englifh, under the name of New Vork. 
 See York, New. 
 
 Anco, a town in South America of fmall note, 
 lymg three leagues from the city of Guamanga. 
 
 Andaguaylas, ajurifdiatoninSouth.Ame- 
 nca, m the empire of Peru, fubjeftto the arch- 
 bilhop of Lima; lying E. and by S. of the 
 ctty of Guamanga. It abounds in fuaar-planta- 
 tions, grain of moft forts, and fruits. 
 
 Andastes, a fevage nation in Canada, bor* 
 dering on Virginia, in North America. 
 
 Angaraisj a !Ufifdi(?|ion in Sc--'" A*«===4^a 
 in the empire of Piru, fubjea 'to''thc"archWftw^ 
 
 01 
 
it ': 
 
 , AN G 
 
 of Lima, 20 leagues W. N. W. of the city of 
 Guamanga. It aoounds in wheat, maize, and 
 other grains and fruits,- befide vaft droves of all 
 . kind of cattle for labour or fuftenance. 
 
 An GE LOS, a province of Mexico, lying on both 
 the North and South Seas, having that part of the 
 former, which is called the gulf of Mexico, on 
 the £. the province of Guafcaca on the S. £. 
 the Pacific ocean on the S. the province of 
 Mexico proper on the W. and that of Penuco on 
 the N. W. From one fea to the other, it is 
 100 leagues, about 80 where broadefV, which is 
 along the gulf of Mexico, and 25 upon the 
 South-Sea coaft-. Its foil, climate, ?nd produ(E^, 
 are much the fame with Mexico Proper. On 
 the W. fide, there is a chain of mountains for 
 the fpace of 18 leagues, very well cultivated; 
 and likewife a great ridge of mountains on 
 the N. the neighbourhood of which fubje£ls it 
 to ihocking tempefts, horrid hurricanes, and fre- 
 quent inundations of the river Zahnal, which is 
 fo great as to endanger houfcs on the tops of 
 eminences j yet this is allowed to be the moft po- 
 pulous country in all America, which is partly 
 afcribed to its having been originally an ally to 
 Coitez, in the conqueft of Mexico, who ob- 
 tamed a grant of the emperor Charles V. then 
 alfb king of Spain, by which it is to this day ex- 
 empt from all fervice or duty whatfoever to 
 that crown; and only pays the king of Spain an 
 handful of maize per head, as an acknowledg- 
 ment, which inconfiderable parcels were faid, 
 almoft 40 years ago, to make up 1 3,000 bufhels ; 
 for it produces fo much of that Indian corn^ 
 that from thence it had the name of Tlafcala, i* e. 
 the land of bread, Isy this means the towns and 
 
 vil^ 
 
AND 
 
 villages fwrarm with Indians ; a quite different 
 people from their neighbours, who arc grown 
 auitc ftupid, from the long continuance of the 
 flavcry and oppreffion to which they have been 
 fubjca ; whereas thcfe are a fpiritcd people, hav- 
 ing as much fire and alacrity as is natural to a free 
 people. They fpeak the Spanifh tongue, and 
 fcarce any other ; are perfcdly reconciled to the 
 Spanirh cuftoms, and grateful for the counte- 
 nance and deference (hewed to them above their 
 fellow provinces. It was anciently governed by 
 kings, till civil wars arifmg in it, the people 
 formed thcmfelves into an ariflocracy of many 
 prmces, to get rid of one. They divided the 
 towns nito different diftri^s, each of which 
 named one of their chiefs to refidein the court of 
 I lafcala, where they formed a fenate, whofe rc- 
 folutions were a law to t^e whole. Under this 
 form of government, they maTntained ihemfclvcs 
 agamft.the bi/hops of Mexico; and continued 
 their ariflocracy till their reception of the Spa- 
 niards, under Cortez. 
 
 Angelo, port of, is an harbour on thp %uth- 
 bea coaft, in the middle, between S? edro, and 
 Capohta J a broad open bay, w h good ancho- 
 rage, but baa landing i and the Spaniards rec- 
 kon It as good a harbour as Giidtiilis, 
 
 Andes, called alfo the Cordillera de los An- 
 des, or great chain o^ Andes, a prodigious chain 
 of mountains in South America, extending itfelf 
 in a contmjied feries from N. to S. upwards 
 of 3000 miles m length, and 120 in breadth 
 with an amazmg htighth , exceeding by far th^ 
 Teneriffe, or Azores. This chain%xtends iN 
 
 ^H^THa ^^^ ^l ^^g^P-> q-te north. 
 TT ..^ vr iiiv i*i»Mv*M*vif ^i,a gi iiie province of 
 
 Chio 
 

 i-', u 
 
 ANG 
 
 Chio in Peru. The Andes commonly^ form 
 two ridges as they run, the one higher ano bar- 
 ren, covered with fnow ; the cther^ fruitful in 
 woods, groves, &c. the latter abouads^Vjth Pe^ 
 cacies, or wild hogs ; arid (hcep, called Guana- 
 cos, refembling in Ihape a eameV but or a 
 fmallcr fize, whofe hair for {oftnefs, fincnefs, 
 and colour, is preferred to l^lk. The Andes 
 have i6volcanos: thefe mountains are palFable 
 ortlyin fummer, andrequire three or fourdamo 
 reach the top of ahy bne <3f the hiaheft. The 
 frightful precipices, dreadful bottoms, fteep afcents, 
 thundering water-falls, arid . atrtaaiirt^ cataraas, 
 are more eafily conceived than defcribed. it is 
 believed that the bowels of thefe vaft mountams 
 contain hidden ftores of gold, filver, and other 
 mines i the flrft of which are fuppofed to be m« 
 duftrioufly concealed" by the natives. 
 
 Angra DE LPd Rbves, a town in the cap- 
 tainfhip of Rio ^e Janeiro, In Brafil, South 
 AmeriCk, fubjea 16 the Portuguefe, about 36 
 miles from Rio dp Janeiro. It is fituate on the 
 coaft upon a fmall bay, from whence it has its 
 name, being in Englifli Kings Bay. It has 
 two churches, a monaftery, and a fmall guard- 
 houfe, of about a fcore of foldiets, and its chief 
 produce is fifli. Lat. 22. 28. S. Lon|.4i. 10. W» 
 
 Anguilla, ot Snake Ifland, fo called from 
 its windings, and irregular form, being 10 leagues 
 in length, and three in breadth. It is the moft 
 northerly of all the Caribbee iflands, pofTcffed by 
 the Engiifh} and may eafily be feen from St. 
 Martin?^ which is about 18 leagues to the E. 
 the cauntry is woody, 'but perfeflly level. It 
 abounos wun tame cacue ituc^ii was iiuwa^u uj 
 the Europctins, of which* before their coming, 
 
 was 
 
ANA 
 
 was to be found only the oppufTum. The Eng- 
 ilfli fettled herein 1650, in a fruitful foil, where 
 they cultivated tobacco, planted corn, and bred 
 jcattle, for which purpofe they brought a (lock 
 hrith them; but were, as they arc now, very 
 loor, being faid to have degenerated into the moft 
 Jazy creatures in the univerfe. Some have n^ 
 gloved hither from Barbadoes, and others bf the 
 nglifli Caribbee iflands. They live here with- 
 Jt religion or government; and fubfift moOly 
 ►y farming, planting Indian corn, and other 
 ^nds oi hulbandry, but plant very little fuear. 
 This poor ifland has been frequently pillaged by 
 he t rench. The number of militia fome yeara 
 igo was not more than fourfcore, and yet the? 
 epulfed a body of French in 1745, tothe num-^ 
 ber of 1000, who made a defcent, and marched 
 *jp to a breaftwork ; but were fo well received by 
 his handful, that they were obligedto retire with 
 he lofs of 150 men, befides colours and fox: 
 arms. Lat. 18. 15. N. Long. 63. 2. W. 
 Anapolis, the chief town of the coi!mtv of 
 nne> Arundel in Maryland. It was formerJy 
 alJed Severn, and by an ^ of the a/fcmbly, 
 fc94, was made a port-town 3 and a colledior, 
 nd naval officer were ordered to refide here, al 
 .vhich time ,t was called AmpoWs, The coumy- " 
 'HHu '"i'^'T"''^ '^ ^l^Js place, a church was 
 ^ lu.k w.th,n the pbrt, u4iich was made ii pa,i/h, 
 fA '^ '*^^ y^^J-^^99^ the port of AnapttUs was 
 
 tint r\"'u''' ^^J"^'^^' ^"^'^ ^i'" pro' 
 hnce, for holdmg arfcmblies and provincial 
 
 ble to the provmcial court, or to the court .f 
 
 vC"^ m''' ^!^*^ returnable to Anapolis; 
 rhe^ailembly paffed an adt for founding a free ^ 
 
 ^ fchoo\, 
 
 m 
 
ANA 
 
 fchooi, called King William^s School, and or- 
 dercd others to be ercflcd here under his patro- 
 nLe, and the archbilhop to be thar chancellor. 
 Truftces were alfo appointed under the names of 
 redtors, truftccs, governors, vifitors of the tree- 
 fcSs of Maryland. But the effeas of th.. 
 good bill are not yet very vifible. The county- 
 fourt for orphans is kept there the fecond Fuelday 
 in September, November, January, March, 
 and May. The records of the county of Anne- 
 Aurundel are removed to this town, v^hich now 
 confifts of about 40 houfes, not having ftoun(hed 
 according to expeaation; and while planters and 
 nierchan?s afFed to live feparately here, as they 
 fJo in Virginia, there is little profpe^ of there he- 
 ♦ ing any flourifting town in the provmce. bat. 
 •29 25. N. Long. 78. 10. W. 
 "^^Anapolis-Royal, a town and bay in No- 
 va Scotia, belonging to the Englilh i called Poit- 
 Roval by the French, when M. de Points came 
 over from St. Croife with a French colony, 1605. 
 It had the name of Anapolis, in honour of queen 
 Anne, in whofe reign it was taken by the Eng- 
 Uh under colonel Nicholibn. Father Charle- 
 voii fays this harbour is of diflcult entrance, 
 befides the great fogs here ; fo that only one fliip 
 can pafs in or out at a time, and that with the 
 greateft precaution, the fhip being obliged to go 
 fternmoft, bv realbn of the ftrong currents and 
 tides here. This difficulty excepted, nature has 
 fcarce omitted one thing to render it the hnelt 
 harbour in the world. It is two leagues in 
 fength, and one in breadth, having a fmal 
 ifland, called Goat Ifland, almoftinthe middle 
 r ,1:- u-r..^ «,v,;/-'rt U CcttA to be laree enough to 
 
 contain all the /liips in America, Its depth ot 
 
 waiC' 
 
ANA 
 
 Water is no where lefs than four or five fathom • 
 It being fix or feven on one fide the ifland, and 
 on the other ,6 or ,8. The bottom is every 
 where very good, and (hip, ...ay be fecure in it 
 from all winds When the French poffe/red it 
 they often brought their fifting-vedels hither: but 
 that trade is prevented by our pofliffing the im. 
 portant place of Cape-Breton. 6 <= "" 
 
 hJJ*/ 'T",*,' "°' '"8*' *"" ''3' fome very 
 handfome build«igs j though the peneralitv are 
 
 H T°/^"u" '"§''•. TheoUfortificadorwe e 
 demol.|hed by the Englilh, and new ones eTec! 
 ted with lines, and four baftion^ large and well 
 faced with a deep dry m„»t. a cohered wTy 
 ano counterfcarp. a half moon, and out^ZZ' 
 
 tacked h.^,f'" T"'7' r' "" « "fily be at- 
 tacKed but by a bombaidinent Thi. n 
 
 i; "gland and ., of great fervlce toprevent thT 
 byTaS/ttr"' '*" ^^'*-" IndU eitS 
 _ At the bottom of the bafon is a point of Uu4 
 
 fe't^d "'"".' ,?"= ""= "'-^e/xo o? 
 J 2 reet; and on each fide are nle-if^nt „,-=. j 
 
 which in fpring and auturnn aiCco^^^^^^^^ 
 r^rts of freOi water fov^f . The pbcrft h/;^ J 
 the tr^«c of fki^s, which fh/r^?'.^y 
 down in oxcha..:fortlVa: o^o'f" I ^^ 
 alio a pretty gooltrade in lumber and f i Th 
 governor refides here with a parrirnn I- u ^^ 
 
 ,..,- ...ur. . r' 5^^ '^ngiuh. In queen Ann«'» 
 ;.v^i, vvnue trii% piace was in fh^ A.„j:";'r" 
 nch, Port-R( 
 
 jyaiwastheDunkifkof 
 
 this 
 
 part" 
 of 
 
A 
 
 ijj' 
 
 
 A N T;, 
 
 of this part of the world; continually harbouring 
 fleets of privateers, and French cruisers, to the 
 ruin of the fifheries. and all foreign trade of the 
 northern colonies. Lat. 45- 'O- N- Long. 64. 
 
 ^' An'ticosti, an ifland in the mouth or the ri- 
 ver St. Laurenc. , It is fubiea to the French, 
 but barren. Lat. 50. 30. N. Long. 64.16. W. 
 
 Antigua, or Anteoo, one of theCaribbec 
 illands in the Weft Indies, fituated to the eaft, 
 ward of Nevis, and St. K.ts. It .s almoft cir- 
 rular • bein? about fix leagues in diameter, and 
 near 60 miles in circumference. It is more noted 
 for eood harbours than all the EnghQ) 'Aands Jn 
 thefe feas ; yet fo encompaffed vyith rocks, that 
 it is of dangerous accefs in many parts df it, ef- 
 neciallv to thofe unacquainted with the feeret 
 channels between thofe rocks ; a ledge ying all 
 alon» the north fide of it, neat two miles Irom 
 the fcore ; but there are feveral places and chan- 
 nels to go in between thefe rocks, with flajul and 
 expe^nced pilots. It ha, fix '"^"^^^J^.^; 
 Ws. I. Five inand harbour on the weft fide 
 
 of the iOand, fo called from five fmal^ iflands 
 that lie to the weft of it. 2. St. John s harbour, 
 due north from the former, is a fort of doub e 
 harbour, the beft and moft ufcd "> tne ifiand. 
 There is a fandybar acrofs the mouth of it, which 
 runs from the N. point, of , the entrwce, iwherc 
 the for" ftands, ftrrtching S. W. to the^^ppof... 
 noint On this bar there are but two fa ham and 
 Hf water, and but two in the N pomt. _Be. 
 fides The fort at the mouth of St. John's river, 
 which is mounted with 14 cannon, there arefe- 
 ven other batteries. 3. Nonluciv_ naroour, a 
 aclous ^-" « the E. end <if the hatbow 
 
 ,«?" 
 
 fp 
 
 bay 
 
 the 
 
luth of theri- 
 the French, 
 64.16.W. 
 the Caribbee 
 i to the eaft^ 
 is almoft cir- 
 3iameter, and 
 ; is more noted 
 rjiO) iflands in 
 :h rocks, that 
 j^rts df it, ef- 
 ith the feeret 
 ledge lying all 
 vo miles irom 
 Lces and chan- 
 tfith fkilful and 
 narkable har- 
 I the weft fide 
 ! fmall iflands 
 ohn's harbour, 
 fort of double 
 in the ifland. 
 ith of it, which 
 tr^cp, ;where 
 o the. ^ppofite 
 wo fathom and 
 "i, point. Be- 
 . John's river, 
 I, there are fe- 
 h harbour^ a 
 e harbour ;. on 
 the 
 
 « .^T* 
 
 ANT 
 
 the N. fide 6f the harbour it is fcul and rocky. 
 4. Willoughbay bay, two leagues S. E^ from 
 the laft harbour, has a wide mouth near a league 
 OiAer; but there is a fand or (hoal which aliiiolt 
 blocks it up, from whence another point, called 
 Sandy Point, with an ifland in itftretchcs oft'. Be- 
 tween tlief*;, however, is a good entrance, and 
 very good riding in every part of it. 5. Englifti 
 harbour. .And 6. Falmouth harbour to the S. 
 |W. At the bottom of Falmouth harbour, 
 les Falmouth town, defended by fort Charles, 
 and Monk's Hill fort, which has a magazine of 
 [above 400 mufkets, 800 bayonets, and is mount- 
 ted with 30 pieces of ordnance. 
 
 The climate is hotter than Barbadoes, and 
 like that fubicdi to hurricanes. The foil is fandy, 
 wobdy, and without one brook, there being few 
 fprings in the ifland ; fo that it is often dillfffltd 
 for want of water. Its produ(5^s are much the 
 fame with that of the other Caribbee iflands; but 
 at firft their fugars were fo black, that our fugar- 
 bakers (hipped it off for Holland and Hamburgh; 
 where it was fold for 16s. per hundred, when 
 other Mufcavado fugars fetched igs. But the 
 planters having now learned the art of claying 
 it, they excel in their fugars. The ifland cont'ains 
 about 70,000 acres, and produces 16000 hogf- 
 heads of fugar, one year with another, but does 
 not make half fo much rum in proportion to its 
 fugar, though both may be improved by due 
 encouragement. Ti.ey do not plant much tobac- 
 co, though what they do is very good j the wild 
 cmnamon grows in their low lai.ds or favanna 
 woods. It abounds in venifon, black cattle, 
 iowls, and mod of £he animals in common with 
 liic other iilandsi rhe number ot inhabitants 
 
 ^3 arc 
 
ANT 
 
 are computed (Englifh, whites, and negroes,- 
 included) at about ^34,000. It was dikoveretl 
 much about the fame time with St. Kits, under 
 Sir Thomas Warner, in 1623; and fome Eng- 
 li(h f;3milies fettled in it in 1636. The firft 
 grant of it from the crown appears to have 
 been from Charles II. about 1663, to William, 
 lord Willoughby of Parham ; and a colony was 
 planted in 1666. It was furprifed by the French 
 in the fame year, and furrentlered to them. It 
 made no ti^^ure in commerce, till colonel 
 Chriftopher Codrington, lieutenant-governor of 
 Barbadoes, came and fettled here in 1690. 
 There happened a moft dreadful hurricane here 
 in 1707, that did vaft damage to this ifland and 
 Nevis, more than to any c( the Caribbecs. In 
 (3<Stober 1736, was the plot of Court, Tom-^ 
 bay, and Hercules, three Indians, who had con- 
 veyed gunpowder under the ball-room, where. 
 the governor was to give a ball ; but it was hap-, 
 pily difcovered, and they were all executed. 
 La:. 17. 30. N. Long. 62. 10. W. 
 
 Antilles, a clufter of iflands in the Wed 
 Indies, diftinguiflied into great and fmall. The 
 Antilles He from 18 to 24 degrees, north latitude ; 
 are diflinguiihed into windward and leeward 
 iflands, and lie in form of a bow, flretching 
 from the coaft of Florida, north, to that of 
 Brafil, fouth; the moft remarkable of them are 
 Cuba, Jamaica, Hifpaniola, or Domingo, and 
 Porto-Rico. See each under its proper article. 
 
 Antonio de Cabo, St. a town in the Bra- 
 
 fils, in South America, near Cape St. Auguftin, 
 
 fubjecSt to the" Portuguefe, where they make s, 
 
 confiderable quantity of fugar. Lat. 8. 34. S. 
 
 iung. 35. 22. VV. : 
 
 Apa- 
 
A R E 
 
 Apalachian Mount AiN3» jan cxtcnfive 
 chain of mountains, running paratlel with the 
 Atlantic ocean, and about 150 nults diftantfrom 
 it. The French pretend that this chain is the 
 weftern boundary of our American colonies ; but 
 without the leaft foundation. 
 
 Apelachya, the name of a town and har- 
 bour in Florid a» 30 leagues eaft of Penfacola, 
 and the fame weft from the river Del Spiritu 
 Santo, which falls into the gulf of Mexico, at 
 the N. W. end ofthe peninfula of Florida; en 
 both fides of it live the feveral nations called the 
 Apalachian Indians. 
 
 Apolo-ramba, a jurifdi^lion confifting of 
 miffionaries belonging to the Francifcans, fubjedt 
 to the biOiop of Cufcoj 60 k agues from that 
 city, lying in South America and the empire of 
 Peru. Thefe confift of fevcn towns of Indians, 
 newly converted. To protect thefe from the in- 
 fults of their idolatrous brethren, and to give 
 credit to the miffionaries, there is kept here a 
 militia, under a major-general, formed by the 
 inhabitants of thefe towns and villages. 
 
 Arequipa, a city in South. America, and 
 empire of Peru; founded by Don Francifco Pi- 
 zarro, in 1539. It ftands in the valley of QuiU 
 ca, about 20 leagues diftaiit from the fea. It 19 
 one of the largeft cities in Peru, governed by a 
 corregidor and alcaldes : it has been^ four times 
 laid in ruins by earthquakes. It is very populous, 
 and well built at prefent, moftly inhabited by 
 Spaniards. The air is very temperate, the 
 foil fertile in pailures and cattle, abounding in 
 torn and fruits. It has a bilhopric in Lima; 
 and has a college of jcfuits, a convent, a femi- 
 
 C'4. 
 
 nary 
 
A R R 
 
 narv, and two nurferies. Lat. 17. 5. N. Long. 
 
 AricaI a jurifdiaion in thebifliopric of Are- 
 quipa, in South America, and empire of Peru ; 
 extending along the fea coaft of the South Sea. 
 It is very barren, producing only agi, or Guinea 
 pepper ; from which alone it drives a vaft trade, 
 as may eafily be imagined from the great con- 
 fumption of it in all thcfe parts of America; 
 for by computation, the annual produce amounts 
 to no Icfs than 60,000 dollars a year. It aHo 
 produces, in fome parts, very large olives, of 
 which they make oil and pickles. 
 
 ' Aric A, a town and port in the province of Los 
 Charcas, in the kingdom of Peru; being the poit- 
 town to mod of the mines in that country. It is 
 a })b.ce of vaft trade, and very populous ; feldom 
 without a good deal of (hipping. It is but 
 badly fortified, and has been much mjurcd by 
 earthquakes, which has alfo hurt its trade. No 
 rain ever falls here; the houfes are therefore 
 without wroofs, and they look on the outfide as a 
 place in ruins. Their chief trade is agi, or 
 Guinea pepper, which the Spaniards planted, 
 and of which they fell to the value of 80,000 
 crowns : the valley of Arica is famous for little 
 clfe. Lat. 18. 20. N. Long. 70. 20. W. 
 
 Arraciffe, a port-town in Brafil, in South 
 America, in the captainfhip of Pernambuco; it 
 is efteemed the ftrongeft in all Brafil. The port 
 confifts of a fuburb, in which are fome large 
 houfes, and repofitories for flores ; and is built 
 upon a narrow paflage, with a caftle to defend 
 the entrance. Notwithftanding which, James 
 Lancafter found means to enter the harbour, in 
 icQc, with feven EngUflx veiTeis, and made 
 ^^"^ himieU 
 
ASS 
 
 hlmrelf mailer of the town and caftle, where he 
 continued a month, and came away richly laden 
 with plunder; but fmcc that time, the Portu- 
 guefe have rendered it inaccefiible to all enemies. 
 Lat. 8. 20. S. Long. 36. 10. W. 
 
 ArtlebuRgh, a town in the county of Brif- 
 tol, in New England. It is remarkable for its 
 great increafe of inhabitants, houfes, and trade, 
 within a few years ; being fbmc lime fince, an 
 obfcure village. 
 
 Armouchiquois, a wild nation of Indians 
 in Canada, in North America, 
 
 Aruba, a little ifland in the Weft Indies^ 
 belonging to the Lutch ; from whence thej 
 bring provifions for their garrifons and negroe^^ 
 It is one of the little Antilles. Lat. 12. y^ N» 
 Long. 69. 30. W. 
 
 AsANGARo, a jurifdi£lion under the brftop of 
 Cufco, in South America, and empire of Per^, 
 50 leagues from that city ; it breeds numbers of 
 cattle. In fome parts of it to the N. E. are 
 fome filver mines j and it produees papas-, qm- 
 hoas, and canaguas. Of the two laft they make 
 chicha, as others do from maize. 
 
 AssiNiBOiLS, a favage nation of Indians, in- 
 habiting the forefts of Canada. 
 
 AssEMPOLi, a vaft lake in Canada, m North 
 America, abounding with whaler 5 and h fup- 
 pofed to communicate v^ith the Northern Sea. 
 -^ AssiNois, a favage nation of Indians, inha- 
 biting the forefts of Can-ad a. 
 
 Assumption, a city in the empire of Peru". 
 It ftands on the eaftern banks of a river of k» 
 own nart>e, a little above the place where the 
 Picolmago falls into it; having Villa Rica on th^ 
 nortl^ and La Plate on the fouth. It was built 
 
 C5 bjr 
 
 •!/r.> 
 
li'L >• 
 
 1" ,jKI 
 
 AVE 
 
 bv the Spaniards, in 1538 J ^^^ /? '""?'!''!;!! 
 for its healthy fituaiion, as well as for the 
 number of its inhabitants ; having, befides fc. 
 v^ral hundred Spanifti families, a vaft number 
 of the Maftizos and Mulattos. The territory 
 about it is rich and fruitful, producing plenty and 
 variety both of native and exotic fruits. Fhe 
 Spaniards who refide here arc the flower of the 
 gentry who fettled in this place, when the dregs 
 of their countrymen were tranfplanted to other 
 parts. The air is here fo temperate, that the 
 trees and earth are cloathed with a continued ver- 
 dure ; and it is fo luxuriant in fruits, all forts ot 
 cattle, and the other neceflfaries and luxuries of 
 life, as to be equalled by no other part of America. 
 The town lies about 50 leagues above the con- 
 fluence of the Paragua and Parana ; where the 
 former begins to be called Rio de la Plata. Near 
 the city is a lake, noted for having m the middle 
 of it a rock, which (hoots itfelf up to a prodi- 
 , gious height like an obelifk. Lat. 24- 17- ^• 
 
 ifOnff. 59. 35* ^* . J • :f 
 
 Attacama, a town, province, and jurii- 
 
 diaion in the empire of Peru, J^^^f g"f ^'^ej™ 
 la Plata; fertile, and remarkable for the hlh 
 called Tolo, with which it carnes on a great 
 trade with the inland provtticm This province 
 divides the kingdom 4^r^ from that of Cbdu 
 . AvANCAY, ^ juri diaion fubjea to the 
 bifhop of Cufco, and lies four leagues N. fc. of 
 that city. It abounds in fugar canes, fruits, and 
 
 ^""aves, one of the Carribee iflands, fituated 
 
 near Marlgalante, in the Weft Indies. It is called 
 
 A 5:_j Tn.-.,4 j^-^m f\\*» innumerable Quan- 
 
 tity of birds which refide here, and lay their egg- 
 
 in the fand 
 
 AUGUS- 
 
/r T E 
 
 AuoUSTiN St. a city in Florida, in North 
 America, fituated on the eaftern coaft of the 
 Peninfula, wa(hed by the Atlantic ocean, about 
 80 leagues from the mouth of the'gulph of 
 Florida, or channel of Bahama, and 47 from 
 the town and river of Savannah. It is built along 
 the fhore, at the bottom of a hill, in an oblong 
 fquare, divided into four ftreets. Near it is the 
 church and monaftery of the order of St. Auguf- 
 tin. The caftle is called St. John^sFort, built of 
 foft ftone, has four baftions, a courtin 60 yards 
 long, a parapet nine feet thick, and a rampart 20 
 feet high, cafcmated, arched, and borrb-^ oof. 
 There are 50 pieces of cannon, 16 of which are 
 brafs, and fome are 24 pounders ; it has a co- 
 vered way, and the town is entrenched with 10 
 faliant angles. In 1586, Sir Francis Drake took 
 it; and in 1665, it wss plundered by captain Davis 
 the buccaneer. The Englifh and Indians of 
 Carolina attacked it again in 1702, under 
 colonel Moore, who abandoned it after three 
 months fiege, and plundering and burning the 
 country, leaving the fhips and ftores to the ene- 
 my, on the fight of fome Spanifh cruifers ; and 
 marched back to Charles-town, 300 miles by 
 land. General Oglethorp was the laft who be* 
 fieged it, in 174O; he bombarded both the town 
 anc: caftle, but was obliged to raife the fiee,e. 
 This town, as well as Georgia, is within the 
 li'mits of South Carolina ; though unjuftly kept 
 from us by the Spaniards. Lat. 8. 30. N. 
 Long. 81. 10. Weft. 
 
 Augustine, St. a cape in Brafil, on the 
 Atlantic-ocean, ]00 miles N. E. of the bay of 
 All- Souls. Lat. 8. 30. N. Lone. 35. 8. W. 
 
 AvENNis, a nailon uf wild lauiaus, irjhabiung 
 a rt of Florida. Ayma* 
 
BAH 
 
 Aym ARABS, a jurifJi£lion in the cmp're of 
 Peru, in South America j fubjed to the bilhop 
 of Cufco, 40 leagues S. W. of that city. It 
 abounds in fugars, cattle, corn, and mines of 
 gold and filver, which are, for the moft part 
 neglected, as it is but thinly inhabited. 
 
 
 IB 
 
 
 a^M' 
 
 ItJ- 
 
 IBl 
 
 
 p'' ,^|fflipt 
 
 
 N -IHm'ii! 
 
 
 Lt^^ByM 
 
 
 C;.' 'JBiitii.- 
 
 BAH 
 
 BA B A H O Y O, a village and cu0om-hoi*rc, 
 being tiiC landing place in the river of Gua- 
 gaquil, from that city. Here the merchandizes 
 &ora Peru, and Terra Firma, and their refpedive 
 
 provinces, are landed, 
 
 BAEZA,thechieftov5rnofthedi{!ri£lofQuixos> 
 
 in the province of Q^iito, in the empire of Peru, 
 in South America, and the refidence of a gover- 
 nor ; about 50 miles fram Quito, fouthward. 
 It was built by Don Ramciro d'Avilos, in 1559^ 
 Their liief manufaflure is fpinr>ing and weav- 
 ing cotton, Lat. 01. 05. S. Long. 78. lO. W.. 
 
 Baffins Bay, a gulph in North America, 
 (o called from one Baffin, who difcovercd it ia 
 1662, in his attempt to find a northweft paf- 
 jfa^e into the South Sea. This bay runs from 
 Cape Farewel into Weft Greenland ; and lies 
 between the parallels of 60. and 80. deg. N. Lat. 
 It abounds with whales, efpeeially the uppep 
 part of it. 
 
 Bahama, the name of a cJufler^ and alfo 
 of the chief of the Bahama iflands; lying ia 
 
 L.^^ /» A A ^ "hJ ' 'inA Vto¥tTit**i»n ^Sl ctnA 8 r . ^AT 
 
 Long, in the Weft' Indies v about 15 or 20 
 " ■ leagues; 
 
»p*re of 
 bilhop 
 ity. It 
 lines of 
 oil part 
 
 ^&J& 
 
 -houfe, 
 )fGua- , 
 andizes ' 
 fpediive 
 
 Juixos, 
 
 f Peru, 
 
 gover- 
 
 hward. 
 
 » 1559- 
 
 I weav- 
 
 lO.W. 
 Tierica, 
 ed it iiv 
 eft paf- 
 is from 
 nd lies 
 <. Lat. 
 i uppeB 
 
 id alfo 
 'ing ia 
 If. \Ar 
 
 or 20 
 leagues 
 
 B A L 
 
 leagues from the coaft of Florida, anu about 
 10 weft from the ifland of Lucaya; from which 
 thcfc iflands arc alfo called Lucaya iflands; 
 from this Lucaya, it is divided by a dangerouf, 
 though broad channel. It is about 13 leagues 
 long, and eight broad, h m very fruitful, the 
 air fercne, watered with multitudes of fpringt 
 and brooks. It produced great quantity of 
 faflafras, farfaparilla red- wood, which were 
 all deftroyed by the Spaniards. Its chief produce 
 now is Indian wheat, fowls, and a particular 
 kind of r ibbits ; they have other provifions from 
 Carolina. Their chief commerce is aflifting, 
 with provifions, fhips which are driven in here 
 by boifterous winds. On the north Ves I'je 
 great fand bank, called the Bahama Bank, 
 which extervds itfelf northward 60 miler. The 
 flreight of Bahama lies between the cc U of 
 Florida, and the Lucaya. The SpaniHi (hips 
 are forced to wait an opportur>ity to pafs this 
 ftreight, from the Havanna homeward ; and 
 the ftreight is 16 leagues broad, and 45 long; 
 which (hews of what importance the Bahama, 
 iflands are to England; ^nd what advantage the 
 Spaniards might make of them againft us in 
 time of war -, but they have been ftrangely ne^ 
 gleiS^ed. The Bahama Iflands are reckoned 4 
 or 500, fmall and great, but moiS: of them 
 only dangerons rocks. 
 
 Baldivia, or rather Valbivia, a port 
 town on the river of its name, in the kingdom 
 of Chili, 195 miles from Conception, on the 
 South Seacoafi:; built by Peter Valdivia, who- 
 gave it his name, in 1552. There are many 
 gold mines here; and the Spaniards hav«ere6ied 
 kveral fuong forts^ and leuer bait€ric5> to Je^ 
 
 fend 
 
BAR 
 
 fend its entrance, as it is fuppofed to be the key 
 of the South Seas. It is enclofcd with walls 
 built of earth, and defended by 12 pieces of can- 
 non, which are 16 pounders. To the entrance 
 of the harb#ur, there are at leaft 100 pieces of 
 cannon on each fide. The whites of Peru and 
 Chili, banifiiedfor their crimes, arefent hither to 
 fupport it. The Dutch made themfelves mafters 
 of it, in 164.3 » ^"* ^^^® obliged to abandon it, 
 ^ leaving all their cannon, 30 or 40 pieces, bag- 
 * gage, and (lores ; on advice that fuccours were ar- 
 riving to oppofe them from Peru. The vice- 
 roy fends 30,000 crowns a year, to fupport the 
 garrifon. There are great rains here, during fix 
 months in the winter. Lat. 40. 5. N. Long.^ 
 80. 15. W. 
 
 Baltimore, a county the moft northern in the 
 province of Maryland, in North America, on the 
 W. fide of the bay of Chcfapeek, reaching to the 
 bottom of it : its chirf town is alfo called Balti- 
 more. The houfes are ftragg^ling; fo that the town- 
 fhip is rather a fcattercd village, or parifh. This 
 county is called from lord Baltimore of Ireland, 
 1631, to whom it was granted by king Charles I. 
 Its capital lies in N. Lat. 40. 50. and 77. 5. W. 
 Long. 
 
 Bantry, or Braintree, a little town, 
 with a free-fchool, in the county of Suffolk, in 
 New England. 
 
 Barbadoes, one of the Car.ibbee iflands, 
 and next to Jarraica for importance, in the 
 Weft Indies; about 25 miles leng, and 14 
 broad, ruppolDi to contain about 107,000 
 acres, or 140 fquarr miles. It lies 20 leagues 
 caftfrom St. Vincent, which may be feen from 
 it on a clear day ; 2 ", from St. Lucia, 28 from 
 
 Mar- 
 
BAR 
 
 Mariinico, 6o from Trinidad, 80 from Cape 
 de Salinas, and lOO from St. Chriftopher's : it is 
 ufually ranked among the windward divifion of 
 the Carribbees, being a day or two's fail from 
 Surinam, the Dutch colony. It was the firft dif- 
 covered of any of thefe iflands ; and is there- 
 fore ftilcd. Mother of the Sugar Colonics. In 
 the year 1625, when the Englifh firft landed 
 here, they found it abfolutely dcfolate: it had 
 not the appearance of having been peopled, 
 even by the moft barbarous Indians. There 
 was no kind of beaft, cither of pafture or 
 of prey ; neither fruit, herb, nor root, for 
 fupporting the life of man. Yet, as this cli- 
 mate was good, and the foil appeared fertile, 
 fome gentlemen, of fmall fortunes in England, 
 became adventurers. But the firft planters had 
 all the difficulties, of clearing away the obftru£t- 
 ing woods, and almoft impenetrable forcfts, that 
 lay in their way. But by degrees, things were 
 mollified by patience and perfevcrance. Some of 
 the trees yielded fuftic for the dyers; cotton and 
 indigo, agreed well with the foil; and tobacco, 
 about t>iat time, began to be fafhionable in Eng- 
 land. Yet after all, the court took little notice 
 of this infant colony; fending over a very unwor- 
 thy, and unfaithful favourite, the earl of Carllfle, 
 who, by his difierviccs, rather nipped, than af- 
 fifted its growth. However, as this ifland had 
 the hardieft breeding, and the moft laborious in- 
 fancy of any of our fettlements, fo it was far 
 ftronger in its ftamina, grew with greater fpced, 
 and that to an height, which if not evident, could 
 fcarcely be believed. About 20 years after its 
 firft fettlement, in 1 650, it contained upwards 
 
 ti t n? 
 

 \l 
 
 BAR 
 
 ef 50,000 whites, of all fexes and ages, and a 
 much greater number of blacks, and Indian 
 flavcs. The former they bought, the latter they 
 acquired by means not at all to their honour ; 
 for they feized thofe unhappy men, without any 
 pretence whatfoever, in the neighbouring iflands, 
 and carried them into flavery : a practice, which 
 has rendered the Carribbee Indians irreconcilable 
 to us ever fince. This fmall ifland, peopled by 
 above 100,000 fouls, was not half cultivated. A 
 little before 1645, they learned the art of making 
 fugar ; and in a fhort time, by the means of this 
 improvement, grew every day furprifingly opu- 
 lent and numerous. About this time, the go- 
 vernment of England, which was then in the 
 hands of Cromwell, confined the trade of Bar- 
 badoes to the mother-country j which before was 
 managed altogether by the Dutch. Several 
 of the royal party had fled hither and from this 
 ifland, king Charles If. ereded 13 baronets, 
 fome of whom were worth 10,000/. a year j and 
 no one lefs than a thoufand. In 1676, there ap- 
 peared no great encrcafe of their whites ; but a 
 vifible one in their negroes, who are now up- 
 wards of 100,000. They then employed 400 
 fail of (hips, of 150 tons, one with another, in 
 their trade, faiul their annual exports m fugar, in- 
 digo, ginger, cotton, Sic, amounted to 360,000/. 
 their circulating cafh at home was 200,000/. 
 It is probable, that Holland rtfelf, or perhaps, 
 the beft inhabited parts of China, were never 
 peopled to the fame proportion j nor have they, 
 either of them, land of the fame dimenfions which 
 produces any thing like the fame profits -, ex- 
 cepting that whereon large cities are built. The 
 plague rnadc great havock here, in 1692 ; which, 
 
 witb 
 
BAR 
 
 with our perpetual quarrels, and fruitlefs French 
 expeditions, reduced the number of whites to 
 25,000, and the negroes to 80,000. It (hips 
 30,000 hogfheads of fugar, to the value of 
 300,000/. befides rum, molafles, cotton, gin- 
 ger, and cloves. An immenfe produce for 
 an ifland, containing little more than 170,000 
 acres of land ; fo that by the rife of fugars, 
 the returns of this ifland are little lefs than they 
 were in its nioft flouriihing times. It can raifc 
 5000 men of its own militia, and has gene- 
 rally a regiment of regular troops, though not 
 very complete. It is fortified by nature all 
 along the windward fbore, by the rocks and 
 ftioals; fo as to be nearly inacceffable : on the 
 leeward fide, it has good harbours; but the 
 whole coaft is proteded by a good line, of feve- 
 ral miles in length, and feveral forts to defend 
 it at the moft material places. They fupport their 
 own cftabliffiment, which is very confiderablc, 
 with great credit. The governor's place alone, 
 being worth, at leaft, 6coo /. a year and other 
 officers have very valuable incomes. The cler- 
 ,gy are well provided for, who are of the church 
 of England, which is the religion eftabliftied 
 here; there being very few difienters. There 
 appears here befide fomething more of order, 
 decency, and a fettled people, than in any other 
 colony in the Weft Indies. They have a col- 
 lege founded here, by colonel Codrington. 
 Bridgetown is the capital of the ifland, which 
 has been very much injured by the late fire. 
 The country of Barbadoes has a very luxuriant 
 and beautiful appearance ; fwelling here and 
 there into gently rifing hills, which, with the 
 vctdutc of the fugar c^ncs, the uiOUui r*nu .-ra- 
 
 gtancQ 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 HHti'i HKp.'^'^^^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 Wm 
 
 
 BAR 
 
 grance of the orange, lemon, lime, and citron 
 trees, a number of ele6;ant and ufeful plants, 
 and the houfes of the planters thick fown aU 
 along the country, form a dchghtlul fcene. 
 Its produas are, befidcs what is mentioned, the 
 palm, tamarind, fig, aloes, bananas, cedar, 
 maftick, cocoa-tree, and cacao, the laft makes 
 chocolatej and alfo papas, guavas, palmettoes, 
 &c. Lat. 13. 5. N. Long. 59. 32. W. tor 
 the trade carried on to Barbadoes, and other fu- 
 gar iflands, the manner of planting the (ugar^ 
 cane, making fugar, rum, &c. fee the article 
 
 Jamaica. -» s 
 
 Barbuda, or Barboutmas, an ifland, one 
 of the Carribbecs, 35 miles north of Antigua 4, 
 53 N. E. from St. Chriftophcr's. It is low- 
 land, but fertile, and was planted by the Eng- 
 li(h as cpHy as any of the Leeward Iflands, ex- 
 cept St. Chriftophcr's ; but they were fo difturbed 
 by the Carribbeans from Dominica, who gjen^- 
 rally invaded them twice a year, in the night 
 time, that they were often forced to defert it. 
 At length their numbers in the other iflands m- 
 creafmg, and that of the favages decrcafmg, 
 they repoflefled it ; fo that in a few years it had 
 laoo inhabitants* It is fubjea to the Coc^nng- 
 ton family, who maintain a great ntimber of ne- 
 groes here. It abounds in black cattle, fhcep, 
 kids, fowl, the breeding of which is the chief 
 employment of the inhabitants, who make great 
 profit of their fale to the other I ndsi and the 
 Englifti here live after the mannei of our Eng- 
 lifli farmers, in the way of dealing, buying, 
 fattening, and fending to market. The ifland 
 produces citrons, pomegranates, oranges, rai- 
 ions, India figs, maixe, peafc, cocoa iiuts, anu 
 
 iomo 
 
BAR 
 
 citron 
 plants, 
 iwn aU 
 
 fcene. 
 ;d, the 
 
 cedar, 
 
 makes 
 jettoes, 
 . For 
 thet fu- 
 ; fugar- 
 
 article 
 
 id, one 
 ntiguai 
 is low ' 
 le Eng- 
 ids, ex- 
 lifturbed 
 
 le night 
 lefert it. 
 >ands in- 
 rrcafmg, 
 rs it had 
 i^o^ring- 
 er of ne- 
 I, (hcep, 
 he chief 
 ike great 
 
 and the 
 >ur Eng- 
 
 buying, 
 he IHand 
 ^s, rai- 
 
 and valuab! 
 
 Jomc tobacco ; and feveral ra: 
 woods, herbs, roots, and drogs ; as Brafil, 
 wood, ebony, caflia, cinnamon, pine apples, 
 cotton, pepper, ginger, indigo, potatoes, and 
 the fenfitive plant. Here are large and dange- 
 gerous fcrpents, fome however are not venemous, 
 and deftroy other vermin, as rats, toads, and 
 frogs. Here is more (hipping than at Nevis, 
 and it is better planted than that ifland is to the 
 fouth weft. Lat. i8. 5. N. Long. 63. 3. W. 
 
 Barbe, St. a town of Mexico, in New 
 Bii<:ay, in the neighbourhood of which are very 
 rich nlver mines. It lies 500 miles N. W. of 
 the city of Mexico. Lat. 26. 10. N. Long. . 
 110. 5. W. 
 
 Barnstable, a town, countv, and bay, 
 in New England. At the north end of the bay, ^ 
 ■where this town is fituated, lies Cape Cod. 
 Lat. 41. 5. N. Long. W. 72. 6. W, 
 
 Barnwell, a fort 20 miles to the N. W* 
 of New Bern, in the county of Craven, in 
 North Carolina. ^ . 
 
 Bartholomew, St. one of the Carribbee 
 iiiands, 25 miles N. of St. Chriftopher's, and 30 
 N. E. of Saba. It is reckoned five leagues in 
 circumference, but has little ground fit for ma- 
 miring. It produces tobacco, caflava, and 
 abourTds with woods. The trees mort in efteem; 
 are, i. The foap, or aloes-tree. 2. The cale- 
 back. 3. The canapia, the gum extracted from 
 which is reckoned an excellent cathartic. 4. 
 The parotane, whofe bot*ghs grow downward, 
 taking root again, and form a kind of bulwark 
 ami iirong fence in time of attack. All along 
 (hore, are thofe kind of trees called the Sea« 
 Trees, whofe boughs are wonderfully plait td 
 
 to- 
 
B E A 
 
 torrether, and look as if they were glazed. Oil^ 
 the (hore are alio found the fea ftar and the fca^ 
 apple. Here is an infinite variety of birds, and 
 a peculiar kind of lirr-Ilone, which ihey export 
 to the adjacent iflands. They depend on the 
 ikies for water, which they keep in ciflerns. U 
 now belongs to the Englifh who too'^ it, m 1740^ 
 from the French the conqucft btuig made by 
 two Englifh privateers from Aniij^aa. It is of 
 the more importance to us, as it was a nett ot 
 privateers who harrafTed our (hipping, having at 
 one time 50 of our merchant- {hips in thc/sar^ 
 hour. There is alfo the lignum vitje, and ircm; 
 wood here ifJ <5reat plenty. Lat. I5 6. M. 
 
 Long. 62. I J. V/„ , ; 
 
 Basseterre. See I^t. Christopher sand 
 
 GUARDALOUI'E. .^, » 
 
 Bastimentos, iHai^d^ r.car the ilthmus ot 
 Darien, and fomewhat weilward of the Sam- 
 balloes-iflands, at the mouth of the bay ot 
 Nornbre de Dios, very near the fhore ; famous 
 for admiral Hofier's lying before them with a 
 Brlttiii' fquadron feme years ago. Lat. 9. 10. 
 
 N. Lon^-. 83. 15. W. 
 
 Baththwn, a fmall place m the county ot 
 Craven, in North Carolina, lying on the northern 
 bank of the river Pantego. Lat. 35. 30. N. 
 
 Long. 76. 10. W. f /-. 
 
 Beaufort, a town in the county of Cjran- 
 ville, in Sou.h Carolina, fituated on theiflandof 
 Port Royal, 30 mtles from Purryiburgh, and 
 45 horn Charles-town to the S. W. It has a 
 good fort, but is net fo well fortified as it fhould 
 be, lying fo near SpaniQi Florida ; and is faid to 
 be demanded by the Spaniard's, as a jpart of 
 their territories, it is expected howevsr irom Jts 
 « har- 
 
B E R 
 
 harbour, and fituation, that it will biecome th€ 
 capital of South Carolina, as it is already the 
 ftation of the Briiifli fquadron in thofe feas. 
 
 Bedford, a fmall town in the county of 
 Weft Chefter, and province of New York. See 
 West Chester county, 
 
 Befua, or BoQUiA, a fmall ifland among 
 the Carribbecs, 55 miles to the N. E. of Gra- 
 nada, ano 65 leagues from Barbadoes. It has 
 a fafe harbour from all winds, but no frefh wa- 
 ter; and is therefore only frequented by the inha- 
 bitants of Su Vincent, who came hither to fi/h 
 for tortojfe. The foil produces wild cotton- 
 treey, and plenty of water-melons. ^'i) 
 
 Bergen, a town and county on Hudfon's 
 river, in New Jerfey, over againft New York, 
 and was the firft planted of any of this trad ; 
 moftly inhabited by Dutch. See Nfiv/ York. 
 
 Berkley, the name both of a town and 
 county in South Carolina, lying to the N. of 
 Colleton county, near Cowper and Afhley rivers ; 
 on the N. is a little river called Bowall-rivcr> 
 whichf with a creek forms an ifland ; and off the 
 coaft are feveral iflands called Hunting-iflands, 
 and Sillvvent*s-ifland. Between the latte-^ and 
 Bowriill -river is a ridge of hills, called the Sand- 
 hills. The river Wando waters the N. W. 
 parts of this county, and runs into Cowper-river, 
 both uniting their ftreams with AChley-river at 
 Charles-town. 
 
 Bermudas, a clufter of fmall iflands a con^ 
 fiderable diftance from the continent : hither re- 
 tired feveral of the parliament party after the re* 
 ftoration ; and Waller the poet has given a very 
 pretty poem on them, it being the place of 
 They are not altogether 20,coo 
 
 acres 
 
 bis flight. 
 
B E R 
 
 acres, very difficult of accefs, being, as Waller 
 cxprefles it, walled with rocks. The air is ex- 
 tremely plcafant ; and its fine fituaiion invited 
 the great Berkley, biftiop of Cloyne, to folliat 
 queen Anne for founding an univerfity here 5 the 
 plan of which that great genius had excellently 
 well modelled ; but the queen was diverted from 
 this projea by the parties of her miRiIters. 1 he 
 chief bufmefs here is building floopa, and other 
 (mall craft, for the trade between North Ame- 
 rica and the Weft Indies. They fend nothing 
 toEn<Tlandi though formerly, when the Bermu- 
 das hals were brought into fafhion by the bi(hop, 
 they got a <yood deal of caQi from England. The 
 hats were very elegant, made of the leaves of 
 palmettoes; but the trade and the falhion went 
 together. The foil is negleaed, and thcrr beft 
 nrodudlion is cedar, uith Come white-ftone, 
 which they fend to the Weft Indies. I heir 
 whites are about 5000, and the blacks bred here 
 are the beft in America, and as ufeful as the 
 whites in navigation. The people of Bermu- 
 das are poor but healthy, contented i an*' very 
 cheerful. It is well adapted tO- the cultiva- 
 tion of vines, 'and might be worth while even 
 for the Icgiflature to encourage fuch an improve- 
 ment. They are called Summer-iflands, not 
 from their pleafant or warm fituation, but f'om 
 Sir John Summers!, who was (hipwrecked here; 
 and was the fecond after John Bermudas, in 
 ICO?; that improved^ the difcovery of them. 
 The number of this clufter is computed to be 
 about 400. They are diftant from the land's- 
 end 1500 leagues; from the Madeiras 1200, 
 froiTi iliipaniviii 4-^'-'j ««»« j^-^- '— :-- --i:- 
 
BIS 
 
 terras in Carolina ; which lafl is the neareil land 
 tp them. Lat. 32. 30. N. Long. 65. 10. W. 
 
 Bern, New, a i'mall town in the county of 
 Craven, in South Carohna, lying on the fouthern 
 bank of the river Pamticoe, or Pantqgo. Lat. 
 35. 7. N. Long. 76. 20. W. 
 
 Bethlehem, a village in the county of 
 Orange, in the province of New York ; very 
 fruitful in pafture, and makes large quantities of 
 excellent butter. 
 
 BiOBio, a river in Chili, the largeft in that 
 kingdom. It enters the South Sea in Lat. 37. S. 
 running through veins of gold, and fields of 
 farfaparilla. It is the boundary between the 
 Spaniards and feveral fndian nations their ene- 
 mies, which obliges the former to keep ftrong 
 garriibns there. 
 
 BiRU, a town ten leagues from Truxillo, in 
 the South Seas, inhabited by about fourfcoie In- 
 dians, Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Meflizos j it 
 is very fertile in mod of the necefTaries of lifck 
 7'he country is watered by the means of canals 
 cut from the river, and fo conveyed to great dif^ 
 tances, as at Fruxillo. Lat. 8**. 24. 59'. S. 
 Long. 69, 17. W, 
 
 Blanco, an ifland in South America, 35 
 leagues from Terra Ferma, and N. of Margaii- 
 ta-ifland, in the province of New Andalufia. It 
 is a flat, even, low, uninhabited ifland, dry and 
 healthy, moft of it favannas of long grafs^ with 
 fome trees of lignum vitae. It has plenty of 
 guanoes. Lat. I2. 5. N. Long. 64. 6. W. 
 
 Biscay, a province of Mexico, abounding 
 in filver mines. It is bounded on the N. by N. 
 Mexico, and on the W. by Florida. 
 
 r> . 
 
 ii s> £■•> yj. - 
 
BON 
 
 Bonaire, an -.nana on the coaft of Vemzueh. 
 in?he.-.ngao.of Terra Fir.a '^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 [ir^ue? rorrJ .-.n'r; and belongs to .. : 
 D?tch It is about ,8 leagues in compafs, has 
 i'good bay and road on the S W. fide, nea^ he 
 Jddle of 'the irtand Sh.p. tb . .- ^ om the 
 eaftward make in clofe to f. h : let o an 
 cW in 60 fathonn deep vuter, ^''^m hal a 
 rable's length of the fhore; but muft m»ke faft 
 aSore or fear of the 1 .„d winds '" the n.|h 
 driving her to fea. The town hes about Vf 
 mile from the (hore, withm land. A governor 
 
 a eeat plenty of cattle here, particularly goats, 
 Xh they fend to Cura^oa, falte ever year 
 There is a fait pond here where th Dutch 
 come in for fait. Lat. i2. ic). vv . *^ & 
 
 '"ivisTE. a bay on the E. fide of the ^ 
 insnd of Newfoundland, where ti.'; Enghlh 
 
 have a fcttlement. . 
 
 BoNAVENTURE, a P?rt--'wn. fmiat. at the 
 bottom of a deep bay, in the d.llruft n f opay- 
 an in Terra Firma, South A -T^-^rica. It 18 m- 
 habied by a few Spaniards, who receue the 
 SandLes brought from New Spam, and 
 fend them to Popayan, ^^-d other towns u.h^ 
 province. The harbour is difficult t. V v.th 
 L, , nilnt. as it is a. were hid ; the re Is land 
 • """'■ ' -■'- -'■ Call in iS'"» i'fa- 
 
 ffom this iVrt to the city 
 
 nada, 
 
BOS 
 
 nada is not to be travelled by beafts of burden ; 
 (o that travellers, with their baggage, are carri ' 
 on the backs of Indians in a chair, with whic 
 weight they crofs rivers and mountains, b ing 
 entire flaves to the Spaniards, who thus fubfti- 
 tute them in the room of horks and mules. It 
 is poorly defends!, and yet is the ftaple for the 
 cities of Cali, Popapan, Santa Fe, and the 
 fouthern par*^ of Terra Firma. Lat. 3. 30. N. 
 Long. 50. 10. W. 
 
 Boston, a very noted and opulent trading 
 town, the metropolis of New England, in North 
 America, in the county of Suffolk. It is the largcft 
 city of all the Britifh empire in America ; and was 
 built the latter end of the year 1630, by a part of 
 the colony which removed hither from Chirles- 
 Town, and ftands upon a peninfula of about 
 four miles circumference, at the very bottom of 
 MafTachufet's-bay, about i.ight miles from the 
 S. of it. It is the moft advantageoufly fituated 
 for trade of any place in North America; on the 
 N. iide arc a cozen fmall iflands, called the 
 Brewfler , oneof whit called NettleVifland. 
 The Oh J afe way for enu ^nce into the harbour is 
 by a ch nnel fo nar v, as well as full of iflands, 
 that three fhips c 1 fear pa . in a-breaft; but 
 there are proper marics to y Jd them into the fair 
 v/ay ; and within the harbour there is room enough 
 for 50c ^ips tc lie at anchor in a good depth of 
 water, where they are' covered by the c nnon of 
 a regular and veij ftrong fortrefs. At * - bot- 
 tom o the bay is a very noble pier, nc 2000 
 feet in ength, long which on the N. ade ex* 
 teuds a ow of ware-houfes. The uead of this 
 pier jo' s the principal ftreet In the town, which 
 15, iiRv nisji xji ine otnt'is, .^j^cigus and wcii 
 
 Vol,. I. D built : 
 
ill* 
 
 BOS 
 
 bunt: the .0.0 has » "7 £ -i^ti^T- 
 
 'f '*"r.:aure ' Rlu'nd the exchange are a 
 of architeaure K°"" .„^ ^ bookfellers (hops, 
 
 S^rV" fiSemployln for five printing- preffes. 
 H^^re are herHcn churches, »nd it cpntams 
 1 here are uci^ ^ 20*000 inhabi- 
 
 '"^r 5°Tharwtma be" naWo form fo.e 
 
 P" ASs'. to fy nl^g oVclafting and^ 
 tered inwards , to i y , . ,^ numerous to 
 
 fifhing veffels, ^o'^^f J^ j ^" » ufs than .000. 
 r;rtrtra"dflf New En^and is great as it 
 Indeed the »' »"« °' . r ,ds from wilhm it- 
 fupp.ies a vaft q"^""'^ °* ^^ ^^e people in this 
 
 ,' A^eW wK toy'al navy ; alfo pitch, tar. 
 t raa largely w 'I / lumber, and boards; 
 
 :r,^r of"; viSo": 'bief, pork, butter and 
 I r-inva^ quantities; horfes, and live cat- 
 !l IndUn com and peafe ; cyder, apples, 
 tie 5 Indian corn r ^^ fur-trade is 
 
 hemp, and flax. 1 ti^r P / y^ ^.^j 
 
 "^ fc "°*^'':i,t?-coaft, wWch finds employ- 
 
 fifherv upon their coaii, "' _,„„,„. ,hpv 
 
 . ment for a vaft numwr oi iuc« i--*--- -- 
 
BOS 
 
 arc enabled by this branch to export nnnually 
 above 30,000 quintals oi choice cod-ii/h to 
 Spain, Italy, the Britiih illands, Great Britain, 
 the Mediterranean, &c. and about 20,000 
 quintals of the refufe fort to the Weft Indies, for 
 the negroes. 
 
 The great quantity of fpirits which they 
 diftil in Boftoi* from the molafTes, received in 
 return from the Wefl Indies, is as furprifjng as 
 the cheap rate they vend it at, which is under 
 two /hillings a gallon. With this they fupply al- 
 moft all the confumption of our colonies in 
 North America, the Indian trade tlierc, the vaft 
 demands of their own, and the Newfoundland 
 fifliery, and in a great meafure ihofe of the Afri- 
 can trade. But they are more famous for the 
 quantity and cheapnefs than excellency of their 
 rum. They are almoft the only one of our co- 
 lonies, which nearly fupply themfelves with 
 woollen and linen manufactures. Their wooN 
 len cloths arc ftrong, clofe, but coarfe and 
 flubborn. As to their linens, that manufadlure ' 
 was brought from the N. of Ireland by fome 
 prefljytcrian artificers, driven thence by the feve- 
 rity of their landlords, or rather the matter 
 workmen and employers j and from an affinity 
 of religious feiuimcnts they chofe New Eng- 
 land for their retreat. As they brought with 
 them a fund of riches in their flcill of the linen 
 manufaaures, they met with very large encou- 
 ragement, and exercife their trade to the great 
 advantage of the colony. At prefent they rnake 
 very great quantities, and of a very good kind • 
 their pnncipal fettlement is in a town, whi^h, in 
 compliment to them, is called Londonden-v. 
 i iius does th€ rigour and avarice of a few em- 
 
 ■^ ^ ployera 
 
i 
 
 BOS 
 
 p,oyers very often ^^^^^"^ ^LT'^^ 
 
 r'>?s from the ^'"efeverity that Napks, 
 
 Z Slor'V r-ier.cou„tty. Great 
 •^t:"s-a,e ,nade i-^ew England and which, ^^^ 
 
 ^^•^"'^^S: S-Ptt" tanufaaures has 
 iiies. The '«"'"° ,/„.-.flrarv to them ; for as 
 been in a S^^^' ""*''" "'^, "encouraged in feme 
 ,hey have not been prop rly ««>" | ^„^^„. • 
 ftap'le commod.ty ^y J^h^h 'bej g^^ ^^ ^^^_^ 
 
 nicate with Great Bntam , ^ ^afe either aban- 
 all other refource . they rn ^^^^^ ^^ ^^_ 
 
 doned thecountry, or have o ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 ploying the>r o'f"^^'" ',";?/ ThJ fame necef- 
 ^f (t the neceffanes of h.e. ^^^ ^^ ^^^^_ 
 
 '■"V fofb^ud.: ai -^^^^^^^ r•p^ ^='= -"^"^ 
 
 rials for buiiai.is colonies; 
 
 '^'^^"J'f Sc e i one of the moft confiderable 
 Thislaft article ISO ^^^ ^^^^^ ,„ 
 
 v,Wch Bofton, ° t"^ °' shMS are fometimes 
 New England ""y°"fl:„„ ^^nd frequently the 
 tuilt here "^"/"."^^J'Tave them conftria.ed 
 
 "^"^^f " „°in accoun r^hen loading them wuh 
 upon their own accoun, ^^^^ ^^_.^^^ g^,^ 
 
 the produce of «'^."'\,=°""u^;Vend them out upon 
 
 and'finvoil P"";:'P;g^;i„ Portugal, or the Me- 
 a trading-voyage to Spa.nfo ^^ ^^^.^ ^^_^_ 
 
 ''■"""rrmaS what Sfanta'ge they can by 
 g°' .^"^^y '" flh time as they can fell the vef- 
 •f^l Serfelf ^o advantage j^whc^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^„ 
 to do, receiving the vaiue ui ^^ 
 
BOS 
 
 as the freight of the goods, which from time to 
 time they carried, and of the firtt home-cargo in 
 bills of exchange upon London; for as they 
 have no commodity to return for the value of 
 above 100,000/. which they take in various forts 
 of goods from Fr.gland, (except what naval 
 ftores they have) they are obliged to keep th;i 
 balance fomewhat even b^ this circuitous com- 
 merce; which though not carried on with 
 Great Britain, nor with Britiili veflel?, yet cen- 
 ters in its profits, where all the money made by 
 all the colonies muft center at lafl, namely in 
 London. There was a report made by way 
 of complaint to the legiflature of this circuitcas, 
 though to them neceflary, commerce. It was 
 defired that the exportation of lumber, &c. to 
 the French colonic?, and the importation of fu- 
 gars, molafTes, Sec. from thence might be ftopt. 
 On the other hand, the northern colonies com- 
 plained that they were not pofiefied of any ma- 
 nufa6tures, or ftaple commodity ; and being cut 
 ofF from this circuitous commerce, they could 
 not purchafe fo many articles of luxury from 
 Great Britain. The legiflature took a middle 
 courfe : they did not prohibit their exporting 
 lumber, &c. to the French colonies, but laid the 
 imports from thence, as fugars, molaflbs, &c. 
 under a confiderable duty ; for they wifely fore- 
 faw that the French would have rel'ource to their 
 own colonies for lumber, by which the Rofton- 
 men would be cut olF from fo valuable a branch 
 of trade and navigation ; and tliat the latter be- 
 ing driven to fuch iireiehts, might have been 
 alfo driven to feme extremes, which are not 
 to be avoided when neceirny over rules ; and in 
 
 r.- ci ..I. _ 
 
 ,^ J. 
 
 iUwl IHc ir2-3C 01. DOilon !3 CiC 
 
 uOiiOVi 
 
 W4 1 i 
 
 ^\ r.\ r- '*f-**^ 
 
 
 D 
 
 'I'his 
 
w 
 
 BRA 
 
 This circumftance ought to intereft us deeply ; for 
 this colony of New England is very valuable to 
 our common interefts, even fuppofe it fciit us 
 nothing, nor took any thing from us, as it is the 
 grand barrier of all the reft ; and as it is the prin- 
 cipal magazine which fupplies our Weft Indies. 
 
 By confidering the ftate of (hip- building, the 
 principal branch of Bofton, we (liall vifibly per- 
 ceive a great decline in that article, which muft 
 afFea her intimately in all others. In the year 
 J 738, they built at Bofton 41 topfail veflels, bur- 
 then in 3116324 tons. In 1743 they built 30 ; in 
 1746, but 20; and in 1749, but 15; making 
 in the whole only 2450 tons; — anaftoniftiing 
 decline in about 10 years. How it has been 
 lince we are not informed; but fure fome enquiry 
 fhould be fet on foot to fee if by any ill-judged 
 fchemes, or by any mifgovernment, this great 
 liiirchief has happened. 
 
 There is a light-houfe ere(^ed on a rock for the 
 {hipping, and four companies of militia, with 
 500 foldiers, and good fortifications on any ap- 
 proach, which in fuch cafe may be provided 
 with 10,000 effective men in Bofton. The go- 
 vernment is directed by a governor, a general 
 court, and afiembly, to which this city fends 
 four members. The independent religion is the 
 moft numerous, as the profeflbrs are laid to be 
 14,000 ; and out of 10 places of worftiip, fix 
 are for this profeftioa. Lat. 46. 26. N. Long. 
 71. 4. W. 
 
 Brazil, the name of a large kingdom in 
 South America, belonging (o the Portuguefe. 
 
 The name of Brazil was given to this coun- 
 try, becaufe it was obferved to abound with a 
 wood of that name- it cxtcndf all along a tradt 
 
 of 
 
BRA 
 
 of fine fea-coaft upon the Atlantic ocean up- 
 wards of 2000 miles, between the river of Ama- 
 zons on the N. and that of La Plata on the S. 
 To the northward the climate is uncertain, hot, 
 boifterous, and unwholefome. The country 
 both there, and even in more temperate parts, 
 is annually overflowed. But to the fouthward, 
 beyond the tropic of Capricorn, and indeed a 
 good way within it, there is no part of the 
 world that enjoys a more ferene and wholefome 
 ;iir; refrefhcd with the foft breezes of the ocean 
 on one hand, and the cool breath of the moun- 
 tains on the other. Hither feveral aged people 
 from Portugal retire for their health, and pro- 
 tract their lives to a long and eafy age. 
 
 In general, the foil is extremely fruitful, and 
 was found very rnff.cjent for the comfortable fub- 
 fiftance of the inhabitants until the mines of 
 gold and diamonds were difcovered. Thefe, with 
 the fugar-plantaticns, occupy fo many hands, 
 that agriculture lies negleikd ; and, in confe- 
 quence, Brazil depends upon Europe for its daily 
 bread. 
 
 The chief commodities which this country 
 yields for a foreign market are, fugar, tobacco, 
 hides, indigo, ipecacuanha, balfam of capivi, 
 and Brazil-wood. The laft article, as it in a 
 more particular manner belongs to this c^unii) , 
 to which it gives its name, and which produces 
 it in the greateft perfedion, it is not aniifs to al- 
 low a little room to the defcription of it. 
 
 This tiee generally fiourifhes in rocky and bar- 
 ren grounds, in which it grows to a great height, 
 and confiderable ihicknefs. Put a man who 
 iiidaes of the nuantitv of timber bv the thick- 
 
 J"- c " — 1 ■/ ' 
 
 nefs of the tree, will be much deceived j for up- 
 
 
BRA 
 
 €n Gripping ofF the bark, which makes a very 
 large part of the plant, he will find from a tree 
 as thick as his body, a log no more in compafs 
 than his leg. This tree is generally crooked, 
 knotty like the hawthorn, with long branches, 
 and a fmooth green leaf, hard, dry, and brittle. 
 Thrice a year bunches of fmall flowers fhoot 
 out at the extremities of the branches, and be- 
 tween the leaves. Thefe flowers are of a bright 
 red, and of a ftrong aromatic, refrefhing fmell. 
 Tne wood of this tree is of a red colour, hard 
 and dry. It is ufed chiefly in dying red, but not 
 a red of the beft kind j and it has fome place in 
 medicine as a ftomachic and reflringent. ^ ^ 
 
 The trade of Brazil is very great, and it in- 
 creafes every year. Nor is this a wonder, fmce 
 they have opportunities of fupplying themfelves 
 with flaves for their feveral works, at a much ea- 
 fler and cheaper rate than any other European 
 power, which has fettlements in America ; for 
 they are the only European nation which has 
 taken the pains to eftabUIh colonies in Africa. 
 Thofe of the Portuguefe are very confiderable 
 both for their exten't and the number of their 
 inhabitants ; and of courfe they have advantages 
 in that trade which no other nation can have. 
 h(,r befides their large effablifhment on the 
 wefiern fhore of Africa, they claim the whole 
 coait of Zaneuebar on the eaftern fide, which in 
 part they poflefs ; befides fevcra^ other large ter- 
 ritories, both on the coafl a.A in the country ; 
 where feveral numerous nations acknowledge 
 themfelves their dependents, or fubjeas. This 
 is not only of great advantage to them, as it in- 
 rr«afe° their {binning and leamcn, and Itreng- 
 thens their conimerciai reputation, but as it 
 
 «> IcavQS 
 
 1 
 
BRA 
 
 leaves them a large field for their flavc trade ; 
 without which, they could hardly ever fupply, 
 upon any tolerable terms, their fettlements in 
 Brazil, which carry off fuch numbers by the fe- 
 verity of the works, and the unwholefomenefa^ 
 of fome part of the climate ; nor could they 
 otherwife extend their plantations, and open Co 
 many new mines as they do to a degree which 
 is aftonifliing. 
 
 I own I have often been furprlfed, that our 
 African traders fhould chufe fo contracted an 
 object for their flave-trade, which extends to 
 little more than fome part of the Gold-Coaft, to 
 Sierra Leone, and Gambia, and fome other in- 
 confiderable ports ; by which they have depre- 
 ciated their own commodities, and raifed the 
 price of flaves within thefe few years above 30 
 per cent, Nor is it to be wondered, as in the 
 trad in which they trade, they have many rivals ; 
 the people are grown too expert by the conftant 
 haLit of European commerce, and the flaves in 
 that part are in good meafure exhaufted : where- 
 as, if fome of our veflels pafTed the Cape of 
 Good- Hope, and tried what might be done in 
 Madagafcar, or on thofe coafls which indeed 
 the Portuguefe claim, but do not nor cannot 
 hold, there is no doubt but that they would find 
 the greater expence and length of time in paf- 
 fing the Cape, or the charge of licences which 
 might be procured from the Eaft India company, 
 amply compenfated. Our African trade might 
 then be confiderat 7 enlarged, our own manu- 
 failures extended, and our colonies fupplied at 
 an eafier rate than th^y are at | r f.^nt, or are 
 
 likely to be for the future, whilll we confine our- 
 fel 
 
 VPS tn t\%Tf\ f\r tUrftf* rs1a#"oo «.r 
 
 t>5 
 
 
 11 ll' 
 
 
 
 and 
 
BRA 
 
 and where we (hall find the market dearer every 
 day. The Portuguefe from thefe fettlements, 
 and this extenfive range, draw every year into 
 Brazil between 40 and 50,006 (laves. On this 
 trade all their other depends ; and therefore they 
 take great care to have it well fupplied : for 
 which purpofe the fituation of Brazil, nearer the 
 coaft of Africa than any other part of America 
 is very convenient ; and it co-operates with the 
 great advantages they derive from having colonies 
 in both places. 
 
 Hence it is principally that Brazil is the 
 richeft, moft llouriihing, and moft growing 
 eftabliihment in all America. Their export of 
 fugar within 40 years is grown much greater 
 than it was, though anciently it made almoft the 
 whole of their exportable produce, and they 
 v/ere without rivals in the trade. It is finer in 
 kind than what any of our?, the French, or Spa- 
 nilh fugar- plantations fend us. Their tobacco too 
 is remarkably good, though not raifed in fo large 
 a quantity as in our colonies. The northern and 
 fouthern part of Brazil abounds in horned cattle ; 
 thefe are hunted for their hides, of which no lefs 
 than 20,000 are fent annually into Europe. 
 
 The Portuguefe were a confiderable time pof- 
 feflfed of tneir American empire before they dif- 
 covered the treafures if gold and diamonds, 
 which fince have made it fo confiderable. Af- 
 ter the expulfion of the Dutch, the colony re- 
 mained without much attention from the court 
 of Portugal ; until in 1680^ a miniller of great 
 fagacity advifed the then monarch to turn hb 
 thoughts to fo valuable and confiderable a part 
 of his territories. He reprefented to him, that 
 the climate in the bay ot Ail-ortiais, where the 
 
 capital 
 
the 
 
 BRA 
 
 capital ftood, was of fuch a nature as to deaden 
 the activity and induftry of the people ; br.t that 
 the northern and fouthern extremities of Brazil, 
 in a more temperate climate, invited them to 
 the cultivation of the country. The advice was 
 taken. But becaufe it was found that the info- 
 lence and tyranny of the native Portuguefe al 
 ways excited the h».tred of the native Braziliant^ 
 and confequently obftru(Sed the fettlemcnts. they 
 were refolved to people the countries, which 
 were now the obje£t of their care, with thofe 
 who are called Meftizos ; that is a race fprung 
 from a mixture of Europeans and Indians, who 
 they judged would behave better ; and who, on 
 account of their conne£tion in blood, would be 
 more acceptable to the Brazilians on the borders, 
 who were not yet reduced. To complete this 
 defign, they veiled the government in the bands 
 of priefts. who a£led each as governor in his 
 own pariili or diftri(St : and they had the pru- 
 dence to chufe with great care fuch men as were 
 proper for the work. The confequence of thefe 
 wife regulations was fbon app n*;nf, for, without 
 noife or force, in 15 years they tr>t only fettled 
 the fea-coaft, but drawing in vaft numbers of 
 the natives, they fpread themfelvcs above 70u 
 miles more to the weftward than the Poitt'g'iele 
 fettlements had ever before extended; ifny' 
 opened feveral mines, which improved the re.^>- 
 nucs ; the planters were eafy, and feveral of the 
 prieils made no inconfiderable fortunes. 
 
 The fame of thefe new mines drew together 
 a number of defperadoes and adventurers of all 
 nations and colour; who, not agreeing with, the 
 '^.oderate and fimple manners of the inhabitants 
 
 r^v^flomontc nr\r rfaAWv riihmittinrr 
 
 D 6 to 
 
 
 
1:1 
 
 BRA 
 
 to any order or reftraint elfewherc, retired into 
 a mountainous part of the country, but fertile 
 enough, and rich in gold j where, by the accef- 
 fion of others in their own circumflances, they 
 foon became a formidable and independent body, 
 and for a long time defended the privileges they 
 had aiTumed with good courage and policy. 
 They were termed Paulifls, from the town and 
 diftricl called St. Paul, which was their head- 
 quarters. But as this odd common-wealth grew 
 up in fo unaccoutitable a manner, fo it perilhed 
 in a manner altogether unknown in this part of 
 the world. It is now heard of no longer. The 
 king of Portugal is in full pofTeffion of "the whole 
 country; and the mines are worked by his fub- 
 jeds and their flaves, paying him a fifth. Thefe 
 mines have poured almoft as much gold into 
 Europe as Spani/h America has of filver. 
 
 " Not many years after the difcovery of the 
 gold mines, Brazil, which for a century had 
 been given up as a place incapable of yielding 
 the metals for which America was chiefly valued, 
 was now found to produce diamonds too; but at 
 firfl of fo unpromifmg a nature, that the work- 
 ing of the mines was forbidden by the court of 
 Portugal, left, without making any compenfation 
 by their number, they might depreciate the trade 
 which was carried on in- thefe ftones from Goa^ 
 But in fpite of this prohibition, a number were 
 from time to time fmurgled from Brazil, and 
 fome too of fuch great weight, high luftre, and 
 tranfp: rency, that theyjielded very little to the 
 fineft brought from IndTa.. The court now per- 
 ceived the importance of the trade ; and accord- 
 ingly refolved to permit it, but under fuch reftric- 
 tions as mieht be fufficientlv beneficial to th$ 
 
B R I 
 
 crown and fubje(Sls ; and at the fame time pre- 
 ferve^the jewels in that fcarcity which make the 
 principal part of their value. In 1740, the dia- 
 mond-mines were farmed at 138,000 crufadoes," 
 or about 26,000/. fterling annually, with a pro- 
 hibition againft employing more than 600 flaves 
 at a time in the works. It is probate that this 
 regulation is not very ftridtly complun with, the- 
 quantityof diamonds being much increafed, and 
 their value of courfe funkfince that time. It is true, 
 that diamonds of the firft rank are nearly as dear 
 as ever. None of the diamonds of Brazil have 
 fo high a iuftre as ihe firft rate of Golonda; and 
 they have generally fomething of a dufky yel- 
 lowifti caft ; but they have been found of a pro- 
 digious fize. Some years ago we had an account 
 in the news-papers of one fent to the king of 
 Portugal, of a fize and weight almoft beyond 
 the bounds of credibility; for it was faid to 
 weigh 1600 carats, or 6,700 grains, and confe- 
 quently muft be worth feveral millions. 
 
 Brentford, a town in New England, in 
 the county of New Haven ; confiderable for its 
 iron-works. 
 
 Bridgetown, the metropolis of Barbadoes 
 in the Weft Indies, lying in the S. W. part of 
 the ifland, and in the parifti of St. Michaers, 
 It is fituate on the innermoft part of Carlifle-bay, 
 which is large enough to contain 500 fhips, be- 
 i-ng a league and half in breadth, and a league in. 
 depth. The neigh^jouring grounds being low 
 flats were often overflowed by the fpring-tides, 
 and are moft of them fince drained. The town 
 lies at the entrance of St. George's-valley, which 
 runs feveral miles into the country. It has about 
 
 1 '»/■»/-» V»r»itfi>e rttz-vlHiT nrir-lr 
 
 ;:AWW imwiii'^ii mimViiiJ VHtmSSJ 
 
 \rortf olonmnt- 
 
 TVS 
 
 V»VQH>i»^ 
 
 
 !9 
 
 i 
 
 faid 
 
B R I 
 
 faid'to be the fined and largeft in all the Carnb- 
 bee-iflands. The ftreets are broad, the houfes 
 high, and there is here alio ^ Cheapfide, where 
 the rents are as dear as thofe in London. Here 
 are commodious wharfs for loading 'ind unload- 
 ing goods, with fome forts and caftles for its de- 
 fence ; but the town is fubje6l to hurricanes. As 
 the wind generally blows from the E. or N. E. ' 
 the E. part^ of the town is called windward, and 
 the W. part leeward. The royal citadel, called 
 St. Anne*s-fort, cod the country 30,000/. On 
 the E. fide of the town is a fmall fort of eight 
 guns, where the magazines of powder and ftores 
 are kept by a ftrong guard. The number of 
 militia for this town and St. Michael's precintft 
 is 1200 men, who arc called the royal re'2;iment 
 of foot-guards. This is the feat oi the gover- 
 nor, council, aflembly, and court of chancery. 
 About a mile from town to the N. E. the go- 
 nernor has a fine houfe built by the aflembly, 
 called Pilgrims : though the governor's ufual 
 refidence was at Fontabel. T Ic other forts are 
 to the W. James's- fort, nc'^r Stuart's- wharf, 
 of 18 guns: Willoughby'ri of 20 guns: three 
 batteries between this and Needham's-fort of 20 
 guns. The church is as large as many of our 
 cathedrals, has a noble organ, and a ring of 
 bells, with a curious clock. Here are large and 
 elegant taverns, eating-houfes, &c. with a poft- 
 houfe ; ai?d packet-boats have been eftablifhed 
 here lately to carry letters to and from this place 
 monthly. Lat. 13. 5. N. Long. 59. 2. W. 
 See Barbadoes. 
 
 Bridlington. See Burlington. 
 
 Bristol, a county and town in New Eng- 
 land, The capital is remarkable for the king of 
 
 5 Spain's 
 
B IJ E 
 
 Spalj''s havlii^ a palace -n it, id .King killfd 
 t .Tc ; and alff for Crown the poet's begging ic 
 ot Charles II, Lat. 43. 10. N. Long. 74. 
 15. W. 
 
 Bristol, the chief town of th "ounty of 
 Butks in Pcnfylvania, about miles from Phi- 
 ' delphia. It ftan s on the river Delaware, op- 
 fofite Burlingtoh in Weft-New- Terfey. It has 
 notabnve 100 houfes but is no* d tor its miHsof 
 feveral forts. Lat. 40. 45. N. Long. 75. 10. W. 
 
 Britain, Littlf * village in the county 
 of Orange, in the | province of New York, 
 Norih America, very fruitful in pafture, anc 
 breeds great numbers of cattle. 
 
 Britain, New, called alfo Terra de La- 
 bra 'or and Eflcemaux, a diftri£tof North Ame- 
 rica, hounr d by HudfonVBay on the N. and 
 W. b) Canada and the ' er of St. Laurence on 
 the S. ii id by the Atl ocean on the E. 
 
 It is f ' j ^ to Great-Bntam -, but produces only 
 fkins and furrs. 
 
 Brookhaven, a town in North America, in 
 the province of New York and county of Suf- 
 folk in Long-Ifland. See Long-Island. 
 
 Buckingham, the moft northern county in 
 the province of Penfylvania, about 20 miles 
 from Philadelphia. This as well as the other 
 counties of this province are moflly fituated upon 
 creeks. It borders on Canada; 
 
 Buenos Ayres, a bifhoprick and govern- 
 ment under the jurifdidlion of the aud»e ce of 
 Charcas, in South Ame*-ica and empire of Peru, 
 It begins S. E. of that province, and extends to 
 all the countries under the temporal govermnent 
 of the falne name 5 weftward h extends to Tucu- 
 manaj and terminates on Paraguay j and is 
 
 bouuded 
 
4^.' 'tt 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 ^/. 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 III 2.0 
 
 II 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 ^ 6" - 
 
 
 ► 
 
 '/] 
 
 ^. 
 
 72 
 
 /,. 
 
 
 ^M e»A 
 
 ^'jr 
 
 '/ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 4^ ..^. 
 
 \ 
 
 iV 
 
 \\ 
 
 .o**- 
 
 ^<b 
 
 V 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ■Wrir 
 
 
 
 <p> 
 
 ^%'^'- 
 
 -^^. 
 
 \::^^ 
 
o 
 
 
 
 f/i 
 
B UE 
 
 bounded on the S: by the land of Magellan. It» 
 countries are watered by the great river of Plate, 
 and were difcovered by Juan Diaz de Solis, who 
 loft his life by the treachery of the Indians, ft 
 is bounded towards the S. by the lands of Ma- 
 gellan, and its capital is called Nueftra Senora 
 de Buenos Ayres, founded 1535 by Don Pedro 
 de Mendoza. Cattle abound here in fuch a 
 manner, that horfes are no other cofl to the 
 owner than the trouble of taking them. Flefh 
 provifions are fo cheap and good here that they 
 are given gratis with the hide, which is the only 
 value attributed to the beaft. A horfe was fold 
 here for a dollar; and a beaft chofen out of a 
 herd of 4 or 500 for four rials. This trade in 
 hides is the grand branch of commerce at Buenos 
 Ayres ; a finer country for its fertility in all kind 
 of game, chiefly fifh, cannot be conceived. 
 
 The city of Buenos- Ay res is 77 leagues from 
 Cape Santa Maria, which lies on the N. coaft, 
 near the entrance of the river of Plate. The 
 city is built near Cape Blanco, on the S. fide of 
 Rio de la Plata, 50 miles from the mouth of 
 that river, and is called Buenos Ayres from its 
 fine air. The cathedral is a fpacious and elegant 
 ftru^ure. The chapter is compofed of the 
 bifhop, dean, archdeacon, and two canons. 
 Here are feveral convents, and a royal chapel in 
 the caftle, where the governor refides. The 
 principal fquare is very large, and built near th^ 
 little river. Like moft towns fituated on rivers, 
 its breadth is not proportioned to its length. The 
 front anfwering to the fquare is the caftle where 
 the governor conftantly refides, and with the 
 other fens has 1000 regular troops. The 
 
 ^f rnii/^-urollc. thatched with 
 
 VS title's- -^jstsxv J T--^ 
 
 ftraw 
 
 houfcs 
 
 c 1.. 
 
B U E 
 
 flraw and very low, arc now much improved ; fome 
 being of chalk, and others of brick, having one 
 ftory befides the ground-floor, and moft of them 
 tiled. The number of hcufes are about 4000. 
 There is a fmall church at the farther end of the 
 city for the Indians. With regard to the cecono- 
 mical government and magiftracy, it correfponds 
 with the other places in South America under 
 the Spanifh jurifdiaion. The dimate here is 
 very little different from that of Spain : there are 
 indeed violent tempefts of winds and rainf, ac- 
 companied with dreadful thunders and lightnings, 
 as fill the inhabitants, though ufed to them, 
 with terror and confternation ; but in fummer 
 the exceffive heats are mitigated by geritic 
 breezes, which conftantly begin at eight or nine 
 in the morning. The city is furrounded by a 
 fpacious and pleafant country, free from any ob- 
 ftru^ion to the fight : and from thofe delightful 
 plains, the inhabitants are furni(hed with fuch 
 a plenty of cattle, that there is no place in the 
 iiniverfe where meat is better, or cheaper, as 
 has been obferved above. The fartheft bay to 
 the E. is cal ed Maldonade, nine leagues from 
 Cape Santa Maria; the other bay is called 
 Montebideo, from a mountain which overlooks 
 it about 20 leagues from the cape. Within the 
 government of "Buenos Ayres are three other ci- 
 ties, Santa Fe, Las Concntas, and Monte Video. 
 Part of the towns of the miffions of Paraguay 
 belong to the diocefe of Buenos i\yres ; thof^ 
 which formerly belonged to the government of 
 Paraguay having been (eparated from it. The ec- 
 clcfiviftical government prevails here, the mif- 
 fionaries being abfolute mafters of the natives of 
 thefe Paraguayan provinces will TiOt permit tx^e 
 
 natives 
 
 rl 
 
B U E 
 
 natives to come nearer Buenos Ayres than fcvcn 
 or eight miles ; and for the fame reafon will not 
 permit any of the Spaniards to fettle within their 
 miffions, which extend above 600 miles up the 
 river : they alfo prohibit merchants who trade 
 hither to ftay longer than two or three days. It 
 is faid that thefe precautions are ufed by the je- 
 fuits to conceal their vaft wealth from the cu- 
 riofity of the Spanifh monarchy, through the 
 means of the prying laity, in a country which 
 abounds in gold, and of being witnefTes of their 
 luxury and corruption. It is faid they train the 
 native Indians to the ufe of arms, and can bring 
 40,000 horfe into the field, befide foot. 
 
 The commerce of Buenos Ayres is very ex- 
 tenfive, and indeed fuch a commerce as no other 
 port in i!.2 Spanifli Weft Indies can boaft ; for 
 hither come from Ihe'moft diftant provinces in 
 the Spanifti empire, the moft valuable commo • 
 dities in order to be exchanged for European 
 goods ; fuch are Vigogma wool from Peru, 
 copper from Coquimbo, gold from Chili, and 
 filver from Potofi. From the towns of Co- 
 rientes and Paraguay, the former 250, the 
 latter 500 leagues from Buenos Ayres, are 
 brought hither the fineft tobacco, fugars, cot- 
 ton, thread, yellow wax, and cotton-cloth, 
 moft of which is ufed at Buenos Ayres by the 
 flaves and other domefticks ; and from Para- 
 guay, the herb fo called and fo highly valued, be- 
 ing a kind of tea drank all over South America 
 by the better fort, which one branch is com- 
 puted to amount to a million of pieces of eight 
 
 annually, all paid in goods, no money being al- 
 fu.»or4 »« ^^To 1 — ^ ^ru^r^ }^ - — "Iak. 
 
 European, and confift' in knives, guns, fcifl'ars 
 
 fib- 
 
B U E 
 
 fibband:i, tafFaties, filk ftockings, Englifli hatJ, 
 Englifh bays and coarfe doth : aM thefe mer- 
 chandizes are carried through this vaft extent of 
 country, in lit'tle waggons, though between Co- 
 rientes and this place there are no Icfs than fix 
 great rivers, in pafTing which the cattle are train- 
 ed to fwim, and the goods are pafled over in 
 floats. The commerce between Peru and Bue- 
 nos Ay res is chiefly for cattle and mules. Such 
 as are concerned in the former, go firft to the 
 governor, and afk his leave to drive a herd of 
 cattle into Peru, v/hich is never rcfufed when 
 backed by a prefent of fome tboufand pieces 
 of eight. The next thing is to take 30 or 
 40,000 wild cows out of the king's paftures, 
 which is performed by perfons who follow that 
 bufinefs for a livelihood, and who deliver thefe 
 creatures at about three pieces of eight per head, 
 about 15 fhilHngs. At that rate 30,000 cattle 
 may come to near 100,000 pieces of eight, and 
 at market they may poflTibly bring about 300,000 
 pieces. The commerce of mules is rarried on 
 by fa(aors, which are fent by the merchants of 
 Peru, who obtain the governor's licenfe by a 
 confiderable prefent; and then addrefs themfelves 
 to the natives and inhabitants, fpccifying the 
 number and times when they {hall be delivered. 
 At the appointed times they receive thefe marks, 
 and ftamp them with a hot iron on the fhoulders, 
 being from that time to be maintained at their 
 expence. Thefe coft about three or four pieces 
 of eight each, and are driven by pretty quick 
 journies to Salta, about two thirds of the way to 
 Potofi. There they winter, and are fatted with 
 
 III fl/>in fK^tf oiri-t* 
 
 »8%' ssa a \jts s JA^AXX LtiVT wt.KXj 
 
 them to Potofi, where they arc fold for from fe- 
 
 ven 
 
BUR 
 
 ven to nine pieces of eight per head; but fuch as 
 are carried to Peru or farther, bring 40 or 50 
 pieces eight, and fometimes come to 100. The 
 tra^e carried on between this place and Europd 
 fliould be only by the regiftcr-fhips from Spain^ 
 but befides this there is carried a contrabar,d 
 trade to England and Spain; but there is ano- 
 ther with the Portuguefe, who pofTefs the op- 
 pofite fliore of Rio de la Plata by means of 
 little vefiels under cover, of fending, their own 
 commodities, but really European goods. La5. 
 35. 10. S. Long. 75. 50. W. 
 
 Bulls, Bay of, or Baboul-Bay, a noted 
 bay in Newfoundland, a little to the fouthward 
 of St. John's-Harbour,on the E, of that iiland. 
 Lat. 47. 50. N. Long. 50. 10, W. 
 
 Burlington, the capital of Weft Jerfey. 
 It is fituated on an ifland in the middle of Dela- 
 Ware-river, oppofite to Philadelphia. The town 
 IS laid out into fpacious ftreets, and here the 
 courts and aflemblies of Wef} Jerfey were held. 
 It is dire£ted by a governor, a council, and af- 
 i'embly, was bf^gun to be planted with the other 
 towns from 1688, and continued improving tilt 
 1702, and from thence till now. Its fituation 
 on the river, and contiguity to creeks and bays, 
 has naturally inclined the inhabitants to filheries. 
 The country abounds in all forts of grain, pro- 
 vifions, particularly flour, pork, and great quan- 
 tities of white peafe, which they fell to the mer- 
 chants of New York, who export them to the 
 Sugar-Itlands. They have alfo trade in furs, 
 whalebone, oil, pitch, tar. This town formerly 
 gave name to a county. It has a town-houfe, a 
 handfome market-place, two good bridges over 
 ,' the 
 
C A L 
 
 the river, one called London -Bridge, the other 
 York-Bridge. But the courts of afTcmbly, &c, 
 and that of the governors is in the town of Eli- 
 zabeth, in the county of Effcx, which is by 
 that the moft confiderable town in the two pro- 
 vinces. It carries on a brifk trade by its eafy 
 communication with Philadelphia, through the 
 river Selem, which falls into the bay of Dela- 
 ware. Lat. 40. 40. N. Long. 74. lo. W, 
 
 ^^<^^^^^4>#<g»@#<g^4t$^^^^ 
 
 C A L 
 
 CAC H I M A Y O, a large river in the em- 
 pire of Peru, falling into the ocean within 
 two leagues of La Plata. 
 
 Calcaylares, a jurifdidtion in South Ame-* 
 rica, and empire of Peru, fubje6l to the biOiop 
 of Cufco, about fow leagues W. of that city. 
 Exuberant in all kinds of grain and fruits ; but 
 its fugars are greatly leflTened from 60 or 80,000 
 arobas to lefs than 3o,OQO) but the commodity is 
 of fuch an excellent kind, that without any other 
 preparation than that of the country, it is equal 
 in colour, hardnefs, and other qualities to the 
 refined fugars of Eurppe. 
 
 California, a peninfula in the Pacific 
 ocean in North America, wafiied on the £. by 
 a gulf of the fame name, and on the W. by th^ 
 Paciik ocean> or great South- Sea, lying within 
 the three capes or limits of Cape oan Lucas^ 
 th« river QgI(»:adO| and Wape Blanco de San Se« 
 
 baftian. 
 
C A L 
 
 baftian, which Jaft is its fartheft limit on its 
 wcftern coaft which has come to our know- 
 ledge. The gulf which wafties it on the E. 
 called the Gulf of California, is an an arm of 
 the Pacific ocean, intercepted between Cape 
 Corientes on one fide, and Cape St. Lucas on 
 the other ; that is between the coaft of New 
 Spain on the N. E. and that of California on the 
 W. The length of California is about 300 
 leagues ; in breadth it bears no proportion, not 
 being more than 40 leagues acrofs, or from fea 
 to fea. The air is dry and hot to a great degree j 
 the earth is in general barren, rugged, wild, 
 every where over-run with mountains, rocks, 
 and fands, with little water, confequently not 
 adapted to agriculture, planting, or grazing. 
 There are however fome level, wide, and fruit- 
 ful tra£ts of ground to the W. of the river Co- 
 lorado in 35'. N. latitude, plenty of water, de- 
 lightful woods, and fine paftures, which is not 
 to be faid of the peninfula taken in general j for 
 the greateft part is not known to us, being un- 
 conquered and poflTefled by the wild Californians 
 and Savages. What we know is moftly from the 
 mtfHon, called the Cabaceras and villages under 
 the vifitation, near the coafts. In this peninfula 
 are now found all kinds of domeftic animals, 
 commonly ufed in Spain and Mexico, tranfported 
 thither from Spain ; but here are two fpecies of 
 creatures for hunting, which are not known in 
 Old or New Spain. The firft is an animal 
 which the Californians call the Taye ; it is as 
 large as a yearling calf, gieatly refembling it in 
 figure, excepting its head, which is lik€ that of 
 a deer, the horns very thick refembling thofe of 
 
 2. 'fail tfo y\f%t\f «« »AM<. i>>^^ ~ 1 -11 
 
 ASAii}} KM i«vws is vsav liu^'Cf iuuiiUy anu Cioven, 
 
 like 
 
C A L 
 
 like that of an ox, its fkin fpottcd like the deer, 
 with a fliort tail j the flefli is very palatable, and, 
 to fome taftes, exquifite. The other /pecics dif- 
 fer very httlc from a (hieep, but larger, wejl co- 
 vcred with excellent v/ool, the flefli agreeable, 
 and they run wild. There are very larle bears, 
 fomething like the buffalo, about the fize of a 
 Iteer, but fliaped and horned like a ftag, with 
 very lone hair, a foot at leaft, its tail a yard long, 
 and halfavardin breadth, and the feet cloven 
 Jike thofc of an ox. Here are vaft numbers of a 
 ipecies of beavers, and poifonous creatures, fuch 
 as vipere, elfts, fcorpions, tarantulas, &c. There 
 18 an infinite variety of birds,, as turtle-doves, he- 
 rons, quails, pheafants, geefe, ducks, and pi. 
 geonff. Birds of prey as vultures, offiphrages, 
 Wowls, falcons, hawks, crows, ravens. Ice! 
 i hcfinging-birds are here too, fuch as the lark, 
 nightingale, &c. There are great numbers of 
 gulls who live on pilchards, and are remarkable for 
 tneir lize, being equal to a very large goofe, with 
 monflrous craws, in which they carry their prey 
 to their young. If one of thefe gulls be fick or 
 maimed, the others bring it food and lay it he- 
 tore him, cfpecially pilchards. As to timber, the 
 land near Cape San Lucas is level, fertile, and 
 more woody than any other part. Among the 
 plants the pnncipal is thepitahaya, akind of beech, 
 the fruit of which forms the grcateft harveft fcJ 
 the poor Indians. It differs from all other trees, 
 having no leaves, but a fruit like the horfe-chef* 
 
 plumbs ; the plumb-tree, inftead of gum and re- 
 
 in, exudates a fragrant incenfc. The natives 
 
 live moftly by hunting or filhing. It is natural to 
 
 fornia. 
 
 I 
 
C A L 
 
 fornia. Of fifli there is an infinite variety and 
 plenty, and very large whales. The abundance 
 of pearls of exceeding luftre has rendered Cali- 
 fornia famous all over the world , and now ex- 
 tenfive pearl-fifheries are carried on along its 
 coafts, from which thofe concerned raife large 
 fortunes in a (hort time. 
 
 The charafterifticks of the Californians ard 
 ftupidity and infenfibility, want of knowledge 
 and refle£lion, a total indocility, exceffive floth, 
 pufillanimity, love of trifles, uninventive, in- 
 tractable, obftinate, and cruel. It is not eafy 
 for an European to conceive any adequate idea 
 of a Californian; nor is there among thofe who 
 wear the human form a fet of more irifcnfible 
 people, except the Hottentots. They live 
 wild in forefts, wandering in fearch of game, 
 like the other wild beads of the country, having 
 as far as appears to us neither laws military^r 
 political, nor any outward forms of worfhip; 
 for in the moft unfrequented corners of the globe 
 there is not a nation fo flupid, of fuch con- 
 tracted ideas, and fo weak both in body and 
 mind as thofe wretched peofile. Their under- 
 ftanding comprehends little more than what they 
 fee ; abftraCi ideas, much lefs a chain of rea- 
 foning, being far beyond their power; fo that 
 thcjr fcarce improve their firft ideas, and thefe 
 are in general falfcj or at leaft inadiquate. It is 
 in vain to reprefent to them any future advantage 
 CI' dangers that will refult from doing or refrain- 
 ing from this or that particular immediately 
 prefent; the relation of means and ends, being 
 beyond the flretch of their faculties, nor have they 
 the leaft notion of purfuing fuch intentions as 
 Drocure thein fome fome future o'ood^ or 
 
 guard 
 
C A L 
 
 guard themfclves againft evi/s • tlielr ;nr,„ri -v. 
 
 them being fo great, fo inveterate, .-„ d faZ 
 v-nable, that it may cafily be p<r«ived Jhl 
 /cmimcnts thev muft hi«^^f , P"^""'"> what 
 
 puniftment.. ^^hey h7.eLw\7'7'''^\'"'^ 
 n>erings of the -or^^, trues' ./X::'";!,?!; 
 fome th.ngs appear good and ,.h<., s c^l 'Jhh ' 
 
 which ^as gi^ven^:;] :T::fi;:,r"::: 
 
 the former was fo weak in,l ,|.. , -""" ', >" 
 attended to, that profit and n '"" '" ""'° 
 
 fenfuality. with, ^t ty^,''^^/ ;;^^/^^ 
 
 .0 be the role motives^crfn' ttS- £ 
 wi.l IS proportionate to their faculties ,"eir 
 fions movmg in a mod contrafled a'r, „ ' 
 <phere. Ambition thev have Mn^ ai.d narrow 
 be fuppo/ed ftrong S b ave irl" fl"'", 
 ambition with us, as honour f,' J ^"^^^ °^ 
 «;.';», pofls. or'diftilZl\';rp'en:',T.v"':"' 
 abfolutely unknown to them • foihlrT^' " 
 crful fpring of ..aion, tl c caufe of V ^^"1* 
 
 f ^" Se feSiitrof i^^zs^rr ■ 
 
 their companions praifed or rew",ded r '^^ 
 awalcen them, alid is inde d t J onfrThi '° 
 which ha, force enough to ftimulate ,h^ ^ 
 
 roufe them from tht&meZh. a- ^"'' '' 
 
 clay s food without m.ch faii'^uc, takin' l?.r ""' 
 for thnr r.f *u^ „^r.: . 'a"^»/3icmg Jjttle Care 
 
 Vol. 1. 
 
 ^Vr ("uniituii 
 
 iC 
 
C A L 
 
 !t confifli only m their inftruments, mean at 
 they arc for hunting, fifhing, or fighting. They 
 have neither dated habitations, fields, nor divi- 
 fion of land ; neither fowing, or rearing cattle; 
 having no knowledge of any diftin£lion of 
 rights, than firft to gather, and firft pnflefs 
 the fpontaneous productions of the earth. This 
 difpofition of mind, as it gives them up to 
 an amazing languor, and lailuude, their lives 
 fleeting away in a perpetual ina(^iivity and ab- 
 horrence of any labour j fo it likewife induces 
 them to be attracted by the firft objeA, which 
 their own fancy, or the perfuafion of another 
 places before them, and at the fame time renders 
 them prone to change and to vary from their firft 
 refolutions with the fame facility. They look 
 with indifference on any kindnefs done them. 
 They have no notion of an obligation. The 
 brutes feem to have fomej the Californians ac- 
 tually have none. Their hatred and revenge arc 
 excited by the flighteft'caufes; but they are as 
 ezfily appeafed, even without gairiing fatisfadtion, 
 cfpecially if they meet with oppofition. Their 
 rsncourand fury 1 aft no longer than while they 
 meet with ^no refiftance : the leaft thing daunts 
 them J and, when, once they begin to yield, their 
 fear will make them ftoop to the bafeft indignities* 
 As on the contrary, by obtaining any advan- 
 tage they fwell in a moft inordinate pride* 
 In a word they may be compared to children in 
 whom the unfolding.of reafon is not completed. 
 They may indeed be called a nation who never 
 arrived, at manhood. Their predominant paf- 
 fion is fuitable to fuch a difpoGtion, in which 
 they make fo liule ufe of reafon : I mean a vio- 
 lent fo:?dne(^ of triiles, all kinds of diverflon, 
 -3 plea* 
 
C A L 
 
 wafte .he,r miferable d»y,. But howL/r 3 
 art: not ta.ntcd with vice, common amoni t^ 
 
 ndeed they mtox.cate ihemfelves with tobacco 
 wh.ch grow, wild. They are ftranJ« to t\ eft' 
 and are cruel only to their^nemies jTr hey arc 
 
 .he CaHflian. ca'nnTbe rupT'o el reSln"/ 
 ftort hmits of their capacity ■ therr h-Jnl 
 
 them no right diftina'ionf^o'Srinand? 
 and confequently no fucceffion to immoveab^« 
 nor any other claim to patrimonial r^^t nor on 
 the other hand any complaints of iCal "mrn 
 
 vera! ranchenas, more or lefs in number accnM 
 ingto the fertility of the foil, annach'S" 
 r.aof one^r more families united by confJ'* 
 gmntty. They have no chiefe ^ Ze^^ 
 whom they pay obtdience; and the natur^ 
 
 verned according tS i^sTw';' ft ^^ '^ ^"^f " 
 
 orce.J ZIT"^ "'*"' *ho pretend^rto 
 lorcery, but who were no better th,^ K 
 
 jugglers, were poffefled of fome ki^d nf ^t^' 
 
 their fear to fuperftition. However JnVr 
 
 the produas of the earth, diSd h At""'^ 
 
 * «.s a,a«,.y was no. obtained by Uoodrdefcen;; 
 
 age 
 
C A L 
 
 age, fuiFragCv Of .formal ^ledlon: it flowed from 
 neceffity^ which render it natural with a tacit 
 confent,- that he who appeared brave, expert, 
 artful, or eloquent, fhould in confecjuence of fuch 
 uncommon endowments ri.'e to the command; 
 but even fuch authority was limited by the fancy 
 of thofe, who, uithout knowing why or how he 
 commanded, tacitly fubmictcd. This leader or 
 cafTique condudied them to the foref^s ar.d fea- 
 coaffs in qiieft of food ; fent or received the roef- 
 fages, and anfvvers to and from the adjacent 
 flates J fpirited them up to the revenge of inju- 
 ries, whether feigned, or real, and thus headed 
 them in their fearch for food, or expediiions in 
 iheir wars, ravages, and depredations : in all 
 other instances, every perfon was mafler 6f his 
 own liberty. The drefs throughout the whole 
 peninfula was entirely uniform ; for the males, 
 vvliether children, or adults, went entirely na- 
 ked. But in this naked fimilarity there vi-as 
 fome diverfity in the ornaments ; fome decora- 
 ted their heads with firings of pearl found in 
 oyften^,- with thofe they braided their hair, inter- 
 weaving fmall feathers- Thofe of Loretto wore 
 round their waifl a decent girdle, and on their 
 forehead a curious fillet of net- work, with fbmc 
 wrought figures of nakar, and fomeiimes with 
 frrall fruits like beads, adorning their arms with 
 the fame in the manner of bracelets. The Co- 
 chines wore -ound their heads a kind of turban of 
 nakar, adorned with mother of pearl. Probably 
 this occufioned the error of Sir Francis Drake, 
 ivho fuppofed thefe to be kings, that oifered him 
 the crown and fcepier. The women in fon)e 
 parts go naked as the men, though in general 
 
 pa!m, 
 Whofe 
 
 .1 — 
 
 
. C A L 
 
 S 'Thich^K" '"r" e-« a filament or 
 rnread, whrch they make them of, and alfo 
 
 ^ 'vi hLCn? V"''/;''' "''•^^'^^k adorned 
 co\'t vvS. t"*"' °'^ "''"' ^^^'^ ^ «">« pern. 
 
 :^::stt otc;v!r;:fft" f = f-' 
 
 naked everv where eltma/e" L° teadr.f 
 
 • t^e Juggler., w'i^rv^oS^^srr^ti^ 
 
 ^nd .nebr.at on by tobacco. They ve intt' 
 
 ^ pic^c or touch-wood for malfinrr tu^ 
 fire pua nets to hold their fruLT.A?^A 7 
 
 Inftlx, ^^ • r ' . >' ^^^^y ^^^'^ children and 
 iaitly their bow and arrow Th^ f • . 
 
 carried By the wnm^n .1 ^ furniture is 
 
 V.V4 ,,Y luc women, the men r:\rr\r'ir,,^ *u ». 
 
 bow5, arrow., fpcars ic rhX'-^^°'l' 
 •of the b.rk of trees. The; exceltl^e F " "'''" 
 ■_" making all kind ofZlZrk l^'^T'^T' 
 have none of o.,r convenilndes' S"r= /'''^ 
 Wives is common airoii-r ,h!m K , ■ "'^ '" 
 -, no one will take S,3;.T.t"l='."''^^>' ""' ' 
 o' another. If Ji.tle or notl 
 
 •■"^- pTuptity 
 
 was to. be found in Calirormn, th 
 
 o I 
 
 inj of /eli; 
 ey were however 
 cjuite 
 
CAL 
 
 . i^tte ilrangers to idolatry; tbcy^neither vror/hiped 
 the aeatures ^nor the Creator, having neither 
 places of wor(hip> nor idols, ufing neither 
 prayer, vows, or any other mark of know- 
 ing a God. This in the general; but there were 
 feme fpeculative tenets found among feveral na- 
 tions oif the Calfornians; for they had fome idea 
 isf the Unity and faint traces of the Trinity, 
 fuppofcd to have been taught them by tradition 
 from chriflian anceftors ; they had a notion of 
 the eternal generation of the logos, and other 
 articles of the chriflian religion, though mixed 
 with a thoufand abfurdities. The fouthern Indians 
 arc faid to hj^ve believed, * That there is in hea- 
 
 * ven a lord, or great power, called Niparaya, 
 
 * who made the earth, and the Tea, gives food 
 
 * to all creatures, created the trees, with eveiy 
 ^ thing we fee, and can do whatever he pleafes. 
 
 * That we cannot fee him, becaufe he has no 
 
 * body. This Niparaya has a wife, called 
 
 * Anayicoyondi ; though he makes no ufeof her, 
 
 * as having no body, yet he has by her thr^ 
 , • foos in fome other (Irange manner. Of thefe 
 
 * one is Quayayp Man, and Anayicoyondi was 
 
 * delivered of him in the mountains of Acaragui. 
 
 * Quayayp has been with them, and taught 
 
 * them, fie was very powerful, and had a 
 ' great number of men ; for he went into the 
 
 * earth, and brought people from thence. At 
 
 * length the Indians through hatred killed him, 
 
 * and at the fame time put a wreathe of thorns 
 
 * about his head ; he is dead to this day, but re- 
 
 * mains very beautiful and without any corrup- 
 
 * tion : blood is continually running from him, 
 
 * he does not fncak as beincr dead : but he has a 
 
 * tecolate, or owl, which fpeaks for him. There 
 
 * are 
 
 \ 
 
C A L 
 
 are more hihabitants in Jim- •!.,» • .t 
 
 ' and formerly there were « » '" t!."'' ' 
 
 • that o «o.r ^ r . ^^ t '^^ W2rs above r 
 
 • or L f^ml T «*"""«"' PO'Ver, died Wae 
 ' P eme CTtJ"""'"' '""f "P "6^'-^ the fu- 
 
 • mlZ.lL ^''%'' V"^ being joined by nu- 
 
 « w™ I .''""** ^'""^ «° ftanrf " battle with 
 him, but was totally defeated by Nioarrvl 
 
 ♦ SioavrJi^ """'"'• . ^''" 'he fupreme lorj 
 ♦fio.hf'^ ^. 1°" ."°' '""^ 'hat people ihouW 
 
 p^9 ■£'-?"- ----^ 
 
 ii,„°„. /!,• . •'."Peran, who believe that the 
 Wars are ftining pieces of metal : thefe are nT 
 nierous and pretend to forcery.* TlTlZ''. 
 they bcheve that the moon was created C^lcf.' 
 
 turles fince thrc":;^ H Sni t s 'b^ ^H 
 
 from^l *-"™P«="''i the inhabitants of Mexico 
 from the weftcrn coaft of New Spain have f^ 
 
 and"o!h 'V^ "^California to U for la s 
 and others have arrived at the weftern cLa l'. ' 
 t'"= way Of the 5outh-Sea. There miphr.'l," "^ 
 fore. amons.agre« numberof JS, as't. 
 
 ^' wrecks 
 
C A L 
 
 wrecks or others, feme perfon or perfons of the 
 ' chridian religion have been thrown among them, 
 and infufed the prliiciples which they have 
 ' To odiy mixed and confufed by corruption. Sir 
 Francis Drake put his pilot Morera a-fliore at 
 Cape Mendozino, for having raifed a mu ny in 
 thefhipj and fo lately as the year 1 741, the Ruf- 
 fians were obliged to leave part of a fhip's com- 
 pany on fhore on the fame coafi of America ; 
 • which gives room for fimilar accidents. They 
 have another great feftival, namely the time of 
 gathering the pitnhaya?, or fruits, celebrated with 
 •mad and frantic rejoicings, which lafl three 
 d.jys, and are as the vintages and harvefls of 
 the Europeans, the funds of their natural fup- 
 port. Their edues or ptiefls were thofe who 
 pretended to forcery, by impofmg on their credu- 
 lity, that they had converfation with fpirits or 
 ■ demons. This feigned commerce gained them 
 great authority with thefe Indians. Thefe im- 
 poftors, called alfo the Hechircros, having ac- 
 quired the knowledge of the particular virtue of 
 herbs and plants, pradifed cures. They applied 
 a tube of a hard black ftone, called the chacuaco 
 to the part afFetSted, through which they blew 
 or fucked, and fometimes applied through them 
 the cimmar r», or wild tobacco; and it was not 
 difficult for thefe to pra6ticeathourand deceits on 
 the prtor credulous Indians. Thefe have no 
 •where, however, fo great authority, as at the 
 feftivals which they dired: and prefide over; to 
 ^which end they drefs themfelves in Orange ha- 
 bits, confifting of a long cloak, made of human 
 hair, having their heads adorned with a very 
 high plumage compofed of the feathers of hawks, 
 
 and holdin r a ninnftmn*! fttn f/\rme>A n( t\^a. 
 
 larger 
 
- C A L 
 
 larger feathers. Sometimes they cover ,h ■ 
 heads with the tails of deers and fh^r^ u- 
 add two ftrings of thp k r t-ochmes 
 
 round the necks an5 2 L °"' '' " '^'''"■" 
 
 .the peopfe all the ^h ,« „tiL''Z f- t°"«°. 
 'uoxicated with I" . '-.f '"§^'"' drinkmg till 
 
 . proceed to Th ^teft If''^'^'"' ""^ ^f'« 
 lexes minalin, indlfrri,^' '"f ^<=^"cies, the two 
 
 defty. ^ Prujc.pal of ihame and mo- 
 
 perl'^ brg\h'i';:;ro;VaZu';of'i ''"^'^^ °^ 
 
 fituated two W„pcf u ^^^^'^^J and is 
 
 =>longthrL!S fo^afi'tt^- ^'kT'^"''' • 
 than it is broad. On the N f "'"'^^'ongcr 
 
 wJiich waters I i^, u- ["^^ '""^ ^^^ ''vcr 
 
 fuburb built onlt of ;ee'd; "'^L'^'i^ " \^"-" 
 iiie S. (ide: thcv are Zl >, ^ .T- " ''"°''^^'- on 
 
 habited byZZnT To ," E '"f""' ""' ''"- 
 tenfive plains, adorned vvi h beaudfT 'l^ T ' 
 watered by canals cutfron thedvl Th"!''*' 
 IS built on a low flat nnm* , , ^7' ^' he town. 
 
 tified in the reTgn of^Ph'll/lv"''- • I' '"^^ ^f- 
 fure, flanked by ten h.fl '^ "'"'' "" '"^lo- 
 
 edge of the fea, where thre'fo °"t °" '^' 
 to command the nort Z\ j "^ "^^""iev 
 
 Sea. There is anrh^..!. ..'" ''". "^^ South. 
 
 depth of water ";;"„"'"°^ "I'^y ^''■"^ in eveiy 
 
 ■ i> water, on .^n olne coloured coz^e^ 
 
 ^ with- 
 
r A L 
 
 lii' I 
 
 without danger of rocks or (hoals, except one, 
 which is three cables length from the fhorc, 
 .about the middle of the ifland of St. Laurence, 
 oppofite to La Gahtea. The little ifland of 
 Callao lies juft before the town. In the open- 
 ing between thofe two iflands, there are two fmal! 
 iflands, or rather rocks j there is alfo a third very 
 low, but half a league out at Tea, S. S. £. from 
 the N. W. point of the ifland of St. Laurence, 
 The king maintains herefome Spanifli foot, with 
 a few marines, befides which are the towit 
 militia, which have no pay. Part of the fortifi- 
 cations were in bad repair rn 1713, in which 
 there were five breaches, and the fea daily ruin5r 
 the wall fince the ftone-key was built, whitffi 
 ftops the S. W. furf, and thereby occafiorls- a 
 return of the fea which faps the wall of the 
 town. The curtins are at top but nine feet 
 thick, two and a half of earth, a« much of 
 banquette, and three of ftone and mortar. 
 The reft of the thicknefs is of unburnt brick* 
 •with a little ftone wall within. The rampart 
 of the baftions has Ave fathoms of earth, laid 
 with unequal planks to fcrve for a plat-form for 
 the cannon, the whole of mafonry, but ill 
 built ; every baftion b vaulted and has a maga- 
 zine of powder, &c. for the fcrvice of the ar- 
 tillery, that is mounted on it. There are gene- 
 rally three or four pieces of bral? cannon alway* 
 mounted on each of them ; feventy of which 
 (hould be the complement of 12, 16, and 24 
 pounders. Among thcfe pieces are ten culverin* 
 from 17 to 18 feet long; whereof there are eight 
 mounted to fire on the road, which are faid to 
 carry near two leagues. Bcfidies the artillery on 
 the rampart, these are iiinc fieid-piccct, mounted. 
 
fc A M 
 
 feet hieher than rk. k- k '^°*" "'"« °""» 
 does nft riff an/ni ?''"""^" "^'^^ w*'ch 
 However tfom^,: '" "^"^'/""r or five feet. 
 
 ftared, It mav fojl*' '°^"> ="«» « » to be 
 nepaceJsvervirK'^' "' /"^" ^'^'<>y «• 
 Jerabfeeven i„?!ai ' vT' '^^ «»"«« noi to- 
 goveroor^houfe a^T ^"' ""^ '""'""'« " »•>«■■ 
 
 take up t^S:z':tz''7L''''^' r""'^** 
 
 makes the third- InV^k * •''F Pa"fli church, 
 of cannoVfoi tS foul'"^ T.*""= P'**'*' 
 guarde and the hall for arms' are^e^r^h'"'- ''* 
 
 Mexico/ T&S ?''"uS.'?'''' P^™' ^"'l 
 
 500. The'churchTs ?re b'uttr'' '"" ''""'" 
 woven, and covered Lul l ' '^'^ '^*"" '"'''- 
 There are five mlrrt • '*^' °' P"'""^'' white, 
 tat. ,2 II Sr"/"" ""'' an bofpital 
 
 Cat V *■ "S- 76- 22. W. *^ 
 
 ryland il Nl;,h wf '" ^^VP^-'n^e of Ma. 
 County in rt^^ faie n n^ ^'i"'"^ °" ^harl^ 
 divided^ by. .hV rii« Pirf ' ^'■°'" "'''ich it ia 
 
 Prince George's Cou„^ " The /'• f"/""^ 
 county is called C^^^rl' ! .'^^P"'' o*^ 'his 
 
 AT M T ""^".'-alvertonj and lies in U in. 
 47- W. Long. 76. 30. W. • "• 39» 
 
 dfferts/under .he"bift?p\TtZ'uit' 'f' ''^ 
 diftancetrom the South-S^a coafr ^f'^a T* 
 extends ,0 the borders of t"r°±J'^r"^ .« 
 '"grain, fruits, itdhn..r.C;'^{^^'''' ^Munda 
 
 E6 
 
 Cam^ 
 
Il( 
 
 
 Ci 1 
 
 CAM 
 
 I 
 
 Cambridge, the chief town of the county 
 of Middlefex in New England, in North Ame- 
 rica; ftands dn the N. branch of Charles-River, 
 near Charles-Town, feven miles N. W. oj 
 Bofton. It has feveral fine houfes and good 
 ftreets. It changed its old name of Newton for 
 that of Cambridge, on account of the unjver- 
 fity called Harvard College, which confifts of 
 two fpacious colleges built of brick, one called 
 Harvard Colleee, and the other Stoughton Hal J, 
 the chief projedtors and endowers thereof. It 
 was projeaed in 1630, and was at firft no more 
 than a (chola illuftris, or academical free-fchool, 
 till May 1650, when it was incorporated by a 
 charter from the government of Maffachufet's 
 colony; (o that by donations from feveral 
 learned patrorts, namely, archbifhop yiner, bir 
 John Maynard, Sir Kenelm Digby, Mr. Baxter, 
 and Mr. Thcophilus Gale, fellow of Magdalen 
 College. There were before the acceflion of 
 queen Anne above 4000 books of the moft va- 
 luable authors. The college confifts of a prefi- 
 dent, five fellows, and a treafurer. There was 
 an additional college ereaed for the Indians, but 
 being found impraaicable in its mtention has 
 been^ turned into a printing-houfe. Lat. 42. 
 C.N. Long. 71. II. W. 
 
 Campeachy, a town in the audience ot Uia 
 Mexico, or New Spain, and province of Juca- 
 tan in South America, fituated on the bay of 
 Campeachy near the (hore. Its houfes are well 
 built of ftone : u^hen taken by the Spaniards, it 
 was a large town of 3000 houfes, and had 
 confiderable monuments both of art and induf- 
 try. There is a good dock and fort, with a go- 
 vernor and gairuon wiiiv;ii «.«*«»««"«« ^^^^^ ">c 
 
 town 
 
 \ 
 
CAN 
 
 town and harbour. T* e Englifli in 1659 form- 
 ed, and took it only vih finalJ arms, and a fc- 
 cond time by furprize in 1678. The port is 
 large, but (hallov/. It was a ftatcd market for 
 logwood, of which great quantities grow in the 
 neighbourhood, before the Englifh landed there, 
 and cut it at the ifthrhus, which they entered at 
 Triefta Ifland, near the bottom of the bay, 40 
 leagues S. W. from Campeachy. The chief 
 manufacture is cotton cloth. Lat. 20. 40. N. 
 Long. 91. 50. W. 
 
 Canada, or New France, a colony in 
 North America, belonging to the French. The 
 limits of this large country are varioufly fixed by 
 the geographers, fome extending them quite 
 from Florida to the northern boundaries of 
 America, or from 33 to 63 degrees N. la- 
 titude J though Canada, properly (o called, and 
 diftirtguifhed, is only a fmall province of thrs 
 whole traa, and feated on the S. and E. of the 
 river St. Laurerice, and E. of its mouth. Others 
 bound it on the N. by the land called Labrador, 
 or New Brittany; on the E. by the northern fea 
 and New England, &c. on the S. by Florida, 
 a'nd on the W. by New Mexico, and the un- 
 kriown trades N. of it. According to which, it 
 will extend itfelf from the 25th to the 53d degree 
 of N. latitude, and from 76 to 93 of W. longi- 
 tude : but its greateft extent is commonly taken 
 from S. VV. to N. E. that is, from the province 
 of Padoau, in New Spain, to Cape Charles, 
 near the bay of St. Laurence^ which is reckoned 
 near 900 leagues. Baron Hontan makes it to 
 reach only from 39 to 65 degrees of Jatiti.de ; 
 that is, from the S. fide of the lake Eiie to the 
 
 N. fiflp nf HiirlTnn'c Ratf ^nA J« l^«,v:*..J_ r 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ii I 
 
i 
 
 hi 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 'C A N ■ 
 
 the river Miffiftppi to Cape Raze in NewfounJ- 
 httd ", but it h ptarn from th^e more fccerit Tur- 
 Vcys, ptibHfhcd by MoniT. Bellin, that the pro- 
 vince of Louifiana Is, by this FreVich geogra- 
 •pher, nrade to reach farther by a gfeat many xJe- 
 grees tvcftward, than the river dbbverticnliohed j 
 though, how far the French think proper to 
 wctcnd it, no one can decide ; hit they are fure 
 tl^rap to take elbow room enough, not with- 
 ftandmg they may happen, in this part of the 
 world, to encroach a few hundred leagues now 
 and then upon the Encliih, whom they would 
 gladly extirpate from allNorth America. 
 
 As its extent is fo great both in length and 
 breadth, its temperature, climate, foil, &c. 
 cannot but vary accordingly : all that part 
 which is inhabited by the French, and which 
 ts moftly along the banks of the great river St. 
 Laurence is, generally fpeaking, exceffive colr^ 
 in winter, though hot in fummer, as moft of 
 thofe American trails commonly are, which do 
 not lie too far to the northward. The reft of 
 the country, as far as it is known, is interfeiSed 
 with large woods, lakes, and rivers, which 
 render it flill colder; it has, however, no in- 
 tonfiderable quantity of fertile lands, which, by 
 experience, arc found capable of producing corn, 
 barley, rye, and other grain, grapes, and fruit, 
 and, indeed, almoft every thing that grows Jn 
 France J but its chief produdl is tobacco, which 
 it yields in large quantities. 
 
 There is likewife plenty of Rags, elks, bears, . 
 foxes, martins, wild cats, and other wild crea- 
 tures m the woods, btfides wild fowl and other 
 game. The fouthem parts, in particular, breed 
 great numbers of wiiu bulls, deer of a fmaii nze, 
 
 divers 
 
CAN 
 
 difers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, kc, a 
 great variety of other animals botli wild and tame. 
 
 7'he meadow grounds, which are well wa- 
 tcfed, yield excellent grafs, and breed great 
 quantities of large and fmall cattle % and, where 
 the arable land is well manured, it producet 
 large and rich crops. The mountains abound 
 with coal mines, and (omCy we are told, of 
 filver, and other metals, though we do wot learn 
 that any great advantage is yet made thereof. 
 The marihy grounds, which are likewife very 
 extenfive, fwarm with otters, beavers, and other 
 amphibious creatures ; and the rivers and laker 
 with fifh of all forts. 
 
 The lakes here are both large and mimerous ; 
 the principal of which are thofe of Erie, Ma- 
 chigan, Hufon, Superior, Frontenac, or Opta- 
 via, Napyfing, Temifcaming, befides others of a 
 fmaller lize; but the largeft of them is that 
 which thev name Superior, or Upper Lake; 
 which is (ituate the fartheft N. and is reckoned 
 above lOO leagues in length, and about 70 
 where broadeft, and hath feveral confiderable 
 iflands in it j the chief whereof are the Royal 
 Iflc, Philipeau, Pont Cartrain, Maurepas, St. 
 Anne, St. Ignatius, the Tonerre, or Thunder 
 Ifland, and a large number of fmaller ones, ef- 
 pccially near the coafts. 
 
 The whole country abounds with very large 
 fivers, which it is endlefs to enter into a devai! 
 of; the two principal are thofe of St. Lau- 
 rence, and the Miffiffippi. The former of 
 which abounds with no lefs variety than plenty of 
 fine fifh, and receives feveral confiderable rivers 
 ki its courfe. The entrance into the bay of 
 St. Laurence lies between Cape de R^teg, on 
 
 tli» 
 
i; 
 
 CAN 
 
 %hc ifland 6f Ncwfoun<nand, and the N. cape In 
 that called the Royal I and* ^t more commonly 
 Cape Breton, l^hat ijf ^^ e Miflidlppi, which 
 runs through thi' grt-.C^ft oart of the province 
 of l/ouifiana from N. to o il called by tlie 
 French thtt fiVCr of St, Louis, and by the lu- 
 tivcs Mifchi(pi, MtlKiTippi, and Mcfchagamifiy 
 on account of the vaft tfd«Sl of grou^id whirh it 
 overflows at certain AjT-^ns; and by the Spa- 
 niards alfo called La PuJifada from the proui- 
 gious quantities of timber which they fend down 
 upon it in floats to the Tea. It is navif^able above 
 450 leagues up from its mouth. The fpring- 
 head of this river is not yet fatisfaflorily known j 
 but it is certain, that it difcharges itfelf into the 
 frulf of Mexico by two branches, which form an 
 ifland of confidcrablc length. 
 
 Canada, in its largefl- fenfe, is divided Into 
 eaftern and weftern, the former of which is 
 com inly known by the name of Canada, or 
 New France; and the latter which is of latec 
 difcovery, Louifiana, in honour of the late 
 Lewis XiV. See Louisiana. The capital of 
 iCanada, properly fo called, is Qijeijec, whicK 
 
 fee. 
 
 CanaR Atan, or great Canar, a village in 
 the dependence of the city of Cucnca, under 
 the jurifdi6lion of the province of Qi,uto in 
 South America, in J nc Torrid Zone. It is re- 
 markable for the riches concealed in the adjacent 
 /nountains. 
 
 Canas, or TlNTA, a jurifdi£l!on in the em- 
 pire of Peru, in South America, fubje6l to the 
 bifhop of Cufco, 18 leagues from that city; 
 The Cordillera divider '> into two parts, Canas, 
 and CanchwS, the forme '■ 'Uiids in corn and 
 
 fruits, 
 
CAN 
 
 fruits, anJ the latter in cattle. In the meadows, 
 arc fed no lefs than 30,000 mules, brought hi- 
 ther from Tucuma to paflure. Here is held a 
 great fair, which brines a large rcfort of dealers 
 for thefc creatures. In Canas alfo is the fa- 
 mous filver mine called Condonoma. 
 
 Catches, a jurifdid^ion in the empii-: of 
 Peru, fubjejSt to the bifliop of Cufco, 18 league*, 
 from that city. 
 
 Canette, a city in the kingdom of Peru, 
 and the capital of the jtiriCdld^ion of its name, 
 which produces vr^ft qu^niitiesof wheat, maize, 
 and fugar- canes. It lies fix leagues from Lima, 
 and is fu bjc6c to the archbifhop of Lima. Lat. 
 12. 14. S. I ng. 75. 38. W. . 
 
 Cananea, a fmall oblong ifland in the cap- 
 tainfhip of St. Vincent in Brafil, in South Ame- 
 rica, belonging to the Portuguefe ; fpreading it- 
 felf like a crefccnt before the coafl: over-againft 
 the fmall bay formed by the mouth of the river 
 Araraplza, on the S. fide of which ft.inds the 
 town of Cananea to guard the entrance of the 
 bay. It is a fmall place, and has little, trade. 
 This ifland liti about 37 leagues from St. Vin- 
 cent. Lat. 25. 10. S. Long. 47. 12. W. 
 
 Canso, an ifland in Nova Scotia, in North 
 America, in which there is a very good harbour 
 three leagues deep, and in it are feveral fmall 
 iflands. It forms two bays of fafe anchorage. 
 On the continent near it, is a river, culled Sal- 
 mon- river on account of the great quantity of 
 .'»: fifh taL^ii and cured here: it is believed to 
 be the heft filhery in the world of that fort. The 
 town of Canfo was burnt in 1744 by the French 
 from Cape Breton ; but fince our acquifition o£ 
 ^^p£ Eretcn in 1758 we arc uuder iitde apprer 
 
 henHatv 
 
11 
 
 C A P 
 
 h^fifibn of the like danger. Lat. 44. ro. N* 
 Long. 60. r2. W. 
 
 Cant A, a town and jurifdiilion under the 
 archbifhop of Lima, irt the viccroyahy of Peru, 
 fire leagues N. N. E. of Lima. It is celebrated 
 for excellent papas, which meet with a good 
 market at Lima. There are innumerable flocks 
 *of Oieep, the paftures being rich and prod igiou fly 
 extenfive. Lat. 1 1. 48. N. Long. 75-.43' ^• 
 Cape Breton, a very confiderable ifland, ia 
 the gulf pf St. Laurence, in North America, 
 belonging to the Englifh. It was taken the Uh 
 'Wsr by admiral Warren and colonel Pepperell, 
 •and the prefent war in 1758 bv admiral Bof- 
 cawen, and colonel Amherft. The ftreight oP 
 'Franfac, which feparates it from Nova Scotia, is 
 Tjot more than a league in breadth, and is about 
 ■^o leagues from Newfoundland, with which it 
 ^rms the entrance into the Gulf of St. Lau- 
 rence; This ifland properly belongs to the divi- 
 'fion of Acadia or Nova Scotia, and was the 
 bnly part which was ceded by treaty to the Eng.- 
 lifli. It is about 140 mifes in length, full of 
 mountains and lakes, and interfeaed by a vaft- 
 number of creeks and bays, nearly meeting each 
 Other upon every fide, which feems very much 
 to refemble the coaft and inland parts of mod 
 northern countries, fuch as Scotland, Ireland, 
 Denmark, and Sweden have fuch (bores, and 
 infular lakes. , The foil is fufficiently fruitful, 
 and in every part abounds with timber fit for aH 
 lifes. In the mountains are coal-pits, and on- 
 Ihe (hores one of the moft fruitful fiftieries in the 
 world, with excellent flax and hemp. It abounds^ 
 in all manner of pafture, tind in s" 
 cattkand poultry. The harbours, a; 
 
 ions 
 
 open 
 to 
 
t A R 
 
 to the E, •gbiijg rouud to the fouthwanf for the 
 fpace of 50 leagues, boginring with Port Dau- 
 phin to Port Thouloufc, which near the entrance 
 of the ftrcight of Franfac, at the iffue of which 
 you meet immediately with Fort Thouloufc, 
 which \\f>5 between a kind of gulf called Little 
 St. Peter, and the ifles of St. Peter. The bay 
 ot Gabaron, the entrance of which is about 
 20 Jeagues from St. Peter's ifles, is two leagues 
 deep, one broad, and affords good anchorage. 
 It is fituate from 46. to 47. N. lat. and from 
 59. to 60. W. long. See the article Louis - 
 
 BOURG. 
 
 Caraccas, the metropolis of the pro- 
 vince of Venezuelan, and of all Terra Firma, 
 on the N. fide of the Ifthmus of Darien, 
 5j3 miles N. of St. Jago de Leon. It lies fome 
 diftance in the land ; and the Dutch carry on; a 
 profitable trade here with the Spaniards; and 
 the latter have fortified it to feaward, upon emi- 
 nences ^11 round, and good breaft-works in the 
 vallies. The Dutch carry thither all forts of 
 European, goods, cfpecially linen, making vail 
 returns, efpecially in filver and cocoa, Thty 
 trade to it a little from Jamaica; but as it is at 
 lecond band it cannot be fo profitable, as a di- 
 rect trade from Europe would be. Tbe cocoa- 
 tree grows here in abundance, and is then- chief 
 wealth. The tree has a trunk of about a foot 
 and a half thick, and from feven to eight feet 
 high, the branches large and fpreading -like an 
 oak, the nuts are enclofed in cods as large as 
 both a man's fifts put together. There may be 
 commonly 20 or 30 of thei^ cods on a tree, 
 
 harder than the rind of a kmon. They neither 
 
 ripen;. 
 
CAR 
 
 Frpeft, nor are gathered'at once, but take up* a 
 month, fome ripening before others. Whei> 
 gathered they are laid in feveral heaps to fweat,. 
 and then burfting the (hell with their hands, they 
 , extras the nut, whieh are the only fabftance 
 , they'contain, having no pith about them. Thfey 
 lie clofe ftowed in rows like the grains of maiz^, 
 there are generally lOO nuts in a cod, which a^e 
 big or fmall in proportion to ths fize of the cod ; 
 . they are then dried in the fun, they will keep, 
 and even fait water will not hurt them. There 
 are from 500^ to icoo or 20CO in a walk, or 
 cocoa plantation. Thefe nuts are pafTed fot 
 money, and are ufed as fuch in the bay of Cam- 
 peachy. Lat. 10. 12. N. Lontr. 67. 10. W. 
 
 Caranga5, a proviticeand jurifdiiStion under 
 the archbifhop of Plata, and 70 leagues W. of 
 that city, in the empire of Peru, very barren 
 in corn, grain, &c. but abounding in cattle. 
 Here are a 8;reat many filver mines conftantly 
 worked, among which that called Turea, and 
 bv the miners, Machacado is very remarkable. 
 The fibres of the filver forming an ad-mirable in- 
 termixture with the ftone in which they are con- 
 tained : mines of this kind arc generally the 
 richeft. There are others in this province 
 equally remarkable, .and found in the barren 
 fandy deferts, where they find, by digging only, 
 detached lumps of filver, not mixed with any ore 
 or ftone. Thefe lumps are called papas, be- 
 caufetak^n out of the ground as that root is ; to^ 
 account for this formation of thefe mafies o^ 
 filver in a barren and moveable fand, entirely 
 remote from any mine or ore is doubtlefs very 
 
 J • ttr _ 1 - 
 
 QimcUii;. 
 
 
 metals,^ which the matrices of gold and filvor | 
 
 iQQta, 
 
CAR 
 
 fc-e-m to prove, and the very mines, long for- 
 faken, join to corroborate this opinion, we may 
 venture to form an hypothefis, and infer* that 
 the primordial matter of filver is firft iluid, and 
 after acquiring a certain degree of perfecSiion, 
 fome parts of it are filtrated, thi:ough the pores 
 of the fand, till flopping in a ph^e proper for 
 fixation, they there form a folid congeries of fil- ' 
 ver. This pl.*enonienoii may alfo be more fim- 
 ply accounted for from the fubterraneous fires, • 
 lo common in thefe climates, by which a degree 
 of heat is communicated fuflicient to melt any - 
 metals, and keep them in a degree of fiifion. 
 And hence a portion of filver, thus melted, ne- 
 ceflarily fpreadsand introduces itfelf, through the 
 larger pores of the e<irth, continuing to expand 
 itfelf, till being beyond the influence of the heat 
 it fines and condenfes. Thefe papas, or lumps 
 of filver, are. of a d'fFerent compofition from 
 thofe found in the nunes, having thb appearance 
 of m.elted filver, which farther proves that they 
 are thus formed by fufion and heat. Thele ' 
 lumps have weighed from 50 to 150 marks, be- 
 ing a Paris foot in length. 
 
 Caravaga, a river in South America, and 
 empire of Peru, himous for its golden fands. 
 
 Carribbee Islands, a clutter of iflands in 
 the Atlantic ocean, fo called from the original 
 inhabitants being faid, though very unjuflly, to 
 be cannibals. The chief of thefe iflands are St. 
 Cruz, Sombuco, Anguilla, St. Martin, St. 
 Eartholomcw, Barbuda, Satia, Eulhtia, St. 
 Chriflophers, Nf vis, Antigua, Montferrat, Guar- , 
 daloupe, Defiada, Maragalante, Dominico, Mar- 
 tinico, St. Vincent, Barbadoes,' and Granada. 
 
 otc uatii uiiGci Its proper arucie- 
 
 AR- 
 
I i1. 
 
 i 
 
 C A R , 
 
 CARtos,ta tOv^n of'Varagua in New Spain, 
 fituattd 45-miles S. W. of Santa Fe. It ftandi 
 on a large bay, b«forc the m^uth of which ard 
 aniwnbcf of fmall iflands, entirely defert, this 
 natives havJng been i'ent to work in the mines, 
 by the Spaniards. Lat. 7. 40. N. Long. 82. 
 
 Carolika, part of that vaft traft of land 
 formerly called Florida, bounded on the N. by 
 Virginia, on the S. by Florida proper, on the 
 \V. by Louifiana, and on the E. by the Atlantic 
 ocean. It is now divided into North and South 
 Carolina. The coaft of North America was all 
 called Virginia. The province properly fo called, 
 with Maryland and the Carolinas, was known 
 by the name of South Virginia. By the Spa- 
 niards it was confidered as part of FIorid% 
 which country they would have to extend from 
 New Mexico to the Atlantic ocean. They firft 
 difcovx:;red this large country ; and by their inhu- 
 manity to the natives, lofl it. Thefe vaft traas 
 lay negleded till the reign of Charles IX. whofc 
 celebrated proteftant patron and admiral, Cha- 
 tillon, procured two veflels to be fitted out for 
 difcoveries on that extenfive coaft, which brought 
 a good report; and, encouraged by his firft fuccefs, 
 h6 obtained the fitting out fix fhips more with as 
 many hundred men, to begin a colony therfr, 
 who built a fort called Charles- fort, and called 
 the whole country Carolina from the king their 
 mafter ; but were put to the fword by the Spa- 
 niards, who not faiisfied with reducing them, 
 maftacred them after having granted them c|uar- 
 ter. The French quitted their defign, not (ee- 
 imr the advantaaes refulting from giving Ame- 
 rica to their proteftants as we did to our quakers 
 
 &n«l 
 

 ^>[- 
 
 ■. Mtm^i 
 
 ■W. J 
 
 ■■^^^^ 'v.v,-,;.. 
 
 
 ■ ■ ' ^ s^ . 
 
 
 J* • 
 
 "^^^ V.wA.^3^ 
 
 ■\ 
 
 ■ ■iii'^iiiilitiir'hrimfc... 
 
 CiiSi 
 
 \W. 
 
 \v^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 S, >■ *; >; 
 
 • * ,■■. . ■ 
 
 
 .,» 
 
 t't 
 
 I.An!-- 
 
 
 i?»#5ii;j:/; 
 
 ' f; 
 
 ^"1 
 
 ■iiBi 
 
 *»;■ 
 
 
 
 '"9um1fT'i 
 
 
 »w,n 
 
 *, %:k 
 
 JL 
 
 
§_t Z(rftfftiti(ie JFeaj- 6 
 
->, T" 
 
 TZ*-*^ 
 
 -.*) 
 
 ^^art"^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 fc^ 
 
 i.|^Sr 
 
 %v* 
 
 l^^'^P© XI 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .2\^ 
 
 \ •l^yr^ 
 
 ^3 
 
 c^'!) \ 
 
 l^iylPiVj' 
 
 X C ' 
 
 
 itf.r 
 
 'Ct*-' 
 
 •>? 
 
 ^? zr Jl^ 
 
 ^•^^ 
 
 w/li p 
 
 ;5?^'' 
 
 «iho 
 
 TTjirOi 
 
 :dft 
 
 o 
 
 D 
 
 -SA^/nSy^ r^i>«iw« 
 
 ^ 
 
 f70S 
 
 } 
 
 "^^ 
 
 •*^ 
 
 
 ^f/iir*/ 
 
 „iA :»»* 
 
 "^^^w^fe**! 
 
 <?t^ Zfynfftlttfie TPeae S 
 
 t jT(mi Xiontftm 
 
tMW»«" ' 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 '"1 
 
 4' 
 
 'i 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 i: 
 
 
 \ 
 
 p 
 
 H, 
 
 : ft 
 
 \ 
 
 !• A' . 
 
 ^.^t.-> 
 
 .Is 
 
 ^ 
 
 t**^ 
 
 
 
 
7 
 
 ,tf 
 
 V- 
 
 / 
 
 J^ 
 
 J^ 
 
 CAR 
 
 •nd JifTenters, as a place of refuge, ivho then 
 would mil be French fubjeas, though not ofithcv* 
 crtabliihcd religion, «s ours are well affcacd to ^ 
 the crown though of difFcrcrtt principles in mat* 
 ters of wbrOiip. The Spaniards no more thair> 
 the French paid any attention to tfhis fne coun- 
 r^' ^"^J^^^ *^ *®"**^e entcrprifrng Engli^, who, . 
 in. Sir VV alter Rawleigh'b time, proje^ed fet* 
 tlenienis there ; yet through fome unaccountable 
 caprice it was not till the reign of Charles II. 
 that we entertained any formafnotbAs of fettling 
 that country in 1663. In that year, the JorxS 
 Clarendon, Albemarle, Craven, Bcrkelyi Afh- 
 ley, afterwards Shaftfbury, Sir George Carteret, 
 Sir William Berkeley, and Sir George Colleton, 
 from all which the different counties, rivers^ 
 towns, &c. were called, obtained a charter 
 for the property and jurifdiaion of that country 
 from the 31ft degree of N. latitude to the 36tb, 
 and being inverted with full power to fettle, and 
 govern the country, they had a model of a con- 
 rtitution framed, and a body of fundamental 
 laws compiled by the famous philofophcr Mr. , 
 Lock: Oft this plan the proprietors flood in the 
 place of the king, gave their aflem or negative, 
 to all laws, appointed all officers, and beftowcd 
 all titles of dignity, In his turn one alwayj ac- 
 ted for the reft. In the province they appointed 
 two other branches, in a good meafure analagous 
 to the legiflalure in England. They made- three 
 ranks, or rather clalFes of nobility. The low^ft 
 was compofed of thofe whom they called Barons, 
 and to whom they made grants of 12000 acres 
 of land. The next order had 24000 acres, or 
 two baronies with the title of CafKrnes. an- 
 il iwering to our earls. The third had two caf- 
 
 figncilnps 
 
( i 
 
 CAR 
 
 i. , 
 
 tignefliips or 48000 acres, and were called 
 Landgraves, analagous to dukes. This body 
 formed the upper- houfe, whofe lands were not 
 alienable by parcels : the lower-houfe was formed 
 of reprelentativesfrom the feveral towns and coun- 
 ties. But the Vvhole was not called, as in the 
 other plantation, an aflembly, but a parliament, 
 T-hey began their firfl fettlement between the two 
 navigable'rivers, called Afhley and Cowper, and 
 laid the foundation of the cepital city called 
 Charles-town in honour of king Charles. They 
 expended about 12000 /. in the fir(l fettlement ; 
 and obferving what advantages other colonies 
 derived from opening an harbour for refugees of: 
 all perfuafions, they by doing fo brought over a 
 great number of dillenters, over whom the then 
 government held a more fevere hand than was 
 confiilent with the rules of true policy. Thefe 
 however wife appointments were in a manner 
 fruftrated by the difputes between the churchmen 
 and diflfenters, 'and alfo by violent opprciFions 
 over the Indians, which caufed two deflruc- 
 tive wars with them, in which they conquered 
 thofe natives, as far as to the Apulachian moun- 
 tains. The province then by an a(St of parlia- 
 ment in England was redemanded, and put un- 
 'der the protection of the crown; except the 
 eighth part of the earl of Granville which he 
 referved, the other proprietors accepting of 
 about 24000/. Carolina was fmce divided into 
 two diftind governments. South, and North 
 Carolina in 1728; and in a little time a firm 
 peace was concluded between the Englifh, and 
 the neighbouring Indians, the Cheroques, and 
 the Ca^anbas. and fince that time it has began 
 to advance with an aftonifhing rapidity. This is 
 
 the 
 
the only one e(f our provinces on the continent 
 that IS fubje<a to hurricimcs. Oranges, olives 
 and .mmenfe quantity of plants and bcauiifui 
 flowering fhrubs, and flowers flourifti here The 
 country where we have not cleared it is in a 
 nianner one foreft of all kind of trees. But its 
 .chief produce, the leavers of Carolina, are dc- 
 ftroyed here, as they are in Canada and clfe- 
 ■"'^' 7u^^ encouragement the Indians re- 
 ceived to kill them. As the land abounds with na- 
 tural manure ornitre, fo it needs no cultivattn 
 m thi, refpea, and what is ftrange, indigo i'h^ 
 worft lands grows to a great advantage :°there 
 a!fo good profit got by their turpentine, pUch 
 and tar, obtained from their pines and other pic! 
 co*ereb.nth.ans: alfo great quantities of Indian 
 corn and peafe, and the%w lands anfwer with r ke 
 very well. Carohna is all an eVen plain for go 
 miles from the fea, and fcarce a pebble is to h^ 
 met with. Their ground does not anfwer fo 
 well for wheat, which they are fupp i' d wi,'^ 
 from New York and Penfylvania, in exchan^r fcr 
 
 The trade of Carolina, befides the lumber 
 provifions, and the like, which it yields in tnm 
 mon with the reft of North America, h" 'hr t 
 great ftaple commodities, indigo, rice, and th! 
 produce of the pine, turpentini, tar, and pitch 
 Indigo and rice. South Carolina has to herfe^f '. 
 and taking in North Carolina, the two yield more 
 pitch and tar than all the reft of our^oIoTies 
 Rice formed once the ftaple of this province 
 his makes the greateft part of the food of all 
 ranks orpeople in the foathern parts of this n™ 
 woriQ. m tne northern it is not fo much in r^' 
 
 ''"vox."? ""^ ""' ''"f''' " ^°Wd tot 
 
 ^ worth 
 
1 1 
 
 ' 
 
 i i 
 
 CAR 
 
 5vorth 150,000/. a year. The indip 18 the 
 crcat attention, to which we (hall pay due regard 
 Snder the article Charles-town, the capital. 
 There are in the two provinces which compofc 
 Carolina ten navigable rivers, and innumerable 
 /mailer ones ; all which, though fwarming with 
 fi(h, abound with troublcfomc cataraas, which 
 impede navigation. There are but few good 
 harbours, the one is Cape Fear. North Ca- 
 rolina is not fo wealthy as South, but it has moie 
 white people. Edenton was the capital of North 
 Carolina, but it is now only a village ; therefore 
 a more commodious harbour is projeain^ fur- 
 ther S. on the river Neus. Carolina is fituate 
 ctweenthe 31ft and 46th degrees. of N. latitude; 
 and extends 400 miles in length. Its breadth 
 to the Indian nations is about 300. For the trade 
 of Carolina, and the manner of malemg indigo, 
 ^ec the article CHARtES-TowN. 
 
 CaRnero, a cape in the South Sea near banta 
 Maria, in the kingdom of Chili. Lat. i. 35. S. 
 
 Lono'. 77. 20. W. ' e 
 
 cIrthagena, a large and famous city of 
 South America, the capital of a province of the 
 fame name, in the Terra Firma. The bay and 
 the country round Carthagena, antiently called 
 Calamari, were difcovered in 1702, by Rodengo 
 de Baft Idas, but the conqueft thereof by feveral 
 fucceeding adventurers met with more refiitance 
 
 .than was expeaed, 
 
 The Indians, being naturally a warlike people, 
 ■the very women (hared in defending the country. 
 Their ufual arms were bows and arrows, the 
 noints of which they poifoned with the juice of 
 * , 1. -_i„ ,„v.or,Vi> thp (llffhteft wounds were 
 
 ^nortal. Gregorio Hernandez de Qviedo iemg. 
 
CAR 
 
 like fcvcral of his predecefTors, baffled In repetud 
 attempts, the conqucft of the place, the -'^^ 
 pling of the city, and reducing it into a colony 
 and government was happily completed by Don 
 Pedro deHcredia in 1583. 
 
 From fcveral natural advantfgf^s, particularly 
 that of Its fine fituation, it was raifed into an 
 cpifcopal fee. Thefe advantages foon excited 
 the envy of foreigners, particularly the French, 
 who invaded it under the condua of a Corficari 
 pilot m 1544. The fecond invader was Sir 
 Jrancis Drake, who after pillaging it, fet it on 
 fire ; but it was happily refcued from the flames 
 by a ranfom of 120,000 ducats paid him by the 
 Ticighbounng colonies. It was invaded and pil- 
 laged a third time by the French, under Monf. dc 
 Pointis in 1597. 
 
 The city is fituated on a fandy ifland, which, 
 forming a narrow paflage on the S. W. opens a 
 communication with that part called Tierra 
 ^omba ; as far as Bocca Chica on the N. fide 
 the land is fo narrow, that before the wall was 
 begun the diflance from fca to fea was only 90 
 toifes, but afterwards the land enlarging by 
 nieans of the walJ, it forms another ifland on 
 this fide, and the whole city is, excepting thefe 
 two places, which are very narrow, entirely fur- 
 rounded with water. Eaftward it communi- 
 cates by means of a wooden bridge, with a lar^e 
 fuburb, called Hexemani, built on another 
 illand, which communicates with the continent 
 by another wooden bridge. 
 
 The fortifications both of the city and fiiburbs 
 
 F 2 The 
 
I J' 
 
 CAR 
 
 -The^Mrifon in time of peace eonf.fts oF ten 
 
 ^nanfes of reBoUrs, cach containing, 77 men, 
 
 TStduill befidcs feveral compames -of 
 
 mmria The whole city and fuburbs are com- 
 
 rSd by the caftle of St. La^aro, wh.ch hes on 
 
 ^TfxAe of flexemani on an eminence i from 
 
 thence and other adjoining hills, we h«e an 
 
 .Snting view of tL county and coaft, to a« 
 
 ''"ThfcRll^'Vuburbs are^dl laid out, the 
 inecuy^ uniform, and well 
 
 S 'TTetufes'a" mo% buHt of ftone^^ 
 ,pavea. -I n= ^„ ^ churches and 
 
 ivSL aJe of a pVoperarchiteaure; but there 
 IS famething'ef poverty in the omamentd 
 tart w.d feme v?ant what even decency mght 
 iJ'"''.„ The orders which have convents at 
 'A"^ I .„T are hofc of St. Francis in the fub- 
 "*^u* Qf n'omWca St. Augoftin, La Metcad, 
 ■"■u 'ie T?coWm and Recllleas. There is a 
 "^•^S .oKts and an hofpital of San Juan 
 TeK'^tnunn-^ 
 
 "•"cfnhlenf'Wth" ^"^ '** ^'*"'^'"'t '? 
 ,«S to a^cUy of the third rank in Europe. It » 
 S people? though moft of its inhabitants are 
 IfH from tbe^Indian tribes. As no m.ne. 
 te i^Xd here, moft of the money feen « 
 Iht Tart is fent from Santa Fe, and Quito, to 
 ^ C fSatie. «f .be governor, officers, and 
 
 ^'X^iovernor refides in ^he city, whidh till 
 *he vear^mo, was independent of the military 
 tveCeYts^^'ln civil .fFairs - "PPeal^^s^te 
 Ihe audience of Santa te; a.ia a J^^'V^ "' T"" f 
 . k being that jear a^tt<i, under the title^ot 
 
vFccr&y of New Granada, the goverfrment of 
 Carthagena became fubje^l to him alfo in mili-' 
 tary affains. The firft viceroy was lieutenant' 
 ceneral Don SebaOian de Efclava, the fame who" 
 defended Carthagena againd: the powerful inva-- 
 fion of the Englifti in 1741, when after a long 
 liege, they were forced to rtrtire. 
 
 Carthagena has alfo a bifiiop, whofe fpiritual 
 jurifdi£tion is of the fame extent with the mili- 
 tary and civil government. The chapter is com- 
 pofed of the bi(hop and prebends. Here is alfo a' 
 court of inquifitton^ whofe power is very ex- 
 tenfive. 
 
 Befidts thefe tribunald, the police and admini- 
 f^ration of juftice in the city is under a fecular ma- 
 giftracy, confifting of regidores,from whom every 
 year are ciiofen two alcaldes. There is alfo an 
 ofiice of revenue under an acconiptant and trea* 
 furer, where the taxes and monies belonging to 
 the king arc received, and proper ifllies dire<Sed» 
 There is alfo a perfon of the law, with the title 
 of Auditor de la Gente de Guerra, who deter- 
 mines procefle^;* 
 
 Carthagena bay iff one of the befl in this 
 country. It extends two leagues and a half 
 from N. to S. and has fafe anchorage, though ' 
 the many (hai lows at the entrance make a.care-» 
 ful fteerage neceflary. The entrance into the 
 bay was through the narrow ftreight of Bocca ^ 
 Chica, or little mouth, which fmce the inva* 
 fion of the Englifh has been (hut up, and a' 
 more commodious one opened and fortified. 
 Towards Bocca Chica, and two leagues and a^ 
 half diflant feawards, is a fhoal of gravel and 
 coarfe fand t on many Dirts of wJiich there is not - 
 aibovea foot and a half of water* • 
 
 F3 The 
 
1! 
 
 I 
 
 CAR 
 
 The bay abounds with great variety of {i(hf. 
 the moft common are the fhad and the turtle j 
 but it is alfo infefted with a great number of 
 iharks. In this bay the galleons from Spain wait 
 for the arrival of the Peru fleet at Panama, and 
 on the firft advice of this, they fail away for 
 Porto Bcllo; but at the end of the fair held at 
 that town, return into this^ bay, and after vidual- 
 ing put to fea again immediately. During their 
 absence, the bay is very little frequented. The 
 country veflcls, which are only a few bilanders 
 and felluccas, ftay no longer than to careen and 
 fit out for Tea. 
 
 The climate is very hot. From May to 
 November, which is the winter here, there is 
 almoft a continual fucceflion of thunder, rain, 
 and tempers; fo that the ftreets have the appear- 
 ance of rivers, and the country of an ocean 5 
 from this, othervJfe fhocking inconvenience, 
 they fave water in f fervoirs, as the wells fupply 
 them only with a tfcck, brackifh fort not fit to 
 drink. From DecMjber to April is here the 
 fummer, in which tWe is fo invariable a conti^ 
 nuation of ex<:efliveTireat, that perfpiration is 
 profufe to a degree of wafte ; whence the com* 
 plexions of the inhabitants are fo wan and lividi 
 that one would imagine them but newly re- 
 covered from a violent fit of ficknefs. Yet 
 t*iey enjoy a good ftate of health, and live even 
 to 80 and upwards. The fingularity of the 
 dimate occafions diftempers peculiar to the placet 
 the moft fliockingjs the fever,^ attended with the 
 black vomit, which moftly aftefts ftrangcrs, and 
 rages among the feamen ; it lafts about three or 
 
 cover*. 
 
CAR 
 
 Cbvers or dies, as it is very acute, and on reco*- 
 very is never troubled with it again. 
 
 Another diftemper peculiar to the inhabitants'- 
 is the mal 'de fan la^aro, or leprofy, which is- 
 common and contagious; nor is the itch and' 
 harpes lefs frequent, or communicative, and^ 
 it is dangerous to attempt the cure when it has 
 once gained ground ; in its firfl ftage they anoint 
 with a kind of earth called Maquimaqui. The 
 culebulla, or little fnake, is particular to this cli- 
 mate, which caufes a round inflamed tumour,. 
 which often terminates in a mortification. 
 Spafms and convulfions are very common here, 
 and frequently prove mortal. The principal' 
 trees for fize are the caobo, or acajou, the cedar, 
 the maria, and the balfam-tree. Of the firfi: 
 are made the canoes and champagnes u fed for 
 fifliing, and for the coaft and'river trade. The 
 reddifh cedar is preferable to the whitifh. The 
 maria and balfam-trees, befides the ufefulnefs of 
 their timber, which, like the others, arc compad^, 
 fragrant, and finefy grained; dirtil tHofe admira. 
 ble balfams called Maria-oil and balfam of Tolu, 
 from an adjacent village, where it is found la 
 the greateft quantities, Here are alfo the tama- 
 rind, medlar, fapoie, papayo, guabo, canno 
 fiftolo, orcaflia, p^lm, and manzanillo: moft of 
 them producing a palatable, wholefome fruit,- 
 with a durable and variegated wood. The man- 
 zanillo is remarkable as its fruits are pcifonous,^ 
 the antidote common oil, but the wood is varie- 
 gated like marble. It is daniierous even to lay un- 
 der this tree, as from its droppings the body is 
 fWelled, which is only cured by repeated cintments 
 
 — .^ ,^,,^v.. i xi-^ vtij ucuiio incmieives" 
 
 a^'oid the tree by inftinft, and never 
 
 '•'•%,.. ». 
 *»■*•« 
 
 Jppro; 
 
 T 
 
 iie 
 
GAR 
 
 M 
 
 The palm-trees are of four fpecieSy. the fTrfl 
 produce cocoa, the fecond dates, the third called 
 Palma Real, a verv difagreeable fruit, lefs than 
 the date; and the fourth, called Corozo, a fruit 
 larger than the, date of exquifite taftc, and 
 greatly ufed in making cooling and wholfomc 
 draughts. Palm- wine is extraded from the 
 four, which ferments for five or fix days, and 
 is then applied to ufe; it is of a whitifli colour^ 
 very rich, racy, and inebriating, but cooling, and 
 is the favourite liquor of the Indians and negroes. 
 
 The guiacjm, and ebony-trees, are equally 
 common here ; their hardnefs almoft equal to 
 iron : the fenfitive plant is found in great plenty. 
 The bejiico, or bind-weed, here bears a fruit cal- 
 led habilla, or bean, very bitter, but one of the 
 mofi efr< dtual antidotes againft the bites of vipers 
 and fernents ; perfons who frequent the woods 
 always eat of this valuable habilla, and then are 
 no way apprehenfivie from the bite though evex 
 fo venomous. 
 
 The only tame animals here are the cow 
 and the hog ; the flefli of the latter is faid ta 
 exceed the heft in Europe, while that of the former 
 is dry and unpalatable, as they cannot fatten 
 through the exceffive heats. Poultry, pigeons, 
 partridges, and geefe, are very good, and in great 
 plenty. There are alfo great quantities of deer, 
 rabbits, and wild boars, called fajonesv The ti- 
 gers make great havock among the creatures. 
 Here are foxes, armadillos, or fealy lizards, ardil- 
 las, fquin :1s, and an innumerable variety of 
 monkeys. 
 
 The bat is here very remarkable; for the peo- 
 ple on account of the heat are obliged to leave 
 their windows open, all night, at which the 
 
 bats 
 
 \ 
 
bits-get In and open the veins of any part tliat is 
 naked, fo (hat from the orifice the blood flows 
 in fuch qMantities, that their fleep has often 
 proved their pafTage to eternity. Snakes, vipers, 
 centipes, and all other poifonous icptiJcs; arc 
 Here as common as in other parts. 
 
 Barfey, wheat and other efculent grains, are 
 litt e known. Maize, and rice of which they 
 make their boJIo or bread, abounds even to cxeefs. 
 ihe beft fort of bollo is kneaded with milk. 
 Among the negroes the caiTava bread is moft 
 common ; it is made of the roots of yuca^ yames, 
 and nioniatos, the upper (kin of which they • 
 ftrip off, and grate the infide into water. There 
 IS great plenty of camotci, in tafte like Malaga 
 potatoes, ufed both as pickles, and roots with 
 the meat. Plantations of fugar-canes abound to 
 fuch a degree, as greatly to lower the price of 
 honey, and a great part of the juice of thefe ' 
 canes is diftilled into fpirits: thefe grow fo quick 
 as to be cut twice a yeiar. Great numbers of ^' 
 cotton trees grow here, thofe which are planted '■ 
 and cultivated are reckoned the beftj the cotton ^ 
 of both' IS fpun, and made into feveral forts of ^ 
 Ituffs, which are worn by the negroes. • 
 
 Thecacao trees,from which chocolate Is made, « 
 excel here, and the chocolate is more efteemed 
 than that of other countries ; efpecially the cho- 
 colate of the Magdalena, which is highly valued ; 
 and by way of diftinaion in preference to that of * 
 the Carraccasyis fold by millares, whereas the Ga- ♦ 
 racca chocolate is fold by the buihel, weighing ' 
 1 10 lb. but that of Ma^acaybo weighs only 
 96 lb. This is the moft valuable treafure which 
 Jjature could have beftowed on this country. - 
 Among the fruits, which refemblc thole of Spain, 
 
 F5 
 
 are 
 
CAR 
 
 are the melons, water-melons, called patillasi, 
 grapes, oranges, medlars, and dates; the grapes 
 are not equal to thofe of Spain, but the medlars 
 far exceed them. The fruits peculiar to the 
 country are the pine-apple, which from its beauty^ 
 finell, and tsfte, is ftiled by way of preference, 
 the queen of fruits-j the papapayas, guanabanas, 
 guayabas, fapotes, mameis, plaatanos, cocos, 
 and many others. The common length of the 
 pine-apple is ufually from five to (even inches, 
 and the diameter near its bafis three or four. 
 
 The other moft common fruits are the bana^ 
 nas, of which bread is often made, the platar 
 nos, and the dominicos, which are preferable in 
 tafte, The guineos are very palatable, but very 
 hot and not reckoned To wholefome, and the na.. 
 lives ufe water to drink after them; but the fai- 
 lors, who ufe brandy almoft with every things 
 foon bring on difeafes and fudden death by this 
 intemperaturc. Lemons are fcarce ; but that 
 defe<5l is remedied by a luxuriance of limes, cal- 
 led here, futiles, the juice of which the inhabi- 
 tants of Carthagena apply in all their cookeries^ 
 and often fqueeze them into the water wherein 
 they boil their- meats, or fteep the flefh in the 
 juice, from which preparation, the fle(h is fooner 
 ready and more delicious. As grapes^ almonds, 
 and olives, are not natural here, the country is 
 deftitute of wine, oil, and raifins, with which' 
 it is fupplied from Europe ; whence thefe articles 
 are excefTiv-e dear, and. often above purchafe; 
 and this want fometimes occafions epidemicaF 
 diforders among thofe who are ufed to wine, as 
 being deprived of the ufe of it, they frequently 
 fflfe. their digeftive faculty. 
 
CAR 
 
 rh( 
 
 of 
 
 ^ le want or on is luppiied by hogs-Uiu, «„m 
 mftead of lamps they ufe tallow candles, fo they 
 want oil only for their falads. Among the no- 
 bility and better f^rt, their moft luxurious difh is 
 the agi-aco, which confifts of pork fried, bird^ 
 of feveral kinds, plantanes, maize pafte, and 
 leafonmgs made of pimento or agi. 
 
 The bay of Carthagena is the firft place irt* 
 America at which the galleons are allowed to 
 touch, and hence it eftjoys the' firft fruits of 
 commerce by the^ public fale» made there, 
 rhofe falcs, though not accompanied with aH 
 the forms obferved at Porto Bello fair, are yet 
 very confiderable ; for the traders of Santa Fe, 
 Popayan, and Quito, lay out not only therr 
 whole ftock, but alfo the monies entfufted t(!> 
 them by commtffions for feveral forts of goody, > 
 and thofe fpecles of provifions, which are moftly 
 wanted in their refpe^ive countries. The two 
 provinces of Santa Fe and Popayan have no 
 other way of fupplying themfelves with thoffe 
 provihons but from Carthagena. Their traders 
 bring gold and filver in fpecie, ingots, and duft, 
 and alfo emeralds; as, befides the filver mines • 
 worked at Santa Fe, and which daily encreaffe 
 by freih dlfcoveries, there are others, which 
 yield the fineft emeralds : but the value of thoffe 
 gems being now fallen in Europe, and particir- 
 Jarly in Spam, the trade of them, formerly fd 
 confiderable, is now greatly leflened, and confe- 
 quently the reward of finding them. All thefe 
 mines producegreat quantities of gold, which is 
 carried to Coco, and there pays one fifth to the 
 King. This little fair at Carthagena occafions a 
 great quantity of fhops to be opened, and fiWed 
 
 <J Vi iii^l\,li 
 
 "liuiiic, uie. proiiE partly 
 
 F 6 
 
 rt'lult- 
 
i 'V 
 
 5 ■;]!: 
 
 C A li 
 
 refulting to Spaniards, who come in the galleons, 
 and are either recommended to, or are in part- 
 ner/hip with the Cargadorcs, or traders, who 
 bring European goods, and partly to thofe al- 
 ready (ectled in the cit)t. Th€ Cargadores fur- 
 nifh the former with goods, though to no great 
 value, in order to gain their cuftom : and the 
 latter, as perfons wnom they have already ex- 
 perienced as good and honeft dealers, and both 
 in proportion to the 'quicknefs of their fale. 
 This is a time of univerfal profit, to fome by 
 letting lodgings and Oiops, to fome by the increafe 
 of their refpe^live trades, and to others by the 
 labotir of their negro flaves, whofe pay alfo is 
 proportionally increafed, as they do more work 
 in this bufy time; nt)r is it uncommon for thefe 
 lall, from this brifknefs of trade to purchafe their 
 freedoms and fet up for themfehes. By the in- 
 creafe of ft rangers fonretimes to one- half of the 
 ufiral number of people the confumption, and 
 coafequently the price of provifions and other ar- 
 ticles of life, advances ; from which thofe who 
 bring them to market make great advanteges. 
 
 This commercial tumult lafts only while the 
 galleons contirme in the bay, to which hurry the 
 tempo muerto, or dead time, fucceeds. The 
 fmall trad J carried on during this calm feafon,. 
 confifts of a few bilanders Irom La Trinidad^ 
 the Havannah, and St. Domingo, bringing 
 leaf-tobacco, fnufF, fugars ; and returning with 
 Magdalena cacao, or chocolate, earthern-ware, 
 rice, and other goods wanted in thofe illinds ; 
 nnd even of thefe fmall veflels one is fcarcely 
 fi:Qn for two or three months together. The 
 fame may be faid of thofe which go from Car- 
 thage na to Nicaragua, Vera Cruz, Honduras, 
 , ^ and 
 
CAR 
 
 and other parts, but the mofl frequent trips are 
 mad. to Porto BclJo, Chagre, or Santa Martha. 
 And the reafon wh> this commerce is not< 
 carried on more brifkly is, becaufc that moft of 
 thofe places are naturally provided with the fame 
 
 trafficking with each other. Another branch of ' 
 the commerce of this place during the tempo 
 muerto is carried on with the townt and vWhL 
 II l' S^" J""^^i?ion; from whence are brought « 
 all kinds of necefTaries, as maize, rice, Jive hogs, 
 cotton, tobacco, plantanes, birds, caiTava, fu! - 
 gar, honey, and cacao, moft of which i, 
 brought m canoes, and champanas, a fort of 
 boats vtfy proper for rivers : the former a kind 
 
 f ?yr T? '^^S^ermoftly for rivers, as thofe 
 ot Magdalena, Sinu, and others. Their re^ 
 
 l^WhT /? ""f ^^.S.^ g^^' ^°^ Warcl, with 
 which the (hops furntlh therofeJves from the gal- 
 leons, or from prizes taken by the king's frisates, 
 or privateers. No eatable p.ys any duty t the ' 
 ^ing, and every perfon may in his own houfe 
 V.\n any number of pigs he thinks he (hall fell : 
 that day, no h\teA pork being eat here, and the 
 exceffive heat foon corrupts it. All imports from 
 ijpam, as brandy, wine, oil, almonds, raifins, 
 pay a duty, and are afterwards fold, without any 
 farther charge, except what is paid by retailers 
 as a tax for their (hop, or flail. Be/fdes thefe 
 goods, which keep alive this flei^er inland com- 
 merce, here is an^oifice for the affiento of negroes 
 whither they are brought, and as it were kept 
 for^ pledges, till fuch perfons, as warn them oi> 
 their eftates_ come to puichafe themj negroes be- 
 i«g generally employed in hufbapdry, and other 
 
CAT 
 
 laborious country works. This indeed givrt 
 fome life to the trade of Carthagena, though it 
 is no weighty article. The produce of the royal 
 revenues in this city, being not fufficient to pay 
 and fupport the governor, garrifon, and a great 
 number of other officers, the deficiency is re- 
 mitted from the treafares of Santa Fe, and 
 Quito, under the name of Situado, together 
 with fuch monies as arc rcquifite for keeping up 
 the fortifications, furrrifhing the artillery, antl 
 other cxpences neceflary for the defence of the 
 place and its forts. Lat. lo. 26. N. Long. 77. 
 22. W. 
 
 CartagOj the capital of Cofta Rica in 
 New Spain, fituated ten leagues from the N. 
 and 17 leagues from the South Sea, having a 
 port in each. It was formerly in a much more 
 flourifhing ftatc than at prefent ; feveral rich 
 merchants refide here, who carry on a great 
 trade to Panama, Porto Bello, Carthagena, 
 and the H^vannah. It had alfo a governor, and 
 was the fee of a bifhop; but at prefent it i^ 
 only a mean place, has very few inhabitant?, 
 and hardly any trade. Lat. 9^ 15. N* Long. 
 83. 16. W. ' 
 
 Castro Virreyna, a jurifdidion in South 
 America, and kingdom of Peru, fubjedt to the 
 archbifhop of Lima, remarkable for a valuable 
 wool from the fheep called vicunna. Thefe 
 were wild, arwi arealmoft exterminated by hunt- 
 ing, on account of their wool. All kinds of 
 corn, grain, and fruijts are here in plenty. 
 
 Catherine, St. a fmall ifland in the cap*^ 
 tainfhip of St. Vincent in Braftl, belonging t6 
 the Portuguefe, 47 leagues S. of the ifland Cana- 
 nea^ It. is about 25.n%ilesfrpmN.to S. inhabited - 
 
c A r 
 
 by Indians under the Poitugucfc, and rriendf ta 
 them againft their enemies, the natives of Brafil: 
 Lat. 27. 10. S. Long. 47. 15. W. 
 
 Cavallo, a fea-port town in the province of 
 Venezula on the Terra Firma, or Ifthmus of 
 Darien, 25 miles N. E. of St. Jago dc Leon* 
 It was attacked the laft war by commodore 
 Knowlos, but without any fuccefs. Lat. 10* 
 15. N. Long. 68. 12. W. 
 
 Caxamarqua, a jurirdi(S^ion in the diocefe 
 of the bi/hop of Truxillo in the kingdom of 
 Peru, South America, lying between the two 
 Cordilleros of the Andes j it produces plenty of 
 all kinds of grain, fruits, and efculent vegeta-^ 
 bles, alfo cattle, fheep, and efpecially hogs, of 
 which they fend vaft numbers to the vallies, who 
 fatten them with maize, and drive a eonfiderable 
 trade at Chincay, Lima, Truxilfo, &c. Here 
 the Indians weave cotton for fhip's fails, bed 
 curtains, quilts, &c. Here are alfo fome filver 
 mines, but of little confeq^uenee. 
 
 CAXAMARqyiLA, 3 fmall jurifdi£lion in the 
 empire of Peru, in the bifliopric of Truxillo. 
 
 Caxatambo, a jurifdidion in the archbifliop- 
 ric of Lima, in the empire of Peru, South Ame- 
 rica ; it begins 35 leagues N. E. from Lima, 
 There are here very fine filver mines, and it 
 abounds with herds and florks, wheat, barley^ 
 maize, and great numbers of Indians are em- 
 ployed in making bayes, and other coarfe fluffs. 
 Cayan'butio, a mountain in South America, 
 one of the Cordilleras, fituated in the province 
 of Quito, near the middle of the Torrid Zone, 
 but is continually covered with ice, and fnow. 
 Cay ANNE, an ifland belonging to the French' 
 
 Cayanne^- 
 

 h 
 
 li 
 
 i:; 
 
 i'H 
 
 CAY 
 
 Cayannc in Guiana, a province of Somh Ame- 
 rica. The land near the fhorcs of the ifi^nd 
 is low ; but within the land, there are fine moun- 
 tains and hills, very proper for fettlemcms. Oa 
 one of the points of the ifland is a fort, conve- 
 niently fituated on a rifing ground ; but in want 
 of frefh water, having none but what they fav« 
 in ciftcrns. There is a good anchoring juft at 
 the port, whei'c above lOO fliips may ride very 
 fecurcly ; and on each fide of the point of land 
 on which the fort ftands, boats may come up 
 without any danger, clofe to the fliorc. The 
 ifland is about 17 leagues in compafs, produces 
 excellent pafture for cattie, and is well watered 
 with rivulets and ftreams from the adjacent hills, 
 not only good to drink, but very proper to turn 
 fugar- mills. The French, who fettled here about 
 the year 1635, built the fort firft, which they 
 called St* Louis. Near this is a village of about 
 200 houfes inhabited by the foldiers of the gar- 
 rifon, and all forts of tradefmen. Here are feve- 
 ral warehoufes, and a fugar-mill worked by 
 oxen. The whole number of the inhabitants is 
 about 350 French, and 50 negroes. To the 
 N. E. of the fort, and about four leagues from 
 the Jaft mentioned village is iinother called Ar- 
 mire, fituated on a rifmg ground; the lower 
 part of which is mhabited by 60 Jews, and 25 
 negroes. In the*upper part, or top of the emi- 
 nence, where ftands a chapel and water-mill for 
 fugar, live 60 French, and 25 negroes. Befildes 
 thofc, are feveral other plantations of French 
 fcattered up and down the iiiand. * And as they 
 would willingly e^^tend themfelves on the main, 
 they have ere6ted a redoubt planted with three 
 ^toc^i. of cannon on one fide of the river, and 
 *"" ' ^' in 
 
C H A 
 
 in or^cr to defend the entrance to it they have 
 ereacd a garrifon of 20 foldiers. Farther in land 
 they have another fort called Sinarary, ferving 
 them inftcad of an advanced poft, where is kept a 
 garrifon of 80 French. Lat. 5. 10. N. Long. 
 53.14. W. "^ ^ 
 
 Cayloma, a jurlfdiaioii under the bi/hop of 
 Areqmpa, 32 leagues E. of that city in SoutK 
 America, and empire of Peru, famous for the 
 filyer mines in the mountains of Cayloma. The 
 mines are very rich here, though for a long time 
 worked. There is an office here for receiving 
 the kuig's fifths, and vending the quick-filver 
 ufed in feparatmg the metal from the ore. The 
 country is extremely cold and barren. 
 
 Chacapoyas, ajurifdiaion under the bifhop' 
 of Fruxillo in South America, and empire of 
 Peru. The Indians make a great variety of cot- 
 tons and tapeftry here, which for the livelinefs of 
 the colours and neatnefs of the work deferve at- 
 tention. They alfo make abundance of cottonj. 
 fail-cloths, &c. It liee without the Cor'"^' ^s. 
 ^ Chagre, a river in South Ameri .„ and em* 
 pire of Peru. It was formerly caHcd Lagortas 
 from the number of alligators in it; has its 
 fource in the mountains neac Cruces, and ita 
 mouth in the North-Sea, in lat. 9. N. Its en- 
 trance is defended by a fort, built on a fteep roclc 
 on the E. fide near the fea-fliore. This fort has 
 a commandant, and lieutenant, and the garrifon 
 it draughted from Panama, to which you go by 
 this river, landing at Cruces, about five leag'ue^ 
 from Panama, and from thence* one travels by 
 land to that city. Oppofite to Fort Chagre is 
 the royal cuflom-houfe, where an account is 
 Ukm of all goods going up the river. Here it is 
 
 broad- 
 
 t 
 
 
 ■«iiwaw tfy«.Hj»r-in ^^ jj^-!.-y V . 
 
C H A 
 
 Broadeft, being 120 toifes over; whereas, sf 
 Cruces, where it begins to be navigable, it is oriy 
 20 toifes wide: from the town of Chagre to the 
 mouth of the river is 21 miles, orfeven leagues, 
 and the bearing N. W. wefterlyj but the dif- 
 tance meafured by the windings is 43 miles. 
 There is at Cruces an alcalde, who lives at the 
 cuftom-houfe, and takes, an account of all goods 
 on the river. 
 
 Champlain, a lake on the N. borders of 
 New York in North America, and on the W. 
 of Canada, where the French have built feveral 
 forts, and in a manner expelled us from 
 the N. parts of this country. They have even 
 fell on the frontrer of New York, and com- 
 mitted feveral unjuftifiable hoftilities in time of 
 peace. Lat. 44. la. N. Long. 73. 10. W. 
 
 Chancay, the capital of itsown jurifdi^^ion 
 in the South -Seas, diftant from Guara 14 leagues, 
 and fituated on die road from Truxillo to Lima. 
 The town contains about 300 houfes and feveral' 
 Indian huts. It is very populous for its extent, 
 and boafts of many Spanifh families of dlftfn- 
 guifhe'i rank among them. Here is a parifti- 
 church and a Francifcan convent. The corre- 
 gidor refrdes here. The country is very fertile, 
 and is watered by canals cut from the river Pafla- 
 mayo, the ufual way of watering lands in thefe 
 places, which runs about a league and a half to 
 the fouthward of the town. The country round 
 is every where fowed with maize for the purpofe 
 of fattening hogs, in which article a very con- 
 fiderable trade is carried on with the city of 
 Lima. Lat. ir. 10. S. Long. 77. 49. W. 
 
 Charcas, a province of South America, in 
 the dioeeiis- of Uufco-, empire of Peru, and jurrf- 
 
 diilioiik. 
 
jas, sr 
 is only 
 to the 
 
 eagues, 
 he dif- 
 
 J at the 
 1 goods 
 
 ders of 
 he W. 
 feveral , 
 from ' 
 
 Lima, 
 fever af 
 extent, 
 
 diftfn- 
 parifh- 
 
 corre- 
 fertile, 
 • PafTa- 
 n thefe 
 half to 
 ' round 
 )urpore 
 Y con- 
 :ity of 
 
 ica, in 
 d jurrf. 
 Jidioii. 
 
 C H A 
 
 ^aion of Lampa, reaching as Var as Bueiro* 
 Ayres, and bprdering on Chih*. It is a very ex- 
 tenlive country, but fuUof deferts and impene^ 
 rrable forefts. Thefe vaft traas contain the 
 diocefles of one archbifhop, and of five biihops^ 
 his fu/Fragans, that of La PJata being the me* 
 tropohs. ^ 
 
 Charles-cape, a promontory of North 
 America, mentioned by captain Thomas Jame& 
 in the account of his voyage, publiflied in 16^7, 
 for finding the N. W. pafTage to the Weft Indfet! 
 J he diftance between the meridian of which 
 and the weftern part of Cahfornia, he fays wiH 
 be found to be about 500 leagues in fet. 66. 
 where, continues he, the meridians incline very 
 much together. About this cape the variation of 
 the needle is 29 degrees to the W. from which 
 may be drawn a probable argument, fays the 
 captain, that much laiKl lies to the weftward. 
 l^at. 66. 00. N. Long. 87.22. W; 
 
 Gharles-town, the metropolis of South 
 ij^arohna, and indeed the only valuable town in 
 rtiis or North Carolina, bcih the provinces is 
 one of the firft in North America, for fize. 
 beauty, and traffick. It is fituated on^ a neck of 
 land between two navigable rivers, Afhley and 
 Cowper ; but moftiy on the latter, havinff> a 
 creek on the N. fide and another on the S 
 The town is regularly built, and pretty ftron^ly 
 Jortihed, both by nature and art. It has fii 
 baftions and a line all round it. Towards Cow- 
 per-river are Blake's- baftion, Granville's- baf:. 
 tion, a half- moon, and CravenVbaftion • on 
 the S. creek are the palifadoes and Afhley^s^ 
 balhon: on the N. a line: and facing A(kL,^ 
 aver, are Celliton-baftion and Johnfon's covered 
 
 half 
 
M 
 
 C HK 
 
 half- moon, with a draw- bridge in the line and 
 another in the half- moon j Carteret-baftion is the 
 next to it. Befides thefe regular works, another 
 fort has been eredted upon a point of land at the 
 mouth of Afliley-rivcr, which commands the 
 channel fo well, that (hips cannot eafily pafs it. 
 But in Harris's colle6^ion of voyages we are told, 
 that the baftions, palifadoes,and fofle next the land 
 having been much damaged by a hurricane, and 
 reckoned to be of too great an extent to be de- 
 fended by the inhabitants, governor Nicholfon 
 caufed them to be demoliihed j but thofe near 
 the water ftill' fubfift,. and are in good repair. 
 This place is a market-town, and to it the 
 whole product' of the province is brought for 
 fale. Neither is its trade inconfiderable ; for it 
 deals near looo miles into the continent. How- 
 ever, it has the great difadvantage of a bar which 
 admits no (hips above 200 tons. But this bar, 
 fays the aforefaid author, has 16 feet water at 
 low tide; and after a fliip has got clofe up to the 
 town, there is good riding. And the harbour is 
 defended' by a fort, called Johnfon -s-fort^ and ^ 
 about 20 guns in it, which range level with the 
 furface of the water. Aftiley-river, fays he, is 
 navigable for (hips 20 miles above the town; 
 and for boats andpettyangers, or large canoes, 
 near 40. Co wper- river is not pra<Sticable for 
 fhips fo far j but for boats and pettyangers much 
 further. , 
 
 The fituation of Charles-town is very inviting, 
 and the country about it agreable and fruitful. 
 The highways are extremely delightful, efpe- 
 cially that called Broad-way, which for three or 
 four miles makes a road and walk fo charmingly 
 
 U 
 
C H A 
 
 jreen, that no art could make Co pleafing a fight 
 -for the whole year. e 8 •* 
 
 The ftreets are well laid out, the houfes Jarge. 
 
 tT /'LV^' ^."^. '"^'^ °^ ^''"b^^ and gene' 
 rally fafhed, and let at exceffive rents. The 
 
 church IS fpacious, and executed in a very cle. 
 C a' exceeding every thing of thatkindin 
 ■North America, havmg three ifles, an organ, 
 and a gallery quite round. There are meeting! 
 houfes for the feveral denominations of diffenters • 
 .among which the French proteftants have a 
 church m the main ftrect. It contains about 
 »oo houfes, is the feat of the governor, and the 
 place where the general aifembly and court of 
 judicature are held, th^ public offices kept, and 
 the buHnefs of the Havince tranfkaed. Her'- 
 the rich people havo i.andfome equipages: the 
 merchants are opulent and well bred; the peo- 
 pie are thriving and extenfive, in drefs and life • 
 fo that every thing confpires to make this town 
 •the pohteft, as it is one of the richeft in America 
 In this'town is a publick library which owes its' 
 ri(e to Dr Thomas Bray, as do moft of the 
 American libraries, having zealoufly follicitedcon- 
 vtributions in England for that purpofe. The beft 
 harbourof Carolina is far to theS. on the borders 
 of Georgia, called Port-royal. This might give a 
 capacious and fafe reception to the largefl fleets 
 of the greateft bulk and burden; yet The town 
 which IS called Beaufort, on Port-royal harbour 
 IS not a^ yet confiderabJe, but it bids fair /or be! 
 coming the firft trad-ng town in this part of ^Vme- 
 ^ica. The import trade of South Carolina from 
 ^reat Britain and the Weft Indies, is the fame 
 m all refpeits with that of the reft of the other 
 
 colo- 
 
Mi 
 
 C H A 
 
 tolonlcs, and is very large. Their -trade wit^ 
 the Indians is in a very flouriihmg condition, its 
 exports, are, as follow. 
 
 Exported from Charles-*own only in 1741. 
 
 ^Rlce, - - - 4i>957 ^^"^i^' 
 
 Indigo, - - - 100,000 pounds. 
 
 Deer-fkins, - - 300 hds. 
 
 Pitch, - - - 10,750 Wis. 
 
 Tar - - - 2063 ditto. 
 * Turpentine, - - 759 barrels. 
 
 Beef, pork, &c. not particularized. 
 
 In the year 1754 ; 23 years diftant. 
 
 Rice, - - - 104,682 barrels; 
 Indigo, - - - 216,924 pounds. 
 Deer-fkins, - - 460 hds. 
 
 114 bundles, 
 
 508 loofe. 
 5 1 5869 barrels* 
 2,943 ditto. 
 y59 ditto. 
 416 ditto. 
 1,560 ditto. 
 - 16,428 bufh. 
 9,612 ditto. 
 - 4,196 hides. 
 
 1200 
 1,114,000 N*^- 
 206,000 ditto. 
 *395»ooo feet. 
 Befides a great number of live cattle, Ihorfes, 
 <:edar, cyprefs, and walnut-plank, bees-wax, 
 myrtle, tome raw filk and cotton. North Ca- 
 roUna, reputed gne or cne iv»M uvmuuti^^-^' — = 
 
 Pitch, - - 
 Tar, 
 Turpentine, - 
 
 Beef, - - 
 
 Pork, - - 
 Indian corn, 
 Peafe, 
 
 Tanned leather. 
 Raw hides, - 
 Shingles, - - 
 Slaves, 
 Lumber, 
 
C H A 
 
 ^tJcments, and which certainly lay under'great 
 a few years. The following may be a fample. 
 Exported from all parts of North Car^liiu 
 
 »..t?' 
 
 Tar, 
 
 Pitch, - 
 
 Turpentine, 
 Staves, - . 
 Shiri2ies, 
 Luniber, - 
 India corn, 
 Peafe, - 
 Tobacco, - 
 Tanned leather, 
 
 ^1,528 barrels. 
 14,055 ditto, 
 10,429 ditto. 
 762,33o'N^ 
 2^300,000 ditto. 
 2,000,647 ^^cf« 
 61,580 bufhels. 
 10,000 ditto. 
 100 hds. 
 1000 hund. wt. 
 
 Deer fkins in all ways, 30,000 
 
 Befides a confiderable quantity of wheat, rice, 
 bifcuit, potatoes, bees-wax, tallow-candles, 
 bacon, hogs-lard, cotton, and a vaft deal of 
 Squared tinaber of walnut, and cedar, with 
 hoops and heading of all forts. Of ^late they 
 raiie mdigo, which is exported from South Caro- 
 iina. They raife much more tobacco than is kt 
 down ; but as it is produced on the frontiers of 
 V irginia, fo from thence it is exported. They ex- 
 port alfo a confiderabLquantity of beaver, racoon, 
 (ox, minx, and wild cats-fkins, and in every 
 Ihip a good deal of live cattle, befide. what they 
 vend in Virginia. What cotton and filk both 
 the Carohnas fend us is excellent, and calls 
 aloud for the encouragement of its cultivation in 
 a place fo well adapted to raife both. In 17C6, 
 itisfaid that 500,000 lb. of indigo were raifbd 
 — .-;, ...vw^.i 4i vvh;; icflrcc expected j which 
 
 fh 
 
 cws 
 
C H A 
 
 (hews how that valuable commodity may be 
 ftill farther improved to the immenfe profit of the 
 mother-country, if properly encouraged. 
 
 A full detail of the feveral large branches of 
 its trade, namely rice, indigo, pitch, tar, and 
 turpentine, is as follows. 
 
 Rice anciently formed by itfelf the ftaple of 
 this province; this wholefome grain msikes a 
 great part of the food of all ranks of people in 
 the fouth^n parts of the world ; in the northern 
 it is not fo much in requeft. Whilft the rigour 
 of the a£l of navigation obliged them to fend all 
 their rice diredly to England; to be re-ihipped 
 for the markets of Spain and Portugal, the 
 charges incident to this regulation lay fo heavy 
 upon the trade, that the cultivation of rice, 
 efpecially in time of war, when thefe charges 
 came high upon the planter, was negledled j 
 but now the legiflature has relaxed the law 
 in this rerpc(a, and permits the Carolinians 
 to fend their rice diredly to any place to the 
 fouthward of Cape Finifterre. This prudent 
 indulgence has again revived the rice trade j and 
 though they have gone largely, and with great 
 fpirit into the profitable article of indigo, it has 
 not diverted their attention from the cultivation 
 of rice ; they raife now above double the quan- 
 tity of what they raifed fome years ago j and this 
 branch alone of their commerce is, at the loweft 
 eftimation, worth 150,000/. annually. 
 
 Indit^o is a dye made from a plant of the fame 
 name, which probaWy was fo called from In- 
 dia, where it was firft cultivated, and from 
 whence we had for a confiderable time the whole 
 of what we confumed in Europe. This plant is 
 
 . hardly 
 
 '■7 
 
 *in.v 
 
 CSV avis: 
 
cha 
 
 hardly diftinguifl,,^,^^ 
 
 "1 general are pennated anJZ"'^''^'^'' ''» '«ver 
 lobej the flower, confift of fi «"" ''>'''%'= 
 
 the papilionaceous kind fh^' P''^'^' =""i are of 
 argerand round^'fi trreT""'fr^"'4 
 wwed on tlie fide ; but h^ i ""'' ''S^y fur! 
 
 « fituated the ftile, which .ft .°'^ "'^ "-"ver 
 
 pod, containing t^eS "'"""^' b^con.es a 
 
 i liey cultivate three /iirfc „r • ,. 
 ^na Which require the ftl "^'^o in Caro- 
 F>ra, the Fn\ orHi/n" L''".'1>' "' 'oi'».'. 
 «^'lcing a long ta^ roo7 w '\""-'^-"' »i"'ch^ 
 deep rich foil f and >he'efor ?."'^ "'^"«' '" » 
 Ifnt fort, it is not fo ZTr'V^'°"''^ '■" '^''ctl. 
 ntime parts of Ca°o«na ^I'-T'' '" ">« "u- 
 fandy. but no paHf the wo M^'''■^ 6"'"^'% 
 produce it in p/rfca^n th' X r' '"°'' "' ^» 
 100 miles backwards- t ;' 1^?^ '^°'"«'T, 
 Mother account, for i hi u"^^'^^"^ '00. o„'. 
 ftarp a, that of CarolL'""^ ''*'" ^ ""'nter fC 
 
 or true Bahama. Uthe"'-"'''* 8«^^en,ara. 
 more tall and vigorouTnl, *. ^■"'''' ''"t^r, is ,' 
 quantities from fhe famf com,? '/"'J^ '" greater 
 content with the worft fo.^^^l °^g^°'»>d, is 
 >l therefore more cultivated ?h ?""'^y> and 
 
 though infenor in the S of tVd' "'« ''""^ 
 
 The third fort is the wild :ni' ^^" 
 d'genous herej this. z7it"^T' ^^'"'^'""^ in- 
 country, anfwers the numnf c V^"^e of the 
 bfft of all, with r gard r h?[ '\' P'^-^^r the 
 P'ant the eafinefs of the cu W ''!."'''"^ °^ "^e 
 '7 of the produce. Of'he ' u lii ""u '^' "J^an- 
 d"pute, not yet fettled !^"!''!r "?ere is Tome 
 .-nemielves ; „or can thevT'*?': i'i= Planters 
 
 Vol. r 
 
 6'^'- "le pii 
 5!;^y as yet di/lin^j 
 
 G 
 
 ly tell 
 whe- 
 
C H A 
 
 whether they are to attribute thd faults of their 
 indigo to the nature of the plant, to the fcafons, 
 which have much iufluencc upon it, or to fomc 
 defeat in the manufafture. 
 
 The time of planting the indigo is generally 
 after thefirft rains fucceeding the vernal equinox: 
 the feed is fowed in fmall ftraight trenches, about 
 1 8 or 20 inches afunder ; when it is at its height, 
 it is generally i8 inches tall. It is fit for cutting, 
 if all things anfwer well, in the beginning of 
 July. Towards the end of Auguft a fecord 
 cutting is obtained; and if they have a mild 
 autumn, there is a third cutting at Michaelmas ; 
 the indigo land muft be weeded every day, and 
 the plants cleanfed from worms, and the plan- 
 tation attended with the greateft care and dili- 
 gence. About 25 negroes may manage a planta- 
 tion of 50 acres, and complete the manufacture 
 of the drus;, befides providing their own necef- 
 fary fubfiftance, and that of the planter's family. 
 Each acre yields, if the land be very good, 60 
 or 70 lb. of indigo ; at a medium the produce is 
 to lb. When the plant is beginning to bloflbm 
 it is fit for cutting ; and when cut, great care 
 ou^ht to be taken to bring it to the fteeper, 
 wifhout prefTingor (baking it, as a great part of 
 the beauty of the indigo depends upon the fine 
 farina which adheres to the leaves of this plant. 
 
 The apparatus for making indigo is pretty 
 confiderable, though not very expenfive; for 
 befides a pump, the whole confifts only of vats 
 and tubs of cyprefs-wood, common and cheap 
 in this country. The indigo when cut is firft 
 laid in a vat about 1 2 or 14 feet long, and four 
 deep, to the height of about 14 inches, to ma- 
 «r.rl A'tor'H Then tliis veHeL which is 
 
 called 
 
 M.M*>/V ••£» 
 
 iw^taib' aiiv> 
 
C H A 
 
 according W the weX, " ' ^ '° '^ '""'". 
 
 .•■"-e rpars of wood ^re ru« ^ 7™' « 'hij 
 ■tf "fing too much, and a ^ uT' r'° P''''"' 
 fhe higheft point of i," afc^l" " "l^" 'f' '« mark 
 
 ow this mark, .hey L/e t^ ' tt? " ''"' ''^- 
 has attained its due oi.fh '"" '^ '^^^entation 
 This direas them"*,^er1'' '"'^ *"§'"' '° ^^ate 
 off the water in" an'o "vT^h-^s'' '"' '« 
 the beater J the grofs matter fh,''''. " """d 
 frft vat, is carried off To mint, h''"'''"^ '" ""= 
 which pu^jofe it is excel^m I" S'""""^' f°' 
 are put in as long ithl l^ 'a^ T' ^""'"gs 
 continues. ^ ^ "" ''^'■"^ft of this weed 
 
 the p Jnk£' rf'Ihe i JdTJJf '^hr P^^g"^'«d with 
 cond vat or beater, hefattend™"-':!"' '^' ^'■ 
 bottomlefs buckets, v^^Clt V^ " '"o" of 
 and agitate it 5 Wh ich thev^"^- "f "' 'o work 
 heats, froths, ferments, S ffeT'"'^ ""'" '' 
 the veffeJ which contains "t T^ u"' '.'"' ""■ »' 
 fermentation, oil is thm,l ^'^^ ""'' "'o'er: 
 which inftantV Rn^ U wZ l^^ ^"' "W 
 contmued for 20. ,o or 7. ■ ^" ''"""g has 
 to the ftate of th^ weathL^/r '"■""'"' "^ofdi J 
 requires the long^rcontTn^ ? '." "°' "'^""'er if 
 
 muddy grain begfns to be f^rLr'^e^ a fmal 
 other particles If rh»^ „i "'!'' ' '^e faJts and 
 
 before 'with the wat^r^^aTe "nT ""''. ^'Tolved : 
 I'erin to granulate. * ""'^ ''^'''''ted, and 
 
 -efrom time .SC^l^ t'l '^^^e up 
 
 '""'.appears ioapropercondirion'thr-t 
 
 in 
 
< 
 
 v '1 ,^-t 
 
 in/- 
 
 t- J.M 
 
 C. H A 
 
 ii> fomc lime-water from an adjacent veOel, gen- 
 tly ftirring the whole,which wonderfully facilitates 
 the operation 5 the indigo granulates more fully, 
 the liquor afl'umes a purplifli colour, and the whole 
 is troubled and muddy. It is now fuffered to fettle; 
 then the clearer part is let to run ofF into another 
 fucceffion of vcITels, from whence the water is 
 conveyed away as faftas it clears at the top, until 
 nothing remains but a thick mud, which is put 
 into bags of coarfe linen. Thefe are hung up 
 and left for fome time, until the moifture isen.- 
 tirely drained of. To finifh the drying, this mud 
 is turned out of the bags, and worked upon 
 boards of fome porous timber with a wooden 
 fpatula. It is frequently expofed to the morning 
 and evening fun, but for a fhort time only ; and 
 then it is put into boxes or frames, which is cal- 
 led the curing, expofed again to the fun in thq 
 fame cautious manner, until with great labour; 
 and attention the operation is fini/bed, and tho 
 valuable drug, called indigo, fitted for the mar- 
 ket. The greateft fkill and care is required m 
 every part of the procefs, or there may be great 
 danger of ruining the whole j the water muft 
 not be fufFered to remain too fhort or too long a 
 time, cither in the fleeper or beater: the beatmg 
 itfelf muft be nicely managed, fo as not to ex- 
 ceed or fall fhort ; and in the curing, the exad 
 Bticdium between too much or too little drying is 
 not eafity attained. Nothing but experience can 
 Oiake the ovcrfeer fkilful in thefe matters. 
 
 There are two methods of trying the goodnefs 
 of indigo, by fire and by water 5 if it fwims it is 
 eood, if it finks it is naught, the heavier the 
 worfe 5 yet, if it wholly diilblves in water, it is 
 ^^r.A ' Annther wav of DFOving it is« by the 
 
 \ 
 
C FT A 
 
 no country in vihlh .K- '"^'-Z' ^"^ 'here is 
 • carried on^to ?uch »n =i^" "'^""'^^^"'e can be 
 
 they have berun ?n5 ^f '^"L"! 'P'^" ''" which 
 quality of their ^oowf tf "'' '''i'S'""^ «° «»>= 
 
 consent,; S £ ^'^ SlryfZj 
 Britift dominioT "'"^ ^'"''' P»« "^ ^h« 
 
 t>h fZ,!,- ^r ^''^ turpentine is drawn Cim 
 
 an hatclfet the/e f- n'' " *"'" "" "^^^ with 
 of the tree in a noin f ' ""''?•'' "^'^ •'°«°« 
 
 the. co.ent^^^^;e5-:rp£^^>r: 
 
 =.nd greaer'uobieThr '"''''' ^PP^"'"* 
 ■ floor of dav Tm- ■ , '^, P'^P^'^ a circular 
 
 part of which iS with'the r"'' '^' "PP^^ 
 
 *^ r_-. .. '^^*^" WUn tne floor, anrl ,.«„^i.-_ 
 
 -..cwunoutthedrcuo^fcrenc^ruid-^ 
 
 ^ end 
 
i 
 
 C H A 
 
 end the earth Is dug away, and barrels placed to 
 receive the tar as it runs. Upon the floor is 
 built up a large pile of pine- wood fplit in pieces, 
 and furrounded with a wall of earth, leaving 
 only a fmali aperture at the top, where the fire is 
 firft kindled. When the fire begins to burn, 
 they cover this op a.ng likcwife, tc, confine the 
 fire from flaming out, and to leave only fufficient 
 heat to force the tar downwards to the Hoor. 
 They temper the heat as they pleafe, by run- 
 nin/a ftick through the wall of clay, and giving it 
 air. Pitch is made by boiling tar m large iron 
 kettles fet in furnaces, gr burning it m round 
 clay holes madx. in the earth Tfhe greateft 
 quantity of pitch and tar is made in North Ca- 
 
 rolina.' Lat. 32. 35- S. Long. 79- '^'^:.. 
 
 Charles-town, in the county of Middlc- 
 fex, in New England, in North America, is 
 fituated on Charles-river : it is as populous and 
 well built as Cambridge, m the fame provmce, 
 but a much more trading town. It takes up all 
 the fpace between Miftick- river, and Charles- 
 river, which laft feparates it from Bofton, as the 
 Thames does London from Southwark, and is 
 
 dependent upon,, and i" ^«"?.^ ^"^5,^ P^\^ ?;.''' 
 as the latter is of the metropolis of Great Britain. 
 It has a ferry over the river; fo that there is 
 hardly any need of a bridge, except in winter, 
 when the ice will neither bear nor admit of a 
 boat. The profits of the ferry belong to Har- 
 vard-college, in the neighbouring town of Cam- 
 bridge. Though the river is much broader above 
 the "town, it Is not wider at the ferry than the 
 Thames between London and bouthwarlc. it 
 U nearlv half as large as Bofton, and is capable, 
 of "being made as itron-, it itanding as tnat aoes^ 
 
 \ 
 
C H A 
 
 "pon a pfninfufa. It h both a market and 
 coumy.town, has a good large church, a market 
 
 rupphed w.th all necefTary provifions both of flcHi 
 and fifh and two long facets leading down to 
 It. which are both fair and regular, the river 
 IS navigable, and runs fevcral miles up the coun- 
 try. Cat. 42. 10. N. Long. 71. jsW 
 
 ifland U Nevis, one of the Caribbees, in Ame- 
 nca. }n It arc large houfes and well furnifhcd 
 Jhops, and is defended by Charles-for.. Here 
 
 till nine o clock in the forenoon, wh.^r. ihc e- 
 groes bring to it Indian corn, yams, gai k n,.Ouffs 
 
 purchafed by the planters of this iHand, as well 
 
 Dec^H' tSLChriflopher'sfrom the iflahdTof 
 iJefcada, St. Bartholomew, Santa Cruz, in or- 
 der to ferve as ports for their fugar-houfes, mills, 
 &c. In the pardh of St. John, on the S. fide of 
 ^harles-town isa large fpotof fulphureousground. 
 at the upper end of a deep chafm in the earth! 
 commonly called Sulphur-gur, which is fb hot ai 
 to be felt through the foles of one's fhoes. At the 
 foot of the declivity, on the fame fide of this 
 town, IS a fmall hot river, called the Bath, fun- 
 pofed to proceed from the faid gut, which is trot 
 above three quarters of a mile higher up in the 
 country. Its courfe is at lead for half a mile, 
 and afterwards lofes itfelf in the lands of the 
 lea. At a particular part of it, towards the fea- 
 iide, a perfon may fet one foot in a fpring that is 
 extremely cold, and the other at the farSe time 
 m another that is as hot. The water of Blacks 
 roc„-ponu, a^out a quarter of a mile N. from 
 
 G 4 Charles- 
 
.-«?*»>■ ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 It 
 
 C H A 
 
 N 
 
 Charles- town, is milk warm, owing to the mix- 
 ture of thofe hot and cold fprings : yet it yields 
 excellent fifli; particularly fine eels, filverfilh, 
 which has a bright deep body eight inches long, 
 and taftes like a whiting : alfo flim-guts, as 
 having a head too large for the fize of us body, 
 which is from lo to 22 inches long, and in taftc 
 and colour like a gudgeon. 
 
 A prodigious piece of Nevis- mountain fallmg 
 down in a late earthquake left a large vacuity, 
 which is ft ill to be feen. The altitude of this moun- 
 tain, taken by a quadrant from Charles-town bay, 
 is faid to be a mile and a half perpendicular, and 
 from the faid bay to the top four miles. ^ The 
 declivity from this mountain to the town is very 
 fteep half-way, but afterwards eafy enough. 
 The hill, here called Saddle^hill> as appearmg at 
 the top like a faddle, is higher than Skiddaw-hiU 
 in Cumberland, in the North of England. Sec 
 Nevis. Lat. 16. 55. N. Long. 62. 42. «V. 
 
 Ch ARLETON-ISL AND, Or Ch ARLES-ISLAND, 
 
 IS fituated on the eaftern-lhore of Labrador, in that 
 part of North America called New South Wales, 
 its foil confifts of a white, dry fand, covered 
 over with a white mofs, abounding with jum- 
 per, and fpruce-trees, though not very large. 
 This ifle yields a beautiful profpea in i'pnng to 
 thofe that are near it after a voy?ge of three or 
 ipur months in the nioft uncomfortable feas on 
 the globe, and that by reafon of the vail moun- 
 'tain of ice in Hudfon's-b y and ftreights. They 
 are rocks petrified by the intenfenefs of the con- 
 tinual froftj fo that fhould a (hip happen to 
 llrike againft thefe, it is as inevitably daihed to 
 pieces as if it ran full upon ^ reaU^f ^^^ ^ "« 
 whole ittand, fprcad with U^^s and brawCiies, es= 
 
 1 
 
CHE 
 
 Wbits, as it were, a beautiful gteen tuft. Tlie 
 fiir even at the bottom of tlie bay, thoueh 
 in 51 degrees, a latitude nearer the fun than 
 linden, IS exceflively cold for nine months, 
 
 blowmg of a N. W. wind. The foil on the e! 
 
 bemeri J H ' t^- "' Sook'^enks, Lw- 
 oerries, and dew-bernea, grow about Rupert's- 
 river. Lat. 52. 30. N. W.82».W. 
 JLhayanta, a jurifdiaion in South America 
 
 nata""P."l °^ ^"c"' ""•'" 'he archbifhop of 
 «ata, 50 leagues from the city of La Plata 
 This country ,s famous for its gold and filver 
 
 ra'nTage. ^'^ ''"" ""^ *"' "°*''' '° S^" 
 Chepoor, a fmall Spanifl, town on the 
 Ifthmus of Darien, and ferra Firma, in Lwh 
 Amenca ; fituated on a river of the fame n^ 
 K- 1? ?•* '^^S"" of the fea, in going from 
 which this town ftands on the left h!nd.^ Th^ 
 country about it is champain, with feveral fmall 
 hills cloathed with woods ; butthelargeftpaTt is 
 favannas. The mouth of the river^Chepo t 
 oppofiee to the idand of Chepelio. It rifefout 
 of (he mountams near the N. frie of the Whmus • 
 and being pent up on the S. fide by the moun- 
 tains, bends its. courfe to the weftward between 
 both i till finding a paflage to the S. W \t 
 makes a kir.d of half-circle, and, its ftream 
 being fwelled confiderably, runs with a rapid mT- 
 
 of Panama, This river is very deep, and about 
 a quarter of a mile broad /but its mowh is 
 choaked up with fand ; fo that ftips of bmhen 
 
 cannot pnfAy »Vio.»^u i i_. *^ ^^ -'mjch 
 
 ,r„,^, Miw-Mj^ji 4>iiiii.o iiiay, Qn the S, 
 
 ^ 5 fid« 
 
ii 
 
 1' 
 
 CHI 
 
 fide of this river is a woodland for many leagncs 
 together. Lat. lO. 42. N. Long. 77. 50. W, 
 
 Cher A, a river near Colan, in the province 
 of Qaito, in the kingdom of Peru, in America, 
 running to Amotage; from v/hcnce Paita has its 
 
 frefh water. t-. • j • 
 
 Cherokees, River of, a river of Florida, m 
 America, taking its name from a powerful nation, 
 among whom it has its principal fources. It 
 comes from the S. E. and its heads are in the 
 mountains which fepara^s this country from 
 Carolina, and is the great road of the traders 
 from thence to the MiifiiTippi and^ intermediate 
 places. Forty leagues above the Chicaza«, this 
 river forms the four following iflands, which arc 
 very beautiful, namely, Tahogale, Kakick, Co- 
 chali, andTaly, with a different nation inha- 
 biting each* T !.• U 
 Cheasapeake, a large bay, along which 
 both the provinces of Virginia and Maryknd are 
 fituated. It begins at Cape Henry and Cape 
 Charies on the S. and runs up 1 80 miles to the 
 N. It is 18 miles broad at the mouth, and 
 almoft feven or eight miles over to the bottom of 
 it. Into it fall feveral large navigable rivers 
 from the weftern (bore, and a few fmaller 
 ftreams from the peninfula, which divides the bay 
 
 from the ocean. . , j. c 
 
 Chiametan, a province \n the audience ot 
 Guadalajara, or kingdom of New Galicia in 
 New Spain, in America, fituated under the 
 Tropick of Cancer; one half in the Temperate 
 and the other in the Torrid 2one, lying along 
 the South-Sea on the W. bounded by Zacatecas 
 on the N. E. by Culiacan on the N. W. and by 
 Zalifco and Guadalajara on the S. and S. E. It is 
 
 about 
 
 I 
 
CHI 
 
 from V^. '«fues either way from N. to S. «r 
 from E. to W. I. a fruitful foil, yielding great 
 quan .t.es of wax and honey, b'^f.des Uer- 
 
 .r oou?^!"'" °^ ^[- J'-S"' ^'''^h, accord- 
 ng to our maps, comes from the lake of Guada- 
 laiara empt.es itfelf here into the fea It is one 
 r mil ^""T' "r' °" «his coaft, being half 
 ? "?''« ''foad at the mouth, but much brider 
 
 S" ZebttJ' '""' "'■ '""^ -'- -et^gt 
 W -^i! I.- r'" '^^'^ '" 10 feet deep on the 
 
 bafiian ""'^ '"'"" '•'' ""' P™^'"« " « " Se! 
 
 „r oul;^'^'-^" j"'^'"' province in New Spain 
 or Old Mexico, m the audience of Guat^ala Tn 
 &.uth America ; it is bounded by Tabafco on the 
 
 from E. to W. and about 30 where narroweft buc 
 then Tome parts are near 100. It abound with 
 
 bal<im?° nd r'/°"?"''"'' »'<""""= gums, 
 n^^T^-!' ="«' ''q^'famber, tacamahaca, tooal 
 and otners, that veld nnr^ ,r,j /- ■ *■,?•*'» 
 
 rams: alfo with corn '^^earf Inl'""?" ^*'- 
 cocoa cntfm. ,„j '•■? ' ^PP'^s, quinccs, 
 vocoa, cotton, and wild cochineal 2„h ,11 
 
 kitchen herbs and falads; which 1;^^ 
 
 fowed, laft for feveral years n/r.,^ 1""° 
 
 achiotte^ which the nati/e: mix w" h h Sh cT 
 
 or cabbage-trees, fo large that birds build inThem 
 beautif^l parrots . aCf bXLttott lilZr 
 
 SdL"sX;or ITs'te ^tTt'-^^'^ "'^ 
 
 after they pulled i« ft he"' ^"' =^L" 8° ='6=' » 
 
 U 6 
 
 "sout: it beiiio- hi-M 
 
 leia a 
 
 capital 
 
Hi 
 
 H I 
 
 capital crime by their law to kill it. tt abounds 
 with cattle of all forts : (heep, goats, and 
 fwine from Spain, having multiplied here fur- 
 prifin^ly ; efpecially a breed of fine horfes, fo 
 valuable, that they fend their colts to Mexico, 
 though 500 miles ofF. BeafVs of prey, as lions, 
 jeopards, tygers, &c. are here in abundance, 
 -with foxes, rabbits, and wild hogs. In this 
 province alfo is plenty of fnakes, particularly in 
 the hilly parts, Tome of which are 20 feet long, 
 others are of a curious red colour, and ftreakcd 
 with white and black, which the natives wear i 
 about their necks. Here are two principal 
 towns called Chiapa ; which fee. The Chiapefe 
 are of a fair complexion, courteous, great 
 mafters of mufic, painting, and mechanics, and 
 obedient to their fupe^iors. Its principal river is 
 that of Chiapa, which running from the N. 
 crofs the country of the Quelenes, at laft falls 
 into the fea at Tabafco. It is in (hort well \^a- 
 teredj and, by means of the aforefaid river they 
 carry ort a pretty brifk trade with the neighbour- 
 ing provinces, efpecially in cochineal, and filk; 
 in^whlch laft commodity the Indians employ 
 their wives for making handkerchiefs of all co- 
 lours, which are bought up by the Spaniards 
 and fenthome. Though the Spaniards reckon' 
 this one of the pooreu countries belonging to 
 them in America, as having no . /mes or fand of 
 gold, nor any harbour on the South-Sea, yet is 
 larger than moft provinces, and inferior to 
 none but Guatimala. Befidcs, it is a place of 
 great importance to the Spaniards, becaufe the 
 ftrength of all their empire in America depends 
 on it ; and into it is an eafy entrance by the river 
 Tabafco, Puerto Real, and its vicinity to Jucatan* 
 
 wrii/v^ 
 
[bounds 
 s, and 
 :re fur- 
 rfes, fo 
 i4exico, 
 IS lions, 
 hdance. 
 In this 
 ilarly in 
 et long, 
 ftreakcd 
 es wear 
 >rincipal 
 IJhiapefe 
 , great 
 tics, and 
 I river is 
 
 the N. 
 iaft falls 
 veil Wa- 
 ver they 
 tghbour- 
 and filk; 
 
 employ 
 f all co- 
 paniards 
 5 reckon' 
 iging to 
 »r fand of 
 a, yet is 
 ferior to 
 
 place of 
 :aufe the 
 
 depends 
 the river 
 Jucafan* 
 
 \ 
 
 C H I 
 
 provir.ce of the fame names in America ; the oi,e 
 IS fometimes called Cividad Real, or the RovaU 
 City, and the other Chiapa de los Indos inhabited 
 
 feat of th. i.^"- 'r'^'' '^\t'fl^°P'« fee, a„d%he 
 leat of the judicial courts. It is a very delieht- 
 
 with mountams, and almoft in the middle be- 
 twixt the North and South-Seas, The birtion'^ 
 
 Ta "h' "8°?° -^-"^ - y«r. and ^e caSa 
 IS a beautiful ftruaure. Here are fome monaf- 
 teries; but the place is neither populous nor 
 nch. Its chief trade is in cocoa, cotton, wod 
 fugar, cochinea , and pedlar's fmJll-ware. The 
 friars are the principal merchants here for Euro! 
 pean goods, and the richeft men both in town 
 and country. The Spanift gentry in this place 
 
 Zl^^^°'^l ^y""""^ °" account of their fan- 
 ta tical pride, ignorance, and poverty ; for thev 
 all claim defcemfrom Spanifh dukes^ 'who w2 
 the firft conquerors, as they pretend, of this coun- 
 try. Lat. i7».N, Long. 96. 40. W. 
 
 Chiapa, the other town in the above province 
 x^A r?"^ 1"^*' '* diftinguifhed from that 
 cal ed Cividad Real, by the appellatbn of 
 Chiapa de los Indos, that is, as belonoineto the 
 Indians. It is the largeft they have in°thfs coun! 
 try, lies in a valley near the river Tabafco 
 which abounds with fifh. and is about 12 leagues 
 diftant from the former to the N. W. BarTho 
 lomew de las Cafas bifhop of Chiapa, haW 
 complained to the court of Madrid of the crueltie^s 
 of the Spaniards here, procured the people great 
 privileges, and an exemption from llavery. This 
 as a verj- large and rich place, with many cloifler, 
 
 and 
 
CHI 
 
 and churches in it : anc' no town hfs fo many 
 dons of Indian blood s diis Chiapa. On the 
 river they have feverai boats in which they often 
 a6l fea-fights and ficges. In the town are fre- 
 quent bull-baitings, horfe-races, Sparafli-danccs, 
 mufick and plays. And when they have a mind 
 for a feaft, they think nothing too much to 
 fpend on the friars, &c. In the neighbourhood 
 are feverai farms well flocked with cattle, and 
 fome fugar-plantations. The days hers are h 
 hot, that both the friars and Indians wear towels 
 about their neck*^^. in order to wipe off the conti- 
 nual (weat; but the evenings are cool, and (pent 
 in walks and gardens neai fh^. n\'er fide,, "Wheat 
 is brought here from the Spaosih (Jhiapa, and of 
 it they make hard-bifcuis. Thck the poorer 
 (brt of Spaniards and Indian;; carry about, in or- 
 der to exchange them for cotton, wool, and 
 other 'ittle things they want. 
 
 Ckilca, a town xo leagues from Lima, in 
 thejuriiliic^ion of Caoette, and viceroyalty of 
 Peru, in South America, is celebrated for its 
 excellent fait petre, of which gun-powder ;s 
 made in the metropolis. It abounds with plenty 
 of fifli, fruits, pulfe, and poultry, in which a very 
 confiderable trade is carried on at Lima, Lat. 
 12. 31. S. Long. 76. 5. W, 
 
 Chili, a vait kingdom in South America, 
 governed by the prefider.t of the audience of 
 Santia2;6, who is captain- general of the whole 
 kingdom. It extends from the frontiers of Peru 
 to the flreights of Magellan; the intermediate 
 fpace between them, or extent of Chili, being 
 1,590 miles, or 530 leagues. It lies between 
 the 25th and 45th degree, 30 w'm. S. lat. and be- 
 tween the 65th and the 73ddegices, 2omin. W. 
 
 m 
 
m 
 
 CHI 
 
 long. Eaftward fome parts of It terminate on 
 the frontiers of Paraguay, though fome defeits 
 intervene, and other parts confine on th? go- 
 veivmcpt of Buenos Ayres ; though between 
 the(c are the Pampas, or vaft level plains. Its 
 W. boisnikty is the great South-Sea, extending 
 frooi 2; . S. which is the latitude of Copiapo, 
 to 53**- 30 ' being 26°. 30'. in extent : nameJy* 
 that part which is inhabited by Spaniards, is 
 from Copiapo to the ifland of Chiloe ; the fou- 
 thern extremity, of which is in 34°. of S. lati« 
 lude, and its extent from W: to E. is the dif- 
 tance between the Cordillera, and the South- Sea 
 that is about 30 leagues. 
 
 Chili was firft difcovered by Don Diego Alma- 
 gro, in the year 1535 ; when after unfpeakahle 
 difficulties in paffing the Andes mountains, and 
 the lofs of feveral lives in his progrefs, he came 
 to thePromocas, a nation dwelling near the ri- 
 ver Maul, who bravely oppofed him, and killed 
 abundance of his men, but were at laft forced to 
 give way to his horfe and fire-arms. But he re- 
 turned from thence to Peru, in 1537, Jnciderto 
 lake pofleffion of Cufco, by virtue of the king's 
 patent, which he received here from a meflenger 
 fent on purpofe with it. This put a flop to th« 
 Spanifh conqucfts in Chili at that time^ 
 
 The next Spanifti general who entered ChiK 
 was Don Pedro Valdivia ; having firft obtained 
 leave, in 1539, from Francifco Pizarro, and the 
 viceroy of Peru, to purfue the conqueft of this 
 country. After a whole year's preparation he fcit 
 out thither in 1540, with a confiderable army of 
 Spaniards and Indians. After the lofs of a great 
 many men by hunger and cold in his march, thi- 
 ther, as his predeccir^r had done, he arrived at laft 
 
■'"■^ 
 
 1 1; 
 
 CHI 
 
 In the valley of Copiapo. The firft oppofition he 
 met with was at Quillota ; but the Indians were not 
 able to hinder his progrefs. He advanced as far 
 as St. Jago, where he founded thetown of that 
 name, and built a fort there. After he began to 
 work on the gold-mines of Quillota, where he 
 erected another fort to defend his workmen, who 
 procured him great ftorc of gold. Uponthis he fent 
 ■for more affiftance from P^ru, to the governor of 
 which he at the fame time remitted a large fum of 
 gold; and the latter ffent Paftone with troops to 
 his afliftance, which came very feafonably ; for 
 Valdivia had hardly men enough left to defend his 
 forts. But this reinforcement enabled him to pur- 
 fue his conquefts a little farther, efpecially 
 againft the Promocas. However, Valdivia was 
 himfelf, after a bloody battle with the Indians, 
 taken prifoner, and killed by them. Upon his 
 death the governor of Peru fent his fon Garcia 
 Hurtado de Mendoza to take upon him the go- 
 verment of Chili ; where, after over- powering 
 the Indians in a very bloody engagement m the 
 valley of Arauco, and committing unheard-of 
 cruelties, he returned to Peru. However, to 
 mention no more, after various viciffitudes on 
 both fides, about the year 1690, the Chilefe made 
 their laft treaty of peace with the Spaniards ; 
 by which, on the one hand, they acknowledged 
 the king of Spain for their lawful fovereign, 
 and on the other, he granted them to live peace- 
 ably according to their^ own manner, and their 
 
 own laws. 
 
 The Spaniards throughout the whole province 
 
 •of Chili are not accounted above 20,000 men 
 
 capable of bearing arms. Of meftizoes, mu- 
 
 lattoes, negroes, &c. there may be between 70 
 
 and 
 
tion he 
 ere not 
 i as far 
 of that 
 ;gan to 
 tere he 
 n, who 
 he fent 
 irnor of 
 ! fum of 
 oops to 
 >ly ', for I 
 fend his 
 i to puN 
 pecially 
 ivia was 
 Indians, 
 pon his 
 t Garcia 
 the go- 
 owering 
 It in the 
 heard -of 
 ever, to 
 :udes on 
 ;fe made 
 laniards ; 
 ►wledged 
 >vereign, 
 'e peace- 
 md their 
 
 province 
 )oo men 
 »es, mu- 
 wcen 70 
 and 
 
 C H I 
 
 and 80,000. But the bulk of the inhabitants 
 are Indians, fome of which arc ftyled free, and 
 others fubjeaed. V 
 
 They can neither read nor write ; and yet 
 they have a peculiar way of regiftering events, 
 and keeping accounts of things committed to 
 their charge. This they do by firings of diiFe- 
 rent fizes, on which are made knots of feveral 
 colours : thefe knots they call quipos. 
 
 Though this country lies fo near the Torrid 
 Zone, yet the air is very temperate in fummer. 
 tiut in Tome parts of Chili the weather is fo cold 
 in winter that few parts of Europe are colder, 
 which proceeds principally from the neighbouring 
 high Cordillera mountains that fend out very 
 iharpand piercing winds j the fea-coafl therefore 
 JS much more temperate and mild, but then it is 
 much more expofed to vehement ftorms than the 
 inland parts. This country is free from lightening: 
 for though thunder is fometimei heard, it is at a 
 great diftance up in the mountains: neither doci 
 any hail fall in fpring or fummer. This country 
 IS alfo free from poifonous creatures, nor are 
 there in this country any mifchievous animals, 
 except fome lions of a fmall kind, which fome- 
 times attack the fheep or goats -, but they fly 
 from men. ^ 
 
 The fruits of Europe take very well in Chill, 
 fuch as pears, apricocks, figs, peaches, quincer, 
 &c. which bear prodigioufly. But what ex- 
 ceeds all the reft for bearing is the apple of all 
 kmds, and of thefe here are furprifmg orchards, 
 rruit IS feldom fold here, every body being free 
 toftep into a garden, or orchard, and eat what 
 theypleafe; the ftraw- berries only, which they 
 call frutilla. arfi MA TKi^r^ nr-^.., «„ K. ^ 
 
 m 
 
 VW as iAJHC AS 
 
 pcarsj 
 
CHI 
 
 pears, and are commonly red, though in the 
 territory of Conception, fome of them are white 
 aiid yellow. 
 
 The plains, eminences, and *. j,. ind in 
 fhort the whole country of C\iii tn hf. imalleft 
 portion of ground, is an objeSt of admiration: 
 every particle of earth in ihis amazing fertility 
 feems transformed to feed. The country round 
 Santiago, as it is not inferior in pleafantnefs 2tA 
 fertility to that of Conception, fo in like man- 
 ner from the great affinity between the cli- , 
 mates, its produdts arc nearly the fame. Ac- 
 cordingly, fome farmers wholly apply themfelvea 
 to corn J others t ? fattening cattle ; fome con- 
 fine themfelves to the breeding of horfes, and 
 others to the culture of vines and fruit-trees. 
 The firft find their account in plentiful harvefts 
 of wheat, barley, and particularly hemp, v.hich 
 thrives here furprifingly, and furpafles that- of 
 any other part of this country. The fecond, by 
 their large flaughters, have great quantities cF 
 tallow, grafla, charqui, and folc' •rather tanned. 
 Of the goat-(kins is made Cordovan-leather; and 
 fome tallow is alfo procured from thofc creatures. 
 Wines art made here of T ^erai forts r and 
 though not fo excellent as thoit; of Coi x ption, 
 they are very palatable, and of a gooa body : 
 brandy is alfo diftilled from tbem. Thefv are 
 the principal articles of the a£live commerce of 
 ihis kingdom witn Peru, which it fupplies ith 
 wheat, tallow, and cordage. And by c aft 
 careful eftimate, the quantity of wheat er an- 
 nually from Santiago ta Callao, amounts to 
 140,000 tanegas, each weighing 156 pourds: 
 about 8000 quintals ot cordage ; and between 
 
 •»A <tnA nf\ />r\r\ niitnfalc f\f talloW* bcfideS folC- 
 
 leather. 
 
in the 
 e white 
 
 ind in 
 imalleft 
 iration : 
 fertility 
 |r round 
 lefs 2rA 
 :e man- 
 the tli- 
 e. Ac- > 
 imfelves 
 Tie con- 
 fes, and 
 lit-trees. 
 harvefts 
 >, v^rhich 
 
 that of 
 :ond, by 
 jtiiies cF 
 • tanned, 
 her; and 
 Teat'ires. 
 ts ■ and 
 Tception, 
 id body ; 
 rheft are 
 merce of 
 ^Vies vith 
 
 hf p aft 
 t er m- 
 lounts to 
 
 pounds: 
 
 [ between 
 
 Gdes fole- 
 
 leather, 
 
 C H I 
 
 leather, nuts, filberts, figs, pears, and appiet, 
 gralTa, charqui, and neats-tongues j the three 
 laft being no inconfiderable articles. 
 
 The more northern parts of the kingdom, as 
 Coquimbo, produce alfo olives, the oil of which 
 IS prefcrab to that oi many parts in Peru : but 
 being a natural commodity of that kingdom, 
 and confequently not an article of exportation, 
 is confumed at home. The country about San- 
 tiago likewife produces very good olives j but in 
 no great quantity, the genius of the inhabitants 
 not having hitherto led them to make any large 
 plantations of tLjfe trees. 
 
 Befides the commerce carried on witn Peru 
 in provifions, we muft alfo mention that of 
 metals; this king(' m oi Chili abounding in 
 mines of all kinds, but principally in thofe of 'gold 
 and copper, which we fliall briefly confider. 
 I he moft famous gold-mine known here is cal- 
 led Pe Mrca, znC Jies a country E. of San- 
 tiago. This golc' wao urmerly in high repute, 
 and found in grcc ^.lentv : but now, on account 
 of a whitifh tinge, th -lu o^ it is confider- 
 ably diminifhed. This mv for the length of 
 time it has been u rked, is equal to the moft ce- 
 lebrate in Per^. 
 
 In the country of Yapel, which is ''tuated in 
 the fame quarter, but farther to the no ihward 
 along he Cordilleras, are likewi.'e ri ' gold- 
 mines, and the metal 23 carats .-ne. h the 
 year i 10, in the mountains of Lump: nqui 
 near ae Cordilleras, were difcovered leveral 
 mines of gold, fdver, cooler, lead, tin, and 
 iron : and the gold between 21 and -» carats 
 fine : but the oH-'ng of it very diffci - and ^a- 
 
 :^nrimic 
 
 
 where. 
 
 ^lp 
 
i 
 
 fir 
 
 C H I 
 
 where, according to the miner's phrafe, * the 
 « metal arms.' This inconvenience, however 
 doe , not occur in the mountain Llaoin, where 
 the ftone is foft, and not lefs rich in metal, and 
 equal in finenefs to the former. Befides thefe, 
 there are other gold- mines worked vith fuccefs at 
 Tiliil, near Santiago. Between Quillota and 
 Valparaifo, in a part called Ligua is a ver>' rich 
 gold-mine, and the metal of it greatly efteemed. 
 Coquimbo, Capiapo, ^nd Guafco, have ulfo 
 gold-mines ; and the metal found in the two 
 laft is by way of pre-eminence called oro capote, 
 being the mod valuable of any hitherto dif- 
 covercd. Another kind of mines of the fame 
 metal has alfo been found in this kingdom; but 
 thefe were hardly opened, and raifed the hopes of 
 the u. dcrtakers with fome rich fpecimens, be- 
 fore they were exhaufted. Mines of this kind 
 arc very common, as well as another kind cal- 
 led Lavaderos, namely, pits dug in the angles of 
 trenches formed by rain, in which gold is ima- 
 gined to be ; and in order, to difcover the metal, 
 a ftream of water is turned through it, and the 
 earth brifkly agitated, that the gold may be car- 
 ried down with the current, and fo depofited in 
 the pits. Moft of thefe Lavaderos are between 
 Valparaifo and Los Pcnnuelas, and about a 
 league from the former. Some of them are alfo 
 found at Yapel, on the frontiers of the wild In- 
 dians, and near Conception. Thefe, together 
 with the others known in thts kingdom, yield 
 gold-duft : fometimes indeed lumps of gold of a 
 confiderable magnitude are found : and princt- 
 ally from the hopes of difcovcring thefe many 
 
 have been animated to work the mines. 
 
 AVi 
 
, * the 
 wcvei*, 
 where 
 a1, and 
 thcfe, 
 cccfs at 
 >ta and 
 ;ry rich 
 teemed. 
 ive ulfo 
 he two 
 capote, 
 no dif- 
 le fame 
 )ni; but 
 hopes of 
 ;ns, be- 
 his kind 
 :ind cal- 
 mgles of 
 I is ima- 
 le metal, 
 and the 
 / be car- 
 lofited in 
 between 
 about a 
 1 are alio 
 wild In- 
 together 
 ►m, yield 
 gold of a 
 id princt- 
 efe many 
 
 AVi 
 
 C H I 
 
 All the gold thu8 colleacd in Chili is bought 
 up m the country, and fent to Lima in order to 
 be coined, as they have no mint in Chili. And 
 by the accounts conftantly taken, it amounts, 
 
 but that wluch IS clandcftincly fcnt by way of 
 the Corddlcras is faid to be nearly 400,000. 
 Confequently the whole muft be at leaft 
 10,000,000. In the counties of Coquimboand 
 Ouafco, mines of all kinds of metals are fo very 
 common, that the whole earth feems entirely 
 cornpofcd of minerals. And it is here that 
 thofe of copper are worked ; and from them all 
 I'eru anJ the kingdom of Chili are furnifhed 
 with that metal. But though this copper ex- 
 ceeds every thing of the kind hitherto known, 
 the mmes are worked with great caution, and no 
 more metal extra^cd than is iufficient to an- 
 swer the ufual demand : and other mines, 
 though known to be equally rich, are left un- 
 touched. 
 
 In exchange for the grain, fruits, provifions, 
 and metals, which Chili fends to Peru, it re- 
 ceives iron, .loth, and linen, made at Quito, 
 hats, and bays, though not many of the latter 
 there being manufadtures of the fame kind in 
 ^nili, fugar, cacao, fweet- meats, pickles, to- 
 bacco, oil, earthen-ware, and all kinds of Eu- 
 ropean goods. A fmall commerce is alfo ear- 
 ned on between the kingdom of Chi^i, Para- 
 guay, and Buenos Ayres, of which the laft is 
 the ftaple. The produfls of Paraguay, ^hich 
 indeed confift only in the Paraguay-herb and 
 wax, are carried thither, from which they are for- 
 warded to Chili, from whence the herb is exported 
 ^^.gg quantiiici of tailovy are alfo 
 
 fcnt 
 
 ♦/> D 
 
CHI 
 
 fent to Mendoza for making foap. In exchange 
 for there commodities, ChUi fends to Buenos 
 Ayres linen and wollen ftufFs ; fome of which 
 are imported from Peru, and others manufaaured 
 in the country ; alfo ponchos, H^^^^f^ 
 wine, and brandy : the two laft articles the tra- 
 ders principally buy at San Juan, as moft con- 
 veniem for^ tranfportation Durmg the affien o 
 for negroes, they are ufually brought from Chili 
 to the faaory at Buenos Ayres, the way of 
 Peru being attended with great inconveniencies ; i 
 as in theirjourney from Panama, they take an 
 opportunity of concealing themfelves among the 
 farm-houfes. So that, what with great expence, 
 and the numbers that die during their long route, 
 through the variety of climates, their purchafe 
 muft confequently be very high. 
 
 The home commerce r^ Chili, or tha; car- 
 ried on within itfelf, principally confifts m the 
 provifions fent to Valdivia, to the amount of 
 10,000 dollars, which, as the deduaed part of 
 its remittance, are fent from Lima to bt. J ago 
 for that purpofe. Valdivia furnilhes the reft of 
 the places v/ith cedar. Chiloe purchafes from 
 the other parts brandy, wine, honey, lugar, 
 the Paraguay-herb, fait, and Gumca-pepper ; 
 and returns to Valparaifo and Coriception fe- 
 veral kinds of fine wood, with whicn the illa»d 
 abounds ; alfo woollen ftufFs of the country ma- 
 nufaaure, made into ponchos, clokes quilts, 
 and the like; together with hams, which, from 
 the particular delicacy of the flavour, are in great 
 r^queft even in Peru ; and dried pilchards, the 
 bay and coaft of that ifland beinPthe only places 
 
 ^U C. 
 
 ■ «'l»i 
 
 ill me ouuui uw* n"^«v 
 
 thfCf fifti are ca 
 
 ueht. 
 
 Coquim- 
 
C H I 
 
 Coquimbo fends feme copper to Vslparaifo • 
 for though all the parts of the Cordilleras „ 
 w^r.s Santiago and'conception, abound 'whh 
 
 ed l^'^'."' '^here feveral were formerly wo?k! 
 ed, and where maflis of 50 or 100 quintals of 
 pure copper have been found : yet as thefem nes 
 are now no longer worked, the whole coumrv 
 
 from"ther "'-^'^ of receiving their copper 
 fmm the Coquimbo and Guafco mines; fendino- 
 L . " '"/^change Cordovan-leather, and foaS 
 made at Mendoza ; from whence it is carried o 
 
 of "'agdi!'^"" "S^'" '■°''' '" "'ff-nt P-s 
 
 Having thus confidered the trade of Chili in 
 both particulars, we fliall next proceed to men 
 tu>n that which is carried on wfth the 4°ld In-" 
 
 ware as bits, fpurs, and edge-tools ; alfo toys. 
 
 For rT^'- "" '"'''=•' '" ''°"« by bartir 
 ior though the countries they inhabit are not 
 
 deftitute of gold, the Indians' cannot be pre- 
 
 ,',1' "Kl *° "P'l '^^ ""■""= '"° that the%e- 
 urns confift m ponchos, horned- cattle, horfes of 
 their own breeding, and Indian children of both 
 fexes, which are fold even by their own parents 
 for fuch trifles. And this particular kind of Ira! 
 iick they call refcatar, or ranfoming. But ro 
 Spaniard of any charaSer will be concerned in 
 
 bv fh^r r "' '''fV'^"' being carried on only 
 by he Guafos, and the meaneft clafs of Spaniards 
 feu ed in Chili. Thefe boldly venture into the 
 par« inhabited by ,he India'ns, and addrei^ 
 ■hemfelves to the heads of the feveral tamilies. 
 
 1 ne Indian!? of Arano^ o«j *u_/"_ 
 
 -- -.- -,,..,«^..^ -jiiu iiicjic parts are 
 
 not governed by Caziques, or Curacas, like th 
 
 ofe 
 of 
 
CHI 
 
 of Peru, the only fubordination known among 
 being with regard to age; fo that the oldeft 
 pe "on of the family is refpefled as its governor. 
 T-he Spaniard begins his negotiation wuh ofter- 
 ine the chief of the family a cup of h.s wine. 
 After this he difplays his wares that the Indian 
 may make choice of what pleafes him beft ; 
 mentioning at the fame time the return he ex- 
 S f they agree, the Spaniard makes him a 
 ^f^^nt of a linle wine : and the Indian chief m- 
 Forms the community, that 'W are at liberty to 
 trade with that Spaniard as his friend. Relying 
 on thU proteaion, the Spaniard goes from hut 
 to hu r^ecommending himfelf at hrft by giving 
 the h ad of every family a tafte of his wme. 
 After this they enter upon bufinefs ; and the In- 
 ^ n havng t'lkea what he wanted, the trader 
 eoes away without receiving any equivalent at 
 Zl rime; and vifits the other huts =^ they 
 ie difperfed all over the country, till he has dif- 
 nofed of his ftock. He then returns to the cot- 
 fage o? the chief, calling on his cuftomers in h.s 
 wfy, and acquainting them that he is on his re- 
 turn home. Upon this furomons, n°t one of 
 . hem fails of bringing him to the f ef J \" 
 whatever had been agreed on. Here they talce 
 The r ave of him, with all the appearance of a 
 W e friendlhip : and the chief even orders 
 fome Indians to efcort him to the frontiers and 
 iTft him in driving the cattle he has received m 
 exchanse for his goods. 
 
 'Formerly, and'even till th. year n2j.t^ck 
 traders carried large quantities rj wme, of which, 
 as well as of all inebriating liquors, the In- 
 
 ^^^ L.: rlpratelv fond. But the ill con- 
 
 ftquLce's orihis' trade, through the intempe- 
 
imong 
 oldeft 
 rernor. 
 ofFer- 
 wine. 
 Indian 
 bcft; 
 he ex- 
 I him a 
 lief in- 
 terty to 
 lelying 
 om hut 
 giving 
 s wine, 
 the In- 
 e trader 
 ilent at 
 as they 
 has dif- 
 the cot- 
 rs in his 
 1 his re- 
 one of 
 •f's hut 
 ley take 
 [ICC of a 
 1 orders 
 ers, and 
 reived in 
 
 4, thefe 
 )f which, 
 the In- 
 ill con- 
 intempe- 
 rate 
 
 CHI 
 
 wte ufe offpirltuous liquors, fuch as tumults 
 and wars begun without any other declaration. 
 than the mafTacre of the Spaniards of all ranks 
 who fell into their hands, and even the traders 
 in their country, this branch of trade has been 
 iupprcired; and no more wine allowed to be 
 carried into the Indian territories, than what 
 Ihall be judged neceffary to give the mafters of 
 families a cup by way of compliment, and a 
 very fmall quantity for trading. The happy ef- 
 feas of this prohibition are felt on both fides ; 
 the Spaniards live in fafety, and the Indians in 
 peace and tranquility. The natives are ver^ 
 fair dealers, never receding from what ha? been 
 agreed on, and are very pun^ual in their pay- 
 ments. It is indeed furprifing that a whole peo- 
 ple, who are almoft llrangcrs to government, 
 and favage in their manners, ihould, amidft the 
 uncontrouled gratification of the moft enormous 
 vices, have fo delicate a fenfe of juftice, as to ob- 
 fcrve li m the moft irreproachable manner in 
 their dealings. 
 
 ^.k^^^ .^'f J"."^'^"! ^^ '^"'*^*^^' Tucapel, and 
 others inhabiting the more fouthern parts of the 
 banks of the river Biobio, and alfo thofe who 
 live near the Cordilleras, have hitherto eluded all 
 attempts made for reducing them under the Spa- 
 nifli government. For in this boundlefs coun- 
 try, as It may be called, when ftrongly pufted 
 they abandon their huts, and retire into the moft 
 diftant parts of the kingdom, where being joined 
 by other nations, they return in fuch numbers, 
 that all refiftance would be temerity; ,nd apain 
 they take pofTeffion of their former habitations. 
 1 hus Chill has always been expofed to their in. 
 •-^ : and a a very few only (hould call (m \ 
 
u 
 
 'f 
 
 1 
 
 CHI 
 
 war againft the Spaniards, the flame immediately 
 TLds, and their meafures ?« tf ^f.^"^ '^='» 
 fecrecy that the firft declaration of •t'sthen.ur- 
 Jer ofthofe who happen to be among them, 
 =nH the ravages of the neighbouring villages. 
 TNir firft ftep when a warlas been agreed on, 
 JJooive no«^« to Venations foraffembhng: 
 and tWs they call correa la fl^tch*. ' to fcoo 
 •the dart ' the fummons being fent from village 
 to village with the utmoft filence and rapiduy 
 Tn Ihefe notices, they fpecify the very night when 
 Ihe irruptL is' to be made; and though advice 
 of i is fent to the Indians who ref.de m the Spa- 
 rlh territories, of it nothing tranp.res. Nor is 
 there a fingle inftance among al the Indians 
 ta have Men taken up on fufpicion, that one 
 Iver made any difcovery. And as no great ar- 
 •Ja^nts are LelTary i!. ^'^^^^ 
 defigns continue impenetrable till the terriDie 
 execution withdraws the veil. v • .r 
 
 * The Indians of the feveral nations being af- 
 fembled, a general is cholen with the title of 
 Toar And v.hen the night fixed on for exe- 
 Sg thck defigns arrives, the ndians who live 
 nm-4 the Spaniards rife and maffacre them. 
 Ate which they divide themfelves into fmall 
 pa LTand deftroy their k.u !arm-houfes, and 
 vlCe murdering all, without the leaft regard 
 r. vfuth oT age Thefe parties afterwards unite i 
 andtn a b^f tack the largeft fettlements of the 
 Soan"ardrber.ege the forts, and commit every 
 kind o hoftility : and their vaft numbers, rather 
 S" anv d fcipU, have enabled t^.m on feve- 
 l;i kccarions, to carry on their enterpr.tes with 
 
liately 
 1 fuch 
 smur- 
 theni) 
 llages. 
 ;ed on, 
 ibling : 
 (hoot 
 village 
 ipidity. 
 t when 
 advice 
 he Spa- 
 Nor is 
 Indians 
 tiat one 
 reat ar- 
 ir, their 
 terrible 
 
 leing af- 
 title of 
 for exe- 
 who live 
 e them, 
 ito fmall 
 ufes, and 
 ft regard 
 ds unite; 
 Its of the 
 nit every 
 rs, rather 
 I on feve- 
 rifes with 
 ires taken 
 ?m. For 
 though 
 
 CHI 
 
 though multitudes of them fall on thcfe occafions ' 
 their army continually receives larger reinforce- 
 ments. If at any tirne the Spaniards gain the 
 fupenority, the Indians retire to the diftance of 
 feveral leagues, where, after concealing them- 
 felves a few days, they fuddenly fall on a difFe. 
 rent part from that where they were encamped 
 endeavouring to carry the place by a fuddeil 
 allault, unlefs the commandant's vigilance has 
 provided againft any fudden furprife : when, hv 
 the advantage of the Spanifti difcipline, they are 
 generally repulfed with great flaughter. 
 
 The firft advances towards a treaty of peace 
 with thefe Indians are generally made by the 
 Spaniards: and as foon as the propofals are 
 agreed to, a congrefs is held, at which the go- 
 vernor, major-general of Chili, and the princi- 
 pal officers, the bifhopof Conception, and other 
 perfons of eminence, affift. On the part of the 
 Indians, the toqui, or generaliffimo, and the 
 captains of his army, as reprefentatives of the 
 communities, repair to the congrefs. Thelaft 
 inroad made by thefe favage enemies was in the 
 year 1720, during the governmeri of Don Ga- 
 briel Cano, lieutenant-general of the Spanifh 
 forces, who manapred the war againft them with 
 fuch vigour and ar^ refs, that they were obliged 
 to follicit a peace : and their preliminaries were 
 fo fubmiffive, that at a congrefs held in 1724, 
 the peace was concluded, where jy they were 
 left in pofTeffion of all the com by S. of the ri- 
 ver Boibio ; and the capitanes of Paz were Tup, 
 prefTed. Thefe were Spaniards refiding in the 
 villages of the converted Indians ; and by their 
 exaaions had been the principal caufc of the 
 
 - — 1_ 
 
 H 2 
 
 BqMqs 
 
 < "> I 
 
M 
 
 C H I 
 
 Befides the congreffes held with thefe Indians 
 for concluding a treaty of peace, others are 
 held on the arrival of a new prefident ; and the 
 ftme ceremonies obferved in both. So that an 
 account of the one will be fufficient to give a juft 
 
 idea of the other. , . . r.j._. 
 
 On the holding of a congrefs, the prefident 
 fends notice to t^e frontier Indians of the day 
 and place, whither he repairs with pomP"""/ 
 attended : and on the part of the Indians, 
 the heads of their feveral commumties And 
 both, for the greater fplendor of the 'nterview, 
 are aecompai^ed by an efcort, conf.ftmg of 
 a certain number previoufly agreed on. The 
 prefident and his company lodge in tents, and 
 Ibe Indians encamp at a fmall d.ftance. The 
 elders, or chiefs of the neighbouring nations pay 
 she firft vifit to the prefident, who receives them 
 very courteoufly; drink, their healths m wine, 
 and he himfelf gives them the gl^f» to do the 
 like This politenefs, with which they are 
 highly pleafed, is fucceeded by a prefent of 
 klivel fciffars, and d^-^^e^ent orts of toy^ <>« 
 which they place the grt-teft value. The treaty 
 Tf peace is then brought on the carpet, and the 
 nianner of obferving the feveral articles is (ettled. 
 After which they return to their.camp ; and the 
 prefident returns the vifit, carrying with him_a 
 quantity of wine fufficient for a moderate regale. 
 ^ Now all the chiefs of the communities who 
 
 were not prefent at the «:» -"''' 6° '" iS 
 to nay their refpeas to the prefident. At the 
 rifinTo the congrefs, the prefident makes each 
 
 a fm-^U prefent of wine, which iVe Ind-"^ l'^^" 
 .' ^. :.. ^.i.,«o oxen, horles, ana tow^. 
 
 Wiill^j 
 
 i]\\T rrtfi 
 
 calv( 
 
 n.iiw» 
 
Attv* 
 
 CHI 
 
 After thefe reciprocal tokens of friend/hip, both 
 parties return to their refpeaive habitations. 
 
 In order to g?in more efFecSlually the hearts of 
 thefe Indians, who, though in our efteem 
 wretchedly poor, conceal the moll ftubborii 
 pride, which can only befoftened by compliments 
 and favours, it is a maxim with the prefidents to 
 admit to their table thofe who are apparently of 
 the beft difpofitions ; and during, the three or 
 four days of the congrefs, negleds no means of 
 ingratiating himfelf with the whole body. On 
 thefe occafions a kind of fair is held at both 
 camps, great numbers of Spaniards repairing 
 thither with fuch goods as they know will pleafc 
 the Indians, who alfo come with their ponchos, 
 and cattle. Both parties deal by exchange ; and 
 never fail of felling their whole ftocks, and of 
 obferving in their dealings the moft exad candor 
 and regularity, as a fpecimen .u /hich all future 
 commerce is to be condu<aed. 
 
 Though thefe Indians have fhewn fuch fv de- 
 termined averfion againft fubmitting to the Spa- 
 nish monarchs, their behaviour has beei^ v ;rv 
 different towards the miffionaries, whom iiity 
 voluntarily permitted to come among them: and 
 many have even (hewn the greatefl joy at being 
 baptized. But it u extremely difficult to prevail 
 on them to quit their free manner of living; 
 which, being produaive of vice and favagenefs, 
 prepoflefles the mind againfl the precepts cf the 
 chriftian religion. Before the war of the year 
 1723, the miffionaries, by their indefatigable zeal, 
 had formed feveral villages, hoping by that 
 means to induce their converts to praaife the 
 doarines of the chriftian faith. Thefe villages 
 
 W 3 Juana, 
 
i 
 
 CHI 
 
 Juana, St. Pedro, and T.a Mocha, all of them 
 being under the infpeaion of the Jefu.ts. 1 he 
 chaplains alfo of the forts on the frontiers had an 
 additional falary for inftiua'ng a certain number 
 of Indians. But upon that general mfurreaion, 
 their innate fav^genefs returned, all thcfe neo- 
 phytes abandoned the miffionares^ and joined 
 their countrymen. On the re-eftabh(hment of 
 the peace, they again folicited the miffionane. to 
 come among them: and fome communitjes 
 have been fince formed. But they are-far (hort 
 of their former promifmg ftatc, it being very 
 difficult to bring even this fmall number to em- 
 brace a focial life. t .i, r t- 
 Amidft all the fanguinary rage of theic In- 
 dians in their hoftilities againft the Spaniards, 
 thcv generally fparethe white women, carrymg 
 them to their huts, and ufing them as their own. 
 And hence it is, that many Indians of thoie na- 
 tions have the complexion of the Spaniards born 
 in that country. In time of peace many of them 
 come into the Spanifh territories, hiring them- 
 felves for a certain time to work at the farm- 
 houfes : and at the expiration of the term they 
 return home, after Irying out their wages in the 
 purchafe of fuch goods as are valued in their 
 country. All of them, both men and women, 
 wear the poncho and manta, which they v^^eave 
 of wool. And though it cannot be calleo pro- 
 perly a drefs, is abundantly fufficient for decency i 
 whereas the Indians, who are at a greater diftance 
 from the Spanifh frontiers, as thofe inhabiting 
 the countries S. of Valdtvia and the Chonos, 
 who live on the continent near Chiloe, ule no 
 fort of apparel. The Indians of Arauco, Tu- 
 capei, aiiu otner vwuvs h^a-. •--•- a.^^- - , ^ 
 
 capcJ 
 
 take 
 
C H I 
 
 take great delight in riding; and their armies 
 have tome bodies of horfe. Their "••apons are 
 large fpears, javelins, and other inihuments of 
 that kind, in the ufe of which they are very' x 
 dexterous. 
 
 Wine is made in Chili in large quantities, par- 
 ticularly that of the mufcadel- grape, which is a 
 very good and generous fort. There are alfo 
 very rich paftures for fattening oxen, goats, and 
 flieep. They melt the tallow into a kind of 
 lard called grafla. Slaughtering the oxen here is 
 a kind of fport or diverfion 5 and this is performed 
 by people on horfeback called Guefos, with a 
 fpear for hamftringing the beafl, after which 
 they purfue and difpatch it. Among the fruits 
 produced here are cherries and ftrawberries, 
 which are uncommonly large and rich. The 
 mufcadel wine of this place exceeds any made in 
 Spain. Chili is celebrated for its horfes, which 
 are large, ftrong, and fpirited. An herb grows 
 here called the panque, with which they tan 
 their leather. Here are valuable mines, parti- 
 cularly quarries of lapis lazuli, and load-ftone ; 
 and though there arc feveral mines of gold and 
 copper in Chili, the inhabitants negled to work 
 them fufficiently, being contented with the 
 great plenty of all the nece/Taries of life with 
 which nature has bleft this country. 
 
 Chiloe, a confiderable ifland of Chili, in 
 South America ; is fituated between 42 and 44 
 degrees of S. Jat. being about 50 leagues, or 
 150 miles in length, and 7 leagues, or 2: miles 
 in breadth. The S. part of it is divided from 
 the continent by a narrow fea, and the continent 
 there forms a bay. The coaft is very fub- 
 jctl ly ftorms, cfpecially in March : for then 
 
 H 4 the 
 
h »! 
 
 C H O 
 
 the winter begitis, and people cannot put to 
 till fun mcr returns} the N. winds arc not 
 fo furious. The Spaniards have in this ifland 
 only a little fort, called Chacao, always ill 
 provided with warlike ftores. The town of 
 Caftro ftands between two brooks, with a fmali 
 caftle which commands the harbour. The town 
 has neither walls nor ramparts, and the houfe* 
 lie fcattered up and down. This iiiand produces 
 all necefiary provifions, excepting wine; and 
 quantities of ambergris are found. About this 
 iiland are 40 more wbich all uke their names 
 
 from it. . - 
 
 Chilloas, a jurifdiaion in the biihopnc ofc 
 Truxillo, in South America. See Llulla. 
 
 Chilques, a jurlfdiaion of South America, 
 in the empire of Peru, fuhtea to the bifhop 
 of Cufco, eight leagues di ^ ^u fronv that city t<^ 
 the S. E. Its commerce toniiih in woollen ma- 
 nufaaures, grain of all kind% bcfides vaft num- 
 bers of cows, {heep, &c. ^ 
 
 Chimbo, a Jurifdiaion in the province of 
 Zinto, in South America, in the Torrid Zone. 
 The capital of this jurifdiaion is alfo called by 
 
 the fame name. . . 
 
 ChimborazOv a large mountain m the pro^ 
 vince of Quito, nearly under the line ; being \n 
 I ° 41'. 40". S. lat. yet its tops are covered with 
 ice and fnow, and the country adjacent pierced 
 with intolerable cold from the frigorific particles 
 
 blown from it. 
 
 Chocope, a town in the Jurifdiaion ot 
 Truxillo, in South America, and empire of 
 Peru. It is fituated 14 leagues from St. Pedro 
 fnuthward. It confifts of betwixt 80 and 100 
 houfes i and the inhabitants of about 60 or 
 
ut to 
 
 e not 
 ifland 
 ;ys ill 
 vn of 
 i fmali 
 : town 
 houfe» 
 ^duccs^ 
 ; and 
 It this 
 names 
 
 ^ric oi 
 
 L. 
 
 nerica, 
 bifhop 
 city to- 
 enma^ 
 t nutn* 
 
 nee of 
 
 Zone. 
 
 lied by 
 
 (ie pro- 
 eing in? 
 :d with 
 pierced 
 ^articles 
 
 ion of 
 pire of 
 .Pedro 
 nd 100 
 60 or 
 70 
 
 C H U 
 
 70 families, chiefly Spania is, v'th fome of 
 the other cafts, butiu)tabov 25 Indian families. 
 it has a church built of b. ck, both large and 
 ecent. The pe ^)le here tell you of a continual 
 ram th^tfellin 1726, wlach ' ifted 40 nights, 
 begini me conflantly 4t four or /ive in the even- 
 ing and ccafing at the fame hour the nex^ 
 morning, which laid loft of the houfes in ruins. 
 i-at. 7«. 46". 40. S. Long. 76. 20. W. 
 
 ^HucuiTo, or Tin Caca, a prodigious 
 lake near Paria, in South Aierica, and empire 
 of f'eru, into which a g.eat number of rivers 
 emp.y themfclvcs. It abounds in fifh, which 
 they dr f and with i^ carry on a beneficial 
 trade u : other provinc having in exchange 
 either mc ley or brandy, . es, and meal. All 
 the muui ams of this province abound in filver- 
 mines, but are little worked, and fome are to« 
 tally negleacd. This lake is in circumference 
 80 leagues, or 240 Englifti miles, in fome parts 
 «0 fathoms deep ; yet the water cannot be drank 
 as It IS fo very turbid. It is faid the antient 
 Yncas, on the conqueft of Peru by the Spa- 
 niards, threw into this lake all their riches of gold 
 c ?^5'';. ^^ abounds with flags and ruftes, 
 of which Capac Vupanchi the fifth Ynca builf a 
 bridge, which ftill remains, for tranfportin- his 
 army to the other fide. Into this lake was 
 among other riches, thrown the famous chain 
 of gold by Ynca Huana Capac, the value of 
 which was immenfe. 
 
 Chumbi Vilcas, a jurifdiaion fubjea to the 
 biihop of Cufco, in South America, and empire 
 of Peru, about 40 leagues from that city ; it pro- 
 duces corn, fruits, hrge paftures for cattle, and 
 mines of gold and filver. 
 
 H 
 
 Chur- 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 ■ 50 = 
 
 Jim 
 ii- lis im^ 
 
 M 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 ill 1.6 
 
 P 
 
 /2 
 
 ^ 
 
 /2 
 
 / 
 
 zw 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 :-> 
 
 >* ^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 .•\ 
 
 4^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 "% 
 
 v 
 
 «? 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 %y 
 
 
 -<> 
 
 ^9)" 
 

 fA 
 
 1^ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 6^ 
 
C H U 
 
 Churchill-river, a large ftream in New 
 South Wales, one of the northern countries m 
 America ; at the mouth of which the Hudfon s- 
 bay company have a fort and fettlcmcnt. It Ue« 
 in about lat.59^ N. and long. 95^. W. The 
 trade here is increafmg, being at too great a dif- 
 tance from the French for them to mterfcre with it. 
 In the year 1742 it amounted to 20,000 beaver- 
 fkins, when about 100 upland Indians came 
 hither in their canoes to trade ; and about 200 
 northern Indians brought their furs and flcins up- 
 on fledges. Some of them came down the river 
 of Seals, IS leagues fouthward of Churchill, m 
 their canoes, and brought their furs from thence 
 by land. To the northward of Churchill are no 
 Vavers, no fuch ponds or woods being there as 
 thofe animals chufe to live in, or feed upon : but 
 they have great'numbers of martens, foxes, bears, 
 lein-deer, buffaloes, and other beafts cloathed with 
 rich furs. The country is moftly rocky and co- 
 vered with white mofs, upon which the rem deer, 
 or cariboux, feed ; as alfo the moofe, bnffaloes, 
 and- other deer. Here is a great deal of rmall 
 wood of the fpruce, or firr kind, near the old 
 fa£lory. But the wood improves as it is farther 
 vx> the river from the bay, where they have jum- 
 per, birch, and poplar. And more foutherly 
 the timber is large, and they have there a great 
 variety of trees. They labour under great in^ 
 conveniencies at the company's new fort, which 
 {landing on a rock without ihelter, clofe by the 
 ihore, and furrounded with fnow and ice for 
 eight months of the year, is expofed to all the 
 winds and ftorms that blow. Here is no conve- 
 niency for grafs, hay, or gardening: and yet 
 thev had four or five horfes, and a bull with two 
 
 cows 
 
C I N ^ 
 
 cows near the faaory, for feeding of which they 
 were obliged in winter to bring their hay from a 
 marfhy bottom fome miles up vhe river. It is 
 faid that there is a communication between the 
 rivers of Churchill and Nelfon, at a great dif- 
 tance within land ; or a very ftort land-carriage 
 between them. For the Indians who trade here, 
 tell the Englifli what chiefs with their followers 
 go down to Nelfon, or Albany rivers. 
 
 CiAciCA, a jurifdiaion in South America, 
 and empire of Peru, fubjea to the archbifliop of 
 riata ; it lies 90 leagues diftant from that city 5 
 abounding in cocho, cattle, and fome filver- 
 mines. 
 
 CiNALOA, a province in the audience of 
 Guadalaxara, in Old Mexico, or New Spain, in 
 America ; it the moft northern in the audience, 
 and Itretches out the fartheft to the W. It has 
 the gulph of California on the W. the province 
 of Culiacan on the S. and the kingdom of New 
 Mexico on the N. and E. From the S. E. to 
 the N. E. It IS about 100 leagues; and not 
 above 40 where broadeft. On the E. fide it is 
 bounded by a ridge of high craggy mountains, 
 caJJed 1 epecfuan, 30 or 40 leagues from the 
 fea; from which run feveral fmall rivers, whofe 
 banks are inhabited by the natives for the fake cf 
 fiihing. The air is ferene and healthy; and befides 
 paftures, abounds with cattle of all kind, the 
 foil bears all forts of fruit and grain, particularly 
 Indian wheat, as alfo cotton, with the manu- 
 faaure of which the natives cloath themfelves 
 after the Mexican fafliion, both fexes wearino- 
 very ong hair. They are a tall, lufty, and, 
 warlike people, formerly ufing bows and poi- 
 
 foiled 
 
 H 6 
 
\ - 
 i 
 
 COB 
 
 foncd arrows, with clubs of hard w^ood, anrf 
 buckles of a red -wood. The Spaniards found a 
 great deal of difficulty in fubduing them. _ 
 
 Circumcision cape, is fituated to th« E* 
 of Belgia Auftralis, lat. 54. 10. S. long. 10. 
 25. E. This is the moft wcfterly promontory 
 of a land difcovered by the French in the year 
 1739 ; and this is all we know of it. 
 
 CiViDAD Real, or Royal City, in the 
 province of Chiapa, and audience of Guatima- 
 la, in New Span*, or Old Mexico, la leagues 
 N. W. from the town of Guafimala. It is a 
 biihoprick, and feat of the courts of juftrce. 
 It lies in a plain between the North and South- 
 Seas ; inhabited by Spaniards and a few Indians. 
 
 See Chiapa. 
 
 Clarendon, a connty of Carolma, in 
 North America, to the N. of Santce-river. In 
 this county is the famous Cape Fear, at the 
 mouth of the faid rWer. A colony from Barba- 
 does formerly fettled hereabouts. See Card* 
 LiNA. The Indians in this neighbourhood are 
 reckoned the moft barbarous in all the province. 
 In this county is Waterey-rrver, or Winyann, 
 about 25 leagues diftant from Afliley-river, be- 
 ing capacious enough to receive large veffels \ 
 but inferior to Port-royal ; nor is It-^yet inhabited. 
 Between this and Clarendon-river is another 
 fmall one, called Wingen- river, and a little fet- 
 tlement which has the name of Charles-town, 
 and is but thinly inhabited. In the maps we 
 find a town here called Brunfwick-town on the 
 fea-coaft, in lat. 34. 3. but we meet with no ac- 
 count of it any where. 
 CoBAN. Sec Vera PA2f. 
 
 \ 
 
e o c 
 
 CoBEBA, or CoBijA, a village in tfie aw- 
 dicnce of Lc» CFiarcsM, and the kin^om of 
 Peru, in South America > containing ahout 50 
 houfes inhabited by Indians, and covered with 
 feals-fkins. The foil here bcif^ barren, they 
 generally live upon fifti, fome Indian wheat, and 
 papas, brought them from the town of Ataca« 
 ma in exchange for their fifli. In the village i» 
 only one little rivulet of water, fomcwhat brae, 
 kiln ; and but four palm and two fig-trees, whicli 
 may fervc as a land- mark to the watering-place. 
 They have no grafs at all for cattle j fo that they 
 arc obliged to fend their Ihcep to a plain near 
 the top of the mountain, where they .find 
 pafture for them to fubfift on. This port being 
 deftitute of every thing, ha» never been fre- 
 quented by any but French; who, in order to in- 
 duce merchants to come to the ^ have fought 
 the neareft places to the mines, and the moft 
 remote from the king's offices, for facilitating 
 the trade, and tranfportingof plate anti commo- 
 dities. This port however lies the neareft fa 
 Lipes, where are filver-mines, and wot. ?o- 
 tofi, which yet is above 100 kagu - dif^ant; and 
 that through a defert country. 
 
 CoBHAM-isiE, mentioned by captain Mld- 
 dleton in the journal of bis voyage for finding 
 a N. E. paflage. Its two extremities bear N. 
 by E. and E. by N. lying in lat. 63. and long, 
 from Churchill 3. 40, E. which he takes to be 
 the fame which Fox called Brook Cobham. 
 
 CocHABAMBA, a province and jurifdiaion in ' 
 South America, and empire of Peru, 50 leagues 
 from Plata, and 56 from Potofi. Its capiral of 
 the fame name is one of the richeft, largeft, and 
 
 gnnn' nnniilntic in t-Kja amn!i*A ^C D»>.. ._ !^ r^ .1 
 
COL 
 
 granary of the archbi(hoprick of Plata, and in 
 fome fpots filver mines have been difcovercd. 
 
 CocKLE-isLAND, lying off the N. W. cape 
 of New Guincy, in the fouthern, or antarticlc 
 countries, and which the Dutch call Cape Mabo, 
 is a fmall woody ifland, near which were found 
 fuch a large fort of cockles, that the fi(h in one 
 of them is faid to fuffice feven or eight men ; and 
 is very good and wholfome. And for this reafon 
 Dampier called the illand Cockle-ifland. The 
 fame fort of cockles arc found near Celebes, 
 the (hell of fome of the largeft weighing 78 lb. 
 Cockle-ifland abounds alfo with pigeons. 
 
 CoHANZY, a river of Weft Jerfey, m Ame- 
 rica, and though fmall, is yet deep and naviga- 
 ble for fmall craft. On it id a town of the fame 
 name 10 or 12 miles up the river, containing 
 about 80 families, who follow the fiihery. 
 
 CoLAN, a little town four leagues from Paita, 
 and which fupplies it with water ; fituated near tlie 
 South-Sea coaft of America. It is inhabited by 
 Indians, who are all fifhermen. They go out to 
 fea, and fifli on bark-logs, or balzas which are 
 . made of feveral round logs of wood in the form of 
 a raft ; and are very difFerent, according to the ufe 
 they are deftgned for, or the humour of the people 
 that make them, or the materials of which they 
 are compofed. If they are made for fiftiing, 
 then they are only three or four logs of light 
 wood, feven or eight feet long, placed by the 
 fide of each other, pinned faft together with 
 wooden pins, and bound hard with withies. 
 The logs are fo placed, that the middlemoft 
 are long'er than thofe by the fides, efpecially at 
 the head, or fore-part, which gradually grow 
 into an anorle. the better to cut 
 
 
 the 
 
COL 
 
 the water. Others are made to carry eoodj 
 The bottom of thefe is made of 20 o7JTrcli 
 
 i^'r'l,! 7k ^°' 3?k°' +° ^'" 1°"S' feft«ed 
 
 On the top of thefe they place another (horter 
 
 ^d tothT r^'V"""" '■"ft '» "^h mh r 
 and to the undermoft row. This double row of 
 
 planks makes the bottom of the float, and is of 
 
 a confiderable breadth. From this bottom the 
 
 of .nfl? ? 'V^°"'r '° ^"' '''eh*'-, with rows 
 of pofls, fomet.mes fet upright, and fupportine 
 
 a floor or two: the loweft ferving for aceilar- 
 there they lay great ftones for ballaft, and the,; 
 jars of frefh water clofed up, and whatever may 
 bear bemg wet. The fecond ftory is for the fea^ 
 men and the.r necefl-aries. Above this fecond 
 flory the goods are flowed to what height ther 
 pleafe, ufually about eight or ten feet, a^Kl kep^ 
 ogether by poles fet upright quite round; oTy 
 here ,s a litt e place abaft for the fleerfman, ("It 
 they have a large rudder) and afore for the ^re- 
 hearth, m order to drefs their vifluals, efpeciallv 
 
 TruvlHo'^ {">"'"' '°"l '"^"'r ' ^' fr"-" Lima to 
 1 ruxillo, Guayaquil, or Panama ; which laft 
 
 voyage is 5 or 600 leagues. In the midft of all. 
 
 among the goods, rifes a maft, to which a Jarge 
 
 fail IS fattened as m our Weft-country barel, 
 
 on the river Thames. They always go be^re 
 
 he wmd bemg unable to ply againi it: and 
 
 therefore fit only for thefe feas, where the wind 
 
 >s always m a manner the fame, not varyina 
 
 ^mZrl r"' "k'^° "" '^' """y f'""* Lima! 
 till fuch time as they come into the bay of Pa 
 
 nama ; and even there they meet with no ereat 
 leas; but fometimes northerly winds : and then 
 they lower their fails and drive before it, waiting 
 
 for 
 
COL 
 
 for t change. Thcfc rafts carry 60 or 70 tons of 
 goods and upwards. Their cargo is ufually wine, 
 oil, fugar, Quito cloth, foap, goats-fkins dref- 
 fcd, &c. The float is ufually managed by three 
 or four men, who being unable to return with it 
 againft the trade- winds, when they come to Pa- 
 nama difpofe of the goods and vcffel together, 
 getting a pafTage back in fome (hip or boat bound 
 to the port they came from: and there they 
 make a new bark-log for their next- cargo. The 
 (mailer fort of bark-logs above-defcribed, which 
 lie flat on the water, and arc ufed in fl(hing, or 
 carrying water to (hips, or the like, half a ton, 
 or a ton at a time, are more manageable than 
 the other, though thefe have mafts and fails too. 
 With thefe the Indians go out at night by the 
 lielp of the land-wind, which is feldom wanting 
 on this coail, and return back again in the day- 
 time with the fea-wind. 
 
 CoLiMA, a large and rich town of Me- 
 choacan, and New Spain, in America, fitua- 
 ted on the South- Sea, near the borders of Xa- 
 lifco, and in the moft pleafant and fruitful 
 valley in all Mexico, producing cocoa, caffia, 
 and other things of value, befides fome gold. 
 Dampier takes notice of a volcano near it, 
 with two (harp peaks, from which fmoke and 
 flame ifllie continually. In the neighbourhood 
 grows the famous plant oleacazan, which is rec- 
 koned a catholicon for reftorlng decayed ftrcngth, 
 and a fpecific againft all forts of poifon. The 
 natives apply the leaves to the part affected, and 
 judge of the fuccefs of the operation by their 
 (licking or falling ofF. 
 
 * Colleton, a county of Carolina, in North 
 America. It is fituated to the N. of Granville- 
 
 county, 
 
 \ 
 
I 
 
 c o V 
 
 tounty, and watered by f.he river Stono, which 
 IS joined by a cut to Wadmoolaw- river. The 
 N. L. part IS full of Indian fettJcments : and the 
 Mono, and other rivers form an ifland, called 
 Boone s.,fland a little below Charles-town, 
 which IS well planted and inhabited. The chief 
 
 9n^''^ VA-a'^ '^'"''^^ ^'* North-Edtftow, and 
 
 i>outh.Edrftow. For two or three miles up the 
 
 atter, the plantations are thick on both fides j and 
 
 !k V?i'""^ ^^/ ^^'^^ ""' ^o"*- n^'Jw higher on 
 !n! . • u 'xT*"l t'''^ '^^ '»^«^ branching out, 
 meets with North-Ediftow-river. This counti 
 JS reckoned to have 200 freeholders who vote for ^ 
 allembly-men, and fend two members. Within 
 this precina is one epifcopal church. 
 
 mrV^? rVr'''''. ^ 'J^^'^^" ^^^ ""Oft "^"hcrii 
 part of California. See California. 
 
 *h^,^u^^^'^^^^^' ^^^ "'Oft confiderable city, 
 though not the capital of the province of XmI 
 CO, and audience of Guadelaxara, in New Spain. 
 Jisfituated near the South-Sea, about 30 miles 
 
 Z' r r. '^'^ *o * "^^ ^ow"» and has feveral 
 mines of filvcr at St. Pecaque, in its neighbour- 
 hood, where the Spaniards keep many hundred 
 flaves at work m them. But the city Is in a bad • 
 fituation, the foil being fo barren, that there is 
 
 ?^ I -iT ^^'L *^^«^^' nor the neceflary materials 
 for building houfes: and the air is fo hot and 
 moift, that It breeds feveral infects. The Spa- 
 niards bu.lt Compoftella in T531, and>nade iTa 
 a bifliop 8 fee : but becaufe of its bad air, it wa. 
 transferred to Guadalaxara. The Spaniards are 
 not very numerous throughout this whole au- 
 -lence, except in the two cities of Guadalaxara 
 and Compoftella. The Meftizo's inH^in! mair- 
 a conlidcrablc figure both in regard of number 
 
 an(^ 
 
p O N 
 
 and eftate. But the bulk of the people are the 
 natives, who in eeneral are well treated here, as 
 being braver and more polite than any of their 
 countrymen, and well afFe^led to the Spaniards, 
 efpecially their priefts, though far from being 
 fuch flaves to them as in other parts of New 
 Spain. Lat. 21. 4. N. Long. 107. o. W. 
 
 CoNA, an ifland near the coaft of New An- 
 dalufia, on the Terra Firma, in America. 
 
 Conception, by the Indians called Penco, 
 a city in the kingdom of Chili, in South Ame*- 
 rica, fituated on me edge of the Tea at the bottom 
 of a bay of the fame name. It lies in 37 °. S. 
 lat. and 78^. 41'. 30". W. long. It was feve- 
 ral times deftroyed by the powerful confederacy 
 of the Indians, and as many times repaired. In 
 1730 it was deftroyed by an earthquake, and 
 fince that rebuilt. It is under the audience and 
 jurifdicSlion of Santiago, and is governed by a 
 ccrregidore. 
 
 The inhabitants of this city are a regular 
 militia, trained to arms from their childhood, 
 and muft be always ready on the firft alarm, for 
 fear of the fudden, or unexpe£led incurfions of 
 the Indians : therefore the prefident of Chili 
 takes care to have the forts and magazines in 
 good order to repel any invafions. It is go- 
 verned, like other cities, by a corregidore, and 
 alcaldes, and has moft of the ufual courts of 
 juftice, with other places. 
 
 The inhabitants, and even the women, excel 
 in horfemanfhip ; they are very dextrous in ma- 
 naging the lance and noofe, and it is rare to fee 
 theni mifs their aim, though at full fpeed with 
 the noofe, which they throw 40 or 50 yards, 
 
 and (ft a1f#»r tVk^ rkKtpA nf tlii»ir /livprfinn. or re- 
 
 r™ff ^TfW U^IT 'T 
 
 5SaT» ^^« 
 
 as«^sa 
 
 veng 
 
 '■** 
 
c o i^x 
 
 ^"^uj ™» n^^« »s mzdc of thongs made of 
 cow-hide, thefe they twift with oil, till rendered 
 lupple and pHant to command; and fo ftrone 
 when twiftcd that they will hold a wild bull; 
 which would break a halter of hemp of twice the 
 thicknefs. With one of thefe a Spaniard pulled a 
 perron out of a boat at a confiderablc diftancc 
 from the fliore. The country may be called 
 a granery, abounding with fuch vaft quantities 
 of wheat, that fix arobas, and fix pounds will 
 «eil tor no more than eight or ten rials. An ar- 
 roba IS 25 lb; 
 
 The town is open on all fides, and commanded 
 Dy nye eminences; among which that of the 
 Hermitage advances almoft to the middle, and 
 overlooks it all. It has no other defence than 
 a iow battery, on the edge of the fea : and this 
 commands orfly the anchoring place before th<i 
 to>vn, which is a good quarter of a league from 
 t to the N. W. Befides, as this battery is not 
 Jarge, a is m a bad condition; one half of it 
 without any plat-form, and but indifferently 
 built with rubbifli. The cannon are in no bet^ 
 ter condition. At the entrance into the court be- 
 &^/i? theordo, or judge, who commonly 
 Supplies the place of a governor, they have two 
 tour-pounders mounted near ?.. corp^de-garde 
 which makes up the left wing of the court. Nor 
 
 aWe Ss.'' '"'^"'^" ''''''''' 'y '''^ '-^ 
 
 The incurfions of the Indians have occafioned 
 
 the removing of the royal court of chancery 
 
 which was eftablifhed at Conception, in ,r67 
 
 have oo'M ^k' ^T' ^"^ ^^"^ ^^^ '^ 
 cZlf^'u ^^^'"^eJves of Imperial, the city of 
 
 VOnceptlOn has bemm- fk« r-. ir ^ u.n... v^. 
 
 IS 
 
CON 
 
 is ruifragtn to the archbifliop of Lima, the Cipt- 
 tal of Peru. 
 
 'Conception lias on the K. high mountains, 
 from which ifllic two little rivers, running through 
 the town j on the N. it has the entrance of the 
 bay ; on the W. the bay itfclf ; and the river 
 Biobio on the S. The ftreets, like thofc of all 
 the towns in this new world are built by a 
 line. Moft of the houfes are of earth, in the 
 form of oblong fquarcs : they are but one ftory 
 high, and covered with pantiles. They arc 
 large, but ill furnifhed ; each houfc has a garden 
 belonging to it, well fumilhed with all forts of 
 fruit-trees, which produce fuch a prodigious 
 quantity of fiuit, that they are obliged to thin 
 them, otherwife the branches would break, nor 
 could the fruit come to maturity. In this city 
 are fix very famous monafteries ; but moft of the 
 monks are very ignorant, except the Jcfuits, 
 who here, as every where elfc, take care of the 
 education of youth. 
 
 Towards the middle of the town is a large 
 fquare, on the S. fide of which ftands the parifh 
 church, which is very large, but withal very 
 mean. On the E. fide flood the bifhop's pa- 
 lace 5 on the two other fides are fhbps, whither 
 the women go in the night to buy fuch necef- 
 faries as they want for their families, it being 
 contrary to the cuflom of this country for wo- 
 men ot any charader to go abroad in the day- 
 time. 
 
 Conception, a bay not far from the city of 
 the fame name, in the kingdom of Chili, in 
 South America, near which is found, within four 
 leagues of the fea-coafl, a bed of fhells. of 
 which thev makm lime bv calcining them. 
 
 Con- 
 
CON 
 
 Conception, a river, whic 
 
 running through 
 
 river, 
 — -.i/ oiinc ume name, 
 
 biftop of Lima it b^Z[* ,""''" "■« •"•^h- 
 
 carried on here whirir°''''«"'='""^''^'"y »« 
 commerce w^it^lhetSr prvte7. *" «'^-« 
 
 Jja. city. Hereof bin?^i,ttf:':,\°/ 
 Indians carry on creat traH#. u/uK *u- i^^ * "^ 
 
 it. and mix^tw^rSq't,*; of i;«'^^^^^^ 
 
 four ounces of th. ^ ^i"*"""/ of vioIct-maize, 
 
 •«eerrorxV'he;r;":k«rr "^ •"• 
 
 each, and feJI it forV^I? **' '""'^ """ce* 
 
 cake they ca | L^n™ Xv "^f P*"""*' ^h^fe 
 
 are not fo carefully worked! fiSy '""' 
 
 divided fro™ Jngila^ty an ^rlftV' 
 fouthward ; it ha« RhL.% J ™. °' "'« *«« 
 
 Maflachufe's colony o^thfl: T"!: P"? "^ 
 of Maflachufet onThe N^' ThTconl '^^^"^ 
 nver. which is one of the laTgeft'JnTbl'ftt 
 ^ew England, runs through The hp7rf „t • 
 d'viding itfelf into different parts .nH • '?' 
 eabeahnvA .r. _.i.- /'™'. parts, and is navi- 
 " - ^- «««. lor mips of burthen, and 
 
 ^ many 
 
^Zxl h«" is. b^de fitries, that of timber- 
 ?mt or cuttngtin-.Ser for knee-timber, plank 
 
 Kft rales The great floats of th., timber 
 proved the.r^nav.gat.on. ^"^I'l 
 
 m a 'hnvmg ftate, iK.pu.ou j^j^^ft^ndi 
 
 =-""\1Slsiin^sf^^^^^^ 
 
 Setooyed. See Boston. Lat. 41- lo- ^^l- 
 
 ^ C^'vIest^g^une, a fettlement a li.Ue to 
 ,. i&^f IlSanv in the county of that name, 
 *',. mthi e^Kd o" Scheneaa'dy, or the Mo- 
 ikVriv"f"hicharmlelowertum^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 CoPiAPO, an op .^ South America. 
 
 tered up and down. . ""^ ^&.,... .. „„f.„, it 
 drawn feme people thitner; .0 -"/'.^'-fe " 
 my contain about 900 fouls. The mcreafe^^ 
 
 f 
 
C O Q^ 
 
 the number of Spaniards has occafioned an ord«^ 
 
 kinJ^ ^ new-comers for the advantage of the 
 
 pirtaiy above the town are gold minT^'nJ 
 
 . y'brSe" '"'" '"^"^ ScTwheS 
 are wSI . " '"' T'« '° '^e "n"!* which 
 
 hr^Jr.J/irdir.'"'' *^^' - «-^'-' -^^ 
 
 fevSntf^ltTra'rr'^^lf^^^^^^ 
 they do not work Th,„ k ' "' *"'' '*"''• *''*''='» 
 
 « a place where are alibSaUf r«d SliTh ' 
 high mountains of the Cordilkra, ^ S" '« 
 E.S.E. -rem the port, are mines of the fineS 
 phur tbatcan be: it is taken purefrom a vein two 
 
 J worth three pieces of eight a quintal, or hun 
 dred we,ght at the port. frSm whence 'is caSed" 
 to^ima. Inftortall the country is full of S 
 
 fcaS^'salt "r*"^" ''"^r '''^ water is^ery 
 icarce. Salt-petre is no lefs plentiful, it beinir 
 
 found m the vale an inch thick on the LuTd^ 
 Between Copiapo and Coquimbo is no tf wn or 
 village only three or four farms. Nor .sphere 
 any inland town of note in the diocefe of S. 
 Jago except the capital of that name. °i.a ! 
 25;^'o. S. Long. 75. 14. w. 
 
 LUIMBO, a town r." S> T ^. ... 
 
 n bouth America, is fuuated at the 
 
 lower 
 
 i'roper, 
 
^"rht river of Coquimbo, gives name to an 
 1 ne nvci ., ^'J,,_u which it ro Us into the 
 
 ?r T^y VKSuS U i, a very fine 
 
 S;. aT5 S Ue there very fft' - ^Vu't 
 :on;m.odio"Qy, thou|hjhe ^^ ^^'^y^X 
 
 Coquimbo, but f name ° ^t J proper y 
 
 T-»u« ft.w (l-reets It has are Itraii, anu w*.* 
 
 oc v^r.vps &c. A continual verdure reigns 
 
 S;ap The re is the fame plenty of catUe, tame 
 ^nHw Id fowl ; and in the ad acent valley, there 
 and wrim lowi , » Unrfes that one which 
 
 is fo plentiful "^brwlof horfe , Uiat^ ^^^^^ 
 
 would coft 30 Of 40 f; . " ^"S Afi« all this, the 
 
per, yet they are littfe wrourtt w7°a°'^ 
 however imaain*.f«-,^,. ^"6"^» vve mult not 
 
 of rich crS':rfo7 ^ ,f "S^^erdeflitute 
 when the rains a e wSt a I !h*r 1' ^'^'"■°"' 
 bring down gold, of whici; f r^' ''"'^.^^ook* 
 enough, a great nmfir-u l ''>' ''^'' ''^n^'s 
 
 thci,fhabitarL''t" Sg : orlVo'" ^" 
 /bns at moft th^v .4^ ^ °^ 15^0 per- 
 
 of .his Plafe^'onteffijr; ort: f ' 
 yearly to Lima br^^^ . -.i! § ^ "^^ "^'ps 
 
 other^provifions; in r^urTt ITI^' ."'"'•' ^"'' 
 all forts of Eu onean ,^^^/7 ""^I'^'^^y 'cceive 
 ported from hence i"f°i'' "^^"^ "' '""<■- 
 This place hasTeennf^ other parts of Chi!?. 
 
 by ouf buccane rs The K^f''/"™-'^- 
 Secured it effedluali; • h.f ,^T"^' ^^"^ "''^ 
 
 fopoor. that Jtl'XTunfc''''"^^ '' 
 
 always 'empeS witltf elw SS'T If 
 come to moderate fl,. ^ '. '"'"S winds, which 
 
 autumn a"d fp,^„ t/ ^'" "^ ''.'P'-^ "'"■°" °f 
 bcth of flowe?; 'fd tit 'FW°"=^°"^« 
 exacliy in a flraic>h/i; r ^ '*''"'' ^^o all 
 
 other.^llke St. Ja|V ^t^F i° w°"'= ?^ '° "== 
 to S. The fauates r f ^- '"'' fr°"> N- 
 
 fame dimenfiol. wi^frritX "' '^'^ °' ""^ 
 each; but the fmaTl numb« of rTi? v™"^'' 
 the foulncfs of the ftreetT^hL '"habitants, 
 and. the meannefs of ^h!.^I!l'f''5.^"°^P-^J. 
 
 i 
 
 '^'^ oi mua- 
 onJy like a 
 
 pi 
 
 am. 
 
C O Q_ 
 
 >M,in -nd the ftreets like the walks in gardens- 
 ? <hor thcv are fet round with fig, orange, 
 t!: I^alm ^ee.. &c. which yield an agreeable 
 
 * The moft confideraWe part of the tdwn is 
 
 1 ne moil f„„ares and fix monafteries, 
 
 *'-rJ AnTng rj^rift-church. and the 
 
 .without r«k°n'nS formerly there was a 
 
 chapel of I;- Agnn^ .^^^^^ of ,he fame 
 
 chtirch ^''^ S'-L^J. o"^^" i„j ,„ the middle 
 
 ^?The'trwn, aXrmands'it, by reafon of the 
 
 of »*« ™'^"V ,:„,,/•-. which have only a ground 
 
 ^.l°r In ?he quSer o^^ Lucy wlsoncein- 
 
 *°?T" J K ., f.nce the Enalifli, and other priva- 
 
 Jetfhte'lut'e^^^^^^^ ^- 
 
 TV^*. flifcoverv of the mines oi v.upiai/v/, 
 • 1 he aiicovciy masiftrates, daily 
 
 the vexations ot tne cnici u b Refides 
 
 r2;;:%rvetenX7w^? A 1"^ - 
 
 the com above mc ■, ^5,1^ much wine 
 
 ^■^''^ilrecioS the biff along the coaft. 
 
 ^K f° 'together vvith fome few hides, tallow, 
 
 ferve them. ^ ^ ,j. „ common, 
 
 The copper-nnnes here ^'«^"°;^7 ^^ 3,,^ 
 about three leagues N. E^f om Coquun ^ 
 
 f^'^'iriv te^'SToaftl of Chili and 
 fuppUes nearly he w ^^^^^ _ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 Peruwithutenl s o ^^ earthen- ware, 
 
 fewer of tl'^' " '^J„ 'h,ve another mine, five 
 ?' <^'"'';:t JlMfritv. on Mount Cerro.Ver. 
 'i:f:: G're^^^hili: wiiich is high, and ihapjo 
 7 
 
COR 
 
 «raXtrTurla?',r^» J:-S «o place of 
 
 «n be fold in a v/« .1 %°^ P""« °f «ght 
 thither onV V S "" ?/*"*='' "'iP' rePort 
 brandy. The Lf h P'?''^""'. wine, and 
 
 ?'gh.: or ten pieces of eigh7« feaft tf"'* °^ 
 Partridges j but they are infinid TV /J*"' "* 
 band, the turtle-doves areTi/ -,9". "'^ °'ber 
 here is abundance 717^, Inl tlT^'l ""'' 
 the port. The fift-rv is nltlrif i " P°°' "^ar 
 bay, yielding plenty of ,^.5 « "*"' ^"°"«b '" «he 
 
 tefro„,.„d^;s°r,;?MrSa°rteh"''^-'' 
 
 -good^caftingof nets, baca.fcltr:'!- S 
 
 the province of Quito \n u -^ ^- ^'^^'^ 
 
 freights of MagelStL IZ'. ,^0^ ^° ''« 
 or 3000 Englifl, mies ThV ^^°^^^g"^«» 
 the highefl iSountaT s ;„ tTe 'Ud • T""^^^ 
 generally 40 leagues hrn.A ^ *. ^^^^ are 
 
 abundanUf hSle^^ts-'^TS^r >>" 
 tains form two ridges tK*. 1^ ^ neie moun- 
 
 covered with wofcd ^ ^3^ bJt t '^'1!'^ 
 are barren on account oFZUc^J^^^,'f'^ 
 fiiow on them. The afcenff^.i, l^'"* ^'«' 
 thevery ftoreof thefefrb ttbaS^^'"'' « 
 perly called the -nountaimrelureatee ot?"" 
 days journey to the top of them ^1, ""^ ^""'^ 
 not fee th, '«.,„.... u V i"^"^' where one can- 
 
 &u nv-;:.:;.Tv:'^'"^'°«""'-.ciouds, though ri,» 
 
 1"" to ■ '^^ over:he;^"7:'^„ii!?'^":'-.=*°"^^ 
 
 % over-head. 'ci;;-sr,;;?;'aWeS 
 
 fhines 
 
COR 
 
 Alnes with admirable beauty. In this chain of . 
 Stats are l6 volcanos^ wh.ch fomefme, 
 V^i-ak out with dreadful efFeas. 
 
 with f"<='»J''°'f""\u"s one's head. Theafcents 
 that toloolc at them turns one sn 
 
 '"' 'r:t" tSe^rSmet';•,^^ the way 
 
 U' St a'^d b beautiful cafcades. which the wa- 
 ,s zUevwieo "y , ^ ^j and moun- 
 
 ter n='t«""y f°/?i,e o7 the vallies the water 
 tains 5 and m fo^e °t t ^,5 .igj-ja, 
 
 Sin?"X^rt:'a^'a"nd firings are 
 
 - ?• ^[Sero:e';°:hS£ 
 
 .gainft -"/"y JJ^iXdge of rocks, from the 
 doza IS a "»'"'*' „feveral piecs of ftone re- 
 
 ,aul.s of ^J^^'^lSconM if.cles, as the 
 femWmg fait, wmcn cong .^ 
 
 water drops from J^'-^'^^'^Vour Crts to%.fs 
 'tartaiSaUer bridge called the 
 a-breait. f^> betwixt two rocks 5 and fo 
 
 teSig SSe'r? that the ftream .hich 
 very ni^ ri^niditv. cannot be heard. 
 
 n^ot'hSZS iffue feveral connderable 
 f romincic iny ^wich are the 17 follow- 
 
 '"^'.SeTwer of Coquimbo, Acongagua, May- 
 co, the river oi v. h |j . ^ „ gt, 
 
 r- o'Cte DeS Lampa, Rapel, De- 
 Jago,Foanguc, i^^^^^^^.j^^ Riobio, Imperial, 
 
 Token, Quenale, VaWivia, an^ ^^^^^ 
 
COT 
 
 thefe rivers run from F tr. Mir i 
 themfblves into theTou.tse", Thof '7? 
 run from the oppofite m t of nt Jau "^^'^^ 
 wards the >Jnr,K c ' , CordeJIera to- 
 
 ca!,fr ,1? f ^^''^"* ""' ^o "'^'1 known, be- 
 
 cn,g.he.fe.ves ..o the /LS.K'gS 
 
 Cordova, de ia nueva ANDArnr-.. 
 cty ,n South America, and kingdom of Pe'nf 
 fubjea tolhejurifdiaion of Charcatso LZ: 
 S. of Santiago del Eftero. Here il fh- § 
 pa church of^Tucuman, w thSe mon'aft'elr 
 
 jgrain, fruits, honey, and wav rr>f»/» j - 
 
 Ivres Th^'l 'l^'"^ "" '^c road to Bue"os 
 ^yres, . -I he mhabitants are Soaniardc ,»,„ 
 jng to about 300. who are arfremS'TireT 
 Img the ground, and manufaaurinor if '?Mn 
 
 goSnrn[:f^ B^e^„::3 l^l^^^^T" '"e 
 and empire of Peru, wasTuii bv thl\ ""> 
 on the confluence of the Paran/=.n-fp'^'"'' 
 te"" "'S''" 'han' laS: ^ tfe ^o" d^e 
 
 an?^prorP°ruS[S--^^ 
 
 «>^ fteszo leagues S/W..y;'<:r""^"'i'"'<^°. 
 
 ieaguesS.W.of that City, i; 
 
 pro- 
 duces 
 
COT 
 
 duces plenty of all kinds of gram, and fruits, 
 abounds in cattle, and formerly had feveral rich 
 minea, but at prcfent they have greatly declined, 
 and tliofe now worked almoft exhaufted. 
 
 CORO. SeeVlNEZULA. 
 
 Costa Rica, a province of New Spain, in 
 America. It fignlfies the rich coaft, and is To 
 called from its rich mines of gold and filvcf ; 
 thofe of Tinfigal being preferred by the Spaniards 
 to the mines of Polofi j but othcrwife it is 
 mountainous and barren. It is bounded by Vc- 
 laguas province on the S E. and that of Nica- 
 ragua on the N. E. It reaches from the North 
 to the South-Sea, about 90 kagues from E. 
 to W. and is 50 where broadeft from N, to S. 
 It has much the fame produaions as its neigh- 
 touring provinces. The foil in fome parts is 
 good, and it produces cocoa. On the North- 
 Sea it has two large convenient bays, the moft 
 wefterly caMed St. Jerom's; and that near the 
 frontiers of Ver»guaa, called Caribaco ; and oH 
 the South-Sea it has feveral bays, capes, and 
 convenient places for anchorage. 
 
 CoTOPAXi, a large volcano near Lataacunga^ 
 an afliento, or dependence in the province of 
 Quito, in South America. It lies nearly under 
 the line, yet the tops of it is generally covered 
 M^kh ice and fnow. It firft (hewed itfelf m 
 I753> when Sebaftian de Belacazar firft entered 
 thefe countries, which eruption proved favour- 
 able to his enterprise, as it coincided with a 
 prediaion of the Indian priefts, that the country 
 fhould be invaded on the hurfting of this Vol- 
 cano, and accordingly it fell out, for before 
 1559 he had fubdued all the country* 
 
 
 T» 1^. 
 
C R A 
 
 CowETTA, a town of GcorfTl'i m M^.^u 
 Arnerica, ,o which general O^Sp' ha^^t 
 d ca' "i'r h r '^'^ "r" 5C0 miles from F :. 
 here the fa,d genera] conferred not only ,vith .he 
 
 with /;" "'•' '"''" °f ""^ nationVb tZ 
 with the deputies of the Coaaws and Ch eke 
 
 Cows-island. See Vache. 
 
 ifland ,n which are both hills and va ief 
 planted w.th oranges and citrons, and the En. 
 lifli fettled on t in the vear itJs k. . • ^^ 
 ouite df^/prf. r^. ♦k c ^ ? ^7^^ J but is now 
 ^uite de/ert for the Spaniards not likin? furh 
 neighbours, furprifed and took the place in^xv^o 
 and earned off the won^en and children t^ E 
 Kico and St. Doniinoo. Lat. i8 lo TM I 
 70. 10. W. . "" ^^' ^^'^' -^ong* 
 
 Craven, a large county in the province of 
 
 ^nd French proteftants. In this county is Sew^e 
 river, where frim^ r.^.:!:.. r.._ . ", ^ 'Si>ewee- 
 
 fettled. In ,700, the Fench landed l.e^:": b« 
 
 "^ were 
 
CUB 
 
 were vijwoiifiy oppofed by this little colony, who 
 beat oft- the iiivaJets, having forced them to- 
 kavc many of their companions dead behind 
 them. In' this county are no towns, on.y two 
 forts on tl.e fouthcrn bank of Santee-river ; the 
 one, calied Sheninii^h-foit, is about 45 miles 
 above the mouth of the river ; the other cal ed 
 ConV^ce, an Engliih fort, which (lands 65 miles 
 
 abov^ tlie former. 
 
 Creek, or Yammacraw, Ind.aris, a peo- 
 ^le of Georgia, in North America, allies of the 
 Enalilh, vhofe king Tomo-chich., with his 
 Jaein and fon, came over to England with ge- 
 neral Oglethorpe, in the year 1734- /here 
 "re n»tioi^ both of the Upper and Lower- 
 (\eeks, a country fo called from its being mter- 
 S with rivers, and extending from the rivet 
 Savannah to the lakes of Florida, the Cherokee 5- 
 mountains, and the river Cooffa. 
 
 Crown-point, a fort built by the French, 
 in The pTovince of New York. See New York. 
 Crijz, Santa, de tA Sierra, => govern- 
 ment and general(hip,alfo a jurifdiaion and b.fhop- 
 "ck undef ttie bi(hop of Charchas, 90 leagues 
 E. of Plata, in the empire of Peru. 
 
 Cuba, the moft confiderable .fland of the 
 Great Antilles, and, to fay the truth, is one of 
 the fined in the univerfe. ^ 
 
 • It lies ftretched out from W. to E. having 
 Florida and Lucayos on the N. H.fpamola on 
 the W. Jamaica, and the foulhern continent, 
 on the S. and the gulf of Mexicoon the t It 
 lies between 19°. 3o'- and 23°- o N. latitude, 
 and between 74°. and 87 °. of W. long. Herrera 
 
 auu wv, .'^__i „ :« Iv^nrrfVi- and LTl thc 
 
 " i/s, that It iS 230 icaguco .:. — p -' -;- - , , 
 
 toward tne u 
 
 broadeft part, which 
 
 of 
 
 Flif- 
 
C U J? 
 
 Wfpamola. 40 league,} in ,he narroweft 1. 
 
 by far'Se mlft", *' '^'"^'"^ °^ dancer, and i. 
 
 trn, M ^' • u ^ Europeans, who are generally 
 troubled with the heat of thefe parts, confefi 
 
 ^nTZlT'''''y "''="'''' •'y «•>; cooling 
 ouuh'e ti "" """'"S "'«• ««-S through! 
 
 fevtal'nar?/„f°i'^ if differs pretty mucfe Fn the 
 olthl ^r !5 ^' ,'".'"''• ^" 'he weftern part 
 
 cuI,v!J? "''^u' Pj*'"' ""'• 'f i' were properly 
 cultivated, m.ght be fruitful, though it muft 
 
 bead. The eaftern part is exceedingly moun 
 tamous, and frojn thence there runsa chl7ms 
 
 Fr^r! .K f un ^ ,"* 'he Jefs rough and barren 
 From thele hilJs there run down to the N. a, d S 
 many nvers, and amongft them Tome pret y con- 
 fiderabie ones, which, befides their beftowin^ 
 
 Sn'vetn;;'^ cib^-'ifrb'-- "^'^ e'^^'^« 
 
 wuh woods which, whatever tie l^a^ ^ds 
 
 ^e( P/nT''\"'"^''; °^i"g 'O 'heir o^n kzl 
 neis, and nothing elfe j for, as they admit the 
 
 country was well peopled when firA difcTvered 
 A f "'Tartly have been lefs thick with trees 
 
 Amongft thefe, however, there are fotne lery 
 valuable, particularly cedars of an enormous fee 
 
 are of •» u"!,°^ °''°"f"°"= ^°'")- fiTds ther^ 
 mands '" „^;t ' T''- ''i" '" ^"y "'her of the 
 hS't^ff - 5 r^P^"u','''' "' 'h^'^ fifft landing " 
 ie'"wL'f"l.''T! ."^^"^ cattle to flray intf 
 
 y «*vj uy ucp-rees turned w;iM o«J 
 
 B the woods 
 
 and 
 have 
 
•4<C U B 
 
 kave ftt nl»-4 the ifland with fuch a bretrf M 
 ^\V-,w «he Principal P>« /f .t. nch«. 
 Mirty fine t.' beafts art left tt> roton the g-ound, 
 Kh great numbers are killed purely for he 
 hides wT>ich are fent into Spam and m the 
 <|a.)Khter of them .'f^roes are employed, IHe 
 
 TJ ' 't into pieces, is «»'=<» •"♦>!' ^""^ T 
 h ufida, provifionforfhippm,. We h^^ve Mo « 
 obferved that its rivers abound with fift, o 
 ^Thtch we muft now add that thev abound al o 
 with a creature terrible ahke to fifh, bealt, ana 
 len, viz. the aligator. It is thought there are 
 more of this fpecies here than m any part of the 
 known world. Moft writers confound this crea- I 
 tu eTith the crocodile, and indeed the Spaniard, 
 have but one name, viz. caymanes, jo «prefs 
 both ; yet it is certain that there .s a d.fFerence 
 and amongft other particulars, in thefe. 1 he 
 Ws of a crocodile are longer than thofe of the 
 alieator ; his flefh is not mufky, as the other is ; 
 'he\nots on the back are tl>ickcr higher, and 
 •firmer • but the plaineft and moft d.fcernable 
 d ffe ^e, and which indeed difcovers i.jelf at 
 firft fiKht, is this, that the crocodile carries his 
 tail cocked and crooked, with the t.p turning 
 back, like a bow, whereas the ahgator drags h.s 
 
 *" Twf Xnd was difcovered by the famous 
 Chriftopher Columbus, who had but a very flight 
 view of it, which yet wa= fatal to the n«;- r 
 for they having prefented him with go! . ^ - 
 pieces of which he earned mto bpa..., t occ«- 
 Lm • an immediate refolution to ft"»e '" "• 
 This -s ntrformed in 151 1, by John Velal- 
 nuez V ^ tr. ifported hither about 500 foot, 
 quez,j. •>< . V ^^^ ^ hauehtv. cruel. 
 
 ana 
 
 li- 
 
 me X. 
 
CUB 
 
 inexorable man, and fhe treatment the ooor 
 people met with from him, was fuch aj we want 
 
 hilhop of Ch.apa, who wa» an eyt-wUne(s of 
 h.s barbarity hath publ (bed ,t w the world, 
 and computed, that by thefe horrid fcv«rities! 
 near 5,000,000 of people were.\.f»royed. Later 
 writer,, inftead of fpeaking tenderly ^f th*^ 
 matter and making fome amends to their me- 
 mory, do all that is in their powe. to give this 
 horrid rroceeding, the air of juftice, by repre- 
 ienrmg the Indians as-the moft bafe and wicked 
 nation that ever lived. Herrera tolls us, that 
 hey were a very good fort of people, and well 
 empered. They had, fays he, prince, and 
 towns of 2 or 300 houfe,, with fever.I families 
 in each of them, as was nfual in Hifpaniola. 
 
 idn^ r "°/'''a'""' « having, no tcn.pks 
 Idol,., or facnfices ; but they had tbe phy/icans 
 or conjuring priefls, as in Hi(pa.«f>la, who, it was 
 hought, had communication with the devil, ^ml 
 heir queftions anfwered by him. They f^ftcd 
 three or our months to obtain that favourf eat n^ 
 nothmg but the juice of herb., and when leduc 3 
 to extreme weaknefs, they were worthy of that 
 helhlh apparmon ; and to be informed whether 
 the fea,m.s of the year would be favourable, or 
 otherw./e; what children would be born ; uhe- 
 her thofe born would live, and fuch 111^^ J'f. 
 tions. 1 hefe were their oracles ; and thele con 
 jurers they called Behiques, who led the people 
 into many fuperftitions and fopperies, curing tl^ 
 /ick by blowing on them, and fuch other fxte! 
 
 tTe[h Th' .'""'"^•'"g/°"'e words betwixt thet 
 teeth. Thefe people of Cuba knew that heaven 
 
 ■and earth, and nti>»r ,k; u.j u """^^^fn 
 
 J — - „,r.vi -.liuji^s liiiti t^cen created 
 
 I 6 
 
 and 
 
t U B 
 
 and faid, they had fome information concerning 
 the flood, and that the world had been deftroyed 
 by water, from three perfons that came three feve- 
 Tal ways ; they were men of about 70 years of age, 
 and faid that an old man, knowing that the deluge 
 was to come, built a great (hip, and went mto it 
 with his family, and abundance of animals ; that 
 hefentoutacrow, which did not return, flaying 
 to feed on the dead bodies, and afterwards re- 
 turned with a preen branch, with other particif- 
 lars, as far as Noahs fon's covering him when 
 drunk, and the other fcoflftng at it j adding, that 
 the Indians defcended from the latter, and there- 
 fore had no coats nor cloaks; but that the Spa- 
 niards, defccndin^ from the other that covered 
 him, were therefore cloathed, and had horfes. 
 
 The true rcafon, in all probability, why the 
 Spaniards deftroyed, with fo little pity, To vaft a 
 number of innocent people, was a covetous de- 
 fire of poiTefling the whole ifland, and all its real 
 and fuppofed riches ; for at tliis time they fancied 
 that the parts of the ifland poiTefied by the na- 
 tives were excefiively rich in gold, of which, 
 while they fufFered them to live, the Spaniards 
 did really receive a very large (hare. But fince 
 the extirpation of tHe Indians, there has been 
 very little, and at prefent there is fcarce any gold 
 at all found ; which fome confider as a judg- 
 ment on the Spaniards for their cruehy. f or my 
 part I think the matter eaiily unriddled. 1 he 
 cold', I fuppofe, was taken out of the rivers, 
 which required not only a great deal of time and 
 patience, but many hands, and a perfea kno\v- 
 Icdce of the places where it was to be found. 
 This accounts for the lofmg that precious metal 
 
 
CUB > 
 
 wifh the people, and fhews how weak a point 
 of policy this doarine of extirpation really is 
 
 This ifiand has great conveniencies^ both for 
 making of fait, and catching of fifli, which are 
 principally barbel and (had.. It has mules, plenty 
 oi horfes, fheep, wild boars, hogs, and cattle 
 of a larger and better breed than any other part 
 of America ; wild and tame fowl, parrots, par. 
 tndges with blue heads, and large tortoifes 
 whofe feet are reckoned a fpecific for the Jeprof/ 
 k here is no place where not only the rivers as 
 before mentwned, but the feas abound more 
 with aligators, as well as the fmall iflands on the 
 coaft palled . Caymans, the Spanifh name for 
 crocodile. Their fhores aifo abound with fea- 
 fowl, particiilarly a fort of cranes which are 
 white, when young, and of various colours 
 when old. Here are quarries of flints, and 
 fountains of bitumen, which is ufed in calking 
 fhips inftead of pitch, as well as in medicinal 
 compofitions. 
 
 Abundan(?eof tobacco, both in leaf and fnufl^ 
 is exported hence to New Spain, Coda Rica' 
 
 r^r^!'fj''.''^h^^^' ^^^^^^^ what is fliipped 
 ♦or Old Spam, &c, in Europe. Another of its 
 trading commodities k Campeachy-wood, which 
 the merchants of this ifland import from the bay 
 of that name, and Honduras j and put on board 
 the flota for Spain, together with their hide5 and 
 tobacco. Upon the whole it is a pleafant ifland 
 However, from the depopulation of Cuba in 
 the manner before-mentioned, the improvements 
 on It are not fo general, nor fo good in their na- 
 ture and tendency, as in our iflands. Here are 
 more churches than farms, more priefts than 
 a«« ____ igjgy bigots than ufeful la- 
 bourers. 
 
 
CUE 
 
 labourers. And to this it is owing, that fo larg« 
 an ifland, with a luxuriant foil, bcfides food 
 for its inhabitants, which is more cafily produced 
 and obtained here than perhaps in any other part 
 of the world, here being forefts with plenty of 
 venifon, befidcs the cattle above-mentioned, 
 does not produce for exportation, including even 
 their hides and tallow, tobacco, and fnuft, &c. 
 near the value of our little ifland of Antigua. 
 
 The city of St. J. go de Cuba is the moft an- 
 cient in the iiland, and is, generally fpeaking, 
 efteemed the capital, though now the governor 
 refides at the Havana, and only fuch of the Spa- 
 niards as have eftates on the ifland, and are con- 
 tented with their pofieflions without meddling 
 much in trade, inhabit this place, which has a 
 declining afped, and preCerves only the ruins of 
 its former greatnefs. Yet even this city has a 
 noble, fafe, and commodious port, inferior to 
 the Havana only in its fituation, that being on 
 the N. W. fide of the ifland, towards the chan- 
 nel of Bahama, whereas St. Jago de Cuba lies 
 ©n the N. E. and commands the wmdward 
 
 paflTage. i r"j ui 
 
 CuENCA, or Bamba, a city and connderable 
 
 jurifdiaion in the province of Quito, and em- 
 pire of Peru, in South America, under the 
 Torrid Zone, lying in 2°. 53'. 49/'- S- lat. This 
 town is computed to contain about 20, or 30,000 
 people j and the weaving of bays, cottons, &c. 
 is carried on by the women, the men here being 
 averfe to all kind of labour, and prone to all 
 manner of profligacy. See Quito. It is fituat- 
 ed on the river Curaray, or Saint- Jago: which, 
 after many windings from W. to E. falls at laft 
 r,f the Amazons. The town 
 
 it anus 
 
 
 rn/#»i* 
 
 i\0 «>' 
 
and inhabited by Spaniards who are governed br 
 « corfe|,dore. Here w two convtnts, o«e of 
 Dominican friari } and the other of Ffancifcans 
 It ]i.s about 170 miFe. S. of Quito. T' 
 
 CwLiACAH, a province of GtiadalaMra, in the 
 •ud^nce, or kingdom of New Gaticifl, n Old 
 Mexico, or New Spain, in America. It has 
 theprovmceof CinaloaontheN. New Biftav 
 
 TinLu'^T^ TXHF^- <^'"='"'«l3n on the 
 b. and the gulph of California on the W ].. 
 kngth according to Moll, is 60 leagues', and 
 breadth 50 The Sanfons make its length 270 
 iniles. It abounds with all forts of fruit. Whin 
 this country was firft difcovered by the Spaniards, 
 they found houfcs here built after a ftrange man- 
 ner, and f.Il of ferpents hiffing at fuch as came 
 near. Thefe were often worftipped by the na- 
 tives, who alledgod that the devil frequently ap- 
 peared to them in that ftape. The great river 
 La Sal m this country is well inhabited on each 
 tide. According to Dampier it is a fait lake 
 
 ^l I'-Ju ""^'^^ '" 8°°'' "«""§ « anchor; 
 hough It has a narrow entrance, and runs 12 
 
 leagues E. and parallel with the ftore. Here are 
 
 feveral Spanift farms and falt-ponds about it ; and 
 
 five leagues from it are two rich mines, worked 
 
 by flaves belonging to the citizens of Compoftel- 
 
 r u r '°".""°*''*''g''^^'"^". whofe banks 
 are full of woods and paftures. Gazman, who 
 hrft difcovered, or at leaft fubdued this part of the 
 country, called it Mugeres, or the Women's-ri- 
 ver, as he faw a great number of women here ; 
 which gave occafion to the feble of Amazons 
 hvmg .n this country. On this river he built a 
 
 town 
 
CUM 
 
 jtown, to which he gave the name of St. Michad ; 
 which fee. 
 
 Cum AN A, or Com an a, the capital of New 
 Andalufia, a province of Terra Firma, in North 
 America. It fometimes gives its name to the 
 province. The Spaniards built this city in 
 152O) and it is defended by a ftrong caftle. 
 This town, fays Dampier, ftands near the 
 IDouth of a great lake, or branch of the Tea, 
 called Laguna de Venezuela ; about which are 
 feveral rich towns ; but its mouth is fo fhallow, 
 that no fliips of burthen can enter it. He adds, 
 that the privateers were once repulfed at Cumana, 
 without darmg to attempt it any more, being 
 the only place in the North-Seas they had in 
 vain attempted. It is fituated three leagues S. cf 
 the North-Sea, and to the S. W. of Margaretta- 
 ifland. Lat. 9. 55. N. Long. 65. 3. W, 
 
 Cumberland, Bay of, in the moft nor- 
 thern countries of America, divides the country 
 called, North-main info two pj:rts> Its mouth 
 lies under the polar circle, and runs to the N. W. 
 and is thought to communicate with Baffin's- 
 bay on the N In the cod of Cumberland -bay 
 are feveral fmall iflands, called Cumberland- 
 iOands. None but the Englifli, as Martiniere 
 obferves, call that bay Cumberland-bay ; andde 
 Lifle does not mention it. 
 
 Cumberland, Island of, in Georgia, in 
 North America, is about 20 miles S. of the 
 town of Frederica. On it are the two forts 
 called William and St. Andrews. The former, 
 which is at its S. end, and commands the inlet of 
 Amelia-found, is ftrongly pallifadoed and defend- 
 ed by eight pieces of cannon. Barracks are 
 buUt here for 220 men. befides ilore-houfes. 
 
 Within 
 
CUR 
 
 Within the pallifadoes are fine fprings of wafer, 
 
 " '" ammunition and provifions. 
 
 ef th?lfllV/,^°u"^''''°'"*' '" 'he S. E. part 
 
 But aTm r!l V "' ^°"""'y calledNvahhenam 
 who , • ^L ""°"' ^"'^ general Wemworth, 
 wl^o arrived here with a fquadron in July ,74, 
 
 runta?or,'""'"P'"'!?' "" ^"'"^ where ihV 
 of h^ Ti 2"iT" '^' P"'^'"^"' "^me, in honour 
 
 finefth ^"^^T'^"'*"''- I' is one of the 
 fineft harbours m the Weft Indies, capable of 
 
 cattU ' "/ "'''*'.';'^'"« """"y. abounding with 
 cattle and provifions, and a fine freft-waTer ri- 
 
 vfeabTe f "/ '"'"/'f ""=«' A-g^fta.^nd i, „a- 
 abour!/f' fe'^al leagues. This harbour » 
 thkk^'^"''t ^'T S'- J='S° <•« Cuba, uith 
 Fn.i tH*^ ' T^'y *" ""= '"'y to it. Here the 
 
 Nofe'Sbrri^'i"«''^>'*'' "" "'■""ft "'^ ""I of 
 
 ficW^ following, were, by reafon of the 
 
 beinc 1m"°!1^ "'""? '^''W^'^ely diminifted.and 
 being obliged to quit the ifland, were carried 
 
 50 W. ■^'°'^'"" ^"- ^°- 3°- N. Lojig. 76. 
 
 r^^^'^lr"'- CuRAssow, or, according to 
 AnuZ^n""^'"' Ql'E«"'Ao, one of the little 
 Aiitilles-iflands in the Atlantic ocean, in Ame- 
 
 ^rj"n !\ w"}^- '"'"^ °'" i-^POrtance which 
 the Dutch po/Tefs ,„ the Weft Indies. The 
 northmoft point of this ifland lies about 2? 
 leagues from the main, or Terra Firma, near Capl 
 Koman. Ft is about fiv^ leagues in length, and 
 between nine or ten in cirisuit. On the S.lde near 
 
 iiarbara, but us principal one is about three 
 
 leagues 
 
c u s 
 
 leagues from the S. E. end, on the N. fide of If, 
 where the Dutch have a very good town and 
 ftrong fort. Ships bound in thither muft be fure 
 to keep clofe to the mouth of the harbour, and 
 have a rope ready to fend one end a-fhore to the 
 fort : for there is no anchoring at the entrance of 
 the harbour ; but being once got in, it is a very 
 fecure port, either to careen, or lie fafe. At the 
 E. end are two hills ; one of them much higher 
 than the other, and fteepeft towards the N. fide. 
 The reft of the ifland is pretty level, where fome 
 merchants have ereded fugar- works, and which 
 formerly was all pafture-land for cattle. Here' 
 are alfo fome plantations of potatoes and yams ; 
 and they have ftill great numbers of cattle on the 
 ifland. But it is not fo much efteemed for its 
 produce, as its fituation for trade with the Spanifh 
 continent; for the Dutch fmuggle confiderably 
 with the fettlements of that nation on the Terra 
 Firma. Formerly the harbour was never with- 
 out ihips from Carthagena and Porto Bello, 
 which ufed to buy of the Dutch about iGOO, or 
 1500 negroes at a time, befides great quantities 
 -of European commodities. But of late that 
 trade has fallen intathe hands of the Englifh at 
 Jamaica. Yet ftill the Dutch have a vaft trade 
 all over the Weft Indies, fending from Holland 
 Ihips of good force which are laden with Euro- 
 pean goods, whereby they make very profitable 
 returns. Lat. 11. 56. N. Long. 68. 20. W. 
 
 Cusco, a city in the empire of Los Reyes,^ 
 the moft ancient in the kingdom of Peru, in 
 South America, it being cotemporary with the 
 vaft empire of the Yncas. It was founded by 
 the firft Ynca Mango as the feat and capital of 
 hi* empire. Don Fraacifco Fizarro entered and 
 
 ;ook 
 
c u s 
 
 took poffcffion of it in the name of Charles V* 
 
 '?f '""'ul G<^"n3"y. and king of Spain, in 
 i534. VVhen the Spaniards landed here they 
 were furpr.fed at the Jargenefs and fplendor of 
 he City, but chiefly at the magnificence of the 
 temple of the fun, called Curiachanah, which 
 contamed immenfe riches, the walls and deling 
 bemg covered with gold. Ynca Mancha be- 
 
 i'fu ^/n^^^'^ ^[f^^ P^^^ °^ '' »» a'heS but 
 without diflodging Pizarro. On a mountain 
 contiguous to the N. part of the city are the 
 rums of a famous fort built by the Yncas. It 
 IS remarkable for the monftrous dimenfions of 
 
 bi''"'!3-^^'f *" ''^ ^^ ''"'^ *" ^'"^^^"g bulk, 
 that It IS difficult to imagine how the ftrength of 
 
 men, unaffiftcd by machines, could have brSught 
 them thither from the quarries; one of thefc 
 huge ftones is ftill lying on the ground, and 
 feems not to have been applied to its intended 
 uie ; K la ot fuch an enormous mafs as to aftoniih 
 not only the fight, but the conception, by what 
 poffible art it could be brought thither. This 
 itruaure was once famous for its immenfe riches. 
 The city of Cufco is nearly equal to that of 
 J.ima. The houfes are elegant and fpacious, 
 moftly of ftone j the mouldings of all the doorl 
 are gilt. The facrilty, called Nueftro Senora 
 <iel I riumpho, was the place where the Spa- 
 niards defended themfelves from the fury of The 
 Indians, when they were furrounded by the army 
 of the Ynca Mancha, and though the whole city 
 was feveral times fet on fire, yet the flames had no 
 cireet on this part, which was attributed to the 
 proteaion of the holy virgin. There are eight 
 purifhes in thjs city, and a convent remarkable for 
 D^ing DUiit 01 ttie walls formerly belonging to the 
 
 tern- 
 
CVS 
 
 • ■ t 
 
 temple of thcTun, and the hif;h altar ftanJs on 
 the very fpot where once flood the image of 
 that Pagan deity. Here are four nuimeries, three 
 colleges, and courts, correfponding nearly with 
 thofe of Lima, and other large cities of this 
 country. Cufco is ^ivided into two parts ; the one 
 called Havan-Cufco, and the other Oran-Cufco. 
 }n the time of the Yncas there was a large 
 and beautiful fquare in the middle of the city, 
 from which iflued four ftately ftreets reprcfenting 
 the four parts of the monarchy of Peru : they 
 are fllll fubfifting at this day. 'The Yncas had 
 their palace in the fortrefs of Chachfa-Nuama^ 
 which in a manner confifted of three fortrcfies, 
 difpofed in the form of a triancle. In the middle- 
 moft of thefe the Yncas rehded, the walls of 
 which were incruftatcd with gold and filver, and 
 adorned with all forts of figures. There was no 
 way of going up to this citadel but by fablerra- 
 neous pafTages, which, by the rntricafc windihgf, 
 formed a labyrinth, the ifTue of which could 
 hardly be found. The whole citadel might be 
 looked upon as impregnable. The Spaniards 
 have demoliftied that fumptuous building ; but 
 not being able to remove thofe huge flones, of 
 which it was compofed, the grcateft part of the 
 walls is flill flanding. 
 
 In the time of the Yncas it was not lawful for 
 the inhabitants of Cufco to go and fettle elfe- 
 v/here ; fo that in this city was a prodigious con- 
 courfe of people, becauCe all the fubjeils were 
 obliged to come hither in order to pay their ho- 
 mage to the fovereign. The principal men of 
 the empire were obliged to leave their children 
 with them as hoftages, under pretence of making 
 them learn the language of Cufco. Othe.^ 
 
 CHme 
 
c u s 
 
 came hither to work at the buildings of the city • 
 to clean and repair the ftreets and roads, and to 
 perform other fort, of work for the court, and 
 cultw.te the arts and manufaflures under the 
 prince's eye. This kind of policy ferved to 
 keep the provinces in a due fubjeaion, and alfo 
 tomfp,re all the fubjedl, with a noble emulation! 
 The gold and fdver of Peru was brought i» 
 great plenty to Cufco, in the neighbourhood of 
 wh.ch are very nch mines. But^hefe have in 
 pZc"^^ ? been ncglefled ; becaufe thofe of 
 ^^nlt ni '""^'' ""'^ ''''^"' ""<• with lefg 
 
 Corf I ■ i"" ?'"/' °^ ^^■"P='' ""'" 'hofe of 
 torddlera de Cufco, are very confiderahle, 
 ^ough there be others much richer towards the 
 Moxos, where the Indians have plenty of ^old • 
 but they are of a favage and fierce temper. "The 
 Spaniards have fome little trade with the nations 
 rflvelhng beyond the mountains of Cufco. 
 
 parts of the city fubterrancous buildings, where 
 the foothfayers and diviners dwek. And in thefe 
 buildings the Spaniards flill, from time to Imc, 
 find great quantities of gold and filver. 
 
 Jn Cufco are reckoned between 15 and 16 oco 
 Spaniards, Creolians, and Indians^ bef.dcs the 
 1 rangers who come thither to trade. The' 
 churches are very rich, as well as the convents; 
 among which that of the Jefuits is remarkabi; 
 fumptuous. It IS the fee of a bilhop, who is 
 fufFragan to the archbifliop of Lima, and is ftill 
 an elegant city The valliL about Cufco aboui 
 with corn and fruit. I„ that of Yucay are fe- 
 veral^ardens and country-feats, in which the 
 Spaniards have fpared nothing that cnyl-l o„r=. 
 abiy gratify the imagination: in a wordT'no- 
 
 lliing 
 
c u z 
 
 thing is wanting at Cufco, viz. for pleafure or 
 health, though the air be fomewhat cold on ac« 
 count of the Andes, or Cordillera. Here are 
 manufa^rcs of bays and cotton -cloth, which 
 are fome fmall prejudice to the trade of Europe. 
 They alfo make fome forts of works in leather, 
 as well for the ufe of men, as for the furni- 
 ture of horfcs and mules. This city is alfo fa- 
 mous for the vaft number of pii^ures made by 
 the Indians, with which, wretche as they are, 
 they fill the whole kingdom. Cufco ftands in a 
 very uneven fituation, on the declivity of the 
 Cordillera. Its N. and W. fides are furroundcd 
 with a mountain, on one fide of which is the 
 famous caftle before-mentioned, that was built 
 by the Yncas ; on the S. fide is an elegant plain, 
 decorated with walks. It lies about 356 miles 
 E. of Lima. Lat. 13. 26. S. Long. 70. 20. W. 
 
 CuYO, or Chicuibo, a province of Chili, 
 in S. America. It is fituated to the E of Chili 
 Proper, and beyond the Cordillera-mountains. 
 
 CuzuMEL, an ifland in the province of Juca- 
 tan, and audience of Mexico, in South Ame- 
 rica, in the bay of Honduras, 15 leagues long, 
 and five broad. The adventurers who ufed to 
 touch here, when they went upon difcoveries 
 from the iflc of Cuba, called it Santa Cruz, its 
 chief town. It lies four leagues to the E. of 
 the lake of Bacalal, in 19 ^. N. lat. and 87 <'. W. 
 long. 
 
 DAM- 
 
BAR 
 
 rVAMPIER'S-STREIGHT, m 
 XV opening or paflage, found by th« captain 
 whofe name it bear., between South Guinev 
 
 was "kZ"? 1" '\ ^- "f "• witrwwcr^: 
 
 In it If ^ T^^' "I J°'" S""''' America. 
 N fide Th?.f "•'',' •'^' '"6*" 'rS on 'he 
 
 Wand anH I. I !""''l" "I? S^od between the 
 iiiand and the land to the eaftward. 
 
 Uarien, Isthmus of, or Tsrra Firma 
 
 thegulph of Darien and Mexico, %r New 
 Spam, a ong the coaft of the North ami South^ 
 bcas. It ,s that narrow neck of land which 
 joms South and North America together and 
 otherw,fe called the Ifthmu, of PaC or"of 
 
 from h •"" ^'°^u'^^y "'"= "''"'^ of J^arien 
 
 from t lie great river thus called, by which it is 
 
 bounded to the E. together with the gu Iph into 
 which It ft l3. On the W. fide, itf fomher^ 
 
 bu? its'?„",t '° 'rS- 83°- W. f/om London; 
 bw Its northern does not extend beyond long 
 B2 . Beyond the great river Darien the land 
 fpreads to E and N. E. as that on the other fi2e 
 (°V° ,"'" ^; ^"^ N. W. fo that it cannot any 
 further be called an Itthmus. It is mofllj co J 
 prehended between lat. 5, and ,0". and nelr 
 300 mdes long. But its breadth in the narrowed 
 ^"m" t?"} 55. " 60 miles from fea to fea 
 
 Mr. Wafer lays, that were he to fix limits 
 
 othtsnarroweft part of the Ifthmus. h^ Sid 
 
 aliign for its weftern boundary a line run. 
 
 ning from the mouth of the river thaare, where 
 
 tI7 Itl 
 
 r«lii Ja_ 
 
 tt ^^ 
 
 V *«v.«uiiig uiai City ajiu i'orto Beilo, with 
 
 ' the 
 
D A R 
 
 the rivers of Cheapo and Chagre. And he 
 would draw a line from point Garachina, or the 
 S. part of thegulph of St. Michael, dire^ly h. 
 to the iieareft part of the great river of Darien, - 
 for the weftern limit ; fo a3 to take Caret-bay 
 into the Ifthmus. On the N. and L. it is fufh- 
 ciently bounded by each of the vaft oceans. 
 And confidering that this is the narroweft land 
 which disjoins them, and how great the com- 
 pafs is which muft be fetched from one (bore to 
 the other by Tea, having North and South Ame- 
 rica for each extreme, it is of a very lingular 
 fituation, and extremely pleafant and agreeable. , 
 Nor does either of the oceans fall in at once 
 upon the fhore, but is intercepted by a great 
 many valuable iflands that lie fcattered along 
 . each coafl. Thofe in the gulph of Darien are 
 principally three, viz. Golden-iiland ; another, 
 the biggeft of the three, and the idand of Fines : 
 befides thefe, are the Samballoes-iHands, great 
 numbers of them difleminated in a row, and col- 
 l^erally at very unequal diftances. 
 
 The land of this continent is almoft every 
 where of an unequal furface, diflinguifhed by 
 hills and vallies of great variety for height, 
 depth, and extent. I^he vallies are general.y 
 watered with rivers, brooks, and perennial 
 fprincs, with which the country very much 
 abounds. They fall feme into the North, and 
 others into the South-Sea ; and moft of them 
 fake their rife from a rldgc, or chain of higher 
 hills than the reft, running the length of the 
 Ifthmus, and in a manner parallel to the fhore ; 
 which, for diftinaion's fake, we (hall call the 
 main-ridee. This is of an unequal brecdth, 
 
 and temis aiong, uenuiiig «» m^ *4ij;ui-w- "--- 
 
 docs. 
 
Oar 
 
 ioe». Iti.moftlynearefttht .orlh Sea feMn« 
 
 f»ys he had always a fair view of the Norfh 1 
 from thence- hurtk. c„ .u p . i^ortn-ica 
 
 WIEIII.C, DUitneaouth-Sea he cnuU r>^i. c 
 from anv narr r.f ii - _: i t ; touia not (ce 
 
 ti-uic extent, and fome open n ace« !,.► .k 
 lie intermixed with confiderahl, ^1^ ' ^I ^'^ 
 focloathed with taM woods 1' /h • '' 
 
 the profpea very mucr ' ' "''^ '"'*""?' 
 
 where fo coveied wLSt^idJ^-""^ ^r-^ 
 continued foreft Nor T, ?h!' • 'f ^" """ 
 
 carried on every where wih,. "l"" '."'§" "'"''^ 
 i3ra.herarow^"rcTain ^di^ftll^^-J/^P'^ut 
 
 • continued one • anrl n,.^^ j- V . . ^' ^"^" ^i 
 
 -d iarge vXys^.^nt^e a^^IXn' 
 ces that compofe itslenirth AnArhr ^""T^^ 
 
 Some of the rivers which water tMc 
 are indifferently iar^^ thL.V uf . ^^""^''y 
 
 vervAin^ T-L . inore, their courfe is 
 
 S • Ct .h?d\;;h"af th'^ttra' "''''' ^'^^ 
 fwerable to the «,;j1 r f P"*f^"ce is not an- 
 
 fijrther init is dee;'t"oth°' BuT^'"'''^^ 
 Chagre, the w^nI- i!"i.: .?"'/™'" '''?"ce to 
 
 -5^5- licue bet^ ;hrbr:ok;rno?^'iv '!;« 
 
 Vol. I 
 
 K 
 
 nor is the ri- 
 ver 
 
D A R 
 
 ver of Conception any other, which difcharges it- 
 felf over againft La Sound's-key, in the Sambal- 
 loes. The river of Chagre is pretty confiderable : 
 it rifes from the fame ridge, and has a long wind- 
 ing courfe from the S. and E. part of the Ifth- 
 mus, its fource being at a pretty great diflance 
 from its mouth. The N. coaft in general is 
 plentifully watered ; yet chiefly with fprings and 
 rivulets, trickling down from the neighbouring 
 hills. The foil on this N. coaft is various : ge- 
 nerally it is good land where rifmg in hills ; but 
 towards the fea are here and there fwamps, yet 
 feldom above half a mile broad. Inclufivelx 
 from Caret-bay, which lies in the river of Da- 
 rien, and is the only harbour in it, to the pro- 
 montory near Golden-ifland, the (hore of the 
 Ifthmus is indifFerently fruitful, partly a fandy 
 bav but part of it is overflown, fwampy, man- 
 o^ove land, where is no going a-lhore but up to 
 rhe middle in mud. The (hore of this coaft rifcs 
 in hills dired^ly, and the m.in- ridge is about five 
 o" fix miles diftant. Caret-bay has two or three 
 rivulets of frefh water falling into it. It is a fmall 
 bay and havin. two little iflands lying before it ; 
 mike it an indifferent good harbour, and it has 
 dear anchoring ground, without ^ny rocks. 
 The iflands are pretty high land, cloathed with a 
 
 variety of trees. ^ , 
 
 To the eaftward of the promontory, at the 
 entrance of the river Darien, is another fine 
 f", dv bay. I" the cod of ir hes a .ttle, low 
 ZZpy Wand, about which it is ftoal water and 
 fXround, not fit for (hipping : and the fl,or 
 of ife lahinus behind and about .t, .s fwami y 
 ":J, over-srown with mangroves, till alter 
 f^. three or four miles the knd a'cends u. tne 
 
UAR 
 
 mam-ridge. But though the corf «f .i.- i 
 
 fo bad, yet the entrance of ^? /'"' *"'>' ''• 
 
 ?nd a har'd fandy bottom ex el en', f ''^ '"^'^^ 
 
 'here iflan s^r :ht;:^pf °tir °- ^ 
 
 From thefeillands, and Xwrl ' ' 
 oppofite to them, the ffiore run. TP^ P°'"t 
 to.point Samballa's , an^.the firftth '"T'*"'^ 
 « 's guarded by a riff of rocks fll ? ^'"^"'^ 
 
 little fandy bay with 7ooTLI ^'""'^ '" ^ fine • 
 a-fliore. And^the enTof th. ri'^' ""'' S-^'ng 
 and the SambalJoeSan d S' b" ?"^'^''^' 
 hence ^e other guard it f ^ the^r« "°'^ 
 malce it a very good harbour Tk- ' ^n<* 
 
 the others, is'^Lcb f eq°"nted h ' '■' '^^" ^» 
 and by our countryme^n Xd ^t^- 'm '=^" « 
 quiclcly harbour. Beforp ,1- v J"^'f''=-me- 
 iflands, the long channel b./ ''^Samb.IIoes. 
 Mhmus is bf fwo, ?h ee ,n!r r '''''' '"^ "'= 
 breadth , and thrftore of the Tfth °"' ?'"« '" 
 <andy bays, and olnll ZJ ^^,""" '' PaftJ? 
 
 Poinit SaVbanas' iL mTnr''"''' ^J"''^' '^ 
 at the fame diftance of fiv „?"'"' ^'^ much 
 
 whofe mouth is about a ml I Conception, 
 
 ward of La Sound'sqLv th' ^ •"'°? '^' ^aft! 
 what further diftam ^ A^Inv I w,"? '"'^^ ''' '""me- 
 the fea on every fide oUhlS" ^'°°^I ^^" '■""' 
 lets are fome of ^them °n the ^/n?',,' ''"'^ '''<= °«- 
 
 among themangrove land he / ^^' '"'' '"""^ 
 ;"'"rs'v/vc5 are on this rnnii- «,.j_ l *"". " ""''"-^ 
 
 ssrsr<:L'tS''"S!;'S 
 
 which 
 K 
 
 come out there 
 
 Water 
 
 are 
 
 brackilh' 
 
D A R 
 
 brackifli : but thofc in the lindy bay yield very 
 fweet water. None of thefe outlets, nor the ri- 
 ver of Conception itfclf, are deep enough to ad- 
 mit of any veffel but canoes, the rivers on this 
 part of the coaft being numerous, but (hallow : 
 yet the fine riding in the channel makes any 
 other harbour needlefs. The going a-fhore on 
 thefe iflands is very eafy. But a fea-wmd makes 
 a great fwell, fometimes fall upon the Ifthmus, 
 efpecially where a channel opens between the 
 iOands ; fo that canoes are often overfet. The 
 ground hereabout is excellent foil, the land 
 rifing up gently to the main ridge, and is a con- 
 tinued foreft of ftately timber-trees. 
 
 About two miles to the weft ward of thefe 
 iflands, and a little to the eaftward of Porto 
 Belle, at the mouth of the bay of Nombre de 
 Dios, and above half a mile from the (bore, 
 lie a few iflands called Baftimentos, now noted, 
 as admiral Hofier, in 17 18, continued a long 
 time before them with a BritiOi fquadron m a 
 flate of inaaion, till the (hips were almoft rot- 
 ten, which fo afFeded him, that it is commonly 
 faid it broke his heart, and he died on board 
 while they lay there. The (hore of the Ifl:h- 
 mus hereabout confifi:s moftly of fandy bays, after 
 pafling a ridge of rocks that run out from the bay 
 Nombre de Dios, pointing towards the Bafti- 
 mentos. Beyond thefe to Porto Bcllo tht coaft 
 is generally rocky. Within land the country is 
 fulfof high andfteep hills, very good land, and 
 €)ftremely woody, unlefs where cleared for plan- 
 tations by Indians tributary to the Spaniards. 
 Thefe are the firtt fettJements on this coaft under 
 the Soanifh government, and lie fcattered in 
 low houfes, "or little villages from hence to 
 
 . Porto 
 
both on the 4 "h^''^"'^" -'o*" '"' ^'""^'''°" 
 
 which are brSt hkher .nH "'" °^/"""- 
 Old Spain, have^Lu S fcveral Su' '"'^ 
 njalce attempt, on PanamaTporto Bej o T'' 
 
 aT^ov-X'-roSai/'^^^^^^^ 
 tarns here are fo difficu Uof acceft .Tat'i,'""^" 
 
 gicdx racihc ocean, anno icto o«^ n i 
 
 Pacific o^a^irr^^^^^ 
 
 coaft of Greer„7/ ri" 'g V"^' tS?"- 
 Tf Ko^ ;* V^ • ^' ^° Baffin s-bav in Rno 
 
 SSieVir^^rin'tJ;^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 foolc, with two barks tJf J § ^^ ""^^^- 
 coaft ^^A ' '° '^^^^h the N W 
 
 coat, and came to the S. W c^^nf^lf n 
 
 ..svi 1" "!'.''I°"'".°.»'»'''ii>«<"'M .k. 
 
 K 
 
 canoes, 
 brins- 
 
II 
 
 SM 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 D A U 
 
 bringing him ftag-fkins, white hare-fklns, fmair 
 cod» mufcles, &c. He ?.fterwards arrived in 
 lat. 64, 15. where was found a great quantity of 
 Aich fand as Forbi(her had before brought into 
 England. He fleered tience to lat. 66. 40. and 
 as far as Mount Rawleigh. In 1586, he made a 
 fecond voyage to the fame coaft, fearching 
 m^iny places towards the W. and next year, in a 
 third voyage, he came to lat. 72. 12. He gave 
 the name of London-coaft to the land on the E. 
 fjde, which is the coaft of Greenland, Davis's- 
 flrcight extends to long. 75^ where it communi- 
 cates with Eaffin's-bay, which lies to the N. of 
 this ftreight, and of the North-main, or James's- 
 ifland. See Baffin's- bay. 
 
 Dauphin, Isle of, a fmall fettlement be- 
 longing to the PVench, in Canada, in North 
 America j about 70 leagues E. of the mouth of 
 that of the Miffifiippi* "This ifland is fituated on 
 the river Maubile : it is five leagues in length, 
 but of a fmall breadth. Not a tree is to be (een, 
 in one half of this ifland ; and the other is not 
 much better.. The fort, and the only village, or. 
 dwelling place which remain on it, are fituated in 
 the weSern part of the ifland. Between Tifle 
 Dauphine> and I'ifle Corne, which is a league 
 diflant from the former, is but little water. At 
 the extremity of the latter is another very fmall 
 ifland, called I'ifle Ronde, on account of its 
 figure. 
 
 L'ifle Dauphine was formerly called Tifle de 
 Mafl^acre, and magazines and huts were built 
 on it ; becaufe having a harbour it would be 
 much eafier to unload goods brought from 
 France than fend them in chaloups to fort 
 Maubile.,^t was gradually peopled, ai>d fome 
 
D A U 
 
 years afterwards a fort, and fever,-,! I.^„. ™ 
 zmes were.ercaed • fn fh,, •! l ""^S^ mngs. 
 
 the principal ptcVont^coonr'T"'''''''''!^ 
 fubfiftence. howfv.r ^'ony. Their only 
 
 from France and ^h T'l ^^ '^^'" '^ey received 
 
 ravage n^e's t^l'tL?"'t''J'°"' "'= 
 and were again tlconr^.^ T r^'y ''"^^S'ccd. 
 many of thefe wer. r "J"!" '°'"^ "^ '*"='" j 
 
 cleared a^'good deal of grJJnd ''.^ "7- ''">' 
 'ved amicably with them n.K " ''"' '''"="'^'» 
 achians, ca JeTKo/ .^2 own ." "'^^P^" 
 
 them, mor^ pier "SS '^"^ '""'^^ "'"'= given 
 gain the favaees of twf ^"^ ""' '^ken to 
 
 rhan)ayingaf?i;Lu„ttL"forth:f?e't"'[^- 
 tiy. About Maubilp .u , . '^'"^^^^"chcolo- 
 
 good foil, c^rj „%te^ir„°°"'^^''''^'^-"f 
 
 auttrfa&hTrS ^""""^ ''^^ ^--^' 
 turned the houfesand 1''''^ ' P'"'Sed, and 
 Phine and coS,iS ^nfeXf" c u'^?-- 
 
 ':eT''i%"':He;" rfhrt?''^- '^-' '° ^^- 
 
 lofs occafioned b/wh ch bo.l^ t ' rh^f"'^ ' "^= 
 private perfons. 'amcfn'.ed 'fo gfooo V"" '" 
 and a ter this it was thought lr.^:,TJ'T '■ 
 
 and af-Pr/h- • ' ^"'°'''""^'' ^ 8o,ooo f 
 and af.er this ,t was thought abfoln .1,, „„,« . 
 luiorurv thpifi:,r.,l ii;u;(n ., . --■ "^^'^•'■iry 
 
 tofortirytheifiand." Wh 
 
 K 
 
 1ft th 
 
 IS was carrying on, 
 thi 
 
DEN" 
 
 the cxpcnccs laid out were all at once loft by the 
 entrance into the only harbour of this ifland be- 
 ing choalccd up by a vaft heap of fand, which a 
 hurricane gathered before it. The ifland it- 
 k]( was almoft laid under water, and by. this 
 means numbers of cattle Were drowned. In 
 1 7 19, the Spaniards, attempting for four days 
 ■ fucceiiively to take this ifland, were at length ob- 
 lig(jd to dcfiO:, without efFediing their purpofc. 
 Lat. 30. 10. N. Long. 88. 7. W. 
 
 Delaware, a river of Penfylvania, in North 
 America. It riies far N. in the country 
 of the Iroquois ; takes its courfe to the fouth- 
 ward, and dividing this province from that of 
 New Jerfey, falls into the Atlantic ocean be- 
 tween capes May and Henlopen, forming at its 
 mouth a large bay, called alfo Delaware. This 
 river is navigable for above 200 miles, but has a 
 catara^, or fteep water-fall in it abov^ Briftol, 
 which renders its navigation impradicable north- 
 W*ards of the county of Bucks. 
 
 Dennis- ISLE, one of thefe many iflands ofF 
 the N. E. coaft of New Britain, in South Ame.- 
 rica. It is fo called in the Dutch maps, and 
 takes its name from one Gerret Dennis. It is 
 about 14 or 15 leagues round, high, mountain- 
 ous, and very woody. Some of the trees are 
 very large and tall, and the bays by the fea-fide 
 are well flored with cocoa-nut trees, where alfo are 
 fome fmall houfes. The fides of the mountains 
 are thick fet with plantations, and the mould in 
 the new-cleared land of a brown reddifh colour. 
 This ifland is of no regular figure, but full of 
 points (hooting out into the fea, between which 
 are feveral fandy bays. The middle of the ifle 
 is fituatcd in lat. 3. 10. S. It is very populous ; 
 
 the 
 
DEN' 
 
 natives are a very Mart n 
 
 people, having larL J i .''™"S' ^i"! 'o^uft 
 
 '•'vera^ forn," and t / Jr''" Vi--^^ '^''^^ '""' 
 « «d, white, and yelW ^u^"T "'"""♦ 
 round faces, with I J,- ? ■ ^''^J' ''»''« broad 
 able enough, 1 11 dlff ''°«'V°'""' y" ^g^"- 
 
 -aring gtt "h n^f &J^h''^• "T ^"'' 
 b'g as a man's thumh , j \ "^"^ "°'es. as 
 '•^ngth. Thefe theTr' f ''''°'" ^°^^ inches in 
 *"if: one end cJmin"" ''T "'^°"e'' ''«'' "° " 
 and the other end alift^hy T ^''^^k-bone, 
 nofesare fo flretched ?h . ?"'" = ^""^ 'heir, 
 them appears about the „ °"'^ " ''""•" ^'P "f 
 a"-o great holes made thT"*: ^b^y have 
 which they wearSameT^^ '*"'" ''"' •" 
 nofes. They are aaiv/n^!."""^'"' ^' '" 'beir 
 Which are ver/ in! ^."'' fl^^rous in their proe.., 
 "arrow a^d 1L"S^"'f %, buU* Thefe are' 
 the .head and ftL h \ ''t^''" "" ""e fide, . 
 decorated with feveral H? "''*" '^' "'^^ and 
 
 And though but Tu71 T^" I'j""^'' <><■ carved. 
 
 blanceapp'eara pS^d^n ' ^'"^ "^^- 
 fancy. With what ^„ft ^^"'^ ^" '"eenious 
 
 proei and carvHwo?t "'"''"'', "^"^ '"^''"^ 'bdr 
 ^eem utterly ignlrof ^n" '^'^'l '^' '-'^y 
 "eat paddles, with whU , 7 '">' bave very 
 "^ge their pr^er Their Ji"^ ''"'""^"'y -- 
 Ia/.ces, fwords, flings a„7f'"'"' f" '"'"'^'P^"/ 
 rows. They havL :il(, ?^ "'""'^ ^"^ ^'•- 
 
 Wkingfift. Vhofewt "'°"'^"' ^'"S'>' '■"^ 
 ^^-npier in Slinge •' L ° "T '° '"■"^'^ "P^'--'" 
 -•fPe* like this people ^'yh,T'" =^^ '" "" 
 
 t'= «fe alike treacheJo " T '"'V '"^^'^ ''^' 
 «'«r and difti„a i ,„".?!:• . ^ ^e.r Ipeech i, 
 
 ~- " " ^ e,^--_j irirrr ?r..*<^^. — t /■' .— 
 
 iCi.r 
 
 K 
 
 ^^■^ns of fiicnd/]ii 
 
 arc 
 
D E S 
 
 are either a large truncheon, or bough of a tree 
 -full of leaves put on their heads, which they of- 
 ten ftrike with their hands. Lat. 3. 10. N, 
 
 Long. 36. 10. W. 
 
 Desaquadero, a river in South America, 
 and empire of Peru, over which the Ynca 
 HuanaCapa built a bridge of flags and rufhesto 
 tranfport his army to the other fide, and which 
 
 flill remains. 
 
 Descada, Desirada, or Desiderada, 
 the firft of the Caribbee-iflands difcovcred by 
 Columbus in his fecond voyage, anno 1494, 
 when he gave it that name. It is fityated in the 
 AtLintic ocean, E. from Guardaloupe, and fub- 
 ka.ta the French. The Spaniards make this in 
 their way to Annerica, fometlmes, as well as 
 Guardaloupe. It looks at a diftance like a galley 
 v/ith a low point at the N. V/. end. Here are 
 fand-hills on the N. end of it full of red veins. 
 Jn fome parts it is fruitful and well cultivated ; in 
 ©thers barren, and deflitute of trees. It breeds 
 ouanas, and a multitude of the fowls called fri- 
 '<?ats, &c. Labat fays there is a very deep cavern 
 fn this ifland which is almoft full of bones, with 
 thetelicks of bones and other arms of the an- 
 cient Indians, and fuppofes it to have been a 
 burying-place. It is four French leagues ni 
 length, but fcarce two in breadth.. Lat. 16. 
 36.°N. Long. 61. 15. W. ^ ^ 
 
 Deseada, or Cape Desire, as it is com- 
 monly dalled, Magellan himfelf having given it 
 that name, as from it he firft faw the South-Sea. 
 It is the moft wefterly promontory of the Magel- 
 lan-^ilrcights, in South America, and at the en- 
 trance into the South Sea. _ Lat. 53. 35. S. 
 
 
 
 Desire, 
 
3 cavern 
 
 DOM' 
 
 lors to a volcano near l"^l\^'Z" ''>' °"^ '■^'■- 
 
 Spain, Norta America ^""p-^' *" Nev,, 
 
 fide of NicaraguTy ake Ih' l""""'' ."" "'^ 
 
 fome may be len^frt 'thfNtth's"'""^ '^ 
 Icaft a great wav in ,K. i i "°f"i-i>ea, or at 
 
 It has I (.Lhull Inn, '''"= 1°*"^''' 'hat fta. 
 
 ft w. Lat ,, ,7i^° "l^ ''°«"'n. Jike a brokea 
 
 Mo ,, ^P^» an ifland on the F ^t V 
 Magellanic^, in South America hn/v "'^ 
 
 S:: tXinf rr dr«^ ••'" ^ bii;r.r! 
 
 eylantl^t oT'thSS'^r'^".^^''"''-- 
 ^. from the coaft of Pen. :« c V^. leagues 
 
 It i= but a fmall iflanS and Je "io°w ^""'■^^ 
 people, who went =. n.„J u ^ ^- Scouten's 
 thing but fomThU; h-'u^'"' ^°"'<ifindno- 
 gardfn creffeT. There .'h'" 'f"^ ^''""'*'''"= 
 
 -hich did not bark'"whencTth^s"fl''''7l t^' 
 name. Thev alfo rlSo. ■ '"''"'^ bad its 
 in fmall ditches 1. itrir ' """-^'«"g--.tbercd 
 
 fuppofed that this flanH. '''^- '^^'y 
 
 tide', and i^' th^ S/^^ --A-vcd at hig,^ 
 
 falt-water. There warnn.K "' P''«'' ^"^ 
 en one fide. .Z^^^/'^'^^f but 
 green tree,, which feem^d nl ?n, 1 ^^ °^ ''"/ 
 and afforded a pleafanj^o -p'S'l^^'S '-■ '-'v^':. 
 
 rS°A!.':.^^::^-H«-"AN'ioiA,oneor,F. 
 
 o' '^""'"vo'jiianas, m the W 
 
 K 6 
 
 eft Ind 
 
 les. 
 
 It 
 
 partly 
 
DOM 
 
 partly belongs to the Spaniards, and partly to the 
 French. The natives ftiled it Hayti, and the 
 Spaniards, when Chriftophcr Columbus firft dif- 
 coveredin 1492, called it Hifpaniola, or Little 
 Spaii>. The city, which he founded rn 1494, 
 being dedicated to St. Dominic, the name was 
 firft extended to that quarter of the ifland ; and 
 in procefs of time to the whole ; fo that it is now 
 generally called in our charts, &c. St. Domingo. 
 It is fituated in the middle between Cuba and 
 Jamaica on the N. W. and S. W. and Porto Rico 
 on the E. and feparated from the laft only by a 
 narrow channel. It extends from lat. 17. 37. to 
 Jut. 20. and from long. 67. 35. to long. 74. 15. 
 being near 400 miles from W. to E. and almoit 
 120 where broadeft, from N. to S. Some rec- 
 kon it 400 leagues in circuit, cxclufive of its 
 hays, creeks, &c. which it is thought would- 
 make up 2G0 more. The climate here is ex- 
 tremely hot ; but cooled by winds that blow at 
 certi^in feafons. It alfo rains exceflively at fomc: 
 times, yet not at all places alike. Though the 
 climate agrees but badly with new-comers ; yet 
 they live here in good health, and to a great age, 
 many of the inhabitants exceeding 80, andfome 
 reaching to I ao years* ^, . . 1 n 
 
 This ifland, which,.next toCuba* m; thelargelt 
 of all the Antilles, is allowed to be the moft 
 fruitful, and by muchthe pleafanteft In the Weft 
 Indies, having vaft forefts of cabbage-trees, 
 palms, elms, oaks, pines,, the jenipah, cara^ 
 mite, acaiou, and other trees ftill taller and 
 larger, and the fruit more pleafmg to the eye, 
 and better tafted than in the other iflaiwis ;. par- 
 ticularly ananas, bananas, grapes, oranges, le- 
 
 apru 
 
I> O M 
 
 ^ricocks. Here all the birds are common in the 
 Weft Indies ; as alfo the muflcettos, and fire-flies. 
 in the meadows, or favannas, as they call them, 
 are mnumerable herds of black cattle, which be- 
 
 tWf°h"'V"""'u''- J^'"" "■■= » fufficient quan- 
 tity of horfes m the V rench part of the ifland to 
 
 fupply all their neighbouring colonies, befide, 
 
 Wild horfes and wild hogs%f the b eed firft 
 
 brought over by the Spaniards. The hunters 
 
 flloot the beeves for. their hides, as they do in 
 
 the fl,. T,'? "*''!.'' f S"^"* '» '^^ POfk they ftrip 
 he fle.T, from the bones, and jerk it as they do 
 in Jamaica. Scarce a country in the world is 
 better watered, either by brooks or navigable ri- 
 vers, which are all full of fifli, as the coaft is of 
 crocodi^s and tortoifes. Its principal river i,.' 
 
 fini uTA ^".'^^ ''""^^ °f '*"= "^"^ they 
 find gold dufti and the illand has many mines of 
 
 gold filver, and copper, which, though for- 
 merly worked with great profit, yet thi Spa- 
 niards have found ihemfelves too weak to carry 
 them on to advantage, and take all the care thev 
 can to conceal them from others. The princioai 
 commodities of this ifland art hides, fu^ar in 
 digo, cotton, cocoa, coffee, ginger, tobacco,' falf. 
 wax, ambergris, various forts of diugs, and dyers 
 wood. What corn they have ripens at fuch 
 
 n 5r' -fi?'" '^'l " """°' ''<= '"P'<^ with any 
 proht. The numbers of French on this fide is 
 
 1 \Ti' '^ ""' *''"^'^' 'hat of the Spaniards • 
 though both together are very far fliort of what 
 the ifland is capable of maintaining. In ,726, 
 the inhabitants were computed at 30,000 whites! 
 
 rrlr°'?T^"n-S'°" """^ mulattoes, namely! 
 Lreols and Meft.zoes, whofe daily allowance is 
 . ,.j .„,,uj^,» incj, uave leave to Keep hogs. 
 
 The 
 
DOM 
 
 The Spaniards, by degrees, conquered the 
 natives i and in battle, and cold blood, dcftroycd 
 no lefs than 3,000,000 of men, women, and 
 children. While the natives enjoyed their pof- 
 fcflions, they cultivated their lands for the Spa- 
 niards, fupplicd them with fifh, and fome quan- 
 tities of gold : during which time the Spaniards 
 lived much more happily, and in greater affluence 
 than they have done fince : whereas now the far 
 creater part of what the Spaniards claim, rather 
 than poffefs, is defert, and yields little or no- 
 thing. As this ifland was among the firlt dif- 
 covered by the Spaniards, fo it was the centre of 
 their commerce in thefe parts. And as they had 
 been for many years fole poflefTors of it, it was 
 for fome part of the time a very flc)uri(hing co- 
 lony But after the conqueft of Peru, and the 
 confiderable additions made to the territories on 
 the conlinent of North America, they ncgleaed 
 this ifland, which encouraged the French about 
 the middle of the laft century to fix themfelves 
 on its W. part, where they have improved the 
 fetrlements to fuch a degree, and have become 
 fo ftronor, that it is thought they might long ere 
 now have made themfelves matters of the whole 
 ifland, only they reap more benefit from the 
 neighbourhood of the Spaniards than from their 
 
 cxpulfion* , •* t i- IT c 
 
 The French under M. du CalTe, governor of 
 Hifpaniola, having mide a defcent on Jamaica, 
 anno 1694, and plundered feveral plantations, 
 befides committing many barbarities and out- 
 faces • king William next year fcnt fome land- 
 forces' thither, who, with the afliftance of the 
 Jamaicans and Spaniards, ruined all the French 
 "^_ 1 ^ .«.*^^L'a/4 tnnV. and dprnnliihed the 
 
DOM 
 
 fort St Porte de Paix, and carried off a vaR 
 plunder See Jamaica. /„ ftort, the fte 
 quent defcent, both of the Englift and French 
 on the W. part of the ifland, ty degrees oS 
 the Spaniard, to abandon all that part of JMo 
 the W. of Monte Chrifto, on the N and cln^ 
 
 weSd T r"' '• ^"' '"""e^ 'he s"panS5: 
 were glad to live upon good terms with them 
 
 yet they always confidered them as ufurpers^f 
 
 And indeed they had no legal one till X 
 vjhen the Spaniards yie!ding%ha. ha of th^^ 
 jfland to them by .he treaty of Ryfwick he 
 boundaries between them and the French were 
 
 N to S^ "tuI P^V"°'' «he country from 
 iN. to t). I he French are convinced that in 
 this part of the ifland are confiderable mines of 
 
 tobacco, m which they fay from 6oto loo fhips 
 have been emp eyed ; bur ,har funk to nothing 
 upon the eftaWifhing exclufive krm of thl 
 commodity m France, and afterwards fusar be- 
 came the ftaple commodity of the ifla. d. Some 
 
 Weft Indies j and generally it yields three or 
 four (hillings a hundred more than that of any 
 ='7"S,"'e other iflands. In 1726, it was com- 
 puted that here were 200 fugar works ; and one 
 year with another the illand made 400 hcfheZ 
 
 to the French ioo,ooo/. and the indigo is rec- 
 ^ ,.^,.vv .i-vfii linii as mucii. With 
 
 thefe 
 
DOM 
 
 thefc commodities and raw hides, the French 
 (hips always return home well laden. Spanifh 
 coin is much more current in this ifland than 
 French. The fmalleft pieces are half rials, and 
 the accounts are only kept in pieces of eight, 
 and rials. 
 
 Though the flaves here are more numerous by 
 far than their European lords, the French and 
 Spaniards, who are not a fifth part of the people 
 upon the ifland, yet the flavery is as intolerable 
 here as on the continent. But betwixt the two 
 nations is this difference, that the Spaniards lead 
 a lazy indolent life, entirely depending on their 
 flaves; whereas the French fometimes work 
 themfelves. The colony of the latter here is al- 
 lowed to be the moft confiderable and important 
 they have in thefe parts ; and would become 
 much more fo, could they get a ceffion of the 
 other part from the Spaniards, which they have 
 extremely at heart. They are already polFeffed 
 of fo many noble harbours and forts as gives 
 them an opportunity of difturbing and ruining 
 the commerce of any nation which they happen 
 to be at war with. And indeed fo many har- 
 bours are all round the ifland, that faiiors can 
 fcarce mifs of one in which they may have frefh 
 water and provifions. 
 
 The part of the ifland belonging to the French 
 is principally inhabited by buccaniers and free- 
 booters of feveral nations ; but moft of them 
 are French, under a general of their own coun- 
 try. And fince the French have fubjeded them 
 to a regular form of government, they have left 
 off their depredations at fea : fo that by applying 
 to the culture of the foil, they have very much 
 
 .^../N.iArl tl-»*»ir rnnro r-nlnnfattnnS- Labat favs it 
 
 Uli^ 
 
 i Vi vu 
 
 begi 
 
 )r«& 
 
DOM 
 
 Caoe F i •' ' '!."'' ='''°'" 30 miles E, of 
 7„?A /""fO's : and extending air alons the 
 
 fid as ras'c"" M '"= ^- --hes on fhe s! 
 her ,/f Cape Mongon ; and whicl, he fur- 
 «ner adds, meafunng all the bays creek, Zl 
 
 200 from Cape Franco s on the N tn th.^ c 
 
 rock Jhil • °u '""ij;""' '" » round black 
 S. ^ J '* '''= '""'^ weflern point of the 
 whole ifland are four harbours larger and bet(^ 
 
 to V,?^ '? n S'""!- That from 6ape Tibe o1[ 
 
 bou^ L^ f ^:u'^ '^" '"°"' ««llent bar. 
 las on' the nT '\-T '^'l'' °^ ^t.-Nicho. 
 
 fafe harbour^! 'i^'Vach'"/ \'?''l';' ''"P' 
 the cnnfl,,-! ' r ' *"^" "'^ '^''ich 1 es near 
 
 S. W nar, „f ,r ^""""g", con^Pany of the 
 o. vy. part of the country, from Cape Tiberon 
 
 to Cape Mongon, bein/a track of about co 
 leagues m breadth : fo ,hlt the French governof 
 &? V't •■"" ^hf.-r"-" orcape- 
 
 thofe^of'Por; Pair'anJ P !^ '/> ^^'''^' ^"'' 
 .>, A ft ^'^> ^"" °etit G laves. Th*. 
 «oft noted places in the French part of St Do 
 m>ngo as <hey lie from the S. \V. to the N E 
 
 ferf infnT'- u ' ?"*""' Leogane, feveral de- 
 !ert iflands in the bay called Cul de fac of T p„ 
 
 |ane the largefto_f which is called Gol^^ U 
 • "u. Reviere, i Jtfterre, Port Paix, Cape'st: 
 
 Nicho- 
 
D O NT 
 
 Nicholas, Tortugas, or Tortudas-ifland, and 
 Cape Francois. 
 
 The E. part of this ifland in the pofTeffion 
 of the Spaniards is the largeft, and has moft 
 towns. 
 
 Domingo, St. the capital of the above 
 ifland, firft built by Columbus on the S, fide of 
 it, and fituated at the mouth of the river Hayna, 
 or Ifabella, in a fine plain, which (hows it to a 
 great advantage from the fea. Bartholomew Co- 
 lumbus, brother to the admiral, is faid to have 
 founded it in the year 1594, and gave it the 
 name of Domingo, or Dominick, in honour of 
 the father who was of the fame name, unlefs it 
 be taken from the noted St. Dominick. It waa 
 taken by Sir Francis Drake, who held it a 
 month, and then burnt a part of it ; but 
 fpared the reft for a ranfom of 60,000 pieces of 
 eight. It foon recovered itfelf; but the trade, 
 which was confiderable in fugar, hides, tallow, 
 horfes, hogs, and caflia, has decayed fmce the 
 Spaniards have been tempted by later difcoveries 
 to Havanna, &c. Neverthelefs it ftill makes a 
 good figure : and its inhabitants, including the 
 negroes, &c. are thought to exceed 25,000; 
 and fome reckon them many more. They are 
 Spaniards, Meftizoes, Mulattoes, and Albatra- 
 ces, and of thefe a fixth part is fuppofed to be 
 Spaniards. St. Domingo is a large well-built 
 city, a good port, and it has feveral ftrudures 
 more magnificent than is ufual In the Weft In- 
 dies, 'erpecially thofe of the king of Spain's col- 
 lectors. Here is a Latin fchool, and hofpital 
 with an endowment of 20,000 ducats per an- 
 num, belides an univerfity. Here Is a fine cathe- 
 dral, fcvcn large monafteries, and two nunneries, 
 
 befidcs 
 
DOM 
 
 whofe fuffrapans are the b.t;; ^ lTcoS: 
 
 C in C '.^'"i} ''• Jf"'^ '» Po«o Rico. S't 
 of ^the r;f ?' J'".""^'"'" New Caftile. and 
 d nee Ve "°''^"''"- ""^^^ """^ » «he' refi- 
 
 co..e. ea^rt bJlhllSr/of £ 
 (land IS however from this port, which has ic 
 
 r! r Sn'"' T ^n,''^ '""^ ^-'Iwarks to the 
 f!nl ■ '"loft "lore near the S. bulwark 
 
 fiends a rouna tower. The prefident from Old 
 hpa.n lives m a houfe in this city, that "faid ta 
 
 ipan.lh W eft India Mands, as formerly they were 
 
 k7Jr-^T^'"''°^ Spanilh America, a^n^h ^ 
 fentence is definitive, unlefs it is called by a oar 
 
 ifopp^irt' '^ ""'■^''"^'"'^ --'" " 
 
 mn];i°T'"^° '' '',""' "'■ ^°"« ^f'e'- the Spani/h 
 
 tlmidH^'""! " '"^8" ^1""^= market-place „ 
 he m ddle, about which ftands the cathedral" 
 
 f:i.rt .?-•"' '"'"'"S'- ^"'f '""" this' 
 (— e vHv piiuupai itiects run in a diredt line, 
 
 beir<» 
 
 ft 
 
DOM 
 
 being croffed by others at right angles : (o that 
 the form of the town is almoft quadrangular ; 
 and it is moft delightfully fituated between a 
 large navigable river on the W. the ocean on 
 the S. and a fine fruitful country on the N. and E. 
 Lat. i8. 25. N. Long. 69. 30. W. 
 
 Dominica, the laft of the Leeward Carib- 
 bee ifland's, taking them from N. W. to S. E. 
 but the l>paniards call it the laft of the windward 
 iflands. It is fituated much about haJf way be- 
 twixt Guardaloupe on the N. W. and Martinico 
 on the S. E. namely, about 15 leagues from 
 each. It extends from N. W. to S. E. and is 
 about 13 leagues in length, and near as much 
 over where broadeft. Labat fuppofes it to be 30 
 or 35 in circuit. It derives its name from the 
 iirft difcovery of it being made on a Sunday. 
 
 It is divided like Guardaloupe, Martinico, 
 and fome of the other Caribbee iflands into the 
 Cabes-terre, and Bafle-terre; and the foil is 
 much of the fame nature. But it is in general 
 fuch high land, that Labat queftions whether in 
 that part called the Cabes-terre are three leagues 
 of flat, or level country put together : yet the 
 foil, he fays, is good, and the flopes of the hills 
 which bear the fineft trees in the world, are fit 
 for the produ^ion of our plants. So that fome 
 have reported it to be one of the beft of the Ca- 
 ribbees for its fruitful valleys, large plains, and 
 fine rivulets. Mr. Rochefort fays, that here are 
 inacceffible rocks, from the tops of which may 
 be feen ferpents of a prodigious magnitude and 
 length. The Cabes-terre is watered with a 
 great number of frefh-water rivers, which 
 abound with excellent lifh. It has a fulphur- 
 fnni.ntciin- like that of Guardaloupe ; but not 
 
 near 
 
DOM 
 
 72l°}l% /r°"'^ ''^^ °' '^"' P'^^« f" that 
 called the oaire-terrcare tolerahl^ . fk- • • 
 
 pal of which is c^iIpH tZ no * ^ P""^'" 
 
 mandioca, caflkva, bannanas, and the fineftfi« 
 
 eC h:f a e Wp^'-f h"^"'^''^ ""=^ «=«•'« 
 iiic_)r are ripe. 1 hey have potatoes stnA 
 
 ZvJl "j ^^""^ "^ g''"' numbers of rine- 
 
 doves, partndges, and ortolans. They b "Id . 
 
 ?nU •5°""'^'/"'' °^ the former are two 
 forts of wld ones, defcended from thofe that fiTft 
 came f^om Franc, and Spain. H re are I^J 
 
 tireT''h;!;"'''''""l'''''"e' ^°' 'h= ""Oft P9rf, re- 
 tired hither, as they were driven out of tlv- 
 
 other ./lands by the Europeans, a e con equemlv 
 
 more numerous here than in any of ,h\ reft^ 
 
 them to be much above 2000, including women 
 nd chJdren. The French having frl^omed 
 
 eft tlr'l *'^\"'^ £ng'i'h.°areTebv d 
 belt by the natives: but neither dared to make 
 any fettlement upon it for a long time ThTan 
 chorage ,s good all round the coaft of Dominic" 
 but ,t has no port, or bay for retiring into .nd 
 
 find behmd feme of its capes. The French 
 have always oppofed the attempts of the En.- 
 
 nab r,h'"''"S °" ""? '"^"''' ''"^^"^^ it would 
 enable them in time nf war »« ^... ^rc .. 
 
 n-nicationbetwixtMartidcoardG^ardtirup;. 
 
 So 
 
Jl 
 
 i 
 
 DOM 
 
 So that though the ifland is claimed by the Eng- 
 lifli, and exprcfled as its property in the com- 
 miflion of the governor of Barbadoes : yet they 
 have no fettlements here, and make no further 
 ufe of it than to wood and water. Befides. they 
 have been frequently annoyed alfo by the na- 
 tives, who made a treaty with the French in 
 1640, but never did with the Englifh. The 
 Caribbeans indeed hate the latter worfe than they 
 do any other nation except the Ariovagues ; be- 
 caufe formerly fome Eng,li(h got great numbers 
 of them aboard their {hips, on pretence of 
 friendfhip, and carried them into flavery ; which 
 the Caribbeans have fince taken all opportunities 
 of revenging. Formerly they had a caique-ge-, 
 neral, who w^s diftinguifhed by a particular 
 mark on his body. And when the French firft 
 difcovered it, a Caribbean, whom they called 
 Captain Baron, lived here, and made depreda- 
 tions on the Englifh who dwelt in the other 
 
 iflands. 
 
 Certain ftones, Labatfays, are to be found on 
 the fands in all thefe iflands ; which are cal- 
 led eye-ftones ; but that fuch as are to be met 
 with in this ifland are reckoned the beft. They 
 have their name from the ufe which is made of 
 them for clearing the eyes of any dirt : and this 
 is not afcribed to any partic;ilar virtue in thefe 
 ftones ; but to their form. They are (haped like 
 a lentil, but much (pialler 5 extremely fmooth 
 and fleek, and of a greyifh colour. When the 
 eye is troubled with any dirt, they flip one or two 
 of thefe little pebbles under the lid; and the 
 motion of the eye turns it all round its ball, 
 where it puflies the dirt before it, and then falls 
 
 out of itfelf. . 
 
 Beinff 
 
 11 
 
 ii 
 
D O M 
 
 Caribbean/ have the e3„? u"' "^^"^ "^«= 
 
 Reformed. Thev hnv^ k 7^ ^^^ of them are 
 Jeep nicely ISedfrnfiJ^/iS S 
 any vermin, crack them in their teefh^IL 
 
 fe Irs of va itr/'] ""'" ' ''i"^ ''='' °f bird- 
 <arS,°lT°"' '°'°"^^ S ^"d others a fort of 
 
 m — '- Fi«"iagc. CJometimes they bore 
 I thr 
 
 holes 
 rough 
 
COM 
 
 
 through their lips, ears, and nofes, in Which 
 ihey wear the bones ?nd fcales of fifh, alfo 
 pieces of chryftai, amber, coral, tortoife-fhell, 
 or buckles and rings of gold, filver, or tin. 
 They put a high value on pieces of copper, 
 little bits of which they wear in their ears. The 
 men have armlets near the fhoulders, and the 
 women about their wrlfts. About their knees 
 they wear firings of a feed called roflada. Some 
 among the men wear whittles about their necks, 
 made of the bones of their enemies, together 
 with the teeth of fifli, wild bcafts, or cockle- 
 fhells. The women, who are painted all over 
 the bodies, as well as the men, wear a kind of 
 bulkins neatly made of rufties and cotton, which 
 reaches no lower than the ancle ; but they have 
 no crown on their heads. The men, at their 
 great folemnities, wear alfo fcarves of feathers, 
 which either hang over their (boulders, or are 
 girt about their waifts, fo as one end touches their 
 their thighs. But the moft confiderable orna- 
 ment, and the badge by which their captains and 
 their children are diftinguifhed from the ordinary 
 fort of people, is a large copper medal, ex- 
 tremely well poliftied, but without any engraving 
 on it. This is made in the form of a crefcent, 
 cnchafed in fome precious fort of wood, and 
 worn at the breaft as a proof of their valour, it 
 heing fetched from the country of the Arovagues 
 their enemies. Some anoint their bodies with a 
 fort of a glutinous ftuff, in which they ftick all 
 kinds of feathers or flowers. 
 
 They rife a little before the fun, and after 
 bathing themfelves in fome river, or fpring, or 
 elfe in the fea, they return home, and dry 
 
 tuemieives on a uoui iwi i»i*i t'wjpOiv* i^j 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
DOM 
 
 the wife, or fome other woman „f .u .. , 
 combs and oils the man's Z. f "?'' *"^'^'> 
 tuft upon his head anH /,u ' "" " "P '" « 
 certaiS red comSio" ca 5r' ^°"^'' ^" °^ » 
 
 when m xed with oil nZ u 'r ^''* ">is, 
 
 beginning a, the face ''wJh a fc" i") ''°''^' 
 •nftead of a pencil.' When hu ^' °^ '*=«''er,, 
 
 painted, he ftands up to hate hi ,''PP"'r« '' 
 ^one in the fame manner R ^^l ""^ ""g*" 
 ^own. and paints hTs "p^Ldf IJ^,"^ ''"' 
 hand. As foon as thp« V " ""^ ^ith his own 
 
 fall toeating, oM men^a^dl''^^" ^''"''^' ">ey 
 out ceremo'n'y. td whenThevC' 7""- 
 fome go to their hammocks Tnl u ^°"^ ' 
 fire-fide, where they ^^ro^'/"^ °'^!" '° the 
 Jikemonkies, leaninltheirX t °" l''"'^ h"'', 
 -d .hey continue fe rfto, £"„";''?'' ^'''^'' 
 pofture as if they were in nrlr j '"'''' ^ '^'«t 
 
 or elfe they whi^flll'^,, "e^ "' if''"'^""" -• 
 upon a kind of fife or I. a "•°-'"'' • "^ P'ay 
 fie as nothing, flysL^ ^T^ ^-^ -- 
 agreeable. Others employ th/r^? i ^"'^ ^''^- 
 bafkets, or bows and a? Zs T'^'"" '" "^fc-ng 
 ing to his fancy, withow?;- '^ °"^ ^^^ord! 
 controuled : Zl whf^ ^f ^ t""^" 2-' 
 Their converfat on unon in7ff ^ '^""^ o^^ 
 very modeft and peac'eabl !ne"' '^'"^'' '^ 
 fpeaks at a time, who iv hr/r^ • u P^""^"" on'y 
 tion, to all appearance w ,Kn'f .e^^^^' ^'f^"- 
 r"Pted, contradiaed, or' fwl.^ ^""^ '"'"- 
 than by a fort of hum wifhr '"-^ "'herwife 
 i'> i which is a mark'of an, "I'''' "^'"'"^ '"e 
 "ext who fpeaks, whetherhe "" ^"'' '^e 
 contradias the former • r "^"^'^ ",ith, or 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 'uin, 
 
 ITi 
 
 eyh 
 
 av-e an ancient and 
 'natural 
 

 DOM 
 
 natural language, with a kind of baftard, or 
 mungrel fpecch, in which they have intermixed 
 feveral European words, efpecially Spanifh : and 
 in this they converfe with the Europeans : but 
 they cannot endure to hear Englifli. Their an- 
 cient language is extremely fmooth, with few or 
 no gutturals"; and one word has various mean- 
 ing's, according as it is pronounced. It is ob- 
 fe;ved, that even thofe who have embraced 
 chriftianity are fhy of teaching Europeans theii* 
 language; and that though they are naturally 
 penfive and melancholy, they laugh aloud upon 
 the leaft occafion. 
 
 They take it as a great affront to be thoujht 
 favages, or called cannibals: for, if we may be- 
 lieve Labat, they do not eat the flefh of their 
 enemies now, whatever (hey did in times pail ; 
 he owns, indeed, that when they have kil- 
 led an enemy, they broil his members, and put 
 his fat in gourds : but he adds, that they only 
 carry it home as a trophy of their vi6lory ; and 
 not to eat it : a piece of delicacy which per- 
 haps they have learned from our author's coun- 
 trymen, with whom they have converfed more 
 than with any other European nation. He adds, 
 that when they take any women, of what co- 
 lour, or nation foever, they are as civil to them, 
 as if they were of their own country ; that they 
 even marry them j and that, if they happen to take 
 any children, they either breed tbem up, or, at 
 the worft, fell them to Europeans. They are 
 of a tradable difpofition, and very compaflionate 
 to one another. They reproach the chriflians 
 not only with injuftice in taking their idands 
 fiom them, but with avarice ; and wonder th^it 
 thev oreier aold to glafs and chryftal. As cu- 
 
 nous 
 
 IH 
 
 '' ilii 
 
 If 
 
DOM 
 
 rious as thev an* *^ r 
 
 travelling. Innheir^affickj'" hev °" '^ainft 
 depart from their barg*„, "^ *^^.!^= "P* '» 
 theft (o great a mm. Vl ' '^i '"''y reckon 
 
 after them. As friendly as °hev aret ^ '° "^ 
 ther, they never for,,;,,- - • " ' '° °"e ano- 
 
 Wfe be'taken S them "-T^ '"' '^ ''"' '^ 
 whole week, and ar^earr/r^' '^ '"°"'" '°'- « 
 they allow polygamvfhri ''"'''"«"• '^''°"g'' 
 convcrfation eidfer ii^h i /"""t' ">=" have no 
 
 "len. In fine.^e Jen 3r?no^f "' "'""'^ ^°- 
 women, though bmh",r. " '", amorous as the 
 
 theywereftral'ers itisfir"?'^ '^'^'^ ' ^"d 
 I-ury, and reVeral ^ £'J° ^^1, '\l''''V' 
 commerce with the Europeans ' "^'^Z*^ 
 
 but whSey" We'^p'ri"'"';^''' °' «'•--=' •• 
 their publick Ini^lL "^ " S''"''se. fatiate it at 
 
 arewelcoiTo^TrSr.^j^t'";^^^" 
 chufe to go, but fuch as have a ° ind \ u i° '"^ 
 
 or an inclination to commit T 'u \^ ^"""^y 
 
 At thefe feafts, to which .hi T. '"'' '"^'°''- 
 
 nerally invited n order f" "^'8''''°"'-s are ge- 
 
 •-^'^^^'^-"-emu'rder^?"^'^''.^''-' 
 nerally committed, witho ,7 n, u ^' " S^" 
 for if one of the euefls ° Ln h"' "^^™°"y; 
 quor, does but caf to '^i^" . "'' "'"'^ "" 
 prefent killed anvof LT ' ^">' °"^ '''ere 
 
 goes behind hi J. and e;?hi!' V^^'^''"'^ he 
 or ftabs him, without b ""'' ''''" ''"^n. 
 
 one in the faa,"o Xi"j;r:r '''^'' ''^ '^y 
 
 where it happens u-i ;Ik • ^"ent; e- cept 
 
 'hat the deceS has anv" 7^- ■'"^'>' '^' "<"'. 
 fany; for tnen 1h»„ ^!"':-^^'^"'?"^ '"„ 'he com! 
 
 •' '{■■ "f"'^ "'e aiiiUin, and 
 
 ^ kill 
 
 it 
 
DOM 
 
 kill him on the fpot. But fuch afTafrins generally 
 look about them before they ftrike ; and if there 
 be any relations prefent, wait till they be either 
 drunk, or aflecp. If others that are prefent, 
 and in the intereft of the deceafed, are afraid of 
 revenging the murder that inftant, for fear the 
 perpetrator of it fhould be fupported, they dif- 
 femble their refentment, and delay their revenge 
 to another opportunity, when the murderer is 
 fure 'to fufFer it, unlefs he quits the country : 
 aud if he does, it otten falls upon fome perfon be- 
 longing to him -, for they have no notion of par- 
 don, or accommodation. To this, in a great 
 meafure, is owing, as our author obferves, that 
 •their country is not peopled one tenth part as 
 much as it oui^ht to be ; confidcring how many 
 women are here, and the toleration for polyga- 
 my. The common fare at thcfe entert&ii .r.tnts 
 is i^nanas, potatoes, bananas, figs, and caflavi. 
 They generally broil whatever they catch in 
 huntinor, or fifhing ; and they feldom eat any 
 thino- boiled, except crabs : thefe latt, and 
 white, or fea fifh, are at other times their ordi- 
 nary fare; for though they have plenty of fwine 
 and poultry, as well as wood pigeons, parrots, 
 thrufhes, &c. which they very dextroufly kill 
 with their arrows, and With which thefe feafts 
 are always crowned ; yet with regard to their 
 poultry, they carry them, and the other animals 
 they catch in hunting, to the French iflands, 
 where they barter them for neceffaries. If war 
 happen to be propofed at the entertainment, fome 
 old woman ftands up, and makes an harangue to 
 infpirit them to vengeance, by a long detail of 
 the injuries they have received from their ene- 
 ^;«o iryA nf fhpir friends and relations whom 
 ' 7 they 
 
DOM 
 
 ?'luJroS' '''- "":' ^hen n,e finds .hat 
 refovcdunon , ui^,^n ' ^"° ••^"^ they are 
 
 been formerT;tl "dt .he fiT'^' l""", '^^^ 
 which time the con,„ J r i , ^^''' ■°^ ''^"'^ = « 
 ing. fcratch ma .nH^ k^*^""' ? ^""'"S and hack- 
 rage ofelXtJA ■'""?e "'*'"' W'"' all «h8 
 
 "on of .he mS o„!''fnr,l^°^'^' J^^PFoba- 
 they are all »! ' ^ '''^>' ''^ '"^^ ''ay when 
 .he,> enemfe Th?'''' ^"^ ""^ ""'Pate 
 
 or drinkT nor Z\A '"'^^, - '^ '^ing to eat 
 joining in e.pedidons La nft " '"""'^ "^ 
 «hey have a mind to i?^ r ■ ''"'''')'' ""'eA 
 been already hTr^^eH ' °' V"T ''■'' "^ ^as. 
 
 'II upon a par '; ""^on'rodaJe: and being 
 
 "or obedience n /^^^'" \^ "° "'°' ' ^<='PectT 
 None are oMia^d^o^^K "'•';" ^"""^^ P^'''""' 
 women, who? hnfl^/"^ '"""°" ''"^^ ■"" 'h« 
 
 - -cefs. tiut fr ;• ^ ty'k" ";;? " ':"^'> 
 
 for mere trifles of.A ^ " ^^^''' wives 
 
 of their incon •„:„' th Jr u ^"^ '""'P-'^'"'' 
 vvomen beinJ uftd^ ''^'"'A'. ^y '^^^on of the 
 
 childhood, th?y nav if u,Vh 'r '\"" ^'°"' 'h^ir 
 'erpea, that';hlir''h!;ft'arhat eldTr^t'^ '"' 
 occafion, for putting them in m „d of^e , Ju.v' 
 A noble pattern this ! fays the mifli^L r ^^' 
 for our wives in Chrift/L miflionary Labat, 
 
 preached to „ "am ver f^' ,k''°. ^''' ''«" 
 
 rah, the wife of Abraham ' a" ^'"^ °^ ^a- 
 
 we preach .ill w°'::rS"^'!^.' ="'.'' '° «'hom, if 
 
 ---"""»^, Jt IS 10 be /eared it will 
 
 ^3 be 
 
DOM 
 
 Be to as little purpofe as preaching the gofpel ta 
 the Caribbeans. In fliort, the wives are perfe<a 
 drudges to their hufbands, and do all the flavifh 
 work, both at home and abroad, without repining. 
 When the hulbands return from hunting, or fifh- 
 ing, they leave what they have taken at the 
 door, or in the boat, and go to bed while the 
 wives carry it home and drefs it. It is obferved, 
 that though old age is the only title to refpea in 
 die men ; yet their old women are generally the 
 caufe of all family quarrels. For if they have 
 onee taken an antipathy againft a young wife, 
 they foon find ways and means for putting 
 her hufband out of conceit with her, and filling 
 his head with jealoufies : and rather than fail, 
 accufe her of witchcraft and murder. Upon 
 this (he is condemned without examination, and 
 fent out of the world diredly. The children are 
 trained up to archery almoft from their cradles : 
 2nd it is furprifing to fee how nicely they will 
 
 hit a mark. 
 
 The men, in general, like to take the names 
 of thofe they have feen, or been regaled by, ef- 
 pecially governors, lords of the iflands, or cap- 
 tains of men of war : for they fcorn thofe of 
 merchants, or other private perfons, be they ever 
 fo rich ; becaufe they look on them at befl: as 
 only flaves to the former, no people in the world 
 being more jealous and tenacious of their liberty 
 than the Caribheans. And after they have been 
 thus honoured with a new furname, they are 
 fond to let all their vifiters know it, and to drink 
 the healths of thofe whofe names they go by. 
 
 Labat fays, that the French are the more 
 careful to he upon good terms with thefe people, 
 
 /Tinfiffprahle damage the Ca- 
 
 ribbeans 
 
 
DOM 
 
 %e? bu "haf t&r r/"" '" =■ '^'^ '^''^^' - 
 danger of havnl their I'T'l '"''y ""^ ^' '" 
 inhabitants kH„rL°"'*' ''""*' ='"d their 
 
 eft ^'^S:StX':Z7'::&T '^^ t-^^^- 
 
 ambuft for their ^n"l' "^=ather. They Jie in 
 
 Plantin.. heSverrl^r"/r'' "^" ^°="'-«^^' by 
 where They cover 'h^ir ° '^"?" ''^^' «' thicket, 
 with branches of tret ''f ^'""^ ''"'' '° f°°' 
 through "he ieav s \"d °"'>: "^="'^'"6 [°op-holes 
 have paired thev e;,h .. ^?°" ^' '^e enemy 
 a bludgeon orYn^" ''T^ "'"'" ''"^n with 
 
 which r„"' foon?rd2! I''!.'" u"""" ^" """^^ 
 »" the ground like 'h^^-'' ^'''" "'^y ''^" A^' ~ 
 burn hotfesco'veed with'"" '"' ^°""- 1"^^ 
 the night-time bvfivr"!!"'- "^ P=''"'«tos. in 
 ton ,1 theTelrdJ n^^K^ ^-^^'"^ "'^'^^es of cot- 
 cealing themfelvel Tn h r^ "''^^ ' ^''^" =°"- 
 
 venge the attark 17 T • '' ^^o cannot ic- 
 thetrrows coS Th' ^"",f ^^.'^ '° ''^^ ^''ence 
 arrows, wh<1ea man U^ ^""" ''"^''"S^ '° °' ' ^ 
 can only le off on- ! '"^''"•ga muftet: but they 
 
 rally hoW three at „ ' T' '■ "'°"8'' they gene- 
 the flring of the h 'r*""'!'" "'"^ ^"g^" on 
 They wlo figS wS^S "]' '^"'■'^'^" ''''P^^h. 
 break thera^o^ ,h "'r'^"^^ take care to 
 be forced o retreat and th^ k' \'^ "^^^ "^o'-'d 
 
 •ny fre/h ammuni'on ' wS !:"K''^'^f- 
 arms they ufe them « ,t» . V^^ ^ave fire- 
 
 and few are fuch I'd t Tr"^ '' '^''" ''°"". 
 
 and women fS aSll'^ff'r- ^°l'' '"^" 
 the water, and were inLn /V^. """^ horn in 
 
 that when a boat overturn!"^ •" ^'' '" '"■ «» 
 hy keeping too fght , ^il llf'V''' '^''^^ 
 home drunk from the FJ.X°n^J'r 'hey con,e 
 
 ---".v..,i«iiu5, they never 
 
 ■^^ loib 
 
DOM 
 
 lofe art oan^e of their baggage, it is fo- well 
 >afhcd. And irpon thefe occasions, fays Labat, 
 the young children fwim like little nfh about 
 their mothers, who keep thenlfelves alfo above 
 water with infants fucking at their breaft, while 
 the men are employed in righting the veflel, and 
 throwing out the water. 
 
 With regard to religion, they have none, nor 
 any determinate obje£t of wormip. They feem 
 to know no beings but what are material; and 
 thty have no term in their language either for a 
 god, or a fpirit. They have indeed a confufed 
 liotion of two principles ; the one good, and the 
 other bad : to the latter of which, called Mani- 
 lou, they impute all the evil that befals them: 
 Arid therefore they pray to this, though without 
 any rule, or particular determination of time or 
 place ; and without taking any diftin6l idea of it, 
 or pains for acquiring it : and alfo without any 
 fort of love to thefaid principle,, but purely that it 
 may do them no hurt. Whereas to the former 
 of thofe principles, fay thefe brutes in human 
 Ihape, being good and beneficent of itfelf, it is 
 needlefs to pray, or thank it ; becaufe it gives all 
 that is necefTary without ceaftng, and withcat 
 asking. They marry in all the degrees of con- 
 fancruinity, except the firft. The coufm-ger- 
 mans claim a right to one another without afking 
 confent : and one man has often three or four 
 iifters at a time for his wives : and where one is 
 too young for marriage, fhe is looked upon never- 
 thelefs as a wife ; and made ufe of to paint the 
 hu(band, as well as (he is able, in order to ac* 
 cuftom her betimes to the (ervice file is obliged to 
 pay him all her lite. The mothers give fringed 
 hammocks with their daughters in marriage; 
 
 anu 
 
DOM 
 
 together in a hani,ocfc®''^J° P'f "» "«^" lie 
 ^f»k dies, theyZ not* burv h? ''^ '"*'*" °f « 
 of «. as they do the refi^ !^V ^"^ ^""^er 
 
 and chufe another f.w?.^*?''""'''"' ever, 
 fi^ft child, if a ron t fa,h?r" '?' ''J"'' "^ '^e 
 Pany to bed, where he aa,fh '""■" ^'°'" '=°'n- 
 '" woman, and keeps atria faflT °/"'^ '/'"g" 
 fticceffivelv, with J,! "'*™'' Several days 
 
 '° which, and thaTwr ttt .1? °.^ '^. ^."""^'. 
 fort, we muft refer fo" 'heir m° ^ ^^- ^"^^e- 
 toms, after firft obferJm^ u ''"."^" ^"^ cuC- 
 "Iready mentioned a^di^'^' """ °^ "'°'« 
 moft to the CarTbbeans of Do::- "'^""^^ «'- 
 Y'"cent. have been left nff .^°?"n'", and St.- 
 
 Ple of thi, country, finceldr^^ "'•°'''™ P^°- 
 intercourfe with th^ V.,, acquaintance and 
 
 now malce no fcruple abor"'- ^.°^ °^ "^em 
 formerly they held"t hel/ateS '''' """' "' 
 fwine'sflefli, tortoife =nf?i. . ^''''°''''^"ce, a.;. 
 
 'heyrefufelheX^'ifLtr'"^""^''- 
 Europeans. They are no, near To r """"^ '^^ 
 wives, particularly in the two f"'^ "^ '° ""'' 
 the latter feldom^now go o„° rf'Si^'Pe'a*- 
 their huifband's Jin, „-n a '".f^'ch home 
 meffing together" nor^^th'"'' ""^ S^nerally 
 chriftians tt all :' wheret f? "T '^^'' °" ''"/ 
 ?/ all na.ions thatreS lT^\'^'y '"^'^ 
 rf we may believe M. de Rnr?^^ """"• ^"* 
 a great difference be'wixt . f°"' "^^^ ^°""<' 
 ; frenchman, and 0,^1."?"' e'"^''^ "f 
 f^yng. • that the latter was oLh u ^Pf "'"f^' 
 "mer very delimt. ' r. , '?"8h>. but the fcr- 
 . -— . £ ''^ iiweed been a com- 
 
 niOft: 
 
DOM 
 
 mon boaft among the French themfelves, that 
 Sevarethebeftfoldiers, orators, pamters, mu- 
 fidlns &c. but that their fleOi eats more ten- 
 5: han tkeir neighbours, in fuch a ftram of 
 compliment as has been never «fede.ther before 
 nor fince. In fome things the Caribbeans 
 themfelves confefs, that they are a tared much 
 fo te worfe. For M. de Monte fays that 
 two old Caribbeans, in a converfation he had 
 ^.h them, fpoke to the fo'l^-g F'pofe • 
 ♦ Our people are become, in a manner, l.fce 
 . yours, fmce they have been acquainted w>th 
 .Vou: and fo different have we grown from 
 ' wha we were heretofore, that we fcarceknow 
 « rrfeires And to this alteration our peop e 
 . ilute that hurricanes happen more frequently 
 . than in the days of old ; and that Maboya, 
 . that is the evil f^it, l-s reduced - -''-J^; 
 ' power of the French, EngWth, and Spanuid., 
 . Iho have driven us out of n.oH, and h . .l.e 
 ' beft part, of our country, meaning the adjacent 
 
 ' 'S-'of the Caribbeans, both ^r^^^^^ 
 and that of St. Vincent, havefevera negroes tor 
 their naves, which they took, partly from the 
 EnTlilb plantations, and partly from bpan.lh 
 vele Icaft away on their coafts : and >t s re- 
 norted that theVe negroes ferve the Canboean. 
 P i h a much obedience, and refpea, as .f they 
 ^e e the moft civilized people m the world. In 
 remeanT.me, though it is faid that thej have 
 eft off eatin. the flefli of chriftians, jef ■JJ».->y 
 f,hL according to fome authors, do llill m- 
 S , Semtwerb'oth in the flefl. and b!oo o, 
 ,h.fr r„ortal enemies the Arovagues ; of which, 
 whenever they take thtm priloners, liiey oon u.c 
 
DOR 
 
 patt, and broil the other; that the women lick 
 the very ft,cks on which their fat drops : that 
 the reft of the fat yielded from this diabolical 
 cookery isdiftributed among the chief families, 
 thl"r '^ f'^^"''<"^ in gourds for feafoning 
 
 .h„f !heir children's bodies with the blood of 
 thofe viaims, to animate-them to the like cruelty. 
 
 he «n , '"'I" T^°' '*ft mentioned does ail 
 he can to excule thefe cannibals, by examples of 
 
 cour er, L^ i"''""''" •'^^" 'hey ' a piece of 
 
 having a little before, fo highly extolled the 
 dainty d.fl, of a French caicafe 
 
 tv ITT'''^^^ ' ''"i" •°«'" "'■ ^"''^'y coun- 
 ty, on the confines of Colleton county, and 
 province of Carolina, in North Amenta, h 
 contains about 350 fouls : and in it is an i„de- 
 pende^nt meeting houfe. Lat. 36. lo.N. Long. 
 
 M I A .^-*^J?*''f« bay, in the province of 
 
 bear, al(b If ^ ""'"'^- ^'l P""''^^' P^^'fh 
 Bears al o the fame name, where the county. 
 
 noults The land here lying to the N. fide of 
 
 N ntikoke-river, beginning ^at the mouth of 
 
 Chickacoan-river, and fo up to its fource, and 
 
 rom thence to the head of Anderton- branch 
 
 theTaul Ch l^- ^- ''"^' '"' '° ">« -outh 
 theafTcmbly, anno 1698, declared tohelono ,„ 
 Panquafh and Annatoucjucni, two Indian Uin'" 
 and the people under th.ir r.nv-.-^->^»^ ^ ' 
 
 L 6 
 
 iieifs 
 
D U T 
 
 kdfS ana MciBn for tvHty to be hoWefi hf me 
 lord p^ojyrietaty, uhdtr the yearly rent of one 
 ifeaver-ffcirt. More Indian idvfM art ih Ihi^, 
 ihdtl in irriy otlid- of \ lie fc6uhtlc&. 
 
 Do^ fi'iiTtft, a tdWh of Suffolk cemrity, in 
 New Efigland, in North America. It is for 
 macrnitude the next to Eofton, and built at the 
 jnoSth of two (ma! J rivers, contiguous to the 
 fca fide. It fends four nfiertibers to the aflcmb!/^ 
 and has two fehs ; the one on the fourth Tusp 
 day in March, and the othfer on the laiit v^v ea- 
 
 ^fday in Odober. 
 
 Dover, a town belonging to Kent county^ 
 in Penfylvania, in North America. It was for- 
 merly called St. John's-iown, ^md conhils of 
 about >o ^milies. It is looked upoi as the 
 principal i iacf of the county; which, li^e Vir- 
 ginia, is kt\]t:k not ill townfhips, but fcattered 
 
 plantations. _ ,.- . . „ 
 
 Drake, a harbour in California, the molt 
 northern part of the New World, in America. 
 It w'^s fo called, becaufe the famous na^'igator. 
 Sir Francis Drake, landing there, took pofTeffion 
 of the peninfula of California, for his miftrefs 
 queen Elizabeth^ by the name of New Albion ; 
 the king of the country aaually inyefting him 
 with its fovereignty, and prefenting him with his 
 own crown of beautiful feathers :. and the na- 
 tives taking the Englifh to be more than men, 
 began to facrifice to them ; but were reftrained. 
 Lat. tS. 15,. N. Long. III. 39' W. 
 
 Dublin, a pretty town of Philadelphia 
 county, belonging to Penfylvania, in North 
 America. Lat. 41. 20. N. Long. 78. 20. W 
 
 Dutchess, a county in the province or New 
 Vr.,-!^ in North America., boimded on the S. by | 
 
E A S 
 
 fte Wunfy of ^Veft Chefttr, on the E. hvHu 
 Coi.nea.cut-I.ne, on the W. by Hudfon's-river, 
 and N. by the counqr of Albany. Th* 6. Ban 
 
 There are ih .t tw& metn viJlaees, Poeh-keen 
 th'^ 'he French-kil. rleil^haK 1 
 rj^.Wv f! -Jt"'" «« D'««hj but thoft more 
 eaftei^y, Enghftmen. There is no epifcoal 
 church ,„ it. I, hss fuddenly. and ktetySe 
 
 ItLTf*"'" 'T'*'"^'- ^ ^^ ye J have 
 ra.fed.t from ,2 families, to that pitch, that by 
 thM.fts .t W.11 furnifli at prefent 2,500 fighting 
 
 DuRANGo, a town belonging to the province 
 f^nu^A"-' ^n'' '^= 3"*ence 3f Guadalaxara,. 
 in Old Mexico, orNewSp^in, in North Ame- 
 rpca. It ,s fitbated lo leagues f.om Nombre de 
 D.os, and .s a b.ftop's fee, at the confluence o£ 
 ftveral rivers, which render it convenient fo« 
 
 5eC)90eO^)eOe()(!09;;e(M5eO^JO(3^)e03()i«^ 
 
 E A S 
 
 FAST CHESTER, a town in the 
 Ej county of Weft Chefter, in the province of 
 New York, in Norrh America, has two epifcopal 
 m.flionanes. See West Chester, counfv of. 
 
 Last Ham a town of Biiftol county, in 
 New Piymouth colony, and province of Kl^flk- 
 htf,' '"■ N^"' *'"S'^"rf. in Norch Am r 1 
 
 it IS llfLinfprt rn fVio ;/1« _r XT. . r 
 
 .^ ,,, ,,,.^ ,^^ .^^ ^^.^^^.j.gj^ Where were 
 . ' about 
 
ELI 
 
 about 500 chriftlan Indians, four fchools, aftd 
 fix juftices of the peace of their own nation, 
 Lat. 41. 40. N. Long. 73. 20. W. 
 
 East Main, the county of Labrador, in the 
 northern countries of America, is fo called, as 
 that of New Wales, is denominated the Weft 
 Main. 
 
 Ebenezer, a town of Georgia, in North 
 America, about five miles from Abercorn, and 
 up the river Savannah. It is a very healthy 
 place where the Sakfburghers are fettled, with 
 two minifters, who are a fober, induftrious peo- 
 ple, that raife not only corn, and other produc- 
 tions, fufficient for their own fubfiftence, but fell 
 great quantities to the inhabitants of Savannah. 
 They have large herds of cattle, and are in a, 
 very thriving condition. Ten miles from thence, 
 on a river running into the Savannah, is Old 
 Ebenezer, where is a cow-pen, and a great 
 number of cattle for the ufe of the publick, and 
 for breeding. Lat. 32. 10. N. Long. 82. 20. W. 
 
 Elenthera, or Eluthera, one of the 
 Bahama, or Lucaya iflands, in North America; 
 where above 60 families, fettled under the deputy- 
 governor Holmes, ereded a fmall fort, and 
 raifed a company of militia for their defence. 
 
 Elizabeth, a town of Eflex-county, and 
 the moll confiderable of New Jerfey, in North 
 America. It lies three miles wiihin a creek op- 
 pofite to the W. part of Staten-ifland. Here the 
 Enc^lifh fettled firft, and it has thriven moft: fo 
 that it is the feat of the government of the two 
 provinces of Eaft and Weft Jerfey, and of the 
 judicial courts and airemblies; though great 
 endeavours were ufed by the Scots proprietors of 
 Eaft Jerfey, in 1683, to remove the courts from 
 
 ihence 
 
E N G 
 
 thence to Perth-amboy. The town of Eliza^ 
 beth has above 250 families, and 40,000 acres 
 of plantation. The proprietors had one here, 
 which went by the name of the farm. 
 
 Elizabeth*s-island, jQpEEN, in Magel- 
 lan-ftreight, where captain Clipperton of the 
 Succefs, fcnt his pinnace afhore on the main- 
 land to a frefli-water river, then frozen up. 
 They continued fome time at that ifland, which 
 is dry, and generally fpeaking barren, except as 
 to herbs, fit for fallads, of which they found 
 great plenty, and were of vaft fervice to them, 
 being then very ficlc of the fcurvy. They met 
 alfo here with abundance of wild fowl, and 
 ihell-fifti on ihorc. 
 
 England, New, the feat of the moft 
 flourishing, and moft powerful colonies the 
 Britifh nation have in North America. It is 
 bounded on the E. i»nd S. E, by the Atlanta 
 ocean ; on the N. E. by Nova Scotia, or Aca- 
 dia J and on the N. by the country of the fa- 
 vage Indians ; by part of Canada on the W. 
 and by New York, with Long-ifland, on the s! 
 and S. W. This country is in length fomething 
 lefs than 300 miles ; at the broadeft part of it 
 about 2C0, if we carry it on to thofe tracks 
 which are poflefled by the French : but if we 
 regard the part which we have planted in gene- 
 ral, it does not extend any where this way, very 
 much above 60 miles from the fea-coaft. It 
 lies between lat. 41 and 45 N. and 6g and 
 73» 35* Though New England is fituatcd al- 
 mofi 10 degrees nearer the fun, than we ar cm 
 England, yet the winter begins eailier, Jafts 
 longer, and is incomparably more fevere than it 
 is with us. The fummer ao^ain is eYn^moir, 
 
 hot. 
 
E N G 
 
 htU ^^^ ^^^^ fervently fo than in places which 
 lie under the fame parallels in Europe. How« 
 •ever, both the heat and cold are now far more 
 moderate ; and the conftitutioii of the air, in all 
 fefpe<^s, far better than our people found it at 
 their firft fettlement. The clearing away of 
 the woods, and opening the ground every where, 
 has, by giving a ^' . '^ ^age to the air, carried 
 off thofe nox'"^ n ^fiir'J's which were fo preju- 
 dicial to the bea!i:h or the firft inhabitants. The 
 temperament of the fky is generally, both in 
 fummer and winter, very fteady and ferene. 
 Two months frequently pafs "Mfho-n; the appear- 
 ance of a cloud. Their i-ains are hciii'y, and 
 
 ibon over. 
 
 The climate of New England, compared 
 with that of Virginia, is as the climate of South 
 Britain, to that of North Britain. New Eng- 
 land being, as has been faid, nearer to the equi- 
 noctial line than the old, their days and nights, 
 are confequently more equal. The fun rifes at 
 Bofton on the longeft day, .lamely, June iith» 
 26 minutes after 4 in the morning, and fets ^1 
 34 minute^ after 7 in the evening. And on> 
 December 13, which is the (horteft day, it .ifcs 
 at 35 minutes after 7 in the morning, and 
 fets at 27 minutes after 4 in the rnoon. 
 So that the longeft day in New England is about 
 15 hours, and 'he ftiorteft zl >\it 9. 
 
 This country, when firf. vifited vy the Eng- 
 lifh, was one great foreft, the Indians having 
 only cleared a fn aii fpot here ind there' for corn ; 
 but every three or four miles our countrymen 
 found fome fruitful valievs v.! ^rooks. The 
 land next the fea is gene My ' w, and in fomj 
 parts marshy y but furth u t rifes intt hills, 
 
 and- 
 
E N G 
 
 i^d on the N E. it is rocky and ffloutvtainou*^ 
 About MafTachufetVbay, the foil is as fat and 
 b ack as any part of Englan. and the firft 
 planters found the grafs in the eys very rank 
 for want of cutting. But the uj>.ands are not fo 
 IruitfuJ, being mo% a gravelly and fandy foil, 
 liichning to a clay. ° ^ / " > 
 
 , Few countries are better watered with fprings, 
 livers, and lakes, though the latter are not lb 
 iarge as thofe to the N. and W. Of its rivers, 
 which al abound with fifli, feven are navigable 
 lor leverai leagues, and would be fo further, were 
 It not for the ^Ils, or cataraas. i. ConneaU 
 cut river. 2. The Thames. 3. The river Pa- 
 tuxet. 4. The great river Merrimack. 5. The 
 nver Pilcataway. 6. The river Saco. And 
 7. ^ he Cafco-river. Befidr to the E. of thefe 
 are the rivers Saghedock, Kc.iebeck, Penobfcot, 
 and many mnre confidcrable ones. 
 
 To the conveniency of fo many fine rivers, 
 the number of large populous towns in this 
 country is juftly afcribcd : and in the traas be- 
 tween the rivers are fo many brooks and fprings, 
 thaf there 1 ,iardly a place but frefh water may 
 be had by fink.ng a well within 10 or 12 feet 
 ot i\ <urf2ce, and fuch water as is generally 
 goot ^ ^ 
 
 The molt . r rkable capes from S. to N. are 
 Cape Cod, Marule Head, Cape Anne, Cape 
 We nek. Cape Porpus, Cape Elizabeth, and 
 CapeSmall-point. 
 
 The foil of New England is various -, but 
 belf as you approach the (lu hward. It afibrds 
 ex« ^.lent meadows in i: e Icwgounds, and very 
 good pafture almoft every wk -e. Thev coml 
 njonly allot at the rate ni <-w« ^r-n-c V.- ^k^ 
 
E N G 
 
 maintenance of a cow. The meadows, whicli 
 they reckon thebeft, yield about a ton of hay each 
 acre. Some produce two tons, but then the 
 hay is rank and four. This country is not very 
 favourable to any of the European kinds of grain. 
 
 The wheat is fubjedt to be blailed ; the bar- 
 ley is an hungry grain ; and the oats are lean and 
 chaffy : but the Indian corn, which makes the 
 common food of the lowed fort of people, flou- 
 riflies here. This, as being a fpecies of corn 
 not fo univerfally 1 jown, and of all others that 
 which yields the grcateft increafe, a fhort de- 
 fcription of it is as follows. 
 
 This plant, which the native Amc.icans call 
 •weachin, is known in fome of the fouthern 
 parts of America by the name of maize: The 
 car is about a fpan in length, confiding of eight 
 rows of the corn, or more, according to the 
 goodnefs of the ground, with about 30 grains in 
 each row. On the top of tlie grain hangs a fort 
 of flower, not ULJike a filk taiTel, of various co- 
 lours, as white, blue, greenifli, black, fpeckled, 
 ftriped ; which gives this corn, as it grows, a 
 very beautiful appearance. The grain is of all 
 the colours which prevail in the flower ; but mod 
 frequently yellow and white. The flalks grow 
 fix or eight feet high, and are of a confiderable 
 thicknefs. They are lefs high in New England, 
 and other northern countries, than in Virginia, 
 and thofe which lie more to the fouthward. 
 They are jointed like a cane, and at each of 
 thefe joints fhoot out a number of leaves like 
 flags, which make very good fodder for the 
 cattle. The ftalk is full of a juice, of which a 
 fyrup, as fweet as fugar, has been frequently 
 maHp- This jrrain is eenerallv fowed in little 
 
 fquares. 
 
E N G 
 
 /quarcs, and requires a very ateentive cuhivatiorr. 
 
 1 he ground in which U thrives moft is light and 
 
 fandy, with a fmall intermixture of loam. 
 
 About a peck of feed is fufficient for an acre, 
 
 O'u XT ^' ^J!"^^'""^ produces about 25 bufhc Is, 
 
 1 he New England pe<,ple not only make bread 
 
 of this grain, but they malt and brew it into a 
 
 beer which is not defpicable. The greater part 
 
 of their beer, however, is made of molafles 
 
 iiopped, with the addition, fomctimes. of tlie 
 
 tops of the fpruce-fir infufed. .? . 
 
 They raife in New England a large quantity 
 of flax ; and have made e%s upon hemp, which 
 have been far from unfuccefsfuL An acre of 
 their cow- pen land produces about a i:on of this 
 commodity ; but the land is pretty foo.n exhauft- 
 cd. This plant probably requires a climate 
 inore uniformly warm than New England; for 
 though the greater part of our hemp is brought 
 to us from northern parts ; yet it is in the more 
 foutherly provinces of Ruffia that the beft which 
 comes to our market is produced. 
 
 They have great plenty of all forts of roots, 
 as turnips, parfnips, carrots, radiflies much 
 larger and richer than ours, though their feeds 
 came originally from hence ; good ftore of onions, 
 cucumbers, and pumpions. But the feed of the 
 water-melons, and fqualhes, which grow here in 
 great plenty, is brought from Portugal, to which 
 the traders here have all along fent great quan- 
 tities of fifli. o o -I 
 
 They had a variety of fruits of their own 
 growth, before the Englifli arrived here ; parti- 
 cularly grapes, currants, ftravvberries, rafpberries, 
 hurtleberries,^ whitehorn-haws, as big as our 
 "nefnuts, walnuts, imallnuts, iiiberts, 
 
 and 
 
 
B N Gf 
 
 and many moire ; a» alfa forre)^ water-cre^^ 
 favory, and the like, fallad and pot-herbs; be- 
 fides others for phyfic, and Several forts of 
 pulfe, but efpecially kidney^ beans; and without 
 doubt thofe vegetables have been fince improved. 
 Mr. EXudley, one of the council in New England, 
 fays, that the peaches here are large, all fta^ard^ 
 and the fruit better than ours ; and that com- 
 monly they bear in three years from the ftonew 
 That, in 1 72 1, at a village near Bofton of aboui 
 40 houfes, they made near 3000 barrels of cy- 
 der ; and that fome of their apple-trees yield fix 
 ©r feven barrels, at the rate of eight or nine 
 btjfhels to the barrel. He faw here a pearmain- 
 tree which, a foot from the ground, mcafured 
 10 feet 4 inches round, and bore 38 builiels or 
 fine fruit ; and the largefl: apple- tree he found here 
 was 10 feet and an half in compafe, befide faffi*- 
 fras-trees, afhes, the plantanus, occidentalus, or 
 button- wood-tree, all of a pretty large fize. 
 
 Here is a {Treat variety of plants, different 
 from thofe of" Europe, particularly the common 
 favin, which is often found to grow wild on the 
 hills J that called the bear-thiftle, very {hort and 
 pricky, whofe root, with a dccoiWon of that 
 called the cancer-ront, and a fort of dcvil's-bit, 
 cures the king's evil. Here is a plant called 
 partridge- berries, an excellent cure for the drop- 
 iy ; and that called the bleeding-root to cure the 
 juandice, befides fome others. 
 
 Their horned cattle are very numerous in 
 New England, and fome of them very large. 
 •Oxen have been killed there of 1800 weight. 
 They have alfo great numbers of hogs, and 
 thofe excellent > and fome fo large as to weigh 
 -25 fcore. They have beiides a breed of fmaii 
 
 horfes, 
 
i: N G 
 
 horfej, wWch are extremely hariJy, The* mm* 
 naturally, though in no very g^efuU ^ ^ 
 jnanner ; but with fuch fvjftfeft. .„d L f« 
 
 wedible to thofe who have not experienced it 
 
 Jjod kfnS e- '•'"'"'"=[ '^' ft^P too, and ,^ 
 « good kind. The wool is of a ftanlp r.iffi 
 
 ciently long , b« it is not near fo finet .hit o'f 
 
 ?rLfet"r ^'';^' "J"^^^"' n,anufaaurLa 
 great de ] of .t very (uccefsfu)ly. Cloths are made 
 
 Of It, o. as clofe and firm a contexture, thou..h 
 not fo fine, as our beft drabs, being th ck ifd 
 fuper,or for the ordinary wear of country people 
 to any thing we make in England. '^ ' 
 
 In this country are many gentlemen of confi- 
 •derable landed eftates, which they let to far. 
 mers, or manage by their fiewards, or overfeers 
 
 of an independent and fubftantial yeomanrv 
 who cultivate their own freeholds. Thefe eei e' 
 rally pais to their children by a kind of oaveU 
 
 m Kent ; and this keeps them from beina evei: 
 
 <iiocrily. This manner of inheriting has here 
 an additional good effeS ; it makes the peo^e 
 the more ready to go backward into the unculti- 
 vated parts of the country, where land is o be 
 haJ at an eafy rate, and in large portions. The 
 people, by their being generally freeholders, and 
 by their orm of government, have a very free 
 bold and republican fpirit. In no part of T; " 
 world are the ordinary lb independent, or poffefs 
 fomanyof the conveniences of life. They are 
 ■ufed from their infancy to thr- «-...;f- „<r iL^^ 
 •»nd they have a militia; which, as ■fuch;is by'no 
 
 means 
 
E N G 
 
 incans contemptible. And certainly if thefe 
 tnen wcrefomewhat more regularly tramed, and 
 in better fubordination, in no country could be 
 found an army better conftituted than that which 
 New England can furnifli. This too is much 
 the beftVop^^^ ^^ ^"y ^^ °"^ colonies upon 
 the continent. It is judged that the four pro- 
 vinces it comprifes, namely MalTachufet s-bay, 
 Conneaicut, Rhode- ifland, and New Hamp- 
 fhire, contain upwards of 350,000 fouls. 1 hele 
 four rrovsmments arc confederated for their com- 
 mon'defence. The moft confiderable of them, 
 for riches and number of people, being 200,000 
 of the latter, though not for extent of territory, 
 is Mafiachufet's-bay ; which fee. 
 . Not one of our fettlements can be compared 
 •with New Enjrland in the abundance of people, 
 the number o)' confiderable and trading towns, 
 and the manufadtures carried on in them. The 
 moft populous and flouriftiing parts of the mo- 
 ther-country hardly make a better appearance. 
 Our provinces to the fouthward on this conti- 
 nent arerecommendable for the generous warmth 
 of the climate, and a luxuriance of foil which 
 naturally throws up a vaft variety of beautiful 
 and rich vegetable productions. But New 
 Encrjand is the firft in America for cultivation, 
 number of people, and for the order refulting 
 
 frombo'h. ^ r xt tt 
 
 Thoucrh in all the provinces of New l^ng- 
 knd are'^ large towns which drive a confiderable 
 trade, the only one is Bofton, the capital of 
 MafTachufet's bay, the firft city of New Eng- 
 laiid, and of all North America. See Boston. 
 
 'i hough no great fno ws fall in the fouthern parts 
 of Louiiiana, yet ;o the northward s &^^'^^'\ 
 
 I 
 
E N G 
 
 falls: and not only the Miffiffippf, but the num. 
 ber of other great rivers which it receive", "ml 
 
 tiXrr'"^-' ^"i •''^y"" *>« i" no want rf 
 timber conven.ent for navigation. And thouRh 
 the paffage to the French iflands be fuch a erlt 
 way to the wmdward, as to bring them fhefe 
 commodines ,n a much more tedfous manne 
 I n '^ ?f"" '='"=' '" " not much beuer ?hl't 
 
 fiom hemfelves ? nor perhaps would even this 
 diftculty wh.ch indeed is much lefs than it is 
 reprefented, bring down the French to the pa 
 of our fugar-colonies, loaded as they are with 
 taxes, groaning under the preffure of manv 
 
 tude of abufes and enormities, partly from er- 
 
 Eng nd : fothat „ ,s not by reflraints on trade" 
 but by a judicious encouragement of it, that 
 they can hope to remedy thefe evils, and rival 
 thefrencheflablifliments. 
 
 The general plan of our management with re- 
 gard to the trade of our colonies ought to be to 
 encourage ,n every one fome fecret and diftnft 
 articles ; fuch as not interfering, might enable 
 them to trade with each other; and ail to trade 
 to advantage with their mother- count, y. And 
 hen where we have rivals in any i ranch of the 
 rade carried on in our colonies, to enable them 
 to fend heir goods to the foreign market direftly • 
 and make the fliips fo employed, as the French 
 put in praaice to take the Englilh ports in their 
 way home, left they fliould make -heir returns in 
 foreign manufaflures. This, and that thev Ihould 
 not go largely mto manufactures intf rforino ,.,;,i, 
 
 ours. 
 
 J..I'! 
 
 l^f 
 
 I; 
 ii'i 
 
E N ff 
 
 mrsi ou^t to be the only points at which our 
 reftri<^ions (hould aim. ^ 
 
 Tbefe hints concerning reftraints on trade 
 have been mentioned, becaufe that of New Eng- 
 land rather wants to be fupported, than checked. 
 Its trade, in many of its branches, is clearly on 
 the decline ; and this circumftance ought to in- 
 tereft us deeply. For very valuable is this co- 
 lony, if it never fent us anything, nor took any 
 thing from us, as it is the grand barrier of all 
 the reft; and as it is the principal magazine 
 which fupplies our Weft Indies, from whence we 
 draw fuch vaft advantages. We now (hall pro- 
 ceed to give a fnort detail of the firft fettlement 
 
 in-this country. . . r u A-t^ 
 
 We derive our rights in America from the diL 
 covery of Sebaftian Cabot, who firft made the 
 northern continent in 1497. It was, m general, 
 called then Newfoundland, a name which is now 
 approiDriated to an ifland on its coaft. It was a 
 long time before we made any attempt to fettle 
 in this coimtry; Sir Walter Raleigh Ihewed 
 the way, by planting a colony in the fouthem 
 part, which he called Virginia. However, the 
 fpirit of colonization was not yet fully raifed. 
 The affairs of North America were in the hands 
 of an exclufive company, and they profpered 
 
 accordingly. . ... , , 
 
 Things remained in this condition till the lat- 
 ter end 'of the reign of James L From the 
 commencemcpt ,,f the reformation in England, 
 two parties Of proteftants fubfifted amongft us. 
 The rirft had cholen gradually, and almoft im- 
 perceptibly, to recede from the church of Rome. 
 The other party, of a warmer tem^per,^ had 
 
 
 <nore ^al, and iels policy. Several ui tneie la^^ 
 
E N G 
 
 had fled from the perfecurion in queen Marv's 
 
 T V""'' '^'y '^"""^"^ '" thofe of queen ^i 
 ^abeth, w„h minds fufficiently hea?ed bv re 
 fentment of their fufferings, and by the ner" 
 pemal difputes which had fxercifed them allThe 
 
 atln ?o rr t°="^/ *>'^ they i:r i t 
 
 averlion to the epifcopal order, and to relieioui 
 
 f^nln '"gh >"' of liberty, and had a ftrone 
 tendency to the republican form of government^ 
 
 aueenEI.zabeth,diflilcinp thenotionfwh ch thev 
 feemed to entertain in politicks, kept them under 
 
 S^mtdttiSe^i;" -V"^^^^^^^ 
 
 ■"^r Vr'' J''*''^ ^'^''l "'^'3e them yetVo"; 
 
 '"""jon'y called puritans. '^ *"' 
 
 When king James came to the throne he 
 
 . /^J""" ?PP°«"nity of pacifying ma^'te^ 
 
 or at leaft he might have feft them in the cS* 
 
 «on he found them 5 but it happened qi?te Si 
 
 lll'^J^T'^P^/^""''^' hut not deftroyed . 
 they were exafperated, but left powerful. ^ * 
 
 In this ftate thmgs continued till the acceffion 
 of Charles I. when they were far from mwdh,? 
 He gave h.mfelf entirely up to the chu7ch an^" 
 churchmen ; conferring the firft ecclef.aftfcal 
 d.gn.ty of the kingdonf, and a great fway?,^ 
 temporal ,(fa.rs, upon Dr. Laud, who Sed 
 sreat nu. e„ of minifiers for non-conformity 
 Not fa ,sfied w.th this, he made new reguSl' 
 and iMroduced upon , , v -le, already IhhoZl 
 of the mod neceflary ceremonie,. U.r.Jc"^ 
 new lend of a molt .r.iejs nature."' '""" "' " 
 
 ^"- ^- M Several 
 
 P, 
 
E N G 
 
 Several great men, difgufted at the proceedings 
 of the court, and entertaining apprehenfions for 
 the publick liberty, in order to make themfelves 
 popular, attached themfelves to the common no- 
 tions of religion, and afFeded to maintain them 
 with great zeal. Others became puritans through 
 principle. And now their affairs put on a re- 
 fpeclable appearance. In proportion as they be- 
 came of confequence, their IbfFerings feemed to 
 be more and more grievous; and they were 
 every day further and further from Hftening to 
 the leaft terms of agreement with furplices, or- 
 gans, common-prayer, or table at the E. end 
 of the church ; and rather than be obliged to ufe 
 them, there was no part of the world to which 
 they would not have fled with chearfulnefs. 
 
 Early in the reign of king James I. a number 
 of perfons of this perfuafion had fought refuge 
 in Holland, where they did not find them- 
 felves better fatisfied than they had been in Eng- 
 land, their zeal beginning to have dangerous 
 languors for want of oppohtion. They fent an 
 agent to England, who agreed with the council 
 of Plyrpouth for ^ trai^ of land in America, to 
 fettle in, after they had obtained from the king a 
 pi^ivilege to do fo. 
 
 This colony eftablifhed itfelf at a place which 
 tHey called New Plymouth. They were but 
 few in r. mber : near half of them perifhed by 
 the fcurvy, by want, and the feverity of the 
 cMmate. But thofe who furvived, not difpirit- 
 ed with their IpiTes, nor with the hardfhips 
 they were flili to endure, and finding themfelves 
 out of the reach of the fpiritual arm, reduced this 
 favaae country to yield them a tolerable liveli- 
 ii0Otij ana Dy degrsgs a vMuuviiM'^'iv ^^00.^^^^'^ 
 M This 
 
E N G 
 
 This little fettlement was made in iht yt» 
 162.. Several of their brethren, in England la- 
 bounng under the fame difficulties, took' the 
 fame methods of efcaping f^om them ; by wh ch 
 means thecolony of puritans inlenfibly incS • 
 but they had not extended themfelvef much be- 
 yond New P^mouth. 15,629, the colony be^ 
 gan to<lou„fh fo that they foonbecameTcon- 
 fiderable people. By the clofe of the en(u?n» 
 
 chefter, Charles- town, and Bofton. 
 
 And now not only thofe who found them-' 
 felves uneafy at home upon a rdigious accou^ 
 but feveral on account of the Then proP°able 
 trade of furs and flcins, and for the fake o the 
 
 ButT' "^T '"'"'"'. '° '■«"« '" New England! 
 But this colony received its principal affilana^ 
 from the d.fcontent of feveral great men of ?h^ 
 puntan party, who were its proteaors ; and who 
 entertained a defign of fettling amon^ them i« 
 New England, if they Ihould^fall °nV" 
 
 IZ '^% ^T P"'^"'"S ^°' eftablifhing the li- 
 berty, and reformus tb^^ religion of their mo ' 
 
 't^lT'^; They-.c.,..ited Lgrantfir^ New 
 En^and, and were at a great explncein fettling 
 of them. Amongft thefe patentee, we f -e thf 
 
 hams, the Hampdens, and the Py,. s And It 
 was fa,d that Sir Mathew Boynton; Sir VmVm 
 Conftable, Sir Arthur Haflerig, and Oliver Cror^ 
 
 for N ^'? '^"''}y "P°" '»•« P°'« of embarC 
 for New England : when archbilhop Laud un? 
 
 b* Sovfn '°rP^-^^'^ of his h'al^ed ftouM 
 liedr °"°f .'he reach of his power, ap. 
 Z'}I°'l ',"'' °''?'«J an order, for puttin/a 
 "«F w meie iianiportations : and thus he k'ept 
 
 M * forcibly 
 
 u'fi 
 
 
E N G 
 
 forcibly from venting itfelf, that virulent humour 
 which he lived to fee deftroy himfelf, his order, 
 his religion, his mafter, and the conftitution of 
 his country. However he was not able to pre- 
 vail fo far as to hinder New England from re- 
 ceiving vaft reinforcements, both of clergy and 
 
 ^^'f'he part of New England called Maflachu- 
 fet*s.bay, had now fettlements very thick all 
 filong the fea-fhore. Some nips from thefe were 
 planted in the province of Main and New 
 Hair.pfhire, being torn from the origmal ftcck 
 by that religious violence, which was the chiet 
 charaaeriftlck of the firft fettlers in New Eng. 
 land. The patentees laft mentioned, fettled upon 
 the river Conneaicut, and eftablilhed a feparate 
 and independentgovernment there ; fome perfons 
 having before that fixed themfelves upon the bor- 
 ders of this river, who fled from the tyranny of 
 the Plymouth and Maffachufct's colonies. 
 
 For a confiderable time the people of New 
 England had hardly any regular form of govern- 
 ment. By their charter they were impowered to 
 eftablifh fuch order, and make fuch laws as they 
 pleafed, provided they were not contrary to the 
 laws of England : a point not eafily fettled, as 
 they who compofed the new colonies were of a 
 contraded way of thinking, and mofl violent 
 enthufiafls. They adopted the books of Mofes as 
 the law of the land ; but the firft laws grounded 
 upon thefe have fince fallen into difufe. 
 
 As to religion, it was, as has been faid, the 
 puritan. And as foon as they found themfelves 
 at libertv in America, they fell into a way very 
 little different from the independen^t mode, 
 ilvery pariin, with its miniflcr, was iovereign 
 
 i/r 
 
E N G 
 
 within itfelf. Synods indeed were occafionallr 
 caUed but only to prepare and digeft matters 
 which were to receive their fanaion from the 
 approbation of the feveral churches. The fv- 
 
 Ti^flif "^ i "°, ^""^^ °f ecclefiaflical ju- 
 rifdiaion, and only refufed to hold commu- 
 
 .hevd7;ilJ'""^r*'°^*' ^n""^'' ="«' P"«^c"s 
 they difliked. The magiftrates affifted in thofe 
 
 C™ ^™T ^"'^ =" ^°™ "' 'his, great relig ous 
 freedom might, one would have imagined, be 
 
 f^ch TrV'' ''" jh^y "="■ "° i-Jea^at ail of 
 t^ n^L » "i; ' *"^ ""y '■°« °f toleration was 
 
 fmall parhr which arofe amongft them; who 
 jnaintamed, that the civil ma|iftrate h;d no 
 fahs lf'?r- '" "^IfO'^P^foty meafures in af- 
 .hl f. •¥'?"• Affer harraffing thefe people, 
 
 and fettle themfelves to the fouthward, nea^ 
 Cape Cod, where they formed a new govern" 
 mem upon their own principles, and built a 
 town, which they called Providence. Th"s has 
 iince made the fourth and fmalleft, but not the 
 worft mhabited of the New England gove n! 
 ments, called Rhode-iHand, from^ an ifand "f 
 that name forming a part of it. As a perfecu- 
 
 r^ ^/' "?K? ""= ^"^ '■="''="'^"' i" New Eng- 
 land fo a fubfequent perfection in this, gave 
 rife to new colonies : and this facilitated the 
 fpreading of the people over the country 
 
 law? no°lV!.""5 '"2'" '" *'"'' "'making 
 laws, no Jefs than five were made about mattera 
 
 :LefeLf „"r!!.?"'L---ed. . bul";.'! 
 that th. -pe-rfe^iiror w^,-er'd^::erX^^ 
 
 M 
 
 out 
 
E N G^ 
 
 •ut of England, might be confidered as great le^ 
 nity, when compared with it. For in the firft 
 of thefc laws they deprive every one, who does 
 not conniunicate with their cftabliflied churchy 
 of the right to his freedom, or a vote in the 
 eleaion of any of their maglftr ites. In tht fe 
 cond, they fentencc to banifhment any who 
 ihould oppofe the fourth commandment, and 
 deny the validity of infant baptifm, or the autho- 
 rity of magiftrates. In the third, they condemn 
 Quakers to banifhment, and make it capital for 
 them to return. And not (lopping at the ofknder'' 
 they lay heavy fines upon all who fhould bnni 
 them into the province, or even harbour them 
 for an hour. In the fourth, they provide banifh- 
 ment and death in cafes of return, for Jeluits, 
 aiid popifli priefts. In the fifth, they decree 
 death for any who fhould worftiip images. 
 
 The Quakers, warmed with that fpirit which 
 
 animate/the beginning of moftfeas, had fpread 
 
 Jheir dodrin: . all over the Brit.ih dominions in 
 
 l^^pe^ ai began at laft to (pread them 
 
 S^- -^^ mWrica. The clergy and the 
 
 magiltrates iook the alarm; they feized upon 
 
 fome of thefe people ; they fet them m the flocks 
 
 and the pillory witl^out efFea; theyjcourg^^^^^ 
 
 they imprifoned, they bamfhed them. The 
 
 conftancy of the quakers under their fufFerings, 
 
 begat a pity and efteem for their perfons, and 
 
 an^approbation to their dodnnes ; their profe- 
 
 1 vtes increafed. The quakers returned as fall as 
 
 C were banilhed, and the fury of the ruling 
 
 pariy proceeded to the moft fanguinary extremi^ 
 
 Ls Theyfeized, at different times, upon five 
 
 . . > -A. u^A rpfnrnpa ftom baniftimcnt, 
 
 condemned, and hanged them. And Kj^ot 
 
E N G 
 
 'l^nown hov far ti -ir mdncts mi^ht have ex- 
 tcnr^^^d, if an order from the king and council in 
 *.ngiand, about the year 1661, had not i r- 
 pofed to reftrain ^^^m. 
 
 Things of this ature "-rm the ereateft p 
 the hiftory of New Englanu for a Jong time. 1 v 
 perfecu^cd the an.;aptift' , who were no inconfi- 
 derabit body amongft them, with almoll equal fe- 
 verity. In fticrt, th 3 people, who in Enpland 
 could not ocar to be chaltifed with rods, hall no 
 fooncr got free from their fetters, thar they 
 fcourged trieir fellow refugees with fco^ .ions- 
 thoi^, the abfurdity, as well as injuft'ce a 
 
 proceeding in them, might ftare them 11 ace. 
 
 Befides the difputes with thofe of ai er de- 
 nomination, the independents were, i. a Jong 
 riie, harraiTed with one in the bowels of their 
 
 •n churciies The ftale difpute about ^race 
 and works pre ed diffenfions, riots, and afmoft 
 a civil war m the colony. The famous Sir 
 Henry Vane the younger, an enthufiafiic, tur- 
 bulent man, of no very good difpofition, came 
 hither with fome of the adventurers, and played 
 at fmall games in New England, where the peo- 
 ple had cholen him governor. It is not hard to 
 conceive how fuch a man, at the head of fuch a 
 people, could throw every thing into confufion. 
 in the very height of this hopeful difpute, they 
 had a war upon their hand, with fome of the 
 Indian nations. Their country was terribfy 
 harralled, and numbers were, r .ry day, mur- 
 dered by the incurfions of the enemy. All this, 
 time they had an army in readinefs for action, 
 tvhich they would not fufFer to march, even to 
 ^etend their own lives and pofTeffions, becaufe^ 
 many of the oiHcers and foldiers were under 
 a covenant of works.* When 
 
 M 
 
 iid^i 
 
 '■1 ,'!' 
 41 
 
 Mil 
 
 i 
 
 i' 
 
 I til 
 
-^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 O 
 
 
 &r #j ^ ^, 
 
 /Ja 
 
 
 ^Vv V 
 
 &?/ 
 
 % 
 
 (/^ 
 
 "m 
 
 ■^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 UUu 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 
 
 i6_ 
 
 
 -< 6" — 
 
 
 ► 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 //a 
 
 ■'W 
 
 'n. 
 
 
 w 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 Corporation 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^* 
 
 •N55 
 
 N> 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 *<b'- 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 ^o 
 
 !^^ 
 
 W^.f 
 
 % 
 
E N G 
 
 When the New England puritans began t* 
 1)reath a little from thefe difTenfions, they fell not 
 long after into another madnefs of a yet more 
 extraordinary and dangerous kind, which ran 
 through the whole country* This tragedy began 
 in the year 1692. 
 
 At Salem, one Paris was mioifter, who had 
 two daughters troubled with convulfions : he 
 imagined they were bewitched. As foon as be 
 concluded upon withcraft as the caufe of the dif- 
 temper, the next enquiry was how to find out 
 the perfon who had bewitched them. He caft 
 his eyes upon an Indian fervant woman of his 
 own, whom he frequently beat, and with fuch 
 fcverity, that (he at laft confeffed herfelf the 
 witch, and was committed to gaol> where (he 
 hy for a long time y and they wer« at laft con- 
 tent to difcharge her from- prifoii, and fell her as 
 a Have for hec fees. 
 
 However, as this example fet the difcourfe 
 about witchcraft a- float, fome people began to 
 fancy themfelves bewitched too. The firft ob- 
 ject they fixed upon was Mr. Burroughs, who 
 had formerly been minifler of Salem, with two 
 others. All three, men of unexceptionable 
 characters, were tried for witchcraft, by a fpecial 
 commiilion of oyer and terminer, and upon the 
 weakeft and moft childifti evidence, fentenced to 
 ^ie, and accordingly hanged. They were ftrip- 
 ped naked, and their bodies thrown into a pit 
 half covered with earth, and left to the mercy 
 of birds, and wild beafts. Upon the fame evi- 
 dence, in a little time after, 16 njore fufFered 
 death ; befides more inftances of this kind, too 
 numerous to be here mentioned. Ho\yever, at 
 length, the judges being accufed of witchcraft,. 
 
 and 
 
E R I 
 
 lenience of death were reprievedy and in due 
 
 ;■"*, P2«»°"«^ A, few cool mo;;,emt ftewed 
 
 ih.m ,» ^""^ fH^ ftupid error that had cTrried 
 
 Sha" th^v^hadt^ ^"'^ ''"""y aftamed of 
 
 h,„, ,11 Jt: •/• ?P*^" took occafion to attri- 
 bute all this Mifchief to a judgment on them for 
 their perfccution. A generallaft was apSd 
 
 them.by sLnrandVrr„Ki:,;r''^''"°"^' 
 
 eSZ Id r' S"« advamfge,^,; t^^^! 
 ginning; and the mcafures of the Fn<,\\(U * 
 
 opMe then, were forthen,o/pa^H„^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ,h, h' • • " "''"?" *°° of 'fating them in 
 he beg.nn.ng was fo indifcreet. as to pr^oke 
 them as much to thofe wars, as the French^ 
 fluence has done fince that time 
 •„ iS"l' a nation of Indians in New Franr^ 
 ^„^°«\A">erica otherwife called by "h^ 
 
 Iroquois. S't&gh^: qrS o'? tf 
 
 war did not turn out in favour oOhe jlter I ! 
 
 they were not at all difcouraged bv it A 7 ' 
 
 laft thpv »«. r ■ . 6. "/ "' And at 
 
 -n-/. 6v> .« uiucn tne advantage over the 
 
 M 
 
 tries, 
 
ESK 
 
 tnc9y ^iit were it not for the great lake wliich> 
 to thi8 day bears the name of that nation, one 
 would not have known that l9iey ever exifted. 
 This Erie-lake empties itfelf into that of Onta^ 
 wo, by a canal called the Leap of Niagara. See 
 Iroquois, Ganada-'river, and Niagara. 
 
 EscATARi, a fmall ifland in North America,, 
 about five leagues N. of Louifburgh, in the 
 ifland of Cape Breton. 
 
 EsKiMAUX, or EsQtyiMAUX, one of the 
 fierceft people of all North America. They 
 dwell on its moft eaftern verge, beyond the n-^ 
 ver of St. Laurence, and fpread themfelves up N. 
 and E. into the large track called Terra de La*- 
 brador, oppofite to Newfoundland, from lat. 
 <o^ to 64^ N. and from long. 59°. to 8o*». W.. 
 They were at firft difcovcred by the Df esj hut 
 found to be fo brutifh, mifchievous, and diftruft- 
 fiil. as well as their country wild and barren, 
 that they did not think it wortlv their while to. 
 make any fettlement, or even carry on any traf- 
 fick "among them. Their name is ^ ^"PPO^^^ to^ 
 be originally Efquimantfic, which, in the Albe- 
 Bagindialea, fignifics eaters of raw flelh 5 they 
 beinff almoft the only people m thofe parts that 
 €at it fo,. though they ufe alfo to boil, or dry it 
 in the fun. By the complexions, cuftoms, Ian- 
 euage, &c. they feem to be a quite different 
 people from all the other Americans, and pro- 
 bably are defcended from the Groenlanders: but 
 they are of fofavageand brutal a nature, that no 
 European nation cares to claim kindred with 
 them. And fuch as trade among them for iurs,. 
 ^e only commodity they bring down from the 
 inland, and exchange for knives, fciffars, ^ts, 
 , . 1 / «,- „,« r»Ki;«prl tn keeo them olt at 
 
E S K 
 
 ■ Raff's Tengtli, and not rufflr them to come in tdo 
 great numbers: for when they do, they make 
 
 Theni°'^,KP'""v^"'"S' '"«"<» of bartering. 
 »eadv ,« !l t" European,, and are alway, 
 *eady to do them fome mifchief: fo that thw 
 M he°^U? '^=T««-f.de. and cut their cabl^ 
 
 Jheir r„^^ ' • 5"".^ "* "^^ *«" ^^cked upon 
 th«r eoaft agamrf the next morning. ^ 
 
 Taufi. .h^ r '" "' """ "f any European, be' 
 
 S, r ^ ^^T K^?'^'^^ «ven in the hotteff 
 
 fendv ^"r K *" •"." ""<* '«'"''» "e fei'her 
 
 fcr ^thnCK^"* ?"*'ry ''"%5 andthelat. 
 fcr, (thofe being almoft the only people of this 
 
 eountry who have any) grows I^lxZl to the r 
 
 took} at leaft one is at a lofs to df-^ over thir 
 features of their 6ri> Tt..„ x. r i, ■ 
 thatIor.Irn,:u I fney "ave fmall eyes, 
 
 tnat look wild, large; and very dirty teeth: hair 
 
 5Z?°"i^ black, fometimes Srown^ ve^much 
 Afordered, and a brutal appearance aft over. 
 Their manners and charafter do not belyc -hL 
 
 truftful, reftlefs, and always difpofe. to L 
 flrangers a mifchief, who ouglt to bfct tinualt 
 on their guard againft them. With regS 
 their genius, fo little traffick is earned on with 
 
 enough for doing mifS ' *'^ '"''* "''""^'^ 
 They make themfelves Airts of the wind- 
 bladders, guts and fkl„& of fi/h, which he\r 
 
 n7l'l '"r"'V"°"e'' ' ^' 'he'y come dow^ 
 no lower than the middle with the men, and 
 down to the knees with the women : oveJ that 
 tne\t wear a. fhort iarir,f j. .c 1 v, . ^"^ 
 
 , " •'"""."V '"«"c ui sae iKins 
 
 Md- 
 
 bears, 
 
E S K 
 
 bearS) or other wild creatures, as alfo thofcof dogi,. 
 .and fea-calves, with, a cape hanging behind,, 
 which they throw over their head* in bad wea- 
 ther, fo that fcarce any part of their face can be 
 iben. They wear alfo breeches and boots made 
 cf the fame (kins, with the fur inward ; and the 
 'outfide they adorn with fable, ermine, or other 
 fine (kins. The men's jackets come down only 
 half way to the thighs,, and thofe of the women, 
 "below the calf. Both are tied with a girdle, to 
 which- they commoply hang fome trinkets made 
 of fi(h or other bone, or fuch other toys as 
 they barter with the Europeans. In fummer 
 -they live in- huts^^in the open air,, but in winter 
 they withdraw to their caverns under ground. 
 The French have, at feveral ttmei,. built fome 
 forts and little towns on.thcir frontiers, fuch as 
 Cartier, St. Nicholas, Chichequejlec, Port 
 Neuf, and Port Beau, &c. in hopes of civilizing, 
 and introducing a traffick among them, as well 
 as for the fecurity of the miffionaries, who Were 
 to convjcrt them to chriftianity* But they were 
 found fo brutal, (by, and indocile, that thofe 
 fettlements have fince fallen to decay. 
 
 They are reckoned to be fo numerous as to 
 Iiave at -lead 30,000 Hating men ; but they are 
 fo cowardly, that 500 Cliftinos of I^dfon's-bay, 
 commonly beat 5 or 6000 of .them/ They are 
 dangerous at.fea, as well as land j and with their 
 canoes, into ^ fort of which they fometimes can 
 throw 30 or 40 men,.tbey fo infeft the cod and 
 other iUheries,^, that the IVIailowinsoivtheN. and 
 the Spaniards o£ Porto Chova, are forced to 
 arm fome of their barco longos, in order to pro- 
 lea their fifhermen; they making nothing of 
 ^twiinj aver into Newfoundland, by the ftreights 
 
 
ESK 
 
 •f Bellifle, which are about Tcvcn leagues broad r 
 but they fcldom venture further, for fear of 
 meeting with more dangerous favages than 
 themfelves. 
 
 Accounts of voyages, tell us, that in this 
 country of the Efquiinaux, are Pigmies, which 
 conftitute a particular nation, being no more 
 than three feet high, but extremely thick, or 
 plump. Their women are ftill (horter ; and m> 
 mortals upon earth are more mi/'erable than thefe 
 people are. The Efquiraaux-, whofe flaves they 
 are, treat them very feverely, and pretend that 
 they do them a particular favour when they 
 give them a little frefh water to drink; and m 
 many places of this country they have no other 
 than that of melted fnow, the extreme cold fa 
 locking up the veins of the earth, that no paf- 
 fage cafl be had foF^ fprings> but at a certain 
 depth. And this conjedure is confirmed by 
 what f?ilors have found in the N. where they 
 have feen, even on the fea-(hore, ificles of an 
 enormous fize, which yielded a very frefh water* 
 
 The Efquimaux are ufed alfo to drink fajt 
 wafer; and frequently they have no other. 
 Thisi, hawever, is not Tea* water,, butrgot from 
 fome braekifli ponds, fuch a» are fometimes to 
 be met with pretty far up in the country. 
 
 By fome Danifh veflels which, in 1605, 
 failed pretty high beyond HudfonVbay, we 
 learn, that they met with little men, who had 
 fquare heads, a tawny complexion, and large 
 protuberant lips : thefe eat both ficfk and fifli 
 quite raw, who could never take to bread, nor 
 boiled vi£luals, and ftill lefs to wine; drank 
 whale-oil as we do water 5 and devoured ilefli by 
 WAy of dainty. 
 
 Thf;- 
 
E s j: 
 
 . The canoes of thcfc Pigmies refenibJe a wea- 
 ver's ihuttle, being lo or i2 feet long. Thcy^ 
 arc conftruiaed of pieces of whalebone, about 
 the thicknefs of one's finger, covered on both 
 fides, with the (kins of feals, or fea- calves^ 
 fcwed together with finews : two other (kins co- 
 yer the top of the canoe, fo that only an opening 
 18 left in the middle for the rower, and he draws 
 itclofe round his loins like a purfe ; fo th?t being 
 fet down, and thus fattened by the middJe, they 
 do not receive one drop of water into the canoe, 
 though the waves fhould roll over their heads^ 
 and be fometimes furrounded with them tvtry 
 way. The ftrength of thefe machines confift^ 
 in the two ends, where the whalebone is well' 
 faftened together by the extremities; and the whole 
 fo compa<a, and well fewed, that thefe fmall 
 veflels can weather out the moft violent ftorms. 
 In thefe canoes, only one man generally ma- 
 nages each, in which he is fitting, with his legs 
 extended, his fleeves tied clofe about his wrifts, 
 and his head wrapped in a kind of cowl faftened 
 to his jacket : fo that whatever happens, the wa- 
 ter cannot penetrate it. They hold with both 
 hands an oar, broad at each end, and between 
 iive and fix feet long, which ferves at the fame 
 time as an oar, rudder, and balance, orcoun- 
 terpoife. In thefe canoes the Pigmies are very 
 dexterous, and move very fwiftly. 
 
 The Efquimaux, who ufe the fame fort of 
 canoes, have alfo other veflels, which are larger, 
 and nearly refembling the decked chaloups among 
 the French. The ribs of thefe are made of 
 wood, but covered with the fame (kins as the 
 other. They carry about J 50 pcrfons, and go 
 •ithec with fails or oarsr 
 
 T'S, 
 
 j^ne 
 
' E SK 
 
 The pcojWe dwelling nearcft to the gulph of SK 
 Xaurence, have always been at war with the Efquil 
 maux, and frequently made flaves of feme of them,. 
 Servitude, andremotenefsfrom their native coun- 
 try, foftened a little the manners of thefe Barba- 
 rians, as fierce as the wolves and bears, with which* 
 their dreadful deferts abound; being without 
 kws, principles, or civH fociety; not differing 
 n-om thefe brutes hardly any otherwife thaiv 
 by the human fhape. They foon became mild^ 
 tame, and reafonable, upon feeing themfelve* 
 among thofe who made ufe of that noble faculty,, 
 which diftinguiOies man, in a fuperior manner^ 
 from the reft of the vifible creation. 
 
 The Efquimaux are the only natural inhabi- 
 tants ever feen on the coafts of Newfoundland;, 
 who pafs thither from the main land of Labra^ 
 dor, in order to hunt, and for the fake of trafficlc 
 with Europeans. 
 
 Would one believe, that upon the prodigious- 
 flioals of ice, fome of which are not of lefs ex- 
 tent than feveral iflands in Hudfon's-bay, one 
 fhould meet with men who have come up- 
 on them for the purpofe? we, however, are 
 afTured, that the Efquimaux have been obferved? 
 more than once upon them : and it is certain,, 
 that if upon feeing them wander on thefe floating 
 flioals, • carried along at the mercy of the cur- 
 rems and waves, one is afraid for them, yet they 
 are not fo in the leaft for themfelves ; and per- 
 haps they have more reafon to be in a panick for 
 thofe whom they fee venture in their fhips be- 
 tween thefe very (hoals of ice. For as thofe 
 barbarians carry their canoes with them every 
 where, they are never at lofs, whatever may 
 happen,, and kt the weather be as it will. If 
 
 • the- 
 
E S K 
 
 Ific floats of ice Join clofc together, they jump, 
 without any difficulty, from one to the other. 
 K" the intervals be pretty large which are left be- 
 tween them, they get into their canoes, and fo 
 fail as long as the fbats of ice will fufFer them. 
 When they are near a flioal which they cannot 
 avoid, they jump out upon it, and even that 
 which threatened them with deftruflion, faves 
 them from (hipwreck. But the cafe is difFerent 
 with thofe who are on board a fhip: if their 
 vefTel be broke to pieces between two floats of 
 ice, all the remedy they have, is to fave thcm- 
 iclves cither upon the one, ortheother: but the 
 difficulty is to fubfift there, or get away from 
 thence. 
 
 The Micmakis, a people of Acadia, who are 
 reprefented as well-made men, and of a proper 
 fize, though generally fmaller than the greateft 
 part of the other favages here , but than whom 
 are no braver men in all this continent, have 
 for a long time made cruel war on the Efqur- 
 maux, and in order to attack them in their 
 caverns, and on the rocks, are not afiraid of 
 going 30 or 40 leagues by fea in their canoes, 
 which are made of bark. 
 
 It is certain, that whatever may be the origin 
 of the Efquimaux-, and other nations confining 
 on Hudfon*s-bay, that the former of thefe have 
 nothing in common, even with the people of 
 Canada, their neareft neighbours, in point of 
 language, manners, way of living, or colour of 
 their body and hair^ 
 
 The Efquimaux, and^ fome other nations of 
 North America, refemble fo much thofe of the 
 north of Europe,] and Afia, and fo little the 
 4>ther people of the new world, that it is no 
 
 difficult^ 
 
EST 
 
 difficult matter to allow that they are dcfcendea 
 from the firft, and have nothing in common 
 with the fccond, as to their modern origin ; I fay 
 their modern origin: for there is but little proba- 
 bility that the peopling of this country is of an aiv 
 cient date. And no inconvenience arifes from 
 fuppofing that countries fo little habitable as ihift 
 IS, have been peopled later than others. 
 
 EsKiMAux, or New Britain, and Terra. 
 BE Labrador, is the country of that people 
 bearing the firft name, fituated as above dc* 
 fcribed, in North America. It was yielded to 
 Oreat Britain by the peace of Utrecht, ini7i3^ 
 ^ut no colonies have been fent thither from thefe 
 kingdoms, a few fmairfettlements at the bottom of 
 Huxifon's-bay excepted. Here the Indians and 
 Jrench of Canada hunt for furs, though they 
 have no colonies in the country. 
 
 EsTAPA, or EsTAPE, a town belonging to the 
 province of Tabafco, and audience of Mexico, 
 in New Spam, in North America. It is men- 
 tioned by Dampier, as fituated on the river Ta^ 
 bafco, four leagues beyond Villa de Mofc. It is 
 faid to be a place of good trade ; and fo firing, 
 that It repulfed captain Hewet when he attacked 
 Jt with 200 defperate buccaneers. 
 
 Etechimines. Savage n.r :-ns confining on 
 Acadia, in North America. Ste Malecites. 
 
 EsTOTiL AND, fomc authors have advanced 
 that, in the year 1477, one John Scalve, a Po- 
 knder, difcovered Eftotiland, and a part of 
 Terra de Labrador. But, befides that, Eftoti- 
 land IS now looked upon as a fabulous country,, 
 and which never exifted, but in the imagination 
 of the two brothers Zani, noblemen of Ve- 
 Jiuce> who knew nothing particular of the Polifh 
 
 ad-» 
 
£ U S 
 
 tJvcnturer's expedition, which had no manner of 
 confequcncc, and made no great noifc ir the 
 World. It is more certain that, in 1497, John 
 Gkbot, Cabot, or Gabato, with his three ions, fct- 
 ting out at the cxpence, and under the authority 
 of Henry VII. king of England, difcovered New- 
 foundland, and part of the neighbouring conti- 
 nent, where this country is fuppofed to lie. 
 
 Eustace, or Eustacia, Island of, cal- 
 led alfo Metanzas, or Slau^,hter, (from a 
 butchering made en it by the Spaniards.) It 
 forms, with a lon^ point of land, the entrance 
 ♦to the harbour of St. Auguftine, in Florida, in 
 North America. This ifland is long and nar- 
 row, confifttng principally of fand, and bufhes, 
 and but one mountain, of about 20 miles in 
 circuit. 
 
 EusTATiA, or Eustathius, one of the 
 Caribbee iflands. It is fituated in the Atlantic 
 ocean, in America, five miles W. from St. 
 Chriftopher's ; is a very fine, well cultivated 
 ifland, fubjefk to the Dutch, and fomcthing 
 larger than Saba, which has the fame malt^ers. 
 It has a folid rock riling out of the fea like a py- 
 T^mid, and almoft round, between which and 
 St. Chriftopher's runs a narrow channel. Its 
 principal product is tobacco, which is planted all 
 Tound the mountain, by the Dutch, who are 
 faid to be well fortified here; and have 5000 
 white people, befides 15000 negroes: they alfo 
 raife fugar here. With regard to fituation, it is 
 reckoned the ftrongefl of all the Caribbee iflands, 
 here being only one good landing place, which 
 may be eafiiy defended by a few men j befides 
 the harbour is commanded by a fort, mounted 
 with guns : only tKc very top of the mountain is 
 
 covered 
 
E U S 
 
 covered with wood, all its circuit elfe being ma- 
 nured, and planted as above. Though th^ faid 
 top looks B* if it was barren ; yet on it is a 
 pretty large plain, or valley, where wild beafts 
 harbour. Though in this ifland are neither 
 Springs nor rivers, they are To careful that rhey 
 never want proper fupplies of water from their 
 ponds and cifterns. I'he mhabitants of Eufta- 
 tia breed hogs, rabbits, goats, and all forts of 
 poultry, both for their own confumption, and 
 the fupply of their neighbours. In this, a» 
 well as fcveral of the adjacent iflands, is fuch a 
 want of frcih water, that almoft all the good 
 koufes have cifterns for faving the rain water. 
 In the ifland is only one church ; but feveral ftore- 
 houfes, well furniflied with all necefTaries, par- 
 ticularly the commodities of Europe, which they 
 make their neighbours pay handfomely for,wben- 
 cver they are difappointed of fupplies from Eng- 
 land, or France. The air here is healthy ; but 
 fubje6l to terrible thunders, earthquakes, and 
 hurricanes : the laftof which generally happen ii> 
 the months of Auguft and September, :o the 
 frequent ruin of their houfes, plantations, and 
 ihips.. It is faid that even the birds forefeeing, 
 by inftind^, the approach of thefe hurricanes^^ 
 lay themfelves flat on the ground ; and the rain 
 which precedes them is always bitter and fait. 
 
 The Dutch took pofleflion of this ifland in the 
 year 1635, the property of which the ftates 
 granted to fome merchants of Flttfhing ; who 
 foon fettled a colony on it of about 600 fami- 
 lies, or as fome fay, 1600 perfons. In 1665, 
 the Engliih, from Jamaica, turned the Dutch 
 cut ; but it was foon retaken by the Dutch and' 
 
 and 
 
E U S: 
 
 and the French placed a garrifon in it. But by 
 the treaty of Breda it was reftored to the Dutch. 
 In 1689, it was taken from them by the French ; 
 and from thefe it was taken the very next year by 
 the Englifti, under Sir Trmothy Thornhifl, who 
 allowed the French only their lives and baggage, 
 having had only eight cf his own men killed, or 
 wounded in the attack, though the fort was 
 mounted by 16 great guns, and furrounded with 
 a ftrong double pallifado, and defended on on^ 
 fide by a deep ditch, and a narrow bridge over it 
 to the gate, which admitted but one man at a 
 time. The ifland being again reftored to the 
 Dutch, by the treaty of Ryfwick, they have re- 
 mained ever fmce in the quiet pofleffion of it. 
 Here they have alfo fine fields of fugar canes. 
 From this ifland of Euftatia the Dutch have at- 
 tempted to carry, in their own bottomsr French 
 property to France, during this prefentyear 1759, 
 and the preceding, which it is faid have been tranf- 
 ported hither in chalotpes from the adjacent fet- 
 tlements of that country : but the Britifli nation 
 looking on this as an infringement of treaties 
 iubfifting between their good allies and them, 
 thus to affift their enemies in time of war, feve- 
 ral captures have been made of thefe veflels by^ 
 the Englifli privateers ; and moft of them have 
 been condemned as legal prizes, by the admiralty 
 court ; particularly the cargoes which have been 
 proved to belong to the French, have been con- 
 fifcated, and a court of appeals erecSed for the 
 final determination ; which proceedings feem, at 
 prefent, to caufe a great demur among the mer- 
 chants of Holland and us, if not threaten a rup- 
 ture between both nations, ihould not thefe dif- 
 
 ^rencs^ 
 
F A I 
 
 ferences be amicably adjufted. This ifland, ar 
 well as Curaflba, is engaged in the Sp-ni/h 
 contraband trade, for which, however, it is not 
 fo well fituated. The iiland lie, in lat. ,7. ao N 
 Long. 62. 56. W. ' ^ 
 
 #f#*#«M#######^^§§^^^ 
 
 F A I 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a county on the coaft of 
 • u^r %'^'«'. "> North , ierica, which 
 with New Haven, forms that called the New 
 Haven colony and is united to that of Connec- 
 ticut. Fairfield was formerly the Mohegin ter- 
 ritory and was in part planted by the Dutch. 
 It IS bounded all along to the S. by the province 
 
 and New York to the S. W. The inland par 
 of the countnr about eight or ten miles from 
 the ftore, is full of hills und fwamps, which are 
 uninhabited; but ufed to have goSd game, and 
 confequemly a trade of furs. Moft %( the vil- 
 lages (there being properly no towns) are built 
 in fmall creeks; &ut they are not much noted 
 for trade or bufinefs. Their names are Fair- 
 field, Danbuty, Norwalk, Stamford, Woodbury. 
 Greenwich, Rye, and Stratford. ^ 
 
 Fairfield, a town, or rather' village of 
 Conneaicut, in New England, in North Ame- 
 rica, and of the fame name with the country iuft 
 mentioned. It is fituated in a creek on >h/ L. 
 
 coafl. 
 
F E 
 
 coaft, 21 miles S. of Bofton. Lat. 41. 16. N, 
 
 Long. 72. 12. W. 
 
 Farewell Cape, the moft foutherly head- 
 land of Qroenland, at the entrance intoDavis's- 
 itreights. Lat. 59. 37- N. Long. 44, 30. W. 
 
 Fe, Santa. See Plate river. 
 
 Fe d*Antiochia, Santa, the moft nor- 
 thern town of Popyan, a drftrid of Terra Firma, 
 in South America. It is fituated about 200 
 miles to the N. of Popyan city, near the con- 
 lines of the province of Carthagena, on the 
 ianks of the river Santa Martha, and near 180 
 miles to the S. of its conflux with the Magda-. 
 lena. Thither the inhabitants removed from^ 
 another town called Antiochia, which was 15 
 leagues diftant from it; and now but fmall, and 
 thinly peopled : whereas Santa Fe d'Antiochia 
 18 a confiderable place, being the capital of a 
 government called the Audience of Santa Fe. 
 This town had the addition of Antiochia, or 
 Antioquia, annexed to it, in order to dinguifli it 
 
 from . _ 
 
 Fe de Bogota, Santa, the capital 01 
 New Granada, a province of Terra Firma, m 
 South America. It is about 180 miles diftant 
 from the bottom of Bonaventura-bay to the E. 
 and ftands on the banks of the little ri- 
 ver Pati, which falls into the Magdalena. It 
 was made an archbiftiop'?» fee by pope Julius 
 in. in t'.ie year 1554. Here alfo is a fo- 
 vereign court of judicature, the prefident of 
 •which is governor of the whole province or 
 kingdom of New Granada. In 16 10, Philip 
 in. king of Spain founded an univerfity in this 
 city. Near Santa Fe de Bogota are gold mines 
 
 be- 
 
FLO 
 
 4« 10. S. Long, 
 
 belonging to Spain, '.at. 
 74- S- W". 
 
 Fe, or For, Sakta, a place in the middle 
 ot Veragua, a province in the audience of Gua- 
 timalaj m North America, where the king ol 
 Spam keeps officers for cafting and refining lold. 
 
 L'noI^S '°"" ^' ^ '''' ^''''^'^ --«• 
 Fe, Santa, the capital of New Mexico, in 
 North America. It is f.tea.ed 130 leagues 
 from the fea, near the fource of Rio del jfort. 
 which running a great way through the countr^ 
 
 gulph of Mexico. Baudrand makes it nine 
 leagues from that river. It is faid to be a rich 
 city, regularly built , and is the fee of a bilhop, 
 who IS fufFragan to Mexico, as wellas the feat 
 of the governor of the country, who holds hi» 
 pott for five years j and is then fucceeded by 
 another. By fome it is called Santa Fe de Gra- 
 aada, and by others New Mexico. Lat. 
 7. 29. N. Long. 77. 20. W, 
 Fernandes Juan. See Juan Fernandes, 
 I'toRiDA, a country of North America, 
 fituated on the E. fide of the Miffiffipi-river, and 
 extendmg to the W. frontiers of Carolina and 
 Georgia. The name of Florida has been given 
 by the Spaniards to all that part of the conti- 
 nent, lying N. of the gulph of Mexico, and 
 bordering on the Atlantic ocean to the E. 
 At prefent « has different names : for within 
 thefe limits are comprifed moft of the Enslifli 
 CO onies m North America, and thofe parts 
 called by the French Louifiania, and New 
 trance. But fome feoarate Florida fr„m \r».„ 
 fiance on the N. by the Apalachi'an'moun" 
 
 tains. 
 
FLO 
 
 tains, and the gulph of Mexico Oft the S. Flo- 
 rida Proper is, at prefent, that peninfula lying 
 between Georgia and Cape Florida, between 
 lat. 55 and 30. N. and befween long. 81 and 
 85 W. the principal, and a.^oft the only place 
 poflefTed by the Spaniards, being the town of 
 St. A^iguftine, which is <]efended by a fort a 
 little way from it. But the town is very fmall^ 
 and the fort not able to refift the ufual force 
 employed in a fiege, though it has baffled 
 fome attempts made by the Englifli to take 
 it in the late war with Spain : but it muft be 
 flowed to have been with a force hardly 
 equal to that of the garrifon, and in want of 
 the proper necefTaries for a fiege. The cape 
 of Florida is fituated in lat. 25. 20 N. long; 
 80. 20. W. 
 
 The air of Florida is pure and temperate, and 
 Uie country, in ^^^eneral, healthy: being but a 
 few d^rees N. of the tropic of Cancer. It is 
 fubje£^ rather to heat than cold : but though the 
 former is fometimes very great, it is tempered 
 by the fea-breezes ; and towards the Apalachian 
 mountains the air is generally cool. And to 
 this is afcribed, that the natives, who are of an 
 olive-colour, and well (haped, are of a large 
 fize, more robuft and agile, and longer lived 
 than the Mexicans. 
 
 The country abounds with all forts of timber 
 and fruit trees, efpecially oaks, firs, pines, but 
 thefe laft without bearing fruit, nut-trees, fmall 
 cherry-trees, <mulberry- trees, both white and 
 red lentifques, limes, chefnut, cedar, laurel, 
 and palm-trees, with vines, which grow natu- 
 rally, of which laft is a kind whofe grapes are 
 
 «arger 
 
FLO 
 
 larger and better than thofe in France ; prune, 
 or plum-trees, the fruit of which is very deli- 
 cious: thefethey eat plentifully from the trees, 
 and Iceep feme dried for winter provifion j perhaps 
 thefe plums are what are oiherwife called piaki 
 mines ; they haveaKo logwood, and many other 
 dying woods ftiruhs, fufHc, &c. But the tree 
 moft valued m this country is faffifras, which the 
 natives of Florida called palama, or pavama ; and 
 large quantities of it are exported, everv year, 
 from this country. It never rifes to a greater height 
 than a fmall pine. It grows on the fhore, and 
 on the mountains; but always in a foil neither 
 too dry, nor too moift. The drink made of 
 It is light, has an aromatic tafte and fmeil 
 refembling that of fennel, and is hot in the 
 (econd degree. When feveral trees of faiTi. 
 fras are together, in the fame place, they diffufe 
 an odour, which differs but little from that 
 of cinnamon. 
 
 The Spaniards of San Matheo, antJ St Aw- 
 guftine, namely, thofe on the rivers Dauphinc 
 and May, having been almoft every one feized 
 with fevers, from ufmg bad food, animuddy-un- 
 healthy water, were told by the French to take 
 faffifras in the fame manner as they had feen it 
 ufed by the favages. Thefe cut the root into 
 fmall pieces, which they boiled in water, then 
 drinking the liquor failing, and at their meals. 
 It perfeaiy cyred them. Several other experi' 
 mcnts have been made with it; and if we may 
 believe them, there is hardly any malady whicfc 
 can withtod the efficacy W W^s drink. It 
 was their fole remedy, and univerfal prefervative 
 in Florida: but when they arcfcarce of nm.l. 
 
 V OL, i. 
 
 N 
 
 fions 
 
P L O 
 
 fions th^y do not ufe it, becaufe it would create 
 an eager appetite, ftill more infupporiable than 
 any diforder whatever. They add, that faffifraa 
 is an admirable fpecific againft the venereal dif- 
 temper. But it appears that the favages have 
 recourfe more frequently to ^an herb the 
 French call ^fquine, not only againft this ter- 
 rible diforder, but againft all thofe that arc con- 
 tagious. In feveral maladies they cut in little 
 bits the roots, fmall boughs, and leaves of 
 the faffifras, and make a decoflion in the 
 following manner. They fteep an ounce of it 
 for a whole night in 12 pounds of water ; then 
 they boil all this on a gentle fire, till the 
 water is evaporated to a third part. But in 
 this, regard muft bd had to the temperament 
 of the patient, who ought to obferve an 
 exaift rea;imen all the time he ufes this re- 
 medy, it is even aflured, that this deco6tion 
 is very pernicious, when the malady is inve- 
 terate, or the pitient very weak. Some, be- 
 fore they ufe thts remedy, purge themfelves 
 very ftrongly ; and this is the fureft way : 
 but others are content to make ufe of this 
 deco£lion for their common drink, mixing a 
 Mule wine with it, and ufe no previous eva- 
 cuation. .. , , , 
 i: It is certain that famfras has always been 
 looked upon as an excellent remedy againft 
 complaints in the ilqmach and breaft ; and 
 generally againft all maladies which . proceed 
 fro^ cold. Francis Ximenes relates, that hap- 
 pening to be in the bay of Ponco de I-»eon, and 
 in great want of water^ he bethought himfelf 
 to cut fome faffifras into fmall pieces, and fteep 
 
 2W 
 
F L O 
 
 it in a fort of water, almoft as fait as thj^t tjf 
 the fea; and that at the end of eight days 
 he drank of t^ water, and found it wv 
 
 ftvee«. crU ,f)^!.--. , " 
 
 Amo^'theihrabs of thisscoimtry the moft 
 remarkable is caffina, or apalachine j and amonff 
 their fimpies, they particularly boaft of apov- 
 omatfi, rw patzifiranda; which the aforefaid 
 Aimenes defcribes, as having leaves which re- 
 fembJe thofe of leeks, but longer, and more 
 flender : its ftalk i. a fort of ru&, full of Zll 
 knotty, and a aibit and a half in height. Ther 
 floweris^fmiil and narrow^ the root flender, verv 
 ]ong,^ft,ll of Ws or bunches, round and hairy, 
 rhe Spaniards call thefc chapelcts de Sainte He- 
 lena, and the French palenotes. Thefe fmall 
 knobs when cut 9nd expofed to the fun, be- 
 coinc very hard, black in the infide, and 
 whitji without. They have an aromatic fmell 
 nearly refembling that of Galangals. Thev ^ 
 are hot and dry in the third degree; fome! 
 thmg aftrmgent and l-efmous : however, thev 
 'lacc8°^ '^ ^^ '"^^ w«^^ t^ut in moift and watery 
 
 The favages, after bruifing theleaves of this 
 plant between two ftones, procure from hence 
 a juiee, with wh.ch they rub their bodies all 
 
 Z^^LfTu l^^^'"gJ ^^'"g perfuaded, that it 
 fortifies the (km, and communicates an agree- 
 
 nf tK^f!"" l^^^'• 7*^^ Spaniards have learned^ 
 of theni alfo to reduce this fimple to a pow- 
 
 attacked wiih the ftone, and for difeafes of 
 the r«ms caufed by fome obftruaion. The'v 
 oruife It, and take it in hmth fr.. aic^.j^^. L 
 
FLO 
 
 the breaft- T^hey apply it in plaiftcrt for ftop* 
 ping the too great velocity of the blood, for- 
 tifying the ftomach, and curing pains of the 
 matrix. And laftly, it is pretended, that upon 
 all this coaft of Florida to Mexico, they^brtie- 
 times gather ambergris, the befl of which b 
 worth its weight in gold. ^, .' . 
 
 The taany rivers with which Florida is water- 
 ed, not only abound with fifli, but render it 
 inferior to no country, either in pleafantrtcfs 
 or fertility. Ttrt coaft indeed « faiidy > bdt a 
 little further from the fea the W is fogood a» to 
 yield all forts of grains, without i^e leaft trouble 
 in the world. The meaddws abound with grafs, 
 and the woods fwarm with deer, goats, roe- 
 bucks, two kinds of lions, ht!>pards, wolves, 
 Karfcs, rabbits, &c. With jfegardto the winged 
 fbecies, here are vaft whmbew of turkeys^ 
 partridges, parrots, fdicaw, buftanh^ pJwa- 
 fants, pidgeons, ring-doves, turtles, black-biivis, 
 thrufties, herons, ftorks, cranes, fnipes, taigles, 
 goifs-hawks, falcons, and aJl birds of prey ; 
 fwaAs, geefe, ducks^ artd many others peculiar 
 to America, the moft beautiful in the world 
 bodi for variety of feaftkers, und delic^re co- 
 
 loufs. 
 
 Almoft every where they hwe two crops 
 of Indian com in a year, and fn fb*ft« parts 
 of the coontry, three : and k is fiiid, that wHfcW 
 the new crop comes in, they throw awiiy a great 
 part of the old for want of rbom in vhtir 
 granaries. All alowg the toaft, artd a or 300 
 miles up the country from the fea, they have «he 
 root mandiboca^ of which the d^ava ftow and 
 
 ixzasa is iii»u« i« «s^ ^- -«-^" r — •^' ^ 
 
 be- 
 
FLO 
 
 ^wtxt the two tropics } and it U i«ck«ned at 
 good as our manchet, and fix times cheaper. 
 Htre is another fort of grain like our oats, and 
 when rightljr prepared, exceeds our heftoac-meal. 
 It grows fpontaneoufly in marfhy place**, and by 
 the fides of rivers, lilce rufhct* The Indians, 
 when it is ripe, take handfuls« and fhalce them 
 into their canoes, and what efcapefi them, fal- 
 ling into the water, produces, without any 
 further trouble, the next year's crop. In Flo- 
 rida they have al^ the tunas, a moft delicious 
 fbod^ efpecially in hot weather; and fo whole- 
 fome, that when ripe, Europeans call it the cor- 
 dlaljulap. 
 
 There is good beef, veal, and mutton, with 
 plenty of hogs, cfpeaally on the fca-co.ift ; a- 
 corns, cocoa-nuts, and other maffs. Here ;ire 
 not only cattle for draught of the Tartar 
 breed, but horfes for the faddle : the Utter io 
 Incredibly cheap, that onp may be purchafcd for 
 five (hillings worth of European poods at prime 
 coft, and a good- one for an ordinary hatchet. 
 Their cattle have a long black fort of hair, cr 
 rather wool, {o fne, that with feme frnall 
 mixture, it is thought it would he preferable 
 lo common Mtoel for hats, cloathing, a(id oi,her 
 neeeffarics. 
 
 liefides the above-mentioned wild animals^ 
 they have elks, or buffaloej, panthers, bears, 
 wild cats, beavers, otters, foxes, racoons, 
 ftjuirrels, martins, and a rut wjth a bag under 
 his throaf, into which it receives its young, 
 when forced to fty. Though cotton grows wid 
 here in great plenty, vet it is not manufa<5hjred : 
 and fomo of the mow eivifecd mtions in this 
 
 3 coiui- 
 
 M 
 
F L © 
 
 country, e/po0iaWy thofe of the better rort, »rr 
 cloathed with a, (ubi^^pcp like good coarfc fer-^ 
 viccable linen in. {Europe, very»white, ^nd mad^ 
 of the hi ward bark ofi tree* tfeftt ahpund 
 liere,. and laid^ to bq aS; durable. Of the 
 lam?, and o|her.J>Af|;?, ih^y pi^ke thread, cords, 
 and ropes, • i • 
 
 . Pearls are to be found here in great abundance; 
 but the Indians value our beads more. Upon the 
 whole coart, for, 200 leagues, are feveral vaft 
 htda of oyOera-. anjj in Ire/h water lakes, and 
 livers, is a fortof fhcll-fifli between a mufcle, 
 and 4 pearl-oyftef, in which is found abundance 
 of pearls, and many larger than ordinary.^ 
 Here a*re two forts of cochineal ; one the wild 
 ibrr, which is far inferior to what is cultivated 
 in the gardens anfl fields y and the plant of which 
 indigo is made, is very commoL in, moft of the 
 S. parts of ^his province. : , , 
 
 From Cape Florida to Mexico, both to .the 
 E. and W, of the MiflilTippi, is to be found alfo, 
 efpecially after high S. winds, a fort of flone* 
 piich, which the. Spaniards, who call it copea^, 
 moiften with greafe, and ufe it for their yefleis in 
 the nature of p|tph i than which they fay it 15 
 much better in hot coutitries, it not being apt tp 
 melt. On both fides the Miffiffippi .are feveraj 
 fprings and lakes which produce excellent fait. 
 The plants producing hemp and flax are very 
 common in this country ; and that fort of filk 
 grafs, of which are made fuchAftufFs^ as cpine 
 from the Eaft Indies,, called Herb- fluffs. Vaft 
 flights of pigeons come .hither 2:1 certain fealpns 
 of the year £br above a league in lengths and 
 half as broad ; which roofi on the trees in fuch 
 
 aum- 
 
F L O 
 
 numbers, that they often break the boughs. . In 
 many places arc mines of pit-coals, and iron- 
 oar is often found near the furface of the 
 earth, from which a metal is extrad^ed little 
 inferior to llecl. Here are alfo fome mines of 
 quickfilver, or rather the mineral from which it 
 is extradled, and only ufed by the natives to 
 paint their faces and bodies in time of war, or 
 on high feflivals. In diverfe parts of Florida 
 are alfo great quantities of orpiment and fan- 
 daracha. 
 
 With regard to the topoe;raphy of Florida to 
 the E. of the MiffiiTippi, ^Mr. Cox fays, that 
 about 12 miles above its mouth a branch of it 
 runs out on the E. fide, which, after a courfe of 
 i6o miles, falls into the N. E. end of the great 
 bay of Spirito Santo. That at firft it is very 
 narrow and fhallow, but by the acceflion of fe- 
 veral large ftreams and rivulets it becomes a veiy 
 pretty river, navigable by the greateft boats and 
 floops ; and forms pleafant lakes, particularly 
 Pontchartrain. 
 
 About 60 leagues higher up on the E. fide is 
 
 the river of Yafona. which comes into the Miffif- 
 
 fippi, 2 or 300 miles out of the country; and 
 
 its borders are inhabited hy the nations of the 
 
 Yafones, Tounicas, Kowronas, &c. 60 leagues 
 
 .higher is the river and nation of Chongue, with 
 
 ,fome others to the E. 30 leagues higher the 
 
 Miffiffippi receives a river which iffues from a 
 
 lake about 10 miles diftant,. 20 miles Ipnt^, 
 
 and receives four large rivers, i. The Cafqi^r, 
 
 or Cufates, the moft fouthern of thefe beinc» the 
 
 .river of the Cherokees, a mighty nation, among 
 
 , which are its principal fources. It comes from 
 
 N 4 the 
 
 j%, 
 
 
FLO 
 
 ^ §• % t#*1^ head? arc among t^e mountains* 
 |''*»*pH '^i, 4tc this country from Cariilina, and 
 k di* prcat i.^Bcf of the trader i from thence to 
 tK Miffiirippi, and intermediate places. Forty 
 leagiirs above the Chicazas, this river forms fouf 
 i^l'tatc rflands, narj/ly, Tahngale, Kakick, 
 Coch^fi, and Taly ; and thct * have each a na- 
 tion inhabi ing them. 2. The river Oncfpere, 
 which, about 30 leagues to the N. E. of the 
 Jake, divides into two branches, of which the 
 nioft fouihern is called the Bfack-riverj but with 
 very few inhabitants upon either, thefe havin» 
 been deilroyed, or driven away by the Iroquois. 
 The heads of this river are fituaied in that vaft 
 hJge of mountains which run on the back of 
 Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland, through 
 which mountains is a /hort pefTage to the fources 
 of the great river Polomack on the E. fide of 
 them ; by which the Indians may one time or 
 other, in conjuni^ion with the French of Miflif- 
 iippi, infult and harrefs our colonies juft men- 
 tioned. 3. The river Ohio, or Hohio, is m«rc to 
 the N. It is a vaft river which comes from the 
 back of New York^ Maryland, and Virginia. In 
 the Indian language it fignifies a fair river, and is 
 navigable for 600 miles. It runs through the 
 moft pl^afant countries in the world, and receives 
 10 or 12 rivers, befides innumerable rivulets. 
 Several nations formerly dwelt on this river, 
 as the Chawanoes, or ChouanoriS, a great pec • 
 pie, who, with many others, were totally extu- 
 paced by th« Iroquois, who made this river their 
 ufual ro^d when they entered into a war with 
 the natfcn ^^ther to thie S. or W. 4. The moft 
 northerly f v <^hl:h runs into the faid lake, 
 
 and 
 
FLO 
 
 ■nd which tomes, like the reft» ^m the N. E. 
 if the Ouabaeha, or St. Jeremy's t iver. Twen- 
 ty-ilve leagues above the Ohio is the grt iHand 
 of the "nimarDas, with a natior> oppoflte to it 
 i?*^. 1?^ ^ *^ name I and an( ♦her by that of 
 ^ ' who dwell or^ the baHki of the Che- 
 puflo. Thirty leagues higher is the river Checa- 
 gou, or the fiver of the Illinonecks, corruptly 
 CaHed by the French the river of the Illinois ; 
 which mtlov lilted upon this river in about 60 
 townsj Afd ^o. rtfted of 20,000 fitting men^ 
 before f.hey were deftroycd by the Iroouois, and 
 driven to the W. of the Mifliilippi. This is a 
 iuigc pleafant river ; and about 250 m^les above 
 Its entrance imp the Mifflffippi is divided into 
 tWQ branches: the Icflcr comes from N. and 
 by 5. at)d its fdurce is within fdijr or five miles 
 of the W. fide of the great lafce oT-rhc Illeno- 
 necks, or Mkhig^n. The lai^eft comes dire^ly 
 from the E. and HTues from a morafs within two 
 miles of tht{ river Miamlha, nyhich runs Into tht 
 ftme lake. On the 8. E fide is a communica- 
 tion between thef© tw<? rivers, by a land- carriage, 
 pf two leagues, abogt 50 miles to the S. E. of 
 the Fake. The Cotfrfe of the Gheeagou is above 
 400 milbs, navigaMtf ibore hal^ Way by flitpti 
 and moft of the reft by floopi and barges. It ro- 
 ceives many fm^W rivers, and forms two or th^^c• 
 Jakes ; one efpecially cabled Pimeteovi, a© mHea 
 long; and 2 broad, which affbrcfe grc^t quanti- 
 ties of good fifli ; as the adjaccnft country deea 
 game both pf fp^^ls and beafts. Befidcs the 11-^ 
 ""f^fcks, ^re the nations Proharia, Cafcafquia, 
 and Caracotandn ; and on the N. branch dwell 
 pm of thd nation of the M^rfconians, On thf 
 
 'It 
 
 mi 
 
 N 
 
 
FLO 
 
 S. E. bank of the river Checagpu, M;»dcSaIe 
 erefted a fort which he ceiled Crevcccpur, of 
 Heart- breaker, on aqcount.of the trouble? he 
 met with hece. The fqrt ftands about half way 
 betwixt the gulph of Mexico and Canada.^ and 
 was formerly the ufual road of the Frejjch to 
 and froiT> both, till they difcovered a ihorter and 
 cafier paffageby the rivers Oiiabacke s^nd Ohio, 
 which rife at aHBall diftance from the; lakq Erie, 
 or fome rivers ei?tering into it., Ejghtj? leagues 
 jhigher,^ the Mifli^ippi receives the Mifcpnfiag, 
 a river refembli^g that of the lUinonecks in 
 breadth^: depth, and courfe ; and the country 
 adjacent to its branches is ^like pleafant and fruiti. 
 ful. Sixty miles befqre it falls into the Miffif- 
 fippi,. it is jojnqd by jthe river Kikapouz, which 
 M alfo rtav4gaVte,i adjdjconnes a. g^eat way from 
 the N. W. Eighty , miles fartjher, a)moft di- 
 fe(^ly E. is a cpmmut^Gationby land-c;^rriage of 
 iwoleagv^es, with the river Mifconciui, which 
 funs 1o the N. g,. and. after a paifageof 150 
 miles from the land -carriage, falls Jnto the 
 great bay of l^onkeont^piis, or th^ Pii^-ns, 
 >hi^h joins, op^VhP.i^v W.- ^f^etp ,thq great 
 Uke of: the IlUwieqks* Higher, «p the Miflif? 
 fipnl ii^. |be,.r>fl(r Jphab^d^^^^ .which the 
 
 MiWipgi forms. ,a. £n^ lake 20- miles Jong, 
 ^jnijS or IQ ^)r^f}.. Ten mii^s abpve^ that 
 Jake. is the river Tortoife?, ^ large fair river, 
 which /»ns into' tjie ^country a g^od w^y to ^he 
 N.!E;gfli,Is ,na)^i^ie 40 miles 1 by the Ufgeft 
 
 l^a^Si; ^oh'i '' ' .;if[rsr{ bnh zWq\ io ft..'- -^#n«5} 
 ^ p Wiih regard , tp4he rrycrs^ which do ^i^ot com-? 
 mutate with Jth^ ' Miffiffippi^ Mpnly tw^ large 
 ^1195^. 2pre betW^*lit;and, jthe, B^ninOiU; of Flo. 
 
FLO 
 
 rida, namely the Cpza, CouiTa, or Mobile, 
 and Palache. /The diftancc between thefe two 
 rivers to the £. is about 190 miles j and the 
 coaft between them is very deep and bold. 
 The chief harbour betwixt them alfo, and in- 
 deed the beft upon all this coaft of the gulph 
 of Mexico, is Penfacola. The other places 
 in Florida may be feen under the refpe^ive 
 
 In latr 26°. 56'. and a gooci way upwards^, 
 the coaft of the mainland of Florida cannot be 
 approached, by reafon of iti being bordered with 
 iflands and peninfulas ; moft of which are very 
 low and barren, and between thefe hardly canoe^ 
 of bark can pafs. Every where on this coaft 
 is (belter for veffels, and fometimes a little. iifli- 
 ing and hunting. It appears that few favagcs in- 
 habit this part of the country. But this coaft is 
 the kingdom, as it were of oyfters, as the great 
 bank of Newfoundland, the gulph and river of 
 St. Laurence, are that of cod and haddock. All 
 the low l.aods on the coafl^, as far as they can be 
 approached, are bordered with mangier- irees^ 
 ta which adhere a prodigious quantity of fmall 
 oyfters, of an exquifite tafte^ Others a great 
 deal larger, and not fo delicious, are to ,be. met 
 with in the fea ; and that in fuch numbers, that 
 they form fhelves therein, which at iirft one 
 takes for rocks ^.cvel with the furfacc of' th^ 
 jfjrater. 
 
 French Florida, or New France, a^ fome acr 
 counts call it, is fituated between 30 and 36 de? 
 greesof N. lat. namely from. Cape Francois to 
 Charles-fort. Its foil is commonly fertile, well 
 watered, interfeiled by various rivers, fome of 
 
 ■^^ ^ vvnicu 
 
F I. O 
 
 which are* pretty confid^rable, as may be fcen 
 above ; all cxf them e^emdy abounding with 
 iifh. 
 
 It has long been thoirght that in this country 
 are mines of gold, filver, and copper ; alfo pearra 
 and precious ftones. But in proportion as 
 things have been more narrowly exammed, it 
 has been found that indeed in fome places there 
 is copper, and pearls of a forry kind in two or 
 three rivers : but that tl e little gold and filver 
 which has been obferv^ to be tn the hands of 
 the favages, came from the Spaniawds, a great 
 number of which were (hiprccked at the entrance , 
 6f the gufgh of Bahama, and the adjacent coaft \ 
 of FTorrAi. Their veflels, for the moft part, bcir>g 
 fciden with the riches of America, were oken 
 Ciift away upon the fand-banrks> whfdh are thidc 
 ibwn ail along this coaft: fo that the favages. 
 were careful to make advantage of their misfor- 
 tune ; and it fe irtnarked alfo, that thofe of them 
 who ate nearcft the fea were much better 
 provided with the fpoils than fuch as are mere 
 m-land, 
 
 Thefe barbawatts are of a deeper hve, and 
 more inclining to rcd^ than the favages of Ca- 
 ift^rda; -and this is the effed of an oil with 
 which they roh tbeir bodies, the nature of 
 which it has not hitherto been poffible to di^ 
 cover. The diifi^nence^ in other rtfpcSky 
 betwixt them and the other people of Nbrtft' 
 America is hardly perceivable. They are kfs 
 tloatked, becaufe they inhalsit a warmer couth, 
 try. They are more f«!l)je£l to their chiefe^ 
 which the French accounts caH Paraoaiffis, ot» 
 Paracotiftb> ahd to which the Ca^lktis give 
 
 the 
 
FLO 
 
 the general appellation of Caciques. But what- 
 ever idea the Spanifli hiftorians would wi]ling]]f 
 convey to us about (he power and riches of 
 thefe Caciques, t^cy are reducible to ycry Utilp 
 at bottom. 
 
 The reft of the natives of Florida are well- 
 made, brave, and fierce, yet for all that trad- 
 able, when they are treated with mildness and 
 difcretion. They are not fo cruel towards their 
 prifoners as the Canadians are; and thoi^h the^ 
 he men-eaters, z% thefe are, they do not pufh inr 
 huammty fo far as to take pleafure in feeing the 
 Offerings of an unhappy wretch, or make an 
 art of tormerating hinn. They content them- 
 Idves with retaining tfi flavery both the womieii 
 mud children which they take in war : they fa- 
 cri£ce men to the fun, and it is made a duty of 
 religion amiong them to eat the ilefh of fuch 
 vidims. 
 
 The Paraouffis are always at the head of their 
 troops when they march, and in the field of 
 battle, Mdting a head^piece, or a kind of armed 
 mace in one hand, and an arfow in the other. 
 The baggage is^ carried by hermophradites, of 
 which they have a great number in this country, 
 if we may credit Rene de Laudgnniere, who re- 
 fidedlong among them. Tbef€ people have alfo- 
 the ufage of fcalping their enemies, or taking the 
 fltin off their heads, after killing them ; and in the 
 rejoiciii^, which follow a viSory, the old wo- 
 men lead the procefiion, having thefe hairy fca^ 
 ton- their heads ; at which time one wo^d uke 
 them for neal furies. The Paraouftis xrafi detefw 
 mine nothing on occafions of tmportaiice, with- 
 otvt £rft a&mbling the ceiuicH^ wheie> before 
 
 they 
 
 
 I, .'^ii 
 
 I ! 
 
 I I » 
 
F L O 
 
 tBey fpealc on bufmefs, they begin with fwallow* 
 ing a large draught of caflina, or apalachine 
 and afterwards they diftrlbute Tome to ali thofe 
 who compofe the aflembJy. 
 
 The fun is in fome meafure the only deity 
 among the Floridians ; all their temples are con- 
 fecrated to him ; but the worfhip they pay varies 
 according to the difFerent diftrias. Ic is given 
 out, that their morak are very much, corrupted 
 throughout all Florida j and that the venereal 
 difeafe, which the ifles of America have com- 
 municated, is very common among them. This 
 at leaft is certain, that the higher you ap* 
 proach to Florida, in coming from Canada, the 
 more diforders you find among the favages; and 
 what lewdnefs is at this day to be feen among the 
 Iroquois, and other nations ftiJl more northerly, 
 is in a good meafure derived from th« intercourfe 
 they have had with thofe of the weftern and 
 fouthern countries. Polygamy is not allowed iti 
 Florida, except to the Paraouftis, who do not 
 even give the name of wife but to one of their 
 wbmen. The others are no more than real 
 flaves, and their children have no right to the 
 fucceflion of the father, thofe of the iirft. being 
 only legitimate. 
 
 Great honours are paid to thefe chiefe daring 
 their life, and ftill more after their death. The 
 place where they are buried is furrounded with 
 arrows- ftuck in the ground -, and the cup, out 
 of which they ufed to drink,^ is placed upon 
 the tomb. The whole village mourns, and 
 fafts for three days. The hut of the deceafed 
 •M burnt with every thing he himfelf made ufe 
 ofy as if no body were worthy to occupy them 
 ^ ' after 
 
FLO 
 
 ^her hiirt. Laftly, the wbin*n cut f off tbeir 
 hair afid ilrcw it ^overtheugrave, to which fc- 
 yeial go by turns for therfpace of fix months, 
 in prder to bewail the dead three times a day. 
 "The Paraoyftis of the neighbouring villages conne 
 alfo to pay their laft duty to the deceafed. 
 
 Almofl the fame ceremonies are ufed upon the 
 death cf any of the mi^ifters ^f their rcligion> 
 who are likcwife the phyfiqians of the ,countr?|r> 
 and differ hu% little from the) jugglers of Canada, 
 ■unlefs it be thatn they are more addi(Sted to force- 
 ries ; and befides they have to do with a more fu- 
 perftitious people. Almoft the whole education 
 which they give their children confifts in training 
 them up to run well, without any diftindiion of 
 fex ; and prizes are propofedfor fuch as excel in 
 .this exercife. Hence it comes that all of tbem, 
 both men and women, are of fyrprifing agility, 
 jOne perceives them at the top of the higheft 
 trees before, as it were, one fees them climb. 
 J They are very dexterous in drawing the bow, and 
 parting a kind of javelin, which they ufe in war 
 .with fuccels. Laftly, they fwlm very faft> and 
 ^V(?p the women, though loaded with their chil- 
 dren, ,;Whic)i they c^rry-io their arms, or.Qa 
 'their b|acks, crofs gFeat jtiKers by fwimming.. tl'-t 
 ; M. Albert, having v ifi ted fever al Paraouftis, 
 pne of them, whofe name was Andufta* invited 
 himtp a yery fingular kind of feftival, celebrated 
 in honour of a deity which is, called Toyav 
 By tl^Cjla ws .of ;the cpunlry no ftrjangers are ad- 
 initted.to it ; fcj^hat great precaitfion was takea 
 to let the Frer^cft fee it, without ,iheir being per- 
 ceived by the natives. Andufta firff ledthem into 
 « large place, or area, of a i;ound %ure2 which 
 
 lh« 
 
 I 
 
 
 i^i 
 
FLO 
 
 tkt women h»d cliscned vwy cafefuHy, ff^^^ 
 morning, at break ©f day a number of favages 
 painted widi di^ent colours, and adorned with 
 plamage> came out of the hut of the Paraouftj 
 ffiio •»»» alfo^ upon the area, round which thev 
 ranged tbcmlelves in good order. After this 
 three Jonas, for fo they caH their priefls, ap- 
 .peared in an odd drefa, with I know not what in- 
 lh«mew in their hands. They advanced to the 
 middJo of the place, where after they danced a 
 long tune, by turning feveral times round, and 
 fingin^ in a very mournful tone, the aflembJy an- 
 fwercd them m the fam« note. 
 
 This they begun ^ee times, when every one 
 of th«m taking their flight all at once, as if 
 fome panic had feized them, fct on runnine 
 with a« their nvight towards the neighbouring 
 wood. The women after this took their hu^ 
 bands piaces, and did nothing elfe for the reft of 
 the d^j but mourn and wafl : yet at intervals 
 tfcey feemed to be Airious, threw thfemfdvcs upon 
 their daughters, made incifions on their arms 
 With mu(cie-rh€Uj|, filled th«r hands with the 
 Wood which iffued from tht gafhes, and flung it 
 *ntothe air, cryingout thd^icci He Tdya. Andufta, 
 who kept coA^pan^ with t^t Frenchmen which 
 lie had placed m a little corner^ where they could 
 not be percdved, was not-a little difturbed upon 
 feeing thew laugh j though he t»ok|iio notice of 
 it at that time. ^ 
 
 -The men continued for two days and two 
 /fMghts in the Wo<*ds; after which, coming bnck 
 to the pl^aee whence they had departed, thfey 
 danced a-new, and fung, but in a gayer flriin - 
 they afterwards pfaycd fcvqral pretty diverting 
 
 trkks^i 
 
FLO 
 
 tricks ; ami the whdc ended in a grand feaft, at^ 
 which they eat to exccft ; yet the actors of th» 
 farce had taOed nothing ai! the time. 
 
 One of thcfn tcrld a Frenchman, that during 
 the two days in the wood, the Jonas had called 
 up the God Toya. who (hewed hlnnfelf to 
 them t that they had put fevcral queftion^to him, 
 all which he anfwered ; but, that they duift not 
 reveal any thing they had heard, for fear of 
 drawing the Jonas di'pleafure upon them. We 
 next fii U give fojn« further particulars about 
 the(e lavages. 
 
 The natives of both fexes wear only a deer- 
 fkin round their waift: their legs and arms, in 
 particular, are ftaincd by certain juices, with fe- 
 veral figures which are indelible: they have long 
 black hair, which naturally falls down upon their 
 (boulders j but they have a method of combing, 
 curling, and twiftir>g it about their heads; To 
 that it looks very agreeably. Their weapons are 
 bows and arrows, which they manage with 
 great dexterity; and they point the latter with 
 fifti bones, or (harp ftoncs. They are fubtle and 
 diflembling, above all other Americans; but 
 withal bold and courageous. The women are 
 remarkably graceful and well-fliaped: and arc 
 not only capable of performing all dome(^ic of- 
 fices, but alfo bear their hufbands company 
 when they go either to hunt or to war. AH 
 their corn is laid up in public granaries^ an4 
 diftributed out to every family according to its 
 number; the whole ftock being fo contrived as to 
 fervc but half the year, though the foil is capa- 
 ble of yielding much more than they have occa- 
 fion for : but they fow no more than what ferves 
 ihcm for that term ', and they live the reft of the 
 
 year 
 
 U\ 
 
FLO 
 
 year upon roots, dried fruit, flefh and fifh, and 
 are particularly fond of the crocodile's flefti, 
 which is delicious and fmells like muflc. Their 
 common drink is water ; but arc never without 
 a good quantity of liquor called caffina, which 
 they drink as we do tea. It is an infufion of the 
 Jeavesot a tree of the fam€ name and mentioned 
 above, which is much valued for its diuretic 
 quality. ♦ 
 
 With regard to that part of Florida which 
 borders on the gulph of Mexico, England has 
 had an undoubted title to it ever fince the reign 
 of Henry VII. by whofe commiffion Sebaftran Ca- 
 bot difcovcred all this coaft fronting the Atlantic 
 ocean from Jat. 28 to 50 N. about 20 years be- 
 fore it had been vifited by any other Europeans r 
 then indeed the S. part of this continent towards 
 the gulph, or ftreights of Bahama, was vifited 
 by the Spaniards under Juan Ponce de Leon ; as 
 it was ten years afterwards by Vafquez Ayllon, 
 in 1527 by Pamphilo Navarrez, and in 1534 by 
 Ferdinando Soto : but their cruelties fo enraged 
 the natives, that they expelled all one after ano- 
 ther. The iaft expedition of the Spaniards hither 
 was in 1558, by order of VelafcOj then viceroy 
 of Mexico : but falling into fi^uds almoft as-foon 
 as they came, they returned without making any 
 fettlement ; nor have they ever fmce made any 
 on this part of the continent, except at St. Au- 
 guftlne and St. Matthew. 
 
 This province, called by the French Louifiana» 
 was named Carolina by king Charles I. in a 
 grant which he made of it, Oaober 30,. in the 
 5th year of his reign, to Sir Thomas Heath, 
 knight, his attorney-general. The extent of 
 
 .«j.2 ... <f > ,1 •_ 
 
 -=-= -■■■■ . :. 5iii5 
 
 'i !»■= 
 
F L Q 
 
 thcs grant, as fctout in the charter, was all th^P 
 4Jp)ntf ncnt on the W., of Carolina from the river 
 . iJt^JMatthed} fituatcd, arcoiding to the patent, 
 in lat. 31. N.. (though finfe found to lie cxadlly 
 in lat. 30.^10,) to the river Pallb Mauno, in lat. 
 36. N. and extending in long, from the Atlantic 
 to the Pacific ocean : a tratSl which was not thea 
 ,poflefied by any chriflian power, together with all 
 the iflands oif Veanis and Bahama, and feveral 
 adjacent iljands lying S. from the continent 
 within the faid.degree^ of lat. to be all called by 
 the name of the Carolina iflands. Sir Robert 
 .Heath conveyed Carolina to the earl- of Arun- 
 djcl, who was at the expence of planting feveral 
 .parts of the country ; but he was prevented from 
 further improvements by the,warwith Scotland, 
 in which he was general for king Charles ; and 
 afterwards l^y the civil war^ in England, and the 
 lunacy of his; Ton. At the beginning cf Crom- 
 well's proteaorate, captain Watts (whom king 
 Charles 11, knighted, and made governor of St. 
 Chriflopher's) being upon this coafl-, and meet- 
 *"g W'^!^. on^ I^eet an Englifiiman, who was in 
 great favour with the Par^ouni, or petty kmg of 
 the country, through his influence the Englifh 
 Ver^ allowed to trade, and incited to fettle )iere. 
 Not long after this, Paraoufti alfo fent an ambaila- 
 dor to England: and the Englifh had divers 
 trails of land given thwn by the Indians, and 
 furveyed the continent, of which there i| a map 
 ftill extant, for above 200 miles fquare. /■*''' 
 ..'Jr^ppear^ further from a memorial prefented 
 to king William III. by the late Dr. Coxe, that 
 .the five nations in the territory of New York, 
 (called Iroquois by the French) who have, for 
 
 abovs 
 
 
 ■I n 
 •I . ' 
 -I . i 
 
 ili 
 
 M''t' 
 
 !'! 
 
FLO 
 
 ibovc 80 years, voluntarily fuhjci\c6 themfclves 
 to the crown of England, and conquered all the 
 country from tht-ir own habitations to the Miflif- 
 fippi river, and even beyond it; made a falc 
 and furrender of all thofe their conquef^s and ac- 
 quifitlons in the reign of king James II. to the 
 government of New York : which is another 
 proof of their being the property of the Englifl). 
 
 Dr. Coxe, who, by conveyances from one to 
 another after the death of the earl of Arundel, 
 became proprietor of Carolina, fets fc th in the 
 abovementioned memorial, that at the expence 
 of feveral thoufand pounds he had difcovered di- 
 vers of its parts ; firft from Carolina, afterwards 
 from Penfylvania by the Sufquehanah-iiver : and 
 that then he had made a difcovery more to the 
 S. by the great river Ochequiton. 
 
 Here it i«; prcper to obferve, that in September 
 17 1 2, the late French king granted letters patent 
 to Mr. Crozat his fecretary for the folc trade to 
 this country, by the nameof Louifiania, extending 
 above 1000 miles along the coaft of theguiphof 
 New Mexico ; and almofl as much from the faid 
 gulph to Canada: and it appears by the patent 
 that the French altered the names of the rivers, 
 harbours, &c. as well a* of the country itfelf, 
 which had been ufually called Spanifh Florida : 
 and that under a pretence of a new difcovery of 
 it, they declared themfelves poflefTors of this vaft 
 tra£l:, which had been difcovered and pofTelTed 
 for 200 years, partly by the Spaniards, and~partly 
 by the £ngli(b : for by comparing the patent 
 with the maps, it is evident, that it inclofed all 
 the Engl ifh colonics of Carolina, Maryland, 
 Penfylvania, New England, &c. " 
 
FOG 
 
 Foco, or Tiara t>BL Fufeoo, i. e. th« 
 land of ^re, or fiery land. The iilands fituated 
 S. of the ftneight of Magellan, at the extremity 
 of South America, are commorrly fo called on 
 account of the vail ftres and finoke %(4Mch the 
 firil difcoverera of tfecm perceived, and thcfc oc- 
 cafioned by fome volcanoes in the largeft of 
 them; the flames of which, though not per** 
 ceived in the day-time, are feen at a vaft diftance 
 in the night ; and throw up prodigious quantt« 
 ties of pummice ftones, which are obferved 
 fkiating on the furf^ce df the fea all about thofc 
 iflandi% Thcfc, among ^kh the largeft by far 
 is that ^loperly raHcd Terra del Fuego, ftretch 
 thcwrfelvcs along the Magellan-coaft, about 400 
 miifs from E. to W. and formerly were thought 
 to be Contiguous to the co(Atiiient, till Magellan 
 fotimd out tmd iailtd through the ilrcight bear- 
 ing his name, that parts them from it. They 
 a+fo were thou^Hu then to be but one continued 
 ifland ; till fome time after the dilcovery of the 
 above-mentioned flrcight, upon failing through 
 it, rhey were found to be divided by feveral nar- 
 row channels, and to confift of a number of 
 i^aflds; the largeft of which, next to Terra del 
 Fuego, lies N. of and between it and the Ma- 
 gella*iic coaft ; and is divided by a channel of 
 30 leagues in length, called the Streight, or Ca^ 
 nal of St. Sebaftian. The other iilands are ftill 
 IHij, atnd are not worth defcribing, efpecially 
 frtice a tnuch eafier and fafer way, it is faid, hath 
 been found of failing into the South-Sea, with^ 
 out going dirough that ftreight, or even doubling 
 the ftoritiy Cape Horn, (which Anfon did) as 
 this lafl may be left on tb« S. by enteriag caft- 
 
 ward 
 
 li« 
 
FOG 
 
 ward In Naflau-bay, and gaining the upper Tea 
 on the W. of that cape. A further account of 
 this ftrcight from an adventurer of later date, is, 
 as follows, that, i , 
 
 On July 20, 1 7 19, captain Mitchel and hia 
 lieutenant went in a pinnace to Terra del 
 Fuego, or South Shore, in the ftreight of Ma-« 
 
 fellan, in order to difcover the paflage which the 
 ^ rench tartan was faid to have gone through 
 into the South-Sea, in May 1713 ; and to fee if 
 any anchoring v;as to be found beyond Cape 
 Quad. On the 29th following the pinnace re- 
 turned, having found that paiTage ; but it was fo" 
 narrow, that it was hazardous to go farther that, 
 way. Auguft ift, the faid captain with three more 
 officers, went a fecond tinie to look for this paf-\ 
 fage; but after the ftridleft fcarch, could not 
 find that it led into the South-Sea, but only into 
 an icy bay ; and befides this paflage was fo nar- 
 row that their (hip could not have made way 
 through it. 
 
 The Spaniards, who are beft acquainted with 
 this flreight, tell us, that it is above looleaguesi 
 in length from the Cape of the Virgins at the en- 
 trance into the North-Sea to the Cape of Defire 
 on the oppofite end. Its breadth varies much, 
 though every where narrow, being only a league 
 in fome places, and in others two or more. In 
 it are many fafe harbours with narrow entrances 
 to them, but vaft large bays which extend 
 themfelvcs quite out of fight ; and they are en- 
 compafled with high mountains, which flielter 
 them fo clofe on all fides, that /hips may fafely 
 ride in them with the fmallcft anchor, whatever, 
 the weather be without. •; -u, ' '1 
 
 The 
 
FOG 
 
 The ftrcight called Lc Maire, from its firft dif- 
 covcrcr, who was a merchant ef Aiuftcrdam, 
 and found by him in the year 1615, lies in lat. 
 56. 36. S. and is formed by the caftcrn verge of 
 Terra delp'uego on the W. and the State n- land,' 
 or ifland of that name as belonging to the united 
 ftatcs of Holland, op the E. The ftreight is 
 about eight leagues wide, with good roads on. 
 each fide, and plenty of lifh and fowl. The 
 land on each fide is high and mountainous. 
 This ftreight is alfo called St. Vincent, from the 
 eaftern cape of that name in the Terra del 
 Fuego ; beyond which, in lat. 56. 6. S. at a 
 fmall dift^ance from the fame coaft, are the two 
 iilands of Gonzale and St. Alphonlb. And be-" 
 yond thefe the above-mentioned Le Maire found, 
 two barren iflands in lat. 56. 50. which he called 
 Barneveltj when continuing his courfe, he 
 doubled the S. cape of Terra del Fuego, and 
 called it Cape Horn. The length of the ftreight 
 is computed between five and fix leagues. 1 
 
 The country of Terra del Futgp is for the 
 mofi part very mountainous and roiigh ; but in it 
 are feveral fertile valleys, plains, and pafture 
 grounds, watered with many fine fprings that 
 come down from the movintains. Between the 
 feveral iflands, of which Terra. del Fuego con- 
 fifts, are alio capacious bays nnd anchoring 
 places, where whole fleets may ride fafely. The 
 lands abound with, wood find ftone for ballaft, 
 efpecially the high mountains towards the fea : 
 but the winds, in particular the weftcrly, are (o 
 violent along the fea-coaft, and blomib fuddenly, 
 that fometimes the (hips have fcarce time to take 
 in their fails, and are in very great danger of 
 
 lofing 
 
 'I 
 
FOG 
 
 lofing their anchors, and being wrecked. So 
 that thofe who fail weftward muft be careful to 
 keep to the S. as rmich poffible. 
 
 The natives of thefe iflands arc naturally of as 
 white a complexion as the Europeans j but they 
 go naked, and paint their bodies with great «'a- 
 net;' of colours^ moftly red, every one according 
 to their fancy : fo that fqme are all red before, 
 and white, or fpeckled behind; others have 
 thdr bodies red, and their arms and legs of 
 fome other colours. They are tall, ftout, and 
 well fliaped ; but wear their black hair thick and 
 long, that they may appear the more fierce. 
 The women alfo paint their bodies ; but cover 
 their middle with a piece of leather, and wear 
 collars made of fome fea-fhells about their necks ; 
 and fome among them will throw a fhort cloak 
 of feal-fkin over their (boulders. Their huts are 
 made of wood, and are mean, narrow hovels 
 terminating in a point. Their houdiold furniture 
 is anfwerable to thefe, confifting principally of 
 fuch tools ip they ufe for catching fifh ; among 
 thefe the hooks are faid to be of ftone, yet as ar- 
 tificially made as ours are. Their weapons are 
 bows and arrows; and thefe are alfo pointed 
 with fome fliarp ftone. They have likewife 
 darts, which are armed either in the fame manner, 
 or with fliarp bones, and bearded, to ftick the 
 fafter into the flefh ; clubs, flings, as alfo cut- 
 lafTes made of ftone, and very /harp. Their 
 canoes are commonly made of the barks of trees, 
 fo neatly bent and fewed together as to refemble 
 the Venetian gondolas, being between lo and 
 16 feet long, and two wide: they can con- 
 Uin about Hk or eight rowers, and move on the 
 
 water 
 
FOG 
 
 water with furprifmg fwiftnefs j neither the 
 men nor women are in danger of drowning, 
 for they iwim as naturally as the fifh they 
 catch. 
 
 As to th^ir nature and manner of life, they 
 are but one remove from wild beads, without 
 the lead fenfe of religion, and devourinf^ hu- 
 man creatures alive with the fame fiercenefs as 
 tygers and wolves go. They will indeed fhew 
 themfelves courteous and loving to ftrangers ; 
 but it is only with a defign of furprifing and 
 maflacring tiiem. This, it feems, is only true 
 of thofe that ii^habit the fouthern fide, and 
 about Naflau-bay. For Mr. Bauchene Gwin, 
 quoted by Mr. Rogers, the laft we know of 
 that failed through the ftreight, and hnded in 
 his long-boat in June 1699, reprefents them 
 rather as a poor, harmlefs, and affable people j 
 who go in companies about 50 or 60, anJ ap- 
 peared to him more miferablc than the meaneft 
 beggars in Europe, having nothing on but a 
 clofe jacket, which comes no lower down than 
 the knees, and made of the (kins of fome 
 ' beafts ; that their huts were made of poles 
 ftuck round about two or three feet into the 
 ground, and meeting at top like a fugar-loaf, 
 being covered with fkins, or the barks of trees. 
 He adds, that he or his men never went on 
 ihore, but they were furrounded with fome of 
 them, who crowded to beg fomething of them; 
 and they would even follow them to their (hip. 
 All this may be lo, and yet be no contradicti- 
 on to the fad charatSler which older travellers 
 have given of them ; and all this pretended 
 humility of behaviour might be put on, only to 
 decoy as many as they could out of their [hip, 
 Vol. I. O ifi 
 
FOG 
 
 in order to iiiake furc of them. And probabV 
 aJfo It may be, that thefe Europeans appearing 
 better armed, or more in number, than 
 they could with fafety Jay hands on, mlM 
 oblige them to alfumc this courteous behaviour, 
 ckher for fear of being overpowered by 
 them, or perhaps in hopes of finding fome fit- 
 ter opportunity lor furprifing them ; as feme of 
 thefe bloody favages had formerly done to about 
 J 7 fliilors of the fhip called Eagle, who comin^- 
 on fliore for water and ballafl-, were overpower- 
 ed, murdered, and eaten, by thofe cannibals. 
 So that one cannot be too m'iftruftful of them, 
 or too well guarded againft them, whether 
 . want of water, or any other neceflary, ob] if^es 
 to venture among them. For we are told, that 
 they will not only encourage fuch landings, 
 by their aukward grimaces and feeming carefleS; 
 but afFedt fuch a ftupid fimplicity, as to wonder 
 how it is poflible for a man to receive any hurt 
 from a fword or gun, when at the fame time 
 they are known to be almoft as dextrous in the 
 life of them, whenever they can get any, and 
 have a fair opportunity of ufing them, as in 
 that of their own clumfy weapons. So that 
 they may be looked upon, notwithftanding this 
 a-ffumed behaviour and Teeming courtefy, as ^ 
 dangerous kind of favages, devoid of religion, 
 laws, government, humanity, or modefty. 
 And this much may fuffice for their charac- 
 ter. 
 
 The fouth coaft of Terra del Fuego is very 
 little known : fome maps place a vaft number 
 of fmall namelefs iflands along it from Cape 
 Horn to the ilreight called by the natives Je- 
 
 l^jiiHiivlv} Wiii'^il UiViUvd i'k ilvui iiiw tlC^t iilftDU 
 
 4 .H 
 
 on 
 
FOG 
 
 en that fide, as the canal of S Ifidore docs on 
 Its weft.fide. This ifland may extend itfelf 
 about 40 leagues from eaft to weft, and from 
 north to l^juth about 10 or 12, where broadeft. 
 Un It arc three port«?, called Si . Martin, VaneSle, 
 and Nativity. The next and laft belonging 
 to this traa, on the weftermoft /ide, has only 
 two, namely, the Happy, and Englifii port ; 
 
 u 'L^""^' ^^ ^^^'^ ^''^^^'•' which is the laft in 
 the Magellanic ftrei^ht on the fouth fide of 
 Jt, as that of Viaory ig on the north fide. The 
 jlland cdled Staten, above-mcmioned, forms the 
 Itreight of Le Maire : between it and the eaf- 
 tern part of the Terra del Fuego is a fmall 
 Itreight, about 10 leagues in length, and 5 or 6 
 in breadth ; but hath nothing in it worth 
 mentioning, only thut at about 12 or 15 leagues 
 cait of It is the paflkge called Brower, which 
 as now commonly ufed by (hips that fail from 
 tDe Magellanic coafts into the South fea 5 and is 
 looked upon as much more fafe and eafy than 
 venturing through the ftreights of Le Maire or 
 *7^ ^^ ^^8^^^^" ' and this is the rout which 
 Mr. Bauchene G win took in his return from 
 
 !u lii" ^n^ 5"^" ^7oi> to port St. Julian, 
 on the Magellanic coaft. 
 
 On this fouthern fide of America is a third 
 ftreight, called de la Roche, from its being 
 difcovered by, and called fror, the adventurer 
 of that name. It is fituated in lat. ^5 S. and 
 about 120 leagues eaft of that of Le Maire. It 
 is formed by an ifland of the fame name on the 
 welt, and a flip of land, whether of another 
 liland or a continent, is not known, the above- 
 mentioned captain being the only perfon, fo far 
 as we have any knowledge, whofailed thro* it 
 iHnisrvtuuiftuiH iiiQ bouth fea into iLurope, in 
 
 O 2 th5 
 
 ■ni 
 
FOG 
 the year 1675 ; a defcrlption of which may 
 be feen in De Lifle. And feveral correaions 
 and other obfervations, on the fituation and' 
 diitances of places, on the currents. Sec. of 
 thofe feas, may be feen in Frezier. 
 
 A very fafe harbour was difcovered on or near 
 the weftern fide of this country, by the via u- 
 aJier belonging to Commodoi-e, now Lord, An^ 
 
 rZLT^'^'T.'''' ^^^ y^"'' '741. She had pafl'ed 
 round Cape Horn, and experienced the terrible 
 Itorms that often harrafs that part of the ocean. 
 in common with the reft of the fquadron. But 
 on the i6th of May they fell in with the land, 
 Which was then but four leagues diftant, in lat. 
 45- 15- S. On the firft fight of it they wore 
 inip, and ftood to the fouthward ; but the forei 
 top-fail fplitting, and the wind being at W. S 
 VV. they drove towards the fhore ; and the Cap- 
 tain, at laft, either unable to clear the laud, or 
 as others fay, refolved to keep the fea no longer' 
 Peered for the coaft, with a view of difcover- 
 Jng fomc (helter among the many iflands which 
 then appeared in fight : and about four hours 
 after the firft view of the land, the pink had the 
 good fortune to come to an anchor, tothe^weft- 
 ward of the Ifland Inchin; but as they did not run 
 fufficiently near to the eaft Oiore of that ifland, 
 and had not hands enough to veer away the cable 
 brifkly, they were foon driven to the eaft-ward, 
 deeping their water from twenty-five fathoms to 
 thirty-five, and ftill continuing to drive, they let 
 go their (heet-anchor j which though it brought 
 them up for a (hort time, yet on the 18th they 
 drove again, till they came into fixty-five fathom 
 water, and were now within a mile of the land, 
 and expedled to be forced on (hore every mo- 
 menta in a place where the coaft was verv hiah 
 
 and 
 
FOG 
 
 and deep, (o that they had not the kaft prcfpe^l 
 of faving either the (hip oreart'O ; and their boats 
 being very leaky, and there being no appearance 
 of a landing-place, the whole crew, confiflin^ o£ 
 fixten men and boys, gave themfelves overVor 
 loft ; for they apprehended, that if any of them, 
 by fome extraordinary accident, Ihould get on 
 ftiore, they would in all probability be maftacred 
 by the favages on the coaft : for thcfe, knowing 
 no other Europeans but Spaniards, it might be 
 expe^ed they would treat all ftrangers with the 
 fame cruelty, which thev had fo often and fo fig- 
 nally exerted againft their Spanifti neighbours. 
 Under thefe terrifying cirrumftances, the pinlc 
 drove nearer and nearer the rocks, which formed 
 the Chore ; but at laft, when the cr^w expedied 
 each inftant to ftrike, they perceived a fmall 
 opening in the land, which raifed their hopes ; 
 and immediately cutting away their two anchors, 
 they fteered for it, and found it to be a fmall 
 channel between an ifland and the n.ain, leadin^r 
 into a moft excellent harbour, which, for its fe- 
 curity againft the winds and fwells, ana the 
 fmoothnefs of its waters, may perhaps be com- 
 pared with any in the known world And this 
 place being hardly two miles diftant from the 
 fpot where they deemed their deftrudiion inevi- 
 table, the horrors of fhipwreck, and of immedi- 
 ate death, which had fo long and fo fully pofibf- 
 fed them, vaniflied almoft inftantaneouifly, and 
 gave place tothe more welcome ideas of Security, 
 repofe, and refrefhment. 
 
 Jn this harbour, difcovered in an almoft mi- 
 raculous manner, the pink came to an anchor 
 in twenty-five fathom water, wiih only a hawfer, 
 and a fmall anchor of about threehundred weight* 
 
 where ihe continued near twomnmhs re^fre^fU. 
 
 O 3 
 
 ii\y 
 
FOG 
 
 ■fng Tier people, who were many of them ill of the 
 fcurvy, but were foon reftored to perfect health by 
 the fre/h proviftons they procured, and the excel- 
 lent water with which the adjacent fliore abounds. 
 This harbour, which lies nearly in lat.45. 30. 
 S. is probably fituated in one of the iflands wiiich 
 ftretch along the coaft. It has two cove3,in which 
 fhips may conveniently heave dov/n, the water 
 being always fmooth ; and there are feveral fine 
 runs of excellent frefh water, which fall into the 
 harbour, and fome of them fo luckily fituated, 
 that the cafks may be filled in the long boat with 
 an hofe. The principal refrelhments they met 
 with in this port, were greens, as wild celery, 
 nettle-tops, &c. (hell-fifti, as cockles and muflels 
 of an extraordinary fize, and very delicious ; and 
 good ftore of geefe, fliags, and penguins. The 
 climate, though it was the depth of winter, was 
 not remarkably rigorous, nor the trees nor face 
 ©f the country deftituie of verdure ; and doubt- 
 lefs in the fummer many other fpecies of frefli 
 provifions might be found there. The inhabi- 
 tants, if any, are few in number, and thofe far 
 from being fo mifcbievous and mercilefs as they 
 have been reprefented by Spanifh writers. Be- 
 fide?, it is fo far removed from the Spanifli fron- 
 tiers, and fo little known to the Spaniards them- 
 fclves, that a fhip might continue here undifco- 
 veredfor a long time* It is alfo a place of great 
 defence ; for by pofTeffing the ifland that clo/es 
 up the harbour, and which is aceeflible in a very 
 few places only, a fmall force might defend this 
 port againft all the flrength the Spaniards could 
 mufter in this part of the world ; for this ifland is 
 fteep towards the harbour, and has fix fathom 
 water clofe towards the (hore, fo that the Pink 
 anchored ^wifKIn f/-vt-fi» xrnfAc r\C 
 
 va«-9aA%rA v%« _JJ XV^iimA S^Vt ^ ' 
 
 j mv 
 
 S Vi 
 
 obvi- 
 
FOG 
 
 obvious how impoffibic it would prove cither to 
 hoard or to cut out any veflcl protected by a 
 force, ported on the fherc within piftol-ffiot, and 
 where thofe who were thus pofted could not 
 themfelves be attacked. All thefe circumftances 
 feem to render this place worthy of a more accu- 
 rate examination by thofe who may hereafter be 
 entnifted with our naval affairs. 
 
 With regard to the adjacent country, few dif- 
 coveries were niaJe ; for the crew being few in 
 number, they could not detach any of their peo- 
 ple on didant difcoveries ; for they were perpe- 
 tually terrified with the apprehenfion that they 
 ihould be attacked either by the Spaniards or 
 Indians'; fo that their excurfions were generally 
 confined to that tra<5t of land which furrounded 
 the part, and where they were never out of view 
 of the (hip. But even if they had at firft known 
 how little foundation there was for thefe fears, yet 
 the country in the neighbourhood was fo grown 
 up with wood, and traverfed with mountains, 
 that it appeared impradlicable to penetrate it : 
 fo that any account of the inland parts could not 
 be expelled from them. Indeed they were able 
 to difprove the relations given by SpaniQi writers, 
 who have reprcfcntedthiscoaftas inhabited by a 
 fierce and powerful people j for they were cer- 
 tain that no fuch inhabitants were there to be 
 found, at leafl during the winter-feafon ; fmce 
 all the time they continued there, they iaw no 
 more than one Indian family, which came into 
 the harbour in a periaqua, about a month after 
 the arrival of the Pink, and confifted of an In- 
 dian near forty years of age, his wife, and two 
 children, one three years old, the other ftiil at 
 the breall:. But if this harbour be, as there is 
 reafon to fuppofe, utuatcd m an iHand^ there 
 
 may 
 
FRA 
 
 may be numbers of inhabitants on the coaft, and 
 yet the pink fee none of them during her ftay 
 here. But however that be, the place is doubtlefs 
 ofthelaft importance to (hipsvifKing thefe parts 
 of the world, and therefore ihould be better fur- 
 veyed, and itsfituation more accurately defcribed. 
 
 FoRALONEs, in the ifland of Gunra,in South 
 America, and empire of Peru, arc old walls 
 of fome ancient building in the time of the 
 Yncas, which ferve here as light- houfes for 
 the (hipping which fail from Callao to Paita, 
 on the South fea coaft. 
 
 Forbisher's Streioht, focalJed from the 
 difcovercr of it, Martin Forbi{her,whoin the year 
 1578 found it out, in lat 62 N. when he went a 
 voyage in queft of Greenland; and from thence,^*, 
 forcing his way through the ice, he arrived at 
 a place in thefe northern countries, which he 
 called the Countefs of Warwick's found,, 
 where he defigned to build a fort ; but part of 
 the timber which he brought from England 
 being loft, he returned home, loaded with a 
 glittering fort of fand, which he had imagined 
 to contain gold. (See Groenland). 
 
 FoRDHAM, a manor in the county of Weft- 
 Chefter, and province of New- York,, in North 
 America. 
 
 Francfort, a town of Philadelphia coun- 
 ty, in Penfylvania, North America. It is as well 
 builr, and as large, as Briftol town, in Buck- 
 ingham county. The inhabitants were at firft. 
 Swedes and Dutch, who dwelt in feveral places 
 of Penfylvania. The former fettled themfeves. 
 pfincipally on the creeks near the fre(hes, and 
 the latter planted near Oxford, upon the bay,. 
 At Francfort is a church of England congrega- 
 tion ; and in the town are about 80 families. 
 
 1 Francis^ 
 
F R A 
 
 * Francis, Lake of St. in the river of Sc. 
 Lawrence, belonging to Canada in North Ame- 
 rica. It is feven leagues long, and at mod 
 three in u- greateft brea.lth. The land on 
 both fides i. low, but apparently pretty good. 
 The road from Montreal to it lies a little to 
 the S W. and the Lac de St. Francois runs 
 W. S. W and E.N. E. The huars, a fort 
 of cormorant, are frequent here, the ihrieks 
 of which are like the complaints of perfons 
 in diftrefs, and are found to be certain prefages 
 
 of wind. . - 
 
 Francis, St. at the weftern extremity of 
 Lac de S. Pierre, in Canada, North America, 
 is a vaft number of ifles of all dimenfions, 
 called de Richelieu. In turning upon the left, 
 as one comes from Quebec, are particularly 
 fix iflands, which line or border a pretty deep 
 neck of land, into which a fine river difci^arges 
 itfelf, whofe fource is in the neighbourhood of 
 New- York. The ifles, the river, and the 
 whole country watered by it, goes by the name 
 of St. Francis. Each of the iflands is upwards 
 of a large quarter of a league in length, but of 
 unequal breadth : but the greateft part of thofe 
 called de Richelieu are fmaller. Formerly they 
 were all full of ftags, deer, wild goats or (ha- 
 mois, and elks. Game abounded here furpri- 
 fmgly, and ftill it is not fcarce ; but the large 
 animals are gone. ; 
 
 In the river of St. Francis, and at its mouth, 
 they catch alfo excellent fifli. In winter they 
 make holes in the ice, through which paffing 
 nets five or fix fathoms in length, they feldom 
 dr^w them ei^pty. The fi(h which they com- 
 monly take, are barbil, the jih filh, the achi- 
 ' eans. 
 
FRE 
 
 g-ans, and cfpccially the mafqulnougcz, a Tpe, 
 
 cies of pike with a head larger than that of 
 
 ours, amJ a mouth und'.r a crooked fnout, 
 
 whence their form is pretty fingiilar. The foil 
 
 ot bt. l^rancis, if we miiy judue of it by the 
 
 trees produced on it, and the little wliich has 
 
 iiitherto been cultivated, is very good. Yet 
 
 the inhabitants here are neverthelcfs pretty 
 
 poor, many of whom would be reduced to the 
 
 Jait degree of indigence, did not their trade 
 
 with the iieighbouiing favages fupport them 
 
 a Jittle. Thefe favages are the Abenaquis, 
 
 ^'"f"g^hjch are feme Al2ouq,uins, Sokokies, 
 
 and Mahingans, who are better known under 
 
 the name of Loups. 
 
 A ^^^^^^s> 3" ifi^n^ nearthecoaftof New-^ 
 Andalufia, on the terra firma of America., , '. 
 !• REDERic A, lo called from Fredericlate 
 prince of Wales, a town of Georgia, in North 
 America. It is fituated in the middle of St. 
 bimon s ifland, near the coaft. Roujid the 
 place are good fortifications lately made by 
 general Oglethorpe, at the mouth of the river 
 Abatamha, particularly a regular fortrefs, 
 Itrengthened by four baftions and a fpur- 
 work, towards the river, mounted with feveral 
 pieces of cannon. Here is a magiftracy as at 
 Savannah, the capital of the province, fupported 
 at the expence of the truilees for the colony of 
 Georgia. - ' 
 
 In 1742, the Spaniards having invaded St. 
 Simon, took the fort of that name ; but upon 
 marching to befiege Frederica, were repulfed 
 by general Oglethorpe, and forced to quit the 
 enterprife. This ifland is thirteen miles Ion?-, 
 and three or four broad, 20 leagues N. of St. 
 
 Au- 
 
F- R O 
 
 Aaguftinc. The iort of St. SImoA is fevcn 
 miles from the town. Bcfides this are fcveral 
 IVnall iflands in the mouth of the river, and 
 fortified by the EngHfli j lat. 31. 12. N. long. 
 81. 42. 
 
 Frousac channel, a ftreight lying between 
 Acadia and Cape-Breton, which is no more 
 than five common French leages in length, by 
 one in breadth. 
 
 Frontenac, a fort built by the French 
 count of the fame name ; the natives call it » 
 Catarocouy. It is fituated in Canada or New 
 France, North America, on the river St. Law- 
 rence, about a hundred leagues above Qi^iebec, 
 and at about a fliort league from its mouth, 
 where it difcharges itfelf on the lake Ontario,or 
 Pretty-lake, called alfo Frontenac, in honour 
 of the fame count, then governor of New- 
 France. It was erected with a view to fupprcfs 
 the ravages of the Iroquois, into the heart of 
 whofe country the French wer& able from 
 thence to make excurfions in 24 hours. The 
 winter about this place is much fliorter than at 
 Quebec ; and the foil is fo well cultivated as ^ 
 to produce all forts of European and Indian 
 corn, with other fruits. The fort at firft was 
 but indifferent, being only furrounded with 
 mud banks, and pallifades; but aftewards its 
 walls, baftions, and other fortifications, were 
 built of fquare ftone found here in great plen- 
 ty, and ready polifhed by the beating of the 
 waves of the lake, on the north fide of which 
 it is ereded. It is a fquare of four baftions, 
 a quarter of a league in circuit. Its fituation, 
 indeed, has fomething in it that is very agree- 
 able ; the banks of UK fiver prefent every way 
 
 » land- 
 
alanHflcapc beautifully viriceatid ; and fodoei 
 the cmranc- inio the lake Ontario, whuh is 
 I'oun with ifliiiufs (A iliftcrt-ni ina^nitidcsalJ well 
 wofxjfd, on a pcn.nfula ; and near ir is a good 
 hav n, V. here ail ilis ot vtiJe * m.iy rid'» in fafc- 
 ty. S> mt rf thccc onits, whi h came triithcr, 
 bfou^;ht with them kveral (nns of hon.ed cat- 
 tl«*, fowl, jid.i ntiier ukful aninialb : fo that 
 there is no want of any tning j and»befides, 
 the fortificaliriis are great y irrprovtiJ. But the 
 misfoitnne is, ihat this aJvantiigc^us commu- 
 nicatinn bawren this lake, Montteal,and Que- 
 bec, is fomewhat ( ifli ulc and dangerous, on 
 account of the river b^ing full of rocks and 
 water-falls, and may be eafi'y obftru<aed by 
 the ambulcades o^ the Iioquo-s who lie on 
 each fide : fo that the French abandoned the 
 fort, and damaged thofe works which they 
 could not demolifh, in the year 16895 but fince 
 that time they retook and repaired the place, 
 and were in quiet pofTcffion of it,till theEnglifti, 
 under the command of colonel Bradftrcet, took 
 and difmounted it in the year 1750. 
 
 FuNDY Bay, a large bay on the coaft of 
 Nova Scotia, running above two hundred miles 
 into the land, from Cape S ible, the moit fouth- 
 ern point of Nova Scotia, to the ifthmus which 
 joins that province to the continent. The 
 mouih of it lies in lat. 43. 12. N. long. 66. 
 40. W. 
 
 Endoftbi FIRST VOLUME, 
 
on 
 
 |i