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The growing importance of the swine Industry in Canada, and the prospect of its rapid extension, more especially in Manitoba and the Territories, render it necpssary that those now engnged In hog raising, and those about to commence this profitable branch of live-stock breeding, snould be Informed of the nature of their diseases and especially the measures necessary for the prevention of hog cholera and swine plague, two allied diseases which, in other countries, occasion enormous losses. It is estimated that i^r ^^*^ t', ^'^^^ '''°°^' '"- ^ ^'°S'^ y^" ^^^ ^°sses amounted to from $12,000,000 to *lo,000,000. 1 hey are preventable diseases, requiring only the exercise of common-sense precautions against the causes which operate in their dissemination. These I have en- deavoured to outline In the following pages. The Minister of Agr: uiture trusts that the farmers to whom this bulletin is addressed will read it carefully and preserve it for future reference, for their own and their neighbours' information. HOG CHOLERA. Hog cholera is extremely contagious and infectious. No other disease Is more so • It can be conveyed to healthy swine In an endless number of ways, both by direct contact and intermediary agents, buildings, railways, platforms, wagons, crates, clothing, boots or attendants, &c. &c. The pathogenic (disease producing) agent is the hog cholera bacillus. This baccllus nl^?fr demonstrated to possess different degrees of pathogenic power under different conditions, which are not always equally favourable for Its development. Dr. Theobald Smith has shown, experimentally, that the bacilli become more pathogenic the ofiener thf ft'r,.^r'!^i^'°"f ^^^ *'''"'' "^ experiment animals, increasing In virulence up to the twelf h of the .series They will live in water from two to four months, and may remain alive and active in the soil from two to three months. Our experience goes to support the result obtained by experiments. We know that II .f ., *f J'Tl fjf^?£^^'^ '° " "^''*''''* " '' °"^° ^« "^"d' ^'il the usual symptoms so undefined that It is difficult for even men of experience to recognize it as geiulne hog cholera, hence we are not surprised to find not only farmers, but often veterinarians; also, protesting that In the absence of the usual text-book symptoms they cannot believe it to be genuine hog cholera. From his experiments. Dr. Theobald Smith deduces the following conclusions :- (1.) The chief carriers of the Infection are the swine themselves. This disease having its chief seat in the Intestines, a discharge of bacilli from the ulcers of chronic cases, or of such as have survived an attach, may take place long after the subsidence of an outbreak or after they have changed hands. Infection may be thus carried over n the herd until a new susceptible generation of young pigs appears to continue the losses. Outbreaks occurring without any traceable Importation of Infection from with- out, are very proh.-jhly due to latent infection in the herd itself " il restrict their Seall'tion I'nn/iSLLT,";?' '"' °° ^^'^ ^^^-^^ be shunned to t'on. and ,„ the destruction of tho dild wlfhafe !f pJs S'.'^' '^""^'*°"'^^' '^^ '''""'e- nnme of swine pa«ue has Deen Ki^on The two ^ " P"^"'"°«'^ "ff^cti^n to wWch the Perpie. the uninitiated and Iead^;'^d•iveJ^:iro*;:;rn;on:" """"''"^ ^"^ ^'^^ ^^ ^-d SYMPTOMS TliP r.r>,v,„, ■ symptoms seen in hog SYMPTOMS OP SWINE PLAGCE. fever, chilliness, sensitiveness of the surfnce. redness of the ears, logs, belly and pubic regions. The cough is more marked, as is the dl.Hculty of breathing when the anfmas z.zZo:r.^sj'''' '' °" '''"''-'• "- «"^^ "--^^'^ <^-"'^>- - -"-r/ai; Swine plague attaciis young pigs more than adults, while the reverse is true of hoir cholera. Practically, however, we find few outbreaks of the one in which the other ,* not more or less prevalent in the same herd, and often in the same animals and tie post morten examination frequently reveals the Intestinal ulcers and he broncho- pneumonia, he solidification of one or more lo....s of the lung which, ?n some cases are adherent to the r bs or diaphragm by fll.rinous effusion, and occasionally white flbrnois appearance. '"^^^'"""'""^ ^'^^ «'- ^ P-'»'"« of the lung a well-marked maSed COMPLETE RECOVERY CAN SCARCELY EVER BE SAID TO OCCUR. Even in very mild cases, on post-morten examination, It is invariably found that ucera ion of the Intestinal coats has occurred, and although clcatStion has taken oI'The Int^esX ""° '"''^"' *'^ '^"^'^"""^'"'^ "'''•^"" ^^'" •'^'"""•^ '" the dlea'sed pa" ST;,!!"",'" *"" !""" ".""' '""""""'^ recovered swine are always dangerous, rhe following e.xtia« mt the dlHoas. is hog ,.hoh>ra or wlnr,. aZ 1. s^ad o f' ''""''' '"'^^ ^" '"'^ ''"«I>'^'<"> ihlH.lulte .oludd.. With th. ol-sorvn ' t of '''■'"'"^ 895 to 180n. page 174: •• m many In ances nli d ^ ' n ''"'""" '"^'"'•*^^- ^'"Po^t Of u h.«h .ra^de'of ^IZiZ Tl^Z^X^TS!^ r ''T' '" '-'^"-'^''^ ^-^-ia nourish the anlnaal. or eonta nlng oxJe snhs^n is w' ""'"■?'' '"'^ ^° '°°<^ ""^t to combination of these two c.aus,.s fh one r ?hr i, " """^ "'"" ''"^'« ^eath due to a bf It Is probable fron. our <^xpe e„ T th . In ", '''■''^"'"''''^''"«- «« ^^^^ ^««^' "ay virulence of bacteria alone are n ^.n! tl ' 11^0;^ "' ''''''' "'^''^^^^ «»»« to the prevented by attention to the PlosioIoX/nrs^^rr^'^ln^^ Cdy''""^ ''''''' '^'^ '^ ERIIORS IN FEEDING. Which lheyel«,o,te pig,, ,„„„,",,'""''"«,.. w,""""'" """^ """" l°«" thai germs and worms. "'" "* '^'"'t 'nsure freedom from disease tbeX^v^rnTreZi^fThftrr n"r.r '-t^ -- ^° '^-- -^o «««« Where It undergoes fermentative chanS and when Vn' ' ""f "''*"P'^'' ^"^'^ ^^« °"r«. and Intestinal disturbance. This coulf L nl. ! , f*'^''^'"'''' ^'^^^^ produces gastric patforms, ,„„de of such a size 'wo d dnfl the r 7 i""^''"^ ^'^^ ^""""^^ «" «'««ed sary for sanitary or other reasons ""^^ ''"°^ ™°^^'' ^"sily. when neces- and^eLiraTrtreralZrtVf^;;^^^^^^ Of common-sense In the housing Buyers of pork would do Ten t7 Iv ? ' ''o^estlc animals. of so-called recovered sows or boars ^ ^'^^ *°^'^"^'^ Intestinal discharges on s^L^otrrVnTrr:; ts^t^rr "^ ''^^-"- ^^ --^ ^»-.ng. dogs, carrion birds and. among cloL neighbours hv ; ''"^°"'' '""'«'• °>- ^^^der, by yards, platforms, railway cars or anvt/l f.^ ^ ''*'*' °'' °*'^^'' ^•^™'°- By infective contact "^ '"'^'' °' ""'^'^^''^S ^"h Which diseased animals have come In During our Investigations In we.stern Ontnrin « u disease spreads rapidly along thlbanks of a ri^r Z '"^P^^^^t'^ "^served that this getting rid of carcases by throwing them n^o he wal; """J^ ' '" '^' ^'^'"''^ «' ' large as well as small streams. '^'^*^'^- ^'^'s, we have noticed, m BEWARE OF EMPIRICAL CURBS. In one section of Ontnrlo, much losg han been ontftllcd by quacks sfllluK nostruiui, rpportud to euro the disease. Farmers as a rule, as too easily Imposed upon In this way! UolievlnB In the etflcacy of these quack medlclueH. they tcmmit a serious Itrench of quarantine reRulatlons In fallln« to report to the Government the existence of contagious disease In their stock ; they often allow the disease to nttiick their entire herd and, by disposing of partially recovered pigs to neighbours, they spreau the disease and cause serious loss to others, A careful consideration of what Is said above as to the Infectlveness of so-called rccove-ed pigs will Impress all thinking men of the danger arising from keeping such alive longer than to fatten them for slaughter ; such should never be sold for removal Into any man's herd, wen to one's worst enemy, as It may lead to his ruin. Farmers think of this. PREVENTIVE MEASURES. Every breeder or feeder of pigs ought to arrange his premlsef< so that he can divide them Into perfectly Isolated piggeries, so that If, by some misfortune, disease Is Intro- duced to one lot, the others may be preserved, through Isolation. Breeders and owners would greatly servo their own Interests by providing a separate ptn as a quarantine pen for probationary detention of all new purchases, in which they would be kept for a few weeks to make sure that they are free from disease. When the disease has been Introduced and dls-covered In a herd, Immediate notice should be given to the Minister of Agriculture, who will cause an Investigation to be made, and If the disease Is found to be hog cholera, quarantine will be established, the actually diseased pigs Immediately slaughtered and the carcases burned, or deeply burled with lime ; all fat enough will be Immediately slaughtered and If, on post mortem ex- amlnatlon, they are found free from the disease, they will be sold for pork, and the balance fattened as quickly as possible and disposed of If, on examination after death, the flesh Is considered fit for food ; Indemnity being paid for those actually diseased, to the extent of one-third of their value before they became diseased. For animals in contact, the compensation Is three-quarters of their value. Every pig on the farm must be killed and the premises thoroughly disinfected before an Inspector can Issue an Indemnity certificate, which must be accompanied by certificates of satisfactory disin- fection ; thereafter the Minister will order the removal of the quarantine. n\ CLEANSING DIRECTIONS. The flooring, divisions and base boards of the pen should be removed and any loose boards with which the hogs have come In contact, burned; the surface earth or gravel of the pens and yards should be removed to .1 depth of six inches, freely covered with newly-slnoked lime and re-covered with fresh earth or gravel. The disposal of manure from Infected hog pens Is seldom sufficiently considered, yet manure Is a frequent source of Infection. As above stated, the bacilli of swine plague will live In the water from 10 to 15 days, and In soil four to six days ; that of hog cholera lives In water two to four months and In soil from two to three months ; and In manure they live for an Indefinite period, varying according with the season. During the prevalence of these diseases, the manure should be carefully collected from the piggeries and at once mixed with newly-slacked lime, and removed in water-tight wagon boxes to an Inclosed yard to which none of the animals on the farms have access. This Is the nore necessary on account of the Impossibility of disinfecting a barn-yard or manure pile during winter weather, or so long as frost continues. When used, It should be ploughed In, not spread as a top dressing. The careless custom of throwing It Into a common pile In the barn yard, over which all classes of stock root and trample It down, is one of the means by which the disease Is perpetuated and extended. 8 mllM distant. *^" '"^^ "''""• renderluK tbe water Infective to plgg ,,^Oroh„ra. or ..a...... n.UU, «.o„,d .,e p.o„«.ed after .e.n« free... covered w.t. rai.:rtL"rirro.n:;r.,:;;or "^'^ - '^'^ --^ •""-- - ^"^ -^d. t.e ..und solution of carbolic add. 1 to 3«oJ water The plV,^^^^^^^^^^^^ """ '"""^'"' ''^ - ont structures with which diseased pis have Lr/n?^' ''°'"' "'"^ «"'" P^'^man- thoroughly douched with steam or ..oHlL wn ter '" ;'"?*"''' «"°"'d. when posH.h.e. bo Klvon a coatin, „f „„„. .-nsh. „ ev"^fl.!'^,'„r' "'';'' r."" " r""«" "'•"si,, .nd then carbolic acid has been n.hled. Hy nUlorTsn^llT "' ^^'"'^" " P"""'! '•'' c-o.nmenh.. reached Letter than by ,ho brush. To bo ■ "o After Ceansln,' „„d disinfection, expose the nrem, T' '"•: '° '"' """^' '""''* "'-rouKhly. three months before p.„cln« M.s h t,u rn S Vv """'""^ """ ""• ^'•'"">- ''^^ ""out "mate so.utlon, carbolic add and ulZrie nl „„/ T" ''""'"'•'^''>«. ^^'•rroslve sub- "'""" r»„„„. by ,1,0 pro,™, „l.L,7r,f™L" ,';;",,''''? ""-■'"■"'' »I""PM o„t where pr..ml,o, tav. b,„.„ m.lnf.c.ed „„d rSj "" ™"' """■" "» W .c™M„,,,|,„,,k„,,,,,„^,,,,^,^,,^^^.^M »M M...M from q„„„„,|„, „„„ , ,„„„^ , be prohibited from emerlnu the preinl,e7 °""'°' '" """>' '""»■ and should therefore dleefsr:;;:;: """"^ ■"" "- °''"- - '»'«"»" « the „,e, le.d,„„ to ,„™ «ere the «e„jrp;fjrpXr„i,\'^r;,:ir-t?L':fdrd- veterinary Inspectors-whoever trifles wuH mav as wen T"'' """^ '^^ Government stacs-he ,s certa.n to ,n,1ure h.mse.f and r:ry^Z^' :ltlVZZZ:' '" ''' HOW PIGS MAY BE KEPT HEALTHY. .an^:d%r^re-t^at"rt -. a p.flt as we... a^ir-Zn^nr^ey^Cinr^^^^ pens are ruinous to the heaUh of p, J"?Sey a^^e t Jhet/'''7 ' ''""'^- '''^' ""^Sry yard-but they should have a drv ^arm we.rM.iL^ °' "^^'''"'^ '° a° open straw retire to. Their food should besotTnd^nrsweet fnd'l?' ""''^ " '"'"^^^'•" •'^Posure tT troughs Should be kept perfectly c.ean by fTeaueS? wIm "' ''^"'" '"*^^^«1«- The Ceaned out regu.arly. as those of catt.e oi Jorses " ''°^''- '"''*' P«°« should be out Thirty p.-r <■..,., .,■....11,. h,.I,„|o,.s should 1... fn.jmntly .pn-ved ..v.m- tl e . ,|1 r The you„K PlKs aud «h..a.H shcnU, ,... dl,.,,.-.. ..v..,y tw.! w'ek'l In or ". h M on of c-reo lu in v„u.r, a .,arr..l of whl,-!, s ,ld ,... u.,,., „. „ ,.,.„ .... 1... , Ih. .cmoval. l,y xM. .....ans. of uun.oious „nrH.lt,.8. will «,,.„tlv n.|i..v.. ,1.. , lis o kl . IrrltutluD. It will 1,0 f..und that th..y will thrlv. .nu..). l..>t,..r w .ore this Is p S Ised The improved sanltntl.... will lessen .he tenden.-y to veriulnouH Infe.-liou ly e roy- Ing the ova whl.-l,, In eohl ,hnnp, nnd.ah.ed. .■onseqnentlv unhealthy ..oi-irHoun.W Kronnd luilldlnKs usnally almnn.I. " '"'""">•<"'"'•"' of und.-i- A8 trealiuent of vern.lnnus l.ron.ho pneumonia l.y the admlnl8tmtl<.A of vormlfuue mod dnee. where large numbers of pigs of all ages are kept U very dlffleult of „,hn ,"u! ration, owners should do what they can to prevent Infection. Spirits of turpeJt ne I, doses vary ng from 15 drops, In little plKS, to a dessertspoonful In large c. J "n milk well shaken up. twice dally, will he henetlclal, espc-lally for Intestinal worms ri, balsam, or resin, unxy be given mixed In their food-or powdered nreca u f n Krai s for every pound of the anln.al's weight. In young pl«s ; In adults. 2 to 3 draehms dX It Is best given In milk, on an emptv stomach ' bv ulZVll''^ ""'T ".'^'?""'' *'""I'^"''"« K'^"" internally and Inhalation of Its fumes by burning it on pine shavings, or evaporating It with a spirit lamp In a closed ,-om partment Into which the pigs are driven and allowed to remain for a few minutes Inlv depending on the amount of bronchial Irritation produced by the fumes, wlU destroy the worms and cause them to be coughed up. ""uo* This treatment requires great care and judgment to avoid accidents, and if the fumes are strong. It may be sufficient to merely drive the pigs through the compartmem m this, as .'n hog cholera and swine plague, " prevention Is bettor than cure " ' At all seasons of the year, pigs will be benefited by having fresh sods nlace.i In a corner of their pen for them to root among. ' ' '" " 1>. McEAOHRAN, F.R.C.V.S., Chief Veterinary Inspector for Vanndv. 'Hfl m V. li N... •_> .- •_>