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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un seul ciichA, il est filmA A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. •n prenant le nombre d'imagea nicassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) McGILL UNIVERSITY PAPERS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF Geology. No. 3. — Canadian Laurentian. nv F. D. Adams, A. E. Barlow, and R. \V. Kl.l> [Reprinted from the American Journal of Science an.l Arts, pp, 173-180 Montreal, 1897. ;ij 557, / nil Adams, linrlom uml 1:11s — ('iimvliiiii l.inin hlntn. \1?t Akt. XVII. ^'^^Z' //"' Orl'jin 'III'/ l!w, witli rcinarkg by li. W. Km-s.* As till" exploration of tlic more rrniotc pMilioiis ut' the threat ^aiiadiaii nrotaxis of tlii' Nortli Anirriran cuntini'iit prof^'icssfH, remote pMilioiis iif the threat Canadian | aceoinpatiitMl hv tiie detailed niappinji of its niore accessi- lile parts, tlio true eliaraeter, strnctiire and oritriij •>f the I,aii- rcntian Svstein is iieiny ;.'raduall}' unfolded. The \vorlN(if LoiTiiii durini; the early years of the Canadian (leolo;;ieal Sur- vey, thou-rh'exeelleiit'in'the main, is heini; supplemented and. incertain directions, eorn-eted ; and as the work is now hein^,' pushed rapidly forward, it is believed that the time is not far idt red as constitutinir its main feature, bein<; in reality ^'reat intrusive or hatholitic masses; while in a subseciuont paper.:;: it was shown that in the rt-mainin^ Por- tion of the Laurentiaii, two distinct classes of rocks could be distiniruislied, the tir.-t beiii. and a ])ortion of ll'.t. ot the OntarR) series of -,'eoloj,'ical maps, the district lyin-r to the north of Lake Ontario, aloni; the marijiii of the I'rota.xis, and beiiif? especially well suited for ])urposos of study. Portion^ of three summers have already been spent in the district, and as two years more must proi)ably elapse before the work can be completed, 'it is desired here to present a general (Hitline of the results so far obtained, indicating certain conclusions which seem likely to be reaelieil conccrnin<; the oriirin of the rocks in question. The Fundamental Gnfciss, as shown by the work of tlie Cana- dian (ieolou;ical Survey, occupies by far the lartier portion of the protaxisasa whole; while the '(irenville Series has i)rob- * Publicued by pcrmii'Bion of tlio Hirpctor ot tht> Cjolotiii-ul Survfv iit Camnla. 1 Adniiis V. D.— Uobcr (las Noriiin oiler Ubor-I.iniroiitiun von ('iiiiii iitinn. iil.lv its |)riiu'.ii>iil (Icntlopmcnt alonj,' the soutlu'aHUTii iiiiir;,'iii, iiltli(.ii;rli iis tlit^ cxploriiticii <.t' this vast aiva i> cimtiiiucd, new and |Hrssil.lv more cxtfiisivi' aiva- of tlicsf n.(!ks may yut Ito t'omid. Strata lti'l(.iii;iii^' to this scries arc already known to (.ccnron tlu; iippt'i' Manicua^ian River, the lower Hamilton Iliver, on the Manouan I'.raiieh of the I'erilx.nka and on tho lower part of the I'n^rava Uiver, in the l-ain'aih.r peiimsiihi; whih- similar roeUs, whi<-h would seem to li.-loiii,' to this series, but whieh have not as yet been thoroui;hIy examined, have been met with about .■.niitiiern Hatlin's hand, and possii.lv alx.ut IJaUer hake near the head of Chesterlit'ld Inlet, as well as «.n the wost coast (.f Hudson l?ay and als(. at Cross Lake on the Nelson Uiver. The Fundamental (riieiss eoiisists of various i^^neous roekii ch.selv allied in petn.-raphieal eharaeter to liraiiites, dioritert and ffal.bros, and which aluK.st invariably have a more or less distinct foliation. Where this foliatii.n is scarcely peiceptible it becomes very ditlicult t(. decide whether tho rock is an intru- sive -iraiiite oi'dioritc, or a very massive form (.f the f^neiss iii question. Tho diiVereiit varieties (.f ■rnoissie rock alternate with or succeed one another acn.ss the strike, or sometimes cut one another (dV, sii,tr^ri.>.tin<,' a complicated intrusion of one mass thn.u-h the (.ther,' but there is usually a ijeneral direction ot striku^to which, in any particular district, the foliati(.n of all the varieties conform! The associated t)asic rocks are very dark or black in color and are usually foliated, but sometimes this foliation is absent and the .'(H'k occurs in masses of all sizes and shapes scattered throu^di the acid <,nieisses, and in the ■■■reat majority of cases so intimately associated with the latter That it is imix.ssil.Ic t(. separate tlie two in mal.pin<,^ The smaller of these masses can be distinctly seen to have been torn from the larger, which latter are often of enormous si/e. This process can be observed in all its staijes. The granit.e gneiss invades tho great basic masses, sending off wedge like arms into them, wliicb tear them apart and anastomose through them in the most complicated manner. These smaller masses can then be observed to be separated into still smaller frag- ments, which either from the fact that they split most readily in the directi(.n of their foliation or owing to subseiiuent movements, when the rock was in a more or less plastic condi- tion, often assume long ribbt.n-like forms. That great move- ments have taken place in the whole series (hiring or after this invasion is shown by the complicated twisting of these darker bands and masses' into all manner of curious and intricate forms, as well as in tlie freiiuent rolling out of great blocks ot the amphibolite, after having been penetrated in all directions by small pegmatite veins, resulting in masses of a dark basic gneissoid rock, filled with strings, bunches, separated frag- ments or grains of quartz or feldspar, giving to the mass a pscudo conglomeratic appearance. li Aifiiiii", li'iiloir ,in,/ /'.'//s—(f._ Tlir till*' cliaractiT of tlic iiinic l.asic uhmiiIhts i« mort' iiticcr- tain, l.iit tlicv an- pn-LaMv rloM'lv ivlatr.l to the i.vn.M-n.> irranulit.'sci Sa\..iiv, an. I .lnlll.tl.•^s ivprrMMit .-itli.T .lilli'irntiii- ti()n-i.r...lncts of \\\\' oiijiinal n.a-n.a. or l.aMc intniMoiis w.i..-.' structural rclati-.iH and charactrrs have hccii l;JX'.-lv n.a-kcl l,y the ^Mvat Miovcincnts which have taken place in tlie whole series ut ii later date. , The (irenvilte Series .litTers from the !• nnilaniental (.iiei- in that it contains certain roek^ wiiose coini)osition marks them ic hi-hlv alteivd sediments. Th.'se rocks are chiellv lii|i"^tones. wiUi which are asHociated certain peculiar -neisM'srieii in silli- nianite and pirnet, hiivinj; u composition approaching' onlinary .hale or slate, or else very rich in .piartz an. pasMiiir into (Miartzite, liavinj,' thus the c..mi)ositi..n ot sandstone. I hese rocks, as lias heeii sh..wn in one .d' the papers l.et..re rel.'rrc.l to. usnallv occur in dose a.ssociati-.n witl) ..ne another an. I are (Miite dilTerent in composition fi i any iL'ncoiis rocks liitherto duscril.e.1. Thev are cmsi.leiv.l a> eonstitntin.u the essentin i)art ..f tli(! (Jrenville s.-ries. They usually. h..wever. f..rm i)Ut a very small proporth.n .d' the rocky c..mi.lex in the area> in whicii thev ..ccur. and which. ..win^r to their presence, is reter- red to tiii' (ireiiville s.'ri.'s. They are as.sociated with and often enclosed hv much jrreater volumes .d ^''leissic rocks, identical in character with the FundanuMital -neiss. 1 he lime- stones arc also alm.-st invariahly pi iietrated l.y masses .d coarse pen-matit -n! occasi.mallv larye masses .d' tli.> liinest.Mie arc found en K Ided in what would otherwise he supp..>e.l to ho the Fundamental .gneiss. The whole thus presents a series ot ,sedi- nuntarv rocks, chi.dlv linie.st..n.vs. inva.led l.y ^m-at mas>es ot the -..-Jailed Fuimam'eiital (inei>s, and in wiii.-h, possihly. some varieties of tiie j,'neissie rocks present may <.we th.'ir ..ri-m to the i.artial comminiilini,' ..f the sedimentary material with the i.rneoiis r.K-ks hv actual fusion. There is, however, no reas..n to helieve. from tlie evhlence at l-resent availah e. that any c.nsi.lerahle pr(.i...rtion ..f the series has ori-inatcl in the last mentione.l manner. , ,. ■ .• r It will he rea.iilv seen that an exact delimifati..n ..t :iivas ..t the (Jrenville series is tiuis s..metiines a matter ot -'vat .Idh- culty, as they often appear t.. shade away into the !• .m.iameii al L'neiss, and "it has hithert.. heen .litHcult in the case .d the GreiiviUe series t.. ac.-ount f..r tlie existence (.t sucli a cmpar- atively small proi.orth.n ..f se.liiiieiitary strata, intimately a.-s.j- ciateti with such <;ruat volumes of iiiiicoiis ^'iieiss.rs. The relations of the two series, as determined l.y the investi- .ratiotis of the last two .seasons, throws new li^ht up;;" t''^ sub- ject, und indicates the prohahle explanation ol the ddhculty. 17*» Ail'iiiis, ihifloir iiiiil l'!ll.s —CtDUiiliiin hncitidiii. Tin- iinrtliwistcrn ImIT <>f tlic iiinn- rcstricti'il urea at piVHont uimIit (•(iiiHidcratiiin i^ tin Ifiliiiii l»,v Kmidam-'tital »;iifif.H, \m'- fleiitiiii: till! cliarm'tcrw (IfHcriluMl uhovt;. A Hinallor area of tlif Kaiiic ciicis** occurs at till! suiitliwcsti-rii corner of tlii> area, in the towiisliipn of Lutterworth. Siiowdoii and < ilaiiiorifan, wliih- in tliL' woutiii'rn and MXitheastern portions of tlie area there are other oeeiirreiices, which. Ixiwever, present a niori; normally j^raniti(' character. The MiMthea^tern portion of the area is underlain hy rocks of the socailed llastin-rs Series, consistinj,' ciiietly of thiniy-heddeil linu'stoiu's, (hilomiteH, etc., cut thron;jli l)y ^rcat intrusions t»f ^ahhro-diorite ;,nd i;rainte. 'i'hese liniestoues and <|olotnites areiisualU' hne-iiraineil and liluish or i,M'e\ isli in color, with thin intorstratitied layers, iioldin.i,' siieaf-liUe Inindles of liornhleiide crystals. .\s compared witli the liniestoiii's of the (Jrenville series they are comparatively unaltered. They form lu'yoiid all iloulit a true seilinieiitary series, and in the soutlieastern coiner of the area are associated with c )ii;;lomerates or breccias of undoiihtedly elastic ori;,nn. I'xttweeii the irreat area of Funda- mental (Jiieiss in tlu^ northwest, and the IlastiuL's series in the southeast of the shi'ct, there lies an irreirnlar shaped i)elt of rocks, presentinir the (characters of the typical (ireiiviUe series as ahove descrihed. the limestones havini^ in all cases the form of coarsely crystalline, white or jiinkish marhles, althoii-fh more or less impure. The strike of the foliation of the (tren- vilh; series follows in a general way the hoiindaries of the Fundamental (Jneiss, and is seen in an especially distinct man- ner to wrap itself around the Ion-,' and narrow (levelopment of the jiueiss exposed in the southwest corner of the area. Iso- lated masses of the limestone and gneiss characteristic of the Grenvillc series are also found in the form of outlying; patches about its niarnin, as for instance in the townships of Lutter- worth and Stanhope. Tin; relations of the (Jrenville series to the I''iin(laniental i;neiss are such as to suj,'<;est that in the for- mer we have a sedimentary scries later in date than the Funda- mental (Jneiss. which has sunk down intoaiiwl EUh Cnntifim, /..nirenfl.n.. 177 Tlir .l»H'»ti(.ll of tlH- n-lHti..llH of tl..' dtvMvill.' MTirs t.. til.' llaHtinL'KMTi.'Ktli.'M pnM.M.ts it.rlf. Altl:..u-li i>-yvAU,\ trav- ..pHi-H liiivi. iK-ni nia.lf fn.m oiif .rrirs int.. tl... otli.-r. n.. sliirp li„,. „f.livUi..i. l.i.H Ikti. f..un.l. T..war.ls t h> H....tlMM..t tW li„,rHt..M.'.i ..!• tl... (In-nvill.. hitL-h in niany pla.'.v> tl,..n,^h .till hiul.lv .•rvstalliiK-, H.-iMH t.. 1.1" I.-"' I.i.t:lil.v alt.T.-.l. m.! I.naly. a« tlio lla^tii.L'H Horii'H ir. a|.|.r..acli.'.l. pirsmt in phn-fs tli.' hluiHl, .■..lur ..f tlu. liMi.-'tnn,.s ..f tl... latt.T m;ru.-s: sn t..at .t i. , ■ .;, im,M,st..n,.H of both M.ri.'> als.. Iiav.. t!..' nii....-r „»8 small int.M-stratiti.Mi kiumshIc in.-l..si...is or haii.ls s.. i. „„.M.t!v ivtVm-1 to in tlio .k'scripti.uH oi ih.' lMii.>sl..n.-s ..t t i.- (Jrcnvill.. MTi.s. niakin- tl... ivs....,l.lan.-.> still Mi.-ro nnnMU'ti.. In fa.'t, alth.-'i-h tl... tri... ivlalioiis ..I th.- tw.. Hon.'^ «r« ul.scmv.l l.v the pn-s.....-.- of nunu-nms ^nvat .ntinsio.is ..t ^nin- iti,. ar.s...l hv an.l n,ixe.l up with tl... un.lerlyin- nia.irina .. tin- tnn.lan.ental iimn.,, e..nstitut..s what has ..Is.-wh.Mv ..■.'. teri,u'.l th. (iiv.ivll.- seri.'s. Tl,.- (Irenv.lU- series may, ho v- eve. repivsentouiva portion o. the IIastni«H series an. I he work 8.' fur .h.ne in this .lIstri.T has not he.-ii siillicuMit t.. .lotermii.e the strati;rraphi."al po.iti..n ..I Ui.s l.ort.o.... {Jniieernin- the a-e ..f th." 11 ast.n^'s series hut I ttle is ki ...wn ■IS vet To tl..: s.Mith.'ast ..f the aiva iin.ler eonsi.lerati.m. In.w- ever, its elastic .'haraeter is w.-H mark.-h l-.v-.-ias an.l ...n^r om- c-rat,.s, often -'vatlv .l(.form...l l.v pirssure h.-m- i.-.-m- >; «« w.-Uas eertain tim-rain.-.l an.l .•omparatively unalt.T.M lime- stones, in whieh a v.-rv .•aivtnl s.Mivh may yet he .vwar.h-l h.v he liM-ov-iv ..f fossils. l!otli lithol...i,.ally an.l strati^-'ai-hi^ eallv tl... loeks lu-ar a striking ivM-n.h an... lo r.M-ks >-ir-l^;^ ,|„,„„i.^„ i„ th.. r..-i..n to the north an. northeas .. I.aki, run an.l it see-iisWry likely that the i-l.-i.tity ..f the two e es m V eventuallv he estahiislu-.l. The two ar.-as, h-w.-ven ^ ratl...r wi.lely .eparate.l .eo^raphieal y, s.. that tl... ,rea e.t c-are will have to he exereis.-.! in atte.nptin- sueh a eori.-lati.m. Lil^the(;renville series, the r.eks ..t ^'^ ••-';"^;";,7 are uneonforiiial.ly ov,M-lain hv an.l . isapp.-ar henea h - I - !vin-(Vml.n.Siliir!an r.;:;!:s of tht plaii.>. wlii<;h inn.t th. i.i..- taKis".m the s.,uth an.l are separate.l fr..n. it u. t.m.; hy an i,„,„ense er..si..n interval. Further invest.uati.m m tl... area as well as in that a.li..inin- to the east. ii..w hem- mapped hy D, 1 W klls. will, lu.vvever, it is hop..l, l.ef..re lont; throw a.lditi;,nariiKl.t on the a^-e ..f this verv interestinjr '^■" ■■''PO'j tant series o? nieks. If further investi-ati..n proves that the relationsof the several series have bee.i correctly diagnosed, 178 AdiauH, narlna, an,lJah-Ca,nnlh,n Laurentian. ;n.eve fnr,ns part oi te .iow„wani extension of t ,e ,V na^ 1 ^t of onr planet, perhaps n.an.y tin.es re.nelte.l and eertaiulv n.a,.y plaees penetrate,! i.y enom.ons intrusions of late i a te^ \n\.\{.', nase nunk portions of ' " chictiy of limestones, 'artlier ,. .v..iv.r4 V WIIMK (Oil, Of an overlying' series, consisting Th. r u- P ^ ""•^' VT '"■"J"'''' '"'^-^ "*'t ''^«c.» reeoirnize.1. I'reted in the l,i,ht of the Ontario oceurrenees. there see us no reason why the sa„u. explanation n,i.].t not l.eXre .onnt for ■tsong.n also. The han.ls of^lin.estone, wh e in !.-ckness iron, plaee to plaee, and are frennentlv Th.. Tn,,-,.,. r>,i •• 1 . I'^'i'i-' "ii^e noc neen reeoirnize, . 1 leJ.ouer J a leozoie strata rest direetly upon the (Jienvillc ser.e.s an.l would eover np the Hastings s iries to t k " , th (.len 11,. senes moreover, here extend mueh farther hack the stuke of the underlyn.g j^neissie rocks, so that the orh-in to accoi often Vi ,,.,^,v,.^-.,.., ,,om piaee to ])lace, and are frcduentlv .nerrupted n, d.e.r course or ahruptiv cut off, nn.^l t be oo ?. (lerci a.s haying taken their form fronl long folds in .e scSes from winch they were .lerived as it settfed d,.wn U^ the .ungma beneath, or as having i,een separated bv n'ea htcM I mtrus.ons of the gnei.ssic nuvgn^a. Ti.eir original su',, character has, however, without doubt been gr^at v a ered - he enonnous movements to which both series ' rock 1,2 been subsecjiiently subjected. ^ If again this proves to be the true explanation of the rek- tions ot these series tlie (Irenville serie wifl cease to be an anomaly among our Archa-an formations and wilV sVf.r as fts mode of occurreiice is concerned, bear the sa, e "ekHcm ^ the iMui.lamenta Uneiss as the Iluronian does farthei we t n the Like Superior and JIuron district, as show y I awso se-S^rSii^Par: lick^-^ liniSt^n -''b Sdl,? I^n.eous materia! which now makes ip by far t e g e^er n,H^ fie e id m1^^ r^ " ""'' {"■""•>' ^''''■^"'"^.>' ^"stablished by the tieki e\ dence. Jts recognition as a i)ortion of tlie Hastings eries which has been intensely meta.iorphosed, w H p rott be more clearly established as the field wclrk prog e se S subordinate areas of the Grenville series also%ccur to the t i AUiWis, liiirlnii^ iiinl KUs—Cnutiliid, /.,iurn)t'niii. 1 7'.» south of tlR' St. Lawrciicf in tlie Adiromlac-k ivyimi, mi.l are now iK'in^' iiiapiH'd, it will W. of i,'rfiit iutcivst' to ascoHaiii vlit'tliiM- till- same r('latii>iis do not "also exist in that area, and whether a continnation of tl.i' Ila.-tin^rs series to the sonth' can- not he reeoi^nii/ed in the " Jlnnmian Schist " of St. Lawrence and .lelFerson conntios, shown upon the (ieo logical Map of the State of Now York, which lias just heen issued hv the (Ji'oloi;- ical Survey of this State. " " " It is perhaps unnecessary to draw attention to the fact that the recent investi^'atioiis of Messrs. Wollf, P.rooks. Xas(.n, Kemp, Westirate and others on the crystalline limestones of New Jcr.sey have a certain hearini^ on tliis siihjeet. Kcmarks by R. W. Klls : In connection wi he statements advanced in the precediiii; pa])er l)v Dr. Adams and Mr. P.arlow. it is hnt riyht that the condiisions arrived at from the study of the similar rocks in their eastern and northern extension should l.e stated. The investi^'ations in this (jnarter have now heen carried on for six years, and liave extended over a very Iarries of Sir W. K. Loiriui, and extendiu:,' far up the (.atiiu'au liiver; while to the westward, tlie work has been carried on till the vicinity of the area, descrihed in the acconipanyinir paper, lias heen readied. It may he said then^fore that* th'u detailed examination of the rock's whi(di make up the (iren- ville and llastiii^^a series has extended over an area ahont ^aO miles in len'"lMl'l.y >-t'dM„enta.y ..n^n,, c.f the liin(.st,.nos a.i.l a.^ooia ,K.UMs«es of tl.o (Jronvill.. sorios. a. .listinc.f f, , iVo m- S::^ t ho ,„Kl..,.|vin. La„.vntian lMn..la,.u.ntal Gnl^r a jK-torc til . Ciculo^nc-al Socu.t.v <.f America. The si,I,so,,i„.nt .nvost^,.at.ons o„ these n.ck.. u> tlu- .est an.l soufhw " "m that the eonelns,o„s then presented were eorrect. hut tl at as th work extended wc-stwanl to the south side of he m ^ e a.eas of Innestone I.eearne nu.d. more extensive, a>,d7here ws ^^n\.r. •/ V-'Ti' f/''^'. <>»"«•''• The li.nestones also weH! \ery often Imddj .lolon.itic, and in certain areas were :l'H.-and s!at,v,with hut little of the aspect of the en vie Inncstones, except wIum-o they were in' close c nt et wi h ...asses of .ntrusive granite o,- in he rocks ot tins .irroup to the s..uth of tluH )ttawa ut',e \l v have heenstjled the Hastin-s series, from the fc .f \\ ^ were first s,:udied in the co,mty of ilas ^^ a v^wt shS' ab e proport.on o schists, nncaceous, chlorith. and or,d d^" v,t . certan. re^Mdarly slatj be.ls, an.l others of tr e . 1 ,! eiate containn,^- ,p,artz pel.l.les. In certain portions the lit o h.Kjcal resend.lances I.etween the (Jrenville and Has i "s" . .cKh are very close, and they may, for all practical , p > ^« be re^^arde. as one and the same series. From an be of sec^-ons n.ade ,n the counties of Renfrew ,>n the ; > o^t^ Oftaua and ,n Pontiac. to the north of that river it won! 1 appear that the ori-dnal Grenville lin.estones ml intci' e K.-ey and rusty o;,„iss forn. the lower part of tlJ e ie n^ .f .s only on then- developn.ent westward towanis tl rt'vSi S rolllirir ''"'"""V" ^^'^ ''■•""^^^•'^•'^ Lave been^.; rd^ resc^ Se nr?;'"' ^;'' '-1"^ ^-- = a'"^ - ...a.'keclls the fo 8' 4 vfe I 1 " ,"■' '" f>''^'^'^"^'".^' ""'^ «>',.,mary report otlatdiv I '' '■••''^■^ '''" '"-^a'- tho Hristol iron mines o tlia in ,Moi Jt now aj.pears very conclusivelv established hat both Hi the eastern and western areas we 'have a we deve h.pod senes of n.cks, inclu.liuir limestones, o.eis and eh.sts M-lnch are of undoubted sedimentary or -Wn^bu which Avellas by other dynannc agencies, so that in manv uarts their ongmal characters have almost entirely disapp/u'ed.