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•.<r 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA. 
 
 Accident threw in our way a report published by General de Peyster, formerly 
 Adjutant-General of this State, and, for many years, in command of one of its 
 Militia Districts. Among other matters which received favorable notice, even of Jefferson 
 Davis, when Secretary of War, and other regular and militia officers, our attention waS' 
 excited by suggestions for the establishment of an available militia, which seemed to 
 be of sufficient value, even at this time, to justify a somewhat abridged republication of 
 them in this Magazine. Had these suggestions been adopted and applied, Pennsylvania 
 would not have found herself without inherent resources for defence against invasion, 
 nor would the State of New York have required the immense ,and useless outlay which 
 have been occasioned by her spasmodic eiforts to establish some reliable National Guard 
 organization in the hour of need. Moreover, even when the war broke out, had these 
 suggestions been put in practice the State would have been filled with officers capable of 
 imparting instruction and disciplining their commands ; not of learning their duty by 
 experience and at the expense of valuable lives intrusted to the ignorance of men with- 
 out study or theory, practice or experience. With these brief introductory remarks we 
 commend what follows to the investigation and reflection of our readers. These reports 
 bear date the 1st July, 1852 and 1st June, 1853. The first reappeared as Senate Docu- 
 ment No. 74, March 26th, 1853. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Suggestions for Changes in the 
 Militia Laws op the State of 
 New York. 
 
 I. — That a Military Fund for the sup- 
 port and supply of the Military Forces 
 of the State shall be created by means of a 
 Tax, collectable as part of the general 
 State Tax, and imposed in either of the fol- 
 lowing manners : 
 
 First — By a Poll Tax, at the rate of One 
 Dollar for each voter. 
 
 Second — Take as a basis the whole num- 
 ber of males in the State, between the ages 
 of 18 and 45, and raise by a property tax 
 a sum equal to that which would be real- 
 ized from a capitation tax of One Dollar 
 imposed upon that number. 
 
 If the first method be adopted, the only ex- 
 emptions should be officers in actual service, 
 members of existing uniform corps, and those 
 'who might hereafter become exempt by the per- 
 formance of military duty. 
 
 This fund should be strictly appropriated to 
 military purposes, and payable by the Comp- 
 troller only on the Draft of the Paymaster Gene- 
 ral, specifying the purposes for which it is 
 drawn. 
 
 As every citizen is protected by the law, each 
 should contribute to a fund destined for the 
 support of tliat law. 
 
 Thv aged, weak and infirm especially re(|uire 
 
 protection: property equally so, if not more. 
 Therefore, all should pay their proportion to- 
 wards Bustaining a force adequate for that pur- 
 pose. Substitution might be permitted, under 
 peculiar ciroumstanoea. 
 
 II. — That the list of voters shall be 
 the basis of the Enrollment. From such 
 list, Kosters shall be made out in and de- 
 posited at the Head Quarters of each 
 Regimental District, whose Commandant 
 shall designate a commissioned officer to 
 hear excuses and decide upon exemptions 
 in each election district, as shall be deter- 
 mined by law. 
 
 This would furnish the best data to en ble the 
 State to obtain its full proportion of the arms 
 annually distributed by th-^ General Govern- 
 ment, and afford a correct estimate of the effec- 
 tive military force of the State. 
 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio are said to resort to 
 their list of voters, in making out the annual 
 returns of their Militia to the United States 
 Adjutant General's Office ; thus receiving a 
 larger quota of arms than the State of New 
 York, although their effective Militia cannot be 
 near so niimerous, comparing the populations. 
 
 III. — Lists of those liable to military 
 duty in each town shall be deposited with 
 the Town Clerk ; then, in case of War, In- 
 surrection or Riot, the Commandant of each 
 Company District, or other Military Officer 
 residing near tlic threatened point, shall 
 have power to call out as many and any of 
 
/U2 
 
 those whose names appear upon such lists 
 as he shall be directed to furnish by any 
 Civil Officer who shall be authorised to 
 make such requisition. 
 
 In Rural Districts, much difficulty will al- 
 ways be experienced in obtaining without delay 
 a sufficient force to suppress riots, &c. The 
 above regulation would remedy this, if proper 
 and severe penalties were rigidly enforced 
 against all refusing to obey the summons of the 
 propnr officers. The supremacy of the law and 
 protection of person and property depend upon 
 the future thorough organization of the Militia, 
 and every facility should be afforded for insur- 
 ing their immediate and effective action, in case 
 of necessity. 
 
 It is useless to say a Sheriff can levy a suita- 
 ble posse at any moment; even in case the 
 population arc desirous of enforcing the law, it 
 is extremely difficult, but if averse, they will 
 tacitly assist the offender and annoy the officer. 
 In towns he may, but in the country it is almost 
 impossible to enlist a sufficient number of men 
 of intelligence and principle. Men of little or 
 no character, attracted by promise of pay, or 
 love of a frolic, will sometimes volunteer ; but 
 such are not the materials for a police force re- 
 quiring judgment, character, and due apprecia- 
 tion of the necessity of subordination, the rights 
 of others and the majesty of the law. 
 
 I have several times encountered this diffi- 
 culty, and in vain endeavored to obtain proper 
 volunteers among the respectable inhabitants; 
 and on two occasions, in 185U, during the dis- 
 turbances along the Hudson River Railroad, the 
 village near which I reside waa alone saved 
 from a bloody riot by the presence of Artillery 
 and a handful of inexperienced but determined 
 men, and the rumor tliat it was furnished with 
 arms, ' ,'hich, in point of fact, there were no 
 men to use. 
 
 IV. — The nuiiibor .^ulijcct to Military 
 duty should be divided into 4 levies, 10 ti) 
 25 ; 25 to 85 ; oo to 45 ; 4 J to 00. (Siciss, 
 — Neuchutelcsc^ (Hciicvrse, Jjcriicsc Militia 
 Laws.) 
 
 Drnlts for uniform companies should be talten 
 from the first, because it is not likely they have 
 as yet contracted fnmily tics, and youth pos- 
 sesses moie cntlmsiasn), activity, and dcsiie for 
 military display, because more prone to excite- 
 ment. The Gariie Nationale Mobile, of P/uis, 
 was composed of those between the ages ol Hi 
 and .'50. During the insurrection of June, 1848, 
 those who distinguishol themselves in tlie most 
 conspicuous inannei were ol .iges ranfjimr Inmi 
 15 to -2. Throtiglidiit Swil/erlaml volunleers 
 are received at 17; and in the Canton of \'aii<l. 
 military service is obligatory al that age; in the 
 
 Canton of Berne, at 16. The first and second 
 levies should be exhausted before the third and 
 fourth are called into service. 
 
 V. — In each Wing of an unorgani^ied 
 Regimental District there shall be at once 
 formed by Voluntary enrollment, and on 
 failure of that resource, and in case Volun- 
 teers in sufficient number do not present 
 themselves in sixty days, by duaft or 
 BALLOT, 2 Companies of Infantry or Rifle- 
 men ; and in the Regimental District at 
 large, a Platoon of Cavalry and a Section 
 of Artillery. The Infantry shall be also 
 drilled as Light Infantry; both Infantry 
 and Riflemen, as Foot Artillery j the Cav- 
 alry as Horse Artillery j and the Section of 
 Artillery, as Cavalry and Infantry. This 
 course of instruction would enable either 
 corps to use a Field Piece to advantage, 
 and perform efiectual service under any 
 circumstances. Draft or Ballot shall be 
 resorted to, to keep the ranks full, if Vol- 
 unteers do not immediately ofler, to supply 
 vacancies. (^Enylish Militia Laws, 1852.) 
 
 This would furnish an admirable police force, 
 part of which might be quartered in a riotous 
 district, to protect property and prevent disor- 
 ders, and be relieved by other corps from time 
 to time. The power of calling out these troops 
 for any lengthened period, shall be placed in 
 the hands of a Council composed of the Briga- 
 dier General, Colonels, Judges of County Courts 
 and Sheriffs in the Brigade Districts, any three 
 to constitute a Quorum, of which, however, a 
 Military Officer shall be one. In case that re- 
 sort to Draft or Ballot becomes necessary to 
 form these Corps, or supply vacancies therein, 
 Substitutes shall be permitted. From the first 
 levy should be excluded all those who have 
 families actually dependent on their daily labor. 
 
 '^ VI. — In each Division, liritradc and Re- 
 gimental District, there shall be a eouiplete 
 Nucleus or Cadre of General, Field and 
 Line Officers appointed by thedovernor; 
 Staff" Officers, as at present; Non Cominis-* 
 sioned Officers by the Clonimandants of ' 
 Regiments. Coniniissioned and Non Com- 
 missioned Line Officers shall be compelled 
 to serve, under severe penalties ibr refusal 
 vhen thus .selected ; for on them, in a ureat 
 nicrisuro. (Ic])enil tlic nro'aiiization ainl use- 
 fnlness of each Coin|(any. 
 
 Cadkes or Staff ("ours, the Skeletons or Stalls 
 
3 
 
 of Regiments (Battalions) or Companies, oom« 
 prise the officers and non-commissioned officers, 
 and sometimes field musicians of Corps, neces- 
 sary in^whole or part for tlieir organization, 
 kept up by different European Oovcrnments, as 
 the most effectual means of forming without de- 
 lay, or facilitating the formation of, their Na- 
 tional Guard, Militia, Landwehr, and reorgan- 
 izing their Regular Forces, especially in the 
 time of war and defeat. The Austrian Arht, 
 which, for more than a century, has suffered 
 greater disasters than any other in Europe, has 
 shown bow a well managed System of Depots, 
 (and Nuclei,) for men and horses, gave her the 
 power of reorganizing armies, so often destroy- 
 ed, yet always renewed. 
 
 What Empire has undergone greater trials 
 and yet triumphed in the end ! gradually wear- 
 ing out, it is true, because all struotares, na- 
 tional or individual, subjected to exhausting 
 labors and terrible convulsions, must in time 
 wear out. How has she maintained herself 
 thus, and accomplished her ends? By the 
 maintenance of a powerful and devoted army. 
 And that army ? By discipline. 
 
 What has that to do with Cadres t says the 
 unmilitary reader. Much — all. To constitute 
 an army, discipline must bo thoroughly impart- 
 ed; and by no moans can it be instilled so 
 speedily and effectively as by active, intelligent, 
 instructed Cadres, or Nuclei.* 
 
 jg^° The office of Major and Brigadier Gene- 
 ral shall be abolished, except in time of War, 
 Insurrection, or Invasion, (English and Swiss 
 Militia Laws, and in effect the Laws relating to 
 the National, Civic, Urban Guard, Sfc, of every 
 European Government,) or if officers with the 
 rank of General shall be found absolutely ne- 
 cessary, tlie number in this State shall be re- 
 duced to 4 Major Generals and 8 Brigadier 
 Generals; no Staft" Officer to hold a cominiasion 
 higher than that of Colonel. 
 
 Art. 0(1, Section v., Chapter vii., Militia Law 
 of tlie Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The 
 Council of Statu c\tJ oigiinizc tho Militia into 
 
 ♦ When a nation possessua neither Cadbea nor the 
 PniNciri.RH OP MiLiTAisY OuQANiZATioN, it i» extreiHoly 
 dlflicult for It to organize an army. Tlie first tiuaiity of 
 a woldier i« fortitude in tlie support of fatigue and priva- 
 tiouH (diHcipline): /jraverij u otUy necondanj. Poverty, 
 privation and distress, are the schools which produce 
 REAL soldiers. ( Warlike Maxinis of Napoleon, Burnod, 
 Russian General, Annotator.) 
 
 The nearer we approach nature, the nearer we ap- 
 proach perft^ction, is an axiom iu the formation and de- 
 velopment, of man's physical powers. Such heiuK the 
 case, an army should be perfect in all its details and 
 their operations, and in that respect assimilate to the 
 human structure, to which It has been aptly compared, 
 whose dlft'eretit members, according to many military 
 wrilcrs. are represented by the various Arms. Thus, 
 l)isi:irLiNK may be considered that j;alvauic intlueiice of 
 vitality and iirtelli<,'enc"e, oridnatln^ In the brain (the 
 CoMimander-ln-OhleO and vitals (the Chiefs and Heads 
 of Uc'partments) which is transmitted throughout the 
 whole, by the nerves and blood vessels (the Cadbes) 
 
 Brigades, appoint Chiefs, {not with the rank of 
 General, however,) of such Brigades, and confer 
 upon them u Rank superior to that of Command- 
 ant, or Chief of Battalion (Major). 
 
 It is to be hoped that the sad experience of 
 former miscarriages will effectually preclude 
 any further embodiment of the Militia inder 
 their own Generals, for active service in war, 
 and that even within her own borders the Militia 
 will never be called out by Brigades. Once in 
 a while Companies might be advantageously in- 
 corporated in the National Army, but as a gene- 
 ral thing Drafts will be resorted to should Re- 
 cruits fail, or the Volunteer System of the Mexi- 
 can Campaign be looked upon with distrust, or 
 discarded, as it should be. Should Volunteer 
 Regiments be again considered reliable, Gene- 
 rals, as well as all other officers, will be ap- 
 pointed through favoritism, or receive their 
 commissions as the rewards of political service, 
 or else the latter will be elected by their differ- 
 ent Commands. {See ^837 and 840 United States 
 Army Regulations of 1847.) Such being the 
 case, where is the necessity of any State Rank 
 above that of Colonel ? 
 
 Colonels, or rather good Colonels, are valua- 
 ble. Each is the head of a Military Family. 
 (See Article Xlll., Interior Economy of Regiments, 
 U. S. Array Regulations, 1847.) Generals can 
 only be made in the camp by experience, by 
 study, and by practice in the most difficult of 
 arts — that of wisely exercising command over 
 men. Rare and brilliant examples to the con- 
 trary, no doubt, exist, to astonish the world 
 with their talents ; but rarely a commander, 
 like Minerva, springs from the Divinity armed 
 and matured a perfect hero. Therefore, in case 
 of necessity, it would be much wiser to promote 
 Colonels, who have given proofs of ability, or if 
 the rank of General is such a necessity, let them 
 be breveted for faithful performance of duty. 
 
 VII. — In each llegiiiieiital IHstrict, the 
 
 Nucleus, Cadre, 
 thereof whall be 
 
 or Skeleton 
 drilled as a 
 
 Staif corps 
 company of 
 
 nourishing, regulating and constituting the motive 
 power, by whose healthful action, dependent on the 
 vigor and sound condition of their sources, succesB is al- 
 ways attained ; while, by their diseased influence, on the 
 other Iwnd, iu an army represented by iNDiscrPLiNE, as 
 in the case of a maniac, the operations are wise or un- 
 wise, good or evil, ae accident and passion, not reason, 
 dictate. 
 
 Sever an Important nerve or blood, vessel, and its de- 
 pendent organ is paralyzed or disabled; iu the same 
 manner, let the Cadre of any particular arm be destroyed, 
 or its formation or restoration uesjlected, what can the 
 men. left to themselves, accomplish, or how imparfectly 
 Is tlieir duty performed ! And yet. to carry out the com- 
 parison, like as nature, by anastomosis, carries on the 
 circulation and process of life, by an exquisite transferal 
 to other vessels of the duties of" those destroyed, so can 
 the able leader, by wise selections from corresponding 
 Corps, reorganize and tlius supply the absence or de- 
 
 ppiy 
 ffC!o 
 
Artillery, Cavalrv, Infantry, and Light In- 
 fantry ; the Colonel acting as Captain, 
 Lieut. Colonel and Major as Lieutenants. 
 Particular attention shall be paid to the 
 Bayonet Exercise and Gymnastics. (See 
 McLcUnn's Bayrmet Excrcue for the U. S. 
 Arn,,y.') A Company should consist of from 
 60 to 200 men. 
 
 Note. — At present, a Company of Infantry is 
 composed of 40 Privates and Non Commissioned 
 Officers, 3 Commissioned Officers and 8 Musi- 
 cians ; this is too small a number, for even in 
 tho regular service one-fifth is usually deducted 
 on account of sickness, absence, &o. A Com- 
 
 ttany of Infantry or Riflemen should have at 
 east CO Privates and Non Commissioned Officers 
 enrolled, and be permitted to consist of f^ooi 60 
 to 200 men. 
 
 !the same regulations should apply to Cavalry ; 
 but if any of the members of the Company 
 should be unabla to attend Parades, he should 
 be compelled to send his horse to mount a 
 trooper whose horse might be temporarily dis- 
 abled. {Danish Militia Laws for the Island of 
 Santa Cruz, West Indies.) In oil European ser- 
 vices, in a Regiment of Cavalry the number of 
 men exceeds the number of horses by at least 
 onc-t'ourtb. By this arrangement, the ranks, 
 mounted, will always remain full. 
 
 A Platoon of Infantry, Riflemen, or Cavalry, 
 should consist of from 20 to 30 Privates, 2 Ser- 
 geants, 1 Ordnance Sergeant, 2 Corporals, and 2 
 Drummers or Musicians, under the command of 
 a Lieutenant. To each Independent Corps of 
 Cavalry there should be a Farrier and Saddler. 
 
 A Section of Artillery should be composed of 
 not more than 1 First nnd 1 Second Lieutenant, 2 
 Sergeants, 1 Ordnance Sergeant, 2 Corporals, 1 
 Bugler, and 32 Privates, including Drivers, or 
 of less than 1 Lieutenant, 2 Sergeants, 1 Ord- 
 nance Sergeant, 2 Corporals, 1 Bugler, and 24 
 Privates, excluding Drivers {See Tables, pages 
 77 and 78. 
 
 VIII. — At the Head Quarters of each 
 Regimental District, or in some city or 
 populous village therein, but entirely sub- 
 ject to the control of the Commandant of 
 the Brigade and Regiment, in which one or 
 more Companies or the Skeleton Staff Corps 
 have been organized, shall be stationed two 
 Field Pieces, or a Field Piece and a Howit- 
 Ster, two Caissons and two Mountain Howit- 
 zers on Prairie Carriages, or those arranged 
 for Pack Saddles, and two Prairie Caissons 
 or Light Ammunition Carts. 
 
 Light Carts with narrow tracks for Mountaivi 
 
 Howitzer Ammunition, for service in this State, 
 especially in densely wooded and sparsely popu- 
 lated districts, are much more advisable than 
 Caissons or the Boxes and Puck Saddles ; for 
 there are few horses which will submit to such 
 a weight on their backs, unless broken expressly 
 for the service. 
 
 The Security Bondi^ hereafter accepted for 
 Artillery and Arms, shall be unexceptiona- 
 ble. 
 
 . IX. — To each Regimental Armory and 
 each Company having their arms and ac- 
 coutrements in a separate Armory, there 
 shall be an Ordnance Sergeant oi Armorer 
 appointed by the Commandant, to hold 
 office during his pleasure. 
 
 Bills for the service of such Ordnance Ser- 
 geants, Repairs to Arms, &c., &c., verified under 
 oath, shall be paid by the State. By this 
 arrangement, the State would save more by the 
 preservation of its arms, &c., &o., than ten 
 times the actual expenditure attendant thereon. 
 
 X. — The Fire Companies without the 
 bounds of the 1st Military Division of the 
 New York State Militia, shall hereafter be 
 under tho orders of the Officers command- 
 ing the Division Brigade and Regimental 
 Districts in which they are organized — form 
 part of their commands, and be subject to a 
 minute inspection by the Inspector appoint- 
 ed or assigned to each Division. (^Sec Laws 
 relatiny to the French National Guard and 
 Fire Corps, Prussian Landwehr, and every 
 other Onjunizatioa for Aid against Fire, 
 Militia Latos of the Canton of Geneva.^ 
 
 XI. — Whenever it shall be dcemea ad- 
 visable to organize one or more Fire Com- 
 panies, or a Sub-Division of a Company, 
 (^Platoon,) in a village or Company Dis- 
 trict, the necessity therefoi .shall be deter- 
 mined by a Board consisting of the Briga- 
 dier General, Colonel, and (Captain of tlie 
 Military District, and Supervisor or Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees, any three of 
 whom still constitute a quorum. 
 
 As an efficient Fire Company is so much 
 more important than one of any other 
 Arm, and the funds of few Company Dis- 
 tricts are sufficient to maintain more than 
 one Corps, preference shall always be given 
 to an Establishment like the former. 
 
 If, however, a seoor.d Company could be 
 
tate, 
 »opu- 
 tlian 
 ; for 
 
 BUOh 
 
 essly 
 
 ad- 
 
 formed, the momberg should only be entitled to 
 the surplus funds, if such there are after paying 
 the expenses of the Fire Company. 
 
 XII. — Each Corps of Firemen shall be 
 organized on the principles set fo'-th in 
 Table 4, page 6, with the proporiiv^n of 
 Officers, Musicians, Privates and Armament 
 therein specified,* but no company shall 
 consist of less than 50, nor more than 150 
 men. 
 
 [2.] Section 4. Code of the National 
 Guard — Formation of the National 
 Guard IFraw.e] — General Provisions — 
 Determinimj the Proportions of Officim, 
 Non- Commissioned Officers, Musicians, 
 and Privates. 
 
 ART. 33 — No. 4. — A Commune, where it is 
 possible, furnishes a Company, and the adjoin- 
 ing parts, the subdivision of a Company, (i. e., 
 a platoon V 
 
 A subdivision (platoon) of foot) of all arms, is 
 composed as set forth in the annexed table : 
 
 TOTAJ. NTXBEB 07 XKN. 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 ao 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 15. 
 
 90. 
 
 ao. 
 
 40. 
 
 50 
 
 Lieutenant, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8ub-Lieutenant, 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 Sergeants, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 Corporals, 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 Drnmmor, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 be 
 
 ART. 84. — No. 4. — A Company is usually 
 composed of from (50 to 200 men, according to 
 the populousness of the locality ; but if a Com- 
 mune can only furnish from 60 to 60 men, that 
 number forms a Company. 
 
 ART. 35.— No. 4.— A Company (of foot) of all 
 
 ♦ NoTB.— A» fn Pruesla, Blacksmithg are sought for the 
 service of the 12 pdr. unuis, and as will be seen In the his- 
 tory of the Parisian Fire Batt'n, (^irei?e«or< and Notes) 
 Masons, Carpenters, Roofers, and similar trades, were 
 originally forced to perform the duties of Firemen— as 
 they still arc in Pt-ussia, Switzerland and Fniuce, except 
 in the Capital— for the same reason, it would be advisa- 
 ble to offer such advantogcs to Mechanics as would in- 
 duce them to enlist in the proposed Fire Companies. 
 Thus, Machinists, Blaclcsmiths, and Wheelwrights, 
 would malce good Engineers or Assistants ; Ounsniiths 
 and Tool Manufacturers, Armorers and Assistants ; Car- 
 penters, Masons, and kindred trades, could act as Fire 
 Wardens, inspect l)uil(lin>js iu orogresfc of erection, and 
 examine dangerous localities liaole to tire, in addition to 
 their other duties ; Harness Makers, Trimmers, and even 
 Shoemakers, could be cliarged with the preservation and 
 supervision of the Hose, «c. ; Tailors superintend the 
 t'lothlng ; all trades forming u harmonious whole for the 
 protect&n of property and assistance of their neighbors. 
 Were the funds for its support derived from a Company 
 District, and sucli an organization legitimized, I have no 
 doubt a Fire Corps could be recruited in many localities 
 now most opposed to Militia duty. Our people arc utili- 
 tarian to the utmost degree. Satisfy them tliat imme- 
 diate benetit can be derived from an association, and 
 they will embrace the opportunity to fonn it at once. 
 Witness tlu^ Afsociations against Horse Thieves, once so 
 
 arms, (including Fire Corps, constituting part 
 of the National Guard) is composed as set forth 
 in the annexed table : 
 
 TOTAL NVHBBR OF MKN. 
 
 60 80 100 140 
 
 to to to to 
 
 ™„.p.„^.. 80. 100. 140. 900. 
 
 First Captain, Ill i 
 
 Second Captain, _ _ _ t 
 
 Lieutenants, 113 3 
 
 Sub-Lieutenants, 13 9 9 
 
 Sergeant-Major Ill l 
 
 Sergeant (Quartennaster,) (Fonrrior,) 111 i 
 
 Sergeants, 4 6 8 
 
 Corporals, 8 13 13 13 
 
 Drummers, 13 9 9 
 
 . JJ®* Abt. 86.— No. 4.— A National Guard of 
 Cavalry may also be formed in any Commune or 
 Canton where it may be judged useful or neces- 
 sary, always provided that ten persons will un- 
 dertake to equip and furnish themselves with 
 horses at their otvn expense. 
 
 In contradistinction to Infantry, Cavalry can 
 be organized by Canton and not by Commune. 
 
 WS' Art. 37.— No. 4.— A sub-division of a 
 Squadron, (Platoon,) or Squadron, is composed 
 according to the annexed table: 
 
 TOTAL NUMBKR OF MEN, 
 1 17 80 40 50 70 100 to 190 
 to to to to to to and 
 
 ™ * « . i 17 80 40 50 70 100 upward. 
 
 First Captain, . ______ i "^j 
 
 Second Captain, _______ j 
 
 Lieutenants, . . _ _ j ^ i g , j 
 Sub-Lieutenants, .— 11132 3 
 Marechal-de-logis-chef 
 — Ist or Orderly Ser- 
 geant, . ______ 1 1 
 
 Fourrier— Serg. Quar- 
 termaster, . ._____! J 
 
 Marechaux- de-logU— 
 
 Sergeants, . .19 8 3 4 4 8 
 
 JJrifl'adfer*— Corporals, 2 4 4 ft 8 8 16 
 
 Trumpeters, . .——1111 2 
 
 No. 38. No. 4. — In all fortified places and 
 Cantons along the coasts, there are Companies 
 
 common throughout the country, and the more recent 
 Mut"i'i Insurance Companies. I am satisfied that if the 
 ad- ' -Tges of my proposition were clearly demonstrated 
 to, ! ii' iTiderstood by our Legislators, these ideas would 
 not be onsidered Utopian. Although the immediate use 
 of oiu: Militia is to act as Police, (unpalatable as this 
 truth may be,) even that important service Is forgotten in 
 the idea that they are only raised to repel the aggression 
 of a foreign foe. This was their contemplatea, and is 
 their undoubted duty when occasion requires. Arguing 
 from these erroneous premises otir population caimot see 
 the benefit of costly preparations to meet an enemy which 
 may not appear during the present generation. Fire, on 
 the contrary, like Sin, is ever on the alert. No warning 
 voice heralds the midnight incendiary. Tlie devouring 
 flame knows no mercy— pardons no error— acknowledges 
 no truce. Have I not good reason for urging an efHcient 
 organization against such sleepless and implacable en- 
 mity? 
 
 " Of all the evils," (I translate M. Frond, to whose 
 able work I have been indebted for so much valuable and 
 Interesting information, embodied in my Fire Report of 
 1852,) " to which public and private property is exposed, 
 the most frequent, the most formidable, the most gene- 
 rally distributed, is Fire. If we consult history, we will 
 find mournful tokens of its ravages at every epoch, and in 
 every part of the world. There is scarcely a Metropolis 
 or important city, which has not again and again paid 
 
or Bub-diviBions of Companiee, of fuot or boruo 
 Arlillory. 
 
 IpiJSr No. 89. No. 4.— Those National Oiianls 
 will b(« ohoson for Artillorynion who po8se<*8 in 
 the hifihcHt defcrco the qualiiieB requiBite for 
 that Morvioe. 
 
 afc^"- No. 40. No. 4. — Wherever no paid 
 Corps nf Firemen (SapeurB-rompiers), exist as 
 belonging to the Line, Companies or sub-divi- 
 Bions of Companies of Volunteer Firemen, are 
 organized, (hut .^uch, however, constitute pari of 
 the National Guard, and are under the.Jurindietion 
 of the officer commandinij the Military District in 
 which thefi are located.) Art. 47. No. 4. 
 
 Fire Companies arc principally composed of 
 retired ofliccrs and disoliarged soldiers of the 
 Regular Engineer Corps, of Officers and Agents 
 of llio Corps of Bridges, Roads, and Mines, and 
 Mechanics. 
 
 No. 41. No. 4. — In the seaports and maritime 
 Cantons, there are Coinpauies of Sailors drilled 
 as soldiers, and answering somewhat to our 
 Marines and Naval Artificers, whose duty is the 
 protection of vessels and naval materials along 
 the coasts and in the harbors. 
 
 The decisions of the Council of Examination 
 relative to the assignment of individuals to Spe- 
 cial Corps and all other similar matters, aio 
 Jinal- . 
 
 [4.] Pi'oposri? Sfafr Orjjant'znfion in Rural 
 hisfrufg. — CoMl'ANY: [Sr.e Ortyinal 
 Jirporf, Note /?., iuhhntin io Note A'.] 
 With liuitlt OH a Corps n/ Eutjimer Sol- 
 diers, \^S'i}>pf'rs a»il MincrK.'] 
 
 Captain, Commandant, . 
 
 Enpineer, li»t llfutciiant, witli 
 aftolmllated rank of captain, 
 to entltlu tiim to connnand in 
 the abBence of ttie command- 
 ant ; if |K)f>i*tble, a pmctical 
 architect, maetur builder, or 
 macliinUt, .... 
 
 Ipt lifiitonant, .... 
 
 3d lieutenant, .... 
 
 PayniaHter. ad lieutenant, unit- 
 ing offlces of (luartcrmaster 
 ana secretary, 
 
 Orderly Hergeant, 
 
 Ordnance sergeant or armorer, 
 (if po8tiil)1e a gunsmith,) 
 
 NUM 
 
 BER 
 
 OF MEN. 
 
 1 at) 
 
 BO 
 
 75 100 
 
 to to 
 
 to 
 
 to and 
 
 H() 50 
 
 75 
 
 100 upward 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 till 
 
 1 
 
 heavy and ruthlesH tribute to this calamity ; aud if it were 
 not the destiny of large cities to rise, Phienlx-like, from 
 their ashes, to continue the struggle of humanity, we 
 would seek in vain upon oar soil, swept by so many ap- 
 palling disasters, the very spot once <x"cnpl'ed by the sur- 
 passing wonders of past ages." 
 
 The cities of America b<'ar sad testimony to the truth 
 of these remarks, for In no other quarter of the globe 
 have conflagrations levied sucrh frequent and nilnous cou- 
 trlbutloiis. If then the em-my apiinst whose attack it 
 most behoves us to guard, is so puissant and menacing, 
 the more efficient and energetic should be our prepara- 
 tions to meet and defeat it. 
 
 Assistant paymaster or «ocre- 
 tary, sergeant, 
 
 Hergeanis, .... 
 
 Assistant englneerti, sergeants, 
 iid class, (If |K)SHlhle machin- 
 ists, otiierwise blacksmiths or 
 wheelwrights, receiving small 
 mldiiional |Hty a» Inducement 
 to serve,) .... 
 
 Assistant armorers, corporals. 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 
 30 
 
 NUMiiRn or mif. 
 ao 60 7S 100 
 to to to and 
 60 76 100 upward 
 
 9 
 
 - 1 1 1 
 4 4 6 6 
 
 1 3 !i a 
 
 (If |M>sslble gunsmiths, receiv- 
 ing small additional pay, as 
 Inducement to serve,) . 
 
 Corporals, 
 
 Artifleers, privates, Ist class, 
 blacksmltbs, wheelwrights, or 
 other mechanics, receiving 
 small addltUnial pay as In- 
 ducements to serve. 
 
 Trumpeters, (drummers, or li- 
 fers, may bu substituted by 
 the captain,) .... 
 
 Drummers, .... 
 
 Flfers 
 
 APPARATUS AND ARMAMENT. 
 
 Engines, .... 
 
 Hose carts, .... 
 
 Gnns. (0 pdr., 13 pdr., or how- 
 itzers, 13 pdr., or 13 |Klr. 
 mountain howitzers,)* . 
 
 Artillery swords. 
 
 Muskets and Infantry accoutre- 
 ments, . ; . . . 
 
 XIII 
 
 1 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 — - 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 3 
 - 1 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 3 3 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 30 3U 60 
 
 3 
 
 SO 
 
 3 
 
 100 &c. 
 
 8 16 
 
 83 40 &c. 
 
 Fire Corps shall be ns^iniilutcd 
 for precedence on Parade, &c., to the N. Y. 
 S. Sapper and Miner Corps or Enoineer 
 Soldiers of the United States Army, and be 
 posted on the right of the Infantry and 
 left of the Artillery. They shall also be 
 drilled as Foot Artillery,! Infantry, or 
 I/ifiht Infantry, as may be determined by 
 the Krifradior General, or in his absence by 
 the Field Officers of the Ilejrimental Dis- 
 tricts, and be subject to the same Laws, 
 Rcpilations and Discipline, as the other 
 Military Forces of the State of New York. 
 
 * If mounted on prairie carriages they would be more 
 serviceable, and unite the advinitages of great mobility 
 with a system of exercise and manoeuvres the same as 
 that for field ttrtillery,of which those mounted on carriagOB 
 arranged for packing are not susceptible, 
 
 X N()TE.— As Foot Artillery, the i)lece8 could be 
 manamvred with bricoles, to save expense; but If the 
 Corps decided to horse the fluns, th(! same teams would 
 serve to c<mvey the Engines to any conflagration too dis- 
 tant for manual traiisporfatUiu, and thereby enlarge their 
 sphere of useftiluess in projjortion to the mobility of their 
 apparatus. 
 
 The most lm|iortant instruction of the Firemen Is (gym- 
 nastics. To learn this efl'ectually, a sufflcient sum should 
 be assigned from the General Fund of a city or village or 
 district, to enable a Corps to erect a Oyninaslum, 
 economical but still complete, which would not only in- 
 terest the members and serve as a bond of union. l)ut de- 
 velop their strtmgth, conduce to their health, aud render 
 them capable of (llschar"ing their arduous duties with 
 honor, admiration, and last and chiefly— safety. 
 
 The studies of niodiTii physiologists, and especially 
 thoseof the distinguished naturalist Lamarck, have per- 
 
or 
 
 ITNITEl) 8TATKS, 
 
 PRIOIUBNOB or RRUIMKNTIt AMD 
 OOBini. 
 
 Art. 1, 1 1, U. H. Army liojjula- 
 tlonM of 1H47. 
 
 \M, UgUt Artllliiry. 
 
 iki, Tliu Uuht UraKooiiH. 
 
 *l, Ofhi^r Rt'L'iiliir Oiivulry. 
 
 4fli, Thu Artlll.'ry. 
 
 Sill, Thii liirHiilry. 
 
 mh, Thi) Mitrino (UirpH. 
 
 7th, Tint Itlllxinun. 
 
 8th, Viiliiiituur Corns. I «#..«» n \ 
 
 nth, Mllltla. fNoTBU.) 
 
 ^ a. K>iKt>nuiitH of the wimo arm 
 will trtku procodcnco according to 
 nnmurical ordur— in tbu Millttii by 
 lot. 
 
 5 3. The nhovu ord<T of procodon'je, 
 (5 Si) roffrw to (Nirndcm ; on othiT oc- 
 cumIoiih thi! Ui^gliiiuntM nnd ('or|iH will 
 bo dUtrll)iit(!d mid driiwn iii> at* thi; 
 CominiindliiK OIHccr may Ju(i|uf^inoHt 
 proper for Ihu purjioBOH of thu Hurvicu. 
 
 FRANCK. 
 
 RANK or TUB DirrBRBNT ARMR. 
 
 AiiT. 70, Anth'y No. 3 Code of tho 
 National Oiiard. 
 
 iHt, Artllliiry. f«) 
 
 !ind. Plr«m(!ii.(ttMHlmllated to tho 
 HapiMirH and Mliicri*, Huctbm vll., 
 Art. U), I>aw nfthu Nutlouul Guard, 
 18 •Turn), IHRI.) 
 
 8d, Artillery. 
 
 4th, Cavalry. 
 
 6tb, MarlnoM or Naval Artlflcor», 
 (aHHiinllutud to the ('ori)H of I'on- 
 tonlorn, or that of Artillery Artl- 
 lleorH, Homuwhat oqnlvatont to 
 our Urdnaiico men. ^^ 
 
 «th. Troops of tho Line, (tho Army.) 
 (11 oiiimile.) 
 
 Art, 71, Whonevor tho National 
 (Juard uro hroimht to^othor tho dif- 
 ferent Cori)« take ui) the poHltioiw as- 
 xlyned to fhoni by tno Commandur-in- 
 Chlef. 
 
 Tho rank determined by Art. 70 
 reforH to procexHloim, paradoti, Ac. ; 
 but whenever there are any manwu- 
 vrt!B of Instruction, or serious service 
 to Iki performed, there Is no longer 
 any question or urocedence ; each 
 Corps takes up, such a position as tho 
 Comnninder-in-Chl(!f sees fit to assign 
 It, either for the i^xecuticm of the ma- 
 ncenvres or the huccchs of tho military 
 operation with which he is chnrKod. 
 
 (11 opposite,) AKT.7a. Whenever Na- 
 tional Guards serve with liegular 
 Troops (Corns Soldes) they take pre- 
 cedence of the latter. 
 
 J2©" Art. .Itl. Whenever the Na- 
 tional Guards serve with Troops of 
 the Lino, although the honor of pre- 
 cedence is res(!rved to tho former, tho 
 command of thts whole belongs to the 
 eldest ofHcer highest In rank of the 
 latter. (8) 
 
 SWITZKRLAND. 
 
 HANK OP TUB UIPrBRRNT ARMS. 
 
 ART. (13, Section V., Chopter VIL, 
 Militia Law of the Canton of Geneva. 
 
 1st, Knirlueers. 
 
 3d, Artillery, K<H;ket Baltoriea {Fu- 
 iweiiii) and Drivorit' CorpR. 
 
 !kl. Firemen. 
 
 Ith, (iavalry. 
 
 fith, Klllemen. 
 
 tlth. Infantry. 
 
 Nevertheless, tho ofllcor who com- 
 mands Inchlef can distribute tho dif- 
 ferent (.'oriis us he may Jud^e best for 
 the interests of the service and tho 
 success of the manceuvres. 
 
 Art. 04, Tho Klite. of each Arm, 
 takes rlirht of the Federal Renerve 
 and the Reserve of the Kanitwefir. 
 
 Art. )J5, The Itattallons of the tSlUe 
 take prcced(uico over each o'her, ac- 
 conllnir to tho annual rotation deter- 
 mined by law. 
 
 No UegiUar Trnopn are maintained 
 by the Swiss Confederation. 
 
 XV. Alonj? the sea-coast of tho State of 
 New York, especially that of iiOnj^ Island, 
 the resident seamen, boaMnen. fishermen, 
 
 '» 
 
 and all tho inhabitsints who derive their 
 
 fectly established that tho long continued practice of 
 Gymnastics accomplishes wonderftil elmu;;es in the 
 economy of the human system— distributes strength ac- 
 cording to the organs to which It is applied, and in fact 
 dotenmnes that it Is of tho utmost tmiiortfuico to restore 
 this Art to the |M)sitiou it enjoyed among the nations (xf 
 antiquity, who owe their superiority, mental and physi- 
 cal, to its sclentiflc application. 
 
 Among the Greeks, thrit kinds of Gymnastics were ac- 
 knowledged : the Military, Athletic, and Medical, whose 
 titles suftlclcntly Indteate the results to he attained 
 thereby. The llrst was lield in the highest estiniatlou 
 among the I'ersianH during tlie reign of Cyrus, and Xeuo- 
 phon nus bequituthed to iis a plan for tho education of 
 youth, which, If faithfully followed, would restore, as far 
 at least as the manly virtues and endurance are con- 
 cerned, tlio pnisent uenenitlon to the viooR op natqius. 
 
 NoTKil.) In the Imlted StJitcs, tho Regular Army, and 
 even Volunteer Corps, take nrecedence of the Militia, al- 
 though t he latter Is ('(miposea of the most valuable portion 
 of the community. Whereas, in France, (Hee Art, 72, oppo- 
 itite,) where the Army occupies so high a position, the Na- 
 tional Guard rank the lii^gular Trooos. The n^ason Is oli- 
 vious: as individuals, as fathers ot families, as citizens, 
 under every consideration, llicy occupy a more iflevated 
 situu(ioii,aud('oiise(|ueiilly their Corps are wurliiy the pre- 
 eminence accorded to them, but alttiough this honor U 
 conceded as soldiers, no r\\l <:an result I'nim it. (.Sk- 
 iitr- Art. m, TUie 111., Lawn oj the Wk JiUy, 17i)l, op- 
 posite.) 
 
 support from similar pursuits, shall be en- 
 rolled and liable to boat service fov the 
 preservation of life and property a. id for 
 the defence of the coiist. In all localities 
 
 (8) Note to Art. 71, AutKy 3.— Tho Artillery toko the 
 riuut (1. e., precedence,) when they parade (marche) 
 with their gum — without their f/uns they take the left. 
 
 April 4, 1H52. The writer was present In the Place do 
 Carnmsel, at i'aris, when about !»,U0() Troops paraded. 4 
 Regiments of Infantry, .^OtHtaK.OOO ; 1 Regiment of Artil- 
 lery, 1,500, t Ht^giment of C!liasseurs a cheval, 800; 1 
 Mqiutdron of Cuirassiers, a Hui)-Divsion of Gendamierie, 
 ifec, 500. First, the Infantry i>asscd In review before the 
 Emperor Louis Napoleon, then the Artillery, without 
 their guns, although they had with them detachments of 
 the 8iege and Pontoon 1'rains, i. e., specimens of each 
 equipage attached to ihuse serviceit, viz. : at most, 2 
 Mortars, 5 Siege Guns, 2 Pontoons, &c., and lust, the 
 Cavalry. 
 
 (8) If such a wise provision emanated from a leveling 
 body like the Revoliitiouary Government of France in 
 1701, when everything honorable, useful and titled was 
 destined to destruction, how great a folly la attributable 
 to our Legislators, who consign to inexperienced and un- 
 tried Militia Generals th(! leading of valuaiile forces, and 
 perhaps destine to disgrace and destruction their own 
 State and Regular Tro<)ps and practised Officers, by plac- 
 ing the latter iu situations to he commanded oythe 
 fornier, wlio, however respectiilile as ineu, cannot have 
 acquired a suttlcienl knovvledj-'e of that Art of Arts— tho 
 Science of War. 
 
 (4.) 'I'liiff is Ibi: order observed in the Army. Neverthe- 
 less. let,'islatioii wlativi^ to thifi matter is very obscure. 
 [Debate ill the Vhambtr of Depulles.) 
 
';■ 
 
 whore thero is OHpeoial danger of shipwreck 
 or the debarkation of an onemy'w force, 
 Coin panics or PlatoonH nhall bo organized 
 by voluntary enliHtuiont or by draft or bal- 
 lot, and drilled as Artillery, Imantry and 
 Gun and Jiifo-Woat Men. Koch Corps 
 HhuU be furnished with a Huffioient number 
 of Life-boat« and Life-preserving apparatus, 
 distributed in such manner us experience 
 may direct and necessity demand. 
 
 i^ (See Anaif/nment to Avprtmrinte 
 Service, Chapter j'l, f bth. Dc P.'s Kept.) 
 
 6th. Every class ot Volunteers, or Draft- 
 ed men, should be assigned to appropriate 
 services, with whose details it is in some, if 
 not a great, degree acquainted. Thus, 
 Sweden incorporates the inhabitants of her 
 coasts as seamen; Austria, those bordering 
 on navigable rivers as pontoneers, gun- 
 boatmen, and coast-guards In France, 
 Switzerland, and Prussia, those National 
 Guards are chosen as Firemen, Artillery- 
 men, Cavalry, Riflemen, who possess in the 
 highest degree the tastes, qualities, and in- 
 formation requisite for each peculiar ser- 
 vice ; and in the first, there are companies 
 of drilled sailors recruited along the coast. 
 By this method, the instructor finds his 
 labor lightened by the aptitude of his 
 pupils. Besides this, Switzerland claims 
 the .service of every one of her citizens, 
 sound in mind and body, each one with his 
 peculiar talent, di.^'cliargitig a duty anala- 
 
 NoTK 10.— I'nder the hend of Ahbionment to ArPRO- 
 ruiATE Hkiivicb, it Ih liii|)OHi<iblu Xn citu all Iho meitMUree 
 taken by £uro{)€aD KovvrnmentM to asHi^'n every indivi- 
 dnal to a duty for which he in in some nieuHiire prcnarcd 
 by bin daily labori*. piirHUitH, or HtiuiieR. In addition to 
 tho example uflbrdcHl by the Hwkiiihii or^rniiixntion for 
 coast defence, {See OHj/. /(f*';>7, Nnit t'.> the follnwiiiK are 
 importantand not without IntereKt: "C'aotain Klliot (Eno- 
 LANi>) Huppiiee ue with a |)lnn for rencleriu^ the llHber- 
 mcn, Iwatmcn, and other i>ea-furini; inbabltanto.uf the 
 coaHt available an a naval militia. ThlH naval militia 
 would differ from the lrre;jiili>r liind militia in thlc Im- 
 portant respect : That every man enttaged would be 
 really made for the nervlee in the nioxt lmiM>rtant 
 points, and could be found withont dlfBculty, and I'orth- 
 corainu, when wanted— the nature of biu emnloymcnt 
 fixing iiim to the coant. Tlie tlaon for thin »enioe would 
 be the very liardieHt in the whole country, and from the 
 lubitt* of their vwutiiin. the l)eKt prepared to brave 
 danger. Ah Captain Kiliol's plan, from \tn very complete- 
 neHH, would Huft'er by a partial Htiitement of its details, 
 we refrain from any hucIi view of it, and recommend our 
 readers' attention to it at full, but by no means immode- 
 rate, length in the pHUipiilet published by Kidirewuv.'' 
 Another somewhat Hiiiillar plan is proiiosed by W'm. 
 Sadlir, Bs(|., Civil KiiirinriT, (Kiii(lini(l.) i.Vk llli'ii<tiutiii 
 Snr^. •Mil Augiut, IKMI,) by which the sen riirliig iiibabl- 
 tanti' and simimr classei< arc enrolled, but not iiii bodied. 
 
 gous to his proper avocation, and all aiding 
 tn the completion of the National Army. 
 Thus, clergymen become chaplains ; physi- 
 cians and apothecaries fill the Medical 
 Stafl^; professed nurses, Injirmiers and 
 Ev.otiotncB ; lawyers, Judge Advocates, &c., 
 '^0. In fine, the whole male population are 
 distributed into four categories : 1st, Those 
 liable to actual duty ; 2d, Those who satisfy 
 the law by the discharge of military ser- 
 vice without actually carrying arms; .*{d, 
 Those temporarily or finally exempt, or ex- 
 cluded from service, who nro liable to a 
 
 itarytax; 4th, Those whoso condition 
 of mind and body relievo them from any 
 military impost or duty. (^Nvte 10.) 
 
 XVI.— The Corps of Sappers and Miners, 
 whose education in their appropriate duties 
 is often impracticable, sliull be changed 
 into an Ordnance Artificer Corps, under the 
 command of the Kegimental Ordnance Ser- 
 geants, and thoroughly instructed in the 
 preparation of all kinds of ammunition, &c., 
 &c.,and the care of Arms and Artillery. 
 
 XVII.— There shall be at least 24 
 Parades per year, or equivalent thereto. 
 At Paradefi Officers and Men shall receive 
 pay for themselves and horses, but no 
 rations ; or, in lieu of such Parades, one 
 month's Encampment, at which the Officers 
 and Men shall receive less pay for themselves 
 and horses, but have rations, forage, medical 
 treatment, &c., the same as Regular Troops. 
 
 while Cadrrs of ofHcora, complete armamenta, and even 
 Bwift vessels of a r>ccnliar model, urf)pell(!d by sail and 
 Bteara, carrying shiii-giins of the iieaviest calibres, are 
 permanently maintained at different stations along tho 
 coast. liy this means, crews could bt; instantly assem- 
 bled, partially drilled but conversant, by the very nature 
 of their daily avocations, with their most important 
 duties, and a nowerfiil defensive force remain nt tiie dis- 
 IM>8ition of the nation at little com|>arative expense. 
 Along our own coast« (United States,) and in all localitioa 
 where there Is danger of shipwreclt and loss of life ft-om 
 similar causes, companies of seamen or " Ixmgsliore- 
 roon," should lie organiTied with full complements of life- 
 boats and life preserving apparatus, distributed at dif- 
 ferent stations best adapted to the purpose;, and estab- 
 lished in localities perilous to mariners. These Corps, 
 organized as part or the Itf ilitia, and drilled as Artillery 
 and Infantry, would be available not only for human ends, 
 but also to oppose inimical descents upon the coast. This 
 would carry out the idea of Lieutenant Maury's Coast 
 Flying Artillery 1 withont being trammeled by any of hla 
 anpantntly impracticabb! suggestiems. Properly embo- 
 tlied, instructed, and equipoed, in Iht; mcmieut ofdiinger 
 the whole seabonrd would ne funilHlied witli u force sufll- 
 cient to cbecli the diseiiil)arkatloii of predatory parties, 
 beat olfslnt^le vessels, and eveii mhuII H(|uadriiiiH, while 
 III pcjire Its ini-mbcrs would be nlile lo aflord clHi'lent aid 
 to the nnlortuiiale. (Mee dk I'.'s Ueporl, !iil I'age, 6l-'5.) 
 

 
 By P*rade«, are meant meetings of the Men 
 by nquaii, (^oinpany, or llt'Kiniunt, or in larf^er 
 UoilioH, for tlioroiigli Military InHtruction. 
 
 Artillery, Hhot and Hliell, MuHkel, Rifle, Car. 
 bino and IMmIoI Targut Firing, flliall be taught 
 tu, and praatlHod, annually, by each Company 
 and CorpH, according to Kegulation and under 
 tlin direction of oxperienood ofBoerH and in- 
 81 motors fur each Arm. 
 
 PAV-()N pba(;e footing. 
 
 PiiLn— Colonel, LIuutonant llolnuvl. 
 Major, HM Willi M all Ofllc«n* of 
 MU|M<rlor rank, (Including allowancu 
 
 for hornuM,) 
 
 BTAri»— ('oinmlHulonod, 
 
 Warrant, 3 SO 
 
 " (tucludhiK .illownnce for 
 
 horiifli*,) 1 81 
 
 Ahtillbrt— ComralMMlonod, (tnclad- 
 
 iuK aitowiincu for horHox,) . . 8 U() 
 
 Pur 
 Diuni. 
 
 $8 BO 
 8 1)0 
 
 Per 
 Month. 
 
 $78 
 60 
 00 
 
 M 
 
 «0 
 
 fO.OOO 
 
 • I*r^ct for (tad KMimaU of an Annuai, DlvMon, 
 Camp of IiwlrHcflon for tn/nntry, amended from 
 that of W. /.'. 1^7, Culonel of the If. Y. A TrooiM. 
 {NoteUee ^ XVII.) 
 
 In mvXi DIvIhIoii DlHtrlct, coinnrlnlnj; 3 Brlg- 
 adux, uarh iioinpoHud of i Itutfiinenti*, Ww.ro 
 hIiiiH lie unciiinpud, in Homti hciuthfiil loctkllly, 
 %t\ miMi, 51) nit'ii hi'lnif Hi-ltfctciil (!«ch year from 
 each (.'onipiiny DIhItIcI, In rotation— or \vm In 
 proportion, if tlutro bu more than 4 Itu^i- 
 miuttH In till" DIvlHlon, whoHo pay for 110 dayH, 
 ul 50 ccntrt per day, per man, would amount to 
 
 Vomitany ami IVon- CommixHorwd Officern to lie 
 HtlecteHfrom the tiuuif deiiervin/f, and a/tpolnted 
 after the Vamp htw broken up and men returnsd 
 home. 
 
 Major Qonural, actln){ at) 
 
 Colonel, f2.no, 00 dayo, . 
 
 Ori^V (lenorulH, actlii;; an 
 
 Lt. Col. and Major, |t2.6U, 
 
 (K)day* 
 
 (.'olonefn, iictlnR m Cap- 
 
 tatiiH, |-j.,')(), tN) dayt*. 
 Lt. Coloneirt, acting tin Lieu- 
 tenant h, f '.2.50, IH) (liiyM, . 
 Majors, acting ax 3d Lleu- 
 tenantH, $3.50. tlO dayx, . 
 4" Ser^'emitrt detailed from the 
 Regular Army, well recommended for morality 
 una capacity, to Hiiperintend ttie Drill and Ex- 
 ercixeit, and carry tlu' men tUroii{L;h the School 
 of the Soldier and Piece, f 30 per month. Thewu 
 SerijeantH to act an Camp Koepern, Superin- 
 tundentK of the Bulldingrt, Ac, Ac, when not 
 occupied with the InHtruction of the troops. 
 
 ilATioNs for 300 men at 3.» cento a day, for iM) 
 d» 
 
 Provide their 
 own mcHO, uni- 
 forms, and l{(!ep 
 a hornB eacli, for 
 artillery drill, &c. 
 
 iNCTnticTons.- 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1335 
 
 450 
 900 
 900 
 
 iWO 
 
 !MiO 
 
 lyx, . .* 
 
 (ItatiouH to be contracted for by Colonel, Lt. 
 i'olonel, and Major of each Reghnent.) f 
 
 (llationi* 14<Kt per year for the 4 Sergeants, al- (. 
 ways on duty (' 
 
 .Miioie.— Eittlmat(!d, IK) dayH, .... 
 
 Intbukht.— 7 per cent,, on purchase of) 
 OrolindH, Hooplialo. Stables, Sergeants' Dwel- | 
 lingH, and Drill Shed for wet «eather, &c., 
 which would ulno anxwer for the ArtUlery, 
 estimated, ♦30.000, 
 
 [Inifoum. — A frock-coat, trowsers and cap 
 would last 3 Camps of Instruction— 300 at fl"), 
 $:|,(KH), )i each year. (If the men injure their 
 uniforms unnecessarily, deduct damage from 
 pay.) , 
 
 Mii.RAOK of privates to and from camp and) 
 residences 3(K) men. at say |.l each, . . . f 
 
 Total annual e.\i)ense. 
 
 " [ 4,800 
 
 400 
 1,100 
 
 L.'iOO 
 
 (100 
 f33,l(MI 
 
 Per For 
 
 Diem. Month. 
 Warrant, (including allowance for 
 
 horHOM,) 8 00 00 
 
 Warrant, not mounted,) ... 1 00 18 
 
 PrivatuH, " •> . . . 1 aa 15 
 Bugler, (Including allowance for 
 
 liorso,) 8 BO (10 
 
 1 60 80 
 
 1 50 38 
 
 1 m 
 1 an 
 
 3 00 
 
 90 
 
 18 
 40 
 
 HorsuM, (no teamiiterH,) 
 Limb— (.'ommlMsioned, (not mounted,) 
 Non-CommlsHlonod, Herguant, (not 
 
 mcmnted,) 
 
 Non-l'ommlsslonod, Corporals, (not 
 
 mimntod, 
 
 Municiaus, (not mounted,) 
 
 By roHtrioting the pay to amounts just Hufli- 
 oient to cover expenses, personH destitute of 
 military spirit will not seek for positions re(|uir- 
 ing science, labor and determination, and there- 
 by one of the fertile sources of decay in the old 
 Nlilitia System will be avoided. 
 
 ILWNI 
 
 AnnwU, Division, Camp of Instructimtfor Artillery. 
 
 Amoitnt anouoiiT roHWAnn, tM,100 
 10 Mbn, selected at large f^om eacli Keglmen- ~ 
 tal District, counting 4 to a Division, 40 in all, 
 every year new men, at 50 cents per day, i)er 
 
 man, for 00 days, 
 
 871IoRMBs; 83 draught, for 4 0-pdrs. and 4' 
 caissons, 3 sections, 4 for each gun and each 
 caisson ; fmaddh, 4 for non-commissioned oOl- 
 cers, the men acting as smh In turn, 1 for trum- 
 peter ; the general anu liitid otHcers, mounted 
 on their own horses, commanding In rotation. V 4,995 
 These liorses stiould be contracted for. Includ- 
 ing drivers and stal)le-boys to groom them, at 
 ill. 50, estimated, per day each— the comple- 
 ment to bu always ready for service, and no 
 further trouble about horses or stablemen, 00 
 
 days 
 
 Rations.— 35 cents per day, 40 men. 
 Uniforms, $15 each, 40 men, $000 half an- 1 
 
 nually, f 
 
 MiLBAOB, to and from camp and residences, 40 ) 
 men, (estimated,; f 
 
 Horses for Artillery miglit be dispensed with ] 
 for 1st mimth, while setting up the men and in- I 
 structing tluim In the School of the Piece, 1-3 of f 
 4995—1005 J 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Annual K\i)onse of Division Camp of In- 
 strtictlou, tor Infantry, , 
 
 Annnal Expense of Division Camp of In- 1 „ .^n 
 structloii, for iVrtlllery f "'^°" 
 
 900 
 
 :f 
 
 Annual expense of 8 Camps of Instruction, ' 
 total 1,000 Infantry and 330 Artillery, being one 
 for each of the 8 Division Districts in this 
 State, , 
 
 Pay of Adjutant General, acting as Inspector' 
 General, 3 months. The selection and employ- 
 ment of an ofllcer of tlie Regular Army, rank- 
 ing as a tleld otHcer, and possessing the re- 
 qidslto quallflcations, would be most advan- 
 tageous, J 
 
 Pay of Adjutants, Subalterns from the Regu-' 
 lar Army, Graduates of West Point, as Assist- 
 ants to Adjutant-General, %"*i each, for 3 
 months, ...,....] 
 
 Total, exclusive of Ordnance and Ord. Stores, 
 
 At these Camps, the men miglit bo Instructed 
 fortittcatlon, shot and shell ilrlng. horsemanship, 
 those exercises which tend to develop the forces, 
 conducive to health, soldlu;iy hearing, and ecu 
 provement. 
 
 $38,560 
 $338,400 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 $381,400 
 In tleld 
 and all 
 and are 
 
 I'l'al im- 
 
10 
 
 i 
 
 Politics and Ignorance should never 
 bo allowed to creep into a Military Organiza- 
 tion. 
 
 XVIII. — Besides the Adjutant General 
 at Albany, there shall be as many Assis- 
 tant Adjutant Generals charged with the 
 duties of Inspecting Officers as there are 
 Division Districts in the State. The latter 
 shall never be assigned to the Districts in 
 which they reside, but their annual tour of 
 Inspection shall be designated by the Chief 
 of their Department. The advantages of 
 this system arc obvious. 
 
 Ties rf neighborhood, intimacy, interest, rela- 
 tionship, politics or family, would not sway an 
 officer in a strange district. The result would 
 be, that the law and regulations of the service 
 would be rigidly enforced, and correct returns 
 demonstrate the real strength of the Militia. 
 
 The Adjutant General, Heads of Departments, 
 and all Staff Officers above the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant, shall be chosen from Officers of the 
 Line, of appropriate rank and possessing the 
 requisite qualifications, unless supplied from a 
 State Military School. 
 
 The Offiob of Imspkctob Qknebal, as now 
 establishen, shall be abolished. 
 
 Staff Officers in the U. S. Army, with some few 
 exceptions, provided for bt/ lair, are supplied from 
 the Line of the Army. In Kmjland, Switzerland, 
 France, Prussia, and in fact every other civilized 
 (fovernment, ihf Staff is considered of such vital I'm- 
 portance to the Landwehr, National Guard and 
 Militia that it is maintained permanently and filled 
 frith the best talent, energy and fidelity the nation 
 can produce, or command. 
 
 XIX. — All Kostens, Kcturns, Accounts, 
 &c., .shall be verified in the .stricte.«it man- 
 ner, under oath, under penalty for perjury. 
 
 XX. — No person .shall be eoiumissioned 
 as an officer until he has passed a satisfac- 
 tory examination before a IJoard of Officers 
 superior or equal in risnk to that to which 
 he has been appointed, and no Officer shall 
 be suffered to continue in command who 
 does not read and write fluently, and under- 
 stand the practical branches of Aritlimetic. 
 [^fJnylish tnid Sin'K.s Militia Lmrs ; Krrn/ 
 iJuropiiin Mi/ihin/ Si/st'm.'\ 
 
 This suffgo.xlion uiay weeni siijicrtluoii'^, but 1 
 have often met officers who maile a good figure 
 
 on parade, yet possessed of neither of the above 
 requisites. 
 
 XXI. — Pay Department organized on 
 United States basis — Bureau at Albany. 
 Two Travelling Paymasters for the State. 
 
 XXII. — An Ordnance Department shall 
 be organized, consisting of One Colonel, 
 who shall be styled Chief of the Ordnance 
 of the State of New York, and as many 
 Captains as there are Division Districts in 
 the State. The duties of these officers 
 shall be similar to those prescribed by the 
 Regulations of the U. S. Ordnance Depart- 
 ment, subject to such alterations and 
 amendments as will render it applicable to 
 the State service. From time to time the 
 Commander-in-Chief shall assemble an 
 Ordnance Board, consisting of the Colonel 
 and four Captains of Ordnance, and three 
 *of whom shall constitute a Quorum, to de- 
 termine what Arms and Equipments shall 
 be drawn, as the annual quota due to the 
 State of New York by the General Govern- 
 ment, and transact all business relating to 
 their Department. 
 
 At present, the Draft of Arms referred to in 
 this Section depends on the judgment and bias 
 of one or two Officers, who, however able, can- 
 not decide on the actual wants of the Militia as 
 well as a Council of able men selected from the 
 different Districts. 
 
 XXIII. — In order to distinguish Officers 
 in actual command, who have faithfully 
 served for more than four (4) years, the 
 period necessary to exempt them from far- 
 ther Military service, as shall appear Irom 
 a Certificate from the Adjutant General's 
 office, under seal, setting forth the dates of 
 each Commission, held by them and Staff, 
 Department or Corps, in which they served, 
 such officers shall be authorized to wear, as 
 a JUark of Distinction, on their left breast, 
 a Medal suspended by a Mazarine blue 
 ribbon of the following material and pat- 
 tern, according to rank, elegantly cha.sed 
 and inscribed on the Obverse with a num- 
 ber denoting their length of .service, having 
 lielow the year when conferred, and on the 
 Ueverse, with their grade or grades, and 
 the date from which their rank took eflect. 
 
u 
 
 For Generah — Of Gold — 1 iuch in dia- 
 meter. 
 
 For Field Oj/ker»—Of Silver— u 13 
 pointed Star li inch diameter from point 
 to point. 
 
 For Comjmnjf Officers — Of Silver — 1 
 inch in diameter. 
 
 For Staff Officers — A Maltese Cross, of 
 the material appropriate to the wearer's 
 rank — H inches extreme diameter, hand- 
 somely engraved like the foregoing, but 
 bearing in conspicuous characters over the 
 figure denoting length of service, the word 
 Staff. 
 
 The decoration would at once designate long 
 and meritorious service, and distinguish be- 
 tween Officers who accepted commissions merely 
 to avoid other duties, and those who take a pride 
 and persevere in their profession at a sacrifice 
 of time, labor, and too often their means. 
 
 An Order of Merit, styled the " Excel- 
 sior," shall be instituted, and the following 
 Decoration established for the reward of 
 important services or distinguished merit, 
 to be conferred by his Excellency the Gov- 
 ernor, consisting of a Gold or Silver Medal, 
 according to the importance of the service 
 for which it is bestowed— engraved on the 
 Obverse with the Arms of the State of New 
 York, the motto " Excehior " plainly legi- 
 ble, and on the Reverse with an in- 
 scription setting forth the name of the 
 Governor by whom bestowed and that of 
 the recipient, date of conferring and service 
 performed. 
 
 The Governor shall have the power to 
 confer such a Medal on any officer, pro- 
 vided a Board of 3 Officers (of equal or 
 superior rank to the nominee) designated 
 by him to examine into the matter, shall 
 decide that no objection exists to his 
 investiture with such an honorable distinc- 
 tion. 
 
 These suggestions, if approved by the Gover- 
 nor, might be elaborated by a Commission se- 
 lected among distinguished Officers from the 
 Slate at large. In n»y mind, there is no doubt 
 that (he Governor is invested witli tlic power to 
 establish sucii Badges of Merit, which would be 
 
 the means of creating a generous emulation and 
 devotion in the Militia of the State, dormant 
 from the very fact that merit and talent can 
 only be rewarded by election to command. Once 
 instituted, the decorated Private would feel as 
 proud of his Modal or Badge, as the Officer of 
 his Commission ; and, in like manner that the 
 famous La Tour d'Auvergne, refusing promo- 
 tion, preferred the title of First Grenadier of 
 France ; remain satisfied with the admiration of 
 his comrades and respect of his superiors, en- 
 joying the enviable distinction of having won 
 his Badge in a struggle, in which, while open 
 to all, the worthiest alone could attain the 
 prize. 
 
 XXIV. At some healthful central loca- 
 tion, a State Military School shall be es- 
 tablished, on a basis similar to that of the 
 United States Military Academy at West 
 Point. The course of study shall last for 
 five (5) years, the last year to be devoted 
 to instruction in Gymnastics, Equitation, 
 Civil and Military Engineering, and such 
 studies as will fit the pupils for the usual 
 pursuits of life, so that they will have re- 
 sources in themselves when they leave the 
 State Service. The pupils shall remain at 
 the disposition of the State Government for 
 two (2) years after their studies are com- 
 pleted, as an equivalent for their education, 
 and shall be employed as Adjutants or in 
 other Staff offices. Brigade Majors, and In- 
 spectors and Instructors of the Line of the 
 Militia, Engineers of the State Works, and 
 Professors and Teachers in the State Col- 
 leges and Schools, &c. 
 
 The number of pupils shall not exceed 
 [128 -f-32-|-25] 185, renewed annually, ap- 
 pointed in tne following manner : 
 
 First — One (1) for each Assembly and 
 two (2) fot each Senatorial District, chosen 
 as follows: A Council — composed for an 
 Assembly District, of the Brigadier Gene- 
 ral and Field Officers of the Militia District 
 and Judges of the State Courts of the 
 Judicial District in which it is comprised. 
 County Judge, and member of Assembly 
 elect — shall meet, discuss and propose to 
 the Governor the names of three (3) candi- 
 dates, from which he shall elect one (1) j 
 for a Senatorial District, of the Major 
 
12 
 
 
 i. 
 
 General, Brigadier General, and Colonels 
 of the Militia District, and Judges of the 
 State Courts of the Judicial Districts in 
 which it is comprised, County Judge or 
 Judges, and Senator elect — who shall meet, 
 discuss, and propose to the Governor the 
 names of six (6) candidates, of which he 
 shall select two (2). 
 
 Second — Twenty-five (25), who shall be 
 chosen and appointed by the Governor from 
 the State at i^arge. 
 
 For the use of the pupils, there shall be 
 kept up a number of saddle horses, suffi- 
 cient for their instruction in Cavalry tactics, 
 and a number of draught horses, to horse 
 two sections of Artillery. 
 
 {Smh Schools are maintained hy every 
 Knrnpt'iin (Jovcrnment, however circMm- 
 arrihed in territory/ or restricted in means.) 
 
 XXV.— The Military (Committee of the 
 Now York State Legislature shall bring in 
 a Hill, in effect the mere framework or 
 skeleton of a law, (General Principles on 
 the basis of the United States Army Regu- 
 lations, but founded on mature considera- 
 tion of the advantages of foreign Systems 
 of National Defenco.) the details of which 
 shall become a law by the signature of the 
 Governor, on the recommendation of a 
 Board of experienced, scientific Officers, 
 convened at Albany for that purpose. Such 
 a course would nieet the views of ail, avoid 
 sectional prejudices, and give the Militia 
 that standing which alone can win general 
 respect and good will. In order to repre- 
 sent the wishes of the Militia throughout 
 the State, each Regiment shall desigmite a 
 person fit to serve on such a Board. The.se 
 seventy again shall choose one for each 
 Division District, and the Commander-in- 
 Chief have the power of designating two — 
 ten in all. This Board .shall then consult 
 authorities, receive and examine communi- 
 cations and suggestions from every one able 
 or willing to lay them before it. weigh every 
 Section dispassionately, and .select the most 
 beneficial, the matter finally adopted to be- 
 come the law of the land ; ])rovided, always, 
 it is not in violation of the Constitution of 
 th(i State, or of the I'niled States, or any 
 
 Act of Congress relating to the Militia or 
 Public Defence. 
 
 The Title of these Refortb are, Ist : Rbfobt to his 
 Excellency Wabuikoton Hunt, Governor of the State 
 of New York, &c., &c., on the suhlect of the organiza- 
 tion of the National Guard ana Municipal Military 
 Systems, including the French and Florentine (paid) 
 lire Departments, of Europe, and the Artillery and 
 Arms best adapted to the State Service, in pnrsnanee of 
 General Order, No. 411, and Inetructionu of 29th July, 
 1861, presented IVom Tlvoli Head Quarters, 9th Brigade, 
 8rd Division, N. Y. S. I., Ist July, 1862; printed as 
 N. Y. State Senatk Document, No. 74, March a6th, 
 1863. 
 
 3d. Report to his Excellency Horatio Seymour, Gov- 
 ernor of the State of -New York, on the subject of the 
 organization of tlu' English and Swiss Militia, the French, 
 (Parisian, Lyonnose) : Swiss, (Genevese) ; and l*ruBsian, 
 (Berlin) Fire Deimrtmcnts, the Reorganization of 1851, of 
 the Military Forces of the Kingdom of Sardinia, &c., Ac., 
 &c. Presented from Tlvoli on the Ist June, 1853.— 
 Besides Reports on, and Analyses of the English, Swed- 
 ish, Norwegian, Prussian, Austrian, German States, 
 and Free Cities, French, Swiss, Sardinian, Tuscan, 
 HoUaudish, Spanish, Turkish, Tunisian Military Or- 
 
 tanl7.ations, from which the State of New York could 
 erlve benefit in preimring an efllcient Militia System. 
 These Documents contained. References to Military 
 Schools mentioned by foreign Governments; Sugges- 
 tions for Clianges and Improvements in the exist- 
 ing Militia Laws ; Simple Uniforms and plain Desig- 
 nations or Badges of liank, since adopted in a great 
 measure by the Rebel War Department; Millitary Medi- 
 cine ; Telegraphing ; Rewards and Punishments ; Ex- 
 planations and Rerommendatious of a New System of 
 Field Artillery, (viz.. the Louis Napoleo.n mobilized 
 12 pounder, hovltzer guns, now the favorite gun in the 
 United States service); the fikst Digested Suoqks- 
 tions for a Paid Fire Department with Steam Fikb 
 Engines and Regular SysUm of Fire Escn])eii ; Analyses 
 of the Parisian Organizations against Fire with notices 
 of the St. Petersburg and other European Fire De}Mirt- 
 ments : Reports upon Arms and Armament, in general, 
 including imrtlcularly the Swedish Carbine Pistol, a 
 Cavalry WeajMrn, adopted in the United States Anny 
 without a word of credit for the idea to the Re|)ortiiig 
 Officer by Jefferson Davis, when United States Secre- 
 tary of War; Cavalry (particularly the liank Kntiix 
 System) translation of the Italian (Sardinian) Beksa- 
 ulieke or Uifle Tactics, from the Original Manuscript 
 of Lieutenant (ienerai Ai.EssANniio della Marmora, 
 Institute of that Ann, conteiniM>raueous or antecedent 
 to the Lirganlxatioii of the celebrated Chasseurt 
 d' Oiieau* or de Vlitctuntfi, in France; &c., &v.. 
 
 These Reports were the Results of two visits to 
 Europe, 1H51-2. and 1K)2-:1, and of several years close 
 study and Analysis. They c )Ht the author, besides 
 an Immense amount of labor, (iiiite a \at''c expenditure 
 of money, for authoritieH, (ipcciinuns, aruwlngs, Ac., 
 never reimbursed and neviT ackiiowlt-dged bv tlie State 
 Authorities. To His Excellency WAsiiixtiToN flUNT, Gov- 
 ernor of New York, is due the uuthiirl/iitinn. and to His 
 Excellency Millard Fillmore, President of tlie United 
 States, the endorsement necessary to enable the author 
 to accomplish his labors; and had the ettlclent Whig 
 Governor, Hunt, continued in powur, X\w Reports would 
 doubtless have been acted upon as far as practicable 
 under our Institutions. The Fire Report presented to 
 (Jovernor Hunt, one of the best (iovernors this State 
 ever honored with the highest position in the gift of 
 Its people, was ri^warded with a lieaiitiful gold niediil. 
 Tliat the second l{ei)ort was not received with equal 
 favor and attention may be attributable to the tart, 
 that during the author's second visit to Europe a new 
 election had placed another person in the Kxccutive 
 Chair, and a new set of represeniatlves in the Senate 
 and Leglsliilure, who had tlieir own or ditVereiil views 
 in regard to the necessity of radical chmigus and 
 pnu'tleai Improvements In the Militia System of the 
 State.