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Had these suggestions been adopted and applied, Pennsylvania would not have found herself without inherent resources for defence against invasion, nor would the State of New York have required the immense ,and useless outlay which have been occasioned by her spasmodic eiforts to establish some reliable National Guard organization in the hour of need. Moreover, even when the war broke out, had these suggestions been put in practice the State would have been filled with officers capable of imparting instruction and disciplining their commands ; not of learning their duty by experience and at the expense of valuable lives intrusted to the ignorance of men with- out study or theory, practice or experience. With these brief introductory remarks we commend what follows to the investigation and reflection of our readers. These reports bear date the 1st July, 1852 and 1st June, 1853. The first reappeared as Senate Docu- ment No. 74, March 26th, 1853. CHAPTER I. Suggestions for Changes in the Militia Laws op the State of New York. I. — That a Military Fund for the sup- port and supply of the Military Forces of the State shall be created by means of a Tax, collectable as part of the general State Tax, and imposed in either of the fol- lowing manners : First — By a Poll Tax, at the rate of One Dollar for each voter. Second — Take as a basis the whole num- ber of males in the State, between the ages of 18 and 45, and raise by a property tax a sum equal to that which would be real- ized from a capitation tax of One Dollar imposed upon that number. If the first method be adopted, the only ex- emptions should be officers in actual service, members of existing uniform corps, and those 'who might hereafter become exempt by the per- formance of military duty. This fund should be strictly appropriated to military purposes, and payable by the Comp- troller only on the Draft of the Paymaster Gene- ral, specifying the purposes for which it is drawn. As every citizen is protected by the law, each should contribute to a fund destined for the support of tliat law. Thv aged, weak and infirm especially re(|uire protection: property equally so, if not more. Therefore, all should pay their proportion to- wards Bustaining a force adequate for that pur- pose. Substitution might be permitted, under peculiar ciroumstanoea. II. — That the list of voters shall be the basis of the Enrollment. From such list, Kosters shall be made out in and de- posited at the Head Quarters of each Regimental District, whose Commandant shall designate a commissioned officer to hear excuses and decide upon exemptions in each election district, as shall be deter- mined by law. This would furnish the best data to en ble the State to obtain its full proportion of the arms annually distributed by th-^ General Govern- ment, and afford a correct estimate of the effec- tive military force of the State. Pennsylvania and Ohio are said to resort to their list of voters, in making out the annual returns of their Militia to the United States Adjutant General's Office ; thus receiving a larger quota of arms than the State of New York, although their effective Militia cannot be near so niimerous, comparing the populations. III. — Lists of those liable to military duty in each town shall be deposited with the Town Clerk ; then, in case of War, In- surrection or Riot, the Commandant of each Company District, or other Military Officer residing near tlic threatened point, shall have power to call out as many and any of /U2 those whose names appear upon such lists as he shall be directed to furnish by any Civil Officer who shall be authorised to make such requisition. In Rural Districts, much difficulty will al- ways be experienced in obtaining without delay a sufficient force to suppress riots, &c. The above regulation would remedy this, if proper and severe penalties were rigidly enforced against all refusing to obey the summons of the propnr officers. The supremacy of the law and protection of person and property depend upon the future thorough organization of the Militia, and every facility should be afforded for insur- ing their immediate and effective action, in case of necessity. It is useless to say a Sheriff can levy a suita- ble posse at any moment; even in case the population arc desirous of enforcing the law, it is extremely difficult, but if averse, they will tacitly assist the offender and annoy the officer. In towns he may, but in the country it is almost impossible to enlist a sufficient number of men of intelligence and principle. Men of little or no character, attracted by promise of pay, or love of a frolic, will sometimes volunteer ; but such are not the materials for a police force re- quiring judgment, character, and due apprecia- tion of the necessity of subordination, the rights of others and the majesty of the law. I have several times encountered this diffi- culty, and in vain endeavored to obtain proper volunteers among the respectable inhabitants; and on two occasions, in 185U, during the dis- turbances along the Hudson River Railroad, the village near which I reside waa alone saved from a bloody riot by the presence of Artillery and a handful of inexperienced but determined men, and the rumor tliat it was furnished with arms, ' ,'hich, in point of fact, there were no men to use. IV. — The nuiiibor .^ulijcct to Military duty should be divided into 4 levies, 10 ti) 25 ; 25 to 85 ; oo to 45 ; 4 J to 00. (Siciss, — Neuchutelcsc^ (Hciicvrse, Jjcriicsc Militia Laws.) Drnlts for uniform companies should be talten from the first, because it is not likely they have as yet contracted fnmily tics, and youth pos- sesses moie cntlmsiasn), activity, and dcsiie for military display, because more prone to excite- ment. The Gariie Nationale Mobile, of P/uis, was composed of those between the ages ol Hi and .'50. During the insurrection of June, 1848, those who distinguishol themselves in tlie most conspicuous inannei were ol .iges ranfjimr Inmi 15 to -2. Throtiglidiit Swil/erlaml volunleers are received at 17; and in the Canton of \'aii<l. military service is obligatory al that age; in the Canton of Berne, at 16. The first and second levies should be exhausted before the third and fourth are called into service. V. — In each Wing of an unorgani^ied Regimental District there shall be at once formed by Voluntary enrollment, and on failure of that resource, and in case Volun- teers in sufficient number do not present themselves in sixty days, by duaft or BALLOT, 2 Companies of Infantry or Rifle- men ; and in the Regimental District at large, a Platoon of Cavalry and a Section of Artillery. The Infantry shall be also drilled as Light Infantry; both Infantry and Riflemen, as Foot Artillery j the Cav- alry as Horse Artillery j and the Section of Artillery, as Cavalry and Infantry. This course of instruction would enable either corps to use a Field Piece to advantage, and perform efiectual service under any circumstances. Draft or Ballot shall be resorted to, to keep the ranks full, if Vol- unteers do not immediately ofler, to supply vacancies. (^Enylish Militia Laws, 1852.) This would furnish an admirable police force, part of which might be quartered in a riotous district, to protect property and prevent disor- ders, and be relieved by other corps from time to time. The power of calling out these troops for any lengthened period, shall be placed in the hands of a Council composed of the Briga- dier General, Colonels, Judges of County Courts and Sheriffs in the Brigade Districts, any three to constitute a Quorum, of which, however, a Military Officer shall be one. In case that re- sort to Draft or Ballot becomes necessary to form these Corps, or supply vacancies therein, Substitutes shall be permitted. From the first levy should be excluded all those who have families actually dependent on their daily labor. '^ VI. — In each Division, liritradc and Re- gimental District, there shall be a eouiplete Nucleus or Cadre of General, Field and Line Officers appointed by thedovernor; Staff" Officers, as at present; Non Cominis-* sioned Officers by the Clonimandants of ' Regiments. Coniniissioned and Non Com- missioned Line Officers shall be compelled to serve, under severe penalties ibr refusal vhen thus .selected ; for on them, in a ureat nicrisuro. (Ic])enil tlic nro'aiiization ainl use- fnlness of each Coin|(any. Cadkes or Staff ("ours, the Skeletons or Stalls 3 of Regiments (Battalions) or Companies, oom« prise the officers and non-commissioned officers, and sometimes field musicians of Corps, neces- sary in^whole or part for tlieir organization, kept up by different European Oovcrnments, as the most effectual means of forming without de- lay, or facilitating the formation of, their Na- tional Guard, Militia, Landwehr, and reorgan- izing their Regular Forces, especially in the time of war and defeat. The Austrian Arht, which, for more than a century, has suffered greater disasters than any other in Europe, has shown bow a well managed System of Depots, (and Nuclei,) for men and horses, gave her the power of reorganizing armies, so often destroy- ed, yet always renewed. What Empire has undergone greater trials and yet triumphed in the end ! gradually wear- ing out, it is true, because all struotares, na- tional or individual, subjected to exhausting labors and terrible convulsions, must in time wear out. How has she maintained herself thus, and accomplished her ends? By the maintenance of a powerful and devoted army. And that army ? By discipline. What has that to do with Cadres t says the unmilitary reader. Much — all. To constitute an army, discipline must bo thoroughly impart- ed; and by no moans can it be instilled so speedily and effectively as by active, intelligent, instructed Cadres, or Nuclei.* jg^° The office of Major and Brigadier Gene- ral shall be abolished, except in time of War, Insurrection, or Invasion, (English and Swiss Militia Laws, and in effect the Laws relating to the National, Civic, Urban Guard, Sfc, of every European Government,) or if officers with the rank of General shall be found absolutely ne- cessary, tlie number in this State shall be re- duced to 4 Major Generals and 8 Brigadier Generals; no Staft" Officer to hold a cominiasion higher than that of Colonel. Art. 0(1, Section v., Chapter vii., Militia Law of tlie Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The Council of Statu c\tJ oigiinizc tho Militia into ♦ When a nation possessua neither Cadbea nor the PniNciri.RH OP MiLiTAisY OuQANiZATioN, it i» extreiHoly dlflicult for It to organize an army. Tlie first tiuaiity of a woldier i« fortitude in tlie support of fatigue and priva- tiouH (diHcipline): /jraverij u otUy necondanj. Poverty, privation and distress, are the schools which produce REAL soldiers. ( Warlike Maxinis of Napoleon, Burnod, Russian General, Annotator.) The nearer we approach nature, the nearer we ap- proach perft^ction, is an axiom iu the formation and de- velopment, of man's physical powers. Such heiuK the case, an army should be perfect in all its details and their operations, and in that respect assimilate to the human structure, to which It has been aptly compared, whose dlft'eretit members, according to many military wrilcrs. are represented by the various Arms. Thus, l)isi:irLiNK may be considered that j;alvauic intlueiice of vitality and iirtelli<,'enc"e, oridnatln^ In the brain (the CoMimander-ln-OhleO and vitals (the Chiefs and Heads of Uc'partments) which is transmitted throughout the whole, by the nerves and blood vessels (the Cadbes) Brigades, appoint Chiefs, {not with the rank of General, however,) of such Brigades, and confer upon them u Rank superior to that of Command- ant, or Chief of Battalion (Major). It is to be hoped that the sad experience of former miscarriages will effectually preclude any further embodiment of the Militia inder their own Generals, for active service in war, and that even within her own borders the Militia will never be called out by Brigades. Once in a while Companies might be advantageously in- corporated in the National Army, but as a gene- ral thing Drafts will be resorted to should Re- cruits fail, or the Volunteer System of the Mexi- can Campaign be looked upon with distrust, or discarded, as it should be. Should Volunteer Regiments be again considered reliable, Gene- rals, as well as all other officers, will be ap- pointed through favoritism, or receive their commissions as the rewards of political service, or else the latter will be elected by their differ- ent Commands. {See ^837 and 840 United States Army Regulations of 1847.) Such being the case, where is the necessity of any State Rank above that of Colonel ? Colonels, or rather good Colonels, are valua- ble. Each is the head of a Military Family. (See Article Xlll., Interior Economy of Regiments, U. S. Array Regulations, 1847.) Generals can only be made in the camp by experience, by study, and by practice in the most difficult of arts — that of wisely exercising command over men. Rare and brilliant examples to the con- trary, no doubt, exist, to astonish the world with their talents ; but rarely a commander, like Minerva, springs from the Divinity armed and matured a perfect hero. Therefore, in case of necessity, it would be much wiser to promote Colonels, who have given proofs of ability, or if the rank of General is such a necessity, let them be breveted for faithful performance of duty. VII. — In each llegiiiieiital IHstrict, the Nucleus, Cadre, thereof whall be or Skeleton drilled as a Staif corps company of nourishing, regulating and constituting the motive power, by whose healthful action, dependent on the vigor and sound condition of their sources, succesB is al- ways attained ; while, by their diseased influence, on the other Iwnd, iu an army represented by iNDiscrPLiNE, as in the case of a maniac, the operations are wise or un- wise, good or evil, ae accident and passion, not reason, dictate. Sever an Important nerve or blood, vessel, and its de- pendent organ is paralyzed or disabled; iu the same manner, let the Cadre of any particular arm be destroyed, or its formation or restoration uesjlected, what can the men. left to themselves, accomplish, or how imparfectly Is tlieir duty performed ! And yet. to carry out the com- parison, like as nature, by anastomosis, carries on the circulation and process of life, by an exquisite transferal to other vessels of the duties of" those destroyed, so can the able leader, by wise selections from corresponding Corps, reorganize and tlius supply the absence or de- ppiy ffC!o Artillery, Cavalrv, Infantry, and Light In- fantry ; the Colonel acting as Captain, Lieut. Colonel and Major as Lieutenants. Particular attention shall be paid to the Bayonet Exercise and Gymnastics. (See McLcUnn's Bayrmet Excrcue for the U. S. Arn,,y.') A Company should consist of from 60 to 200 men. Note. — At present, a Company of Infantry is composed of 40 Privates and Non Commissioned Officers, 3 Commissioned Officers and 8 Musi- cians ; this is too small a number, for even in tho regular service one-fifth is usually deducted on account of sickness, absence, &o. A Com- ttany of Infantry or Riflemen should have at east CO Privates and Non Commissioned Officers enrolled, and be permitted to consist of f^ooi 60 to 200 men. !the same regulations should apply to Cavalry ; but if any of the members of the Company should be unabla to attend Parades, he should be compelled to send his horse to mount a trooper whose horse might be temporarily dis- abled. {Danish Militia Laws for the Island of Santa Cruz, West Indies.) In oil European ser- vices, in a Regiment of Cavalry the number of men exceeds the number of horses by at least onc-t'ourtb. By this arrangement, the ranks, mounted, will always remain full. A Platoon of Infantry, Riflemen, or Cavalry, should consist of from 20 to 30 Privates, 2 Ser- geants, 1 Ordnance Sergeant, 2 Corporals, and 2 Drummers or Musicians, under the command of a Lieutenant. To each Independent Corps of Cavalry there should be a Farrier and Saddler. A Section of Artillery should be composed of not more than 1 First nnd 1 Second Lieutenant, 2 Sergeants, 1 Ordnance Sergeant, 2 Corporals, 1 Bugler, and 32 Privates, including Drivers, or of less than 1 Lieutenant, 2 Sergeants, 1 Ord- nance Sergeant, 2 Corporals, 1 Bugler, and 24 Privates, excluding Drivers {See Tables, pages 77 and 78. VIII. — At the Head Quarters of each Regimental District, or in some city or populous village therein, but entirely sub- ject to the control of the Commandant of the Brigade and Regiment, in which one or more Companies or the Skeleton Staff Corps have been organized, shall be stationed two Field Pieces, or a Field Piece and a Howit- Ster, two Caissons and two Mountain Howit- zers on Prairie Carriages, or those arranged for Pack Saddles, and two Prairie Caissons or Light Ammunition Carts. Light Carts with narrow tracks for Mountaivi Howitzer Ammunition, for service in this State, especially in densely wooded and sparsely popu- lated districts, are much more advisable than Caissons or the Boxes and Puck Saddles ; for there are few horses which will submit to such a weight on their backs, unless broken expressly for the service. The Security Bondi^ hereafter accepted for Artillery and Arms, shall be unexceptiona- ble. . IX. — To each Regimental Armory and each Company having their arms and ac- coutrements in a separate Armory, there shall be an Ordnance Sergeant oi Armorer appointed by the Commandant, to hold office during his pleasure. Bills for the service of such Ordnance Ser- geants, Repairs to Arms, &c., &c., verified under oath, shall be paid by the State. By this arrangement, the State would save more by the preservation of its arms, &c., &o., than ten times the actual expenditure attendant thereon. X. — The Fire Companies without the bounds of the 1st Military Division of the New York State Militia, shall hereafter be under tho orders of the Officers command- ing the Division Brigade and Regimental Districts in which they are organized — form part of their commands, and be subject to a minute inspection by the Inspector appoint- ed or assigned to each Division. (^Sec Laws relatiny to the French National Guard and Fire Corps, Prussian Landwehr, and every other Onjunizatioa for Aid against Fire, Militia Latos of the Canton of Geneva.^ XI. — Whenever it shall be dcemea ad- visable to organize one or more Fire Com- panies, or a Sub-Division of a Company, (^Platoon,) in a village or Company Dis- trict, the necessity therefoi .shall be deter- mined by a Board consisting of the Briga- dier General, Colonel, and (Captain of tlie Military District, and Supervisor or Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees, any three of whom still constitute a quorum. As an efficient Fire Company is so much more important than one of any other Arm, and the funds of few Company Dis- tricts are sufficient to maintain more than one Corps, preference shall always be given to an Establishment like the former. If, however, a seoor.d Company could be tate, »opu- tlian ; for BUOh essly ad- formed, the momberg should only be entitled to the surplus funds, if such there are after paying the expenses of the Fire Company. XII. — Each Corps of Firemen shall be organized on the principles set fo'-th in Table 4, page 6, with the proporiiv^n of Officers, Musicians, Privates and Armament therein specified,* but no company shall consist of less than 50, nor more than 150 men. [2.] Section 4. Code of the National Guard — Formation of the National Guard IFraw.e] — General Provisions — Determinimj the Proportions of Officim, Non- Commissioned Officers, Musicians, and Privates. ART. 33 — No. 4. — A Commune, where it is possible, furnishes a Company, and the adjoin- ing parts, the subdivision of a Company, (i. e., a platoon V A subdivision (platoon) of foot) of all arms, is composed as set forth in the annexed table : TOTAJ. NTXBEB 07 XKN. 1 15 ao 30 40 to to to to to 15. 90. ao. 40. 50 Lieutenant, 1 1 8ub-Lieutenant, — 1 1 1 t Sergeants, 1 1 a a 8 Corporals, 1 3 4 4 ft Drnmmor, — — — 1 1 be ART. 84. — No. 4. — A Company is usually composed of from (50 to 200 men, according to the populousness of the locality ; but if a Com- mune can only furnish from 60 to 60 men, that number forms a Company. ART. 35.— No. 4.— A Company (of foot) of all ♦ NoTB.— A» fn Pruesla, Blacksmithg are sought for the service of the 12 pdr. unuis, and as will be seen In the his- tory of the Parisian Fire Batt'n, (^irei?e«or< and Notes) Masons, Carpenters, Roofers, and similar trades, were originally forced to perform the duties of Firemen— as they still arc in Pt-ussia, Switzerland and Fniuce, except in the Capital— for the same reason, it would be advisa- ble to offer such advantogcs to Mechanics as would in- duce them to enlist in the proposed Fire Companies. Thus, Machinists, Blaclcsmiths, and Wheelwrights, would malce good Engineers or Assistants ; Ounsniiths and Tool Manufacturers, Armorers and Assistants ; Car- penters, Masons, and kindred trades, could act as Fire Wardens, inspect l)uil(lin>js iu orogresfc of erection, and examine dangerous localities liaole to tire, in addition to their other duties ; Harness Makers, Trimmers, and even Shoemakers, could be cliarged with the preservation and supervision of the Hose, «c. ; Tailors superintend the t'lothlng ; all trades forming u harmonious whole for the protect&n of property and assistance of their neighbors. Were the funds for its support derived from a Company District, and sucli an organization legitimized, I have no doubt a Fire Corps could be recruited in many localities now most opposed to Militia duty. Our people arc utili- tarian to the utmost degree. Satisfy them tliat imme- diate benetit can be derived from an association, and they will embrace the opportunity to fonn it at once. Witness tlu^ Afsociations against Horse Thieves, once so arms, (including Fire Corps, constituting part of the National Guard) is composed as set forth in the annexed table : TOTAL NVHBBR OF MKN. 60 80 100 140 to to to to ™„.p.„^.. 80. 100. 140. 900. First Captain, Ill i Second Captain, _ _ _ t Lieutenants, 113 3 Sub-Lieutenants, 13 9 9 Sergeant-Major Ill l Sergeant (Quartennaster,) (Fonrrior,) 111 i Sergeants, 4 6 8 Corporals, 8 13 13 13 Drummers, 13 9 9 . JJ®* Abt. 86.— No. 4.— A National Guard of Cavalry may also be formed in any Commune or Canton where it may be judged useful or neces- sary, always provided that ten persons will un- dertake to equip and furnish themselves with horses at their otvn expense. In contradistinction to Infantry, Cavalry can be organized by Canton and not by Commune. WS' Art. 37.— No. 4.— A sub-division of a Squadron, (Platoon,) or Squadron, is composed according to the annexed table: TOTAL NUMBKR OF MEN, 1 17 80 40 50 70 100 to 190 to to to to to to and ™ * « . i 17 80 40 50 70 100 upward. First Captain, . ______ i "^j Second Captain, _______ j Lieutenants, . . _ _ j ^ i g , j Sub-Lieutenants, .— 11132 3 Marechal-de-logis-chef — Ist or Orderly Ser- geant, . ______ 1 1 Fourrier— Serg. Quar- termaster, . ._____! J Marechaux- de-logU— Sergeants, . .19 8 3 4 4 8 JJrifl'adfer*— Corporals, 2 4 4 ft 8 8 16 Trumpeters, . .——1111 2 No. 38. No. 4. — In all fortified places and Cantons along the coasts, there are Companies common throughout the country, and the more recent Mut"i'i Insurance Companies. I am satisfied that if the ad- ' -Tges of my proposition were clearly demonstrated to, ! ii' iTiderstood by our Legislators, these ideas would not be onsidered Utopian. Although the immediate use of oiu: Militia is to act as Police, (unpalatable as this truth may be,) even that important service Is forgotten in the idea that they are only raised to repel the aggression of a foreign foe. This was their contemplatea, and is their undoubted duty when occasion requires. Arguing from these erroneous premises otir population caimot see the benefit of costly preparations to meet an enemy which may not appear during the present generation. Fire, on the contrary, like Sin, is ever on the alert. No warning voice heralds the midnight incendiary. Tlie devouring flame knows no mercy— pardons no error— acknowledges no truce. Have I not good reason for urging an efHcient organization against such sleepless and implacable en- mity? " Of all the evils," (I translate M. Frond, to whose able work I have been indebted for so much valuable and Interesting information, embodied in my Fire Report of 1852,) " to which public and private property is exposed, the most frequent, the most formidable, the most gene- rally distributed, is Fire. If we consult history, we will find mournful tokens of its ravages at every epoch, and in every part of the world. There is scarcely a Metropolis or important city, which has not again and again paid or Bub-diviBions of Companiee, of fuot or boruo Arlillory. IpiJSr No. 89. No. 4.— Those National Oiianls will b(« ohoson for Artillorynion who po8se<*8 in the hifihcHt defcrco the qualiiieB requiBite for that Morvioe. afc^"- No. 40. No. 4. — Wherever no paid Corps nf Firemen (SapeurB-rompiers), exist as belonging to the Line, Companies or sub-divi- Bions of Companies of Volunteer Firemen, are organized, (hut .^uch, however, constitute pari of the National Guard, and are under the.Jurindietion of the officer commandinij the Military District in which thefi are located.) Art. 47. No. 4. Fire Companies arc principally composed of retired ofliccrs and disoliarged soldiers of the Regular Engineer Corps, of Officers and Agents of llio Corps of Bridges, Roads, and Mines, and Mechanics. No. 41. No. 4. — In the seaports and maritime Cantons, there are Coinpauies of Sailors drilled as soldiers, and answering somewhat to our Marines and Naval Artificers, whose duty is the protection of vessels and naval materials along the coasts and in the harbors. The decisions of the Council of Examination relative to the assignment of individuals to Spe- cial Corps and all other similar matters, aio Jinal- . [4.] Pi'oposri? Sfafr Orjjant'znfion in Rural hisfrufg. — CoMl'ANY: [Sr.e Ortyinal Jirporf, Note /?., iuhhntin io Note A'.] With liuitlt OH a Corps n/ Eutjimer Sol- diers, \^S'i}>pf'rs a»il MincrK.'] Captain, Commandant, . Enpineer, li»t llfutciiant, witli aftolmllated rank of captain, to entltlu tiim to connnand in the abBence of ttie command- ant ; if |K)f>i*tble, a pmctical architect, maetur builder, or macliinUt, .... Ipt lifiitonant, .... 3d lieutenant, .... PayniaHter. ad lieutenant, unit- ing offlces of (luartcrmaster ana secretary, Orderly Hergeant, Ordnance sergeant or armorer, (if po8tiil)1e a gunsmith,) NUM BER OF MEN. 1 at) BO 75 100 to to to to and H() 50 75 100 upward - 1 1 1 1 _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 __ _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 till 1 heavy and ruthlesH tribute to this calamity ; aud if it were not the destiny of large cities to rise, Phienlx-like, from their ashes, to continue the struggle of humanity, we would seek in vain upon oar soil, swept by so many ap- palling disasters, the very spot once <x"cnpl'ed by the sur- passing wonders of past ages." The cities of America b<'ar sad testimony to the truth of these remarks, for In no other quarter of the globe have conflagrations levied sucrh frequent and nilnous cou- trlbutloiis. If then the em-my apiinst whose attack it most behoves us to guard, is so puissant and menacing, the more efficient and energetic should be our prepara- tions to meet and defeat it. Assistant paymaster or «ocre- tary, sergeant, Hergeanis, .... Assistant englneerti, sergeants, iid class, (If |K)SHlhle machin- ists, otiierwise blacksmiths or wheelwrights, receiving small mldiiional |Hty a» Inducement to serve,) .... Assistant armorers, corporals. 1 to 30 NUMiiRn or mif. ao 60 7S 100 to to to and 60 76 100 upward 9 - 1 1 1 4 4 6 6 1 3 !i a (If |M>sslble gunsmiths, receiv- ing small additional pay, as Inducement to serve,) . Corporals, Artifleers, privates, Ist class, blacksmltbs, wheelwrights, or other mechanics, receiving small addltUnial pay as In- ducements to serve. Trumpeters, (drummers, or li- fers, may bu substituted by the captain,) .... Drummers, .... Flfers APPARATUS AND ARMAMENT. Engines, .... Hose carts, .... Gnns. (0 pdr., 13 pdr., or how- itzers, 13 pdr., or 13 |Klr. mountain howitzers,)* . Artillery swords. Muskets and Infantry accoutre- ments, . ; . . . XIII 1 3 3 4 — - 1 1 1 1 3 3 - 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 30 3U 60 3 SO 3 100 &c. 8 16 83 40 &c. Fire Corps shall be ns^iniilutcd for precedence on Parade, &c., to the N. Y. S. Sapper and Miner Corps or Enoineer Soldiers of the United States Army, and be posted on the right of the Infantry and left of the Artillery. They shall also be drilled as Foot Artillery,! Infantry, or I/ifiht Infantry, as may be determined by the Krifradior General, or in his absence by the Field Officers of the Ilejrimental Dis- tricts, and be subject to the same Laws, Rcpilations and Discipline, as the other Military Forces of the State of New York. * If mounted on prairie carriages they would be more serviceable, and unite the advinitages of great mobility with a system of exercise and manoeuvres the same as that for field ttrtillery,of which those mounted on carriagOB arranged for packing are not susceptible, X N()TE.— As Foot Artillery, the i)lece8 could be manamvred with bricoles, to save expense; but If the Corps decided to horse the fluns, th(! same teams would serve to c<mvey the Engines to any conflagration too dis- tant for manual traiisporfatUiu, and thereby enlarge their sphere of useftiluess in projjortion to the mobility of their apparatus. The most lm|iortant instruction of the Firemen Is (gym- nastics. To learn this efl'ectually, a sufflcient sum should be assigned from the General Fund of a city or village or district, to enable a Corps to erect a Oyninaslum, economical but still complete, which would not only in- terest the members and serve as a bond of union. l)ut de- velop their strtmgth, conduce to their health, aud render them capable of (llschar"ing their arduous duties with honor, admiration, and last and chiefly— safety. The studies of niodiTii physiologists, and especially thoseof the distinguished naturalist Lamarck, have per- or ITNITEl) 8TATKS, PRIOIUBNOB or RRUIMKNTIt AMD OOBini. Art. 1, 1 1, U. H. Army liojjula- tlonM of 1H47. \M, UgUt Artllliiry. iki, Tliu Uuht UraKooiiH. *l, Ofhi^r Rt'L'iiliir Oiivulry. 4fli, Thu Artlll.'ry. Sill, Thii liirHiilry. mh, Thi) Mitrino (UirpH. 7th, Tint Itlllxinun. 8th, Viiliiiituur Corns. I «#..«» n \ nth, Mllltla. fNoTBU.) ^ a. K>iKt>nuiitH of the wimo arm will trtku procodcnco according to nnmurical ordur— in tbu Millttii by lot. 5 3. The nhovu ord<T of procodon'je, (5 Si) roffrw to (Nirndcm ; on othiT oc- cumIoiih thi! Ui^gliiiuntM nnd ('or|iH will bo dUtrll)iit(!d mid driiwn iii> at* thi; CominiindliiK OIHccr may Ju(i|uf^inoHt proper for Ihu purjioBOH of thu Hurvicu. FRANCK. RANK or TUB DirrBRBNT ARMR. AiiT. 70, Anth'y No. 3 Code of tho National Oiiard. iHt, Artllliiry. f«) !ind. Plr«m(!ii.(ttMHlmllated to tho HapiMirH and Mliicri*, Huctbm vll., Art. U), I>aw nfthu Nutlouul Guard, 18 •Turn), IHRI.) 8d, Artillery. 4th, Cavalry. 6tb, MarlnoM or Naval Artlflcor», (aHHiinllutud to the ('ori)H of I'on- tonlorn, or that of Artillery Artl- lleorH, Homuwhat oqnlvatont to our Urdnaiico men. ^^ «th. Troops of tho Line, (tho Army.) (11 oiiimile.) Art, 71, Whonevor tho National (Juard uro hroimht to^othor tho dif- ferent Cori)« take ui) the poHltioiw as- xlyned to fhoni by tno Commandur-in- Chlef. Tho rank determined by Art. 70 reforH to procexHloim, paradoti, Ac. ; but whenever there are any manwu- vrt!B of Instruction, or serious service to Iki performed, there Is no longer any question or urocedence ; each Corps takes up, such a position as tho Comnninder-in-Chl(!f sees fit to assign It, either for the i^xecuticm of the ma- ncenvres or the huccchs of tho military operation with which he is chnrKod. (11 opposite,) AKT.7a. Whenever Na- tional Guards serve with liegular Troops (Corns Soldes) they take pre- cedence of the latter. J2©" Art. .Itl. Whenever the Na- tional Guards serve with Troops of the Lino, although the honor of pre- cedence is res(!rved to tho former, tho command of thts whole belongs to the eldest ofHcer highest In rank of the latter. (8) SWITZKRLAND. HANK OP TUB UIPrBRRNT ARMS. ART. (13, Section V., Chopter VIL, Militia Law of the Canton of Geneva. 1st, Knirlueers. 3d, Artillery, K<H;ket Baltoriea {Fu- iweiiii) and Drivorit' CorpR. !kl. Firemen. Ith, (iavalry. fith, Klllemen. tlth. Infantry. Nevertheless, tho ofllcor who com- mands Inchlef can distribute tho dif- ferent (.'oriis us he may Jud^e best for the interests of the service and tho success of the manceuvres. Art. 04, Tho Klite. of each Arm, takes rlirht of the Federal Renerve and the Reserve of the Kanitwefir. Art. )J5, The Itattallons of the tSlUe take prcced(uico over each o'her, ac- conllnir to tho annual rotation deter- mined by law. No UegiUar Trnopn are maintained by the Swiss Confederation. XV. Alonj? the sea-coast of tho State of New York, especially that of iiOnj^ Island, the resident seamen, boaMnen. fishermen, '» and all tho inhabitsints who derive their fectly established that tho long continued practice of Gymnastics accomplishes wonderftil elmu;;es in the economy of the human system— distributes strength ac- cording to the organs to which It is applied, and in fact dotenmnes that it Is of tho utmost tmiiortfuico to restore this Art to the |M)sitiou it enjoyed among the nations (xf antiquity, who owe their superiority, mental and physi- cal, to its sclentiflc application. Among the Greeks, thrit kinds of Gymnastics were ac- knowledged : the Military, Athletic, and Medical, whose titles suftlclcntly Indteate the results to he attained thereby. The llrst was lield in the highest estiniatlou among the I'ersianH during tlie reign of Cyrus, and Xeuo- phon nus bequituthed to iis a plan for tho education of youth, which, If faithfully followed, would restore, as far at least as the manly virtues and endurance are con- cerned, tlio pnisent uenenitlon to the viooR op natqius. NoTKil.) In the Imlted StJitcs, tho Regular Army, and even Volunteer Corps, take nrecedence of the Militia, al- though t he latter Is ('(miposea of the most valuable portion of the community. Whereas, in France, (Hee Art, 72, oppo- itite,) where the Army occupies so high a position, the Na- tional Guard rank the lii^gular Trooos. The n^ason Is oli- vious: as individuals, as fathers ot families, as citizens, under every consideration, llicy occupy a more iflevated situu(ioii,aud('oiise(|ueiilly their Corps are wurliiy the pre- eminence accorded to them, but alttiough this honor U conceded as soldiers, no r\\l <:an result I'nim it. (.Sk- iitr- Art. m, TUie 111., Lawn oj the Wk JiUy, 17i)l, op- posite.) support from similar pursuits, shall be en- rolled and liable to boat service fov the preservation of life and property a. id for the defence of the coiist. In all localities (8) Note to Art. 71, AutKy 3.— Tho Artillery toko the riuut (1. e., precedence,) when they parade (marche) with their gum — without their f/uns they take the left. April 4, 1H52. The writer was present In the Place do Carnmsel, at i'aris, when about !»,U0() Troops paraded. 4 Regiments of Infantry, .^OtHtaK.OOO ; 1 Regiment of Artil- lery, 1,500, t Ht^giment of C!liasseurs a cheval, 800; 1 Mqiutdron of Cuirassiers, a Hui)-Divsion of Gendamierie, ifec, 500. First, the Infantry i>asscd In review before the Emperor Louis Napoleon, then the Artillery, without their guns, although they had with them detachments of the 8iege and Pontoon 1'rains, i. e., specimens of each equipage attached to ihuse serviceit, viz. : at most, 2 Mortars, 5 Siege Guns, 2 Pontoons, &c., and lust, the Cavalry. (8) If such a wise provision emanated from a leveling body like the Revoliitiouary Government of France in 1701, when everything honorable, useful and titled was destined to destruction, how great a folly la attributable to our Legislators, who consign to inexperienced and un- tried Militia Generals th(! leading of valuaiile forces, and perhaps destine to disgrace and destruction their own State and Regular Tro<)ps and practised Officers, by plac- ing the latter iu situations to he commanded oythe fornier, wlio, however respectiilile as ineu, cannot have acquired a suttlcienl knovvledj-'e of that Art of Arts— tho Science of War. (4.) 'I'liiff is Ibi: order observed in the Army. Neverthe- less. let,'islatioii wlativi^ to thifi matter is very obscure. [Debate ill the Vhambtr of Depulles.) ';■ whore thero is OHpeoial danger of shipwreck or the debarkation of an onemy'w force, Coin panics or PlatoonH nhall bo organized by voluntary enliHtuiont or by draft or bal- lot, and drilled as Artillery, Imantry and Gun and Jiifo-Woat Men. Koch Corps HhuU be furnished with a Huffioient number of Life-boat« and Life-preserving apparatus, distributed in such manner us experience may direct and necessity demand. i^ (See Anaif/nment to Avprtmrinte Service, Chapter j'l, f bth. Dc P.'s Kept.) 6th. Every class ot Volunteers, or Draft- ed men, should be assigned to appropriate services, with whose details it is in some, if not a great, degree acquainted. Thus, Sweden incorporates the inhabitants of her coasts as seamen; Austria, those bordering on navigable rivers as pontoneers, gun- boatmen, and coast-guards In France, Switzerland, and Prussia, those National Guards are chosen as Firemen, Artillery- men, Cavalry, Riflemen, who possess in the highest degree the tastes, qualities, and in- formation requisite for each peculiar ser- vice ; and in the first, there are companies of drilled sailors recruited along the coast. By this method, the instructor finds his labor lightened by the aptitude of his pupils. Besides this, Switzerland claims the .service of every one of her citizens, sound in mind and body, each one with his peculiar talent, di.^'cliargitig a duty anala- NoTK 10.— I'nder the hend of Ahbionment to ArPRO- ruiATE Hkiivicb, it Ih liii|)OHi<iblu Xn citu all Iho meitMUree taken by £uro{)€aD KovvrnmentM to asHi^'n every indivi- dnal to a duty for which he in in some nieuHiire prcnarcd by bin daily labori*. piirHUitH, or HtiuiieR. In addition to tho example uflbrdcHl by the Hwkiiihii or^rniiixntion for coast defence, {See OHj/. /(f*';>7, Nnit t'.> the follnwiiiK are importantand not without IntereKt: "C'aotain Klliot (Eno- LANi>) Huppiiee ue with a |)lnn for rencleriu^ the llHber- mcn, Iwatmcn, and other i>ea-furini; inbabltanto.uf the coaHt available an a naval militia. ThlH naval militia would differ from the lrre;jiili>r liind militia in thlc Im- portant respect : That every man enttaged would be really made for the nervlee in the nioxt lmiM>rtant points, and could be found withont dlfBculty, and I'orth- corainu, when wanted— the nature of biu emnloymcnt fixing iiim to the coant. Tlie tlaon for thin »enioe would be the very liardieHt in the whole country, and from the lubitt* of their vwutiiin. the l)eKt prepared to brave danger. Ah Captain Kiliol's plan, from \tn very complete- neHH, would Huft'er by a partial Htiitement of its details, we refrain from any hucIi view of it, and recommend our readers' attention to it at full, but by no means immode- rate, length in the pHUipiilet published by Kidirewuv.'' Another somewhat Hiiiillar plan is proiiosed by W'm. Sadlir, Bs(|., Civil KiiirinriT, (Kiii(lini(l.) i.Vk llli'ii<tiutiii Snr^. •Mil Augiut, IKMI,) by which the sen riirliig iiibabl- tanti' and simimr classei< arc enrolled, but not iiii bodied. gous to his proper avocation, and all aiding tn the completion of the National Army. Thus, clergymen become chaplains ; physi- cians and apothecaries fill the Medical Stafl^; professed nurses, Injirmiers and Ev.otiotncB ; lawyers, Judge Advocates, &c., '^0. In fine, the whole male population are distributed into four categories : 1st, Those liable to actual duty ; 2d, Those who satisfy the law by the discharge of military ser- vice without actually carrying arms; .*{d, Those temporarily or finally exempt, or ex- cluded from service, who nro liable to a itarytax; 4th, Those whoso condition of mind and body relievo them from any military impost or duty. (^Nvte 10.) XVI.— The Corps of Sappers and Miners, whose education in their appropriate duties is often impracticable, sliull be changed into an Ordnance Artificer Corps, under the command of the Kegimental Ordnance Ser- geants, and thoroughly instructed in the preparation of all kinds of ammunition, &c., &c.,and the care of Arms and Artillery. XVII.— There shall be at least 24 Parades per year, or equivalent thereto. At Paradefi Officers and Men shall receive pay for themselves and horses, but no rations ; or, in lieu of such Parades, one month's Encampment, at which the Officers and Men shall receive less pay for themselves and horses, but have rations, forage, medical treatment, &c., the same as Regular Troops. while Cadrrs of ofHcora, complete armamenta, and even Bwift vessels of a r>ccnliar model, urf)pell(!d by sail and Bteara, carrying shiii-giins of the iieaviest calibres, are permanently maintained at different stations along tho coast. liy this means, crews could bt; instantly assem- bled, partially drilled but conversant, by the very nature of their daily avocations, with their most important duties, and a nowerfiil defensive force remain nt tiie dis- IM>8ition of the nation at little com|>arative expense. Along our own coast« (United States,) and in all localitioa where there Is danger of shipwreclt and loss of life ft-om similar causes, companies of seamen or " Ixmgsliore- roon," should lie organiTied with full complements of life- boats and life preserving apparatus, distributed at dif- ferent stations best adapted to the purpose;, and estab- lished in localities perilous to mariners. These Corps, organized as part or the Itf ilitia, and drilled as Artillery and Infantry, would be available not only for human ends, but also to oppose inimical descents upon the coast. This would carry out the idea of Lieutenant Maury's Coast Flying Artillery 1 withont being trammeled by any of hla anpantntly impracticabb! suggestiems. Properly embo- tlied, instructed, and equipoed, in Iht; mcmieut ofdiinger the whole seabonrd would ne funilHlied witli u force sufll- cient to cbecli the diseiiil)arkatloii of predatory parties, beat olfslnt^le vessels, and eveii mhuII H(|uadriiiiH, while III pcjire Its ini-mbcrs would be nlile lo aflord clHi'lent aid to the nnlortuiiale. (Mee dk I'.'s Ueporl, !iil I'age, 6l-'5.) By P*rade«, are meant meetings of the Men by nquaii, (^oinpany, or llt'Kiniunt, or in larf^er UoilioH, for tlioroiigli Military InHtruction. Artillery, Hhot and Hliell, MuHkel, Rifle, Car. bino and IMmIoI Targut Firing, flliall be taught tu, and praatlHod, annually, by each Company and CorpH, according to Kegulation and under tlin direction of oxperienood ofBoerH and in- 81 motors fur each Arm. PAV-()N pba(;e footing. PiiLn— Colonel, LIuutonant llolnuvl. Major, HM Willi M all Ofllc«n* of MU|M<rlor rank, (Including allowancu for hornuM,) BTAri»— ('oinmlHulonod, Warrant, 3 SO " (tucludhiK .illownnce for horiifli*,) 1 81 Ahtillbrt— ComralMMlonod, (tnclad- iuK aitowiincu for horHox,) . . 8 U() Pur Diuni. $8 BO 8 1)0 Per Month. $78 60 00 M «0 fO.OOO • I*r^ct for (tad KMimaU of an Annuai, DlvMon, Camp of IiwlrHcflon for tn/nntry, amended from that of W. /.'. 1^7, Culonel of the If. Y. A TrooiM. {NoteUee ^ XVII.) In mvXi DIvIhIoii DlHtrlct, coinnrlnlnj; 3 Brlg- adux, uarh iioinpoHud of i Itutfiinenti*, Ww.ro hIiiiH lie unciiinpud, in Homti hciuthfiil loctkllly, %t\ miMi, 51) nit'ii hi'lnif Hi-ltfctciil (!«ch year from each (.'onipiiny DIhItIcI, In rotation— or \vm In proportion, if tlutro bu more than 4 Itu^i- miuttH In till" DIvlHlon, whoHo pay for 110 dayH, ul 50 ccntrt per day, per man, would amount to Vomitany ami IVon- CommixHorwd Officern to lie HtlecteHfrom the tiuuif deiiervin/f, and a/tpolnted after the Vamp htw broken up and men returnsd home. Major Qonural, actln){ at) Colonel, f2.no, 00 dayo, . Ori^V (lenorulH, actlii;; an Lt. Col. and Major, |t2.6U, (K)day* (.'olonefn, iictlnR m Cap- tatiiH, |-j.,')(), tN) dayt*. Lt. Coloneirt, acting tin Lieu- tenant h, f '.2.50, IH) (liiyM, . Majors, acting ax 3d Lleu- tenantH, $3.50. tlO dayx, . 4" Ser^'emitrt detailed from the Regular Army, well recommended for morality una capacity, to Hiiperintend ttie Drill and Ex- ercixeit, and carry tlu' men tUroii{L;h the School of the Soldier and Piece, f 30 per month. Thewu SerijeantH to act an Camp Koepern, Superin- tundentK of the Bulldingrt, Ac, Ac, when not occupied with the InHtruction of the troops. ilATioNs for 300 men at 3.» cento a day, for iM) d» Provide their own mcHO, uni- forms, and l{(!ep a hornB eacli, for artillery drill, &c. iNCTnticTons.- n 4 4 1335 450 900 900 iWO !MiO lyx, . .* (ItatiouH to be contracted for by Colonel, Lt. i'olonel, and Major of each Reghnent.) f (llationi* 14<Kt per year for the 4 Sergeants, al- (. ways on duty (' .Miioie.— Eittlmat(!d, IK) dayH, .... Intbukht.— 7 per cent,, on purchase of) OrolindH, Hooplialo. Stables, Sergeants' Dwel- | lingH, and Drill Shed for wet «eather, &c., which would ulno anxwer for the ArtUlery, estimated, ♦30.000, [Inifoum. — A frock-coat, trowsers and cap would last 3 Camps of Instruction— 300 at fl"), $:|,(KH), )i each year. (If the men injure their uniforms unnecessarily, deduct damage from pay.) , Mii.RAOK of privates to and from camp and) residences 3(K) men. at say |.l each, . . . f Total annual e.\i)ense. " [ 4,800 400 1,100 L.'iOO (100 f33,l(MI Per For Diem. Month. Warrant, (including allowance for horHOM,) 8 00 00 Warrant, not mounted,) ... 1 00 18 PrivatuH, " •> . . . 1 aa 15 Bugler, (Including allowance for liorso,) 8 BO (10 1 60 80 1 50 38 1 m 1 an 3 00 90 18 40 HorsuM, (no teamiiterH,) Limb— (.'ommlMsioned, (not mounted,) Non-CommlsHlonod, Herguant, (not mcmnted,) Non-l'ommlsslonod, Corporals, (not mimntod, Municiaus, (not mounted,) By roHtrioting the pay to amounts just Hufli- oient to cover expenses, personH destitute of military spirit will not seek for positions re(|uir- ing science, labor and determination, and there- by one of the fertile sources of decay in the old Nlilitia System will be avoided. ILWNI AnnwU, Division, Camp of Instructimtfor Artillery. Amoitnt anouoiiT roHWAnn, tM,100 10 Mbn, selected at large f^om eacli Keglmen- ~ tal District, counting 4 to a Division, 40 in all, every year new men, at 50 cents per day, i)er man, for 00 days, 871IoRMBs; 83 draught, for 4 0-pdrs. and 4' caissons, 3 sections, 4 for each gun and each caisson ; fmaddh, 4 for non-commissioned oOl- cers, the men acting as smh In turn, 1 for trum- peter ; the general anu liitid otHcers, mounted on their own horses, commanding In rotation. V 4,995 These liorses stiould be contracted for. Includ- ing drivers and stal)le-boys to groom them, at ill. 50, estimated, per day each— the comple- ment to bu always ready for service, and no further trouble about horses or stablemen, 00 days Rations.— 35 cents per day, 40 men. Uniforms, $15 each, 40 men, $000 half an- 1 nually, f MiLBAOB, to and from camp and residences, 40 ) men, (estimated,; f Horses for Artillery miglit be dispensed with ] for 1st mimth, while setting up the men and in- I structing tluim In the School of the Piece, 1-3 of f 4995—1005 J RECAPITULATION. Annual K\i)onse of Division Camp of In- strtictlou, tor Infantry, , Annnal Expense of Division Camp of In- 1 „ .^n structloii, for iVrtlllery f "'^°" 900 :f Annual expense of 8 Camps of Instruction, ' total 1,000 Infantry and 330 Artillery, being one for each of the 8 Division Districts in this State, , Pay of Adjutant General, acting as Inspector' General, 3 months. The selection and employ- ment of an ofllcer of tlie Regular Army, rank- ing as a tleld otHcer, and possessing the re- qidslto quallflcations, would be most advan- tageous, J Pay of Adjutants, Subalterns from the Regu-' lar Army, Graduates of West Point, as Assist- ants to Adjutant-General, %"*i each, for 3 months, ...,....] Total, exclusive of Ordnance and Ord. Stores, At these Camps, the men miglit bo Instructed fortittcatlon, shot and shell ilrlng. horsemanship, those exercises which tend to develop the forces, conducive to health, soldlu;iy hearing, and ecu provement. $38,560 $338,400 1,500 1,500 $381,400 In tleld and all and are I'l'al im- 10 i Politics and Ignorance should never bo allowed to creep into a Military Organiza- tion. XVIII. — Besides the Adjutant General at Albany, there shall be as many Assis- tant Adjutant Generals charged with the duties of Inspecting Officers as there are Division Districts in the State. The latter shall never be assigned to the Districts in which they reside, but their annual tour of Inspection shall be designated by the Chief of their Department. The advantages of this system arc obvious. Ties rf neighborhood, intimacy, interest, rela- tionship, politics or family, would not sway an officer in a strange district. The result would be, that the law and regulations of the service would be rigidly enforced, and correct returns demonstrate the real strength of the Militia. The Adjutant General, Heads of Departments, and all Staff Officers above the rank of Lieu- tenant, shall be chosen from Officers of the Line, of appropriate rank and possessing the requisite qualifications, unless supplied from a State Military School. The Offiob of Imspkctob Qknebal, as now establishen, shall be abolished. Staff Officers in the U. S. Army, with some few exceptions, provided for bt/ lair, are supplied from the Line of the Army. In Kmjland, Switzerland, France, Prussia, and in fact every other civilized (fovernment, ihf Staff is considered of such vital I'm- portance to the Landwehr, National Guard and Militia that it is maintained permanently and filled frith the best talent, energy and fidelity the nation can produce, or command. XIX. — All Kostens, Kcturns, Accounts, &c., .shall be verified in the .stricte.«it man- ner, under oath, under penalty for perjury. XX. — No person .shall be eoiumissioned as an officer until he has passed a satisfac- tory examination before a IJoard of Officers superior or equal in risnk to that to which he has been appointed, and no Officer shall be suffered to continue in command who does not read and write fluently, and under- stand the practical branches of Aritlimetic. [^fJnylish tnid Sin'K.s Militia Lmrs ; Krrn/ iJuropiiin Mi/ihin/ Si/st'm.'\ This suffgo.xlion uiay weeni siijicrtluoii'^, but 1 have often met officers who maile a good figure on parade, yet possessed of neither of the above requisites. XXI. — Pay Department organized on United States basis — Bureau at Albany. Two Travelling Paymasters for the State. XXII. — An Ordnance Department shall be organized, consisting of One Colonel, who shall be styled Chief of the Ordnance of the State of New York, and as many Captains as there are Division Districts in the State. The duties of these officers shall be similar to those prescribed by the Regulations of the U. S. Ordnance Depart- ment, subject to such alterations and amendments as will render it applicable to the State service. From time to time the Commander-in-Chief shall assemble an Ordnance Board, consisting of the Colonel and four Captains of Ordnance, and three *of whom shall constitute a Quorum, to de- termine what Arms and Equipments shall be drawn, as the annual quota due to the State of New York by the General Govern- ment, and transact all business relating to their Department. At present, the Draft of Arms referred to in this Section depends on the judgment and bias of one or two Officers, who, however able, can- not decide on the actual wants of the Militia as well as a Council of able men selected from the different Districts. XXIII. — In order to distinguish Officers in actual command, who have faithfully served for more than four (4) years, the period necessary to exempt them from far- ther Military service, as shall appear Irom a Certificate from the Adjutant General's office, under seal, setting forth the dates of each Commission, held by them and Staff, Department or Corps, in which they served, such officers shall be authorized to wear, as a JUark of Distinction, on their left breast, a Medal suspended by a Mazarine blue ribbon of the following material and pat- tern, according to rank, elegantly cha.sed and inscribed on the Obverse with a num- ber denoting their length of .service, having lielow the year when conferred, and on the Ueverse, with their grade or grades, and the date from which their rank took eflect. u For Generah — Of Gold — 1 iuch in dia- meter. For Field Oj/ker»—Of Silver— u 13 pointed Star li inch diameter from point to point. For Comjmnjf Officers — Of Silver — 1 inch in diameter. For Staff Officers — A Maltese Cross, of the material appropriate to the wearer's rank — H inches extreme diameter, hand- somely engraved like the foregoing, but bearing in conspicuous characters over the figure denoting length of service, the word Staff. The decoration would at once designate long and meritorious service, and distinguish be- tween Officers who accepted commissions merely to avoid other duties, and those who take a pride and persevere in their profession at a sacrifice of time, labor, and too often their means. An Order of Merit, styled the " Excel- sior," shall be instituted, and the following Decoration established for the reward of important services or distinguished merit, to be conferred by his Excellency the Gov- ernor, consisting of a Gold or Silver Medal, according to the importance of the service for which it is bestowed— engraved on the Obverse with the Arms of the State of New York, the motto " Excehior " plainly legi- ble, and on the Reverse with an in- scription setting forth the name of the Governor by whom bestowed and that of the recipient, date of conferring and service performed. The Governor shall have the power to confer such a Medal on any officer, pro- vided a Board of 3 Officers (of equal or superior rank to the nominee) designated by him to examine into the matter, shall decide that no objection exists to his investiture with such an honorable distinc- tion. These suggestions, if approved by the Gover- nor, might be elaborated by a Commission se- lected among distinguished Officers from the Slate at large. In n»y mind, there is no doubt that (he Governor is invested witli tlic power to establish sucii Badges of Merit, which would be the means of creating a generous emulation and devotion in the Militia of the State, dormant from the very fact that merit and talent can only be rewarded by election to command. Once instituted, the decorated Private would feel as proud of his Modal or Badge, as the Officer of his Commission ; and, in like manner that the famous La Tour d'Auvergne, refusing promo- tion, preferred the title of First Grenadier of France ; remain satisfied with the admiration of his comrades and respect of his superiors, en- joying the enviable distinction of having won his Badge in a struggle, in which, while open to all, the worthiest alone could attain the prize. XXIV. At some healthful central loca- tion, a State Military School shall be es- tablished, on a basis similar to that of the United States Military Academy at West Point. The course of study shall last for five (5) years, the last year to be devoted to instruction in Gymnastics, Equitation, Civil and Military Engineering, and such studies as will fit the pupils for the usual pursuits of life, so that they will have re- sources in themselves when they leave the State Service. The pupils shall remain at the disposition of the State Government for two (2) years after their studies are com- pleted, as an equivalent for their education, and shall be employed as Adjutants or in other Staff offices. Brigade Majors, and In- spectors and Instructors of the Line of the Militia, Engineers of the State Works, and Professors and Teachers in the State Col- leges and Schools, &c. The number of pupils shall not exceed [128 -f-32-|-25] 185, renewed annually, ap- pointed in tne following manner : First — One (1) for each Assembly and two (2) fot each Senatorial District, chosen as follows: A Council — composed for an Assembly District, of the Brigadier Gene- ral and Field Officers of the Militia District and Judges of the State Courts of the Judicial District in which it is comprised. County Judge, and member of Assembly elect — shall meet, discuss and propose to the Governor the names of three (3) candi- dates, from which he shall elect one (1) j for a Senatorial District, of the Major 12 i. General, Brigadier General, and Colonels of the Militia District, and Judges of the State Courts of the Judicial Districts in which it is comprised, County Judge or Judges, and Senator elect — who shall meet, discuss, and propose to the Governor the names of six (6) candidates, of which he shall select two (2). Second — Twenty-five (25), who shall be chosen and appointed by the Governor from the State at i^arge. For the use of the pupils, there shall be kept up a number of saddle horses, suffi- cient for their instruction in Cavalry tactics, and a number of draught horses, to horse two sections of Artillery. {Smh Schools are maintained hy every Knrnpt'iin (Jovcrnment, however circMm- arrihed in territory/ or restricted in means.) XXV.— The Military (Committee of the Now York State Legislature shall bring in a Hill, in effect the mere framework or skeleton of a law, (General Principles on the basis of the United States Army Regu- lations, but founded on mature considera- tion of the advantages of foreign Systems of National Defenco.) the details of which shall become a law by the signature of the Governor, on the recommendation of a Board of experienced, scientific Officers, convened at Albany for that purpose. Such a course would nieet the views of ail, avoid sectional prejudices, and give the Militia that standing which alone can win general respect and good will. In order to repre- sent the wishes of the Militia throughout the State, each Regiment shall desigmite a person fit to serve on such a Board. The.se seventy again shall choose one for each Division District, and the Commander-in- Chief have the power of designating two — ten in all. This Board .shall then consult authorities, receive and examine communi- cations and suggestions from every one able or willing to lay them before it. weigh every Section dispassionately, and .select the most beneficial, the matter finally adopted to be- come the law of the land ; ])rovided, always, it is not in violation of the Constitution of th(i State, or of the I'niled States, or any Act of Congress relating to the Militia or Public Defence. The Title of these Refortb are, Ist : Rbfobt to his Excellency Wabuikoton Hunt, Governor of the State of New York, &c., &c., on the suhlect of the organiza- tion of the National Guard ana Municipal Military Systems, including the French and Florentine (paid) lire Departments, of Europe, and the Artillery and Arms best adapted to the State Service, in pnrsnanee of General Order, No. 411, and Inetructionu of 29th July, 1861, presented IVom Tlvoli Head Quarters, 9th Brigade, 8rd Division, N. Y. S. I., Ist July, 1862; printed as N. Y. State Senatk Document, No. 74, March a6th, 1863. 3d. Report to his Excellency Horatio Seymour, Gov- ernor of the State of -New York, on the subject of the organization of tlu' English and Swiss Militia, the French, (Parisian, Lyonnose) : Swiss, (Genevese) ; and l*ruBsian, (Berlin) Fire Deimrtmcnts, the Reorganization of 1851, of the Military Forces of the Kingdom of Sardinia, &c., Ac., &c. Presented from Tlvoli on the Ist June, 1853.— Besides Reports on, and Analyses of the English, Swed- ish, Norwegian, Prussian, Austrian, German States, and Free Cities, French, Swiss, Sardinian, Tuscan, HoUaudish, Spanish, Turkish, Tunisian Military Or- tanl7.ations, from which the State of New York could erlve benefit in preimring an efllcient Militia System. These Documents contained. References to Military Schools mentioned by foreign Governments; Sugges- tions for Clianges and Improvements in the exist- ing Militia Laws ; Simple Uniforms and plain Desig- nations or Badges of liank, since adopted in a great measure by the Rebel War Department; Millitary Medi- cine ; Telegraphing ; Rewards and Punishments ; Ex- planations and Rerommendatious of a New System of Field Artillery, (viz.. the Louis Napoleo.n mobilized 12 pounder, hovltzer guns, now the favorite gun in the United States service); the fikst Digested Suoqks- tions for a Paid Fire Department with Steam Fikb Engines and Regular SysUm of Fire Escn])eii ; Analyses of the Parisian Organizations against Fire with notices of the St. Petersburg and other European Fire De}Mirt- ments : Reports upon Arms and Armament, in general, including imrtlcularly the Swedish Carbine Pistol, a Cavalry WeajMrn, adopted in the United States Anny without a word of credit for the idea to the Re|)ortiiig Officer by Jefferson Davis, when United States Secre- tary of War; Cavalry (particularly the liank Kntiix System) translation of the Italian (Sardinian) Beksa- ulieke or Uifle Tactics, from the Original Manuscript of Lieutenant (ienerai Ai.EssANniio della Marmora, Institute of that Ann, conteiniM>raueous or antecedent to the Lirganlxatioii of the celebrated Chasseurt d' Oiieau* or de Vlitctuntfi, in France; &c., &v.. These Reports were the Results of two visits to Europe, 1H51-2. and 1K)2-:1, and of several years close study and Analysis. They c )Ht the author, besides an Immense amount of labor, (iiiite a \at''c expenditure of money, for authoritieH, (ipcciinuns, aruwlngs, Ac., never reimbursed and neviT ackiiowlt-dged bv tlie State Authorities. To His Excellency WAsiiixtiToN flUNT, Gov- ernor of New York, is due the uuthiirl/iitinn. and to His Excellency Millard Fillmore, President of tlie United States, the endorsement necessary to enable the author to accomplish his labors; and had the ettlclent Whig Governor, Hunt, continued in powur, X\w Reports would doubtless have been acted upon as far as practicable under our Institutions. The Fire Report presented to (Jovernor Hunt, one of the best (iovernors this State ever honored with the highest position in the gift of Its people, was ri^warded with a lieaiitiful gold niediil. Tliat the second l{ei)ort was not received with equal favor and attention may be attributable to the tart, that during the author's second visit to Europe a new election had placed another person in the Kxccutive Chair, and a new set of represeniatlves in the Senate and Leglsliilure, who had tlieir own or ditVereiil views in regard to the necessity of radical chmigus and pnu'tleai Improvements In the Militia System of the State.