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Corresponding Member of the Wisconsin State Historical Society, Corresponding Member of the Chicago Historical Societ*-, Member of the American Historical Association, Member of the; American Folk-Lore Society. DETROIT, MICH. 1888. Entered ULcordinK to Act of Cungress, in the year 1888, by D WIGHT H. KEl/rON, in the oflico of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Printed by Detroit fret Press Printinif Co. SAULT STE. MARIE, MICHIGAN. Latihuh J^O" SO' 10" North. Longitude S^"'' 2^ West of Greenwich. HISTORICAL SKETCH. Father Dablon named the mission oataMishcd by liim at the foot of the rapitls in IOCS, Salute Marie da Sault, " Saint Mary's of the Uapids." Saut, is the modwn sjiellini,'; '' Soo,'' the popu- lar pronunciation. From the word 6'^ *«/!," falls," or "rapids," tlie Ojil.wa trd)o obtained its French naiho, Sauteux. At ilrst, tkose only whose home was at the " Soo " were called by that name ; but by'degreos it passed to all Indians of the same speech. Tlio spelling '^ Sauiein','' thougli very common, is wrong; this word is pro- nounced differently and denotes "a springer," or "a jumper." The Indian name of the town or rapids is BawUmfj, from hawitig, "rapids." This is an abbreviation of Icmitlgioeya, "the river is beaten into spray." (Some Indians pronounce it hagwltlmj, " where the river is shallow.") The Ojibwa band residing at the Saut were called liawiti- gowininiwag, or Baioiting ddzhi-imniwag, " Men of the Rapids." The Indians have no general name for St. Mary's lliver ; but have for the lakes into which it expands. The mouth of tlie river is called Giwideoonaning, "where they sail around a point." Pawtuoket, Powatan, Pawcatuck, Pawtuxct (Ojibwa Bawl- tigosing, "at the little falls"), and many other similar names in different dialects, are of the same root as haioiiig^ and denote a fall or rapids. The root is haw, " to scatter by striking." 6 8AULT STE. MARIE CANAL. Lake Superior is 002 foot above the level of the sea. The only water-way between I/ike Superior and tlie lower lakes is the Saint Mary's liivor, which Mows from Lake Superior at its eastern extremity, and empties int(» Lake Huron 37 miiea cast of Mackinac, Island. The channel between the two lakes is about To mihjH loiii^, ami was, before improvement, obstructed in Hiany places, but esijcciall}' at the Uapids of Saint Mary, 15 miles from the head of the river. In their natural state these rapids formed a barrier to transportation by water, and made a portaj^e necessary. The fall of the river from Lake Superior to the rapids of St. Mary is one tenth of a foot; in the half-mile stretch of these rapids the fall is 18 feet ; and from the foot of the rapids to the Lake irurou level, which is reached at Mud Lake, 35 miles below, the fall is 2.3 feet. In 1837, the governor of the newly admitted State of Mich- igan called the attention of the State legislature to the advisabil- ity of constructing a canal around the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie, and three years later the subject was brought up in the United States Senate. In spite of violent op])08ition a survey was ordered, which was made by ofKcers of the Topographical Engi- neers, U. S. Army. In 1852, a grant of 750,000 acres of public land was made to the State of Michigan, from the proceeds of which the canal was to be built. The grant was attended with the conditions that the canal be at least 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep ; the locks at least 250 feet long and 60 feet wide ; that work be begun within three years and finished within ten ; that tolls be limited to the amount necessary to keep the canal in repair, after the expenses of con- struction had been paid ; that (xovernment vessels be free of tolls ; and that the donated land should not be sold until the location had been establisiied and filed. The State accepted the conditions and the grant, and handed the latter over to a private company, which undertook to build the canal for the proceeds of the land. HAULT BTR MARIE CANAL. OLD CANAL AND LOCKS. (1855.) Ground was brokon for the work on Jnno 4, 185.^. TIio cer- tiiicato of its coniplotion was si^nod by the coniinissionors on May 21, 1855. Tlio first boat, the steamer Illinois, Captain Jack Wilson, was locked iliroMji;h on June 18, 1.S55. The canal was 5,400 feet Ion;;, 100 foet wide, and 12 feet deep at an avera^'c stai^o of water. The batiks had a slope of 1 verti- cal to 2 horizontal, and wore revetted with stone except in rock cuttings. The locks were at the eastern or lower end, and were two in nniiibcr, placed tme in immediate i)rolongation of the other. Each lock was rtjctari^idar in plan, 350 feet lon» by 70 feet wide and, 24 feet 8 inches deep, with a depth of 11^ feet of water over the miter-sills, and a lift of 9 feet. The capacity of each lock was 281,750 cubic feet. The walls were of cut limestone from Marbleliead, Ohio, and Maiden, Ontario, backed with stone from Drummond's island, Saint Mary's liiver. Water was admitted to the locks throuj^h openings in the leaves of the upper gates, by means of butterfly valves. The valves were worked with a rack and pinion. Seven minutes were re(|uired to i\\\ the upper lock-chamber, and fourteen to lill the lower. The volume of water in the upper lock when filled to the level of the canal above, amounted to 3,757,000 gallons. The water was let out of the locks by means of valves in the lower lock-gates. Fourteen minutes were required to empty eJich lock-chamber. Five minutes were recpiired to open .or close the lock-gates. The gates were oj)erated by means of a boom, worked by a hand-capstan. The dimensions of the locks permitted the passage at one time of a tug and three vessels of the size then usual. There was a guard-gate of the ordinary mitering pattern 2,100 feet above the upper lock-gates. 8 8AULT STE. MARIE CANAL. The original survey was made by Capt Anj^nstus infield. Topographical Engineers, IJ. S. A. The entire cost jf the canal was $999,802.4(;. The last boat, ^he steajn tug Annie Clark, Captain Edward Martin, was locked through Nov. 2, 1886. CANAL IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW LOCK. (1881.) The first contract for the improvement of the canal, which resulted in its enlargement and the building of the lock of 1881, was dated October 20, 1870; the iirst stone of the lock (the largest ship canal lock in the world) was laid July 25, 1870, and the first boat, the steamer City of Cleveland (now City of Alpena), Captain Albert Svewart, locked thiough on September 1, 1881. The length of the canal is 7.000 feet. Its width is variable. The least width is 108 feet, at tiie movable dam. The depth of v.'ater is 16 feet. Vessels are protected against i^ijury from the rocky sides of the canal by a revetment of pier work, the general height of which is'4 feet above mean water level. The material is pine timber 1 foot square. There aro 12,000 linear feet of wooden piers, and 3,100 linear feet of masonry connected with the canal. LOCK. The chamber of the lock is 515 feet long between the irates, 80 feet wide, narrowed to 60 font at tl.o gates ; the depth is 39i feet. Its capacity is 1,500,000 cubic feet. The depth of the water on the miter-sills is 17 feet; the lift of the lock is 18 feet. The volume of water in the lock chamber when filled to the level of the canal above, amounts to 9,888,000 gallons. The 8AULT STE. MAIIIK CANAL. 9 sills are placed 1 foot below canal bottom, so as to be protected from injury by vessels. A gnard gate is placed at each end of the chamber, making the lengtli of the walls 717 feet. The walls are of limestone. The cut stone, was obtained from Mail.'lc'hcad, Ohio, and Kelley's Island, Lake Erie. There are 34,207 cubic yards of masonry, in the construction of which 35,000 barrels of cement were used, every barrel of which was tested before it was taken on the wall. The face stone, the miter and breast walls, and portions of the wall adjacent to springs of water, are laid in English Portland cement; the remainder of the wall is laid in American cement. The cements were mixed with sand in the proportion of 1 to 1. The foundation is on rock throughout, a Potsdam sandstone of diti'erent degrees of hardness. A floor of timber and con- crete extends across the bottoin of the lock and 5 feet under each wall; the rest of^the foundation of the M'a II is concrete 4^ to 2 feet thick on the rock. All the timbers used in the foutj- dation are of pine 1 foot square. They are laid in concrete and fastened to the rock with bolts 3 feet long, which are fox wedged and cernented in the rock. The miter-sills are oak timbers 12 by 18 inches, and fastened in ])lace by bolts 10 feet long, fox-wedged and concreted in the rock, and also by timber braces bolted to the rock. The estimated capacity of the lock is 96 vessels in twenty-four hours. At the close of the season of 1887, the greatest number of vessels ever through the canal in one day, was on June 14, 1887, when 84 vessels were locked through. The original plans and specifications for this lock were pre- pared under direction of Gen. Orlando M. Poe, U. S. A. Later, they were somewhat modified under direction of Gen. Godfrey Weftzel, U. S. A. Mr. Alfred Noble, was the Assistant P^ngineer in local charge of the work from beginning to end. The total cost of the canal enlargement was $2,150,000. 10 SAULT STE. MARIE CANAL. GATES. Two minutes are required to open or close the lock-gates. There are four gates, designated as upper and lower lock-gates and upper and lower guard-gates. The frame work is of white oak and sheathing of Norway pine. The weight of one leaf of the upper lock-gate is 40 tons and of one leaf of the lower lock- gate 76 tons. The guard-gates are only used when repairs are being made to the lock. They are opened and closed by means of temporary block and tackle operated by a power capstan. Both leaves of the upper guard-gate are ])rovided w^ith valves, with which to fill the lock after it has been ])umped out. The valves are worked with a hand wrench from the top of the leaf. The lock can be tilled through these valves in about one hour. I;; H FILLING. Eleven minutes are required to fill the lock. The water is lot into the locks from two culverts under the floor. These culverts are each 8 feet square, and extend from the well above the upper lock-gate to the well above the lower lock-gate. The water is admitted into the culverts through a well which is covered with a grating. The covering of the culverts is the floor of the lock. The water passes into the lock chamber through 58 apertures in the lock floor. Each aperture has an area of 3 square feet ; the 58 apertures 174 square feet. Tliis area is increased to 190 square feet by the man-holes left in the bulkhead at the lower end of the culverts. The filling valves through which the water enters the culverts are two in number, and are located in the well just above the upper lock-gate. Each valve, when shut, closes the entrance to one of the culverts. Each valve is 10 feet wide and 8 feet deep. The valves are made with horizontal cast-iron axles, and frames, to which a covering of boiler iron is bolted. SAULT 8TE. MARIE CANAL. 11 EMPTYING. Eight minutes are required to empty tlie lock. The water in passing out of tiie lock goes down through a well which is covered with a grating, tlience through two sliort culverts and up through a well below the lower lock-gates. The emptying valves, through which the water escapes from the lock, are two in number and are located in the well just above the lower lock-gate. Their construction is similar to that of the tilling valves, just described. Each culvert is complete in itself. If an accident should occur to one culvert, or to its valves or engines, the other culvert could still he used. MACHINERY. The power is obtained from two 30 inch turbines. The com- puted effective energy of the two wheels combined is 50 horse- power. Water is brought to them through a supply pipe from the canal above the lock. Both are connected by spur gearing to the main shaft. The power for operating the different parts of the machinery is taken from this main shaft by means of pul- leys and belts in the usual manner. Two pumps force water into an accumulator loaded so as to give a pressure of about 120 pounds to the square inch. Water is taken from the accumulator to the engines which open and close the gates and valves. Heavy West Virginia mineral oil is used in the cylinders whenever the temperature is so low that water would be likely to freeze. There are four gate engines, one for each leaf of the upper and lower lock-gates, and four valve engines, one for each of the filling and emptying valves. Tlie machine house is of stone. There is a cellai, ground floor, and upper floor. The main shaft, accumulator, pumps, etc. are on the upper floor ; the pen-stock, dynamo, tool-room, etc. are located on the ground floor. The accumulator passes from the cellar up through the upper floor. The turbine iron supply pipe lies on the south side of the t I UJWkU 12 SAULT 8TE. MARIE CANAL. lock. The inlet is 45 feet above the upper gnard-gates and 7 feet below the surface of the water, and is covered with an iron grating. It has a cut-off valve 9 feet from the inlet. Its interior diameter is 36 inches. The pump ^'or emptying the lock is in the cellar of the machine house. It is a centrifugal, run by a belt from the main shaft. It is about 8 feet below the surface of the water. When the water is to be pumped out of the lock, the guard- gates above and below it are closed. Seventeen hours are required to empty the lock with the pump. The dynamo for the electric lights, used in lighting the locks, is a ten-arc-light machine of the " Brush" patent. It is run by a belt from the main shaft. The force required is eight horse-power. The power capstan is on the lock wall near the machine house. It is run by belts from the main shaft. The capstan is used for warping vessels into and out of the lock. A system of lines and snatch-blocks extends around the lock, so that vessels can ' be warped in from either end and to either side. The movable dam is about 3,000 feet from the lock, and is designed to check the flow of water so that the upper guard- gates can be closed in case the lock-gates are accidentally carried away. It consists of an ordinary swing-bridge, one end of which can be swung across the canal. A series of wickets are suspended side by side fvdm a horizontal truss hung beneath the bridge, and abutting, at either end (when the bridge is closed), against heavy buffers securely anchored to the masonry. One end of each wicket can be let down until it rests against a sill in the bottom of the canal. When the wickets are all down they form a vertical bulkhead or dam. The wickets are 23 in number ; each wicket is supported in an iron frame. The bottom of the canal under the movable dam is covered . with a floor. The dead weight on the truss due to the wickets and frames is 1,600 pounds per running foot. This is counter- poised by brick work at the opposite end of the truss. The lateral pressure of the water against the wickets, is 3,400 pounds pir running foot. 8AULT 8TE. MARIE CANAL. 13 The canal, upon which the General Government had spent large sums, was still in the possession of the State of Michigan. Congress on June 14, 1880, authorized the Secretary of War to receive the canal from the State of Michigan. The transfer was made June 6, 1881. Since that time the canal has been in the possession of the General Government, and all vessels have been passed through free of toll. The chamber of the lock now building on the site of the two old locks of 1855, will be 800 feet long between the gates,' 100 feet wide and 43^ feet deep. Its capacity will be 3,440,000 cubic feet. The depth of water on the miter-sills will be 21 feet, and the lift of the lock 18 feet. The volume of water in the lock chamber when filled to the level of the canal above, will be 23,338,000 gallons. The estimated capacity of the lock is four vessels, each 350 feet long and 46 feet wide, at one lockage. The canal will be deepened to a navigable depth of 20 feet. The estimated cost of the lock and enlarged canal is $4,740,000. Worl^ was begun in the Spring of 1887. Gen. Orlando M. Poe, U. S. Army, is the Engineer in charge of the improvements. There are now engaged in the commerce of the lakes nearly 2,000 American vessels. They represent an investment of $50,000,000 capital. Some of these vessels are of sufticient capacity to carry at a single trip the grain that would load five freight trains of thirty cars each, with over 600 bushels per car. The entire wheat crop of a 4,000 acre Dakota wheat- farm went through the canal on one of these great carriers. * r; Statement of the Commerce tliroxigh Saint Mary' 8 Falls . i t TONNAGE. Sailing vessels. Steam- ers. (b) (a) Tasien- gera. Coal. Flour. Year ReKls- teri'd. Actual Freight. Wheat. 1805 (n) (a) (c) 106,296 (c) 4,270 Tons. 1,414 Barrels. 10,289 BixsheU (e) IS.'tC (a) (a) (b) (a) (0 101,458 (c) 4,674 8,968 17,686 (e) 1857 (a) (ft) (b) (aj (c) 180,820 (c) 6,650 5,278 16,560 (e) 1858 (a) (a) (b) (a) (c) 219,819 (c) 9,230 4,118 13,783 (e) 1859 (1) (a) (b) (a) (c) 352,642 (c) 8,884 39,459 (e) 186'.) (a) (a.) (b) (a) (c) 4ft3,657 (c) 60,250 (•) 1861 (a) (a) (b) (a) (c) 276,639 (e) 8,816 11,607 22,743 (e) 1862 (»v) (a.) (b) (a) (c) 359,612 (c) 8,468 11,348 17,291 . <•) 1863 (a) (a) (b) (a) (c) 507,434 (c) 18,281 7,805 31.975 (e) 1861 1,015 366 (b) 1,411 (c) 571,438 (c) 16,985 11,282 33.937 (e) 1865 602 396 (b) 997 ((-•) 409,062 (c) 19,777 84,985 (0) 1806 555 453 (b) 1,008 (c) 458,530 (c) 14,067 19,915 83,603 (e) 1867 839 466 (b) 1,305 (c) 556,899 (c) 15,120 22,927 28,345 (e) 186S 817 3;j8 (b) 1,155 (c) 432,563 (c) J0,590 25,814 27,372 (e) 1869 939 399 (b) 1,338 (0) 624,885 (c) 17,657 27,850 32,007 (e) 1870 1,397 431 (b^ 1,828 (c) 690,826 (c) 17,153-^ ' 15,952 33,548 49,700 1871 1,064 573 (b) 1,637 (c) 762,101 (c) 15,859 46,798 26,060 1.376,705 1873 1,212 798 (b; 2,004 (c) 914,735 (c) 25,830 80,815 136,411 667,134 1873 1,549 968 (b) 2,517 (c) 1,204,446 (c) 30,966 96,780 172,692 2,119,987 1874 833 901 (b) 1,734 (0) 1,070,857 («) 22,958 61,123 179.855 1,120,015 1875 569 1,464 (b) 2,033 (c) 1, 2,59, 534 (c) 19,085 101,260 309,991 1,213,788 1876 684 1,733 (b) 2,417 (c) 1, .541 ,676 (c) 30,288 121,734 315,224 1,971,549 1877 1,401 1,050 (b) 2,451 (c) 1,4.39,216 (c) 21,800 91,575 355, 117 1,349,738 1878 1,091 1,476 (b) 2,567 (c) 1,667,136 fc) 20,394 91,856 344,599 1,872,940 1870 1,403 1,618 100 3.121 (c) 1,677,071 (c) 18,979 110,704 451,000 2,603,666 1880 1,718 1.785 50 3,503 (c) 1,7;M,890 (c) 25,7o6 170,501 523,860 2,106,920 lasi 1,706 2,117 181 4,004 2,120 2,092,757 1,567,741 24,671 295,647 605,453 3,456,965 188i 1,663 2,739 372 4,774 2,1)72 2,408,088 2,029,521 29,256 430,181 314,044 3,728,868 18S3 1,458 ■i.O-iO 2.37 4,315 2,351 • 2,042,250 2,267,105 39,1.30 714,444 687,031 5,900,473 1884 1,709 3,600 371 5,689 3,074 2,997,837 2,874,557 54,214 .06,379 1,248,243 11,986,791 1885 1,689 3,354 a37 5,380 2,863 3,a35,937 3,2o6,628 36,147 894,991 1,440,093 15,274,213 1886 3.534 4,581 306 7,424 3,593 4,219,397 4,527,759 27,088 1,009.999 1,7.59,365 18,991,485 1887 2,502 5,968 8-i5 9,355 4,165 4,897,598 5,491,649 32,068 1,352,987 1,572,735 23,096,620 Year. 1855 1856 18.57 1658 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1861 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 18?2 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1S82 1883 1881 1885 18.S6 1887 (a) No record kei)t until 1864. (b) No record kept until 1879. (c) No record kept until June, 1881. it ! Canal for each calendar year from its opening in 1866. Year. 1855 1857 1860 1861 1863 1863" 1861 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 lS8-i 1883 1881 1885 1886 1887 Oraln— other than Wheat. Buihels. 33,908 22,300 10,600 71,738 133,437 76,830 89,06a 78,180 143,560 289,926 249.031 285,123 323,501 301,077 308,823 445,774 309,645 149,999 250,080 107,772 313,542 264,674 951,496 2,547,106 367,838 473,129 776.652 517,103 422,981 715,373 775,166 Manufac- tured and Pig Iron. Tons. 1,040 781 1,325 2,597 5,501 4.191 6,4;w 6,681 7,613 7,:m 13,235 30,602 22,78,'; 23,851 42.9,V.) 54,981 86, 191 44,920 31,711 54,381 64,091 39,971 14,882 39,218 46,791 • 87,830 92,870 109,910 72,428 60,842 115,208 74,919 Salt. Copper BarreU. Tons. 687 3.196 464 5,727 1,500 6,700 950 6,744 2,737 7,247 9,000 3,014 7,615 2,177 6,881 1,506 1,044 1,776 5,331 3,175 9,9.35 4,151 9,550 5.316 10, SS,! 4,624 12,222 5,910 18,662 11,089 11,301 36, 199 14,562 42,690 14,591 29,335 15,927 42.231 15,346 43,989 18,.39« 46,666 25,756 63,188 16,767 63,520 22,529 92,215 22,309 77,916 21,753 65,897 29,488 176,612 25,409 70,898 31,021 144,804 36,062 1.36,355 31,927 158,677 38,037 201,908 31,886 Iron Ore. Tona. 1.447 11,597 26,184 31,035 65,769 120,000 41,8.36 118,011 181,567 213,7.5.3 117,459 152,102 222,861 191,9.39 239,3(58 409,850 ;«7,461 383,105 604,121 427,658 493, 408 609,752 568,082 555,750 540,075 677,073 748,131 087,060 791,733 1,136,071 1,2.35,132 2,087,809 2.497,713 Lumber. B M. i1 Feet. Tons. 126,000 (d) 395,000 (d) 572,000 (d) 185,000 (d) (d) . (d) 394,000 (d) 196,000 (d) 1,111,000 (d) 2,001,000 (d) 822,000 (d) 141,000 (d) 390,000 (d) 1,119,000 (d) 1,260,000 (d) 722,000 92 1,072,000 461 1,744,000 .306 1,162,000 580 638,000 443 ,5, .391, 000 817 17,761,000 985 4,143,000 987 24,119,000 ^50 35, ,598, 000 321 41, .5,39,000 66 58,877,000 82,783,000 22 87,131,000 814 122,389,000 9,781 127,984.000 3,669 138,688,000 2,009 165,226,000 350 Diitlding Stone. Ton». (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) 2,917 5,228 5,213 3,218 401 2,978 2,102 2,506 2,754 2,226 2,283 1,400 5,428 2,405 6,047 8,189 9,449 13,401 Date of Opening, June 18 May 4 May 9 Apr. 18 May 3 May 11 May 3 Apr. 27 Apr. 28 May 2 May 1 May 5 May 4 May 2 May 4 Apr. 29 May 8 May 11 May 5 May 12 May 12 May 8 May 2 Apr. 8 May 2 Apr. 28 May 7 Apr. 21 May ;: Apr. 23 May 6 Apr. 25 May 1 Date of (.'loxing. Nov 23 Nov. 28 Nov. 30 Nov. 20 Nov. 28 Nov. 26 Nov. 14 Nov. 27 Nov. 21 Dec. 4 Dec. 3 Dec. 8 Dec. 8 Dec. 8 Nov. 29 Dec. 1 Nov. 29 Nov. 26 Nov. 18 Dec. 2 Dec. 2 Nov. 26 Nov. 30 Dec. 8 Dec. 3 Nov. 15 Dec. 5 Doc. 3 Dec. 11 Dec. 10 Dec. 2 Dec. 4 Dec. 2 (d) None shipped from Lalte Superior until 1867. (e) None shipped from Lake Superior until 1870. § 5 S CO S 53- ^^ -S s:B ■^ =t p !>; s 5 ."=0 CO "O "v ■♦>• ^ "^ S "53 CO S -^ ."» >^ Co' >^ CO — <: Co <;) O) CO at C35 ^ P lU CO (J) ^ -c « -5 -s :S "^ CO "= •- :si ^ .CO :? -o CO !D CO CO CO ^i '^.-l .«&>> — .Co ^ .'I ! I S5 U O lai O o O SH3.A.S03Sr 1888. Cheboygan. Mackinac & Sault Ste Marie DAILY LINE STEAMERS. The Only Daily Line on this Popular Route. Stmr. "Soo City." Stmr. "Minnie M." BYRON ARMSTRONG, Captain. J. B. MONDOR, Captain. ED A. PLUM, Clerk. F. M. HUBBARD, Clerk. I.KAVKS LKAVEH \ CHEBOYGAN CHEBOYGAN MoDdays, Wednesdays M Fridays, Tnesdays, Thursdays and Satordays, 6 o'clock a. ni. t) o'clock a. 111. MACKINAC ISLAND MACKINAC ISLAND 9 o'clock a. ni. '.1 o'clock a. 111. AKKIVINoUtaii Bloirk, CHICAGO, ILL. til o 00 00 fa O Ui u o li^seGlFaii. P»= W|icH. •'Sole Manufacturers. This Fan for the dustiuction of inaects consists of a body entirely of wire gauze, iiavin^ a binding of soft material and provided witii a flexible handle. To operate the Fan consists in giving a (piick, siiort blow, either when the insect is on tiie wing or at resl. This fan is exactly what in wanted for use in restaurants, dining rooms, show-windows, and places where flies congregate. It fills a i)lace almost indispen.sable — in consideration of the annoyance and liability of contageous diseases by insects (now so well authenticated by medical science). It is highly practicable in that the»insect is not warned and does D"* ily, or is not blown away, as is the case when struck at by a solid surface. Endorsed by the leading Surgeons of the Army and Navy, by Hospitals, Hunters, Fishermen, Students, School Teachers, Bankers, Book-keepers, Lawyers, Judges, Clergymen, Invalids, Nurses, and in fact by all who are ever exposed, night or day. to n>us(|uitoe8, flies or any flying insects. SENT BY MAIL, POST-PAID, ON RECEIPT OF 50 CENTS. L. .^.. snyLiTH: & oo. WOODWARD AVENUE, We are also Detroit Agents for DR, JAEGER'S SANITARY WOOLEN CLOTHING, I •1 i Chippewa House Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. 1 O O Ft O O JVIJS. HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY. HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL FISHING CLUBS. The Chippewa House is conveniently located on Watet' Street, (nearer the river than any other hotel in the city), a few yards from where all the passengers are landed who arrive by boat; fifty yards from the main entrance to Fort Brady, (the Army Officers messing at the Chippewa), and one hundred yards from the Canal Locks. Electric lights in every room, and the house fitted with all modern conveniences. No danger from fires, ps the rooms are on the ground floor, or up but one flight of stairs. All passengers arriving by boat will save carriage hire to and from all boats, by stopping at the Chippewa. Ferry boats r>unning to the Canada side of the river start every fifteen minutes from the wharf opposite the Chippewa, HENRY P. SMITH, Prop'r 6. Manager. «j > H s o > a: Bi O o a: > Q < oi PQ f- O The New Mackinac {Built in 1888, upon the site of the old "Mackinac House" ivhich was burned in January, 1887.) Mackinac Isuand, - - Mich. 100 aOOD BSD ROOMS. Terms, }i?2.()() and S^.50 Per Day. This house is well arranged for the comfort of tourists, and is (con- veniently located opposite the end of the only passenger wharf on the Island. The furniture, carpets, eic, are all new. The house is equipped with electric bells, and all modern conveniences. FRED. R. EMERICK, Proprietor and Manager. This hotel lias l)een built and arranged for the special comfort and conveoience of summer boarders. On arrival, each guest will be asked how he likes the situation, and if he says the hotel ought to have been placed upon Fort Holmes or ou Round Island, the location of the hotel will Ims immediately changed. Corner front rooms, up only one flight, for every guest. Baths, gas, electricity^ hot and cold water, laundry, telegraph, restaurant, fire alarm, bar-room, billiard table, daily papers, sewing machine, grand piano, and all other modern conveniences in 'jTery room. Meals every uiinute, it desired, and consequently no second table. English, French ami Uermaii dictionaries furnishiHl every guest, to make up such a bill of fare as lie may desire. Waitersof any nationality and color desired. Every waiter furnished with a libret- to, button-hole boquet, full dress suit, ball tablet, and his hair parted in the middle. Every guest will have the bt'st seat in the dining hall and the best vraiter in the house. Our clerk was carefully educated for this hotel, and he Is prepared to please every- body. He is always ready to sing any song you desire, play upon your favorite musical instrument, match worsted, take a hand at draw-poker, play billiards, study astronomy, lead the german, amuse the children, make a fourth at whist. Or tlirt with any young lady, and will not mind being ''cut dead when I'a comes down " He will attand to the telephone and answer all questions in Choctaw, Chinese, Chippewa, Volapuk, or any other of the Court languages of Europe. The proprietor will always be happy to hear that some other hotel is "the best in the country." Special attention given to parties who can give Information aa to " how theie things are done In Boston. " For climate, beautiful scenery and health, Mackinac Island cannot be surpassed. Only one funeral in 1887— the patient called a doctor. St. Ipace Republican p. D. BISSELL, Editor. St. Ignace, Mackinac Co., Mich, PUBLISHED E7ERY SATURDAY. $2.00 A. ITE^A^IR. Witsitxn Mniflii Cdcgrap| Co. C. CORBETT, Ass't Supt., DETROIT, MICH. An extra three-conductor cable has been laid this year (1888) across the Straits, between Mackina\A/^ City and St. Ignace, thus enabling us to give con- stant and direct service between Detroit. and St. Ignace, Madinac Island, Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette and all intermediate places. flll-JKOMSIOI-flfl MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH. n HEADQUARTERS OF ARMY A^fD NAVY OFFICERS. Former Headquarters of the American Fur Company. Fresb milk and butter The Astor House is conveniently located about one hundred yards from the wharf where all passengers are landed. Tourists stopping at the Astor will save carriage hire to and from all boats stopping at ti.e Island. No fire traps— 12 easy tire-escapes. Fresh eggs and poultry from the Astor Farm, from the Astor Jersey Dairy. This is the only hotel on the Island which is supplied with pure run- nmg spring water. By authority of a special Act of Congress we have run a pipe from the noted "Manitou Spring." and the Astor House is now supplied for all purposes with the best and purest water on earth It was in their vain but determined attempt to retain possession of this their sacred spring, the ancient tribe of the MMnimaki were utterly ex- terminated. (This is the only sprin.- on this continent, north of the City of .Mexico, where the natural temperature of the water is twenty degrees colder in the summer than in winter. Winter. 55 degrees; Summer 35 degrees Fahrenheit.) Guests of the Astor have access to the old and original books of the American Fur Company. In the basement of the Astor House is the celebrated Astor Fire-Place- 80 often referred to by Irving-the largest lire-place in the United States. JAMES F. CABLE, Propr. II Sault Ste. Marie News Saul-t Ste. Marie, Mich. It is the oldest and newsiest paper at the Soo. 'It is the representative Republican journal of the Upper Peninsula. It is the most enterprising weekly newspaper in Michigan. It has the largest circulation of any paper in Chippewa County. It is a ^/fiMJspaper, first, last, and all the time. It is the best advertising? medium in the North. It does not use plate matter. It is set up by its own compositors, in its own office. ' i It prints live news, in advance of its contemporaries. It is a large eight-patre, fifty-six column, paper. It leads the procession. SUBSCRIPTION, $1.50 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE. ADVERTISING RATES GIVEN UPON APPLICATION Book and .Tob Pi'iiitinir, Book Biiidinu- and Engi-aving, Complete Job Office. thh: news publishing co., C. S. OSBORN. M. A. HOYT. A. W. DINGWALL. J / ii>iieiP^i A. B. DICKINSON, of Siiiilh'A Motel, IlillmlHle, Mich. FRANK H. CARR, Formerly Cathler Boodv Houn«, Toledo, Ohio •s. ^^ BRUNSfj.^^ ^ 4- -^ Cor. of State and Griswold Sts., One Square from City Hall, DETROIT, MICHIGAN. wxxxxxxxx Location Central. Convenieut to the leading stores and places of amusement. First-class in all appointments, having passenger elevator heated by steam, hot and cold water in rooms,' and all modern improve- ments A large number of very desirable guest and sample rooms have recently been completed in the adjoining building on State Street im- mediately in the rear of M. 8. Smith & Co. 'a jewelry store, making our location absolutely central, and giving ample accommodations for over one hundred guests. RATES, $2.50 and $2.00 PER DAY. DICKINSON & CARR, Prop7'ietors. M KELTON & CO., Newspaper Subscription Agency, Q.UINCY (Brauoh Oo.) MICHIGAN. Leading Periodicals of America and Europe at Club Rates Send your Address and get our Club List. To LIRHAKIANS, and aU UKAUEItS of Periodicals we offer many advantages:— YOll NAVE TIME and \0V SAVE MONEV, because you get club rates from all wiio offer them and you can order from one to a dozen different periodicals in one letter to us, while if you send to the publishers for the same you will have to write and pay postage on from one to a dozen different letters, and the cost of that many drafts or money orders. KRIEND8 will do us a favor by sending us the names of Magazine readers to whom we can send our Club List. OUK LOCATION is in a pleasant village where the expenses of labor and living are not half as great as in a city; we are on (.he great Fast Mall Route Ijetween New York and Chicago, (ort Lake Shore R. R., Similes west of Toledo; 163mileseast of Chicago;; we have four mails a day each way, and considering the slowness of the delivery of mails in a oily (several hoiu's, while here we get them within ten minutes after trains arrive), we can copy and forward orders quicker than if in a city, except it be for the few papers publlsned in the city we might be located in, and the difference in even tliese could not exceed six hours. With these advantages, and having a steam print- ing ofllce of our own, no other Agency can equal the dispatch we will give your orders. We forward orders dnity (Sundays excepted). We do not supply sample copies. Our prices include postage in the U. S. and Canada. The FostOlflce at Quincy, Michigan, is a Money Order ofltice. Our Annual Club List will be ready to mail by December first of each year. gllRSCRli'TIONS CAN BEGIN AT ANY TIME, and back numbers can usually lie included at same rates. You waste time in writing given names of subscribers, as publishers put only initials on their papers. When ordering the renewal of a subscription it is not necessary to give the date; simply write "renewal." Our terms are for advance paying subscribers. Those who owe on past account nmst settle with the I'ublishers. Receipts are sent by postal card tor all remittances except those in registered letters, which we receipt for on the registry card. ONLY FULL YEAR subscriptions are taken at our club prices; if shorter time is desired, send ten cents in addition to the proportionate price. When your paper begins to come you wilt know that the publisher has received your name and money; if any copies are lost by mail, or it you want to change your address after that, you should write to them and not to us. All periodicals ar j sent to you postpaid direct from the publishers, thus insuring promptness and regularity, as we forward your name and money to them at once. If, by any accident, you do not receive your first paper within a reasonable time, write to us, telling [ij name of paper, |2] date of your order. L3] name and address of the subscriber, which will enable us to write necessary particulars to publishers to rectify the delay. SEND YOUH MONEY by Bank Draft, payable in New York ; by Express Order payable in New York ; by Money Order payable in Quincy, Michigan ; or by Regis- tered Letter. SAVE TIME. SAVE MONEY. CLUB RATES FOR ALL. All ptM-iodiruls lire Htnit to yoii diiect Itoiii tlie publissliers. I'utiUnhir'.i Pi lOi'. Advance w $i f)t AiiHTii-an AkcriuullurJHt m ' ^0 Ainfiiean Mu«azliie .111 .'J nO American Poultry Yard w 1 50 AnuTican Antiquarian l»i-ni 4 (M) ArkfiMsun Traveler w a (H) Art Amateur m 4 iK) Art Iiiterchanue hlw 4 i>0 ?5 cents extra in tubes. Arthur's Hoiik; Magazine ni -i 00 Atlantic Monthly ni 4 00 Biihvhood m 1 60 Ballon s Monihly m 150 Ijtainnrdrt Musical World m t 50 Hreeiler's (lazette m H ih) Cnrpentrv «nd Building hi 1 Ol) C'-ntiiry iSlagazliu' ni 4 00 Chicago Heialil w 100 Chicago Journal w MX) I'hicago I'lter-Ocean — w 1 lic w 2 00 ,Mi(;higau Kanner w 125 Nation w 3 (W New Orleans Picayune w 1 50 New York Graphic w 2 50 New York Independent w 3 00 New York Ledger w 3 00 New Y( .rK Week ly w 8 0(1 North Anierii'un Iteview in "i 00 Our Little Men and Women . m 1 00 <.)iir Little Ones and Niirseiy. m 1 50 Outing m M 00 Overland Monthly m 4 00 Pansy, Juvenile iii 1 00 Peck's Sun w 2 00 Penman's Art Journal m 1 00 Pelvrson's Magazine m 'i 00 Popular Science Monthly in 5 00 Poultry World m 185 Prairie F'armer. w 1 SO Puck (F.ngllsh or German) w 5 00 Puhlic Opinion w 3 00 Queries m 100 Rural New Yorker w a 00 San Francisco Chronicle w 1 50 Saturday Evening Post w 2 00 i)ur Price. 9 86 75 2 15 2 15 2 15 8 25 89 4 00 •-• 26 4 '2:) 8 26 Science w 3 50 Scientific American w 8 20 i Scribner's Magazine m 3 00 I Sporting Life w 2 50 ! Sporting News w 2 00 i St. Nicholas m 3 00 St. Louis fJlobe-Democrat w 1 00 ■ St. Louis Republican w 1 00 ; Standard (.Chicago) w 2 50 I Texas Siflinge w 4 00 I Toledo Blade ' w 1 00 I Toronto Olobe w 100 I Turf, Field and Farm w 5 00 ; Vick'8 llIusMiited .'ttonthly.. ..m I '25 j Waverly Magazine w 4 DO I Wide Awake. m 2 40 1 06 1 10 2 85 1 15 1 70 2 65 2 .50 2 50 1 2,-, !N) 1 30 2 U) 3 25 «0 1 75 80 1 46 4 25 86 1 20 4 00 2 50 90 1 65 1 26 1 80 2 60 8 00 2 75 2 iJO 2 CO 1 76 2 65 85 85 2 25 3 50 95 86 4 65 1 00 3 a-i 2 10 Address all orders to KELTON & CO., QUINCY, MICHIGAN. ► 5 mmmmm II JV UCHIGAN Central "THE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE." To CANADA, THE ST. LAWRENCE.. WHITE MOUNTAINS, THE HUDSON, New \± Boston, ami New IwM Poiots. [HE MICHIGAN CENTRAL is the only real "Niagara Falls Route" in the country. It is the only railroad that gives a satisfactory view of the Falls. Every day train stops from 5 to 1 O minutes at Falls View, which is v/hat the name indicates — a splendid point from which to view the great cataract. It is right on the brink of the grand canyon, at the Canadian end of the Horseshoe, and every part of the Falls is in plain sight. Even if one is too ill to get out of the car, he can see the liquid wonder of the w^orld from the window or the platform. There is but one Niagara Falls on earth, and but one direct railw^ay to it. O. W. RUGOLES, General Paseenyep Agent. THE Q ommercial H otel G. W. DABB & CO., Proprietors. ACCOMMODATIONS FOR FIVE HUNDRED GUESTS. Corner Lake and Dearborn Streets, CHICAGO. The location is moat accessible to Depots, Steamboat Laiidiiigs, Theatres, Public Buildings, Parks, mid all objects of interest. Full South and East Fronts, Passengir Elevator, Electric Lights and all Modern Improvements. TERMS, $2.00 AND $2.50 PER DAY, INCLUDING MEALS. Supper, Lodsing and Breakfast, 81.50. Lodging and Breakfast, f 1.00- Meals, 50 Cents Each. »» ) i I ii 1 1 1 The Hahdsomest Trains in the World THE PULLMAN VESTIBULE TRAINS NOW RUNNING BETWEEN CHICAGO AND KANSAS CITY OVER THE NEW ii Santa Fe Route." Chicago, Santa Fe & California R'y. Office 212 Clark Strest, Corner Adams Street, CHICAGO. H ISTORY O F Y Detroit and Michigan By SILAS FARMER, City Historiographer, (Hy Apiiolntinent iiniler Ordlriniicp "f IMIi. Meinb«r of AiiierKran Historical Association, Webater Historical Sootety, Michlffan Pioneer Society, etc. It contains 1072 paji^es in doiihle columns, <|Uftrto form, with 648 illui- tralions, consisting of fac .simiiosof ii variety of Old Ilcconis, Documents, Signatures, Hand-Bills, Noted Localities, repR'senlal ions of Souls, Monu- ments, Banners and relics of Vtirious kinds, together witli a large nuinl»er of nuips and plans. In range of subjects and fullness of treatment it is tlie most complete local history published in America. Fully one-thihi) ok thk volume 18 DEVOTED TO MATTEKS THAT UKI.ATE TO MjCIMOAN IN (lENEUAL, AND THE INFOHMATION IS NEW AN!) 81NOULAKLY INTERESTING. In RVEUY LinRAHY THK LIST OF VOLUMES ON MICHIGAN AND Detroit is particularly mkagrk; this iiistoiiv will amply meet this want, and, as a work op reference, no other volume can take its place. Over ten years of labor were spent upon the work, no expense was spared in its preparation, and it unfolds a large amount of authentic and surprising information hitherto unpublished and unknown. It is printed on seventy pound super sized and extra highly calendered paper, and is elegantly bound in genuine Turkey morocco, with cloth sides and appropriate stumps and tool work in gold. The price is |10. In ortler to treat home and foreign customers alike, the postage or expressage is paid to any part of the country. c^ The Sportsman's Line to the Sportsman's Paradise! detroit & cleveland steam navigation co. CLEVELAND AND DETROIT TO MACKINAC ISLAND AND THE HUNTING and FISHING RESORTS of NORTHERN MICHIGAN. Lake Tours! Palaee Steamers! Low Bates! Quick Time! STj£j^Ti/zjei:Eta Qity of y\lpena, Qity of |V|ackinac Four Trips per We«k Between * Detroit, Mackinac, St. Ignace, Cheboygan, Ai.fena, Harrisvii.le, Oscoda, Sand Beach, Port Huron, St. Clair, Oakland and Marine City. Leave Detroit Mondays and Saturdays - 10 P. M. Arrive Mackinac Wednesdays and Mondays 7 A. M. Wednesdays and Frioays - 9 A. M. Thursdays ANO Saturday* 5.30 P. M. Close Connections with Steamers for Chicago, Milwaukee, Traverse City, Charlevoix, Petoskey, Harbor Springs, Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, Portage, Duluth, and with Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic R. R. for Marquette and the Copper Regions. STIC-A-IiiITCUS City of Cleveland, : City of Detroit Every Week Day Betwsen CLEVELAND AND DETROIT. Leave CLEVELAND - - - 8.30 P. M. Arrive DETROIT - - ' ■ 5.30 A. M Leavi DETROIT - - - 10.00 P. M, Arrive CLEVELAND - - 5.30 A. M Special Sunday Night Trips July and August. For Illustrated Book, Rates or TicUets, apply to your Ticket Agent or Address EJ. B. ^?VmXOO»J:B, G. P. & T, A., DETROIT, MICH. DISE! J. MURRAY BROWN. WILL J, WILSON. Brown & Wilson, HtGAN. ARTIST TAILORS nac ,LE, 9 A. M. 30 P. M. -AND- Importers of Fine Woolens. ♦♦♦♦»♦♦»»♦•»♦♦*»♦■♦»♦♦♦»»♦♦ rings, 224- WOODWARD AVENUE, roit k. M. ^. M. DETROIT, MICH, / ♦»♦♦♦♦»»♦»»•♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦ ^Ve ^Arould be pleased to have you call and inspect our Selections. r, MICH. All Work First-Class. Beautifully Lefti The man who \A/-ont use the latest approved methods and appliances in the conduct of his business. The CALIGRAPH Type-Writer is as much an essential to- day as the steel pen wr^s 00 years ago ; many then clung to the old quill pen. Who would think of doing so to-day? You may flatter yourself that you are saving the price of a machine, but others have made the price of theirs over and over again. In this age of StearTx, Electricity and Pneuinatic Appliances, things won't AA^ait for any one; you inust get aboard or be left. Over 1 00,000 consider the CALIGRAPH Type- Writer essential. Does it not behoove you to consider the question of sparing yourself and higher priced labor by using the type-writer? Over 100,000 have studied the question and decided in favor of the TYPE-WRITER. If you want to look the matter up, send for circulars. GEO. E. PADDOCK & CO., 24 Oougress St., cor. Griswold. - - DETEOIT, MICH. The Summer Tours — OF THE — M lCHIGAN f ^ENTRAL RR And Connecting Lines to the <• Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, Springs and Seaside Resorts of the North and East, AKE THI8 VKAR MOKK COMPLETE THAN EVEK BEFORE. TO BOSTON AND PORTLAND Through tl}e WHITE MOUNTAINS. TO ISTE'W" "-y-Q-R.-K:- — "V-I.A. t:h:b3 — St. Lawrence, Lake Cliainplaiii, Lake George and the Hudson, And numerous other Boutes, for details of whfoh see our Summer Tourist Boute and Bate Fclder. SPECIAL NOTICE.— Passengers ordering Sleeping Car accommodations should be particular to give Route, Train, Date and Destination. Write or telegrapli to W. H. Undbrwood, Eastern Passenger Agent, No. 80 Exchange Street, Buffalo, N. Y. ; 0. A. Warren, Passenger and Ticket Agent, (16 Woodward Avenue, corner Jeflarson, Detroit, Mich , or Central Depot, foot of Third Street; Wm. Qatkb, Ticket Agent, JOS Boodv House Block, Toledo, O. ; C. Lincoln, Michigan Central Depot, Chicago. O. "VT-. RTJO-GILEIS, GenV Patsenger Agent, CHICAGO, ILL. ,VT" i E. P. FOLEY. R. P. FOLEY. Foley's/\R I Gallery HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL KINDS OF Photographic Views, OIL AND WATER COLOR PAINTINGS. Artists will go with parties to any point on or off Machinac Island, to make special views on demand, for a reasonable compensation. Steam Lapidary Machinery In connection, for shaping and polishing Agates, many of which are found on this lapideous Island. AGATE JEWELRY A SPECIALTY. Do not fail to call and examine the many fine specimens of Northern Michigan Animals exhibited here free of charge. FOLEY BROS., Prop's, Cor. Fort and Main Streets. MACKINAC ISLAND. •EY. ry 'S whinac any of mens of arge. SLAND. t-^-rs-:v:;%--.: ■V*^;-.-rji;f :^:-:rd^ :rf- '.r% 'J-twl- '"'" *^sgj#-