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Tous les autres exemplaires origiriaux sont filmis en commenqant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles sulvants apparaitra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: la symbola — ^-slgnifle "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6tre film"'*e' PAMPHLET No. 11. DOMINION OP CANADA. CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, J. H. GRISDALE, B.Agr., Director. W. T. MACOUN, Horticulturist. CONTE.VTS. OaBBAOE Ol'LTURE. Cauliflower CuLTL-ng. CABBAGE CULTURE. By W. T. MACOUN, Dominion Eorticulltirist. Experimental Fam. Otfawa I seel Therefore ^m "' *^« ^'""tral menta should be summed uo in anTr'tilo f,' ''^'?^^^ *^"' *^« '^^^^ °f experi- notes on the varieties "und be t. "the aL^tilp' •"''"' '' '^T ^^««^«"-' ^i^'' by market gardeners who grow IhettgSe:':: "ETcalT ''° '"^*''''' '''''''^ the north, and from the most easterly to thoTT °^, ^"♦"■'' ^o Dawson City in vegetables that can be Landed "Pon tL T\ "''*"'''^ ?"''' '^ '^ ""« '>f the vegetable which does bestTa con "Tativoh Ir^^f '""'T °* *^'^ "^ *^«^ '* ^^ « considerable frost without injury ' °°' temperature, and that it will stand trom'';Vs^^im:f%.::'';iir;,r ^ "°'.'^"°-- '^^■^ >' ^- i>ee.. ■auliflower, Brussels pro t. I oo leolh'rk f'''"7' ^"^ "'''^'' *''" '^«^^««-' '11 sprung, is a native of th^ 00,^0 'l'" . f' ""v ''""'"' °^''" ^"™« h«'« of the Mcditerraneau. where t thrive n':' Y'''''' }'''''°r>e, and the north shon- -hieh it gets during the ^r. « „/ ' I , h ^"'"r^t'^t^ ?°'' "^^'^* conditions. ■io so well where th^ gro,^„;:;s:ri:'coni;::t^vS'c:or'' ''' '''''''''' ^"■^*'- .ooi.'tS°:Si:;r;!:::;lltr^xtt^';^r^^r ^"^'-^ ?-- -^- :;;S^:.::rs ^x s.:Tr t^v "f ^"--- '^^ "-^'^" --t -armer parJs of Canada the best u ces wit^ n' ^^^ !"'t'''^y -«""• ^^o in the -op which will be in^inditiS/L'L: S ^e'Vretl'r?^,^ -mmer, and a late crop which will mature af^rXw wt' ilt^r^' "' ''" Mtes are water and available plant food Whl ' .? I , '" "'^''^'^""" '^qui- .1.0 plant food which ma. bo L alim:^aL ^J: V '^nKt t^^^l "' ."'T^''^^ ill cnnrtnniis o.ii«i.«* «f -c-i „ . !_ • - u-' <"' tbo .latcs when hardened off before tran ant ■' the S'V /'"" u ^''"•^^••^' "'"^ "--"^'''^ frost, but if they are not iu. io^ed off it t It ^"'>''"*^':;-^-;" /t«"^' ^"•' F. or more of It will thus be seen that it s po'sibe o It ""''' ^''t ^T' '" ^""' »>'« Pl«"ts. the best growers do this, o te^hoW „J i.Ick ir'^'T''''^^''"''''' "Y"'''' *'»'' f"^"- »nd should they be destroyed. tL grower who f„T "It " '"'''''''" '^''"' «^' P"* ""^ earliest eabbage. whieh gives the best profit, r„K?' '''''\?[ "'^' "'"«"-- has the paratively cool weather, and by sett L e.r v fh '"' "•" '''^"" '" «'"'" '" '='""- soon are well forward. The time o-owL^^f. '"''''■,'" '"'' ^^^t^Wished and February or early in March in some distr^tt. Z ^•'" ^"^ ^'•°"' '«*« i" southwestern Ontario anTiL some p oe^ n V". '. 'lY'[°' ^^'^^ >" "thers. In started in the autumn about the mTddlooTsenrT'' ^°'"™^''' ^^'^ '''""^^ """y ^"^ about the middle of October, and hdd over SoTn7h *^T^'^'«"'«' '" -^^^ fram«, from sudden .h.nges of temperature and o keen thV'' '""''■ "'"''''^'^ "^ "''' the sides 0' frames well 'banked Tth earth ' Sants3"f l,^"^^' 'i'^' «"^ '''*'' stand sev degrees below zero Fahr and win n.i li ^'"^'''^'"} '" this way will out in th. ,rly spring. This is, however a atE ri I ^''''-'t^'"''^ ^°' '-^"'"^ start plan . in February in a gr;enhouIe " '^'"'^- ^* '= Preferable t^ and r^rStf sr- ;r s ^ r::;^;:!^ *- rr '-- '^ ^'^ »>-« warm enough to put then, outside Iml \lLj7^ l''^ l''""' ^""^ ^- ""til it is by putting them in the light InT^ti^f.otr'pt." " '''''' ^'''"" '^' ^^"^ ''""'-^ ■alJl^ a2^;^tctf rZ'Il'jd;?'"" '^ "- ^""''^ -^^^ '- --" ^oxes made of three-fourth in-h w,, d^d -i h .C":;";,?,;- ""? I'T ''"''"'' '" '^^P*^- 'Irainage) in a fairlv rich lna„,v "oil th. Z. ''"'■'"'•'! ^'^^^'^ "' th. bottom for are sown about half an inch deep M IIT^ "I' '" ''' '"•^'""^- '^he seeds •voung plants be.in to get the S . n ;v: ° LraV';tL7"''' r"'^ """ «' ^^^ ;nches apart each way, or say on. and one- ,alf oho on X^"!:;"' ^-"T "T V" I hey are grown in these flats in tho hotbo.!. „, , L , "-'• '"^' °*''«' '''»»'»• arc again transplanted about three k " nj ^II "'' ''t''"'%'"'^'^'- ^^'^''» ^^^^ .mportant to have a good proportion of fie in ,1", U rth,/;:,/''^ «»*^ '*-" rhinted from these flat= to the field the «o;i u;\U aI \ , ''" ''"^''' ^""e trans- put in a cold frame or a hotbed wUhH to lei tu" ^^ ''!'' ^"^^ "^ "<>- or cold frames well ventilated from tW in e the ll ""'^'^r*^"^ to keep the hotbeds :;U1 permit it^so a. to have sto.ky plan'whS: ^ -il' .X'r;'':;,."!!:;;!;'::, -«^' ■^ »et out. For a .eek o. ,w. before p,.,,,,.. time the sa.h .honld .;;:', iS'^S Kl ;3 , '" ^3 lli iii i- 1 frames in the ilHytiine, when weather will porniit, to allow the plants to get well hardened. Wlien in the best condition in this rcnpoet the leaves take on a puqilish tinge. Some growers do not take the trouble to gruw the plants as has been deacrilied, but merely sow ilio seed thinly in rows aliont three indios apart in hotbe'ls and trans- plant direct to the fields. From the ~coi] row they transplant to cold frames first, and this method may be followed with fair sinoiss, but where there is keen con pt ti- tion among growers in getting early <'al>lia>;e it pays to put the extra work on them. In growing late .'abbago quite a different plan is f(>llowe cabbage are planted during the latter part of .June or early in July at Ottawa. The time will vary in difTcrerit parts of Canada, as for early cabbage. CuUivalion.—\Ve now come to one of the most important items in the successful culture of calib;me, e>peoially of early cabbage. As has been stated before, the cabbage needs a large amount of moisture. It also needs a large amount of available plant food to ensure a rapid develoinr.ent of good heads. Thorough cultivation conserves moisture, permits the air to penetrate readily into the soil, and tl)us assists in making the plant food available. As soon then as the plants have recovered from the slight wilting which there is likely to bo, the ground should be cultivated shallow and hoed, and hoeing and cultivation should be constant until the plants meet or until there is dange of breaking the leaves. It is surprising what a ditTerence there is between cabbage receiving frequent and few cultivations. Harvesting; Storing.— .\ grower begins to harvest early cabbage as .soon as tiie heads are big enough to sell, tisually about one hundred days from seed and from forty-five to fifty (lay= after setting out in the Ottawa district. The yield will dcp,.nd verf much on liie purity of the strain which has beer, used, but should run from fifteen to twenty or more tons to the acre. Late cabbage are left in the field until danger of severe fn.st. .Sometimes the heads of late cabbage crack before they are harvested. This is due to the cabbage maturing before it is time or convenient to harvest them and then making new growth owing lo moist weather. This is prevented somewhat by checking the growth by twisting or partially loosening the plants biic leaving the plants where they grew. Cabbage may be stored in several ways, but tho iliief point to remember in regard to storing is that the heads should be kept in n cool, well-ventilated place. A temperature as near freezing as possible without freezine is desirable. If cabbage should freeze it should be thawed graihiallj' to have as little injury as possible. In rellurs which are very dry the cabbiipo wilts, but on the other hand they should not be kept in wet cellars or where there is a drip, conditions favouring the development of rot. Where > atibage are stored in small quantities the root sliould be kepi on, iis they will keep somewhat better tliHn if the heads are cut off, but in storing in large quantities inside this is not prm'tieable. In pillnir late cabbage outside, how- ever, the roots are usually left on. When st.^red for home tisc in a cellar whore the cellar is liable to be wet, it is well to place the cabbage on boards with tho roots up, ir the cabbage may be hung up. In piling for keeping outside, the ground is levelled in a place where water will not lie and the cabbage piled in piles of various widths to about eight feet wide. A convenient pile where a large quantity is not harvested is one of three cabbage wide at the bottom and on top of these there are put two other.-, and so on in a long row, all with tops down and roots cut off. These are covered with stimw at first until there is danger of the cabbage freezing, when soil ia gradually thrown over the straw as the weather beconus more severe, it is important not to [lut on the -oil iiniil nci-osury, t'nr fear of the cabbage heatiiiu'. When piled in this way the oiiti^r leaves al-'o serve as a protection to the cabbage in throwing off n oi>ture. When stored in buildings, as is done in many places wheri; calilage is grown on a large scale, the heads are cut from thi' steins and stored in piles from three to fo\ir feet deep in bins oi on shelves. Oood ventilation is very necessMry in these storage houses to ensure the cabbage keeping well. Control of Instcis and Fungous Diseases. — There are several ins( cts which atfecl; cabbage and cause serious loss unless coiitrolled. Shortly after tlii> jilants of early cabbagt> are set out the cut-worms uri liable to injure them. These insects cut the stem of the cabbage near the ground and ruin the plant. The best reniedy is poisoned bran. Thoroughly mix half a pound of Paris green with fifty pounds of slightly moistened and sweetened bran, and scatter about the plants as sonu as the worm becomes troublesome, or preferably just after the plants are set. The cut-worms will eat the poisoned bran in preference to the plants and will be killed. Root maggots are often ery troublesome. The eggs are laid by a small fly near the stem on the ground, often almost as soon as the plants are set. In a few days the maggots hatch and burrow below the ground into the stems or roots, soon injur- ing them so much that the plant is liable to die, or if if does not die weakens It so much that it is useless. Sometimes some of the plants of early cabbage may be saved after being affected by earthing up the stem, when new roots will be thrown out, but it is best to prevent the injury. As the eggs are sometimes laid in the hotbed before the pbnts are transplanted to the field, it is desirable to screen the beds with cheese- cloth to prevent the flies laying the eggs. After they have been planted in the field the best protection is a small tar-felt paper disc or card about three inches in diameter with a slit for the stem. The eggs, if they are laid at all, are prevented from coming into contact with the stems. If the card discs are used they must be put on carefully and fit closely to the stem. Some short diverging slits from the centre of the disc permit a close fit. The soil must be levelled about the i>lant so that the disc will lie leTel and close to the ground. A small, black, hopping insect called a flea beetle often does much injury to plants in the seed bed when they are quite small. An application nf air-slaked lime, ashes, or even roaddust, when the leaves are moist will do m.\ich to prevent the injury. If very troublesome. Paris green in the proportion of one pound to twenty pounds of eir-slaked lime or land plaster may be used. 1 hI Jtif ?l ' MHL Tho s.,iall wl„,o cabbage butterfly, fron. tlu- orks of which hatch the green oabbaKo w..r.u> with which most growers arc familiar, often doos much injury unles. provent.vo n.eu.urcs are taken The butterfly lay, the e^Ks on the leaves, and when the young catcrn, ars hatch they eat the outside leaves first, at which time thcv can be rea.hly .•ontr..lled. Inter when they work further into the cabbage it i,",nore difficult to roach them. A very good insecticide to u.e is Pyrethruui or Insect Powder Mix thoroughly one part by weight of Inject Pow.ier with four parts of cheap flour and keep ,n a c o.e ves.el for twuty-four hours, then dust or. prefernblv. blow with a bellows over the plant-. As there is n second brood later on. it i« neeos.nrv to be on the watch for them. The Cluh-roof or Finn.r and Toe D,s,;i.,' sometimes affects the cabbage. Cabbage should not be plant, .1 in land having this disea.-^e the year before, or for several years before for that nuitter. but where it i. not possible to let several vears intervene the disease may be controlled to a considerable extent by a heavy application of Mme before planting, from L.IOO pounds to a. much as 'hree tons per acre being recom- mended where tHr di.ea... i> very ba.l. If -ce.ili„cr. show any sign= of the disease lieioro planting tiiey should not be u=ed. Damn;,),, off sometimes occurs in the hotbeds, but cauliflower are much more easily atfe'tcturo is even more important. The time for sowing the seed for early cauliflower is about the same as for early cabbage, and for the late suniirer or autumn crip of cauliflower the same as for late cabbage. Ureater care iiiuM U' tukt-ii of rauliriowcr in th.: lu.tbr.i .|u,,i . : ,,.rlv cabbuK.' 88 the young plants damp off more easily, as already stated. II,. Uds 'should bJ kept well ventilate*!. The plants should be watered a.s little as possible and having the Burfa.v ,,t the noi\ wet should be avoi.lef th.. late varieties, the Large Algiers and Waleh^ren arc two of the best. In order to protect the heads from the sun and keep them v hite. .la- l,.aves are drawn together over the head and tied as soo„ as the heads begin to bo exposed. Before tying it is desirable to kill the eabbajre w ,nns with pvrethrum powder if there are any. The hea.l and leaves should aKo be dr>- when the laft, ,■ are tied. Frequently there is a largo number of small lieads v„t big ciinu«-h to sell when the plants have to be pulle-l owing to severe frost. These mav be pullo, up with as iBany roots attached as possible and planted in a roothouse, first r.noving some of the outer leaves, which will help to prevent wilting.. The li.nd- from these plants will be worth consi air was moister tlia. out=idc, favour- ing the development of the heads. F<,r lioui,- u>e .aulillower n:ight bo grown quite successfully in a cold frame with a cliee>(-r]oth covering. % r