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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rata lelure, 3 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■•^■miwiPHHMai T II K p 11 1 L s r 11 Y F r ii o u g ii r . ■ -v vxr^jA. V. \.-< 'v> •% ■* A LECTITKE DELlVEKl!:!) AT TlIK OPExMXG OF THE FREE CHURCH COLEEdE, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA. SESSION 1852-3. •» 1 - ■» 1 *v BY REV. WILLIAM JA^ALL, PROFESSOR OF MENTAL AND MORAL PHILOSOrilV. PUBLISHED AT THE RE(,»UEST OF THE COLLEOE LUARD. HALIFAX, N. t^.: tjAMES BARXllS. ]7:t HOLLIS STREET. ■■HRBHF' 'It LECTURE. Tlie commGnccmont of ivnother period of study is an event peculiarly interesting ; fraught at onee with agreeable memories and pleasing an- ticipations. The progress of mind from its dawning to its complete de- velopment, is an event or circumstance attended with a pleasure which )io other circumstance or event can boast. AVe are variously constitut- ed, i)ossessed of a complex nature, and so, susceptible of varied pleasure or hai)piness. Of all the pleasures, however, of which we are suscepti- ble, i)erhaps no one atibrds a finer delight than that of which the mind itself is the source in its own exercises, or in its communion with other minds. The right state of the affections, which terminate on being, and which cannot be without their object, is a circumstance of more import- ance than the mere operation of mind, tlian any exercioO of the intcUec- tual faculties merely ; but thought is, undoubtedly, the grand exercise of the rational being, witiiout which, emotion or affection might be pleas- ing, but would not be very profound ; since, to e>ery emotion or affec- tion, as philosophers say, some conception (thought) is necessary ; and it is in proportion to our knowledge of the ninge of truth, that any truth, the most familiar, can cliarm or please, and to our estimate of being, that being itself can be the object of our emotions or affections. Thought is the sta])le of mind : emotion or feeling is the state, however, for which thought exists, or in order to which it is mninly valuable. It has a va- lue in itself: it is connecteil with material and practical results ; but a state of emotion is the ultimate end of all thought ; while its immediat(^ result may be some of the finest feelings of our nature. The mind must be somehow exercised. It niiiy ])e exei'cised upon objects as varicil as tl) 're are objects to call forth its faculties. These are not limited. Tliey are Injunded only by the wants and necessities of our nature, by the re- sources of enjoyment, and by the subjects of thought and inject wliieli it supposes is to he joined. ']'he SaviiLic never i^vts lievoud this incpiiry, except it l.r in so tiir as those (h'lensive or ajrjrressive operati- ons are eoneerne.l. hy wiiieh hoslih- iril)es are attiieked, or their invasi- ons ai'e resisted. \\"n\i tlie necessities ofiiis iiatui'e as a condition, iiow- ever, uv an ohject to i)e met, nmn is not cont(Mited t(» he limited. There are c:ipacities within hiui whicii seek tiieir ih'V(dopnient, and will not he eontined by such narrow boundaries. Xece>sities are multiplied, or more tiian llie alisolute necessities of iile ure soiijrht. l*hvsical wants demand variety, or seek it. and dirt'erenl modes of ininisterin-r to these ;ire inveiit<'d or resorted t(.. Mmu's physical condition iidvanees, his WMUls extend. Mud the necesMties become the c(Hnl'orts. and the (detraii. cies, oflife. And what, accordintily. do we tind in a civilizi'd state of society, but improved modes of liviii.^', with the ele;.r,|;icies of social ex- istence, anil the relinenienls of social iuli'rcoiirse 'f It is in the proiiress to this point that many of the aris and sciences are discovered or invent- i.'d. rudoubiedly it wa< in Ibis vciy pruiiress that science and art made tiii'ir tirst ad\ances. AN'hcii niiml is awakenrd, inipro\enicm irties tor- ward; and (he ii.M'ful and elegant ai'l> are no more iban mind expeiid- e<[ upon those materials wliich lie in it~ way. and may be fashioned to •iratify taste, as W(dl as minister to utility, 'i'be ranjred ; and sci(.nce i< Imii ibr trea-Mreci re^-niis. or ai.i'in'eurati' amount, <,f separate oi»scr\alions and indi\idua! d:-covl■|•^■. Science and art, however, c((nu' to be pursued foi' iheir own sake, and the tiMci <,f M-icn- tilic invesiiji'aliou, and th.c hi-ii walk.-, lif ar;. present .^epair.le directions to mind, and at once beantity ai;d cnnol.le lit'.-. A< micIcIn pro'/ivsses, commimilies are JbrnH'd. nations h-kuv. ('i\;I polbies ai-i>e. law-, ai'e con- ,^irih'teii. history creates ii,-:.'if. \\ iiai a li-ld for tbou,L-hl i^ here! lint mind i!oe> not ran-v v. illiin ih.e.-e lni,i!-; a!elt'in lauLniaii'e ; and lim- ideas are li.xciL and the empire of mind i^ eii!ar;:vd. Lau;.'iiaire it-:elf i- an iiiterc.^tiii;^' subjrct of in\ e ti-'atiiMi. for llu' princiides on \'v liii'h il i-; llaaned. and the chan.^-cs \, nirh. in !i;e pivi-ivs- of tiim', and ii.ie lap .■ of eveiii-. il hi! ^ inideri.'on.;. l',\\-, Von /mh iMn^'eive what an t till J>HII.<»-i»l"ll V xtent languagi^ was a divine endow- ment, cannot be doubted ; audit indicates its divine origin. What a vehi(d(; for tht; finest conc<>ptions and emotions I What an adaptation i)etwcen the mind and its inodes of exprt>ssion I How the one tills the other with lile and meaning! — while the latter, again, suits every vary- ing idea and emotion of the former — now i-ouses with energy, and now soothes with pleasure, or transports with d(diglit. Having found such a vehicle, mind freely expatiates in every region. How much we owe to language i)crh;!ps cannot be told, for tlie excursiveness of mind — for the lineness of its iinaginations, and the -;ul)tlety of its conceptions. This we know, that in a rude slate, language is possessed of few abstract terms, and, accordingly, we liiid Imii few alistract ideas. A system of Irutii is not known. Aljstraet tliought will always be found in propor- tion to the advancement maile in language, and language will become the more snlitle ami refined as thought i>rogresse'. The veriest shade of idea has emltodiment in some .-nbth' cxjtression, and it is in the ex- [u-ession thai the idea itself i< formcl io llie mind. A thought often lies in till' state of a feeling till a word, or words, m-oke it from its re- cesses, and we lind that thes,,' express tli(> vei-y thoiTght which existed be- fore but in (dl'ect. — tfu^ rflrrf in thh- insfai'r'' srcDiiiKj to precede tlieatuse. it is to Imagination ami alistract Hea-on, particularly, that language is such a mighty snccedaneum. Tlivre i> a jieriod of its history when Im- agination lci< to do with outv.anl i'uriv.< and semblances, as expressive of inward ihonynil)(,l. ,,!' material ol.j.M-ts or i,l,,is ; ,„• tli.'>,- „!,j,.rts or i,l';.s are expressed .,!• conveyed under the most s.d)tle e.meeptions ot'tlie mind. JJetween Ho- mer and ^V(>rds^vortll, or Shelley, there seems the interval to whieh we l.av.' here alluded: Shakspear.' may he said to unite the two periods. Terms arc applied to ohj.!ets or eireumstances to whieh they eouldnev- ''V have l,.;en suitable, h„t lor the abstract sense tliat has been assigned to them, from llie subtle analogies which the mind can perceive between <'ven tin; most material and the most spiritual circumstances or objects. The power of perceiving analogies, Abstraction, (ieneralization, are tlu! I)0wers l)y which thought is so refined, and may be so large and gener- al. The subtlest analogies are seen between mind and matter, and be- tween matter and mind, between different objects and api)earances in the material world, and between different states of the mental. An ab- straction takes place, and whatever is non-essential in any observation of phenomena is at once discarded: a generalization takes place, and an observation becomes as wide as the universe. It is thus that the mind proceeds, whatever may bo the ol)jects with which it deals, whatever the subjects with which it is conversant. The progress from a rude and ignorant state to one of enlightenment and civilization is just the pro- gress we have brieHy indicated. There arc first those imperfect gcn.-r- alizations by which objects are classified, their uses discerned, and their laws to some extent ascertained and determined. Nature becomes the minister ofman, obeys his commands, and subserves his uses. Com- munities are formed : nations dwell on the earth. The sciences are the offspring of physical wants, and afterwards become the instructors and companions of those whose wants gave them birth. The Creator has established the most beautiful laws in nature, among those objects which he has rendered subservient to his creature, iAIan. There is notiiin- but has its law, an.l which does not serve its puri)ose, in a re-ndated sys! tem whici! sprang from Cud, and which still dei)ends upon Idni. I^Ian cannot make any progress in social existence without develoi)in<.- these hiws, accpiainting himself with the order and constituti.m of nature.— The i)ractical arts of life are but tlie ai)plicatiou of these laws to the purposes of life. These take place, or are practised, long before there IS stnctly speaking science to regulate art, although art can nevei- be separated from a certain degree or amount of scien.'c, or knowled.re -_ Science is knowledge systematized, or based upon principl.s-the know- ledge of laws, not of facts merely, the evolution of these laws, la time science regulates art, or rises upon its rules. Egypt seems to have been the land where (science and Art hud their lirst triumphs, or first made nil I'lIlLHSol'lIY <>!• TlIoKillT. :iny progress. Kirypt had \\\v iulvaiicrd in the arts ere Israel lia«l yet hocnme a nation, or even the great ])rogenitor of thai rat'e v as called ; iuid the seiences flourished in Kgypt. IMnenieia, and Chaldca, before the jirst Colonizers of Greece had ibunded Argos and Attica. The inven- tion of letters is ascribed to the PlKcnicians, wliilc the ])riests of Sais locked up in hieroglyphics the knowledge which they meant to keep from the ])e()ple. It was in (xrec-ce that the struggle of mind took place, and that science and art reached their crowning height. Phncnicia gave Cadmus to Bieotia ; Egypt gave Cocrops to Attic«T; ; and all the greater men who led the mind of Greece were indebted to these countries, and to Chahlea, for much of that wisdom which made Greece what it was called — the eye of the world. Chaldea, at a very early period, devot- ed herself to the observation of the stars ; but this not so much for the purposes of true science as for those of divination, or foretelling the fu- ture from certain conjunctions of the heavenly bodies; so that Astrolo- gy, rather than Astronomy, Avas the science of the IMagi. To Egypt and Chaldea the sages and philosophers of Greece resorted, to acquire all that could be learned from these more ancic^nt, and early renowm^d countries. Thales, and Pythagoras, and Plato, all travelled thither, and, it is thought, were not without help from the Hebrew vScrii)tures, which they saw or studied for themselves, or whose contents were in some degree communicated to them by those who had s(>en them. Pla- to makes Socrates say to his disciples — that for the higher doctrines of theology, they must go to the Barbarians. Judea was a singular excep- tion to the rest of the world, in possessing a divinely revealed system of truth — forming a marvellous contrast to the absurdities that prevailed all around, and even to the best systems which enlightened Greece could boast. To this land were committed the oracles of God, as well as pertained the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giv- ing of the law, and the service of God, and the promises. The Jews possessed no literature or philosophy distinct from their sacred writings. Was this a disadvantage ? — or what was the explanation of this ? Arc learning and philosophy useless ? Was it not intended that the people of Go 1 should po.^ses either the one or the other ? Did God thus put his stamp of disapproval upon all human learning and philosophy ? — This could not be. Other nations, indeed, than the Jews wrought out the results of human thought ; and we have seen that Chaldea and Egypt led the van in this grand progress, in this early march of intellect. — Greece followed, and it was her sages and philosophers particularly that carried ibrwai'd the great progress of human ideas. It was for ano- ther puri)osc that the Jews were selected as a people, and it was a dif- THK I'llll Mioriir OI lilni.i.JIT fort'iu fxporinu'i.t thnt u,i- .■.irnr,! oi, uiihin Hh- limit, ol'th-ir sm.t..} luml. An ;iIto-<-tli-r .iitllMci.t .liivcti,,!, ^v;ls jxivii t.. tli.- min.l of tln> Jews. They v.-rro midcr pcip.-tusil iiiira.Milons fruidiinco : ( ^od spake to fhem out of the dou.i, an.l Uy his ,.n,,,hru : 11,. jravc th.-i.i His ora-les : He appointed In.ih th.-ir ,.ivil aii-l r-II^ioMs polity. They had tiivt tiio journey of the AViLh-niess. and th.n th.- ro„,,M..sts ofCanaan, to achieve : one grand ohjeel was k-p, hdore tl,,,,. in their Ivpiea! institution^ : an.! It was uhopether a task for oth.-rs to perform, to work out the pn.l,h-ms ot human intellect. But -h, we not see more than phih.sophy in the sa- cred writings ? And do not the Son-s of Zion. or the rapt strains of prophecy, surpass still all the pi-oducts of ima-inatiun ? It may be fair- ly made a question, indeed, whether, if the world had continued in its pnmitive innocence ; had there been no apo.taey ; if man had not wan- dered from his God; there would have b.-en p.-obU;ms of human intel- lect to solve. For, what are these ])robIems. or wliat is all philosophy, but the gropiugs of the human mind after truths whicii would have been the common attainnu.nf, or fiuniliar possession, of a state of innocence ? Room, no doubt, wonhl have been left for the ..xcursions of intellect, and the wanderings of fancy ; for there nnist, in any state, be much for the mtellect to attain, and on which the imagination or fancy mi-ht be exercised. But instead of b.-ginning wlierc human int.dlect now com- mences, the mind would have been in the possession of all those truths, of a moral and spiritual kind at least, which philosophy vainly struggled to attain, which may be disceriuMl l,y the intellect, but before it couhfdis- cern or perceive whi.-h, it would seem, the light of ix velation was neces- «iry to purge the intellectual vision. But the utility of human learn- ing and philosophy is to be decidetl by the state in which man is now placed. Even the Sci-iptures do not supersede these in every matter which may come within the scopt^ of the intellect. The Scriptures do not inform us, for exami)le, on the subjects of any of the physical sci- ences, though its statements may be fbmal in narvellous harmony with them. Nor do they supersede the incp.iries into the structure of our mental and moral nature, though here again there is a beautiful coim-i- dence, and the best views of our mental and moral constitution, will Ije found in unison with the great truths of Scripture, ami will but help us in their study, and assist us in their elucidatioi). The most idealistic system of Metaphysics, even— which gives us the laws of the creative mind, as at least underlying every thin-' if we should not go so far as to say that nothing exists bu^ these laws, and mind that created them, and mind that observes them — tiuch a system is not without m ute in tiie right system of all truth : 3 I I IHU rMlLO!-OPHY v>f lllOfUin. .,11 ..V it is the vory view which an fnlightened philosoiihy M'lv \Vr would ^tlV^ " ■' ""- '"-'J i<.i ,,,,5, w«. J, ,„blim«l amcoptions of th,. IS (jompellf'd to lilkr, .11111 MV^"^-»' ' .vl.u.h i^ no- ,„.,-v,. in- p..wir of ent ot m- 1; wd • ,d,y,deal seience w.mld bave been a s.ndy in a state oi ,n- .0, e, perlntps' tbongh pntsned in .lilfefettt -;-"-'--; ^^ ^e ,,•,«■,.,...„. '„.,diti™s. We eat, easily peree.vc, tberclove, 1 ,,* a U h e a,.e insl tbe U ,i.in.ate exereise of tnind ,n the e.reumst an es vh eh nnm is now placed, in the worUl in which he ,s now s,t„a,ed so e ,he problem of his eondition-lte looks to earth and '— ■"•;"' ^^'''^J^. ,0 know the laws ol' those objects by which bets snrnnn,. eJ. , a , ot ho," «.'y li"hts which spangle his Hrmatnent. The growth and s ru - „; h, ont,:, s,.ciety-tbe t.tnre of tbc individual mind, ata the ngb^ „„1 ,„„ of ,liu, nund. bronght into sys.emat.e regnlauott and l.umom u action in the social state, with a strict regard ,0 those cause, wh.ch ay i .de the one, ,«,d distnrb the other: the /„.*r,V o hmm.n soc.- r;^nrir:;r;';:^=r:;::^^^ ,.oetrv -uvl oratory-legislation-the arts and science., auMng in he ZZ :• tin ^-ogris, and ado-ning and ameliorating hunu. ^i^ .nee: these are the great departments of human thought, aad bteome the subieets of human study. , • • i AlSter field of titongbt opens „p, whether .0 the ^l-"'-- -"t „r h, answer to the argent wants, tuul deep snnntstngs, 0, -'■■-'•;• ■n,e philosophy was the theology of tlte tineienls. Ihey hael, nodo .At ;;.!', radltiomtry trnths which were "^-^^l '»■"; ^^:^:X ngcs, a,. ; fortned part of the original stock ol knowledge po.,e ^ed by the prbnitive fathers of the world, though grealtj enrrttpted by the de Is':,:, l>ut their in„uiries into the nature of God. -" v..-;, -d m- " .nortality, were part of their phih,sophie systems, or cmered tdo 1 en ,,„i,„s„,lie investigations. Uevelation ha, taken ttp th,s J^l- "- '^ !„.,„ir; and ha.s .superseded, for the most part, mere htjman sp al on The seience of theology, lu.wever, though now eontante. w,t Inn t he p. g „f the Bible, is not the less a legitimate department o, "'""S; >' '.^f. that can be fairly apprehended by rca,on_or wlutt is called natui.d the 10 tHK mil.OpOPJlV OV THUIOUT. ology — is a distinct and indcpciultiiit .subject ol'invt'stigution, jn.r.1 may legitimately occupy tlie fkculiit'.s npart tVoin tlie aid or the light of scrip- ture. Rcvehition. iiowever. has iiilnidiiccd a new clement of thou '.it, and has originated many new departments of inquiry. Biblical and sa- cred literature, Scri])ture criticism, tlie Canons of interpretation, the doctrines of Tlu'ology. jtroperly so called, Churcii History, and the philosophy of Church History, or of the various systems and instituti- ons that have arisen in connection with the progress of the Clmrch, or her existence on the earth — open up -wide and interesting fields of me- ditation. In some sense, theology compasses every other subject. Its bearings upon philosophy are obvious. Pnjfane history is intimately blended with sacred, and cannot be comprehended, often, but upon christian principles, or from its connection with the graniler destinies oi our race. While in a certain sense, revelation supersedes moral in- vestigation, and, were its princ' )les embraced, would render political theories unnecessary, it supplies the only key by which tlic mysteries of the moral world can be solved, and might guide and teach all legis- lation. Is not the spiritual tlie highest part of nmn's nature, for which even the mental is subordinate ? Is not literature itself — are not science and art — incomplete without their relations to universal truth? — and what is most valuable in poetry, or in any of the creations of imagina- tion — is it not so, from its being permanent and eternal ? The beauty of poetry is the beauty of eternal ideas, which existed in the Divine mind, and the symbols of which are everywhere spreatl around us. — What is temporary, whether in literature or in art, is not genuine, and is the offspring of evil. In the following admirable sentences of Sir James Stephen we ha\e a true estimate of theology, when he speaks of it as — "A science which to many a simple mind compensated for the v/ant of any other philosophy, and which to the best and ripest scholars dis- closed the fountains whence all the streams of truth arc salient, and the boundless expanse of knowledge towards wJiich they are all convergent. It was the science", he says, ''of which Grod himself was the author, and me:! sent of God the interpreters, and revelation, conscience, and history, the record. It was that science wiiich explains the internal coiui'wion of this woi'ld's history, in which law, and ethics, and politicH, have their common basis, which alone imparts to poetry and art their loftier character, without whicli, the knowledge of mind and of mental operations is an empty boast, and even the severer problems of the world's material economy are insoluble". Arc we not warranted, then, to say that Imth utility and pleasure ac- crue to us from the t>tudy of thchc Hubject^ ? Ought wc to be ipuoran*, ol" ihera ? we not stui we not rea Shall we i w'e not foil rishing coi these cUle: nations, tl their art- their law lief and ' but alwa astound i have pe or till o of our 1 thousam the fall systems the stU lined ti tion, ai is the imwort cncobl minds osoph] IHK PHILOSOIMIV O 1 inot 'iiiT. u * .vc no, .i ...ly ,l.c ..■«.„« "-';-'^ ;';;,„„ ,,„,, „,„ ,„,..,„ of time i „, „o. rc.a .IK l.i^tory ol ag«.' ^'^ '"^'^ ,,„,, ,„,„,.„l„.„y Shall S„„,l ,vo no, co,„o,n,.U«o ,nan ,n a 1 la- ^ ,^^ ,_, „„,,. risl.ins co,niouni„o, . M,.»> r.. \ ' ^^^^^^ „,„ i„npia|;e ol tUcso nations, ,l,o,r nv.l pol, j, " ■-" "^ " ' |^ „„j „,„„yo.l tl.oi,' nl«a'. ,,,,i, „,,_.,. worn. ,n -vhu ..■*^;. ,„,„„,, „„;, „,„.,« ofbo- ,|,oi,- law. ofgovc-nmoiu, ho. 1 '",.,„„ ,,;„ ^„i tantasl.f, U„- ...Kl .vo.,hi„. .heir l'";'"-l' , , ,„, „,. ,,■„„„. and av.. which b.,t ahvays takl an.l n.von..v.-.h. .. ' •> „,. „.,,i,|, ,eom to ,„o„nd ev., a. ..a; I"--'', jf ;; ^ . "n .a.-a.ivoly ,«o„, date. ,,„„: ,,.,.1.1,0.1 «..h th-".- """,,,,,. ..e-ul-not obtain a poi-tion „, ,iu „,„„., w,.,.,. .li.-.-v..-l .n A- ;'"^^„, ^„„„ „„t ,„„ two ,„•„,„■ ,„„.n.io„, o,- '■-«''';;";; ™,,;^ ;:vo l.an.piro.l in ,l.a. ,i.nc, sv.to,n., tho ,nlgl„y r«-olu„«n, o ,h^„ ^^^ ^^^^^,^ ^^^,^,. ,i,„ ,.1« i,.c.ea.,n« oolomzanun » "J ' •,„„„-,.„„g„ o..,- a„on- ,i„,a triun.pl.. o, t-»'r^f -I'f ,r,hi. ,l.a, .,.,Jy invUe.. This ,i„„. ,„„1 in,o,-o.t out- ,..,n,U. It • » ^^ ^^^.__ ^^^^^.^^ [, ;, „„t i. ,1,0 ,iol.l lai.l op..n <';-„,,„. „,,„,,. I. is l,„po.-,an,, it U ,„„,,„|,y oi .ntollo.-. It .» ;« ^ ^^^^^^ , ^,„„,„,, Who a.-e 1.0, ,„„.„bH..g. ,. .. n-o,-„ ^. ^ . ^.^^^^.^^^.^, ^,.^.„,..._ ,„-,„,,.,a.opl..l- niintls ,0 o.oapy ., .' « 1.0 . .o J ,.,, ,|,^ ,.egul,it,on of ,„„pl,,, to ...lv..n..o .1.0 »";l»«';"'.™ ; u „ „bvion. .hat «..dy State., 0.- bo .bo pio....n-s o, ....,n-o. . .u • ^^^_^,.^, .,^ „,„ ,.„. f„, ao.ion. Wo.nu.tk,.ow.o.. ... g 1- ^_^^^, ,^,„„,,„ ,,, -■'''• -'• '"^' """■^'™" 'HT '«■•'-' -'■■>•=■■-'• """ '" " ^'"'^^ „„ ,l,„ib., ,inolho.- cu.-i'ont ol .. % J - |j ,,„ ^.„.,,,. aim.,.,.,,. .li.-oo.i.a. ; bu. G.,.l ba. .-g,» ■ |>; . ,,, ,„„,. ,,,,,, ed ro..var.l p...aUol ..1.1. I '.■ -"""■ !",.\,;„o „a,l„„ 1„ tvbicl. a- 0OU.O w... na,lo,.al: i.. »"- .-;^", ,^^:,,,„ „„, ...t of .ho na,u.n., i„,.,,on,ia,„ of .!..■ •:»";;;:••■;:;::;; ',;:;.,!. ..f m. na.io,,. bo,,. rallol o.a..-o .. ,.,.l,vnln.,l. ... ., ^,^^^^^, ,|^,^,i, ■„„ „„j. „,,„,,.. in ,ho .,„..o ■;;;"'';■;: ''„,,,, , ■„„..,|,.,.,aal o,„p,„o,„ tion-^. ull over the oai-th. .Man -^ P". llir. l'HiI.()-:t.»l'llV t)J' TIIULGUT. is not inoonsistont with his mornl Mid hi^^ spiritual. Eiieli may koop [):icft with tho othor; nor \va^ it d<>>i,!i:iod that the one should intoHoi'P with the othor. In this world thero is nothinji that may not interfere with our paramount, our spiritual, interests ; but that interference is not in the apparently clashing interests themselves, but in the sphere of their operation; it is not that the interests are oonflictinfr, but that the mind allows them to l)e so. IMan's spiritual destiny is to be wrout which is so im- portant may not be injured, and its claims may not be disparagi'd ? It is a sign of the times, that tlie claims cf religion — of Christianity — are respected l)y liiose who are forfuiost in tiie ranks of learning and of sci- ence, Fhiloso])hy, too. has, by it> deepest reseai'clies, only strengthen- ed the foundations of religion, by e(nitirming its priiic'ples ; or it has, by its researches, arrived at the very wants of the spiritual nature in which these foundations are luid. It i> not to be forgotten. likewis(>, that sci- ence and lMiih)Sophy have to (hi with the works of (rod, and that in stu- dving thes<', we are Imt studying iiis w()rk>. accpiainting ourselves more V, ith himself, and unfolding the laws, a- il were, of his action, or by which he was guided in all his woi'ks. We are seeing the mind of (lod. We see the system of iiis opei-ation. ll'r sf' i/ic /kics nf (iU tnliid. We enter int(; llie spii'itual ai'eaiia. iJud tind the proee-;ses by which v\{^y\ intelligent is direcli'il. and mu-t l»c diiTctcil. Inielleciuai law. and mor- al law, unfold tliemselves ; and then' is such a liai'inony between these and outward nature, that it wouhl seem as iftiie imi\crse was but the y\ idi'as of thai wi-doni : it i- not onlv good- ness that we minutest ide; feeling, with lus works i3 to know his forg(n the c ons of him one, becau? was not thi God had n he learn<>(l beauties o and utter licve, the see God i tact with personal (rreater i God, Al It is int' worship It is wl whole ( bined V what I this wi meat ' new c pies V liistoi is noi any whic com the e X a effc am an I ,„, rHn,o^urHV or rnur^HT. \?> \ \ o:r 1 HC • '"■■ li„„,o.. iaoas -.uHl .1.0 v..ry <'"''_^ " .^ , . .i.„ ,,i,ce.n God ■„ all ;«,.", -Uh whlcl, they vve.-., »"' • ^, „,,,.,■ ofm.liihv,.,-.- t vo k^ :» -"-My a g.-oa., .*...■;;'■ . ,,„,„„,„ „. a,-. !» ai- .<- for,,., ,1... claim. 01 Oo, , V> " . ^ _^,^^^,,„,,.j. ,„ ,,„„,,,,. ,1 . „„. of him in G.-a.-o. ' '"■"■;. ^;„ ,„.„,„„...-a.ion. of ,1,- ».l"- " God had „>ad... u, .1,. moon an. U . .^ „ ,„ ,„. ,e l.arn..d In. lo..on. of ,.,o.y '"'""';;„,, ,,;. l«-«np of dovouon. , „' „i.. of .■.-ation : and nnnlo .l,.; - ^ ^^^,^^^ ,,„,, „,- ,-■- ,„, „,„, ,„o lanp,a,.. ol ,1.- n * " ^ ^„,,,, ,„,,,.. o .hall lievo. tl,o mo,-.. ....icm.mo "'"■ " l'^ ' ,„„ ,„„,,. i,„.. i,nm,..l,a,.' .«• U God more in ,l,e,n. «.. *"";'"^„„, ,„. „ ,„.in,.i,,lo. In" w,tl, a ,> ., „i,l, II,.- I'lvine Boing-not ^^ ,>1, ■ ' ^^.^. ^,,„„ ,,„vo. tl,. |,o,.s.mal '■».i .. l;,.|•■llandmal■v.■llon^J'^ 'OJ ,t,, ....-: Laic- •■oa.ou to ..xcla,m : (■■'•■••' ,,„,... ll.on ICing "f *'•""'", ' ' Alini^Wyl .m., an.l -,«« »' « ' ^ ; ;,^ ^,.„,,, „f ,„.. l.oavonly •in.o,..;.inS .0 n,a,-k ,,.-■ •^'T'^J^U^ in „».""• --' '" "™r vl,ol,. ...a'.!. ."■ *-""" "'■'■ ?,..., A of (Id 1,0 .-vevlooUod '. And „i„,„V, Wl,y *oald any ol 1 o.k ^, ^___^ ^^_^, „_,^„, ,„ „, ..„„, .,....n. "f-l-'''- «,: ' ., i , ,...1 ,.on,.-m,,l..ln"- of .hi. ^l-l'- " „„v ,.i,.ou,.,.la".'0.. 1'"''' ;„ 1,1, va,.iod inHa-odal-o- 1" ,,„ wl,,,.l, .'Oi.lo .la- »"7,'. " ^,; „ ,...ad a. W «"«« to ho ■ G,,.i ,„,. .av. a,.., .0 ho tin. g"n 1... aad ,„ t ^^^^^^ _^,„, ,„ „ ,, ■„.„ G..1 ,naUo.l,i,n.olf lu,... . 1^ ,^; , „.„,,„,,,„„„.... «„h "-' -r:-;x!;::;;.::;:ir:«i.,d. .ao,,,..t,n.o..ho.. 11 riiF. rnu.o-hcd and eciuipped. But while this is true, and we should be excited to th.' greattist diligence in providing and improv- ing our minds in all the separate departments of human thought and hunuui learning, it is not to be forgotten that religion, and the rehgion of Christ, is the most important of all studies, while it is the highest and the grandest. To it our first and our last study should be devoted ; but it wHl be found in beautiful harmony with every other subject of study : it will receive tribute fron every department of trutli ; and the very ex- ercises of the soul in its most spiritual workings will be consistent with the previously ascertained Ir.ws and phenomena of its constitution. \\ FKKJ-; CHLKCII (UM.K(;j- Jl.VLlF.W, NOVA SCOTIA. PkOFF.SSOR of TlIEULOUr. KKV. ANDREW KING, M. A. Profkssor ok Mkxtal ant> Moral Piin.osorHr, am, Cl-ASSICAr, LlTI-RATURE. REV. WILLIAM LYALL. KOLL OF STU Mr. William Mirrav, Mr. Alexaxtjku Camfbkli., Mr. Alexander Ross, Mr. Thomas G. Johnston, Mr. Alexander Smith, Mr. Hector McKay, xMr. George Minro, Mr. Niel McKay, Mr. Kenneth McKenzie, Mr. Abraham McIntosh, Mr. Alexander McKay, Mr. James Foavler, Mr. Donald Sutherland, Mr. John McDonald, Mr. Willlvm Sinclair, Mr. William Davies, Mr. G. N. Gordon, Mr. Charles Ross. Mr. Daniel Sutherland, Mr. Alexander McKay, Mr. D. McNiel, Mr. Adam Foruek, Mr. Hugh McKay. DENTS, 1852-3. Earltown. Halifax, f^arltown. Miramichi, N. B. Sydney Mines, G. B. Pictou. Pictou. Earltown. Pictou. Cape Breton. New Glasfro,v. IMiramichi, N. B. Earltown. Cape Breton. St. Mary's. Halifax. Prince Edward'a Island. Pictou. New Glasgow. I'^arltown. Cape Breton. St. Mary's. Earltown.