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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — «^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte d dee taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film« d partir de I'angle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'Images nteessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la methods. 1 2 3 4 5 6 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION J. W. POWELL IN Charok CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY VOLUME II PART I WASHINGTON OOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1S90 '0 CONTHIBiiTIOM TO NORTH AMERICAU ETHNOLOOY (•AMI I ( HUM l,tt'lt.« L Scale : 15 miles to 1 inch. MAP OF THE HEADWATERS OF THE KLAMATH RIVER. By Albert S. Gatschet. 1066 531 5 01 8X DEPAltTMKNT OP THE INTEKIOK U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION J. W. POWELL IN Charok 1^ T THE KLAMATH INDIANS OF k SOUTHWESTERN OREGON BY ALBERT SAMUEL GATSCHET t ?f . 1 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1890 CONTENTS. PART I. Letter of transmittal \\i Etbnograpbiu sketch j^ Texts " J Oraminar igg PART II. Dictionary— Klamath-English 1 Dictionary— Euglish-Klamath 49a ILLUSTRATION. Map of the headwaters of the Klamath River Frontispiece. LFrrTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Smithsonian Institution, HUKKAU OK IvniNOLOOY, Washhif/ton, D. (!., June 25, 1 8!)(). SlB: I ha"o tlio honor to tnmatnit to you my report upon tlio Khuniitli Indians of SoiitliwoHtorn Orofron, tho result of lonjr and patituit study. It d(!al.s with thoir bohofs, h'},''()n(ls, and traditictus, thtiir govornnioiit and social lifo, their racial and somatic poculiaritics, v >l, mon* oxtcnsivoly, with their lanfTiiiifro. To this tho reader is introduced by numerous ethnographic "Texts," suggested or dictated by the Indians themselves, and accompanied by an interlinear translation and by "Notes," a method which I regard as tho most efficient means of becoming acquainted with any language. In this report I have given prominenco to tho exposition of tho language, because I consider language to la^ the most important monument of the American Indian, Archa'ology and ethnography are more apt to acquaint us with fads concerning the aborigines, but language, when properly inves- tigated, gives us the i(l,m that were moving tho Indian's mind, not t.nly recently but long before tho historic period. Repeated and prolonged visits to tho people of the northern as well as of the southern chieftaincy have yielded sufficient material to enable mo to classify tho language of Ijoth united tribes as belonging to a distinct family. In their territorial seclusion from tiio nearer Indian tribes they show anthro- pologic differences considerable enough to justify us in regarding them as a separate nationality. There is probably no language spoken in North America possessed of a nominal inflection more developed than the Klamath, although in this particular, in the phonetic elements and in the syllabic reduplication pervading all parts of speech, it shows many anahjgies with th.- Saluiptin vu • •• VIU dialects. The analytic character of the language and its synthetic character balance each other pretty evenly, much as they do in the two classic lan- guages of antiquity. Concerning the ethnography of both chieftaincies and the mythology of the Modoc Indians, 1 have gathered more material than could be utilized for the report, and I hope to publish it at a later day as a necessary sup- plement to what is now embod'sd in the two parts of the present volume. Very respectfully, yours, Albert S. Gatschet. Hon. J. W. Powell, Director of the Bureau of Elhnolo(iy. ^^h'* ;er u- ?y ed P- ETHI^OGEAPIIIC SKETCH OP THE KLAMATH PEOPLE. ix &^ THE KLAMATH INDIANS OF SOUTHWESTERN OREGON. By Albert S. Gatschet. ETHNOGRAPHIC SKETCH OF THE PEOPLE. INTRODUCTION. The Klamath people of North American Indians, the subject of this descriptive sketch, have inhabited from time immemorial a country upon the eastern slope of the Cascade Range, in the southwestern part of the territory now forming the State of Oregon. That territory is surrounded by mountain ridges and by elevations of moderate height, and watered by streams, lakes, marshes, and pond-sources issuing from the volcanic sands covering the soil. The secluded position of these Indians within tiieir mountain fastnesses has at all times sheltered them against the inroads of alien tribes, but it has also witliluild from them some of the benefits which oidy a lively intercourse and trade with other tribes are able to confer. The climate of that upland country is rough and well known for its sudden changes of temperature, which in many places render it unfavorable to agriculture. But the soil is productive in edible roots, bulbs, berries, and timber, the limpid waters are full of fish and fowl, and game was plentiful before the white man's rifle made havoc with it. Thus the country was capable of supplying a considerable number of Indians with food, and they never manifested a desire to migrate or "be removed to a better country." The topography of these highlands, which contain the headwaters of the Klamath River of California, will be discussed at length after a mention of the scanty literature existing upon tliis comparatively little explored tract of land. XI Xll ETHNOGUAPUIC SKETCH. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Tho list below contains titles of books and articles upon the two tribes of the Klamath people, which are of scientific interest, whereas others, also mentioned in this list, are of popular interest only. Several of the latter I have never been able to inspect personally. During the Modoc war a large number of articles appeared in the periodical press, expatiating upon the conduct of that war, the innate bravery of the Indian, the cruelty of the white against the red race, and other commonplace topics of this sort. As the majority of these were merely repetitions of fttcts with which every reader of the political press was then familiar, I did not secure the titles of all of these articles. Abmy and Navy Journal: A weekly periodical published in New York from 1863 to 1880. 4°. During the Modoc war of 1872-1873 many strategic articles appeared iu it upon the con- duct of that war, composed by a specialist. Atwkli., William: War correspondent of the periodical "Sacramento Record" at the time of the Modoc war. Mentioned in Note to Texts (p. 48). Bancboft, Hubeet Uowe: (1) In section: "The Northern Californians" (Vol. I, pp. 326-361) of "Native Races," where the Klamath Lake and Modoc tribi's are relcrred to in connec- tion with other tribes. Notes and literature, pp. 443, 444. (2) Remark on the Klamath language; list of numerals. In "Native Races," Vol. Ill, p. 640. (San Francisco, Cal., 1882. 8°.) Bland, T. A. : Life of Alfred B. Meacham, together with his lecture, "The tragedy of the lava beds," delivered in Park Street Church, Boston, Mass. Illustrated by seven portraits. Washington, J 883. 8°. 48 pp. (Published by the author.) Claek, W. C: Vocabulary of the Modoc of Southern Oregon. Manuscript, 12 pp. 4°. Collected in 1878 at Yaueks. In the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology. Clabke, William J.: Bock piles and ancient dams in the Klamath Valley. American Antiquarian, 1886, pp. 40, 41. (Refers to the obstructions in the river at Liakville, etc.) Dbakk, Samuel G.: The Aboriginal Races of North America, etc. Fifteenth edition. By Professor Williams. New York, 1880. 8°. Appendix: The Modocs and the Modoc War, pp. 707-714. BIBLIOGUAPHY. Xlll Fields, Captain, U. S. Army: The Modoc War. Tbe cmises wbicli led to it and the results. C .respondence of the Constitution, Atlanta, Ga., Sundays, October 13 and 20, 1889. Fremont, Col. J. C: The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon and California, etc New York and Auburn, 185C. Sipall 8o. 456 pp. jind ninp. (May, 1842, to August, 1844.) Klamath Country of Oregon, pp. 283-294. Snake Indians, p. 297. Summer Lake, p. 29(). Abert Lake, p. 292. (Passed only through the eastern part of the country and from Klamath Marsh northward.) Oabb, Db. William M.: Vocabulary of the Klamath of Southern Oregon. MS. 10 leaves. 4°. 150 words. Collected by means of the Chinook Jargon in 1864. In the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology. liATSCHET, ALBERT S.: (1) Adjectives of color in Indian Languages. In American Naturalist, XIII, nn 475-485. Philadelphia, 1870. (2) The same was, with few changes only, published in German under the head- ing: "FarbenbenennungeninnordamerikanischenSprachen." In Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic, Vol. XI, Berlin, 1879. The first of the seven languages spoken of is the Klamath of Oregon. (3) Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon. In Amer. Antiquarian I, pp. Sl-84. (1878-1879.) ' (4) Mythologic text in the Klamath language of Southern Oregon, with transla- tion and comments. Ibid., 1, pp. 161-166. (5) The numeral adjective in the Klamath language of Southern Oregon. Ibid II, pp. 210-217. (1379-1880) "' (6) Volk und Sprache der Maklaks im siidwestlichen Oregon. In Globus, illustr. Zeitschrift f. Liinder- und Volkerkunde, Vol. 35, No. 11, pp. 167-171 nnd 187-189. 40. Braunschweig, 1879. (7) Three short texts were published in the First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 18>J1. Imp. 8°. pp. 583-587, with commentaries: Details of a conjurer's practice; The Relapse; Sweat Lodges. (They are also embodied in the author's Report, under "Texts." IlADLEY, Lewis F.: Vocabulary of the Modoc. Manuscript in three blank books, on 34 unpaged leaves. 4°. In the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology. Hale, IIobatio: Ethnography and Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. Navy. This work forms Vol. VI of the report of that expedition, and was published Philadelphia, 1840. 4°. It contains abont 190 words of the "Lutuami" or Klamath language, pp. 570-629. The words which Mr. Hale obtained for f.ither, nine, yes, dead show that his informant was a Klamath Lake and not ,> Modoc Indian. XIV KTJJNOGRAI'UIC! SKETCH. ji'! ■ it M i ml Jackson, William Henby: Photogriiphs of Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians wore taken by hini, and the subjects described in his Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the IT. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, from 1869 to 1873, inclusive; F, V. Haydeu in charge. 8°, Latham, Eobekt G. : Comparative vocabulary of the Lutuami, Shasti, Palaik, and Yakoii. lu "Ele- ments of Comparative Philology," London, 18G2, pp. 407-408. Compare with it the list he gives in "Transactions of Thilological Society of London," 1856. pp. 74-76. Matthews, Db. Washington: Notes and Vocabulary of the Modoc. Obtained from Slulks or George Denny, prisoner at Alcatraz Fort, in the harbor of San Francisco, Cal. Manuscript pp. 50, fol. MeaCHAM, a. B. : (1) Wigwam and Warpath, or the Royal Chief in Chains, with portraits, etc. Boston, John P. Dale & Co.; second edition, 1875. 8°. 700 pp. (2) Winema and her People. Uartford, Conn., Bliss & Co., 1876. 12o. 160 pp. MiLLEK, Joaquin : Life amongst the Modocs: Unwritten History. Loudon, Ben tley, 1873. 8°. 400 pp. Also with the title transi)osed: Unwritten History: Life amongst the Modocs. Illustrated from new designs. Hartford, Conn,, Amer. Publishinjr Co., 1874. 8°. 445 pp. MODOOS, THE, AND DEATH OF GENEBAL CANBY : In the "Republic," of Washington, I). C, Vol. I, 118, (1873.) MoDOC Massacke, the: In Harper's Monthly, Vol. 47, p. 139. (1873.) MiJLLEE, Dr. Friedbicu: Gruudriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Vol. II. (Wien, 1882.) P. 431, the numerals of the "Lutuami." Nbwbebuy, J. S,, M, D. : Geology of Pit River and Klamatii Basins. In "Report upon Explorations for a Railroad Route from the Sacraint'nto Valley to the Columbia River ; made by Lieut. R. S. Williamson." Washington, 1835, Vol. VI, Part II, pp. 34-39. New York Hebald, the : J. G. Bennett, the proprietor of this daily paper, had dispatched a special corre- spondent to the seat of the Modoc war, who sent home many long and graphic accounts, which were published in the Herald, accompanied by maps. PowEBS, Stephen: (1) Vocabulary of the Modoe, Language. Manuscript, 1 fol. sheet, 31 words. In Library of Bureau of Ethnology. (2) The Modok. Forms Chapter XXVII oC his " Tribes of California," printed in J. W. Powell's Contributions to North .Vmerican Ethnology. Washington, 1877. Quarto. Vol. Ill, pp, 252-260; numerals also on p. 45. THE HOME OF THE KLAMATH PEOPLE. jy (3) The MoUocs. Forms No. 8 of a serial of Powers's articles: "Tho Califoniian Indians" (1872-1874), and is contained in tbe Overland Monthly, San Fran- cisco, Carmany & Co., 1873, Jnne nnu.ber, pp. 535-545. With a mvth "The woman of stone" (at Nilakshi mountain). ' RussEtL, Israel C. : A Geological Iteconnaissance in Southern Oregon. In Powell's Fourth Annual STr M ^; ^^«'"«S'«'*1 Survey, Washington, 1.S84. I„,per. octavo: p,,. 4.33 to 464, with maps and illustrations. This article has furnished several data to my "Ethnographic Sketch." SUASTAS, THE, AND THEIR NEIGHBORS. 1874: A manuscript in the possession of Mr. U. H. Bancroft, San Francisco Turner, W.M.: Scraps of M^J« History. In Overland Monthly of San Francisco, Vol. XI, ViOTOE, Mrs. Frances Fuller (of Salem, Oregon): (1) History of the Modoc War. In manuscript (2) Indians of Oregon. In Overland Monthly of'sau Francisco, Vol. VII, 344-^52 especially p. 348. (1871.) ' "•• » ii,o44-joj, (3) All over Washington and Oregon. San Francisco, 1872. Williamson, Lieut. R. S., and Crook, Lieut. George H • Vocabulary of the Klamath Language. In Reports of Explorations Vol VI Part 1, pp. 71-72, Washington, 1857. 40. 'oraiions, Vol. VI, GEOGRAPHY OF THE KLAMATH HIGHLANDS. The first part in the historical and social study of a tribe or nation must be a thorough examination of the country and of the climate (in the widest sense of this term) in which it has grown up, for these two a<.en- cies give character to peoples, races, languages, institutions, and Taws 1 his principle applies equally to the cultured and to the ruder or less developed populations of the globe, for none of them can possibly hold Itself aloof from the agencies of nature, whether acting in a sudde^ man- ner or gradually, hke the influences of climate. The races inhabitin.. coasts r. dtiierTff "'^"f "' p'""' p"'"'"' "'''^'''"^^^' ^-*-'""«' --"tain.;; and valley differ one from another in having distinguishing characteristi.; t}pes indelibly impressed upon their countenances by their different envi- ronments. That upland and mountaineer tribes have made very different records fro„. those of nations raised in plains, lowlands, on coasts and islands i« a fact of which history gives us many well-authenticated instances zvi ETHNOGKAPHIC SKETCH. THE HOME OF THE PEOPLE. The homo of the Klamath tribe of southwestern Oregon lies upon the Gustern slope of the southern extremity of the Cascade Range, and very nearly coincides with wliat we may call the headwaters of the Klamath River, the meiiaix N X, pp. II.VIJO. Goose Lake, by Stephen Powers, in "A Pou.v Riilu on Pit River," Overland AJoutbly of San Fran- cisco, October, lt74, pp. 342-351. FLORA AND FAUNA. XXUl o the Cascade Range and its more humid atmosphere the less vegetation is developed. The lake shores and river banks, when not marshy, produce the Cottonwood tree and several species of willows, and the hills are covered with the yellow or pitch pine and the less frequent western cedar. In the western parts of the Reservation large tracts are timbered with pitch 2)ine, which seems to thrive exceedingly well upon the volcanic sands and de- tritus of the hilly region. These pines (kd'sh) are about one hundred feet in height, have a brownish-yellow, very coarse bark, and branch out into limbs at a considerable height above the ground. Tiiey stand at intervals if twenty to fifty feet from each other, and are free from nianzanita bushes and other undergrowth except at the border of tiie forest, leaving plenty of .Sjjace for the passage of wagons almost everywhere. A smaller pine species, Pimis contorta (kjipka, in Modoc kiiga), which forms denser thickets near the water, is peeled by the Indians to a height of twenty feet when the sap is ascending, in the spring of the year, to use the fiber-bark for food. Up high in the Cascade Range, in the midst of yellow pines, grows a conifera of taller dimensions, the sugar-pine- (ktt'leam ko'sh). Tlie hemlock or white pine (wa'ko), the juniper (ktii'lo), and the mountain inaliogany (yi'ikmalam) are found in and south of S])rague River Valle}-. The lake shores and river banks produce more edible fruits and berries than tiie marshy tracts; and it is tlie sliores of Klamath and Tule Lakes which mainly supply the Indian with the tule reed and scirpus, from which tiie women manufecture mats, lodge-roofs, and basketry. The largest tule species (nu'i-i) grows in the water to a height of ten feet and over, and in the lower end of its cane furnishes a juicy and delicate bit of food. Woods, river sides, and such marshes as Klamath Marsh, are skirted by various kinds of bushfec, supplying berries in large quantities. The edible l)nlbs, as camass, ko'l, I'ba, ipo, and otiiers, are found in the prairies adjacent. Pond-lilies grow in profusion on lake shores and in the larger marshes, especially on the W6kash Marsh west of Linkville, and en Klamatii :^Iarsh,' as previously mentioned. Tlie Lost River Valley is more productive in many of these spontaneous growths than the tracts within the Reservation. It is claimed by the Klamath Lake Indians that they employ no drugs of vegetal origin for the cure of diseases, because their countr/ is too cold ZZIV ETHNOGRAPHIC SKETCH. to produce them. This is true to a certain extent; but as there are so many plants growing there that narcotize the fish, liow is it that the country produces no medical plants for the cure of men's diseases? Of the plant shle'dsh, .it least, they prepare a drink as a sort of tea. The fauna of tlie Klamath uplands appears to be richer in species than the veeetiii jrrowth. What first strikes the traveler's attention on the eastern shore of the Upper Lake is the prodigious number of burrows along the sandy road, especially in the timber, varying in size from a few inches to a foot in diameter. They are made by chipnmnks of two species, and others are the dens of badgers, or of the blue and the more connnon brown squirrel. The coyote or prairie-wolf makes burrows also, but tliis animal has lately become scarce.. No game is so frequent as the deer. This is either the black-tail deer, (shua-i, Cerv us columhiumis), or the white tail deer (mushmush, Cariacus viryhtianiis macrurus), or the mule-deer (pakolesh, Ccrvus macrotis). Less frequent is the antelope (tclie-u, Aiitilocnpra amcrlcmia), and most other four legged game nuist be sought for now upon distant heights or in the deeper canons, as the elk (vun), the bear in his three varieties (black, cin- namon, and grizzly; witii'm, naka, lu'k), the lynx (shioa), the gray wolf (kii'-utchish), the silver or red fox (wan), the little gra\' fox (kc'tclikatch), the cougar (tiisliitch), and the mountain sheep (ko-il). Beavers, otters, minks, and woodchucks are trapped by expert Indians on the rivers, ponds, and brooklets of the interior. The shores cif the water-basins are enlivened by innumerable swarms of water-fowls, (mii'miikli), as ducks, geese, herons, and cranes. Some can be .seen day by day swimming about gracefully or fishing at Modoc Point (Nilakshi) and other promontories, while others venture uj) the river courses and fly over swam})y tracts extending far irdaiid. Among the ducks the more common are the mallard (we'ks), the long-necked kilidsliiks; among the geese, the brant (lalak) aniinpr." K<^ka,)')ini,or Kokiiksi "at tho creok." Kiima'kNi "at the cav«." KAtNUiits "rocks slopint; into tho river." Nakosksiks "river dam, river barrage," eHtalili«hed for the capture of tish. Ktai Tdpaksi, or Ktii i Topoks, "standing rock," situated near Junction of Spraguo with Williamson River. CAMPING I'LACES OF TUB MODOU COUNTltV. Oil Lost liivor, clost' to Tiilo Lake, wore tho following ciinipiiifr places: Wii-islm, whero Lost liivor was (tosscmI, throo or four iiiilos iionhwost of tho lake, and iioar tho liills which cuhniiiato in Laki i'oak; AVatchaiush- wash, a villaj-o upon tho river, close to the lake; ■Nakosh;(o'ui "at the dam," at the mouth of Tulo Lako. On 'l\ilo Lako, also called Modoc Lako, Rhott Lake: Pash/a, or Vanxa, nauio of a crook and a littlo Modoc villaoe on the northwest shore, whoso inhabitants wore callod lVish;januash ; -Kalolk, camp near lV.s;^a, on north- ern shore ;Lc-ush, on uorthorn shore; Wolwash;K(rni "at the large sprinj.-," east side of the lake, where Miller's house is; AVuka;Ko'ni "at the coomb," one mile and a half east of Welwash;^o'ni ; Ko'sh-Laktchuish "where ip'o grows (on rocks)," on tho southeastern side of the hike ; • Kiimbat "in the caves," on the rocky southern side of the lako, once iiduibitod by about one hundred Kumbatwash, who wore mainly Modocs, with admixture of Pit Kiver, Shasti, and Klamath Lako Indians. On Littlo or Lower Klamath Lako: Agawesh, a permanent Modoc settlement upon what is now called "Fairchild's farm," southwestern shoi-o; •Ke-utchish;jo'ni "whore the wolf-rock stands," upon Hot Creek ; fcjputuish- Xe'ni "at tho diving place," lying close to Ke-utchish;^eni, where young men were plunging in cold water for initiation ; •Shapash;^e'ni "where sun and moon live," camping place on the southeastern shore, where a crescent- shaped rock is stx-vnding: 8tuikish;^(-'ni "at the canoe bay," on north side of the lake. inuiAL aviiur ^Lom. TRIHAL NAMES AND SUHDIVIHIONS. XXllU The two bochoH of IndiuMH tormi,.,r tho Hubject of tho proHont roport are people o tho.une ato.k and lineu^o iUun.rU n.,-.,, I.u.,ua,., institutil,,., custo.nH. and l.ab.tat. In la,.,n.a,ro thoy radic-ally difler fVo.n tho Mc.ij,bbo.- ...^ pooploH called Hunk., U„.„o River, Slmsti. ...ul Pit, KivxT In.li^uH, uh well a« from th. other inl.abitant^ ot Orcyon, (.'alilornia, an.l Nevada 1' or the A7««.,^/. ,>ro,./e of rtouthwc-Htern Oregon there exi.tH no ,.e,.eral tnbal name con.prehondin,. the two princ-ipal bodies, except- Maklaks, In,lia. riuH tenu whe.i prononnced /,,/ t/rs with a lin.nutl k ba^ a reHe.-tive us Khunath Lake l„d.an«; when prononnced with our conunon k it n.eans Indian ot any tribe whatsoever, and ma„, person of any nationalitv. The denvafon of n.aklaks will be found in the Dictionary. I have rl-frained ^oru us.n, . in the title and body of n.y work to de^.nate these O^ ludans because .t would be invariably n.ispronounced as n.ii'kliiks by^he wue people, and the peculiar sound of the k would bo nuspronounced'also. ro all the n snnp y Kl.anatk Indian, or KlanuUl. would lead to confusion, tl e vv^nte people upon the Pacific coast call the Shasti. the Karok or Ara the llupa, the ^ urok <,rv\b'kwn Indians on Khunath River of (.-alifornia the .hast, upon the Sdet. Reservation, Oregon, and our Maklaks all.Kla.il 1 Z 7f ':;"^"'^^"'"" ^^ ^^'^" ''^ ^=^"""^""^ '^"1'^"-'-- '-''^i- ^ ; Southwestern Oregon." The Warn. Spring and other Sahaptin nd.ans possess a .^enenc nan.e for all the Inaians livin-. upon this rese v.- t-n and :ts v.cunty: ■Ai-.i^alunm, abbr. Af^spalo, Afkspa u, , W "/ 1 ^U>.un. fron. the innun.rable rodents peopling that' pin;iol.U ^ the K .unatl Lake people. The name of Klanutth or/n/unat, Tla.net River prooably or.gnntted at its mouth, in the-Al/kwa language I he two main bodies forming the Klamath people are (1) the Klamath Lake Indians; (2) the ilodoc Indians. ^'amatli ui XXXIV ETIIJSUUHAI'IIIU SKKTUU. lUK KLAMATH LAKU INUIANH. The Kluiniitli Lake IndiiUiH iiiiiiihur iiioiu tliiiii twicu as mtviiy uh the Modoc Iiidiiiiis. Thoy speak tlio northoni dialect and t'orm the iiortlioni chiet'taiiicy, tl.o IkmuI chief residiii}^ now at Y)i-a<,'a, on Williaiimon liiver. 'riioir dwelHiij^H are scattered aK>iijf the eastern sliore of Upper Klamath Lake (K-ush) and upon the lower course of Williaujson (Kf'tJ^etat) and Spra{,'UO liivoi's (P'hif). They call themselveH -R-ukshikni nniklaks, abbre- viated into •I'^-ukrthikni/K-ukskni, -A-nksnl pi'ople at the lake. 'The Shasti near Yreka, C/al., call them Anksiwash, some western Shasti: Makaftserk; by the I'it River Indians they are callinl Alanunitiiakt (sh, from Ali'immif,', their name for IJpptu- Klamath Lake; by the Kalapuya Lidians, Athlii- ineth; by the Snake Lidians, Sayi. According to locality the Klamath l^ake people may be subdivided into the following groups: The people at the agency; the people at Kohiishti, at Va-aga, at Modoc I'oint and upon Sprague River. Their settlements at Klamath Marsh, at Nflaks and at Linkvillo are now abandoned; the last luimed (Yulal6na) was held by them and the Modocs in common. THE MODOO INDIANS. The Modoc Lidians speak the southern dialect, and before the war of 1872-1873 formed the sourhern division or chieftaincy, extending over Lost River Valley (K<')ketat) and the shores of [..ittle Klamath and Tide Lake. Of their number one hui.dred and fifty or nioie live on middle course of Sprague River; some have taken up lands in their old homes, which they cultivate in their quality of American citizens, and the rest are exiles upon the Quapaw Reservation, Lidian Territory. They call themselves Moatokni niiiklaks, abbreviated M(jatokni, Md'dokni, Mo'dokish, I'lc'ntu at Moatak, this being the name of Modoc or Tule Lake: ''in the extreme south." A portion of the Pit River Lidians calls them Lutu.'imi, "/«Ar," by which Tule Lake is meant; aiiothei-, through a difference of dialect, -Lutmawi. The Slitv ti Indians of Yreka call thenrP^jinai, the Bahaptins upon and near Columbia River call tlienrMowatak, the Snake Indians,. Saidoka. The more Important local divisions of this p('f)ple were the groups at Little Klamath Liik(- (Agaweshkni), tli«Ki'ijnbatwash and tho'F*.4s;(antiash TKIHAL MCHDIVIHIONH. XXX V at Tiilu I.ake, tin;- NiMlmltxi'igakni or "Spriiij^-pi-oph." nojir Hoiimizii, and the*I*lantiii or "U|)laii(loirt" on Spiagiie Uivur, at and abovo YAik-Icb. Vox- nieily tlio ModocM miifjod as far wost nH Hiittc Lake (Na-iiki) and Hiittc Creek, in Siskiyou County, CJalifornia, ahout Mixtuon iniluB west of Little Klaniatii Lake, whore tlioy Hsiied and dug the camaas root. THR BNAkE INOIANH. A body of Snake Indians, nunihoring one hundred and forty-five indi- viduals in 1HH8, is the only important fraction of native population foreign to the Miiklaks which now exists upon the reservation. They belong to the extensive racial and linguistic family of the Shoshoni, and in 1864, wlien the treaty was made, belonged to two chieftaincies, called, respectively, the Yahooshkin and the VValpapi, intermingled with a fow-Payufo Indians. They have been in some manner associated with the Miiklaks for age.s, though a real friendship never existed, and they are always referred to by these wi'th H sort of contempt, and regarded as cruel, heartless, and filthy. This aver- sion probably results from the difference of language and the conflicting interests resulting from both bodies having recourse to the same huntin.r grounds. (Cf. Sa't, .sha't, Sha'tptchi.) They are at present settled in the upper part of Sprague River Valley (Flaf) above YAnek-s. They cultivate the ground, live in willow lodges or log houses, and are gradually abandon- ing their roaming proclivities. Before 1864 they were haunting the shores of Goose Lake (Newapkshi), Silver Lake (Kalpshi), Warner Lake, Lake Harney, and temporarily stayed in Surprise Valley, on Chewaukan and Safkiin Marshes, and gathered w.')ka8h on Klamath Marsh. They now intermany with the Klamath Indians. As to their customs, they do not flatten their infants' heads,* do not pierce their noses; they wear the hair long, and prefer the use of English to that of Chinook jargon. Before settling on the reservation they did not subsist on roots and bulbs, but lived almost entirely from the products of the chase. Among other allophylic Indians, once settled outside the present limits of the Klamath Reservation, were a few Pit River and Shasti Indians, • By the Modocs they arc called mmralheaHed (wakwaklisl, n.Vs!. gi'tko). ~ ' XXXVl ETUNOGHAPUIC SKETCH. staying before the Modoc war among the 'Kimbatwush-Moilocs [q. v.) in the hiva beds south of Tule I^ake. A few fainihes of hunting •Molale Iiulians, congeners of the "Old Kay use" Indians near VumatiUa River, were formerly settled at Flounce Hock, on the headwaters of Rogue River, and farther north in the Cascade range. The Klamath Indians were filled with hatred against them; they were by them called Tchakii'nkni, inhabitants of 'J'chakxe'ni, or the "service berry tract," and ridiculed on account of their peculiar, incorrect use of the Klamath language. In former times Molale Indians held all the northeastern slopes of the WillamOt Valle\-, claiming possession of the hunting grounds; the bottom lands they left in the hands of the peaceably disposed, autoch- thonic race of the Kalapuya tribes, whom they call Miikai or Moke. OHARACTEUrSTICS OF RACE. These are either bodily or mental. To ascertain the former no meas- urements were made by nie by means of instruments when 1 was among the Klamath Lake Indians, and hence all that follows rests upon ocular inspection. For Modoc skulls some accurate data are on hand, published by the United States Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, I). C The Mongolian features of prognatiiism and of high cheek bones are not very marked in this upland race, though more among the Modocs than in the northern branch. If it was not for a somewhat darker complexion and a strange expression of the eye, it would be almost imjjossible to dis- tinguish many of the E-ukshikni men from Americans. The forehead is compressed in the tender age of childhood and looks rather low, but does not recede so acutely as might be expected from this treatment. Prognathism, where it exists, does not seem to be a consequence of head flattening. Tiie cheek bones are more prominent than with us, but less than with the Central Californians. The fact that the head-man, Tatapkash, who was among the signers of the treaty of 18G4, was called after this peculiarity shows that high cheek bones are rather unconunon. The nasal ridge is not aquiline, but very strong and forms an almost continuous line with the forehead. Convergence of the eyes is perceptii)Ie in a few individuals only, and anat- <»mists have shown that it is nowhere produced by the structure of the skull RACE CnARA(5TERrSTICS. xxxvii itself, but it is the result of tho mother's manipulation on the baby's eyes, and causes them to look sleepy, the opening of the eyelids becoming nar- rower. (Cf. Texts 91, 5-8.) These Indians have a piercing look and their eyeballs are of the deepest black, a circumstance which accounts for their great powor of vision. In many Tndijins, namely in children, the white of the eye shows a blue tinge, perhaps the result of head flattening. The mouth is small and the teeth good; but with many Indians the thyroid cartilage, or Adam's apple, is very prominent. The hair upon the head is straight and dai-k. I did not find it very coarse, but with many Modoc women it is said to be so and to grow to an extreme length. On other portions of the l)ody the hair is short and scarce, the natives doing their best to weed it out, the beard especially, with metallic pincers or tweezers (hushmoklo'tkish), which they always carry with them. As among most American aborigines, the beard is of scanty growth. The late chief l^elekash wore a beard, but I never saw any Indian wearing one except Charles Preston, the Yaiieks interpreter. The contents of the song 1 8."); 44 should also be noticed in this connection. Baldness is rare, and in fact it appears that the dearth of iiairy covering of the skin is fully compensated in the Indian race by a more exuberant growth of hair upon the he;>d, to protect them against excessive colds and the heat of the sun. Among the Lake people the complexion is decidedly lighter than among the cinnamon-hued Modocs, and n difference between the sexes is hardly perceptible in this rev,j)ect. Blushing is easily perceptible, though the change in color is not great. Those most approaching a white complexion like ours are numerous, but their skin is always of a yellowish lurid white. Owing to their outdoor life in the free and healthy mountain air, these Indians are well proportioned as to their bodily frame, and apparently I'obust; but their extremities, hands and feet, are rather small, as the extremities are of the majority of the North American Indians. The average of Modoc men appear to be of a smaller stature than that of the Klamath Lake men, but in l)oth tribes a notable difforence exists between the length of body in the two sexes, most men being lank, ! XXXVUI ETHNOGRAPHIC SKETCH. I