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 •I* 
 
 ,;^PECIAL APPENDED REPORTS> 
 
 I) 
 
 BY 
 
 PROFtSSOR E. E PRINCE 
 
 Dominion Commissioner of risherien 
 
 I. FLLTCTUATIOXS IX THE ABUNDANCE OF FISH 
 
 II. THE FOOD OF THE STUROEON 
 
 III. NOTES ON THE HABITS AND LIFE 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADIAN SALMON 
 
 1898 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 CJOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 
 1899 
 
'-li^i? 
 
 r- 
 
 .'i •■-'(: 
 
 PEOIi^ 
 
 .V 
 
 
 i . '> ^ 
 
 A ., 
 
 SJ?H.-, 
 
 t%v. - 
 
 ivy 
 
 
 I 
 
 I. FLUCTTJATI 
 
 II. THE FOOD 
 
 III. NOTES ON 
 
 'n^r 
 
 *^.'^v 
 
 M. 
 
^ r 
 
 
 'fecial appended reports 
 
 BT 
 
 
 PROFESSOR E. E. PRINCE 
 
 Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries 
 
 I. FLUCTTTATIONS IN THE ABUNDANCE OF FISH 
 
 II. THE FOOD OF THE STURGEON 
 
 III. NOTES ON THE HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY OF CANADIAN SALMON 
 
 1898 
 
 A.- [ 
 
 
 r- 
 
 lii_^:rijjai 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 UOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 
 
 1899 
 
 
 or 
 
 7r. 
 
 f^ARlf\l£] 
 
 ife CANKOV 
 
 /. 
 

SPECIAL REPORTS 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 I.-PluctuatIon8 in the Abundance of Pish. 
 
 Mackerel Flsherr Page. 
 
 Depleted Flsherlet ' 
 
 Flihertei on the West of Ireland..'..'.*...'.. ' 
 
 Migrations of Fishes * 
 
 Causes DetrlmenUl to Fisheries— • 
 
 OTerflshlng 
 
 Disturbance and Destruction of 'spawnln'g "schooii" ] " 
 
 Natural lunemlea 12 
 
 Pemldous Chemical Influences .'..,, ^' 
 
 Destructive Physical Causes " 
 
 Blasting, Loud Reports, fto. ..*.'." ^* 
 
 Destruction of Eggs or Fr7 1^ 
 
 Lack of Food ;■■■ 17 
 
 19 
 
 II.-The Pood of the Sturgeon. 
 
 Opinions of Dealers concerning Predaceous Fishes 
 
 Sturgeon not mentioned by Dr. Forbes in hi> ii.^ .,» » "J *2 
 
 Food of the Sturgeon, according to i^fnidilan. P'*'"'"'"" P'-hes 23 . 
 
 Structure Of th.DlgUuveOri^.^JJ:,',7„;"„^^^^^^^ 23 
 
 Analysis of Contents from Stomach, of sTurZ'Ls " ^'"**^" " 
 
 Abuse Of the Sturgeon Fishery ■•••• M 
 
 36 
 
 ni-Notes on the Habits and Life HUtory of the Canadian Salmon 
 
 HablUts of the Salmonlda »«***uou. 
 
 Disputed Polnu in the Life Histoid of 'tte* Saimon: .' '.'.'.'.'. ?! 
 
 Primitive CharaeterisUcs exhibited In thesalmon " 
 
 Geographical DUtribuUon of the Atlantic Salmon *' 
 
 Various Allies of the Salmon 28 
 
 The Salmonolds of BrlUsh Columbia...' .'.'..'![] 28 
 
 Successive Stages passed through during the Life Hi"«/nVJ «V li.' "« '. ^ 
 
 Spawning HablU , .."..„ History of the Salmon 31 jg 
 
 38 
 
 SR-li 
 
 to 
 
 r cr 
 
 OQ 
 
 VlrOc^_ (C 
 
 '• m i m t 
 
SPECIAL APPENDED REPORTS 
 
 FLUCTUATIONS IN THE ABUNDANCE OF FISH 
 
 BY PROFESSOR PRINCE. COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. OTTAWA. 
 
 UncSSv'i^^Jl??."'!. *•''''■ ^"^^'^ *"^^^ ^''° ^"^'J^^t ^0 characteristic fluctuations. 
 The min^r .1 * . ^^ l^^ °^'^»"«"^« °>- disappearance of flsh has long been proverbial. 
 Im tTtavLrirrlT^ u? '''?:''"'' ^•""^"°>^« favourable, sometimes unfavourable. 
 labouL but th. V«r '"' '""' "°^ confidence, to foretell the results of his season's 
 
 mZ the vnb,niS! , '"T"'"' "" '° *^^ uncertainty which besets his efforts to 
 
 oie haid lr£r f «°"r' °' *^' ■■'""' «°^ ♦'^^ ««"• I'l^e abundance af fish on the 
 nh!„n^f f ^'^'''■''"y °° ^''^ o''^^'"' »>"^e resulted In those strange fluctuations 
 
 of an SlemTf'o^'fl T' '^^T'}''^'^'' '*'P^^«^'''"' ^^'^'^ ^«^'« '-""^^ ^he mos^v xTng 
 
 has tax^d the in—v T/"''°M "?' ""'' ''''''''^' economists, while their explanation 
 
 nstantes hp n.^,T Vl ^'"'^^""^ '"'° "' ''"'^^^ "« professional theorists. In some 
 
 Ih,!.^?,, I? °' *^^'* fluctuations are apparent and readily discoverable In 
 
 S en"d eS^edrffltenTfo'h"' ■*"' ''"^"" ' '"* '° '"""""^^^ »' -«- " has In the past 
 
 SpLlourhabltf orthp fl,,? T""^ ""P'y '° '^^ '"PP"^^'^ "'"t"^ movements and 
 
 "nfJl^r ^^^^^^°\}^^ flslies themselves. "The Irish coast," says an old writer 
 
 affords a remarkable Illustration of t' -nprlclous habits of fl;h. for which no satlsi 
 
 time beeTse'en'on t'hf '^'T'- ^'/ '^^ '^ ^^ ''"'^ ^''"•"^- -h'eh have no for a C 
 ;^?n . I . ?^ '^"*"° ^""^ northern shores have suddenly reappeared and are 
 
 again taken In considerable quantities.- To attribute the reappLranTTke the dls 
 appearance, of any species of flsh to mere erratic tendency or wh^^B contrary to^ 
 that we know of flsh life, as of other animal life, though so brilliant an a^Jority as Dr 
 
 Prof^sforTp'^Mart;' *''V"^\' *"« °' ^'^^ '"''''''' "« »>•« d>sUnguIshed e^^^^^^^ 
 1 rofessor A. P. Marlon remarks : " Je crols pouvolr conclure que pour lul la sardlnp P«t 
 une espece absolument erratlque. n'abordant que fortultement^^ne salt sou8 quel e 
 ipHftf °'/*''"°^ d'ordlnalre dans la haute mer et Jusqu'aux regions les plus 6?olgn6s 
 JrrhomJrrdp?l'""'.''°V? ""'"^^ oc^amques. «> reprodulsairiot de ?S on 
 
 ou^ "ItwI^aflnurrrr^tl^^^^^^ 18»8. As one authority has pointed 
 
 Sshwles b^? also trn« nfTh f fl"'' J^.''* " °°* ""'^ '"""^ "' *^« ^'°«r'<=''° °>«ckerel 
 «M fh„' «au . ,. °' ^''^ ^"^'^^ ^"^ Norwegian Industry. As we have frequentlv 
 
 Text i'ls'^oirTp oJ.'!,S' "''"' "°^ "' '''' «PP^« <=^°P ' °°« year It 18 good and the 
 next It Is poor, the only difference being that we undenrtand the conditions which make 
 
 ag^od or'ai: ";^'^^°^«?f «« « »«>« better than we do the conditions tranroT': 
 a good or a poor season s nsning. The total catch, including what was landed fresh"at 
 
6. 
 
 New ^ork and other imlntB during the spring tlsl.lng. and at Olouceiter Newport and 
 BoMoD and other New Kngland port, during the mm.mer. wai .careely above seventeen 
 thouHnnd ImrreU. Not u.ore than a half-do.en of the seventy vesseU tit have com 
 pr.Hed the OloueoHter fleet have had a ren.uneratlve year', work The ma orltv mveToTt 
 money The 1oj,h falls upon men and owner, alike.-' The phe„o:Jna St e re on y 
 capricious and InexpllcaMe to the Ignorant, and many fact, which appear Ireg.dur and 
 abnormal to the ordinary observer, are, to the man of science, regular a rne essnry 
 and belong to a recognized order, being subject to known laws and conditions 
 
 The study of tlsherles, as a department of exact research, has been one of the last to 
 iH. taken up by trained sdentlHts. and as ,et the progress made cannot perhaps be 
 con.pared to that In other lines, such as fon.stry. n.lnlng. or agrlcultu.ryet the patient 
 
 1 r :Zl it""" :H:'^'r-^' "'^""*'' ■" ^"'""^ '^°""'^'"« •-•« ylelde,, most remaSbS 
 
 and far-rea(hlng results. In some cases, our Ideas on fishery matters have been revolu- 
 
 ionized, and certainly many common opinions prevalent a.nougst fishermen regardZ 
 
 such ques Ions as the spawn of fishes and the habits of the young have been etirely 
 
 overturned The causes of abundance, or of .lepletlon, are causes wl!lcl Irbe co S 
 
 aHses les f, ,n r nr i ^"^7'"f"f' "" '" «'»' """'•« of M,ose engaged In the fisheries 
 ?el It of ,.il , "'7>;vatlon than of that power of discrimination which Is a 
 
 result of rigid technical training. It needs only an ordinary power of observation to 
 ""t" a .mdtltude of possible causes for any pheno.nenon. but to ellm nn e tl e seconJary 
 and nonessential fron. the necessary and potent causatlye clrcum.stanc s b yoml tie 
 common pn.clica Intelllgc.nce. A few ,eurs ago It was\ny dutv to officii ly make in 
 
 been declining off the New Urunswlck shore, came In for mv special attention I 
 obtained a large amount of evidence from flshern,en. very old and experienced men .miny 
 them but what struck me about the evidence and the proffe ed InfornMMon was 
 
 m. . wrsm.'! TnllJur "' I'" "';"""r °' '"'°"'^"^«^- '^"^ »- «"P-"l>-.dance of I'th 
 .V nnt n t, , ^ "'" "' o-xplanatlous for a single Isolated fact, that any person 
 
 'Mcpt a fishery expert, would have been hopelessly dazzled bv the excess of I kM 
 
 riiat was the question, and the local fishermen, all men of Intelligence, observation and 
 experience, offered no less than sixteen separate and distinct solution^ of the p oblem 
 
 the joung fish have been so seriously destroyed In the so-called sardine weirs You 
 canno have abtmdance of adult fish If you decimate the young Immature fish further 
 LTVai.^eS"!;,''" "•"^♦'•"^%^^ '^'"'-'^y Of «'ftlng evidence of fhls natu and to sTow 
 
 (1.) Young herring destroyed wholesale In sardine weirs 
 (2.) Overfishing, especially by United States fishermen. 
 (3.) Driven off by Increased steamboat trafflc. 
 (1.) Too many drift nets have diverted the herring schools, 
 (o.) Shrimp food has disappeared, which attracted herring 
 («.) Mere caprice has caused them to leave. 
 (7.) Winds dislodged and cast ashore the herring spawn 
 !o ! l^u T ''°"°"' •""' changed, altering the bays and Inshore grounds, 
 and thrown aw^j"' '"' "'"'""' "' '"' '"''' ''" ""^^ ^"''°*'^'^^ ''' ^"'■P'"^ ^<^"'°S' ^«Pt"red 
 
 and^fm^otS^riTawn'"''' '"''"'''' ''' ''' ^^«"«^' ''°"" '^ '•'-- "^ -^<^- «-^«. 
 (11.) Saw-dust and factory pollution polsone ^ the waters. 
 (12.) Gurry rotting on the sea bottom after hake fishing Is over 
 (13.) Bad smell from offensive lobster bait drove away herring 
 (14.) Phosphorescence of decayed bait in lobster traps frightened herring. 
 
 the shire ^^^'^ °' '"''^' ^"^ *° '°°'*''°^ ''''""°« ^"'^ '^'^'^*°S °' '°^«t«^ t™P« ^^ong 
 
I ' 
 
 (HI.) Long linos left by fl«h«'rnien for two weeki to two monlhi. Ai there Is one hook 
 to every fathom, nnd 400 to 000 hooks on n " trawl, " qunntltleg of hooked tlHh illt-d and 
 decayed and did the injury. 
 
 All these reasonH— some of them most plausible and lnt;enlouB, and doubtless having 
 a basis In fact, I Krouped under two headH, and whichever of these two heads embrace* 
 the true explanation will enable a solution and remedy to be reached. The reasons put 
 forth, no less than sixteen In number, Imply that the herring, formerly plentiful, have 
 been destroyed, and that the abundant schools no longer exist anywhere : or that they 
 Rllll exist but have been driven to mher resorts and cannot, theref' c, be taken alonu' the 
 nay of I'undy shores of New Brunswick. This Is, Indeed, characteristic of all evidence 
 offered upon the question of depletion. On the one hand, parties Interested affirm 
 that decline and gradual externilnnllou Is the true explanation while, on the oIIkt hand, 
 It Is claimed that the fish supposed to be reduced In numbers are really as plentiful as 
 ever, but have migrated to other regions and cannot be found In such numbeis. If at all, 
 about their former haunts. It Is true that In no department of uattiral history has accurate 
 
 Inforunillon I n so nicagre as In the science of Hsh and fisheries, for the custonuiry 
 
 habits and scnsonal movements of the flsli coidd only be accurately followed In the 
 depths of the sea, and In nu)re or less remote areas In rivers and lakes, under comlltlons 
 of the most obscure and dilHcult character. AVhen the Hlgldanders of Scotland fancied 
 that the herring deserted a certain coast because. In some strife of the diius. blood had 
 been shed, or when, as Dr. C. I). Undham related, the Celts, In an obscure parish In the 
 west of Ireland, declared that the schools of herring departed when a new clergyman 
 announced his Intention of tithing the produce of the s<'a, and never show.'d any sl;;n of 
 their presence during his Incumbency, these supposed explanations were not more base- 
 less than many which have been formulated In the reports and conclushtus of important 
 fishery commissions. The causes of success or decline In any particular fishery nuiy be 
 natural and normal or they may be due directly or Indirectly to human agency, 'i'liey 
 may arise from conditions of which the student of economics can take cognizance, or 
 they may arise from conditions of a wholly different character, and nuty even be de- 
 pendent upon the rnclnl and social characteristics of the pi'ople. Rut while to such 
 causes and conditions the rise and fall of fisheries may. In many luMtiinces, be attributed, 
 the most momentous of all are those which are due directly to natural or biological con- 
 ditions, so often complex and profound, but nlwa.vs capable of being Investigated, with 
 the hope of idtlmate solution, like all other problems In the domain of nature. When a 
 particular region, fresh water or marine, Is unduly strained and the tl..hery resources 
 seriously Impaired I)y fishing operations pursued to excess, there must follow a depletion 
 which may be permanent or only transitory. Thus, a large maritime population may be- 
 come dependent mainly upon one particular fishery resource, and the natural limits of 
 a healthy Industry being overpassed, a period of depression, or even of total exhaustion, 
 may supervene. Lobster and oyster fisheries In various countries are a striking examjde 
 of this last-named type. The oyster and. Indeed, the mussel fisherljs of the Uritlsh 
 Islands have reached a state of such absolute iiuprodc.ct!', enefs that the markets can 
 only 1)0 kept supplied, and that Inadequately, by Importations from oth-^r countries. That 
 common shell-fish, the mussel. Is the principal bait used by the line fls?: rinen In Britain. 
 30,000 tons are required yearly by the Scottish fishermen, and for this s-jpply dependence 
 Is largely placed upon Importations from Holland and other countries. Oysters which, .W or 
 00 years ago, sold for 30 cents to 40 cents per hundred, cannot be had now for less than 
 $l..'»Oper hundred, and those of the poorest quality, while the best Whitstabie oysters often 
 sell at over ten dollar a hundred at the principal oyster stores. The shad fisheries In the 
 maritime provinces of the Dominion furnish another notable case of depletion, due 
 mainly, possibly due solely, to overfishing. It has been argued that In the case of the 
 shad the decline of the fishery Is due to pollution of Its feeding grounds, and It has been 
 maintained that the extensive flats In the upper portions of the Bay of Fundy abounded 
 with the "shad-worm," a favourite food of the shad, but that saw-dust and other pollutions 
 drifting down the streams of the adjoining counties (In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) 
 have covered these areas and destroyed the food. Certainly the Bay of Fundy shad 
 formerly netted in immense quantities in the fall, were fat and well fed, and apparently 
 
looalltles to whrch these 5sh now rotrt p ' ?kV^ ^^ ''''° ''**'" **» »*»'"* «"* '^"^ "tl'er 
 to the contentkn stated above tToi^h; Tl ?"^ " ^""'^ '■"««°" *° «"'^<=»' ^e'8" 
 spawning shad took Se^rthespS nn JS^tt 1 '^"°''''' .*'."' "'^'^^''^ destruction of 
 Not only were the mlt^^SlT^ .f " '"""* emptying Into tne Bay of Fundy. 
 
 abundance of flsh a'Lrthe state of thp^^ lY ^''^^ 'IT*''"*' *" '^^ ^'^^ ^'^^ ^PP'^r^"* 
 
 re.B.U declined "moLU ,o S fim^^Th ^?« """"^f °' " """'"^ " 
 
 industry eXDressPrt (i,a r„-,=^ „J* ■ ' '' *"^ practical men engaged in the 
 
 for th VeSne wtf voSeered^r^^ ""' '''' ^''^^ ^"^"'^'''^ ^^P^'''^^^ >-«-«°^« 
 
 French the lnefflcie„ov^?f th ^'^•^•''«*''- "'^ "^^ t^« periwinkle Ashing carried on b; the 
 efflclen sear an^ m fltLf , ° "°^ *''^^'' ^«°* "^ navigation experience, their In- 
 
 above really touched the essentlalToSs°whLh the'^on..tsronl*'r:f:rd"t;r^^^^^^ 
 
9 
 
 « „- 1?^'"^'''"* ^"''^ ''' perseverance on the part of those engaged In them and thlM 
 1^^ .hi "^ '1" 'T' °' '^' ^''"^ °' '^' B'"l8h 8.,.a fisheries In the German dce^S dSr! 
 irLln '"'""'ll'' K °*"'^^- ^^'^^ ^'^^ «"P«^">^ enterprise of the D^tch enabled them to 
 graduaUy usurp the business which Lad hitherto been controlled by EngUsh flsiemen 
 
 it :Z^"'T exploitation. In addition to the factors Just refe d U fa^^^^^^^ wS S 
 it 18 needless to sny are extrinsic and readily remediable, there are others wh eh have 
 been revealed by the arduous labours of biologists and scientific fishery experts Thele 
 factors are Intrinsic and Involved In the preservation or disturbance of that h„i„nn^ «^ 
 
 ZrZl't •' " "'' r*' ^'^"^'"'^ ^° *^^ --''^ «' witeis as ^SoHL surface r^ 
 land Whether or not the Injuries arising from these causes are remediable Is another 
 question, but, at any rate. It Is possible to decide whether restoratJvrstej" are feasible 
 If once we are able to name the cause or causes ""rauve siepj are feasible 
 
 m Jl" .7^" to premise that one of th- ost Important conclusions reached bv the 
 nvestlgatlons of experts in recent yc. . Is that all Important fishes are local 
 
 Ploded Tu /'' f' '''" '""* ^'"^ "^'^'^''^ «^«^ grea? distances has been ex 
 ploded. It Is becoming more and more apparent that thev affect thPir «I„ 
 
 flrs"irtrh?i "^^ 'r' ^"'^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^''^^^^^ uiot or 1:^ HSJ^?: zi 
 
 fishes like the herring and mackerel are by no means the erratic wanderers which 
 they were at one time thought to be. The movements of the schloTare In^pl? 
 mainly from deep water to shallow, and back again. The herring ishery on the 
 east coast of Britain which was long thought to clearly establish tLthlL , 
 tensive migrations from the North Pol! (as Pennant said Vtrmoret^^^^^^^^^ ^It^s 
 of southern England and back again. Is now seen to prove precisely the onooste it ^- 
 true that the herring fleet begin off the Orkneys and sLtlands earfy in the summtr U 
 month after month, move south, finding schools of herrl^fat everrsucceX^ ;^^^^^^^^ 
 until the fishery ends off the Norfolk coast in the fall. S as evetJTsL man kLowf h^ 
 herring found In certain localities are peculiar to those localltle8,^lther In s^^e 8h7pe*;r 
 flavour and are clearly not merely i^ombers of one great army, movng southwards 
 Were It not so. local varieties of herring would be an impossibility As one critTc has 
 remarked, were Pennant's theory of a vast school traversing thousands of mUes of ocean 
 a rue explanation It would be essential that this moving host should, at certain /easoT 
 make a return migration to the polar seas, but such a northerly migration has neve; 
 been observed. Were fishes of great economic importance thus nLadlc! Sey wouM be 
 independent to a large extent of local conditions, and would be little affected by drcum^ 
 stances potent over only limited areas, yet we know that the contrarv is the f«?t n^^ 
 that herring, mackerel, haddock and cod fisheries may be a marked s^ccLl in ll" 
 and a failure in another and that these states of plenty or of S^on annear ^o^ ^'^ 
 erratic, whereas they should be widespread and gradual or uniform werfthe school^ 
 common property, as it were, of an entire length of coast The ZZt\la^ !? , !u 
 fisherman will distinguish, at a glance, a fish from a pSicuUr locaSy esSd^^^^^^^^ 
 certain species. It Is not difficult to relegate a St. John River salmon and nnaf.u 
 Miramlchi and one from the Restigouche. to their respectirwaT^rafter caref.?r ' 
 paring examples Even the herring of the Scottish coast areT^ cases fSyX 
 tlngulshable. A menhaden caught on the coast of Maine can. with facUltv E h 1' 
 gulshed from a Long Island menhaden, a Chesapeake or a Florid! Lb"" ertaL'n 
 descrlbable characters, easy to perceive, but difficult to define. The DresencTnf Mi 
 crustacean parasite In the mouths of southern menhaden and Ita on,,«L^i Z . 
 
 those of the north, is a very strong argument In favorif TocaMlSion^^^^^^^^^ 
 of menhaden schools. That the same schools of menhaden return y-Safte*' ^^*' 
 same feeding grounds is very probable. The schools in the southern waters'do Vo^i rl 
 
10 
 
 » .be l,we« .e^tliuTS: o'clt^c,":^ Kenrrn;" XeT.^^ X"//:!' 
 
 barrels, as compared with the previous season's record of 282 000 hnrrli; ^k '^ 
 acquainted with the fishery claim that this serious fallln/STir, ^^°^^ '^^" 
 
 rZir,-L\tTand"mr.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 :r:,ratrcSt'3rhr :? rh^a^%:;Sd:;7r oT^^^^^ 
 
 depletion must rapidly ensue. Whl It must Se adr^t?ed t^!f t^ ^'™'"''^ *' "'^"^P^' 
 Whole, is inexhaustible, yet established L^er'LLfc'nfl'n'd to speclaTy"^^^^^^^^^ ''' " 
 and such areas will bear the exhausting process of utllizathm oniv to 1 ^.f f ^^, "?"'■ 
 their reproductive and recuperative capacities will be too seveTiVtoLr N^^^^ 
 exhaustion of an area leave space for the IncomlnR of schools from ntho. <J°es the 
 rounding localities have their special schools too. loL races thov ml ^5 uT ^"''■ 
 accordance with hereditary Instincts they remain t^lie to t^p^f n^^ ''^"^•'' *°^' "» 
 normal conditions have no reason to forsake such areal in oLr7 "'"'' ^°^ "°'^"'' 
 areas more or less distant. Just as on the'and each area has fs own ZT.' ^'^''''^ 
 an entomologist can often determine the locality of a beetle or I buTte flt h '^n?' ''"^ 
 subordinate local features, so there is every evlLcefrr holding that wIlrLl^^^""^^ 
 even those regarded as nomadic and extremely migratory cS to th»nJff "' ^'''• 
 they were born and reared. Not only of crusta'coanlS^e Xti 'nVlh L? "J''' 
 movements are less active and erratic, but of fishes like mackerefand cid. able°to 
 
11 
 
 Tarz:rofi7ZTzz zvi '"t '^^^ r^"^"""^ «"« «-««'"- »' these 
 
 and decaying flsheri;s. Even pecles like the bS ZV "" I? "nn^lstakeably depleted 
 stretches In and adjacent to the Bav "^ ""•^^'^ " • " '^housana Islands, the prolific 
 
 =t:rs ,s ar r ~SE£?~ ^^^^^ 
 
 portion of the year only, achieved the same evil r^lnir t1 ^ ' "^^^ '^"''*°^ ' 
 
 Goode said that It could not withstand thftr^etend^urSS fU^^fls^hlnrHe^r" 
 destro" rtLTeZLT r wr;r ^^^^ rr ?r ^ ^« n^- " -l^entS to 
 pound-net fishing. It Is doubUess true that the fisheries In a Xr,"^ n/"'^ ''""'""'"^ 
 the immediate region In which they are p^Lecuted Se cod aLd hiZ ^ "^^l ^''''''' 
 for upon a single bank until the local supply Is exhausted •' * "*^ ""' ^'""'^ 
 
 No doubt there Is great truth In Professor Marion's claim that the PTnia„„.i 
 movements of migratory fish may be found, as he says InVegLd tf tKrl^. /''' 
 great impulses, hunger and reproduction : " La sardine;- he savs " est .i«t- iA"..^" 
 ranee comme dans rocfian. un polsson nomade. dont les d6pkcem;ntrdofve^^^^ 
 ment 6tre determines par les deux grandes canse- qui re'l'^Z V='^ -^^ 
 les autres esp^ces. la recherche constan^c .e la nourritL et^le^^WlSlo^X^^oSe^^ 
 
12 
 
 «..":,m"I2,:.' rr,?r':jL"::LT.'«"- r\rr '"'"'"" "»-'">»• '- 
 
 sell at $10 per barrel * '^^' *^o"Sh the molluscs readily 
 
 Of nmT:: :Vi:TC"ti'TT'; r^^^^T^^"^ '« - "^-^ ^-^^^'o- -^thod 
 
 immediately prior to It Two remarkSpx^f h'^ ^^^° '° *^« ^'' °' ^P-^wnlng or 
 
 ash w.i;r4i"'.gTr irx p»™r trif^iT? ^" """"* "'«■' ""> 
 
 «Lnt^ ^' ^*""°'*'' '°'^°™ *'^P'- ^'^Slng. hook and line though formerly remunerative 
 enough were comparatively harmless compared with the total and completely exterm^n 
 atmg character of the purse-seine which was used out In the open LTnTecLlv whl 
 the mackerel finds the appropriate conditions ; clear, rlppl ng sea water Jsoml Tnth 
 
 modicum of heat, all necessary for the Incubation of these most delicate floating ova 
 The disappearance of that small smelt-Uke salmonold, the capUn, from consfderabl.> 
 
 tTo^". °' T r"' "' T^^ "'^ '^ ""^'""^^^ *^ '^«^'^"<=«- methods o??ap'ure 
 ITJl '■'^" • '^^ '*!"" '^°'' *°'^°''« '^'°°« *^« Labrador and northern coasts of the 
 
 rln^, """"^'T' *° °''"" *" '""'' ''^ *^«*'- '^^°"^"« f«°'J the capnn When 
 the capim no longer appeared the schools of cod disappeared too. Now ^one 
 the Shores In question, especially along the estuary of the River St Tawrencf 
 traps or weirs built of fine brush or wlckerwork were placed at every available noTnt 
 These became filled to excess with hosts of caplln which crowded In with Ih a^ 
 tide and were left high and dry when the tide 'rec^ed^S.^^T^rfal^ibiriUtllVh^'^^^^ 
 used for manure to some extent, but visits to these weirs or pechr.'> showed thatfor „n! 
 ton of dead fish thus utilized twenty tons were left to rot'anu wastraway Masses 
 of decayed caplln several yards deep were thus piled up day by day llvo vinl l^J 
 merely the grossest and most criminal waste of fish, tut the production nfJSl * , 
 ing pollution in the neighbourhood and the cutting off o suLrs^f natural ^^^^^^^^^ 
 brought the valuable cod almost up to low water mark So eagerwere the s^^^^^^ 
 cod !n their que.t for caplln th.t large fi«h were contlnualirru^lg on shore and 1^^^ 
 left stranded when the caplln were moving along. It may be added Sa the capl 
 
13 
 
 dnrlflfaV'""! ^K ^°*!' "f"''"^ ^''"^d the "capim school •• as a rule, touched the Labra- 
 fhl Tnr. „ ?.' f" '""' "' •'"°'' "'^"^ ^'"^tashquan, and moved east to disappear from 
 
 Ibsence Of ,r° ,'*"■■ 'V^^^ ""' '"-'" '' ''''' «^'^""' ^^« "^PP^^^"*. and the total 
 Boh^rr, n/ ^''^.^'^P"" |"«y »>« "^eg^ded as a sufficient explanation. Oddly enough the 
 ZtJ^ , S'^'/^^'f ^""^ '^^^ ^^'^^'^^ ^°^ •^'^°y y^-^r^ "It the Magdalen IslanJs. ap- 
 peared la 1898 along the south shore, and the local tlshermen regarded these as the 
 north shore or Labrador caplln which had erratically forsaken their usual resorts. This 
 Is wholly Improbable an.' It Is far more likely that the conditions which were unfavour- 
 able for the incubation and hatching of the Labrador caplln (whether due to natural 
 causes or to offal poUutlon, abnormal destruction and (he like) were favourable on ,he 
 Magdalen Islands and the fish once more became numerous there 
 
 The gaspereaux (also known as alewlves or klacks) attracted the cod Inshore In 
 western Nova Scotia In a way similar to that of the caplln schools referred to, and the 
 disappearance to a considerable extent of the cod from the littoral waters south of the 
 Gut of Canso Is no doubt largely due to the destruction of the gaspereaux, a destruction 
 due to causes described on another page. The well-known case of the Dublin Bay had- 
 docks doubtless comes under this category. In the early seventies the Dublin haddock 
 schools disappeared for four or five years and all kinds of explanations were adduced, 
 but the question of undue destruction of the spawning tlsh, or the loss of ova due to 
 storms or other causes was not thought of. Some such unfavourable circumstances 
 no doubt were the cause, for the haddock again appeared in numbers and the Dublin 
 fishery resumed Its former prosperity. 
 
 Natural Enemies.-The life of all flshes Is a perpetual warfare with enemies, and the 
 carnage of the sea apart from man's destructive operations exceeds that amongst the 
 terrestrial tribes. The Royal Commission on British Fisheries, 1863. attempted to gra- 
 phically picture this slaughter by natural enemies In the case of the herring. Allowing 
 to one cod only two herring per day for seven months In the year, and assuming that 
 an average fisherman takes not less than fifty cod In that time, It appears that the cod 
 caught by the 40,000 or 50,000 Scottish fishermen If left In the water would have eaten 
 more herring than the whole catch of the herring fleet. There were In 1861 40 000 tons 
 of cod and ling taken In Scotland representing, say two millions and a half of codflslios 
 and the calculation Is easily made which establishes the contention that the herriu- 
 fishermen take but a fraction of the fish which migrate along the sho-es, and are dally 
 and hourly destroyed by pi-edacious foes. Were not this destruction to continue " the 
 population of the sea," as one writer has remarked, " would soon become so Immense 
 taat, vast as it is, It would not suffice for its multitudinous Inhabitants." An incre-ise 
 in the number of sharks and dogfishes in a particular area may have the most baneful 
 results, entailing not merely the wholesale slaughter of valuable fish, but their disper- 
 sion and flight to other areas, and frequently extensive Injury to the acts and other fish- 
 ing gear. Over thirty years ago while mackerel were schooling in vast numbers In 
 Massachusets Bay, great schools of blue fish, 16 to 20 pounds weight, suddenly made 
 an Incursion and devoured In quantity the smaller fish. The blue fish had been scaroe 
 for many years, and their unexpected advent had a most disastrous effect upon the 
 mackerel fishery. Possibly a scarcity of food elsewhere had caused these larger fish 
 to forage in this way. 
 
 The splendid fishing grounds off Grand Manan, N.B., deteriorated some years ago on 
 account of the Inroads made by sharks, dogfish, &c. An official report (1893) states the 
 matter as follows :-~ 
 
 " The decrease In the cod catch has been gradual for the last ten years, which can 
 only be attributed to the marvellous Increase In the schools of dogfish and sharks in the 
 Bay of Pundy. 
 
 " The herlng fishery Is one-third less than last year, not from a scarcity of herring, 
 but from the xnaunev la which they have been harassed by the dogfish, pollock and 
 silver hake. Herring have been driven ashore by pollock and silver bake ou many occa- 
 
14 
 
 The pollock ijave beeu an waii #„ i ^ .. 
 
 the principal has bee. rrun^t^Tl 'a^ZreT ""' -o-n^ents' o7 flls onV f 
 the sea water. The absence of herrings from Z a .''"'"^ °' "^^S^" '"'ngled wl h 
 mented upon. The minute crustacean fife Z.ht " ''"' '^"^ ^^^° frequently com 
 
 be added, to the vast schools o hmlng ,s eitiel? f^""'' '^"^ «° ^««e°tlal. t may 
 yet herring do not appear to resort V„fh„L.^ ''^''^ '" *^« <^«''J northern waSJs 
 lantlc the waters, adjacent to this continent ^n-^f"!' '''''''^^ °° ""^^ ««de8 S the A ! 
 oont,ne t. herring abound. The It am c is more rlchr/''"'' '"'''''' «°^ ♦^^ ="™P«an 
 and this comparative lack of oxygen is no ^onhw, ''^ «y»enated than the Arctic seas, 
 ring from migrating thither. Experilnt t? .-"''''' '^*='°'- '° ''et^rring the ^^^^^^ 
 upon temperature of the absorbt^ve pTwt of,.?"''': ^''"""^t^ated the dependence 
 inportant la determining the amount of^tmosoher.c'''""; ^^^'^-^rlc pressure too 1^ 
 Its oxygen far more rapidly than its nltrLen Tn f. ^ """ "^^"■•^ed. and as this air loses 
 water, these deeper strata are of nece sUv ^ne f •"!? ^^°^'^« P«««a»e to deeper strata of 
 by moving currents, unable to suj^ort he hThIr f "^ o^JSenated. and unless disturbed 
 by obsorvatlons in the Swedish fisher « ?^LV*'™' °' """°^' "f*^- As was sSown 
 
 certain flsh was almost solely inS^«, T ""'/'' ^^'''"=' ""' '''' "«»»! schools of 
 oxygen pouring Into the Baltic Sea from tJ ^''"'"' "^ '"'' '''"""'^^ ot water rich "n 
 as mackerel and herring, nu-^t be Sy'^'ontrolieTr- .^'"^' "'^™*°^^ fi^'^-' «« b 
 waters more or less inclosed or separated from thl "" *^''' conditions, especially in 
 
 That artificial chemical Impurilles dfln I ''^'° °''^"'" "^•^"«- 
 atic m the science of the fisheries. Id mai'y "ofTh '''""'V"^ '^^^"'"^ '^'"-t -iom- 
 no doubt succumb to pollutions poured frmfrl, '^ '^"""•"^"'^ °'-««'"^cd species 
 
 pollutions, if they spread over spawn'n' h^^ '1'' ^"' "^"'^^ ""^^ the like. These 
 
 favourite resort of the delicate fry i^"t earfv',?: "^''/ '"'^""^ "^^«« ^^'»^'eb are t, e 
 reaching injury ; but actual observations 11'?'^' '''''' ''''^'^°^«' ">»«' ^e a far! 
 nocuous nature of such impurities so tTJlT. ? '^^"^""^trate the comparatively in- 
 Hke adult salmon. That a rlv rlike tl e Tavt% " '°'"'''' '"' ''"'''" -Igrato^'fllh 
 own a.s one of ,;.e most famous and proiTflc of '" '^'"^'f ^ '^""'^ ^^'^"""e to hoKl its 
 arge population, pouring out the fifth and w„«f ''^"''' "''^""^'^ Dundee, with Its 
 industrial cen.re is but a few miles from if« t ^^sociately with a busv and dhlv 
 
 Ihe Aroostook River lu thp <«tQt 
 River, still has its quota of salLn aUhl;!?^'' ",r^^"*"''^ «^ ^^^ Canadian St Joha 
 mm waste poured in ail al^X C Jfo ir7?"f '°° °' ^'- •^°'^° ^^'t^. and the sat 
 seem sufficiently inimical, while in the Xnl. Fredericton and up to Woid stock wo J^ 
 sitied not meely by the ' greater acu'muiS^^^^^^^ f "^^« "^ " anything "ti' 
 
 dams apparently of an Impassable charcter Jb/« f '' ''"' ^^ '^^ "'^'^tlon ot m?il 
 few years ago after it had been corm^nly held Jha i'^"" "'t '"'' *° ""' <'«"°ted. an" " 
 fine examples were seen leaping near Houlton „„? ? '*'' ^^^ ^'''' ^'^""y destroyed 
 the Canadian tributaries, like the Tobin?,! .f ^ migrated as far as Presqu'Isle in 
 primitive favourable conditions stlHoS an'dTe^saT "^ "^"""^ •^''^--' - tJ^e 
 0. th^.lves in the midst of .the eongenl. rrol^-r^orf roT^ ^^ ^ 
 
15 
 
 .«™^.^n l ^*"'" C«««e..-Reference has already been made to unfavourable dr- 
 cumstance. affecOng flsh-llfe which are of a phyalcal rather than a che Jc^'natu e 
 The two are Interwoven as a rule, but In themselves they are entirely ZlnetThu. 
 
 eSot^nln ''^"f*"" '" ^'''''^^'^ ^"'^ » ^»«« «' glU-rakers. wUl hardly have Ijer" 
 Jlf ,rf^ r r °' '^'''P"'* ^•''"- ^ P'^^^''"' ««»> »"^« tt>e sturgeon however Is at 
 ZVnTyS.^'''''^' """^ "''"''^ °" "<^'=«"°* o' the fermented saw-dusMjged Jt 
 n! ^^'^ r'n''.^*''' 1"' °°'^ •" ^""'^'^ *° •'y *»>« """"«» '"O"*'^ of the sturgeon wS feed 
 lnd?hP,f« h""""' ''n* '' ""'* •'""'^'y '" "« «''^*^t» "PO" the sand-shrlmps HvTr mu le 8 
 the hprri.i ^r'f.^'^'"^"'' '^ '"«*'y constitute the food of that fish The Lrne of 
 It hm H *. "^u^' ^^^''^'' '° ^^^ ^^''^ 0' I'^orth. Scotland, has been attrlbu ed U> 
 
 the hill drainage which has affected the specific gravity, purity, and temperature Tf the 
 
 sZrZn'^V''', "Tl"^' ^^P^^'""^' •^^^^^ted this Shallow estuaySLut for ^yeLsalo 
 IZV . ?'' °' •'^'"''"^ "°'°* '° '"' "^ «^ort t'^-e. but not in the^r former "mmens; 
 numbers showing that the physical conditions and possibly the food affeXd rreby 
 are detrimental and drive the fish out again. Aquatic vegetation is. of course affected 
 
 iS^of S^t U?e* Tflsrcuu' ^ r'"°"°^'^ •^'"^"^^^' perishes withThediLp^t?: 
 ance or plant life. All flsh culturists are aware of the necessity of encouraelnT the 
 
 growth Of suitable water plants, on which minute water insects Hve andTuUlply. m 
 
 nfcllrv ,r.,"rh ^^ 'f 'f "^ *'" ^™^'°« '^*>- ^° *^«"t ponds is this especlkl J 
 necessaiy. It is the same in rivers. In lakes and in the sea. If the -Mant life be im,, 
 rlousy affected flsh-life suffers too. What hope is there of the exlslenc; of fl h in ^i^^r 
 polluted by poisonous servage. &c. ? The appalling state of things described in the fol- 
 
 r'^f 7 r'' r^.r''"'"^ *« ^^^ ^^-^^ «'^«^ "> ^^^^ ^^^^^ ot Englanlsho;" 4 what 
 an extent these deadly agencies may poison and contaminate fine salmon and trout rivers- 
 
 fllfh?n„ nH r*°* 7^''" *'" ''''''' ^«« discharged, the clean water from above and the 
 
 TvXnJr"" ', 'T'' '"""^ "^ ^^^° '"""^"^ ''^' by «'«»« for several yards tm 
 TnLT ^ f '"'"ingled. the result being a black turbid stream, on whose surface 
 
 Slack m'ur"th.r«r',°' *'' "''*''■ """''''''' ^^ ^'^^ ^^^^ -^««^ •'O""- -"« 'del 
 black mud. thickest wherever an eddy or a pool facilitated precipitation, but always 
 
 entirely covering the natural bed of the rlv.r. This sediment was exactly similar tr he 
 
 Zl:'lt ""^^ '°"r*'' '° *'^ ^°"°^^-^- ^»^'« «tate of things existed aUg the enU^e 
 length of the channel of the river below the outlets referred to above." (Prom Mr C K 
 Flyers' Report, Salmon Fisheries. &c.. of England 1895) 
 
 r^Jf'' iV'^^^'TT: ^*'*'''"°* °' *^''* Increasingly 'valuable fish, the sturgeon, the late 
 
 whi hl't'rn'r ' °"' '""* *'' ""''' ^'°"°^ ''''''' «"^«'«t upon sman animalcuhe! 
 which in turn live upon minute forms of plant life. Even the sturgeon are found to 
 devour large quantities of small plants. "The story of the life of a sturgeon (as the 
 author named pointed out) is seen to be bound up with the lives of vast myriads of or' 
 ganlsms In no way related to it In the system, but only as sources of nuTriment It is 
 
 quite certain that if the minute life upon which the young sturgeons 
 
 this ttr'^ exterminated, the sturgeon would also become extinct, 'it f o'llows'frZ 
 th s that whatever affects the relative abundance of the minute life of rivers and 
 ^tiwiies where sturgeons are found, must also affect the survival and abundance of the 
 
 th» nh'^'f"? ^"! "l'^"^^ ^^° ""^^ to the effect of cold and barometric pressure upon 
 be reSreS' '°°*"'*' '' T'' *° ^^'^*^ "^'^ »^^- '^'^^ «'°°»°t of oxygen Lsolved m^y 
 th« tr 1 ^ mw^mx^m by unfavourable physical conditions. It has long been known 
 that herring as a rule make their appearance on the coast when the wateMs about 55- 
 P. or rather 555 F., and on the east coast of England it was held that the Yarmouth 
 schools only came in when the Incoming stream from the Atlantic Ocean had swept 
 round Sutherlandshire and Joined the North Sea waters reducing the temperature of the 
 east-coast waters to the desired 55}. So long as the temperature Is higher so long the 
 schools of herring remain In deeper water. The surface temperature has not. as was 
 at one time thought, n dir^'ct infiuenee on the movements of the herring though relatively 
 warm currents appear to deter and relatively cold temperatures seem to attract the 
 
I 
 
 16 
 
 Of ashes are too complex and numerous to de^nJ^r! ?! '»?^^"^''»' «"d distribution 
 Chemical results dependent thero^ are S S mn / "' ""'"" »^"P«™l"re and the 
 acter. viz., density <s hardly less so Rnt in .* *"P°'^*'>"'^« "'« '"rther physical char- 
 thermal. If the incoming waterfTomtre S^H ?'°'' "''°" ^""^'"""^ ^'>«™«^«> ani 
 the North Sea) be of grearSensltv a ?L "^ (reverting to the herring question In 
 
 mixture with the less'ait'rd fess ^1 JZ .^ V' r°"""''''* "'*""' ^' '^ '^^ 
 temperature, and as observations have shown th„7 „L A. ™^" °'"'»° ^'» ^«'«« '^^ 
 is found to be the surface temDeraturLth^T. ^"' ^''^ """^'^ °' ^"S»st 551° P. 
 
 herring. As It Progresses thrS^b^tomrertrni^r"';'"'^ '''"'"''''"' '°^ ♦^^ 
 ing up columns which mingle with the wnrTl I ^ *"'"'* "^ ^* ^^""^ »*'^«« •'«»<1- 
 schools of herring out In defper water ar.JnT. ..''? '"''''' ""'^ '° *•>'« ^"y the 
 and great catches are madeTthe ticlnltv o Jh^" f."'"' ""''"'' ^"'''^ P^^^*^'""*. 
 the bottom." The fact that fishes ala rule nol' ^"''^"^ °' ^"^t^'' ^•^"'"S "P 'rom 
 (the sensitive lateral line) enable/L to uXslVh "'T °° ""''' «"^^ °' «^« ^'"^y 
 Chemical changes profoundly affeS them But [fZ . T }'"'^''''^'^^' densities and 
 conditions, favourable for deposing aTd h!tch L 2 ^" '°''^°"'° *^"* '» '« *^^«« 
 microscopic animal life necessary for aduufnn^ "J't "' """" "" «"'"''''« '^^ *»>« 
 
 The regular migrations of flsT^s affected bvofavr^f '?' I^"' "^ ^'■^"^' Important, 
 their meaning unless their blolog cal sig^flcance 'on^ n ''""'"''' '""•'"""'« ^°«« «» 
 into account. We owe to Sars an ngelJoTs explanatJa; 7ZT"°; ''"^ '^ '""^ *'^''«» 
 current, and the temperature chances unontho ah? J ^^"'"^ °' meteorological, 
 
 movements but the numbei of herr ngThlch annp„ ''' °°* ""'""'^ *''« P"^^"'^^ «^ *»>« 
 butlon of minute Crustacea esneoS./*^^"' '° "^ specified locality. The dlstrl- 
 by the weather and w rd^eSet'ltely ^^^^^^ "^"^^^ '' -^""'^^•^ -ainly 
 
 Unger where appropriate food ibfunds I^d thT ^^ ^T'' '^^' ^""'°^ ^'^<>o^^ ^111 
 in the littoral fishing grounds earHeJ than thnl °\"''f *,'" '"''°'^ ^^^^''^ ^'» ^^Ive 
 movement coastward which is annual lo 1 Ih? '""""f '"'^^"'^ °"* '° «'« «ea. The 
 approximate date each seasoi some 1^ ZleTZlV^! "T '''^ '' '*''""* ^'^^ ««'"« 
 attaining ripeness. Hence the .earlv r^n! . , V°** ™*" °' ^'^^ »«"•«»' Ash are 
 food and stay longer near the ^oast are in'^iir"^ V!'^'' "■•" ''^^«'=^'^* *<> «'^»°dant 
 those that were more remote from this Semifu? IZT'^'r^ °' ^^"" '^"^'"y «>«° 
 exhaystlng Journey to make. ThrearLer fish t^^^Tv^'K^^^ ""'' '^^'^ ^ '°°e^'-' "°'« 
 the fjords and sounds. In other words tS'.S-; ^„^'''* '" P'''^*''**^ '"^'»>er '"to 
 and safer result than In the opposltrcas; when th'/hl" ^'''^, ^ '""^'^ »'«"«^- ^cher. 
 near the outermost coast, and is much thi'nir L? '"* °°'^ '"^'"'''"^ ^""^ a season 
 
 caslonally a small schoolls chasernear tie L„. S T" «'^'^"«^«^- ^^^^ when only oc 
 flehery may therefore yield a very different re.n.^ '"««/«»>«« "^ P'^y- The herring- 
 has year after year been outsldrthe co^st aL has t'^'" 'I S' '"""^ '""^^ "^ ^^'•'•'"B^ 
 ones. The final cause of theirreg^iaruf ,„ 1, 1^ r** *^^ '"'"^ *»"'*°"*y «' yo"°« 
 be sought m the changes of weather fur 'Vn„7.^^^^^^ ^'''^^^ """^^ *^«>'-«'«re 
 
 sea, not so much during theTh.'g'sersras durin'^'T,™*"' "' *'" ^'^*^'- '° *•>« «»^« 
 during the preceding aulumn and summer ^ *''' '''* "' *^" y«"' particularly 
 
 -^r^^^^"llrT:mt^^^^ -responds with that of the 
 
 study of the past. For the present TcannJL^ ^T 5"'"'* observations than by the 
 It is well known that salmoSTnge; llZZiLT, '''''' " *^*°^ '^ ^''''''''■ 
 is favourable for their entrance So lone as theT« ''' °f "^""^ "°*" '""^ temperature 
 Of the mouth Of a salmon river 3 aboveVor L Sr^'f 'r °1 *'^ ^'^*«'- «°^'"^ «"* 
 ing to ascend. The facts In regard to other Ssh nl . "^ '''''*'°'' °' ^^"^ "« "°w"l" 
 such a fish as the sturgeon which Is so abuLant ^/"^ «« ««""«»y »^nown, especially 
 The late Prof. Ryder Lid of thla fish • '■ tS , nt^„ f '"'^ '''""' '° *^'^°'*^'"'' wat«» 
 to be affected to some extentby a rise of tSe n?.? Tr"""*' "' ^'^^ ^^'^""'^ ««««" 
 air, thus making the fishing ^oJ £:t:'Jl^^Xi:'Z^;:[2^lZ 
 
17 
 
 n!i ^^•^'^^"Ps tlie most novel of all reasons is that urged by old tishermeu oi. .h« 
 
 on Zr,H ': ''.r''°"°' '"•■ ""^ ^^"*^"y °^ ^'^"'l- Tlaey .dle.etha the centric L^ts 
 on the bridges terrify the schools of shad and cause the tish to disapneai^ The on, osltl 
 effec might have been more easily anticipated, for bright lights as a ule have an at 
 trading and fascinating influence upon most fishes. **'''"« "^"'^ '^'^^^ «" «*" 
 
 The disappearance of the valuable tile-flsh which for throe venr*. ns70 r'm „•„ 
 abundant on the north-east coasts of the United Stater,^t att'^bie bfs^^^^^^^ 
 can au horit.es to volcanic causes. Almost lu a single night this tine marke^Lt was" 
 completely destroyed and the vessel, authorized by ,he U. S. Governmer o infml- ate 
 this remarkable occurrence, found the sea for over 150 miles in a dTct iinfcro^i 
 w th the floating bodies of these dead flsh. Between six and seven thou nd so u-e 
 ^enVnUr:,'"?''" ^/ ^''^ "'^^'^ '' destruction, and the schools of tile-flsh am ea t have 
 been entirely cleaned out of that region, though stray groups of them have l.een repor^d 
 
 runr^ntrttr^ '- -'--' -'- ^^« — -- - - p-o; Sei 
 
 o„r.Hl'T""°" V""' "" ^'""''■^^^ ^««' '^'^'^ ^'^y °* "«^«« '^'^ so delicate that lu un;av- 
 
 know ?h„ r' \:" "? '"""'' "' ''''^'''' *° '^«'" °^' t^*^'^- Widespread destruction We 
 know that along the shores of Gloucester and Northumberland Counties herring-spawn 
 is heaped up for miles after storms and is largely used for manure under such cuCm 
 
 suuin ti. T.r'f °" '''''' "" ''"'''' '' ^^""^'^^ - ^^ """«-"y severe spring mav 
 result m the death of vast quantities of eggs and alevlns. In the Restigouche lilver 
 some years ago sheets of ice floated down from the redds or spawning beds whhch wire 
 packed so densely with eggs as to appear quite orange-coloured. The ice hid cruS 
 down upon the eggs and gravel and lifted them in masses so that they were killed aS 
 carried down over a hundred miles to the sea. The phenomenal periods opt.!"' and 
 of scarcity in the salmon rivers of British Columbia largely arise there can T ihh. 
 doubt, from natural unfavourable conditions Ir . npL\'t!r^ Vr'r-ds ' , 
 away. A dry season and Insufficient water on th. .-wn^nVhSs or aV^lSSed^e^^^^^^^ 
 
1/f 
 
 18 
 
 .choou Of adult fl«h Bho^nd a/ce'd hid V :;rt"l T^ /'^ ^ ^ ""=^^« «' ^'•"•" ^"^ 
 waters when younR. no ascending schoo s nnnL, """"'^ destroyed at the head- 
 
 •chools. then the effect Is apparent S stcaXd" oil." f T '""''^'''' °' *"« «^P«^te1 
 generally thought) find their explanation ^n thin Tv nV '"^'^ ^'""^ °'" «^« y^"" " ^«» 
 ■laughterof flsh by Indians musi have tZrbanefrrp^^^^^ T"""' °^«^-"««'ng. and the 
 and scarcity, common to all the PaclSc Hvers mnv hf ' . ^^" '""'""' «' "I'^nOance 
 prevailing during spawning or IncuSon Tf "l ^r- VT""^ « unfavourable conditions 
 usual runs of adult flsh cannot be secured [Si f L J '' '""''^°' ^'^ «^« »>"t<^'>«'l the 
 -pawn floats at the surface of the^ea a e pecuilnr.v '^' ""'"""' ""'' °*»^«'- ««»' ^^o.. 
 lutlons. &c.. must In some seasonrdestroy th "" L'?''"''''' '''• '"'''' «"^'««« Po'" 
 delicate fry, also In the surface waters for mnnv TA '""""'^^ ''"""""«« ^'>"« t«^e 
 unfavourable conditions. ThereTs no dlfflcuu7,r ,' ^ "'^^'^''^ «"«ceptlble to these 
 otherwise Inexplicable cases of e ratlcTcreaL orTo'tl'; ?" '" "'^ ^"^ ""^"^ «' '^' 
 of flsh. Some authorities attributed dedlne,n ^^ '' «»PP«aranco of such specie, 
 
 whiteflsh and herring, far less to ovei^SL ?„ ^ ^''"'* "'''^ ''«'^*^'"'*^«' e«PecirJly lake 
 the use Of drag seiners. These nets ar? used uSon '^ !''' *^««t'-"etlon of fry especially by 
 boulders and debris, and It Is precisJlv rfh^ni \ 'Jf""'*" '''°'''' ^''^ '™"^ ^'^^pl 
 Che schools Of fry congregate The ne't Is as 1 we're M 7' '^•'°" ''' '"'^ ^"'"^^ ""^* 
 short distance of shore, and Is pulled to land BeJL hT° T"?^ ''" ^"'^ ^'"^'" "» 
 secured on shore, and the net forms a como^l ^nf^ *" ''""'^'^ '" ^"^'^ '''^^ "e 
 
 Its sweep and extending m some cases as ZchniiZ'"^' '"P'"'"'"^ ^^^''y'blng within 
 middle, though the dimensions" teVLstMnther ?'';"''' '' '''' ^'^P*'^ '° '^^ 
 very varied nature, and as the moshes ai^ 1^ nT T"""'' '° '^'^ «"'°« ^'^ «' « 
 fixed net. like a pound, many fls^are entans^^d 4, , ? ""^ "'"''"^ '""^ "P^"' «« '« a 
 poses. Young flsh. Included In thJs mLed cafch „T„ ''' T ?' "'^ ^"'"^ '"'' ""^'''^^t pur- 
 ashore as useless. Further, the couTtant use of l.n ^^ ^ "^"''''' ""^ "''^ ^'^ ''^^''^^» 
 a very unfavourable effect on the shoa^ of smaS flTh' Th7'"^ 'T *'^ ^'^^"°^'«' '^^^ 
 gratory movements and driven Into deeper waSr where ZLZ" '"'"'.'''' '° *''^"- '"'■ 
 of larger fish. Indirectly, as well as dlrectlv S Tf ! !* ^''P"^*'^ *° ^^^ ^^^'^^^ 
 Professor Ramsay Wright, and other autho^Ies wUh "'/?' '^'" '"J"'''°"«'y "Peered, 
 waters of Canada, have described the capture of Tn IZ "\^"'^''''^*' °' '""^ '""'"'^ 
 nets, and pointed out that the sumlurflsh are ,i^p^ ""^^'^^'^ ^'' ^'''^''^ «<^in«- 
 
 glutted. Similarly, Dr. H. M. Lirspeaks of ^rnl!? "f """""'^ ^'^^^ t'^'^ ""''ket Is 
 ed in considerable numbers and wieTe the youT^J "'' '''^'*''^" '"^^^'^ ^P^^n- 
 on which quantities are taken for bait! measuring UtoTZ '" r''''''' "' *'™-' 
 when using the seine can hardly know tWx^Pn, .f , ? "^^^^ ''*"«• '^^« ABhermen 
 
 young, our valuable good fishes a^e llnsparent ^St7„*'7 1°"^' = ''' ^^^'" ^-••^' 
 meshes of the net. iransparent. m.nute. and almost Invisible In the 
 
 young of inferior species, usually rgarlTLwS^^^^^ ^"' '^' destruction of the 
 fishes, or minnows, are the favourite food of Zelr^; '°°'! '"'''^''''- '''*^^«« «'°=»» 
 other predaceous flsh. The abundance of thpil ^^ ^ "*'" P**^'''''*'' salmon-trout and 
 the abundance of smaller varCs on which thTLr^rT '"S^ ^'''''^' '^'^''^ - 
 Plied to these small fishes is used IndLTimlLliv „„7 "^k ^'- ^^^ *"™ "••'^'^"^ "P" 
 including some of the more valuablafood fllhes ""' °'"''' '^^'^'^ '^'''^' 
 
 ^fl^TtTu.:^Z^:.\T^^^^^^^ the meshes of which the 
 
 ing with fully extended meshes In deenrrwa^li'^' T T^°' ^''^ ^^^ «'»-°et hang- 
 from the point of view here consiSered ' ' '"'"" '' ''^ '" *•»« °>°«t injurious 
 
 therflr;*E:rifnrbri,r;Lrwr J ztxirr^'-^ - -- - 
 
 -tages. certainly the former abunda/ce :r:;Sn ''S^Z^:/::^^, 
 
10 
 
 level of about 126.000 voun6^ Tf^'^ '^ "'"'" '" ^^ ""'» '" ^^^^ '•^«c'^«d the low 
 
 Of the lake, where ThUeTh are now t/eeed.nX ZT^r.^'r'' "' '^^ ««" ^'"^ 
 large whiteflsh are recorded (vhloJSrrlf^ Afn'.f"*'^ ''''""' °' """'y «<»•«» 
 west end of Lake OntarirthrmennetUdTioOwh?." «?*'"", ^'"''^ '" '^' '*' "^« 
 whlteflsh or lake herring. whiteflsh and nearly 2.000,000 l..«ser 
 
 andlLZeSrnVnro^'^h^rf^ !,-«« --^- -« -de. 
 
 in 18«0 m dc ...ng the. OsherTrMrurras ^ra^;;!^.^!^'^^!^' '^"""^ 
 
 P0tetMu°'aSn7;rn!:v:L'„r o/the*.'' f r'^:^^ °^ ^^^^'^^^ °' '-•^ '« -ost 
 specie, of fish so far as a«oIrtaIned llv.! ""^' '"'"""'» '^"^ ^^^^^^ '"at each 
 
 requires a diet wholl/ lieS f"! that ofT ZT' "T ''•^""'"" '°°'- "^"^^ '''' '^ •'«» 
 the others would tlnd abundant Zd,„th„ . ' ?" " ">"'""' '^"^"'^^ '"^••^'" ^^b.-re 
 kinds of food Which are whX disst lar Th" "'.'''^'' '° ■■'""« «°*^ ^'^'^ "^'^ "P°° 
 crustaceans, especially copepods and ?i " ", ^^^'^"'"''''^ P''^f^'« '^^ s'na'l 8l.rlmp-{ike 
 or two Of the surface of fheonen« J h "?«*«'^«°« ^'^'^^ abound within a fathom 
 bottom or along the rocks and ilk-' f "°? "° '^' "'^^^ '^""^ ^^^'^^ «^'» food on the 
 worms, zoophyt'es and o^her forms of bXm llTe'*' *'"' ''""" "^•^"- ''''''• «'^«»-«««^- 
 some of the flat-fishes, and spec eTwUh mas«Tv! . Z ''PP'-°P^'«'« *« ^^'^ "eeds ; while 
 n>ol.uscs and sand-lov.ng crabs odcLraenr WmXZl '"*" '"l" ^•^""°''' ^'^'^^ 
 easy to trace to the presence or absoncrnf ?h ,^}\ '" '° " ^"^st number of cases 
 abundance of certain Lh It is far less e-vtA '"''""' '"""^ '''' fluctuations la the 
 
 occurrence of the animals which on" tute the Zd"°M "'" '"'^ ''""^''^ '' ^'^"^^ "> '^« 
 unusual currents brought IncalcuJX oullm ' . ""'' ^^""^ "«" '°°"-' apparently 
 the eastern shores of 'scotlani For s'ome ,me "L" T"" «esslle-eyed crustacean to 
 strangers, a small shrimp-like creature rfni.^^ . J'"'"' '''^''' '^^"'^^'^ ""^'^ these 
 of this influx and while these IntTresHn^ c™ *° ^'"'''''^ observers. At the time 
 
 tlon, my friend Dr. Frltjrf Nanser d^«""-'^^^^^^ """'' "''"''''"'^ '"'"' °' "^ ''"*'"■ 
 zoologist, prior to his winning faTeash'Ttl'M h ' '"l' "'"' "^ '^ ^'"»«°' y"""« 
 a visit to Scotland at once identmed the sneollrn. ""/ '''" '''"'' "^'"''''' ^«'°« '"^ 
 known on the coast of Norway DoubtLs«l °"' """"^ *" Perl-arctlc waters and 
 atlon had wafted these vast hosts of smalshr "T''"'* '^'^'"^bance of oceanic clrcul- 
 ed m their train quantlt^e of northe^Lh TeiT/'f '°''' """ °° '^°"^* ''"^^^t" 
 anlmals are related It can hardly be aJestloned fn f,. ' appearances of unfamiliar 
 
 animals upon which certain species o?flshfeeH t '""''"'''" ^''"Weavance of oti.er 
 supply m Dominion waters, and espec Lllv tl! t, h' "''''^^'^' ^'^''' "P°" '»>« '^l^^l^r 
 involving the loss of Incalc^IaWe nu^be IVf fr^^^ T.'''^"' °' ^^*^^^°'°« ">»'«««- 
 
 the characteristic surface fauna ofTheJei^Lrfa.^?^""* *° ''''^•='>' """^^ '^ave affected 
 dlately adjacent to Cape SabJe and the ShtulTr' f '"' '"^^ ''^^ ^^'^" '"""- 
 stretches embraced In toe Str^Us of Northumber i„*/T ^'"""^ ''''''''' °' '""^ ^^"'""^ 
 must at one time have been Xe with TnrlTfl ! ^°^ ^'"""^ ^"^"^^ E'l^ard Island 
 m June or July, or even Uter .^ 7h 7 °*"'*^'"' swimming for more than a month 
 
 contention that'ihe schools'of mackerel"^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^ ""^^ "' ^"""^ ^"^« '"^ ^^^ 
 
 resorts because this food supply conslst^ninf ' IT '""'^'° **' '^''' accustomed 
 
 excessive destrucOon of berrlTLS ,?bLr« Z«?h'°'''*'™ ^"' ''^^° ^"* "«• 'J^^e 
 bers of the swimming infant lobsterrld thll """^ ^'''"^ diminished the num- 
 
 lead to the oon-appea'rance of toe f^^dlngl^^^^^^^^^ °' ^'^-e -ould 
 
 far more reason to attribute the loss of thT^o!^ w ^'* ""'' *^ ^° t^^^^ "PPears 
 when crowded together at the s^^Ltr^f'ti. *° "'^ «'«^''°a"on of the adult tlsh 
 food may be due as polled out tHl^nr^r '^^ °^*° '"'*• ™« extermination of 
 
 log from"^ man's iiraZs." Slar g?otd TJ^e^t-*' ""'^^ '='^"'*« '^'"^"'^ '«""»*- 
 ing of the bases of ice-her.a ^nr^JJ^Zi^^",'?''' '^^""'^^ "'"»«"«>^' *»>« S^nd- 
 --ture Of the sea-bottom oTer »^e^^-^\^' S^.ZrZ''^-^^^^^^^^^ 
 
I i 
 
 «.0(X, b„no.M ,n .Minn. Ba.Vn ^T -C"?.,; ch,u.„'7' /""*'"" " """•"- "' 3,(XK, ?o 
 quantity of „„,. f„t «„..„ „.k,„ ,„ ., . '" ' ,,^,'^ " ; ''^ """ "'"" ^'-nouH ,.OHort«. „.e 
 cli.-Htor and Hn..t« l.nr.lv roncheg aim ,t 1 noo i [ J" *'""""*"' "' ^^''''''iH'i-lan.l. Col- 
 
 Of rundy, „„,! „„,,„« Kon. tl« t.e«!''''H"' '"'""''' '"'^''^ Pc.rin^ into tho Bay 
 
 Cli!«n..,.to and Mluas Channels 'iZe ««!?..? ," T" ""•" "•'"^■" ^'"'^'"'^ "«> "'lo 
 pecdlarly nutritious for ,he Ush an tbev Sdiv r' " '""'■""^"' "'•"""""" ^^"" '"o^ 
 perfect con.li.lou. Evory river and stream n ^ '"• "l>"-rated. and apiH.are.l in fat and 
 
 decayed saw-dust. "Hii.4ste"a:rpo^rio"n;rrh;T\i;rn;oV'';;', '"I'T •■-"-"'''«--«-' 
 
 shad wore no longer attracted as they once hn .„.! , ,T' '"'""""•'• '"'''' »"• »»>« 
 
 prized and plentiful as a food comrio.i " i 'vl " "" """""" "'" '''"'^" ^^■'''•'' "" 
 
 It Is extremely likely that ,il , ''""'^ "''"'■•■*' '" »'« e^^aen.e. 
 
 coyos alon. the coast etst o?\it%^7nr h' ."""'""' '''''' "'""•'" ""^^ ''-' 
 fouIIn« of the water by n.lning poll Uons i',,,? t^ . ,""' ""' "" "'""•^' ^"»'"°«« ^» the 
 don' .trac^f ,n the ^.hools. ,r cn.Hl.orl „1 destruction of ,he food which no 
 Prol. ,e thu. e mackerel would spawn l.S!, '■°"'P"™"vely shallow bays It Is Im- 
 As one local a,„horlty ata ernofion; ^J' Jlurl'r' "',"'' ""'" ^^'"""« ""-^ ^"'« "^l^- 
 1.K from the rushing operations rwr.rtTmir.uu.e'n m^' "*""'"""" '''''''• 
 Mercury, dyiuinlte. &c.. were used nnrt ti „ f .,. ^ nelghbonrinR gold mines, 
 
 out Into the sea. This b,J Uhe bnv .elJ , "'?^' """^ '''"*^° Kiuerally were carried 
 N.S.) was exceptionally Zd 5 r nmck.SM.ut^ fev^l^ ''''''' """'' '' '"^^''^^' 
 
 nine miles out from shore the mud?lv n!n, I * ^ ''"'*' ""'"'^ ""'J f«r eight or 
 
 there used to be five fath ms of water'^^n' e r. th'^ ''"' '^""'' ^"^^ "^^ -'"• ^hero 
 because of the deposits referral to and th.„^ 1 ."''^ °°'^ ""' '""'"^^ t^"° A^'e 'eer, 
 been Idle, however, and recenUy (Oc^b.S m "'''"°" ""^ ''*"'°««- '^'^^ "'"^ber has 
 
 indeed several bodies of ^0^ ^nrth'^h '" xrV,""' " '"''" '^'^'^^ °^ '"'^^•'^«-'- 
 prepared, and eould not seine the flsh which were .. vfT""'" ""^'•^'''""'^^'^'^ ^^^e not 
 Periodical or erratic tlmos of fnU ! Z ^ ^ ''''""'^^ "^^^^^^ ^°^>' Scotia. 
 
 Norwegian waters so pro^i^f .^'J^^^^^/^f^^.^ n-esslty occur, and even the 
 
 takes of codflsh some seasons whUe^SorrouIn^.h '''' '''^u^'' °° ^'^^•«P*'°°' '^^ ^he 
 value on account of their thin and ^rcoXion t f„? r""'''T' ""' ""^"^^ ""' '««« 
 food explains their emaciation ; but the can L or 1 1"°""' /'"'°"'- '^'^^ ^^°* '' 
 more difficult to trace The in f«H ^L/uf. ! ''"^ scarcity of nourishment are 
 
 the liver and otherorgaL and tS.sTs eeT In ^h'^' ''"''"^ '^°^'^' ''^^ character o" 
 Which are of such great market vaful ' ^'"'""'"^ Production of the flsh oils 
 
 Dr. Predrlk Wallem has polnied out th-,t - „„ 
 give one barrel of liver, and ^wo barrell of liv.. fn -fl^"™^" ^ ^°^°*«° '^'^^^^^ ^^»' 
 liver oil. But In season when^S. co7 Is of IZl 1 ,f "' T *'"""' °' '"^'^'^'°''' <''"^' 
 codflsh are required to yield one V °f A° ..^ ^T^' ^^ *° ^^^' ^^ ^^^ ^ven 1.200 
 BO four barrels instead of two are re/ fo 3; '°*' ?'' "^''" "^^'' ^^« '•''^'^ ^^^v. 
 In cases where appropriate fSJd ';„- ^'^^^J..^^^ »'"••«'«' "'ediclnal cod-Uver oil." 
 madlc like the herring may become - V- 'o/m , ? ^^" "■ ^^^ essentially no- 
 
 Ilke the Loch Fyne herring of ScotlarT-' ^ ,': ; - ' P"-f "<^»"y stationary for the year 
 absence of food Is the ne^tlve forcT vb- r tJ^'f ' !''' '^''^' '' ^'"•^''y- ''^^ 
 ing the movements of fishes, andt^'e iter^st-afdeMtu ? '* '! *^!. P°«'"^« 'orce dlrect- 
 be here referred to. He poiits out that In^xoenH^n ^ ""^^ ^^ ^''^'- ^- ^ ^ars may 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 g 
 
 n 
 
 St 
 
 of 
 
 SS 
 
 ai 
 th 
 ce 
 bi 
 
31 
 
 
 nn, o,v„„l ,h.. .on will, on ihc ,vl,„le, ta „,„c!, l™, ,,|.,„ri,„, ,i,,„, ,1 , ni" ,~.. « 
 
 .notir„."t;rru;;:,i:ErT^r^^^^^^ 
 
 many place- l8 thus alternately changed and restored. Now the area referred ,o » 
 literally nl ve with fine halibut. 30 pounds to ino or 200 pounds weight ancVnthf fnU I 
 remunerative fishery Is carried on b, the Canadian tlsbermen Tnd by U S scton « 
 
 ten Tir "'' ?! '""'^' '^ "'^"^"^'' ''^ ^^« ««P« «^o^«" «-»'oo'« of lokere Which 
 ten years ago. after a period of decline, appeared In all their former abundance So 
 
 ttTrl'^T"^ 'r 'f ""' ''"" *""* '"'^ ««^^™^° *^«'-''"«'J '^^y had seen nothng like 
 Ive Tnwf e-Jriy days. Now the mackerel fishery has reached Its lowest possble 
 level and the schools have nlmoat wholly disappeared possible 
 
 bahi?l,fr,!f '^'^"f* *° '" ^•'^ foregoing pages Include those more salient and oro- 
 babie, but the scarcity and total disappearance of tlsh may arise from oiSer cfrcSm 
 
 Iser^t evns' oTTr '?. ""^ ""^' '"' ^''^^'^ -«» '^'»-" to'dTsrer in 01"; 
 ^ronn"^ . f. ^^^ °^«^^"<=«°K schools of fish in their migration to their sDawuIn* 
 
 grounds especially in rivers and lakes are apparent. Wharfs and mli-dams waUs 0? 
 strn^lh-^ '»';f7""^"«"« Of lumber and rubbish have destroyed salmoT aTewtes 
 
 TX , !! ""^^ ""'*'" ^'^' °' "''"'"^ »^"" *° «««^ ^'^""y nevv resorts. The salmo^ nets 
 o«^ Charlotte County. New Brunswick, have, It is claimed, diverted whole schools of 
 
 ^s end th"".*"' f ^«™"«-'<^»' «" - and caused them to msrSfBry of F^ndy ani 
 ascend the Nova Scotia rivers opening Into the bay. This may or may not be so though 
 
 iSLinT «"''''''? J" '''"' ^'^^^^ «^"°°" ^"« «=°'n««dent with their decVase^i 
 certain New Brunswick rivers and streams. The blocking of fine rivers by enterprlsinK 
 business firms is too prevalent an evil to demand special notice enterprising 
 
' f 
 
 22 
 
 Tl 
 
 THE FOOD Of THE STURGEON 
 
 Judicious administration of great flsherlpr^'v,i I °' *^® ^'^'^est Importance for a 
 
 a source of food for the people that th.Jf ^'°:^^' "" ""^°« "' HveHhood. and are 
 the peculiar methods of oZl'nnf ,?t,f^^*' ?*^"'''"^ t»^« «»eans of nourishment a 
 Height be devised to protecHne s/eeL 1°h 'I "' ««^"*a'°«<i- Otherwise regulation J 
 another, and fishes of Inoff nX ?ee1 L thit^^'^^ ''^"^ *'^ «*«^* «' extSna ?ng 
 ""oroJM'r rsr^"°° '^^ «" 'CTantCs^p^S '^''" '^^"^ °' P-^- -^eguards' 
 
 Part.currVst^rthrrl;^hTt^pllT .Y ^^^"- '^^--^ed m extending any 
 Jurlous to others. By eradTcnHnV^K Particular kinds of flsh specially referred ton r^.n 
 
 spec.es win he encouraged' d"l°nLS 'mTn':""''' ** '' -«-d ^^1- S 
 wh'ch is predaceous and feeds upon other flsSu.df.f"''" ^°'' *'« ^'^^ ^-^^t any Z 
 seasons, netting and mesh llmltatlonrln I ! , ^""^ °^ P'"°*«''^"o"- either by close 
 Should be decimated. As aSd to^^ ; "*/" '^' ^"°^«* «' *»>« fisheries generaUy 
 
 kinds have always Inhabited the sam« To. ' *^^ Predaceous and Inoffensive 
 
 maintained until man's operatloL n^ ,^''^ ^°^ *^** *»>« l>alance of life w^s dulv 
 
 directed against the lake whlteflsheB f^l i ^® Dominion generally, most acUvelv 
 
 left them at a serious disadvantage 1^*1/,^^^^^^^^ *''" spawning time, has undoubtedly 
 and m habits and modes of l?fe fess aW.t nf"''"" °' ^^^^' existence. Physically 
 and voracious species, their d ladvan age Vav^H '""f" "^° ^^^'°«t '^' strong! act^le 
 parent flsh. so that the numbers of younlbS I '"""''"'* ^^ *^« decimation of the 
 fZT.^': *^' ''""'^'^ •««« t»^"8 bro'St abou? each season are wholly unequal to com 
 fishes, that those species which are In dnnt.? ** '^ ^*°^'^' '^w. especially amongst 
 
 because they are not endowed wUb i5em,„f ""^ """"""^ °' ^^^^^^ P°^ers of defeTce or 
 upon the multitudes of the /ouTfrv Sn "'''°r ' '''^^' °^ ^^^pons of offence re?y 
 
 «on Hence, the charges almo unfJer all^-''"''"" 'J'^""' ""°"°'^«'"' ^^^ obse^a! 
 
23 
 
 being present In the Sat" as wen aT™ tlT ''''"T^ '^" '""'^^ '°"«' '"'""^^ '^^'^ 
 Isms, though m his examination nffh!^? « "^ '^ composed of larger organ- 
 
 haden and mullet, and Is perfectly adanted Jor^rS.l gizzard-like organ of the men- 
 the authority Just mentioned hoLth?/u t . i^ niolluscs. Mllner, as quoted by 
 
 Of fishes. buVsubsiraroi entt ^00 sLTflr/nTh/r^ '"'^T'^^'^ °° '""^ ^P'^-^ 
 the thinner-Shelled kinds of the genus Phvm P^ZrmlJ''v"f f'^^'P'^''^ gastropods, 
 and MelantJw. The European sturgeon nsP^rnin ^ /. "'""'"' "^ ^^" «« ^2'"'«'^« 
 
 the stomach of one from the Tn/w^Lf T " '^''*^^' •-'°'^«"'^es marine worms :" m 
 
 mouse (Apnro%teaJea7aJ^ anaVa^^^^^^ !^^"=""^f «' ^'^^ ^"-'^"^d -a- 
 
 worms seem to be Its princlpalfood VJrTt^ ^l ^''^"''^' '^^' «'"'*» ^^1^ «^d 
 
 and half-digested pieces of flsi mixed wthJfT' "' *'"''* " *^' ''^^'"^^ °* crustaceans 
 
 been found'.n the'torachs of ^tSZHSd SffL^Tt'ob T""' '^"'^ ""^' '^'^^^ 
 vegetable organisms that they find nt the Snftnm - S^ '^ P'-obably any soft animal or 
 
24 
 
 ashes, or decimating the young fry when hatS o ,. '^TT'"^ *^« ^P^^'' <>' other 
 opnlon amongst fishermen and flsh dralers Is tha^ T ;. ^'^^P' '^' "°«* P^«^«Jent 
 A large Detroit flsh merchant once assured me that he hL""*^""" '' '^ «P'^^'» <J««t™yer. 
 Which had been swallowed, taken from a st^Llnn ^ l '^^" ''^''^™' gallons of spawn 
 entitled to no protection whatever on Tccountff th^^^v.,^^^ ^'^"t " ^«« « fl«b 
 
 spread that fishes' eggs and newlvlmioZT ^ J "^'^ ^'''"*- '^« ^'^^ !» very wlde- 
 •' Experience goes to pfove " to qSe Ir^m a nu'bl shT, \T''^''''''' P"* «^ '^« "oot 
 sturgeon feed almost exclusively on thTjs of ^er fit "" *'^ ^"•'^^'=*' "*»"»* 
 
 opinion supported by reliable observations and .hl3 .^^'^ ""' ^^'^ Prevalent 
 
 protecting this flsh In waters abounding i^^onnr^^f' "'" '°"°'^"''' *^« ^'«d°» of 
 open to question. As a matter o facf exoept^nrin Mnnu"r' ^"'"'^^'^ «P«^'«« ^"""^ "e 
 tor es, „,re sturgeon are of such vUal iZ S> e for 1 T ''" ^"-^^^-^^^t Terrl- 
 It Is to us Indians," a Blackfoot huntpru 1 T/? ""^ sustenance of the Indians- 
 the buffalo was on land.- and excepting ^ Br ti htrm,r'' ''''' " '° *^« ^'^'^'' -^^t 
 regulations has been formulated In Canada In N^wT'"' °? '^^"'''^ ""'^^ of protective 
 depleted St. John River sturgeon fishery social ruZ f ""T'^'^' '° connection with the 
 of the uncertainty as to the facts of tL Tn I i ^^^^ ^^^° enforced. But In view 
 
 strict protective legIsla?onh:sl\\°eencarrX °' ^'« «*"^^-°' '-" 
 
 less to^ipiLritr xrv''""srarrnr^nr r*'^ ^^^-^ ^^^ ^^•^ •« po-- 
 
 artult. no teeth for tearing It The mo^thrnrnt ,m '! ^^""^ '"'" «"'^'^« «"«!, In the 
 oopic tube. and. like a hojs snout is simab! ZlT' '" '^^ ''™ ''^ ^ "^^''''e teles- 
 of the water. Just in front of the noXteJ^ ,"^."^ '''' ^" '^'"'^ '^t ^'^^ l>ottom 
 grovelling operation. FIshermlareTeU aware tbittf'' !'''''' ^^^^'^ «««'«' ^^ ^^e 
 in order to catch sturgeon, and in ome rJveTs a "lawl f ,f °\"«'^«««'»'-y to use any bait 
 series of strong sharp Looks fastened at Tntervn « , '^° "''•^' consisting of a 
 
 stretched across the bed of the dve! „nH Jf ! "'°°^ " "*°"* ''^P^- T^e rope Is 
 
 tlons. that they press upon the t^wl w'b alf SlVfL'^ 'T '"^ '''' "^^"*^'"°^ «P-- 
 hook. Many sturgeon also are netted but w.Pn J i, f*^ ""'^ P^^''*^"'' ^^ ^^^ ^'I'V'-p 
 that tU H.-. gude over the bottou nrou-ud n^ t^l i ^^' ^ '''°^" '"^ ^' demonstrated 
 up the mud and nutriment upon wblcrtbev Zinlv s?.^7" S.' "^' " ''^""'^' "^'^ ^"^•'^^ng 
 acter of the stomach, and L larg™dtv i^ "^ ^^ ' '''" ^'"'''^'^ '""^'-'"l"^ chai? 
 attained by the flsh. all Indicate t5at?o„H«T n ''" ^'"'"Pared with the large size 
 of fishes or their spawn does not^--' comniinuted and digested as the fr^ 
 
 There are. Indeed. diffl^^UIes rcredlTlnVJhToo:;:' "' "?/ '''' °' *^^ '^'^ °* this flS 
 that the flsh usually stated to suffer iron, h, T^^ allegation, arism^ frcr: tLe fact 
 localities, not as a rule, frequented by tS < Jh ''T^T''' °' *^^ ^^"^«^°" ^P^^^vu in 
 always spawn upon hard grounds Thev eUl .' u 'J"" ^^' S^eat lakes the whiteflsh 
 waterworn and full of crevices and JaggTd X fn^ '' '"?^ ''''' ""'^ ^^«"'«- »"<^b 
 are areas of honey-combed rook o," ni^ff fl ° ^"'"^ '^^*«''"«' ^^ In Lake Erie, there 
 as the resort for grea'tdieTtf^i'tS^l'^SS^^^^^^ "''^•'^'^- ^^-- 
 
 hese reefs varies from 4 feet to 20 feet and neftherth'I TZ '^'''''- '^^' '^''^''' °^«r 
 bottom is favourable to the movements „fth! if *^'P*^ °°' *^^ character of the 
 
 movements are such that on terwater'rnJ'r^^ ''' ^'«^' '^«'»-y- Shovelling 
 and a soft muddy bottom, such ts s foun.", fn'V"^"""« '* ^°"ld sufl^er serious Injury; 
 aries and creeks forms th; usual 1 aunts of tL. T^ '^"°"''' '^^'^ '° «'°^ running estu- 
 examinlng sturgeon from the ex rereastern and w^' ' '""" '^'^^ *^^ opportunity of 
 n none of the specimens were found any etJde^ceswliT .'''''''''' "' *^^ I>on>inIon. and 
 hat the sturgeon Is a devourer of .spa"vn I Is true that -°'' T '''' ''"''^'"' ^P'^'""^ 
 for my examination from British Columbia were found t? '^"'■^''*° '""^ *° Ottawa 
 quantities of a small, smelt-like ashThTaZllJ ' V '"'P'"''^' *« «=ontaIn large 
 sonUJ. One specimen a male stujeon 71 Inches In^ ^'^"^^f^^'^ (Thaleichtkvs rickart 
 5 or 6 Inches In length, and the other sneo. In! ^' ^°°*«*"^<i thirty Oolachan, each 
 fish. Possibly these%sh 4re ascending fomthe'sea' T" T''''^'^ "'*»• these smS 
 not escape the suctorial Jaws of the cu^brm^st^rgioVr irnr/?: f- IZ ZZ 
 
25 
 
 predacious sturgeon. LylnHtlbe bottom n^ ^^'5."" ''^ "'^'^ '"•"^ *° "'« ^^ '>•«" 
 greedily, sucking them up wltLut d^fflSv T.Z '' T""^'"" ^°"'' '^^^""^ ^^^^^ 
 early spring In some of the Pacmc rlJlfs ?iat thev IffLT ' ,1^"""'* °' ""« "^'^ •" 
 way slowly Into the river It aPDears ?n i^m^nf °"^° '°'*'" »°»'l '""s^'^^. working their 
 scoop-net. or, like the he^rln/on fho 1 ^ . ^ '^°"''' """^ '« -'^"^'^* «"''«'• ^'th the 
 merely a ong St pole flattened .1 irn?"^^^^^ '""'' '^' "'^'- '^^'^ «'™P'« ^«vice Is 
 and with the edge set towa is thV^owen 'S^ ' u "" T° '"'^^ "'•"""'^ *'>'•«"«'> *»>« ^^t^^ 
 The fisherman, enter ng^Seshoa' Zsaes tlLTi nlJ^'f """^ "' '''"P'^ P«'°*«'' *««*" 
 with a rapid stroke, each tLeTran^rg veraffll ThX?''", """"'' *'^ "-^^^^ 
 secured. The Oolftchan Is. In the estlmntinn nf L 7' ^^ " """^'""^ '"PP'^^ '» «o«n 
 products of the sea. Sma er than the her Z iT , ^T^'' °°' ''^ ^'^^ ""^^ d«»^">"« 
 80 rich that. When drleT t is InSaLabie \h.s Vl", "' T'' ^''''^'' A'^-our ; and 
 but frequents, likewise, the Nass a^„l^; J,^" ^'^ '' °°* ^°°fl"«'i *« f'nvser River. 
 British Columbia; another stream LiZh.n f? ^T"" '° '^^ ^^*^^°»' °°rth of 
 other rivers along the coasT. 't";" ea^ht Jt'thflutror the^v"'^' '' ^"'^ ^^"''^"'^ 
 even richer than those of Eraser River Tn,/n„f..L .^ ^^^^ '^''^ "'' '^ <l"al"y 
 
 b.rs ,n spring to prosecute the flsheiy' bSlLsdryin/therr'?''' *"''"' '"^ ''''' ""•" 
 ?' : a the surplus a fine oil which i, h.„i i ,. ^™ '° ''*"'^« quantities, extract 
 
 staple article of barte^ i" £^Ser4 ^C ^'^'^'"'^ "'' '"""' "' '""' ' 
 ^ipproachlng to the consistence of tX Yard ,„ r I ! f' ""' "■ ^^^^^^^ ^«'°"''' «nd 
 vvlth Its properties, as equally efficacious with thl^^'l?^ ^^ ^^^'^ ^''^ '''^ acquainted 
 and It Is said to have tSe great advint^glof bl'."? ''' °" '° ""'"""""'^ P'-^«*^^"'«<i ' 
 with his simple apparatus can mnkJ^^nJ-? k? ^ " '""'"^ Palatable. If the Indian, 
 celvlng how ?he s^geoTcouWrcure al,^^^^^^ '^*'^?• '''''' '' ""'« '"«^""y m con- 
 was simply a moving mass of these" eTrusfll'TH"'^^^^^^ '^^ ^^^^^ '^^^"'"i »"•« 
 the middle of May, and it has been notle^Lfthe P^L"'"'?'''' ^'^' ^^'^'"'^'^ '^b""' 
 rivers at the time the Ooiachan run commences ''*'°° "'"""^ ''^^°*'« the 
 
 St. Lty^: wCltTnnmTa^VxrsSe^^^ «' ^'^^^ ^-- ^he River 
 
 tlons of too destrurtlve and unSt^^ o I f «t"r««o° fishery was can-led on. Opera- 
 tion Of this i-portant spTcLTThe r,ver'nS,r"';'^? *'' ^''°°^* *°*'^' -t-S- 
 Rlver St. John, there were no traces of fish rem«f; \'^; ^P^<=irnens examined la the 
 were crowded with newly-hatcheS 3e?enceL« 1 ''^"«^«^- «"»'°"gh the shallows 
 Most of the spawn of these lastJnaLfflsTmu havf ''"^ ''''''' ^'"P^'^«- 
 
 yet. Judging from the minute size of the frv nuS. ,'"'/ "*"* ^^ ^'^^ "'«^^'« <>' J»°e, 
 lying on the spawning beds of the WashadeLar and th " .^'n "^"^ """^^ «"" '^^^^ been 
 bury County. Apart, however, from a ouanrv tV ^ ^ ^^'^""'^^ "^^"^ Gagetown. Sun- 
 whlch unicellular algae were pLtifn. '',.^"''°***y °' °>"<i and masticated vegetable o(^ze In 
 -ollusca. The shell In a Cnuml'roTSS '^^^^ -' ^ '-shTatfr 
 
 perlostracum was digested off. but the larLr Zn ZZ °'* ^^'^''^' ^^^^P^ *»>*»* the 
 the lip was lacking, a vast number if f ."' ^^^ undergone some trituration, and 
 seml-transparent horny matter occurred i^^Tl/'"^^^ *'^ '^'"'' ^''"'^^"^e '^ the 
 matter, but no characteristic structure coulfLn^ A '*°^^°°«'«t«d chiefly of vegetable 
 uncertain. Probably it consisted S Lave and stl' °"i' '' *'"* "" ''^' ""^ture was 
 ated, and here and there the sillcious teste oJlf ."' ''**"''*''= P'«°t«' '""^'^ t^^ur- 
 appeared. The specimens were capTu red Lrf .^^^ ^'™'*^' ""'^ "t'^^^ lowly plants 
 
 as I was much engaged at the t'me wlJh nth 7'°'** '*'"'"* **"« '"'ddle of June, and 
 the determination of the contents S the sto"*^ I departmental duties I was asslst;d in 
 the Department of Marine and Fisheries a zealot ""h"'?,''* ""^ '"'■ ^""^^^^ ^alkett, of 
 much attention to the study of mollusc; and ith ""v!* *''"''^ "'''"^^^ ^^« ^^^ devoted 
 specimens being parUy tritumted Jiere^^Ss a littl' ^Z^""?? "' ^°'°^^- '^°'"« «' *»»« 
 but this doubt exists only m the rases of Imnl/i i "°^«'talnty In their determination ; 
 there were no less than We'n' Ses^'of 2?-'!:^^ "^f- '-'^' 
 
 atomacfas from St. John River, viz :— " " conteucs or tne sturgeon's 
 
26 
 
 Planorbia parvus, Say 
 Planorbia bicartnatua,' Say. 
 Planorbia campanulatus, Say. 
 Limnaea cataacopium, Say. 
 Amnicola Utnoaa 1 
 Amnicola porata, 
 
 ^ampeloma deaiaum, Youag 
 Vahata tricarinata. Say. 
 ^^alvata sincera. Say 
 
 ItT""* ^^'"^'"'^ iriatimm V. Lamk. 
 JWdf«m aM««m. Haldeman. 
 
 the close °«lghbSo?d*oJTh?splwn/iIlf hp5* sturgeons examined had been feeding In 
 Pereaux. &c.). which ascend to deSt Jhelr S /*'" «°'"^''°'°o«8 fishes (the shad^gas 
 ademoak. Grand Lake. &c., It was ant ^1.!*!.'° well-known regions near the wfsh- 
 spec e3 referred to. w;uld ha.eTccn? id^n^^^ T'''''' «' '^^ egg-capsules 7tZ 
 which crowded the shallows, wouW have blen n! '°°^ "^ *^"* P°'^"°°« of larval fishes 
 consisted solely of shell-fl.h andTgetXe Zter w?^ ?' '"''''• ^'^'^'^ ^«« ^^unS 
 A more prolonged Investigation and threxammat^^r ?.t ^7 ''="""'-«'^ unicellular alg« 
 of a large series of sturgeons would show Th»rl, ' *^* ^°'^ ^''"^^''t^ '° t^e stomachs 
 rapacJous character commonlv Tttr^uled T" th * """'' ^"""""^ ^°'' tl^'^klng, that 'he 
 limited study, so far as It goes fs conS,!L ^^^ ^^^^S^on Is not Justifiable. The pJesent 
 ceptlble under the most mfnm; ana nS"^ '"''".' '"' °° '''''" °^ "««« °^ fry was per 
 Of Planting fry of «almonolds Ld ItC va u'ah.T ^l"""- '° "'^^ °' '"^^ existing system 
 mg parent fish and their spawning beds "ueh - -""' "'' '"' Precautions for^rotec" 
 Indicates the probability that thp «IL„! . ^ conclusion Is of some value ami u 
 
 Pensity and evl, charalt's'o mlZ a^WbTted^to it'^^lt'^ ""^ *^^ PreSld^uTp^r ! 
 desirous, at all costs, of extensively dL„;;I„ ? '^^'''^ merchants and fishermen 
 ment that In exterminating this valuable fish hln„fl?'^'°° ^^^^'^' ^""^ "«J°g tl^e argu 
 no reliable evidence so far to sunnort th J^ f^* ""^* '"^^^^ to other fisheries have 
 ground m fact, but the deletion ofTuLlon^ contention. Their view may have some 
 resulted In a great IncreaL rother fis^s ti w"hS T^^'T'^^ ^"^ers has not senSy 
 o be mimical. Wherever the sturgeon flshlrvhafhlr h^?° ^"^ 'P^^'^"^ t^^ought 
 has been rapidly depleted, and extensive des^rn.f, '"'"^^'^ Prosecuted, the supply 
 
 result, as the fish are specially sou^hLiT'^t °P«'''^tlons Inevitably end In this 
 Which caviare Is made, a'l.d the^mSire rJeon^;'**'' 7"' *'^ ''^' spawn, from 
 the va ue of their flesh, and the wasJe products Sro^ 'v.?!*!* ^»t^'e««Jy on account of 
 been already pointed out, the famoufst ?^h I, ^^^^""^ Isinglass Is made. As has 
 
 the abundant school., which we^ound In the 11??^° "'"^^^ '^^'^'^ --"-^ 
 found m the Detroit River and St C?air w2L hf '"''"?' ""'^ e^Pedally the numbers 
 Bay, sturgeon were so plentiful that tLw^r! a nt^.f''""?^ ''''"°^^- '^ ««°'«"^» 
 Superior the fishery forms now a whoUy inconsolcuonr T°'' '".'''" °'*'' """^ '° Lake 
 In Lake of the Woods the sturgeon fishervhas hi 'f'"''"* '° **"« ^««tern fisheries, 
 
 than four or five years, and it !s general y admitted" Zl'H °" ''^'''''''' ''' "°* ^^^^ 
 fishing operations are such that It cannot lon^w/hf. T.^^ °'^°""'' ^""^ «*«"* of the 
 It. in British Columbia, the sturgeon of ?h? P l4rRlvi%''"'^ '*''"'° °°^ »"* "Pon 
 but overfishing, especially In the Pitt Lake waf/r« hi "'^^^/'^^'^ ^^own to Importance, 
 sturgeon Is of prime Importance In decSg It^tllZ 'f""'*^ '° «* «"<^«^«° «°d serious 
 of these serious results ^ ** legislative steps are necessary, m view 
 
27 
 
 ILL 
 
 NOTES ON THE HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY OF CANADIAN SALMON 
 TaZrr '' '■ ""' ""''^" "™"'" '^ ^^^"'""' 
 
 be8t''L'oVn'lnd"°«osrhTiV\T;S *'"' '''"°° ^^''""° ''«^'-' ^-^ '« Perhaps the 
 
 amour. ,n dash and vIgoSr of movement 1„ "ZZ'^T "' '*"'"'• '° brilliance of Xery 
 
 peer. According to old English law th^ I , ^ ** ^®^''' ^^^^ true salmon has no 
 
 ranked. " Royal fish," and rcomL„JnT-"'°'^ ""^'^ *^" ^'^"'^ and stuSeon 
 remains undisputed. The InLitX „« " - '''' '"'"^'^"'^ ""« *° ^^^^ pre-eSnce 
 tlons. the Choice, which the sZoTuntanT.wZ''V '^^''^^^'^ '° '^'^ '^^^"^"b i" 
 a^d. again, the value from an eco^omlfpl^of J,;' "i *'' ^"^^^' ^""^ ""'''^^t rlvoi 
 aod o his claim to be regarded as t^e "Jal „7flT °'.^^* '''^'"°° '^^ ^ ^ooA product 
 It Is by some of the coldest clGarP«V„n^ ^ ^ ^^^^^- '^'^^e Dominion, traversea n« 
 lence the chosen home of tTZ:L''u Z^^Tt"" ^''^^ '" "^^ world. ,s ;:":!:! 
 St. John and a score of others famous in A, . ««^stlgouche. the Mlramlchl the 
 
 about the salmon and alliS'sSSonida tltTV T''' «° '""^'^ b«« been wrU ten 
 form an extensive library Yet ^o^n^^ . ^ treatises If collected together won m 
 and Of valuable allied forms ,' notTen'X afairn"™^^ ^^^""-^^ °' theuueJu 1 
 supply the want and to embodv all Z ^ available, and the following notes aim t^ 
 a«d the salmonlda. generally '' "" '"" "^°^' '^'^^^ ''""wledge respecting the sa^on 
 
 at ^e^SlfsSrst rSi\?-rorht^^" -^^- --« -e occurring 
 H. M. S. "Challenger." others conflned ^n 1 ^'"^ "^ ^'■*'°' ^,000 fathoms depth bv 
 
 the whlteflsh (Coregonm cluZfoTwotZTTr'' ^'^'^""^ ^"-^^^ ^^ater areas like 
 
 nnH L '.^ '^''^ grayling (Thymnllua aigniferZTfZfi' ^^ «'ay«ag. at any rate one 
 
 -^rrih;^r^--£S"^-"^ 
 
 t.uts.^;r.smelt-li.capelln 
 
 ;alm?n%rai?rrrr;rr^^^^^^^^^ Par. the view that grilse or 
 
 for ever; but authorities still wal hot oL? °^ ''*''"°° ^""^ t^c lik^ are setUed 
 
 We history and Indisputably shTthat the nf"'? "^°" "'^^^ P""^^^ In he sa mon' 
 
 from the early infant stage onwaTd I nerennTr'^.^"'"'''^ *° ^^« habits of thirfl"h 
 
 such as the following.-.. 5o salmon feerin^l^^- "^^^ ^"""^'"^''^ «"" discussed include 
 
 Which rivers they ascend for spawn ng or are th""''? ' '^'' ^^^'""^ indlfferenHl 'o 
 
 salmon resort to the depths of the sea ^r do th J '"^ '?' *" ''''"' "^"^ streams ? Do 
 
 Many of these questions, though stm dehnt^K """'^ '"^^''' '° ^'^sbore waters?" 
 
 have been decided definitely b^sclen flc ami ,f/ "°«'«" «°«i ^Portsmen gener^i 
 
 mm facts m the wonderf,J nLhTstoiof t^. f ''' ""' '° *^« succeeding page? "hj 
 
 IiS'k ''"'' ^'•^ *^"« ^a'^-o". will be br?e«l ir, 1" ''"'' °' ''"'^^ f«''^« ofttn cJ^.! 
 Ilshed by exact Investigation. ^ ^''^^^ '^* '""'^^ «» 'ar as they have been estab 
 
28 
 
 . s structure and anatomy whlJh are of a l?u h' '""^ ^"''' '"^^^^ "« some Ss "j 
 the lowest flsLes tbe skull and much of th^ Tf^ ^''°'"'^" """^ '"^'^ character S 
 as we rise In the scale of Ash Se we fl^d thtt h V'"?''^ '' «^'«''« '>' cartilage " bu" 
 gluous material the skeleton becomes cMnlff T'"' °' '""« '° ^^e soft cartUu 
 and Shoulder bones of a cod Score ohnnS'/f".''^"^^ ^J^'t« bone. Thus the sSl 
 Change Is only partially acoom^ZZ aTZVZ\'^'''^, '°°^ ' ''"' '- ^he salmon S^ 
 remain as soft carUlage. The position oft^..'^^ '''""• ^^^ ^'^«"'der elements &c 
 fishes the hind pair or ventral fins a. e p aced'arfn '"' 'f "'"'"'"^^ ""'^ while ,n ml; 
 dock, the mackerel and the bass in thl 1 forward, as is the case with the had 
 way along the body. Other lowly futures mi^^^ ^^'''° *^«'' ^^'^ PosIt on Jjff 
 
 and to the naturalist, thr naost perplexing ^ fh. „L '*"°?'*' "^"^ "^« "^"^^ remarkaWe 
 tnon. In the moro highly o anlz«i flshP« n.l '^"''^ "^ ^^'''"'^ts in the female sal 
 
 or ovaries pass Lackwar , aiongTpa,r oVt.^h'^*' T' ^"-'^"^ '"^'"^^ '° the eTgSands" 
 n the lowest fishes there are no su'ch tls buVth"'' '"'""^^^ '"'^ «° ^'^^ «" om e, 
 ripe and roll along the abdominal chamber tilithev S '?^ '™'" ^'^^ "^'^'''-s when 
 like the lamprey In this primitive or as Im 7. . ^^ ^°** ^''^*- '^'^^ salmon Is exactlv 
 
 Regarding the distrlb^utlon of the salmon it' ?" ^''''^'^ '^'^*"^«- 
 d^i-ect y into the waters of the Atlantrevery one^nV';'"' '' *^« '''^^'^ Pouring 
 In a few cases It might be appropriate to /neaknf 1? ^"^^^ '' " *'"« «'^''»o° river 
 tense, yet some waters like the trlh,,L I r *^^™ "^ ^^'"^on rivers In the nai 
 sorted to by salmon in numbe^^^ ^^'f^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 0°t-'«. which are no loLger'ri* 
 
 salmon. The Superintendent of pL^e L To ' t i^ "- '"" '"""" '" ^'""^ "° °^^^«'°°^^ 
 1859 the capture of an extraordlnarnTmbe/o^salLn T" ^'''"''''^ '° "^'^ ^^Po^ Wo 
 A Port Credit he said there were taUrSo^ fl-^ . at certain points along the lake 
 salmon, it is difficult to underatand slh J^T ^ *° ^^^' two-thirds of them beln« 
 trout (the great lake troutrirSe same 1-^"".^ "''"""' '*"■ '''' '"^°*^°° oflmt/ 
 they frequently are In some part of oZlo ZVS"* ''^ '^° ^«^« "«* confused as 
 seriously declined. Many of L streams r^n". . f** ^^^"^ "^ '^""^ date salmon had 
 once the resort of myriads Of salmolrthT- 7 ^^ '"'*' """^^ ^^'a^lo »e saysjwere 
 them from 1812 to is'is, swafrn^L^ r'vers I tS''/.T..*'^ °^^''">- " ^ ^-e leen 
 a Shovel and even with the hand Now It Is rare t?«' ?'^ ''"'' t^^^^'' out wltS 
 
 the question occurs, is It. not possible! entlTthl h T "* *'^°'" «'''°« ^a'^", and 
 One cannot but feel deeply at the loss-thpl^„ ,! J"*"" *° *'^«"' favourite haunts v 
 talned In the destruction of these nob7e flsh S a.^.^ ''^'""^'^^ ^« '^^-^ «"- 
 agencies whicu have been used, the greatn„ih..t t. ! *^^ '"^^•^'^^^ and destructive 
 the lakes show their vitality kndgTvesSsTh^Lrt'' ""^ '"" '*'"°^ '" ««-« Parts «? 
 means need be used for their preservation " ^"'''^°*'" ^'^^^ "° ^^^^ ^iensive 
 
 Of thr/rc^rr^^^^a^hr S^r ^^'■""^ --- - -- - -e .vers 
 
 hunters and traders that s'aJmon inhabit some of^^'"^° °^'°'°'^ ^^«° amongst fur! 
 but long conversations with residents from F„rf A "[!,?' P°"''"'« ''^t" Hudson Bay 
 have lived upon the various rlverfln q,StTon hav-' ' '''''''''^''^ '^''' &«.. who 
 Ike flsh captured for food have been enormo ' sla t^T ''*^'' *^"* ''^^ '"^^^ «a\mon" 
 to the great lake trout. I have hnrt f°*"'™°"s sea-trout, or species of Salvelinus alUprt 
 large salmonolds from the northern Lab^nT'*"""^ °' ^^^'"'"'"S specimens o Zt 
 salmon submitted to me Proved to be ^cog^^^^^^ ^^ ^°^ «--P'«« «' socS 
 
 true salmon. The true salmon aoneL t^ „ ^^'®' °* northern trout and not the 
 
 iriss'i"^ ^'^^" ofrrtrrcttfTugaTa' " ^^°^"*- ^"•-' -^" p- 
 
 Of Lake St. .ohn and certain lakes bo^rdSlTg on^r^rnar £ ^ r b^r^^^ 
 
29 
 
 the St. John River and the St Cmw ui„ 
 
 Which, as a rule, re^ain^pe' .^n miy n'frlTafef ^.f T' ''"^'"^"'^^ ^ '^ «'^»- 
 sea. though anglers on the Saguenay Rlvrr r.^ ? ^' ""^"''^ *° ^'"'^''^ to the 
 
 The tall portion of the trunk of beflshrioh'?.Ltr''r'' '"'''"''^^ «' *^^'«« ««!>• 
 far more expanded proportionately than n T « '°^*''"'"'^ «°d narrow.ed and the tail 
 doubt the correetness.of the oJmln opinion thaut a'^n' l'}''''^-^- Some experts 
 the fact that smelt, sea-bass and the sahTnoTr rlnHn '"^■'°*^'^^'' ^^riety at all. but 
 water, and the example of the sm^n «noT ^ """^ ^^*'°"« acclimatized to fresh 
 
 modified under changea^ondl ions support he on °"' '^"*=' ''''''^'' «° remarkab y 
 The brook trout or speckled Zt Xh ^.t .J''"" ''^^'^'"^ '''' ouananlche 
 Lake superior, are notable for their Tarie 8,S^„„? ""^ ?' ""'P'^"" "'^«'- *» and from 
 run brook trout which become uttelytratfor^^^^ '""'; ""'^ «"" ^°^« ^he sea- 
 
 how vastly surroundings change the form «n^?w '°,'^P^' ^'^^^ and coloration show 
 well known Instance of the iSuctlon o^ eTJT?"^ '"''""'^ °^ f""""'" Asb- The 
 more striking. Prior to 1867 there werfnTfll""*™"* '°'" """^ ^^«"^"^ '« ^v*^^ 
 was but one insigniflcant salmonold. an nJerior S of 21 '"r ""'.7 ^^"'"°''- ^^"- 
 of eggs reached New Zealand, but in October IfiS^ I . /° ^^^ '^"^ ^'^' ^atch 
 England in 1867 were hatched out at Otago and nSj r fo"*' ''■°"* "^»« ««"* fr«'» 
 taken to New Zealand, and many other shSentTfr ?, '^'^ '^°°'^^'' ^^'P'"^"* ^^«« 
 Now. the trout of British streams rarelvMir ""^ *^^ ^''"'"'^ ^^'^^ took place, 
 
 a 3-pound or 4-pound trout wTuTd bra'raX ro„l"' 'T '* ^°"'^'^^ *<^ ^^ P«""<^«- 
 15 pounds weight. As a rule 1-pound ^r Tnound tr^. '^""'"""''' ""^^^ ''^^^ ''^P^'-ted of 
 as mature well-grown fish. In New Zealand hol^ "' considered by British anglers 
 down to the sea and have become I.nf. * ' ^°''^^«'"' ™ost of the trout have gone 
 weight, in the srnanZJ::7:eZ^:^^^^^^^^ '' ^"-"^^ "P to 25 IZl 
 
 the usual deep-red spots, but as they grow arter^h TT"^ coloration and show 
 
 disappear altogether, m snow rivers thrtlklsT \'^°*' ''''°"" '«^«'- «°d finally 
 weight. The vast changes in size shane ^nf ^, ""^^^ *^^ *"""* «« one-half pound 
 troduced into the watersVf he Antlpode demonsSrtH''^" '° '''' ^°«"«^ ^rout In- 
 
 Passing to the Pacific water^of the DoZ n « P°*^°''^ °' ^"^''•o^ment. 
 
 s^monoids abounding there. With the excSn S Z ."''..^ ""^""^ °^^ ^^'""P of 
 ted trout (8almo purpuratuaj which are close ami nf^n T^^^^^ ^"^ *'^« black-spot- 
 river-trout, the so-called salmon of Ssh Columl ..*'"' '"''"°° '^"^ ^I^^ ^nglisl, 
 ant features some of which especialfy trienirS ti^nf «^"''^'*' ^^ ""^"y '°^Port- 
 small scales are apparent at once to the ordfnarv nJ ^' ^°' ^°^ ^'^^ comparatively 
 species are notable for their smalTslzetLT/hH 7 ^'^"■' '"''"^ ^'^^ "'"'^ abund.iut 
 being counted an equivalentTr hr^f so?LvV?Jrn^:"'%^^^ °°« «P^'"^ «'^''"o» 
 10 or 12 to 20 pounds. Is not an abundant aI f. f °°- ^^^ dog-salmon ro. keta} 
 all the rivers of the Pacifll ^rortSe Sacramen" ' o T"' '^'^'^^'^^ «« " «--« '° 
 last to come in and appears at the end o? sStmh. f "^^^^^ °* ^'«^'^^- ^^ is the 
 ber. It is oft. marked by dark toough indfs^nrf """* '""' *° ''^•^ '"*<^<J1« «' Novem- 
 patches about the gill covers and shoulders Ttfflirr '"'^' «°' «^°^« P"'^ g^^^e" 
 beautiful red colour when it comes in bui IVf^ \''^''^ ^' ^'- ^^'^^ *» ^^^ of a 
 which I examined in British Sumbi; were ,ar^ i'.' '' ''^'^''- ^" *^« «P^^'-^-"« 
 flesh was Of a dirty white colour. ?he telth were ennrm^"""''' *° ^^ P"""''^' «°*^ '""^ 
 
 eye^ror;orrX^r:/;^,^^^^^^^ --- «- the Mue-back or seek- 
 
 er 15 rays instead of the 9 or 10 mys o the trl ^z^'""" '° ^^''^'^ " ^«'°°«« J^a« " 
 pouuds to 10 pounds, though the la«er weight . """*' ^'' ^"'^'^t '«°g«« fom 4 
 but firm and of a rich red colour, Lenritrvalue f„ '7'?''' "'^"'""'- "« ^iesh is dry 
 salmon is more in demand In the crnned-goods Irkefr ^^ ^"'■^°'''- ^ '^^^P ^^^'oureJ 
 Which indeed there is little or no demLd JhTLoLl^f ° ^^^^ P'"''' ""^ ^^^^^ A^^"- 'or 
 r..er. in countless myriads during Jul/^^d 1^^:^^^^ :^ t^y" "e'SoTd 
 
30 
 
 The humpback (0. .or^C Is a shToelJ T.T'''''' '?''"^' ^^^ ''°'' °' *»>« ««««o°- 
 2 pounds to 9 pounds. anTlike othe?«n... ?!? *''*^'''"'' '^^ *"'""'"«• "' ^^'K^' '« 
 The rldgo along the back rlsfs to a L^ i , /''^ ""'" ^'~'°^" *="^°"«'y malformed, 
 mously. It ascends a comp«Ive,/sho^^^^^^^^^ height while the Jaws lengthen eao,^ 
 and observable than it7Tnthe!B!e;tnT.Tu^'^?u''''''^ the change Is more rapid 
 grotesquely humpbacked The flesh .«Jm! ^^^^' ^^^ """'« °' ^'"'^'^ «'«« becomes 
 
 valued. The eohoe or silver salmon JLu/.^.f/'' 'T''' '"^ ''''^^"° "^^^^ ""'« 
 economic point of view rsunelr L., h f ^u' '"' ^l^sa^^y formed and from an 
 pale. Ten pounds to ll pounSs s ,he us,^^?"^ , ?f ^l"'' ""' «' "^ "^^'^ '« «°'^«"'''at 
 or 30 pounds. They run very la e th/p„ ^ t^""/' '''*'"^^ '""'^ ^'"'^^ *« »'« ^0 pounds 
 eye run. but the mamrun does no; Til T" '"^,T 1""°^'°^ ^'°^« "P°" *^« '"«' ^^^'J'- 
 salmon In the Qulnnat or SDrmrslirn "°/" ^''°^^'- '^^^ '"''S^^t of all the Pacific 
 pounds. They are alSLairefcbinoik s^Zf ^''■°'" ^? P""'^^^ "P *« ^<^ P°"°d« «•• «> 
 small head, deep body and la^ e'pan^^^^^^^ "^ f -af erlzed by a comparatively 
 
 Mcintosh Showed 30 years ago thaJ^n 1 'f ' °' ''" '^^ «'*""°° t^'^^- Prot,.,or 
 
 aense. and of the co/srn^y'Vf o n Sage o'r^^^L^rl^r' t' "'^'l' ''' ^"'^ ''^^"'"^^ 
 hence the deposition of the salmon's e"^s in ti?. f! ^''^° ^^"''^ '" ^^'^ ^ater, 
 
 recent Norse observer. U^ oZ^alvTJ^ inLZ""'''''^ """"'"^ *^^"^ **^*«' •°««- "^ 
 hatched successfully If the sal nl tv iffl nl ? . ^ experiment that salmon can be 
 say 2 per cent or 3 per cent thllsults ar ««'? .'f'"^*^.; '"* *' «*^°°«^^' «^ '^ ^^^^er. 
 that some of the sLalTed saLT of t£X^^^^ "" 7^''"''' ''^ ^^'''- " '« P°«^l»^»« 
 or so short a distance up riverchann.f, T ""* ""^^ 'P'^^" *" ''^'^^'^'sl^ ^at«-« 
 
 water pours down from thrprecSous^^o.nr,'"''!''"' '"'''" ^'^^^ ^^"'^^'^°* ^''^^^ 
 
 n^ixt^e. in this conn^c^fo: z''sx:.7:c^::oToT^:srs rrr-r ^ ^^; 
 
 Scofield are of extreme Interest. They show thJtfUa^,' Alexander and 
 
 habits of the young salmon fry vary with toe condi inn„ '''''''^!,.''"^ "^^ «'^'^°°""« 
 servatlons further demonstrated thn7«„^. the conditions surrounding them. The ob- 
 
 go out at interval? rranlcris'^'Trmrr^tHf^tSe^'fi:?! *^7 ^^''^^'^ 
 are regulated primarily by the food sunnlv whin.? ,„ f. ! *" ^^^ *" ^^'^ streams 
 
 perature or rains. When the food snnnfv 5: ^ "^ *""" ""^^ ^^ «*f^«t«'i by tem- 
 down stream. In the lesh water theTshornrtel^^^^^ '"f """'^^ ^^' InstlncUvely move 
 numbers In any given localUy are determZn h , ^^ *° congregate In schools. Their 
 
 and give each 'an\ciualThal"to s urTrfl'Thr Treft f "" T ^ "-'^^^ 
 themselves. Young salmon In tide wn 1 L .'n . ^^"^ *° ^'^^"^^ ^"^ shift for 
 move m schools. ^'''' ««P^«'ally those In brackish water, seem to 
 
 Certainly schools of small salmon fry 2 Inches to -i innh«p in . .u . 
 m the Straits of Georgia in the month of June whL , ? .. '^°^*^ ^""^^ ^^'"^ "^ot'^ed 
 the "parr" stage and had assumed 1 bxghtunlm siJverv"'""'^ ^"'* ^''''^ ^'^^""''"^ 
 indication of the transverse bars or "naS" m„,l silvery appearance and showed no 
 
 tains the size mentioned in abourtwo months aLrZ h." *'"" ^"'^'""^ «'»''°°° '''■ 
 "parr" marks may be retained /or Tyear It ien«r J. i^^' '^^ '° •^"°«' »^"t "'« 
 smolt is assumed. Hence the British Co lb a sS leT^U LulJr''" ^^*"^°'- °' ^^« 
 through the various changes charaeteH.ic of i,:^^^^^^^'^.^^ 
 
31 
 
 Sow% ' ^T' ""' ''"'^" «*°°^^ «^°"°<^ '^'^'^ ^'-^^ the water ,8 si eut'y 
 
 unl; sm! r ""T'""' '°"''"°°' "^ ^'''^•^ *^« '^'^^ «J°"^'^*^<i i>aR Of yl on the 
 Tons the ba?rT'°/ ''T^ '^''' '''' '''''''' ^"' "^"^ ^^^^ continuous fin membrane 
 detflL tL m' ?7. 1° ^" *^^ "P""'"'- ^"'"tever differences there may be In minor 
 m o, P 1«V '''f """^ "' ^"^^ "'^'^"'•° ""^ ^""""^ ^'^toon is typical of the allied species 
 
 a^Thl ? " . ""''f " ^'''''•' """^ " '"'^y ''^ ^'^'•^^'^ '"'' «'«»>* sepaaJe stages 
 (1.) The egg stage. In which the fish Is as yet unformed. The egg Is a spherical 
 object not unlike a translucent pea about i Inch In diameter. It Is of a mLed reddish 
 
 the ban of fluid yolk. After fertilization the ball of fluid yolk, somewhat yeUowisl in 
 appearance, separates into two parts, one the lower, shaped like a flattenen k is 
 germinal protoplasm and Is the real germ mass out of which the fish Is built nn th« 
 
 ifZ 7:V^Tl '?""°° '^ '"^ '°°"*-^*^''^' «"^'^ «--•-• aU contain n^rs aTr'e S^ 
 noted the reddish coloured globules of oleaginous matter. Each egg possesses a trans 
 paren shell or egg-capsule like a thin skin or envelope, which Is ?e?y stron/am rp 
 
 a wXht o?V'' °'/r"°° ""' "^'^^ ^^"^^ P--— • --^ experiments B^ing that" 
 a weight of 5 pounds G oz. may be placed upon a salmon's egg before it Can be crushed 
 
 flsh YlZlZTrV r'^""*^' "'°"* ^ '''' ^° '^' Pound-weiJh °f the pareni 
 fish. A 38-pound female salmon will deposit 30,000 eggs, and they grow so rapidlv in 
 
 we'l.h?orH''"' ^'!''''' '° «">y «P^'°^ the eggs are only about 1 per clnt of the 4ta 
 
 Teposl ted hev'Te '/'' '° ''°''"'''' "'^" '''' ''^' ''' '^''''^ '^^^ «"" ready'to be 
 
 «HrT ^«^=- -g^i"r~ ^^"^^ 
 
 Siffl Jt to recognl^e'^f n^ emerges a tiny and almost 'transparent creature 
 
 dish orange globules which are so conspicuous a feature In thHL ^rlfni. • 
 
 m the yolk-sac of the newly hatched embryo, and th^y Lie «idV " '""''^Tu' 
 upper side-next to the body of the flsh, R^d strS pa'C / "v .? T' ** '^^ 
 cate the blood vessels which pour their contents bTfi'^at^S feL^n^rttto 
 
33 
 
 thus build up Its frame Sank Rrkiln/^ , °. ^''^ ^°^^ °' *''" "^'•^'" ^''""O" ^nd 
 
 between two pebbles aeq^es „„ e'^^'l" 'l!,''^; '' ^^ '"^'•»^'°« »»>« P^^d^lous bag 
 through the water near the hnttnm li P°f "°°' '* '='"' ""^ shoot hither and thltUer 
 
 reebie%.br.ota:re;i\ rntoVz:;irrh'^^^^^ 
 
 would be called a minnow with minute re^ snots inde.U?.^ f'"'''^ "*"''"^*-''' 
 
 = r saSr 1 - ^ n= jrrr^ r r 'V"^- --= 
 
 silvery scales iZ^LdebarlcterZe Z^llu^'^CsnlTT T^^^'"^ °' '^'«^' 
 attached and easily rubbed off. and he •' parr '^mtkf caf S^^^^^ T ^^^«"s»»"-^ 
 neatb. The "parr" marks become IndlsE and'Sdrn S'fbe ^etrdl^^^^^^^^^ 
 silvery scales when the flsh Is 6 or 8 Inches long The smolt i« s nl irt developing 
 
 e.g.!t issndt :;ithrnS:rTpr ^r 4-- =o"-«i°rs th^r. 
 
 graceful shape Cn even the adult' fish " ''"'''' ""' '°''''^ '''' '""^ "-« ''^-^^^' 
 met^lcaX'^ty^rbrlSantT;;^^^ Norrls "that surpasses a grilse In Its sym- 
 
 to leap from tLwa^eer^mes aid lileh.*? ^'7\ ' '^'^ ^"'^ «"« °' '""^ P°"°<^» 
 angler who attemptrwlthout r^riL ?o hold ' "?^^^^ *'''" ^ ^'^''"°°- ^^^^ *° ^^^^ 
 risk of his casting line or his alurf nnnllL ♦ '. *^"^ P°"°'^« = '^^ ^°^^ " «* ^^e 
 
 desperate effort to escape " ^^ * *'"' ^ ^'''^ ''""^ "« ^^^ «^ ^^o^t In its 
 
 long'^lmf Inlhr-rrr^'ltL",/^^ "°"''' ^™'^''^ ^•^"^^ ^•^«'* ^^^^ ^e-^'-d the 
 It is extrTordlnary that th^gr 1 e ZumlZT'^' °*'l" '^^ "^"^ ^*""« ^^^'^ ^°^-y«"- 
 ten times. thoughVLlmon ,St Srial^rHerS TB^Xy'""' ^'«'' ''^ 
 
 SnrhrLrriin?^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 every signs of ripeness, both of mUt and ovr'n Eu?onein «„, '"'^'J'Jf "^^ '°"°d to show 
 tamed on this continent, the male grflse alone l«spZn 'f °°' ^"*' '° ^" «« ''«^^'- 
 that. While grilse appear" to be rarelf or neterolrved in's^^^^^^^ ' r''""^ '''' 
 
 yet m other rivers In the Dominion they abound -In JfJT ^^°^^'«:° ^aJ"!"" elvers. 
 New Brunswick has yielded to Z lo/urZve g Sse ban IZtZ^' Neplsslqult In 
 quently taking over three hundred In the course of a week or fo„i ?' ^°^''" ''«■ 
 
 adult salmon could be captured. Mr c G Atkin« Thf „ ! ^''^'' "^^^^ ^^^'^'^^'y «° 
 thorlty. has stated that grL appea'^^o beaimtlt'^Jt, Si^IbtSrmrUnS^^^^^^^ T" 
 salmon rivers, but this Is certainly not usual with the rivers of rTnl-fo I ®*''*^^ 
 observers have noticed, even In British Columbia rivers JiseLJfnS.n/..^"'^ '"^'"' 
 been denied that the Pacific species pass through a g£s'taTT\'«^^^^^^ ^"' 
 has recorded his capture of a qulnnat grilse, six pounds weight I'n JJl" ^'^^^^ ^'''° 
 Vancouver Island, about 14 miles from the se.-j. ' ^ Cowlchan River. 
 
 |i|B!F I|«w>w> .»^ 
 
ta 
 
 «nH n f H ?^ * *^"° " ° *""' recorded the presence of grilse In British Columbia rivers 
 and noted tha they attain a mature reproductive condition at a very early «Le in 
 Fraser River. In the fall, quinnat ^ale grilse of every size, from elgh^ Inches inwards 
 pass up. the milt fully developed, but usually nof sho;ing the hooked Jawl^nd 
 dark colours of the older males. Females, less than 18 Inches 1 J length, are rare All of 
 
 bl ,;LT; ""' T """"l'- ''"" '" '''' '''''• »"'^« ♦»>« «^«''«'» "^ «'"t JeveloS L tie 
 blue-backs or sockeyes of every size, down to six Inches, are also found In the unner 
 
 Co umb a n the fall, with their organs of generation fully developecl N' Ineteen- wen 
 
 i':ztTyzzr "" '"^'^^' -"' ^-^^ «' ''''- '>»- »^« '^^^^^ ^— •^ -d 
 
 fhJflu *''''."* '''"'.'■" "''^""^ '" ^^^ '"^^ «"'""«'^ «°d 'n the fall, descend as grIUe-kelts In 
 Imhorra ^''"■'"^- ^"""^ '""'''''*^ KHlse-kelts were liberated by the sformontMe S 
 ri. n t and were recaptured on the ...cent as mature salmon. When a weigh of 
 reaohPMn H " ' 'V'^""'"^''- «'« ««" '« """'ally recognized as a salmon, a stage geneml^y 
 reached In the second ascent to the original spawning grounds. The cycloid «n.le« in "be 
 
 ThP 1? rn'' '°"°' '° ""^ ^'°'"° ^™°*''*' °^" ''"•' »' t^'^'r surface, tl uBdlffe Ing from 
 
 concentrlclgs. '""""'"' '*""''' "'"° *'' "'°'^ ^^'^''^ '^ '^'''-''^^ ^-'"^ '^ ««■•'«« °' P-^"" 
 
 f. JI!?''° *'^« «<^»^°°'f °' ««'«>on reach the estuary of a river they may remain only a 
 
 ver l5;.s"lsco"mmon.v77wT'';' P^'"« '''^-^' ^^'^re entering the channel of th^ 
 
 Jrl!h J* commonly held to be for the purpose of acclimatizing the tlsh to their new 
 
 fresh-water conditions. To quote from a well-known authority :" It first proceeds al 
 
 ts leisure to the head of tide-w.ter. Heie It stops awhile and 8;em8:opny about be 
 
 tween the fresh and salt water. Whether It shrinks from encoZe'lug U,e s dd^n 
 
 wntar „1 t ^ ^^^^ ^'^'^ ^^^^^ °' '"°'"« h^verlug about the border line between sea 
 water and river water. When It has overcome Its apparent repugnance to makS the 
 
 tZ^n" f'? T'"' •' ""''''' " ^''P'^ '""^'^^ "P '^^ '•'- for th'e rar griveny J"reams 
 .mtl a suur^l"' ''""'I "'''? ''''' '' '' '"'''•" " '« "^«« probable tlmt the Lh delay 
 until a suitable temperature la reached. Curiously enough, when the schools hnve 
 migrated some distance up the rivers, they will linger for lon| perTods In poo espec 1 y 
 th?«l f '"' obstructions, during the time of the early runs of flsh. Tvlng attalueS 
 denosIHl7tr"'"' '""'•" '°' '''' " '''"''" '° "'^ "PP^'* ^"^ers. where proper conSltlou for 
 ?oTth w!nl ! 'n T"! "' ^'°''^^"^' '""^ f"''''°« b««'°« r«rely earlier than the third or 
 fourth week In October, and rarely later than the last week In xNovember The male 
 
 ITZ L° ' *'' ?"°"' '''''''' "'^''*'^-«°'^« remarkable bodily changel while tl^e ImJe 
 thl growth' o'f'tr nrr'"":;'; '"'^'P' ^ ''^^P^^'^^ «* ^•^^ ^^^^y- » '-'argement. duTto 
 Frank Rinln^ T "'!' ?°^ ''"''"''"^ ''"^ °' ^'^^ ««««• ^he male Atlantic salmon, as 
 Frank Buckland characteristically said. " wears a Joseph's coat of many colours knd 
 
 Z ZfUZSui ^TT\-^^lT-^-^'r ''' ^"'""'^'^ ^'^'^ - the^s^drlXh^e^k 
 suU" [LnTrpf«J The hen salmon, on the contrary, wears a plain russet 
 
 suit, though red spots are occasionally noticeable, and In both a golden orange tint 
 
 tirZZ I'? '"''• '''f /""'"^ ^''^ '° *^^ '""•^ '^^-'"^^ grotesquely leSgJhS. In 
 the Pacflc salmon, especlaly the sockeye and the hump-back species; the back of the 
 male enlarges and rises Into a sharp, blade-llke ridge, while the Jaws are enormous^v 
 lengthened, and the teeth are greatly Increased In size and prominence The ma rsocL 
 eye assumes a brilliant red colour on the sides and towards the dorsum while pa ches of 
 
 The Ati^ntl!. ',*''''° "''° °''"''' ""^ *^« «'°°«^t«<^ ^''^^ are of aThaTk white colour 
 The Atlantic salmon energetically scoop out, In th- gravel deen holiow« n ^liTV; 
 
 iToZaT ^'^ :T^ ^"^--"^^^^ coverlng'them ^/er a prteL o u^ylng a w ek o 
 iltnh nt f r''°' ^'^ *'*'° ''"^" '^^ *'"'•'«•* «88« to take care of themselves and they 
 «nlo f T '°r'- ^^' '"'''"" ^^''t '^ eood deal, and the spawning grounds are the 
 scene of much excitement and turmoil. This Is as nothing compared whh the commo 
 
 ^Imh "T""^^ ^'"""^^ °' '""^ ^^^'fl<^ r'^^"' ^here the numbers oTparent Z are' 
 !?"^.'-l^Ly_:r*- Thousands of male flsh, with open Jaws, rush about oaZ.nl.n ?he 
 7ui^I^^ 7T 7: u, 'u ^ ''^'*'**" spawning grounds, as a rule a shallow trlbut'arVof some 
 distant lake, the high-rldged backs of the males protrude above the surface of the 
 
JndTaS'runr Z^^n 'Z ':TnVT' '''T"" "' ^"^'^ "»»'"• """<^"n« -vera 
 «l-r „n., ..oo«o in the To o" /^rf'", J^^^ /j^^.J '""'r.cabiy Interlocked, llke'the red 
 
 and nn8 berome Rrontly worn and L^. «nH <.' ''"" 7°"n''» ^nd starvation. The tall, 
 mnle flnh becon,e so .oJtln^WKonernte „s fn^?"^^ "f"*"" *'''"'" *'°'''^»- 8<"°« of the 
 It dooH not appear that a"y ren7 "7,"; "id .."Jr" ' "'V" '" °"""^ ""*' «PPearance. 
 Paclflc salmon. When doposltln/her 0^7 he emll^T^ ""|^.>-back and smaller 
 verted letter TT. in sldewlse fashion nnfVi" . ""' ^"■'*'^" '""" '""'y ""'e an In- 
 
 They fall promiscuous?; aL'n«"be«mleI Te :uZr T''''^ '"^""^ '" ''"»<^»-'. 
 terstlces and secure hiding places The flsh n fl « n ,"*'/f' '" '""^'"^ "'«"> '"'o ">" 
 n"lte exposed above the surface of the "jt, i n /, °' "«'>"«'""« «'« eggs, often I. 
 them by actively scattering tul milt over .h" """ """' '''^'' '^'""^ ^y' '^'•tlll/.es 
 
 ".oment the eggs are throwS Into h water the 21! n"*', '""': '""• ^^-'»"««"y. »t the 
 nnd glea„,lDK teeth to attack a rl „? Se muT In ! '"'"'' "^"^ ^^"'"^ °P''° "^«»t'' 
 of ova. After the spawning Is done the emacSlrt fl«. ,'*'"""''• "*" *'"°rmous waste 
 to pool on their return to the sea The e^nn j.".. f ''^ «r««i'mlly Uown from pool 
 n.ul. as Buckland snvs. they ar^Mn „ "If , •.*''"*^,''' '^^K^'^'-rnte t,«h a-e called " kelts," 
 the road." In Scottrsh rivm milte a 1^.1 '^ T 'i'"''™'"*' ^°""»'"°- "'"">• "-V"* «« 
 '""Jorlty being male fls . , .' d "ad ^nTs be n ''' "' "'" """^ '°""" """^ «nnu„lly*the 
 Scottish river showing tl at 71(^. .iln f *^ '■'"■^' '""'''' '■"'•"'• •' <»>" record on one 
 the vastly greater mfm •' o C 1 Id.mU Tth T' m ""' '° '^ ^""^«- ^^ "--"" o? 
 8..l.sequent to the npawnlng perlori ^n rmou „mM ' T'''' '''' ''^"'^ «'"' °'^««"«d' 
 that none of them ever return to the so" are " p..„."'m "'° '""'-' '° ""* »""'"'"' °«"on 
 the ocean, and a large pronortlon fnu . Probably uone of them ever return to 
 
 ".nuy authorities ag'L tlfough tl ^^ o^nnTT' ?'" ''''"""'' •^''^'''"^- '" *">« v°ew 
 Thus, nn authority tays' Of rrrcTflc'snlmJfn' ''' °""'"" "'''^^ "^"^ '""^ ^-'^'-'-• 
 
 .t. f:.r;;f;^zxz:^ i:;r=',^Xif s " r r^' -^^ «— tneai 
 
 and fins fray off; a white and iZ "some f™ '^ I,""'' ""*^" "'^^"' ""« = their tails 
 qnently destroying their eyesight anTir^' ? •'"? "^'^ "" P"^^« °' t^^-". 're- 
 flshes-walt about them to feed uL "Eelr nr ^ °' «"^'''«'-«-t>»^ carrlon-blrds among 
 known and strange reason, the sEn in ^p t. h'^"' ?. ^'^'^^ '""'^ •^'^- ^«r some un 
 the salt water, which wou d c?ean he" • ?,o L nf m ^ *''"'"^"'-'^« ^^ °ot hasten back to 
 their appetite, and with It the r health nnSS° '"', P"""""'"' ""'^ '""«"« «"'» restore 
 difference to their fate, around the snots wbVr 7 ' ?"* '''''' ""^^^' ^'"'^ '^ «t™°Se «"- 
 patiently for the only possible reJlef from t^T, "^ ^ave deposited their eggs, waiting 
 uninformed persons, who la e never lln ^'•«t''"edness. which Is death. Some 
 
 pressed some incredidlty^negnrrto the „l.ll ?'"" ""'"''"' ''''''^' ^^^« «^- 
 
 The same authority goes on to sav thnf it ^ f ^l*"' "'*^^' '""^^ «Pa^ned. 
 the ocean return to tlfe ocean and ^'co^r their'?, 'm'' T ''"'' ''"''' *^"^ «P"^" °^ar 
 to make sure whether I was mlstn.-en^n """'*'• ''"* ^'^'^'^''^ ^^^^^r do. In order 
 
 ago. of an the white men who hTvt Sved or woT.''°"h"' V""'' '''' ^^^""-^' ^ ^^^^ 
 I could reach. It was the unanimous testily. ? ?w "' '■*'"' "'^'^ °^ *•" *»"« ^"dlana 
 MeCloud station In the summer oTtheUwaTup « e' v ''I ' *'' '"""°° "'"^'^ P"«« ^"^^ 
 never return to the ocean * ■• ^ "^ "'^ "''*' *° ^P'^^^'^- die In the river and 
 
 r^-^T.nrXZ::i^^^^^^^^ -,--. - fun of .gour after 
 
 the ablest authorities In British cSaS A, /^^™°;! '" *"" '""• ^'^'^«*^d, one of 
 
 "1 have every reason to believe thatTo^ inlfr'^"'^^ ^'''°' °' ^'^*°^"^- «C- ^ays. 
 
 the fresh M-ater before returning to the sea I hTv. . , '""'^'"' "°^ ^^^° recuperate In 
 
 son that were strong enough to^make ^00^ flght SlT'if ' ''^ ''^ ^°^*^ '^^"'"P" 
 
 these from returning. At one time It was s.mnfl; I / '"^ '^^ °*'^^'°^ ^^ P^-event 
 
 ate this opinion seems to be much Ldlfled ^ZeelSv Z'T'"" ''''' ^'^ ^' ^"^ «' 
 
 to the spring salmon, or qulnnat Mv n^ll^L f P^^'''"^' »^'^- Green adds, with regard 
 
 backs would indicate that SeJ do not by an^mtT T^J'^^'^ '" '''''''''' '^"^ hump 
 
 of cases, very vigorous, and when secured bvhir fu^\'^'' "''• '° « '"^^ ""-"ber 
 
 Of the back, they exhibit extraordln.rv ttren^, ^ ""'' ^'^ ^"'"^ ^°'^'^ '« '^^ ^'dire 
 
 iraoramary strength and gameness. tbougi,, of course, such 
 
35 
 
 their first dencent to the sea ^ "*^'^ '° "'^"' ""*'*« "-Iver,. after making 
 
 or.i;"srio^?:^;2re:tzcr:-„r,t?tr; ,^r^^ r -"""-• -- '"- --„. 
 
 n.nrk« thinks that a 1,,-foot Jump 1h possn.IM ',17/r'''".'" """"^ """• "^- A' I'««J- 
 "<- rail to be aHcen,!od. A recent ot'ser^r Dr R T m 'J''' """' '"""^'''"^'".v under 
 lenp falls 18 feet high, and sunnort. hT/)i! . ;. 7' ^^''"^''' "^''^'•'» ^^at salmon can 
 will certainly atten.Jt o mo u,?Tl f Jl n eHn °° ""' T?"'"^''' P^otographH. HaZl 
 n ascendlnK. the schools Jmve been kn^' ''';'; '1"",,"^' forblddlrg falls an.l cascades. 
 LlvluKstone Stone estimates the ra^^ in m I """"'f'""' « distance of 40 mi^s In a day. 
 '>ln nt three n.lles a dnv bu sllmon Ih' """""?"'*' "' ''"' '^""' "«'' '« "'t' Colum: 
 "n-llKcsted In their slo; ct^ aMtLr Zl o'r "'""; ""' ''^^" '*'""" -'"' «^"-«»^ 
 enrller runs appear to be n.ost leL eiv ami n.ST' """' '*" """">■ ''''"''''■ The 
 rate of progress by the condition of t'e^^^^rnH T"""'"' '"•^'^•^"- ^" "•""'"^'^ ♦heir 
 
 ticaly oat nothing. Dr Noe r?lnVr! V '" °''"'"'- '" *h*'l'" «««'n^ f'^v prac- 
 pocliar defeneration Of t" CuortZ'llnZT.^T'^''' ""'"'"" ""^'^ Bhown'tlmt a 
 cnlled. fliling ,t„ H.ambcr with a dc«, onfrJ "'^ P'""''' " ""'^tarrh" It n.ay be 
 occur. n,i.l rcn.lerlnB the or^an rncapaWeTd L^r''/'' "! '"" ''^•^^"«'-«*e ^^"« I-a-ely 
 been nctK-od In some of the fresh S'lmonn.u.p' 'unctfons. The same feature has 
 «ton,ach precluding the poRslbni^of „„rl iT !/^'''"''''''""*^- """ "^'"''^ *'""'1'"°° "^ the 
 course, be Impossible tor tl £•" 1"^ hLl*"' " '" """ ''"^'^'^ ''''''" " ^^"'"d- «' 
 composInK them, to obtain anv fc^od ' thp n h, ""'"""' "'' ''"' ^""^ '"'"'^'^■'•« "f ««" 
 law applies to the schools of salmon inaHrivers"' '""' "' '"' '""' Pl'-V^'loloKlcal 
 
 to th:rorru-r x:;r'"on"irtw:f '•"""^/^'■'•^^^'^ ^^^--^ ^"-^ -'»- --- 
 
 tl.e Mlram.chl. an.lers nl^p LtL IflslTermenrve "I'"''""/':"'"' '''" «-tl«ouche and 
 are practically adjacent, the schoo? befoiu nL^t^on 7''' ^'^'^ "'"'' ^^""^"^ "'« ■•'^•"« 
 deed, the dlflTerence In size and loLlnfZ^l f '^''^'^ ''^''''' *"^t*''' ♦''« other ; in- 
 
 distinguish them at oncf ^s 1/ " ^ ' T'""'^ '"''' *'"' ^''^ "'" °" *^« '^'^^ 
 St. .Tohn Rivor are unlike ™ e of t e f.ilT' 'n '\?'' '''''"'''^' ""^ «"""«" »' 
 Identical In general appearance and b, lid ^^hfhr,' T'''' """ "^'''^ «' """" "^e 
 Bay of Chaleurs. Some accuratrexner In/ ■ *^f"'e ""tire to the rivers around the 
 the most part, return to the r o^n rS anto % m '","^1, 'a'T'"' ''"* ^"''"°° ^°- ^•>'' 
 wards caught ascending the same rl'er and tb///.' 00'*^ ^'^ '"* ^''''' ^^ ^-'^'^ «""••- 
 at distances of from half a mile to 5 mUo, f n^ m ? ?'"' **'''" '" ^^'^ "''«' "'^ts 
 may not be so strictly true to hi« In l . ^^^^' ''""^^ '^''^'- '^^'^ Pacific salmon 
 stress on It. but eZAsLsoZVr^T'VT^^^^ ""'* '''''''''' J"rd»« >«.v« "ttle 
 Btream. He says : ^on^ewhat accidental this supposed fidelity to its native 
 
 .eacl;VheL?o^■e't^n"tspI7n"rth: samel'' "f "'^ '"'' ''^' «^-'"' '-"-t which 
 hatched. We fall to SndTny evidence of Jf^.^'^ ^^^-^^where they were originally 
 and we do not believe It to be true rf I ^ ^"'^ °' "^^ ^"^''^'^ <^oa8t salmon, 
 
 hatched m any river Itlv reml^ln he ocZTm T"^'^'''-^ ''''' '""^ ^"""'^ «"•'"<>« 
 forty miles of Its mouth. These In their 1..' . ^'° " '"'""" ''^ ^^^^'^ti'- t^^'^y. or 
 contact with the cold waters of their pterrrerforr', '" *'%°''"°' "'^^ ^°'"«'"»° 
 considerable distance from the shore Tnt^ ' P"^«P«- of any other Uver. at a 
 
 their . instinct • seems toTea^hm to ascend thr^f?,?' ?'""''' ""'^ '""^ '''^'■'''^^' 
 cases, these waters will be those In which tZ « h , ^ '^''**'''' ^°''' "^ "^ majority of 
 Later In the season, the growth of The renr„H" h"' *'"''"°" '''"'■" originally spawned. 
 Shore and search f;r fresh waters a^^ 1" t^,^V"'''°' ''"'' '""'"^ ''^ "^^'"^'^^ the 
 original stream." ' ^""^ ^"" ^''^ chances are that they may find the 
 
36 
 
 ZlZ.Tr- I? *^^. ^"'°'«" hatcheries, the female salmon caugHt often exceed the 
 ma e ; but, on the other hund, In some ,-eai-«. as in 1803, there was a ?ar«e TuvTlLot 
 
 To dofbt thl VI'' h" 'Z '' ^'^'^^ ''^™'"'' «*^' ^^y ^- ferUliTed by ?:eXe male 
 in wih th» ^1°^°'^^"°' °' *•>« «««« vary according to the portion of lie year 
 
 unl the iiL^?T^'^ ".' "f*"'' ^' '''''' "^ ««>"°^« '«' thinking that In the earUes 
 ZlJ. h!. ? , ^ predominate and the parent salmon taken for the Dominion Gov- 
 
 Tn allat he'wir "'T."^ \'"* ^'' '"'"^'^ "'"''" •^"°«- ^^ °>°«t rivers, salmon 
 
 ac^el^SHn^thn . l.J^^ "^ '"""^ 'P^'^'''' condition In the season retarding or 
 
 accelerating the ascent of these main runs. " In America," said Dr. Browne Goode "the 
 
 TTZl f r V? '° ^'"'^ '''' ^""^«* fl«^- 1° Connecticut they Ippear In ApJu 
 and JulJ' 1 fJh '"'""" '° ^"^ '^"'^ •'"°^' '° '""^ P^^^b'^^"* «"««* abundantly in J^ne 
 
 h. in^ / the period of spawning, but to the early or late appearance In general of 
 ejected ITll '"/'"°°- I""' ''^""' ^^*^^^° ^«^°" "^"^ <^^°^«». '«• «« n>lght be 
 oSntn nrr,?" '^J'"' Tn ^^' ^^'"^ '' " '"*« "-^^^^ ' ^^' ^^e rlvers of the east coast 
 
 ^fi f **" ^"'''■^' '^''"® ^^°^^ P""""'"* 'oto the Atlantic are late. 
 DlloatpVn'!!! ^n^n'!^'""'' '»'^^°*°« ««''°°'» approach their rivers Is really a somewhat com- 
 ber bSt thf n^'l^'f '' *° ''?'°^ ^""^^ °^"^^ "P"'^ '^'^^l '^'^t"'^^ •" the respective 
 [Ilfil'i , . ^ "*''• '"''""'^ '"■ ot»^"^««e, at which salmon return, or rather the 
 ^terval elapsing between their descent and their next ascent, has beei a matter for 
 Ztifv^w M, l^P«^''"«°t« '" No-^^ay ^'learly proved that some «almon spawn 
 annually, but while the proof was not conclusive that all do not do so, the fact that In a 
 
 „"■ hri"""?'" ^'^ f!" ""''' *'""«'^* '° *^« ^"* y«" '°"°^^°^' ^'^e;eas 3?were taken 
 certaL nmlts ^^'"' ''""°*^' «"PP°'-ts the experiments on the Penobscot River within 
 
 Of the growth of salmon, there is much accurate information, though the records 
 
 rge"xxr;o?nte7;r"-,. tV ''^^; '"o-"^ ^•"^'""^ ^^^^^ (Departmentaf Report TsS 
 page XX.) pointed out, "It takes nearly 250 alevlns to make up an ounce yet In sixteen 
 
 The flsh seeTsfhl t '"V^"' '' '''''''''' ^°^ ^^^^^^ --^^^ later, when a a mo t 
 the flsh seeks the sea and becomes, after twelve or fifteen weeks more, a grilse of seven 
 pounds or eight pounds weight i.e., achieved, an increase of 68 times his own weight S 
 
 whenJfe^MonriJ"-" i,^ ''''"" ' '* '''' ''''' "^^^''^ ^''^"^^ ^ P°"°<J« o7lO poSdi" 
 when 3 feet long, 16 or 17 pounds, and when of the length of 4 feet the welstht is iiRnniiv 
 
 50 pounds. Fish, 60, 70 and 80 pounds In weight are taken In some rlTef bit th^^^^^^ 
 crease to hese enormous weights Is accompanied mainly by an tncreas; In vertlcJ 
 n2e nfA.H Ti "'''''°'''' '^''''' '•^^^ '^^^t'^- TJ^^ well-known expertaents S thelt 
 salmon 10 n anTlof'"*' V '^"'"^^ '° ^«'«^* '° '''' '^''' «p'«« «' «'^ ton^^l" 
 resSveiy ' ^'^ *° ^ ""''*'* "' °° '''' ^'^^^ '"' '« ^""^ ^» P°°°<1« 
 
 fafthi TZ": ''?'"' "'?.''' "'^""^"y °"^*"'^^' (f^ *»>« grilse kelt desddlng to the sea 
 
 anc?^Sa^lrln ScmTsrecSe: ^^^"°"^^ "''^°° ''''''' ^^"^"^^ ^^^ '°- -"^ '^PP- 
 
 is eiSU Zir o?ScX?"^°* "^"""^ ''' ''^ "^^ «''''"^" ''-"• -^ *^'' 
 
 entednglreCwater"'' *" ''''' ""' *'"'' "*"'"'" "'^""^ ^^^"""^ non-effldent after 
 
 fhoiJl^fn"*'*' '■'Z^'' '"'' "' '*'^° '^•'^ °' «'*''°°°' ^^^'^^ sl»ow local peculiarities : and 
 these, in the main, return to their own rivers. "aiiuea , ana 
 
 (Vr.)-Female salmon frequently predominate. 
 
37 
 
 (VII.)— Salmon spawn annually, though some may spawn biennially, or In alternate 
 years. 
 
 {VIII.)-Adult salmon grow rapidly In the sea, and may double their weight In six 
 months. 
 
 (IX.)-There are runs of salmon which return without spawning, apparently omlttlna 
 spawning for a year. '' *