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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 il*:' I 'U I • -1 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. ALFKED P. C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director. REPORT OF EXPLORATION OF THE GLACIAL LAKE AGASSIZ IN MANITOBA. BT WARREN UPHAM. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL: WILLIAM FOSTER BROWN & CO. 1890. IV, A. J{. ('. «EL Diriflur (if llw C Sir,— I lidvwii ;iio;i of the gliicia l.crfirmcd in Ma;y L';iMiid;i and foi' jn'ioniani'e with chiii',i,'o of tlio Gl; of tins lacustrine ln-eii examined b; (lot'ined \-oiy desi along its heaelios' . the tinai report or eiiinpiete as pc r.iailo by the Din include within mj ly Lake Agassi/,. Be.-idesthe praii to have incduded t I toj;etlier witli tho j ]it>wlioIe area beii |<'ftlie live great Lt I this report shows jsliuv\> its portion jiiKukiiig the succo I Inline deltas. Klfvations det jk?is of my loveL li'itilivay proHles an |iei]j,'iiients are dii [Pratt of Winnipe^ Grtiri,'o H. AVobst( ifliiil Xorthwestern 1 iliai'ge of govei Dr. Robert Bell, yi ei li •Somorville, Mas To A. J{. *'■ Helwtn, CMC!., LL.D., F.R.S., Diruhr »/ tin; Geological ami Natural History Surrey of Canada. si[ii__I luTewith submit to you my report of observational on tho iiion of tlic j^iacial Lulte Agassiz in Manitoba. This oxploratioii was iiei'tlirmcd in May, .(une and July, 1887; foi" tlio Geological Survey of C;tiiad;i iiiul for that of the United States, under which latter, in iuroi'iiiiiico witli instruetions from President T. C. Chamberlin in chiirico of the Glacial Division of tliat Survey, the soulheni portion (,f this lacustrine area, lying in Minnesota and North Dakota, had lnon oxiimined by me during the two preceding summers. It was deemed veiy desirable to continue the exact mapping and levelling a!on" its ljeacho!< northward into ^lanitoba for tho purpose of making the tinal report on this suiijoct for the United States Geological Survey ii. complete as possible; and arrangements providing' for this were v.iA'U- by the Director of that Survey and yourself, enabling me to ineliide within my examination all the ])rairio region that was occupied l\- Lalvc Agassi/,. BeMdis the prairie district thus examined, this glacial lake is believed I to liave imiuded a much larger wooded region on the north and east, [ tiiirctluT with tho present lakes Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Winnipegosis, lit> whole area being probably somewhat more than tho combined areas I < i the rive great Laurentian lakes. One of the two maps accompanying this report shows this probable extent of Lake Agussiz ; and the other fth iw> its portion examined in Manitoba, with the course of its beaches, liiiarldng the successive stages of the lake, and the Pembina and Assinl- I'ine deltas. HKvations determined by railway surveys have been taken as the |k>is of my levelling along the beaches. For opportunity to examine [Kiihvay profiles and for manuscript notes of them, my giateful acknow- jielgments are due to Mr. P. A. Peterson of Montreal and Mr. E. M. Il'iutt ot'Winnipeg, engineei's of the Canadian Pacific Railway, to Mr. jeoigo 11. AVebstcr of Portage la Pi'airie, engineer of the Manitoba mil Northwestern Railway, to Mr. Collingwood Schreibor of Ottawa, Jiu rbarge of government railways, and to Dr. George il. Dawson and )r. Robert Bell, your associates in this surve\\ I have the honor to lie. Sir, Your obedient servant, WARREN UPHAM. .Somorville, Mass., June, 1889. (rLACIAL AiiK'ii;;' the most iiiAnu'ririi aro the oxteiit, whicli are wiihiii tlie l)asin ( uiicient area. Lai and LiiUo Luhontai Luki'. Nevada, are c hikes, fiirmod by ii ilio lakes to small ;uro>s which they ^'laciutoii area of i ixisteiK'e to the ch the glacial epochs liasin (if the Eod I another class of tin the ice-sheot wher land siirtiice. Sue] kijin> of Lal uf Lake Winnipeg and tlie Laurentian lakes during the recession of the ice-border, when it was being gradually melted away by a warmer climate; and it is also evident that many small lakes of the Slime kind then flowed southward over the lowest points of the present watei'-sliods. Examples of this class now existing are the little Merjolen See, pent up in a tributary valley on the east side of the ' (ireat Alctsch glacier in the Alps, and similar ice-dammed lakelets in Greenland. On the western boundary of Minnesota a remarkable valley is eroded in the glacial drift to the depth of 125 to 150 feet with a width of about one mile and a half, extending from north to south across the lowest (\ E OI.ACIAI, r.AKK AilASSI/, IN MANITOIIA. Cbnnnol (if outlet t'ruiii Lake Agns^i/ ■5.' 1^ part of tho wator-shctl timl ilividcn tin- bnsin of tlio Hod Hivi i di ii^, Noitli from that of tlic MiHsiHHi|)|)i. This chiiniu'l has heon oviilom; tlio foiirso of a great rivor since tho drill was deiio>ited. Aftir t] , river ceiisod to Mow here, portions of tho ijottoin of the vail, v hmj het'oino tilled to tho sli^'ht depths often or twenty feet by alluviul ln,,[, hrniiirjit in hy trihiitary streams, ami tlie intervening portioio of il,,. old valley are oeciipied by tiio long, narrow and shallow Lakes 'f raveiv> and Big Stone, the former outflowing nortliward by tho Hois dc^ Simi^ to tho Kod River, and tho latter southward by the Minnesota ilivcni the Mississippi. Tiio genertil level of the land on each side df i), ,j water-course is about 1,100 feot above the sea; tho heigiits of Laku. Traverse ai\d Mig Stone are respectively !I71 :ind '.>i!;{ feet abdvo tli' sea; and tiio lowest point of the divide between them, in iirown. Valley, is only throe foot idiovo liake Traverse. A valley of >iiiiii;ii. size extends all along the course of tlu' Minnesota Ilivor; but lowuil the north the broad wator-coursc, with the adjoining highland 'inen!, side, ends within a lew miles. The country north of Lake Traverse sinks gradually to a irwl i ; mucli above the small Boisdcs Sioux Kiver, which flows north I!.') luilt. emptying into the Red iiivcr of the North at Hreckenridge ami Wai,- poton. The Eed Iliver, here turning idjruptly from its western cniii>,. | tlows thence north to Li'ke Winnipeg. 2S,') miles. These streams ni'eu|.v The Reil RiviT^''^ "'^'"' Jopression of a vast |)lain of glacial drift and lacustrine ar.i Valley. fluvial deposits, Ibrty to lifty mik's wide and more than iJOil miie. long, stretching from Lake Traverse to Lake Winni])eg. This e.xpan- wiilcly I'anu'd for the large hiirvests and superior ([uality of its wiiratJ is commonly called the Red iJivor Valley, it has a veiy uniform (■■i:! tinuous descent northward, averaging a little loss than one fnot [t.-l mile. So >liglit an iiudiiuition is imperceptible to tho e^'O, as is ;i'.)| the more considerable ascent, u>uaily two or three feet per niili', f* the fir>t ten or fifteen miles to the east and west from the Hed [iiver.l This rivor Hows along tho lowest portion oi' tht; plain, somewhat oal of its central line, in a (juite direct general course from sv)Uth to n.ir.lT but meanders almost everywhere with minor bends which I'ariy •J alternately a half mile or one mile to each side of its main eouisi'. has cut a channel twenty to fifty feet deep and is bordered by only i J anJ(.rtli America. Wluii ilii** conlineiital ;^lacier, HuUliied I)}' a more tomjioiate cdimate, vicl'lin.i^ its gniiind between Ijalce Tiavorse and Hudson Ray, free will (lraiiiiij;'f trom its south side coulii not ,ako jjlace, because tiio descent Lh^u akhssu I 111 till' iiiM'l if* northward. As soon aH the border of the tee had receded rpVyliiiK*'' * U'Voinl the watcr-s'.icd dividing the basins of the Minnesota and Wed '"■'"*• iRiviMS il i^ evident that a lake, fed by the i,'lacial melting, stood at the Ifonl 1)1' I lie iee lielcbi and extended north wan! as they withdrew along jtheKeil River Valley to hake Winnipeg, tilling this valley to the height [nt tlio lowest point over which an cutlet could be found. I'ntil the ice lianier was so far melted upon ilie ai'ea between Lake Winnipeg antl iHniiwn ]5ay that this glacial lake began to bo discharged northward, Ijis nutlet was along the present course of the Miiniesota River. Beeauno of iis it'liilioii to the retreating continental ice-siiect, this lake has been ranieil in niemorv of Professor Louis Agassi/,, the rir.st prominent ilviH'iitc of the tlieory that the drift was ])roduced by land ice.' Within jtlic pii-t tifteen years the truth of this I'Xplanation of the drift has been Btniiiiisli'iilcd by the recognition and detailed Ktuily of the morainic BijKbit.- lliat wore accumulated along the southern boundary of tho ^■■>liici, extending i'''om Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Capo ("od, liiJ Li'iig lslan(li!ii;irtei's of other drilt deposits, as the till anil the kames and j.kii>. :il~o the glacial stria', ]ioint with eijual cortain'y to a vast sheet laiiil ice as their cause: and the cxplanatiim accounts for this lake in Kcil River A^alloy, for similar lakes that were tributary to it from |ieb;i>in> of tiio Souris and South Saskatchewan Jfivors, and for tho piitoiiiporMneous higher levels of tho great lakes now discharged by |n' Jlivei' St. Lawrence. The cviilcnces of tho former existence of a great lake in tiio Red nwr Valley were observed in 182H by iveating, the geologist of thej«,iriior kt scicntitic expedition to this district,-' in 1848 by Owen,' in 1857 by °''"-'"''-''^' Vlixi'.' in 18.5S by Hind.' and in 187;i by Dr. G. M. Dawson." The Kiciil.iRkiil ainl N;itiiral lli.«(ory .Survey ol' .Miiiiifsnta. I-liKlitli iinnujil report, for tho year 1H7!I, JI.S5. |N,irnitivi' (if an Kxiiedilion tci tlie snurce of .S|. Peter's lliver, Luke Wimiepeelv, Lake of the I-..U., iicrfiinned ill tho year 1>>'J 1 iimler the coiiiiiiaiiil uf Stephen II. |||.', r. S. I'opiiKraphioal Knuineer. London, ISl",. Vol. ii, p. ,'!. iiri Ilia (teiiloKieal Survey of Wisemisin, Iowa, am'. Minnc'otii. I'hihidelpbia, 1852. p. 178. puiiriial.-, ililiiilcd reports, &i-., presented lo Piirliiiinent, I''tli May, ISti.), p. 41. opurt of llie Assiniboiiie and .Sasikateliewan Kxpl'vinr ICjLpeditioii. 'i'oronlo, 1S5!I. pp. SH, |K, li«. [(ten III! the ()eoU)(ry and Itesoureen of the Region in the Vicinity of the Forty-ninth III, fniiii the Luke of tho Woods to the Hooky Mountains. .Montreal, 1S7;'>. p. 248. 8i OLAOIAr. r.AKK AOASHlZ IN MANiri>nA. o.Ncnvation of tlu> valley ocLiipioil by Lakes Travoifc anil Ili^'S;' i,i;m,( tlie >[iniies()ta livci' wa« tlrwt explaiiiod in LstJH by (Jon. (i. K. U'anvi who atti'ilmtoil it to tlio nutllnw t'lnni tlii-< ancifnl lai<(.', Jlu iii;ir|,. . carerul >iirvi'y of tlii.s valk'y, and liis niajii ami 'k'M.'ri|)tii)n», withth,. accompany in".; discuj-Hioii of geologic fjuosliouH, are nuwt valimUi- 1,,|. ll•il>ution^ to scieiK'L'.' Afloi' iii- iloatli, in I'omineinoration of tlii^ wnis the uliK'ial river that was the outlet of Laiie At;a^''iz wai naniiM Hive: Warren.- That this lake existed beeau>e of the harrier of the rei ciii. ice-sheet wa- tir>t pointeii out in is'ii by Prof X. II. Winehell. The part of the area ot'LaUe .Vifa-^si/. wliich lies in .MiniKNolu, ,Mti,r as it is praiiie, was cxiilored iiy the writer in IsTI' and ISSI. uirloiiliJ , ilireetion of Prof. X, IT. Winehell. State (Jeiilo''i-t, with the a.s- -in., . [(1)11 U'TK ' ellnltia in l-'St of lloraee V. Winehell a- lod-man in levellin-,' I'miher exploration of thi> lake wa-> earrieil forward in lH*."i :ind l.'sf^d ti.itLt United State* Geoloifieal Survey by the writer, under the diruc t;,.iu,; Pros. T. ( '. Chanilieilin, with Hohert H. Youny a-> as-i.>to.l ly M:,! Cintiniiiiidniii ^ """o "^ '" ''"^' '^^" 1 "'*-'''*-'' ''",1^' years, a somewhat di'tailed ex]piui;it.„:l of tills lacustrine area was continued about a humlreJ miles noitli irm the international b(jundary, tlio most nortiiorn iwints roachcl lie;;.; Manitoliii. i? ll* origin CUIIM-ltTL*'! — 'Ifpill Ul UU" IM-il rUL'h. «llll Illlip-. IVUpnri 111 l.lllUl t»l |-.IlUll,i 1'!-. ."■ •iri.l Americiiii .louriKil uf Sfiem.'!.'. Ill, vol. xvi, Mi. llT-i;!!, lircemliur. IsTS. (Ooihtk \^:i::J Ji'.Ml AiiKiistS. 1SS2.) 1 ■^ Prnoi'i-'ilinx^ "f llie AiiieriL'uii A:'. ill .\mericiin .Inurnal of .Science. It!., vol. xwii, .Iiiii. iind Keli., >il. i:l (ieoloi^y of Minnesota, vol. i, p. (J'Ji I First Anniml Ilcimrt of tlie (ieolouiciil ami Natnral History Survey of .\liniie!oiii'is siiuiheast i (uiii>u of that i'i\ iii!ir!,'iii of Lake ^ [iiry. The breadt lioiil :i liimdred i Till' upper or liillii ilelei'iidne Tiiivei'si' eiist to I; nbt-smitlioast of C [ill;,' till extent of |]>;ikiit:( I his slior(> rthe b'lil Kiverl ,:ik'e Traverse to liciii'e ill a nearl_} 'Mill bmindary. iisli'irt supplied r IM'I ill many inst: lie liciiilies of till ftt'ereiice point.s itiiv extent to b Dieiil with the rai als vai'ying fror it'thoils were em >t the ( '.'inadian I -Vorthwestern kirinoei's of these ^1' tlio elevations hxirt ami in the p level at moan fuiveys from the iM.j t.NTRODirrTION. E I siidiil I-:ikii, lu'twecn \m\h'h Wiiiiii|ii'^ ami Miviiitoli:i, anil Oiani^o lliik't! |Misi-otflft'. iioai- till' NoiitlicaMt end of lliiliiiu; Mountain. Tlio wiioilrl iliuiai'lcr of the cininlry farllior north makon rontiniious 'I'vol- liii:.' tiiiil tracing tho hoachi'H of this lake impiacticalilo; and the name ,iiiii|iii(iii limiti'il my i^xaniinatinn on the I'asI tn a riaiTow lielt adjnin- [iiiirilii' l^'il liivor. Tlu'Wcstorn honlcrof this pcirtion of Lake Aj^ansi/. i, tliiiiK'il Ity tho l'oml)inu Mountain, tlio 'l^ij^or niiU, tiio Brandon Hill.,, iiii4 Uiilint;' Mountain; and llio moutii of tho AHsinilioino was at liiiiiidDii diirinj; tlio hiii'liost staf,'»' of tho lake. In thin diroction my idliM'i'vatiiins wort' oxtondod wost of the shori' lino of Lake Ai^asHiz to imlmk' til" vicinity of tlio AHsinihoinc and tho Canadian I'acitii' Ifail- |\v!iv I'l ''I'i-widd, tho courso of tho Souris liivor liolow IMum Civok, [Land's \'alloy, a i^lacial wator-i'iuirso cxlondiiiy from tho I'llliow ot the \^o\m> lOiillieaHt to I'olican Lako and the I'otnhiiia Ilivor. and tho lower Icuiii^oiir ihat rivor, liy which a lai';^-o dclia was deposited in tho west |iiiiii'i;iii of Laivc A,i::assi/, a few miii's soulli of the iiitoi'Hatiomil bnund- liU'V. 'flic lireadth of tho country thus iravorscd from oast tn west is ijilHiut M liuiidred and tifly miles. Till' upjier or llernian hcacli of fiake A,t,'assi/, was traced and its lluinlil liotcrmini'd in .Minncsuta by CDiitinuous levelling from fjuko iTi'iivorM' east to licrman and iheiico north to .Maple Lako, twenty miles If list s( lilt I least of (Jrodkstoii, a total distanco of ahoiit 17") miles, incliid- lim.' an extent of lt(» miles frum mmuIi to north. Through Xoilli Ipakiitii lliiw shore was thus followed continuously along tho west side tlic I'cd liivor \ alley about 'i'lO miles, extending northwostorl}' from J.aki' 'IV.iversi^ to the vicinity of Wyndmero, .Miliior, and Sheldon, and lieiK'i' ill a nearly direct courso slightly west of north to tho intorna- jtiiiiiiil iMiiiiidary. I'rotih'S of the numerous railway lines crossing this iii>iriii supplied reliable elevations above the sea level at theii- stations; bml ill many instances tlioy also sliow distinctly their intersections of 111' bi'aciies of this lake. These elevations wore taken as tho data and it'erciiL'c points of my lovelling, which was proved throughout its biitii'i' extent to be accurate within dose aiiproximation by its agree- pioiit wiili the railway surveys, the eomi»arisons being made at inter- varying from twenty to forty or tifty miles apart. Tho same hu'lhods were employed in this survey in .^[ilnitoba, whore the profiles bi the Canadian Paeitic Eailway and its branches and of the .Manitoba K \urtliwostern Railway, kindly sup|)lied for my oxaminaiion by the ,'iiieers of these roads, were similarly tho basis of my determinations It tho elevations ot tho beaches. All those heights, as stated in this iport and in the annexed notes of railway profiles, are referred to tho lea It'vel r.t moan tide ; and the close agreements of several independent luiveys IVoni the sea to this district ami of the profiles of the many .Mc'thoJs of siirvi'>, Itoforonco of I'loviitions to llie :^oa level. 10 E OLACIAL LAKE AOASSI/ IN MANITOIIA. Pliin jf report. this intorstvtiiij; lines of niilway in Minnesota, Soutii timl Xortii haij,, antl Miinitoba, give coniploto assuninee tliat these lieights are consistent together but also absolutely true within limit-* of eri^ ably nowhere exceetlin>' five feet, ■'"iiioli extict (k'terniiiiat elevations of the beaches of this lal lint (III]; '1' ymh ion.- ..1 il, It ko seein very iinporiiint liucau-,, these deposits which were fornieil aloni; the level shores of the Liko in its successive stages are tbiuul iit the present time to have ;i ^-lailii;!! ascent from south to north, timounting to about ;i foot per milr in 'h,. iiigliest and oldest beach and jiradiniUy diminishing to a i|ii;ii'ti'r mi oven an eight!) part of this amount in the lowest and Ititest of ihe beaches. The general topographic features of the region triivoistd, the clitiracter of the drift depoijits, its underlying geologic foriiiaiini,,, iind mimci'ous records ot' the sections jitissed through by well-, wvn also iiott'(l. In this report are ^u^•ce^sively ])resented :i brief description ni -i,. topogra]ihy of the basin ol' LtiUe Agtissiz, :ui account of the iliji; formations in Maiiitobii, and the history ot' this ghn-ial hike in [;< relationship to th<" recession of the ice-sheet as -hown ly leiiuin;,! moraines. The licaches and deltti d ej 10SUS O f Lidvc Agtissiz obso in Manitoba are described in detail, iiiclu(!ing tluir ehimges ni | ovol. froni the time of the highest iind ca rlie>t to thiit ol' the lowe-t iUe-t i)eaener X exl lol iw notes of wells, and remarks m tl the agricultui'iil riuialiilitics of the distrii-t, ami its economic yoolM-v, h iiiallv, in A Miemiices 1 and II the courses ot' gliiiial stri; IM about the area of Lake Agassiz, and tallies of altitudes in Mai III :il. lil"i';; A ssiinhoia am 1 Al lerta, are given. A maj) showini;- the whole extent of Lake Agassi/, and for .•oniiaii-in with it the upper great lakes that outflow by the Siiint Lawrence, iii;l aiioth er map >howing tli<' lieaclie >f this lake in .Manitoiia aii< deltas brought in bv the A-siniboine and I'einbina IJivci" :ieeoiii|.;ii;; Accoiup iiinrs. iiiyiiic this rc}iort. The courses of glacial stria' .and the termiiitil iiKuuiii of the ji/e— heet are noted on e lell. It should be remarked, I mwi", respecting the first of' these nuip-, that the northern and northea-t' boundaries ol' this glac: d lake probably <'an never lie exiietly 'Ifi mined. aniiring the t'orninti of its highest continuous and well marked beach, this hike exiei.i ind in Manitobii to Tli"i north in Miiincsoiti at least to .MsiipK' La ontinucHll I Lawrenco, iti.i nitolia ami i'<| ''., arr(iin|i;n;; ilia! llliii-iiii" 'ki'il, iinwi'Vir. I 1 iiurtliea-tiiTil (.'xac'tly ilcter- ml. liy I'^tiir.:;-! tcad V. AlU'i'wai' I t eloveii bfaclios \v Iv.-.wii'' '•'■'Kcs, ii jiieseiit iv|ireseii ja.MMl ilurinuiirliri'aix'a \vh ,lIiM,-'iii Hay. TOrO'iK'AI The area iliat w Icciiior oi' the Nor ^riml.r' 'W to55° 1 t(i lii'i" 'in tht |frMi:i siiiitli to noi'l lud mill's, or abo lan'i ili'e]K'--t portio I- lli'il liivcr Va ;iio-t -la^'o it 1 iki' 111 ilu' I'oiiilii ii;e Nijii.iroii, am kiliy |ilati'aii, wliii t;iki' Aira-siz and •11 ill tlio liit^lilai lir fihi ami iiort |aiiii~ ail' I IIinlso iH'ni' I 111! ijjreat i Mill Miiith to Hurt il hiiek Moiiiitai I'i oil liu' iioriln "!;li Sa-kiitcln'W, bi'i '"vort'il ilu' u] it'ceiiiiiy ic'c-si MltT ic('-(lai!Uiieil Mt;iMirc(l on til |j:;i.-«i/. is alioiit 1 1 ilu' five n':vat la li. 2.'. 15(1; Jlui-^ |ii;iiri'i. 7,l.'-til; at .\o''"rliri(! lu iiHM.oiiri |«r,i'!en>iir< of (he .N. iiiiee, lir, vol. x.ixii M INTRODUCTION. 11 E eleven bi m lies were f'U'med while the lake stood noar.y stationary at V wii?' '•'■'KC'*, intcrnijiting the furtlior descent of its surface to its iiieM'Mt npresentative, Lake \\iiinii)eg, its northward outflow having Mf^{.H\ (lining a considerable time along the southern bonier of the wiinin:.' iccslieot before it was melted from the present course of tiie Xcl-oii River. The lacustrine area therefore was not wholly covered liv wiitci- at anyone time; for when the lake reached its maximum f;^tont (Ml I he north and northeast, it had receded below that portion of lit-earliiiarea which lies above the beaches marking its stages tributary ',„lIii,Uoi, I'.ay. Ai;!issiz. T01'0(;i{AI']lY or THK BASIN OF LAKK AdASSIZ. The area ihat was covered by Lake Agassiz occupies the geogra])liii Liiei' ot' the Xortb American continent. Its extent is approximately .\riM ni Luke |nmi45' :W to 55° of north latitude, and from 02° :{0' to ]0anse of • Red iivei Valle}- and of the lake legion farther north ; and in it.- v'he>t -lage it readied on the international boundary from Rain}' It was separated from Lake Superior, Like III t hel M. 'emiiina Mountain I,;ikeNi|iigon, and .lames Bay by a moderately undulatin;,- oi- in part iilateau, whii'h rises ,!00 to .')(!(» feet above the hi:;-he>t shore (jf Aira-siz ani! lioKU nearlv this elevation southward to its t ermin: liiiii ill the highlands boi'di'ring I^i.ke Sujierior, but from which fowartl eii>t and noithea-t a gradual slo])e descends to the sea level of laiiit" <1 Hudson Bays. On the west this 'daciai lake washed the KbC ul' ilie great ranire of hiirhland^ named in it^ sucees>ive portion? lorn !>iMitli to north theCoteaudes Prairies, I'embina Mountain, Hiding 1 Duck -Mountains, and the Ptu'cupine .Mountain, and l*as.|uia Hills; 1 oil the noi'thwest it extended beyond the fork of the South and mil Sa-katchewan. Ntu'thward it reatdieil beyond Lake Winnipeg ■iiveieil the upper jiart of the cour>e o f the Nel.son. When finally lecedui::' ice sheet ave jilaee tor this rive the irlacial lake, no tjlii't'l' ICt •dammed, wa- vedtirvd to i.ake Winnipeg. j Measured on the aecom|ianying maji, the probable area of Lake |j.'ii*siz is about llo.dOO square miles, it thusexceeded the total area ilie five great lakes, namely, Superior, 31,200 si|iiare mile- ; Michi- Oimpiiri.-uii with ilie uroi ■ ■I Ihc . . I.'iii ; Huron, with (ieor^ian Bay, 2:!.SiH) ; Krio, !i,9(i(t ; and '■'''•^-■"I'ltli 7,240; amounting tiigether to lt4,(Jr)0 sijuare miles.' The •'^■■i"''"'>i>' I .VviirliiiK to mi'iifiin'uicrits "ii tlie V Ijiilio Survey clmii-, as .=iz. Uoach rii.)ge.<. iircas of (lio tlu'i'O giofit ialces of Manitoba, romaining w'loir sluillow depressions ])reveato(J the c<)ni|ilete drainage of Laltc Agas,iz^ ;i,.J approximately as follows: Tiako Winnipeg, 8,500 sijuair uiilos; ainl Lakes Manitoba and Winni])egosis, each 2.000 square mile,-, Dcptliof Lake -^^ ^bc time of the formation of its highest beach the depth of 1,;,;;^] Agassi/, above Fargo and Moorhead was nearly 200 feet ; above Unmii Forks and Crookston, a little more tiian 300 feet ; above Pembina, Suint I Vincent, and Kmeison, on the international lioiindary, about b'lO tlv; and above Lakes .Manitoba and Winnipeg, respectively aiiout .')Oii ;iiij| 600 feet. The northward ascent of the beaches of this ghnial lukiih com])ai'ed with the level of the present time, and its successive siiigfJ duiing its fall to Lake Winnipeg, will lie considered in a later |i:iitrif| this I'eport. Hhori Lines, Deltas, and Dunes. Viewed in their relation to the general topography, the -h.iv I'lif, of Lalcc Agassi/, are inconsjiicuous, though they are veiy distiiicily traceable. They ai'e usually marked by a deposit (if beach giavel arj sanil. forming a contiiuious, smoolhh' rounded ridge, such as is fmiii along the sboi'es of the ocean or of our great lakes wherevei' liio \m\\ sinks in ageiitly de.-cending slope beneath the water-level. The lieailie> of Lake Agassiz commonly rise three to ten feet above the ii'lininin.'l land on the side that was away from the lake, and ten to Iwnitv i.i'; above the adjoining land on the side where the lake lay. lu breaiit!: these beach ridges vary from ten to twenty-live or thirty rod-. 1:; scmie nlaces they have been cut through and carried away by ,-tro:iiii-, and occasionally they are interrupted for a quarter or a half of ji milt or even two or three miles, where the outline of the lake shore an'l'!i.| direction of the >hore currents preventeil such accumulation. Another tyj)e of shore lines is developed where the lake ha- fniu' a terrace in the till, with no . Lake Agassiz, are noteworthy objects in the view from i)oints r-oiurl away as two or three miles; but nearer at hand they appear suffiii' ently impressive, when the mind reverts to the receding ice-sheoi an! this great glacial lake by which they were made. Delta deposits "I sand and gravel, so extensive as to be ini]H)ii;ii"| features in the topograi)hy, were formed in the edge of Lake .Vga-sul ...,] IIASIN OK I.AKE AliASSIZ. 13 E l,vA' its tribiitaiy streams. Such deltas were lnouglit into the ,,;i,i t^ido 111 tiio laiic by the Buthilo and Sand Hill Eivoi's ; and into tho iv,..t >iil'' by the Slieyennc, Poniiiina, and Assiniboino Eivors. The Deltas. Pembina tbrmed a deltt; that reatdics twelve miles from north to south ,,ii,l |i;i> a maximum width of seven miles. The " First I'embina Mouii- ,;,in," uliirli rises very eonspicuously near Wallialla, North Dakota, a ,;nr mili'- -outh of the international boundary, as a steeji wooded exMiiiiiiont about 175 feet above the flat [irairie of the Red Kiver Viillev :ii its l»ase, with its crest 1,150 to 1,200 feet above the soa, is the eniilcd front of this Pembina delta. The sand and i;'ravel beds tiiimi,'l>t into Lake Ai;'assiz by t lie Slieyenne Kiver reach tifty miles Horn iioiiliwest to southeast, and their maximum width is nearly thirty iiii'ics. But the largest of all these deltas is that of tho Assiniboine in Manitoba, which extends from IJrandon seventy-tive miles east to p.iit;ii.'e la Prairie, and from Treherne. (rlenboro and ^[ilford forty mile- ii'irth to (Jhulstone and Neepawa. Its area is fully i/.OOO sijuare Illil^•^, and its depth probaltly avei-ages 50 feet, with a maximum of ;,liout L'ttO feet. |'Ateii>ivo tracts of the deltas formed liy the Sand Hill, She\-enne, ami Ai?-iiiiiM)ine liivers have been heaj)ed u}) by the wind in dunes, or Jriltiii;:' sand hills, which vary in height from twenty-tive to one jiiiinlreil feet. Their extremely uneven contour, and their singular ;i.peit, lieiiig partly covered by small trees and bushes but in many |i!:i(e> wholly destitute of vegetation where they are now gullied and Jiit'tt.''' Iiy the wind, make tliese hills a uni(iuc element in the topo- 'laiiliv of the Red Iiivor basin. The wort hlessness of the dunes for ,, a^'iituiture is also in marked contrast with the fertility of the surround- ing' pi'airic, but they fre([uently include patches ot' good pasturage in ilii' intervening hollows. The time of tbrm;ition of these dunes was [iiiiliid'ly soon after the withdrawal of Luke Agassiz, bcfoi'e vegetation liad ~]ii ra(l over tho surlaee. The winds could then erode more ra])idly tiiiMi iiow. and heaped up these hills of sand in nearly their present ^i/,^ ami height ; Init it is evident also that ihei; t'orms have been con- siamly undergoing slight changes since that time. Ciiuntrij »(ljoininij Lake, AijdssI:. I'.ast from the Hal jirairie of the Red River Valley is the undulating ami in part rolling and hilly wooded region of northern .Minnesota and ^a^le^n Manit(dia. Through this district the outline of I^ake Agassiz binaiipcd approximatel}'. It extendsfarthest east on the international Iniuidai'v, where it reaches beyond Rainy Lake. The general level of Wnnjci region tlu' rountry adjoining Rainy Lake and the Lake of the Woods is 50 toMiiiiit'.i,;i. 14 E ril.AClAI, LAKE AdASSr/, IN MANITOHA. IMiiiiislcHMin; from Tiiki' Wimiiiiet' t'l lliiil^on BhV' (lescribed In Dr. Bell. Aioem wcstwiinl from 150 feet bol(\v 1 lie liij^liest stage of Luke Agassi/,; l)iit llic ii,,iihor and eastern part of this district may have been still eoveiv I l,v i],,. waning ice-slieet wlu'ii the lake stone I at that height. On aicumt i,f the iniin'aefieability of tracing the shores of Lake Agassi/. thi()ii;^ri| |i|j, wooded and unii, habited region, tiie northeastern limits of thi- ;,'l,ui;,i lake, wliei'o the shore in its successive stages jia-^sod from the l;ii|,i surface to the barrier of the receding ice-sheet, remain uniletoiniihi.l The countiy north and northeast of Lake AVinnijteg present- ni,(i,i,. sidcrable elevations, but is mainly a l)road, nearly Hat o.\])ans('. Mmih,! to the Red Pdvor Valley and the lake district of Manitdba. -l,,\vlv declining to the sea level. Dr. liobei't IJell writes of it as fnllow, -1 "The region througli which the upjier two thirds i>f the Nelson Rivi-, tliiws may be described as a toleraldy even Laui'ontian plain, -luiiii,; towards the sea at the rate of about two feet in the mile. The river, t"ni the tirst liundrcd miles from Groat Playgreen Lake, does not flow in;, valley, but spivads itself by many channels over a considerable liiviKJii, of country. This tendency to give otf ' stiay ' channels is characlenMy of numerous rivers throughout the noi'thei'ii and comi)ai'atively livei Laurentian regions, but it is perhaps more strongly niai'kcil in the Xelson than in any other. In the above .section of this streiini the straggling channels ai'e of all sizes, from mere brooks up tn lar.M rivers. . . . The general aspect of the country is even, or sli:,rlit;\- 1 undulatin::'. the highest jtoints seldom I'ising more than thirty or tint; feet above the genertd level." The country adjoining the lower |i;i:' of thi> river, according to the same explorer, has a similar contiy.;!, only moderately uneven; but the channel of the i-iver, excej»tiiiu;: the ten miles next to its mouth, is deeply eroded. Its enclosini;' liliitl« vai'y in height from one hundred to two hundred feet between lii'o.i; Rajiid, whore the river is approximatel\- 12") feet above the >o:i. mi, i tJillani's or Lower Seal Island, which is at the head of the tide. ;ili"ii' | twenty miles from Hudson Bay.' Along the west side of the basin of the Minne.'«ota River, of tho 1! ; River Valley, and of Lakes Manitoba ami Winnipegosis, the sinla rises from two or three liundred to one thousand feet above tlnir slightly undulating or quite flat belt of lowland. No other featiiieiiil the contour of the Northwestern States aod adjoining British tenit'iv is more notewoi'tbj'. extended and pi'ominent, than this, excoptii,,! perhaps the ascent along tlie similar and parallel Coteau du MisMHi;: The latter, however, lacks the accompaniment of such a continiiou-l broad depression beside it. This wide valley. occu])ied by Luke liuke Auassiz. Winnipeg, Manitoba and otiiers, and by the Red and Minnesota IJivc I Geologicul Survey, Reports of Prouross for 1377 to IS"'.). il ivor, ol'tlio YvA sis, till' ^ui'f;i-:| ol above tlui tlu'i' t'oatinv;; itish Icnit'iyl tliis, exceptiii.' uu ilu Mirt>"U. • 1 ii c'ontinuivi- lieil liy I'!'l K vuiviic i!. elevation from "!<• to l.lOl) I'eet almve tiie sea, is tlio |ia:se of tlie slowly ascondiiii;- expanse of the gioat plains wiiicii rise theuce «e.nvui'l t" ii lieigiit sonunviiat oxeeeding 4.0IMI foct above sea level ■it till' I'li't (if the Boeky Mountains on the iutefnational boundary. \[,,5t (.1 ilii> elevation is attained by a gradua! slope, averaging four or I lii'e feet I'l-r uiilo throughout the distance of 73t) mile- from the Red Kivor to the Koeky Mountains ; but at two lines, extending appi'oxi- liiKitilv tVoiii south to noi'th, first on tlie west side of this valley, and Iji.'iiiii ill the Coteau du Missouri, 100 to 200 mile" farthei- west, the |i.mt;n.'e ri'O- more rapidly several hundreil feet within a few milos by |u tenaic-lilve a-cent. The tirst was the western shore of Lake Agassi/,, l;,iia(dMtiiiuing south and southeast held the same I'elation to an earlier |i;l;(ii;il lake whieh occupied the ba^in of the Minnesota and Blue Kartli lEivei-. XIk' xMithern jiortion of this lino of elevation is the massive and Ihi^'li '-'"''"'" lies Prairies of southwestern Minnesota and the cast part (ifSi'Utli I'akota. Its lower continuation from the lleail of the Coteau [lo- Prairies, west of Lake Traverse, for the next one hundred and o„tp„u dcs i>veiity-iivc miles northward, bears no name, and is .scarcely mere t'on-f'f!','"®!',!'""' i|ii.iimi-. or in some parts even less so, than the moderate ascent that J'jJ","!g"|'"p,,|_ krili- llii' opposite b(.rtler of the Keii ]{iver A'alley in 3Iinnesota. f;irtliei' north this line of higher land rises al>ruptly .'iOO to 500 feet in fiinUHii Mountain, and from 50(» 'o 1,000 feet in liiding and l)uck niiiiluiii- and the I'oreupine and I'asqi.ia Hills. All of these are |UiTC-»ivc |)arts ot a very remarkable terrace-like escarpment, stveteh- .'t'lom North !);. :■ i . liy the west side of Lakes .Ma itoba and Wiuni- ,'iiMs to the Saskatchewan River, 'ts ])ortions thus ditlei'ently iiiiiJil are divided by deep and broad valleys eroded by intersecting (iviims. IVinliiiia Mountain is a di.-tiuct and conspicuous t(ipograi)hic feature tra'li>lanee of about seventy-tivo miles, of which two third-^ lie north tiio international boundary. Its southern emi is in the southwe>t n lit' T. ir)S, R. f)*!, in Walsh county, Noith Dakota, between the Jouth and Middle branches of Park Kiver; audits northern end is pombimi l«i;ii MX miles east-southeast from Treherne, where the course of this ■^'"""''""* IgiilaMil turns to the west and its more uneven continuation takes the pe Tiller Kills. It is a pi'ominent, wooded escarpment, mostly ItOO |40i1t'eot high, extending in a very ilirect course from south to north !i trtv degrees west of north. The width occupied by its slope kiies tVoni a half of a mile to two or three miles, and from its v'rest llilatoau. having a moderately rolling surface, stretches nearly level with >low ascent westward. Its crest north of the international luiilary averages about 400 feet above its base, or 1,400 feet above ItJ E lil.ACIAI, LAKE AOASSIZ IN MANITOIU. I I' Aps^iniliuiiic Valley. Tiger Hill> Ridinj; and I>iick Mountain-. iho HCii ; liut within ii low mik's farther west the rolling surlaru di' i],, liigblimd risi's 100 to 200 foot higher. Northwestward Ironi Trehorne the |)lateaii of which Peniliina .Mnin,. tain forms the eastern edge, is intoi rnptod across a distanci' of ^jj;],.. I five miles, to Hiding Mountain. This broad depi'ession is i>irn|ii,.,i |^, the Assinilioino and its trilmtaries, and liy small streams on llio ii,,|.||]. east which send their waters to Lake Manitoba. The platea i, imle,,! loses its rogulai'ity of surliice upon nil the country farther iiniil, ;„j i west, liecause it has been erodeil to the depth of sevcr'ai IiiiimIiciI |^.,,j on the greater part of the basin of the Assiniboinc. The border of the plateau south of this river, reaching from i|„f| south nf Troherno westerly- tilty miles to the Elbow of the Si.mi> Jiiv(,,. f is called the Tiger Hills.' it is irregularly sculjjtured in simi iDUixled, massive hills, anil is overs])reati by drift deposits ccihsiNtiiiul partk of morainic accumulations. For a (lislaiice of forty iiiiii's wosif troni the I'ombina Mountain this belt occupies a width of five to ijirlj miles, upon which the surface falls from south to nnrth .'iuij tojiJ feet. The country on the soutli has an average elevation luMilvilel same as the summits of the hills, which yet rise very promiiuiitlv;J seen from the lower region on the north. Tiie western ]iaii uf >|, Tiger Hills, extending ten or twelve miles cast and an eiiual 'li>t;iin(| west from the gorge (hat is cut througli the range b}- the Soini>, liv considerably above tlie adjoining nearly flat surface on each side. Tttl foot of the belt of hills there is 100 to 150 feet lower on the noith iluj on the south ; and the Souris flows through it in a gorge .'iSd feet ijefi,. From this vicinity Hind a|)plied the name Ulue Hills of tlie.SiHiii>; this belt, but that name is not used by tiie jieopio of the tiistilct. North of the Assiniboine the eastern outline of the contiiiiiaiiiiiicil this plateau is preserved in the ])rominent elevations of jiiijirii; Duck .Mountains, two remarkable wooded highlands, much aliko ij their Lreneral features and extent. The steep eastern oscarpintir each i^ about fifty miles long, that of liiding Mountain trendiiij,' n southeast to northwest, and that of J)uck .Mountain having u c(iur> few degrees west of north. These elevations rise above the ((luiitii adjoining the Assiniboinc by a soraowhat gradual slope, but ilnyaiJ abrupth- cut off on their northeast side by a precipitous descent. Tii takes j)lace on a line apjiroximately parallel with Lakes ManiinliiiaEl Winnipegosis, the former of these lakes being about forty mile- ea-ti JJiding ilountain, while the south end of the latter is twenty-live luilj east of J >uck Mountain. The crests of these highlands, accoidinq Mr. J. B. Tyrrell's measurements, are respectively about L',i"'" '"< ' From the Hboriginal name, which doubtlcs-s refers to tliu euugar ur American I'untherrt| conculur.L.). .....] BASIN OK LAKE AdASMZ. n K •i;;00 t'l .'.'iKM'ecl abuvo tho son, iho liittor Iumii;^ tlio lii^'hest liiml in Maiiit"!'!' ; "'"' '^'^ biist'8 i)t' llu'ir cscarjiments aro alioiit 1,'JOO lu 1,500 Hctiduve tho sea, ln-'ini; llmr liundrod to >evcii liuiiiliod Ibct above tlie ].;];os on ilio ea>t, wli'iMi lioiiflit slii;litly i-xcecds SdO loot. The :tailt'r is ret'oiTed to Mr. Tyrrell's niajjs and doscriptions of tlio (l^.tiirt it' Hiding and Duek MountainH, to be publisiied in the annual ;\i„pj, .,„j iy\v)V{- 1)1' tilis Sui'vey, for details of its topoifrajjliy and geolog}* anil 1'.j'^I|.'[J|'i_"'•^'''• ,lI■•,llo ^lH)re line-* of LuUe Airassiz north ot' the limit of my oxjjloi'ation. IVv'IhI i'lick -Mountain, after an interruption of about thirty miles ;,ri'o>is tlio lia>ins of Swan and Wooch- Hivers, this line of hij^hlands is Mntiiiiiel in the I'orcupine Mountain or Hills, which I'oaeh about j'-'ji'i'iino ; veiitv-live miles from south to north. The^e t'orni a somewhat broken nuii.aii. sindlar with the precedinj^ in its j^eneral features of sleep aalivitv on the east and yenllo dcseent westward. On their noith .•lieiuiotlier irap about twenty miles wide is ocvupied by the lied l)eer 111..I lUertiowing Rivors. ■■ Xext ;ue the Pnsi^uia Mills, whose eastern end is in lino with I*em- ,j.;i, Hilling and JUuk Mountains, and the I'oreujiine Jlills, being J .jut :i hunilred miles we>t from the moutii of the .Saskatchewan. The iPa-iniiii Hills extend llienee a hundred and titty miles westward, wiici'e tbev !''i'ined the >outhern >horo of the northwesti'i-u arm of Lake jV|,,|„;,^ |iiii„. A-';b>iz. lying about twonty-tive miles south of tlie .Saskatehowan iiivcr ;ii.il iiiiiallel with it, to the Birch Hills and the South Saskatchewan Ijlvci'. Tlicy are the northern escarpment limiting the irregularly lo.'di'l '"untry which is here con^idcred as an extension of the great iliitciiii "I North l)akota and southern >I.".nitoba and Assiniboia. thus i.iliri-- the same relation to rhe valley of the Saskatchewan that the |i;.'iM' Hills sustain to the Assiniboine Valley. luierii'iin Piinibcr 1.1 Existinij LiiliCs ''uthin the (irm of Lo/;e Aioii and lowering of its southward outlet, and afterward by finding L ros^ively lower outlets to the northeast, until with th ■ complete kl'itrture of the ice-sheet it sank to its present repi'e.^entatives. the • a; hikes of Manitoba. The.so aro three in number, Lakes Winnipeg, -ii,,, ^.^^.^^ ]nijj.g Miitiiba, and Winnipegosis. With them are ;issociated several others, ' '^'""'"•''^"• i:.]iar.itivcly small, as Cedar Lake, tiirough which tiie Saskatchewan V- hear its mouth. Lake Daujihin, south of Lake Winnipegosis and |;:i',taiy to it, and Lake Saint Martin on tho Fairford or Little Sas- li;; ii'wan River, tho outlet of Lakes Manitoba and Winni])egosis. I;ik'.' Winnipeg is two hundred and titty miles long, ti'ending from '/.:h-".utheast to north-northwest. Tlie maximum width ot its southern •> IS K lil.AclAI. I.AKK AdAssI/ IN MANITOllA. 5 ''^ jiart is iihoiit twont\' live iniK's. wwA (p( it* inpitlicrn piirt >ix ly mi It H area is approximatoly S, iiKi M|iiaii' iiiilos, Iilmii!^ iiitoiinrlin extent ln'twei'ii LaUivs Oiitarin and LakoWinnii'iv. •**"**'' •■'"''• Ltiko Wiiiiiipem is lOiItU' " whioli oxtonils iniitliwo^toilv twi Ki;;lity-tiv(' milo i V strait twii til four iml.' iiilos, toriiiiiiutiii:; at il 11' 111 V mi it, ' will,.. failed Dog's Ileail. Tlu' iiarrowo-t part of the sti'i'it. scaicoiy I'xi'wl. iiig u mile in widtli, is at tins cajn'. lleiv tiic sti-ait opens int'iii,,. nortiiorn and main poi-tion of tlu- lai tiveKi\i|i> i,| ,;, are 11. 'I'iio I'lovation of LaUo Winiiipoi;', di'leiinined liy tiie siiivi'v- h^ .1 I'Ml, tiio Canadian I'atdtic Railway, is 710 feet aliove tlio si according to Mr. J. Iloyos I'anton, huwIumv oxcoods sixty-live iiv; '■ Tlio sliallownoss of tjiis (•oin|)arali\i'ly iariic Imdy nf waii'f.' u- % Pantiri writes, ''accounts for its treacliernus nature .-ukI exjilaius |„i,v on many occasions it lias proved a disastmiiN walcr-way to tlie li'i'i"li;. in g l)oats of bygone days. .\> yon sit upon tlie dec!; of the -I y\\\\v\ tiic islands, you are surpri>ed at the trntn threading its way among course made, when water seems on every siile and no shore Hfi shallow is the lalic that many places miles fnun land are not with more than six or seven feet of water. It is mdv safe I ■ eXpiT enced captains, thoroughly aci|uainled with tiie concealed cliiiin that alfi a safe course at a disiaiico from the liore Oi 1 arcoiin; this slight dejith, the mud hroiiuht in hy the lied Hivor is held in l)ensioii. being almost constantly stirred up from the bdtinin | y 'lie I waves of the laUe, throughout \\> mtheri alf lull in \\\K northern half of its length, beyond Meren's Kiver and Island, ihe wiii^rl i.s comjiaratively clear.' T-ow laml bonier* this lake along noitilyii. e extent, and the highe-t points on the shore or visihle irHiiri irnviLcc Lnkcs wliol rarely, attain an elevation of fifty feel. T^ake .Manitidia.' from which come* the name of the | Manituba, lies about forty miles west of the suiiih ballot' Lake Wii, peg; and fiake Winnipegosis,' separated only about twn mile* finm ■ mostlv fortv to tiftv miles west nii north end ol Lake Maiiitobii, Miiniti)l)a an.) north half of Jjake Winnipeg, but its most northeast part is onlv t riunii"-""""' ' l-ttOBI? mi !es southwest from that lake. The length of each of the;ie Wl'llll m ' " XotCr< on ttie Oeolouy of noiin' islnmls in Liilvi- \Vinni|iC({." Triinsiii'tioni'ol' tlic lli-'t.irhia;j SoiiMitifir .'Society cif .Maiiitiiliii, .Inn. l^s, Issii. - " Liikf Wiiiiiiin'K rci'i'ivc'S its niuno I'rDni llii- niinlily dp s;i1|ihv iipiiiMrunoiMit i(.- \i;iiir-,l| .siiinifios nuuldy, and .V<7/<- wat r. in Cliinimwu."— Ivualint''- Xarralive nf Loiik'.- I!i|'1( vipI. ii, |>. 77. ■' Mcaninu I lie " N'arruws or .Strait of the .Manitou "r Ureal Spirit." as I am int'"riiu>il liy If'i from I'rof. (Jcorgc Ilryri' and .Mr. ,1. I!. Tyrrell. Tliis name vtw* uriuinally pninnuiici'd li) nf inlmbitants, nearly a- liy the Indians, with accents on the iiiftial and tinal syllalile- ; Imt i;: the past ten years (ir more its almost niiivcrsal iironnneiation in iMiali.ili has heen wiili ■ i.y accent, which \* laid on the next to the last syllalile. * Meaninu "Little Winnipeg."— Hind'-s Narutivu ol the Canadian ICxploriiin l!iiii vol. ii, p. 42. ..] MAStN 0^■ LAKE AuAnsI/. lit E .ot 111'' lliM.jriiMaJ iiiciisii It'll ill i» >tniii,'Iit line, is aliuiit a liuiuiioil and twenty iniiot, nviiHii^'iii piinillolism with Lako Winiiipt'LC ; nnhiiri-<, The niaxiinuiii width ,,l I.jiLi Manit(»ba, aliout Iwonty-oiLcht niik'-, i> at its xnitli end. Ni'ar it, ini'idio, it is nari'Dwod to a strait altuiil halt' a Miilo wide and nvi) inili'> '"'"i?- I'"* northern part is of ([uile irrejiular liinii, ami is iioaiiv iiitorsected fmni the nortli hy a lony peninsula. This lake, iurdiiiiiifj I" lovollinu; hy Mr. II. S. Treherno. is SOO foot above the sea. |,einir ill""* idniost exactly a hundred feet hiiiher than Lake Winnipou-. Tho riiiiiitry between these lakes ami from Lake Manitoba west i.i Liilio I'liiiphin ami to Hidini^ and Duck Mountains is low and approxi- iiUtt'ly level, but has a general westward aseent, averai,'inn' a fow feet |icMnil<'. The width of Lake \Vinnipe^o->i» varies from tive to tiftoen iiiiliN, Its norliiern ))ortion is bent to the west, s<> that its ieni;th. iill.iwiiii,' this curve, is nearly a humlrod and fifty miles. ' Its outlines, ra"ii'i)\i'i'. are very ii'ri'^iil.'ir, presentini; a constantly varyini;' siiccos- ..inji (if bays, capes, and islands. This lake out Hows by the Water lien Lake ill id Uivcr to Lake Manitoba, and ha- n elevation of nineteen iii't iiliiive the latter, as determined by surveys for the Canadian I'acitic jliiihviiy, or S28 feet above the sea. Ilaiiiy Lake and tho Lake ot the Woods, on the international bound- ;i!v, nil' bodies of wator of considerable si/e, lying within tho eastern ,;iit (if the area of Lake A^assiz. The length of Kainy Lake is nearly Itiliv miles, trending from eartt-s(jut beast to west-northwest, and its ;,voiaj,'(' width is about tivo miles, giving it an area of 'JoOsiiuaro miles. |ii|i|)i'i'.\iiiiately. it is much divorsiticd by projeiting points, numerous li;iv<;i!iil narrow arms, and plentiful islands, lt> height aliove the sea i.;iliniii 1,117 feet; and Its maximum depth, according to soundings |bv |ir. \. ('. Lawson, is a hiiiidred and ten feet, Tlio Lake of the Woods has a very irregular form, nearly surround- liiiu' !i huge peninsula in its northern part, and including many liays i:itlu' iKirlli and east.'t'omeof tliom connectod witii the main lake only l\ naiidw channels. A multitude of islands, large and small, dot its kurfaic. excepting in its Bouthwest part, called Sand Hill Lake, where |i iiljoiiis ilinnosota. Measured from north to south or from east to >t, its maximum extent in either direction is sixty miles, approxi- mutely ; and its area is about l,5iK) s(juare mile.-<. Its elevation, deter- mined liy tiie Canadian Pacific Railway survey, is l.OtiO feet above the ka:aiiil the maximum depth of its northern part, called Clear Water Like, is stated by Dr. Dawson to be eighty-four feet. Itniny Ijitka. r^ilt(?ofth« WiMlllS. MttH I Vtftrnt drnliintrc it arcii <>t UiUv Winiiii Kiver. 20 I (IIAilA., ',.VKK AdAsgl/. IS M\MTOBA. Bivfrs tributary to Ly ihu Nilxn, to HudH.in Buy. It ocfiiirt |ii'Ml)aliK' that the n-cossion of tlio ico-Hhcci iiiicdvcrcd i|,, entire ''oui'so nf the I'aiiiy and Winnipog Ilivoi'H hefore Lake .\ff{!.>]/ had fallen below the level of Rain}' Lake. ThoHO are upper and l(i\vi.| yiortions of the main trunk of the .»aine river HVHtein. Kawt of KuJnv Lake a large trang Sault. a mile in lenulh. c>tiiii,ite,l| by Major Long to have "an aggregate descent of about ten iVei. T-Acepting these rapi(U, Rainy Rivoi' has an average descent utunlvl about three luclies jier mile, giving to tho ordinary low s!ai:e water a veiy gentlo current. It is navigable for lurgo steamboats fidml tho Lake v( the Woods to the foot of the Long Sault ; and ihouwin Rainy Lake it is navigated b}' a tug or propeller, lowing .Mackinaw boats. The banks of the river are only ten to twenty feet liigli, ariii| are fertile and heavily wooded, h.iving commonly a clayey soil. WinniiicL' River, the outlet of the Ii!dixty miles, llowing in a winding eour>e tethJ nortliwest. Its total descent is ISoO feot, four-fifths of this being in ihel many t'alU anscd by the Canadian Vacitic Railway south Winnipeg I{iver, from eighteen to iwonty-eight miles west nf h Porta^'e, is about 2O0 icet above the Lake of t!ie Woods and ul"iit."l (i't't al"i\-c Lai Lake An'a-'siz, Lake. '» a lar« im|>iiri;iht ;illlu -jik'f.'iMe iirca 1 Kiver is very c .ithalc' Winiii) Tlie lied Riv IW l.'i^er of L ali'ive the sea, t alioiit s'lWy mih .llany I'oint. U Lakes, (,, Oiler Tail l{i\er. In The e.ililoiir of t iiiiiluliiiiii^' iir (I, (■ailed llie I{e,i J anJ tlie nrevailiii as Otter Tail Rh miles west of (>| I'l't. (If about five ttraiho of (ho III I i;» voliiMie along i I kriiiier heavy r :i! liieekeiiridiry Jni.aMired in ., ,|i tl"' Red River, n .•"Utll. We-t, ;i,ii| imwliore divei'gini |iMile,-.. Its de.scet I its MJiirce to its .yiCaiileyville am jn'lj.'o, it is naviga JthHioose Rapids, l<'l'(iiKj>e J{i\oi' as |tlieclmiinol is oh.. |lo\v stages of \va(e '■'"'i''" from six t( ji'iiirtliof the steam pCDmiiionly fwent 'i;'iie>t stages inc |liirty-two feet at .\ pii.vfeot ;it Helmoi HA8IN oy I.AKB AUAs.il/,. 'J I B luet iiliiivo li taiil allliifiit t'roni llu> r*'>\U\\ is tin' Wliilt'tinMitli. iliaiiiiiii; a coti- i,li'iiilil<' iii*''i wont 1)1 tlio Liiko of llio Wiiuds. Tlio waliT of Wiiuiipog \orv I'loar, iintl in Htrniiiflv finitiunteil witli tlu< imulilv wati-r liiV.T I' ,it'L;ili'' Winiiipi'ju; willi wliicli it minifies ut its moiitli. Till' Koil Hivor of tlio Noriii, so iiamoil tn (li^tiii-'iiisli it fn'in tlio j{,.,| |;iM r of riOiiisiiinn. lias its source in a >iuall lake ulmut l.fln(» fcot ;,|»pvi> ilie >ea, tliirtooii milos wost of Luke Itaxa. It tiist flows soutli ;,|ii]iit sJMv iiiilns, measuroil in a ilireel line. |iu»»ini; tliinun;|i l'',|liow, Manv I'oitit, liiuiul, Iloi^^lit of Land, I.illle I'ine, Pine, ami l?Ush Liki's, I" OttorTail Lake, tliis portion boini;- ooinmouly calleil OMit TulHi\ef. In this distance it de^ceniU to I. ;!!.') feel above the sea. HpI Hiverof The f.iiitour of the uiljoininir country i-, loliiiii;' of hilly ni;i'th\var(l iiml iiiiiluiiiiini:' or tiat south wan I. iJelow Otter Tail Lake this (*troam in IIh. Nortb. cillU'' 1 ilic liO'l Kiver liy this report, followinjjj the exanijile of Owen ;,ii.l the nrevailinn' popular usay'e hut it is still ,(»iti'i' Tail I liver to Us luiictioii with the Hn occasionally spoKi'ii ot - ile-< Sioux, lui'tv-two milt's west of Ottor Tail Lako. The ilcscont in thi-^ tli: course, ;!' VII iiiiiie iiloim' this (leseenl to Broekonridgo i-< not i;reatly alVoetcil riilior lii'avy rains ami snow-meltinn' or dry siiccessivolv to tho "Ulll, Wc- t, and north, is alioiit .'i'.iO mil Li'iiKlli.and hut in its moanilerinifs, cii-^i'tit. Iiiowlierc divorginy far from these linos, it tlows noarly seven liumlrod Its doHcent bolow Broc:kenridi,'o is 'Jo.'l foot, and in total from |it> Miiirco to its mouth approximately '.•()() tbet. All (he way below ].\lii';uilcyvillo an. and flat boats ; but along Navigation, llhi'tioose Jlapids, extending alxnit twelve miles next below the mouth lot' tii"j-c ilivoi' as measured in the meandering course of the stream, Ittn'iliariiiol is obstructed by bouldoi's which forbid navigation during llow stages of water. The width of this river in the L'nited Stales raiii'S iVom six to twenty rods, being in some plat age s increases ra pidly noi th of Hrockenridge, becominy; liirtv-two foot at Moorhead and Fargo, and attaininij; its maximum of tfty leot at Belmont. It continues nearly at forty foot from Grand • II \. . ^ 22 E fil.Af'IAL LAKE AGASSIZ IN MANITOBA. Forks to tlic international boundarv and to Winnino'r. Ai EiKhff JUhkIs. Fort Garry. >ixtecn miles north of Winnipejjc and about twoiit Tribntiirii> Bed Riv< r. Bheycniif River. from the mouth ot' the river, it is thirty-tivc I'eet ; but beynml point it I'apiiliy diniinisiies in approaehinn' Laice Winnipeg;;, j'l rising nearh' or i^uite to the iiigh water line thus noted liaw y mil... tli;i! rare, oecu rrinL' in 182fi, 1852, 18G0. ISfil, antl 1882. TIk y arc r;ius(;(l in the spring by tlie melting of unusual 8n])j)lies of snow ami l.v act' oinpanying heavy I'ains, and often are increased by gori "I' ici These floods attain a height only a few feet below the level nt' ihu adjoining prairie where that is higliest, and along the greatci- jnnt ii the distance between Grand Forhs and Lower Fort Garry tlic li.'ink- arc overflowed and the flat land on each side of the viver to a ili^ian, ,> of two to tour (jr live miles from it is covered with watei feet or more ir. dejith. llllc III tiv Fxcepting the Hed LaUe liiver and the Shoyenue, Penibi As-^inibiiine, all the ti'ibutai'ies of tiic Hed River are snuii the :'iii;ih of their ai'eas of drainage varying fi-om forty to seventy-live niilo>. In summer ilroughts several of them, including the Hois iles Simix, ;iiv dried u]i along the greater part of their course, containing only li.iv and th lere pools in the deejier hollows of their (dianneln. Sheyenne Eiver, having its sources near the great southoasi of the Si^uriri IMver in North l>aUota, lirst flows to the east eni 'i'[\' hundred milcr 1' ■'HI LT ten miles soutli of Devil's Lake: iii'itrly ; a ii ii.-v south about a hundred miles, to where it enters the area <<{' h Ai^as^iz; and thence its eour>o is eastward and northward, Im' with the IJed IJivrr ten miles north (.t f F iiri'o ami Moorli lUillilii; I. Ti.e large valle^' of the uj)per ]iart of 'his river, and its extensive ilelta depositetl in Lake Aga-si/„ are probably attributable to a stream mii'h larger than the jircscnt Sheyenne, formed by drainage fron\ the ic sheet when it terminated near l>evirrt Lal< At that lime, •.daeiiil lake in the basin Mt' the Soui'is outflowed southeaslw.'iid tutl.' Shey l»u enne am anies Mvei aue m ring a later stagi' in the recession of the ice-siu'ct, tin- gla. the Soiiris basin was extended west and aortii of Turlli .Moui;-! tain and linally lound a lower outlet in southern Manitoba. llMii;; Laiig'f Viilli' flow miles inir 11 vei' ran southeasterlv from the Mlbow of the Souiis, eiuhtei- lUthw .'St of its mouth, to the I onii'ina Ri ver. relicaii Like. eleven miles long tVo m non Invest to southeast and about a mil e v.-iie.l OCCUDIC ]iart of the chaimel of this stream; and a distinct ^^•; course of -imilar width, called Lang's Valley,' eroded 110 to l.VM'r below the general level, extends eleven miles between this lakr n: ' N'uiiif.l t'^r .Iiitiie" l.ui.K, wlio w.is tlie tir-t ir.iiiiiunint Irtc, cinninir in ISSii. Tlii- M.imo is Piaicl Jk".i.,tain.i' cv (ine to live Peiiiliiiia, iiii'l all, the length live miUs. in les Simix, ai,' iiiii only \w\\ tlioastei'ii Kei/l J east iieai'ly ;i ; next it t!"W< ai'eii "f hAw wai'il, aiiiiiii.' )orlie;iil. 11, t X tensive ilciui tream mu'h from tlie i- lime, ;iKo, :, | astwai'd to tlf .'t, till- ,i,'l;K:;ii| Turtlr Mnlll:. iioiia. llM'r,;-i ouiis, ei^litoi'i: i'elieaii Lnke.l lit a mile wiiej (li>tinet n'a'. ■ 110 to l.V' It-' this lake :i;.i •Im. ?ea an The lii,:;-hest ji.irtioii of Lang's Valle\- i-= l,;jtI4 feet above 1 aliout 100 feet above the .'-ioiiris at its KIbow, and it IH iicinsel liy bliitVs 110 feet liigii, [t is a elumnel similar to that of Traverse and Big Stone and Brown's Valley, eroded by the Rivei' Wairen outflowing fi'o' i Lake Agassiz. I'einl'iiia River ' Hows from the northern part of Turtle Mountain in iiitliiM' eiooUed easterly course through southern Manitoba and the North !>a!vota about one hundred and thirty miles, measui-ed t line, to it> mouth at IV'inbina and .Saint Vincent. From its iMire ill ailii't' uiiK'tion with the outlet of Pelican Fiake to Walhalla at the base of the piiM I'riiihiiia -Mountain, its valley varies t'rom 1"') to -i.")!! feet in depth. i;,ick Like anil .Swan Lake on this part of the river, each several miles kmi; and H'om a half mile to one mile wide, are duo to deposits brought ■;i,t,i tjii^ valley by tributiuies after it eea>ed to bo the uvemie of liraiiiaiie ti'om the Souris ba>in. In crossing the -Red Iliver Valley the PciiiJiiiia runs in a channel only twenty to forty feet deep. Its descent iV-.m till' I'ei't, am lidiiu Pcnibinii Itivcr. northern base of Turtle Mountain to Walhalla is about 700 1 ilience to its mouth Hi! feet, its junction with the J{ed River ■1"< feet above the sea. Lonj; or White Mud Uivei', Olearwater iii'('y|ire- :Ik' Minlii >iiu' l?iv< and Tongue River, are its chief tributaries, all fro ra The A-^-iiiiboinc, the largest tributary ot' the Ked R'iver. drains a la-iii ihiec liundred miles wide tVom M)uth to north and four hundred iiiiks ioiig from west lo east, l-'rom its sources, tifty miU's southwest, i' 'he Porcupine Hills, the A>;siniboine tlows south-soutiieasterly two ;;i!i.liid miles, to a point ali mt titty miles below the mouth of the Assiiiiliiiini' Appelle and Ibrty miles west of Hrandiui; thence it flows easterly River. i.'ii ;ili..lll a ll undred and tifty miles to its moiith. Its height above sea rvi'l a! the mouth of the t^Mi'Apjiello is 1.2tI4 feet ; at the bridge of the 'iiiiadiaii I'acitic Railway near liraiulon, 1,1(11 teet ; at the mouthot'the '..iiii-. about 1,100 ft«et ; at Portage la Prairie, .'^42 feet; and at its with the Red River in Winnipeg, 7- H'eet. Huring its high llIlClloll ot w; ■:ilice Iter, the Assiniboine has been navigated bv steamboats to at the mouth of tlie u'Appell A I ong this jiortiiui it r« tVoin ten to twentv-tive rods in width The highest floods of the Assiniboine at Portage la Prairie and along ;ii'iii>i'lei;dili' distanee eastwar *um i iM iiyw?.ti 24 E GI.ACIAI. LAKE AliA.SSIZ IN MANITOBA. tained from the 3rd tu tho 15tb of May, ls32, Iho only timu . i hiijrli water since IStiO or ISUl, it overHowod noartiio fiirmoi' rl, fort of the Hudson's liay Company two miles .southwest of P Prairio, and a pdrtion of its flood passed iiortii in shallow, water-courses to Lake Maintolia, making adescout of aliout t'ltvi in the distance of fifteen miles between the rivi lid t le lie. X Ovcrllow trim thi une timi' Lak'O Manitoba als I'caciiei 1 it> luij;lK'st >t:m. Lake M:uiitui)aei„.iit |oet aijove its iowtst level, i to LiiTlK I,:ik mill the As.-iiiiilioiiio. ■i-i;ii until it ('vertiowed !h\\ iwa: (iii'Ai.iclli' VnlK.y.thc Olltll't of till- Sa^kalL'hi'W.ii Kl.'i 111 laki' :;.* across the east part of T. 10. P. 0, and thence eastward thn .soutiiern row of .sections in T. 111. i'. 5. falliiiL;' ten feet in titii to Loiii; Tiake. through wiiich old channel of the As>inil)oine i wore discharu-cd into lis riser twenty inilc' •ast of !• 'rairie ()|u'Appclle or Calliiii;' liivcr and the Soiiri- or Mouse R largest tributaries of the A^siniboine. i'larh of tin. IVc interostiuic Lilacial histor\- .hie feature- of their \allevs and aiea- 1 1- recit it'drainaii'e, riled stre.-iiu- in the top. The '..UiA was the outlet ol a ulacial lake in the ba>in of the Soutli S; Tlie description, map and sections given liy Hind." sh M' ;w,i'v .k;.i. a' t: 1 i> t Voni 1 in dii ,cli it ti,; valle\' is (piite unifirmly about one mile wi'le. an feet below the general level ot' the I'egion t'lrouLi height being reached by sleep bluif- on eaili side. It- lengrii. ti,.:,i the Klbow of the .S(Mitli Saskatchewan to it- juiction with the .\«.;i;. boine i- about two hundreil and sevcntv miles the irenera; > '.['.si' ifllU a little to tin outli of cast. Of this e.xtent the we-l valle\- foi' about twelve miles is occ;;pied l>y the River that Tin: the remainder by the t^u'Appelle. the -ummit or height of km 1 channel at the divide between tl le.-e rivers being ii])proxiniaiiy *.'> t. above the South Sa-katchewan. 44o feet above the mouth 'A \\\. tin'Appello, and 1,7ing hliitN im composeil mainly of liiacial drift, with oidy a few e.xpo-uies of il,, iiiderlying Cretaceous roc Tl e alluvia bottomland of the 'juAj.- pelle is genet river flow allv i roin a half mile to oiir mile wide, and throu: a It the s 111 a winding I'ourse. Iiei e and there pu-.-ing through l.i lakes. Like the rtimilar lakes of the 1 einbina and .Minnesota Pi ,voi> these owe their e.xistence to the recent deposits ot' tributaries. ;i;ii| show that the bed of the glacial river wa.s con.sideraliiy low* r tli that of the present stream. The outflow of the .Saskatehewan -in: lake, fed by tlio melting ice-tield.s of un immense area reaching wistiij Ccmiliarell. .■-. Tri'liiTnc'.s ilo^i'riptl ol ut 11, i- vii'liilty, 111 oiitk'l "t Lake .\l.i Ninth Aiiiiiial Itoimrt oi' the lieoliiifioal ami Natural Hi^t'Ty ."-iirvey I'l .MintiesMt;i (t.r I'le ISjii), |,|,. iSS ■;)',»_'. - Jteport ol tlio A'jiuihoiiie aii'l .Sauci, ji'si'o' ot'tho 1 ut t";'tvt,.,t lak,.. N«i" ftuu>-. ai.,.;'i A ;-"i\th\V;l!l thrn ;-i, the no it- \vuA'i> ■ V'v:... la I'liin^ iiio iiii .Ijlii'ili' viiuoy ;tsk;il.lir',v;i;.. ()\v ;iiu; tu> >iu lit! !-:;:ii) •ti it lio«. till. K'ligUi. tViv.i th thr A">,. eilOI'a, 1 M;i;>e •-t cii'i i-;' t'i' :it TuM,-.;.:il if l.unl i:i 'liiij ii;Ur!y "•'> I-;: iiUtli I '. l.'.'- Illlllt- MH i-iuvs I'f the the »^.i'A|,. tliroui;'-. !■:,•! \cs >lu Iviver- lUtiu'ii''. ;i;i' iy l.'WrrU;;r;| lioWiiii u;;u.,il •hing woM l'-i| LiikoMiu: ICSntll (I'T I'll' ««'| . . , j),n.|<\- Mountains, took its courso oa.st by this troiigh-liice ciiiinnei I „^..il|pv, I'litoring the Assiiiihoiiio ut Fort I'lliico and reaching tl»o llMinioi'iit'LaUo Agassiz at Hramlon. LoMi:' "1' Last Mountain Fjaivi', about lil'ty miles long from south to |ii,,'iii ami "I't' •'•■ t^^'*^ miles wide, lying nortli of the U])i)er pari of the l,.-^n|H'llo ami ti'ibutary to it, occupies a similar glacial water-course. j„^|jy,,^^._ iTheolevaiion of Long finke is l,r)!iS feet, being about a hundred feet j;;;;;;''^|'^>;,|ff llo'm than the divide in the channel from tlie KIbow of the ^outh ™;,}p^jf[;^;^;;j|'^['« |S|.k!itilH'\van to the (Ju'Appolle. It seems jirobable that when the''"''"' lice-slioct had receded so far noi'th as to allon- the Sasjcatchewan lake to Lx'eml t" the district northwest and north of Long Lake, it tliere [(biiiiiu'il ~iinie lower point of discharge and outtlowud along the course his lake. I'or.saking its t'ormer outlet.' (.)wing to the changes in liviuli clexation which have taken place in the region of Lake L":i>>i>'' -incc that time, this new oiitlei, or the earliest and highest of ^cvcial successive outlets, across the watershed between tlu! k-katclu'wan basin and Long Laice may now be found tifiy or perhaps lewii a liiindred feet higher than (he old channel to the head ot the [inAii|iollc. that is. 1.750 or l.^Ou feet .above the >oa, the po.ssible lli!lei'eiic'C being j)robablyas much as a f lol to each raileot" the distance ShUvocii the old and now outlets. Sui'is liivei', llowing circuitously sout liwe>t ward from Assiniboia Ini'.Vi'i'di l>akota and tiience northeastward into .Manitoba, became |i;!<;iiar\ t" the As>inilioine at'ter the waters of the glacial lak-e in its tiwn liasin. at first flowing to the .lames atui Sheyenne, h . 1 been^,5„„fmj^.pr ifiiiiliy iliained away by its outlet through Lang's Valley and the ^iMiiliiiia b'iver. The length of the .Souris is nearly four hundred liik's. Iiut it is only tive to ten rods wide along its lower portion. In ■,,iili Dakota its descent is approximately from LtJSO to 1.400 feet irive ilic sea, and thence to its mouth it falls aboiit three hundred feet. Little Saskatcliewan eer. and Overflowing Rivers at its northwest lii'l. lii'ling and Duck Mountains form the .south western boundary of it I, IHVi. li.v lloii!) I ili'lKirl "I'tlic Assiiiiliniiie iiml .•-'n.'i womohi sources of the Saskatchewan in tho Kocky Mountains to its ni.iuli isn distance of more than seven hundred miles ; and the maximum widtl of its basin is about three hundred and fifty miles. Its two biaiuii,, of nearly equal size, the North and South Saskatciiewan liiveis, unit,, two hundred and thirty miles west of Lake Winnipeg. The evei'al hundred miles ;ib'>\v their junction vary commonly- from a >ixth to a third of a inilo r, width, and during favorable stages of water are navigable by ^leair,-] boats from Cedar Lake to the Jiocky .Mountain House on the Xoiilil .Saskatciiewan, aliout 3,(100 feet above the >oa. and beyond ilic ^md tlueiice of the i{ow and Ikdiy iiivers. which foi-m (he South Sa^katrh wan, fifty miles west of i[edicino Mat. at an clevatior. exeeeiliim- 2.:;'iJ feet. The chief hindrances to wieir navigation in low stages uiej >>liilting -and-bars, over which they expand in some place> to wiililiJ uf a half mile to one mile, being very shallow ami aivided by low sai islaiids. '{'he adjoining country rises within a few miles tidiii thejel rivers, o • at the fiirtliest ten or twenty mile-i. to an elevation thirfl hundred to six hundred feet or more above them, excepting aloiiiitiJ last hundred miles of the Saskatchewan, where it flows through a liiHail lowland region. Tiiore the highest parts of the country are only tiurl to a hundred feet above the rivi'r. and its shores ai-o generally low ai,|| in many portions swamp^'. Besides the great tributaries of Lake Winnipeg, namely, the \Viiiii:.j peg, Ked, Little Saskatehewan and Saskatchewan Itivers. about a ilo/.cil lU'imrt (it tli« .■V.«siiiib(iin« iinil ."^askiiti'l'ewiin ILxiiloriim E.viicditinii, 185!'. I 1 BASIN OK LAKE ACIASSIZ. 2" E I .|,j,,,iiis v.iiying in length from ten to forty miles enter its west side. Snmiler I 1 tut'iity (irjmoro of similar or soinewlmt j,n'eiiter lengtii enter its east L7ik'i\vi'imi'i'ieg. IsiJo, Of ill'' latter the largest are Bocen's and Poplar Rivers, oaeh about ahiiii'lit'ii miles long. The recession of the ice-shoet from southwest to I |.(liea>t iineovered the ontiro region west of Luke Winnipeg, and InmbaMv il"' wiiole of the country traversed by these streams on the leiist, before its molting finally permitted the waters of the glacial Lake lifa-MZ '.'I I'O drained to the level of this lake. The Xi'lson. as before noted, ia border'id b}- no areas of highland lalonir it- ciuirse of about four hundred miles from Lake Winnipeg to IHii'lsiiii Hmv. The upper half of this river Hows in a general direction icnlv a f'tw degrees east of north, passing through (treat and Little N'^'l^'ni Rivor. Ipiavijit'oii I'ipestone, Cross and Sipi-wesk Lakes, to Split Lake; thence litiuni-t" tlie east for .uboul a luindrod miles, passing through (Jull ILakt': "I"' tinally takes a northeastward course along its lower one llim.livil miles. According to Dr. Bell's observations, Sipi-wesk Lake |jj;i|i|ii'oxiiiKitely "iT't feet above the sea. or '; hundred and forty fei>t |lii.|n\v L;ike Wiimipeg : Split and (iull Lakes ai-e respectively about |44ii;uiil l-ii feet above the sea; and the descent in the next forty-eight |„,ii,s, til the foot of Hroad Hapid, is nearly three hundred feet. The l^'iKoii i- navigable from the sea abuut ninety miles to the First Liiiiosteiio li'apid. where tiio elevation is j)r()bably about lifly feet above Idif H'ii level. Abniit lour tifibs of the ai-ea drained by the Nelson, including the ftiajins of the Red River of the North, the Little Saskatchewan and ltluS;i-l<:itiliewan, and the greater part or ])os^•lbly all of the basin of till lliiiny and Winni|ieg river system, were uncovered trom the ice- kliii'i and wert' tributary to Lake Agassi/, while it still had its south- ward m'.t lei. The watei's of a large [lart of British America wi'ie thus t;ii™"l along the eour.-o of the .Minnesota and the .Mississij)pi to the (iiilt I't' -Me.\ico, The ba>in of Luke Agassi/, then inchideil aiii)rt).xi- ,\'"''.« "f, '.'"" '^ ' ' liMsiii ot Uiki- Ipwtoly •!"'ii.UOO s(|uare miles, ot' whicdi nearly a third was envereil b}- AtM.-iz. Ilio lake il^elf In the later stages of this glacial lake, when it flowed Lnlifastward by outlets higher than the Nel>on, it> ba>in probably buiiilcil north beyond the present water-shed of Lake Winnipeg and till' Nolsen to incluile the upper [jcu'tion of the basin> of the ('hurcdnll Ll the .Mackenzie, the lowei- course of thi->e rivers being ob-tructed ftiv ilitMvaiiing ice-sheet. It seems jirnbable that with this addition aioa of the glacial lake basin was not less than .ViiijOdO sijuare >8e (II.ACIAI, I.AIvK A(iASSIZ I.V MANITOHA. DIJII-T roH.MATIoNS IN MANlToHA. Thickness oi Tlio lliiclcnL'>ft of the slu'ot of sii]ioi'fii.'iiil tle|insit.s ovei'lyin- ilu. 1,^,1 rock ill Wosi Sellvii'k is (>.") i'lH-l ; in Winiiipcii' anil hiiiint HnnitiKe it varies from liO to S(l loci ; lu'iir Nivoivillc it is from (Jf) to lOii n.,,| . ;, Dominion ('il\. near LctuUior, and on tlie I )\v farm west o! M tlic.lrifl i .Miiliil^h:! 'ii'ri>, is at least IT" lo -'50 foet, ami in West Lynno at least ]u^ f, iiosenfelil it is 1 l.'J foet : near Cai-man it is aliout 100 feet ; aiiij m iies west of I'oi'taue la Prairie, I')S feet. From these reconls -■t : ill I >eV.T: tro halile tiiat the thiekness of these ilopo>its iijion the llat " seeiih Red Uiver Valley in Manitoha averages about a luiiulretl feet, alily exceeding; thi>. to a maximum of I.'jO to 2r)0 feet, along the iLMiUall part of thi> area south of tlu' A>sinihoiue, Imt not prohably avoni'.'inr mure than .")(' feet in the lower part of the valley between Wimmn,. and T,ake Winnipeg, where the higlior portions of the l)od-r(M k ri>ei,| the surf;iee. On the Arehiean area of the t-ast part of Laki' .\;;;i«>i2 1 plentiful roek-outerops oecm' about Kainy Jiake and the baiie of tiij Woods, westward along tlie f'anadian Pacitie Pailway nearly to iIk Whitomoulh I'iver, and in the countrv east of Lake Wini Upeg; ai I'll! is ])robable that the average ihiekness of tiio supertieial di jiovit> that extensive listrict i> not more than 30 to r)0 feet. West nt [,; Aii;as>ii!, maii\- oortions tlie ))lateau boi'dereii by tijo J' emiiiiia .\r 111;- tain and theTiger Hills have only a >mall depth of drift, rangin;; titjiril a few feet to 20 or ."in feel, but in s( )me pi lees the ( Irift appears t.i t tream vallevs, and Us average ihii ill.v Distriliuliuii cil tbe till. extend deeper, as shown f may be fO feet or more. Till, also called boulder-elay, con.-.tituIes the greater pari ol thr onti: .sheet of sujierticial deposits, both within the area of Lake Agassi/. aiiij uj)on the adjoining country. It usually lii's on the striated lio'lincs anr dril't. !l,., :ims which tlnwij; whore this unnioditied glacial drift is covered l)y modified Htratiti.'d irravel, sand and clav deiiositel bv stre lllVl; aiiH lira ti.; down from the ice-shee' during its melting, or by lacustrine ami sediments, {-"ully half of the area of Lake Agassi/, in Minnexita North Dakota has a surfiice of till; but in the part of this lako examined in Manitoba its j^roportion is loss, becauso much nf district is covoretl by the Assiniboine delta and its associated laiibiriiiij beds. Extensive tracts of till, however, occupy the surface on ik foniiiiiBrtht" north and east iwrtions of this area, as north of Xeenawa, on llK'twil eiirlace within ■ I thoaroa..thallii'ct of till lies ln-tweon these sfn- ei„ir,,,^^tcrs of ,|.(iiiir (ii (lay. sand, i,'ravel, aixl honlders, mingled indiscriminately in "'«»""• i,,i, 1111.11 ill itied mass, without assortment or transportation liy water. jVei'V tiii'ly |iiilverized rock, forir.ing a stiff, compact, unctuous clay, is Ijij ni'iiKi|ial ingreilient, whether at ii;reat depths or near the surface. ], |iii> ;i lark hluisli gray color, except in its upper i>ortion. which is Ivtlliiwisli to a depth that varies from live to lift' ft'ot, hut is most rfMinmi'iily hotween tiftoon and thirty feet. This dilferenco in color is Ijin. til liie influence of air and water upon the iron contained in this ]jeiiii>it, ciiaiiging it in the upper jiart of thi- till from protoxide com- |tiin;itioii> to liy upper portion is commonly softer and easily dug. while liiw tlicre i- a sudden change to a hard and compact deposit, which |i!iu«i I'C I'icked and i> tiir more expensive in cxi'avating. The pr(thahle Icaibc ol tills dittercncc in hardness was the pressure ol the vast weight ii.i liii' iie-shet't ujioii the lower and older till, while the upper till was |(Miitaiiioil in the ice and drojiped loosely at its melting. I'pon each j-idoof Lake Agassi/, the till has a moderatel}* undulating and rolling Laiiacc. Within the area that was covered by this lake it has a much Lrai'iitlicr and more even contour, and its ujiper portion, owing to its liiKtniici' nt' ileposjtion in tliis body of water, sometimes show.* an imjicr- llivi stiaiilication, with a scantier intermixture of boulders and gravel. JYii ivcii where it has distiiu't lamination, it usually is moi'c like till Itiiiin like ordinary moditicd drift, and contains stones and gravel Itliiduirli its entire mass. Iliiiildcrs are frequent or plentiful in tlu' till throughout .Manitoba- ihcir aliiiiitlunce being nearly the same as in northeastern Minnesota |wi ill the least rocky parts ot New Kngland. Their usual range in [iizf exieiids up to a diameter of four ortivefeet; but in a tew localities, lv|'irially in the coui'se (f ninrainic belts, they were observed of all Lizes ii|i to ten oi- twelve feet cubes. n. laryc roi'k tViignu'iits ol' tlio tlrilt. Tlic hoilileil und Join(eil il;;iiacteifif llio liiiie>t(iiies lia^ pi'i'Vi'iiloil tln'if siipplyiiii;' niiiny liu'go li uiM,.], j, comjiiirisoii with tin- more iiuissivt' t'lystfiHiiie Ai'cliii'iiii ii"k>, wliii^, i yot UMially tihoiit luilf of ilio smallor (•()l)bloH iirnl poldili's in ihr lillimj ill yriivel iiiid siiiid deposits tiro from tlicso I'iilii'o/.oif limo>t"iirs. B,|i rust of Liike Wiiiiiipoi; iiiid norlhi'Ust ot a lino drtiwii fmin ihishii;,, soiitiieiistward across tlio l;uko of tlio Woods to tlu' west end "i' Haim I Liiko, liotli liouldcrs iiiul f^rtivol of liiiu'stoiio aro tilisi-nt or oxcecilini'lyl I'are. Tliis lino prohtibiy tiiiirivs tlic Oiistcrii limit of tlii' i;liU'iiil iiinerii< that moved soiilh-soiitlioiisl in tho vicinity of Wiiinipoi,' and tii HIik,! Bear Island near tiie Narrows of Ltike Wimiipt\!^, carryiiiic dilnistm the limestone reii;i()n of tlie Miinitolm lakes. I'lioii the frcttirciiis ;ir,.a| ii coiisideralile proportion of tlic ii;riivid iind colpldcs is derived iVninti,. l-'orl Pierre shale, luit this tbrmation siijiplies no liiri;'e liouidci^. The followiiii^ loctiiities niiiy lie mentioned tis htivirii;- csju'eiuiiyi iilnindant liouldcrs. On the slope ot the Peiiiliiiiii Moiinttiin. in T. :;, R. t). between Mordeii and Thornhill, vi'iy plentiful sind lary;e hoiiMffJ are spread upon tin area of sovertd .square miles, as noted in ilifl description of the Tintah heatdies. The sides of Stiir Moiiml, e^pwinlrl those liicing the north iiiid northeast, tire strewn with ii iiiiiltituiloi bouklers, nearly all ijranitic, of all sizes up to live feet in diainei r- rarely hir-^er. 'i'lieso were piobtibly combed out of the ice-shcut in iiji ])iissiii;-e ovei- this hill. Compiiriitively few boulders occur on llK■^maii fliit tirca iit it> top. Pilot .Mound, tin equally proiniiieni hill -ecn I'l^irj thi> lookiiii;- toward the northwest, is like Star .Mound ti knohut Ci\.;a- ceous >hale with thin eoveriiii^ of drift, but it litis no such iniiism:! profusion of liouldcrs on its slopes. Rock Ltdvc, tliioiii;h which iLij Pembina tlows. derives its name from the I'emarkiible iibuniltiiai' uil bouKiers, niostl}' i^raiiitic, up to six feet or more in diameter, iKinli'iiii; its shores ; tiiid tiloiij,' a disttince of one or two miles west froui ilii> i;ik(| the Pembina N'tiUe}- is much eneumbered with boulders, wdiich in m pliices tire tiecumuhited upon smtiU mortiinic ridj^es and kiiolU, Tl.rl liiri^est boulder noted in this explortition, iiaviiiix nearly twice llie-izJ of any other obseived, is ti block of dark uray granitoid gneiss, L'2le(!r long, S to 14 feet wiile, iind projecting 2 to 5 feet tibovc the siirllici the N. \V. :j- of sec. !l, T. I. I{. 4 E., on the low ridge ten miles e;i>t ;| Emerson. Among the other plentiful boulders of that vicinity, iiomI were seen exceeding seven or eight feot in dimension. Like iniiiiy the smaller boulders throughout this prairie region, this block i>>u:| rounded by a slight depression, one to three feet below the ailjoiiiini ground ; and a careful exaniiniition shows that some of its projettiiiJ corners and edges are smootlil}' polished. Those depres8ion> wiii formed by the trampling and pawing of buffaloes in rubbing u|i"iitiii liiillelin Nil. 311, U. S 1>.>V,J niUFT FORMATIONS IX MAMTOIIA. IniuliliM^, u'liich woro tlioroliy soinotimes worn ami ]ioli>liocJ ii> porCectly ii„ui,k.iv, ,,,mM I.Mlone l.y art. ' iruflilte!, ''* A bi'll III' imn-ainic di'ifl deposits, acc'iimiil:i toil alnni; tlio liurdi'r of ;|iu ic'O-.-lu't't durin/^ one or moio pauses or tiiiu's of readvaiu'o inter- |,'y,'ff;|jj|'™,'j' iiiiitintr il?^ I'oti'oat, was olisoi-ved ii])oii tiie coinitry tliat adjoins LaI{o'^{|',[JJjJ"i;''['''" I \^ri(s>i/ on the west and is crossed iiy the Assinilioinc, Souris and IVmbiiia li'ivors. Tlioiiifli siitHcient time was not availuble in tiiis |,.\|il()riition for tracini^ the entire course of tiiis I'ecessional nioraiin'. I hiive iitti'inptod to coi-roiato it provisionally with the inorainosof Noi'tii |i;iki)ta and of Minnesota, thus indica'inii liio i)r()liable course of tin- hiiiiiMil.uy of tiu) it'(vsiieet at tlu^tiine >( the formation of the hi^iiost luriloiiiiiiii iioach of Lake Aj^'assi/,. iividfiiii^ whiidi i- more fully detailed in the eusuint;' parts of tlii- |iv|iiirt. ill tri'iilini^ of the nioiliticil drift and thf history of this glacial iikr, load- nif to Ixdii'vo that the K'imI River N'allcy \va> uncovered liy hill' loci'ssiiin of the ice-sheet and was occupied by this fake as far |i,iiillia- ilie latitude of Winnipcif and the south end of liakcs Winni ■u'luul -Manitoba, wiiilc the ice still extended south on the west side I 111 till-; valley to hevil's Lake and Tui'tle Mountain. The very on the cast lai'iiinhuit boulders noted on the east slope of the I'cnd)ina .Mountain Pi'miiiiia |bet«oru Morden and 'i'hornhill were probablv* deposited at this time. Imuhw'ara! [oil il:i' east mari^in of I his ice lobe that reached south to Devil's Tiuke; Lii'l rciiiMikalilo crescctit-shaped moraines observed on the higliest .JinroDt' Lake Agassi/, in the southwest part of Walsh County, N'ortli lliali'iia, -ecm rofeiable to the same time and manner of deposition,' Thr wc-l sido of this Dakota lobe of the ice-sheet during this and littiKii' three earliei' stages ot iis recession rested on Tui'tle ^lountain, if which Dr. (r. M. J>awson writes: — ''It is a br(d' lilt ii> liighest points, about 50(1 feet Nearly all the alu'upt ijios and ridges — of which there arc many — show boulders in abuml- laiicr, liiid these a])pear to l;e ciiietly of Liiurentian rock's. . . . Tiie |\vi>iriii is moro abrii|illy hilly than the eastern side, and the more loiiiiiii'iit ridges have a gonertil northerly and rtouthcrly direction, jwiih the intervening valleys ciuiractcrized by swam])s and lakes. ILuigc areas of comparatively level or only gently undulated ground lai'i' liDwever. found in some places. The surface of the • mountain ' Iniipiiirs to be that of the drift, as deposited, and has been but little liiiiiililiwi by subsequent sub-aerial action. The lakes lie in basin-like liulletiii Nil. 311, U. S. (ieoIoKioal Survey, ji. (it. ) I ;{2 E lil.AriAl, I.AKK AdASSIZ IN MAMThHA. liolluWfi, aiiii riiitwiiliMtandiiig' tlicii' n'roat mimln'i', ili'iiinii-c vail and f-Ucaiii cuui'm's ai'f lew and iiiiiiiipiiiiaiit." ' The i'iitfriii()>l iiioraiiii' iiuii'kiiij; the lai'tliosl advance df n,,, StBBci' in the "lieet in till- last j,da('ial opodi |ius»('s aluni,' llic CnU'au dii .\I rei'('»8i(in if 111 b»lKir; e-.-heei w(iii 'T'^^-ing tljc intoiriatioiiul lioiindury in its nnrlliwcstward i'ihhm. j,ij„. iinil iidrlli ot rurtlc MiMititiiiri. a hundred and tit't^- iiiile8 west of Turlh' Mniintain. llciwc.n ,[, Altaniont inncainoand llio Fergus Falls and Leaf Hills innraiin »,«],] ai'o ju'dbahly eontcniiioianoous with the i^real inuraincs elosr wiiiili, Devil's Lake and on Turtle Muuntain, several ilistinel staue- recession of the iee-s'i'set are reeo^nizahle hy nioraiiiie dciii Iowa, .MiniH'sota, and South and North Dakota. The inor 111 ti,. >its ; linic'liir. oi' Tiii'tle Mountain apjiarently rejjrc-i'nts two or threi' ^lims m ij i;la( iai recession, and in the country lyin^' on the we-, i] >'iuth side of iK'vil's Lake and Turtle Mountain; hut it is licljoved' h' conteni]ioraneouH with the aeeumulation of the houlil er« «i« Thornliill and the moraines of southwestern Walsh Couniy menticmed, and with morainii- hills on the north side of !>( eviU Liik", 'l"he most southern jjiirl of its idiserveil course extend- nortlierlv iin' the last end ot' Turtle Mountain hy Killarney to the north I -el lean Lai. n\ a ( listan •1 ahout twentv-tive miles. Then elll jilll'. ee It ('.\t I'llDl west-northwest twent_\' miles, tbrminj.c the west pari of the Tiuci' || in their extent along the north side of Lang's \'alley and the .Sumi T. 7. R- 1!'. wliere it again hends to tiie rth and ludds that (■nil:. .Mo iif th TiK»r. Krmi and Arrow JlillF. ten or twelve miles to the prominent Ihandon Hills. Here anaii, ; jjlj, turns to the west, making ii shar|( angle, hut within a few mil' >. -inks to the general level of the adjoining country and loses it- ili>ii:, tive character. Proceeding onward (o the west about twenty lai" this moraine is next found on the north side of tiie Assinihdine aie; miles northwest ot Griswokl, and thence it ttikes ii northwest (iiiiix lying mo>tly fr(jm tive to eight or ten miles northea-t of the A>>ii, I'oine and ajiproximately parallel with it to the Arrow Kiver and B;r Tail Creek, beyoixl which I have no delinite information of its liirtiu' I'ourse. On both sides ol the Arrow liiver it rises in iiromineal iJivaJ lions, witli characleristieail} rough contour tmd plentiful biiiililci^. thi s portion ifj ciillei t th iriow Hi Tl le ascertained exic'it moi'aine, known in successive parts as the Tigei", Brandon an'l .\r Hills, is about a liundred and twenty-five miles. Its general eolirn:: ' Hci'ort on tlie (JoolnL'y ami Itefimrccsdl' tlic rcKion in llit" ri..22i;,:i.M. ity of llie Furiy-niiiili l':iri. Moitlnv.-I. lull \ III,. I'oinbiua, „l„,iil t\.eiiiy-iiv ,|,.|ltl'(l ii\ l«0 !•' ,|l,,Ti;r,.| Hills I i,| r,lic;iii Lake, AiiniiK"! I'V the lIlC ciiUl-.' of till I iiikiikI Ine -out lliiliiitary in I.ak ,\ c.c)ii-|iieiioii |j{, !(!, two to ihi liiwiaiiiir bills ti- |,,iim- I.:.."i0 In 1,; lijiiarlor "I' a mil |tiii.!ii>t.il liy I best |i> vciy gi-;i\elly |l'|.ai.'iiH'iit- being!, IjiUl iii'wliere aim lliiinu'lof. Thi- t ItnLaiiu'- \'idley, iMnaN |ini|i>rtioii < liriv^iilaf hill- aii. Ivi.-l ill >ec.. III. an iilif -oiitli— "iith [a«i, beyond an in ■(iibi>iiiii;- 1 if a slig In hillork- and .-. riroiiiiiiiMit in sec. ', Wiorn blulfof J'l Within tive mile hi- iiii'iaiiie i- tyi j'lvuiilarly groupe k-[ alinve the inte p. Xotinan's Hi III tlio north. On ill see. L'. T. (I, |ii^t!i,i;o> ill \l, lie (li'iiiKJis ■ innrilillic 'lii;; H' stllUlN III !].,. iUlil IKirlliWiy 111 till' liIllit^.l j libit llOlilll^r. V, I -out' IlilkiUl t is lii'lioveil'ij l)l)UllltM~ cib ; Cmihiy Li'iMi- )t' Kevii'sL,!;.. iiurtlii'ily ir '. lurliu'iii liiiiMl iuMICi' il l'Xti.li;>| tlu- 'I'i-i'i' 11;: III! tiu' .S'iiiriv-,.| I lids tllllt Cnll;.; llt'l't' Uijaii, ; 1 a lew lllilr, li)>es it> 'li>';: t twenty 11,1' ■ illilliiilK' ;i iotI ,)rtli\vesl niiiixj III' the A>-ii.;-| IJiver :iiid B;:'i| n of its tiirtlier roiniiieiit I'livaJ ii l)nlllill! |)iti>ii aii'l Ai'i' eiierai e(,iir-o;| iForiy-iiiiilli I'.iri^ iirlliWi llic I'oliil' liiit williiii tlie Siiiiris liasiii and tliat of ilio iiead streaiiis of iia, nil llie iiDi'lii side n| Tiirtle .Mountain, it is dolU'eted ■iHili'i n,,iiiy-livo miles to liie iioi'lhi'iisl. 'I'lio ico-sheet was tliore in- \ I wo reentrant aii;;les, one liavinj,' its apex in tiie i'an;,'o of nil' '|'i,i-ci Hill-* III'"'" I'oor's Lalvo, a few niilus norili ot tlie nortii end f ! ' .ll'.lii' iiiiiiiiii' ik iitiicr ill llie llrandon Mill A -ill 1 liv tlie ieesiioet and ]iroliaiily eaiisiiiji; it-. iIlllelllation^ aiuiii. I ilio I'Olir-e o nlllll til'" -"" f tlii> iiiorniiie, tlien tilled tlie Smiris lia^in and mittiowod til side of TiU'tio Mountain and hevil'H Luko, boini!; liiliiitJii'v to Lake Auassiy. iiy tlie .Slicyonne, It'll \ foii>|i:eui'iis portion ot llii> moraine was » xaiiuned m se \g 111. two li ilirer iniK's west o| tlio middle of Pelican J-al- l!l,T.4, ;. llelV lil.TilIiii' hills rise Id 111 tlu feel almve the ,ij;eneral level, their top> ji 1;'. T. (, H, 111, \V«>' nf i'lU-iiQ Lii'«('. iiiiiir ."i.'iK til 1,')7.") feet ahiive tlio m A lieaiitiful lakelet, almut a tor 111' II mill' loiii;' and ^aill to Inive a depth of fourteon t'eet, is li\- these liills near the center of the section. Tiicii" material vi'i'V ^'I'li^i-'ll.v lilf ""' watiM' wiirii, alioiit half of tlio small rock iilso contain- frei(iieiil, li'iii'i 'llU'llt^ •iiu'eriiiiite am I half imoslolie It lliiii iiiiwlit're ahiindaiil, _i;raiiitie hoiildeis up to two or three feet in lliiinu'ioi'. IimI/iiiu'- This till, like that of the Hat country north and northwest Valley, and of the Tin'or llilU hoyond, inidud Illy a very • rtioii of t^ravi'l from the Fort I'ierro shale. Those roujjilily .'iihir hill- and hillocks occupy a width of a half mile from oast to IMIKUI nriv nvfji 111 >>'!■ r.i, and extend more or less nolicoablo in a iiarrowei bolt |iilic -iiiith-MHithwest at least ti\e milcH. Toward tlii' nortli-north- >!. be\iiiiil an interval of one mile ol' the plain like that on each side, [iinM>tiii,u' of !' slightly iiiidulati In hillork- and short ridn'c- lioet of till, the iiioraii 10 reajipoar; 20 to III feet luL lot'ominii' iiio-t hiMiiiiiit'iit 111 sec. .il of this lowiishi ■ar the verije of the soutli- Miilf of Pelican Lake. (rC'ii'i'ii Within live miles northward from the north end uf i'olicaii Lake, |bi< iiiniaiiic i- typiially ilovelo|ied anuind Poor's Lake, consisting of jTi'uuliuly urouped hills, knolls and ridge- of till, rising 50 to 100 it itl'i'vc the intorvoiiing hollows, to l,.")r)0 and 1,(!00 feet above the Notiiian'.- Hill in sec. l.'i, T. ti, R. Hi, i- oi'e of its outlying knobs til. iltlK' iKll th. On th e sou tliwo-t -ide of this morainic bolt, Lookout llU III yxm .-CO. '2. T. fi, li. IT. atl'ords a tine [irospoct of JV'lican and other Lang's Valley, and the flat jilain that rise- thence slowly tlie Turtle Mountain. The morainic tlrift lioro spreail over the West p:irt of ~terM part of the Tiger Hills gives to this range more knoUy and ''ie'l'i>-'ir H ikon outlines than along most of its extent larthcr east, where its piuuleil iiiiLssive hills ol Cretaceous -lialo are only oovorinl by a soino- fiiii! siiiiioih sheet of till that commonly varies from a few feet to \u II K iLArlAI, t-AKK A(1AS>I/. IN MANITOHA. Iwiiily I'tct ill lliifUiit'H"'. Ill cniiiiawl with lliis, aluiii,' il iiiiiiiiiiiif |iiirlii)ii ni' till' 111111(0, oxii'inliiit;' frniii X(tlinmi'« || l'(t()i'> Liiko wi'Hi-iKirtliwo.xl aiTONN llu- SniiriM. tlu« lliicki Wi'-toil ill llfrl "f tilt lli'lwoi'll lillllV'.' Vnlli'.v I III! lircifory's mill' lil drift pitilmhly iivonijio MIO to I.')!! toot. Tlio road tVom Laiiiivaio |M)>t ntUro. in liiiiiir's Vallo}-, tn i;iv:.',,iv, iiill on the Sniiiis, livo iiiilos tn till! north, ci'd^Hos this inniainii' i,,;. lit' llio 'Tijior IlilU, wiiioh tlioio is ihi'oc In tl)ar niiioH wide mikI im.^ siii'liico of mil' y hills ami -hdn ridj,'os, with tyiiical iiioraiiiii' ii,|||,,ii|. lisiiiM' ill cli'vai II- iiinsily I'd i.i .')() feci ahovc iho intofvonih^' ,lo|,|v,. » Tiifor llili. sioMs. it i- a half inilo cast iVoni this mad lo the lop i>| the HjhTl'itI lo I'litiio riiiii.'o, aiioiil l.(|.(ii \ (iiiritocut liy llio Suiiris tlir"iii;li lli« TixvT llilL". Hill, whli'h is iho lii;;host |ioiiit of tl ahovo tlio sea. boiiif;' iioai'ly .'!()(» doi ahovo Iiaii;;'s N'nll, hvl Tl,. iii-'i olovatioii of tho roiid on iho wosl is ahmit 1,')!.'.') fool, and of iis |ihioo ono and n half iiiilos north-northwost of this hill, ahoiit I .'iTii i^,. h'l'- ili:iii;iri I'liiv lin,., All tills portion of tho raiiyc is till, but it has lower Imul usually found on nioniinio areas, ihoiiiih thoy are luohaMy In ;is ahiindaiit a- on iho plain MUithward, Siniill rooU fiaunuhi-, i-ni.;; wa tor-worn, aic vrr\' aliiiiidant, noarlv al .\rol laiiii f^'raiiiinid ir|i,.;,i and Pala'ozoic liniosiono in ahoiii ciiual |iio|H(ilion.s. with lil shalo. liOokinu: wo-l norlhwosl from tho lli^- 'l"iy;i'r ilill Ih ill' Ml rollini; iiiorainic hill- sOO n o.Ntondiii!,' ten inilos jdonif the n.iitl;, sido of tho .Sonris at an olosalion •>{' almui l,.'iT'» fi'ol. .Soinh , Soiiris and thonco soiithoa-t lo tho moraino wosl of i'oliran 1, \as t tlat 1 ■sii.'in-i' IS souii risiiii. .wh- ft an ohivation nf ab" 1,47') tool at its Ni'i'i^o lnu'doriiij.': tho Souris and Lan;j;'s N'.illov lo kIuj'] l.TlHMool al tho ui'i'ihorn ha-o of 'I'lirllo .Mountain, whii h |-i.,.' 2,0iHI li'oi or niMi'c in the Mih' dislanco thiil\- iiiilos >oiilli siuiiliui-t In llu itral irl of T. t!, I;. I I wo inilos wo -t of ih.' Hi'^Ti Hill, tho .Soiii'is rut - ihi'iui^ liiat o.Monds lour ii..ii - m :h 111 i- moraino hy a vor\' jiiotiiri'>(|iii' iiorili from il- I'lllmw. Tho -trraiii in 'l.j distanoo ilosci'iid- a|iiiio\inialoly from \,->'>'t to l.i'lO fool aliiiM.'i!;J soa. its I'hanntd hoinu; in many jilaoos ohstriiotod by bouldois liii ImvcJ no coiisi dor.ihlo ahrupt fall. Tho width of tho i^'orirc is a hal I IIUi<''i olio mile hoi woon the tops of ils stoop sidos, whioli rise in llioir hi:;!,. |iorlion .'J.'iH foot frum ihf nvor lo Iho cro-l of tho inorainio rlt. IclTi' -hi inii- ]ilaoos alon^f tho -oiiihfi'n pari ni' tho uori;o iho Fort I is I'Xjioseil by roconi erosion to a hei;;ht of loO loot or more ahdvi river; hut it has only low outoro]is near (irogory's mill at the riui'ilid h()unmoi>lh shoot of till, only roaehing the ii: lying Hhale in a few plaoos, without oiitting 'Icoply into it. Thi- oxi of till lias a descent of several feet t(» the mile, nearly the sanio ;!:• IJII' .■S'HII'is itsi Jiiiartfiii .■i'IJ"ins the clevniion oi l.;(.'i" >iiiriK. i' i' sti'own jti'ii lirl III liann'le Kiiiiii I lie we.st |.i, tlii» in'rainio hi lllill-, li.'iMiiu' throii; |ii|iiiii 11 width of fn jll'Ol ill"i\ I lilO -I'd. li'i.o« III l,ri.*iil :ini! I IniiKi |iniii'iiient olii Ifarllit'i' ir'i'lli and L...T. \ !>'' I"'. \'i ^ivl li'iiiii jlraiidon i .|pit'iiiiii«ly, ha\ il ;i>«i, wliicli is |..'»7,' 1.1 1'ii-iorii ridgo. i Imiki'« liofe friiiii a II l\- Vi'iy >leejl s|upe> :;ii tt'ei aliilii; its |i, a .|i-liily orooko p|iruxiiii.iloly I.'mII If.'iavi'lly drift, pri tiiy jileii one |( Il liii- ridgo. and hi lui tt'itli li'i'iid from li'krs tile prospect (i |ii'i;iiiiie IuimII-, and .- li'Hof l,4,')ll to I,')')!) i!i«i Id west mora "iniiii; eoiintry of list, Iroin I'liimCroe pirtiiii liolia depo>ii, |Oii the imrth sidi I'liiiiK'iitly in (ho w piri-Wdld. The ell! Ifp. iiiaialy or wholl jcireiieral wurfaco oi Mii>t six miio.s nor nnin kuhmathins in MANrrnii.v. :tr. K tlu' S'liiis il.HcIf, lowai'il tin- Asoinihoiiu-. W'ln'i'o iti ^oiillioni vidnltyor aii"ii jpiii' tlio innniiin', in tho vicinity of (irf;,'nry's mill, at lui I I, .'!.'»" ti> ].'i(H) foot iilxtvo llio ht'ii, or iiiL'Kury'j Mill. 150 foot ahovo tlio I tell I''''' i" Kiiiiii ill'' ^^*'^t "'>'! <'•' •''" Tiy:or Hills in llic Hciiitli jiiui n\' T. 7, J{. Iimiiilon IIIlli. 1 1 1 ilii. iii'i'iiinii' licit I'lii'Nos to tlic iioi'tli ami is calluil tlio Drandon t i- stn'Wii willi iniiltitiules ot'^ranitic ImulileiH up tu i'i;;'lit or liaiiu'lor. ii;i\ mu' tlitiMii;-|i tliis iipwnship a rliaructorisiically knnlly contour itliot' tour or tivc miles, willi an elevation l.Jotlto I,.j0t» Hll 11 Wl' el :i 1 11.0 liiivr ilie >ca. Ill the Hoiitlicasl part of T. s, 1{, I'.t, tlio moriii 1,1 |,;'i.'ill ami l,l!lHI feet, atlainiiiLr alioiit the same height as tli no IniiM |ii'>iiMin lit eliislfi' of tliese Mraiiilon Hills, wliicli lies a few miles Ijiirllit'i' ii"i'ili '">'' iiot'tlioast, in tlie ni)i-tlicrii part of sees. '.]], lil', and l>. N'iowed from the Soiiris and Assinil)oiiu« on tho ea>t raiidon on tli>> norlli, this ehi^ter of hills stamls i'orth very ly, havinn' a steop ascoiil of alioiit •_'5(l feot from liaM' to is l,.'>75to l.tiHMoet, apiiroximateU'. aliove tl le sea. Tl 10 ivltpiiii I' Mil.llil'Ullll ;l>.|. \vhi<'li ii^ieiii i'idjj;i'. niniiiiin' to the apex of the aii^le which the moraine lioi'c tioiii a northern to a western course, i^ narrow and hounded Lvi'iv >ii

lope-, having an o>ar lilt. 'Die .surface of this ridi^e consists ll;.'iav<'lly drift, principally not waior-wiu'ii, with froipiont hut not IV pk'iiiifiil houMers u|i to live feet in lieloii;^ to ihc former, '{"he liii^hesl portion ot' tl lllli'ilhli r lie» one to two mile-- wesl-noi Ih st from the hiiihest point as a similar ru I tiii> liil^'o, and seen at that distance it ;ippcai uilli Inii'l troiii ea>t to we-i. Within the ani^lo lictween theso ,;i> ilie |irospect to tho Miiithwest ovi-rlooks a very uuoven tract of Lraiiiic knolU and small riil.i,'es irroifiilarly j^rouped, haviiii;- an tdeva- ,ill.l.")ti to l,.'»r)0 ft'ct. In the norlhorn jiarl of '1'. s, [{. li» and 20, ii'ini lii: roiiiiti'v of iindulatin;j,- till whi(d\ rises westward ; and farther '?i.t'iiim IMum Creek to (iriswoM and the Assiniboine. it is coneealod iiniih delta deposits of mind. lOii tin' north side of the As.siniboino this moraine ai;ain I'is^w \ortii of tho I'liiiiu'iitlv in tho west lisilf of T. Ill, H. 2;5. three to six miles west .Vsaiuibuiiia. [iTi>\ve|d. The channel eroded by the river here is about 200 feot I, mainly or wholl}' in drift, tho river boiiii; about 1,200 feot and L'eiieial surface on each side about 1,400 feet above tho sea. In liii>l six miles north from the Assiniboiiio the moraine attains a I * \ SGe OI,A(M.\I. I.AKK A(i.\SSIZ IN MANITuHA. lu'ighl 50 to 10(1 foot or moi'O iibovo tlic juljoinin^ country, i its iiTOguIiir liills and ridges being 1,ir)0 to 1,550 feot nh le t(i lOVr 111, till I'-i 1 CM Tlieiiee tliis licit of ilrit't hills.'liiiving an average widtl four iniie.s. continues northwest diagoi\aily aeross T. 11, L', 24, ;| . west half of T. 12, R. --'l, and the norlheast iiart of T. IL', h', :;,■, Jij south and west parts of T. l.'i, !{. L'5, and the east half of T. l.i. || .,;" In tlie two townsliips last named its iiills rise HIO to 150 feel jilmv counti'V on the east and west ; anil trmn the name of t ''ti.*! le nvvr \v| intersects it in the north edge of T. l.'!. this ]iart of the Mini Arrow lliiir. known as the Afrow llills. i'arther nortli west, where its eoiitinu; Extent 1.1 the glaciiil recession lutliis luornine. crosses Bird Tail and Snake Creeks, the surliiee, thiuigh iini entl}" iiilly, is rough and unusually strewn with houldei-s. l-lnough of this moraine is thus known to show that at ili< li .1 1 iitioal proii, 1111. its formation the ice-sheet hud so far retreated from its t oriiier ui.'.> boundary on the Missouri Cotoaii as ti> uneover the entire leii<; the (Ju'Ap]>elle and the Assinihoine tor nearly sixty milr> luj, moil th of tliat river, to Oak Lake. Tliesif tlie WwiU. southern bend of the Souris in North hakola to the Assinili.iin,. ;jj| the lower Qu'Apj)elle. .^[ol|ili^■d drift, consisting of stratitied gnivel anil >and, ovi'iiioj;i.{| bed rocks and the till, ami generally forms the surtiue on an eNiti;-:; area about the southwest part of the T.ake of the Woods and iiluiii;:; J{ainy Kiver. Southward similar deposits < >ver large tracts in Mu.i sota. reaching to the lakes at the sources of the Mississippi junl i.r; Leal' Hills, and thence southeastward to Minneiipolis and Saint I'u; 'J'lio contour of the greater part of these dejiosits is Hut or iiiodentic! undulating, and their sui'face varies in height from u few feet t >c:; feet or i-ai'ely more above the adjoining lakes and streams. In > in'iJ Minnesota these tracts of gravel and sand have an elevation that crease> from south to north, bcinir Sii5 to !i50 feet in the vi. iiii:v: M.inneaj)olis and Saint i'aul, rising gradually to 1,'JOO feet in i': tan if about a hundred miles northwest to Hrainei'd, from ].;i50 to 1.500 feet between the Leaf Hills and It; Thence their surface sinks !fo 1.150 and 1,075 feet in the Eainv Hiver and the Lake of the Woods W est of tills liikc i.' I'llVl and sand cover most of tlie , country for nearly seveiity-tive niiks the u]>pei' pai't of the Hoseau, Eat,'and Seine Eivei's, decliniiit: in" It? direction to about HOii feet above the sea. Isforthwestwanl lij conlininiliiin 1 •, , • . 111 .. 1 n 1 . soiitli iiiiii dejiosits continue to a leniarkable gi'oup ot osars and snuill phUi; Minne^'li|.l, anil , j i i 4 --,, 1 «,- /. 1 ,1 norihwcM 10 gi'avcl and sand, between (i)0 and .^7u leet above the sea, -c near Winnipeg. li't'Jtifi miles east-northeust of Winnipeg, of wiiicli Bird's Jlill, I I (lie (';iii;iliaii |,,ii„it cun-piciio Tin's liiMad 1 |,|lll.| i|l>p"Mts o ii(>riinvi'>i aliou liWlll te ihe J{l (Winiiipc:,'. it li \{i- llcll i~ lioi Iwhicli Imve nio- IkiiTlltef the tl ;:il III the undi ri'iiil a~ ;i slice Ij-: tlu'ir clevrttii |j;iiii| iUid l;'I';i\'c1 ■iroi'ii^'i' iliii'lnie: |4iiii til tliiii H'ct a ]i;irl of Imlll the Itiii' lurnier bcin |(iiIr'1' pi>i'liiiii> ; liiiolly ;niil hilly jliiii tl) -OK feet, a li!i','r.iiinii'y. Ill iiiirtly 111' till \v hriicis I'l'-iiMiilie nlii'tii ;uiil are me lliro:!'- (if this mod 1:1- lii'iiiiiilit b\- .- t;mi'iii tiiTiiniula Itil'ininlilie I drift, fli^ii't ridges of livii ln'.iped up w tH-:v -|il<';ii| out I In: |iii\vef, upon |lir Imvi'i- ptirl of Wi'^i I'V I'lnimli tatlhTi'il clay, sai tl'lho ice, I'liring the rap piini'-sivo niorain viiliiMic, and b Inii. >pre;iiliiig ji Irtiiml the ieo-ni; iiavi'l rnd sand. Lv.-.] niUKT FORMATIONS IN MANTTiUtV. 3T E ,le Cuiiii'i"" PaciHc Ruilway, is tlu- most westorii and oml' of tho ,,j„,t roll-piCUOIlS. Tlij, ln'ciiid lioll of country, cliiiractcrized by oxtensivo ,i,'i'avfl and l-ui'l 'li'P '-'t'^ ovcrlyini;- tlio till, I'catdios from south-southeast to north- I |..lnve-.i about four huiulred miles. From Red Lake in Minnesota I ,,,,,. til 1.1 ilii' Jvainj' liiver, the Luke of the Woods, and the vieiiuty of |wiiiiiil>''-- '• "'"^ within the area of Lake Agassiz. On each side Ailjoininearoas |,lii~ lull i~ boi'doi'cd by areas of nearl\' the same j^-eneral elevation ,'i'.:^.jl,ei,u"a Lvlm'li liMvr im>-tly a sui'faee of till ; and it is to be remai'ked that the """■""""' |k-i''ht lit' the tracts of modilied drift and till are alik'e determined liy Idint 111 ilic luiderU'in^,' roidvs on which these superlicial de])osits are j'oa'l !i~ :' ■~beet of slight depth in comparison with tbonaadual change lii; tluii' rk'vation. The drift sheet on this belt, intduding both the Ijaiiil and ura\id and umlerlyin^- dejjosits of till, probably varies in it> |.iver;iu''' 'ldcl:ness tVom ,')(! to 1,50 feet, while its central j)ortion rises I41111 !■> (itiii |(.'et aliovc it> south and north enils. Tlioiigii tlie greater Imii of l'"ili the mnditied di'itt and till have oidy slight undulations. Ilh, roriiu'i' iiciiij,' often nearly Hat ami the latl(>r moderately uneven, ■oilior iii'itiiiHs arc ci-o>sed by moraines wduch have a prominently Itioilv and hilly contour, ri^imj usually li."» to "•') feet, or oct'asioiuUly lliiii I'l JOH fi'Ot. and in tln> Leaf Hills 1(1(1 to .'55(1 feel, above the adjoin- |iii(f(M\iiiirv. Ill >nnie pl.aec- the belts of niorainic hills, con-i>iing lliiotlv III till with aliundant boulders, are bordci'ed (Ui one side by |ti;„t- "I -iratitied gravel and >and whiidi slope slowly downward from tlKiii ;tail arc merged in the extensive j>lains or moderately undulating twi" i'l'iiii> modilied diifi, showing that a ])ai't of the gravel and sand ;iJiiMiii:lit by streams that ilescendod tVom the ice-sheet during the |t:;iir Ml ail iiinulation of its ninraines. ISesicles these overwash slopes |-,„n„g_ i(.fm"liticl di'ifl, the morainic belts often imdude knolls, hillocks, and ili^rt ridges of sund and gra\el, called kdiiifs. which seem to have loiii heaped up whei'e su(d> sti'eams left their icc-walled ( hannels and ni;v ~|ii('ad out more widely, th'"-diy losing their veloidty and carry- piiwi'i'. ii|)on the adjoining land surtiice. These deposits show thai ■ l.iwi'i' part of the ice-sheet enclosed much drift material, deiiomi- liiii.il ly f'liamberlin cnjldcidl (/r/fY, from wiiich tho glacial streams tiilii'ii'd ela}'. sand, and gravel, and s])read them beyond the border It' the ice. Iiiiriiig the rapid melting of the ice in its times of retreat bet ween Ojiirs. ■uiri'ssivo moraines, the glacial strcaiMs attained theii- geatest extent lii'l viiliunc, and l>ro(ight proportiomitely extensive deposits of moditiod liiii. -preading it mainly in plains or moderately undulating tractn kvoiiil the ice-margin, but hero and there leaving prolonged ridges of knivi'l I'ld sand, called ouirs, which were foi'meil in titeir channels iB«l».SH«- :]S E • iLACIAl, LAKE AiiASSlZ IN MAN'ITOIiA. ice-flicct. Deposition of botwoon wiillsof ifc* TluMlistriliiitiitii of tlic luoditicd di'ift, 11,1^ i;,,, . the modified , . ■ 1 1 1 u *• wj ■ i d 1 . n ■ ' drill atlrilmtcii 'ipon lilf^O tniCts aloilg il ln'oiul bolt troill .Saillt I'aul to W iii||i,|^,, convergingiy"^ while it is voiy sciiiitiiy (loveioped on a still widor i'e,i,aoii of Miiiii,s,,i,| the'mcitinr"^'^0'"tJ' 1^'^^^ Mixiiitoba southwest of this boit, and likrwiM. j^ scanty or want inu' on its nortlioast side in northern ^[iniusiiin;,!,! about tlie nortiioast and uofth portions of tiie Lake of tli.' W |. seems to be attributable to i'onvoi;i;ing slopes of the suithic of tl^. ice-sheet and tlie eonseiiiient eonverii'cnce of its eiirrents, which Kioii fljt tin tmusual ann)unt of enu'lacial ilrifl into the ice aloni;- thi^ liclt,;i|,,j by which also tiie stfi'ams produced in its melting Wi're caustil t . 1!,,^ thithef tiom extensive arciis of the ice on the etist and wi^-t, Tl;^. glacial stria> of these aiijoining tireas siiow tliiit on tlio east ihc ciiin^i, of the motion, and tlie descent of the sui'liice, of the ice-shcft wo^. ffom noi'theast to southwest, but thai on the west the glacial euiM;- moved, and the ice suifacc sloju'd, towai'd the southeast. On tln'oi,.- di'ift linu'stone is absent or vei y rare, because no limestone loi'm;uin|v were crossed within sevend hundred miles by that jrirt ol' i!:r j,,. sheet ; but on the west the drift contains mueli tine limestone di.triui., sand jiml gravel, iind I'reiiiient boulders of linu'stone, boi-ne >oiiili,'ii,t. ward from Maiutoba over the Archa-an area of the soiiihwt''i y.m ; the Lake of the Woods, of JJainy IJiver. and of northern and c e'li'rui ^liiinesota. In the same directions witu the slopes of the ire ^iiita... which are known from the courses of the glacial stria' and ilir ti;,];.. | ]tortation of the drift, the streams of the glacial melting llowi-liv. vergently from the east and west, tVom the ice over northern .Miniir>n„ and castei-n .Manitoba on one side, and from that i/vcr the Knl Riv.. Vallry and western Manitoba on the other. towar<'. this belt of jik'ntir,, sujicrticial de]io>its of gravel and sand. Pi'omincnt osars begin at Bird's lldl, the tirsi siation of the r;iii;iili;i;. Pacitic Eailway northeast of Winnipeg, from which it is se\cii im; . di>tani. iind extend thonee seven or eight miles east-norilica,-t ni.l ;, e(jual ilistanco -"Oiithcasl. The southern and southeastern porlinn i| this group conij)rises many low ridges of gravel and sand tive to tiltioj] ti'ct high, trending from norlhwest to southeast ; idso sdiihwi,;,- rounded mounds, as Oak Hummock in the 8. K. \ of sec, iL'. T I!, R. 4 I']., which ri>es about thirty feet tibove the adjoiinngcounlrv, w:::. its to|) a|ipro.\imatcly >iln leet above the sea; and occa>ioiiaiiv :. massive and conspicuous hill, as .>r.oose Noso in sees. 2!» and lie. T. ii Group of osar: northeii.«t ol Winnipeg, •Tlie ili.-criiiiiiiiitinii of the two cliL-isi'S of itriivcl ami saml li t'osits iiiiiiRMl llius /,■« -.• .r.l| iiKiir- was iidviioiitcil by W. ,1. .Mc(!ue in llio Hi'porl of llic IntcrniiiLorril ii\'olo(.'i.-iil Ciiiiim'.i sei'ond ses.«ion, BoiiloKiie. ISHl , p. (il'l ; ami hy T. ('. Chainljerlin, in the Tliiid .Vnniial Hc|-r! fl the r. S, (ifolonioal Survty, for l^^si-^o, p. t'.ili, and Am. .lonr. of SciumM', III. vol. x\r;,| May, 18^*1, p. .'Wi. I'ri-'-iJi'.nl Cliamliorlin slio\v< thai llio jailer leini, in this .Vnnlici'i'l f'ri,| has long lieen in coiDmon use hy .lackson, IlilchiNick, iiesor, .Miirohisou, and other wriiiTii. Irift, ihi^fnim; ll l'> \Villlli|IO>r, II ol' MintiiNita. UkI likt'wiM. i. Jliniu'siiia ;ii,,i of til.' \V,i,„i, .-iirliirc of til,. , Wllicll I'hMl^rli; 'X tlii> l'0ll,;iii,l > CilllSt'il to tlirtv iiml wrM, Tit oast tllC I'dllix; ! ice-slirt't woie jflarial riirivi,' o\ lii ini';. rlln'a,-t iwAu t'lMi |iiiiiiim 1 1 1 live I" tilii'.nl also S()lllrwi;;i' sec, \-i.'\' :i\ l;' country, \vi::, (ircasiiiiially ;. and ;in. T, '.; UCil tllU- ill . '■ ili| (icMl..|;i.;iI Ci.iipH iiil Aiiiiiiiil H.|.r! (I li,l', 111. M'l. XM'J I hi,- Anuli''!"'! ' '-\ .[ (itlipr wnitT?. SECTIONS ILLUSTRATING THF REPORT ON THE Glacial Lake Agassiz in Southern Manitoba. BY WARREN UPHAM. Till BcACH Gravel and jano .\re» uf LaJie AjaMlx TlLL.SLIGHlLV tROORO. Fi jj. I . Typteal Srttton aciwu a tnrh Rldgr < ' LiiK» AJansiz . ■ "' "■ scAie OP rcET. :d 1 1 Is] ^ '1 I I I I |U ' ? I I „^ ToKTPumst !K,itt..uMci:nu.N flTTHt -^ ^-*i'-tt^;_:^ -..t- i==T»™„,. .,^__ 4 lis p NlomiftAUMCSra,,! AnuS;A;r AND TMt Fort IftNTON IMALt ■ -,- ^-W--^' .fcjoi" '!"*' S-- "• ' '•• gi P . "a.- g-i Kijf.J. ""fitioii across Ihe Aisliiiboliie DtHa from Brandon to Portajela Prairie. " '^ HohizoHT~ ;_/»' e or milcs' 5 - s s I e I i I '^^} m if: > ji I ! I AsSINiBOiNt DCLIA L'MCITOftr A»J&Sm*ic Af ^p-To'^f B thTQHJMALt.- - ' "^ iS^^"^ " '■ '"-■■"^*^=^^ Fi)J.:\ Section lt. thr south aide of ToM*mhip^ IS. Raiif^«13an€lll,b«twefn Ardrn aiut Gladstonf. - ^, ^x I ^ . ;^ ^ i i i Pembina Mountain ■ ^-^^^ 3^ 2 ft :^ co/NDintAjy.rjY^^'niC NiOftTAiA.-.AhftF'TcKTrBENibw-roKMATigN't.r HOIUZONJM tCALC OF MILKS. I np 1 1 1 f li I I I uhn I i i J; It J I i t^Vfirttt.DkMJXl $ I It i\-i. S«dioii aL'ras.s Rangei 6and ), nine to trii inilu nurtN of tlu> I iiteniationaJ Baiuidary. ""'t •«<' \Wi fMi*L.« Ih' ••• Till HOIMlOnrAL iC*L£ tr MILtS. Pembina Mountain » ^.. EscAiirMtNr, I5110-III0 3 IJ 11 F«i»iv«f^ 5",,^ypi»=Ev ap*^i Kiif.S. SectUai uii thr liiUrnntkmal Boundary, RanfjiiB 6 and i ElevaUon.tlK'ia siofMi »bo\-» thena m#S-L^ HOKIIONTAL ICALl OF MILCi. L.tuiii,iNSI r^^^^--^ ":.'^, Tiir ■ -^'f rniutnl twnkliirt, up to ■* or lOfeel m Ws^in; ai» -,-s» , — , „,_^ IxfrrT^.'t^— ^. 'Cwail 0«A>ii a>o So >illT3hil X,tV.[ .. Till' lAAICUtAAlf 'NrtAKIJOCO. t'il^.G. SrcUon of BirdVi HiU.Mven inUes northtait of Winnipeg. <^'.'Sanp, I llill '^ '"*' '"° f°°° MCMUXoMnu (CAic Of ^rfr. S.E. I, '. .-.».] ii ^ !•' wiiicli ,,i„iirv ni'iiimd i„irili,iii ••'"••'^- •' !;. I Iv. lliiiiiigl: i;, ,'i \\. :lii'^>' '1' ,„n, iiiilo wiJo, alu.ve till' .-^ea ivliicii nil ilio no .,,,,1 tblll' iiiilos 1 ;i::;iiii v\>' ill 1)1; oiilmiii:iiiii.i; ill < ;il«)Vo iIk' som. o, \\\v mik'-^ (lislai: ]„i,eii of n'ravcl ,leiii)>ii> lorinod lioiwei'M wallH () w! -c moitiiig- 1 ii'n'iy >t''T ^l<'i tin' iMin|ik'lii)ii ,lo|"isit>. tliey s;i ,liT|i: aiiii the ii I Kiirliiir woro I In ! -'Uilnvc-i, tlioy :,'iii \« T'iii foot J lih.y :irt' C'oimec .:!iiil uiiicli roao I ff.iinls MMil into .\ll ill^l I'Mclivi 1 01 ii~ i;'i"ivel aihl iV.itn tin' railwa, I liiill mill: m)u|Ik', ilif iilatcaii (if se ;i iialt'ot'a mile; |;i liiilc I'i'iilll tlic I hiiii iliat oxteiK [is 7')'' ll'<'l. ami ( has a broadly [lis iiiii'ilu>rii slo]i in;' ill width iVo lihii'ly li'd. Till Im'sl of the l.ill. i;i'|iiisit is soon tc hu'l'ljlo.s and rocii IIRIKT FORMATIONS IN MANITnliA. !l E ) 1'.., '.vlii('l> P''o,ie('ts 8i\ty feet abavo tlio :i\oriii;'C of ihc iioiirly flat dUIlil' m' V ,11111111(1 it, risinji; to about S4(l feet above tlio sea. Toward tlio •J and ;J(i, T. 11, R. t K., and a-,Min from hcc. 2, T. \2, licli a distaiico nf four tnilos oast-nurtlieast to soi-. !>, T. 12, ill, 111 MH'S. V. .\\i, tlin>i i;. ■' \:,_ ;lii'si' deposits of gravel and sand t'nrni plateaus a half mile to lilo wide, trending from west to oast, elevated Si'o to S5(l feet ilmve il"' '*^^''^ '^"'' "**' ^" '"'" ""' "^^ ^'-'^'^ above the adjoining low land, which "11 ilio ix'i'tb is a spruce and tamaraeU swani]) about a milo wide (illO ;ii,il four 11)1 it'aiii ri> ciilmiii:ili'i los long from east to west. Next lo the north, these osars tlateaus, ridges and h ills in sees. 10 to T. 12, R. .-) K alnivo I lie g in Gritlith's Hill 'n the N. K. \ of see. l!", about S75 feet i;t, or a little more . .an a luindred feet above the railwaj' twoiiul^'- lii-tant on the west. This wiiolegi'oup of elevations is eom- ivel and sand, irregularly beddeil, whieh apjiear to be iineit> lo lioiwecii alls of ice and were Ir.reand there divided bv'ico is lands aiflv meltin. >tct •ft til ese hi I di. )l;itt iiMl i)l;iteaiis houinlod iiy model |i slo])es and sepaiated by inlorveiiing de|U'essions. With <, the (Miiijiletion of the melting of the iie about and beneath tin il.inergeiu'C liiike ,it>. tliey sanii UIK to the bottom of Lake Aga>si/., hero about 5(1(1 feet I the infreciuent boulders that are found seattered upon their )])ped from floating iee. Toward the north, west, and ,Hiiihui'>i. they are boumli'd by the flat plain of' the Jiod b'iver \'alley. •'iiitd Tilii feot above the sea ; while toward the ea>t ami soutlieast Anil:^:^iZ. siiriiiiv were d tli.\ lilt' eoiineeteil with plains and undulating tracts of gravel and :iii.l which reaiow and gradi \',hA< Mild into .Minnesota. ascent to the liakc of tin. ,\ii iii>liiiclive .'•eriion o f H 11(1 Hi! has been made in the exi'avation 01" It i,n;ivel and sand for railway ballast. Thi> mas • i\-e osar ex toiuh Bir.l'.s Hill. linin the railway station about one mile ea>t-soiit beast and thoneo a liiih mile >outhi'asf. beyond whieh it is connceted by a low iddge with ilu' iiliitcau of sees. ;{,") and '.U'l. T. 1 1. I{. I !•",. Its width is a (Quarter to a iiall'iil'a mile ; and its Maximum height, one third to two thirds of aiiiilc iimu the station, i> J') to fid feel above the rai Iwav and the fiat lUill ihai extends thence west. 'I'he elevation of JUrd's Jli station i'')\* feet, and of the crest M' this hill S(|."» to ,Sl(t feet above the sea. ; has a broadly rounded top, with gentle >lo]ies on all sitles. Along ii;s iinrlhein slope an excavation roaches tl.cee fourths of a mile, varv- iiii; ill width from te!\ to twenty-live rods and in dejilh froi.^ (onto ihiily Icct. 'I'he top of the excavation is about twenty feet below the cii'st of the 1.111. Ah tiuis exposed to view, the greater part of this i;i'|io>it i> seen to be gravel, mindi of which is vei'v coarse, containing f all sizes up to ime and a half feel in r^ 'bU's and ro(Mi tragnieiits o 40 V. (il.M'IAI. LAKE AiiASSIZ IN' MANITOBA. Mfi" "f till iiul'i'ililoil i Stnivu Bf'Ulfl'T-' (liainelcr. iiiniiy of tlio siiiiillor lioini;' well I'lmiidcd, luit tin mostly jiiiniilar willi only .slii;iit iimrks of wiitor-woarini;', portions near tho west oml of tl'ift section no interlieiidini;' ol III M lllc an il tiiKT layers of the torrential osur gi-avel is nolieealile W i'll!l|\^.|, I' '''11 lect oi' more vii'tieaily. the sjiaces lietween the lar^c stones ani| co],! )ein!' tilK'il witii avel and sand. Iniliedded III ilii< coai'^ torrmiai o-ravel on tli( ith Mile ti le e.xcavation I no ted i I ina.ss of till, imstratificil lioiildcr-clav enclosin>r ^'lavel and hoiilders matrix of soincwliat :an( Iv (dav, \vlioll\- iioiinded l)\- di "I'iiiiaiy ill ;i H)\v\ Unite 111 'in '•n loM aii.l irregular oiitlino. its dimension vertieaily being ahont t its iengtii twenty leet. \o other mass of till, cither of small or |; size, was observed in lliis entire seetion. It probalily wa.s dciivcil the drift that w; itained witliin the i-'O slu'fl and linalK' it> surtaec wlien tlio grcalor jparl ol tin IWhU ii^'e iVnlll "\''r-piv;,,l ne-sot I hi' ici^ \va- iiicltoj. From a siicel of ilritt thus dt'imsitecl on tin' ice that t'ornu'i liii :iiil{ )fthe -1, irial iivi'r. tins mass may have liillen into its ehaiin T ea>tern half ol' the seetion im iiides miudi linr gravel and saiiil larl\- interliedded, and along a coiisidcralile e.\ti>nt there tin' smii of the e.Ncavation from ten to twenty feet lielow its top i^ Pala'ozoie limestones make up aimul three cpiarters of tiio le iri'c:.'!!. I M^ ;ir ^aiij ;'r:i\i II, remaimlcr heillL Arc! la'aii j^ianites, gneiss and sclii>t.- ^eino iw. Iiundred bouldi'rs wi lounil tion oft! am 1 tl ih attereil upon tiio area of ihecXi r;iv;i- lev oeciir with iiea lis noiiiierii M' )f tl le 111 rly tl II, le same frei|iu>ney on other iMirim but are rarelv found on it lis iim aiil sdiithern slope. Tl ley vary in size from two to eight or ten icin in •th nearl\- a 11 .\it1 to live feet in leimlh, the irravel ftiid sand of th la'aii. lull a few o i- I'al eo/oie lil IK'-liille, 11 were ohservei d. None were seen enclosed will; and the workmen informed t\w tli thev oeeiir onlv on or near the surf; ice. This hill was eoveii.' lrn|„,c.|nr L-ii-e Ay,'as>iz. and its I fl(i:itiiii.' ice. loimiers were (li>u btl ess dropped oi' siiai from lierg.s and floes on this lake, before the border of the iet'-shcei h; retreated from the vicinity. Indeed, the occurrence of the liouM,' ehietly on the northern slope Heems to indicate that tlifv we 1 It re in'i>iiv ^tranded thert' while ice vet remained beneath t PS ( ejiosit uiid |)i Thickne?. nf thi vented its entire submergence in tlie lake. The thickness of tli Its rehitiiiii I «ar 11 "l is at least nearly loO feet; tor a well 15 feet deep, dug at the Imt' tlicuiMurj.iiii of the e.xcavation was whollv in the same tbrmation of gravel iiiiJ uf till- till. d. It thus known to extend considerabl}- below the level ot the J{ed Jviver \'ailey plain, whicli consist.s of fluvial and lacusliit IC clilV nnderlain at a slightdepth by till. A section across tlieosar and iiiaiii would show till abutting upon the edge of the gravel and ^and, iiulicit- m l; that both the ftti'Utitied vniw and the upper part of the till wuie formed from englacial drift. 1 DRIFT FORMATtONS IS MASirOBA. tl E SiiKillii' usiir . I'J ainl 13, 1^ I !•;., lonosirs I lotwont'. miles northwest of W'imiipoi;-. licgimiiiii;' alidiit linoc miles \(-'[nnjpp*'"' o.t of li'"S-'t''"i " Tiarriiw and oceasinnally inleri'iiiited belt ni' osai' ,,,,,vi'| ;iuil sand, with fVei|iiont boulders scattered on the ^urt'aco, 1 .xteii'l- li'iiliwest diai^onully aeross sees. 10. lU, and liO. the noi'theasl ,„,in,|. ()!' -ee. II', and the southwest part of see. .'JO, T. I'J, and theuee ;^stnMril ilii'ough sec. li.') of the ne.xt townsliip. It.- higlnvst jjortiuns ii<,'t(Mi t" twenly-tive feet above the depressions ot' the moderately im.liiliiliii-;' -ui'faee of till on each side, and are "^nO to Sin feet al).>vo ill,. ->';i. Ailing a distance of about a tbii'd of a mile in sec. oO it has ;jn. toriii :uid eharaete.' of an ordinary beac h rid^e and is de.-tituto of |i,niMer>. A similar low osar crosM-s sees, lii and 1 1, T. l.J, trending |„viiii Miiiiiieast li> northwest ; and othei's occur in the vicinit\- of the |(i,.,isrio 1-le. a name applietl to poplar ;;riivfs in soi-. 17 and 1>^ of this ;owii>hil' Jmil '1 •'*"''•'*• J- """' '•' of the ne.xt wot. Ki,iin till' east part of the (irosse Isle a notable o>ar, Icnowii !i> iii,r„s'. Ri,ij,e. IJliini-'" I'i'lge, runs north-northwestward across sees. 'M> and 31, T. !.'). ; 1 i;, I'ive miles west of Stonewall a -I'ltion of thi- little bcatdi-like I, ijre \v;i~ made in'scc. 'M by tiie (U'iginal line of the Canadian Pacific };;iihv;iy. whit'h was abaiuhined for tiie more southern route by way of JWiiiiiil"::. The osar is cut to a depth ot' eight feet by the railway and |),ii\vi'lvi' leet in an excavation on the >outi» side ot' the railway Lfrade. l.\ Will in the lowest part of tbi- excavation goes four feet deeper, |tli;it i-. -i^^'eon feet below the ere>t of the riilge. Tlie entir(v-.ei/tion j(oii»isi- lit' -tratitied gravel and sand, extendnig eight feet above and ! l,>:i>i :i- lar below the general level of tlie tidjoining surface, and the ^i-iMe width of the dejiosit is about thirty roiU. How much deeper lii!ii;i\ exlend, perhap- with increasing width, is iindeterniined. ll- Uiivel, wiiieh is nearly all limestone, contain- j)eiibles uj) to -ix inches idiaiiieter. Xo boulder- occur in this excavation, and they aie rare jiiiii ilic -urt'ace of tbi- and other sU(di comparatively broad and biL^h iiitidiis lit' this osar, none being -ometimcs seen along a distance (>!' ■ivoi'mI I'oij-; but in its narrower and slightly lower jjortion-, as traced liiit- Mniiewhat crookeil course northward through the next one and li,ill' miles, it often is lound to lie spriidvled with t'leipient boidilers 111)1.1 three or four feet in diameter, mostly Archa'aii. 'I'hey appear ^,^,j|„|pj have iicen stranded as at B' Ts Hill, immediately after the ice-wall- '"^"'''«"- liirlosiiiLi' the osiir wert' melted or even during tiiat ]irocess, and bel'ore llif Mirliing of the ice umk'r tliis gravel and sand alloweil the water of lake .\ga-si/ to submerge the more massive portions of the ridge. ■iiili ;! -mall depth of water, probably not more than tliirty or tifly ttrtat the most, would be required for this; and afterward the melting lie underlying ieo gave to the lake hero a depth of fully r)(Ml feet. 42 E (ILACIAL T.AKK AOA'^SIZ I.N MANITnllA. Fi'.rtlior lo the iiortli tho osai- sinks or is inor;^od in tlio luoloiatelv uncluljitiiii,' till wliifli tin'rc foi-nis tiio siirfiU'o. Tiio froi nf this pec'uli:ir ridijfo, apiiroximaloiy Sdtt to ^n,') I'oi'I above the st-a, lllllllllat^,^ tliroe to five foot witiiin sliurt (listanet's, not sliowing so iiiiK'Ji u^j. lormity in olovatiou and diiTCtne^s in its coursu as ai'o fliaraiii.pisti(. ul lioacii ri{i!.'c- ; and it is tlic only instance obsoi'ved in ail my c>;|ilni;,. tion 01' Lake Ai^assiz wIkmo a ^'ravei tormati'in nearly n-.('miiliii.r;i beach liears bouldei's on its .■-iirtaeo. Not a single boulder luiv Iji.^.,, anywhere Ibnnd on <>{' this lake ; nor have omiv, like the Ihrd'- Hill group or like these nl'snialler>ize and nmic ^tlvam. like eourM'< been obst'rved by me in any ntber ]iart of this laiiMiint. area, excepting the vicinity of lied Lake in Minnesota. Ilin (i,;,ij iloubtless exist here and there thrimghoiit the belt of niodilinl ihif- that extends ujion this area tVoin IJeil LidvO by the Lake of th'- \V \. to Bird's Ifill and l^uriis's IJidgi' ; and probably they cunliimr imiil,. | n.irtliwc^ierlv upon the eountrv between Lake Winiupeg an^l Sjio;,! Lake. JIi,hects of both the earlier a/i.i iati.;' | e])oehs of glaciation, ilrninage Iroin the icediorder in niai:y plan., flowed in .■hainiels t'rotn whieh the streams beeiime turned \>y \y\ slopes of the land into more norihciii courses wiien this was periuiltil by the fartiier reii'cat of the ice. Where the slojie is southwarl, I'to • li'ainagc' I'rom the melting ice tooi< place along the jiresent \allt'v-.| and these were partially tilled with molitied drift. remnant> of whidii form teri'aces and plains on each side of the jiresent streams. I!ir, "i, areas that sloped more op less directly toward the receding ice Imiili'r, the >!rcaiii- oi'thiit time eroded ehannels which wore abamloneil wlh|. lower outlets were uncovered. Because ot' the large sujiply of waiei'l from the glaci.al melting, some ot' these i-iver-courses becaino cnn-l spinious topogi'apliic featuri's, ;is noted by l>a\vson,-i- Mc('omK'll,v anil Tyriellj' in various jiarts of the region beiween Lake .Vgassi/. aiiil thJ |{(nky .Mountains. On a -loiie nearly parallel with the retirinu' i' border, the dcseited river-eourses were seldom the outlets of lalir^fi;! considerable size; but where a lar^'c area was inclined towiiirl liiej ice-sheet, it was covei e 1 by an expanse of fresh water, formed by tiifl streams that flowed down fiom tlie melting ice surface and ovcrtliiwi::'| across what is now a line of water-she 1 between great drainage bu-iij- * Kci'iirt on the 'iculotiy ami Hescmroi's nl the rcuinii iji tlif vicinity ul' ilic I'lirly-uii,!! I'liralli'l, |i|i. :;('i ;-2ii.'i; (icdluKiciil Survey ul' Canmlii, liepnrt of I'roKro?- for l'*SJ-H,'!-^l, p. ■* :ie<.ln(:i,Ml Survey of Curnola. Aiihiial HciH,rt, vol. i, Inr lSH,i, pp. 21 and 74 ('. J 1)0., Ann ml Kcporl, vol. il, l.,r I'-^'s pp. i;;, 4"i E, and 14'), ICi E. t.AKE AdASSIZ. hi' luoilonitolv 1 t^l'll, llll.llll;,t^,^ ; wo iniii'li mij. clii(r!iii,.|>tj(. all iny on|i1ov;i. ly rcsi'inliliiijr;, (uldor liii> bciMi Mor ii;i\e osus 111 nidi-c >tri'aiti. this la'u,triri(, otii. l>m (i>aij ;' inoditinl iinf> ,0 of thr \V,i.,a. (.'iiiiliiiur iiiir;|,. ipeg lui'l >lin;ii ■ai'licr ami hh': in many ]ii:iic. : ItllMU"! I'V ilk' ,S was pCI'Illitlrl soutliwiirl. tree I present valleys, lIlitT\t> o|' wliith I'oanis. 1)111 n!| I inij irr lidi'il, lianildiiril wli ii|il)ly "f watc;'! s lii'canu' C'lPi-l ^lc'< 'iMini'll,; anil Ai^assi/, aii'l tlK'l u' fi'tirin;,' ill- tlets I't' li^l^l'^of| neil toward tiiel , luruH'l by iiie| aiul ovcillowi",; ilraiiiau'o lia»iii-. V ul' the ri>rt.v-iiiMli| 1 74 C. nil til III'' itiniie liv tlio natural ^'()po uf tlu' land. i.ake A^'assiz \va> the ■l' tlit'.' higher lo\vl> tl'''l" K'V ff;ir' now, dcteiiiLined hy the elevationu of the outlets throiiuli tiu'ii tloweion of the ice-sheet wiiieh was its northern barrier, as the .Itliat i-ecession are shown b\-the successive terminal moi-aine- Minnesota, South and North Dakota, and Manitoba; to ob-ervi f the lake itself which are i-ecui'iled in itssuccossive beaches ; the ('oiilcMi|)oraneous history ol the j^lacial lak'es mi the ■e outflow by the .Shcyonne, I'embiini, and As>iniboine "!ii;iry oI'iIk lii-lnry 1)1' l.nk(' |,i„ii:.'lii laiiic deltas into the western edge of Lake Agassi/, and spi'cad ,|. «ils o f tine silt i>\er extensive areas , cue o a'liti t' which reached from central and western ^liionol'tlii' .NIinneM)la li)l)i' "t lIlL' icusliL'i't I mm DcJ .Mu al Iowa. This Minnesota lobo in its maximum extent endei i.,ar I'e- Moines, ami its margin was mai'ki'd by the .Mtamoiit moraine. :la' tii>i and outeriiiost in the series ot' eleven distinct marginal I.) Mf llille : III tlic ilic- 111' tills c|i I nv'i'ii ;lie H'lMiiu whi( h ai'i' recoirni/.able in M lliliesota. \Vh I or (iarv moraine was lormcd, it terminated on the south at Mi iii'i"ii \Mi 'e in Hoonc ( 'oimtv, Iowa. At ihe tinii' of the third or iii|ii|ie moraine, it had fai'ther retreated to iM)rest City ami Pilot |M''::iiiI in Hancock County, Iowa. The l()urtli or Iviestt'r moraine was '1 when the southei'ii extremitv of th )be had retreated tlie iiith line of Mimi'-^ota and halted a few inile- fioiii It III Fii't'l"irii and Karibault Counties. Th e lifth Ol' M \siaii moraine, cro-v- iillicrn J.,e rfiieiir County, .Minnesota, marks the next halting- .ai-'i' et' ll le ice. the time ot' formation ol' thetifih moraine, the iili end ol' the icelobe had been melteiivk a iuindred and eighty liailo I'roin its farthest extent, and its southwest side, which at liist ri'-ii'.l (111 the cre~l of the (.'oleau des Prairies, had rt-tireil tliirty to C|iiini;i' Level t)f the (ireat I,alKre!. C. Wliitlli'scy, " Ou lllirFrfth-iviilir (ilai'liil l)rirt ol tlu' Norlliwe.'^UTii Stale)'." IS(i4, pp IT-'J'J, in ,Siiiilli>oiiiaii Cmi- iiti.iM-. vi.l. XV. J .>i. .Newl.erry. in Report ol' ttie (!eolot.'ical Survey of Oliiu.vol. ii. 1874. lit Hi-ii'i, with tliree map) i.il.-, Tnii,-. nl tlie (ieii), Soe. (.f Eilinbnrtrh, i8S7. Tlie I.alie Age in Oliin," by E. W- t'layi :o!e, pp.4'.', will', four •n E ilI.Ari.M. r.AKK AdASSI/ IN MAMTiillA. rill \ 111 ill'- Id the casl siilo of l$ii; Stt)iH' LaUo :uil ^'c'liu\v .Xft'iliciiH' (''iiinlv, .Mill I) >w\ , iiriiiir it> iioNt ^tii'jt' uC ico-lnln) was mt'lti'd away f'ruiii ilio wliolo of Ll> Suour Couiilv, umij Miiitlicast extri'iiiity wii- withdrawn tn W'aconiu in (,'arvi'i '•'■'"■:it llii IN mntv, ( ' wIk'I'i' it aicaiii liallcij, foriiiiii -IXlll III' VVi K'oiiia inoi'iii ■t I'lid I'osti'd on Ivaiidivolii Cniintv, I'rojpablv lav lilt. y\y all „f the soiiilicni half of Minnesota was at this tiino divested ui' it< iiiaiitle. wiiiU' iicai'ly all of the iiortiiern half wasstjll ice-eovoii'd. it- next m-js-ions the irlarial iinrdci' was withdrawn to tlu' fii;lit! I or ict, and nnriliwiM, n di-taiice nt' about lifty miles, and markiiin' tlie snuthern limit- ni ii,;, ici'-lolie when it terminated half-wav heiween the sniith and ii,i|i. I lord Cl'' if .Minnesota. Tl 10 >iith lart t if Lake .\> ■iissi/. I'lnl,;,!, ■eiraii In he iiiieovered hy the retreatiii!^ iic-heel lietwccii il> -t:i;' niiiiked liv till' W'aconia and !>■ ivre iieirames; ai'.i I tl akc iciicl iiortliward fnun Lake Travei-e Inn id r_','> miles alnii;;' the lied ]{ \'alley wh.'ii the l-"erL;iis l''all-and I, eat' itilN moraines wore lu lited." MM iver ruimi. (In t: le WL'.-t sji le.if i. as-i /. the i>akuta loin- ^f th troni ii- iniictiiin with the Miiiiic-iila near I ho head "t iL; the Coteau de- I'laiii tweiit\-live mile- wc-t of Lake Tra ver-i,' ;i!i Mi'own'- \'allev. at lii>t reached alHuU ■_'iiii miles -cuith -ilon'' t I'' vaiii'V tif till' .lame- I)akiita iiiver tl) Yankton and the .Missdiii'i; imi II Wll :'i':idii ill\- diminished initsexti'iil until, at tholinu'-iif tci'inaiini, , til. Kiester. Klvsian, Waeonii aiK I J)( )vie mnraiiK" Vv tin: ici-slici't ill .''^uiilli and Xorlli l):iki.iii froi iif ii'Iaiiicd its loliati' mitline. While th It nil lllll;,'f;' mnraines were heiiiii' liiiiiii'i in .^lillne-|p!a, ilie smith westi'i'ii lii)iiiidaiy •<{' the iee-heei in Soiiihiin! 'vai'k'i.Vn N'ortli l>akut.i jiassed i'rom the vicinity nt' l!iu' Stone Lake and Lai; III xMi' 111 Iie\ il': Travi'i'se niu'thwesterlv al oil!,' nio raini' helts tlial havo b leeii ti':iri..| llii'oii''li .Sai'irent, I'ansom. I^aine-, and (iriirits Counties, North I>: IK"! a. d I i\' the Miiii'i'L'- if tl anil and She\enne Uivor? 1) laier sta-es re)ire-entod by the l-Vr^iis I'alls and Loaf Jli in-lli;; I;,.; nmraiiH., the Dakota ice-f ront a|ij)eai'> tu liave bceume ai,'aiii loliate, ex from the we-t -In ire o t' liake Ai^cas-iy ml h ward and then w lomlii estwiip; and noi'tiiward, belwcon the lake area and the .Sheyeiine Uivor, tn ilifj ]iromiiient and ty]pi('al morainos that arc found south of S;iiin|i :iiiil I'evil's Lakes, on iho Bii;' Bulto, about Broken Mono Lake and iioiili.| * Fur ili'tuili.'iliicscri|ition!i of tlicao moriiiiie:ct inthi^iStr KC'i' iJ(>()liji;y nf .Minnt'iuta, vuls. i and ii- Wji'il. and on ,|i,.,,o iiiiiraiiiei l.AKK .\r tin' ill' slu'e!. 10 llC'inl nf llif !• 'l'r;i\ rr-c ;rr, iIdIIl;' tlh' Mlll.y iiiri ; Imt ii wif j iif li>riM;ilin|i , ■i, it II" I 111 !:.'(.•;■ I ■O lll'illi:- lill'lllnl I I'l in Soiiili Mil! Lalio ami Luk- VO Ih'OII II'MilmI , Nortii l»iiknia,| IS. Diii-iii;: il.i Jliils llliM;iili'-.| iliatt', oNiomiiii,'! ilic'ii wosiwiinil no Rivor, tn tlie| 1 of S; II in 1 1 iiiii jako iiinl iHMili-l eu-slu'et iiitliisStrf' Will'il I oil Tiirlli' .Mouiitiiin. In tlicir I'oniaiknl .•0 II IIIK iiii'iiiiic lie ilovilopincnt H ari' Hiiniliii' to tlio innsHivo liciil' Hills, with wliioli tliov cin Til' i,, havo heeti conteinporaiiooiis ■ iirso of llic ico (Vont wlioro it fornioil the iiorlliorii liarrior of Iilic Ai,'a-si/.. at tho liino ol lis aociinnilation nl' thcM' groat nioraiiio> ,,l' till' Tifaf llllls ;iiiil llio south sido of Dovil's Lako, ir. inarkoil hy .„,,|.;iiiiir i|('|iosits butii oast ami \vo>l of tho lake noar tho latitmli' of 10', which jiassos twoiily milos north of I'argo; by an unusual I;iiho of houldcrs noar tiiis hitituilo ami tarthor north on iioi'tions','.'''";"'.'.""' hum ii'tliotill forming oaoh side of tho laciistrino aroa ; ami hy a trad ofVailuy .jll wliiili strotohos across tho Iloil Jlivor Valley at Caloilonia. consli- ,i,iiiin- the hcil and hanks of the rivor along tho (ioo>o [{apiils. in tho rnii't nf till lltd Kivir llil' mora inic till was spread witli a gonorally cvoii sii riacc lull il has many small inoi|iialilios, iho higher portions hoiiig throo to nvi' fort or rivroly ton foot ahovo adioining hollows. Hiiuld CIS anil 'lavi'l ail' plentiful on its siirliico, tliis hoing tho only iiilcriiiption of ;ln' lacii-lrinc ami allinial cla3'oy sill which ol>owhoio coniinuoiisly inriiiiiis iho central part ot this valhy plain li'oin noar r>rockoiiridgo (,, Winnipeg. T'lWaid tho oast Iho ioe-shoet at this tiiiii' had roccdod from tho .iitliW'-t part of Lako .Superior, wliioh \va- hidd uhoiit "((Mifoct higher ;li;iii imw and ovoi'th)wod to the Saint Croix and M ississijipi i!i\oi I- by ; u' vvii\ vol'ihc Hois Ihiih' |{ivor and Upjier Saint Croix La Da.'tivanl I'Miir-e ..r tho ii'i^licirder ;i! Ilio liinc 1)1' the l.nit'llill' 1 1 iiuiri .^.^'Ill^ nearly corlain also that the ici'-hordcr oontiiiiiod across (ireon l);ivanil tho norlli part of Fiako Michigan; ami I'urlhor east, I think thiit it pr ohaii Iv -ed southwostorn Ontario and the ei'iitral or iioriliciii |Mirtions of Now York, Vermont, Now Hampshire, and .Maine. Till' LaiHontian lakes wore dammed hy tho retreating glacial harrier ;,iiil iiveitlowod at the lowest points on their southern water-shod. ii'ii g the formation of the tenth or Itasca nioraino,crossiiig thenn'i tilSClV ;:ikiicgion at the head of the .Mississippi, tho ice-shcot hounding Lake 'orrelaii'.l with AL':i->i''' prohahly oxtondctl thenee northward, passing in liir wo^t offc!,:",,:!'::.,^ li.'i Lake and tho Lake of ihe \V Is, to tho vicinity of Winnipeg, tho ]'M'> Hill group of osars heiiii^' perhaps deposited at tho angle wlu'ro tliis boundary of the icoshool turned hack soiithwostward. In that tho lako aroa to the h(nildor- Tiifer.Hrainlon, ami Arrow llilLx. C HUSO I I seems to have i-eachoil acn .triun escarpment of the I'omhina Moiintaii oast of Thornhill, and k'veiiil t.) liavo passed south along tho wost sliorc of Tjake Agassi/, into Xniih Dakota, to I'ilot Kiioh in sec. 5, 'I', t")!, 11. oO, thence westward I' the north side of Devil's Ijake, and tiienee north northwestward by ;lif e;i>t part of Turtle .Mountain and along the moraine of the wost |i;irt nt'tlio Tiger Hills and of the IJrandon and .\i'row Hills. Tlic eleventh or .Mesabi moraine, well developed in northoa>ti'rn Kl K (II.ArlAI, l,.\KK An.\S«l/ IN MANITOBA. Miimt'sola. is jjioluihly ivpri'si'iili'tl \>y inorniiiic iii'i'iiiiiiilntii jf I' 'iiin :i I'lilU nt' tlio Mis*is»i|)|)i, alioiil liDW-itriii^' Lake, liic | ii'ii'tli liwM (fliicial lilultlii): cm I ho iiri'ii I'f Liiko AKii.--iz iliiriim Mk' t'linnaliiiii mI' till' hiiflioi lliTiiian liiMcl ol'llii' Will; Fork ol' liniiiy liivfi, im^I nftlic N!ll•|•(lW^ liolwcoii tl ■Aud iKirlli pails 1)1' K'ihI LiiUc, ami "W tin- rn-\ pari ol' llic Tiu;' r llili, \a\\h.' A^assiz lia iiimt llio ■•kiiiIi oinl of Lake WiiiiiipcL;. I.;,!,., moraiiies, I'urmod nl liiiu's ol hall or it'-mlvaiu'i', inteiTHplinu ih,. n,. ci'-sioii oftlio ici'-slieot lu'twecii iiorllicni Minin'sola ami IlinUiiii liav, imvo not Ih'oii (lolormiiieil ; bill ! lielifVc tlial llicy I'xisI ami iiw:iit discovery wiiuii tho jjluciivl dril't of that wooded and very «i aniilv ii. htthlli'd region shall he I'ully ex|ilori'(l. The hi;;liest of the Hi'i'nian heaches of Lake Ai^assi/, eNtend^ m Mii. ne-^ota. as traced in this >iirvoy, to tho norlh side (»f Maple L:i!;i'. tweiilN' mile.-' east-soiitlMJHst of Drookston, and proliahly it i itniinii,-, them e into the forest rei^ion on the east, where it is iniprartii alil,. ti t'oljow i Is coui'se, to the viidnitN' of IJivj l,akc ; and on th e we-i >ii|i> Soulliwestern .-liori' nt'ar Milni.ifiriit t'rom tlio ice. 'I'lllliill;, Lake Ayassiz il reaidio through North Dakota ami al lea>.i Hiiiri miles into Manilolia, lerininalinL;- on the northern pari of Ihei e>carpineiit sipinowhci'e hciweeii 'I'h.irnhill and ils northern I'lil. tli;ii hotween fourteen ami furly miles noi'lh ot ihe intermilional li-.m,]. irv. I>ef>'re the formation of tids heaeli was enmploted, llio ii IS 'e->|ii'i't lad reliii'il from the lake area as far north as the heaidi oxteiwU. Jiii ial recession the Dovi'o, I'Vriiiis l"'alls, Leal llii! m- I )aii>e> ol' this ii'lae an I Ita- ca inorai'ies were lormcd, showing; a norlhwaid retreat n| ice I 'Miier acii a distance ahoiit l.'tii mile> in central .Miniii and ITiO to L'liu miles ill North hakotaami >oiitherii Manilid.a. witji maximum of pi'ol.ahly not k than 3(11) miles in the Ued Uiver \ when' liake Ai,'a.->i/. Woiilii doiiKllos cause a more rapid iiielti all.'V, lee-mar 'in. TiiroiiLfh this time the IMver Warroii orodeil a cl laiin'. about tilty feel deep, approximatidy from 1,100 to l.O.'dt feet abnvo il.i .-ea. or perhaps it eroded only the lower half of that dejith, in tlieiii'K eralely uiidulatiiii: shoi'l of till wiiich rea(died across the proenl vall.v ot' l.ake> Traverse and l?ig Stone. The shortne» of tiie tiiae prol.aliy occupied in the forma 'ion of the hoai lies of Lake Agas-iz may wu; astonisli us in wh.at it implies t'onccrnini^ the rapidity of the lecc-Mn;. of the ice-sheet, and the brevity, ^^eoloyically speaking, of the >lii:;e of jiuuse or re-iiiivance wlien itH moraines were accumulated. 'i'lie retreat of tiie ieo seems to have uncovered thesontliwot honli'i of Lul:c ALcassiz earlier than its >lioros farther nortli and on its i;i .side, as is >howii by tlie Milnor beach, a less distinct shore deposit tin the llernnm beach and liO to 2r» feet above it, which was oliservediu' rcreii .Miliior. Xorth Dakota, and aloui,' a distance of about ton miles iIuiik north-west to the Sheyenne, but was not recoyni/ed I'arthor north n- I,AI\K AUAfoI/. Ilhllinl,, |,i||.||, L:ikc, the |,L,.,,i Wt'i'll till' »(,utli li'' 'I'iu'i- Ilii,. thati :i(ii) milt'., litli|H';{. I.i,i,.f lUlililli;' llu' II'. I lliiiU'iti Day, 'xIkI tlli'l ;i\v;iil cry -I'aiiiily [i. ONll'lnl- ill Mil,- )t' Miijilc Lx.v. ily il 1 'Hiiiiiii''- ll|llil''lil':ill|r V lllO Wi'-I 'i'lodt Icil^t lolivlm, ol' llic I'l'lllliill;, :'lluM'll lil 1, liiii' tiiilional l>'lnTt I oxteiwl-. Jiin 'alls, I.oiil Hill.. I ri-'lioat 111' tilt 111 nil Miiiiii— In iiiiloha. Willi li il IJiver \ alli'v, mi'ltiiiu 111 il,c ilcil a iliaii'i,' Tcol aliii\i.MLc illi, in till' ninl- pri'M'iil \;iil''\ liiiic ]iriiliali:y as^i/. may wi-i if till' roci'"!":. of the >tauo- aU'il. iiilli\vt'>t lionlvi ,iiil on its i':i>: I )ro(loiM).-.il tliu;. s olisei'voil in':i;' n miles tln'iKf i rtlior north ii' : Miii» it'i. 'I'll"' I'nrmaliiiii of tin' Slicyonm.' liulta lial ln'^uii at this iftlii' Milnor lioaili, ami cuiitiiuii'l lliioiiuli tin' tiini- <'f tlic Iloi- |„.;i,|i, witli wliiili luttiT tin- liiitlalo, Sainl Hill, I'cniliina. aiid \.i.iiiilH'ino tloltas wofo uUo ('onli'inpoiaiicoiis. Tlic iU'|mitiii'o of tliu li'diii ilio llfl Uivei' N'alU'V mm'Iiis to have iiecn too rapiil to |ioriiUt liitioM of ilotini'e shoio (loponit,-< of Lake tune mull la' tho iu'iaiiiiii .\u'a-si'; iloltit, null ■sceplint,' the -canly Milnor licaeli ilerived fmin tiu-Nheycniie I Its oiiih't \va> rut ilowii to the love! of the lloj'niaii heacli, wliifli pi'ihahly re]iicM'nts a time of mneh .-lower erosion of tin- outlet, liiiiiiiisheil j^laeial nn'lting ami smaller voliinieoi the oiiitlowiit^- ilik' III ' .Iri'iiiii. r,]iii]iaie(l with tiie level of tlie pre-eiit time, the hiuliest Ilcfman iiii'li liii~ a fji'iuliial asoent from south to north which avera.ge- iioarly ihtinii' to aiioiit 175 teet in tlio 224 milos fi oni tl ic 1111 1 1, 1, 1 |ii'r mile, ainoi lUiJi (it' the lake at its southern eiul to the iiiternatlonal houiiilary. Till' iiiiiiiili of till' lake was then ahoul l.lt.");") feel, ami it.-* ...iirface on tho jiii'iiiaiiiiiial lioumlarv ahoiit l.l'.'Jn feet, a hove the |present sea level. \, li i> lull her foiiiiil that in the northern part of the I'xploieil area ol I'f Luke .\^'a-.si/. this upper or Jlerm.in lioaeh, wliieh is siiiyli' aloh-' tho Il part ot the lalce, hecon.es divideil into niiiiH'ioiis parallel I'lliwiinl I lit 1)1 tliu licui'lie.^. ■iiilllu'l lliiit were tornieil at inlfisals ot pause il 1 a pioirii's-iiiL;- eli'va- iImIi of that area. A rtioii of thoe relati \ (' ehaiiLir level, how- in'-«ii ill:;'. over. "'ii> line to a >ulisiileii(e of the lake itself towaril tin- north, on laniiiiit III' the iliniinulioii of its attraction hy yravitatioii toward the I'i'i. |irop()rtioiiate with the ileina-e of the ive in it- tinal melt- A- many as >i.\- other iiermaii -layi's helow the hii;he-t ate livi/ii_Mii/.alile hy heaeli depo-it-, which iiidieate a rise of the landeoin- Liiii"! wiih a -iiikiiii;- of the lake to the amount siieces-ively of ahoiit \IllT. 15, 111, and ."» teet, or in total ."».") leel. on the line hctween North |i;ik"ta ail I .Manitolia, while yet the relati^'e elevation- of t he lake and till' iiiljiiiiiinu' land alon,;;' its .-oiilherii part liir M)mo -eventy-live miles liiHiiliuard from Lake 'i'ra\i'rse remained with only slii;lit elianices. imi >iilliiient for tho Ibrmaticjii of any >ecoiidary heaeh ridije. ill a later part of this report tho diiscussion of tho eau-e> of tho>e |iii;iiii,a's in the height of tho iatul and of tho lake is acconii)anied \>y u tiil'lc I'ltlie present elevjitjons of the suceessivo heaehes formed by the liikfiiii it- we-t sido through its entire existence, until it wa.- drained to |ilu' levels of Lakes Maiiitohu and Winnipeg. The two highest hoachen ami ijn in tho lloniian soi'ies of this laMe were not louiul north of jtlu' Peiiil'ina Mountain osearpment ; but the next two (i and /<6) are jwtll ■!(' elopod at Brandon and near Neepawa, reaching thus to tlie pirtlu'rii limit of my exploration at tho .south ond of IJiding Mountain. iDiiiiiig the interval between those Herman beaches o and b, tho 48 E OLACIAL LAKE AUASSIZ IN MANITOUA, combined I'i.-c i>t' llu' liinil ami till 1 of tlio lake woro only ('iulitt.oii „|. iwoiity feet on the iMtoniatiunal liountlary ; lint in tl)i> lime the southern enil of tiie ice-lolie \ve>t of tlie lake liatl been witluliaun iVom the east part of' the Tiger Hills to Hidinj,' Mountain, and the As^iniliojn,. , delta was beinj; rai)idlv denosited. The northward extent nf Lii,. Extent ui i,nkc . , ir • i i. . , , Agassiz i;i it? At^assi/, 1)1 Its subse(iuent ilerinan stai^es is not dennitelv dftfimiiuii iKirth to I!i(liIl^• hut evidently some ot tlie iijiper lieaclies obscrveil hy ilr. lynx'H,,,, .Mountain?. the foot slopes easi (;f the escarpmenis of Hiding and Dwvk .Mumitain, belong to tills series, the highest, aeeording to information su|iii|ii.ii 1,^ him, being in lat. r»l^ri2' or two hundred miles north of the intn niuininii boiinilary. at an elevation of nboiit 1,4(!0 feet above the sea. The foregoing observations show that the iee-shei't was ine!t.\i awav Lnt^r ."tiiKc? (.1 fi'"m ill least half of the area of Lake Agassi/, iluring its Herman stiii.'tv it''mu-i'!',™i'''' 111 the ensuing Xorcross. Tintah, Campbell and -McCauIeyvill.. stag,.. .sniiihiviiril. through whii-h the lake continued to outflow southward by tlicJiivn' Warren, the recessinii of the ice doubtless perniittetl it * > exlcml n.inh ami e.ist beyond f-ake Winnipeg and iilong the ■> wer valley ot' iW Saskatchewan. Kacli of these sttige.s is represented by two or tin,.,. beai-hes in northern .Miniie.sota and North Dakota and in suiuhm, Manitobii. which, wifh the seven bi'aches of the llorinan seric-, mm^^. seventeen shore lines recognizable in that yn\-i of the laciistriiu' ai\a belonging to the time of its southern outlet, between the Ibrmaii and Xorcross beaches the channel of the .Kiver Warren was oiudnl about 25 feet; it was deepened 15 to 30 feet more at the tiniciftji,. Tintah beaches; 10 to 20 feet farther down to the Camjibell iM.nht,, and again 10 to 20 feet to the .McCauleyville beaches. In all. ihe I mouth and southern end of the lake were lowered about lOO i, t between the highest Herman beach and the lowest AlcCaiilcyvilxl beach. Proceeding northward, the vertical distance between tin-,' beaches gradually increases to I'tO feet on the international boiiiidaiv, the ilitference of 140 feet more than tiie depression caused by erosjun,! the outlet being a"ributalile to the nortliwart, mi thick ice-sheet that had tilled the I'asin ot Hudson Buy was >o tar melted as to admit the sea, which at tiist co\ereil tlie land west ofjanas Bay u.")0 to 5oO leel above the jiiesent seti level, lileven stages of Lanel Agassi/, are marked by beaches that lie bi'low the beds of Lak-j , Traverse and Bii,' Stone, which were the channel of the River Wiiiieil .'"tiiKC'Ol nnrth- ■ I ca-iern"iiiiiuw. when the lake ceaseil to outflow to the south. Ihese beaclie> aiJ -ejiaratcd by; vertical intiTvals that vary from Itl to 45 feet tlnoiiL'lij the range of elevation between the lowest .McCauloyvillo beticli :ii,i| Lalce Winnijieg. v.-hiib was originally twenty I'eet higher than ii"W.| ....] I.AKK AdASSI/. 40 E \. .,i(iii a- ilio it'o upon Jliiilson ami .laiiios Uays and the adjoiniuir viiiiitrv l'!"' >"'* roc'Ctled as to i^ivo to LaUc Agassi/, an Diitlot lower tliun till' Rivei" Warren, it liegan to be drained in that direction, p^i.|i;i|)s i! iwiii^- at rirst across the water-shed between the PopUvr and Sevei'ii, aii'l laiei' aloiii;' lower courses, incliidiiii^ tlie canoe route by iiiellill ;iii'l Ifayos ilivers. Fvich nf its successive out lets was probably ,.pii!eil t'l I c>Msiilorable depth, beinij occupied by the outflowinif river iniiim' till' time of formation of two or more beaches, until the reti-eat ,,i;lii' (.oulheastern bordci- of the jjortion of the ice-slieet remainini^ ttv-t of Hudson Hay filially permitted drainayi' to take the course of ;lieNi'l>'iii. the ice-dammed Lake Ai,'assiz being thus changed to Lake Winiiil'*'-' The northeastern outflow commenced when the lalce at the l;,-iiii,li'''i the south end of Lake Winnipeg stood about 1,000 feet above tlii'pi*>t'iii -ea level and it was gradually lowere(l to 730 feet when iln' .Vel>' III bet ween its >ucces>ive lakes began ta erode the shallow ,!i;iiiin.'l lit the upper part of its cnurse. I'.is-ils have been loiiiid in the deposits of Lake Agassiz at two Ualitios. They are all fresh-water shells of >pecies now living in this ,lj,tri(t, iHiiirring in beach ridges where excavations have been made t,.,i|.!;iiii -and for mason.s' use. The Campbell beach, about six miles ..iithwc-i 111' C'amiibell. Minnesota, at an elevation ajiproximatel}' OS') M.iiii.-vaii If,', ;il'o\i' the sea, has thus ^-ieltled shells of J'nio clUiisi,<, Lea, a .i'lJa'si/!. iimiioM -pi'cies nf the ui>)ier Mississipjii region. In the Gladstone iiirli. :i half mile northeast of Gladstone, .^^anitoba, about S75 feet iiil.,ivi' the -ea and lilo feet above Lake Winnijieg. tour species occur in lioiiMileralile abundance from two to tour feet below the surface namely. f'/i.. hitf'lus, Lama:rk, Sjihuriuin siriatinuni. Lam., ^jiluirluin suii'atum. II., ;uiii (iyrauht^ jxirnis. Say. These s|)ecies from both localities ivtiv kindly dotermiiictl by Prof. I{. Kllswoith Call, who states that (V' liiteolns is one ot' the most widely distributed rejiresentalives of ei.a'nii-. its range beinu- from Lake Winnipeg to Texas, east to Xew Ilk, and west to Montana. It is geneially abundant in . Minnesota- ill iln-c -pccies of SplidTiuin are reported by Hr. Hawsoii trom the iki' III' 'lie Woods and Pembina Piver ; and the first is the most innion -pccies of its genus in .Minnesota, while its range northward sMi'ls lit least to (ireat Playgrecn Lake and York Factory, wiiere it ;i- Im'ii collected by Dr. WvU. The Campbell beach was formeil in .1 ';ik'r part of the time of the lake's southward outflow; and the i:il-tnni' Ijcacli btdongs to tli(> middle iiorticui of ihe time of its outtlow iviiiiii the northeast, its south end being then about s5 uiiV'a south of II' imrrnatioiial boundar}', Fvidt'iii-es oi' man's presence in this region during the dejiarfin'e of !.c iiv.>lun't hiive been discovered by Miss Franc H. Babbitt at Little I .")(l E (II.ACIAI. LAKE A(lA>sr/. IX MANITnBA. 1-all ill contiiil M iniH'sci t;i. A stratiii a coiilaiiuiiii- mau\- ;ii iitiiiullv I'liipjiod tragnu'iits of ([iiai'lz i> I'lK'liX'd tliort.' in tin' nioiliticil (iiii;,,|' the upijor Mississippi \'alley, wliicli wus (lopnsitod l)y the tlooiU Mi]j|,|ie,i from ihe nu'ltim ifi •slioot ill its rctroat while it was b 'eilii;- Willi, li'iuv; lioiii iiortiiern Miniiesotii ami tlie Rod River \'allev iiroiia l.ie th ereforo iliat men lived on tiie siiores of Laixe Aira^- \vi tnessed tiie erosion of the eiianiiel of the lliver Warren, tiie i; luiiiul ,|, (. ^^ iiiii-ssi-u iiii- i-ioMuii oi nif uiiuMiii'i ui lui' .ui\ ti. »» iu reii. iiie i;fuui;il cont('iiii")r;m- |,)\veriiii,' of the laive level and reduction of its area, and it^ later iiuhI,. eous witli till' •' ■'" glacini rcce>- ,;i>tward <'Ultlow to Hudson liav. 1)111 thi- is not left wlioliv tn .■\(rii.«.«iz. ■onjectii: Mr. Tvrrell iiiforins me that in noriliwestein .^I :iiiit' il an elevation of 1.1.')') teet almve the sea, he has tbiind frairinents of [uartzite. (dii|)pe •d 1 ly hiinian w oikinan-hij), iiiiei' 'v.bloi .MeiisiirciiiLTii,-- of time ;'inco the la.5t pliiciiil o|iilcll. with the rounded gravel of one of the Caiiiphell iieaehe-.v It the i|Uestioii he nski-d how niany thousaiul years a^d rcee.si«ioii of the iee-sheet take phK'e, causing Lake Agassi/, t. Red I'iver \'alley and the ha-in of [..ak'i' Winnijieg. a reply i- tiiini^li,. l.v tl " ir.ii iim till tli. le com piitations of Prof. N. 11. \Vinehell,| that appioximatolv Mill years have elapsed iluring tiie i rosioii ol' the |i<)siglaeial g'nirci; S.I the Mississippi from l'"ort Snollini:; lo the i-'al Dr. A IlllreWr ihal tiie erosion oi' the shoiv - ol Saint Ant 'Lake .Mi i"ii\' .'-•lui;-aii.;iiMll re-ultin''' aeciii niilat lo|i o lake, eannot have occupied more i ■f du I mi lie •and drifted to the soulherii end 't tl that streams trilmtary han T.iiOO years ; of Professor Wii^li' ; to Lake |-',iii' have laken a similar leiiglli n: time to cut their \alleys and the gorges ludow theii' waterfall-; i.iMi (rilbert/^-'^ that the gorge hclow Niagara I'alls has recpiired only '.iU'< vears or ami I'rof. H. K. Mmcrson m the rate ot' di )f moditii'd drift in the < 'onriiciiciit ^'alley at Xorthampton, .\[;( husetts. from which he helieve- that not more than in.iiiin \e:i!- 1, :i])Sod since the glacial ]ieriod. An equally small estimait • I'rdCL'tMliiiK.s (if Am. A.-.-^oc. for Adv. of ^'ciciice, vdl. xxxu. 188:;. pp. liS'-.iHd; Aiiie: .\iiiiirali-l. vol. .tviii, pp. .Wl-fiOo, ami 'i'.C-Tiw, .Iiiiiu and .hil,\, I'^'^^l; himI I'loc, lio-t..!, >,,. Nilliiial Histi.iy, vul. x.\lii, IHHS, pp. 4J1-4J'J. i Preliminary iidtc- nf lliis di.^^covery, and «( tlu- iicrl Invest ward ountiiuialioii nf Ihe Leiii'li.- Lake .\pa.-si/ in the dislricl nf Hidinu' and Duck .Mmintains, iire iiicliidoil hy .Mr. Tyrro;i n pajier, "On the .Superficial lieiiloKy 'ilihe Central I'lateaii 'I .Vnrthwesterii Cinaila," re nl I'l^ the tiei'lipifical tfiiciety ol Loiidon, NUv. 7, lSSs,cif which an ahslraot i.» siveii in the lie,.! a MaBOzliic, III, v(d. vi, pp. ;!7-ffl, .Tan., 1SS9. X (ieid"»ry of Miniie.-ola, Fifth annual report, for bTti,- ;ind Final repurt, vol, li, |.|.. '.p.-. liuart. .Iiair. (ieol. Soi'., vol. .\x.viv, IsTs, p|>. ssii-iml. ' Transaction? of the CliieaKo A('ailein>(if . Science-, vol. ii. .lames ('. Soulhall's Kp' 'i ■' .Mamiuofli and tlie Apparition of Man upon tlie Kartli, IST"*, clia|iturs .\xii 'ind xxiii.. § .'Vm. .Jour. Sci., HI., vol. xxi, pp. IJO-l'j;;, l-'eli.,lSSi ; The Ice Age in North Aiiien'M.'' clinpte. XX. •• I'roccediiiKs, Am. A-ssoc. for Adv. ol .Science, vi.l. xxxv., for ISS'i, \k 222. " The lli-iTv the Niagarii Ui'ser," .Sixth An, Rep. of Commissioners of tlie .Stiite Keservation ai .\ia:( for IHX'.t, pp. lil-SJ. 1 1 Am. .lour. Sci.. III., vol. xxxiv, pp. ^'H-'', Nov., hS7, illdifalcd i>y tlie hist gretit (ifliino. -urpi uiili ilie Jicri |oi:i;' rcrord oi Ihe lii.-l -laciii )li.-^i^^i|'pi. ot The en I ire lit '.lie most 111 tlii>tiiiie may of it- hc'iches ColU'UII'clll sill aiiioiiiilcd logc .Moiiiit.'iiii and ctiiMiiie- ma}' with those of tlieii' iKH'iii an lia.'c-iilt'cred a lime vliicli vei the-lidros ,)f L llieiii heiiii;- siir ■iiiiihiriy great ;iliiiiU il- soiiih miitiiisl iinleei !co'-sioll of lh( .Vei-dii River, i \c;ii>. [ Ifeilire Lake jlllkiilll ice-lohe: pait III' I he are .MiniK'-nta ice-Ii the -I'ji was (orii Kiiitli Mild Mill |.Si"ii;;'li to (lie I-: I iiii« !;ikc proha I .None Lake, wit ('•unties, attain conliiiiicii ghieia |ilio(":iiiiii)n liivi ujvei'i'il the lowc •1 .S. Ueologicill.Sl ■ I .- lieolouical Su aS^i/. tM ti'.; t!: >ly i- tiirni-hi- iijiproxiinuK'iv irhu'ial li'i'i'iri- '! lit Anlli"iiy ; ■: ichiu'aii. iiii'l lilt iHTii fii'i ■';:'i;,' )tossorWriu-h' ;; iinilar loiiiilli -: loi-talU; n: M; I'oil only T.'li'" inptmi, M;i--> U(t(l yoar~ lur.i' ■^liiuait' i- a- ;;s.",-;iii(i: Ameri'vi: :'i-iie,, I!u-!'iii >". :' ,,m..f ll,el.oii.:..- : l.y Mr. Tyrri'll !i i '..n;iilii," pi>ll":"-i| iMi ill llif I"' ■' - ••ilii'lli^'"'!- Porviitioii Ml Ni;i;i: '.] LAKE AliASSIZ. 51 E lllilll-' iliola^ lit' time. hum! !iy tlu' stiulii's of (iillioi'l ■'•'■ and Eiissoll t for the time ^iuce t ^reat l'i^^e of Lakes IJoniu'ville ami Lalioiitaii. These measures r])risinjily sliort wliether we conipari' tiieiii on the one hand will) tin' ]ii'ri()d of authentic human liistory or on tlio other with the |,,|,u' ifcdid of geoloii'v, cari'v us back to tlie ihite wlien the ice-sjlieet of tin- hi-i ulaeial epoch was meltinj;- away from the liasins oi' the upper Mijsi^-il'pi. of tlio I?ed lliver of tlie North, and of tlie Laurentian lakes. .'iitiro departure of this ice-slieet tiierotijre probably occupied The 111 '.Ih' Duration of n not more than two or three thousand years; and half of ''''•<'" Ast|'iz diiriim' all itsstaires, the proiiortion l)etween ! pro]) iheiii iicinu' surel\' not less than ten to one ; and I,ake ^[icliiiian has a .iiiiilaiiv greater amount of iicach deposits, which upon a large area - Miiith end are raised by tlie wind in eonsj) ^nllt It .lUrust indeed ICUoUS iluiu This ;-gesls that the duration of Fiake .\gas-i/,, and the nn'^sioii of the ice-sheet t'rom Lake 'I'raverse to the lower part of the .\f!-oii River. tna\- have I leell llielui led within less than one ou«,anu vi'iir- lioieic Lake Agassi/, began to exist, the receding Minnesota and liaknt, I ice-ioiies iiai 1 eacl 1 given plac to a large lake on the contr; .nitni ilie area from which tliev withdrew. Bv the barrier of the ,:lllii.">i ita lee ■lol ie a lake having an elevation of about LlSilfeet aimve -I'll was lornied in snuthern .aiili and l!>i"ii^'li to M iimesota rivers, outtlowiiii;' ... . 1 1 • till lilaoial lake in .Minnesota in the basin ot the Jiluethciiu-inof the lilue tlarth and sol It h ward by wav of I'nioii Miiiiii-«<>t the Mast h'ork of the l>es Moines. In its maximum extent I iiii> !;ilrtlu'a!.twai'd to the Mis^-'^sippi/'- Tho iii.i,litie,l (Irit't trom tho roti'catiiii; ice on the upper anesota basin \v;is de. po^ite(^ along the luwer halt' of this valley, rilling it with stiatiii,.,! gi'avel, .-anil and olay, to a ilepth 7") to I.IO leet above the iiosein Moditicil.lriit I'ivor JVoni New U Ira to its mouth, which !show!< thai at l';;i>t this portion ot'the valley was excavated in the sheet of till during tiioinier- glacial ejxich, and remained with neai'ly its present form thmunh the later glaciation. It socnis also probable that tho upper part of the channel above New I'lni, occupied by the River Warren at thr tinn' of the Herman beaches, remaindl trom such intorglacial crosjon, mi that the tirst outflow from Lake Agassi/, wa-^ at a level some twcuiv-tive feet below the general surface adjoining Lakes Traverse and Big Stone and Brown's Valley, being thus approximately marked by tiic Milnnr beach. !• As long as streams poured into this valley diiTdly tVoin tin' melting ice-sheet, its moi.litied drift, gathered from the ice in wiiiiii it had been held, continued to inci'oase in dejith ; but when the iro iiai] retreated beyond the limits of the Minnesota basin, the wattr ili«- charged here tVoin Lake Agas>iz brought no moditicd drift, and was KruM.ui iiy iLr contequentl}- a most jiowerful eroding agent. My this River Wanen the valley drift, so rocntly depositeil, was mostly swept away, mil the channel was e.Mavatcd to a dej)tli lower than the present river. Eut -ince Lake Aga»iz began to outflow northeastward, the MinncMitu Valley and that ^f the Mi-sissi|ij)i below, carrying onh* a sm".ll fiariiuu of their Ibrnier volume oi' water, have become considerably tilled liy the alluvial i;-ravel, sand, clay and silt, which have been brought in by trilu- taries, being >pread tor the most jiart sotnewhat evenly alon^ then- valleys by their floods, t Prol'. J. E. Todd suj)])lics me the ap])roximate outline of a lake iianuil liy him Lake r>akota, which occupied the valley of the .lames "r l>akota River contemporaneously with the foregoing, reachiiiu' rrmn .Mitchell 170 miles nurib to Oakes and var3Miig from lo to ;!(i milts in width. ;| It outfl'iwehore of Lake h.ihotu. was not thci'ctbre tho cause of this lake in tho same way that the hit in the Blue Karth and Minnesota basin and Lake Agassiz owed thiir Kivcr AVarrt'M. Lake lliikutj oulHiiivInt: eiputhwuril tn the Missniiri Kivcr. • (;e'il"».'y ul' .Miiuies'it.i, vul. i.p|i. J'iO, i.U2, H'J. t C'lmiparu Willi (ieiilnu'v nt' .Miiinc'.s,,ta, vil. i, )>|i, 470-48."), ilescribitiK tlio oliain.s ol' i;ikc- :: .Martin County, .\Ilniii'?niai uhicli aro appari'iiily ■liie to iiitertrlaoial ivatiT-coiir: c- that wtTi' i.' wholly (illeil witli .Irilt iji the la-i t'liloial ei^jcli. t "Tlic .Mimie.-Mta Valley in the Foe Aire," I'l".'. Am. As.soc. tor Adv. of Soiein'C, v.il. .vx\.: 18K:^. pp. 'J1.;-J3I ; also in Am. Juur. .S'ci., Ill, vol. \\vii,.lan. iin.l Feb., 1^8^. This lake is iiartiilly m.appe.i liy Prol. TuiM in I'rno. Am. As.-oc, (or Ailv. of S'-'ii'iioivvf'; xxxiii.lSsl, |.. lli.'i. Tho inoditioil basin was de- ith stiiilitidi 5 the i.i-osiMii - at l';a>t this riiij; tliciiitor- tlin.ui;-li the or pan ut the I at til.' tiiiie ial criwiiii). m, ,10 twi'uiy-tive and Bit; St.me liy tho Milnof ■ctly tVoiii till. L'o in wliidi it II tlio iro haJ :he Wiitrr .li- ili'ift, tiii'l \v;is Uivor Warrt'ii ,'j)t away, iiii'l present fiver. the MiaiKxiiu I >m''vll t'lartinii ily tilled h\ tlie L^iit in I'v tril^u- ly aioiiLr tlu-c a lake iitinicil If .lames ^r reatdiiiii;' iVnin li» to ;!ii miliN I'Durse of the ad tilled lhi.< [jake l>;ikota. that the lak'' ?!/, owed thiir oliiiin^ot' i:cke- ;:i Mir i'> tli:i! wiTi'i. • •oiciioe, v.il. x\\ Iv. uf S'-icn«'.v(':. r.AKE AGASSIZ. 5:5 E •■] tonco to the biirrior of tho ieo-sheet in it.-s vol icat. The bed of Lake in ii uonrly iiiiitoriu elevation of 1,300 feei, of is within ton exisi Diikotii fee I lu-iosv or above this, throughont its length ; and iliii'i ni. thi :;luciili ■ession it wtis eovere .1 bv !i liiUe whose s ,-h shoi'( ave now a j)ei>,'iit of about l.;50t) to 1,1)50 feet, pr(djably ascending slightly fcoin :.(iiith I" north, as compared with the present sea level. Professor 'i'mld states that tho surface of this lacustrine areti in il li;ll't, fi'oi >uthern n .Mitchell to Eedtiehl, is nearly flat till. Init thence iiorth- Hiini 1- (•a-tei'ii itmi I and Id'fsdike silt, while consio ierabk' tracts of th iiderof its north jiart consist of low dunes Tiio outtlowing .lames River was cutting thiwn its (dianiiel during the treat ot' tiie icedobe, an I its ero-ion wiis so ra] lid to jirevent the thorn part of Lake Dakota from retaining sulHrient depth tooutflow ,t\vard into tho .south end (>f l^ake Agas^iz when tho way was opened fu rt her depa rtu root t lie ice. receding from the lleadof iheCoteau raiiies and beginidng to uncover the Keil I'ive: Valley, A large llii!' e;i: livtiio tr:ict ( ^'Nicial jlilVlV it' tiie sand and silt bed> of Lake hakota, iind of a contiijuous lake firmed in Sarii-ent C'ountv, North 1 >akota, at the lime o f th IIIOl aitie, now sends its drain to the Ked River bv the head -treaiii iif the Wild i\ice, which pas>e> iiurth of the Head of the t'oteau and enters the area of Lalce Aga>si/. near AVyndmeie, The lowest \n^v- ti'iii of the water-.shed on thi s lacustrine dojiosit, over which the .lames the liver would How cast to the Wild iiice River is searcely ten feet above ^'eneral level of tho Jiiinos Vallev or twenty-tive feet above tho ;i;v-<'li t level of the .lames liiver, lie nil Amhe'st on the Aberdeen IraiKli of the Saint I'aiil, .Minneai>oli« and Manitoba Railwiiy, 1,312 leet aiinve tho sea. The elevation nl' the upper ]ioition of the Itdce leds ill tlu' vicinitv of Oakes, and the la(d< of evidence that the lake have acted at any greater height upDii the atljoinii nil' iulaiini!.' till iind inorainic li surtace- of lead to th'/ conclusion that the hii;hest shore line of the north end of Lake l)akotu is not moiv than t eliaiiKo of 84.") loot above the sea, showing that there wa> only shallow expans li'vel oil the :iri':l 111 Ijllkl) IiiUofatli.inof )f water above the plain of lacustrine silt. ()ii tho north the i ' .'vitMsij! th nf the channel of tiie intlowini' .lame- K'iver, erode led ijiparen tly sin.c llio ile- |i,iri II ro of the lief ire the glacial retreat could permit an eastward outlet into T/ake A^'assiz, indicates that the suid'ace- of land and water in the .lames Valley had gained nearly their jiresent relations. Lake hakota being iiheady drained away, when the Wild Rice liiver and the sniitli end of the Red River Valley were uncovered by the recession of the ice-sheet. Il is evident, theri'Ibie, that the long area of Lake Dakota has eNperienced only slight difl'erential changes of levid, at least in the iieetion fror.) south to north, sinee tho deiiarture of the ice The lames River Valley is thus strongly contrasted with the northward 54 E (U.ACIAL LAKE AUASSIZ I.N MANITOBA. Lake? (if tlu' Saskiili'lunv.i and Stmris. OUt6owillf.' In Lake Agiissi/ by the uplit'tin^ that has artectetl tlio JiL'd RWev \'ulley as shown hy the ln;ul,(., of Lake Agiissiz, the liiizliot of wliich rises from soutli to iKiiih ;^ six inches per mile tbi- ;:iO or 40 miles at its south ••ml, luil u fnot per mile within 40 miles fai'ther nortli. ami indce UIJIl' ur niiiio 11 has an averai^e i lorth wanl ascent uf alumt diic tlint pei' mile tlirmin-h ;;ii extent of -liii along the west side of this lake in North Dakota and .^[allitnlla, As Lake Ayassiz gradually extended to the north, (oilow I'l.U- til, th >y tnrce uutlei,, th,. receding ice-harrier, it received successively drainage of the glacial lakes of the Saskatche\van and Souri- Ther-e streams took the course of the Sheyenne, Pemhina, and As-ii, each bringin';' an extetisive delta denosit. With tlu' lii. iiii»iri> Ri loiiie itivers. Big Call. •( t'Xl-t n'e„ retreat of the ice from the Missouri Coteaii a glacial lake hegaii i> in the valley ot' the .Snuth Saskatchewan in the vicinity of the K probably nutflnwii:g at an early time by the way -if' lloost' .law ( and through a glacial lakr in the upper Souris I'asin, to the .\Ii>M,u;i near i'ort Stevenson. Later the outHow from tlie Lake Saskalclif\v:iii may have passeil to the Lake .Souris by way ' f the Wascana River, atUr passing through a glacial lake which probably extended from sixty miles to the west in the ujiper (iu'A|ipelle basin. \V1 Dakota ice-lobe was melted baik io the vicinity of Devil's 1^; drainage of Lake Sour le'ijiii;: lea ;li, l-^ed soiithea>t bv the His Coulee, on head >tream? the .Sbevenne, llowii I- tl leiice tor some timesoiul i\var., V the .lames Rivei' to Lake Dakota, but latrr eastward and SnUIIiW, bv the Shevenrie into Lake Auassiz. A mai •ri]it report ot a lOcMi:- noissance in North l^akota by Jlajoi- W. ,1. Twining, in ISiI'.t, de-nil,,., the valley >>t' the Hig Coulee as 12') t'del deep and :i third of a mile wi.if. enclosing several shallow lakes along its course Tl us grea. val M he writes. •• preserves it> character co within twelve miles of [."^r.nris] River, and connects through the clay and sand ridge with • ijieii valli-y of that stream." IHI<. Th. rtl .She\ enno tie Ita. reaching from the Liiihtniiiir's Xest liftv iioi'thwe-t to the >oiith bend ot' the .Majile RiviT. and having a inaximu '.vidth ot' nearly lhirl\- miles to the iioi't beast from the smith bend t: ti .Sheyenne. probably covers an area ot' .^Od Mjuare miles to an av(.;;i. depth ot' 40 leet. A lai'ge jiortion of this delta is ilouiitless m'M;i:, The Slieyi'iiiir dcltn. lurijii',! partly ol iiii..li- (ivd ijrin. .iiiil partly d aliufiiiiii iri.M; crc.'i'iii ii|' 'ill- Bheyeiiiie Valley. ift, wl ilcll W as brought down by glacitd streams from the mrlUli- -urface of the ice-sheet, their roiirser gravel with much stind In dejjosited in the high ]plains that slojie •southward along the oii their tine tl tor .f th e '"I'eat moi'iuni's thill jiass south ot J)e\il .-^ La L r i^ravf. tnd >aiiil bfi 111. allied by the Sheyenne to this di 'a, am; ifir iiiR.- sik and clay being spread in the (|uiel water of the lake over a niii.! larger adjoining area of its bed, from near Breckeiiridge iiorthwup beyond the mouth of the Sheyenne. Much alluvium was also sii|i|ili,ii *(ic.'liii.'y of .Miniii LAKE A(JASSJ/.. ,y,) K to iKH'lli about ai'dot urmcii'i; avenigo nortl,. it (if Kill iiiiiv- Vllitnlia. tollowiiii; th,. iO OUtlt'N th,; Soilri- ll!l^il|^ iKi, aii'l As-iiii. Willi iIk. Ill,- lit'ij;an iMoxi,; of tlic l':il,r,.,v. )si' .law I'lTfk, tlu' .Mi>Miiiii SasliiUclii'n;ii; ma River, attn 1 from lIi'giiKi in. When th,. vil's I^aki'. ;iii. uU'O, one .ii'i.v ime s(iii!ii\v;ul [and soutiiw.ii! )rt ot a icrn:;. iSil'.t, .U-r,ii,., )f a luik- wi.lc. jri'ii: vallov,' oftllr Mum,.. •iilgf wiili :i, e.-^t lifiy in::.'- t a iiia\imu!;i ill iM'tid n-;tli' t(i an avr;;i:.'- ik'ss nil "lit, el n till' iiu'ltiii.' ti saiiil liviii.' tho niitor -I'K ir tiiuT i^iavi'l 111(1 tlicir iiiii'< :o ovci' a iiiii'h i^c iiiu'lliwapl llsO ^ll|ljlli<'i from the oi'i>>ion (if the Shoycniie Yalloy, wliidi, with thai of llio Big t'oiilt't'' probably a venij,a^is three tburthsof a mile in widtii and 1511 feet jiideptii alonga distance of 200 miles. This channel is cut in the drift .lnvt, mainly till, and in the underlyini; easily eroded Cretaeeous .h:iK'^> ' I'*' \'"''""ic of the material .supplied from it would be emuil. jnouilin:;' to thesi- estimates, to about three fourths of the Shoyenne ilelta. "1' perhaps to three eighths of both the delta and the tiner clayey <,il;!iuiii" that were ileposited farther out in the lake. Hut the valley f! ijltllt' viillcv. >licv enno was doiil I'ss also both a preglaeial and an interj^ laeial was jirobably wholly tilled with till in the tirst glacial eiioch, hen was ei'( idcil, chietlv in tliis drift, t( iioai ly its present size iliirii MX ji,;i.ii;l;a'ial tiuio, and was partially but perhajis not wholly retilled ,v:;ii till ill the last eiiocli of glaeiation. If it retained in considerable Jt-iO'.' i's ti'ouuh-likc form liencath the last ice-sheet, as was evidently ;,ieui ilic Minnesota Valley, its erosion and its tribute to the SlK\veni\e ,l^■\\:\ W'lild be less than the proportion estimated. Win II ilie lied of Lake Agassi/, was gradually uncovered from the ,v;i!i'i' I'l tlie ri'(.'(.'iling lake, some parts of its central plain through ivliich tlic !ied Kiver tlows probaldy reniiiincil as In'oad shallow imsir IS wati'r, \v hicli that river and its tributaries have -inee tilled with ilifir tine clayey ailiiviuiu. The similar ela\ ev silt broiitrht into T.iake .\/:i.»«iz b\' il.> delta-i'orming al liienls, the Hutl'alo. .'sand Hill, Sbevenne, IVml'.ii: iiid Assiinlioiiie liivers, anil otliers farther nortl A lliiyiiim (li'po-itecl mIhuj.' till' i'i'iitriili>;irl III been.Wtiio iiCM Itivcr Valley 1,1 iivcr large areas of the lake bed, but more extensive jiortions.iJVertiH bi a I inriiKiti'iii- :;iiiia:;i' ilrMiiiaw ut ■.iirl'ace of till, with no such lacustrine (leposii. Over these L:iI'I''a'- imieh alluvium has been laid down along tiie avenues of >l'ilieii|il lake beil, and it has tilled depressions ot' the original letlier ot' laeuslrine sediments or of till, beii on ly (list 111- i:ui>lial'ie from the t'ormer by its eoiitaining in some places shells liko .,..,■ iii'U living in the shallow lakes ot'tlie eountiy adioiniiig the area 1 Lake A^assiz, remains ot rushes and sedges and peaty deposits, as o' 'i.c |ii''-i'iii mar dies ot' the iieil liiver \'allev, and occasional branches l;- "1 wood, >ucli a^ are floated (town by streams in their stages of '^llu•^ the oceurrence of shells, rushes and sedges in tliesi' alluvial liei-ai -Met 'aulevville, Minnesota, [i- and l.'i feet below the surtiKe, or ■r, of sheets of turf, ool in diameter at aiMUi 7 alK I 20 feet bel.iw 'lie levei of the Ked Hiv. Ilia IV iiai:iiients ot' deeaviiii )od, am 1 a l( a |li!ynitoii, Minnesota, liJ to ;:i5 feel below the .-iirfaee, and numerous :lier "1-ervations of remains of vegetation elsewhere along the Ked lluvi'i' \'allev in these beds, demonstrate tli.it Lake A^'assV. had been awa V. and that the lev w;!s a land surface, subject to ov cr- v\v I'V the i'iv( at Us ^i. 4'es ot llood wlien these remains W(>re llll|0>lU'l Kven at the present time much of the area of stralilied - (ii. Iui;i. viil. ii, ip. ■rJ9,"k)0, (563-4, ami tiilS-',t. 5(5 E (ILACIAI. LAKE AOASSC/. IN MANITOBA. clay tliiit almost coiitiiui<)u>ly forms tlic central ])art nf tjio vallcviilnij i^ covered by tlic hiiilie^t Hoods, and probably ni> portion of ii i> moie than ten feet above tbe hiyh water line of the lied R\\\-v uinl jt, tributai'ics. The ]io.sion of th<' lied River Valle}' ^liow.x that they uvie not 'iiainly deposited by the waters of Lake Agas^iz, whicii miNt 1,^^, spread them somewhat eipially over both the lower and hiuhei' |i;iitM,f the lacustrine area ; but instead ajijicars to prove that iii Kim t!n,;f upper and greater part was brought liy the rivers which tlnw-fJim, this hallow and aloni;- it northward alter the i^lacial lake was \\iili,l|.|n.|^ BEACH K.s AXK DKI-TAs. Size mill iimterial d lieaclu's. A brief general de>cription of the beach ridge- of Lake Ag!is>i/, lu,, ""'been given on jiage 12k. their u>ual height being there statoi! t. be from three to ten feet aliove the adjoining land on the side tlmt wn. away from the lake, and ten to twenty feet above the adjoinii the side where the lake lay. their varying' l>readth between the !■; the slo)ies being from ten to thirty rod>. The beach ridge Thtir I'orinu- tiim by wave action. lalM bioad wave-like swell, with -mooth gracefully rounded Like the >hore accumnlatioii> of pre-ent lake am 1 of th 1' nui, ;, urliiix-. -ea (Ma^t, llln the>e of Lake Agassi/, vary con>iderably in si/e. having in any di>t; of five miles some portion> five or ten feet highei' than others, .lu,. t. the unequal jiowei' of waves and curi'ent.> at these parts uf the ^!ioi,-, The usually moderate .-lope of the land toward Lake Aga—i;; favorable for the formation of beach ridne-. and thov occur at \V!|> il iiiai.v successive levels, marking pauses in the gi'adual elevation of the Jani and -ubsidence of the lake. The liighest distinct l>each ridge of Lakt Aga>!«i/, ha> been traced in a continuou- comse along a distanceof m iif than four hundred miles in Minnesota. South and North hakota a:; Manitoba. In calling it continuous, I mean to say that w interru]ited, a> through its having been carrieil away by stre where portions of the lake shore received no Ijcach dei)o-i ielie\,.- nil- n a little di-tance farther along, beginning again at very nearly the lieight. ConiMionly the land ujioti each side of the beach ridg Lake Aija>siz i- till or unstratitied clav, containinir some inter po-it-, It 1- tnlla.! aiiic « (if nii.xtiu* of sanil and "-I'avel and occasional stones and boulder; Ti le mateiia! of the beach ridge i- remarkably in contra.-t with thi^ adjoinin- a;.l underlying till, fur it incluile> no clay, but consi>ts of stratitiel si:.l and gravel, the large-t judibles being u-ually from two or tliici' \i' -ix inches in diametei'. The action of the waves gathered from the deposit of till, which wa.> the lake bed, the gravel and sand of its beaches; and corrc-jpoiiliii,' ■fll.o valley ],laia tinn of it Uni,|. eJ ffiviT iiiiil it. It ami ••lay irni,, liit^they uvfoiK,t 111 Iiiuiio n'i'i'N.f liiit at IraM tin.;,, •hii'h fl^wrd iiiiH LMVilSWilli,),..,,,.,, ^ake A_:;-a>.iz I,;,, tlieir .siatO'! t^ liL' ^^i(k■ tliat M-ii. iiJJniiiiiii;' laii,|„, V'OOll tllL- IliHivf I I'idgo i> thus;, ■ouiided .s:i|.|.„^. ^i' tlio M'a I r);i«t ; in any.|i^t;(Il^,. 111 otiier.-, .Iiirt. rl.'' i/, wi,. .' ItCClll' at lii;,..v timi li.iin.i lU'arly tlio >;i!m. )eafli iil^,.« ..t iu> inteMnixtii;» The inaiei;;i: f? udjiiiniiii; ;ii,d ' stratitieil sii.t! or tlnri- tn .jx till, whicli was corivsfionilin.; , riiJ iH. •"-"^-^O^vv Jil ;«??> ^>s- m- ■V.iiS * BEACHES AND DELTAS Glacial Lake Agassiz IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA. Thf blue tint x'lowj tliv ui\ti iiT Lake Aaas.iiz iuul Hpproximutely thiit at' Luke Xourls. Tii the hiiT/w.sf staff t; uft'Hch. y r neachi^i '" •' " '■' " "• '• " ' 5 i f^ .t. jnoaiKy. Ju.'jwztk:} r » •> ij ii it R';'i Deltas. /a .-(Mi aa h it 17 n u h 13. ' la I! IB l> It 13 UiU>l»I«J1 r?iL Bunca. 7 s 9 lun u" M»«;?f /sm Ai; G/flt/«; AYr/>. <^ < Vm" ^im.um,.;.«; L--_/ Tl'nillllHl AiomirifS •■<(.»,, vM .»r«r(*>'-(/ilf«tl.' <: " wm^ ^_Vi^V\ _-/.''.-, >>-^JSii!!^' lUl" SC/*tf "A A4/l£S. lUO' ^%^^ t*ftw ■V;1 fe^M^ .;^j^ ^-,. --vJ^jtwrigllJ.— ^"^ IS'". 1 ■ til i i, K 5S "-" \ '.1 1 H-;.- ^- '•(»A''^'m ■* .. ..... KhJ"" "yw"; "it.n j ii.41 j^itHi »<^-' — ( I Tlt3 tm T.l«i >;lllkiM llll'lloe ; .iniill aminiii lliicii-ti'ii"' iiron, k'nclH'- '■'"-" '' fpiiil lit ll'i' Whi'ii l.al li'i'l all |l«.Vc llli' -I'll. [Iii'ilrilt I'V its lilt til'i\' mile.' ;Stiitir l Valley. Ivii. i- criissod [ihiu'Mita, tivo in IfXiii'cnis.s boat |TIr' iK'Xf. t\Vl» H -al i:ri'iiss lieacli. fii|ilii'll, Miniies le iiieclcfiiridLTo iTiit' lil'lii :iii(l lo , was Ii Hilled |?'i"t'cet above t iliei)i'eserit boti |t:'iii i)tilii> Ih-uc Minnesota, j I'l'Me named hi!i ridijes of gcj IIBACUKS AND KKLTAs. 57 K .l>1""''" ,,l -tnitiliod (lav, ilei'i\'(>i| liinii ihu Hiiiiiti I'l'i^Hioii (if llic till, fiiii ikiiiil"" .iii»i Mllll> lli,. Il-ll'ill^' !"'^'"> ^^ li'i'|iL'i' pari (if tlio laUo. But tlioso scUimontx wore evidently mil und iii'o not iioticcalilc upon llio icrwilcr pait of tliis Iticii iiiiisiHls of a Minootln'il hIiccI of till. Wlieio llio IliOMclli"-* cl'o: 8 (lolla (li«positf(, ospociuily tlio Hno wilt nnd day tliat lie 111 ,,iil lit ilio doltii i^i'a\('l iind sand, they aid itnlistinctly developed (ir ,il ontii'l.V- ^^" 'l'*^' otlior hand. IIk^ ino.sl ina.srtive and typical [lovcliMiii"'"' of l)eaeli I'id^'ert is found on aroaw of till fliat rise witli a ten tl.'-l't )f ton or tiftoon fool per milo. Nn liciilderx ivteraMe to Aii-fi.cci.i ;iln|llll'I ;iiion liy tlonlin;; ico liavo heon found witliin or upon any ot |(lii. In'itfli deposits, of tills laUe. lull l.iiko Aj,'aHsiz forniod its Hrst and upiioi" hoat'li, it^ outlet was 11 «,') Let above tlie jiresent siirfaco of hake Travoise. or l.fl.'i.'i t'eel ,. ilic -t'a. 'I'lio (diaiinol wliieli at this tiiiio had heon oxeavated in ll.'ilnl' ''.^' ll.,iit tifiv 111 iidiililur- Till' ii|i|per iir llirmiiii lii';i(;li. its (iiitflow was III to .■>() foot (loop along the disjaneo of ilo.s, where are now fjiiko 'rravorse, Brown's ValU^y. and j-Simi' i-!ike. This heaeh is (rrossed by tli>' BreeUenrid^'e line nf >:iiiii Paul. Minneapolis iS: Manitoha Itiilwny at a pnint ahoiil one Li a hull miles norliiwest of Herman, Minnosola, from wliieh plaee it rlliillllll atod the lierman beac h. \: iho next ejuudi after that of the upper or Ilornian hoatdi. when L l;iki' level ill its southern part was a/^ain nearly stationary lony L,iii;li to liirni a ridn'c of ^'ravel ami sand upon its shore, the (UUlel 1 lioi'ii lidded about "Ja loot deeper than at the time of the upper :i 1), I'll' was Mtill iKl feet almvo the |»resL'nt Fiake Traveiv-e and nwnV Viillev. The iieaidi of Lako Ai,fa>si/,, when it had this lower vl. i- erosxed by the lireekeiirid^^e railway line at Norenos, iiiir^iita. tivo miles northwest of Herman; and it is therefore named , X.iiciiiss boaeh. Till' next two series of beatdi deposits woro formed when the outlet fl.uki' Ai;a--siz had been lowered respeetivoly, for tiie lir>t. l.')to.■!ll^ :.:i:i'l lor the soeond, U) to 50 feet below its level at the time of the iiviiss bea(di. These beaidios take tlioir names from 'I'intah and iii|ilii'll, Minnesota, the next two stations northwest of Norcross on ' liii'ikeiiridgo railway lino. ITIu' lifth and lowest boaeh of Lake Aiijassi/, while it outflowed to the nil., u' .\.. rem.''? Ill Tim nil mill I'hell as formed after a further erosion of "JO feet, loworini; the outlet ''•^^•"^ Mi:Ciiiili'yvUlo 111 I feet above the sea, and completing,' the excavation of its channol theiiiesont beds of Traverse and Big Stone Lakes. My tirsi obser- Iti'iii lit' ilii- beach was three and a half miles northeast of Met 'auley- , Minnesota, about tifteen miles north of Breekeiiridge. It is ol'iiiv named the MeCauloyville beaeli. Five distinct series of h ridges of gravel and sand were thus formed by I,:ike Agassiz at a^ K OLACIAI. l-AKE AOASSI/. IN MAMTOltA. .successive stall's (if hoiu'lit iluriiig its jirdcoss nlMociie l>y which it outflowctl smithwanl. Mill lllrd liiniu'l Xorthwiird Trae ng til iieadies ti) the north, tiiev are I'ouiul tol ':'vrai;i'a,i;i "fiWivi"'iim (if "f't'^'nt in tiiat (iiroi'tion, dimiiiisliiiii;- in amount tVoni tlie tlicse iieiidies. earliest to tiio lowost anil latest; and the sinirie heaeh ri il";es of t II Mf south part of the lake are found to ho represented northward jiv iw three or several ]iarallel heaehes. Aeeordini;-ly, in tlir i.iUuw: doserij)tions of the heaeh ridges ohserved in Manitoiia, those ure •j.-iuiii,,.! I together which seem to re])resent the stages of the lake thai >niii||.,v;ii,i were eomhined rospeetivcl}' in the Herman. Norero'^s, Tini;ili, (';i|,,„ hell and McCaulevville heaehes. The Herman beach at t thus more or less elearlv subdivided into seven, the \ ic lioi'th; iiri'i'dS' Tintah beaches each become double, and the Camjibell ; ville heachi's each become threefold; so that seventeen ~i,ii; ;iii 1 recorded in the elevation of the northi'rn jiart ot" the Agassi/, and in the noi'thwar to the period of outflow southward by the Ikiver Warren, :ire I ■1, 1,1 •f L;. 'Idli:;;] Benches fdrnu'il wliilc liilakota near whiili tliev lateaii is ascended by the Soiit3| western Branch of the Canadian Pacific IJailwa^', and for a disiiuiCT about li)iir miles south and two miles north of 'Jiis railw;i\. ■ L|i:,.ih-pi'airic, Ijirewll .Icvclopi lx;imill.'Ui'ill 'if t yi)tlii' -oiitli cili Li->ivo IMinided jlil'tt'di t'l'Ct ill a di jjlsiroM, which i ;:li >!iniiar out liiikiiii its crest, h|i.vet' I lie .N'.W, hiidiiliiiiiigsiirl'ac •III' I'l'iidi i> inter |irChev;il Creek. I.^v^'n'^• Iioiise. L-t III' -Mr. iiiiwc |iii:i.ii\- than iisiia r;v niil-. honlei iTdiiy fi"l~. and Iftiili is i;'i'a\el am |a:;iic's also a lliii .;. II, tl, where ii li'i'lcvation ot' it |l>>t is I'CihlCed lo IwiTlirtK'li riilgos liiii'l t'l ciiii>iNt of I [tiiivi.' inches in d |i:'iii'.>iiiii liuiestor |i' I'rialiiiKi .Mom ■;;: ;iii recks. T; ■:i,;i1 -I' sec.-. It; ■:i:'|iiiiotii of i'eiu lx;;liii'ty miles m |s; :' !•- the colli iiiio- ill .Miiinesot L'tliHit a i|iiarter n li''ii III (weiily t'ee ^nl■^ llnu>e, iie.Xt I I'lVthe -ea. It tl li'iiiifa mile to i t' ic'i or in part p'ri I'tMrlies \\ est ii'jiii .\[orden to V.EArilES iiF TIIK HERMAN STAOES. 59 E lu' liii;ln'>t iiiiil ,1 riili^es or the Wiinl l>yt\v.)(,r till' lollu\vii;^f lOM'arc'iiruujinl Ul!ll>nlltlr,v;|;,l , Tiuiali, (';iiii|v :it t!ir lionii'j and Mrt'iiiiivv. 10 area ni' I,;,;;, lovol. I'l'loii;;;;.; I'll. -.>i/, iiutil.iwiii-.j n Xiii'lli li;ik :;i ai'il lii.'aclu'-. ;;!.:i Mildn, ainl 0;:r.;; li tlicy arc vvl ,'s from MaiiitMij iOWa, SlOllfW;!]. I asi'i'ir. is.'i.ly I llrnnaii liwicli, Xi\ clA illt' biM h itional liiiuu'hivv, |\V() miles \vc» miles iViim ;Lj| |u' iiexi It'll In:' alio woi'f "11 'tel lie lia-r iirwii/il L- ii()rlli\vaiM,;iifi| I'oriiiiiiii: tla's'C'j |l' alioiil a '|ii;u'"',i| il \ iiio 'it' I'scai'iniK'Ht Ih re|iliie(.'d liy a mo.lorato slope which is oliiellyi'raii-H tare lex ainiii'iii"" . Across this tract tlio ilei'maii hcaehes of Lako Agassiz ojiOil. lu iinloi" proi't'cding northward, the first point of it the hiirliost hoach was lear William IL. t)aliVO I'lillll'lc Lu'clltbol ill d rid!j;o ot' ^'ravel aiK 1 sand, with descent of twelve to','/ f? ^.l■e«I. Willl'll (iiii >;miiai' 'II a distance of as many rods hoth to the east and west from is I,!',").'! teet aliove the sea. Northward this heach, li.u. t l.lMjij (III US c of til It line, cxMends to I'rancis J. Parker's house, which is rest, having- there al-o a heiijht <>{ l.LTto t'eet, in the north leX.W. Vol' th >ectinii. Westward from this lieaeh is ai Ll;i!:i!iii,i;'siirt'ace .if till with t'ew lioiild .ei'' Haifa mile tarther north Wl'll L,. lioai h is inlersecteil hy the deeji and hroad ravine of l>ead I[c. its elevation one tn one and a half miles northAioi'th- ni Mr. liowcii's is 1. ■_';')"» t'l KlTtl' feet, and it is there spread more IfiiMiy than Usual, haviui;' a nearly tiat sui'face nn a widtii .t hy a de--ceiit of ten or iifteen feet in and till the west li\' a li.r;y !■■ r./ii;v 1'' docent nt about t'liir feet. The on each sul lias iicai •lytl le >ame ^ i;'ravel and .•~and, with ti aJMi a third oi'a mile farther iiiirih. near the center of ^cc. 10, t is •ros^ed hv the road from Morden \<> 'riinrnhill, i;. (i. wlieie i i.^Bloi'li'vatiiiii <'t' its crest heiiii \.-2 ')< t'eet, I'lit the depression or tl tie ■t i> I'l'diiced to only one or two feet. In the >auio section this and Iwei lioat'li ridixos are excavated lieside the railway for ballast, ami are liiii'i t'l iiiiisi'-t of sand aii'l e'rave! with pebbles ^eldom exceeiliiii;- two Itiiiio iiiclie> ill diameter. Ah >iit hall of the pebbles are liylit gray (iL'IK'.-liili n IVial'ina mestorie, and about hail' Cretaceous sh.ile, smh as forms Mountain, with on !y a small proportii derived from an recks. Thence the lli4:•lle.^t shore continues north through the all it'^ecs. 1(1 and L'l, T. .'!, iJ. d. and in ■«ec. liS comes to the steeji the I'llUMll o f Pembina .Mountain, with wliiidi it coincides alonii |.\; •Jiiiiy miles north-northwest. The elevation of thi^ beach shows ; i^ the emitinuation ot' the hiifhi'>t in the >eries of Herman IfiJio- ill .Minne>otu and Xt ot'Mr. Oakley's, i> built on iis crt's t, ]:2M feel wtlii' >ea. It there has a tlescent of Iifteen feet or more within an li'.ii'il'a mile to the ea>t ; but tui the west the tlescent is tinlyonetu- i loii in- in |iart wanting:", and i nearly level surfiiee t of these, at .in elevation of ahout l,2ln toot, ^j, well, sixtren feot deep, is gravel and sand to the depth nf i wolw t«.|| with till helow. Xofthwai terrace-like in form, havi iM.l I descent (it i Ineo i teel iir more nn nc a^t but onlv luic In twu feet nr non litiVI e 'Ul th'' Wo>t Tl le coritinuation ot' this shor was also IP bscrvcd. lik'c til throUiih a distance nf six miles norlliv.-ard. IVmljii iiiii^iiii I'miii Th-ruhill Iroliernt". i' roin 2s. T. 3. I{. (1. the lU'vi nan shure- o I Lake Ai wi ■•is-i/. oi.iheii ii'"ii.'h th the prominent escarpment of the I'emhina .Mountain li distance of twenty-nine mill's, passiiii;- in a nearly straii;ht com northwesti'ilv to sec. 'MK T. 7. H. >•. ahoul seven miles easl- lllltl.t Irom Trel leriic. Alonu' this distance the ha-e be sea, and its crest abnut I.IOII Icet. tVoni this ele\ation, the j^reat jdain of tho Hed Rivor Valley mi lln'o-j wlien overshadim,' clouds ujive to it in the distance a dark Mul" color, a|)pe )l)ears not unlike the vast exiia mse ofth ocean as vic\V(-Ii:dJ ati c'lmd heii^hl a few miles inland. The !ii,i,^liest shore ot the as about half-wa\'up this ascent, and the lower Ileriii; use of the Norcross stauje were between this and the 1 III Ilea I K. ;". :if T. and th At the mirth iiid of the I'embina .Mountain the Herman sin Lake Auassi/. turned from a northward to a we.-uward cnin-i'. till' sliarpest portion of this bond, in sec. 'Mk 'I'. 7, li. '.'. the i-mvi aloni;- the shore, caused by stoi'ins, brought a barge amount and sail d il oin tl leir erosimi on each side, and accumuhili' dej )osits 111 a massive ridi re whH b .lilt s oil t norlb-northwcsl ei'ly ar irravei in' more from the curving line of the oscai'pmenl. Th and s|,it sinks trom nearly l.-'tlMI feet above the sea at its -(Huli ■ il ■ ' HEACIIKS (IF TIIK MERMAN sTA()E> 61 E •eiMi this aii'lij > lake lrvelii«,j,_| ro siidi iiii iiitfi, liir'i ^ta-'oiinlil elovath.ii ot'iWil rtlier iiurth. iniJ Miller'- liniiv;! ' l.-l" I'^'^'t. liiil itl\ ni' UV,'IVft«t| iMo llll'0\lirl|>i,.J !rixd!«h!iw's (Vvtl Xorcni-v lit'Urlijj ill ( 'iiy. ill n'l. iij iL'iMul ~li\'et lieinJ ih t'ariliof a-; a . al \,\<.\ tnl.lv Mt (it' ihroo [tihi none (111 till' Wft.tj Uo tlic ]iroi'is;r,j| (' Agas>i/, eniiicilj ouiitaiii thi'oii^lJ i^-JU (■iiur-oiiortS ill's oasi-iiiitli,.a^ tlic I'si :ir|iiiK'i,! j l.KKI loot. \(| Valley "li tiu'va-l (lark I'luc'iiKi II as vicufil f:Di ii'(.' of the :.'i;if: Herman liwi'i: 1 tlu' liMHC. li Tinaii sli"!v ird t'lHir-e, ;iii! i. ',t, iho cum- atuduut dt' i;iai eeiiiniilati'il ii tli\vesterly:iii Till- Lrnivdai I at its Miiuliti dierc It n- oil |,K.l«i.-ilS et' 'll^-' ike. |.'ivotii-ix "li tlio adjoining iiigiiland to about l.llT) feet, eompri.smg successive Herman, Noroross, and Tintah stages of the liiiiliei.'1'i" t'iieriH' ;.:;i.T. 7. J|.„v('tlK' sea. th til I les I'ai'tiier west tiie Herman heaciies are well cxiiibited jnal ascent tliat rises to tlie Tiger Hills one mile south of Tlie liighcst lieacii lierc crosses tiie middle of tiio N.W. :Jr of Ik. '^, where it forms a swe II ■and and Lrravel wi th -oil >.ni ilioni I ly of Cretaceous shale, having its crest 1,27- to ],l'7I^ feet 111 Mime portions this readies nearly tlat an eighth of a he liase of the Tiger Hills, but elsewliere it is divided essiiin of three to live feet. This apjiears to he leiir liie H'i.'i ly a lie] n tl i,\ I le series n f 11 erman beaches, the first ot' tliis series liiniidiM' nut being found here nor farther north. At tlu- time when lliai ii|ipt>niiiist beach of Lake Agassiz was formed, this locality and the Liiitry ii'iitliward are believed to have been covered by the ice>slieet, U'lmiiKiiinn being at the tract of morainic drift which overspreads .,;iM part iif the Tiger llil's, as crossed in T. 7. R. !•, by the ro:i(l to .'mhiiIi inmi Tioherne. About twenty and tifty rods north ot' the f;Kli iii>i described, two inconsjiicuous beach lines, terracedike sand ■ iinni'l deposits, -ire found at l.l.'(!i! and I.lT)! feet, referable to LlJivif^ioiis (/'' and /'/') (if the second Uerman stage. A little farther Lrtli the third Herman beach is represented at Irvine Scarrow's house ii'iiiity of Tri'liciiii'. jilii'-nutli edge if sec, (I, T. S, 11. !». Tliis is a slight terrace with '-I ;il .•Jb'iand 1,244 feet and descent of tour or live feet on it s nortn th Mr. .'scarrow's well on this beach, lil I'eet deep, consists of blai'k 2 tec I interbedded -and and clav, ll> feet ; verv coarse shak .'t ; beds ot' v( oarsc and tine irravol am 1 sand, ];{ let and iiv hanl I lark liluish till at the bottdui, dug into (inly 1 toot. This i\\> .III .iccumulaliiui of shore drift tn a depth of thirty feet. I "11 t I'V tlu' currents of the lake from the curve where its lieaches iriii"! Westward. About an eighth of a mile north ot' .Mr. .Scarrow's oilier bench . alsn referable to the third Herman stage, descends from ;;i;:iuil 1.L','!8 feet at its cro.st to \,'2'M feet at the base of its northward ■. At the "Ummit of the Manitoba \ .Southwestern Railway a nrle (it'tlic Little Moyne River, and on the shipe thence ea-tward, very ■Iw hcaih deposits are accumulated, due a])|)arently to the same iiini 'loitliwesiward curri'iits frum the northern end of the Peniliina riuiitaiii. I'he summit df the railway is on sucli a beaidi, 1.217 to pinvt above the sea, tiie fourth in the Herman series, forming a I'i -well t'rom which a gentle slope falls on its nortiieast and south- Iji -iiit's. .\rtliur Wiilett's well here goes to a depth of 42 teet in lit' sand and gravel, obtaining a plentiful supply of good water ill .^Bm tlii'ir lower jiortion, without reaihiiig their boKdm. A fifth of a ii'2 K GLACl.'.I. I.A;:K. A(i.\,sSI/. IN MAMT(.I!A. mile IhrtluT i'ii>t tliu railway i-ut> a Woacli li'l; f'ei't, al.-(» ri'loralilo to tiio Hmrth Ilri'iuaii >taui e with il> I'll 't l,:i; Tlio Avsiniiioiiu' delta <)eeu|iie- tin- we^tefii Im.iiLm' (if LmI^. ^\.,. fri>in TfelK'nie we.-Iwai'il aliout >i>cty mile- In Bi'aniliiii ainl il,^. nortiieaslwaid abimt tiiiity-tive mile- tli(iir ni lake aloiii;- these distances i> not ^-ei'.ei'ally marked by a deiihiti. In.. ridge, the ahseme of wliieh seems tn he aeeouiited U>r chiiMlv l.v extreme shallowness of the lake u\h)\\ tiie delta, so that, pnwcifiil wa llisuost slini-c were not di'ivon ashore 1)\' storms. The course of the I >l,^'lH>t ^i|, troTi; I'reiiorne between Trelieriie and Brandon, lieloiiiiing to tlu' time of ti. liniiiil" the Seci'ii'i llor- ui:in [)eaeli, liraii'luij. Herman bcaeh. passes lir-t w est-sonlh .ve-t along the toot ofil,,. ]•.,,. Hills to the noi'il. and west side of ( 'ampbell'- Hill in >er. I, T. 7. |; ;■. tin'nce south wot and south to the ("ypre-s .i;i\-er neai- (iran--e |in>i.,,;]j,.| in sec, 1^, T. H. K 12 ; liienee west-noi'thwr-tward to Oak (Vwi; ;,., along the south sid" of this creek, within a mile or le-s tVoni ii, to ii.s moutli ; and. ci'o>-iiig tlic Souvi- in sec. .'!!, T. 7. IJ. U\ thence noi-'hwest to [ii'anilon. l!e\-ond the ('v|ires> a hrli ,,t lira;.;,. moderateK undulatii iiii' oi' in iiart c.oa'iX' tiai. fr(uii t\v o or iiiioo III niles wide, sepai'ates thi- lake shore t,"oin the noi'tliern h H'lloi- i.t Tiger Hills and the eastern and northern ba>e of the Hiandon Hi', S. .Marlii 1 s iiou>e. in the X,K. 1 of T, s, 1;, 1 1. 1 t. ahilUl 111; mi les southea-t of Brandon, i- built on a .-mall hoacli ridge o| n;iii,| ;^, I gi'axel extending from southeast to north'vc-t. oijy slightly l.c|( highest stage ol the lake, which is marked by a niodei'aleU > rallel e-cai'ji pa southwc ment. about ten feet hiuh. ero(led in t 111 a half mi, )t this I'cach. 'i"he unu>ually -moothed surfaci' ef i 'Xtending thence we>i and south to the Uianilon and Tiger Hi the area iri mouth of I bv d le S.iuris in its i-ourse from rj-ieiz'orvV aek ( 'n ■vk. i> pro! ly attributabie to llu' depo.-iii U)iper portion in a Imdy of water beM between these hili- nortl iwardK' r'treatimi- ic I'-sheet betore l! 11- area was drained i. level o f Lake Aii'as>i/. bv the retreat of the ice from the e;i>i (111. the Tigr Hills and the north end of the Pembina .Mount In the south part of the city ot' Brandon the s>H'on(l Heiiiian Ua,; marking the stage /(/' of the table in a -ubseiiuciit part of thi- iv|m; a well deiineii ridge of sand and gravid along adislaaee ofaiiniit ;iii I: extends fro'n east to we-t. passing an eighth of a mile noi'ih ■; court louse, and thence (dose along the south -ide of !. nine Avt from I irst to Fourth Street.-, Between Fourth and .Sixth ."^iivet- i oT'ssed by this uvenue. and thence westward lie- close on its no.ili! ItH structure is shown by smdions where it i- intersected by Te Klevenlh and Twelfth Streets, exposing a thickness of ten i.r ol)lic[U(dy bedded sand and gra\el t-ontaining abundant pebhii-; ii. I nvij iliclic- and f.\v-lllil'ls I'ci.Mi IwiC-llilU'di Ci'et ^laiiite- and -idi |i;. uiilli and fro jniiiiiliil wavedil jraiiL't-'S fVein I.-i JTu-eit'lii.^iicets |tli:.'lith' liighei- (vidnity (if Brai .j;.idcil in the .-( |rravcl mid >aiid ll.:'«:' foci above Ifiii- mill- we-t o \i.,>K fiill,\' notice Niirtli 111' I he .\ (iiii Hriiiidoii ea« [■< ii.i-c licliiw the LinJ-alld. wliiidi Ii jraiit' iiiiiili of !)i \a\iy :it ilir miili liii'iii'i' ii- eoiir.-e |,>iar|'iiieiii. cxtei [■], ;iipl le-- dist |li;-i'M':il'|inieiit wl d.:'';;i .ivi abn-, e a mile larther .•;\v;(id I- delta s ■ill.;' tlichi (' slowl li;i' lii'twem a m llcMiliil liiiuldcr- |i!ri :iiii| travel de |iM>-('- iiorth-i '.ll'iind the east IiImI MTti'iiis in 'i r|!'J\im;ilely. lh.. i>li::il lieiadi ridgi lali'nv nil tlu' adjo ienil> of (he ine(|i Iw, ii'ahsvcr.so to pclie-wiiuld be Co hivol ;iiid -and ii riiiiiiiiaied in a di ISEACIIEn nK THE IIEK.MAN SIAUEn. (!3 E [two iia'll'-- f.V- l(iiii.' raiiite- aiiil i';irfl\' Cdlililo^ thi'i'c or four iiicho- in iliuiiu'U'i-, iil'Oiit lifinu P;il;i'()/.uir iiiii^nosiaii liine-t(>iio>, IVom uuo-tenlli to ('rctucLMUis sliiilo. and llu- I'oiiiaimli'r mostly Afoliii'ati iM Nclii.-ts. Tliis lieacli riilye vai'ies tVoiii ton to t\voiil\- roil> wiiiili i'll' 1 from tivo to ton t'oct t>v more in lu'iulit, havin: '■a smoi) tlih 1'! i ■ III 1 wiive-liUe form. 'Plie oK-vation of its crest neai" the court liouso t'lcni l.-tic tn l,-_'G',i feet aliovo tlic soa, anil at l-llcvontli and |Ttt-elt'tli>"'' .1,1 ly lii: iiiity 111' |a#.r.K''l in •ts it is ]._'(!(» to l.'itil feet. Xo (iistinct heacli ridgoof llic :flicr Herman // >tat ])art of IJrandon h\ ilie delta ])lateau of coarse at the lurt I loiise a nd eastwa'" diicl I IS l.L'Tl' t( Iji-;; toi'l :d"'VC tlie sea. and by an old watercourse crossed three \i m.T null- I ,,ivl'iill.^' not -I ot Brandon on the road to Ki'uinay. both of wiiich an ticed in the tlescription of the Assiniboine delta. \..i'lii iiiilie A>M iinoine til liiiilies t shore of LaUe AJ'•a•^si/, liijui'l'Mi ea^l anil I'ast-nortiioa.st by (y'hater and Uounlas. Iieini; on iH'lieliiw the vcrye ol' the |)ialeau of till, overspread by delta iri'avel L(i-;inil. which lies close north ofthe ( "anadian I'acitic IJailway. About huiih of |)ouu'las >tation tlii> shore is nuirked bv a dune hillock. lliclioiil -liore t'rom llriiiuldii t" Neopiiwii. IllKA' ;ii,v 111 thi miildle ot the line belwei'ii --eelions 10 and I 1 . T. 1 1, I!. 1" ■ iir>e IS noriiinortiu'astwari '<1. nil! IS ini licaicd l)\' an eroded mriii. ixlemlihLC Iwixir three mile- with a heiii;ht often to tifteen ail' I listinctlv idi-erv tine a tew n lile- lH'\-ond. The base of ■ai'|iiiien •'il'.i t where it crOsse- the south line ot'sec. 'Ji in this townshij. and the surface at the sidiool-hoii>e a si.xtli ■t above the sea l| :, null' l:o ler we -1 i- about IWCH'V feel rh .Ml th area fcctwai' 1 1- delta sand and li-ravcl ; but tlu> eseariiment and the eounlrv ;llit'iiri' slowl\- northwest wjiri til Th •ontinuation ot ihi^ L' liolwi'rii a moilerately rolling; surface of till on the west, with |lt:.:ii!il hiiulder- and frci|uent laUclets. and tii.' sli-^htly undulatiui;- iiiij -ra\el uclta on the east, with low dunes on many |iarts of its jiU"!- north-northeastei'ly in rantco siNieen aeross the west halfof .l.'aii'l the cast half of 'i\ i;5. and thence north throun'h the east most 111 hI -ci'tions in T. II, to St()ny < 'reck. It cvidi'utly marks, at least roxiinately. the hiixhest shore oi the .;lacial lake; but it bears no |>tir.it licacli ridjfe nor line of erosion, jiariiy because the lake was so |i\v 'ill the adjoiniiiij,' delta area, and partly because the prevailinti; lenilMir the inei|ualities in the till surface run nearly from east to le-i. !rai.>vcrse to the course of tlie shttre currents and drift by which Kidii'- would bo formed, thus intercepting the scanty deposit.s of beach ravei a a 1 sand in their hollows, instead of permitting them to be iinlatod in a ilistinot ridi:;e, 04 E OI.ACrAT; LAKE AGASSI/ IN MANITOBA. Near Nrcpnwii, The Manitobii I**; Xortlnvestern Eailway crosses two Ix'ucli throo and tlii'et'-loiiftlis inilt's and tlii'eo mik's west ot Noc] CTOsts lit' which are respectively l.'A'2',i ami 1,304 feet ahovi^ the sm, These elevations indicate that thoy Iielong to subdivisions ot (in'sewn,! Uerman stage, in the same niannor that thi> stage is reju'i'-iutcd I,,- tiiive hcach lines at Trehernc. Eacli of these ridges has a lu'ii,'lii ,,1 aliont seven t'w* above the adjniiiing sniface. and a width iit'iliipty ;, tbrty rods. They consist of sand and gravel, and tlie railway iiiiii]i;iiiv lias therefore ])uri-liasi'd a considerable ti-act oeeuineil b}- the InwiTm.e oftlieni tor its excavation and use as railway ballast. This jdwer lien i, j)robably marks the same lake level as the beach observed at liiiuniin. having there an elevation of 1.2H0 to l,2(l'.t feet. (Jravel iiivi ,siii,| brought into Lal, wiiere the iikhui;, wall is reducers; and a sh;dlow depth of nidinarvl till or ot' laciistrino dejio'-its overlies the Cretaceous shale. Tlic slcoiII XorcroftS beach, also forming a distinct ridge, lies a third of a ii.jJ farther cast, with its crest about 1,150 feet above the "sci. .'\ IxA excavation for sand to be used in plastering has been nuide in tliisii!;'r, in the Siiiith edge of this sec. Id. \ mile farther .south .b)hii ffj .Stoddeis' house is built on it at an cLivation of 1,1 IS feet. Iliswil, BEACHES iW THE NORf ROSS STAGES. (j5 E .■nter l.'iT :v\>, lla^s^■s tlirouffJi gravel and sand, eleven f oet ; and ilicn tho tlia'u', tiic •fij) ol'wliic'li, to adeptli of six to twelve inches, \h .. iianl caliareous layci', including nodnlcs and veins of caic spar, pj^nfs ol :ln' liard surface of tlii^ layer, tiirown out of tiio well, wore Willi ii'laoiai striic. The continuation of tliese beaches liiiiilv iiiarlv- !< traota WCftfl'' Mc rhrougli the next seven miles nortiiward across the South- i'randi oi'tlie Canadian Pacific Railway, piissing aliout three iiii;o> lii^i lit' Th'U'uhili, to Bradshaw's Creek, liej'ond whicli to near I'frelii'iiu' ihcy again coincide with the Penihina Mountain escarpment. About I Tiehoriic hcii'll I'll 10 ;ind a half miles ea>l of the I^ittle Eo^-ne River nc; ^[anitnlia A- Snuthwestfrn IJailwa^'cuts the upper Norcross Xour Trdieinc. the )l 111 l:;v, ilieciv-t of wliich is 1.10.5 tcct ahove thosea, with a descent lilt live I'cet on tlio we^t and ten feet on the oast. A half mile irthi'i ''a>t it cuts the lower Norcross beach, with its crest at 1,167 feet, lironi whii li there i> a descent often feet to the west iind tifteert feet to ;i>i. This beach has been extensively excavated lor ballast, a spur i:i.e f ck l.uiiig run along its course a <|Uarter of a mile northwestward liiMm the railway. The excavation, varying along tiiis distance from |,;x !" I'ighi rod- in width and tiom tivc to iifteen feet in depth, shows kiuit ;lic rui •om pose il of intt'rbedded sand and irriivel, tl avers i'\--'i' i-tituting about ballot' the entire deposit. Thegiavcl layers |d;i!i'f ill iar»encss Irom those that contain no pebbles more than one |(,i;«" iiiihe- in diameter to others contaiinng water-worn ma-ses of \ih t';i >t across md Ai'«haaii .bblc six inches in diameter, By ItNiiiiiite. nearly nine tenths of the griivel is tiie hard Fort Pierre shale :ii;eli iiiaUes Up ilie in'incipal mass of the PembiMU Mountain, the 1 ll'lN, and liiding Mountain. thi> shale gravel being often almost Linixc'l wi'h other material ; about a twentieth jmrt consists of two .>«> nf lime-tones, derived in nearly equtil proportioits from the :ikIA\ jvay. arenaceous limestone ot' Xiobrara ii^a, plentil'ully |i>>!iiH'i"U,-, ivhieli o\itcro|is beneath this shiUe on tho Hoyne and iiilioiiic Rivers, and t'rom tlie I'tiheo/.oic limestones of tho tlat country H'u'.i; ,iil;e^ M; tnitoha am I W mnipej' aiu 1 tho remtdning twentieth is ;iir Aichican roiks that lie east and north ot Lake Winnipeg- l,.ii;iiniiiii;- Hortliwesterly anil northerly, this nmssive beach ridge 8 and IT, and the eastern ediio of 1!», T. &, R. 9, ^•■'11': wliirli it is lost sight oi' on the undulating and partly wind- lliwi: >iuiaie ol'the Assiniboine delta. riic iicxt (letinite observations "i the Xorcross shores of this lake are |e;n Neipawa, wlieie the .Manitoba \ Northwestern Kailway a iialf :r Tf ■f tl lis station crosses sma II ach ridges referable to the Mr] Noivro.ss stage, with their crests ],'^'2'A to 1,22.5 feet above the I I'l-e to the west is an eroded escarpment of till Iifteen feet high, tn l,'_'4(l foot. On tlio other side of tli l>otweori ;i Iialf mile Jiml nno luilo oast from it, tlie I'aihvay Mirfaco of wiiui-lilowii saiul witii Iiollnws two to fouf fool alKii ciesls of its low (luiics l)oiiiii at ],l!>.'; lo l,l'.i2 foot. 'I'll I'p. lovoi iioionifini;' to tlio lowor Xororos.H I loacli. Tlio boil of (1 OSO iKTiljiv III, ll forim )f tin- sand of llio .\ssiiiilH>itu' delta, fiiill !>' raihvii "'!■ wiirii |,|,,i i'odoi"isited iiy tlio lake waves, proves somewhat insecure heraus,. ,ifi iaiiiiity to be eiiaiiiiolled iiy the wind. The road loadiii:f in'ithwar,! iiom Xi'Opawa lo Ivleii and Hiding Mountain inns on the (icst of ili,. •ipor Xorcross beach ridj^e through tho easi purl of sees. 21 and 2^ t 15, n. ir». throe to live miles north of tlm railway, its n;-,t ti,,,. ha. a nearly constant height of 1,22.'I feet, with a descent ol tiv six loot ."I'oiii it to the east .Miid hall'a^ much to the west. Tiiciicc il, lieach ridge continues north-northeasterly to the oast part oi e iir 'I'. 1<>. 1!. 1."). where it has an idevatioiiof l.-'2,) in 1, !tl loot, wit I Willi, ihoiit thirty i'od> and de-cent ot ton tn tifteen feel on it.- eUM .i,|,. h next runs north or >liglitl\- we>t <>f north to riiunder ( I'oelc 111 ij, nith jKirt of T. IT. l)eyond wliitdi its course, with that of tho 1 iiw.^r NorciH -ho re, 1-^ alontr th ascent of Riding .Mom iiain. \u ;|, journey from Mden post-office (8.W. of. -••_'. T. li;, R. 15) luOi JJidge post-otlice (N.W. sec. :^'J, 'J\ Ki, i;. U), a neailv tl,it -mtiu, ■'ill with frc(iuent hniilders is crossed upon the width uiiln,. .'twi'on this r)eacli and the upper Caiiiphell hea(di, descending III listance from l.L'OK to I.KIU feet. iiinroNiiiia 'I>l tcly, Hoiil. -pei ■iallv aliunu.'int 'itlii'i the first mile from the upper .\. le erosion of till' lake bed suiiplicd its irravcl beach, whence tl 'J'his I'voii tract of till would seem m :ili'l ■ai.l osl fav ivora ble f ii]i|,er Norcro.ss ami U]i]iei- ('ampbidl lesels ; but no beach ridge lun' nilier de])osil of gravel and sand, nor liiu' of oro>ion which soniet mio- 'ui. the place of \hv>v to mark a shore line, was seen i;i the iiitciviniii; di>tance. II ■ems |uoliable that roll te of oli>er\ation the lower N not ti orcross r south and nortl 1 tiiiin an d (he two Tintah lie; I'iit'sl ill iP tollllll. miOACIlES OF TIIK TINTAII STAOE^ 111 proceeding northward from the international boundary thr Ti:i;;i!ij beache> Weil' tirst observed near the line between 'i's. 1 and L'. II lying <'n a terrace which tbrins the lower part of the I'oinl;: Mountain. On the boundaiy this terrace iw about three fourtli>.i: mile wide, its eastei'ii margin being an escarpment that risestfnuii l.i'H to 1.0(10 or l,0!t5 feet; and from its verge it grais ,;. [Iiii- sliMwn t .iKilltlc et till, ti'iraiv widens Kii it is I'onler' ilu' base of wl l.iiiiilary. In |,;,.i' 111 llie moil sliii'il I'l :' nii 1,110 in l.lL'5 f Inllll'S.K. j of ^•i;i\ol ;iiid saiii I Tilllall lie.'lell 111 , : ::ra\i'l and sa |..:i,' by lill. Ilie : Ift-et lower on tin l!io X.K. I of SI iiidcrlaiii by ih |i;:m, like ihe f j,.;,.,i,i|| lit thl'M' [lii'iintaiii. with ;i Htli liiaiicli of |r.i\'iiiy-tive iiiile.- |iri,i)!eoxlent it I |v.i-t. a- ill the lo 'It'l'.-, bill SI) IfiWi'-iiread with l("!i-i-tiiig of ^'l■^ |l;|r!l-triiic depo-il A mill' west of Iji-it'iit of alioiit f( |t!,esea. Within loiii !i. a >iiiall i'i( iK-i'iii |ilasleriiig, |t;\. iir si.x feet fro (•.\:oi;(ls ;i coiisidt |ti!Tare. 'Pho roa :'i.- aeros.s a son lii'lires are di.scon pii'i'niaii ^tagos, StMUCi lllll'^ '.;iKu-| I IlDl'lll (V'Hii Tiiilali lifU'livs] v.] Hl'pllK'll tiliil liEAcUKS OF TIIK TIXTAII STAGK.s. , iK'iirly all Aioliii'iin, up to tivt^ foot in (iiaiiiotor, ,„ilv (■inlteiitk'fi or only ])rojo(tiny ii fool or less ; but the slope ou its ,t >iili' i'^l'* ol' woatlu'riiiif and pulverized Orofaeeous shale, wliieli M\vn to form the principal mass of the terrace, beneath a thin till. In the distance of six miles northwarti across T. 1. this ns to two miles, and its eastern veri;'e sinks to 1,(1;"),') feel ; i^lit escai'pnient, about fifteen feet high. liii- .iWlltll' III JKVWHU' lul it I-' liorderei 1 l.v oniv a s i!k hasi' !„ ni'lar.v. if whii'h is thus at the sanici level as on the international In ils width of two miles it there rises about MO tbet, to the |,;,.,Mit ill'' mountain esciirpmcnt at 1,110 to l,ir)0 feet. A ipiarter to , iiiiil of a mile east of this csearpnient a line of erosion I'ises fron 1 llii 1,1 1,1:.'.") feet, approximately, inarking the upjjer Tintah shorv. |,, iln. S.I''.. 1 of sec. 5, T. 2, this siiore bears scant>' deposits of bca -h I Tilil:ili I'l'iive aiK d. with tlieir crcsl at 1,110 \>< 1,115 feet. 'I'fie b acli lies a third of a mile farther east, and is u distinct I and sand with its crest at 1,0S:! to l.OS'i foel, bordered on eac. Iiv till, the surface of which is live feet lower on the east and throe lice! luut'iiiii tlu' west. l"homa> Kennedy's well, loiirteen feet d m I'll- N. li ."). T. 2. 1?. 5, tbiind the till onl\- f.uir feet ■ler uiii bv the h'ort IMerre shale. This terrace doul'tle» owc> itfi Itii'in. Iilo' i-i"ii the f ir more jn inent I'eiiibina .Mountain, to nreiflaiial it thc-e ( 'rctaceoiis beds. It conliimes aloni;- the ti>ot nt' the iintaiii. with a widtli of unc and ;i iialf to two mile>, at least to the ith IJiamh ol'Toltacco Creek-, which (■ros>es it near -Miami post-otlice, |tH\Mitv-tive miles nortii of the international boundary. Throughout its IffLi'ie extent it has a considerable ascent u|ion its width from east to |v,i'-t. a- in |i.,;;.|.'i-, the biealities noted. Much of its surface is till with many 111! SDine iiortions ha ve nil bouldc Miel tract.- lieinji |i-v.:-iiic'ad wilb lacustrine gravel and sand, m- peibai)s occa>ii>nally (Mii-i-tiiig of Cretacemis -.bale nest below the soil, with no drift nor |l;|i'l>tlilic deposits. .\ mill' west of .Moiden the escaipmeiit bordering this terrace luU'an vent III about forty feel, with its top ap|iroxiinately 1,0"0 feet above l.esea. Within an eighth of a mile to the west is the lower Tintah eurli, a -mall riilge of gravel and sand which has been excavated for |ilastering, its crest being at 1,0s,') feet, neari' , with a descent of six feet from it to the east and two or three feet to the west. It Is a consitlerablc ilistani'C nearly parallel with the verge of the |tin:iri'. Tbo road thence to Thornhill ascends slowly in the next two owhat uneven surface, on whi( h ciiiht or ton beach West of .Mordeii. Ill-e 111 t.xieiii biiie- across a som are discernible, belonging to the up])or Tintah, Xorcross, and 'i;e.- rmaii stages. C8e flLAiIAL LAKE AdAHSIZ IN MANITOHA. Abiinl.inr boiiliK'rf. NenrNel."! Enst (if Trcbonie N"i[any of thoso i'ncl<-nia8>e. instead ni' lioiiig imlieddod in tlio dfift, as is j:;onorally tlio ci ii'irion, lu'oioot two to (liccoor fmir foot aliovo tlio siirfaco, 111 lb; "■ lio wlmll, ■m 1 t with no jMii'tion oonoealod. Hero tho ioe-shoot ])i'oli!ililv ivim;. itt'd, dojioniting thoise boiilderH in tho wost maririn of Lako Aijas^u luriiii;' tiio time nf its aocumulatioii of tho loi'ininal iii iraiiiu tli; foi'nis tho wost jiari ot'the Tigor Hills and tho 15raiidon and Aiidw ]Iil]> Aliout a mile smith and west of Nelson, tho lower Tintah I )i'i(cli rill hnvirig an ilovation of l.ilS.'i foot, a|)|ii'oxiniatoly, lios an oi^h III nl milo west i'nnn tho margin nf tliu torraou; and tho iijiiior Tintah lioa.ji j>idbably extonds along its wost side, clo.se to tho base of the roiiil.ina Mountain, whoi-e tho elevation is about 1,100 to l,12tl foot. Tho wi.lti, (I'tho terrace heio is abnut one and a (|iiarter miles. A lialf mile ea>t of the lower Nonrc bead 1 near Li'olicrii iijiper Tintah -horo seems to ho indicated whore it crosses the liiilwav by a line -il' erosion in i he Assinibnino delta, with di'scent !i|)|pr(i.\ from 1.140 to l.ll.'(i feet. imiiif I- illilii;' On the protilo of tho Manitoba iV Northwestern Kailway tli and lower Tintah beaches are a)ij)Ui'ontly shown about three niili'sanii tive and a half miles east-northeast of Xeejiawa. with their c,.'. rosjiocTively at 1.15S toot and in two ridges at l.UH and 1,111 iiv above tho sea. Within its next three miles northward thou I'l" is rc|iresoiiteil by a tract of low dunes extending through the ea- of T. 15. Ii. 15, to .Snake Creek. Thence tho i nurse of these slmrc lii t ,.!.. 1: as shown bv tlie lontuur, is nearlv due north to the fool of tl 10 ox'aii ment oi Hiding Moui.tain in T. 17. liEACIIES OF THE <'AM1'BKLI- STAflEB. UppiT Cinm bcll!-h(.re l: the intcr- DHtidriai buunclur.v to Trehtnic. Along the course of tlio Cretaceous terrace which borders the lav ;| the Pembina Mountain for at least twonly-tive miles northwaid tiniiij the internatiiinal boundary, as dosc'i'ibed in connection with thoTintaiil beaclies. the upiior Camjjbell shore lino, there having an elev:itiniiM'| 1.045 10 1,050 feet, coincides with the low escarpment which fiirm>:h! lU east margin oi' this terrace. A portion of the si'ulpturinir nf lii;; escai'pmcnt was doubtless done by the waves of the lake ; but tlu' !iia!n| outlines oi the teii'ace as a bencli inlerniodiate between the t'X|iaiiM' ll IIKACIIES OK THE CA.MPnEM, ,>TA(IE.««. 11!) E IJivi'f Vallfy iiiid llic liiyli Pfinl'iii:i (■-.fiirjnnoiit M'om olcuily iialilo to pifglaciiil oi'osioii. Tlio tir- " ''"'' '"''" ^^'*^'"^' "* N^t'l^on. and tlionc tlii"nuli .laiM'i' ' <\' n 111 ilo or inori' noi'tli-noriliwostwai^l. It lii'- iloso oast of III, ^,,.|.;(ce oscai'pnicnt, and lias an oslimated olovalimi at its urest of ((.(.t. In T. 7. R. ^, tliis shore is markoil i>y a (•()ns])icuoii» iioacli pa-«inji' tlii'onicli see-. 22, 27. and tlio oast odj^c of li.'i, lyin;; ai, il, to a lialt'of a tnilo west of the Boyno River, with its erost about 1,11,).) lifii'eii I l.lKiO toot above ti a. The doseont from the iTo^t i> ten to .'t on tho east, and live to eiylit I'eet oa the v,-est. The lako at ihj. ■.tiii,'e, oral a .-lightly hiuhor love!, also eut an o^earl)Inent tiftoon , , iwcniv loel hiirh. with its top at 1,07') foot, approxiinatoly. whieh ■ioes. 2S and 2!l of this townshi|> and riliw narliiwai |.,il\viiv al">ii estward aoro«.s il ihroii^'ii tho oa>'t piirt of sees, tl and 7. T. >^. eros^il\^• tho t sovon milos oiist of Troliorne 'I'll,' Inner Cainidiell hoaeh in its eourse iiortl.ward from tho intor- ii,tiiiii;ii niindai'v lie' ,i|,per('ain|ilie 11 shore, »or ea>i of tlio tonaeo tiieo wliieii was tho'';'iiii'i'«" ■'imr* \Uiuat llio same n >ees. s aiK I 11, T. 1, R. ."), tho elevation ot li-'inK'o, i'j(IX'-t 1- exii'inl^ai ,r|;ivi'l ;iiid l,(l8(i to 1,0K» foot. On the wot a nearly level surtiieo 'ii,ditli of a mile to the terrace. On the ea-t a slope of heael. and sinks to l,il2>^ feel in aiioiit twontv-tive rod am iiniiliiilv doseonding snrfaeo of till eontiniie- to ],(I15 feet in the next tiv.'iiiv-tive rods, heyond whieh there is a niueh slower ilox'ont fiMwaid. Tho road on the line hotwoon T.s. 1 and 2, R. 5, crosses llii- .hmv aliout throo oighths of a inilo wost of tho northeast eornor of see. ;;t, T. 1. where it is inarkod hy a typieal iioaidi ridgo, with it- t of -Mortlt lere it has hoen eon-iderablv txmvatt'd for plastering sand, it has a nearly flat top ton to twenty P'li . Wic le, with iiseent on this width from l.O'M) to 1,040 foot. appi oXl- inaii'ly, l■^•^ting on the haso of tho torraeo osearpmont. Five to six ii.iles liirlhei' north, tho roail from Nel.son to .Miami runs along tho top (lilii- iieaeh through tho north hiilf of see. 3 and the S.W. ;}- of soo. 10, It. 4. \{. (!. It is there a broad, low ridgo of sand and gra^'ol, twenty jt.i thirty rods wide, the elevation of its crest being about l.Oli.") feet, or Iteiit'ifl above Nelson. Continuing northward, it crosses the X.F.. ^ oi' Isei. i'<. T. ;'), J{, inil)oino Idelia, lull their elevation shows that thoy lie on its eastwaid slope il . "• 10 r. OLACIAI- LAKE AUASHIZ IN MAMIOIIA. M'lioro tln'y arc intorsocti'd \>y iiium'roii^ iiivitu's and ui'( iib.sciHvtl ill many placoH amoii^' ils ilimcs. On tlio ( 'aiiailiiin I'l mill. Il'lti; w. >r . W««ti)l Aii-iii Vicinity >■( Arden. Beautiful Plai Kailwuy protile tliroo mawsivo boacli ri(l;,'c.>*, tlio two liii,'lu'i' n loinl to tlm iiii|i('i'('imiiilioll '-lai^i, ami tlio tliii'd lo llio lower Cariipl., of ihu lako, arc mIiowii tlirco inilcs to two and a liall' niik Aii>tin, tlioir crfMlH lioini,' ri'siieclivcly 1,0^", l,()Sl,and l.Odd tci't ai,, the Hea. Those hcai'lios aro oadi aliniit tiiirl}' rods wide, with i often to twenty loot from their iio-l« to timir oast liases aiu mmli to tho west. On the .MaiiitoliUi*t Nortliweslern Wailway the iip|ier ('anipln JH a very niii^sive nmnded riili;-e, tliiriy In tifi_\' rods wide, aloii;,' wli , eastern sloi)e tiie railway rii I ilillf,.. "•'il II m-alioiit three miles, I'rciin tli SOlltli M,] see. tl T. I'l, R. 18, north-noitliwest to Arden. Heloro the rail way w;, liuilt, the old trail from Winnipey- to the Sa-katche\van River iia^.e] aloni; tlie top of I ids ridj^o the saniedi>taMi'e and loa |)oint almin iiiii.;^ nortii of Arden there leaving it andturnine; to the west. Tlii> \Hiyii,i\ of the trail was a yood dry r'oad throuehoiit the yi'ar, heini; iLm remarUalily eontrasted with tlie deep mud aloni; iiic»i oi' it, vw^ diirin iinv sea»iin>. I5eeaii-e >ai| ail hoauly of tho .smooth iieaeh, which is prairie, witiioiit tree or ImwIi, I; is honicred on eacli side hv groves, thi~ aveniic-liUe tract r eccivi'il i;, wiiUl V Known name the Hcaiitiliil i'lain. It is not liat.iiowev «'!•, ii> '.bj II.M name seems to imply ; for the cre>t of tlie beach ridge, at Arden 1 feet above the sea, and not v. trying iiKne tlian a low feet iibovi' below thi> elevation in its eour>e ihrnugh »overal miU M'lHli ai,: north, is tit'teen to twenly-tive feel above the nearly straight mar-ii. ■, the woodK an eighth to a ([tiarter ol a mile etisl, and seven to ten i\ •. above the more irregular maigin ot bushes iind wood> nn ilu' wv- commonly ten to thirty rods distant. 'I'be barrier ol' thi.s beach ii,l_... was ■.iitlicient lo turn the White .Mild Kiver southward thno n,:!,* along its west side. In a section cut si.K feet deep (dose north ol Aiii: lor tho passage of the railway and in e.scavalioii ot b.illa>t, I;..- material of this beaeli is mainly line gravel with pebbles only a (|ii;u:.| to a third of an inch in iliamoter, but aNo includes layers o|'>aml mi coarse gravel, with pebbles up to two inches in diameter, oi whi ', about three nuarlers are from tlic I'ahcozoic form.ilionK of niai:iir.i;,:i limestone tliat occupy Ilio country eastward to Lake Winnipeg. From Ardon this boaeh exlemls northnoithwest lb roiii;ii 'iiel norlheast part of T. 1.") and nearly through the center ol' T. Kl, ]{. 1 In the north half of T. M it has in several places a narrow teriiui'-l:; secondary beach on il« eastern sloj)e live to ton feet below the cie>t the main beach; and it is closely bonlored on tho west by a !" escarpment of till wliicii rises live to ten Icot above the beach rid^rcia I iiiilii'att'd i>y \('r' lal'ovo I ho soa. i'v liwciiiy rods cast. l.a<\ ilie u'est half |;iiV'ii'Volo|)e(l jis ■ "III' lias an cleval i-a ik'M'eiit of oni llivc i(j fight feet i k'vol surface of ' iiW'lvo I'l ids, and |«t'>U'i'ii nlope of lai'i'iit live feet low |livi' loct (ir more t Ali'Hii a ((iiarto kl.'iv is a line of e |(IWlllire t'l'oin wesi arc iImiiI,i;,,.. iiiiiliiiii I'lititi. U'Ikt rfli'i'iil.l,. Jiiiiii)l.>'IUta.,i, miles \\vi\ ,,| ,OiHl t't'i't nl'ovi' , willi iK'M'vii;* *i's and liali';;, ."ani|ilirll !.(.(,, |, !(.'. aloil;,' wli llO Mllllll .i,|,,,,| In- railway \v„< II l{ivi'r |iii-e<| itit alxiiii iiiu;;^. Tiii- iionwii ■ar, bfiii:.' il. ,. ■I (»!' il- I'x'v ■ 10 road and ::.i i rco or iiii>li,liii- 1 ad rccidvol ::■ liowfvci-, a« '.i..; at Ardi'ii l,H:vi| V t'uft ;d)(iVi' .f ill's -cuitii ai! I il^ilt llliir;,'il. ■ -oil 111 ten fv: I'll llll' \Vi-' lis beai'li liil.vl I'll tlin-o mlIisI lorlii ol' AiM'i! <>\ lulht>t, ■l:\ >iiiy a i|nai',''i ■f- III' sand ;ii.i| u'lor. "I' win ,K ol" iiia::iii-u,n| iiiuiiH'j,'. liiroit;:!! 'iiil ,f T. It:, H. ow lerraci'-Lkel i)\v till' i'ri!-i ij wost liv a ;"A'| ln'at-li ridiro :.i. IlEACIIES UK' rilE MCAUI,EYVIM,E STAdKH. 71 K lirlii-* till' margin oi' a Hal or slightly tinmi'ii o\_iaiisi.' of lill tliat iiid- -lowly wi'stwiini. A |iosi.ntllei« Kilimtt-il closn wortt of this Il iitid I'scarpiiiont in scf, .'{-, T. It>, is luinu'il Orango Riili^'i', in Onuigo HiJuo. :iilu*ii t'l'i III M tlio oiatiu'^-roil lilies (Liliiiin i'hilailt'lpliicuin. L.) wliicli nv ill :diiiiiilani'i' on lliu samlv and gravelly >oil of ilio lii-arli. Tlio lii I llio Urango liidgo or lii'aiitiliil I'lain liracli on tlif north dl'Vil liiii'i'l tllO -I'll I Ihi' >■>» llu'N.K. 1 of sec. ;!2, 'r. 1(J, is approxiniatoly I,(t8() f<.u't ahov( ami of tlio OHcarpnii'nl on tlio wo-t. which was croduil darini. 1\ |iarl of this iijipor ("ainpholl Hiago. l,(»!l(l foot. Til,, jiiufr Campholl lioai'h is ci'ossod hy the railway near tlio Lower Onmr- forner.d'x'c. C. T. l.",. R, i;j, wliori"' the oknation ol Js (-rest 'Cni'l";';I,V''''' I'l'Ld, with dcsroiit iif ('ii;ht foot ahoiit tiftoi'ii rods t< .,iiitlit'ii>i ;. I, (llll li'Ot, With a iiosroiH lit ('ii;lit toot in till' fii: lilU't'ii |i,iiiilitiil I'lain and Orango Uidgo. Kast of the latter, on tlu' I oniiiKt! KIiIki'. .1 and livo foot in a fow roiU to tin- wo-t. 'riiroiigh tho iio.xt inilof. northward it lios a Iialf to two thirds id a milo oa;>t of tho iiii' iiwi'i'ii 'IV, It! and IT. W. 14, llio olovalion ofilscrost is jihoiit 1,()7'» lirt, willi di'Sfont of tifloon foot to tho Oiist and ton toot to tho wost. 1 font iiiiiatiiiiis of tho ( 'ainpholl hcachos pass thioiii,'|i |, Till' iiiirlliw.'iri, d H, T. IT, I.'. II, toThumlorCr cot tl M, IT loiii o a fow di'irroos"^ ii-iii.|i-.. iv,k| (if north to thi' liig (irass Flivor in soo, :!1 of this township. TIh'Iii'i' llioy travoi'so .soos. , wlu'i'o a swamp on tho wo-l ahout two mile Wi'li'-i'par itos thoni from tho haso ot tin' UidiiiL' .Moiinlaiii. IIK.VCIIKS OK rilK .M I'AI I.K.YVII.IiE spAiiKS. liiiliiS.W. ] ol'soo. iL'. 'r. 1, If. .'i. tho upju'i' .Mi'Caiiloyvillo >horo isx. i.u. =,. limliiali'd hy M'ly scanty deposits of tino gravol, I.IHMI to 1,(107 foot jiiiiivi' ilio so;i. from whioh thoro is it dosoont of throo or four foot in hnviiiy mils east. Throiigli tho eas» half nf see. 2,'!, the niiildlo of 2fi, lanil tlio nest half of see, .'t5 of thir i .i-hip. two Mr(.'aiileyvillo hoaohos ;,ivilivulii|ii'd as small parallol ridgos of gravel and sand. Tlio upper uiiiliasan olovation of 1,(HMI to l.iMtL't'oot at itserost, from whioh there l;-;i ik'Moiit of one to two foot within two or tiii'oo rods to tho west and Itivc 10 eight feel in ton m- twelve rods to tho oa.st. Tlionoo a nearly Jk'vel siirfaoo of ''Il with froijuont Imuldei's oeew])ios a widtli of tt-ii or luu'lvi' rods, and is iiooooded on tho oast \>y tlio seoond ridge, the IwMirii slope of whii ii rises two or throe foot to its erost. This is lai'iit live feet lower tiian tho upper hoaeh, anil has a similar desrontof |tivi' iW'l or more on its oast side. iliniii a i|uartor of a milo east of Nelson the upper .Met 'auleyvillo i.>,,iu vdjon id IV i- a line of erosion with aile.soent of tivo to ton feet within u short ^''"""' ili«i;iiii<' from wost to east. Four miles thence to tho north-northwest / IZ E GLACIAL T.AICE AOASSIZ IN MANITOBA. it is ii well defined beach ridge running elo>o to the iiridge (.v,- B, reel. neai cons tlio norlhoast corner of sec. 21. T. 4, R. U ; ;ind ■nii:,uo< C but is less consi)icuous, tlirougli the ne.Kt tliree miles liorthwaril to the I church in tlie northeast corner of see. 5, T. .'). R. (3. a ([uaner ula mi: east of Miami post-office. Its crest at Boyd's Creek is eight td toiito,r and at .Miami five feet, "hove the more massive second (>!■ tiiiij, McCauieyville beach, which lies a (|Uiirter to a halfofandlr tintii east, passing north-northwesterly through the west edge of's(.>c. 'J7 imj I •luart,.,. «if tho east half of sec. 33, T. 4, in which latter it is ort'set nearly ofa mile to tho east, and tbrdugh the middle of >ee. 4 and the wo^ti of sec. 11. T. 5. Thi'ce JlcCaulevville iieadi ridge-; are cro->o 1 by the .M 1)1, t'l Xorthwestern Railway on the north , .'!'J and ;i3. T. 14, R « \ Kast :in(i nortli about four miles, four and a half, ami live mile- southeasi ufAv lit Arleii. ' tl ic elevations of their crests iieing respectively l.ii3'.', 1 0_".i. l.'il? feet above the sea. Kach of these rises about tive feet al' ■veth.'Muf:,, )n the east. They continue as ))i'ominent grave 1 rid: 'I's iioi'th-n. lUtl iwe-l ■an westward through the west half of T. I."), and the T. 1,'li ;i': below to total depths of thirty to lifty feel, obtaining water in giaveiv! seams, fi'om which it usually rises ton to twenty feet wit hours, to its permanent level. Uh ;i \-'t: BEACHES OF I.OWKR STAOEs WHEN LAKE A(;ASSIZ Oi;Tp;,o\VK.D NOUTII EAST WAUL. Bland ar' -bore liiR'- o;.itr I On the international boundary the anitoba in the west part ot'T. 1. Ji. this township, and extending nor east of ^^or<^en, I)ut they art? not markcl along this distance by di-',;!;i: lllancliiiril licachcN, T. '■,,.,. , .M, . I. I' . 1 1 ■ K,4. JMamtoba m tiie west part ot 1. 1. R. 4, passing near Ivronsteld n of this township, and extending nortli-northwost within about a cil"tk;.(.\vki.i .-.] BKACUE.S (II' r.OWER STAGE*. 73 K loiK'sits nor linos of erosion. Tlio lowest of these shore lines ^pK^es tiio Caniidiiin Pacific Eaihvay a mile west of McGregoi', wheiOMoOrognr. ;• firms a slight swell on the gentle eastward slope of the Assiniboine ,i|,|t;i. On tiie Manitoba iV Northwestern Railway the three Blanchard ^ac'lu's iippear to bo identifiable, being crossed succossively two miles s;iil ihitv lotirths of a mile west and one mile east f>f Midway. The upper t\V" are nearly flat tracts of fine gravel and sand, an eighth to a iiiiitor oi'a mile wiile, at 094 and 070 feet above the sea, each being l„ii'deivd iin the west by a depression of about two feet and on the oast lvii!;onti(' sl(i])e descending four or five feet. The third and lowest I j, ;i boai li ridge of the usual form, about tbii'ty rods wide, with a Lj(,«(eni (if five feet both to the east and west fi'om its crest, which is at Ull'tVi'l. Aflei' crossing the .\[cCauieyville beaches on the way fi-om w.kn 111 (lladsfone, the sui'faceis whollv silt and sand, with tine gravel, liitwoen ArJen viiviliit. ('xcc]pting these slight ridges and others at lower levgls. In Itjiiir iniitiiiuation northward, portions of the Hlancliard beaches ;iro ed ell llie plats of the Dominion Land Surveys through Ts. 1.") to 20, |K.i:i. Till' llillsiioro beach enters Manitoba near the middle ol the south iiuisbor" Ifik'nt' H. I. aiiut 0411 feet liiumonfel.l. L'J.o'o ilifsoa. Its sand lias there bei'i' excavated for use in plastering. P'nithuanI it jias-es about a half mile east of Oesterwick. one and a Lii't'iiiiKs east of Morden, and nearly four niile^ east of Mi;tnii. where jlldiry York's bouse is built on its crest at an elevation nf about i>-,o '■•'■'"'' -^'i'""!. Itiri. TlieiKe its slojies descend fifteen foot in a slinrt arily built on it. At tho wiiid-niill in Rluim in<{ an.l then lioniT its rourso a< «ei'ii or a lialf niilo or moro to t II' ^diul soutlioa>t and iiorth-noi'tliwest, this sliore is inar!«>ii! I'oni oast to wo-i ; a'ld Inuii it> I'lfs about OO') toot above rhesea, tlio surface extends nearly 1 OVOl \V,>(\v;ir,l^ iwl i> fine lOlK'li BiiKot. On the .M. .V W. Kiiilwiiy ;u)cl ni'rilnv:i The beaoh consists .it" loamy sand, while the adjoining la lacustrine silt or cla}-. On the Canadian Pacitie Railway this I raised a few feet above tiie general slope of tiie Assiniboine delta, p; in a west-northwest course two miles east and one mile north ot' liu.'.it, \/rhe Manitoba .V Xnrthwostern Kaihvay crosM.'s it tivo mill's \vo^I of j l>Sllii; iWli (Hailstone, whort." it is a ridire about thii'ly rnds wide, wind hiiUows one to two feet below the crest, which is Uli" to '.'!':• feet ah the -ea, with deseent of' five feet t'niiii it to the west and twelve 'OVi; niteen teet to the eas t. A ower and ! ess ciMisjucUdUs lieaiji ridijc, iil>i) beinniring to this stage, lies three lourtiis nf a mile farther ea-i. witlii I're-t at I'li! teet. The Emerado bea.'ii continues l.ari of Ts. 1.-) to lit, B. 12, and through th e center o th througli ti fT. 2U,'t..th <•■ <■■:»: side nf T-ake .Mai Al. y- ing the eourse lit' the Ojata shore, Ivin^;' between the Kmcr (ilaust. 'ibservi ■ach iilo ;u>: U'l ridge Ml' i^i'avol and sand nur line •'t'ernsien w;,, wh lere it was cro>sca on tlie international lOUl ii'v „r,i (ilailstoiir bench. elsewhere in this e.xplnration in .Manitoba, cxcejiting a slight Ix'.i:, ridge, throe to five feet higli, whiih runs from Punierny in see. I'.i. '[,,> li. 4, north-northwest throuirh the east jiart of T.il, I.'. "). [la^'-iii-- n!. ;i; two miles west of Carman. The (fladstono beach on tho internatioiial boundary and for «in,r;il iiiiles thence to the noi-th-northwest i s a jH'ominent ridge, iiavin asi.-ent of' ten to tiiteen I'eet in a distance of thirty to tiity I'od- t'rom its base to its ei'est, which is aiiiiroximat''lv *:(;!) teet aiiove thi' Th 10 slightly umluhiting -iirlace ot this simre deposit oci'U|iies a it a quarter ot' a mile or mori d ti icnce We -I ward ihei Is iiii iwie worthy descent, luit a nearly level ex|ianse. In many shallow [.it-'i'j;' to obtain sand loi- masons' use, the muteral of the beach is shown t^l- tine sand, unmixed witii gravel, exeei)ting that very rarely a |ic1'Ik';n I'ound enilosed in it. the largest being a half to two thirds otaii iii.liin diameter. This ridge enters .NLanitoiia aiiout one and u half miK'^i ot' Blumenort, ami I'rosses »ecs. ."». 7, and H, T. 1. I{. 2. U) Kroii-' which is >ituated ujion it. Northwar"! it jias-cs alioiit a mile wr- LuWostott jiost-ottiee and a mile east ot' Carman, (ieorge AiHiii- Carman. house is built on its crest in tho N.K. | of sec. .'Jl, T. , it' crii-imi wri. li(Hiii(hirv aiiill f a sliii-hi k';i!i| .' ill sof. I'.i. T.Oil '), iiar«»iiij,'iii»'at| ' aii'l fur «eviT;il il^re. iiaviii.':,:i| 1) tinv T'l'U \v.-^;| ,l,vel.iiK'.[ al BEACHES OF LOWER ■•TAiJES. rs E wjiiii (111^ a distance of ^overal miles tlience to llio iioi'tliwcst, ; through the >outheast Cdiiiei- of see. 12, T. 12. R. 9, where tlie ii)f its ci'cst is alioiit ST't feet, with a ileseerit of four to six feet ihcast aiul one to three feet to the southwest. Theiiee its ,,,ni.ioi- along the southwest side of the .Squirrel Creek marsh and oast elevatioi to the iK'i' oiilu'cliai wli;.'h lie 11 of Dead Lakes (a former channel of the White 3Iud River), in >ees. 17. 18 and 10, T. 14, R. 11. A half mile ea.st of Ijlinlstone this ^hore is marked by a line of erosion in the expanse of jiiribtrine si l,v.'i-m:ill \< ,t. with >lo]ie in a short tone shore line, occasionally marked b\- ,;li i;ravt I (i^;l^: j mar this and sand, lies a half mile to one mile west of the Bij. .Mar~li ilirougli Ts. 1"), 1^7o feet above the present sea level. The wi-tei'ii liurn-r iin'-eea siioi e eiiteiN Manitoba near l>liinienoit. iiiiie^ west of the l!e(l River, but it is not distinctly marked oi liiii'ii.siile ■jo iiiteniatioii 111 bouiidarv. I'a>-iiig iiortliward about a mile east ofioadi. Lwe:^tntt ai A tlu ee inile^i east ofCaiinaii, it crosses tln' ( rman head (.1 :iii' M:iiiitoba iV Southwestern liailway at Maiyland, where the leli-vaii"!! "i' the erest of its beach ridge i^- "^44 feel. About a mile nortli- ■ I "f Maryland this ridge has been e.\tensively excavated, its ;iiid >aiid being used tor railway ballast. One and a iialfmile,- til it crf>s>e> tiie main line of this railwav about a mile west hwe ravt' Itiii'lifr 1101 01 Kim (reek station (the junction of the branch), its crest there being |a"l') t'Ct, from wliicli its slopes tiill ton feet in twenty-tlve rods east Miniim.i ;iii.| |;ii;.i -t'Vfii feet ill all eipial distance west. The ( 'anadian Paciric Hailway Kliii C'rci'k. ves this shore about balt'-wav between Portage la Prairie and lEiini-i'lt' and 111 th next ten mile? i\ Its eoui liiCarlv tlirou:;h the center of'!'. 12. II. S. it is marke 1 ked I )a>>inir nortbwe-t '}■ irire iirave Ncir n |ivl:-e. tl:> crest of which in the soutii part ot' see. 1 1. one and a half to iiiijis north if Burnside. lia> an elevation of S."»S to S(iO feet, with eiit liom it of six to ten feet northeastward and half as much to -.iiiihwest. This lieach is similarly prominent on the Manitoba \ |Nn]!li\ve>tern Railway, by which it is crossed ami excavated for balla>t( ui'-ffiiy between Westboiirne and Woodside, its crest there being StiO ",;i tlK' M ,VN. W. liailwiiy iHirili'.vtinl. i''l feet aliove the >ea. oiig the next forty mile the Buriisidi. iL'oe line i> generally marked by a well developed beach ridge which a eiiMe on the plats of tiie Dominion Land Surveys parallel with 111. Wl iiore o fLi UJC M: iiiitoba and four to tive miles distant t'roiu it. ":iig about half-way between the lake and the Ihg Grass Marsh. It I'r lies near tlie line between Rs. !• and 10 as far north as to the oast Jeot ake in sees. i:j and 24, T. IS. R. li», bevond which it ruii> ll-llnrtllWCf t(> E GI.ACIAr, LAKE AdASStZ l.V MANrXOBA. i i: Ka.-lorn I5ii side lieiioli c:i.»t (if Eiiier- T.*, 1 mvl 'J, K.4E. On Iho castoi'ii -Mo of Luico Auas>iz this «linre liiii' i> 1 "Ul.l :,1 ••I'L "RiJup." I'Mgi'" about eleven milo- ea-^t nf tlie lied Eiver and KniiTsni;. ^yi a li'W eseai'|iment I'isiin;' fi'oni S35 to ^50 feet, ion>isti I'rop.irti.iii ot l!ii.ca('>iie >fr.iTL'l. 'It'l'i it is inarUed l)v of till with frequent liouider-. nearly all Arch:eaii, and by a dehosjt gravel and sand a few feel deep, resting on K the base of thi.- -1 -1)0 to S40 feet above the sea. In the S.W. ', of sec. I.), T. 1, j;. 4 |.; ji^,. liurnside beaeh is a typical gravel and sand ridge twenty to Iwontv-iiv,. rods wide; its ci'est is s|5 feet above the sea; and the descent irom ^^ to the east is about three feet and to the west six or seven feet. Aiimt a mile farther north, neai' the southeast corner of sec. lil. the clovatiHr, of this beach ridge is s44 feet, with a descent of one or two feet on thv I'a St and ten feet within twentv rods on the we- (Vllot the north its elevation is 84i) feet, with two feet de-et}nl ler iiuirto feet west in six 10 next a surface o f till ith in: mv "lld'MN, t;||!< about live feet in foily rods to the west ; beyond this a traet ciIl;i;i and sand continues with the same -lope, falling from <,]') to -.Jii t^.t and is sueceeded farther west by a slowly descending surfarr , The beach ridge continues with similar featnie.- tiinnigh the im~ of sec. lis, exhort distance in the S.K. \ <>f this section whi.if it is i'e})laced by a line of oi-osion in tlic very rocky till. 'i'lirmiMii ![,( next three mile- the uneven contour cau-e- the bea(di ridgo to i.J ml somewhat riilar in it- cour.-e and si/,i but it aii'ain attain^ tyjiical dovel. pment in sec. 1'. ' several vears auo alonu: a dist; '.ere it was T. '2, R. 4 K. ;inco of a third of a 1 e.\CilV;i;,.il ballast, a branch trat >arlv eiu'bt milc.> lon^ In In niie lor raihvavl ai 1 for [[■. tr: poi'tation to Dominion ("\\y. The crest of the lie;;i h at Cliarles A: hou.se neai' the noifli end of this excavation i- .'^4ti to S47 loi'i ainvJ the sea. with a div-oi,i of two to tive feet on the oast and six t..ei;,'iit| feet ,11 eight to fui'K.- -ods west. Its width, inrluding both >1 fifteen to thirty lod-, and the maximum de|pih of th deposit is about eight feet, l,\'ing on ti '•ravel ain The '.'oarser ])ortiou^ gr.'ivel cmtain pebbles u]) to three inches or rarely six- incln- n in diametei J ine tenths 01 a iui ger ])roportioiL of them are nKigin-kinl lin)eslone, the remainder being almost wholly Arciiu'an giaiiite gneirtw. This >hore line continues north and noi'th-northi-ast by li Ridge i)ost-olfice and through the east part of Ts. ;; and 1, I;. lE, beyond which it ha- not been liaeed. Hetwcen the south ends of Lakes .Manitoba and Winnipeg the 1 oiintii about Shoul Lake was uncovered by the tull of Lake Agassi/ t'lnm thJ (riadstono to the U urn-nle heae, which latt er Is cro- Winnipeg i^ iludson Bay Railway near the southwest corn T. 14, R. L', about three miles .south of Shoal Lake. Th Burnside bench in vioinity cif i„,.,,.i, ; , o.wi r , ,, SI.,,..: i.„i/.. neacli I- .stilt feet er of >!■' e cfo>\ She iiiiove the sea, bc;i.'.r teti feet above SIukiI L flare- u)iiiing tlu' iJEACllES '>F T OWER STAQE^. 77 E itjcom't;'' ot till ff'" iifo link" i- from wfM to <.';i>t idoiig the verge ot'a nciirly level oxpai.se ■hiiig U) ■ lie lake, to ^\ Inch its drainage is trilmtary. Two or farther east, wiiero the loail to .Stonewall and Winnipeg ; ihis heaeh, it has a descent ot' twenty feet in thirty or forty IssOiitli I'rom its crest, the whole slo]ie being gravel and sand, the „l,jiif>l >\\o\v deposits ot' the Biirnside and Ossowa stages of Lake V';i«?iz. Westward the hcaclies of these stages are separated hy a h riinidng southwest and r- I the H urns it tlii'iiiigli the soiiiii half of T. 14, II. 'i. Near the west side of thin |[i)\v:i>liil' i' curves northward, and thence passes nortii and riortb- heiween Shoal and Manitoha Lakes. JOast of the roud k>«»t'(i«fr ■i|, the cour.se of this beach is northeastward across f 15, R_ li;., ;iiul T. It), li. 2 E., to Pleasant Home ])o>t-olHce. Numerous short irihwcsl Inciiti"!! ;cs noted on the township plats northwest of this ''-<»ach, llieiwocii ii and Shoal Lake, were probably formed tiurinsr the Glafi^' 'lie ,l;i,fe ot' I.ako Agassi/, where the higiiest parts ut' that area rose al-'-ive lib level. OsMiwa po^t-otHce, near the middle t)t the north lialf nf sec. li7, T. L.» 111, 1, is -iiuated on a w II detiiu'd beach ridge which runs Irom wt-xti- <>!»o«»wMoe.,v;h. iihwo-t til cast-northeast through this t -wuship. Its vresl va rie- ■eleviiti'iii from >^t:! to S4>< leet, with desrentnf three 'oeif I". r'MT.twunr lii.-nuitli -ide and twelve to titteen feet 'U the -< 'iih. The Cttuadian Patitic Radway was originally cons-tructeti from Stonewall due west W Itlii- U'luli, winch it cut tlirnugh ri the east etlge •! -e . 28. In i^ Lirtiiy lilt its material is wholly gravid, in part vei-sfoa*6e, containiiijjf if^ :uid subangidar nick-fi'agments uj. to t 'Ur incties and rarely liN Of 01 ;ht inches in diameter, of .. Iiich fullv in? twfntiet! iUifnoiaii limcstoiu'. Oii eaeh >ide the surl'ac II with plentilul iloi'-. iiH'^lly Archa'an granite and gneiss, but in. uding manv "f liiucslone, which is the iindeilvinif r^ )\' the reir ion. In th •til [iiirt of T. i;5, R. .'5, tills bearh •■urves to the soutli, east and lioiiliia«i. and thence j)asse.s through the snutheast part of T, 14, J{. .'!, In'l the mirth half of T. 14, R. 1. gradually ap]U'oaching and in some ;ire^ '(liiiintr the ihiriiside I leai'li, with will icli the Os 1 iwa bead 1 is I « I I i"N HI lately par.illel. lying a halt' mile to one or two miles southeast iimiward to I'icasani Home, The onlj- other locality where a beach k-riiMe I'l this stage was observed is on the toj) of Stoii}' Miiiintai : jwiiich a broad smoothly rounded ridge of gravel and .sund e\teni<>' Illy a ijuarter of a milo and is the site of some nf the Penitentiary biiiiini;>. Its crest is about .S!5 feel above the sea. and tiie top of the -owa shore Hue iiy Ml Allying limestone aliout ■'^25 foet. The wi'stern (»> i the international lioiindary a few miles east ot' (ireina, and lie tttiii enters ilinrie^oia aiiout ih lUarters of a mile we^i of •' Tl (« rs E liLAOIAI, LAKE AOA.SSIZ I.N >;ANlT'>IiA. r>tonewiiU lieacli. Xivervillt heacli. Knuii Niver ville I" v r.ctewoi'tliv bo; ■*-\\ lll'lV. noi" erosion. Tlio nviin >trect of Stoiiownll c rosse> 11 consjiicuoiis a inilo oruioi',. i'iin> tVoni soiitli-.soiith'.vost to nortli-nortlH'ii>t a tliird ot Its crest is 820 to 82") feet above tlie sea.ainl its dejjtli is about Il'h toe; Only two 01' tbi-ee feet of till intervene belsveen tliis i;r;ivel jinl >;t!;i| ami tlie underlying' limestone, wbieli, tliinly covered by iliiii, li a swell here about twenty-tive feet above the adjoining countiva ■(■Ma- lalf 111 ile di.-tant to tbe east and west. Ueaeb deiiosits be! on.n'iii;:' t,, tii stage were not elsewjiei'e obser\ed, but they are doubtle>s ii^Meeiilii from Stoiu'wali northward tlirougli tli" west half ofTs. It ami 1."). 1;, K. Lake Agassjz at tbe time of tjie Si onewall I each ]iroliably f\io:iilel on the flat Red River Vallov to a distance about twentv-tivi south of the international bound; l-'.merson, Saint \'incent and Pemi icuig some lift een feet una wbi ()\er 'he site o f W nil! its dentl Tl ptli was aiKMil si.xty feel. le roa( i on the east side of the lied Kiver between W'ii lllll't',!,' Illll •;mer>on crosses a beach, ridge about a half mile southea>t of X width of Hfteen lods. and it> crest, 777 l< r.S feel ivcrvi,. raised about four feel above ll ailjoinini irfact >i!t on each ^idi soulbi.'a>lerl\' a! Icasi a miU Beginning near Niveiviile -tation. It ;ii-u-ti- '■Klvid lit .ViiotI icarii rii Igcof ■imilai'si/o, \\[-\A it- cre.-t ai 7S(I teet. i> M'o>sei| th third ()f a mile t;ull|.r| -oi itb. This also run> southea-l. holding ii- ridti'ed form a mile ,iH ire, bevuiid which il is les listinct. Agai n. a few mile- lo ll 1 i: from these, a bca( h ridge extend- along tlii- roai course aiTo-s the S. K, | of sec. 17 and the ca>t half 1 a ncai'l\- R. I iv It ri- I tv- two to I ile >..ii!h ^11. four feet above the land adjoiniHi; oin-;i'ii| -I'll' w hid I 1- jiarlly -loughs with walei- tliroughout the yeni'. ,! ehnatioii ot' ihr beach crest beiiiii' 7'S2 ti rSl \i:rX. O lllrl' .'po-il- at ncarlv th le waiiie elciauon occur a mile >niuiin\ Oil T. ; erljiifiie ■k R.:i !•; a few mile- fartlier to tl ic -oiilh in 1 1h' iiorlhca>i \<[- At the la-l n idaboiii a mile ea?.t of the lied Ri\er o])i)o.siiei".Mi lined loca lity tl lev are e.vcav the southern end of iiake Agassi/, in tl ated for mason-' sai d. 'tage near Morris, ii- wt stiore e.\tended north and nortiiwest to the vicinity of Staibiick, il north and nortlieast to Little Stony .Mountain five mile- northwi W inni]ieg. and tlience ncarlv due north, |ias«ing betwei'ii Sh iiU'Wii and Stoii'/ Mountain and onward along the we-t side of Lake \Vi dis*! )fa few inilf- from it, (iravellv aii'l sandy d^ the base of Stony .Mountain on it- north and south >idos arc attiil'ii!;isi to erosion by the lake, there only a few feet deep, at ihc lim. fortualam of the Xiverville beacii. It- level wa< tif:een to twi^nty ,!„ve Lake Win Iwiifiiial level of lirlik'li the Xclsoi ■.]inil)iilily that Itlif nioiiili- of tin Itwniv-ciie tcci ; ,:;lii- -Ii'ifc lim ii,4tii'i I lie whole |iia'«'!islant towar liglic-t -tage here p'ii line of this Ic «• ski\'!icwiin Exrilori DELTA i;:J (■(iiintiT a lialf loiijiiiiu- U< \\i\. UiiiM ;:., i;,2 IlllblvrXlolMel I ■outy-iivi -n'.!- Ml tl'L'l iU\'Y ;(• I iti' <>r Wir.iiij.,- Wiiuiipei; inil >t of Nivci'vil'.o. ■i toot aliovi' iiioj iCO I'l' liniwr'in.l ion, it r\tci|.l«| iiiiiliir>i/,o, w;:ii )l'a mill' t'artli.|| t'orm ii mill' njl "ll- tntlll'SMUtiij -Ally line -"'ii'.'iil M'l'-. > :u. ; nil! inn' oiiiMiiil tlio yoav. Oili.i' I'l';,. hi Miiitli\ve>t )rtlioast |i;i:' iur,iti'tMMo:' >-M'\. !■!. :-i-is. il> wi'vi-r >iaflincl<. thr! If- northwr-: IWOOM Slillil'Wj Liiko WiiiiiiijJ liuiy iU'|">M!> :i| iU'i' attfil'iiiiis! at till' liiii-' '!' to twnitv ;.i si ,yie tlio Mirface vliei-o \\'iiiiii|ion' i» Imilt ami til:out hevohty toot ^.l-ivel-i'l^*-' Wiiiiiipog. \jl the iioachos thuft fiif ileseriiiod inu>t Ijo rotenocJ to tiio glacial r,';i' Ai;'a--i/-. bel'l "11 it'^ northern >iilo l>y tlio Ijari-ier of the waning- in-?liL'ot. 11- l^ fhnwu by T>v. Bell's dosoriptioii of the outlet of Lake Wii'.iiil"-"- '""' ''"^' t'^'Oi,'i"'l'''y "' ^'"-' iidjoiiiiiig country, wliioh ooulil ,,v,..i'nt no bai'i'iof of land so hi^h as tho Nivorville Koaoh. The I , , r 1 IIT- • l" 1 I • I . 11 0|,1 1 I'ilCll lif iiJii-iiKil level ol J^ako \\ innipog. duo to the height ot tho land ujion l-nkiWinniiieg. ffliiili the Xi'lson Ilivor liegan to out it;' ohannel in it- present oour.-e, :. liiohalily that of tho well detliird hoacn olisiTVod by Hin 1 betweei. )!,;. mouth- ot'tho Winnipeg and .lii-d J^iwrs. having ''an olevati"h ot tnviiiv-iiiio fi'i't abovi' tho ])rosonl level of Lake Winnijiog."-- Traces |.;|ii, »|ioi'o liito will probably bi' fmind at nearly the same lieigl'.t ,,,;iii^! the whole lake. HELTA OK TIllC rEMlUNA U1\EU. Xhrl'o;abiiia delta lie- wholly in \orlii iJalcota at a distance cftoin Iti^ixti'Oii Miik'> -ouili of the intornationai bounilary; liut it.-drpdsilion Ik till' ""''-'•"" outflowing fi'oni tho Lake .S()uri> along the rour-o ot ll'iiii;- Valley. I'eliian i.ak'e, and tho I'ombina. a>M.( iato it -o liivjiiaiflv with till- glarial walvr-coui -0 in Manitoba that it -oonis lc«iiablo to give >onio description of it iioro. \\'\wi\ the delta wa- do|iM>itrd, tho Pembina wa- -swollen by a groat ti!:uMit troiii thf glacial Ijako^ Saskatchewan and Siiuri-. and thus mIvi'iI ihodi'ainago troni tlio nudting ice lioKis ot'tho A-siniboinc and k;i>ka!'li''\^!'i' I'ogion ;iir beyond tho iire-iMit liInil^ ot' ii> ba-iii. The Lviiiiiiicnt delta of gravel and ^and brought into tho margin of Lake L';,«.i/, h\ the I'ombina extend- twelve mile- Irom north to >unlh and J'i\'i',',l',',Vl"'' L. a niaxinuim width "\ >ovon mile-, with a maximum thiekno-> Kavliiig 'Jilll led. it- ;iveraL;-e thiokno-- i- i)robabl_\- not les^tliai. [jiMi'i'l. About ti\o sixth- of it> area of lifty sijuare milo> or more lie j(!;i;huf the Poml'ina River, reacliing nearly to the Tongue Uivei'. Till' most elevated point ot tiii> delta, a,-" it now remain-, is about |:';il toci aliovi the >ea. neai' the nortiiwost ccrner of>ec. |],T. liiii. I,.'i^ c;i-t ot'tho Little rembina and smith o| iho I'ombina Hivor, aiidi- Iffli'iV :itM) loei above the Junotion nf tho-e stream-. (»ne and a halt lili-'li-tant towai'il tho northwe>4. The level of Lake Aga->iz in it- Iciic-t -tago lien- wa- l/-'2ii oi- 1,:.':;") feet above the -oa. being ti fly M',',?i'vJ,|^;|,'',| ''' iw this highest part ot tho Pembina delta. a> i> -hown liy the','l'j!,",;,',',',''',','|,,,,.u [ewii line of this level. l.'Ji'ti leot, in the central part ot -or. 7. T. ItJii. [,';;;;j,';i"^'' I^Nirni'io "fTte Ciiaadiiin R>".l River E.xpl'iring E.t|)(vliti"ii nl 1S5T, iuiil "I liu' A^-iiiibMiiio ■.•ivM", Exploring E.vi't' litiii "C 1S"'S, vol. I, i>. IJ'J. soe (iLAliAI, LAKE AllASSl/ IN MAMTiUlA. R. ')(], whori' iiii ou^t\v:i^( 1 do- (•out lioiiiiis. 'J' lis IS the cil!?! vi'f; ■'I'll)/ il'* V;i>! I'l'tll, 'III'; : nearly flat urea of tlio deltii in sous. 12 and 7. Like all oi' ilelta do]iosit. tin- material lioro is sand and ,i,n-avol, covorecl hy h t' sr)i!. AmikiII pi'oiiortion of the pcbblos ot' this u;i'avij| is Jinusti lai'^i- jiart is Cretaceous slialo; Iml more was derived t'ruin Aivhiv finiiialioiis dI' n'ranite and <^iieiss. Un the road I'rnni ()l_Lra to Walhalla the crest of tli this delta is crossed in the north part of sec. ;};{, T. l(ii{, R. 5(i, aU e east in;iiv'i ilos southeast from Waliialia. lis elevation is ],l!l() to 1,1: m aiiovo the sea. This is a beach aecumulatioii, II 1,1 'III tw., behmi ■iiiiir to iiK'thii.i Herman stau'e. Toward tlio west and southwest the ninliiliitiii delta ])lateau, mostlj' covered with hushes juid occasional tret^, i, t^., to thirtv feet lower for u width of one i( one and a ha h averaging.:; about 1,17") feet. Northeast from the crest of thi- short descent is mailc to a |iiairie terrace .'>it to (io rods wide. iiiiii'., I'OiM ,1 vurviiii; within two feet iil JiiVO in elevation from l,lSl' to l.llilt feet, hut mainly or bcl. From this sec.H.'Uhe •• tirst nioiiniain" I'XtC'li' southeast to sees. 115 and '24, T. Iti2, i{. otl. and northwest aei Pembina, passiii,;; close southwest of AValhalia and onward to ■ and u. 'J'. l(j;), R. 07. Its liigliest part is intt'rsected by ihc I River, above which it rises on each side in liliills of i^ravel L'OO to 250 feet high, with their ci'ests u half njiie to one n l-rnm this upper pnrtion the delta slopes down grailually t cinl':;.;i| aii'l owai-' sou theast and toward tiie northeast and north, e.Ktendin^ only lu. Kravel. i.f tlic four miles north of the Pombina.' In the i,navcl of this delta, as seen in the blull's of tin; Peiiibina ii'miI Walhall.i and at nott'worthy s|)rings two miles to the south 'iii liij •Ttie lirst Pcmhiri:! .\tuiiiitiiiii wnf vi.-ileil hy I). D. Owen in IHIH. He rlcsorilie? it ,is t'olluit-- " Pcuiliinii .Mdiinlaiii i;-, in liicl, no nmuDtiiin at all. iicir yet a liill. It i- a temiL'Oni tal.ji- LuL thcancitiit ^ll(lre>'l■a treui Ijcnly of water that (luee lillcil the vvhule nT the Keil l;ivcr Vallejj On its summit it i» m"'"-' 'ovel aiul extenils .^o lor almut live njile- wi'siwanl to airotluT lirraof tlie suniniit of wliieli I was told i,- level witli (lie ureiit buffalo I'lains that .-treteh awiiy '"narf the Mif-ouri, the Imnliiii.' grounds of the Siiiu.x anil llo hall lireeil po|iulation of the lii'l liivr,' — Rei'iirt cil' a (leol(>«ieal Survey of Wi.-eonsin, Iowa anil .Minnesnta, iNf , |>. K"*. , U.ith the lirsl ami secoi.il I'cuiliina .Mounmins were o.vaniineil in Ibri7 hy I'alli-eri \vli"-;i)(i the Hat Ueil Itiver Valley anil the reinhiria >lelta :— " This plain, no douht, had runiicil r. J time the hed'ot' a sheet of water, and the Pemhina Mill, eonsisiini.' of previously J'|. materials, wa" its we»t«rn .. 4). ,...] DELTA OF THE PEMBINA RIVER. SI E .(iiitii ^iil<' "I'tlio I'ivor, tlio peljliles ofsonio Ijcds are mainly Ci-ctacooiirt ,||.,le, III' iitlioi'h mostly limostoiu', and of othoi-rt gninite, gneiss, and ,|,iil; iiii|i|K'iin mi'Us. In the ii^'gregaU', tiioo tliroo fia.sHus have a i)e;iilyc'i|i:al ropivsctilation ; and tlioy aiT more commonly in tiTminglod ;„ the saino bodn. Tlu' slialc was doubtless I'liiefly ilorivod from the i,|.ii«i(iiiorits stratii along tiieglaciai water-cnui'Hofrnm the Luke Soui'is, .,i„l \v;is occiisioniilly doiM)sitcy l.•r„t'nu•llts..t■ l^vllll■|■•^vo!l^il)g. from two to four inches in diainotor, noticed in t bis ''*•'"'"'• I Je'iiM ii'iii^cl at the springs, have caused some to look for workable IfJ. (if this kind ofcoul in the vicinity; but the proportion oJ-' these |liii:;iiii'iii~ is no greater than in the glacial drift generally throughout tlii- ii'giiiii and for Iiundreds of miles to the south. The d('|iosition of this delta took |)lace during the highest Herman iMmu mul Uv^o'A' L^ko Agassi/. It seems to have lieen very rapid, the supply IfJ',!;"",',','", jot -cilinunts being so great tlial about the mouth of the I'embina IViilley tlirv were accumulated in a fan-like slo])ing mass to a height of jiniiie tliiin tiiiy feet above the lake level. When the recession of the |ice'>liii't caused the cessation of its supply of moditied drift, and Iptimiiif'l the Souris to How a.s now to the Assiniboine. the growth of Itjiij il'lia ceased; and its subsequent history is that of the deep lliaiiiicls lut througii it by the Little Pembina ami the Pembina, and |(i!li;i' ster|i escarpment sculptured on its cast side. Kroni the erosion Kro.^on and loltiii- lirst I'embina Mountain lai'ge amounts of gravel and sand wore "■'''■■'"'°"'''"' |>wt|it -diitliwarcl, notably during the Campbell stages of the lake, when Ithiv were dejiosited in a very massive curving beach ridge that crosses keTniiguc Kivor in the west part of T. \Gl. K. 55, about seven miles w-'ii t'avalier. In the Herman stage, while the delta was being [iMiinuliited. n)uch tine iday and silt, brought by the same glacial i,;,cii t" I'oi'taiiO la Piaiiii.'. ni)rtlii'as|\vai''l titU (ilaiUtniio, ami i'a>l-M)iitlii'a>t\vari|i| iiiiii'. |, 1 .1. t of (.'ainian. On llio iioilliwol llii« .U.n., .; lioriltTi'il liy an i'.s|ian>i' of nioili'iatoly iinilulatin;^- of rollin:^ till wl,;, liscH >li)\vly aliovf tho anficnt lake level anil ^!ri'irln'« iioi Ihwotw;,! from Mrariilon, ('liiilor anti l)omiia> in llie I Jttle SaskatcIu'Wan aii.iOn Hivci's. Kroni Hrandnn In l>iMiijla> tho liininilar\' of iju' drliM ';, , ;,„ no Mil of ilie A^-inil •Ollll' ami liio Canadian I'atitii' llailwav {•oiiiflas tiiL- liiK' ilividin:; llie della -"and au'l -ravil and llu'ali'M irfacc of till liirn- iiorlh-norllu'a-iwaid and cxli'iiiU almut iiii,.' milo~ Ilia nearly dii'cel coiii^e towaid .Neepaua. ihon lieiids iihhIuvum ill llio east |iail ot' T>. I.'l and I I. K, Id. and cihsm'- Slony ('i,'ck;i ;,.,. mile- \vi'>i of Noejiawa. Itolwoeii Biandon and tiie mmilii m i\,.. Si juris t lie del I a reaein- 1 1 nee m lonrmilesxmtliwe-t oft lie A>>,uiiiii;i.^., heinij; tliere aUo hindered hy a >miio:lily nnduhii inn' or rolling i !■;„■• „.■ till, hut the inorainie liiaiidon llilU ri»o |ii'omiiiently witiiiii ;i i. 'x miles farther \vo>t. From theSoiiii> east to the Cypre--, a di-iMiroMi] iiearl\' twenty-live miles, the MUithern niaiijiin ollhi divided trom the Ti^-er IlilU liy a helt <■'' nndniatini; and I'lilliiiir i;, whicdi avt'ratre- ahoni ti\e miles in width, farther to iljr l';i»1 Ita i- !ni,:(r.v delta de|Hi>it- alml directly ii]pon the northern ha-e o| the-e li R e-s unei' ii (/Vpl I'einiiina .Mount V Jlollaiid and d'reiieriu' to the north end iin. hence to the -nn thea.>l the head >ti' e:ilii« ii! J!ov ne, alter their ih~cent from the plateau of the I'eiiiliina .M min: cross the southea>twai(l e.Mensinii ol iiii> di Ita to .Mnia-ii portion, howovei'. is not p ihahlv I part ol ilie delta a> it wa- dted. hut ha.-< heeii derived fiiun tlie ero>ion id' the ea>teiii lelta li\' the wa\e> ot the lake in it- latei le oi'iiciiiiil I de])o; (d tl siic'ees>i\ely lower sia^ ciiri'ents. The >anie lacustrine action ha-- douhlle-- e.xtended lliiii..! of iii'avel and >an(i iieiierallv live to tifteeii miles ea-iwaid lie\ hoinu' tran-iiorted thi'iii mthwai • \ \< \ >i, I'l.' therehv icivinir it- ea>tern face a more i;fa iiiia: ori^jiiial area As thus enlarged, its oaNt ijoiiiHlary run- north from Alina-iiii. l^ortago la Praiiie. curviiii^ eitstwanl hetween these places; and tin it pa.sses wcst-northwost to noiirCiladstono, Ardeii, and Xeejirwa, I'ii I'U.stcrn haseofthe delta, whore it, adjoin- the Hat expan-e ot Ilivei' A'^alley and the country horderiiin' tlie lower As-inihi Lake Manitoha. has an elevation of Sot) to IHlit (eet ahi.ve while the hi;;h delta plateau, wdiich wa- -iibiiieri;ed oiiiy aiiiHi; X liol I'r Ic'^,- l)j jlnml." find low til,' M'a, 'I'ho already noroil, I'mm TrelioriK aliiiUl l..'!ll() .Mji thirds 11- niiiel llian l',i'i"i ,s,|,|j, Tlie liiiekiio: irliieli genera 1 1 ivilliili iiiodera liirlllitii's. Iiowe' tliMHiirli the del aii'l Weil- mils lldler laeasure- ,.U|flied hy the aiv ei'iidcd in tin ijeliii jilaleaii he |«>jiei'ialiy niiiiiei Ispnii^Lts i-ue noil •ami Ih'iI- and li |t'ivek> which III) L'liino. ■;()() leet n jilt'lui i-< a Inn her lal tlie V'erir,' ,)(' 1 1 ll*i«ii|i ilie .\.-,si jji'lia li'i-av.d and |r,iii:.'e> from liiii If :;iviiler part |t.'lid. filly miles oa- ^mtiieiif the dol rti'iv it has not I'-IOIeet ahove t br the ceiiti',. ,, pnvanl. hetweei i-'iitly umlulatiii; fl:h t'lvijiiont hIou I'"'"' in extent, Irar djenhoro an MRl TA OC TIIK ASSINIHnlNE RIVER, 8;{ K A-:.".'.. ;vA unil- I'li'Uviiiil tifiv iiiiii- V 1 liii« 'U'llii i. Uiti-; till whW liol ll|Wc»t\v;i! I ir (Irha i^ I Imv; ailwiiv : imi ;i' 111 llu' :i'l;"iiii;,j . ;ili.iut UVi':i;y| il'inls li"llliw;i;;| iiv ( 'I'l't'k i\ ;■■ . moUll: i; \va- a; ;: tin' ca-U'iu I! in is latei' ;.ii luthwai'l liv -1,1 Mou'loil ih.-K', iwanl Im'Vi'I.'II ic u'l-ulual -i" ,111 Alina-il'l^ lilact's; au'i '?' 1 Xi'.'pj.wa. Ill .hoiilsiiii ill,' M'll. Iiy llio liiUo wliDii it war* l)ein,!,' dejii>'>iti.>l. suiil wa- in ]»!iit iiiii, pi;,tt,.iu 1 |i»w islands, has an olcvation t'rnni l.uMMi to 1,'J7"> toot al)Ovi> nil eii-ti'rii |..|'tMl| tllO 'I'lio wo-lcin anil soutlicn limit* i>t' tii ]. atoan arc tlifise .l.'ii.i "I r.u'li. kl aroa iilii'iiiU mtioil. and im tin' oast its boundary runs imrlli and ndrthwest I'roin Trciiorno tit Sydney ami Xoopawa. Tlio aroa nC tlio platoau i» iiliiiiil l.'!"" s(|uaro niilos. and tlio oa->tern slopo add- to thi> tally twc (lijiils a- iniH'li. inakinj; llio li>lal area nt' thi- dtdta sumowiiat more iliiiii '.',!•"•' si|uaro niilos. I'ho iliii'knoss oC tlio Assinilioiin' dolta is seldom slmwn \>y wolls, riii,-iuies.< nnJ ii'h -I'll orally olilain a |(loiiiit'iil .supply nf waiL-r iqiMii this area II SI line wl, ivithiii iiiodoi'ato depths, raiii^iny frnin tin to tiliy tool. ii„iilitii's. Iiowovor, near the f,'reat valley thai ilio As-inihoine lia> cul iliiiniuii llio dolta, tho piano of saluratiMii |)ni|palily lies miioli doopoi^ I'liimi", aii'i iiiii^t he siiiil hiindii'd fcol 'f nvnc 111 ohiaiii 'walor. iittfi' iiioasuro* ot tho doplli nj' llio^o i;;iav('l and sand dojio^ils aii f\l\fW< 1 li\ tho vallovs of tlio AssiiiiliDinc and oil lor sireani*. w huh iiw the li I'lMili'd in (lii'ir doopor piirliniis lOll to 'Ji)(l tcol h la jilaloau iioforo ro.'iohin^ iho undorlyinjf till. I>oop ra\i leMicciiiliy iiimioriiu-- mi tlii" northorn part of tho dolta. whoio maiiv I lit' tho iioi ai'i' pprili: 'A is-uo near llio plane ol lunotion liolwoon tliu iiormi' iJiavel ai 1 and Slll'l IK'' and llic 111 ;iviiiLC ri>o to the Sipiir I'OI inr aii'l Sdvor ICivi'k- wliich llow nnrlhoasi in the Whiti' .Mud iJivci- The doscnil nf ;;iiOl(i ,1011 loi'l inado vithin a lew miles upon tho oa-torn taoi' of the la 1- a tail her iiidieai imi "fits lhiv'knes~, which learhes lis ma.xiiiium lal the ver^o ol' iho plaieaii. In tho \ieinily of tlii> oiiterop of Xiolirara ||«i-iiii iho .\ssinil'oine in ^ee. :u'>, T. .^', I{. 11. the thieland aiijioais li aliout lino feel d it ])riiijalily Imii-'i'- t'liini Hit) to liOO f.'ci aloii^- ihe oulor limit of the plateau tiirou;;h ler part ot ii> eNtenl of moro tlian tifiy mile-. Tho avora<(o jM-a [liii'kin'-s of thi-- very e.\leii.7i\ c delta is pioliahly holween titty and kevi'iiiy li\o fool. ( ' volumo tor an axoian'o oiiiiiy teet on ■a of L'.dlMl >iiuaio mi it i> found to he alioul twoii|\- eiihie I'illv Miilor. ea--t— ouihoasi from lirandon ihehinhest noi'ti It th KK'viiti'iii 1)1" irl.ueot the dolta south ot tho A.sMiiihoino and oast ot the (.viire^s, tiu' pIuimu of 1-1 1 1 1 • I I .11 I 1 • 1 ."i.- ilic .X-'iinilioino rlit'iT ii has not been heaped in sand hiU.s hy tho wiml, are l._-;) toaoitM. :;iii H'Ol above tho sea, tho latter boini? its olovation in a broad r-woll ■a: the eenlre of see. 24, T, 8, 11. 11. 'I'oii to twenty miles thonoe b-nvani, hotweon Cypress liivor and Glonboro. tho elevation of tho lli.'iitly undulating- siirfaoe of tho dolta is mostly l.l'oo to 1,245 foot, ^iili lioijiient sloughs and permanent jionds, up to a ipnirler of a mile Ir 111' ire m extent, lying at l,22r» to 1,23.') foot. Those pond- abound lar lileiihoro and for four miles east. Alui the Canadian Paeitic IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I I^IZS |2.5 "" IIIIIM 1^ 1^ t %^ nil 2.0 1-25 1.4 16 « 6" ► V ^ /a C9a ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 f\ iV SJ \\ ^, but declining only slightly in the elevation of its crest, which is 1.211 to 1,290 feet. Delta gravel and sand, and on some portions riiif sili,| cover a width of three or four miles thence northward through thef south half of Ts. 11 of Es. 18 and 17, having an elevation at tlieiij northern limit 1,300 to 1,290 feet above the sea, beyond which till surface, gradually ascending northward, is till. The most eastern poinj of this higher delta deposit is in sec. 14, T. 11, R. 17. Measure thence to its western limit on the north side of the Assiniboine halt'-wajl between Kemnay and Alexander, its length is twenty-four miles, Iti width north and south of Brandon is about twelve miles. Thrniighi| the Assiniboine has eroded its valley, and has carried it away, ciitti: also into the underlying till, upon a large area from Urandcn ea-tt| Chater and Douglas and thence south nearly to the Brandon Hills. South of the rivei", at the court house in the southeast part of Bianlonl North of tlie Aesiniboinc, ...] DELTA OF THE A8SINIH0INE RIVER. 85 K veiv coaiHO gravel ivnd wand of this higher part of the Assiniboino (ii'lta, containing vator-worn cobbles up to six and eight inches in diameter, form a plateau mostly 1,270 to 1,275 feet above the sea, but fijinif to 1,282 feet at a distance of one mile to the oast. One and a lialf to tlueo miles west of Brandon, a similar plateau varies in height smitiiofthe from 1,-90 to 1,305 feet. Between these small plateaus or plains. A-^iniboine. ffliich slope about five feet per mile to the oast and were once I (ontinuous, a former water-course, diminishing from a half to a (juarter ol a mile in width, passes southeast from the valley of the Assiniboine liiiough the south part of Brandon and thence continues east near!}- ijuee miles, opening in sec. 7 or S, T. 10, R. 18, upon the broad lower I area eroded by the Assiniboino. The bed of this old channel is at 1250 feet to 1,255 feet, and it appears to have been eroded at the time /> 1 '.r 1 1 1 1 • II 1 1 11 .Former water- Oil he formation oi the Herman beach oh in Brandon, when the level cnurse.". (if Luke Agassiz was approximately at this height. Three to four miles west of Brandon, the road to Kemnay crosses another water- (uurse of similar character, diminishing from one and a half miles to a halt' mile in width within two miles from northwest to southeast. I'lhsing from the Assiniboino Valley to the head of Baker's or Stony Crceli. Its bed, which is strewn with plentiful boulders, showing that tiie erosion here extended through the stratified gravel and sand to till, is about 1,270 feet above the sea, and marks nearly the Herman t stage of Lake Agassiz, being about 30 and 40 feet, respectively. Ifliw the adjoining areas of delta gravel and sand on the east ami ret. In three miles westward to Kemnay this delta expanse rises 5 anl tinrice westward dunes are found here and there over this entire slope. Even where no distinct hillocks and ridges have been formed, W K (iLACIAL LAKE AiiASSIZ IN MANITOBA. the surface is often chaiinellod ami ridged in hollows and olevaiiDnsnf a few fcor. though now wholly grassed or covered with hushes oi' Tracts of email poplar groves. Ujion the delta plateau tracts oi duno^ dunes. commonly raised L'U to 40 feet ahove the general level, intc ispeiMcd with occasional smooth ai'eas where the original surface lomains undistui'hed, extend on the south side of the Assinihoine from the Cyjiress to the .Souris, occupying a width that varies from one to live miles. Their southern limit is ahout four miles north of Holliiin) throe miles noi-th of Cj'press JMver station, and two miles iimth .if (Tienhoro. One to four miles west of the mouth of the Souris, im isolated tract of dunes ahout three miles long from soutlicust to northwest is crossed by Spring Creek near its mouth. North of the Assinihoine much of its delta plateau is occii))ied hy dunes, which extend nortii to the White Mud Eiver. Tiieir most northern area is a belt that reaches north of this stream through sees. 12, 13, 24 ami 25. T. 15. E. 15, to the Junction of Hazel and Snake Creeks, Hm the northwestern pai't of this ])lateau includes a belt of smooth aiiil t'citile | land, several miles wide, extending from Carberry north and northwest , to the limit ofthe\' th.^ Assinihoine. On the extreme western and highest part of this iKlta, consjiicuous sand hills rise HO foot above the adjoining surlaco. witii their crests about 1,445 feet above the sea, in sees. f Plum Creek i-i sec. 11, T. 8, Ii. 22, four miles west of Plutn Creek village. The eie«t> of these dunes aio 1,420 to l,-i:J0 teet above the soa, being :!ti tn 4ii feet above the adjoining surtace. Nearly all of theni are now coverfij hy gi'flss and bushes. _, Grisnuli). ! \ DELTA OK THE ASSINIBfllNE RIVER. S7 E 1(1 clevuiioiis iif with Imshes oi- acts of dunes, el, int( I'spcrsed iUi'fiice roniains hoino iVorii the from one to live i-lh of l[i)llaii(l, miles north of tho Soiiris, !in m soutln'a>t lo , Noi'tli ot' the y (lunos. whiili >rthorn iirea is a 2, 13, 24 1111(125. !i-oelvS. i5ut the iiootVi anil fertile h and nortliwest ersoiitlu'astwai'i! width ot tluveto ast side ot' th'' art of this ijeiia. iig surthco, with i and", T. In. R. owcf hillookM)f soiithcu-t. \u :ni' iciit watei'-eour.so, now oreiipied by .t body ot' water called ,|j,, Dig sloui,'h, thirteen miles long ami mostly twenty to fifty rods connection .,;le, liti; in its west part about three-l'oiirths of u mile wide, extends so^f/ana" " ,,.,,111 -ioiiihwest to northeast nine miles through this delta of l-zake jj-^ g^jIfnKh. ^,;ll•i^ and thence continues four miles east throu,gh an area of till. [.. \s-t~t end is two iniles soutliwest of Griswold. and its east end ;i'i.,iui half a mile oast of Alexander, its whole extent being on the .lUtli ^i'l"^' "'' the railway. Its elevation in tiie stages of low and high va;i'i' laiigos from l,;3s^5 to 1,888 feet, and its depth at low water •,;iii,!i from two to six or eight feet. The shores of the Big Slough ;';-iiii a'l'iitle slopes tit'teen to twenty teet in twenty to thirty- rods, to .jj, .Tfiifral level, not having the usual steepness of banlcs undermined l,v sti't'ams; yet it doubtless marks the course of a stream that o;i:t!iAVt' 1 at one time westward into Lake Souris from a small glacial ^ikf iioiili of tiio Hranilon Hills, and of a later stream that flowed in :,.,)]i]io»ite direction, eastward from the basin of Lake Souris into the I Binml'iii -'lacial lake, belbre that became merged in Lake Agassiz by ieilfparture of the ice-^hcft. The sui'ce.ssion of events indicated by :iiiMluiiinel. together with that of the jiresent Souris an; iiis outtlowetl eastward by Lang's Valley. Pelican Lake, and the Ptml'iiia River, until the receding ice formed a lake north of the Ti-iT Hills and east of tlie llraiidon Hills, which, outflowing south to |:ln Suiiris, i.ut a deci> gorge ihrougii the Tiger Hills moraine, where :i;e.>iiiri-- now (lows tlirougli it to the north. Similarly, north of the lliuiiil"!! Hills, a lake was probably held by the barrier of the ice iliaiiij;' its recession from Alexan^' 'r cast by Kemnay and Brandon, •,!t!iti'ing westwaid to the Lake Souris by the cour>e of the Big ,\.iigli. As soon as the continued glacial recession left the Brandon |H;iis wholly uncovered t'rom tiio ice, tiiese lakes on the east and north xoie iiiorgod in fnie, and the outtlow from the lake so foi-med passed .>i,i;li through the Tiger HilU to Lang's Valley until that channel was it'luwn nearl}' to 1,.'!5() feet. Daring this stage of a continuous lake |e;i?t and north ')t' the lirandon Hills, this indejjendent part of jLakf .VL^assiz, bet'ore it was mer^ced with the main body of tiiis ll;i!;e liy the recession of the ice from the east end of the Tiger llliil-. ivceived an extensive delta, already described as the highest ■ion of the Assiniboino dt'lta in the vicinity ot' lirandon and Ini'iniiay. consisting jiartly of modified ilrift t'rom the retreating |;.i' ami |)artly of fine sand and sjit brought by a stream then flowing |i:i>; from the Lake Souris delta along the Big Slough. The tribute of rJii' Latter is sjtread over an area oi' -everal si^uare miles southwest of li\ : nay. anil u])on ii ai'o raised the conspicuous dunes of sees, ito(i mostly while the barrier of tho waning ice-sheet stretched from the Tiger Hills to Hiding Mountain, enclosing on its west side a lake that afterward became the bay of Lake Agassiz covering the Assinibohiel tlolta, but was then hold about a hundred teet above Lake A^iusjz, t.i which it outflowed by tho way of Lang's Valley and the I\ nihina, History of the '^^^ deposition of this highest part of the Assiniboine delta, I yiiii;- aliove I formiition of the Herman 66 beach observed in Brandon, appears to havu hoen in the Afsiinljoine ' •" '-^-iiiiii delta. progress thi'ough a considerable period, beginiung when this Ihan'lin glacial lake was held at an elevation of about 1,400 feet, and coiitinuini' while it was lowered nearly 150 feet. During this time tho J5iandoii lake had three outlets : first from its cwo parts respectively wi-twaid I by the Big Slough ami southward across the Tiger Hills niorahie:! second, from tho whole lake, when these parts became contlutiit, bv the southward one of these outlets, namely, the gap where the Soiii>| now flows through the Tiger Hills ; and third by confluence with l,ake| Agassi/., when this was permitted by the recession of tho ice. Muli moditied drift was probably brought into tho Brandon lake by ilraiiKKel along the course of the Little Saskatchewan ; and it is signiticaut thail in the line of continuation of the vallej' of that stream the plain liotweenl Kemnay and Brantlon is crossed by a broad water-course, which wasl evidently eroded after this lake became merged in Lake Ai:as>iz,j thereby failing nearly a hundred feet below its former level whtni outflowing through Lang's Valley, but before the Assinboine had lutl its broad valley through thisdelta. Moi'O exactly, as before noted, thiJ water-course seems referable to the Herman 6 stage of Lake .Vgafsiz; and the similar water-course about twenty feet lower, passing through the west and south parts of Brandon, was probably formed duriii(,'thM Herman bb stage. During these two stages of the lake tho jiriiiciiia expanse of the Assiniboine delta was formed, lying only slightly beljivi the levels which the lake then had. -.] DEf.TA OF THE AS8INIB0INE RIVER. 89 E ,\t the time of formation of tiio Herman bh beutli. the Assiniijoine chimnei of iho lj,,,l alpoftily eroded a deep and wide valley in its delta at Brandon ; '^^*""'"''°^" and as Lalio Agassiz sank to suoeeHsive lower levels this erosion toiiti"'ied. cutting at least the lower part of the great valley, 200 to leet (loop, in which this river flows above Brandon, ami wearing il- Lliaiiiiel ii> '1 nearly equal depth through its own delta. The Canadiaii Pacific Kiiilway crosses the Assiniboino about two miles east of gi,.i,)i 1(111. near the division between the main area of its delta in Luke \,mssiz iuid the deep portion of its upper valley. There the high land I on each side of the river recedes, allowing the descent to the stream to temaiic iiy easy grades on each side, and supplying upon the gi'adual slope south of the river the beautiful site of Brandon. Xo other so (avoralilo i"iint for this crossing exists within sixty miles to the east or |we>t. ^vlii'ie the river flows in a deeper and narrower valley. The I'leater part of this delta was modiried drift derived from the nn\lting licosheot iin the upjjcr part of tiie basin of the Assiiiilioine anil on IPiilim,' Mountain, being carried down from the latter urea i)y the iirJ Tail Creek and the Oak and Little Saskatchewan Rivers. It iwas ileposited in this delta chiefly during the earl}- llonnan stages Ififthe lake, as is indicated by tiie elevation of the outer ])art of its Iniiiiciiial expanse; and its deposition coi'.tinued until the iee-shoet \t.\^ melti'd away on Riding Mountain and the uppei' Assiniboine. ItIio erosion of the Assiniboine Valley above Brandon also supjjlied a Itonsitlci'ablo part of the delta. During the ensuing stages of Lake |A:;;issiz, to those of Gladstone and Burnside, the bonier of tliis great (lilia was undergoing erosion bj' the lake waves ami shore currents, by Eroiion hy Iwliieh its outer portion was spread in more gentle slopes, extending '"'''''**""*"• pnlwv into the lake, and much of it was swept southward along the IfilOI'C. By this erosion of the sloping face of the delta, and especially by Liiier transportation into tiie deep water of the lake while the gravel Ld saml wore being deposited in its western ombayment between the far Hills and Riding Mountain, a large expanse of flne clayey Icdin.ent of the same origin with this delta was spread far into the lake, ixteii'ling to the east beyond the Red River and to the south beyond Ihe international boundary. This deposit of lacustrine silt covers the , 111 ..II Laouitrlnpsilt I from the eastern and southeastern limits ol the delta, as before "f^ameoriein , , , .... . 1. I It , r.. I .1 with thi3 delta. letineu, to the low ridge hrsl east oi the Red Kiver, about ten miles t-tof Kmerson, while similar sediments cover the central i)art of the lied lUver Valley .southward to (ioose Rapids, more than a hundred ilo!- oast-southeast from this delta. Tendiin;' |Mit mi ^""'■'^^""''"^"- its Hoods north to the lake, wliieh in turn in its highest -lii-.Nhaj oeonsionally boeome tor a short time tributary to tho lower |iaii n{\\y^ river. Hut the trans]iortation ot'fhe silt in the laki^ was of less (.xun; Adjoiningiirrai in this direetion than to the east anc' south, as is shown by aroiis ol'tiH on both sides of the Hig Gi'ass .Marsh wi'st of Lake .Manitobn. kihI iV.n, Ts. K! and 14. R. 5, southeast of this lake, eastward to .Slioiil [,;,];(> Stonewall, and Selkirk. Five to ten miles west of I'ortai,'*' la Prairio till with tV(i|uei:: boulders forms the surface, or is only overlain to the de|)tb oI'm lowt'ct.': by the sediments assoeiated with this delta, .\gain. ten miles tnitlui west, the sandy eastern slope of the delta in the vieinity of .Mc(iii.if.ii shows very rarely ]>roJeeting boidders, the size of the few noticed Immii;] from two to six feet in diameter. The}' probablj' lie on till Ihat h;iJ lieen somewhat eroiled by the lake waves, so that these bouMcisaiel not embedded in it as usual, while the sand ami silt afterwaid sy.nn] thereon the surface are not sufliciently thick to I'onceal tluin, X, boulders were elsewhere seen on the general surface of the dcliu iuid jl the gi'eat area of associated lacustrine silt, nor in any observed seiti'iiisl of these deposits. l'roj»cting bmiljcrii. .oil ill it^ laiiid tiiliiinlinati.' >lau St II (res I if Jjjkc Agra>si during the I'liriimlion n its lieacbci. CHANCKS IN Tin-: LKV^KLS OF THK r.KACIIKS, The successive shore lines of Ltike Agassiz tiro not parallel with la a| other and with the present levels of the sea and of Lake> Wiiiiu]iei; and Manitoba, but have a gradual iiscent from south to north, wliichiJ greittest in the eariiei" and higher beaches iind slowly dimiiii>lii J through the lower stiiges of the hike, being at last only >ligliiijl diti'erent from the level of the present time. On tho west side of Likej Agassi/, the elev!ltion^ of its beaches have been determined by lon.r tinuous leveling, referred to sea level by railwiiy surveys, tlii()ii:,'li;i| distance of more than IJdO miles from its mouth at Ltike Tr!ivei-j| northward to near Jtiding Mountain in Miinitoba ; and the iiccom|iai;yJ ing table shows appro.ximately the stages of the lake duriiij,' ti; formation of these shore linos, in their relations to each other iuiil; tlie present level. These stages of the wsiter surface htive lieen assui;iH.lj to coincide generally with the foot of the lakewtird slope of the iica'. ridges, iind with tho base of eroded shore escarpments, the cre>t> I'liiid beaches having had a variable height from five to fifteen feet above tli lake, corresponding with their less or more mtissive devclo|;nir!.| while the escarjtments rose from tho wiite > edge ten, twenty, or iiir. thirty feet. rl.S. (ion|.i)jii'al .Sui J LEVELS OK THE lIEArilES. Ml E asl onlv >lii'li'>l III (his lalilo llio u.-iiiuiitoil stages of tlio laki' aro iiotod forfoinpai'i-comiKiri-'on uu I „ii.,t it-, moiitli. whort' it outflowed by tlio Hivei' Warren at tho iioi'th /ilro'n'J.-ii'Knrgii'! ifii'i r.;iko Tmverso, ami on foiii' linos of latitiulo which arc nearly K]*,''eVlm,''!m,'i (ilnil^tono, leiiiu'li^tant from each other, jiassing throuuh Fargo, (Jrand Forks, IKiiH'i'-i'iL '""' ''li'dstone, res]icctivcly 7.'), 150, 224, and 1^08 niilcs north ](i| Lake Traverse. Though the foni'th of tlio>e intervals is somewhat |,,iv;itei' tiiiin the others, it may still he considered ei[uivalent to them liiitlH' iiji^rrved elevations ami iiortliward ascent of the lake shores, kt-m-v, ii> will ajipear farther on, the northward rise ot' the land and Liilisidence of the lake had their maximum inrroase from south-south- |,,..t to north-northeast, or nearly in that direction. Therefore the iiiiiiie wo-tern course of these hoachos in the northei-n part of the ai'ca lexamiiu'il ii'm|iensates approxinuitely for the additional distance IkiwaMi the thini and fourth of these groups of ohservatious. riic letters ii. (>, r, i/, represent sui'cessive heaches along the northern siuHci.-ivo iMiiof Lake Agassi/,, which ar(> merged in a single beach toward its jj','.';'^*.,;^,, ,^y |.»iitli end. Several of the beaches thus noted in a ))reliminary rejtort * '«"•"■*• liiviiiiuKl ><> become double in some parts of their nortliward extent; Inl a coi'respondence in notatio i is here preserved by designating [siil.'nlinate stages by double letters, as aif. hb. There are also added Mwo >tages of the Tintah beaches, which were discovered after the Ublicali'iii of that I'eport. Ihe lake shore bohmging to the highest or Herman stage (( has »'iw Norihward ii-thw.'ird ascent of about ."!') feet in the first ".") miles north f''')"! nemi!in'-i!'.r'-e Ukf Traverse, aliout (W feet in the second ~,'t miles, and about SO foot ''""■"• tin' tiiii'd distance of 74 miles to the international boundary. Its inlciiMonl thus in 224 miles is 175 feet, by a sli>pe which increases irom slightly less than a half of a foot per mile in its southern third to lli:;litly mort' than one foot per mile in its northern third. Through lix lower stages re|)resentod by separate beaches northward wliich leemto be united in the single Herman beach along the southern thii.l ll'thf liiko. the northward ascent is gradually diminishetl to approxi- Vitolvao, to, tiO, and 70 feet in the four portions of the observed yui«(' of these shore lines, amo\inting thus to 200 foet in about oOO linos. On Ihe international lioundary the lowest Herman stage dd is ll«)iit55 feet below the Herman stage a, while the probable erosion of ^e Hutlot and consequent lowering of the south end of the lake letwei'ii these stages apjiears not to have exceeded ten feet. Bi'tweeii the series of the Herman beaches and that of the Norcross icmlies, the River Warren eroded its channel about fifteen feet; and po upper Noreross shore ascends northward in these successive rr.S. ConluKical .Siirvoy, liiilletiii Xo. o9, p. iJh. 92 E (ILAOIAI, TAKE AdASSIZ IN MANITOBA. HTACiKi* OF THE (.L.MI.M. LAKH AHASSI/,, WK.STHRN MlIOItK. Hk\(IIKS. Heriiiaii beai'lies. H., . iia. h ., , lA. I li.V' NoriToss li '(. beaches. '/ '». ill* o 30 1O30 i lOijo Id'o ! 1050 S '•M-^l. .2 3 V tf -■t J iH rt ^^ 41 SJ (fa z', 1150 95 1145 90 1135 85 ii;;-.' 82 lll'5 80 1117 71.' 1115 70 1090 tlO 1 230 1222 1212 1205 1190 1180 1175 ir. ItiL' l:;i.-, 1-V) 12!t,i 145 12::. 1:15 l2,Vi 13(1 124.'> 1145 11.-, 1130 1(15 1>.-. Tintali fu. lieat'lies. \ '<• f'anipbell beaclies. \ an -McCauleyville beaches. S ( r>lanchari beaches r'{''" 1015 1000 990 985 980 970 9«.i 9ti0 (945)* (i>35) (925) Hillsboro beach | (915) Emerado boacli ! (8?2' Ojata beach (8«0) Gladstone beach , (840) Hurnside beacli j (822) O.ssowa beacli i (810) Stonewall beach j ( 795 Niverville beach (755 1035 Hil7 1000 995 988 977 971 965] 950 940, 9"h; i, 918' 20 17 10 10 8 «> 5 (5)i! (3) (3)|! 10ti5 1045 1015 1010 1000 987 981 975 960 948 935 923 890 805 845 827 50 45 lloo 1080 !M1 SO 1-JO •-'0 20 17 It) 15 (15)"| (13) (10) (8) (8) (5) ('>), (5) I 1045 55 Kim I 1035 5i( lii7i. 1022 42 111,5:, 10O7 :!7 Hi;';, 998 :13 1(1-! 990 3(1 lOh' 975 (30; 9t;0 (25) 947 (22) 9:!5 (20) 902 (20) 877 (17 857 (17) 837 (15) 822 (121 805 (10) !t!>5 ' '.i:,;> So:, s:'() 7":) ''-Figures in piircntheso.i in tho timt column give iipiirnzimatcly the elevations fflii'bi| Plages of the lake during it.s outflow nortliwanl would have liiid at I^akc Travcrjo. if liiili there had been lowenouKli to piTinit the lake lo extend .^outh to it? former outlet. Fri,iui: estimated elevation? the nortliward ascents of those sta^osi aI.-!o in iiarontheiiui, arc udtaiJ foas to be directly compared with the northward aieeiits of tho beaolios that were formed »1| the lake outtlowed southward, showing the changes which were graiiually takiiis; pi i' levels of the beaches of Lako Agassiz during tho whole time of it.'< existence. LEVELS OV THE BEACHES. !t3E HROKR. u cr « i< : ' ^ 5 * V ' 121--' l-JO.') 11!H) llHd 117.-. IT"' 1'.: Iti-J i.;i-, l.v> l:;'i:, 1 l."i 1:;::, l;;:. i •.'.•,:. 114.-> ll-> l-.'i-. li:!(t Km llv, 111)5 lOSO '.Ml ii:, 1045 .M liiMi in;!.'> .'"ii iiiTii ; lO'-'-J l-J l(l,>> 10(»7 :'.: 111;';. it98 :'.;i 11 »•.':; ; yno .'ill loi'j ■■,)\ !>7.-. (30j 'J(iO ('.'•'>) '.iSli(l) 947 rJ2) liii.'. 3) D) 8) !tO'-' (-JO) 'iJii yi.i sri.'i , s:;fi |5) •tO'-' (-JO) 877 (17 8.j7 (17) 8:57 (1.5) 822 (l-J I 805 (10) lO r the elev;itiiiii.< wlii-j'J [itike Triivcrii'. it' liiei "iiniier outlet. Fn'm'J puroiitlies'es. :ire u\.]il OS tliut were l'»riik'l"14 liiiilly tiikiiiK 111 I'" stence. |i]i.iiiiiii> alioiil 25. lif), 55, ami "0 (bet, ammintiiig to 185 foot in llio I,i,„iv(li>-iiiiKt' "f 30^ miles. In tlio imwt Hotithorii qiiartor its arn'onl ,., ihirij i/t'a tout jior mile, anil this gradually iniToaHon to nearly nno ;„,tpor inilf in the most northern iiiiartor. Those rates of aseont an- lijjiillv rt'clticeil in the second Norcross stage, where the total ascent Ij. Ih'O left. While the outlet was being eroded pi-obaldy live teel (lionvicn the Xorcros.s stages, the combined rise of the land and decline N.^rihwanl I ascent <>l tbi' lol'tlie lake level were al)0ut 10 feet on the international bounihiry and '\„ren>9(i. h li'fi II till' i.ttitudo of Gladstone. The lake shore liolonging to thebe"i'.",m.F*""' JTiilali -ia,:,'e a a.scends about L'O, 30, 40, and 45 tool in the successive ?iVor«'|',''"*?;'''" |ji.t!iiHe> li'oni south to north, amounting in total to i;{5 feet ; in the iMimfli-t!" I •■<'■'' (he C\'im])hell a shore ascends al)out 10, 15, 30, and .'55 Ifeii, ill tutiil !'0 feet ; the McCauleyville a shore ascends about 7. 10, 20, luL'^ tt'i't. in total . 15 and '22 feet, in total 52 feet. The erosion of the River iWaiTcii tV'iiii ihe Nori'mss a stage to the McCauleyillo b stage, at the ■(III Ml' which the southward outflow ceased, was about 70 feet; but the U'liwil distance between the shore lines of these stages on the latitude of itlii'i-tone is about 200 feet, the ditVerence of 130 feet ijoing |a!tril'iitiil'ie to the northward rise of the land and the fall of the lake [ivilon ariount of the diminished attraction of the ice-sheet. The rale loiiii'iiliwiiiil ascent is reduced to less ihiin an inch \wv mile along the iillieni jiart of the lowest McCauleyville shore, and to three or four lilies per mile along its northern jiart, the average being two inches, Prfim the time of this lowest beach Ibrmed during the southward Dittliiw ot r.ake Agassi/, to the time of the first beach formed during its |i(.i!liia*iward outflow, the lake fell only about 15 feet. Thence there • nuw a descent, on the latitude of Gladstone, of about 220 feet to the liviMviile beach, below which Luke Agassiz, while its northern barrier lO remained, fell about 45 feet more before it was reduced to Lake iiiiiilKi;'. The northward ascent of these shore lines of northoastwanl xorthward kutlct ilecieascs only very slightly in the distance of 75 or 8(1 niiles%"j"'|ii{gj'"' pmiiiel north of the international lioundary, the change heing [jj™f,fflj,"j^',"'^ Ifpiiixiinately from 20 feet to 15 feet or less, that is, to the nite of '*"'•''"" ''"''• puttwt inches per mile. If these stages of the lake had reached I'Utli III Lake Traverse, they would j.robably show a decrease from ilmit .'(0 leet to 25 feet or only 20 feet in their total northward ascent ll"'Vi' the level of the present time along the dista* ce of more than 300 piles I'rcini Lake Ti-averse to the south ends of Lakes Manitoba and riimipci,'. The whole descent on the latitude of Gladstone, between ie lowest McCauleyville bead;, where Lake Agassiz ceased to outtlow Jrmlnvaid. and the original level of Lake Winnipeg, about 20 feet |l>''.'t' the present surface of that lake, is about 280 feet, of which ■»--^r-^r •J J K (ir.AC'IAI. I.AKK Ai,A>>l/, IN .MANlTnllA. |)l'oli:il >i\ i>V ',W loot may lio iliic t" the imitliwaril risi. i.f | 4lepib- III' I.iiku AiMfif. iiliii\f iiikI iliiiiiiiiilii)ii (if 1,'ravilalinii toward llio ioo-slu-ol. while nh, loot ai'i' iliio to tho ifnuiiial lowcriii:;- d' Luko Agassi/, by Us -w, (lUllotrt to llllil-nii Hav. Till' iloplii (if Lako A,i,'Uftsi/. ah'ivo tho pivsint mii'I'ik .: nt ijn. 011(1 nt'LaUo Winnipui; was uhoiit (li)ll tout iliiring its highoi Ij '111 rml -IVi. <'nil;ii|l -ik.'Wi.inii.eR. ^,j,^„,^ r,,,0 f^,^^^ j,, ,^|„, „ppop Xorci'DSs >lUgi>, Ml* Cool at l| Tiiilali >lago, .■{"<> toot at tho uppor Cainplioll ^tage, ainj iJiTi n,,,|',', 1100 t'eot in tho upper uiid lower MiCaulovvillc ^laji'o.s. huinu' || rciliicod to lialt'ol' its earlier ili'pili lu'loro it leaso 1 ((ttlowtoiL "iiili. .I>iiri!)i; tlio lower >laife> ol'oulllow to the ii()rlhea>l, the di Agas>i/. aho\e fiiiko Wiiiiupei;' deeri'asod to l.',"^,") feet at ihr in,,, Mlanohard stage, ahout •.'!(• feet al the liineolthe Hillsbor,, I.ckji.j ffot ill the i'liMorado stage, and sinci'ssivids' ahout Is,"), |(;,"i, 1 i.y ]:; 110, and ti.") tool in the ojuta, (iladstono, Hurnside, Os-owa. Si I'miHTiioiiiiii' anil Nivorviiii- >tagos. I>y nearly proportionate gi'aari-Mii Willi llie ea-tiTii shur, iie.'< III Minnei'otii Dliewall 10 IllVilfifl iiaviii. when the oiitllow to Hudson Hay heg.ui prohahly ahoiit liait ufi inaxiinuiii extent altainod during the tiirination ol'the llornian licailit Kxploration of the hoaohos lorined on the oas! >ido of |,ake .\^;i.>iJ has lioeii nio>tlv liinitod to .MinnoMila. hoeaii^o ihe easinn fart nfll,;. lake area in Manitoha i> covered li\ I'ore-i and i■^ aiino~l wholi\- wjil,, lit a snrvt'vof liie ^hmv Ijj settlonieiits or ioad>. so thai lor liie|>i tiioro is iin|naetiealile. I*\)i' tlie >amo reasoii> the iipper iiiii'i'> Minnesota hiivo not hoen exaetiv traced ea>I of Maiile I twentv miles eaHt-souliieasl fit' ("n ston. Will lin llie lalio, whirji ii(j jirairii' m4 ai'ioss wliioh till' highe^l eastern shore has heen surveyed iiii'l ;■ elevation determined liy levelliiii;'. it,^ lorlhw.-ird ascent is aliuiii 1] feet in 1 HI mi!e>, Irom l.d.'i.'i toot ahovc , ea at I, Trav erse tl feel al tho north side ot .Majiio I-ake, As on tho western shoii'ufi.nJ as-i /. Ih ate of ascent grai luali \' increases Iron I Miulh In iiortU 'an ging from >ix inches to one toot per mile in its soiilherii | loririii; abnui 7"> miles, and (rom une foot to sixteen inches |ier niil<' tiiriLj north. Ik'foro tiie lake in Minne-ota had fallen helow it> oaslern lioach in tho south lialf of its explored extent, tho ri^ land and diminished attraction of the waniii'' ice shooi had lii-!,.j sli ghtly I ower par allol beaoii, throe tiiurths of a mile to cmiHMi one ami a kl miles distant, to Ijc formed through tlie northern third of Clay Cuiiiiivl and this secondary bench, somotimes double or treble, is oh-orvubl several places along the next 3 of tlio liiiiil ami tin- lako contiiiui'il «.tutit)nury '"' Liili iiiily ^'li,Ltl'' cliaiiifo, iii)t siitlici(Wit loi' tlii> loiinatioii of aiiv L^it'Mi'litiy '"'"^'1' i'ilaiiui! ot fsoiiu' "."» inik'-> iiorlliwai''! Ilpin liiil^'' TiaviTHe and Herman. Tlio N'orcroHs lu'iichort in Miiiiu'M)ta ]|i;ivilieeii oxplori'd ami tlii'ir lioi^ht mwiMiiroil tliroiii,di tlu- »aini' cxti'nt 1,1 1411 mill'-. i'> ^''li^'l' 111" iippiM- Noirross ht-acii asi-i'iids iiorlliwanl |,j„,iit li.'t loot by u wlopo that incroiwos slinlitiy tVoiu south to nortli, liivdiij;iii,i:' i'<"i''ly ''i'^ iiiclio.H por mile. In liko manner tlio nortiiward J,,.,,.iit> of llio Tinlah, (Janiplxdl, and Mi-C^'auioyvillc bcaoiio> in l\[Mini"«>ia. and of tliu iowcf iiuaidies foi'inod on this oaist side of tlio |l;,]ic liuiinii ils outflow to I ho norlhoast, >hosv a gradual docroaso liiiiiilvii- on the wosi in .Vorlii Dakota and .Maiut(d(a. Itui oompaiison L; iln' ur-lofii and oa.storn >iioio> I'uvoals anothoi' vory inlorostini;''i'|,„ „|„,nrn |lv;,niivnt ilio k'vois ()!■ ihi^ frjaeial laUo. namely, an ascent from wo«t J^'^;','{|J,|','||,'yj"-' It t'list '•iiiiilai' to that from >onth to noi'lh, hut of loss amount and '"""'' |tlii!iiiii''iiiii,i;' in a similai' catio hetsvoon the suooessive stai;:es of tlio lake. |(in till.' Iiiiitiide of Lariniore and (iraml l'\irks the asootil of the highest Ilii'MiKiii >ia;io of liuko Aga>si/ ahovo a lino now level is approximately |;;;jloil in ahoiil 70 miles from west lo oast, the rato ]ior milo hoini^ Iv.'iv m'iiily half as niiioh as from south to north; and in tho iatoi' rmaii -l;iiro- it is dimiiii>hed to ahout '.'M. L',"), and "Jd leot. On the ^dini'-. >lii)ro lino- this asconi lowaid tho oast i> approsimalely 1(1 i,,'' ill aliiiul lit) milo>. and it is rediiood in the .Mo'.'auleyvillo stai^ie- to Inv thioo or four foot in ahout 50 miles ; yet it ooniinues through all ;.i'>laires a|iproNimatoly half as inuoh poi* mile as the asooiil toward iKiitli. Tho rail- ot ascont eastward also increases, lik-i- that lio!!lii>'iiid. in proceodint;- t'rom south to north. .\t the latitude of IV;il,|H'liiii .'Uid l!reckoiiridi;o. .'l.'i miio-> north from tho moiitli of LiiUo .';i-«iz, llio ascont ot' it> hinhosi >tai,fo i- 10 foot from wot to oast in ■j mill's; at tin' latitude ol' Kary'n and .Moorhead, "o miles north li'om Ihi ■iiiili'i, it is If) feel in ."iii miles; and at the latitude of ( iraml l""orlv>, .Vi iiulo- north ti'om tho oiniet, it is Mi feet in TO miles. TllL'^(' oiisorvatioiis, with those of tho northward u.scoiit of the we>t I. least shores, indicate that tho (dianj^es in the relations of the land li 1 siirfacos of level dui-in^' tho oxistenee of Lake Aga.ssi/. and through i«i'i|Uont time have given to Ihi' former levels of this glacial lake an kiiit from south-southwest to noi-th-northoust, its rat'.; being soine- iiiit givufer than that noted in following the shores in their nearly luMi'irth course. Tho maximum rates of northward ascent of ahout m,,.,!^,,,,, lutbiit ])ei' mile ob.sorved in Xorth Dakota and .Manitoba, and of <>nei;|"|'|';;|;J'|[|''^':j^ I'll to sixteen inches per mile in Minnesota, thorotbre belontr to a lake .^"''-■^'^t""'* Ivfl which in its northern jtortion dift'ers from the present level by an "'"■""">^'- Vfiit of approximately one and a half feet per mile toward the north- 1 I rd m E (iLACIAL LAKE AGASSIZ IN MANITOBA. '■■r.-' ■■ iiortlieaht. Similar mnth-northeaslward aiscont continues tiiiimirini,^. siicees! ilian two iiiehes per mile when the course of the Nelson River was munv. ercd liy the receding ice-sheet. Chh iKcsin Nearly the entire amount of the changes in the levels of tlic bcaciiesl ert'vuHors I'f f.'aUe \gassiz was evidently contemporaneotis with the e.\isicme„i'| "omplet'ea''"'''^''''* lake, taking place graduall}-, but apparently progressing ,oiii.r ei'^u'noc?if p'lrj.tively tiist between the stages mtirked b}- the formation oidftinitJ J.iik«A(fii.«siz. beaches, whidi doubtless belong to times when these changes a(lv;iii(,i..jl very slowly or were into/rupted by intervals of repose. Great as \w\y\ these modifications of the geoid surface of le'-el, causing a ditforontial uplTt of the highest western shore ot' the lake in Manitoba to tjie extent of 175 feet at the international boundary, 2(15 feet at tho latitiilJ of Gladstone, and about 400 feet at latitude 5P52' (m the east .sidooif Buck Mountain, 200 miles north of the international boundaiy, inthel relation of the land to the water level, as compared with tiir viciniiJ of Lake Traverse, they were j-et almost or perha|>s (piite eomiileuJ liefoie the ice-sheet was so far withdrawn that it was no low^vn barrier to jirevent free tlrainage from the basin of the JJeil River imiij Lake Winnipeg. During the subsequent postglacial e|i0(li, tu ihJ jiresenl time, only very slight changes, or possibly none, have tnkeJ ))lace in the relative elevations of the jiart of this area whoic tliJ beaches of Lake Agassi/, have been traced with levelling in .MlMmviiJ North Dakota, and ^lanitoba; and if there have been suih small ]io>t| glacial changes, they were merely a continuation of the geoiil mnvi ments which accompanied the recession of the ice-sheet ami recorded by the successive shore lines of this lake. Furthei' important evidence is supplied by this survey of the hni\ Relation to the "' •'^'''^'•-' Agassiz ill respect to the limitation in time antl in aieaufthl [\';fjfi'[f",'„"*^''''' iipheaval ut" the Cordillera region, comprising the Rocky and .Siiirl fhe'>!-re"t"ifiiiin« -N^^^'i^'ii Mountains, and of the great plains which stretch from ilil Rocky Mountains east to the border of the IJed River ValUy. I!ij somewhat higher elevation of the eastern thtm of the western lines of this lake proves tliat its area during the recession ot theie^ sht'et of the la»t glacial e|)och and since then has not i)arti(ipato this extensive uplift, which increases from east to west airo-s tlil jilains. Prof". Joseph Le Conte has shown that the Sierra Xiv;iJ range and other jiortions of tiie Cordillera region obtaineii a iirei jiar* of their elevation within the glacial period ; -i* and Pim • AmericHii .Idiiriuil of Scitnce, III, vol. xix, |i|i. ITi'.-VkI, Miiroli, 188'i; :in(l vol. \t\:. 167-lM, Sci>t., IKKii. Cumpiire nl^o .1. S. ItillorV (il)>(.T».'hor] u' recessiiiii "1' tlieiei has not parlieipateilii ,st to west aero-s llij at the Sierra Nova eirion obtained a ^'rel l.eriod;* und Pi" Iiiroli, 188"; iinil ^"'' ''"''•' the time of tbc iii'lifiwi Iroi.ort of the f. S. ''""' .-..■■] T,EVEL8 OF THE BEACIIK- !)7 E ,|,.„,,lie:l!ii ii»d Salisbury conclude that the upper portion of the hli-is~M'l'' ''"^'" ^^'"■'^ raised sOO or 1000 feet during the i)rineipttl invi„'lae:al ejioeli. ■'• Simultaneously with these movemonts. tiie ;n;ii« between Lake Aga'<>.iz and tlie Rocky Mountiuns doubtless Iffreived a considerable part of their slope of aseent westward ; but ,,„ip;(ii-iii ot' the opposite shores of Lake Agassiz indicates that tiio Ifrteiii uidift was probably completed before the departure of the last lic-heet. i'iiii>ideiaiion of the ciiariuter of the changes in the levels of the |i*k1ii"^' ri'>ulting in a greater ascent upon the northern part of the laiv;i exaiiiiiied than farther south, and gradually approximating ltliiinii;li the >ueeessive stages of the lake to parallelism with the Mv-eiit geoid surlaee of level, led me in n-}* earlier studies to attribute |ljie«o •haiiges almost wholly to gravitation of the wtttev of the lake d the ice-sheet. The cause of the lucscnt relations of the old liravitntion of . tlio lake toward fcrore liii' s -eemed to bo discuveeed in tlie explanation that at nrst thisiiu' ici-shcet, . , , 1 „ 111111 ...1 c.iusing part lit i-;i;niMn had a large eliei't upon the lake level because oi the nearness iiu' chan^'es in , , ,, . , . , ,,. ^ , ,, tlie levels of tlic ;i Mivat depth ot ice on the east in northern Mmnesota and on the heaclie?. jiorih ill Hritish America, but that atterward it was gradinilly :;ii;iiislied to a comparatively small influence when the southern biir.iiiM iif the ii'e-she.'t liad been melted and the attracting force ,eeded from the region I'ar north between Lake Winnipeg and lir.i- 111 llay.i' rndcr this view the earth's crust was believed to be i.)r'::id that it was not depres-ed by the viist weigiit of the ice nor l!ii-al when relieved of that weight, and the changes were believed to |oii«i~t I liielly in theditferential »ulisidenoe of the lake level, not in the |i;!tieiitiai elevation ot" the land basin. | The general unifoi'mity of ■f •liaiiges in their direction and extent, and thidr probable com- ; 11 during the dejiarture ol'tlie ice-sheet seemed to accord witli hyp itliesis. The exact compiirison ol' the shore lines ou.iervcd on (■•.li ;lie east and west sides of the lake, extending for its upper stages fciirailfs t'rom south to north in Minnc-oia and more than 300 mi!es k)iii~outh to north in North Dakotti and Manitoba, shows no eon- liididilc irregiihirity in the rate- ot' northwartl ami eastwtii'il ascent, tat :?. of iiortii-northeastwai'd ascent ot' the t'ormer lake levels, which |ii;»H'em to bo attributable to gravitation towtird the waning ice-sheet, rher than to a progressive elevation ot' the land, for that would be ■ixlh annual rejiort of the I'.S. (teoldgieal Survey, |i. 3U. ijiiBical and Natiinl History Survey of .AlinDe-ota, Eleventh annual roport, p. V)'2: V. S. |ol"fii;il survey, Bulletin No. 3'.\ \t IS, • :iiil,i! .i*,'illatii.n!< in the I'cl.itive h'Mtilils of "ca ami lanil, associate,! with >rlnciation, have . :.!■ a-riheil to ii'o .iltraction liy Ailheiuar, in Kevnluiioiis de hi .Mer, IslO; hy CroU, in ue .111! Time, lt>7'); ami by I'onck, in SehwankuiiKen iles .MeeresspieneL', .iahibuch Jcr rilihisol.ei; (ie.-oUschafl zu .Muiichen, lal. vii, lbS2. 7 ! / OS E GLACIAL LAKE AllASSI/. IN MANITOllA. fxpeclcd to ])resenl notewortliy invgularities upon so laiiri-nn iiiwi. \\ i> prolialile, however, tluit clo.^e sfrutiiiy of the >li( re line- will 'li>ch ,,, I rtniall diverifeiicies, witiiiu limit.s of a few feet, from the uniiurmiiVdf Hlopes which they .shoukl liave for agreement witli this exiihunuion. and it is to he noticod that tiie iiighest shores in the vicinitv i,t| Treherne, Brandon, and Xeepawa iiavo more nearly a noitliwinil tliaj north-northeastward ascent, also that a sligiitly •lisprojioitio-iatj increase in the ascent of tlio highest Minnesuta shore line in tli,. ^^^.^A ten or tiileen miles north of the Bnlfalo Eiver was axTiliO'l lo t||J proximity of a portion of the ice-sheet on the east, where it \vii> toiini ing the Tergns Falls and Leaf Ilills moraines. Though it now a|i|iear< tr:ie that tl'.e greater part of these changes of level are duo to thr ditlci'ential ri>e of the land, the gravitation of the lake towaid iju ;lv hheet certainly operated in conjunction with that cause, coniriliiuin- 1,,| the full extent of its competency in jiroducing the result- oli-orvoL Ml'. E. S. Woodward, of the United State- (n'ologiual Sin vcv. haJ invesMga/i'mof worked out the mathematical prohlem otMelermining the ciViti ,itaiiv| if/lf's?'^'"'"' added inas-, as an ice-sheet, ui)on the earth'.s surface, to di-imhthJ Wo Tiukc Aga--iz in the north part of the area where they liavo l>ee| e:?ploreil. Comi)aring the ))remisi'- in this ])rohlein with the pi.. con.litious atfecting this glacial lake, it seems sure that the X..:t| American ice-sheet in its maximum extent during the la-t ^1 opocli covered not more than one fourth so great area, it- cNii'iit i equivalent to a spherical circle with radius of 1,000 miles, or at iIiuiihI 1,3<'0 miles; hut. on the other hand, it i.s prohaMe tluit the iiiaxiniuj izj a distance of ahoul 1.000 miles east-northeast, lying thus min'li nm than in theassnmcd easeof Mr. Woodward's investigation. TlioMiuil! area and less total mass of the ice-sheet attracting Lake Aga<-izi have been otfsot by the nearer position .>f a largo part of it- nm-- in the assumption of the problem, so that possib'y its inrtueiuo mi^j * I', .S. lieoloifical .Survey. .Sixtli lumuiil report, pp. atl-3nO; .in,l linlleliii N... 4>, "',ia| Form iiiui r,)sili.)ii llftlu•t^ea Level," Cmniiaro also I'rol'. Kilwiir.l Hull'.- O'ltupiiliitiii,.'," the KH'oet of (^'ontineiital lian.ls in alteririif ilia Level of tlie ailji.iiiiiiK Ocean-," i'e. cimtributiii- 1 'I'sults ()l)>orvoit. ogieal Suivcy, liaji ng the eilc'i'i 'H'liny) face, to 'li-Uiilitlij ■sheet with a luli;; lepth ol ln.iioiii'e(.t li thou iivH'c ni'ivil in niie iloii'ivo iit'tl ilo. or less lluiiio! ij;lu'st 'hui'c liiAS i| lore lli>'y iiavo \' maximal 1) teel, ami tlui! ill iisiwtii'tl from ate t of Laki' Auas-izl in- thus miii'h lioiti iratioii. The small g Lake AgasMz K'.rt of it- iiiib- It its intlueiue iiii^ i,.|. nTcal ill jji'oducing an aseent of the lake level above the level ot' ,1,0 iMOseiil time; but, if thi.s mathematieal investigation is rellalile, ■ivitatioii of tho lake toward its iee-barriei- coiiM not ^ive to its K:,rliest shore a northward ascent of more ihan a few inches per mile, tilR'Hi'ist not s < much as half a foot, whereas its observed ascent itiaiiis !i maximum rate of one foot to sixteen incites per mile, and ■< belongs to a north-northeastward ascent of fully one and a half [eet tier mile. A quarter jiai't. or perhaps less, of tho rhanges in the i„yl, ot'the beaches is therefore referable to ice attraction ; while the imiininu' three quarters, amounting to about 130 to ."iOO feet, from ,mli t" iioi'th, in western Manitoba, belongs to ditlorential elevation ,l'ihe earth's crust. \moiii,' ihe conditions ])roducing changes in the height and slope> of f;,fe(,( ,jf lelaiul on which Lake Agassiz lay are the cooling and contraction of J'','i",|rature'o! leoaith's enist by the iee-shect and glacial waters, and the subsequent ^'^'|';^'j''Jj„^''(o faimiii!,' !!•>'' exjiansion owing to the amelioration of the climate. The "'" ''^•^■■"''e"- HMllii:il poi'tion of the earth's crust in the Hed Eiver Valle}- litis a Lin'iature of 4"° to 42^ Fahreiiheit. as shown by the water of artesian Ll'.s situated iosi)eetively at Ada anil Donaldson, Minnesota.=:= But biiii!; the time when this district was covered by the ice-s!ieet, ttiomporature of the underlying bind siirliice was reduced to the teeziiii; pi'int, 32' Fahrenheit, ami a similar lowering of temperature lin iiav.' atl'ected the crust to a considerable deptli. largely through (eintliii'iice ol' percolatino' water, causing ti slight depression of the liwiotlii'rins, with eonsei^uent contraction of the rocks and lowering of le latul surface. By comparison with the present metui annual ICJpi'i'iUiiie of tho Red Jiivor Valloj', ranging :i|ppro.\im!ilely from at Lake Traverse to 33' at Winnipeg,! it is evident that the |to>iaii waters before noted receive part of their heat from the eartii's ierior. In like mtinner probably the inlerioi boat kept the Li'tiiial portion of the earth's crust beneath the ice-sheet ;is warm [3;;. at which temperature tho earth's heat would be continually Ititig the ice, though doubtless at a very slow rate. The ditferences t'.ieiotiiiieiiitures of the earth's crust, due to the ice-sheet and to litfl permeating downward from it, would not therefore probably pd l.T from that of the present time in the southern jiart of the till of Lake Agassi/., tind would decrease to 10° at Donaldson in Ittviu I'ounty, the most northwestern in Minnesota, and to oven a biiinouutat Winnipeg. The extent to which these slight changes i. I 1,1 Itiilleiiii N". li. "''»^B(iC'l"gkiil uiul .N'uluriil History Survey of Miune.-otu, Klovoiith Hiiiiual report, im'- UT, Hs. Il Hull'- cominitiiti')i;!."^HC, A. Sdi'ilt in .'^mithsoiiiiin Conlriluitiims t» Knowledge, vol. .xxi, ISTi! ; Atla: of tlioTeiitli Ijoiiiina Oceiin-," '""'^Bai of till' fnite'l .State."; Heii./'t of the Depiirttncnt of AKrieulture and .*>tiitiatios of ^liMforlSS;!, I>. SIS. 100 E GLACIAL LAKE AOAS.SIZ IN MANITOBA. Proliiililf .1.- ill the cru>tiil :eiiii)cratnres would depress the land wliile it wnsj, I (•ovcred and raiso it wiien tiie ice was witiidrawn dcpeini.-; u\t ratios .it' contra, tion and expansion of the underlying rocks. J\J2 ratios have been experimentally determined in the case of varirmj biiildiny: stones, and oomputatinns therefrom indicate that onlv u vcw small amount of subsidence and elevation nf tlie land Cdujil lic(;m,."|l in this way.* The total elevation so ])roduced was probublv mdi |)|,J than tifty feet in the southern part of the l{ed liivcr ValKv aiul i,,] more than thirty leot at Winnipeg, and its slight ditJereniial eiieJ would be in the oppo.^ite direction to that which has given to tlieiieiiti of Lake Agassiz their northward ascent. This element in \hv ciubuM of the changes of elevation apj)i'ars to bo comparatively iuNi^fiiititaJ in itself, ixnd its small component in the oscillation of the fhoiv \[J would be o]iposed to that for which we are seeking an expianution. It seeniM to be very clearly indii'ated, however, by ihc cfni^ijji P'^'"!'''"'*^ ;""'"■ diminution in the northward ascent of the beaches until thu l(i\\v«t ini iiffcm of tlic latest have nearly the level of the present time, that these i)n>"ri-iJ the (ii'i.arturi' changes of elevation were dircdlv deiJendent upon the deiiarturo df'J of the ice- ^ , 1 . , 1 " 1 »hcot. ice-sheet, with which great geologic event they were conti'niporuneou As already noted, these changes were so directly proportionate wjtj the glacial recession that the northward ascents of the mictiw beaches were at tirst referred to the diminishing gravitation oi'tlnblj toward the ice-sheet; but, apart from the inadenuacy of this ,;ia. determined by Mr. Woodward's investigations, the great extent ii i| highest bea -h and its relation to terminal moraines marking >ta:.'i the glacial recc.>-ion sutticiently demonstrate that other causes coiii i)uted even more than ice attraction to produce the changes oliseni in the levels of the beaches. In the di.scussion of tiiis subject. presented in the monograph ot' Lake Agassiz for the I'liited S!;iii (leological Survey, there remain to be considered, as jjiobablo laiii tir>t. the relationshij) between the earth's crust and its interini ui,|i may liave permitted a sinking of the crust lieneath the va>t wfightl the ice-sheet anil a re-elevalion when iliat weight was reiiuivci second, oscillations whidi may have occurred without dependiMnii the glaciation. l''or the dis-criminalion of these movements, it \vi!l| very instructive to notice the changes of elevation tluU liavi^ going forwii.d at the same time in other parts of the North AiihiiJ and European glaciated regions, and also in various areas wliidi\ never thus ice-laden. If Lake Agassiz is found to bo an in-iai where nearly ail these cji: mrei, are ajiparently referable to gla iati there will be no hick ■'. opportuidty for comparing it with *T. C. Chaiiiberlin in Sixtli nnnuiil reporl, I'.S. (ienl. .Survey, p. .S02, mid in iniperrinil^ the Pliiloiotiliioiil Scioiety, WnshiriKlon, .Miircb 1."., iKKil ; (J. K. Oilljert, in Am. .Iniir. T'll. XXX], p. I'i'T, April, ll"ii'i. while it Nvasiie.! I ilepLMuls (111 iIijI 'ing r(n-k<. T le cast' of vavidaj that (Piily a vir lid could lio cuu-t,] j)rol)iibly iiDl mor vi'i' Viillrv amlrJ t cUtVei't'iilial e'.lec [riveii to tlielicat ont in the caibatoi itively in~i;^aiititM| ti of tho f\\i>\\' lirii an explanation, or, hy ilif gni'lda until tho lowr>t!ul at these ]iro::n'"ivl the depart uio .11 thj ii'C content poraueot f proportionate' wit its of the sui'icwit ravitutiou ot'thi'lal nuacy ot' tlii> .a;i! e grout extent •>[ tl OS marking -taL other causes loiit^ |tlio changes oilers f this suhjeet, l^ :)r the UnilO'l S;;il 1, :>8 probalilo >aji |nd its interi'ir wlii ,th tho va-t \veii;lit| i was reintivii thout ilepoiuleiK Iniovoments. ii will ,lion that liuv ho North Aiii'ii^ iourt luoiis whid id to bo an in ferable to glit"ii« ,aring it witl» ^' :!(I'J, mid in rapcr mJI^ llljerl, 1" Am. ,l"Ur.s- Irejii'"' RECORDS OF WELLS. 101 E s whei'o the effects duo to glaciatimi are coinbiue.i with iudopcn- ; , crii-tal movements. ='= klent RECORDS OF WELLS. Tho followii'g notes of common wells in various parts of Manitolia 1,^, inconsiderable detail the ciiaracter and ordei' of the drift deposits. ] in .^ low instances of tho underlying rnclc fortnations. Nearly ivervwhero an ample supply of good water, permanent throughout tho ,Mi' is found at a moderate deiitli. In the Red River Valloy and ,, . , , ^ • 1 ,1 i. n • 1 1 1, 11- J water. ,j,(„..„.,l it usually IS hard water, as is also the water of springs and troaiU!-. containing so much diss(dved carbonate of lime that it cannot u-etl satisfactorily for washing with soa]). For this use rainwater ennmnnly collected from tho roofs. When this is stored in large ^t^vji,, ii is more desirable also for drinking and cooking than the dteii sonuHvliat alkaline well water, which, however, is .seldom found lu'lnjiirious to health. liiu woollen well-curbing, coninionlv pine, which hiis been "ften used Wdis often . • i .1 ' . • II ■!• •. • ..II ("Dnfiiminated thi« ivi,noii, so(m contaminates tho water, esjiocialiy it it is notably i.y .iwav Ikaliiie; anil when such wells arc left stagnant or only drawn from c„ri'ii'iK."" i'litlv.tlie water becomes too foul in smoU and taste to bo drank, Ifeii by cattle, and it may bo the cause of sickness before reaching this la.'c. It'bi'icks, stone, or iron or cement pipe are used for lining wells. Iiho uatoi' in thorn is fro(]uently I'ouowod by being largely drawii loin, it is entirely wholosomo and ]>alatable. ;'nd is well adapted for' lii'lvall uses, excepting for washing with soap, as before mentioned. L I'm' steam-boilers, in which the large amount of scale dejiositeii limit in evaporation is objoctionablo. j.\rteMaii or flowing wells are obtained near' the Red Rivor. as in ^j^.jj,,„„giij, Winnipeg and southward, where water often rises to the surface L layers of sand and gravel in the drift. ir;i)i(> '/. About forty wells have been bored bv the city aiithnri- ' • »/ C'tv wollfl • of Winnipeg for supplying water for domestic use. Mr. H.N. bttan. tho city engineer, states that about a dozen of these wells go the lied-rock, which is limestone, while the otheis derive their Jur tVom layers of ([uicksand in or beneath the till. Sevoi'al of them ■west part of tho city are artesian, but eastward the water rises llvt'i five or ton feet below the surface. Tho water is considered of iliiality for drinking and cooking, Imt it contain^ much mineral Itteiin solution, chiefly tho sulphates of lime and magnesia. IHtsc (Jiiiilcrniiry changes of level havo l>ocn partly oonsidercd in a paper on the " Probable kesul lilu 'iatiiin," formini? an appendix of Prof. li. F. Wriuhl'-^ toe Ane in North .Xiueilca, 102 E (tLAC'AL lake AOASSIZ in MANITOBA. Alliivinl niid drift doiMi.'its, Chiiractcr uf the till. Underlying limestone. General sect on of fupcrficiiii deposit 1^ at Winniiiop. Alluvial stniiiru'd i.'lay (.'xioiulis to u (K'pth that varies tVom tln^.,. , ten feet or raoiv. Thi> is uiKlerhiiii liy tiie glacial till or l)()ii|i|ei.^.|.|,. Avliieh encloses thin veins and layers of fine gravel and Haml, ami f™ <|iiently is underlain by sand and gravel, but in many iilacos fxtcniUh the limestone. The upper part of the till hero shows an i:in),.|.fj., stratitieation, due to its deposition in Lalce Ayassiz, and contaii^ n ].,. projiortion of boidders and gravel than its lower part, whicli is vm- hard, and is therelbre commonly denominated "hard pan." Tin. ileii-i, to the limestone varies t'rom tliirtj- to si.Kty feet in the west paii „f|j city, and increases to about seventy-tivo feet eastward. Oiu' of these wells, bored in the west eilge of the city, vU»o unnh the Assiniboine and one and a half miles west of the Ovboriie stict bridge, went ;)2 I'eet in stratitied cla^' and till, and then Imi iVet limestone, mol^tly of light butl'or cream color, obtaining water <<(<;, quality at 132 feet, which I'ose to five feet below the siufaic. % bed-rock is nearly like that which outcrops at Lower Fort (iaiTvim East Selkirk. A gi'neral >ection of tlie .superficial depnsits at Winnipi'g is notdji, J. JInyes Panton as follows, from information supplied by Mi'. Pip,.i known as liavim;- an extensive experience in well-boring ilnmij;. j the city, ■■ 1. Surtaci' ntould, one to four feet, dark color, and exrt'tdii.; fertile. •• 2. • Yellow gumbo,' two to three I'eei, a veiy sticky Ibrm m1' viiln ish I'lay, which usually holds considerable water. ••3. Dark gray clay, thirty to fifty feet thick, with boulder- natter throughout ; some of them tour feet in diameter, and chietly ■^nQ\>y<: and no doubt derived frnm Laureniian rocks. '■ 4. Light-colored clay, one to throe teet, containing inaiiv -i!.; stones. '• '). Hard pan. two to ten feet, a very solid and coiupari i'oik clay. '• '!. .Sand, gravel, and boidders, live to twent3'-tive I'eet. "7. Angular fr.agnients, one to three feet, usually linustdiu. ; largely dci'ivcd t'rom the solid rork which lies immediately I'flowit. "This loose material is t'ai- from being uniform, and varies so niiii in its arrangements that scarcely any two borings show the sanie ij tribiition. Sometimes there is little oi" no hard pan. while in -tiij parts it is several feet thick. However, as a usual thing, tiu'-t'3 OK WELLS. 103 E ■ios tVoin llilw ;o| 11 or lioiiMeiH'lav anil sauil, luul i're.| • pliU'cs fxtomU |i)| ows ail iinjiiTfcvJ iiul i'ontaiii> ;i 1,.,J lart, whic'li is viivl pan." TlR'ilei,;h| lie west jiarl ol'tliel rd. i'ity, t'lo>e iKii'ih tlio Oslmrno ^tl«^l (I then lull tVei ij iiing watiT dt' iin^ 7 tlio snrtai'f. Tin| tViT Fort, liarry ;i!,i 'inuiiH'g i^ noiiiliJ pi i oil li.v Mr. Pi] l-bofing ilu'du^'b J or, anil execcdiiiij ieUy form ol'volV: ,h huuiijor- >yM& itul chit'tly -■iic'>>';^ taiiiinii' many lii'l conipati t'oiir.ij Ive t'eei. Iially linustoiu'. ;.ii lu'iliatoly Irlow;' and varif> ^" in c-liow tlu' -ame [pan. while in '41 lal tilings lli>-fH'fj [varying in tlii'kM l,,f.'rl'^«2. P IT'. <,iini Boniuuy. \Vc\h in .St. Eonifaoo ai'O nearly the eanio as. in Winnipi^'gi "'"' t''^' "Pl'osltc >ide ot' the river. The deepest learned ot' is ,,„ilie Hxliil'ition (Iround, I'jt! feet deep. U-ing sti'atiried elay and till, li; K'ft. i'^ lo\ve>t 10 foet very hard and eompaet ; sand, 44 feet, to the l^edroik at >^0 feet; then limestone, of light ereain eolor or nearly white. |itMieti'ateil "•• feet and extending helow. y;,;rrill,\ Thomas W. ('raven, hotel ; well, 05 feet deep, in alluvium ,,,„|till; water rises to tilteen feet below the surface. Other wells in jlii, village have nearly the same dejith oi- less, none foniing to the |,e,l.riielc; Imt it was reaehed by a well a tiiird of a mile east at adejith ,if;il«iiit 100 feet. I'oiii' mile- south-southeast of Xiverville, in the N. K. [ of see. o in ;lii, siiiu' T. 7. R. 4 K., Cornelius Free-en's well, situated on the Niver- vjilo lieaeli. passed through alluvium and glacial dril't, tJ.') feet, and •liale. '■'>(> feet, olitaining an ample artesian flow of excellent water. hi the S. W. \ of this section, a half mile from the foregoing, Adam Fiowint' wells Pivi'Mii has a similar flowing well, 1(17 I'eet deep, which went 37 feet n'onue Reserve ir,!,, the >hale. This is said to be the deepest of about twenty flowing u'ea Riv,!r. ifi.jlsiii tills .Mi,'nnniiite Reserve, their range of depth being from 40 to 107 ik't. Ihjiiiihivn City. James S]ience. Victoria Flour Mills: flowing well, niit'oei deep, in alluvial clay and till, the hu.er vc,y hani below the Jq.th ot I'JO feet; betl-rock not reaidied ; water brackish, flowing iteWv. not used. Till' ''iiniiion wells of thi- ,i,.age, 12 to Id t'ect deep, ha\e good utor which seeps from the alluvial clay. Till' li'iiseau liivor has much sot'ter water than the wells and most ''' ri'i'.l'R^"',.","' [lie -'i' 'It streams of this rei^ion, so that the railway tank at Dominion tv, taking water I'roiii the Uoseau, is preferred by the loctrmotivo Miiiot'is above any other source of water on this branch line. I'lwrnin. Wells in l^merson range tVom 10 to 2."> feet in ilepth, in iivial cliiy, and obtain water t'derabiy good for drinking and cook- , lie. lilt it is very hard and tinsuited for laundry use. iri>f l.ijniic. lluilson Bay Company's steam flouring mill: well, IOS fei'.'let'ii; dug OS feet in alluvial and lacustrine clay, and bored 40 t'eet wer, apparently in the same dejiosit. Tin' only water tbinul, not |r.uU;;li I'l supply the engine, is thatwhi(di seeps from the elay, coming |lra">t wholly within the first twenty feet below the surface. The iniiiiiiiy wells in this village, 14 to IS feet deep, obtain good water k'l'iiig ill sufficient amount for domestic use. .l/''i>M;/i irtUs near LetcUi>r and on th: Low farm. An artesian well brackish ...X' l-Vench Reserve at the center .if T. 2, R. 1 F., near Letellier. ^'^f;^',;^,"''' five miles northwest I'rom Fnierson and West Lynne, is 2.')0 feet '^*'' ^"'■'-''■* I(t4 E GLACIAL LAKE AdASSIZ IN MANITOBA. deep, iiol reaching tlie lied rock. It scipplies lii'icki>li watci wii;,,, , drank by cattle. Aiiotliei' artesian well ot'siimilai' depth !.■, i.u ij^. j , fiivta, about twelve miles west c>t'Moriis, the water of wiiicli i- >tinii..;,. naline. West Selkirk: The well at the Li-gai' lluiise, IdO feet dceji, u.;,..| ,1 the lied-roek, which is limestone, at t!') (eet. Stoimrall. J. B. RiUherf()rd"> flouring niill : well, S2 feet iIio|m.v,,. .sisting of beach grave! and sand, 10 fei»t ; till. 2 teet ; and liinojiMH, including rod shaly bods. 70 feet, to the lioltom. wlieiv the ilrijl ti'!| one foot and watei' rose innnediaudy to 22 ti'ct below th.- >•,n■(■^^■^. I Several other wells in Stonewall have had a similar ex|icriei.i i. olitaii.l ing water which rises from hollows in the limestone. T. l."» A'. 2 /•;. William Andrew. S. I-'.. [ of sec. 7 : well. :U lcH.lv, ,,; till at the surfa'^e and to a depth of 11 feet: and lime>tonc. >:; i^^.. mostly hard and of light bull' color, but enclosing sonic 2."» feet nt i,.>. dish shaly beds between the depths of 4.") and 70 feet. Tini,. y^i several such wells in the same vicinity. /iettreen Pleasant Home and er i- 2'.' teet dce)i, in tili. \vh;i;,| forms the surface there and east to LitileSlony .Mountain ; watoi' li-f, fifteen feet from a sandy layer at the bottom. T. 11, E. 1 /•;. Hobert D. Bathijate, .-cc. 21 : well. OO feet deei.; til 24 feet, from which alkaline water seeps; and light butt, IkiivI limJ stone, .'!() feet, and continuing lower; water of good (piality riso- the bottom to 20 feet below the surface. Other wells in thi» viciuityj mostly get good watei' in veins or thin layers of sand and gravel tuined in the till. St. Francois A'acier. On Mr. Xanton's ranch, about ten nilli.'- ui-.tj of Ileadingly and a (juarter of a mile south of the Assiniboino. a weij 114 feet deep passed through alluvial day. 14 feet; till, 'M feet : liiaJ stone of light cream color, 47 feet: and reddish limestone. !Ii te.J Bracicish water rises from the bottom to 14 feet below the suitiu r Meadow Lea, sec. 3it, T. 13, R. 2. \Vell> in this vicinity rannv tVu 20 to Itf) feet in deptli,and are whollyin till, not reaching the belnckj T. 13, Ji. (>. Charles Cuthbert, sec. 21, ten miles nurth-noitlieaji from Portage la Prairie: well, H! feet deep: soil and loani\;-il!.t| water in quicdcsand ami tine gravel. The surface here i- ohIn a ie!( feet above the high water level of Lake ^^lauitoba. Portage In Prairie. The common wells are 12 to 10 feet dee[i, \n\.% black soil, 2 to 4 feet; then yellowish gray loamy silt, the a'iavi >-.] HKCORPS (IF WEM-S. KIB E wati'i-. \vir.i.ii is itli U 1.11 ila- 1, ,1V tvliii'li i- >iruii^;v oet !i.;,i., HTO thu ili'.ii i.-ii I elow till' >ill'f;iri.. I sxpevioi.! I'. (ilit;r.i,. WL'll.'.Ukvt.l,,],, imer>tuiu'. Ml tf(.';,| nil' "jr» IV'Ot of i,.,i tVl't. Tilcrc ;,i^| sluto^ that, 111' lietwi't'ii I'ltjisiiitl tin" i;-l:ic'ia! tliif', lcr)i, in till, wb'.f.hl ntain ; Wiilof ri>oJ OO loot • i>Ut toll iiiilo- Wot lA>siiHl)Oiiie. a well till, IM toot ; liiiw iiuestuiK", !'•' liV, |w till' -ui'faiv, lioiiiity raiiiio iVu I'liiiiii the Lic'l-nckj los nortli-nortlioajj and loamy Mlt.tj Ihorc i- only ;i to^ |lO toot (1cl'[i. 1 'i silt, tho a'l;iv; ,l the .\."iiiilJoiiie, in which frngmoiits of driftwood, as Miiall limbs of .,.(,e>, arc lu'casionaily found ; to wator in (luicdvsand and Hno ^'lavol. Theilcii't'^t wi'li lioro is tlial of tho .Manitoba and Northwostoni Hail- wiiv tank, whicli loacho.s 'SO foet, to till at tiio bottom, obtaining a veiy Ijiiiff fiiijiliiy of water. f. IJ. H. ^- Kenneth .M<'lvon/.io, jr., in tho north edge of hoc. li, fl,,je wi'-t of IJat Creole : well, duj; 8(5 and bored 7- feet, to a total ,wli (if l.')8 foet : soil, 2 feet; sand, 4 to ") feet; yidlow till, 4 feet! Iiuetill, "i! foot, easy to oxoavato, with scanty intermixtnre of gravel, I [ml ((iiiiaiiiiiig occasional rttonos iqi to one fo.it or more in diamoter, iiiidoulit>'dly true till, tor the surface generally through tho south part ot tiii> t.'Wiiship !ias plontiful embedded boulders u)> to two or three feot in diamoter; below was "hard jian," a more indurated deposit of tiO.verv hard to dig or pick, bored or drilled 7- feet, and found to vary IniUfii ill il- ha.-dness through this depth, some jiortiouH being much Lofter than when" tho lioring began. A seam of sand and tine gravel, ljJ.oiit an inch thick, wa> noticed between the upper part of the till, Iwliiili \va> dry, and the harder lower portion. At the bottom tho drill iCTiiek a harder layer, which was called roidv. It was probably shale, |l 1 till' drill, being dioppeii a \\-\\ times upon it, seonied in danger of llwoiuiiii;' stuck so that it could not be removed. Water rose from tho inttiiiii within the tirst .lay to a depth of lit) or :!0 feel in the portion Icf the well that was dug, and within a Ibw days it reached its per- InKmeiit level about L'O foet below tho surface. It doet; not sink below |tlii?lovcl in dry seasons, but in wot seasons ifrises to .seven feet below lilt' siirtiito. near tho bottom of the sand. It is somewhat salty, so that |ili< nut suitable for house ii~e; but it is drank freely, and with no ill P't, by horses and eattio during the entire winter. .\ quartor of a mile south of this, Mr. McKenx.ie's father has a tiiiiilar well as to its dejith and succession of deposits passed through ruck, but it obtains a less ample supply of water. Both woUs are n:4teet. a]iproximately, above the sea; and the top of the bod-rock is lihiMiliiigly about TOtl feet above the sea level. i.ilhktonr. Wells vary from 10 to 1.') teet in depth, in sandy tine , Water abundant and of excellent (quality. \rd>H. In the vicinity of Arden wolls are 10 to oO feet deep, the Iniioii hoing till, excepting where this is overlain by beach deposits \m 5 to 1.') feet thick. Xt'pdira. John A. Davidson i*c Co., store : well, <>() foet, tho deepest pithi'town; soil, 2 feet; gravel and sand of the Assiniboino delta, 12 *!; ami till, dark bluish, with the usual proportion of gravel and Miidois, 4ti foet, and extending below; water good. Other wells, no-ily l.'i to 2.") feet deep, reach till at nearly the .same depth. 1 ' I I II ■ 10nA, T. Ill, //. Id. Tlie ileojiONt wcIIm in tliis lnwiwliip go ."lO t,,7ii Uvi. wholly ill till; luit nuiinioniy ii -iilHcioiit 'iti|iiy of wati'i ;, t,i|„|,| within ;;»» I'lot OV loH. ilio AsHiiiilioiii. Carhury. \\\'\U 10 to iJOf'ei-t (lofp ir. plenty of guotl watei-. Chatd-. At tin- t'loviitoi'. \1 (cot, and at llio hotel, :U I'l in till, yellowish ahovo and dark liliii»h holow ; water r leet. lirandon. WelN 10 to :;() foot dooji, in delta gravel. \\\ leit;i: ■el, w I'llly l''''l'l!Uli 1.', till; I'oin: 1 wat er, CiiniiiUi. i»e|itlis 10 to l.'i leot, in alluvial elay with >aiiiiy lavci,, go-Kl water. Two niilo.s sonth of Carnmn, James Stewart's and ^\^:^y,f^, K. Lai(llaw'> wells are ros|ioetively ahont 100 and I'JO led .Im, jirobahly iia.>»ing through tiio alluvial and laeuNtrine elay-« and ■^\n<-'\;{\\ lei'|itM' .,fl drill, to underlying Cretaeeoiis shales. The water of tin these is too braclvish tor house use, hut is dranU hy cattle. Treliirne. In the vicinity of Treiierno wtdls vary from 1.') Im.'jh in de|)th. the seetioii heing heaidi and delta de[)o^itsof stratilie'l i;i' andsaml; exeellent water. Jf'jllanJ. Wells at Holland are 10 to -JO feet deep, in till to wliii h is reaidied at ahoul 10 feet: wa ;er i^ood, jfenorallv lielt IT IrMnil V W.' the shale than trom the drift. .Shale is not eneountered \> fartlier north, on the Assiniboine ilelta. in the adjoining 'figcr lIilJ on 15 i till! south, the depth to shale varies eommonly t'rom '2' l« jir^fl eet. Ci/prtss Jiicir atul Glenb'iro. Depths lo to IT feet, in tini' sili. t|,.l delta ot' the Assinihoine ; water good, i>suing from <|uieli ,d. jf'. ^, A'. IS. Ii'i^unthwaite post-olliee. see. 14: well, liO leoi ilte|,; Hoil, - feet ; yellowish gray till. 1.; feet ; harder Mue till, ."i tci'i mJ low ei' ; water soei )lentiful anil i^ood. B. 17. Williamson, lii'^num \ Co., farndiouso in \ii \vii> halt' a mile nofth of the northern base of the Tiger llilN, an elevation ol' about I.IJSO feet above the sea. Litm/s Valhy. Langvale post-olliee, at James Lang's Iiuumv >ir T. '!, IJ. IS: well, IS feet deejf : all gravel and sand, with i|iiiik«;iiil at the bottom. This is on the bed of the ehannol of outtlow to ;iij Pembina from the glacial lake in tiie Sourin busin. Plum Cretk. Wells in this village, at the junction of Plum (' with the .Souris, are 10 to .'SO feet deep, in till, not roaehing ln'ii-n but outcrojis of the Fort I'ierro shale occur on the Souris near hv. Gnina. ('oinniun wells, 10 to 20 feet deep, in alluvial and laeiiMrii '■] HECORDS DP WELL 3, 1(17 K sMimlMiiiic ileltii; , :il t'ci't, \Vl|.,liy ltd" I'lisi' M'verul •fl, iiii''i'iiuiii l,v |), in till 111 >k\'x. oi'iilly lu'ttiT iViihI Dimtt'i't'il I'V \v.„s| )iiiin_ic 'rij,'fr ll.iil niii "J or 11 lo iM.irl t, ill tiiio sill. !i|.)| iui( Un.i'itl. oil, -Jd tool 'l-ejil IllO till. •'• t''i'' :r ;jiUll"W lo :':% lion of rium t'n' [•eiii'liiiiii" lii'ii-i''Ai| Boui'is iioar liv. Iivial uiiil liu-ibir jav, iil'tiiinii'y » '^'iiii'y •supply of wiitor. A lioiinj^ is said to linvo lo lii'i'o for tin- railwiiy taiilc. '.<> a (U'j)tli i>f ir>0 fcot, witiioiit hiipply of \valt>r, and it in now piiinpcil from tlio iV'iiiliiiia Iwii Ilia tiii• .loim .loliiiston. -ii'i'. .'! : well, (oi't ; soil, '2 foot; ,lli)\vi>ii till, coiitaiiiiiiti lioiililoi's up to tivo foot in iliaiuotor, lid foot; Vt' tii i.'niv< I with wator wli H'h riso- from it two or tliroo foot. This i« leiwei'ii iho t:aiii|>l'oll and Tintali lioaclu's, on tho low torraci- at llio I'lKlt it ilio Pembina Mniintain oscar|)mont. Othi-r wolU near shi )W tliiittlii- it-rraoe oonsists of tlio Port Pierre slialo, thinly covered with ,'l;ici;il 'I rift. Moi'ilt'it (iiul \elsiin. Wells lu to I'.'i feet dooj), in till ; wator firi|iit'iiily alkaline. Tlinrnhill. Tho wells of Thornhill and vicinity are S to 1'.") foot Jeep, llit'ir material hoin;? till, with sandy streaks from which water ,rt>n>, The till is yollowinh to u depth of ahoiit ]."> feet, and ilark Hnidi lieiow. Shallow welU, stoppinj^ in Iho yellow till, have hott or n-iitcr than those that p into the liliio till. Diirlhiiif'jnI. David Hrown. S. K. \ of sec. (!. T. 3 I{. 7: well, .'id Iftt't; -oil. 2 feet; till, 2>^ feet, its lowest .■'i.K feet mostly di'hris of the F"il I'iorro shale; loiiuieksand at ihe hottom, from which water rose liiiiitl'w hours to Id foot holow the surface. Miiii'toii. Cunadian Paeitic Uailwny well, Ho feet deep, wlndly in I (111' Kdit Pierre shales, except inji' about tive feet of soil and drift at tho jiM'tace. The common wells ai'o "JO to ;iO foot deep, j,'oin_uj into ulijii ."> to 12 feet fi'om the surliice ; water jjjood. ,s'ii'"/ f.ioti. sees. :M and ;!.'), T. 1, R. 9. In this vilhiico wolN are Id 1 1,'p toct doeji, heiiiif till to a depth of i! to 12 leet. and exiendiniX lintii shale below ; wator piod. Other wells in the viidnity are Id to Ijii lift deep, reaching; tho shale usually less than 1,') foot below tho >Ul'lilCl'. Muicbnii/, Sitoifj{a/;c, anil Star MjuiiiI. WoIIs in this district, T. 1 ot' iRs.S. !•, and 10, aro commonly 15 to 80 feet deep, in till, or in many Ae^ ,i,'i'iii,iX si'voi'a feet into the un tound in both formations. PihJ MoiiikI. In tho village of Pilot Mound wells aro 15 to I'd foot kiji. cniiimoidy passing into the shale at ten loot ; water gooii. W'Sl of Pelican JAike. Tho deepest wells within a few miles liiiliwost of Pelican Lake, on tho nearly level expanse of till about lloiMt'et above this lake, often reach .shale at 25 to 30 or 4d feet; Iml umygot good water at 10 or 15 feet in the overlying till. ■h I'H K (it.Af'I.M. l.AK'B AiiAHMZ IN MAMTOHA. (JKoLocjic .\Ni> Adiunr/rrijAL i{i;s()rHf'i;> Tlio f^i'oal fortuity df tin- hoU in this (li-.ii'icl, its wntcr-jiowcr, tin. value ul' ilH liinlior li)r I'liiMiiii,' |)ur|ii)>t-, Miaiiiifactin'c-. and I'lnl, ot ji, Htoiii' f(ti- enii>.|iii('tiiMi ami liiut'lniiiiiiii;, ami ot'il^ iU'|ii»>til,s of day f,, in'ic'k-maUiiij,', an> its rliiot' natui-nl lOsourios. 8olliinaniii-i.il. <*vor nearly llio oiitiiv piairio portion of Manitolia, liotli in ii,, la<'u-ttriiu' area ol' Laivf Aj,'aH-.i/'. ami ii|ioii tiic lii^'lior au'l nioi,. umlulaling or roiiini,' coiinti'v linit strotclii'-* tlieiii'i' wcstwani. a (tanlv clay, ol'ton witli sonu' interniixtiiro of j^ravol and occasional IpuuMit., forms flio soil, wliidi lias been colored Mack to a depth of oin' m uvm led below the surface by di>cayin;,' vot;otatioii. The alluvial m,; lacustrine boils, or llio >,'lacial drift, ihoHaine lis the soil, except jm,' il,;,' they are not enriched and blacUened by or^^ani* leoay, contini'i' IhImw bc'iiit^ usually ydiowiHh ,i,'r'ay to a depth oltenor litleen feet, biitlaiki and bluish be^-ond, as soen in welU. The yilacial drift contain^ inain- fraicnieiits of Cietaceous shale, niaj^no^ian liinostoiu-, <^raintes. m,,! crvrtlalline schists ; antl its tine detritus, and the silty deposits caiTJcl into Lake Agassi/ by its tributaries, are mixtures of iluse iDcks pulverized, jiresentiiii,' in the nm-t advantajieouh projKtrlioio tl„. mineral demenlK needed by Lfrowin,:^ plants, '■'heat has been the princi]ial crop, but Htock-i'aisiiif( ami the lain h;i\e also received mucdi attention. A lai'i^e vurioty of cinp* ;. profitably cultivated tliroi:L;hout tlie rej,'ion, includini,' wheat, oat-, garden fruits ami vciretables, notatoes. and hay. Tl AKrii'ultiii'iil |.ri"lui'ts. 10 natural |ii'aii> supplies rich pastura^'e for the herds of the tirst immiyranls ; but it i. rapidly beconiini^ mainly occuj)ied by farms and brought uiile cultivation. Watcr-iiiiHcr iiiHliuuniifiic- tiiro:<. Valuable watc r-]io\veis ail' uvailabK- on many o >l th stioain Fuel. especially in the wooded northern and eiiHlern portions of Maiiitol' The rapids and waterfalls of the Winnipeg iJiver, with its mnf,'iiilic('i reservoirs of the Lake of the Woods and Rainy liako, besiilo multitude of smaller lakes, will d()ubtle.ss some day become the siti^ i)f| large manufacturing cities, whore the whctit of the prairies will be malt into flour, and the timbei'of the adjoining t()rosts will be manufactiiie: into lumber, furniture, and various wooden wares. While agriciiliiirr will bo the leading occupation in the prairie region, nuu'e divor-t industiies will grow up in the woodeii counli-y on the east. Even the prairie has imjiortant resources of fuel in its belts of tiinlii, which bonier streams and lakes, and also extend along the escarpmoiill of the Pembina Mountain and cover the Tiger Hills and TurtiJ .Mountain, With the more full sottlemont of the prairie, howeviri .some systematic plan may be adopted for securing coal or woml bil vnti'r-]in'A«>i-, til,. >, mill t'llrl, ot ii, u)>*ilH iit'ilay fii lltll, llOlll ill ill, if^lior lUi'i iiiori' t'Mtwanl ;i cuiilv ■U>il>lllll IimUMcIv til of mil' 111 uv.i riif ulluviiil ;iiil il, oxi'i'i)tiii:; ili;i' y, I'lmtitiiu'tu'luw •i» foot. I'lit 'liirk. 1 ift ciinliiiii- miiiiv [le, griimti''. uinl y (lopOHil-- ciiri'iil I's 111' tlu'Ko rock< ])r()|iiii'tiiiii^ till' i.ii J tiBnr-oiiic ANii .\(ini(ui.TL'ii\i, resdiucis. !(»!> k l\v!iv iVciglit ill larj,'o uiiuiiiiit^, luiil thort'lorn iit much lower cosl iliiin rii)W. (filial lie?* I "f nia;;rK'?*iiin InnoMtoiif liiivo ln'cii oxtt'nsivcly workoil atQ,„„,|,,,|.,„„^,_ |.;,i,t Srikirlv, Stonewall, Stony .Muimiaiii, an. ami liiiil(liii^'>. Tlio Kast Selkirk hloiie, which is lieaiifitiilly iiiiltlii! anil haiideil, ii easy to cut when tirst (luarriod. hut haiilons en its inuisturo ilries out. It contaiiis ho much water thai Iv i|iiiirrie(l blocks in winter are tlaiiiai,'c(l hy tVoezinj^ ; hut alter iiiiicl lii'W Irviiii,' II" 111 m!i«ii such t'l'n-t Craclure is nhsi'ived where this rock Iiiih hcen u^ed coal or woo'l M my. Hy e.\|iosm'o many years the strcaivod contiast in color ijmii!tone of the most durahle ijuality, in many portions capahle ..| jiciii^ i|iiairied in I'locks of lari,'o dimensions, oiiicrnit then^ and at Sii'iiv Miiuntiun, and have hcen much used for I'uildin^' in Winnipeg. Similiir stone has been sli^ditly iiuariied on iho N.l'l. | of sec. 4, T. 15, K :; v.., on land of Allen Bristow. nine miles norlh-noi'theast ot' .Stone- wall. The outcrop of Cretaceous limestone on the A«siniboiiie in sec. il T. !\ l{. 11, has also been ([uarried in small amount. The i|uarry of Little Stony Mountain was aitively operated several .. I veai'd a:;o t'or burning,' lime, a spur track about a mile long being laid til it from the ('anndian Pacilii- Railway ; but work had been suspended lit ilio time of this siii'vey in 1> those rock-formations and distribiiteil by the iiiriviits of the ice-sheet. The more abiindaut granitic boulders of the iiift also commonly serve the immigrant tor the construction of ll'iiimlations of farm buildings and for the walls of collars and well«. Xe.'iiiy every part ot"fhe province also has beds of brick-clay, which Urioks. I;iii' utilized in proportion to the demands of settlement. Four brick- lyanls in Saint lioniface, on the east side of the lied b'ivor opposite to IWinniiiog, produced in total in 1SS7 about four million bricks. This Ibiwness began to be extensively developed there in IS.SO. The soil i.s >iii|ipeil otV to a deitth of two tect, beneath whiih the next two or three llivt 111 yellowish, horizontally laminated, somewhat sandy clay is used |l'>r lirii'k-making. It rei|uires no further admixture of sand for |i(iiipeiiiig. The bricks, which are cream-colored and very durable, are i! / •j252;£l*i*; 110 K (II.ACIAL LAKE AliASSI/. IN .MANITOllA. h>. solil iit $11 to 812 por tliousaiitl, loadoil on the ciir.s or deliveicil in il,,, •.it}- of Wimiipog. Aiiotlier brick yard in Saint .lames, close soiuliwosi of "VVinnipo!-:, makes about 1,5(10.000 liricks yearly. The liglu cion,,, color of these bricks, like those of Milwaukee and of most briek-vaiil. in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Xorth Dakota, is due. iis shown |,v President Charaborlin, to the calcareous and magncsi.in in,il•l■■J(li^.||^^ ',•■ these glacial clay.s derived in part from raagnesian limestone formations which unite with the iron ingroiiiont to form a light-coloicil siliini,. inste.id of the ferric oxide which in other regions destitute of niiii;iio-i;i' lime>tone gives to bricks their usual red color. APIMINDIX 1. COriiSKS Ol' GLACIAL STin.K. Xho ii>ll()\viii,u' talilo of gliU'ial stria' in llic ivj^'ioii of ITuil^oi. liay .,11,1 LuIm' Supoi'ii)!' and wostward sliow^ tho {lirtH'tinns of the (.'urrontM loi tlie icoslioel within the iiasin of Lake Agnssiz and u|i(in the i(..iiiitrv where it lay a.s the harrier or dam of tliis iaivo. They are Idiiivo'l ciiietly from tlie reports of tlie (!eoh)gieal ami Natural History Kiirvcvs of Canada ami of Minnesota, and are ail ri'duced to refer to IjiK'tiue iir a-^tronomic meridians. I'niess theyaro otherwise credited, Itho (iliscivations in l!riti>li America are hy Dr. Robert Boll, and in |j[iiiin>siiia i>y the present writer. All are in the ai'ea that is supposed Itolwve I'l'en covei'ed hy tlie ice-sheet of tne last ghieial epoeh. Jlitihiiii •Strait inul Umi. lliiisnii Strait, I'm' Hiirwcll, ten niiles soiitli\vt'.st tVotn I 'a|)e f 'liudleijili S. ,>>,"^ E. ,lii.. .\slio'.s Inlet, on the north si(l(\ of tlie strait. ahoiit S. (;."i^ E. .1(1., t a|ie Prince nf \\'iiU'.s, on the south side, o])[)i).siie to the last K. to N. 70^ E, A.., suiitli part of Nottiii;;liiini Isluml S. ,S()- E. ,lo., nij-'iies Island, 1)11' ('a|ie Wolsteiihuliuo N. .'i.^^-T.'i" E. Ottawa Islands, in \\w northca-t part of lludsun l!ay .V. 75° E., N. 4(1° -•.'(>" E.. and N. r,- W. fast roast "if Ilndson Bay, ndrtliern part, succes- sivoly, procwMliujZ sonthward N. E., N. and N. \V. ilo., tn'iu I'ape I>titlerin smithwaril tolliipewell Head and the most northern of Nastapoka Islaiuls, in hit. 58° til 57° N., near the miihlle of the east side of Hudson Hay, mnncrDiis localitie.s, S. 7 proliahlc that the tirst two of these courses rei^ord the directinn of the h1.>\v .liiriui: the time of maximiim dei)th and area of the iee-shoet, or Int'.i.' a i-oiiunvhat later slane ; and that the last belonirs to the time of tinal iriiiii'^ of the ice. Kii.'it lo.'i.st of Hudson Bay, thence southward to the entrance of Uichmoml tiulf, numerous locahlies, mostly between 8. (i.5°-7r)° \V. and N. 7,->= W., hut in two localities, probably a later (?lacia- tion y. Jo°-4r)"- W. 112 E (iLACIAL LAKF AOASSIZ IN MANITOUA. W.. w. W.; East, Cairn ^Mountain Island, Ricliniond (iiilf, several localities, mostly N. (io°-7(i \v but in one place varying from liiis to 8 .j:,- \\ tlo., from Ricliniond Gulf and Little Whale River soutliward to Esquimaux llurbor, n)any localities N. SO^ W. (,, \\ do., tlience to Red Head, tifty-sovon miles northeast of ( 'ajie .tones, eight locaHti^w \V. to S. 7:1 and one locality f;, .-,,- do., Red Head Island x. 7( do., thence southward to forty miles south of Big River, many localities S. -10°-6(i° and 7ii but on the southwest extremity of Long Island, near Cai>e Jones, striic bear in every direction from S. 70" W., around by S. \V. and S., lo-S. Ill i; The two prevailing directions arc about .<. 4.')° W. and S. ]."> Y„ the former l)eing probably the older, but jierhaps detlected to the south from the direction of the glacial current when the ice-.>*heet was thickest, iiUd the latter, with further deflection south- ea.«tward, belonging to the closing stages of the glacial period. An island oil' tiie southwest point of Long Island has three .seta of glacial •striic S. (i(>° W., S. -lo" W., and S. 'Jn- i: East coast of Hudson Bay, from forty miles south nf Big River southward along the east coast of the south half of .lames Hay, many localities S. :;o^- but in one locality, about three miles northwest of the I'aint Hills, three sets of glacial striic W. occur, hearing. ....N. To'^ W., !^. 55" W., and S. :jn W. The tirst probably records approximately tiie course of glaciation here when the ice attained its greatest area, belonging thus to a striation which was chietly effaced by a later glacial movement to the southwest during the tloparture of the ice- sheet. Again, at the I'aint Hills, two sets of glacial striii' are found, bearing t>. 75° W. and on (iovernor's Island, at the mouth of lOast- main River, the course i.s Marble Island, northwest i)ari of Hudson J'.ay West coast of Hudson Bay, east side of the mouth of Churchill River do., two and a half miles east from the last do., five miles east from the mouth of Churchill River and S. 1.5"-L'.- s W.; W. . E. i;o w. . SO' w. 1,1 w. ■60° and To W.; ,.,.] APPENDIX I. 113 E II, ,111111 of tli( Cliuirhill and Ndfoii /I'/n;'.", LaLr Winnijug, and f!0ufliii;et to thf Asainilidiiit: .hiinliillHiver, atFortCliiiroliill S. :)()°-i(f W. ,lo., iiiiir miles below the luontli of the JJttle Chiircliiii liiver •• S L'0° W. and S. S(i° W. ,lo., ^ix and olovon miles ahove the uionth of the I-ittle Chuichill River S. 10'^-13° W. little I hurchill River, thiee localities, four. thirt(^en ;md eit;liteon miles helow Was-kai-ow-a-ka Lake, respectively S. -10° \V., S. S(i= W., and N. S")° \V. ,lo., (iiitlet f>f Lower lieclnse rs()° W. ilo., rpper (lull Rapid, and thence to the miiMle piirtion of Split Lake, nnmerons localities X. S5°-75° \V. i|(i,, suiithwestern part of Split Lake, iw.i localities. . S. 8.")" \V. do., ( liain-of-rdcks l!a|iid, three miles above Split Lake, line set, probably the older S. Sh° \V., the other S. 1(1" E. ijii., i>ii Cirass liiver, tributary to the Nelson liiver fmni the west a few ndles above Split L;ike, ntimenms localities S. S.-,° \V. to \\'.; but in one jiliice, at the outlet of Witchai I Stinking;) Lake N. 7.")° W. ilo., between Split Lake and Sipi-wesk Lake, nnmerons localities, maiidy S. r)5"-7.'"i° W., and occasionally AV. >lu., Sipiwesk Lake, outlet and northeastern iiart, mostly S. 70"-75'^ W. ; also, in nnmerons localities S. 4.")''-().") \V. ilo., Sipi-uesk Luke, averap* course throuiih.jut the southwestern half of the lake S. ,-,.-)°-(IO° \V.; iiiit in Some places N. S5° W. ilo., southwest erUremity of Sipi-wesk Lake S, 05'^ \V. ilo., from Sipi-wesk Lake to the outlet of I'ipestono Lake, six localities S. ,V)°-tio° W. do., I'lfiestone and Riji Reed Lakes and vicinity, live localities S. -JO^-oS" W. 8 't^i ;i " r^%-Kv^v7w^ IUe GLACIAT, LAKE AUAS8IZ IN MANITOHA. Alonj; tlio usual boat routo from Hudson Hay li' Hayes and Hill Kivers to Lako A\ inni))etr, fix miles below tboKock.Hill Kiver do., UieRui'k, Hill River ]>r. ]5cll ropdrts also at tbis locality aiiotber ami older set of striM' do., ]5or\vi(k's I'all, and one mile above V. bite-mud Vail, Hill liiver, iiotb witliin a lew miles eoutbwest from tlio lloek, respectively, S. 1S° 'NV do., K' nee Lake, nnmerous localities i?. do., friim Knee Lake to i'ine Lake, seven localiti(s. . S do. from I'ine Lake and Molson's Lake to f Lake Winiiii-ej:, nuniy localities (Coebrane) .*^. to i«. 5L'° W., mostly S. but in two localities Between Jacksim Kay, im (•.slord Lake, and tbo sontbern |iart of Ctod's Lake, seven Icnaliiies (( 'ocliranei S Around Island Lake, about forty miles soutb of God's Lake, many localities (Coebrane) S I'letween Hudson l>ay ami bake Winnijiejr, alon^: tbe Severn. I'awii, I'oplar and lieren's Hivers, on almii.-t 'ill exposei' nuk-surtaces (A. 1'. Low). K. 7;^ li!^ E. Hi ]■:. and .'^. 'j> oj'-iio 4 W. . Si I 2S--|(V MV l observed at Stonewall, if'.nj Mountain and Little Stony Mountain, near WinniiHijj;, api)ear to lielonirt 4fi--;r. w. S. ;]{r-A(r w. S. r,ii'-;;.-,- w. S. .■)7--tio= W. and h:. S. W. S. W. .S. IS" w. s. s. w.. S. S. K. APPENDIX I. 115 E I, 1 poiiiciii of the divergent irliuiiil current whioli continued south and I miieiiat in the Minnesota lolw of tlie last ire-slioet, r.a>t slinro of Lalie Winnipej;, bftweeii tlie Narrows ami the mouth of Winnipeg: River, numerous Ini'ulities S. 40°-4r)° W. Stonewall, in many placus (I'anton, Upliam) 8. 2(»°-2r)° E. .,„„y Mountain (I'anton, Upham) S. L'0°-25° E. I jttio Stony Mountain (Upham) S. 25° E. \ssiiiil>oine River, sec. liG, T- 8, R. 11, in throe places ilpham) 8. 4<»-S° W., and in one place S, 10° E. iii il„ifcii Rircr (iml fjdky, Wollnxto)! uixl Tii itxli r Ldho, (tml .oouthirard to (jnnliirland //pk.vi. )iiinitain Portaire, AUiabasca River, si'ven miles ♦ nliovo tiie mouth of t learwater Rivc^r 8. 54 ' K., or more jjrobal ii.. N. ■)4° ''.V. l.irt(hi|ie\vyan, near tho moutii of Lake Athabasca, also one milo west and eijrlit miles soutliw'st of ]■, .rt ( hiiiewyan 8. 78°-S3° W. |lli>f"llo«iii'- observations, to Cumberland House, are '>y Mr. A. S. Cochrane, lj;i;vi(iiniiiunicated by Dr. Robert Bell, havin;; never before been published. Virih ^liore of Lake Athabasca, ten miles north from till' I'.urntwood Islands S. 81° W. tuciiiy miles west of lUack I>ay 8. til° W. , luiH'-way from the west to the east end of the lake.'. 8. 4;;° W. /,,, twenty miles west of the Hudso'i l'>ay (omiiany's l«iKtat l•^^nd (hi Lac 8. 21°, 27'', and 111' W. ij.i., 11. H. post. Fond du Lac, lifty miles west from the ea.st end of the lake 8. 53^ \V. III! the western outlet of Wollaston Hatchef) Lake, til'lcen miles east from its mouth at the east end of Athabasca l.ak.'. 8. S.r \V. .Imictien of i'orcupi'ie River with the western outlet of Wollaston Lak(\ lifty miles east of Athabasc;i i.ake '. 8. 7.-.° W. \ irtli sliore of Wollaston Lake, half-way between its western and "astern ontleis.- 8. 27° W. 'uktisli Lake, about half-way between Wollaston and Reindeer Lakes, ly way of Hatchet Lake River ."...." 8. 17° W. Nirth end of Reindeer Lake (averajre of numerouB observations) 8. 31° W. I.l:>,, month of Hatchet Lake River 8. 17° W. East >liore of Koindeer Lake, I'orciipine Point 8. 24° W. jvio.. luiit'-way from the north to the south end of the lake. S. 18° W. r..4..,. IIG E Ut.AClAI, I.AKK AliASSIZ IN MANinillA. South end of Reiiuluor Lake, and on its outlut S. Cliurt'liill Ki\er, near Fnv Portaiio, 1 HI miles noith- noitliwe.st of CinnberUiiid 'loiiso S. do., at a small lake ten miles east from the mouth of Isle a la Crosse f-ake S. On the canoe route, seventy miles north of Cumber- land llouw S. 1()° and do., lifty-livo ndli's north of Cimiln^rland House S. As on the lower [lart of Churchill Kiver, before noted, the nn courses of this list are believed to indicate the glacial motion when its maximum dt'iith, or nearly that, continuinj; probably throu^'li part of the e|io(iis of ylariation ; and tlio southward currents scciii deflection thirinjx the recession of the boundary of the ice-slicei, earlier westward stri;i' bein;; tiierebv ellaced. 1^° W. In W. 1^ W. :■'' W, •Jlr W, >lit'io-l,ajj till' '.'riMtetl I'cl't'WiiiiMol 111 (.St l.i\]S Front IIhiI iii^r to ^-^ -"r K Between James I'>ay and the east end of l-ake Superior, from l.ou}; Tortaj-'o of the Missinaihi River to Mattavrami Lake. both ludonjiiii^' to th(\ Moose l^iver system, mostly S. s. \V do., Wasciuajrami Portaiie, Missinaihi Hiver, two sets S. 15" W., and > „i. ] The last is d.nilitless a local dellcrii.pn, bidonjiinj: to the time when li, sheet was beinj; melted away. do., Missinaihi Kiver, cast of r.niiiswick hake .'s. i:, | do., arounil MattaL'ami Lake S. ;',n o', \\ do., T.ake Manitowick, on Michipicoteii Kiver S. nu \v do., I.onjr I'orta^re of the Michipicoten Kiver, six miles east of its niiaith .<. 4ii W North shore ofl.ake Supierior, I'alls nf St. Mary, and tlie'ice twenty miles south (A<.'assiz) S. S l do., twenty-live miles north of tlie Falls of St. ^lary, and thence to Ihe iiortheafit anjrle of the lake, seventy-five miles east of St. I^rnace Island, many localities (.'^jriussiz) s do., fifty miles east of St. L'uai'c Island ( A^rassi/). ... S. S. U do,, St. l^'uace Island, and the same twenty-live miles east (Ajrassiz) ,s. do., southwest side, of Xipiv'on l?ay i.-\^'assiz) S. S, V, do., islands in Thunder Day ( Ajrassiz i S. W do., belw<'en Thunder I'ay and I'i^^eon River ( .Af-'a-ssiz) .s. Isle l{oyale. Lake Sui)erior, numerous localities ( I 'esor ) S. 2o'-7."r W \ Alonj; the Tic Kiver, tributary to J.ake Superior S. L'd -llu' W S. 1^0 w. S. In W, S. 1- w. l(i° ;inil -Jii W. , the iunn> Hcsli'tivl ion wlii'u iliiMrcl.ailJ t\ir«Minli !!»■ .'rf;i!er| nts si'ciii Vfl't'ial'',(Mo| icc-slit't't, inusi i.fil.J >r tin W /■■ ° K. to S. ." ■ W.- . «»; jrr F. CO ))i n\ s. s. w. W., an. 1 S ('ill tlie linif wlu'ii I! I'lii li". \V S. Ill I w. •Ill w Ikvs S. 2o"-7ri w S. •JO"-;',ir w ...,] API'F.VDIX I. in Keii'L'Miiii or t.nnj; Lake, at tliolioml dl'tlie l\ciio;_'iinii Kiver, trilmtary to Alliaiiy lliver, iiiaiiy li.c.ilities S. to i^. •_'.">" W. 'Ihe L.'i""ViMi.' i3 as woU marked mi the Ioil-s of tiie hiiihest hills a.s in tl vallf)''"-" III til' ' ■iiiiitry nortliwost of K('iiii;_'aiiii or l.iii^ I-ake, si'veral lui'alities S. 30- -JO'^ \V. .\i,.iiu the Keiio^MMii Ulvi'r, mostly S. 3t)°-.")0° W. ; I. lit varyliij.' to S. and S. (;(i° \V. Lake -I. .h>>eiili, iik ,stly S. :!(i '-!.") ' W. ; iilso. in two localities S. l."i- W. uinl S. oo'^ \V. Alliair Kiver between l-ake Saint .loseph aiiil .\hiinini8ka Lake, three localities S. i'(i-, :':. , mikI 10' W. \hiiiiiiiiska Lake s. ti')" \V. ratiitti'iiga I-ake ^. 7">° W. llalianiet Lake, two localities S. 7.")" and 80° W. Inlft nl'Slurj.'eon Lake, Moulder Kiver S. 70° W. Attawii|iisiiAat Uiver, res|it«'tively ;">, L", 1.':.'. and L':i miles l)elow the junction of the twd ehaiuiels Irmu the lake of the same name. . ..S. do^ i'2 2l'-\ and 1")" W. ilii., I'lucst expoHunnil' Archanin rocks S. to S. 1(1'^ E. Jo., (ill limestone ahont 7.") niiles from the sonthern month of the river S. 18'' \V. ,ii.., iiM limestone nine miles helow the last, luosets .i| striie, the older ,S. S''-12'' \V. ; and tlie newer S. (i(i°-70° E. il,i., en limestone at the jiead of l.owasky Lsland, ahoiit 44 miles from the southern month of the ii\er S. 2° \V. ilii., ..idiithern iliannel or l.owasky lti\er, four miles helow the last, the oldt^r stri:i' .•^. ;i.'i ' \V. ; and newer striie varying' m coiirso from the ,'..re;_'oillJ,' to S. 80^ W. Armiiid Lake Niniiron two sets of ;.'lacial stiiie are (Miiimon, and are often fnimd crossinir each nllier on the same rock surface. I'he sonth- waid >et, which is the tdder, varies from S. 18" E. to 8, 2.">\ AV. ; ;iiid the westward and newer set varies tniMi S. .-.0 W. to due \V. Aliiu:.' and near Kaministiqiiia Hive.'. .S. to S. \\., averagiuj.' S. S. W, lini: Lake, mean of several localities (Hector i 8. 10" W. I. ;u lies .Mille liacs, nieati of several localities (Hector) S. ,5^ E. >mr!:ciin Lake, lifty nules southeast of Lonely Lake, lominonly.." S. 20^-30° W. ; hilt in one locality S ,')0° \V. Miiinietakie Lake and vicinity, we-t of Sttirtieon Lake, several localities ." S. 20°-5r)° W. Almni's Chute S. 10° W. Islands in the middle of Abraui's Lake S. 40" W. le USE • il.AriAI, I..M\K A(lA9xl/ IN MAMTOHA. I.oiioly l.ako ( l-ao Senl), tliree loculiti^H. .s. 7(1' W.. S. s.V \V., iiiiii N do., tliriHiotlior localitit's, res|UMtivnly Id, i:'., ami Ki niiloseast of tli« Hu'lsini l'>ay ('iiiii|iaiiy's post. . s. till' \V., s. :'.-.• \V., and do., oa.st oytroniily oftlie lake. Hoot lUver, tribiitarv to tlio im I". W. si end (» and 1 , \\\ l';nj:li.sl' KiviT, holow l.oiu'ly Lake, live localilieH ami ono loiality Wiiiuipfi; Kiver, .^ievernl localities Around the Lake of the \\'oo(l!<,ol)servatiiin.s in ahoul 180 localitie.s by hr. A. ( '. J.awxmantl a.ssistant.s, anil in ahont t!(t Idcaliiiis repcirled by lir. (!. M. I'awsnn, '\ilie|f.'reat nnijuiilv ,"' i.e., S;.' jier cent. ;i(i -1,11 w, S. Ml w. L'(i° -:,:,■ w. I!.-."-.- lint ll! j)er cent, ail! S. l(i"-:;i \\ and ■") |ier c(\nt. are S. ."it;' W. t)nlv fonr localities showed cnur-cs nmre westerly thf. n >. d.'i' \V. meoftl icse IS on the S' ontheast side of UIl' Island, u here stri:i learm^r. intersect others bearint;. on the west si Norwood and Wbittlesev Duliith 'N. II. Winchi Otter Track, Sucker (or t'arpj, ac.d l.on^' Lakes, in northeastern MinnoKota, south of Hunter':) Island I Winchell i Vermilion Lake, two places (Winchell i, about. and in another place (Winchell). Nermilion Lake (Whittlesey) I'ike Kiver, triliutarv to N'erniilion Lake, t uo places \\. >. W I'd W. Ill W, l.-r U, (.Wini'lii 1(1= and I'll W. s. T.-i^ W, j.;^ '.7 W.; I B B v. ami S. •Jh W ,'. iin'• ;;;; \v 1 Al'l'KN'DIX I. 119 ■ j„ i .1, U. 11, abdiit tu.mty miles simtli-suullioast of ViTiiiilinii LiiUf (Wiiiclu'lli, fstimati'.l S. ;5(>° NV. [i,. iMIiwiiiit, to Knifo Lakes inclusive, an* olisiM-vatioiis by I'lof. N. II. Wiivlit'l'. iiiitt'il in liis I'irtcciilli annual icjioit, Minn., IHSti, pp. :'„s."i-t> : V,,ni,llion I. ako, twenty localities S. IT-^-LM" W. ,lo., three otlior localities ,<. I'.s" W.. S. 10" W., and S. liiirli l.ak S. I-."' W. and .•<. L'L'° W. ,,„.. ;;ii, T. 'i:!, n. ■< S. 8° R Sir. :;■>. T. U;!, li. i' S. I'J" W. s,v. -.'T.T. «;!, u. 1(1 .«^. i.r w. l',;i«s\\iii«l Lake, N'orthoast ( ape S. l.")° \V. ima lake, north slioro S. ild' \V. and S. l';}^ \V. iiikiiid in Tlionias l.ako S. l'o° W. vc. II, r.(i4, II. 7 S. ;!(>>' \V. Kuile Lake ^ S. 4S'' \V. Ijieiuii I'dllowinjj are from I'toI'. N. H. Wiiicliell, in his '^ixteentli animal T,pirt, lei-l.S>7, p. Ill : jlast ciid of Helti Lake, west ofo^'ishke Mimcie Lake. S. i',")' W. |>l:in.i in I'sendo-MesxT Lake S. 4(»° \V. Mr. Iliiiaco \'. \\incheli, in tin- report ia.-it cited, pp. :'i!t."i-17,><, notes the I :,'.iowii'-' '.'iacial strii-. to Trout Like, inclusive, cnrreeted hy hini for iMaj,'netic I variali"" ;— l.itllo Fork (if liainy Kiver, live localities .'^. l(i'-4i.>° W. K.iiu) i;i\iT, :'.i miles helow Fort Francis S. ;52" \V. Kaiiiy Lake, niuo localities .S ;>J"-(>4° W. NmiIIi fall on outlet from Xamckan Lake to Kainy Lake ", S. :!(i° \V. r.iuvstiiiiu' Uixer I lli^: Fork of Uainy Kiveri, probably in 1'. ti;!, It. l.'ii,intorsOftlii;;stri;c, mainly. .S, 10° W. and S. :',u' E. J.I., a sliort distance above t!ie last, very ilistinct L'laciat ion S. HO" E. Pi'or Kiver, at s. so ' E. to due E. • Hiv' I'ork, about three ndles above the mouth of l>eer i:iver I )ue E. ,lo.. ill or near se,-. :;.•., T. l.-.O, II. !'.-> S. .■)2° E. Thi' southeastward and eastward striation on the Howslrin^; River or I'dn ik lii'!iiii:_'s to the east part of the '.dacial <'Urrent that moved to the south and fc 'i!!,east from the reirioii of Lakes Winnipeg; and Manitoba, carrying plentiful IhiiMersaud j^ravel of limestone from those lakes and tlit; lower part of the ^It^l iliver Valley southeast to this stream and to the mouth of Kainy Lake. l.nwi'r Falls of Prairie Kiver, sii'. ;!4. T. .")'', K- -■"> S. Elliow Lake, T. 114, i;. IS, two localities .•^. 2(i' \V. ami S. L'S° W. I'dican Lake, mostly in Ts. (i4 ami ti.'i, K. Jo, four localities S. i;4''-3ti^ \V. Nd Lake, in the Hois Fort Indian Reservation S. -JO" -24° VV. liom Lake, north of Vermilitm Lake, two localities. S. 10" W. and S. H,' VV. IL'H K (IIACIAI. I.AKK ACIASSI/ l\ MANITOBA. •iiiul Point l.aku ami Stiirnoim nr Niuiiekun l.iiko (\Vliittl(W.\ I S W. t( Rainy Uko (WliiltioHfy) S. 4n''-(lO'^ \V., iunl W. r w. ItlL' loik of Hll Hivcr, ;ilii)iit Hi! iiiileH from its inoiitii (Wliitlli'Ncy Ti IIS Mi'eiiiH to litMiciir tlio locniitx iKitctI liy 11. \'. Wiiirlicll uImhu rtlinvo tiie iiioiitli of Deer IJiver. Iliiic klov, riiii' Coiuitv !^. iiiiil S lliriM. II, Will all, lien toll < oiiiity Sauk liaiiiiix, liciitoii Coiitity, luiiiieroim places. but ii j)lare . Sank CViitpr, Stpuni.s Couiitv, forty miles wp.st of tl last. :Miiii icniioliM. scvera |ilar S. i:, W, f^. -i" v.. One to sc'Vi n miles Hoiitlii-nf8. ( iraiiiln l"all.><, several jilaie.- I'leaver I'alls S. 4." Iii the vallev of llie Minnesota Hivcr two miles helow S. E. I." K. I ireli Coolie due ami a half miles west of I'ort Kidjiel; S. t.ii E. s. (1(1^ !■:. edstone, near New VU S. Till E. S. 5U°- i:. Jon Ian, at mill of I'oss. Wells iV: Co Poson, Yc^llow Medicine County Eclio, Yellow Medicine County T. Ill, U. ;!s, Hedwood County 8. 5o°-(lii^ E. Stately, l'>ro« ii County H. 5(t^-'M^ !■„ (leriiianlow 11, Cottonwood County. .S. ;i(i" K., .S. ."iO" E., and s. 70: E. S. ;J5°-.-)ir" E; , S. 7(r E. Amboy. Cottonwood Comity, mostly t)Ut also rarely ilellected t< In one ]i!ace all tluse courses intersect on the sumo surface. Deltoii, Cottonwdod Couiilv, nuinerouH localities, iistly also, in one place, all courses from intersecting on the same --urface. S. 1.-. -411 E •. to S. Ml E. i^eliiiu, Cottonwood Couiitv S. 18 A mo , Cottonwdud ( oiiiitv I'ale, Cottonwood County.. Adrian, Watoinvaii Couiitv t<. 'Ju''-:;-f E. s Jd -:;n E. , til !». :. . W an.l W •■ W, ;s_ M 1 Y„ 11 111 Mint 1 TIM. lull . ami S. ". w. S. :> w. S. 4.-.' .V > \V,; fs. .'. W, s. 41 i v.. S. 5»- -•-'s K. S. E. S. 4.-, -511° v.. >«. |-.(i' E, S lid' K. ><; tio' i:. S. .'ill K. s, rid'-,"!,", r.. S. oil '-lit' I'. S. 5ir^~.'i'i i'„ ami S To 1'. S. ;ri°-5ii' V..: S. 15= -4 1 1" K S. t(i S. SO Iv 18 --"2 n--:;4 v.. J(i -liii v.. aitm:\I)IX II. TAMI.KS OF AI/riTUDKS. uiiriiiiili'il t riiiii llMllll' Mmli iMi'o has hooii laUcii to (k'IcrtiiiiiL' the olovatinnsof ilio liciiclies Ai'ii''jr iLiilii' Alias."-!/, with llio givatcst possililv- acciinicy, in their irlatioii Ij, iwli "llii'i' ill"' t<» IIk' 'i/,, a-* hialcil at the llr.'inniii:,' of this report, witiiiii prohahle limits of error iiowhero liiiiT live fool. Mv theeoi!rtes\-of the eiiifiiii .ftl H'se ijiilwav l|l;ci |ihiiiles liavo been mostly suhmitted to my oxamiiiution, ami 1 liaviMiipied from thom tho j,'ioater part of tlie notos wliioli are hero lalmlatcii ; Imt Hmall portiotr^ have heeii ri'ceiveil in maiiiiseripl eom- I'mni the jtroliles hy the en:;;ineer- "r their as-~islants, who havo lukiM imiih intorost in this woi'k, and to wiiom I ilesiiv to e.xpross my ol'iil arknowicdi^ments. Tlif jilaiie of r'oforenfc in thi^ I'ollowinjj; tallies, and for the altitudes I!cfcre|i.'i' in lUti'l tliroiii^'hoiit this reimrt. is the mean tide sea lev.'l. Heights on H'vi'l! tiiliTiiys designate tho top ol tho rail in tVont of pa>>onffer stations, at ^iiimil> from whieh the ,:;rade deseends hoth way>, and at tho middle I luiiliics. 'I'he lowe>t and highest known >ta!fes of water in rivers is |i'ti'il when it is given on tho profiles; hut in ?nany instances only tho liiiiiiry low stage Ih rocoriled. Aliitiuies of lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, and depressions in Hues l-il^i'-'. V'* «'''•'• , ' I Mllallis, ;ll>i| fH;iii'i>lied, within the hasin drained to Lake A'j,as~i/, north oi the imi- of wauM- kloiiiatioiial houndary. are also hero tal>ulaled for convenient bii-iiltatiiin. I'ortion> ot' thesi> lists are com]iiled from t'ornier rej)orts t'Jiis Survey, anil fiom Hind's Xai'iative of the (,'auaiiian Kx|)loring !lwlili(ins, which was published in IHiKl, Wherever sub>ei|uent lilwiiy surveys havo su])plied means for more accurate I'oforence of •setii the sea level, the needed corrections have been made. In all e>, whether of railways or other list-, the .souno ol" observations, 1 the amount of ehanire from the original, if any, with the rciisons :il. are noteil. 122 E UT.ACIAI. T.AKB AOAHHI/ IN MANITOItA. CANADIAN PACIKIC It Ml. WAY. A iiiiIiIIhIumI |iri>lU(wil'tliiM ntilwiiy (jivt'M tin* olnvntinn of l,uk(i ti'i> iiia

  • In tli<< cuHtcni imil ol'tiio jThiii^ extiiiiiiiiK rriiiii i'liit .vrlliur tn Ku^'lo Wwvr siiitini), \>< iifi'iml iM'i'r'iNiiii;iii.lv with tlitt iiicnn eloviitinii of Luke Hiiiierior, lidl. ''>(), ili'termincii !> iln- 1 i,;t,.i t^liitcs l.iikn Siirvov. 'I'iic pii liif HJiowH a iiiMi're|i;iii('y of (•i;>'hi li-ct i Id.hi' ui-st of I'.ul'Ii' I 'j;tl' iiiili',H west of I'ort .\rtiiiir. on accniini of wliifii its cloMitioii- tim C'ro,s!< l,ake n'i|iiiro a siiiilrai'li ivi'rsiuli.iii lc'(< «(..( I,| ■fi' w!:!i 'f li\t' feel, uliii'h is iicr<' made, lo a','i tlio font^oiii).'. Atrain iit < 'ro.s.s Lake, :i:i4.t miles west from I'nri Art! (liscrcpaiu'v of (i\j« fet't to ho aildul is foiiinl in lhi> |ivoliii', so Ihnl its uri: elevations Ihcin'c west to the Ke:l lliver ainl south to l!nu'i>on are without ( haiv.'e, liein;; in aiconl w ith the correeteil prolile on tlie ea.si. "ir, J ii:al| 'I'he main lino from Ka.sl Selkirk to the imn tion of the Kmerson iraiiii ea.sl of \Vinniiie>.', ami this hraneli, e.vlendinj.' from Saint Ikniirai Mimiary, are su|i|iheil hy ( 'i,iliMi.'W(>o(l Sihreiher, eliief eii^' internatioiia and {.'eneral mana^'ur of th(< Cunadiau ::t Si'll, which, however, is sidiject to tlm sliirhl adjnstmont.s nuMitioiiecl. Tliisuidj series thus adjnsted is snrely eorreet within very close a|i|)r()xitnatinii, ii.< ; shown h\ it.s exact a;,'reement at Kmerson with the Saint I'anl, Miiii»'a|« Manitoha l!aih\ay and with levelling.' hy the I'nited States I'.Mjiinii i alon^'the l!ed River of the North. Two smaller diHcre|ianci('s al.so appear in the prolile, bnt are here nciilr .\t 117 miles from I'ort .Arthur (.close west of Scott's Iviver) and thence Hc.t.i snhtraclion of two feet is indicated ; and at 'S>>>.'< miles i close wi'>t of I'arr and thence west, a siihtraction of one foot. If liu'se were taken into acccn west part of this profile would ho lowered three feet ; hut it Sitenis niipre pruLai;! that it slioiilil a).'reeuith the elevation of Kmer.-on determined hy ^nrvcv' the I'nited States. A lars-'e discrepamy is found In I ween the eastern system of levclliii',' aii'l: which lir;.'iiis at Winnipeg' ami t^xtends west to the Kocky .Ahiuntaiiis. Tij latter includes the braiu'hes west of the lied Itiver at \Vinni|)e;; and wi'.ilw also the .Maniloha tV: .Noiihwestern Kailuav an id it s hranclies, whi< refer li. 'lexations to that of the Canadian I'aiilic prolile at l'orta).'e la I'rairit'. '\]i >vstem east (jfthe Ked Iviver is ;ihle. as alreadv stated : and levelliii'.'fri Saint Boniface station ^''>\ feet) to the Louise hrid^'e (T.'i'J feet, instead clT^i the prolile extending; westward i shows that the system west of the Red I; aildition of twenty-four feet, which is iaTe made in tlic innipej,' and thence west. With this correction, tlic.'"" reiiuin-s a unilorii life levations at W western liranch froin Winniiie;; to t>ti I'ort Artliiir ami Miml Si-lkirk from |irollle.s in the olllocs of I'. A. lVt6rH(in,i'iii.'iiif(ir, Monir<>nl, imd I!. .M. rnitt.,('iii.'in('(ir, Wimiippn; luiil U^twcon \'.i»t Si'lkiiU iiiiil Winr.ilK'.; frnin ( ulliii;.'v\iiiMl Sil 'oiKiT, I'li'.'iiu'iTDf nnvoriimmit „|l«,iyH. UltilWll. -MiltH Ir'iii Ki'il iilmvi) I'liri Arihiii. ihi.' .<«ii. I,ulsi>ii|»'ri"r, imMiisurfttco, Nov. I, ls7ii, to .laii. :'.!, l^-iS, according to U.S. l'',nj{iimi'rs' jfuiuto, Smilt Sir Mario (1.0 (;ni.,5i; l.ftkr -ii|HTior, fxtrcine low iiikI lii>.'li \vnti»r (runno, I'l U'ci), a|i|iidxiiiiiilf]y o.ii .'■(!>i»-tio4 I'oii Aiiimr (a Niiiiiiiiil of ■.'raili-), lil'1'..o r.silf.s from Mniitroal II. (I ()-JS \|i liil> re or Sccotiil llivcr, water, (lo;l; uni'li' li H • 'HO Si'iliiii'.' or 1'ir.st IlivtT, wiitor, on:! ; (.'riiiit o.l' old liirt \Villiam 7.0 01.") I\:iiiiinistii|iiia Hivrr li(>n>, \\ riiilcM aliovt> its iMiiiitli, Ik'iI, .'jSO; |i,« watur (ISTin, 000; iiit.'li uatcr (l^'i'.i), Oil.'. KiTt William WoHt istaticiii ilisii.sed lii.O (i;'..'i Kamiiii^tiiiilia llivcr heir. Ik-iI, .'iM ; j.iw ami liiiih WllliT 1(1.0 OO'J CiH .Miirill 17.(1 1(17 Miiiiinit, iira'k' 1 lliroe foet abovo natural siirliici'). . • lio.O 1(^0 l.iil'ciilcil -JO-S I07S |i,.|irf,-».ioii, lilliii;; 7 feet ; ^rrado L'l.S lO.V) 'iiiiiKiii, cutting - I'cft ; jxrailc JUMI losi !!lni"lMTry Crock, ht-d, !IS7; |„\\ Midi liiv'li water, •y>i)-'M; ; ^'rade 'jr.:; KiO'J l\aii'ini.slii|nia •.'7.0 lOlli K;iiiiiiii.stii|uia i;i\ei-, lie.'. 07:;; low and lii^rli water, ">:'"!iiiO; '/rade in.-.' |ol:! Maliawiin Kiver. lied, 107S; low and Idjili water. Iii,'<.' KlsO; tirade :;l'. 1 liiOO «iliisl;ilie Creek, lirst iro.ssin>.'. bed, 1 IliO ; low and liit.'li water. 1100 1 li;;-, L-rade :;:!.0 llL'-J Siiii.-liine ('rook, third cro.ssiii^', lied, ll.M ; low and lii'.;h water, llTi^ 1 lOL' ; ■.'rade :;.")..■> IKiS 1 iiimai k ;;7 . 1 n so Miiisliiiie Creek, lied, 1:'.;{(I; water. I:!.t4 ; urade 41.;; i:'»')'.' T'lhla (a Niimniit, natural Hiirfai'O and '/raile tlii« s:ii"iei 41.1 1473 0>k(iiidi;.'a Itiver, lied, NIT); water, 14L'l ; ^rrade 1."..:! 145:! Tunnel, ^.'rade, "d feet below top of roek above 4(i . 1 1 4,")S 0>k..ii(li).'a Uiver, bed, 1 lid ; water, Ml'.S; jjrade... ."iL'.L" 14U N'l'II.Kid .■).-,..-, 1.-,.!:! Siiiiiiiiit, natnial smlare and ;.'rade ."i7.S J,")S4 / 124 E (il.AriAI. I.AKK AOAfSSI/ IX MANITOBA. Miles rroui I'lirt Artliiir. Soutlioast branch ofi^avaniio Riv(M% IkmI, 1.">44 ; watiT, l.')-!") ;v'ra(lp 5!!,!) Soiitlieast branch of Savanno Uiver, hctl, V)',\7 ; w ator, ITjIiS ; ;;ra(li li'J.O LinkodiiiiijT 115.1' Savanne 7.") . s Nt)rth brancli nf Savanne liivcr, boii, IIS? ; wator. 14S!I; grade 7ii.-l rpsala Mi -2 (i ('arlstad !>;', I'ire-.slcpl Ilivcr, hoil, i")ll(i; water. I'lit.") ; j^rado !IS..") lieavor Kivcr, hi'(i, l.")Hi; water, 1 •">-.') : '..Taile lOL'.'J Bridge l-iiver station lii;!.(i Hawk l.aUc, water, 15f)it: grade l!:'..i> Engii.sii Kive.r, lied, 15(1-1 ; water, 1510; grade 11.">.L' I'ngli.sh lliver .station 1 Iti.fi Scott's Hiver, beil, l.")ll.') ; water, l.'iU ; grade Uil.ii Siiiuinit, cutting 11 I'eet ; grade 12.'! (i Martin T.M.n l>eiire.s.siiin, grade I'JT.t Summit, grade 11!1 .tl rmnheiir I;', i .o Smnniit, grade » Kiti. I South Lake, water, 14',i.") ; grade l:;s.:', nepression, grade i:ii>.7 (hill River, bed, 1 l-'xi ; grade M:!.7 I'alcon 144. S Aliginuic l\i\er, bed, 1470 ; grade l.")l .:i Ignai'c 1. ")•_*.:! ( >sac|Uan River, bed. lii'.ts ; grade I.')S.7 Jiiitk'.r 1(10.5 Little Waliig.ion River, bed, lllitS; grade lti.'> t rlencoe River, bed, 1I!'.».S ; grade I (17. Raleigh 170 l.ittle Wabigoon River, bed, i;;.")ii; irrade 180. Taehe ISO. Rurnt Stick Creek, bed, 1:^4 ; grade bS-' Kirkjiatrick (reek, bed, RlL'tl; grade IS'!, RearCreck, be llVn 1." Il'.h llN I l.'ll II:::; lin-. Ill" I:;-," l:;.,.. l::i: i:;."iL' i:;i« r.'ll I I'll I'.'i: Arllmr. il»'-e:i. •J.t) i.Mt; 5.-' l.YU •5 . s l.-.iii, "(i.4 l."iiii; M\.-2 1.-,:;. iS.Ti l.M:; ()•_'.■-' 1. '.;;■: (i;'>.() va:. i:'.. I. -..•-• IM:. iKi.o l^K 1 111. 11 I.M.; rj:; Kill. I 1-Vil i:i.s.;; IMu 1 ;'.<>.; 11> m;i.7 1 l'.«i M-l.S l.MiV !.-.!.:•> U'.iii 1. -)•_'.;'. 1W7 iri,s.7 1 l.'ii ;(■,().') irr, It;."). 7 MI'S lti7.o l-ld.-. 170.1 141" 180.0 i:ir,., ISO. 'J i;;i,.- IS J..". i:;i: i8H.;> i;;:.:: i^fi.i; i;m- 100.4 1:;:.'. 10s. t; r.':'."' 0.4-iioo.s 1 ■.'■'■- •.'021; r.'ii •j()-j.(> I'.'U 1 -.'04.. ') r.'i: 1 -jot 1.1 rr 1 'jo'J.s v::'\ 1 '.>11..'> UM 1 AITENDIX II. Mile.« fniiii I'lirt .Arthur. \Val'i'.''iiin River, bed, 117s ; jrrado l'15.4 ,>;|i(islioL':iwai> Rivor, lied, 1151 ; «;rade 220. S i.xarilt -'21.8 I'.iMMT Kivor, liist cnis.sint.', liod, 112i>; i;riido 22."i.8 second crti.ssin^', beil, 1125 ; ^rriide. .. . 220.4 " tiiird (TdS.siiii.', bed, 112;'.; {Trade 22!). 4 i;-ii.'l(' Itiver slat inn 2:>1..8 i:;i-h> Kivor, bed, 1148; jirado 2;i2.2 SiiniMiil. ciillir.^' 7 feet ; grade 2:'>4.0 ViriniliDii Hay slat inn 242.0 (liass Creek, bed, 1 183 ; ^rrade 242..") I'.a.'li' l.ake, water abont 1 182 ; grade 24ti.O i.illerl 24!). 8 MiKivfat Lake, water, aliiiiit 1 174 ; j.'rade 2.M.0 Suiiiiiiit. natural .siirfaee nnd i:rade 2;')."). 4 r:irr\ «i")d 2.')t>.H ■.Icwait Lake, water, lliO.", ; j.'ra!o 2.")8.3 SiuiiMiit. near Forest bake, natural snrrae(> and ..■rade 2.")!).8 ( iiiilct lit Swan bake, ited, i;'i:i2 ; -.'rade 200.8 r;uiywii"d bake, water, about i;i(i2; tirade (a stiiiiinit) 202.1 iiiiilil.il' t'lverston Fiake, bed, 11118; j;rade 202.!) Miiil bake, water, 1328; graile 2(>3.3 IVi.-it Lake, water, 1 32t) ; ^:rade 204.3 Turtle Lake, water, 1300; ;;rade 20."). I Siiiiiiiiit !-lation, enttinj: near, lo feet ; grade 20,t.4 Siimiuit Lake, water, 13S4 ; grado 205-0 270.3 271.0 272.!) 27o.l 280.0 I hire Lake, water, 1284; grade Vi.iihirt Lake, water, 1240; grade 11a" K Lake station Hiitlet 111' Narrow Lake, bed, 1220; grade Trniit Lake Creek, bed, 1213; grade Heaver 'depression of grade near Beaver " n Lake) 284. 1 KiLsslaiid 288.0 Kal riirta,!:e 207.3 \Viiiiii|H'g Kiver, outlet nf tlie Lake of tbe Woods, liiu water, at same level witb ibis lake, 10.")7; ..'lade 208.1 Lake iii'tlie Woods, mean, 1000; low and bigli water. 298.1 Keewaliu :100.S W iiiiiipeg Hay, water, 1043; grade 3ol .0 Mink r.ay, water, 1043; grade :!02.4 \Viiiiii|n'g I'ay, water 1043; grade :!03.7 \V;ir Ilagle Ivoek Lake, water, 1082 ; graile 30,"). 8 • islei'siiiid ;!08.3 Siiiiiiiiit, eiittiog 3:! feet; graile 311 .4 Lake r.nlio, water, 1138 ; grade Ill 2. 7 125 E Fe feet deep; jrrade. 15. S ns;i .If. 328. Summit, cuttinjj 30 feet ; tirade Cros.s Lake .station, water. 104.' ] >eprc Telford . -Tado . ission, L'radc 328. ti.'_> .'fo!».4 water, !''i3 Di :irwin . Westward to the Ked Iviver tiie countiy i.s mostly swamp, hearing aldeis and tamaracks. The swauiji is underlain liy a iiard hoitnm at lepths varying ciimmnnly Inmi 5 tn l"i fuet. Bog Kiv(M-, water, 027 ; grade Wliitemouth Kiver, water S77; grade :iiiL(( .•!(i8.1 AVhitemouth ,'ltiS (i J5eaver ( 'reek, w ater, SS5 ; grade :;()0.8 Shelly .'!74.!i Monmoutli 384.0 liear Creek, water, S2o; grade .387.4 Broken Head Kiver, water, 784 ; grade :!!ll . 1 ausejour . 1104 . Be Tvi.dall 400.0 iJovil's Creek, water, 770; grade- Last Selkirk 402.3 408.0 Ked River at West Selkirk, two miles west of East Selkirk, " ico, 1870 " [(jrobably two or three feet ahove extreme low water], 712; Hood nf 1S7(), 72.'!; tlood of 1875, 725; extreme high water, tloal of 1 S2(i, 732 ; range, 22 feet 411.0 '■I .lllC u-i;: 11!)-.' l-.'ls L'L'd 1 ■-':'; iJi: Ij:.:, IL'):; iL'l:; IL'L'I lls-i IK'n lull" l(i.'iii in,-.!) iniir !i(U N]4 74 ;i 710-7 1-V,., ,,l„,v,. 1 1 1:; I 111'.' l-Jls I'JIS l-.'2ii I'JLM iJi:; I'J'JI llsi iK'ii In.-,;; lllo KiM iiTl .1.0 '.i;'.5 iS.l 0(1(1 i,S !( lin? ill.S "KM r4.'." '.i^'i ■14, !t !i?l i:.4 s:u 11.1 T'.r, )4.3 S14 )0.1» Tiiii ij.:; "7 18.11 74;{ 1 APPENDIX ir. Mi !('.■! from Port Artliur. '11, (• railway iit V.nat Selkirk turns .southward, IiaviiifT tlio lino dfit.s original i^urvey, wiiich nosiied the Uml Hiver hore. I;il<(, Wii'.niiic^r, mean, 710; low and high water, a[i|ir(ixiinat('ly i\K,k'!i Creek, water 4011.1 (iomir 41,5.0 liinl's Hill station 4L'L>.] Wiiiiiipi'i; .lunction, Kmer.'^dn branch 4L'7.8 IJeii i;iver, extreme low water, 72'A; highest water ill ordinary years, 735-740; higl\ water, 1.S82, ;i!i; i-'rade, I. iiui.se bridge 4l'1).0 Wimiip'',;-' 4l.'ll.8 127 E Feet iihiivo the .sea. 70S- 7i:} 728 7.")" 7.;) 7.") 7 /.. Mdhi line, from Wiiiiiiihij lo the liocki/ Mountain.'' and Donuhl- 1 r, ,111 profile in tlie otlice of R. M. Pratt, engineer, Winnipeg. With imifi'rni addition of twenty-four feet, as before explained. .Miles I rum W lll't llllDVO \Viiiiii|H'g, 14'_'2.S miles from Montreal. Iiiin'tioii of f^oiitliNN estern branch .Ipiii'tiiiii 1 .IIIIU' f Manitoba .<: Southwestern Hailwav lion of We.st Selkirk branch I'liiiii I'f beginning of the original profile (at of ilistanccs nioasiiiod thence wi^stward i \:t Line .lunction, f)f Stonewall branch I ,,'i,ii> ( reek, water, (611 ; grade water, 772 ; grade • iiiiii'tiiiii of N innii)eg Oc Hudson Ihiy Railway MlM U ,\\ ? Mar(|uclie. ;il,(ir:i imiipi'B. 0.0 1.1 l.,s J.O 1.0 •JS.lt ;15.L' ihi 11^' Lake, ordinary low and high water, 7!t8-,S03 ; L'r;id 3.-). 7 |,lar Point 40.4 L'h Hhill 4S.7 IVrta^rc la I'rairio, junction of the Manitoba I'i N(,rlhwc.>itern Railway . (vcck, bed, S.')S ; grade l.iirnsiile Kill ('reek, water, SO! .'rade r,.i.'„t Iiiuiu'e Creek, water, iW; grade. .MiiircL'or .\ii>iiii 11.0 71(1- \li],iueiitly a heacli ridge (the lower Campbell beach 111 Luke Agussizj, erest, lOtiO ; grade aO.O 03.4 1)3.5 05.1 71.1 75.(1 ,S4. 80. 9 7()0 700 759 701 701 7S() 7S0 784 71)6 703 807 806 S04 815 82!t 854 872 872 8110 053 Otil 1005 lUGl il / .4- j 128 E (IT.ACIAL I,AKE AOASSI/ IM MANIToHA. Miles from AV'inniiiL'K. A^".iin, apparently a beach ridsre (tlie upper Camp- bell lieacb. secoiKl rid^ro), crost, 1081 ; grade 87.'-' Again (tlio upper Campbell beai'h, first ridge), crest, 1(187; grade 87..5 Tlieso beach ridges are each about .^0 rods wide, with descents of 10 to 20 feet from their crests to their east bases and half ps much to the west. A very uneven protile, intersected by numer- ous ravines, extends from 8!).:! to 92.0 n.iles, in which distance the grade ri.ses from 112-t toll';?!' feet. Sydney ;••• !'2.(; It is again very uneven from o;',.7 to 05.0 miles, in which distance the grade ranges from 1234 1251 feet. Here and westward the protile shows frecpient lakelets, hut no names for them are given. Mell'onrne ''*^-'^ Pine Creek, w,ater, 1100;griidn 00.7 An uneven surface of low dunes extends from 101.1 to 102.7 miles, the grade varying from 1244 to 12.'")7 feet. Carberry ^f''"'-''' Herman beach (-/'/i of Lake Agassiz, crest, rJlil!; grade ^07.0 Herman beach ui), crest, 12ti8;grade 108.0 Kach of these beach r' Iges is about 20 rods wide, with crest about five feel above the adjoining land ; hut west of the west beach (>/) is a depression of 10 to !2 feet, about.')*) rods wide, succeeded farther west by land slightly, only a few feat, above these beaches. Very rough contour of dune sand reaches from 110.2 miles (grade, 1274 i to 112.7 miles tgrade, 1240). Sewcll ll-l-^ Two slight summits of grade, probably cre.sta (,f the Herman beach (/, natural surface and grade the same, 1208 feet, are crossed at 110.!! ami 110.8 mile.s. Douglas 121-5 (hater 1^7.2 Assiiiiboine River, water, IK 1 ; grai'e 131 .0 B-andon '•'"-'•7 Kemnay MO.O Alexander.... 148.4 Ciriswold , ; I'''"- • ■'en al,„v ll"' MM. ■ Hi Hat Crce 1(17.1 H Oak l.uk( ^M ({..plicrC lOb.j ^1 Vinlcii . . ^M ]liirgrn\'e ^1 Klklioni ^1 rieniiiiL' . ^m Moosdiiiin H Red .'.irke ^1 IVajwIla . . ^H Hiirrows ^1 Wliiti'.wno( 1:':;:' H I'ercival . . ^M Siininiit, ^B Broaii\'ic\v H iiak.slicla . ^1 (ircnfell... ^M ^uiiiinerlier V:h ^H U'niseley . . vi-u ^H "intalMla H iiilian Hea ^H (lir.\|i|>clle ^H .McLenii . . . . 12.i> HI .Nimiiiit, <.'ra ^1 I'ali'iiDii' . . . lliiH ^B i'iiiit lliitte. h'li; ^1 lit'L'iiKi, jiin H ^m Tile' if Hoiien ^1 i.iiainl ( 'iiiildc H GraiKK niiiee ^1 I'ense H IVIle I'laine. ^M l'asi,ua H .MmcscImu C ^1 .Mhi'.si> Jaw . . 1 :'.■.:, ^1 i'l'hariii ^m lai'oii H .Mnrtb'li ^B I'arklii'g H^^iunniii. jrra.il !■-' Pl^iri'iaii (citi til r^i:i ii:: HbUuiplin HErnfiilil um l:;i4 Htimiiinil, tirade ill.. |Hcrl>iirt Mi: ■?imiiiiit, -rade I'oc: ;,1,.,V( llu' -t.l, ion:. <,»s.o <«>.7 lOT.C) lOS.'.t , 114.2 V2:V.' I'j:.!' vn .5 VI.: 127.2 v:v. 131.0 W" i;i2.7 m MO. '.I IMA 148.4 11,., 157.4 in: 1 APPENDIX II. "■J Miles from WiniiipcB. rial < 'i'fil^> ^^''^t^*"! 1"^"^' ■> r^ade 102.4 (),ik I, ako station 1G4.7 (;,.|ilK>r Cvwk, water, 1404 ; grade 178.1) VmK'ii 180.0 llarirvavt^ 1S8.1 Klklioiii l!lti.() Vleniins.' 1:1 0.S Moosoniin 21!K 1 Itol.'.irket 22(1.4 WaHLi 2;i5.2 r.urri.ws 242. S Vliitowood 241I.2 I'erdval 25(i.2 Summit, >.'raiIo 2.")7.!i Bro;i(ivif\v 2t);!.S oalislii'la 272. U (IreiilVil 27lt.!t Miniiiicrl'crry 287.4 Wolsi-k'v 2(to. I Nntalnlii ;w:,.\) InJiiui Head ;il4 . 1 Qn'.Vpi't'lle :!2;!.8 MiI.eaii :?:!2.4 Siimniit, >.'rado :!;!4.;{ jlalnonit^ 34 1 ..") I'ilnt Hutle 348.0 lleirina, junction of tiio U(>>;ina iV: l.onj; Lake Railway 3o('> .0 i'ile nf Hemes ( 'reek (Wasi'ana Uiver I, j;rade 3")S.O (.iiaiiil ('inild(» station tidil.l ilraii'l Cniilt'e it'reek), yrade 368.7 I'eiisi' o/.i.:) IWle riaine 381.3 l'as,,ua 300.2 Mi i,U"ii 414. .3 MMrlla.'li 42;'.. <; I'arklir;: 432. S iMimniil, ^rratle 442.0 Set retail (on tiie .Missouri Coteaui 443.2 .iiiapliii 452.0 lEmluia 401.4 ISiiiiiiiiit, izrado 404 .2 l)leW 471.8 haU'.n 4.so.{i ISiiiDiiiit, ixrade 485 . 2 129 b Feet above the sea. 1391 1415 1422 1444 1579 IO.30 1794 1884 1017 1930 l!)48 lOtiO 2038 2054 19(;0 1052 1957 19,38 1950 1984 1924 2134 2284 228(i 2187 2010 1885 1801 1857 1842 1881 1902 1872 1701 1707 1792 1841 1901 1982 2282 2282 2202 2288 2374 2274 2311 2377 130 E oLArrAL i.ake aoassi/ in manitoha. Miloa from Winiii|ic(i. Rush Lak« station -IS!).;! Summit, {^riidt 4!).", .4 Waldec 4!i(',. 7 Aikon's ')04 .S Swil't Ciirroiit Creeli, iirrade ")(i9.7 Swill Cnrrent station r)10.(> Leven - "ilii.d Goose Lake station 5'J8.i) Summit, iiru'lo Th\'2.'.i Peprt'saion, j^rade TiH:; . 7 Summit, jjradc 'i.T)."- Anttdi ijw "liiH . 5 tiuii Lake station 54(>.:! Cypress •").")4 . 8 Sidewood ... •"><)•") • t Crane l^ako station ''75 .5 Summit, j.'rado 581!. '.• ( 'olU'v 5,S5.!I Summit, j_'rade 5S<»."_' Maple Creek station 5!)(; . 7 Maple Creek, trrado 5i)7.L' Kincarth Ii05.it Summit, jirade (108.9 1-oires 015.5 Walsh (127. !• Summit, ^rade (i;!().4 Irvine (ills. 11 Dunmore, junction of tlie Northwest Coal it Xavi^ration Company's Kail way (152. 8 JNIedicinellat (UK). 3 South Siiskatchewan Uiver, low and liigh water, 2i:!7-2154; grade T.dO.d Stair (1(17.1! liowell (175 . 1 Summit, ^rrade (175.7 depression at tank, >;rade (182.(1 Sullield (ISd.O I.antrevin la summit of ^'rado) (1115.2 Kininvio 704 . 1 Tilley 7115. o Summit, grade 710.;! Hantry 721) . 1 Tank tour milea west of last 727. 1 C 'assi Is 7;>3 - 1 Southesk 740.7 Ldthom 748.0 Massano 757 . 5 Summit, grade 7(34.4 .....J I't above the sea. ■ 2;!lll ^m 24l'n ^1 ."^IMIIIMJt 23.-.- ^1 24(11 ^H C'liiiiy -Ml.-l ^H lileiclit'i 242;i ^H Saiiiriit, 2407 ^H .Vain.iliicpuri|.. 2,51? H >'i>iiDiil, ) 25i;s H fi»H' Klver 25011 ■ Kihnw ){iv 2:.iii B l'«ny i;iver 241M H ('al.i,'ary. . . 24' i; H Keitli 25::i H (Vii'liraiK^ . 25411 H l^iiliidi' . . . 242S ■ Muiii.y.... 24:!ii H Kaniinaskis -■'I'l' H KaiKina.skis 24!i:i H The iiap. sli ■ !'<'»' lti\('r|j 24^-. I water, a 2171 ■ nr,'iiK'ii nf'i;, I 1 .iiiiiidre . . . 217:; 24:11 1 l"i» iiivi.r, w I I'litliil ■S)\l 1 I'evilV H,..„i 2.".:q 1 .\iitliraiitf, .. '_*!l**i 1 KaiilliiKnv St 24oi 1 f'Tty MilHCr 24'M 1 'fl.<('ai|(i 24'.;!) 1 Ikiw Kiver, w L'4i.:' ('a.^tie .Aloiinta BMii 2471 2471 2517 2501 '.'.V') 25S9 Bakers ('rc^ek, Linn Creek, \\, l^'SM ^■■rili hraiich . ■^"iilli limihh „ Hall' Creek, W( o-.w ■Dimmit of jrrati 1 Of Kicking ('■ .. » from V. ^^1 nipci!. ^B 9.;'. ■ ,-.4 ■ ('..- 23:.- ■ )4.S 2401 ■ 19.7 24K. ■ 10. () 242:; ■ I'.t.t) ■ )'J8.^1 24115 1 ,;v2.;i 2.V1I i;v.;.7 25V.; -.3.-).." 25>,in wM.r> 255i; 54t;.'.'> 251.2 r).-)4.s •li)..; r,t>5.4 2478 .'.7.5.5 251S 58;'..'.> 25i'iS 585. St 250'.! 5S0.'J 25iil 5!)ti.7 24''.. 5i)7.-2 24'.i; . ti05.!J 25:;i . 008.9 2.54ii . tll5.5 24'2S . (127.0 24;5" . (i;'.6.4 25-2: . ti:'.8.;! '<\<.f\ t (1.5'.'. S 24ti'. L . (')()(>. 3 21:1 Ir t CCiO.O 2i::l tKu.:. 24:'.l . 075.1 25y: H "5:14 ■ . (')^)'< l. (i8'2.i 1. . <4(i.l Koith S49.4 loiliraiu S62.0 Kailiiiir S73.1 Mprley ssl .0 Kanaiiaskis Hiver, bed s()2.0 KuiKinaskis MI4.1 Tlu'i.iiii, station 001 .9 r«.\v KiviT lioro, at point of issue from the monntains, watiT. about 001.0 r.raiuii lit r.ow River, water 0(12.3 I aiiinon' 007.2 |;,i\v Kiver, water 014.5 liutliii 914.8 ['evil's Head ( 'reek, waiter 01(5 . 1 Autliratite 917.3 liinil . iii'vv station) 921 .S Fnrty Milo (reek, water 022.0 lascailo 027.0 llfiw Ki\ er, water 034 . 2 |la.^tli' Moiuitain station 93S.I) iBlmi 040.3 I Baker's < 'reek, water 94s .6 Linii Creek, water, 4040; grade 954.2 LajiL-an 05t).2 iNrth Oraiu'li of Bow River, water 95().2 Sniithliramli of Bow River, water 1157.8 ilaih Creek, water 961. b |>^iiiiimitof^rade crossing Rocky Mountains, Wapta or Kicking Horae pass 962.2 131 E Fi'fit a'love tlio .sua. 2008 2739 2689 2850 2952 2097 2971 3038 3032 :il80 3; '.00 ;!292 3373 3334 3370 3409 3377 3411 3390 3421 3547 3743 ;!S7() 4061 4149 4214 4225 4215 4220 4278 4359 43.S0 4436 4484 4515 4505 4531 4586 4653 4804 4.S52 4970 5029 5020 5049 5263 5323 t ;« i I ; / 132 E Gt.ACIAI- LAKE AflASSI/. I.V MANITOIIA. Miles Iniiii \Viiiiii|icK. Stei)lien iKi'J . 7 Sumniit Lake, water iHiU.T llt'otor !•(;.'). (I Kickiiii: llorso Lake, watiT !Wm.o Kicking Ilorsu Kiver, lirst iToBsint;, water IMiti.:.' Mount Sioplion tunnel, grade )t7 Kicking: llorso K'iver, water !KS1 .4 Ijfanclioil !IS(1.4 Suniinit grade (iss.d Kicking Horse Kiver, Iniirtli cro.s.'^iiii.', water IMIJ.7 I'alli.ser U'.i-i.-j Kicking Horse Kiver, .sixth <'r::i;! .'i:;fi> .-.iii; .')ltiii l:;3.-, 4(i.-,s 41(14 :;s."ii; oliN.i L'ii>:' •-'o.-.: 1'.544 c. ML Dawson, copied from profiles in ilicdiliel CollingwtMid .Schreilier, engineer of government railways, Ottawa, wliiili ((() miles, within which distance the ili.scrcis ofSitfeetat Donald can probably be climinateil. At Lytton, and tljri.iiL'li remaining distance of about 1.5(1 miles to Vancouver, these elevatiotis a.-nt'i those published by l)r. Dawson in advance sheets of tlie secornl edii: Macfarlane's Amirican Gioloijmd RaUuwj Guide, and with the hkti condensed jjrofile prepared in the engineers' oliice of this railway, Montrcall APilNniX If. •.^ frttin I'll't IllliiVC the -I'll. (12.7 ."I'.iOs ().-.. ■M'j; (M.»t .■)Uiii ti(>.2 ■Msl t7li-4 i;;;';, i7:i.-' ll.^^ (7.'< . 7 4li;4 t7S . 4 :\<\i\ •»S0."2 ;;r,y.i U.H1.4 ;i(ii;."i ".1S().4 IVi'o '.ISS.ti !)'.f.'' ',li>2.7 IVJ>'( •K»4.-2 o'JT'i \0(i: '...') 'Ji't'*'J lOCHi.7 -*i7" 1(K)C..7 -.')'iT 1(I(»S.7 ■jr.3-> .iDi;;. 1 •j."i;',: .lull). 7 •J.M-! .iirj:;.(i ■J,"-lt.."l .1024.4 2ri44 l.lA/ to 1 rilKVillr, r. ision, Vaiu'ouvi'r, «i, :iv»M» witli'MU ohau: |l 11 (iisi'ivpiiiicv .if3''t(J Tuir, anil ilif Alla:iU litrai^tion of'.Vi fectfrj )inparis(m wilUaiirl [iv^iiioer, Montreal, whij [wt at OUifHT 11 .list' ami by compacisnin |ii i.rotiles in tlie ciil'n| s, Ottawa, wliii-li • 1(121! KC!.'). .>ix .Mill' Creek Htatioii U)4L lleiir ( ii'i'k Htatioii lo.'id lidiTPr.-i I 'aiss SI at ion 1 ().'),"> Siiniiiiii irrade in Uojiors i'a8^s, crossiny; the .N'lkirk Mountains lo.")(> (ilai'ii r ilnnse .station lii.")^' I!,i3.s I'lMk Sidinn ..IiKm lllecillinvaot 1074 Allrit (iinyon station Idsl, Twill Hiith' station 10'."1 Kovel-tiikti (at tiie second cros.sinj; of the ( oliiiiihia River) Il(i3, Miiiiiiiit ^'rade in Eajrle I'ass, crossini; the ili'M ran;.'e I 111 ilftiiwilliiini 1112 lirilliii l.:ik(\ station 11211 (ralL't'llaiiiie 113(i Siaiiiniis hridjiv crossinn narrows nf ."^liiiswap lake, 11715 ilh'ilii; Sieainoii.s .■itation 1147 -alnii'n .\rin lltjd Tai'iwii Sidint; 117;! Niitili Hill station (Siiuswap Buniinit) lis;? Sliiiswap ll'.(s jimk's 1214. Kamloiips 12;)1 . Traii'iiiille 12;!'.i. ( liprry ( reek slat ion 124.'). S;iviiliu's 1 2511 . IVniiy's 1 2(12 . .VsliiTiift 127(i Spiitsinii 12!tl. Sjn'iiiii'.-^ llridjio station ISo;?, Iirviini'k l:!(l'.t i;i25 l.yttoii. Cisai. ■ . Kiwfer's Nnrtli r.ciid. >|'11ZZ111II . . . . Val.' ..l:i41 \:\h-2. ,l;!GV, ,l;!7!t. lli'jw l;iit:;..-> I Kiiliy Creek station 14(11.5 AL-as.siz 1411.5 larri.siin 1420 . ."> I Nii'niiiea 142!(.5 l''oOt IlliOVC tllO M'll. (Al)hott.) 2G04 245; 1 2();i;! 3(>S() 4222 4;!(i(i 1102 ::47l 2740 2244 loi.s 1515 ' 133 E l''et't jiliovo the non. (Hi'vlsod.) 25(55 2414 2.504 ;!t541 4is;i 4;527 4072 ;5441 2710 2214 ISO.S 1405 (1 184S 1828 1827 1807 (1 15;57 1517 .5 1250 12,S0 1171 1151 1175 1155 11 (5S 1148 170S 1(1.SS 117;! 115;! 1150 .... 1153 ■ ■ • • ll:?4 • • . • n;!4 . . . • 115S .... 1252 . . . • 90(i > . ■ • 854 • • • • 7(58 • • ■ • 752 . . . • (187 ...» 558 .... 555 487 * . • • 304 • • • • 217 • • • • 20S . . . • 04 .... ;!s 131 E OLACIAI, LAKE AdASSIZ IN MANITOHA, Ki'ot iil)ovo I'V'^l illi.n, llio xen. (Alilic.tt.) lllC JCU, 'Ri'vijed.i II ' ' ' lii 'iiinvii. I ly "11 li.e 1 Feci aliu,,, 1 lln'SCl. ■ I'u ■ 7;," ■ Miliwfnim AViiinipt'K. MiHNinil 14o!l.r> Wlmrnock 144!i.r) lliinniiond 14')?. 5 I'ort Moody 14()!i.r. HiiHtint'H 147S.(» ViincoiivtT, L'!i(l4.s miles from Montreal. . •14H'J.O il. Kmemon Bnmch. From C'ollinjj;woo agrees near (Jretnaand at Knierson with linos of the Saint Paul, Miuii(':ii«i:j| Manitoba Railway on the international boundary, and at 'I'honiliill «J lovellini; from Park River, North Hakota, in the survey of the heai'lics df L A^iassiy,. Milt'.i t'rciin Kre'a' ; \Viiiiii|)Og. llii-j. Winni[)ej.', 1422. S miles from Montreal 0.0 T'i .Junction of this braneh with main line 1 1 V'" Saint .lames 3.() 'M Assiniboine River, ordinary low and high water... 3.7 7:i(i-7i) 7.31 'nil "ii7 "A 7(i3 7:!i 7ia ?A 77;i 7'.'i (,a .:f(ird. ^iiniiiit,L'ra ^l.miti.ii... Ill I lie ' I'cinhi \ery ii llci'p '..1 i;iviere iWiiliiiiu K'iv •\'^i'. iidiii is liml where I lie wji I'iii'i .Mound. Nmiiiiit, >.'rad ('ry.sial City, Ir.vslaH reek, •'^ii"miit,natur ''wirwatt^r, w "-•'; grad uliuvo I'Vi'l ;ll'.n.' Hcn. Illl'Jcii, bbott.) (Uvvi«.l.) 11 .... Ht .... railwuvH. Ouhwu. oha Kailway cm the I ilfs frmii Tici ;il>i Vr niiiii|i>'K. tlivM^a. 0.0 I')i 0.8 ".V.' 2.0 7'i'J :?.() T.il 10.5 7(.ii 12.0 7117 :.';5.r) 774 ■.-.o.o 7iio 30. (i 77',t IV.MI 7111 47.0 I'M .VI..') 77;i .-.,^..0 i'^ (r'.t) 7n:i (15.0 7'." (M.l 7'.iii Munitou ill I'iUi " i it, Monli-oiil. .vliich in 111'"!'' ''^''^" int I'iUil, Mi"iit'in«''5| mil at 'rimnibill of the lu'afhf.-( "! l.J| Miles t'rdin Vi'l'l :l' ■ WiniiilioK. llli'-'J. 0.0 I'll 1 1 7i.ii . ;5.ti 7iil . H.7 ";;(i-7M 1 AI'I'ENOI.X II. .Miles friim \Viniil|>eir. la^allf ('ii" i^tinkiiig) Hiver, ordinary low and liigh wuli'i' IH.li [,a."^alli' .station 1.S..5 Si'mtiliiiiiT Uivor (U. aiix (iratias), low and high water IJ.O Till' npiHir part of thi.s atroain, aliovo tlie iiuirshi's in wliicli it i.s lontin T. 7, lis. L', .". and I, is called Itoyne Hivur(l{. anx UeMdu Hois). Miirri.s 42.8 R(iseiif»'l tiid line south from Uosiuifeld : ilrotiui 70.1 ilniilc on the international houndary, oonnoction witii the Nocho lino of the St. 1'., .M. ^ M. KiiiKvay 70.4 (III the line (ahandoned) from Uosent'uld to luiierson : ('ros.siiitr the lirst initial meridian, grade 02.1 Mariiiti Uiver (U. nnx Marais), bed (J8.0 West l.ynne T.'i.T Ki'.l i;ivnr, low and high water 77.0 EoieiMiii 77-2 III! till' line we.-*t from Itosenfeld : MuriliMi 80.(1 IlKiriilnll 87.0 Siiuiiiiil,gl"ule 04.4 ||,irliii;;ford 0.').',t Miiiiiiiit, L'rade 00.4 M.initoii 102.4 In the descent from the top of the blull' of tiie iVinbina Kiver valley at 10(1 miles (grade, I'l.'iJ) to its bottom at 112 miles, the prolile is \cry irregular, with freijuent I'Uta 10 to.")0feet ilccp and tills of 10 to ;!0 feet. I.,i l;ivicie 112.,") IViiiliina Kiver, water, 1287 ; grade 112.7 .\sr, tiding from the Pembina valley, the profile is broken by many ravines to 110 miles, where grade at the top of the bliilf is l.")47. The width of this valley is one to two miles. rilnt Mound 125.2 "iimiiiit, grade 125.0 t'rystiil City 130.0 ( rystiil t reek, water, 1474 ; grade 1 jO (1 Simimit, natural surface and grade 132.2 Clearwater, water of Clearwater (Cypress) Creek, H'Jii; grade at station 134.1 135 K Feet above I lie sen. 737-750 770 744-770 772 7!Ml 820 830 704 781 700 .")0-787 7'JO 978 1314 1588 l,")t)0 UU8 15,Stl 1 304 1304 1540 1555 1513 1500 1519 r- l.'Jfi e (II.ACIM. I.AKK AIIASSI/, IN MANITOHA. Smootlily undulating contour reacluw from i: to 141 inilt'H, witli urmlo-' from I.")!.') to ir)."i2 ; nlMo liotwi^cii Nl iiiiil 147 miluH, witli ^.'railcs Mili'i friiui I', \Viiiiii|ici(. 'I llllliv Iroiii iriiT) to I ."(US tbet. < 'iiit\viii.'lit ■ 114.11 liiid'.'or (ret'k, wiitur, 147ii; hhkIo 147. li Modoriitcly iiiididatiiij: Hiiil'uce extends tlience to l.'i(i mill's, the liiiiheot jjtnuloB lioin^' l.');!.". to l.V)l tlM^t. II. ilmfi.'Kl 1 ■)■> • 4 I,on'_' Hivpr (White Mud Hiveri, water. 1541 ; nmde lor>.7 Tlience liie line lisi-s u'raduiilly westward to l(i!».4 miles, where the natural surlate and Ijrade are 1()4!» feet. Killarney l(i4.1 Little I'emhina Htation WH'- I'endiina Kiver. water, I'io.") ; '.'rade 17(1. The valley here i.s only 10 feet deep and about 40 rods wide. -rade. Lake, water, Hi: Lake, w;it(M-, HM.'i ; ^rrade. (Summit, Nnel trrnde 181 . 1-181. 171. 17'J. lioisHevain Whitewater Lake, low and high water. Deloraine ISL'. 192. The last twenty-live miles of this hue lie near the northern ha.se of Turtle Mountain. Iti4!) M4-1 Iii-ll IMS Itl!i0 liW3 liMi'-lii:;; l(i» J'. Miiliiliilid A- •SoillhlVl'fliTIi li'lil irtiii. [OfH^rated by the Canadian racilic UaiUvay Company. 1 From U. M. I'ratt, engineer, Winnipt v, and west of Kim Creek in jiainr profde in the olfKe of 1'. .\. I't^terson, en^'ineer, Montreal. AVilh uniform addition of twenty-four feet. Milc.1 friim I'lot , Wiiiniin'i!. 0.0 Winiiilie",' .lunction with Canadian I'aeilie Railway 1 ( 'olon V ( 'reek, bed - • »tur..'Pon ( ree Creek, low watei A.sainiboiiie River, low and hi^'h water. II. Ileadin^dy 14 .i' La Salle River, low and hi^rh water -iLH Starbuck -' ■- Kim CrtH'k station, junction of Carnuin branch 4.').(i On the Carman branch : Maryland (on the Hurnside beach of Lake .\pissizi 47 Barnsley (end of track). )1.0 til. ■^A-'A ,i.il-"l 8H lA. Ii"< fniui I'l'Li iil,„vi, innipou'. till' •ill, H4.lt i:,:;;; llT.li ir.n'. 16.-). 4 1.V..7 11)4.1 liij:. Iti'.t.T \uv.i 17lt.;! Iii4"i . 171.7 li'll . 171!.'.' I'b SI. 1-181. 7 I'.'.m . 182.7 I'M [. 192.7 li.'.lMii;;: . *J()2.7 lliU V ('(iinpuny.l liii (.'ivek ill puvitr I. Mile.s fr..iii Ki'Ct:ilK)iJ WiiiniiifK. 0.(1 111.' .(1 l.'J 7'-i •J.!S "",^ 7.."> 7'.'i U.(t i:a-/a . 14.2 1 I'l 21'.. 8 7iH)-"l .)- .) >1 ,] AIM'ENItl.X II. MilcH Ir.iiii WlniiiricK. IjicI III' ^'tailo, 1)110 inilo imrtli .'li wilier .'id . ."i (III tlin inuiii liiieu'i'.st from I'lliii < 'rook jiitiction: I'liirii-'iilo bunch of liSiko .\naHsi/,, cri'Mt, 815; (.'rucl«.. Iii.l Tlio tlt'sivnt from tlio t-rcst ouNtwanl i.s ten foot ill 2,') rodn, luid wu.stwnnl hovoii feot in iiii |.i|iiai lii.stiini't!. ,;rade 75.7 llt'riium lieaeli '/'/, crewt, 1211 ; j;raiie 70.0 The de.sceiit from the cre.st oa.stward i.s 1.") foot, ami westward 7 feet. Miiiiiiiit, on tiic llorinaii liondi '/, natural Hiirfitee and j.'rndo 7ti.2 Unit' i'loyno River, low water, ll(!!t ; ^rrado 77.;! Trt'lierno 77. (> i'.iiyne Uiver, low water, IKK!; ^'rado 78.4 linriiian l)eacii /)/», cre.st, I2.'i2; i^rade 80.(1 Tlie descent from tlie crest hotii to tiio east and west is nlmiit ten feet. Miniiiiit, natural snrl'a<'o and ^jrade tlie same, lieinj; the lii>;liesl ^:rado on tills protllo .S4.8 Ildllaiid .S.").!) ('j|irr.is River station !•.'). o Cyprcxs River, low water 95. 7 lili'iihoro (end of track, I8.si'.) 105 .0 Miiniiiit in sec, 4, T. d, R. l(i lijviile hetween .'^oiiris Itiver and I'eliean Lake, in I.Mii^;'s N'allej (tlie cliannel of a ^ilacial river that flowed soiUlieast to the I'eniiiina Uiver) I'rairie west of Land's Valley Siiiris River ut SonrisCity " ut Milfonl l.'!7 E Fi'iit iilpiivn till. K|.ll. ml 842-854 841 !td7 1018 1045 1047 1102 llOl 1200 1217 12()!» 1212 1222 1247 1248 12:57 12;i2 1214 1231 1480 i;;ii4 1.524 ill!) 1114 4,-). (I riie fnlliiw iny; hranches of the ('anadiati Pacific Railway, running northward IfriiUi WiiiiiiiK!;; on the west side of tlio Red Uiver, receive an addition of twenty. Biiirfwt, like the n>ain line from Winnipon west ; — -.1 47.. "S . 51,0 8U 1 mifmttiiinsmfimmm ^m^ 138 K GLACIAL LAKE AUASSIZ IN MANITOBA. g. ]VeH Selkirk- Branch. From profile in the oflice of P. A. Poterson. oiiL'iiioor, Montreiil. Miles from l-i.ct abovo Winnipei,'. ihcson. Winnii>ej; 0.0 7.-,7 .lunotion witli main line 1 .o ;:,() This branch is very nearly level, ranging from 7r.O to 7oO feet, between WinniiHijj; and Lower l-'ort liarry (also called the "Stone Fort"). Lower Fort tiarry li) . ."i 754 West Selkirk L'3.r) 7:;,; End of the "river track" l'4.1 7l'4 Red Kiver, ordinary stages of low and high water. . 2t . 1 71.-7:'", /'. Stouiwtill liranch. Fr.im U. M. Pratt, engineer, Winniiieg. .■Mik's from IVit al.ov.' Wir,ni|ic({. ilic-ia. Winni{)eg O.o 7.-,7 Air Line .lunction, with main line 1 .0 7(;i Stony Monntain station 1."..:! 773 ^^tone\vall 111. 8 sio v.iXNii'Er; A ninsoN liay hailwav. From Collini;',V')0'! Schreiber, engineer of government railways, (Mtawa, AVitli addition of twenty-fdur feet, as before explained. .Mill's fniiii Keel abuvi' Wiimipi'ic. till' sea. AVinniiK^g , 0.0 7."i7 .lunction with the Canadian Pacific Railway 4.7 780 Burnside beach of Lake .'.^'assiz about three miles south of Shoal Lake, crest and grade the same. .3! .(I ^i.o Lowest natural surface crossed by the raihvay beside Slioal Lake, 852 ; grade lis . L' S.i". Slioal Lake, live to fifteen feet dc^eji, surface at ordinary low stage, S'lO ; low and high water S4i)-s:):; MANITOIIA .t NOUTUWKSTKRN HAII.WAV. l'"rom protiles in the oHice of < ieorge 11. Webster, (ingineer, Porl^iu'n la Prairie. These protiles are referred 'o the Canadian l'a [ay station ;»l lVita:e| at;eor(lin^.'ly mr:' lijoa level. Miles from I'ortafc'e la I'mirio. Ivaihvav 0.0 0.0 rnriu'-'O la I'rairie, Canailiau racill station, 147s. 8 miles west from Montreal, ■>(> mill's west from Wiunipei: !'oit;ii:o la I'rairie, Manitoba iV Nortli\vr-3tern liaih'-ay station ( haniiel liv wliicli the Assiniljo'ne River overllowed into Lake Manitoba, .May o-i'i, ISS'.', bed, M^o ; jrrade Miii'diMialil Wt'stlMiiirne Ki.O Wliito Mini Hiver, lirst crossin^r, bed, SlL'; j^rade.. . 17.4 liiiiiiside beat'li of Lake A>;a.ssiz, crest, 8(i(i-''(12 ; ;.'iade at switch of spnr track to gravel pit "-'1 .8 Wiicdside U'(i.8 White -Mild River, second crossing, bed, S4!(; iirale. Suiimiit, f-'rade (one foot above natnral snrface) lie|iivssion, tillinj; I! feet ; j:rade lihiiUtone beach, natural snrt'aco ;U crest, S7S; t-'iade :!4 . :) Wtl'c of plain of Gladstone, natural surface, S8L' ; L'nide l>4 . •"> i.liiilstnne, se<'tion house and tank, v;rade ."i4.7 (tassenjier statii in o4 . !• Willie Mud River, third • rossinj.', bed, 871 ; i.'rade. . '■>'>■' (iii|ilier Creek, bed, 870; >;rade I>l).5 Seeoiulary Kincrado beach, forty rmls wide, crest, _ ( . .> 3:J.2 ;;4.o ,dc .',».i Pr|ircssion west of this, 014, niarkin}; the l'c_'iiininn of a more raiiiil ascent westward. Kmeiado beach, aliout thirty rods wide, cre.st, Ol.'7- !f.".i, wind-blown in hollows one to two feet below the crest ilO.O Iicpression west of this, !IL'5. Tliinl I'.lanchard beach, crest and j;rade alike 4i'.4 fhis beach ridue is thirty ro.is wide, with descent of live feet both to the east and west iVom its crest. Midway 4:5.;! ^ei'ond lilanchard l)oach, crest, 070; ^lade 4:'.. 0-44. 1 This deposit is almost llat, not having; the usual lid^'eit form. It is neaily a ipiarterof a mile wide, and is bordered on the west by a dt>pres8ion of two feet, to 077. lirst or upper lilanchard beach, another tract nearly like tlio last, natnral surface, 1)94 ; iTiade 45 . ;!-45 . 4 lV|iiesslon, natural surface, SMU ; ^rade 45.5 139 E Feet above the soa. 854 850 859 837 831 831 S(iO 858 859 878 870 8S0 884 884 883 880 888 017 027-9 909 075 080 ilOo 993 !?Jl|P'«-.''"'»*"»~T3»'*"''~" 140 E GLACIAL LAKK AOASSIZ IX MANITOBA. Miles from ]■ « Porlatte In Prairie. Level ^riide (I to 2 feet above the natural surface ).45.7-4(>.l I-ower McCauleyvillo beacli, fvest and ;;ra(le alike. . 40.4 Depression west of tliia, 1014. Middle MeCauloyville lieacli, crest, lOL'!); j;raile 47.0 Ueseent of tlireo an(? live feet, rospeidively, to the west and oast from the crest. Stream, bed, 101 S; jrradc 47.1 Upper Met auleyville beach, crest, 10;!1» ; grade 47. fi Descent ( *■ "ir and six feet, res|»ctively, to the west anil v, st from the crest. Ivowor Canipbell beach, crest, 1001; grade 18.2 Tins beach ridge is twenty rods wide, with descent of eight feet east anil live feet west. Slight beach mark, nutnral surface 48. (i lieginning of nearly level grade on the east margin of the Arden beach ridge ^ two feet above the natural surface) 48.7 Arden r.l .(i UjJiKir Camijbell beach ridge, excavated for liallasi, crest, 1089; grade .>1.8 Snake CreeK, bed, lOGl ; grade •")2.0 Lower Tintah beach ridge, crest and gravle alike — 55.4 This has a width of about thirty-live rods, with a descent of four feet to the eiust and three feet to the west. ]>each ridge a.ssociated with the preceding, crest, 1 1 1.'> ; grade 55 . 7 Dune crossed on steep grade, crest, 1 133 ; grade .... 5(i . W Depression west of this, 1131. Dunes three to live feet Idgh occur at 57.15, 57.2, and 57. :> milt^s, with cre.st and grado alike in each, resixictivoly 1150, 1152^, and 1154 feet. Level grade (0 to 7 feet above the natural sur- face ) 57 . ;> ■"i7 . 7 Upi)er Tiutah beach, crest, 1158 ; grade 57.8 This has a descent of eleven feet in lifty lods east, and three feet in six riwls west. Nearly level natural surface, 1174 1172; grade. ..58. 1-58. S li; Ridge of dune sand, crest, 1177; grade 58.!) Tliis has a descent of five feet to the oast and three feet to the west. Uidge of dune sand, crest, 1170; grade 5'J.3 This likewise has a descent of live feet to the east and three feet to the west. Dunes at the level of the Lower Norcross beach occur aton.l, (10.2, (iO.25 and ti(i.;! miles, with their cre.sts successively at 1102, I102J, 1102], and eel iibiive Oie,4 loii; Inii.) lo.'ii; 1(170 liiT'i lusi KIT'. I 111! ll:;i 11.^1 II. i? 1-117 117 Mm A. 69 from I'i'ci iil)cive I III Prairio. ilii'(i.'t ;5-.-.7 . vs.s r)S.i» 51). 3 !i>2:, llKij 111711 48. 7 liiV'i .'-.l.O lii~-i; .M.S 10S4 .V2.0 lOT'.i .55.4 1111 lUn ll;;i 11.^1 11:1-117 11: ,,] AI'PENIHX II. Miles from I'ortiiBO la Prairie. ]V,yM feet. The intervening liollows are two, four, and five feet dtnip in order from east to uost, i.i'. at UilO, 1188.^, and 1187J feet, (irado here 60.1-60.5 I'nmi tlio dunes at 58.9 niile.s and 59.3 miles to tiO..") mile.s tlio surface is wind-blown sand uitli liollow.s tw;) ta four ftH>it deep. The railway hed, formed of tiiis sand, is somewhat iiiscciire, because of its lial)iHty to becliannel- icd by tiie wind. Net'ia" a ill .0 1 |i[K'r Norcro.ss beacii, crestfl successively 12ii;U, li'L'">, anil r."J5; j^rade (il .4."j-(il.il 12; The descent wt^tward from eacli crest is s nly one foot. , KiM.lcil cs"ii''piiHMit, base, 1225; crest, 1240; LT.ide til.(l-til.7 12 ll.riiiaii beach hli, crest, 1304 ; >rrade 04 .0 This 'idjie has a widiii (jf forty rcnls, with iloscent of sdven feetliotb to tiieoast and west from its i:resi. It is found to consist of saiul and irravel suitable for ballast, nciiriy like tiiat iiftbeArdt^n ridt-'o, and lias been purchased by the railway company for tliis use. llriii an beach li, crest, l."i2;! ; {,'rade (54.7 1 Ills ridjio descends seven A^et from crest to base in lifteen rods, the amount of (Uwcent and icnj,'tli of sloiHi beinj; nearly alike on the east and west. "i.ny ( reck, bed, 13.')!t ; ^rade (16.3 jlii'l;;" Creek station 70.3 Smiunil t.'rado (two feel above natural surface) "ti .0 l.iitK' ."Saskatchewan Uiver, bed, 1().'')4 ; };rade 7S.4 Miiiiicdosa, junction of Hapiil City branch 78.5 Smiiinit, j/ra le (two feet above natural surface) S3.0 bejinssion, liilin>: ei>;ht feet ; izrade 83.9 ^iiini. . it, ',:r;ide (three feet above natural surface)... 87.0 liasswood 88.5 (iiilli't from liasswood Lake, bed, 1932; j;rade 88.(1 ^iiniMiit, lii^'hest tirade on this railway 92.8 Ninvdalc 9(1.8 draile and natural surface 100.0 (liaiic and natural surface 103.0 .-iiMlliclair 10(1.1 Sill I ike, bed, bS55 ; water, 18(10; grade 108.3 Sunanit, cutting Hair feet; grade 109.0 ^Imal bake station 114.9 Oak liivcr, bed, 1791 ; water, 1794; grade 115.0 141 E Feet above the sea. 1193 120(J -'7-1232 12-1239 1305 1320 1373 1(100 1798 lf)t>9 1(170 1928 190(1 1950 1949 1950 1983 1975 1972 1950 1901 18(17 1879 1812 1811 «? 142 E GLACIAL LAKE A0AS3IZ IN MANITOBA. M. from reciiil,„e I'lirta, a I'rairic. llicsca. Shoal Lake, about a third of a niilo south ; water, approximately 115.0 I7!i;; Summit, cnttiiifj two feet; j;raile 117.0 is;;!, Kelloe iL'o . •_' 1 si4 Solsj.'irtli IL'9.8 i7v, Grade (ei>:lit feet ahove the natural surface) 13i'.(i in'i; Ravine, bottom, l.")li() ; j^rade i;?2.S u;\j^ Birdtail (reek, bod, 15:iiS ; water, l.'>40 ; urado i;)4..") i:,-,!, Sumuiit, ;_'rade I one foot above the natural surface). UiT.O 17114 Birtlo ]:i7.(( 170:; Summit, cuttint: one foot ; jrrade 13.S.0 17111, Stony Creek, bed, MS." ; ;,'rade lliil.o I7ni Summit, j;rade lone foot above the natural surface). 141. (i 1747 Fox warren 14r).i' 174J ISummit, j:ra(U> 14i>.0 1772 silver Creek, lu'd, KCI ; water, 1()3:.' ; jirade l.V').'.! 17111 liinscartli, junction 7.(> iri':; Cirade and natural surface 173.o lt,:> J.angenburg 180.1 ^,^| //. Riijiiil ('ill/ Urmirh {Sii/>kalclicu';■ Wf st, rn liailinnj). Miles froni l-Vot al.y.e I'orliiite la Praiiio. iln Jn, -Minnedosa 78.5 111711 Little Saskati'bewan Hiver, first cnissinj:, bed, lti4;> ; water, 1045 ; grade SQ/2 hi'i^ Riverdale 87.1 hi:). Little Saskatchewan Hiv(M-, siH'ond cro.ssing, bed, 1500; water, 1570; grade 02.4 liri Raiiid City it3.0 157' A survey from Kapid City westward sujiplies the following : Surface, S. K. ', of sec. 10, T. 1,3, R. L'O 101 .5 17"1 \V. Jof sec. 16, T. 13, R. L'l 105.5 17:;t from I'fci iiK„o » Priiiric. I lie sou. r>.o U'.i;; 7.0 ISiJIi 3. -J 1S14 !9.S 17v' !-.'.0 lil'iT !2.8 llJIS U.."> LhS 57.0 17n4 57.0 i;ii;; cJS.O ITui; m.o 17nl 4-1.0 1717 4.-). -J 174'J 4>,).0 177:: X\.'.> Ki'i 54.0 171:; loT.O li.:i4 ico.o I.V21 1(11. s l4liN 1()-J.7 l;'.4,. 1 ()•.'.",) i:;4-.; Itl4.0 iiii« 100.0 l,->;3 107.0 1.5i'3 1715. (1 KmS ISiP.l lli>l I Raihciiij). lies frniii Vifi »!■ i'* te 111 IViiirio. ih.^u. 7S.5 l')7» SO. 'J lti.^^ 87.1 l(,;;i. ',•2.4 I.i7" 03.0 157" 01..^) 17"1 .05.5 17:14 API'ENDIX II. U3e Miles from B'oot above I'ortiige lit Prairie. ihe son. Oak Uiver, sec. 23, T. 13, R. 22, water, 1608; pro- posed grade 100.2 1703 >iirface on line between fees. 28 .and 33, T. 14, K.25 132.0 1688 Mirface, S. W. }ofsec.6, T.15,R.25. 135.5 1023 c. .S7((7/ Jlinr lintnch. ninsoartli VA.9 1713 Yonr miles north of Binsciirtli, griido and natural surface l.'.S.O 1701 loiir miles farther north, grade (three feet above iialtiral i^urfai'o) lOi'.li 1707 i;iis.s('il 100. 2 1830 ,1 l.iiu sumyi'd irtHfrom lAingenhurg to the south siili' of the Ikatvr HilU. MiU-.s from Feet above PortiiKc 111 Pruirio. the sea. iJeil I'eor Horn Creek, bed 1S5.0 1721 Siirtait ISS.d 1720 ■.iirfaii- 105.0 1720 r.ii: ( lit Ann Creek, bed 10S.5 1651 Siirfiui 20:1. 1720 Surface 210.0 1709 CrcMpiit and Leocii lakes, a few miles north of this liiu', approximately 1070 MirLe 220.0 1763 Mirfai'' 230.0 1816 Siitrace 234.0 1.S63 K^iviiH", liottoni 230.(1 1882 Siiifuw, end of survey 237.5 1019 This line ends in the west part of T. 23, 1\. 7 W. from the second initial [ueriiliaii, lietween the Heaver Hills on the nortli and the I'heaaant Hills on liosuiilli, and about tifteon mik's ea.st of the File Hills. l, / I .tiirniiid norlkmst from lAViijin}iurij, pumng northcaH and north of the liainr Hilh. Mill'? from Feet iibnve Portage la Prairie, the sea. Miliiiiiit 104.0 1774 Mirla.v 212.0 1721 Arinsirong's CouU'e, first crossing, bod 213.0 1086 " " second crossing, bed 217.4 1652 Vnrktnn 222.5 1633 Mil! (reek (South branch of Wiiite Sand Uiver), bed 223.3 1585 Smiiue 220.0 1620 .Niiiimit 231 .0 1607 ;' Z 144 £ ULAClAt. LAKE AGASSI/, IN UANITOUA. Miteafrom l''n'i iiimp PortiiKc la Prairie. il,,. ^j,, f'reok, bed L':s;.l i(i,-,4 Bij.' Bom Creek (or Little White Hand River), \wd . . 2:53.5 |(;.-,i Surface -W-O Um Owl ('R'l'k, be.l -'4(1.2 l(i,s;; Surface -4:j.ll ITiiO Clair Creek, bod '.'44.5 Uii.i Small lake -'4577 i:ii Surface -')--0 1747 Cliipijowa Creek, bed 2oii.8 1730 Surface L'.nl».."> 1 77(1 Fern Creek, lied S.'i^.:; 1747 Surface liCO.O I7si Hoar ( reek, bed I.'(i2.7 17ii2 Spring' Creek, lied •_'().'►. ;! 17>,5 Surface 27(>.(» IS'.'O AVater-course, bed 27;i-5 i.sia Surface 273. 1,S25 Alont: its hist forty miles tbis Hue lies from twi) '.o seven miles Hii\itliwe,<(, White Sand liixcr. It terminates near the north side of T. Hii, 1{. lo W. I'r.ni the second initial meridian, u few miles north of the J5eaver Hills aih! ;iliijj(f twentv-tive miles east of th(» lii.r TonchwoiKl Hills. REi.lNA \ I.OMJ LAKK RAILWAY. From K. .M. Pratt, en^,'ineer, \Vinnii)e>;. Wilt'8 from Ki ui al.ivc Keifiim. ilii»j, Kegina, junction vith the Canadian I'aMlic Kail- way, D.'itl.Ci miles from Winnipeg' *'■" iSS'i Qu'Apiielle River, low water, l".'.*.'); tini.le -'1.4 hm< End of track -'2. -J lilfti Arm of Long Fake here, in sec. L';!, T. 20. R. 21, water 22.2 \m [I>5nj.'laketon, at the southeast end of the main kike, is about tlinc mill farther northwe.st.J NOinnwKKT COAI, ,V NAVKiATION COMPANY'S RAILWAY. From Dr. Ceorge Al. l»awson, of the (ieolo^ricnl ami Natural History .^iirv«J of Canada. Miles fniiii K(olal"ivt| Diinmorc. thoMvi. Dunmo/0, junction with tho Canadian I'acilic Rail- way, 0.'>2 ..S miles from Winnii)cjr d. '.MC'i Bull's Head ( reek, grade on bridge 2. '2'.]U Seven Persons River, grade on bridge Ki. L'Hil Crossing tho west lino of T. 11, K. .s, a summit of grade 27 . "7":' t* from I'l'i'i iilpii a, Prairie. ill" -t;!. ::;.l 1im4 C.'i lli.-,l 58.1) Ui'.lll 4«.J Itis:; 4:;.o ITiiO 44..', llil.l 45.7 1711 ■lU.il 1717 ;uu.8 i7;io »nt»..") 177(1 >,')»•.;! 1747 JtiO-l'. 1781 >&!.' i7.i'.; _'().'..;'. 17m 270 .1' ISJI 'J72.r. l^li 273.0 1S25 veil miles sn\ith\vc3t(, [)f T. ;'.(>, li. li' W. fri.m| leaver Hills lui'l ulwJ lpe^^ lili'S frcm Kci'i 111. vt KcuiiiH. 'I'l ■' 0. I) lS!«:i 21 4 100!. .»») - Kiot; t»o .•J l.vs is alxinl tiiriH- mi i;,\ll.W.\V. atnnil Hisioiy Sunej .Milos rroiii Fi'Pt«l'"ii| Itiimnon'. Ihi'soa. II. •.'41.:, 2. '-'•'" 10. '^w 1 APPENDIX II. 145 E .Miles Iroiii Feet above Diiiimoru. tlioscn, EnU'iiii'-' the northeast ooriior of T. 10, R. 11 40. 2502 IVpn'ssion, ^rrade 40 . 2662 I n.s.sini: ilie west lino of T. 10, R. 12 5:?. 2614 " T. 10, R. 14 05. 2«09 " T.O.R. in 78. 2077 " T.!),R.17 «4. 2707 T. 0, R. 18 00, 2768 [leiut s.sion, ^rrade 91 . 2751 I riissiut; the west line of T. 0, R. 10 0(j..") 2800 T.0,R.20 lo;!. 2877 ■.niiiiiiit of j;ra(le 10(i. 2000 Lelliliii'l^'o 100. 2054 iThis I'K'vatioii provc^s tiie a|)iiroxiinate correctne.ss of tliat barometrically Ifieniiinptl I'V Dr. Uawson, before this railway was built, for the Belly River ri7ii'i't^ ;i' tho'M'onl Hanks." about a inili* sontliwost of LetM)ri2; ortlinary low umI liiiih water, 870-8S5 or SOU; extreme low and high watd' (ranne, :12 feet ) Stiti-80S .\t lieliiioiit (formerly Frojj; L'oiat). extreme low and high water I lanjie, 50 ftM>t) 707-847 |Miimli 111' Red Lakti River, (i rand Forks, i)od, 770; extreme low and liijili water (ran},'e, 44 feet) 784-828 iMiMtliiif rciiihina River, I'embina and Saint Vincent, bed, 7:iii; nrdiiiary li a* and high water, 753-782; extreme !"vv;iiul high water (range, 40 feet) 748-788 10 14(5 E OLAriAL liAKE AUA!<8IZ IN MANITOHA. tln'.'li water, 188-.', 750; do., 18(i(), 75".l; do., 18.-)^', 7til ; do., KSL'ti, 7(i:'>; jreneral level of the land surface, 758; extreme low and ln;rh water (ran^iv 3'.> feet) 7i.'l-7i;:', At tlie l.oiii.se hrid^'e, Winniimjr, extreme low water, 7-1?; ordinary sprin;.' floods, about 710; hij.'h water, 1882, 74!t; do,, 182(), 7t)l'. ; jreneral level of the land surface, 75(1 ; extreme low and hi;rh water i,ran};e, ID feet) 7i.':l-7ii;; At iSaint Andrew's liurcli, extreme low water, 715 ; ordinary spriuL' floods, aliout 7li5 ; hitih water, 185L', 7-15 ; do., 18L'(!, 75S, nearly the same as the general level of the laiwi surface; extreme low and hijih water (ran>?o, ;i8 feet).. . 7l.'i-7."i,; At Lower I'ort (iarry (the " Ston{> Fort"KoxtnMuo low water, 711 ; ordinary spring; (1o:eneral level of the land surface, 75L' ; extreme low and hitih water (ran);e, So feet) 711 T4'. At West (Selkirk, extreme low water, 710; ordinary sprinj; floods, about 7l'0; liiiih water, I8.")2, 72(> ; do., I8'.'(!, 7.".'.' ; general level of the land surface, 7;«!t ; extreme low and hiKh water (raujre, '.'J feet ) 711) 7 i: At .Saint I'eter's church, ^'eneral level i)f the land surface, 730; extreme low an>; 1 API'KNIHX II. I 17 E Feet iib.ivp till' smi, \itlic Mowhniy hridco, on tlie lin« liotwoen socs. 21 ami •jj, T. I , K. s, alxHit IL'I!.-) Jill till' intoniationiil lioiindary, aliout HiTi Ai till' " li**'' tra|>," coven iniK's wi-st of Wallialla, Nortti iMUota (fall, 7 feet in an eifilitli (if a mile), estimated al.nnt l().")0-ini;i \i till' Wallialla liridfro, low and liijili water !):i4-943 \i the Saint .loseph bridge, seven miles east fri>m the last. . 865 At Nt" li'\ l>t)(i,81(l; low and lii^h water Sl:!-8;i2 Miuith of 'ronniu* Kiver, about 770 At biiil:_'e of tlie Dnlntli I't Manitoba Kailmad 757 juiu'lioii with the Ked Kiver, I'tMnbina, extrenie low and hijrli water . . 748-788 c. Aumtiilioiiii Hill I. At lirid'_'e of tliii Manitoba iV: Northwestern HaiUvay. betl, i;'(i|i; water i;il4 Moiiih of till' tin'ApiH'lle Itiver, about 17 miles sontli of the t',.rt'j:oin>; 12ti4 Ai I'litl'-'e of tlie t'anadian I'ai'ilic Kaibvay, 1 { mih^s east of I'.iaiidon IKil M ■ulli of llie iSonris Uiver, approximately 1100 At ..'itcrop of Niobrara limestone in sec. oil, T. 8, li. 11, alioiit lU miles east of tlie month of Cypress Kiver, :i|,pniximately 1000 \t I'lirtaj-'e la Trairio, ordinary low and high water, two miles southwest from the town, near the former site of iho Hudson Hay Compnny's fort S4'2-S50 At I'lTtanc la Trairie, extiemi* hi>;li water, May ;i-15, 1S8L', when the river ovorllowed here, sendinj; part of its waters north to Lake Manitoba.... 854 This rise was caused by an ice jam a fow miles farther cast. It is said that the rivor had ]irevionsly over- flowed here to Lake Manitoba about twenty years before (probably in ISliO). r.:i;SI(Hij;li, occn]iyin>; atlesertod channel of the Assiniboine (■li«e south of l'orta;;e la I'rairic, ordinary stage of w liter, 840 ; in ordinary 8|iviiig Hoods, S,")0 ; in the great lliiod of May, IHS-J, S54 ; range, 5 feet 84i)-854 At I'rati's Landing, -'.\ miles southeast from Portage la I'mirie, ordinary low and high water, S40-S4i) ; lowest and highest stages So7-85- Ai I'tiiiic of lot 14l', Haie St. I'anI, near the southeast end ..1 Long Lake 79() I:i U '.'iio, J5aie St. Paul 770 At St Kiancois Xavier church 7(15 .Vc iru>siiig of the Winnipeg meridian, in lleadingly 757 I 1 148 E nfiAcrAFi lake aoassiz in Manitoba. At notiilinnlj", Ij miles fiirtlier oust, onliimry low and liigli water 7'i 1-7114 Mouth of Sturjjoon Creok ■)•, At Sninl .liinies, onlinary low and liitrli wiitiT ~:v\-':t\ .luiii'tion with tlio UihI UiviT, ordinary low and iiigh water, 7l'8-742 ; extrenio low and hijrh water "-1-7':; (/. L:l;itial water-courHe lielwi^en the Klliow of the SdUtli SiiMkatcliewan and tliis lake 1711) Bullalo Lake ii,;, (in'-Appelle Kiver at hridjio of the Ke^iina i*>: Lonn Lake Railway Vi'.r. I. oiiK 1-akf, tributary to the (Ju'Ai)indle Kiver l,",!i\ l•■i^hin;; Lakes l.MH irmn ( "rooked Luke l:'i>'i Kound Lake i:;i,4 .Innctivjii of the (.iu'Ai)i)elle with the .Vssinihoiiie li't,) ('. Soitrif iir M'lin'i liivi 1: On the international boundary, erossint; from Assiniboia into North Dakota, 215 mile.s west of ihe Ked Kiver, about lii.'iii At Mi not, North Dakota 1"i:'>.t At Towner. North Dakota \-i\l Cro.ssni).' tiie inlcrnatiiioal ixmndary 17" miles west of the Kod Hi ver, aliout Um At I'luiii Creek, Manituba, about l'.:ri At the Mlbiiw west of Lan^x's N'alley, -1 iniU'n east-southea.st from the last, abcut Ij '. At (ire^'ory's mill, i;; -iee. 3t, T. (i, li. IS, live mile.s north from t! last, head 8 feet, about I.Ih iijni At Souris City IIM At Milfor.1 1114 .luni'tion with the Ai-siniboint^, about Ill" AI.Tmi)I> ON TIIK CANOK I!ol"n-; Fl;oM l.AKI: hll'KI.'IOIt To I.AKK WlVMll.j WAV OK rili; KAMISISTKjllA HIVKK. Determined by lovellinjr by 8. ,1. I»awson in l.'^oT and 185.S, and |iulil;si,iij Hind's Xdrriitiii nf tin- ('duudiau Explnrinij Kiin'lition", London, iSi'H, pp. ;i99-402 ; eorrected approximately by i'om|)arison with the ."urvey Canailian l'a<'iru' l^ailwav. OIIA. [llid high T.'i 1-7(14 74:. 7u(i-7"i4 !li water, :-:\--,i::. c'ly liy roiuiiiirisoii \\,jij Fcft iili"\v 111"-. )\\ of tlio U"! lii:;:i lont; I-ako l.V'.'. 1.V,|^ l.'lMl IJIIM l:>'t 1:;m KM Vsx'mihoia ieil Uiver, lii.'iii 141.: l>St 111' tliP 1411" V'X' -sdutlu-asi lorili friiiii I'Jli' IJi'-' UM 111- Ill' ; Tl) I.AKK WINMII', 1!. (1 1S5S, and imhiisi.e /.v, l.ondon, ISilii, vo'..| with the survey .I'J „] AI'PENIJIX ri. 149 K (I. Frnm Lnh Siipirior In tin l.itl.c of tin' ]Voodii. .Milu," t'rnm Fci>t »h"vo Luke Siiierior. the sea. Miiiiili (if tlie KaiiiiniHti<|uia Itivor, l.uke fiiiporior n.n (102 .Miiiiniiiin jiortaue (Kukaheka Kails), Knininis- iii|iiia KiviT, L'4.s rud.s, a.srciiiliiiL' 111' I'l'Kt (inrliulinj,' II fwt of rajiiilH hdciw thiMiUs). •J!).2-;10.0 (iSl-hOO Iliiiky ixirlano (or Kcarti- iiortaue), Hf' loil.s, jisct'iiiliiin Oli ffut oO.L'-llO.? 80(i-,S(i;! Nino pDrtavres, nMceiiilin^ Nticcessively 6^, I '.'.], 7, 111, 10, II, ;!, :>, and 1") feet, hitfrviMie Ik^Ivvihmi tliu lust and 1-ittlt* \ii>\t Lake. Uttlb I'tit; Lake, 1 .'.' miles across ^>l\ this route, .-i'.'.:!-'!;!..") 1002 iiiv;it I'll;.' porlUKK, lij miles, ascending; o4lS fct'f, todr.'iit jidi.' I.akd :.;!..■.-.-..".. 2 *1002-l;i.")0 Niiiiiiiit of this iiurta^,'e (a hmad and mtissivti saiitl iid;.'i<) 5-1.0 1470 |ii^li>'>t part of tliis sand ri |r(iiliiL'e path, ahout "il.O l.'iOO •Tiie jrreat falls of Little |)o): liiver are siirpiisiii^'ly heantiful The dillV-rt'iue in li'M'l hiitweeii Little and (i . L'JaO MhuiIi "f I'rairie Liver, trihutury to l>o,'L.vcr. !»S.S 1;17,S i,.ld Water Lake.erojSed (1.2 mile on this mute. 101 .0-l(i2.1 LlSl I'l.iirii' portatie, '2\ miles. asctMidiii;; 1.57 feet, to llci:-'hl<.f Land Lake I(t2. l-le4.(l 13S1-1538 Miijiinil of this porta^'e. aliout 1570 ilif hij-'licst land tiieie within view is ahout.. KiOO lli'i'jlii of hand Lake, crossed 0,2 mile on this rcmte 104.(i-104 .S l.-)38 flic porta};e from this to .'^avanne Lake ■ passe.s oxer a low sandy ridgosupimrtin^: small |)iiie." Mvaiiiie Lake, crossed U miles on the route, .lo'i. 4-100.'.) l.")22 (irc:it Savanne iM)rtaj.'c, Ij miles, desccndinj; 32 feel to the Savanni- Uivcr I0(i.s on tlm roiito 1,->| .i)-ir»i».l) I.o\v«r i'.riil.' hiikt', 11 miles .111 iliH roiity l."t!».!t KH.l (ireat I'lciii'ii iioita'.'c 1, inilf.s, lU-xctnidinn HH) I't'c't to Kroiicli r<)rtatz(« Laki- Iti4. 1-1(>.")..S l-'ruiu'li J'ortat'i' I.akt', 1.1 miles on tim rout* l(ir).!)-l(17.» I'likiTi'l Lake, 111 miles mi tlio route KiD.il-ISL'.tt riikerel iiorliinn, 104 rods, desioiidiiijr 7 feet to I tore Lake lH'_'.it l«:i.*J Dore Lake, ij iiiiles on I lie route ISU.L' IHti.O I>eux liiviireu porta^'c, I "S rods, descending; 117 leet to Sturt:eoii Lake 16r..()-lS.")..l Sturj;eon LaUe,'j:il miles mi the mute is,"). I -•_'()«.« Pirst Sturgeon rapids, descendiiiu' I feet in 44 nnls •.'OS.(i-2(ts.7 Second Stiir^'eon rapids, porta>.'e iL' hhIh, destrndiii;;*) feet '.'()!•. (I Island portable, 1'2 rods, deseeiidinjj 10 feet.... '-'•.'1 . L' Nei|iiautiuon Lake (or Lac la <"roix\ s miles on tlio route •JL'.')--ll;! Rattlesnake ]H)r(a<.'e, Namekiin liiver, IM) hkIs, descvUiilinj; iL' feet l.';iri.2-".':'i.").l! Cidw |H)rta'_'e, 111' hmIm, desceiidiiiL' id feet I'lW.i; i;;{H.7 (irand lalls jMirta^'e, L'4 r()d.s,des(eiidint.' Itl fe(it.'J4r).'.' l'ir).I> loot of (irand rapids, Namekmi Hiver L'4S.8 Lake .Namokan, (i.J miles mi this route L'.'il .I!-L'.")7.S Rainy Lake, 3S miles on this rmite •JiUJ.lI-i'.iil .li " low and liij;h water, approxiinately Rapiils, lUiny Uiver, .1 mile, ilesieiidiii^.' I! feet..:{01 .;{-l!fll .8 Chaudiire I'alls, elose east ot I'ort I'rancis, [Mirtajjo I'll' riKls, desi'eiiiliiin "Jli feet ;i()I!.l)-li(»I}.4 Manilou rapids, descending I'.t feet in •>(> rods. .I'>l)(i.--3l!ti.l Lon;,' Sault, descendiii;: I! feet in 1 mile I!4'_'.!i-:!4:M Lake of the W'ouds, crossed 71' miles on this route liSl.l-i.^ii.i l''«i'l ilhirt,. 11^: Ms; III,, Ui;: M::; l:;:;; I.;:;: li;i:ii imiii ii!:i li;:'!! l:'.L".)-i::l: li'l:' liTJ v:u. lHi7-lb: llN. IISI IK: 1171 -IIM 11.-P8-114:' 11::: 11 '.'ii 111: 111.-, -ll:''i 1117 IIU nil ■ K,-'; KtSI -IfCs l(i7.-i In;: U»j Ari'KNiiix ir. 151 E s trill F«''t uh(.K jupuriur. Ilia MM, •jo'.Mi rj(w rjH'j •.'■ji.'.' U!i:-H>: :;-:;(i;i.l mMi'"i ■j-;',:;ti. I lusi-KCs ',i-:!4;5.i iiiT'i lo:: /). Wiiiitifiiii liinr, l> (lilliTi'iiri' ill clnvutiiiii l)t!lwi'fii tiio Liik ( iif tli(\ U'odds aiid l,akr |Viiim|K'j-' .ItiloiiiiiniMl liy IIiIh Htirvcy aurws (ixa.tly with thut luiiml l.y tliu l^ihi.y Miivey. Mili'» Irdin Hit' l.ikn III' (liu Fuut iihnro pf ilio WckmIh, low mill iiijrli watur, I(i.'i7- Wciodi, llic liiiill ; iii»iiii . 0.0 10(10 Hill l'"iliWi •'>'- rmlH, ili'Hccinliii;,' |ii IV-i-t. 0.(Ml.L> 10(10-1041 I,.. Ii.illt'H rapiils, liiwtMiilini; ;i ft'ct in 1 inijo.. S. i;r)-H.."> Kn;! Kdo tliaii'l IVi'liiirnc ili'Sfciiiiiii'.' ti I'lvt in ', niilc... 3;!..M-:!;t.,S 1(,';).s-I(i;1l' Tirir .liiiiiHi |MPrlut;n,-0 roiLs, ilcsri'iHlin;; J:.' fcot. ;;5.7-;i'>.8 10J!l-l(l(i7 diarilli' I)rcliiirnc,i!f.sci)nilin^' :!] I'odt in H rods. ;ti).5 lOfKiA-lOy;! IVrri' l'.l;iiicl.i< p irliinc, 10 rmls, ii(>.Mi'L>n(lini; '"* .. ;'i7. "1-117.0 l(i(i2-li!il a«.o .!i!):ii-!i!ii livl. (';ivi' raiiiil.1, ili'M'<'niliii/ "J^ '*'i'' in ^ i'hiIh Mmiih III' l'!ii;rlisli KiNor, approxinialt'ly Iv-rUli- |K)riiij{i', M mils, tlcsi'endlni.' 31 I'txH..-. (Iiiiti:'i .lari)in'H iiorlaco [.Jai'k'-< Fal!,«*], lU ruls, ilisci'iidin^' 1:1 fei't I'liiiil lii's Hiiia |MiituKt', .'iL' roils, (li'Mcendin'^' 10^ ■i4.0 1IS7 .')7.0 OSO.l-!is;i Ml.l 07'.! in 10 llrt . I'liiiii aiix (Ik'iich pDrtnut' |tlii« I'lipt-r Kails], l'o r .lis. di'srciidiin; "Jli fci-i H,.|ii' limit'' pirla;;*', 1- md.s, deHcniidin}; K ft*t. S!t.7-.S0.!I !Mi4A-!r>4 0.(HI!).1 !).-)4-'.i;!4 01.1 !t:i;!-!ll.'.'. Is, pnrta;;o 1-0 rmlH, dt'si'undin^ "JO loct !»,'>., ')-!!,'). it !t:.'4-!Hi4 r.irriiT I'all.s, pnrlanc M riid.'',(li'si'(Midini; ."1 t'tml . niitT I alls, iK^si'i'iidiii'' 1! I'et't in 4 rods lOJ.t) it(l2-,S',i7 107.0 S0."i-8!il' 'M'li [Kirtant's, .siii'icssividy lo, S, ,").'., ,S, M, am 1 4; lee I, fi nl el' till' SOVlMltll |IOrtU^'(< 110. L' Lli niK'i l.aivt', 4^ miles aiTuss uii this luuti' l'J7.(i-l.'ilM SL'ti r.iiniiit poita>.'t', 4 rods, dcsinndinj; 7 I't'ct Cap ili< lliiiinct portane, 10 nnls, deHcoiulin); 132.2 8L'3-Slt> !i S14-S0!t I i.' iMiiiii't |M)rtani', 200 rods, dtiuct^ndin^ 34 li'Ct . i;i(l. 2-130. S 8(m-771 IVtit Itiiiho |K)rtane, 52 rods, di-scundinc 8 feet.Hu.l 137.3 770-702 Uiiti! Mild piirtanf, tlO fiuls, di'.>^i'eiidiii^ 13 lent. 140. 7-140.0 7.j8-74.'i IT Kails [;e,s (the two deeliarges being ineluded) I llii' Lake of the Woods and Lake Winnijie;;. 5.; I ■ 152 E OLACIAI. LAKE AnASSI/ IN MANITOBA. SA8KATCIII)\V.\X HIVKlt. I'rniii surveys ot' tlio Ciinadiaii Piicit'K! Kiiilway; of tlie (iociln;;ii';ii .^^J Natural History Siirve> oC ( 'aiiada, by Dr. O. M. Dawson, It. (1. Mi'Connell, ani J. D. Tyrroll; and oftlio Assiniboine and Sa.'^katchewiin Explorini; K\-|ieiliii,|||l by II. Y. Hind. t'oi't ;lbf.vc llicsca. ]?(i\v Hiver at the (rap, whore it issiios from the Rocky Mountains, about 1l'1"i 15ow Rivor at Calyrary, nioulh of tlie Kll)ow River X)'A] " at tlie niackt'oot ( rossin;:, ni-ar tlio centre of '!'. L'l, R. L'l L'VC. Belly River at th(>"( oal lianks," Lethliridjio l'71: ("onthuMice of the Uow and I'.elly Rivers, foniiin!: tiie South !SasUatch(<.wan :':'|j South Saskatchewan River at Medicine Hat, low and liinh water LM:'.7-ji w South Saskatchewan River at mouth of Red Door l{ivt»r.... lii.is " in T. L".', R. IS, lnn._'. los' 1.'7'. . .. KSj at the Klliou- Kii'i North Saskatchewan River at Rocky Mountain House and mouth uf Clearwater River, about lU'iii North Saskatchewan River at mnulh of Iirazeau l{iv<»r •26'\' '• at biir coal seam ('.'7 feet thick, but includins; two feet of .slialel, (loose I'lncampmenl, Ion;.'. 1 i-i':!o' 'j;!!': North Saskatchewan River at proposed iTossin^' of the ori^rinal line of tlie ( nmidiaii I'acilic Railway, lon>r. Ill' L'l:''! North Saskatchewan River al l!dni(inloM, about L'lii«i Kdmonton, 'J'>0 feet above hi;_'h water level of th(( ri\cr, about -'-'Ill Nortli Saskatchewan River at N'icloria, lUMr mouths of K^i; and Smoky Creeks l^:i North Saskatchewan al I'ort I'itt 17.': .Tniiction of the South and North Saskatchewan Rivers, estimated l-H" ( 'edar halve '^'.'1 Cross l.ake ^1" II(>ad anil foot of (irand rapids of the Saskalrhcwan, extending from about four and a half to two miles above its mouth ^fall stated by Hini)roxi- matdy 70S-7I;! IBA, if the Goolii;^ic;il m,^ , U. (1. McCoiiiu'll.an,! Ex|>loriiii; Hx|ioiliii„„J Fei't abnvti I lit' ?.•;,. ( Uoi'ky f.'i:. 3;i!«) tre of T. •.'.■.' i:, •.'7i: ue South 'J-.'l'J iml hi'^li 2i:;7-'JlM Uvor.... V.i'i^ IGl'.i o\iso and ;n.Mi iv«r -ii:ir ■I't thick, inipinont, 'S.V'l 'Z lit' tho l,mL'. lit' -.'i:- ■jHllli lu< ri\or, :-.'li|ii->\('sk Lake on Nelson Uiver fioiu lat. 55" to .').") liii', alioiit 5ti5 oraii'l rapid, "a descent of about tifiecii feet in tlio form o'' a steep chiito," four ndles sotitli of Split Lake, about 40(1-4-15 Split bake, in hit. 50 15' to 5(>';i5'', about 44(i (iiill bake, eijihteen inilea below (east-norttioast of) Split l.aUe, about - 41.MI Twi'Kc-l'eet chute, Ibrty-tlirce miles below (east ofi (iuU bake, about Jiut-lsS Todt of Hroad rapiil, " two miles wide, and full of kuolis aiul little ridj.'es of ;:neiss," ((xtendini: ti\o miles next below till" 't'we.lve-feet chute, or 11('> to 111 miles from the iii.xith of Nelson Uiver, about I'Jo b^t lif l''irsl or Lowest Limestone rapid, about ninety miles \! l.AKH si I'lOKIOl! TO illli ItocKV MOl STAINS. I From ii'ports of N. 11. Winchell, II. Y. Hind, G. M. I'awson, R. (i. ^b■f 'onnell, J.! I he I". !^. Northern riouudary Commission; referred to sea level by ti.iarisini witii railway surveys. Feet iilmvo till' Sl'll. Lake Superior, mean, (102; extreme low and Uifih water, i|i|iroxinuitely 5!M)-t)(i4 Mniuitain f-ake, at head of I'ijieon Uiver R'52 N'Uih bake, at head of Arrow Uiver 1535 Water divide on the boundary, between South and North bakes 1573 Niirth bake, at head of waters drainint^ to Kainy Lake loLi5 iiuiilliiit Lako 1530 SuL'atiaira I^ake ll^iS I ittor I'raek Lake 11120 Knife bake 1322 Hassw I khI Lake 1 244 l.ai' la t'roix (or Nequauiiiion Lake) llSti Naniekau Lake 1 12(> Kaiiiy Lake, mean, 1117; low and high water, approxi- iiKitelT 1115-1120 11 i'lll 154 E QLACIAIi LAKE AOASSIZ IN MANITOBA. s ,1 'Si i F-l :,l,„v,. ' 111' W,-|. Lake of the Wonds, mean, 1000; low and liigli ' ator, ai)proximately Ii'"i7 l(ii,:i Kidge twelve miles fartlior wost, forming tlio divide on tlio lionndary botween the Lake of tlio Woods and Kosoau Lake Ifws I'ine River liM; Roseau f.ako, about I11411 Ridtre three miles west of Line liiver |(i;ii Roseau River at I'ointo d'Orme ; Kmerson 7:"i Red River, ordinary staixe, 7"iL' ; low and hi),'li water 717 T'-T Gretna s:''i I'eniliina Mountain, base and top lii:;n- i.",iiii II::. i:.4n i:.-.M .'iii«i-'j:,:;4 li,:,n I'endiina River, approximately ( ienoral level of tlie adjoinint: country, .about Lae des Roches in North I'nkota, and divide between tiiis lake and liad^rer Creek in >Linitolia, about Turtle Mountain, airiirdiii^r to Dr. < i. .M. Lawson's map.... arcordiii).' to protile in rejiort of tiie L'. S. Ili.tindary ( '(ininiission Souris River, lirst cro.'isinf.', about •• .second crossiuj.', aliout ■ • • Coteau (111 .Miss(juri, base and crest H'Oii jHh Wood Mouutiiin, hiirliest iHirtion on tlic; boundary J:).j(>-:;n7.", " north of the boundary :;:i,"iii W I lite .Mud River •.'.■|.".u lionndary I'iateau liooii ;;.;",ii East fork of Milk River ■.'7h Wild Ilonse Lake Milk River, probably about West Rutte, the liiyliest of the Sweet (irass HilLs or Three JSnttes Kasl I'.utte Trail from Fort I'.enton tn Fort .Ma'Leod North I'.ranch of Milk River one mile north of the boundary, lonv'. llo" Eastern base ol tho R(jcky .Mountains, lout;. ILiJo', about... Waterton Lake (or Chief -Mountain Lake), crossed by the boundary in long. n;i.">'J', in the east edge of the Rocky -Mountains Rocky .M(juntains, summits in the vicinity of this lake, on the ciiitjnental water-shed 7,7iOO-li I'NlU ii4\; (ijiiii -ii;; 4.")Uii L'T. A. ! lie JO;l. ' ator, liCiT^lor,:; on the Roseau Hwn hm: 104m In'.ii 7 S'J'.I l(i:',(i-i:iiiii ll'j:, K.-lH mn tliis IVJn [iu- r. s. •_'iMi(i-'i:i:'4 lli.ln Uun I'Klli ■JU" •JJ.'ilK'.iCi .... ilooti '.'.PM ;jiHiii "I'.'.'iii ■:-,'.<« •JSiii L'tifiii (ir Tliree ii4v; liJIIH \yi'r muhiry, '.. 4i:. Ulinlll... -I""'" 11 h\ till! In' Uni-Uy IL'4". lake, "111 7,oOo-iii;i"" .■] APPENDIX n. 155 E UilUTliiNM. ALIITUnES IN MANITOIi.\ AND AD.JOININC I'oUTIONS 01' CANADA. Mostly t'li'in reports of tlie Geoloj^ieal and Natural History Survey of Canada; |. ' „ I'lirreited approximately by (comparison with the Survey of the Canadian IpvMii Kailwav. If*'"^ ' ■ Fceti.bovc the .sea. i.iiko Nipitron (040 feet deep near Echo IJook) 915 rviirt'>sions in tlm line of water-sln^l northwest of 1-ake Superior 15(KI-17.")0 |,„,icly Lake l Lae Scul) 1-^-' Tlii.i altitude, ileterniined in^aint .loscpli i mean of ten baronvtrie observations on asnianydays) 1172 |,;,kt' l.ansdownc, near the head of the Attawapishkat llivt^r, al'iiiit 'MO i.ukc Saint Martin 704 l.jikc Manitoba iiietermined by levelling; by II. S. 'rreheme, .iSaiiiL I'aul, Mimi.), mean, 8(Ht ; low and hi;;h water, a].|in)ximately SdS-SLI i;ik(' W'innipi^giisis, mean, .SL'S ; low and hiiili water, a]i|irc)ximately Si'j-SlU l.,ikc Kanphin s:Vi? MMiii Lake, about S(;(i? jiiviilc between Lake WinniiK^jjosis and Cedar Lake S7T)? I (■liar Lake, on the Sa.«katchewan SL'4 JVml'iiia Nbiuntain, erest of the escarpment 1400-1T)00 T:,vi Hills ir,on-l(i()0 I'.iu' Ti^'er Hill, north of Lan^r's Valley, about Ui40 Krand.in Hills l.j.'iO-ltJOO Kiiliii;.' Mountain, about 2000 liii.k Mountain 2;iOO-27no Tlmna.'r Hill lUOO I liurchill Uiver, 105 miles Irom its mouth, in the direction S 'XV W. (astr.), at the month of the Little Churchill i;i\er 705 W,is-kai-'iw-a-ka Lake, at the head of the Little Churchill i;ivcr !);il) il.iinliill liiver, 2:1 miles above the iiuiuth of the Little ( liurrhill S7S FiL' !Kirtaf;;e, frotn the Clmrchill Kiver to the liakeof the \V(Mids, at tlio head of a chain of lakes and streams ll iwin^ soutliward to the .Saskatchewan, estimated 1200 ifdlltiwint; altitudes, from Isle i\ la Crosse Lake to Lake Athabasca, which ierp iii^teil as determined by Sir John Kichnrdson (Arctic Kxptdition in ■rii (■/ Sir .Idltn l'r(thkiin), probably riMpiire an average addition of about 200 l5fiE OLACIAIi LAKF, AQASSIZ IN MANITOBA. Fit't alv.vel till' sen. Tfelo ii la '"'I'osse Luke, on tlio Cliurchill River v:m Tlionre southward to Ciirltoii House on the North Haskatchewaii, ahoi seventy miles above the junction of the South and North Saskatohcwim Hive [estimated 1200 feet f.hove tlie sea], Richardson reports a descent of alium i hundred feet, across "an undulating countrj', but without any inurk^ acclivity." Professor Macoun states that Isle !\ la Crosse, Clear, and Buffalo Likes "aj on the same level," beinjr stajrnant water filled with ;;roen scum in suniiiiov, Methy Lake or Lac la Locho 14',)0 '' " (according; to Captain Lefroy, cited by Richardson) l.jOfi Summit of Methy jwrta^re (also called l'orta!j;o la Loche and the liOni? I'ortiige), on the water-shed between the Churchill and Athabasca Rivers 1.")5g The " Cockscomb," on this portajje at the, crest of the blull' descend '.ig to the Clearwater River, tributary to the Athalx.sca 15r,4 Clearwater Rivor at the north end of this portasre OOfi Lake Athabasca liOfi Altitudes determined by Dr. G. M. Dawson show the present height oil glacial lake bed now drained by the Peace River, and of its probat'le avenues of outflow southeast to Lake Agassiz, as follows : Peace River at Dun>e^'aii li'.nii Top of river-bluff one mile from Cunvegan I'lmi General level of the country in this vicinity '.'am i Area of lacustrine silt in the basin of the Peace River 2000--'.">(iii The valley of this part of the river, eight or Hino hundred feet deep, is eroj in a vast plain, from wliich, according to Richardson, '' the Rocky Jloimy are not visible, and no range of hills aeets the eye." Water-shed between Peace River and Lesser Slave Lake. . . 'li?,Ol Water-shed between Tow-ti-now River, a tributary of the Athabasca, and the North Saskatchewan, on the trail from Athabasca Landing to Edmonton 24551 COBA. Fci'tnlyivsl tliosea. j IMi h Saskatcliewnn, abo| ill Saskatclu'waii Uiva s a descent nf alxiiit t\j without any marki and Buffalo L;Lki's"a sen scum in suinmpi', U'.i'i a Lefroyi lofin jodie and vveon the VM r the bluff iry to the ,.'. io:.4 , 90(1 (iOO j he present heiirlit of j and of its proljal'le i rs : \m j 2100 -im ver 2000-2onii 1 adred feet deep, is eroj 1, " the Rocky MouutJ •a Lake... 24:!u| iry of the 1 the trail 24So| Gi LA