Ax. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IM IIIM IM 112,2 e IM ^ 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 16 •4 6" — 9>~ V] ^ % /} /a a >^Sv oiw O^ . / y /!!« Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7)6) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductioni Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checiced below. L'Institut a microfiimd le meilleur exernplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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Taking the map as a guide we travel along the coast- line of the Dominion, from the fire-devastated town of Wind- ♦Parliament Hill is a very appropriate name. The hills were the ancient places of meeting for conference on public affairs. Thus Mote Hill, near Scone in Scotland, had the famous scone stone on which th«^ Kings of Scotland were crowned and on which, since its removal to Westminster Abbey, during 6 centuries 27 Sovereigns of England and of Great Britain have been crowned. Moot Hills abound in England, and Ludlow means " the people's hill." Parliament is French for talk. Hill is Anglo-Saxon. Parliament Hill exactly suits the condition of t^l)i$ 4oubleraced, doubly blessed C{vnA<3f(^ of ours, ii. sor, N. S., along both sides of the meadow-decorated Minas Basin and the tide-scotircd Bay of Ftnidy ; ronnd rock-ribbed Nova Scotia ; aronnd the island-sentinelled (inlf of St. Law- rence ; along the Labrador coast that has witnessed for cen- tnries the gay or gloomy procession of icebergs, torn from their colossal cradle of the North and hurried by the Polar current to their grave on the submerged shores of the Gulf Stream ; arotnid ^he silent Hudson Bay with its ice-fringed coasts ; along th Arctic* littoral, the very home and throne of our " Our Lady of the Snows ; " and adown the Pacific shores over which the Kitfo-shca^ pours its tempering heat and abundant moisture. Everywhere we find names of islands, of gulfs, bays, coves, harbours, inlets, canals and other inden- tations of the coast-line — also by the thousand. We have thus many thousands of place-names to deal with, and every name has a meaning. It had an origin and it has a significance. To those interested in the study of place-names, the ques- tions naturally arising are (ist) " who gave the name," (and) " why was the name given ?" To answer the first question would be to sketch with more or less of detail the place-name Fathers of Canada. Missionaries and navigators, saints and sinners, lordly rulers and humble porters, politicians and civil servants, sovereigns and speculators, explorers and store-keepers, surveyors and rail- way presidents — English, Basques, Portugese, Spaniards, French and Indians — have scattered, with profuse hand, place- names in every part of the Dominion. To tell about those who have taken a prominent part in the place-name giving of Canada would be to tell of Cabot, Denys, Hudson ; Cartier, Champlain, Roberval ; Drake, Gil- bert, Cook, Vancouver ; Breboeuf, Rambault, Albanel ; Veran- drye, Mackenzie, Frazer ; the Simpsons, George and Thomas ; La Salle, Marquette, JoUiet, Thompson, Henry; Rae, Simcoe, Guy and Thomas Carleton ; Bayfield, Desbarres, Commander Bolton ; Perley of New Brunswick, Geo. M. Dawson, William Ogilvie, Robert Bell ; W. D. LeSueur, A. P. Low, R. G. Mc- Connell ; J. B. Tyrrell, W. C. Van Home and man}- others, *The Arctic ocean received its nauie from the Gi'eek word Arktos, a bear, on account of the northern constellations of the Great and Little Bear — which sparkle in its waters. Our Great Bear Lake derives its name from the same source. tThe Black Current so called from its dark blue color which con- trasts with the green of the ocean through which it flows. Kuro-Siwa is a Japanese >vord, 111. who during; four ceiiturit's luive been the place-name fatlicrs of the country, on a larj^c scale. It would be to tell of the Browns, the Smith.s, the Joneses, the Robin.sons and all the other individuals who became "men of light and leading" in a thousand Canadian communities, whose virtues are perpet- uated in the vSmithvilles, the Bell's Corners, the Bellevieux Coves, the Baker's settlements, etc., and who, by their super- ior energy or by accidental environment, have given their names to many of our Post Offices. I made a count of these and found that there are over 500 post offices in the country whose names correspond to those of the Post Masters actually ministering to the demands of the .several communities for epistolary correspondence and for the ever-welcome family newspapers. Such stories of the place-name fathers, great and small, would be replete with interest to young and to old alike, each having its full .share of moving incident by sea and by land, by flood or by field. With Cabot, on board the Matthew^ we would have to scout along the .shores of north-east Canada, now cautiously entering unknown straits, now exultingly .sailing into broad and deep harbours, disturbed by many storms of wind, but happily undisturbed by the vapourings of a Harrisse or the disquisitions of a Dawson on the landfall question. With Basques and Portugese we would have to visit almost surrep- titiously (modern fi.shermen-like), rivers .such as the St. Law- rence and Miramichi, and follow porpoi.se and whale far nj) their courses. With Cartier we would have to venture through the gloomy portals of the Saguenay and pass through the forest-lined waters of the great river, giving names to frown- ing clifT.s, heated bays, luxuriant islands and glorious promon- tories. With Vancouver we would have to wander, on board the " Discovery " or the " Chatham," amidst the floods and mazes of the Straits of Georgia — now sweeping on under full sail, now moving cautiously and heaving the lead at every point, and now making preliminary explorations in cutter and rowboat, watching the water for hidden rocks and shoals and the land for ambushed natives. With Wm. Baffin or John Davis, or Martin Frobisher* or Henry Hudson or Luke Fox or George Back or Capt. Dease or Edward Perry or John Franklin or Francis McClintoch or Thos. Simpson, we would * Whose tomb in St. Giles Churcli was threatened by the great fire in London, Nov. 1897. IV. have to push our perilous way auioug the ice-floes ot the Arctic slope of our country ; study the Aurora-Borealis race in that part of the world where, in their most gorgeous garbs, they most rapidly flit ere you can point their place ; and endure the monotony of a six months' day and a six months' night as the compass of our year.* With Champlain we would have to traverse the unknown Ottawa, watch the Indians offering tobacco f to their deities on the rocks of the Chaudiere Falls, follow the " trough " to Nipissing, and, after many vicissitudes of fortune, gaze upon the vvaters of the Mer Douce (Lake Huro7i) and of the other Great Lakes. With Verandrye we would have to make journeys full of perils f/om Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg, and thence along the rivers of the plains. With Sandford Fleming]: we would have to cross from " Ocean to Ocean " by unknown paths over the mountain ranges of British Columbia. With Geo. M. Dawson and Wm. Ogilvie, we would have to enter the Yukon region, watch McConnell make a micrometer survey of the Stikine, and Ogilvie secure chronometer longi- tudes for the establishment of the boundary line, and help Dawson name Mounts Lome and Lansdotcne and Logan and Jubilee and a score of other places — shoot, with these explorers, the White Horse Rapids, and scale the Chilkoot or the Chil- kat Pass — chilled to the bone. With Dr. Robert Bell we would have to foot it in the inhospitable country of Nipigon or of Baffin Land, or in the hydrographic basin beyond the sources of the Ottawa river, where tlie 7/^7/ river tintinnabulates through golden sands into Rupert Bay, where Mount Lauricr lifts high its crest, and where Lake Beatrix recalls Lord Lans- downe's gentle dattghler and her brilliant marriage ceremony of a month ago. Under the guidance of J. B. Tyrrell we would have to penetrate the Barren Lands and discover and name in 1893 the (reikie River, 900 miles long, " in honor of Professor James Geikie of Edinburgh, who has done so much to foster the study of glacial geology." •For the effect of these voyages on English literature see Sedgwick, Atlantic Monthly, March, 1808. +Mr. Moncure Conway says that a true history of tobacco would be a history of English and American liberty. jSir Sandford Fleming, K.O.M.G., gave many of the place-names along the Intercolonial Ry., named all the stations along the C P. R. from East of Lake Superior to Winnipeg and is memorized in the place- name Fleming in Assiniboia. V. With Sir William Van Hornc* we would have to toil and struggle to provide the thousand place-names which had to be selected in connection with the naming of the stations of the C. P. Ry. Plenty of cares, many stripes of pain, much vain wrest- ling with mosquitoes and cold and heat and privations of many kinds ; many Nansen-like experiences. But what a host of place-names we would have heard given by these Fathers of our Place-nomerclature. We would have to follow in their devious wandering not alone the men who have been named, but also the Aboriginal Indians (the "naturals," Rev. Richard Hakluyt styled them) as their moccasined feet threaded the way through pathless forests, or their marvellous canoes and their matchless snow- shccs carried them along the streams and plains in their hunt for the sturgeon and the striped or white or blue or black bass and for the beaver, the buffalo, the moose or the caribou, and watch them as with wonderful insight they discover the great topographical features of the country and apply their names of music to them. We must (however reluctantly) give up()n this occasion, the idea of following the though: trails suggested by the ques- tion " Who gave the place-names of Canada,"and confine our- selves to the query : " Why was the name given ?" Isaac Taylor says " there are only about 300 German grund-ivortcr (root words) which, variously combined with the bcstimumngs-zvortcr (designativc words) constitute the 500,000 names which are found upon the map of Germany." No such clue have we to guide us through the labyrinth of our place nomenclature. With us the first step is to ascertain whether the name is enchorial or is foreign — is local, indigenous, and with the flavour of the soil clinging to it ; or has come to us — as bananas and sardines and lemons and ostrich feathers come — from abroad; is, in fact, home-made, or is an imported article. We have borrowed place-names, as well as money, from Great Britain — in the one case as in the other sometimes wisely and oftentimes foolishly. When we called a place Sud- *Hn)l)iil)ly the place-natiie Father with the most nuinerons progeny of all the placciiaini' l^'athers Canada has ever had, though Dr. R(»l)err I Jell is a close second, if he does not take first place, having some 1,2(X) pl.tce name:! tu his credit iu the variou8 regious he haa explored. VI. btiry we did a foolish thing seeing that it means Soitlhhoroiigh and has been transplanted to Ontario and given a local habi- tation in the North conntry, contrary to all the regnlations of Onomatology. ''^ Mr. Snlte at the last meeting of the Society gave us samples of foolishly selected names, including, as he contends, the place-name of this city — Ottawa. Sir William Van Home mentions Bergen as a singularly inappropriate place-name, being situated in the middle of a great plain of Manitoba, while the original Bergen is a seaport of Norway surrounded by high mountains. Every feature in the new place is the direct opposite of the old place — the one a moun- tain-begirt town, the other a plain-encompassed village ; the one washed by the briny ocean — and if you want to know what that means read Robert Stevenson's tale of the " Merry Men" — the other without any water, fresh or salt, in it ; the one a great entrepot for fish and fish products, the other scarcely seeing a fish from one year's end to another. A few months ago the Royal Society of Canada afiixed a tablet to the Province Building in Halifax to commemorate the connection of the Venetian merchant fwith our country. The plan adopted in this case has been a favorite for man)- years ; only the tablets have taken the form of place-names derived from surname, christian name and title of persons who in some way or other have been associated with Canada. Our borrowings in this line have been extensive. Very few Lords of Plantations, Secretaries of War (when these were also Secretaries for the Colonies) and Secretaries and Under-Secretaries for the Colonies (since 1854) have escaped the seaj^hing place-name hunter called upon to baptize the new township or county or village with a name that will suf- ficently identify it. Of the 108 of these functionaries who have administered our affairs in the Imperial Government since 1 768, I failed to find among our place-names, Castlc- reagh, Hicks-Beach, Chamberlain, Ball, Pirbright, Meade, Pauncefote and Bramston — 8 out of 108. Since Jacques Cartier's time Canada has had 300 kings and queens, governors, governors-general and lieutenant-gov- *S()rnetimes a great and important fact is «Miitt;i lined in a plnci'- iiaiue .applied in the reverse <>t' tlie Geographical position. Tims Siitherlandshire occupies a far North place on 1 lie nmp of the Island <.>t Great Britain though it means the South land. Hie name was evi- dently given by persons living north of Great i3ritain ; probably the. Norwegian settlers of the Orkney Islands gave it. tCabot is appropriately memorized in Cabot Si raits- t he water pat- sage between Newfoundland and Cape Breton, \ Vll. le, vi- It*. ernors, including my old friend Lt. Gov. Mclnnes of British Columbia and the latest appointed, Sir Oliver of Ontario. From them we have drawn the place-names of about 60 of our electoral districts and of several scores of our minor sub- divisions. Halifax, Osborne, Walpole, Pelham,Hardwicke, Granville, Newcastle, Rockingham, Carleton, Dundas, Shelburne, Grenville, Lansdowne, Liverpool, Eldon, Elgin, Canning, Goderich, Melville, Grey, Fox, Palmerston, Melbourne, Brougham, Wellington, Lyndhurst, Peel, Lytton, Stanley, Gladstone, Salisbury, Hartington, Russell, Bright, Clarendon, Beaconsfield, Spencer, Pembroke, Oxford, Bedford, Dunk, Sandwich, Mulgrave, Clarence, Somerset, Egmont, Aberdeen — these and several scores more are place-names of Canada given because those for whom they were named were Lords of the Admiralty, Colonial Secretaries Premiers, Secretaries of War, Governors, or other high officials of the Empire. In connection with these names there is wide scope for historical reminiscence having a distinctively Canadian flavor. In the same way and for the same reasons, the sovereigns of Great Britain and their sons and daughters are memorized in Canadian place-names. We have King's Counties and Queen's Counties and Georgetowns and Williamsburgs, and Louises and Albert Edwards and, (illustrative of the compara- tive }'outh, as well as of the abounding loyalty of the country,) we have 30 Victorias and Victoria Beaches, Peaks and Dales. From French statesmen, governors, etc., we have bor- rowed our place-names of Jacques-Cartier, Roberval, Cham- plain, Montmagny, Coulonge, Lauzon, Frontenac, Vaudreuil, Longueuil, Beauharnois, LaTour, Chambly, Bonaventure, Montcalm, Marquette, Provencher, Laval, Iberville, Levis, Lotbiniere, Richelieu, Charlevoix, Montmorency, Nicolet, Soulanges, Vercheres — the mention of which names calls up the long succession of able men justly held in sweet remem- brance by our F'rench brothers. I do not know how better to illustrate this feature of our place-naming than to take British Columbia and New Brunswick as examples, presenting each in the form of a monograph. a*- |i ! lA BRITISH COLUMBIA FROM THE PLACE-NAME FOINT Ofc' VIEW. When Columbus set sail from a Spanish Port on the 3rd August, 1492, with three vessels and one hundred and twenty men he believed that he would sight land if he sailed long enough ; and that the land would be the Indies. The Old World path along which connnerce plodded was that which crossed the land at the eastern end of the Mediterranean and thence by the Indian Ocean found its cldorado in the East. Hence, Venice, as the western terminal and distributing point, gained great wealth and aroused the jealousy of Spain and other nations of Western Europe. These sought the Indies by rounding the Cape of Good Hope. Columbus conceived the idea that as the earth was spheroidal in form he could abandon the shore-hugging way of the past and, boldly ven- turing on the wide, unknown ocean, sail on in a westerly course and reach the land of riclies. When he found his way barred by an immense continent, he, Americus Vespucci and others sought along the coast for a passage that would take them to the western shores of the Pacific Ocean, on the east coast of which were the wealth and commodities of the Indies and Cathay, the gold and diamonds and precious stones that had given a magnificent sparkle to all the legends told to the wondering sons and daughters of Western Europe. After them came other navigators who sought to pierce the continent, and in the hope of so doing ranged as Arctic explorers from the Straits of Belle Isle northward to Green- land, sometimes pushing the prows of their vessels into Hamil- ton Inlet and Ungava- Bay ; at others forcing their way into Hudson's Great Bay and all along through the ice-girt islands that now compose the Island Province of the Dominion, the new-born District of Franklin ; or passing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, pushed up the river, past Montreal, past Lachine, past Lakes Ontario, Huron, Superior, and on, still on, seeking the water courses that would carry their ships out into the Pacific and on their way to China and India ; or poking their vessels' noses into every stream and river and gulf from the Bay of Fundy to the Gulf of Patagonia, thinking that in each X. II >l great river or deep indentation they were to make the ^reat discovery that would wrest from the Old World trade-path its pre-eminence and give the western people of Europe their share of the comiiperce that had enriched the Mediterranean coiuitries. Finding no opening in all their search along the shores from Hudson Strait to Magellan Strait, they sailed round the southern end of the continent and turning north- ward painfully began anew their search for the passage of whose existence they were so positive that they called it, in advance of discovery, the Anian Strait. Among the early navigators who searched the western coasts of the continent, one of the earliest was Juan de Fuca, a Greek sailor engaged by the Spanish Government and sent out by the Spanish Viceroy at Acapulco in Mexico, He asserted that he had found the desired passage in the Strait that separates Vancouver Island from the mainland and into which the Fraser River opens its wide mouth. This was in 1592 and we have a reminder of the Greek sailor's trip in the place-name, "Juan de Fuca Straits." Before this effort Ad- miral Drake — the great seaman who took so active a part in the revolution of the i6th Century b\' which the transition from galley warfare to warfare under sail, from the period of oars to the period of sails, was effected, and the further evolu- tion of the British ship of war from its prototype, the Drakar or long ship of the Norsemen, to the " Terrible " type of steam-driven battle-ships, was made possible — in 1579 visited the Northern Pacific Ocean, having with him much plunder of Spanish vessels which he greatly desired to convey to English ports as swiftly and as safely as possible. He went north to the 49th parallel of latitude, found nothing that suggested a passage way through to the North Atlantic, turned the bows of his vessels southward and went to the " Island Kingdom " by way of storm)' Cape Horn, from impalement on which his good seamanship saved him,* In 1774 Juan Perez in command of an expedition of dis- covery sailed from San Bias to head off the Russians then making explorations in the North Pacific Ocean. His instruc- tions were to make land as far north as the 6otli degree of latitude and take possession in the name of the King of Spain. He visited Queen Charlotte Islands and Nootka Sound which he named San Lorenzo^ a name which took no hold but soon *Cape Horn was discovered and named by Scliouten in 1610 after his birth place the town of Horn in the Netherlands. xi. disappeared, being properly swallowed up by the original Indian name. In the next year Perez again made his appear- ance on the coast and took possession of the northwest coast as far as Alaska, not finding, however, any passage ; in fact shrouding whatever discoveries he made in the obscurity of deliberate concealment. His connection with our country is remembered in the place-name Juan Peres Sound in Queen Charlotte Islands.* England now came to the front in the practical way that has made her so successful. She offered a reward of ;^20,ooo to the discoverer of a passage north of the 52nd parallel. In March, 1778, Capt. Cook left the Sandwich Islands on his homeward trip after his voyage of circumnavigation and took the northern course, sighted Cape Flatter}' and concluded his narrative by writing when in latitude 69° 32' ; " We are now upwards of 520 leagues to the westward of any part of Baffin's or Hudson's Bay and whatever passage there may be, it, or at least part of it, must be to the north of latitude 72°. Be- yond naming the places he visited and making a small collection of furs he did little. That little, however, was of great importance. It changed the current of mercantile thought. If there was no passage, there were furs. There was business to be done and if the passage should be foimd well and good. It ceased to be the primary object. In con- sequence, there were the fur-trading explorations of Hanna, of Strange, of Portlock and Dixon, all of 1786; and Barclay's expedition of 1787, accompanying which was Mrs. Barclay, probably the first European woman to visit that part of the North Pacific Coast. Hanna named Sea Otter Sound and Fitzhugh Sound. To Strange we are indebted for Cape Scott^ named after one of the Bombay merchants who fitted out his vessels. Dixon's memory is perpetuated in Dixon Straits and it was he who named Queen Charlotte Islands. Barclay is remembered in Barclay Sound. Other expeditions were that of Meares in 1787-89 whose shipbuilding operations resulted in a quarrel between Spain and Great Britain only settled by a treaty signed at Madrid in 1794 ; the Kendric and Grey Expedition of 1788, the ships in this instance flying the United States flag ; (they named the Columbian River after one of their vessels and thus indirectly gave us the place-name of the Pacific province, British Col- *Anyone who wishes to study the Queen Charlotte Islands from the placp-narae point of view cannot do better than consult Dr. George Pawson's monograph in the Geological Survey Report of 1878-79, >:u. umbia); the Martinez aud Haro expedition, 1789; (they nam- ed Haro Strait for us) ; the Eliza expedition, 1790-95. com- memorated in the place-name Port Eliza ; and the Vancouver expedition, 1791-95 the chief objects of which were to make a vigorous search for the elusive Anian Strait, to fin^ out what settlements had been made by other countries and to take possession of some English property in Nootka Sound. In the meantime the Hudson's Bay Company, since 1670, had been extending their operations from the great bay from which they take their name, westward, till in 1782-3, the Northwest Company entered the field as determined rivals of the older company. One of the officers of this latter com- pany, Alexander Mackenzie, wears double laurels, as the first discoverer of the Mackenzie River and its Arctic Ocean out- let, and as the first white man who went through the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean. Subsequently the great lumber companies explored the b^ys and sounds and inlets in search of easily accessible forest trees, giving their names to many lakes just as in the Ottawa valley the men of the lumber-camps have given the names of many of their "bosses"* to the lake-feeders of the river. Then came the gold discoveries, and then followed the Canadian Pacific Railway. From all these sailors and shoremen, explorers and sur- veyors and lumbermen have come the place-names of British Columbia, many of them being Indian names or adoptions from the Haidahs, the Nootkas and the Shuswaps, the three great families of the Columbian group of aborigines. The marks of them all are upon the shores, the mountains, the islands, and the various forms of water — the rivers, inlets, lakes, gulfs, sounds, canals and arms. As a name-father Capt. Cook is responsible for a number of place-names along the north-west coast of North America. He gave Cape Flattery its name on 22nd March, 1778, because from the lay of the land, " there appeared to be a small open- ing which flattered us with the hopes of finding an harbour." As in this instance Hope told not only a flattering, but what in the honest sea-captain's view was the same, an untruthful tale, he called the promontory Cape Flattery. * The evolution of the word "boss" is interestitifj. it wasorigiiiHlly 6a,'e — the man at the basi* ; tlie man upon whom the enterprise rests. We say " It rests with him to make it a success." The Early Dutch on this continent used the word Baas, and the English^ sounding 4c'*'hoss"^ soon canie to spel) it so, ^ !i xm. He missed Juan de Fuca Straits by being blown to the westward. His next landfall was a place called by him King George's Sound, but which he, later on, suggested should bear the native name of Nootka. There he remained long enough to satisfy himself that the natives were a very superior race, " for," said he, " I must observe that I have nowhere in my several voyages met with any uncivilized nation or tribe who had such notions of their having a right to the exclusive pro- perty of anything that their country produces as the inhabit- ants of this Sound " — a characteristic of us Canadians to this day, whether at the British Columbian or the Nova Scotian end, with all that is between included. Cook sailed for the mainland where he sighted, on the 2nd May, Mount Edge- combe, well within the territory now claimed by the United States as Alaska. He journeyed along till the 26th. October giving place-names right and left — none of them however in Canadian territory — the few he gave along the Nootka Sound territory not surviving ; " Nootka " has overwhelmed Cook's place-name of King George's Sound ; " Point Breakers " has given way to ."Point Maquilla," so named in honor of a native chieft»n with whom Meares had dealings in 1786; while " Woody Point " has been re-baptised " Boulder Point " the woods having disappeared and the boulders having become the prominent feature. iiy As is quite natural, Vancouver is the greatest name- father of the l^ritish Columbian coast. He was one of the early comers. He found an almost virgin soil in which to plant his place-names with very expectation of thelrLtaking root. He was engaged in a task that led him, in prosecuting it, to examine the coast very carefully. He was therefore all the time searching the nooks and crannies of the coast. On the 8th March, 1791, Capt. George Vancouver receiv- ed instructions, signed by Chatham, Hopkins, Hood and J, T. Townsend, to proceed to the Sandwich Islands, winter there and go in the Spring to the North West Coast of North America to obtain accurate information as to other nations who might have settled there and especially to obtain inform- ation for His Majesty's use in respect to the " water commun- ications, which may tend to facilitate an intercourse, for the purpose of commerce, between the North West Coast and the country upon the opposite side of the continent inhabited by XIV. the king-'s subjects." In 1791 His Majesty's .subjects thus referred to were preparing; to separate, Upper from Lower Can- ada, and to hold their first Legislative Assemblies. They were not troubling themselves very much about the passage to China or about a way across the continent by means of water-stretches. They had to hew down the forest, hunt up sweethearts, prepare homes for them and work out the pro- blem of life under many discouragements. But no doubt in many a home in the back-woods as well as in such centres of population as Montreal, (population 20,000,) Quebec and Hal- ifax there were those who waited eagerly for news of the Vancouver expedition round the world. However that may be, Capt. Vancouver sailed out of Falmouth, England, on the ist. April, 1 791, in the "Discovery" accompanied by Lieut. Broughton in the " Chatham." He decided to go by way of the Cape of Good Hope and see what Capetown, then a Dutch Colony, was like and whether it was worth annexing to Great Britain (accomplished four years afterwards.) From the Cape he stretched across the wide sheet of ocean and reached Cape Chatham on 27th September, remaining on the Australian Coast to examine (ieorge Third's Sound. Thence they sailed to Van Dieman Land and New Zealand, leaving on the 22nd. November for the Society Lslands where they remained till the approach of March gave promise of a kindly reception in the North West Coast. This coast was sighted on i8th. April 1792 after a month's run. On the 29th. April Vancouver reached Cape Flattery naming it "Claffet" thinking for the moment that was the name Cook had given it, and passed up the Straits of Fuca coming to anchor in a small bay now known as Neah's Bay, just round the corner from Cape Flat- ter)-. His first place-name was not an attempt to supplant Captain Cook, and some time after, when he learned that " Flattery " was Cook's name for the promontory, he dropped his own and took Cook's place-name. The next day the sharp eyes of his third Lieutenant (Baker) saw a moimtain tower- ing high and covered with snow, and Vancouver at once named it " Mount Baker." Where the vessels anchored for the night the lay of the land reminded Vancouver of the look of Dungeness in the British Channel and accordingly he named the anchorage " New Dungeness." The next day the yawl, the launch and the cutter started off with their occupants to explore the shores. They discovered XV. a larj^e bay protected by an island from the northern winds, and Vancouver jj^ave the bay tlie name of his vessel, " Discov- ery Bay," and called the island " Protection Island;" and then all returned to the ships well pleased with their day's work. The next day he made a circuit of a larj^vr bay and called it " Port Townsend," in honor of one of tlie signers of his letter of instructions. Day after day they pursued their task of discovering, and within a month had examined the huj^e " pocket " with its islets, its baj'S, its basins and had ^iven to the i,8oo miles of coast it included, the general name of " Puget Sound " after Vancouver's second Lieutenant, Peter Puget. By June he was ready to proceed northward and to enter the great internal sea, of which on June 4th, in honor of the King's birthday, he took formal possession and named it, with bumpers, the " Gulf of Georgia." Thus far he had named Hood's Canal after Rt. Hon. Lord Hood, another signer of his letter of instructions ; Port Orchard, after one of his men ; Vashon Island, after " my friend Capt. Vashon of the navy ;" Restoration Point, because the day they saw it was the day commemorative of " that memorable event, the restoration of Monarchy and of King Charles II as its representative ;" and Penn Cove " in honor of a particular friend." Then during July and till August 25th, he was busy exploring and naming the hosts of islands, passages, inlets, &c., between Grey's Point and Cape Scott, the north west point of Vancouver Island. A glance at a good map will show that the 64 days were busy days. At Point Grey (named for Capt. Grey of the U. S. vessel " Columbia ") he found two Spanish vessels engaged in surveying the straits, for Spain had her e\'e upon the region. Vancouver's courtesy was equal to theirs,and he called Galiano and Valdes Islands after the Commanders of these two vessels. Then he went on northward, ever seeking to find some inlet that would connect with the great inland sea, which in turn would bring the Atlantic Coast of North America within close distance to the Pacific and, thus supply the opportunity to establish that north west passage believed so firmly by many to exist. He explored and named (after Sir Harry Burrard of the Royal Navy) Burrard Inlet, upon a magnificent headland of which the fine city of Vancouver is built, a memorial, on the. mainland, ot the great sea captain. He named Atkinson Point after a " particular friend ;" An7>il Island " because of its shape ;" Point Uprcood " for an early friend ;" Howe Sound ^ for Admiral Earl Howe ; Jcrvis Inlet^ XVI. for Admiral vSir John Jervis ; Scotch Fir Point, because of tlic first firs they liad seen, rc'iniiidinj^ tliein, in the midst of a flora very different to that of tlieir Island home, of vScotland ; Harwood and vSavary Islands for *'old friends;" Johnstone vStraits and Hrou^hton vStraits and Island and Mnd^^e Cape and Hanson Island and Haker Passage to signalize his con- fidence in his officers, while the "middies" were not forgotten, as Hardwick Island and Points Duff and (lordon and other place-names prove. Nelson Island he named after " Captain Nelson of the Navy " — a seaman whose fame was within a few years to start ringing down the centuries. Thurlow Island and Chancellor Passage commemorate the great Chancellor of 17H3, while Loughborough Inlei recalls Thur- low's alternating Chancellor, Alexander Wedderburn, Lord Loughborough. Vancouver sighted the coast on the i8th April and rounded the northern point of Vancouver Island on the 27th August, and between these dates had given to more than a hundred places names which most of them retain to this day, a few having been changed after the United States, by the Oregon Treaty, secured a portion of the coast explored by Vancouver. On his second voyage Vancouver sighted the coast of Vancouver Island on the i8th May, 1793, and after a few days set out to continue the survey of the mainland coast and returned to Nootka on Sept. 2nd, a period of three and a half months, during which he gave about 200 place-names and confirmed a dozen or more that had been given by previous explorers. He appears to have proceeded upon much the same plan as in his previous examination of the grandest archipel- ago the world possesses, that between the mainland of British Columbia and Oregon and the Island of Vanco^iver. Cape Caution, he so named as a warning to all future navigators to take special care when in its vicinity. Oardner Canal he named after Vice Admiral Gardner, who was in command of the station at Jamaica when Vancouver was there and who reported favorably of him, mentioning him to Lord Chatham and the Admiralty. Behm Canal after Major Behm " in recollection of the weighty obligations conferred by him on the officers and men of the Resolution and Discovery while whil'^ at Kamtchatka in 1779" ; New Eddystone, because the rock looked like that on which the Eddystone light is perched ; Escape Point and Traitor Cove, because the treacherous xvti natives attacked liiiii in tlit- last and bccansc he and his men effected tlieir escape from the first named. The j^reat luhnnnd Burke, the centenary of whose deatli was observed hist niontli (Nov. 1897) whose claim to renown is that he was a leadinjij actor in the four hij^h traj^edies of his time — the revolt of America, the insurrection in Ireland, the mis).^overnment of India and the revolution in France — Hurke has his tablet in our place-name of Hurke Canal jj^iven by Vancouver ; and this is so far as I can discover the only one assigned to him in Can- ada. From the part he took as advocate and agent of the 13 American colonies, Burke was not a favorite with the United Empire Loyalists who were givinjj; place-names in Canada and the F^astern Provinces during- the period of his greatest ac- tivity. Point Higgins he named after His Excellency Senr. Higgins de Vallenar, President of Chili, in "commemoration of kindness" shown him. Point Wales (west point of Obser- vation Island) after, he writes, " my much esteemed friend, Mr. Wales, of Christ's Hospital, to whose kind instruction in the early part of my life 1 am indebted for that information which has enabUd ww lo lra\erse ;iiul (h-lineate these lonely regions." While the early Luvalisls in Prince ivdward ConiUy on the northern shores of Lake Ontario were doing honor to King George III by using the christian names of his fifteen child- ren for place-names, Vancouver, animated by the same thought was naming in honor of his King such places as Point Sophia, Point Augusta, Point Frederick, Point Amelia, Point Adol- phus, Point Mary and Cape Edward. Port Fidalgo was named by Vancouver after Senr. Fidalgo who had visited the place in 1790 and bestowed several place-namvs in remembrance of his friends, but had omitted to use his own name. Vancouver thought such modesty should have its reward, and with liis usual broad minded gen- erosity rescu7ed Fidalgo from oblivion by giving the port his name. Port Countess, one might readily suppose was named after some lady of that rank who had done a kindness to tlie ever-grateful sailor. It was really named in honor of Capt. Countess "of ^/w Navy," as Vancou- ver always refers to it, as if there were no other nav)- worthy his thought. Cape Hamond, far up on the North west coast of this continent, Vancouver named after Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, some time Governor of Nova Scotia and landed pro- prietor of New Brunswick, who thus has the honor of having his name attached to places and rivers in the far West Pacific and in the Atlantic Provinces, In Point Couverain, Vancou- XVIII ^1^ ver perpetuated the "name of the seat of my ancestors." In Point Hunter he showed his regard for " my very particular friend and physician," Dr. Hunter. In Cape Henry and Englefield Bay he commemorated his " regard for my much esteemed friend, Sir Henry Englefield." Cape Decision he so named because he there decided that this cape formed the north west continental point, as Cape Flattery formed the south west point of the archipelago. On Sept. 5th. 1793, the great name-father of the coast of North West America reach- ed Nootka and sailed off to the Sandwich Islands there to winter. On April 14th. 1794 he returned to finish his survey and signalized his return by naming Point Woronzow in hon- our of the Russian Ambassador at the British Court. Lynn Canal he named after " the place of my nativity, Lynn in Norfolk." About the 53rd. degree of north latitude one can find on a good map Mussel Canal, Carter Bay, and Poison Cove. These names commemorate one of the few deaths that occurred during Vancouver's lengthy absence from England. One fine June morning Mr. Barrie of Vancouver's vessel, the " Discovery," went with three seamen in a boat to explore an inlet. When they reached a cove they found and ate some shell-fish. They were soon attacked with numbness in their faces and extremities ; then their whole bodies became numb. Mr. Barrie, alarmed at the symptoms, recommended them to " pull for dear life," as violent exercise would induce perspira- tion. The three sailors bent to their oars and, like the sturdy British seamen they were, they " pulled for the shore." On landing, one uf them. Carter by name, rose to get out of the boat, but sank down. He was tenderly cared for by the officer and his two mates who had to a considerable degree recover- ed, but he grew worse and died at mid-day on the pebblje shore, ministered toyto the end,by his staggering comrades, wea"^ and faint but dauntless in their dire extremity. Vancouver mourned the loss of a "true man and a good sailo^," and gave the three names in commemoration of the event. Wooden Rock, off Cape Ommancy, is a sailor's monument to a brother sailor. Wooden, who there fell overboard and was drowned in the swirling tide. In his log Vancouver wrote he was " a good man and an active sailor." Point Conclusion indicates that the task was done and that the great seaman may now turn the bows of his vessels homeward. On his way out he names Cape Addington after the " Speaker of the House of Com- mons" and reached Nootka on September and ; leaves on i6th October 1794 and arrives in the Thames 20th October, 1795, to XIX find that without any solicitation on his part he has been gazetted a Post Captain. In B. Cohimbia the C. P. Railway people have given us Field after D. D. Field of the U. S. family of Fields to which Cyrus of Atlantic Cable fame belonged ; Mount MacDonald, after Sir John of glorious memory ; Mount Agnes, after our one Baroness, Agnes of Earnescliffe ; ReveLtoke, after Lord Revelstoke, one of the Barings ; Mount Stephen, to com- memorate George Stephen, who has taken it as his title ; Mount Sir Donald, to keep in remembrance for future gener- ations the Donald Smith whose unwavering faith in the rail passage — the real Anian passage — never faltered even when the fortunes of the C. P. R. were at their lowest point. They or others have given us Mount Cartier, Mount Tilley, Mount Begbee — and have incidentally presented us with a very good idea, viz., the appropriation of our mounts as memorials of the Fathers of Confederation. We have enough to go round and leave lots for the premiers of Canada, for our great scientists, historians and poets. NEW BRUNSWICK FROM A PLACE-NAME POINT OF VIEW. In 1757 the township of Cumberland was formed and named after Fort Cumberland, the name given by Col. Moncton to the French Fort Beausejour after its surrender in 1755. It was a strip of land fourteen miles wide and extend- ing from Cumberland Basin to Bay Verte — the whole distance across the isthmus of Chignecto which connects Nova Scotia with New Brunswick. In 1759 the growth of population in Nova Scotia to the south and to the north of the isthmus led the Nova Scotian Kxecutive Council to create a new county embracing all the population north of Kings County on the Basin of Minas. The new county taking, its name from the fort and settlement around it, was called Cumberland, and embraced all the present Province of New Bruns- wick, XX In 1765 the Nova Scotian Council divided the county of Cumberland, leaving the north shore as far as Bay Chaleur to its former local connection and constituting the River St. John region and all west of it another county to which was given the name of Sunbury. The origin of the name is lost. The townships created in Sunbury at that date were Burton, Conway, Francfort, Gagctown, Maugersville, and New Town. Burton was named after Brigadier-General Ralph Burton who had a good deal to do with Quebec after Wolfe had con- quered on the Plains of Abraham, as our good friend Dr. Brymner has shown. Conway after Henry S. Conway, he and the Duke of Grafton being Secrctdries of State in the Rockingham Administration formed in 1 765 ; Francfort^ probably so named from the French fort ; Gagetozvn after General Thomas Gage, who was the principal land-owner there. Maugersville after Joshua Manger, whose name is first on the list of grantees of land in that township. Neiv Toivn is, of course, descriptive. There are, then, of the men influential enough to have their names given to their respective townships — Burton, Conway, Gage and Manger. Of these four, Manger would be the most influential. He was wealthy, had a distillery in Halifax, where Manger's Beach still perpetuates his memory, and was engaged in large financial transactions with the Government. Thus in the Dominion Archivist's report for 1894, mention is made of the fact that the Lords of Trade writing to Acting- Governor Belcher in 1763 inform him that, when money is required, he is to apply to Manger or his agent in Halifax, drawing on the Treasury in his favor. In 1764 Manger was wrothy with the Lords of Trade and all the officials, and de- clared that, if he "does not get back the money, he will petition Parliament," " one good effect of which, " he says, " if there is no other, will be to warn people against advancing money on account of Government." His complaint appears to have secured the support of Chief Justice Belcher ; for in F'ebrnary, 1765, that functionary states Manger's case to the Lords of Trade. In the same year (Oct. 28th) the Governor (Wilmot) advises the Lords of Trade that he has drawn on them in favor of Manger for ^^i, 504. Evidently Manger had influence and hnd a great interest in the new county formed on the banks of the St. John River. What more natural than that he should have suggested to Montagu Wilmot that Sunbury would be a good place-name, taking it from the village of 3unbury, near London ? XXI Whatever the origin of this early county place-name, it is certain that population increased and with it the desire to have a larger Colonial establishment. In i}S4 New Bruns- wick was erected into a separate province and Thomas Carle- ton was appointed its first Governor. Thousands of United Empire Loyalists had found their way to the Maritime Pro- vinces and thousands more began the great work of colonizing the littoral of the St. Lawrence from Lake St. Francis to Lake Ontario ; the shores of Lake Ontario as far as the Bay of Quinte ; the neighborhood of Niagara and part of the shores of the Detroit River. They were finding homes in the ports of Shelburne, Halif-^.<, Guysboro. They were penetra- ting into the valleys of the Annapolis and the Cornwallis and the Avon. They were pouring into the St. John River region, in great numbers. Organized government must go with them. It was in those days felt to be a difficult, if not an im- possible, task to manage from Halifax the affairs of the people in such distant regions as BuitonandGagetown. So Thomas Carleton was sent to do the work No doubt he and his Council studied the subject care- fully. The first work they had to do was to divide the pro- vince into counties. They found on the map the counties of Cumberland and Sunbury — too large and unwieldy for pur- poses of home rule. Accordingly they began to subdivide and to name the subdivisions. Cumberland belonged about equally to both provinces. But the newer yielded gracefully and abandoned Cumberland as a place-name to Nova Scotia. They did the next best thing. Looking on the map of Eng- land — the motherland for whom so many had sacrificed every- thing, home and ease and wealth and friends — they saw that Cumberland was adjoined by Westmoreland and Northumber- land. What better names than these could be suggested? Surely none. So these two were adopted. The monarchic principle found expression in the place-names of Kings County and Queens, lying side by side. In St. John they preserved in its English form the old name given by De Monts in 1 604. In Charlotte County (after Queen Charlotte) there is an exhibi- tion of that strong personal love for the sovereign which characterized the men and women of that period. Sunbury, shorn of its giant dimensions, was retained as the sole memor- ial of the province's former connection with the sister pro- vince of Nova Scotia. The new names and boundaries of the counties were authorized by Royal letters patent in May, 1785. XXII During the next year, 1786, the Governor and his Council appear to have addressed themselves to the task of subdividing the eight counties they had created. Following the division into two counties made in 1765, several townships had been named by the Nova Scotian executive and in addition to those already mentioned, there were Hopewell, Hillsborough, Moncton, Campobello (1770) Sackville (1772) and Prince William (1783), all, except Campo- bello and Prince William, in the Cumberland divisi(jn. These had all been designated townships in accordance with the plan adopted by Nova Scotia. But the Governor and Council of New Brunswick objected to the word "township." Possibly they feared it as too sug- gestive of the New England Town which had proved the forcing house of revolt, the hotbed of rebellion. Possibly, too, many of them had come from Maryland and Virginia, and were thus familiar with the word Parish ; or probably it sounded more English to men who shrank from having around them any reminder of the cruel harshness meted out to them by the successful rebels. Whatever the reason, they decided upon the word Parish^ instead of township, to represent the subdivisions of the county. They changed Amesburg into Kingston. Francfort was merged into Queensburg ; Cor way was divided between Lancaster and Westfield ; Newton bee arae St. Marys — and the twelve of the period prior to 1784 became 26, and these in the years intervening became, by 1891, 162 parishes and wards, forming the units adopted in the Census work, of which 66 per cent, or two-thirds are names of persons or places of English origin. I have not time to give in detail the place-names of New Brunswick with their meanings. The name of the Province was selected in honor of the reigning family the word nezv being given in accordance with the precedent established when New France, New England, New Netherlands, New Sweden and New Scotland (Nova Scotia) were adopted.* •Anyone who wishes to study more minutely the place-names of New Brunswick is referred to a paper by Prof. Ganonf? in the Canadian Royal Society's Proci'edings for 1896. Oanung divides the place-nam- ing period of NowwBninswick into (1) The Tndiun period ; (2) the period of exploration. 10(1lirl604 ; (.3) the French period ; (4) the New England period, 1760-1783; (5) the Loyalist period, 1783-1790, and (6) the post- Loyalist |H*riod, 1790-1896. He says New Brunswick is rich in Indian place names and that, with three or four exceptions, the names of the rivers, lakes and hari)ors are of Indian origin. XXIII OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. Connected with the place-names tender sympathy some- times crops out. For instance Fort Connolly was named after James Connolly, whose daughter Nellie, a beautiful maiden of sweet sixteen, young Douglas (afterwards Sir James Douglas and Governor of Vancouver Island) along with his other duties, found time to woo and win as he sojourned, in the employ of the Hu dson's Bay Co. in the region of Bear Lake at the head of bead'^of the branches of the Skeena River on the far off Arctic slope of our vast country. No doubt after honoring the father, Douglas found his path to the lady's heart all the easier. Frequently a story of hardship conquered by love and patience is embalmed in the pla ce-name. The other day I read of Joan Murray Ritchie who had recently died. She was born in the little village of Knock in Dumfrieshire, Scotland, in 1809. Her father dying when she was a child she became a domestic servant with a family in Annan. When 24 years of age she married William Ritchie of Greystones. In 1841, with three children to care for, the couple came to Canada. Ritchie hired himself to a Scotchman of Vaughan for $100 a year with a house and pasture for a cow. After ten years he saved enough to buy a farm in the township of Flos, (name given from Gov. Colborne's wife's poodle dog), having him- self during those years become an expert backwcodsman, while his wife had learned all that was required of a farmer's wife in those days. She knew how to make maple-sugar, to spin yarn and make homespun. She imderstood the art of the dyer and could take the wool from the sheep's back and put it through all the processes needed to transform it into a suit of clothes, to shield her moil's back and sides and front from the blasts of a Canadian winter. In 1851 the family moved to their new home in the forest of Flos and built them a log cabin on the banks of the Wye, (a transplanted Welch word signifying rvater^ and therefore often used for rivers). In the first year the husband and father cleared a patch of ground for wheat and potatoes and then went away to earn enough money to carry the family over the winter, leaving the wife to take care of the lonely forest home. Year after year they worked and planned to surround themselves with comforts, and extended a helping hand to other settlers, till a village spnmg up of which Ritchie was appointed Postmaster and to which he gave the name Ebnvale^ in honor of his XX I v ■' f noble-hearted wife whose birth-place among the nigged Scotch hills was called Ehnvalc. Mrs. Ritchie survived her loving husband 30 years and had the happiness of seeing her children married and settled around her, the whole numbering 115, viz., 4 daughters, 3 sons, 72 grandchildren, 35 great grand- children and one great great great grandchild. Gratitude is embalmed in some place-names. Here is one example, " to our purpose quite." In the forties there lived in Louisiana a man named Rev. William King who married a planter's daughter. On her father's death she inherited 15 slaves. These, on her death, Mr. King liberated and, after selling his Louisiana plantation, carried them to Canada in 1848. He found in Western Can- ada (now Western Ontario) a large number of fugitive slaves, very ignorant and living in great poverty. In 1850 he pre- sented their cases to the Presbyterian Synod, then in session in Toronto, succeeded in enlisting the sympathies of its mem- bers, as well as those of other denominations, and secured the co-operation of Canadian anti-slavery societies. As a practical method of aiding the slaves a company was incorporated in luue, 1850, called the Klgiu Association. A prospectus was issued for the *' social and religious inipro\'euient of the colored people of Canada " as the Association announced its object. The public was asked to take stock to the amount of $20,000. With the money 9,000 acres of land were purchased from the Government at an average cost of $1.75 per acre. This tract was divided into lots of 50 acres for which the colored settler paid $2.50 per acre in ten annual instalments with interest. Mr. King formed the nucleus of the settlement by giving his 15 freed negroes their land in 1850. While the Fugitive Slave Law was in operation in the United States many thou- sands of slaves found their way by the " underground railway" into Canada, and in 1853, 100 families had settled in the King tract, while many more occupied improved farms in the neighborhood. The}- were very helpful to each other, and most of the farms were cleared and homes built b\' means of "chopping bees," those warm-hearted, neighborly institutions of early Canadian times. The settlers also found employment on the farms of their white neighbors and sold railway lies at seven cents each to the Canada Southern Railway^ then under construction. As they advanced in prosperity a village sprung up in the settlement being the railway station of Buxton^ so named by the colored people in honor of Sir Powell Buxton, the dis- XxV tinj^iiishecl philanthropist whose Hfe-long devotion to the canse of the slave in the colonies of (ireat Britain resnlted in the Imperial Statnte of istal tide ; While /noanis/Ps nioinitains Lift high their forms of pride ; Or while on Maboit's river The boatman plies his oar; Or the billows burst in thunder Qn Chicabeii's rock-girt shore, XXX The ineiiiory of the Redtuaii ! It liiij^vrs like a spell On many a storni-swept headland, In many a leafy dell ; Where 7>/.vXv7'>s- thonsand islets Like enieralds stnd the deep ; Where Blotitidon, a sentry )i;rim, His endless watch doth keep. It dwells round Cntalofir''s bine hike Mid leafy forests hid : Round fair Discoiist' and the rushing tide ( )f the turbid Pisicjuid. And it lends, Clnboguc^ a touching grace To thy softly flowing river As we sadly think of the gentle race That lias passed away forever.* If we turn to the St. Lawrence River Provinces, we find the traces of the Indian everywhere. I can only give a few specimens and those in the briefest manner possible. Quebec is Indian for the narrow strait formed by Cape^ Diamond jutting out into the river. Ontario is Indian for a " beautiful prospect of hills and waters," or a corruption of the Indian word Onitanio^ mean- ing " beautiful lake or waters," the appropriateness of which, as of every place-name given by Indians is at once apparent; and the same may be said of the earl}' French names the en- vironment being the same in both cases. It is f. good deal more than can be said of our English place-names although we in Canada may fairly and proudly boast of having care- fully abstained from imitating the barbarities of our cousins to the south of us. When the traveller asked the French native what the river in one of the Western States was called over which he was ferrying the stranger, the answer was Bloody Gulch,' the Yankees call it ; with us it is La Brunette — ' the brown river.' " •Fortunately the poet's vaticinal fears have not been realized. In the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and British Columbia there has been, under the wise and kindly care of the Government of Canada, acting through the Indian Department, an increase of 11,005 in the Indian population of those pro- vinces during the past 25 years ; an increase of nearly 24 per cept, XXXI f.akc Erie is the lake of the 7vild ra/s, or as my friend ''Dr. lioiirinot says, the hike of the Raccoon^ the Indians resortinjj in tlie ancient times to tlie rejj^ion rouiid abont for raccoons. Lake Huron is the hike of the Indian-Huron tribe who seem to have cultivated shocks of hair, ( hVench l[un\) simihir to to those of certain African tribes with wliich we of the pres- ent time are familiar from our geographies or from personal observation. Lake Mic/n'i^an is from the Indian Mishigan, meaning monstrous lake ; and Lake Xipissini^ is Indian for diminutive^ the lake being small by the side of the great lakes. Kaministiquia means ivide river. Manitoulin is a I^Venchifi- cation of the Indian word Manitouwahining — ^'^ the dwell ini^ place of spirits.^'' Mattawa (Indian Mataowan) means '■''place 7vhere tivo rivers meet?'' Otta"iVa^ according to Father Arnaud, means " the place where the water boils and surges " and according to Rev. Mr. Beatty, it means the " River guards," the Ottawa tribe of Indians being so called by the Indians of Montreal because they guarded the river and prevented the irruption of the more northerly tribes into the regions at the mouth of the river. Mr. Suite thinks the word means " men of the woods." Penetangui''^'6- " freefly translated " O ! what a beak," supposed to liave been utrered by the P'^rench sailors when they first saw XXXVI the giant headland looming up as mysterious as the great roc of " The Arabian Nights." In New Brunswick a river is called, in local parlance, Ken-ne-bec-ay'shus, and local tradition, in endeavoring to ac- count for the name, affirms that once on a time when the river banks and the adjacent country were covered with a dense forest there stood on the clearing, before the river, a tavern, the proprietor of which was named Lasey. Two travel- lers in a terrible storm pushed on their way and coming sud- denly upon the house thought of the comfort the inn and its accompanying " hot toddy " would afford and asked each other with incredulous joy, " Can it be Casey's ? " Hence, of course, the name. There are two mountains near the border line of the two fine Counties of Colchester and Pictou in Nova Scotia, Mount Thom and Mount Ephraim. Local tradition gives the following account of the origin of these place-name •. The early settlers of Truro, Nova Scotia, came from New Hamp- shire (New England) and for a time lived in great terror of the Indians and accordingly they resorted at night to a stock- aded fort where they might sleep without dreaming of wild Indians, war-whoops, tomahawks and scalping knives. On one occasion word was sent to them from Halifax warning them of the hostile intentions of a large band of Indians in camp at or near Pictou. The settlers resolved upon sending scouts across country to find out. Tom Archibald, Ephraim Howard and John Oughterson volunteered for the service. After journeying for some time through the dense forest they came to a hill according to their calculations not far from Pictou. Selecting the tallest tree Oughterson said to Archi- bald "Mount, Tom." Tom in obedience to the order mount- ed the tree. Not seeing the water from his lofty perch, he so reported and the trio travelled some distance further and cams to another hill where they repeated the effort to see salt water, only on this occasion the command was addressed to Howard, " Mount, Ephraim." On their return to Truro they described the incidents of their expedition and among these were the tree-mounting exploits. Naturally the liill where To:n climb- ed the tree became known as Thom's Mount and the other as Ephraim's Mount. Hence to this day Mount Thom and Mount Ephraim remain the distinguishing place-names of these two elevations. I have thus very imperfectly given a partial \'iew of the XXXVll place-names of Canada. It will be in the future increasingly difficult to b2stow appropriate place-names. Now that we are one country we must avoid the duplications that have com * to us as a legacy from the ante-confederation period. Perforce, the fund of appropriate names from France and Great Britain nears the bottom. We have not by any means exhausted the names of the saints in the Roman and Saxon Hagiologies but as we had 499 places in the Census com- memorative of these worthies and have a good many more of them outside of the Census lists it is plain that we cannot depend much longer upon the saints to supply us with place- names. "^ The finer taste of modern times requires that we do not imitate our neighbors and hunt in ancient Greek history for such names as Athens, Troy, Tyre, Sidon, or give such fan- tastic names as Tomb City, Henpeck City and the like. The practical tendency of the age is opposed to names having an eponymicf existence. Isaac Taylor, already quoted, says, " If the true principles of Anglo-Saxon nomenclature were under- stood our Anglo-American and Australian cousins might con- struct an endless series of fresh names which might be at once harmonious, distinctive, characteristic and in entire conson- ance with the genius of the language." I suggest that it would be a step in the right direction for the Government to appoint a permanent commission of three or more competent persons to provide the new place- names we are continually needing. •The extent to which CantuliaiiH were a maritime people, in the early years, is seen in the fact that there are, in the Dominion, 55 places to which the name of Ste. Anne, the Patron Saint of sailors, has been given. tA personal name evolved'hy popular speculation to account for some geographical term tho true meaning of which has not been under- stood ; as the spectilation that France takes its name from Francus, a son of Hector ; and Britain from Brydain, a son of Aenius ; and Scot- land from Scotia, a daughter of Pbaroah. P. S.--Page xix, line 5. Since writing that the C. P. Ry. is respon- sible for the place name of Mount Macdonald, I found from official re- ports that this Mountain, as well as others, was named by Mr. Otto J. Klotz, our efficient President, who was the first to triangulate the mountains in the Rockies and Selkirks along the route of the C. P. Ry. G. .J. ^•■t^T™ w^ WW 11 1 Pf«v«v^«paff*«^^p«««^^w